5'J HS'H
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
ERER AND GOLOLCHA IRRIGATION
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
FEASIBILITY STUDY
EXCUTIVE SUMMARY
WA TER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPER VISION ENTERPRISE
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
SYNERGICSHYDRO (INDIA) PVT. LTD.
P.O. Box 2561, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel. 251-11-6614501/6631890 Fax: 251-11-6615371 E-mail: w.w.d.s.e@telccom.net.etI
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Executive Summary -Erer and Gololcha Irrigation Devolopment Project
Feasibility study'
Table of contents
ERER IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT FEASIBILITY STUDY
1.  INTRODUCTION
2.     THE SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PROJECT AREA1
3. MAJOR STUDIES CONDUCTED IN THE PROJECT AREA3
4. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY3
5.   SALIENT FEATURES OF ERER IRRIGATION PROJECT5
6.
CONCLUSION
AND
RECCOMENDATION7
GOLOLCHA IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT FEASIBILITY STUDY8
1.   INTRODUCTION8
2. THE SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PROJECT AREA8
3. MAJOR STUDIES CONDUCTED IN THE PROJECT AREA9
4. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDYI I
5.   SALIENT FEATURES OF ERER IRRIGATION PROJECT13
6. CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION15
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WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
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Feasibility study
ERER IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT FEASIBILITY STUDY
1.   INTRODUCTION
Erer Irrigation Project located on Erer River, a major tributary of Wabe Shebele River, utilizes the annual flows of Erer River for purpose of irrigation development in its command area The project was identified during the Master plan Formulation of Wabe Shebele River Basin.
The Erer Irrigation Development Project is located in Oromia and Harari Regional States, on Erer River, which is a major tributary of Wabe Shebele River. The reservoir and dam site of the project is located in Erer and Sofi Woredas of Harari Region about 19 km south-east of Harar town, nearly 6 km upstream of the Erer river bridge on Harar-Jijiga road. The major command area is located at 11 km away from Babile town on the Harar Jijiga main road The dam site is located nearly 6 km upstream of the Erer river bridge on Harar-Jijiga road (Figure 1).
2.  THE SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PROJECT AREA
Population:-The command area of the project is mainly located in 7 kebeles in Babile Woreda and one
kebele in Sofi Woreda. The population of these kebeles is 42,398 people.
The  reservoir  area  is  mainly  located  in  three  Kebeles  of  Erer  woreda  and  one  Kebele  in Babile Woreda The population of these kebeles is 15770 people.
Education:- 47% of the population are literate. 51% male and 49 % female children are going to school
The grade 1-8 schools, which are basic primary education are found at an average distance
of 4-7 km.
Health:- Health facilities  in the project area is  relatively  good. There are 9 health institutions  in Babile woreda and 2 hospitals, two health centres and 12 health posts in Harari region irrespective of Army hospitals, regional research centre and private clinics.
Roads:- The project area is  fully  accessible The gravel road directed south east of Harar town towards Babile town located. To access the dam site there is dry weather road about 6 km from the mam Harar-Babile road. While, to drive in the command area there is also an access road reaching upto the toe of commad area.
Telecommunication:- Harar is one of the big towns in the country. It has all automatic telecommunication facilities. In Erer Woreda there are wireless  telephone facilities  in each kebeles, which enables the community to communicate with any where in the country. There is also mobile telephone service network as it is very near to Harar town
Electricity:- Although the command area is within an area crossed by the electricity distribution network the villages are yet not connected to the system. Electrification of the command area is therefore a priority after development of the irrigation project.
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
IExecutive Summary -Ererand QoMche Irrigation Development Project
Figure 1. Index map of project area
Feelhittfy study
The economic feature of both the command and reservoir areas is based on agriculture. The HH survey result indicates that 96.9% of the income of the community comes from crop production while only 2.5% comes from livestock rearing. Rain-fed and Irrigated crop productions with livestock reanng are the basis for livelihoods. The large majonty of the populations are sedentary farmers who have been dwelling in the area
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
r<Exe
cutlv? Summary -Erer and Gololcha Irrigation Development Project
Feasibility study
for
a  long  time.  These  are  mixed  farmers  mainly  living  on  crop  production
mainly  by  using  rain  fed
agriculture. The average land holding in the area is about 1 5 hectares.
The communities living on the project area have different attitudes to the study. People living around the reservoir area expressed that they lose their fertile land due to submergence. While the communities in the command area are strongly supporting the project as they will benefit from it.
The socio-economic study of the project area reveals that major problems such as food insecurity, Low use of agricultural technologies, Poor tradition of irrigation practices. Poor soil fertility due to erosion hazard. Absence of alternative income generating schemes, Poor quality  of social services, Poor livestock production and so on.
On the other hand for the project expected benefits like ensures sustainable food secunty. improves the well being of the community, job opportunity, improvement of infrastructure, flood control, development of fisheries, development of tourism & recreational facilities, promotion of education program, income generating schemes for women, social service and infrastructure development, agro industry developments
3.        MAJOR STUDIES CONDUCTED IN THE PROJECT AREA
The studies conducted on the project area comprised of Hydrology & water resources planning. Catchment development plan, Geological & Geotechnical study, Hydrogeology, Soil and Land evaluation Dam & Appurtenant works, Construction materials  investigation, Irrigation & Drainage, Agricultural planning and Agronomy, Agricultural Mechanization. Agricultural marketing. Socio-economic  Study. Livestock. Fisheries. Public  Health, Resettlement Planning. Environmental study. Forestry. Energy. Organization and Management, Infrastructure. Cost Estimate. Financial and Economic Analysis.
4. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Thick alluvial deposits cover the main Erer River and its tributaries. The valley slopes of the Erer River and adjacent ridges  are invariably  underlain by  such Precambrian basement rocks  as  high-grade migmalitic gneisses  comprising biotite gneisses, amphibole-biotite gneisses, amphibolite quartzo-feldspathic gneisses, marble layers.
The slopes of the reservoir margins are covered by basement rock exposures and combinations of terrace deposit and alluvial fans/cones. which are underlain by basement rocks at depth.
The findings of the environmental impact analysis have shown that construction and operation of the
proposed irrigation project will bring several significant environmental and social impacts. Some of these will
be positive and the others negative. The main potential benefits include increase of agricultural production
and income levels of local farmers and reduction of food insecurity, provision of employment opportunities 
and reduction of poverty, improved water availability for human and animal supply, improved social and
physical infrastructure, and flood control.
The most significant potential negative impacts are reduced water availability for downstream requirements, submergence of productive land to the reservoir and involuntary resettlement of human population from the impoundment area, water related diseases. The most significant issue due to construction of dam on Erer river will be the change to the natural flow patterns in the river and shortage of water for the Elephant and other wild life animals.
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTDExecutive Summary -Erer and Gololcha Irrigation Development Project
Feasibility study
The choice of crops is based on such varied determinants,
like topographic features, soil characteristics,
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irrigation efficiency as 55%, the total water requirement is about 110.4 million m3  for 1000 ha of command area
It was  found that the farmers  of the project area generally  transport nearly  10% of cereal and 90% of groundnut to large and medium size markets while10% of cereals and 5% of groundnut are transacted in small size market. Balance of the produce of these crops is consumed by the producers
Harar-Babile-Jijiga road passes through the Erer Irrigation Project command area thus it is ideal irngation site to transport the product to bigger markets like Harar. Jijiga and even far to different direction of the country through out the year.
Agro-forestry is well practiced in reservoir area with more emphasis on fruit trees Major tree and shrub species encountered in the place are Acacia Senegal, A.tortilis. A.seyal, Dichrostachys cinerea. Zizyphus spina-christ, Balanite aegyptica. Eucalyptus species is also observed in some farmlands Among fruit trees Mango tree is widely distributed in this part of the study area Significant amount of Mango trees are found in the reservoir area.
In the surveyed kebeles of the command area average livestock holding per household was reported to be some 3.02, 1.44, and 1.05 for cattle, sheep & goats, and camels, respectively
The financial analysis was done by comparing the financial situation “with project” with that of the "without project". In making this analysis, all the relevant cost and benefit items “with" and “without" project have been identified and valued with appropriate prices and incremental net returns with the project have been computed.
Total cost of the project = 286,983,000 Birr.
The opportunity cost of capital has been considered as 11% based on recommended by DPSA (1990) The general selection criterion for the internal rate of return measure of project worth is to accept a project if it’s IRR is above the opportunity cost of capital i.e., 11% proposed by DPSA (1990)
Thus based on the financial and economic analysis on Erer project Internal rate of return (IRR). net present value (NPV), and benefit cost (B-C) ratio are estimated and given on table below
climatic factors, socio-economic conditions, marketability of the produce and scope for industrialization On
the  basis  of  the  above  determinant  factors  major  crops  and  minor  crops  have  been  selected.  Maize.
Groundnut,  Rice,  Mango,  Onion,  Pepper  Tomato,  Sweet  Potato  and  Potato  considered  as  major  crops 
while  Sorghum,  Haricot  Beans.  Sugar  Cane,  Fodder-Clovers.  Hybrid  Napier.  Maize  (fodder).  Sorghum
(fodder),  Papaya.  Guava,  Citrus,  and  other  Seasonal  are  selected  under  minor  crops  The  crop  water
requirement in terms of cubic meters works out to 571.2 Thousand m  per 100 ha Considering the overall
Parameters
Financial situations (base case)
Sensitivity analysis
Financial
analysis
Economic analysis
Increase     all cost by 10%
Decrease all
cost by 10%
Internal rate of return (IRR)
13.35%
13.35 %
12.36 %
12.93%
Net present value (NPV)
71.264.000
64,137.000
49.517.000
36,915,000
Benefit-cost ratio (B/C)
1.99
1.99
1.83
1.79
The  results  of  Financial  and  Economic  analyses  carried  for  the  base  condition  as  well  as  for  other conditions to test the sensitivity clearly show that the project is viable from financial point of view
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
4Executive Summary -Erer and Gololcha Irrigation Development Project
5.  SALIENT FEATURES OF ERER IRRIGATION PROJECT Catchment Area:- 419 km2 at Dam site
Feasibility study
Annual Rainfall:- Annual rainfall 800 mm in highlands of Catchment Area and 650 mm in Command area. Temperature:- Mean monthly maximum —31.5 °C, Mean monthly minimum—15.8 °C.
Source of water:- The source of water for irrigating the command area is Erer River.
Hydrology:- The estimated mean annual runoff is about 60.4 MCM
Total annual flow requirement is 50.1 MCM.
10000 year Flood magnitude of 582 cumecs
Sediment load of 14.95 ha.m/100 sq km/year.
Ground water:- The average recharge of 16.5 MCM.
Geology:- The project area investigated is  entirely  underlain by  high-grade migmatitic  gneisses, amphibolites, minor marble bands/layers. and different granite intrusions Thick alluvial deposits cover the main Erer River and its tributaries. Structurally the area exhibits four major fracture systems. Folds and foliations/gneissic fabrics are rather common. The foliation generally trends NE-SW with dips of 30°-70° towards NW.
Soil:- The project soils comprise the following five major Soil Groups i e Fluvisols. Cambisols. Chromic Luvisols, Leptosols. Nitiosols:
Land cover:- The command area is flat and suitable for gravity irrigation. Most of the area is covered with farmland and bushes and some natural forest of acacia and other local species protected
by the kebele administration.
No.
Major Classes
Land Use/Cover Type
Command
Area Erer
Ha
%
1
Cultivated lands
5574.5
70.5
Intensively cultivated land (C1)
3988.7
50.4
Moderately cultivated land (C2)
1553.5
19.6
Less moderately cultivated land (C3)
32.3
0.5
2
Natural Vegetation
2174.8
27.5
Dense woodland (W1)
-
-
Open woodland (W2)
1287.3
16.3
Riparian woodlands (W3)
-
-
Dense shrub land (S1)
56.1
0.7
Open shrub land (S2)
831.4
10.5
3
Bare Lands
160.4
2.0
Exposed sand and soil surface (B1)
-
-
Rock out crop (B2)
160.4
2.0
Total
7909.7
100
The  reservoir  area  is  bound  by  the  steeply  sloping  hills  on  both  sides  of  the  river  The vegetation cover is almost none and gullies have been formed due to high erosion. The river
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
5Executive Summery -Erer end Gotolcbe Irrigation Development Project_________________________ FeeeibUity study--------------------
course is full of silt. As it has been observed during the field visit, the effort made to treat the watershed was very minimal. People are still cutting the remnant bushes and use for firewood at home and sale at market
Irrigation site:-The command area starts from some distance downstream of the dam and spreads only on right bank of the Erer River in Babile and Soft weredas. Its location with coordinates between 9o17'40”to 9o07,17" North Latitude and 42o12’00" to and 42o16’00" East Longitude and the altitude lies approximately between 1280 to 1365 mask
Canal system
■    GCA = 4906 ha
- NCCA=4150ha
■    Intensity of Irrigation = 170% (70 +30 +30 +40)
Length of Canal system
■    Primary canal = 14.4 Km
■    Secondary canals = 16.3 Km
■    Tertiary canals = 30 Km
■    Density = 6.25 m/ha
■    Quaternary canals = 120 Km
•     Density = 24.46 m / ha
•     Drainage arrangements
-Collector drains (main drain) = 30.7km
-Field drains-----------------------= 32.31 Km from the sample block
■    Roads with canal system
-Main road------------ = 30.7Km
-Field road from the sample block = 21.01 Km Dam site:- Dam site is located in Erer and Sofi woredas on Erer River
Coordinates on Dam axis - 9° 17' 30" N and 42° 14' 26" E
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE
SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
6Executive Summary -Ererand Gololcha Irrigation Devalopm
ent Project
Feasibility study
Dam and spillway
Dam Top
Dam height
1384.6masl
36.6m
Length
1430.0m
Reservoir Area at FRL
3.60 km2
Mean Annual Runoff
60.4 Mm3
75% Dependable Flow
45.3 Mm3
Type of Dam
Earth Dam
Spillway Design Flood
642 M3/sec
Spillway Length
30 m.
The dead storage level (DSL)
1369.85 m.
Minimum draw down level (MDDL)
1371 m.
Full reservoir level (FRL)
1379 m
Maximum water level (MWL)
1382.64 m.
Cropping Pattern Suggested for average or above av.rainfall years
Thirteen types  of crops  were proposed to produce in different Cropping Patterns  for two options  The cropping intensities are 170% in both options since it is peasant level irrigation that can be increased with the experience of the farmers in the project area
6. CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION
In general most soils identified by the present soil survey study are moderately to marginally suitable to irrigated agricultural development. The limitations are drainage deficiency, flooding hazard etc. Some land units can be affected by sheet and gully erosion, and this can be controlled, through careful planning and implementation of properly  laid-out optimum size of farm units  and farming practices  Ploughing back  of crop residues  and mulching should be encouraged to raise low carbon levels  and to improve topsoil structure of the soils  and competing soil loss  Legumes  may  also improve topsoil structure, by  adding nitrogen to soil by fixation from atmosphere.
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Fuel wood plantation that can produce 6m /ha and planting of
indigenous tree species that may produce
8m3/ha is recommended.
In order to enhance the potential benefits and social acceptability of the project, and avoid or reduce the potential adverse impacts of the project to an acceptable level, it is recommended to properly implement and monitor the proposed mitigating measures.
Thus, it is  found that the proposed Erer Irrigation Development Project is  technically  feasible, socially acceptable by  the beneficiaries  and stakeholders, financially  and economically  attractive, institutionally possible to organize and manage and the National policy favours the establishment of such projects in food insecure and absolute poverty area.
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
7Executive Summary -Erer and Golotcha Irrigation Development ProjectFeasibility study
GOLOLCHA IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT FEASIBILITY STUDY
1.  INTRODUCTION
The Gololcha irrigation Development Project is  located on Dare (Gololcha) River, which is  a tributary  of Wabe Shebele River. The basin is rural in character with economy dominated by the rain-fed subsistance agriculture. Average holding size is barely sufficient to provide subsistence food requirement of the family. Production of cereals  and pulses  dominate the cropping pattern with wheat barley  and teff being short season cereals and maize and sorghum long season cereals.
The Gololcha Irrigation project is located in Gololcha and Sawena Wereda of the National Regional State of Oromiya. The Dam is located on Gololcha river most commonly known as River Dhare. which is a right side tributary of Wabi Shebele River. Dhare river originates east of Gasera town from the plateau of 2400 masl altitude. It is known as Waren Genbo upstream of Delosebro town and Gololcha thereafter until it reaches the area around the beginning of the very extensive plain lands of the Sawena Wereda at an altitude of 1500 masl. From this area down it is known as Dhare river. The stream confluences with River Shebele at a distance of 316 km from its origin (figure 1.2).
The small tributaries that join the river in the proposed area are Gadula, Bedecha, Achache and Dhekat on the right side and Sukale and Mekams streams on the left bank. The proposed Gololcha Irrigation Project site and the command area lie in the Wabi-Shebele River Basin, at about 53 km north east of Ginir town and 650 km. south of Addis  Ababa respectively. The catchment area lies  in Gololcha woreda and Command area lies in Sewana woreda in Bale Zone of National Regional state of Oromiya namely Sewma woreda in Oromiya Administrative Regions
2. THE SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PROJECT AREA
Populatlon:-The command area of the project is mainly located in 5 kebeles in Sewena Woreda namely Kata Dibe, Micha, Oroso, Chopi and Kesho. The population of these kebeles  is  11,715 people.
The reservoir area is mainly located in two Kebeles of Gololcha woreda namely Qanjila waja and Gofa. The population of these kebeles is 6462 people, but the affected people due to submergence will be 784 people
Education:- As per the result of HH survey 47% of the population are literate. 58.8 % and 62.3 % male and 41.2 % and 37.7 female children from reservoir and command area respectively  are going to school. The grade 1-8 schools, which are basic primary education are found at an average distance of 2-35 km.
Health:- As to the health facilities, there are one health center, 2 clinics and 5 health posts in Sawena wereda while there is one health center. 4 clinics and 7 health posts in Gololcha wereda However, these health facilities are not effectively used due to shortage of services like trained manpower, drugs and equipments
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE
SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
SExecutive Summary -Ererand Gololcha Irrigation Development Project
Feasibility study
Roads:- In the project area there are no well developed road net work. According to data obtained from sewena woreda PCDP office, the road net work is about 131km. These all are dry weather roads. Regarding road network Gololcha wereda is much better than Sawena. However, the Kebeles in the reservoir areas are inaccessible during all weather.
Telecommunication:- There is  ,ine visat automatic  line telecommunication office and radio telegram communication system and no post office in Sawena wereda Jara town, the capital of Gololcha has modern automatic telecommunication and post office. The nearest point for telecommunication facilities is Ginir town with the distance of about 60 Km far from the command area.
Electricity:- There are no electricity in the sewena woreda. Electrification of the command area should be a priority after development of the irrigation project.
The economic feature of both the command and reservoir areas is based on agriculture. The HH survey result indicates that 69.6% of the income of the community comes from crop production, while only 23.9% comes from livestock rearing Rain-fed and livestock rearing are the basis for livelihoods. However, crop production is the main stay of the community in the reservoir and dam site areas, while livestock production is the main stay for the community in the command area.
The estimated average land holding is more than 10 hectares. Even though, there is ample area of land that could be used for agriculture, the cultivated area is very minimal. Out of the total area of the wereda only less than 1% has been cultivated. This shows that the populations of the wereda are agro pastoralist and mainly living on livestock production than crop production. The absence of reliable rainfall is one of the factors that discouraged farmers producing of crops
In general, according to the HH survey report. 93.5% of the respondents have heard of the irrigation project and accept the idea of the envisaged project. In general the communities  in both the reservoir and command areas support the idea of the project.
3.MAJOR STUDIES CONDUCTED IN THE PROJECT AREA
The studies conducted on the project area comprised of Hydrology & water resources planning, Catchment development plan, Geological & Geotechnical study, Hydrogeology, Soil and Land evaluation. Dam & Appurtenant works, Construction materials investigation, Irrigation & Drainage, Agricultural planning and Agronomy, Agricultural Mechanization, Agricultural marketing, Socio-economic Study. Livestock. Fisheries. Public Health. Resettlement Planning. Environmental study. Forestry, Energy. Organization and Management, Infrastructure, Cost Estimate, Financial and Economic Analysis.
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
9Executive Summary -Ererand Goloicha Irrigation Development Project
Feasibility study
Legend
□ Catchment Boundary
Command boundary
Reservoir
Road
Drainage Pattern
GOLOLCHA IRRIGATION
DEVELOPMENT
STUDY PROJECT
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WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE
SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
10Executive Summery-Erer and Gololcha Irrigation Development Project
4. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Feasibility study
Unconsolidated basaltic boulders mixed with silty clayey soils cover the slopes of the reservoir. Carbonate, sandstones, and mudrocks outcrop nearby downstream of the dam site and within the reservoir-suggesting occurrence of sedimentary  succession underneath the surficial deposits  at least in the most part of the reservoir. The abutments  of the dam and sides  of the reservoir are covered by  unconsolidated basaltic boulders of various sizes embedded in silty clayey soils, which at places grade into silty sandy soils. Small outcrops  of intra-formational limestone conglomerate and oolitic  limestone are found to occur at several places on the hillsides upstream and downstream of the dam axis.
The project area is relatively rich in natural vegetation that dominantly comprises dense stands of woodland and bushland but alos strips of riverine forest along the banks of Gololcha river. Its floristic composition is dominated by Acacia and Commiphora species, the predominant being Commiphora erythraea (myrrh tree), Acacia bussei and A. mellifera. Cactus is also dominant in the project area. The variety of wildlife species, larger mammal species found in the area, which include Hamadryas baboon, Monkeys. Warthog, Bush pig, Hyena, Leopard, Lion, African civet, Salt's Dikdik, Bush-duiker. Bush buck, Abyssinian hare. Common fox. and Porcupine. Of these species monkeys and baboons are relatively abundant. In addition, the area is rich in bird life. Nevertheless, there is no any designated protected area to conserve the wildlife resources of the area.
Implementation of the proposed irrigation project would involve construction of a dam on Gololcha nver and creation of a storage reservoir, land clearing and levelling to prepare irrigation fields, earthworks for building conveyance and irrigation canals, drains, construction of access  roads, etc. These and other activities related to the implementation of the project will bring the following main potential environmental and social impacts.
The findings  of the environmental impact analysis  have shown that construction and operation of the proposed dam and irrigation project will bring several significant environmental and social impacts. Some of these will be positive and others  negative. The main potential benefits  include increase of agncultural production and income levels  of local farmers  and reduction of food insecurity, provision of employment opportunities and reduction of poverty, improved water availability for human and animal supply, improved social and physical infrastructure, and reservoir fishery. The adverse impacts  include small resettlement, soil erosion, reservoir sedimentation, landscape intrusion, deterioration of river water quality, reduction of downstream flows, displacement of wildlife, loss of grazing lands, and increased risks to public health from water related diseases. Most of the potential impacts are associated with catchment erosion, construction of dam and impoundment of the river water, river regulation and changes  in downstream flows, reservoir operation, and establishment of extensive irrigated farming. Socially the proposed irrigation project is highly accepted particularly by the beneficiary community.
Existing agricultural activity  is  mostly  Pastoralist to Semi-pastoralist with negligible area under cultivated crops, except in some isolated pockets in the vicinity of the populated localities along the river-bed and rood side where the farmers  practice water harvesting along the road side through traditional methods, called Golcha. Raising even a single ram fed crop is rendered hazardous, hence, there is need to provide for some life saving irrigation on an emergent basis for this area.
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
11Executive Summary -Ererand Gololcha Irrigation Development Project
Feasibility st
udy
The choice of crops is based on such varied determinants,
like topographic features, soil
characteristics,
climatic factors, socio-economic conditions, marketability of the produce and scope for industrialization The proposed Crops  are wheat, teff, barley, chickpea, linseed, alfalfa, sugarcane, vegetable crops  of Onion, potato, sweet potato and other minor vegetables such as cabbage cucurbits, okra, brinjel. The vitamin rich root crop like, carrot, radish etc would be cultivated on small scale by the vegetable growers as per the local consumption demand The crop water requirement in terms of cubic meters works out to 692.12 Thousand m3 per 100 ha. Considering the overall irrigation efficiency as 65%, the total water requirement works is about 114 million m3 for 1000 ha of command area.
On the study  indicated that the current product produced in the project area are niger seed, sesame, rapeseed, faba bean and lentil would deserve high demand both at domestic and international markets and encourage farmers  to sustain the products  because of its  sound prices. It is  also evident that stimulant crops (chat and coffee) and vegetables (potato, mango, papaya and banana) secured market both at home and neighboring states: Somali Land, Djibouti and Middle East Market. The live animals  also highly demanded at home and in the neighboring states  Therefore, to tap the aforesaid potential effective and efficient marketing system is  essential: among others, infrastructure development, linking markets at close proximity  and elsewhere, provision of market information, and convincing farmers  towards  producing high value crops.
A  total  of  cattle  about  11000  including  oxen,  cows,  heifers,  bulls,  calves.  Donkeys  mules,  camels,  sheep and goat total upto 15500.
Command and reservoir areas are covered by open to dense indigenous woodlands, bushes, shrubs and trees  that have economical and environmental values. Potential for gum production and contribution to household economy is very high.
Total cost of the project = 721,961,993 Birr.
Thus  based  on  the  financial  and  economic  analysis  of  Gololcha  project  Internal  rate  of  return  (IRR),  net present value (NPV), and benefit cost (B-C) ratio are estimated and given on table below.
Conditions
Viability Criteria
FNPV
FIRR
FB/C
Financial analysis
78,261,467
11.22%
1.159
Sensitivity analysis
Base case
78,261.467
11.22%
1.159
5% increase in cost
48,310,245
10.73%
5% decline in benefits
1.104
44,397,171
10.70%
5% increase in cost and 5% decline in benefits
1.101
14.445,949
10.22%
1.049
Conditions
Viability Criteria
ENPV
Economic analysis
E1RR
E BCR
719,723,555
21.79%
2.652
—--------------------------------------------------------------------- S ensitivityanalysis
Base case
5% increase in cost
719.723,555
21.79%
2.652
5% decline in benefits
697,068.123
21.05%
'2.526
5% increase in cost and 5% decline in benefits
661,081,946
21.01%
2 519
638.426,514
20.29%
.
2.399
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
12Executive Summary -Ererand Gololcha Irrigation Development Project
Feasibility study
The Increase in production from a given area of land and employment opportunity  it will create other contribution of the project. Moreover, the analysis of tangible benefits and costs has shown that the project is viable and stable in both financial and economic aspects.
5. SALIENT FEATURES OF ERER IRRIGATION PROJECT
Catchment Area:- 850 km2 at Dam site
Annual Rainfall:- Annual rainfall 1092 mm in highlands of Catchment Area and 754 8 mm in Command
area. Bimodal Rain fall pattern.
Temperature:- Mean monthly maximum —25.3 °C, Mean monthly minimum—18.0 C.
Source of water:- The source of water for irrigating the command area is Dhare River. During dry season there is shortage of water and as a result local people travel a long distance following the river in search of water for themselves and for their cattle
Hydrology:- The estimated mean annual runoff is about 114 MCM
Total annual flow requirement is 88.0 MCM
10000 year Flood magnitude of 1424 cumecs
Sediment load of 6.25 ha.m/100 sq km/year
Geology:- Outstanding outcrops and widespread basaltic boulders are found to occur in the narrow valley of Dare river bordering both sides of the reservoir area and left and right abutments of the dam site. Particularly, the left abutment slope and its  upslope portion expose different layers  of Mesozoic  sedimentary  rocks, viz. limestones, mudrocks, calcareous  sandstone, limestone conglomerate with carbonate intraclasts, variegated sandstone.
Soil:-The project soils  divided in to eight Soil units  i.e Hypercalcic  calcanc  Luvisols. Vertic  Camisols. Hypereutric  Vertisol. Calcaric  Fluvisols, Hypereutric  Camisols. Vertic  Cambisol. Hypo calcanc Cambisol. Hypercalcic Calcisol and Orthicalcic Leptosol
Land cover:- Gololcha wereda comprises both lowland and highland In the highland very well mechanized farming of wheat by investors and also by local community is observed. Conducive climate favored the local community and cultivation is intensified. Five times more land is cultivated in Gololcha than Sewena wereda.
No
Land use/cover type
Area (haj
% of the total
1
Cultivated land
43405
23.86
2
Irrigated land
134
3
0.07
Cultivable land
4
20651.5
11 35
Irrigable land
290
5
0.16
Settlement
3357.5
6
1.85
Forest land
31855
7
17.51
Grazing land
3364
8
1.85
Waste land
9
42099
23.14
Rock outcrops
10
3364
Bush land
1 85
11
33171
others
18.23
12
229
Total
0.13
181920
100.00
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
13Executive Summery -Erer and Qololche Irrigation Development Project
Feasibility study
Irrigation site:-The command area of the project lies  between UTM latitude 817500(head-) North to 8130000(TaiI) and UTM longitude 697500 (head) to 718500 East (tail) and at an altitude of between El. 1490 masl near the dam site to 1300 masl in the tail area.
Canal system
•     GCA =14410 ha
•     NCCA =10000 ha
■    Intensity of Irrigation = 165 %
Length of Canal system
■    Primary canal = 5.6 Km
■    Secondary canals = 0.9 Km
■    Tertiary canals = 60.46Km
■    Density = 6.25 m/ha
■    Quaternary canals = 110 Km
■    Density = 28.1 m/ha
Drainage arrangements
-Collector drains (main drain) = one main drain provided
-Field drains----------------------- = 24
-Night storage ponds one on the main canal and the second on the secondary canal.
Dam site:-Dam site is located in Gololcha woredas on Dahre River
Coordinates on Dam axis — 7°24' 07" N and 40° 46' 04" E
-
Photo of Dam site and command area
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE
SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
14Executive Summary ‘Entrant! Gololcha Irrigation Develop
ment Project
Feasibility study
Dam and spillway
Dam Top
1526.0 masl
Dam height
50.0 m
Length
1226.0m
Reservoir Area at FRL
3.6 km2
Reservoir Area at Max Flood Level
4.13 km2
Mean Annual Runoff
114 Mm3
75% Dependable Flow
88.0 Mm3
Type of Dam
Earth Dam
Spillway Design Flood
1424 M3/sec
Spillway Length
60 m.
Gross capacity at FRL
6099 Mm3
River bed level
1476 m
The dead storage level (DSL)
1489 m.
Minimum draw down level (MDDL)
1492 m.
Full reservoir level (FRL)
1519 m.
Maximum water level (MWL)
1526 m.
Cropping Pattern Suggested for average or above av.rainfall years
Thirteen types  of crops  were proposed to produce in different Cropping Patterns  for two options. The cropping intensities are 165% in both options since it is peasant level irrigation that can be increased with the experience of the farmers in the project area.
6.        CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION
In general most soils  identified by  the present soil survey  study  are moderately  to marginally  suitable to irrigated agricultural development. Some land units  could be affected by  sheet and, and this  can be controlled, through careful planning and implementation of properly laid-out optimum size of farm units and farming practices.
Crop rotation is recommended, because it is essential for controlling soil productivity. Alternate appropriate crops in accordance with a pre-established schedule helps to keep the soils in good biological condition and to control the erosion risk, increases its water holding capacity, provides to take full advantage of fertilizer, prevents the unbalanced depletion of plant nutrients and counteracts development of the toxic substances, if any.
Ploughing back in of crop residues and mulching should be encouraged to raise low carbon levels and to
improve topsoil structure of the soils and combating soil loss. Legumes may also improve topsoil structure,
by adding nitrogen to soil by fixation from atmosphere.
The most significant adverse impact is  the loss  of large area of natural vegetation, which is  mainly associated with submergence by  the proposed reservoir and land clearance for the irrigation command area. Other important Most of the potential impacts  are associated with catchment erosion, construction of dam and impoundment of the river water, river regulation and changes  in downstream flows, reservoir operation, and establishment of extensive irrigated farming. Socially  the proposed irrigation project is  highly accepted particularly by the beneficiary community.
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
ISExecutive Summary -Enr and Gololcha Irrigation Development Project
Feasibility study
In order to enhance the potential benefits, and avoid or reduce the potential adverse impacts of the project to acceptable levels, it is  recommended that the proposed mitigating measures  are properly  and timely implemented, and follow up of their effectiveness is made through well planned monitoring program
Gololcha irrigation project located in the Oromia region of Bale zone has significant contribution to socio economic  situation of region and to the food security  of the community  in project area. The income of people in the project area will increase to the level that they can able to pay for social services such as school, health et. The Increase in production from a given area of land and employment opportunity it will create other contribution of the project. Moreover, the analysis of tangible benefits and costs has shown that the project is viable and stable in both financial and economic aspects.
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SYNERGICS HYDRO INDIA PVT. LTD
161034000
ERER IRRIGATION PROJECT
feasibility study
IRRIGATION LAYOUTI
GOLOCHA IRRIGATION PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY
IRRIGATION LAYOUTI
9
I
I
I I I I I I I
I
LEGEND
ELETRIC LINE GULLY
VILLAGE
RIVER BANK MAIN ROAD
A                   BENCH MARK
BM2
140Q---- - INDEX CONTOUR
NOTES
I
1 - All dimensions are in millimeters &
levels in meters
2 - For maximme section of dam,layout
of spillway irrigation outlet refer relevant Drawings.
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
INTERVAL CONTOUR; CONTOUR ENTERVAL 1m
project:- ^pER IRRIGATION PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY
title General scheme of dam and appurtenanace
structures
designed by
APPROVED BY                 DRAWN BY: KB
CHECKED BY
DATE
SUBMITTED BY
SCALE 15000
DWG No.
SHEET NO
WATERWORKS DESION AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE IN ASSOCIATION WITH SYNERGIC* HYDRO (I) PVT LTDI
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
project.* ERER IRRIGATION PROJECT
FEASIBILITY STUDY
T(TLE             SPILLWAY- GENERAL SCHEME
DESIGNED BY
APPROVED BY                       | DRAWN BY KB
CHECKED BY
DATE                SCALE             OYVGNfc        SHEET NO
SUBMITTE08Y
1.3500
1/1
y WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE ,
IN ASSOCIATION WITH SYNERGICS HYDRO (I) PVT LTD Wf*is of Dam
1)    Impervious Soil - SC,CL,
2)   Pervious to semipervious - SW, GP.GW.SP
2A) Semipervious - SM.GM
3)   Chimney filter
4)   Horizontal filter
5)   Rock Toe;
6)   Dumped Rock Riprap
7) Blanket of crushed rock or gravel below dumped Riprap
8)   Hand placed Riprap
9)   U/s Impervious Blanket
10) Toe drain.
11)  Key trench
NOTES
1) All dimensions are in millimeters
and levels in metres unless otherwise specified.
2)   For layout plan of dam refer to Drg. No E|DP/DAM
3)  For detail of Crest.Riprap & Rock Toe refer relevant Drawing.
4) 't‘ Varies from 1500 at the top to 2500 at the bottom.
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
ERER IRRIGATION PROJECT ________ FEASIBILITY STUDY________
title maximum cross section of dam
obsionuby
CHKKMST
vu«MrrT«>v
MTV
.MTW  WORKS  D.SION  AND  1UMRVWION  INTSRPRiSS *Location with syn.roics hydro (i) pvt ltdA
DETAIL Y
TBL 1365.8
Joint with seal
Invert at the exiteand
=1346.35
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
Scale 1:500
NOTES :-
1.  All dimension are in millimeters and elevations 
in meters unless specified otherwise.
2.  For RCC conduits and intake well M-25 grade concrete
shall be to used
3   The loose soil below the duct shall be removed and backfilling shall be done with the same material used
for shell and core recpectively at OMC.
4   Foundation preparation and compaction around conduct must be equivalent to foundation preparation for the dam and to the compaction of core.
5   The ends of the first placed conduit section shall be painted with sealing compound to break the bond between sections.
6   Reinforced concrete cut-off collars to be provided @5000 c/c over the contraction preformed bituminous joint filler placed between duct and the cut-off collar in core portion
i
DETAIL Y Scale 1:10 ’
FKDIRAL DIMOCRATIC Rl PUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATBR RISOURCBS
DETAIL x Scale 1:10
PROJECT' ” ERER IRRIGATION PROJECT
FEASIBILITY STUDY
SECTION OF IRRIGATION OUTLET
D£ SJONED 8Y
CwtCKEO HY
SUBMITTED B*
approved err                | DRAWN BY «3 DWG Ng
i
WATIR     WORK*     DUWN     AND     SUPIRVMION     IMTSRPRKS IN ASSOCIATION WITH SYNIRO1CS HYDRO (!) PVT LTDLIST OF BENCH MARKS
EASTING
NORTHING
ELEVATION
BMS
718544.4
823602.6
1321.33
BM -RP2
NOTE
1 - All dimensions are in millimeters & levels in meters unless specified other wise.
2 - For zoning of dam and sections refer relevant drawing. 3 - The width of all berms shall be 5000 mm.
718559.7
823589.3
1321.43
BM -RP 1
709093.1
820261.8
1384.67
BM 5 B
709101.7
820133.3
1382.58
BM 6 B
701702.4
816401.5
1497.15
BM9 B
701723.5
816395.4
1497.40
BM 1 0B
701255 1
815868.9
1507.92
BM 1 1B
701215.6
816029.9
1507.12
BM 1 2B
695252.4
817883.9
1570.33
BM DA1
695251 1
817943.8
1564.73
BM DA2
694525.5
818047 4
1551.60
BM DA3
694419.6
818073.7
1546.50
BM DA4
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
project?- GOLOLCHA irrigation project FEASIBILITY STUDY
TITLE DAM LAYOUT A APPURTENANT WORKS
718593.7
823922.4
1318.747
BM M1
718553.1
823390
1322.747
BM M2
iDESIGNEDBY
CHECKEDBY
submittedby
APPROVED BY DRAW BY KB
DWG No
WATf R WORKS DISION AND SURIRVISION INTIRPRJSE IH ASSOCIATION WITH SYNIROICS HYDRO (I) PVT LTD .yNOTE
1- The dam axis - II is modified based
on Geophysical survey data interpretation.
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
project:- GOLOLCHA IRRIGATION PROJECT
FEASIBILITY STUDY
tile Alternative Dam Alignments
DESIGNED BY
APPROVED BY                [dravwby kb
CHECKED BY
SUBMITTED BY
□ATE          SCALE 15500
CXVGNo         SHEET NO
WATIR WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE
IN ASSOCIATION WITH SYNEROICS HYDRO (I) PVT LTD.Dam Axis
MAXIMUM SECTION
ZONING OF MATERIAL IN DAM
NOTES
'
Zone 1
Impervious core
'Clayey silt mixed with sand .
Zone 2
Shell or casing of jpstream of core
' Preferably pebbles and cobbles with gravely material along river course or aphanitic basalts 
overlying sedimentary rocks as a scarp.
Zone 2A
Shell or casing on down stream of core
Pebbles and cobbles with gravely material jn clay matrix in the river terrace zone .
Zone 3
Inclined filter / chimney drain on down stream face of the impervious core
Well-graded sand to be obtained from
crushing of basaltic rocks.
Zone 4
Horizontal filter blanket on D/s below casing
Well-graded sand to be obtained from
crushing of basaltic rocks.
Zone 5
Dumped rock riprap on upstream slope
The material to be obtained by quarrying aphanitic 
basalts on the hilltop maximum size 1000mm,40 to 50%greater than 800mm,50 to 60% between 300-800mm, 0 to 10 % equal to 300mm, sand and rock fill dust less than 5%_._
Zone 6
Blanket below dumped riprap
Crushed rock/gravel - Maximum size 80mm
Zone 7
Hand placed rock riprap on downstream slope
Rock fragment
Zone 8
3ock toe
Rock fragments
1 - All dimension are in millimeters and elevations in meters unless specified otherwise.
2 - For dam layout refer relevant drawing.
3 - The cut - off bottom level shall be taken 1 m into weathered rock or maximum of 20m which
ever is higher. The bottom level is tentative and shall be reviewed after exploratory drilling data is available.
4 - The depth of strpping below shell zone may be
0.5m to 1 m subject to direction of Engineer -in- charge. 5 - For detalis of crest, parapet, rock toe and toe
drain refer to relevant drawings.
6 - All berm shall be 5000mm wide.
7 - The maximum and minimum height of rock toe shall be 6000 and 1000mm respectively.
Zone 9
Toe drain
Stone pitched with 200mm thick gravel and sand filter
Zone10
Cut-off trench
Calyey silt mixed with sand
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
projects qOLOLCHA IRRIGATION PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY
TITLE                          MAXIMUM SECTION
DESIGNS) BY
APPROVED BY                     DRAWN BY KB
CHECKED BY
SUBMITTED BY
SCALE
1 1300
hmq
DW3 No
SHEET NO
-j
WATERWORKS DESION AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE VtE    ASSOCIATION WITH SYNEROICS HYDRO (1) PVT LTD
(NNOTES
1.  All dimension are in millimeters and elevations 
in meters unless specified otherwise.
2.  For RCC conduits control shaft and stilling well M-25 grade concrete shall be to used .
3  The loose soil below the duct shall be removed and
backfilling shall be done with the same material used
for shell and core recpectively at OMC.
4
Foundation preparation and compaction around conduit must
be equivalent to foundation preparation for the dam and to
300
300
the compaction of core.
SECTION OF FOOT BRIDGE
5
The end faces of the first placed conduit section shall be painted
with sealing compound to break the bond between sections.
♦1492.5
6
Reinforced concrete cut-off collars to be provided @5000 c/c 
over the contraction preformed bituminous joint filter placed
between duct and the cut-off collar in core portion.
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
PROJECT- GOLOLCHA irrigation project
FEASIBILITY STUDY SECTION AND DETAILS OF IRRIGATION OUTLET
DESIGNED BY
CHECKED BY
submitted b7
APPROVED BY
DATE          SCALE
As shown
DRAWN BY. KB
DWG No SHEET NO
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE IN ASSOCIATION WITH SYNE RO ICS HYDRO (J) PVT LTD.

Summery

Erer and Gololcha Irrigation Project Summary

Erer and Gololcha Irrigation Development Project Feasibility Study

Key Facts

Location: Ethiopia (Oromia and Harari Regional States)

Prepared by: Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise in association with Synergics Hydro (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Date: June 2009

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of developing irrigation projects on the Erer and Gololcha rivers

Erer Irrigation Development Project

Project Overview

The Erer Irrigation Project is located on the Erer River, a major tributary of the Wabe Shebele River, in Oromia and Harari Regional States. The dam site is located about 19 km southeast of Harar town.

Key Features

Parameter	Value
Catchment Area	419 km² at dam site
Annual Rainfall	800 mm (highlands), 650 mm (command area)
Dam Type	Earth Dam
Dam Height	36.6 m
Reservoir Area	3.60 km²
Mean Annual Runoff	60.4 MCM
Command Area	4,906 ha (Gross), 4,150 ha (Net)
Project Cost	286,983,000 Birr

Economic Analysis

Parameter	Financial Analysis	Economic Analysis
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)	13.35%	13.35%
Net Present Value (NPV)	71,264,000 Birr	64,137,000 Birr
Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C)	1.99	1.99

Key Findings

Project is technically feasible and financially viable
Will improve food security and community well-being
Potential negative impacts include reduced downstream water availability and submergence of productive land
Recommended crops include maize, groundnut, rice, mango, onion, and various vegetables

Gololcha Irrigation Development Project

Project Overview

The Gololcha Irrigation Project is located on the Dare (Gololcha) River, a tributary of the Wabe Shebele River, in Gololcha and Sawena Wereda of Oromiya Regional State.

Key Features

Parameter	Value
Catchment Area	850 km² at dam site
Annual Rainfall	1092 mm (highlands), 754.8 mm (command area)
Dam Type	Earth Dam
Dam Height	50.0 m
Reservoir Area	3.6 km² (at FRL)
Mean Annual Runoff	114 MCM
Command Area	14,410 ha (Gross), 10,000 ha (Net)
Project Cost	721,961,993 Birr

Economic Analysis

Parameter	Financial Analysis	Economic Analysis
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)	11.22%	21.79%
Net Present Value (NPV)	78,261,467 Birr	719,723,555 Birr
Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C)	1.159	2.652

Key Findings

Project is economically viable with high economic returns
Will significantly contribute to food security and poverty reduction
Main adverse impact is loss of natural vegetation due to reservoir submergence
Recommended crops include wheat, teff, barley, chickpea, sugarcane, and various vegetables
Highly accepted by beneficiary communities

General Conclusions and Recommendations

Both projects are technically feasible and economically viable
Will significantly improve food security and livelihoods in the project areas
Recommended mitigation measures should be implemented to address environmental and social impacts
Crop rotation and soil conservation practices should be encouraged
Fuel wood plantations and indigenous tree species planting is recommended
Proper monitoring programs should be established to ensure project success