Dabus Hydropower Project Summary

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
MINISTRY OF WATER. IRRIGATION AND ENERGY
DABUS HPPs
Consultancy Services for PreFeasibility and Feasibility Study of the Dabus Hydropower Project
Proap’fmer* Refermte *p.mt*t* - DmPP/MdWTE/OWOHZkc /v(1
ttudta Irg. g. cieUangvIl f.r.l,
via cicerone. 29 ■ rome • TTMf tri 06 12JDMOfo. 0632-22275
e ™i
it
t>*j 15* i
Ministry of Water Irrigation & Energy
Haile G/Silase Road
P.O. Box No : 57M
Addlg Ababa, Ethiopia
Att.nc:                Mr. GETU TlLAHUN
Emati:                 aetu tJlahLHi2005flYahoo.com
Telephone:         +251  11 11 / 11 6637222 Telefax              +251   11 6610710
Rome, 01“ July 2016
DABUS
Ozsultarcy Seivcts tar the PRE-FEASIOlLtTY ard FEASIBILITY Studies at the DA5US tlydropcMW PTpjrct
PRE-FEASIBILITY DESIGN and EIA BASELINE rev. 0- Transmission Letter Dear Mr. Getu HLAHUN,
fol lowing:
your comments to the pre-feasibility design report and EIA baseline report (reference is made to ttie attached matrix};
the workshop held in Addis Abeba on l6 ' June 2016;
,r
- our meeting he<d at your office on 17* June 2016,
We have updated the following reports:
100 WHO R SP 003 B vol. 1 / 2 - Mam Report;
-     100 WHO R SP 003 0 vol. 2 / 2 - Drawings;
120 HVD R SP 001 A - Hydrological Report;
130 GEO R SP 001 A - Geological and Geotechnical Report; 140 SEA R SP 00IB - BASELINE Study.
Yours faithfully,
Studfo Ing. G. Pieirange//S.rJ.
Antonio PIETRANGEU
AUW
Antonio BRASCA
Enclosures n 20 hart C©Ch«; 2 CO
up sefc. € 98 130 l.w - C.C.l.A.a ruin a-n. -I9H2? Crib. Pama n. J626rfi 2 c.f. 05**0170586 - p.i. OHOIS61OO4Comments by Client
Answer by Consultant
160627, DABUS, Repy to 0B5 al PRt-F£AS Report (Wtxkshop 160615)
studw pielrangefj.
T
I.NO.
Comments by Client
Answer by Consultant
Section 31 Drone Survey ^ase verify dcarty. at whrch Site the Drone survey eras conduced, on HP ch IOS (DAM area) or on HP th-155 (DAM area).
Section J2 Desaihe bnefy ttv* problems for post prt> essmg of the PLEIADES Stereo coc f.magcs wrttw the test foot months tn order tv compare and r/MXHr- r.6e rfririrt/ ivir titan only U90Q SRTM jth OS usual.
A?
A8
QB -
Q9
iOQttec   J.Z   2   i-.wA   father   cMn/lotiOhs   wAx   fftr   I^iw   M-mry   dkt   not tanc’ttf on W cA
A9
I Q1°
QU
A/fltxr J.JH Pteafe justify name whether (hr figure name 714** CH iW,.
s5WurkvfeiWye3d.Wa5re>a5srOtsHcTtfrfrefltff or not.
(dtilc J. J I tyrvneo surveyed areas features there ate no gtaaitf control points shown at Mjm Atr CH 155 and Aft CH 108 If not necessary far ana/ysrs
/VrMrw* ffiyg vw jusftfcatMn clfefrfy____
f
__  _______ ___________________
Q12
QB
QH
_
1
Section 7 j 2. Discuss m detad the type model <r software and method used Ar rattyv# nut rfti? firvfW £VM*rafrofi ar*/ energy production emulations The R£«esewerov^oirrftKftJfj/wir f.tvFwr 7.rxd?redwreirwrvretxsi®asajs/Lan/cLttwki-ftl-ctvd?ekoef *e.lweovnatsiohnosuhldobuled be OeterTTwied based on drtaded topograph* survey
■■b iv f/itf ■'lS secto  5.10: I be ('onstdfant shuM estimate ,'te mm^r
rttvfct .tferctyr *>./ dewtf A*»r& tuseef on se_d_i_m_e_n_t _m_e_a_^_u_re_m__e_et b_ut the report
*2^
«n>Kiafy<Xifa frwn Afrvafi/r jyw #v rcW, Dabus Commant (1): Dam safety oxpart
A12
All A14
Mcsf a' fte jt iwv5 are execi/fctf ac jwr rhe
,W far / Wft»Mry
ir*l
tfiXfy.  W»*w¥,  frost  of  rhe  important  site  tmetstigafrons  <*ac  /rof  dare  and
I       L^ll ul/
.-./ >* r,___________ —l . .
Qis
rompieteh tefl tor feasibility sta^e ^ursb&wft* •■' Sm^y dunng (he current
geotedimcai held tnresttde(vr rf*y#ia»s u^en to dam de and reservot/
wtw j$ Q^e faw- Ws means dam foundatny\ reserwr water t^frrew,
A15
/iraWf* rtf
A vtejr rof u r>f,>.Mc>rrrr/ dS required tor flerf j*<W WV*
Qlt-
p/cyirwjg.____ ____________  __________________ _________ ________ Construction  material  d\.itteb*e  guantty  arte  buddy  should  be  addressed  ft* we .Jrftw/ ar Jrtftf for prrfeasttMiCy stope
A16
The drone survey was carried out on 1 he ch !55 dam area.
Thrs typo will be corrected In Revision B of the Prefeasiblllty Report.______________ _________ ______ ___ All the topographic activities regarding the Pleiades have been concluded (acquistlon and
processing). In April 2016 a ground survey was earned out to acquire Ground Control Points I
(GCPs) to georeference and ortnorectify the images. Processing to obtain contour lines has recently 
been compMed so the Pleiades topographic database will be used, instead of the SRTM, for the i
feasibility Study since it has a much better accuracy.
there were problems rinding suitable landing area near PH ch-108. The Consultant will start from
the PLEIADES images which an? sufficient tor design purposes at this stage.
Another drone survey will earned out in a future stage once good Landing areas have beer
identified,______    _____ __________________  _______ ________ _______________________ __
The   name   of   the   rgure   should   read   "ch   155’   Thrs   will   be   corrected   in   Revision   B   of   the Prefeasibliity Report.____________________________ __ _______________________ ________ _______ i The Consultant explained lhat another type or drone (RTK) was used that does not require GCPs. This drone is currently under testing.
A mathematical model created by SP was used for the reservoir routing. The model is described at length in the report ________________________________  _______
Agreed
_In the Feasibility Study the accuracy will be Improved Pleaides Database], ___________  _______ ______I Moro detailed modelling will be done during the Feasibility Study
The Consultant explained that investigation planning wid be done m the near future in collaboration with the Client
r ur  the  vte  al  ch  -  130  the  Consultant  estimated  the  quality  and  the  quantity  nF  the  quarry materia (reL pagt 86/223)
For  the  site  at  ch  -  108.  detailed  indications  were  not  considered  necessary  given  the  abundant evidence of easily available construction material outcropping everywhere.   |
The  Consultant  pointed  out  that  this  information  was  included  in  the  report  130  GEO  R  SP  001 (Gcoiogy Report) of the Prcfeasibility Report.
|
Q17
j ZriStaJd of defatted pctrvgnwhy anayss of mck SV* project jt<m, the |
I rrvi5ttfanf stoutf give rnerp ewAws ft* r^rerf ar wkArecf firttf •nw'.tfiparwf?
L
......
tv
tfn/i'ft/Qi*  pfti*cx,ijc3i'  »iwcft£X»r¥J  s  mote  important  If  rieverary  af  tfMf
A17
3
Aftjtft weft ana/j»
£e Ane specrficaNy a certain nansfruTwn11 materw/.
160627, DABdS, Reply to OPS at Pflt I LAS Rrprr: fWr-» .shou ICOftl S iMunir pit-rrarqid , rrjrre
■ ■■■mm
DABUS hpp
WORKSHOP 16 JUNE 2016
___________________________________________ CONSUL TANTS RESPONSES TV CLIENT OBSfRVA TIONS
No.
Comments by Client
Answer by Consultant
Q18
At Pre-hw&biitty stage thr tunnel route and power ftows? srte the faVowvSQ data/ mformabon is required such as fngtriemng geological profile VK4*J*y ptmcjpat rock types rods mass iharactensbcx hydrogeology ^formation, presence of jwj* rune* tecton*. fault or rjtposLre to < twfrue-fay? should be adt bossed we/l. thus, proper preinw^ary evaiuobon of aftemame route* and sires for appurtenant structure of the cascaded Liams is requifed to Jeode tfje? /mJti in a particular site are (Vmpefenf ewugh to make an uperwj through it
A18
TlUs will be addressed in more detail In the Feasibility Study.
Tfr- RCC O&n ry/v wi'rvDcv? catena                    mt          .-eport both (farm are .'let convincing and are also tvptes of each other
Q19
A19
Tbe alternatives studied at ate ch - 130 included an RCC dam and a CRF dam. As may be read in lhe report, the cost of the RCC dim and the CRFD are practicaly  identical sc  the Consultant preferred to adopt a "sal or’ solution and with fewer maintenance costs, i.e. an RCC dam
As far as the dam at ch - !08 ts concerned, in RCC dam was considered the only option given the general geological conditions
the  Consultant  points  out  however  that  the  two  dams  are  completely  different,  so  much  so  that the dam al ch “ 130 was presented with two distinct solutions:
dam with central spillway and ski-jump dissipator;
non-overflow dam with separate spillway
The dam at ch - 108 on the other hand can be Tvertoppcxl with a stepped spillway.
Q20
The   tywt   dam   ana   apptstewf   strvaues   shotAd  be  c/eath  Mfaafed  in  the                  Noted and agreed
map.
A20
fhts will be corrected in Revision 8 of the Report-
Aarhanu Gudissa
Q21
Q22 a
In synthetic stream dbw approach monthly average discharges rhe
tnm . aloe taken is not the                          value, (F*w AJofZJJj
A21     Revision B of the PrvfeasibihtY Report will correct this error.
There are so rrwiy software s are /fsttd in your pre frasMty report that used                  The software used to elaborate the Pre-Feasibility Design was:
to analyse data. but the rrA*Mfy and gratify of those software s not defined
A22
either software internationally recognized, or mathematical models elaborated by SP,
—
Q23
There  d  no  Aft  of  abbrrvtat>on.j(jvnymid  on  the  front  page  of  the  pre                    Noted and agreed.
feapfrMy report therefore, d t$ rwt easy to understand the report.
A23
This will be addressed in Revision B □( the Report.
Oabus Hydro Power Project- Comments on PF5
Q24
Q25
despite amments prvvided on the ^cvptKui report TAafrd to thr name of the Ministry it s not Lunsrdrred m the preparatK^i of this report, * bears the former rame of the Ministry which is Mtnistr, of Water irrigation and tnerg, .
A2'1
Noted and agreed.
This will be corrected in Revision B of the Report.
^mUar to the comment Afc t, comment given on how the impact of proposed
.'.■Vd'upewer schemes on Che imgatxn schemes intended ft? be developed addresses. However nothing has been 3dwJ tn Che rrptJrt rs^fed up tfirs.
q
the  Consultant  points  out  that  intended  rogation  schemes  are  not  within  the  scope  of  this assignment.
Only the impact on existing Irrigation schemes will be considered m the E5IA report
Q26
in the inception report it was proposed to use t.Htf ‘ drone for tapogr^phu data ejection but tn the Pre fcasibtAfy study tarn* PcHACfS iateMr
imagery has also been used tn ffm study - The 'raws necessnale to use both of them rs however not stated in the report.
A26
1
The accuracy Df the drone is greater than the accuracy of the Pkeaides
However the areas that can be surveyed by drone are in the order of a few square kilometres. The Pleaides, on the other hand, can be used to survey areas of several hundreds of square kilometres (over 1,000 km2 were surveyed for the Dabus project),
For  this  reason  the  drone  was  uwd  to  survey  the  mam  works  (dam  and  powerhouse),  whrle  Ihr Pleaides mages were used for the topography of the remaning parts (reservoir quarries, etc
160627, DABUS, limply tuOes »t P«£ r cAS Report (Workshop 160615)
sfud^a pwlrange*i, romeDABUS lipp
WORKSHOP 16 JUNE 2016
CONSUL TA /vrs RESPONSES TO CL LENT 08SER M 77CWS
Page 4 of 9
No,
Comments by Client
Answer by Consultant
■                (Wi/w/T/ grito CYi ffie •/Vep&cz’ report. tarv JfixZy 1^1' tef uses pc
Q27
x, ‘n'B ten- .pfe iiAxig t/ne mw c ztotei- nifaci".'
statues.
4&> pytwkjwj
A27
The entire river course was studied.
As  can  be  r^en  dearly  from  the  longitudinal  profile  of  the  river  (ref.  Fig  A  2.2),  lhe  areas  studies were the only ones feasible from d technical economic viewpoint.
SeecrKvi of dan is made by cwvdermg j^r-' fKT(*s had rrysiiT lvi
the cost of investment and rna^tenance. Pws depends or? the ^stance
Q28
Q29
of Mie XpCrKrrjn tpnstnxtron                     .*>.
rnns<fcrjfiiv? o/fftn
APR
Jftf Other tectars 5?rTipV                   axitfiArtatf dWtrWr f'ffCC jrtf cwcrrte surface rodr W dam? £<y* mv.
The main factors  .geology, quarry, maintenance etc  J  have lieen consrtfercd in this  preliminary evaluation, more than adequate for a pre-frvbflity  design More detailed elements  will be considered m the next stage (Feasibility Design).
-IxxfW ijUdcy j/fes are                     .it thu sfwfi- .*mz nc are<M?f rcMfrc?’ ta tpAiftty' j/it/ vofante of the rrwfsrM/ to be                    An .*wr
A29
Reference  is  made  to  quality  and  volume  of  the  Identified  quarry  sites  at  Page  86/223  of  the Prefeavbdty Report.
DabusHWrefewb&fyDesfgn HydndogkalComponent Hydrology A
MM»r Quality Okecfoeate / Surafei M)
Q30
The Vta .tujt• v,»/ -n, orpor^-f tae Xjtjfar- of the pn^osed Jam *tes JpM //if
*  -wxok /5>                         6v krst-MAMw even tax*Xr 5tewr?                    fl/W, z
zn  r
1
■mV^vV/  *\hje JU
AJO
Noted and agreed
Revision H d( the href east bihty Report will address this.
In .?*4w p^nrecsw    ^     -ixT(-rif data (preor^tf/on
1/s    (IXX
flow
lAM^pr                    >w               4 J rwS J4te flnV fl96519&7L why? And shTiuacV for tj^XjfKKT f/9fr5> and 1972-19*4) Page W and 55.
Q31
A31
Z-i     Jfcifwflca/     tests     fhypothesrs     testing}     rondomne^     Independency homogeneity and stotionorffy methods                            J^y tat/ but not sA  i
W
wxmwr/rt,    results    of    rwft    tatf    wepr    ta-nd    and    stotfononty    tests f(xajvrr these tests are interred as                             /Mtra/J. and conservacne to
usr .n proctree (the sracwwity tasfA *h  and Aotv? />
Periods spanning Jan 1965, Dec 1967 and Jan 1972, Dec 1974 provide the more complete set of significant daily  discharge measurements  at the station of Dabus  near Assosa and were therefore selected for calibration and validation purposes  Different periods  were selected to perform the calibration and the validation of the model In order to guarantee that the calibration resulting from
□ne period was actually efficient for the application of the model to another perwxj m other words In  order  to  guarantee  the  generalization  to  other  penod  of  the  calibration  performed  on  a  specific period
y                                  w ana
Q3?
A32
A tabic presenting the results of the performed tests m terms of the specific statistics used by each test is included m the revised version of the report
The assumption of neglecting the observed trend stems  from the otaervrihon that *he trend is negative, i.e the observed maxima tend to decrease in the spanned period (1961-2008). lhe analysis  of the extremes  considering lhe sample as  a not stationary  sequence, i.e. considennq statistical models  whose parameters  are dependent on time (c.g Reiss  and Ihwnas, 2007, Coles, 2000, Fawcett, 2013), would have produced a not conservative decreasing in time of the discharge quintiles
Reiss,  RD.  and  Thomas,  M  (2007).  Statutes!  Analysts  of  Ext/rme  Wucs.  JW/i  appheatton  to Insurance, Finance, Hydrology and Other AeA/s. Birkhauser Third Edition
Coles, S. (2000). An /ntnxfuct/on to stattsfkj/ modelling of edterne va/ues. Springer Fawcett, L. (2013) Topes in Statistics Environmental Extremes. Lecture Notes. University of
Newcastle.
Q33
Hease  torrect  /vqperty  tar  hypnjmetnc  station  n#7W  of  ihJessa  near  Arjc instead of Ano thiwjghdijt the documents
A33
Noted and agreed.
This will be corrected in Revision B of the Report
Q34
On poge 47. which plot on Wt of Fig. 4 / v m&cales•’
49
r*j 2 on page
A34
Noted and agreed.
This will be rorrected In Revision 8 of the Report
16062/, DA&JS.. Reply to CHIS al PRf-FLAS Report (Workshop 160b 15}
Studio p»prrangrt<, rorneDABUS hpp
WORKSMOP 16 JUNE 2016
Page 5 of 9
CONSUL TANTS RESPONSES TO CUENT O3SER Z4 77CW5
Comments by Client
No.
Q35
COWTWf,  tn  Vat  J  Support  LUta,  rf  fS  rkX  J  ^lx*/  «Aw  to  a?/  tor- *X«A- 4/jfa as printed Jsid/ dr jt-aS puO*ciy .Axr to <**cMrrty reason*
____/*y<frc¥»ww btrtbpmtnt Jfl<7 Dam Adrmnistrafwi ^fOoritv
l?T (Grrriate /tatoVcW ivtw Economy J strategy n one of the most important issues for ff/wop^ to buM up rovjr&vrieffijf frtrndN ertmomc
growth in particular due to the fact f/ut /j^iywiw /f one of the fM&trx fur
Noted.
Answer by Consultant
_ ----------------
This will be removed from Revision B at the Prefeasitwlit y Report Agreed to discuss The CRGE in the final report
toe iVTjpternen/afnjc> □/ toe sfrJZtVK ft &
tor repeat. 77as; toe ?siue
r
Q36
Q37
Q36
f
s/jcx^W/rsb^teeff md/cated .rx7 Hfi1/ ada es5es in tor ry \ > r
teyj/ XXCMSGW A*e ff/wipMJT -ater resource management priKtemabun HW2QM and Regulation (lJS*W5}r «hwto Mety to ten? an assiKW&cv- rwto LDrrsfrurfFcrr eV dam tor /XJwtV jirf*VJfA*i <rr nerf vxrvpcratoJ wj tor
£>*/e to toe* fatT tfwf tom? **•# dr huge amount gf sate t+asTe ^esnerafeJ during tne rwwsricton nmr. 'f is *Tyxvfarr/ to dtir/w the issue with regard to hate Itfw Anwtwtf /hxAvruftan <3IMHW )
4/UTex  J-l  gf  pagefjl,  ft  is  stated  (hat  hippcpotamus  amphibious  is  one  of the  bvjtf  animals  Inmg  tn  tow  sftjtfy  area  Eyen  though,  ths  wdd  animat  s recorded •■'? tor fUCN red >rt, toe consultant report docs AkJhirfc tors fact. toe  other  hand.  there  are  rfireatened  and  -are  wM  .nrwruiv  wfaafed  m  me report        uke        pantherapardus        (Leopard),        t'anthera        Leo       (bon}, uecxchefonepardMS   (leopard   todnrse*}   tetobtLn,   LoroeeJ^iusndOPeLtS  (Nfe Croaxfae} and it tfccs ™r xncftcafr ,*rry rrvogation rnech&irsm to protect toe
rtW^nuTrar?
Agieed to Incorporate the proclamation 1^7/2000 and Regulation (115/2W5) in the final report
---------------------------------------------- ---------- -------------------- ------------ 1
Agreed to address Prodarnation 513/2OT7 in the Final report
As  per the TOR, this  rs  an EIA Baseline Study  phase Therefore, the resource and the potential impacts  are discussed. However, detailed mitigation measures  will be pre^ted in die Full ES1A report.
Q39
Q40
ArmexJ ftable} of page fJZ there are ftst of plants iwftwto «*m toixx/ /n toe
j’tfeXT* wtv?at Jtj But the Art due* /W *swi riwte <* rjuQjus&bt For fiftunce there is no j smgre timber Jtfe torn? specie mt the Art £k>es’ that
ffjftw toBFB 2Tno D’WTlfaV W ffk* JrtM?_____________ ___________________ HUvjr           or vu/wufow r tf nt?r we# described
A'r^.u'.-^rv rtdtor
asvssnent rt mV
desuthfd the teenntgue^
i-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
Tes,  the  list  Is  not  complete  or  exhaustive  Detailed  sampling  and  idcfinlcation  of  plants  will  lie carried out during Full EIA
Once detailed sampling and identification of plants is done during full EIA, we will give information on species vulnerability using IUCN RED LIST OF ETHIOPIA
AtopA/xAsaZ enr/rwwnwf
Agreed to discuss how the sampling sites am selected and the technique used to collect the sample in the final report
Q41
used to cotieef toe .wwjpfeE For instanre 'w* the nurffber of s*rr?pfi» *
stetjcjdr determined and other technic^ f^sucs fiMe samrbtg fienod fPry/wu
season.? and wnpio JistntHfOon are not we^ aodressed in the report the
report siKute hase two presented tn such way to Mustwte the stjiistfcai
representat/ws of the .^mp/es, the raf^/>aie behmd me dtstnbutjon tif me
samples and tt»e method of anafyss tvfuUf insures the rt+Mfy of the wtput-
160627, DABUS. Repiy to DBS at PRE FEAS Report (WoksTiop 160815)
SkidiD pw'ranqeli. mmeDABUS hpp
WORKSHOP 16 JUNE 2016
Page 8 ot 9
CONSUL TANTS RESPONSES TO CLIENT OBSERVATIONS
Comments by Client
Answer by Consultant
No.   «i*t9 Jre zW             dlMrrtfcerf /n /tw- £'■'** fravMtty rttfurf
FPA  Guideline.  This  w4l  include  all  environ  mental  mitigation  and  management,  buffer  zones  and watershed development, environmental monitoring, capacity building and training costs
r
The pretirnnary tote/project cost induding environmental jr*j sons/ costs i$ not wfoded m /he pre-4vr«aWy wrf The term enyrronMenfai and sooa/'
Q57
costs is net tncfudetf in the nrr fras^ty rrpivT 7?ie rtrm enwranmen/j/ and
sc<a#‘ fttff nsfes Jto flriwkMf rx/wiw*-* 7/wf <*n? 7**^
/W’ and JCLLh^rc’d /tx Me total finance! divestments jnd rywvrf/awi <V
be
The wme as above
I
Socio-Economic Environment
To               m^uM/ WC& issues
6^-77J Ate /rferxy A education,
etfwifc A
a/Wf/j/ton, socio ocoocwTi/f pa?/?/e CM *W ? rryvff as
xtYcmV On-f holds true for
dfisMty rate and hra/tti -n/hj&f ?ixr
f/wye JfUdi* I*r /wf /wrcrftf* fo refer lattSf re/fr'enr-fs tv Jo fate pfDAtftTat/ /Sjurr              rY Zatea? uuf dated /wry 7
None out of the frve Tables  and Charts  below that are based on CSA can be updated because of lack  of up to date and disaggregated data - disaggregated such as  urban/rurat male/fems'e, region/zone/wofedaj etc. Such compr^hensivE and disaggregated data can only  be obtained from the CSA and the next national population census  is  yet to be conducted In the absence of such data, another source is  administrative data compiled by  the woredas  In addition to its  limited reliability, very  often, adminrstrative data Is  either not comprehensive, or not disaggregated by gender and the rest of variables, or unavailable altogether.
Despite these limitations, efforts  will lie made during the upcoming LSLA fieldwork  to gather, where possible, data and information required updating those Tables  and Charts  (1 to S below) that are based on CSA's outdated date.
1.     Table 2.4. Literacy Rates of Population of the Project Area by Sex and Urban/Rural Residence
2.
(CSA ?0D7)
Chart 2.1: Proportions  of Major Ethnic  Groups  living in the Proposed Dabus  Hydropower
Project Areas (West Wollegu Zone and Asossa Zone) (CSA: 2007
3
Chart  2.4:  Proportions  of   Populations  by  Religious  Affiliations  in  Dabus  Hydropower  Project
Areas (Based on CSA:2OO7)
4
5.
(hart  2-5:  Economic  Activity  Rate  of  Population  (Aged  10  Years  and  Above)  in  the  Proposed
Dabus Hydropower Project Area by Urban-Rural Residence and Sex (CSA 2007)
Chart  2.9;  Physical  Disability  Rates  (Per  10,000  People)  among  Populations  in  the  Proposed
Project Area (Based on CSA; 2007)
QS9
As per nv ZtW /A? JWut> rvrmo™.                    vuAs of ft*? CWmxv tytfuxw pm/pcf  jrtf  twf  rie&ty  stated  rn  £.%-  /vr-Xeda/^/y  repevf  f'nvftve  as  w?/  a<
ne^tTH’
be vstea for instance
impaas Mrfy to be arm/ed due to Me p/uyrvt Ar to
profile *&{& use pattern itke
Uri l ^he other hand, Table 5.20 ts correct except that the year (2007) is mistakenly written in
Fthiopiani calendar instead of Gregorian. flierefore, the year 2007 will be converted Gregorian
201,4,. 15.        -------------------------- ------------------- ' ” ”----------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Yes,  dur  to  field  constraints  the  sooo  economic  aspects/risks  of  the  Dabus  Hydropower  project  are not dearly stated in this El A Baseline Survey report.
160627, DABUS, lo UEJS at PRE HAS Report (WorKs^M? 160615)
ilud«i pietraiigeii, romc-
1 1 twill I I I S-S SIS
I11■DABUS hpP
WORKSHOP 16 JUNE ?016
______ CONSUL TANTS fitSPONSZS TO CL/ENT 06SER Z4 77ONS
Page 9 of 9
No.
Comments by Client
Answer by Consultant
pracfax*  wjfcv  quafify  andfyws,  forest  ttep&**wf  ctuncnm:  Jr  tivttoes.  tr^pact tM) /Mjynarr                Mid fcmc/ftc htaftrs. tncrderKt* of Hrtftrr related
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However, detailed field survey will be umwf out during the full ESIA
J6O62Z, DABUS, Retfy SO 065 at PRE-FEAS Report (WwkS’v.-p 160615)
studio Vrangel., romeMinistry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity
Dabus Hydropower Project
EIA BASELINE STUDY
FINAL REPORT
June 2016Federal OtmocfAftE Repufiflr of Elfuopi* Ministry of Hfoter, Irrtgetran *nd Etoctffcfty
fiml EtA Soettnc Sfvtfy P«t?u5 Hydropo**f Project
EIA Baseline Study
Final Report
Table of Contents
1       Introduction
1           1           Project Background
1           2           Project Summary 
1           3           Project Location
1           4 Objectives of this Baseline Study 
1.5    Approach and Methodology 
1.6    Definition of lhe Study Area
1 7     Report Structure
2       Project Description
2.1    Description of the Mam Project Components 
2           11         Project Layout
2           12         Dam and Reservoir
213      Wateiways and Powerhouse
2 14    Power and Energy 
2.2    Access Roads 
2.3    Construction Materials 
2 4    Construction and Operation Labour Requirements 2           5           Camps and Construction Facilities 
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3       Environmental Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework                     15
3.1    Institutional and Administrative Framework 
3.1.1   Federal Democralic Republic of Ethiopia
3.1.2   Regional Government
3.1 3 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climale Change 3.1.4 Reg i onal En v i ron men la I Agency (REA)
3 1.5 Sectoral Environmental Units (SEU)
3.1.6     Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP)
3           1.7 Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electncity (MoWlE) 3.1.8   Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources 
3.1.9   Ethiopian Biodiversity Inslitule
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10
19
3.110 Authority for Research end Conservation of Cultural Heritage              19
3.1.11 Ethiopian Wildlife Development and Conservation Auihonty  20
3.2    National Laws, Policies and Strategies 
SP $1udiQ Pielrangei , MOI Consulting
20
I^eclenif DemocfeCrc
of EEfuopM
Misery of War#r /mge/Jon #rcd Ef«£nerffy
ftnjV EM fisiff/i'fltf Sfutfy
CMfcu* Hydrcpo**’ F«/«t
3           2 1 Con st it utro n o f the F DR E
3.2        2 National and Regional Conservation Strategies 3.2.3     Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
20
21
21
3           2 4 Ethiopian Water Resource Management Proclamation (No 197/2000)
and its subsidiary Regulation (115f2Q05)
3           2 5 The Wildlife Policy and Legislations 
3 2.6 Forest Policies and Strategies 
3 2 7 Ethiopian National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 3.2        fl National Population Policy 
3.2.9     Energy Policy 
3.2        10 Agricultural and Rural Development Policy 3.2.11  Growth and1 Transformation Plan
22
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3.2.12  The ARCCH Proclamation (Proclamation No. 209/20001                       25
3.2 13 Climate Resiliant Green Economy (CRGE)
3 2 14 Solid Waste Management Proclamation No 513/2007
3.3     Environmental Framework Legislation
3 3 1 Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment
3.3 2 Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control
3.3.3    Environmental Guidelines 
3.4     Legal Framework for Expropriation and Compensation
3 4 1 The Federal Rural Lands Administration and Utilization Proclamation29 3 4 2 Proclamation on Expropriation of Land and payment of
Compensation
3 5   International Conventions and Agreement 4       Biophysical Environment
4.1     General
4.2     Physical Environment
4 2.1 Description of the Dabus Watershed 4.2,2     Climate and Rainfall Features 
25
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28
28
29
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30
32
32
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4           2 3        Natural Monthly Average Discharges at Dabus Ch-130 and at Dabus
Ch-108
4           2 4        Erosion and Reservoir Sedimentation
4           2 5        Water Quality 
4 3 Biological Environment
4 3 1    Current Land Cover Types of the Reservoir  Area 4 3.2 Forest and Vegetation
4 3,3 Wildlife Resources and their Habitat 4 3.4 Fish Diversity and Fishery 
33
37
3B
41
41
44
52
58
SP Studio Fietrangcil MDl CarwUlmg Engineers
HDomgcntie FfpfcMc of Etfwph
Mta^sfry of Wjf*r. Jrrtgafron and f fcefr/tjfp
Rr»W EM                  Study
Dab-ua WjrdriQpQ wie*' Pfn?/»^l
4.3.5 Aquatic Ecology 
4 3.6 Insect Fauna
5       Socio-Economic Environment
51 Introduction
5.1 1   Objectives of the Assessment
5 1 2   Methods Used in the Assessment
5 2 Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile 5.2.1   Demographic Profile
5           2.2        Socio- E conom ic Profile
5 2.3    Rural Housing and Settlement Patterns 
52
65
$7
67
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75
79
5.2.4   Access to Social Service Facilities and Infrastructure                         83
5.2        5           Agnculture
5.2 6    Livestock 
6.2.7 Public Health Status and Services 
84
9-0
93
5.3    Knowledge & Information Ab-out & Attitude towards the Project              90
6      Watershed Management
6.1    Introduction
6.1.1   Project Co ntext
6 1.2 Method and Approach of the Study 
6.2    Description of the Watershed
6           2 1 Bio-physical Features 
6.2 2 Soil Loss Computation
6           2 3 Land Capability Classification
6.2.4   Socio-Economic Condition
6.2 5 Major Livelihood Options in the Watershed
6           2 6 Major Problems in the Watershed
6 3 Opportunities and Implementation Strategies 
6.3 1 Development Opportunities 
6.4    Watershed Development Interventions 
64 1 Main Components 
6.4 2 Past Experiences in the Area
6.5    Development Intervention and Implementation Plan 6 51 Watershed Management
6.5.2     implementation Schedule 6 5 3 Monitoring and Evaluation
7       Preliminary Impact Assessment
7 1 Introduction
100
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112
114
115
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123
124
124
SP siudlo Piwrjngel' - MO ConsLfijng EngineersFctfera/ Dcmoc/jtfc B&pubWc of Stftwpw
MJn/itry of Wahsr, /rWjitfon «ntf Etecfrtory
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7.2        Impacts on Biophysical Environment
7.2.1   Impacts on Terrestrial Ecology 
7           2 2        Impacts on Aquatic Ecology 
7           3 Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment
7           3 1        Loss of Cropping Land
7.3        2           Loss of Grazing Land
7 3.3    Impacts on Access to Common Property Resources 7 3 4    Impacts on Residential Structures 
7.3.5    Impacts on Social Service Facilities 7 3 6    Impacts on Vulnerable Groups 
120
12B
128
129
129
130
130
130
130
131
7 3.7    Cumulative Impact on Previously Relocated     People                        131
7.3        8           Impacts on institutional Investors 7 3.9 The Gender Dimensions of Impacts 
S      Conclusions and Recommendations
9        References
10     Annexes
11    Consultant Team
List of Tables
T able 11: Adminislralion Locations of lhe Major Works Table 2.1: Summary of Main Characteristics of the Project
131
131
133
135
138
177
2
11
Table 4 1
Monthly Average Discharge of Dabus River at the Dam Site (mVs) Ch-130 34
Table 4.2
Monthly Average Discharge at lhe Dam Site (m’/s) Ch-108
36
Table 4 3
The Physico-Chemical Water Quality of Dabus Rrver
40
Tabfe 4 4
Land Use / Land Cover in lhe Dabus Reservoir Area
41
Table 4 5: The latitude longitude and altitude of observation points and nearby villages 
and towns around lhe proposed Dabus River Dam
Table 4 6 Relative diversity of fish species in the different tributaries of Blue Nile(MoA report, 2011)
46
59
Table 4 7 Fishes of the Dabus River at the bridge along NekempLAssosaroad (9':  46 N
34 48 30E)
u
,
Table 4 8 Summary list offish diversrty in the Blue Nile River system (from JERBE 2008) 61
Table 4.9' Checklist ol aquatic fauna and flora In the study sites Table 4 10 Summary of Ecological Status of lhe Dabus River
60
63
64
Table 5 1 Current (2016) Population of Project Affected Woredas by Residence and Sex 69
SP ShJrfir> PirtrangeJI M DI CWfiJhng F ntfneen
IVDenrocrjfic
of £rh*Opf«
iWnist/y of Water, Irrigation and Electricity
Final El A Bit ehne Study
Ctabua Hydropower Project
Table 5 2 Area. Population Densities and Total and Project Affected Rural Kebeles by 
70
Project Wo red as 
Table 5.3: Size of Total and Affected Land and Current Population, Number of Persons and Households in Project Affected Kebeles of Four Project Woredas 70
I able 5 4: Literacy Rates of Population of the Project Area by Sex and Urban/Rural
Residence
Table 5 5 Number of HHs and Project Affected Kebeles by Type of Ethnic Group and
72
Resettlement Expenence
S3
Table 5 6
Number of Schools. Students and Teachers by Sex in Project Affected
Woredas 
93
Table 5.7:
Main crops grown in Kondala woreda
85
Table 5-6:
Main crops grown in Mene Sibu woreda
85
Table 5 9
Agricultural input distributed by the cooperatives m Mene Sibu   Woreda
86
Table 5 10
Agricultural input distributed by the cooperatives in Kondala Woreda
86
Table 5 11
Productivity major crops grown in the area
87
Table 5.12
Land use coverage by woredas 
88
Table 5 13
Details of irrigated land in Mene Sibu Woreda in 2013
BS
Table 5.14:
Number of Animals reared in the project affected woredas 
90
Table 5 15
Type of diseases frequently occurring to the animals in the project areas 
90
Table 5 16
Number of beehives and honey production in Kondala woreda
92
Table 5.17:
Number of Veterinary health     facilities and medical personnel
92
Table 5 18
Top 10 diseases tn project area
93
Table 5 19 Top Ten Causes of Morbidity in Project Woredas (July 2014 to June 2015)         95
Table 5.20: Number and Type of Health Facilities and Number of Health Staff in Project
Woredas (2014/15)
Table 5 21 The Health Personnel of Project affected weredas 
96
97
Table 6.1.
Slope categories of the Major watershed of DHEDWS
105
Table 6.2:
Land Use of the watershed
105
Table 6 3
Sediment delivery ratio computation Results 
112
Table 6 4
Development Interventions and Implementalion Schedule
122
Table 7 1
Prediction and Evaluation of Potential Environmental Impacts Dabus -
Hydropower Project
125
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Location Map of the Dabus Hydropower Project Area
3
Figure 1.2: Administration Map     around  the Dabus Ch-130 and Ch-108 Reservoirs            4
Figure 2.1: Dabus Hydropower    Project  - overall Layout of ch-130 and ch-108 schemes    9
Figure 2 2 Dabus Hydropower     project   schematic section through ch-130 and ch-108
schemes 
10
SP S?ixJiO Pielrangciw MDI Cons Fngineflri
VFederal Democratic Republic of ElNopta
Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity
EtA Baietine Sfi/dy
Daftus
Proper
Figure 2.3: Relocation Road Nekemt- Assosa
Figure 4 1 Monthly Average Discharge at the Dam Site (m3/s) Ch-130 3 Figure 4 2: Monthly Average Discharge at the Dam Site (m3/s) Ch-108 3
Figure 4 3:   Monthly distribution of dry, average and wet year flows Figure 4 4:   Land Cover Map of the Dabus Reservoir Area
Figure 4.5 Conceptualization of the landscape in Dabus River drainage
3
4
4
Figure 4.6 Distribution pattern of plants in Dabus valley in relation to vegetation of Africa 5
Figure 5.1: Estimated and Projected Total HIV Prevalence by Year for Adult Population
(15-49) at National and Regional Level
Figure 6 1: Location of Dabus ch-130 Catchment
Figure 6.2: Slope Map of the Dabus Catchment
Figure 6 3 Land use Map of the Dabus Catchment by major Watershed
$4
102
104
106
Figure 6 4: Drainage Network of the Dabus Hydropower     Dam by Major Watershed 109
Figure 6.5: Soil Loss Map of Dabus Dam Catchment
List of Photos
Photo 1      Wooded Shrub Grassland
Photo 2     Wetland
Photo 3     Riparian Forest
Photo 4     Cultivated Land
Photo 5     Water body 
Photo 6     Village in lhe reservoir Area
Photo 7     The wetlands and riparian forest South of Dabus River Bridge Photo 8     Oncoba spinosa -Flower being foraged  by bees 
111
43
43
43
44
44
44
46
47
Photo 9: Wetlandbesng cleared for establishment of private farm at Aba Beku Area and
48
Riparian Forest along Dabus River.
Photo 10-
Moraea schimpen
48
Photo 11
Eulophia guineensis
49
Photo 12
Eulophia cucuiiata
49
Photo 13
Keshmando wetland and nparian forest
49
Photo 14
Landscape of an area where Sonka River joins Dabus River
50
Photo 15 Dabus downstream of lhe Mendi Bambasl Bridge Typical Dabus River Side54
Photo 16 Abdirn s Stork at Salama Dabus burned area
Photo 11' Seasonally inundated area at Lalo Nura and typical area at Dabus River sides
55
56
SP Stud« P'etrnflge* MOI Cormulhng
--------------------- —--------------------------------------
viFetferar □•rtiocrafrr RcfltWc af Ettonp* Ministry ot fttetor, frr/gitfofi and £/•< fr/Ofy
Final El A                 Study
D^fiua Hytfrtfpprtr Preset
List of Annexes
Annex 1.   List of Wildlife, Mammals and Birds in the Project Area
138
Annex 2' Plant Species recorded in the direct impact zone of Dabus River in the dry
season
145
Annex 3:
Basic Socio-Economy Data
146
Annex 4.
indicative Watershed Management Plan
154
Annex 5:
Household Survey Form
161
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Miniwy Of Wafer. fmgjfrcn and Etactrioify
Final El A BmHna Study
Dabus Hydmpuurtf Project
ACRONYMS
AAU               Addis Ababa University
AEZs             Agro-Ecological Zones
AF1                Acute Febrile llliness
AGP               Agricultural Growth Program
ARCCH         Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage ARI                Acute Respiratory Infections
ARRA            Administration of refugees and Returnees Affairs ASSP            Agricultural Sector Support Project
BDK               Benshangul-Gumuz Kolla
BGNRS         BemshangukGumuz National Regional Stale
Bl
Biotic Integrity
BoA               Bureau of Agriculture
0SG               Be nisha ng ui-G u muz
CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
CCD CITES
Convention to combat Desertification
Convention on international trade m endangered species
CSA               Central Statistical Agency
CSE               Conservation strategy of Ethiopia DAP              Di-Ammonium Phosphate
DIZ                Direct Impact Zone
EA                 Environmental Assessment
EBI                Ethiopian Bmdiversity Institute
EC                Electrical Conductivity
EEP               Ethiopian Electric Power
EFAP Elhiopian Foreslry Action Program E1A Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Ethiopian Mapping Agency
EMU             Environmental Monitoring Unit EPA               Environmental Protection Authority EPC              Environmental Protection Council EPE               Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
EPI ESIA
Expanded Program for immunization Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
EWCA           Ethiopian WiWIife Development and Conservation Authority
SR Studio PietrangNfii ■ MDI Const/nng Engineers
viiiFederal fiMTGtratfc ffepuftWc q? Ethiopia Ministry arWftvr, frrtflJjNOrt and Ehefr/cJty
Final El A BASWrft* Slutty
Myitofww Pro/*cr
EWCO
EWNS
FCCC
(now known as EWCA)
Ethiopian Natural History Society
Framework Convention on Climate Change
FDRE
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
FEWS FPIC
FSL GERD GHGs G1S
GOs
GTP
GWh
Famine Eady Warning System
Free. Priori and Informed Consent
Full Supply Level
Grand Ethiopia Renascence Dam
Greenhouse Gases
Geographic Information Syslem
Government Organization
Growth and Transformation Plan
Giga Watt Hour
HIV/AIDS HPP
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Hydropower Project
IAIA              International Association for Impact Assessment
IBA
IBI
Important Bird Areas Index of Biotic Integrity
IEA               Initial Environmental Assessment
IEC              Information, Education and Communication
1PM             Integrated Pest Management
IUCN International Union For The Construction Of Nature And Natural Resources
IWM JER9E
Integrated Watershed Management Joint Elhio-Russian Biological Expedition
m asl            meter above sea level
MDGs          Millennium Development Goals
MDI              Mid-Day International
MEFCC        Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change
MERET         Managing Environmental Resource for Transition to Sustainable Livelihoods
MMCLZ        Mendi Dabus Maize. Sesame and Cattle (MMC) Livelihood Zone (L2) MoA             Ministry of Agriculture
MoARD        Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
MoWlE         Ministry of Waler Irrigation and Energy
MW              Mega Watt
NBSAP         Ethiopian National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
SP Studio Pielfaogeli - MDI Consulting Fng-reera
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NCD               Nori’Comrriunicable Disease NEP               National Energy Policy
NGO              Non-Governmental Organization NPP               National Population Policy NTFP             Non-Timber Forest Products
ONRS Oromia National Regional State
PAP
Project Affected People
PES
Payment for Ecosystem Services
PIC
Poor Informed Consent
POPs
Persistent Organic Pollutants
PSNP
Partispatory Safety Nel Programe
RFAP
Regional Forestry Action Program
RUSLE
Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation
SDR
Soil Deposition Rate
SIA
Social Impact Assessment
SIMP
Sustainable Land Management Program
SNNPRS
Southern Natrons Nationalities Peoples Regional Stale
STD
Sexually Transmitted Disease
swc
Soil & Water Conservation
TDS
Total Dissolved Solids
TSS
Total Suspended Solids
UNHCR
United Nations High Commionser for Refugees
USAID
Unrled Stales of America International Development
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
USLE
Universal Soil Loss Equation
UTW1
Universal Transverse Mercator
VESA
Village Economic and Social Association
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1      Introduction
1.1     Project Background
Sustained economic growth that was achieved during the past several years and the just completed GTP I and the ambitious GTP 11 launched this year suggest that the nation’s economy is poised for uninterrupted growth over the years and even decades Io come. Growth in construction and manufacturing sectors is driving demand tor electricity at an annual rate of about 20% All of these mean that Ethiopia needs to expand its electricity production capacity  several fold to fuel its  growing economy  as  well as  expand rural population s access to electricity The plan also realised that export sales of energy could provide an attractive long-term development opportunity.
With an estimated population of over 90 million in 2015, Ethiopia is  the second most papulous  country  in Africa Forecasts  of population growth predict a doubling of the population before the year 2035 Ministry of Waler, Irrigation and Electric(MWIE) currently provides electricity Io an estimated 2.13 million customers in Ethiopia This represents only about 32% of the population who has access to electricity Therefore, the country has one of the lowest levels of annual energy consumption per capital tn the world Much of the remaining population survives In conditions of relative poverty and energy insecurity. They use firewood for cooking and healing thereby exploiting an ever-diminishing resource and contributing to soil erosion, soil degradation and habitat destruction Under GTP II, MWIE plans  to increase electricity  coverage from the existing 32% to 61% and the number of customers from 2.5 million to 7 million.
If the quality of life of this population is to be improved and to maintain the growth and transformation plan then a considerable amount of new electricity generating capacity must be constructed To provide the necessary long-term security, most of that capacity should ideally  be constructed inside Ethiopia and fuelled from indigenous  sources. With an estimated 45,000 MW of hydropower potential, it has been recognized for decades as the most valuable energy resource in Ethiopia.
Given the above background, MW1E is  currently  focusing on developing the country's hydropower potential in medium to large-scale schemes, Therefore, Dabus  Hydropower Project has been selected by MWIE as one of its key hydropower scheme to be developed in the GTP II to provide generalion capacity to meet domestic demand and increase exports of electricity.
1.2     Project Summary
The Dabus scheme will comprise two plants. The first plant (the Dabus Ch - 130) comprises a 55 m high dam and creates a reservoir with a surface area of some 166 km2 This dam will create the large active storage required to regulate the Dabus River flows and will have a Maximum storage volume of some 2 470 Mm3
The Dabus Ch 108 Scheme comprises a 82 m high dam and creates a reservoir with a
1
2
surface area of some 10 km  and a Maximum storage volume of some 53 Mm .
In order to univocally define the positions of the main works along the Dabus river we have adopted the naming convention of the progressive distances  (i.e chainages) of the sites along the river
The  chainages  were  defined  as  negative  kilometric  distances  progressively  increasing  in the upstream direction and originating from the Dabus River - Blue Nile Rrver confluence
SP Sludic P<etrangEli - MDI Consulting Engineers
1Fedora/ DwrocratJc flrpub/ic of
Ministry of Wafer. /mgatwn and E/ectr/dly
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Ctofcus Hydropower Pro/frc f
The project features a total of 798 MW (304 + 494) of installed electrical power and produces an average of 3,433 GWi (1,293 + 2.140) or electrical energy per year m two stages.
1.3      Project Location
The DabusHydropowerCh-130 dam is  located wilhln lhe Abay  River Basin with approximate geographic  coordinates  of lhe dam axis  being at 705605 E and 1087644 N The approximate geographic coordinates for Ch-108 dam is 708957 E and 1103040 N
Administratively lhe two reservoirs stretch over two Regions and zones and four weredas 
However all the works concerning the construction of the dam powerhouse, switchyard
construction camps and access road are concentrated m an area under the jurisdiction of
lhe Mene Sibu Wereda of the West Weiega Zone and Bambasi Wereda of Assosa zone for
Ch-130 and Oda Bildagulu Wereda of Assosa Zone for ch-108 scheme
The  Ch-130  scheme,  from  the  dam  site  to  the  end  of  the  reservoir  extends  over  a  corridor some 56 km long.
The location of the Project Area is  shown in Figure 1 1 and the administration map around the reservoir in Figure 1.2. The administration locations  of the major works  are listed in Table 11 below
Table 1 1 Administration Locations of the Major Works
Project Facilities
Region
Zone
Wereda
Reservoir
Dam
1
Power
house and
switch yard
Accosb roads
and other
facilities
Ch-130
Mene Si Ou
1
V
Oromiya
West Weiega
Kundala
V
1
•M
BuHShangul Gumuz
Assosa
Barnbas
>■
ch-ioe
Orornya
West Wataga
Mene Slbu
1
Oda BitfaguJ
v1
i
Henshangul Gumuz
I
Assosa
V
Bambis-
1
*
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Dabus Reservoir Stages
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Figure 1.1. Location Map of the Dabus Hydropower Project Area
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3Foderoi   D<ftrocr»C>c   RopuMc   of   Ethiopia Ministry of Wotor, Irrigation and Efcctrtc/fy
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Figure 1.2 Administration Map around the Dabus Ch-130 and Ch-108 Reservoirs
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4Fftferef DttnocrafiC Rtpubtoc of CtNopi*
Vintflry of Water. irrigation and Electricity
Final
Siudy
OjGus Hydropoiwr Project
1.4     Objectives of this Baseline Study
ElA Baseline Study  represents  he earliest stage in formal environmental impact assessment which itself is  a process  for identifying and evaluating the ways  in which a proposed project is  likely  to affect its  environment, so that these matters  can be taken account of during later stages of project preparation (Feasibility Study), implementation and operation,
The fundamental objectives of this ElA baseline Study include:
■     Gathering  baseline  information  on  the  physical  and  biological  environment  and social,  cultural, demographic and economic characteristics of the  population In and around the reservoir area.
■      identification   and   evaluation   of   the   potential   impacts   associated   with   project implementation,
• Io determine whether or not the nature and importance of potential adverse impacts are such that a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (ElA) is necessary or. in the  case  of  projects  found  to  have  potentially  highly  significant  adverse  impacts which  cannot  be  offset  or  mitigated  satisfactorily,  providing  a  rational  basis  for recommending  that  the  project  should  not  go  ahead  in  its  present  form  if  major environmental damage is to be avoided and
■    to identify the key environmental issues associated with the project, so that attention can be concentrated on these in a subsequent ESIA, and effort focused on the most important aspects of impact minimization.
1.5     Approach and Methodology
The approach and methodology adopted for the ElA Baseline study is presented below: Collection and review of Available Information; The consultants collected and reviewed published documents, regulations, and CSA’s census reports (See References).
Information on existing environmental conditions, necessary to provide the background for
rmpact identification and assessment has been obtained from these published sources 
The national legislative and institutional framework, policies, procedures, guidelines etc 
have also been reviewed.
Maps and Images: Furthermore maps prepared by Ethiopian Mapping Agency and Central Statistical Authorrty were also used to identify and delineate villages, resources and facilities 
that would be affected when the proposed scheme is realized The current national and
regional conservation area map issued by the Federal Government of Ethiopia is also used. Satellite images have been used for the purpose of assessing land use, vegetation cover, infrastructure, settlements and other socio-economic activities in the reservoir area Characteristics of the project: A review of the project design report (including several drawings that show the layoul and reservoir area boundary at Full Suppiy Level (FSL) and
other relevant issues has been carried out, with particular reference to establishing the form
and scope of the works, and operational characteristics This has been carried out with the objective Io identify potential sources of impact of the project on the environment
Field Investigation: In order to gain first-hand knowledge of existing environmental conditions  and to put the proposed design, construction and operation works  into context, members of the study Team have carried out site investigations, The study Team conducted its  on-site investigation During the field investigation, information on physical resources, ecological resources, socio-economic  aspects  health cultural and other values  in the Project Area has been collected Different methods have been adopted (or data collection.
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Public  Consultations:  The  Held  investigation  also  included  initial  consultations  with  Project Affected Persons (PA* ). local authorities and various stakeholders in the Project Area
5
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Description of the Existing Environment: Baseline data on the current status  of the physical biological and socio-cultural environment of the study  area have been assembled, evaluated and presented.
Identification off Preliminary  Environmental Impacts: Key  potentially  beneficial as  well as  adverse impacts  on the physical biological and socio-economic  environment associated with the construction and operation phases  of the project have been identified and quantified where possible.
Preparation of EIA Baseline Report: The final step is  the preparation of the EIA Baseline report and it has  concentrated on key  issues  and impacts  which are of importance in terms off affecting the overall environmental performance of the Project. It answers  the essential questions  needed to establish whether or not the project as  conceived is  environmentally viable, or should be modified during Feasibility  Design, construction and/or operation phases so as to became acceptable
1.6      Definition of the Study Area
In consideration of the nature and the location off the potential impacts, the Study Area has been divided into the following two zones:
Direct /mpacr Zone
The Project Acea with its Hydropower related structures and the reservoir area are included in the Direct Impact Zone This is the area In which implementation will definitely bring about measurable  and  sometimes  significant  changes  to  the  physical  environment  and  ecology as well as the social and economic conditions.
The Dabusch-130 Scheme comprises  a 55 m high dam and creates  a reservoir with a surface area off some 156 km2 and the Dabus Ch -108 Scheme comprises an82 m high dam and creates a reservoir with a surface area of some W km2
It is  these construction and reservoir impoundment areas, and their Regional, Wereda and Kebele administrations, that have been the pnncipal areas  of focus  for initial fieldwork  and data collection
Secondary fmpacf Zone
Secondary impact areas extend along the river channel down to the confluence with GERD Reservoir This  river reach would be impacted because off changes  in the hydrological regime, increases  in dry  season flows, decreases  in flood flows  and decreases in sediment transport
Dabus River Ca/chmenf
The Dabus River catchment is not directly impacted by the project but it has the potential to impact the project's long-term viability
The Dabus River has an estimated 10.400 km* catchment area al the dam site, which yields the water for the planned power generation and the sediment load Thus, the current and future land use, soil ano water conservation achvrtjes in this residua) catch men 1 area woufd impact upon the Dabus reservoir
Buffer Zone and Potential Compensation Areas: Areas  designated as  a buffer zone for the purpose off this project are some sites that on the sides of the proposed reservoir and forested ridges located some kilometres away from the river.
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Areas studied For the proposal of a compensation area are sites adjacent and/or away from the project area, which will be left aside to protect wildirfe to offset wildlife habrfat that may be lost as a result of the implementation of the project For the purpose of the compensation area sample transects  selected and surveyed include Anbessa Chaka, Bambassi Mountain Range, sites al Gara Arba area, and forested and less settled sites at the different surveyed areas especially areas towards the lower part of the dam at the north western left side of Dabus River at kebele called Moka Arba
1.7    Report Structure
Chapter one Is the introduction and presents an overview of the proposed project as well as the project's purpose and needs. Il gives information on the objectives, scope and methodology  of the EIA Baseline Study  Chapter two describes  the various  project components.
Chapter three essentially discusses the national policy and sector strategy background regarding environmental protection in Ethiopia within which ESIA will be carried out This chapter also shows  how these policies  and strategies  will be incorporated within the environmental framework of the country and those institutions that are responsible for their implementation. It identifies  relevant international environmental/social agreements  to which the country is a signatory
An assessment of environmental impacts  requires  an extensive information base and chapter four gives an account of the physical and biological environment and Chapter five presents  the socio-economic  environments  within (he Dabus  Project Area. Chapter six presents an indicative watershed management plan
Preliminary environmental impacts of the proposed project is discussed m chapter 7 and whereas conclusion and recommendation is presented in chapter 8
List of references. Annex, and experts involved in this study are detailed in chapter 9. 10. and 11 respectively
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2      Project Description
2.1      Description of the Main Project Components
This  chapter  describes  the  layout  development  and  the  dimensions  incorporated  in  the various components of the Dabus ch 130 and ch-108Hydropower Projects
2.1.1     Project Layout
The  proposed  layout  envisages  a  cascade  with  two  power  plants,  being  the  two  dams located at the following coordinates
SITE
Location (UTM Projection)
Easl                 North
Area (Km2)
DABUS
Ch. 0-130
705605
1057644
10.009
DABUS
Ch 0-108
708957
1103040
10.400
Figure 2 1 shows  the overall layout of the Dabus  scheme and the data sheet (project characteristics) for the Dabus Hydropower project is presented in Table 2 1 It summarises the project location and the technical parameters  for the civil, mechanical and electrical works
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Figure 2.1: Dabus Hydropower Project - overall Layout of ch-130 and ch-108 schemes
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I able 2.1: Summary of Mam Charactenstics of the Project
Dabus ch-130
Dabus ch-108
Hydrology
Catchment area
Average Net Annual Flow
Annual Runoff
10,(109 Km2
146m’/s
4.592 Mm’/y
459 mm/y
10,340 Km7
151 m’te
4,768 MnrVy
458 mrrVy
Reservoir
Rood
Max O L
Mm. 0 L
Dead
Total Storage Volume [©Max O L)
Live Storage Volume (@Max O L - OF AD)
1,374 1 m asi
l 373 7 m asJ 
r
1,357.6 m asl 1,342 0 m asl 2470.0 Mm’
2,335.0 Mm’
1,231 m asi
1,230 m asl
1,224 m asl
1,202 m as!
53 Mm’
10 VmJ
Dam
■  Dam Type
■  Dam Crest Elevation
■  'oundalion Mmirrun Elevation
■  Dam Maximum Height
■  Dam Crest Length
■
RCC. Gravity
1.376 m asl
1,322 m asl
55 0 m
1,610 m
RCC. Gravity
1,232 m asl
1,150 m asl
82.0 m
444 m
Splitway
■  Desrgn Flood
•   Type
■  Gate Number and T ype
•   Energy Dissipate-
2 160 (lO.COOyr) Overflow
Un gated
Stepped
2.160 (lO.OOOyr) Overflow
Un gated
Stepped
Power Waterways
-eac Race Tunnel Length
Penstock Length
5,500 m
2,100m
6,200 m
970 m
Powerhouse
Powerhouse type
No of unite and Type
Size
Power and Energy
Geodetic Heac
Design Head (Max Nel Head)
Design Few
Flant Load Factor
Installed Power
Average Net Head
Annual Energy Production
Open Air
n 2/Francis
45 X 85 m
149 m
143 m
2^0 m /s
a
304 MW
13'm
1,293 GWh/y
Open Air
n 2/Frarcis 
45X85 m
230 m
221 m
250 m\s
494 MW
213 m
2,140 GW IVy
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2.1.2      Dam and Reservoir
Dam
Dam design studies  have been undertaken to develop the layout of the least-cost dam that will meet internationally  recognised safety  standards  These design studies  have drawn information from the site topographic  surveys  the hydrological studies  the geological and geotechnical investigations the seismic, the reservoir operation and the cost studies
Various  dam locations  have been considered based on satellite data acquired on the river section and data acquired during site reconnaissance survey  investigations  earned out This additional information led to select a location for the dam with suitable conditions  for construction.
Different  dam  types  were  investigated  and  finally  RCC  type  dam  has  been  selected  for  ch- 130 and for -109 schemes.
Reservoir
The Dabus scheme will comprise two stages In the first stage (the Dabus Ch - 130)
comprises a 55 m high dam and creates a reservoir with a surface area of some 166 km2
This dam will create the large actrve storage required to regulate the Dabus River flows and
will have a Maximum storage volume of some 2 470 Mm3
The  Dabus  Ch  -  108  Scheme  comprises  a  82  m  high  dam  and  creates  a  reservoir  with  a surface area of some 10 km2 and a Maximum storage volume of some 53 Mm3
The  catchment  area  is  about  10,400  Km7    The  reservoir  level  will  rise  during  the  rainy season (July lo September) and draws down during the dry season
The large reservoir volume, together with the type of spillways adopted, make it possible to control the floods in safe condition
2.1.3      Waterways and Powerhouse
Ch - 130: Waterways  and Powerhouse: A 5.500 m long headrace tunnel will be excavatedand from this point, a 2 100 m long penstock links the tunnel to the power station. Maximum Turbine Flow is 240 m*/s.
Ch - 108: Waterways  and Powerhouse: A 6,200 m long headrace tunnel will be realizedand a 970 m long penstock will join the tunnel to the powerhouse. Maximum Turbine Flow is 250 rn’/s
2.1.4       Power and Energy
The project features a total of 798 MW (304 * 494) of installed electrical power and produces an average of 3.433 GWh (1,293 + 2.140) of electrical energy per year in two stages
The  power  produced  will  be  delivered  to  the  Inter  Connected  System  (ICS)  through  a  400 kV transmission line
2.2      Access Roads
Project She Access Road
Site access  roads  will be required to provide all weather access  to channel all the traffic generated by  the construction activities  for the safe transport of personnel, materials  and equipment both during construction and operation In addition to providing access  to the construction activities  the road will greatly  benefit the local communities  by  making the transport of people and goods safer, easier and quicker
Relocation Road
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The existing bridge across the Dabus River ion the Addis Ababa - Assosa road/ wilt be submerged by the #uture reservoir Relocation road and a new bridge will be constructed downstream of the Ch 130 dam
2.3     Construction Materials
The Dabus scheme will require huge quantities of quarry material for concrete aggregate production for the main dam spillway  power station intake structure diversion culverts, access road, temporary and permanent camps site installations, etc
Several construction material sites close to the dam locations have been investigated The presence of several outcrops of rocks in the whole area, suggests that it should be possible to obtain rockfill material and concrete aggregates from a quarry area to be located close to the dam site The exact location will also depend on the work site needs, in order to optimize excavations and transportation works.
A  specific  investigation  campaign  will  assess  the  quality  of  the  rock  for  both  concrete aggregates and granular material.
2.4     Construction and Operation Labour Requirements
Construction and operation of the scheme will provide employment and career opportunity for several thousands of local people
During the construction phase, upto 5,000 personnel will be employed on the project The number of skilled (technical and administrative) workers  will be around 1,500 m the construction phase (at peak  period}. The number of semi-skilled and unskilled workers, including the workers for supporting services will reach about 6.500 in the peak construction periods.
After completion of the construction, EEP will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of the plant During the operation phase, approximately 150 staff persons are needed to operate the power plant and the auxiliary facilities of the dam. Around 50 of these will be highly  skilled staff (engineers, mechanics, hydromechanics, electricians  and electronics specialists) and administrative staff, and the remaining will be unskilled workers and support siaff (guards, cooks, gardeners etc) who will, preferably be hired locally
2.5     Camps and Construction Facilities
The construction workforce peaks over two years period into the project with a maximum of more than 5.000 and a substantial part will be local personnel. The local and international personnel will be housed in a camp facilities to be provided by the Civil Contractor
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3      Environmental Policy, Legal and Administrative
F ra m e wo r k 
This chapter presents relevant environmental policies, legislative framework al the Federal and Regional level in which that may or may not be triggered by the Dabus Hydropower Project and with which the project must comply II also presents organisations responsible for the preparation of environmental policy and technical guidelines review and provide close follow-up of implementation of environmental safeguard measures
3.1     Institutional and Administrative Framework
3.1.1    Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDREl comprises the Federal Stale and nine Regional State members. The power and duties  of lhe Federal. Regional and Local governments have been defined by Proclamations 33 of 1992 and 41 of 1993, and 4 of 1995. Under these proclamations, duties  and responsibilities of Regional States include planning, directing and developing social and economic development programmes, as well as the prolection of natural resources of their respective regions.
3.1.2    Regional Government
The Dabus  Hydropower Project falls  under the jurisdiction of Oromia and Benshangul Gumuz  Regional States  There are two of the regional stales  making up the Federal Government A region is  divided into zones  and Woredas  administratively  and geographically.
The basic  administration unit is  the woreda and each woredals sub-drvided into kebeie administrations. Each woreda has  its  own local government elected by  the people The Regional Government has  established Sectoral Bureaus, Commissions  and Authorities based on powers vested on them.
3.1.3    Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change
The Ministry of Environment and Forest was established in July 2013, under Proclamation B03/2013 renamed as  Ministry  of Environment Forest and Climate Change in October 2015 It has a broad mandate covering environmental matters at federal level The Ministry of Environment . Forest and Climate Change have the powers and duties to;
a)   coordinate activities to ensure that the environmental objectives provided under lhe Constitution  and  the  basic  principles  set  out  an  the  Environmental  Policy  of  lhe Country are realized:
b)    establish  a  system  and  follow  up  implementation  for  undertaking  environmental impact assessment or strategic environmental assessment on social and economic development   polices,   strategies,   laws   programmes   and   project   set   by   lhe government or Pnvet,
c)   prepare a mechanism that promotes social, economic and environmental justice and channel  the  major  part  of  benefit  derrved  thereof  to  lhe  affected  communities  to reduce  emissions  of  greenhouse  gases  ihat  would  otherwise  have  resulted  from deforestation and forest degradation.
d)   coordinate actions on soliciting the resources required for building a climate resilient green economy inall sectors and at all Regional levels: as well as provide capacity building support and advisory services;
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e)    establish  a  system  for  evaluating  and  decision  making,  in  accordance  with  the Environmental  Impact  Assessment  Proclamation,  the  impacts  of  implementation  of investment     programs     and     projects     on     environment     prior     to     approvals of  their  implementation  by  the  concerned  sectoral  licensing  organ  or  the  concerned regional organ;
f} prepare programmes  and directives  for lhe synergistic  implementation and follow up of environmental agreements  ratified by  Ethiopia pertaining to the natural resources base desertification forests, hazardous  chemicals, industrial wastes  and anthropogenic  environmental hazards  with lhe objective of avoiding overlaps, wastage of resources  and gaps  during their implementation in all sectors and al all governance levels;
g)     lake  pad  in  the  negotiations  of  international  environmental  and  climate  change agreements  and  as  appropriate,  initiate  a  process  of  their  ratification  play  key  role in coordinating the nationwide responses to the agreements;
h)     formulate  or  initiate  and  coordinate  the  formulation  of  policies,  strategies,  laws, guidelines   and   programs   to   implement   international   environmental   agreements   to which Ethiopia is a party; and upon approval, ensure their implementation,
i)      formulate  environmental  safety  policies  and  laws  on  the  production,  importation, management  and  utilization  of  hazardous  substances  or  wastes,  as  well  as  on  the development  of  genetically  modified  organisms  and  the  importation,  handling  and utilization   of   genetically   modified   organisms   or   alien   species,   and   ensure   their implementation;
j)       prepare   or   cause   the   preparation   of   environmental   cost   benefit   analysis   and formulate   an   accounting   system   to   be   integrated   in   development   plans   and investment programs, as the case may be, monitor their application;
k)     propose  incentives  or  disincentives  to  discourage  practices  that  may  hamper  the sustainable  use  of  natural  resources  or  the  prevention  of  environmental  degradation or pollution;
l)       establish    an    environmental    information    system    that    promotes    efficiency    in environmental data collection management and use;
m)   coordinate,  and  as  may  be  appropriate,  carry  out  research  and  technology  transfer activities  that  promotes  the  sustainability  of  the  environment  and  lhe  conservation and  use  of  forest  as  well  as  the  equitable  sharing  of  benefits  accruing  from  them while creating opportunities for green jobs;
n )   in accordance wrth the provisions of the relevant laws, enter any land premises or
any other place that falls under the Federal jurisdiction, inspect anything and take
samples as deemed necessary with a view to discharging its duty and ascertaining compliance with the requirements of environmental protection and conservation of
forest;
o)    prepare and disseminate a periodic report on the stale of (he country's environment and forest as well as climate resilient green economy:
P.i  promote  and  provkie  non-formal  environmental  educatron  programs,  and  cooperate with  the  competent  organs  with  a  view  lo  integrating  environmental  concerns  in  the regular educational curricula;
q,i establrsh a system for development and utilization of small and large scale forest including bamboo on private, communal and watershed areas  and ensure implementation ol same;
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r)   establish a system for proteclion and as the case may be. for sustainable utilization
of the natural forest resources of the country, and ensure its implementation
s)  establish a system to rehabilitate degraded fores! lands and ensure its 
implementation to enhance their environmental and economic benefits
Furthermore the powers and duties given to the Ministry of Environment and Forest by the provisions of other laws, currently in force, with respect to matters relating to the environment and forest, are given to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
3.1.4    Regional Environmental Agency (REA)
Proclamation No 295/2002 empowers each Regional slate to establish its own independent environmental agency with the responsibility to coordinate and follow-up the Regional effort to ensure public  padicipatron in the decision making process, to play  an active role in coordinating the formulation, implementation, review and revision of Regional conservation strategies as well as to foster environmental monitoring, protection and regulation.
Many  of the responsibilities  related to environment within the Regional Government Bureaus  are only  now being formulated The Regional Government's  Environmental Protection Office shall
■   Based on the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE). coordinate the formulation implementation review or revision of regional conservation strategies.
■   facilitate the establishment of lower level environmental coordinating bodies at the zonal woreda and community levels.
■   ensure the implementation of Federal environmental standards or. as appropriate issue and implement their own no less stringent standards, and
■   prepare reports on the state of the environment and sustainable development of
their respective states and submit them to the Authority
3.1.5    Sectoral Environmental Units (SEU)
Each Federal and Regional organization of the government that deals with environmental matters  is  required by  Proclamation No. 295/2002 to set up its  own unit with the responsibilities  to coordinate and follow-up in order to ensure that its  activities  are in harmony with national efforts to protect the environment. Several institutions at Federal and Regional levels have established their in-house environmental unit
3.1.6    Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP)
The responsibilities  of the Ethiopian Electric  Power (EEP) cover the areas  of power generation, transmission and substation projects. EEP is also concerned with carrying out the majority of technical development studies in the power sector.
EEP has re-organized the former Environmental Monitoring Unit (EMU) as Environmental and Social Experts under the Power Planning Team within the Corporate Planning Department to address environmental matters arising from its development programme. The main responsibilities of the Unit include-
■    Facilitating the integration of environmental concerns into electric power projects;
■   Conduct or supervise environmental assessment for EEP;
■   Ensure that mitigation measures, conditions and specifications are fully implemented during construction and resolving problems as encountered.
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•    Supervise restoration of construction area to its natural stale that was affected
during construction period of a project
■    Facilitate and ensure compensation payment for material damage in the
implementation of power projects
■    Monitoring proper implementation during resettlement and post resettlement of communities:
•     Submit ESIA and other environmental review documents to MEFCC for review and approval and make clarification upon request
■   Conduct and supervise community safety program around electric power lines,
plants, etc . and monitor its implementalion.
■    Conducting periodic environmental monitoring during construction activities 
(dumping areas, health and safety, discharge of untreated water dust pollution etc,)
■   Advise on environmental and social issues for EEP
■    Represent EEP in waler shade management with GO's and NGO's for hydropower projects and hydropower plants:
■    Conduct and supervise buffer zone management in hydropower projects and plants (Reforestation, soil conservation, wild trfe restoration, activities, etc.);
■     Controlling  Water  Hyacinth,  Proliferation  of  aquatic  weeds,  and  conduct  Water Quality Test, in Hydropower projects and plants, and
■    Monitor reservoir forest clearing operation before impoundment
3.1.7     Ministry of Water. Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE)
The MoWIE was established with the powers and duties to:
■   promote development of waler resources and energy;
•    undertake basin studies,
•     determine conditions and methods required for the optimum and equitable allocation and utilization of water bodies that flow cross or lie between more than one regional slates among various uses and the regional states
■     undertake  studies  and  negotiations  of  treaties  pertaining  to  the  utilization  ol boundary  and  trans-boundary  waler  bodies,  and  follow  up  the  implementation  ol same;
•     administer dams and waler structures constructed by federal budget unless they are entrusted to the authority of other relevant bodies,
■    in cooperation with the appropriate organs prescribe quality standards for waters to be used for various purposes,
•      undertake  studies  concerning  the  development  and  utilization  of  energy,  and promote the growth and expansion of the country's supply of electric energy; and
■    promote the development of alternative energy sources and technologies
3.1.8     Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Ministry  of Agriculture was  re-established in 2005 by  the proclamation No. 471/2005 and renamed as Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources in December 2015 The powers and duties vested include, among olhers
■    conduct quarantine on plants seeds, animals and animal products.
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■    control the outbreak of animal and plant diseases and migratory oests:
•     devise sustainable agricultural development strategy.
■    monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning systems
•     enhancing market led agricultural development:
■    issuance of guidelines and procedures for agricultural input evaluation and release.
•    ensuring the distribution of high quality agricultural inputs lo users and
■    Establishing and directing a system where by stakeholders of agricultural research
coordinate their activrties and work in collaboration
- Furthermore, the following executive organs shall be accountable to 1he Ministry of
Agriculture and Natural Resources according to the proclamation No. 916/2015
■   the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research.
•     the Cooperatives Agency;
•     the Ethiopian Horticulture Development Agency
■    the Strategic Food Reserve Agency.
■    the Ethiopian Agricultural Investment Land Administration Agency;
■    the Agricultural Transformation Agency.
3.1.9     Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute
The Ethiopian Biodiversity  Institute (EBI) was  established as  the Plant Genetic  Resources Center Ethiopia (PGRC/E) in May  1976 with the main objective lo rescue lhe country’s plant genetic  resources  from adverse impacts  of various  human aclivities  and natural calamities and thereby support crop improvement programs
Since June 2013. the institute is  renamed as  Ethiopian Biodiversity  Institute (EBI) as  the leading technical government institution responsible for the conservation, sustainable utilization of the county's  biodiversity  resources, including access  and benefit sharing EBI has  the powers  to. among other things, initiate policy  and legislative proposals  on the conservation of biodiversity , explore and survey the diversity and distribution of the country’s biodiversity  resources, ensure the conservation of the country's  biodiversity  using in situ and ex  situ methods; develop a strategy  for the conservation of species  threatened by extinction formulate policy  ideas  that promote processes  that enhance the existence of biodiversity  and control processes  that threaten biodiversity, develop systems  and technical standards  for the conservation of lhe country's  biodiversity, issue directives  on the collection, dispatch, and export of genetic  materials  from the country; and give permits  for those who need to access genetic materials from the country and share any benefits derived from non customary commercial use of biodiversity
3.1.10 Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage
The Authority  for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) was established by  the proclamation No. 209/2000 of Ethiopia II established in prime objectives of to conduct scientific  research, inventory, and documentation of cultural heritage as  well as  to protect and conserve cultural heritage against man-made and natural disasters, which in turn enable the benefits  of cultural heritage assist in the economic  and social development of the country  This  also assures  that cultural heritage as  bearing witnesses to history wilt be handed down from generation to generation
Protection   and   conservation   of   cultural   heritage   from   developmental   impacts,   like   the proposed Hydropower project is one of the duties of toe Authority.
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19Fedem/ Oi>mocr»trc RepuM/c of Etfuopu
Miflislfy of Water, /rngat/an and Efac tricity ________________
Finfit ESA Basatmc Study
D»bui Hytfropoiwr Pfpjrcf
3.1.11   Ethiopian Wildlife Development and Conservation Authority
Ethiopian Wildlife Development and Conservation Authority  (EWCA)was  re-eslablished under the Ministry  of Culture and Tourism in 2008. According to the Proclamation No.575/2008 the main objective of the Authority  is  to ensure the development conservation and sustainable utilization of the country’s  wildlife resource Among others the main power and duties  of the Authority  are draft and implement policies  and laws relating to the development conservation and utilization of wildlife resources of the country; develop and administer wildlife conservation area and ensuring the implementation of international treaties concerning wildlrfe
The Regional Governments also play roles in the conservation of wildlife as designated in the Proclamation 541/2007 The administration of wildlife conservation areas  unless designated and administered by  EWCA, all other National Parks. Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife Reserves  and Controlled Hunting Areas  shall be designated and administered by the regions Moreover, this Proclamation has made provisions for private investors and local communities to administer wildlife conservation areas of their own
3.2     National Laws, Policies and Strategies
3.2.1    Constitution of the FORE
The Constitution of the FDRE which entered into force on August 21“* 1995. forms  the fundamental basis  for enactment of specific  legislative instruments  governing environmental matters  at the national level and which are relevant to the Dabus  project Articles  43. 44 and 92 of the Constitution specifically deal with the right to development, environmental rights and environmental objectives respectively Thus
•     Ina section that deals with the right to development (Article 43)
•    Article 43 (1) gives broad right to lhe peoples of Ethiopia to improved living standards and to sustainable development
■   Article 43 (2) acknowledges lhe nghls of the people to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community
■    Article 43 (3) requires all international agreements and relations by the State to
protect and ensure Ethiopia's right Io sustainable development.
■    In a section that deals with environmental rights. Article 44 guarantees "the right to
a clean and healthy environment"
■    Ina section that deals with environmental objectives. Article 92 sets out the Federal policy  principles  and  significant  environmental  objectives.  More  specifically,  Article 92:
■    Affirms the commitment of the Government to endeavour towards ensuring that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy environment
•     Warns  that  the  design  and  implementation of development programs and projects should not Io damage or destroy the environment
■     guarantees the right of people Io full consultation and their expression of views in the  planning  and  implementation  of  environmental  policies  on  protects  that  affect them; directly
■    Imposes the duty on Government and citizens to protect the environment
•     In the context of land ownership and holding right.
Article 40 (3) vests the right to ownership of rural and urban land as well as all natural resources in the government and in the peoples of Ethiopia It recognizes land as a
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20Democratic Wepubffc of Etfirt>pj‘> Mmfofry of Wjf»rt /mgjt/on ind Ertctffcrty
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common  property  of  the  Nations.  Nationalities  of  and  Peoples  of  Ethiopia  and prohibits sale or any other exchange of land
■    Article 40 (4) guarantees the right of farmers to obtain land without payment and protects them against eviction from their possession.
•  Article  40  (5)  guarantees  the  right  of  pastoralists  to  free  land  for  grazing  and cultivation as well as the right not lo be displaced from their own lands
■    In  recognition  of  the  value  of  human  input  on  land,  Article  40  (7)  slates.  "Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable property he builds and to the permanent improvements he brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This right  shall  include  the  nght  to  alienate,  to  bequeath,  and  where  the  right  to  use expires to remove his property, transfer his title, or claim compensation for it
3.2.2     National and Regional Conservation Strategies
Since the early 1990s, the Federal Government has undertaken a number of initiatives to develop regional, national and sectoral strategies  for environmental conservation and protection. Paramouni amongst these was CSE, approved by lhe council of ministers, which provided a strategic framework for integrating environmental planning into new and existing policies, programs and projects The CSE is an important strategy document which views environmental management from several perspectives  The CSE itself provides  a comprehensive and rational approach to environmental management in a very broad sense, covering national and regional strategies, sectoral and cross-sectoral strategy, acton plans and programmes, as well as providing the basis for development of appropriate institutional and legal frameworks for implementation
The plan comprehensively presented the exiting situation within the country and gave a plan of priority actions on the short and medium term In particular, it recognises lhe importance of incorporating environmental factors into development activities from the outset, so that planners  may  take into account environmental protection as  an essential component of economic  social and cultural development. Within this  framework, region-specific conservation strategies  have been formulated. Therefore, the CSE have been taken into consideration while preparinglhis IEA
3.2.3     Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was approved by the Council of Ministers in April 1997 (EPA/MEDAC 1997). It is based on the CSE which was developed through a consultative process over the period 1989-1995
The EPE s  overall policy  goal may  be summarised in terms  of the improvement and enhancement of the health and quality  of life of all Ethiopians, and the promotion of sustainable social and economic development through the adoption of sound environmental management principles  Specific  policy  objectives  and key  guiding principles  are set out clearly in lhe EPE and expand on various aspects of the overall goal The policy contains sectoral and cross-sectoral policies  and has  provisions  required for the appropriate implementation of the policy itself.
The section of the EPE concerning ESIA sets out a number of policies key elements of which may be summarised as follows
■    lhe need for ESIA to address social, socio-economic, political and cultural impacts, m  addition  to  physical  and  biological  impacts,  and  for  public  consultation  to  be integrated within the ESIA procedures;
■     incorporation  of  impact  containment  measures  within  the  design  process  for  both public and private sector development projects, and for mitigation measures and
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21Federal DfirtiocrHc Republic of HhhpM
Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity
Etna! EIA Baseline Study
Dabus Hydropower Propel
accident   contingency   plans   lo   be   incorporated   within   environmental   impact statements (EISs);
■    creation of a legal framework for the ESIA process, together with a suitable and co ordinated  institutional  framework  for  the  execution  and  approval  of  ESIAs  and environmental audits;
■    development of detailed technical sectoral guniehnes for ESIA and environmental auditing; and
■    development of ESIA and environmental auditing capacity and capabilities within the MEFCC, sectonal ministries and agencies as well as in the regions
• The Policy has been developed as a national instrument enhancing the objectives of the Constitution and setting out clear-cul directions with respect to environmental concerns  particularly  in  terms  of  regulatory  measures  adopted  as  well  as  in  the process   of  design,   implementation  and  operation  of  development  projects  It provides  a  sound  and  rational  basis  for  addressing  the  country's  environmental problems in a coordinated manner
3.2.4     Ethiopian Water Resource Management Proclamation (No. 197/2000) and its subsidiary Regulation (115/2005)
In general, the Ethiopian Water Resource Management Proclamation 197/2000 and its subsidiary  Regulation 115/2005 contain relevant provision, among others, on Water Resources Utilization Water Works Permit, and Water Quality Control. The proclamation charges  the Supervising Body  or Ministry  of Waler, Irrigation and Electricity  with the responsibility  of planning management, utilization and protection of water resources  of Ethiopia. According to the proclamation, the Supervising Body shall have the necessary power for the execution of rls  duties  under the provisions  of this  proclamation. Without limiting the generality of the above statements, the Ministry shall have the following powers and duties
(a) issue permits and certificates of Professional Competence,
(b)   ensure  that  studies  relating  to  water  resources  development,  protection, utilization and control have been carried out;
(c)  determine lhe allocation and manner of use of waler resources among various uses and users;
(dl require submission of plans and proposals from any person who apply for a permit to undertake any kind of water works and approve, reject, or amend such plans and proposals,
(e)  establish quality standards for surveys, design and specification of waterworks as  well  as  standards  for  the  construction  of  waterworks,  necessary  for  the development  of  water  resources;  it  shall  also  supervise  compliance  of  water works with the established standards;
(f)    prepare  directives,  in  consultation  with  public  bodies  concerned,  in  order  to ensure  that  water  resources  are  not  polluted  and  hazardous  to  health  and environment;
fg) issue directives pertaining to the safety of hydraulic structures for the prevention of damages caused by dam water to dams, persons, property and crops;
(h)         cause, in consultation with the public bodies concerned, (he issuance of quality or health standards which enables it to entertain an application for a permit to discharge or release polluted water in to water resources;
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(i)  give an order of rectification or suspension of waterworks which are incompatible or inconsistent with the Ethiopian water resources policy. relevant Basin Master Plan  Studies  and  water  resources  legislative  framework;  and  ensure  its implementation;
(j)  issue directives, regarding water use restrictions in a situation of water shortage emergency, and supervise the implementation of same
3.2.5    The Wildlife Policy and Legislations
The Ethiopian Wildlife Policy and Strategy is aiming at to bring socio-economic and ecological benefit by conserving, managing, developing and sustainably utilizing the wildlife resource of the country.
To fulfil the objectives of the policy, Proclamallon No 541 was issued in 2007. The Proclamation has the objective to allow the participation of the communities residing around conservation  areas  and  private  investors  in  the  management  and  development, conservation and utilization of wildlife The proclamation also has been issued to enhance the  contribution  of  the  wildlife  sector  to  the  country's  poverty  reduction  activities  by maximizing the economic and social benefit from the resource.
3.2.6    Forest Policies and Strategies
In 2007, the government of Ethiopia issued a new forest policy Under Ils preamble, the Policy recognized that recurrent drought, flooding, loss of biodiversity, and desertification has  affecled the country  and  curbing  such problems  through appropriate policy  and legislation related to environmental services will improve agricultural performance thereby improving  livelihoods  The  Policy  indicated  that  sustainable  management  of  forests promotes economic development in general In its specific objectives, the Policy indicated that Environmental services that are derived from forests and trees should be maintained With regards to infrastructure development, the Proclamation in its article 14 sub-article 5 stales that prior to undertaking large-scale farming, mining operation, construction of roads, water drilling, irrigation, dam construction and other similar investment activities or giving licenses for such operations, consultation with and the approval of the Ministry or the appropriate regional body shall be required
Ethiopian Forestry Action Program (EFAP, 1994) addresses principles of sustainable resources management promotion of a participatory process of development, promotion of private sector forest development and adoption of an integrated approach to forestry sub sector development Based on EFAP, Regional Forest Action Program (REAP) is prepared and all Regional Bureaus of Agriculture have the document
3.2.7    Ethiopian National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
The Ethiopian National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) was published in December 2005 The Institute of Biodiversity  Conservation is  responsible for the coordination and spearheading of lhe development and implementation NBSAP NBSAP starts  by  describing that the diverse ecosystems  and endemic  species, which are disappearing as a result of habitat destruction, overexploitation, changes in agricultural and other resource management systems, the lack of conservation-sensitive policies, research and development systems, and natural and man-made calamities. It is further stated that the present knowledge of Ethiopia's biodiversity is clearly inadequate and that the limited conservation measures undertaken have not been effective in dealing with factors leading to genetic erosion NBSAP has identified to ecosystems that exist in Ethiopia.
3.2.8    National Population Policy
This National Population Policy (NPP) was issued in April 1993 and aims at closing the gap between high population growth and low economic productivity through a planned reduction
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23Fotlent ^mccrttic Repute of Ethiopia
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in  population  growth  in  combination  with  an  increase  in  economic  returns  With  specific reference to natural resources, the main objectives of the NPP are
■     Making  population  and  economic  growth  comnalible  and  the  over-exploilation  of natural resources unnecessary;
■      Ensuring  spatially  balanced  population  distribution  patterns,  with  a  view  to maintaining  environmental  security  and  extending  the  scope  of  development activities:
■      Improving  productivity  of  agriculture  and  introducing  off-farm  non-agricultural activities for the purpose of employment diversification; and
■     Maintaining  and  improving  the  carrying  capacity  of  the  environment  by  taking appropriate environmental protection and conservation measures
3,2.9     Energy Policy
The current National Energy Policy [NEP) has main objectives to i) ensure a reliable supply of energy to support the Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADL1) Strategy: and ii) ensure and encourage a gradual shift from traditional energy sources to modern energy sources  Other key  ob|ectrves  include: setting general guidelines  and strategies  for development and supply  of energy  resources, increasing energy  use efficiency  and ensuring (hat development and use of energy is benign to the environment
In relation to biomass (traditional) energy resources (the dominant energy source of the country), lhe Policy proposes to
■   greatly expand and strengthen agroforestry programs
■   provide alternative energy sources for the household and other sectors;
• introduce energy conservation and energy saving measures in all sectors, and
■     ensure  community  participation,  especially  women  in  all  aspects  of  energy development   and   encourage   lhe   participation   of   the   private   sector   in   the development of the energy sector
The NEP attaches high priority to lhe development of Hydropower and achieving a gradual transition from the tradrtlonal to modern energy fuels. With respect to traditional fuels, it proposes a national afforeslalion program to increase the supply of fuel wood, and develop efficient ways  of using agri-residues  as  energy  sources. Regarding household energy supply, the Policy's  objectives  are to attain a balance between supply  and demand, augment lhe supply of alternative fuels: and increase a sustained supply of fuelwood supply.
3.2.10 Agricultural and Rural Development Policy
Since 1995, the government has strived to deploy a variety of policies and strategies that enhance modernization of agricultural development and improve peasant sector crop productions  II has  forwarded different strategies  within the framework  of the national constitution that enhances lhe development of the country's agriculture in general and the increase of crop productions of lhe peasant sector m particular.
The Rural Development Policy document emphasrzes and acknowledges the important role played by  the agriculture sector in the national economy  through agriculture and rural centred development, which in turn can benefit more people in lhe country; and would liberate the national economy from external dependency
3.2J1 Growth and Transformation Plan
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24Federal Omocratfc AtpuMfc of Etf’taprt
Ministry of W*tr_ irrtyttion anti Elrctncty
Fto*/ ElA Baw»w Sfucty
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The Growth and Transform alien Plan (GTP) is (he second development strategy document <n series since 2010/1 landthe (current) GTPIIhas been framed for the period 2015/16- 2020/21.
The five year plan has the following major objectives.
■   maintain al least an average real GDP growth rate of 11% and meet the Millennium Development Goals {MDGs);
■   expand and ensure the qualities of education and health services thereby achieving the MDG in the social sectors;
■   establish favourable conditions for sustainable state building through the creation of stable democratic and developmental slate, and
• ensure growth sustainability by realizing all the above objectives with stable macroeconomic framework
The GTP particularly emphasizes the fact that consideration of the environment plays a pivotal role in sustainable development. The Plan aims al building a 'Green Economy' and implementing the existing environmental laws as part of the key strategic directions to be pursued during lhe plan period. In the process of building a green1 and climate change- resilient economy, the Plan identified two key issues, namely: adaptation to climate change impacts and mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHGs)
3.2.12  The ARCCH Proclamation (Proclamation No. 209/2000)
Proclamation No 209/2000 of Ethiopia regulates research and Conservation of Ethiopian Cultural Heritage. According to Proclamation 209/2000, Protection and conservation of cultural heritage from manmade and natural hazards is one of the duties and responsibilities of the Authority Article 42 of the same proclamation states under Reserved Area
1   The Council of Ministers may, upon lhe recommendation of the Minister, declare any area  as  a  reserved  area  and  publish  same  in  the  Negarit  Gazela  where  an assemblage of immovable Cultural Heritage is situated or where such an area is deemed archaeological site.
2    Unless otherwise specifically decided by lhe Council of Ministers, no person may, without a permit issued by the Authority, carry out building or road construction, excavations of any type or any operation that may cause ground dislurbance in an area declared reserved pursuant Io Sub-Article (1) of this Article.
3   Any person who holds permit to conduct construction works in a reserved area and who discovers Cultural Heritage in the course of construction activities shall slop construction and shall forthwith report II in writing to the Authority
These indicate that the Authority has the power of issuing building permission for any work Io be carried out in an area declared reserved by the Council of Ministers. The removal of any cultural ruins is lo be earned out under strict supervision of the responsible authority the ARCCH
3.2.13  Climate Resiliant Green Economy (CRGE)
Ethiopia is expenencing the effects of climate change Besides lhe direct effects such as an increase in average temperature or a change in rainfall patterns climate change also presents the necessity and opportunity to switch to a new, sustainable development model The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has therefore initiated the Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) initiative to protect the country from the adverse effects of climate change and to build a green economy that will help realize its ambition of reaching middle-income status before 2025
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Ministry of Water, irrigation and Efac trig ty
Final EfA Rj^e>!ino Study
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As  part of the strategy, the government has  selected four initiatives  for fast-track implementation exploiting the vast hydropower potential large-scale promotion of advanced rural cooking technologies; efficiency improvements to the livestock value chain, and Reducing Emissions  from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) These initiatives  have the best chances  of promoting growth immediately, capturing large abatement potentials, and attracting climate finance for their implementation To ensure a comprehensive program, initiatives  from all other sectors  will also be developed into concrete proposals.
Since February  2011, the CRGE initiative under the leadership of the Prime Ministers Office, the Environmental Protection Authority and the Ethiopian Development Research Institute have been developing a strategy to build a green economy Seven sectoral teams involving more than 50 experts from more than 20 leading government institutions have been driving the initiative The objective is  to identify  green economy  opportunities  that could help Ethiopia reach its  ambitious  growth targets  while keeping greenhouse gas emissions low The government intends to attract development partners to help implement this new and sustainable growth model
3.2.14 Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007
Proclamation No. 513/2007 appears  to be enacted in urban setting in mind. Nevertheless, its  provisions  are applicable to any  localions  where solid waste is expected to be generated m significant amount The proclamation requires
(a)  To grant a permit for the manufacture or importation of any non’biodegradable plastic bags with a wall thickness of 0.03 mm or less:
(b)  To prohibit the Importation of used tires into Ethiopian territory for the purpose of disposal ;
(c)  Food industries and restaurants to collect, store and dispose food related solid wastes they generate in an environmentally sound manner,
(d)  The restaurants to design and implement solid waste management system in accordance with directives issued by the concerned environmental agency;
(e)  Construction enterprises to refill sold waste disposal sites or quarry pits with pebbles or gravel from demolished buildings or wrth excavated earth
(f)   Construction permits to be issued only when the building contractor deposits a legally valrd bond or any other instrument to insure the environmentally sound disposal of construction debris or excavated earth;
(g) To ensure that solid waste disposal sites are constructed and properly used;
(h) To ensure that an environmental audit is carried out an every existing solid waste disposal site;
(i)   The owner of any solid waste disposal site shall, regardless of fault, be liable for any damage caused to the environment, human health or property m the course of its operation ano after its closure
0) Any claim of damage to be barred by a period of limitation unless brought within two years from the date on which the occurrence of the damage was known,
3.3       Environmental Framework Legislation
The broad guiding principles  under the Federal Constitution and the more instructive directions set out under the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia have been further expanded and refined by  three environmental framework  legislations  designed to enable implementation of the Federal policies on environment. These legislations are instrumental
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26Fedc/rt/ Democratic Repute off
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io translating the broad objectives of the policies into practice, as they provide lor specific rules of substance and procedures having the force of law across the country The legislations are described below
3.3.1    Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment
This  Proclamation  (No  299/2002)  aims  primarily  al  making  environmental  impact assessment (ElA) mandatory lor categories of projects specified under a directive issued by the MEFCC (see 3 3 1) whether such projects belong Io public or private bodies The Authority issued several directives subjecting categories of projects to environmental impact assessment. The Proclamation describes a policy, strategy, program, law or an international agreement as "public instrument" and directs the MEFCC to issue guidelines distinctively classifying  certain  categories  of  public  instruments  as  likely  to  entail  significant environmental impact. The Proclamation requires, among others
•    Specified categories of projects to be subjected to ElA and receive an authorization from  the  Authority  or  the  relevant  regional  environmental  agency  pnor  to commencing implementation of the project;
■   Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly received prior to issuing an investment permit a trade or operating license or a work permit to a business organization
•    The Authority or the relevant Regional environmental agencies may exempt from environmental impact assessment projects with insignificant environmental impact; and
•    A licensing agency may suspend or cancel a licence that has already been issued where the Authority or the relevant regional environmental agency suspends or cancels environmental authorization.
■    Procedures that need to be followed in the process of ElA are described in the Proclamation. Thus a project initiator (Proponent).
•    Must undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse  impacts,  incorporate  the  means  of  their  prevention,  and  submit  the environmental impact study report accompanied by the necessary documents to the Authority or the relevant regional environmental agency;
■    Must  ensure  that  an  environmental  impact  assessment  is  conducted  and  an environmental  impact  study  report  prepared  by  an  expert  who  meets  the requirements set forth by the direclrve issued by the Authority and
•     Must  submit  an  environmental  impact  study  report  to  MEFCCor  the  relevant Regional environmental agency for review.
The Proclamation directs the Authority and the relevant Regional environmental agency how to deal with an environmental impact study report they receive Thus, after evaluating the report by taking into account any public comment and expert opinion, the Authority or the relevant Regional environmental agency must do one of the following
■   Approve the project without condition and issue authorization if it is satisfied that the project may not cause negative impact;
•    Approve the project and issue authorization with condition that must be met in order to reduce adverse impacts to Insignificant impacts, or
•    Refuse (Reject) implementation of the project if the negative impacts cannot be satisfactorily avoided.
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In the event of a project having likely trans national impact within Ethiopia the Regional environmental agency would not assess an environmental impact study itself but refer the report to the National Authonty  The Proclamation has  no provision regulating environmental impact assessment of projects crossing the borders of Ethiopia
The third category of the Proclamation specifies that, any development that involves dams and reservoirs or electrical transmission lines requires an EIA Thus, a full EIA is required for this project in accordance with the EIA guideline (2003) and EIA Proclamation (2002) for Ethiopia.
3.3.2     Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control
The Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control (No 300/2002) is mainly based on the right of each citizen to a healthy environment, as well as on the obligation to protect the environment of the Country The primary objective of the Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control is to provide the basis from which the relevant ambient environmental standards applicable Io Ethiopia can be developed, and to make the violation of these standards a punishable act The Proclamation states that the 'polluter pays" principle will be applied to all persons
Under this Proclamation the former EPA and now MEFCC is given the mandate for the creation of the function of Environmental Inspectors In order to ensure Implementation of environmental standards and related requirements inspectors of the Authonty or of the relevant Regional environmental agency are empowered by the Proclamation (Article 7(1)) to enter, without prior notice or court order any land or premises al any time, which seems to them appropriate Such a wide discretionary power of inspectors explains the serious concern and commitment of Ethiopia to the protection of the environment from pollution
3.3.3     Environmental Guidelines
As a step forward in developing the environmental policies and legislations, the former EPA issued a procedural guideline which defines specific examinations to which a proposed project needs to be subjected in the process of EIA The procedural guideline currently in effect is one that was issued in November 2003 and sets forth the various stages of evaluation that a project proposal needs to pass through These stages are pre-screening consultation, screening, scoping, environmental impact study, reviewing and decision making Pre-screening consultation is not an actual stage in the EA process but a point where the proponent and the relevant environmental organ establish contact and hold consultation on how best to proceed with the EA. The environmental organ may also conduct environmental audit or surveillance of a project to ensure compliance with the environmental quality criteria or other provisions stated in the environmental impact assessment.
The procedural guideline requires  a proponent to submit an initial environmental examination report to enable the relevant environmental agency to decide the application of a further level of assessment depending on the outcome of a screening report. At this leve. of examination the decision may be either of the following no EA required preliminary assessment rs applied to or full scale EA applies where the project is found to be one that may have significant impacts
The  former  EPA  has  issued  other  guidelines  for  environmental  and  social  impact assessment of projects in different sectors These include
•    Guidelines for Dams and Reservoirs. 2004.
■ Guidetmes du Hydropower Production. Transportation and Distribution
*    Guidelines on irrigation 2004
- Guidelines for Mineral and Petroleum Operation Projects, 2003;
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• Guidelines on Road and Railway, 2004: and
■ Guideline on ambient water quality of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes.
These guidelines  provide a comprehensive statement of the type of adverse impact that may  occur and set out clearly  the aspects  which need to be addressed in an initial environmental examination and in an environmental and social impact assessment
3.4     Legal Framework for Expropriation and Compensation
3.4.1     The Federal Rural Lands Administration and Utilization Proclamation
The Constitution leaves  the detailed implementation of the provisions  concerning tenure rights over rural land to be determined by subsequent specific laws to be issued at both the Federal and Regional levels. Accordingly, at the Federal level, the Rural Lands Administration and Utilization Proclamation were enacted in 1997 to further determine the land use system and use rights in the country.
The Proclamation provides that land administration laws to be enacted by Regions should be based on the provisions provided therein and specifies the basic principles of rural land distribution and utilization including the scope of land use nght which Regional laws should grant Similar to the Constitution, the Proclamation provides  that peasants  and nomads (pastoralists) shall have the right to get rural land holding the size of which shall be determined based upon the particular conditions of the locality and free of charge
3.4.2     Proclamation on Expropriation of Land and payment of Compensation
The Federal legislation on Expropriation of Land for Public  Purposes  and Compensation (Proclamation No. 455/2005) in effect repealed the out dated provisions of the Ethiopian Civil Code of 1960 regulating land acquisition and compensation for the purpose of public projects. This  new legislation established detail procedures  setting the time limits  within which land could be acquired after a request is received from a proponent, principles for assessment of compensation for properties  on the land as  well as  tor displacement compensation It also empowered the woreda Administration to establish valuation committees  to value private properties  In the case of public-owned infrastructures  to be removed from the right-of-way. the owners of the structures would assess the value of the properties  to be removed, Additionally  the legislation provided for appeals  on valuation decisions but such action would not delay transfer of possession of land to the proponent or contractor appointed by the proponent
This  Proclamation helps  to undertake smoothly  issues  related to expropriation of land holdings  and compensation that will be the main agenda during lhe construction and implementation of lhe Dabus Hydropower Project
As discussed in Section 1.2 1. the Constitution lays down lhe basis for the property to be compensated in case of expropriation as a result of State programs or projects in both rural and urban areas Ari 44 2 clearly states that “A//persons who have been affecfedor whose /rveWhoods have been adverse/y affected as a n&suW of state programs have the righf to a commensurate monetary  or a/femahve means  of compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance Thus, persons who have lost their land as a result of acquisition of such land for lhe purpose of constructing dam and creating reservoir are entitled to be compensated to a similar land plus the related costs arising from relocation, assets such as buildings, crops or fruit trees that are part of the land etc.
Hence, the Dabus project plans must include an “attractive1 and sustainable resettlement strategy, offering adequate compensation and incentives  to the loss  of livelihood of the Project Affected People (PAPs) al least as  per the provisions  of the Proclamation No 455/2005
$p                Petqrge* - MDi Conti/ling Engineers
29Ftwk-ra/
A«pu-Nlc of Eth/opu*
MWjfty Of Wif*r, IrriggifaiT jrrd Etect/HLffy
Fmjj fiA B«eflne Sfi/dy
Dabof iHydropom?? Pnj/ocl
3.5      International Conventions and Agreement
In addition to national environmental legislations, the FDRE is also a party to a number of regional and international conventions and protocols pertaining to environment and which are of relevance to the project The International agreement to which Ethiopia is a signatory includes
Convention on Biological Diversity. 1992: The Convention on Biological Diversity has three goals  These are: the conservation of biodiversity; the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources The Convention was ratified by Ethiopia by Proclamation No 98/94, on May 31. 1994
By Proclamation No 362/2003. Ethiopia has ratified the Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
United Nations  Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD): The objective of lhe Convention is to combat desertification and mrligate lhe effects of droughts in countries experiencing serious  drought and/or desertification, particularly  in Africa Ethiopia has ratified lhe Convention through its Proclamalion No, 80/1997
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer: The basic objective of lhe Convention is to combat the negative Impact on the environment and human beings resulting from ozone depleting substances  by  reducing lhe amounts  released and eventually banning their commercial use through internationally agreed measures. The Montreal Protocol entered into force in 1989 to facilitate lhe implementation of the Convention.
Ethiopia ratified and became party to lhe Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol in January 1996. The National Meteorological Services agency has been mandated for the coordination and supervision of implementation of this convention.
United Nations  Framework  Convention on Climate Change (FCCC|, 1992: Ethiopia ratified this convention through Proclamation No 97/1994 on May 2/1994 This convention takes into account the fact that climate change has trans-boundary impacts. The basic objective of this convention is to provide for agreed limits on the release of greenhouse gases mlo lhe atmosphere so as to prevent the occurrence of climate change. It also aims to prepare countries to minimize lhe impact of climate change should it occur
The Basel Convention. 1989; The objective of the Basel Convention is to control and regulate the trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal adopted on 22 March 1989. The Bamako Convention of 1991 plays a similar role at the level of the African comment,
Ethiopia ratified the Basel Convention through its  Proclamation No. 357/2002. Its amendment was ratified through Proclamation No. 356/2002. The country has also ratified the Bamako Convention through Proclamation No 355/2002.
The Stockholm Convention. In the year 2002, Ethiopia fully accepted and ratified the Stockholm Conversion on Persistent Organic Pollutants by proclamation No. 279/2002 designed to ban lhe use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). The MEFCC has the full mandate to implement the Convention at lhe national level.
The Rotterdam Convention: The Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) relates to prior informed consent in lhe context of international trade in specific hazardous chemicals and pesticides The Environmental Protection Authority is the organ responsible for the domestic implementation of this convention, which has been ratified by Ethiopia Proclamation No. 278/2002. The Environmental Protection Authority  is  preparing a framework for its implementation
SP Studio Pielrangeli - MOI Consulting Engineers
30Federal Darnocrabe Ptpubifc of Ethtcpu
teniafry of Mfrter, /rrtgifton and g/ectric/fy___________
Ffmtf EM SaMflne Slutfy
Dabus Hydro power Project
Convention on the protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage Each slate party to this convention recognises that the duty of ensuring the identification. protection, conservation, preservation and transmission to future generation of the culture and natural heritage situated on its territory, belongs primarily to the stal Ethiopia has ratified this convention in 1997
Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the Elicit, Import, Export and Transfer of ownership of cultural property The states parties undertake to oppose such practices with the means at their disposal, and particularly by removing their causes, putting a slop to current practices and by helping to make the necessary reparations Ethiopia ratified this convention in 2003
SP SIjSiO Piclr^ Qflli MD' Consult
r
1 ng Engineers
31Fcdo/a/ Dcrnocjvif/c Rvpufrftc of Ethtopio
Ministry of Water, fnig^Uon and Efectricity
Ftnal El A Basefin* Srudy
Ofrus Hydropower Pro/cct
4       Biophysical Environment
4.1      General
Information on existing natural and socio-economic resources is of fundamental importance for evaluation of environmental impacts In this chapter, the baseline data on the current status of the physical, biological and socio-cultural environment of the Project Area have been assembled, evaluated and presented
4.2       Physical Environment
4.2.1      Description of the Dabus Watershed
The Dabus HPP projects are located on Dabus river, a north-fiowing tributary of the Abbay River in southwestern Ethiopia.
Dabus river drams an area of about 10,400 square kilometres and its course defines part of the boundary between Benishangul-Gumuz and Oromia Regions. It originates in the high volcanic  mountains  that border the drainage area to the south, and flows  generally northwards in a large and flat basin known as the Dabus swamp, then continuing northwards up to its conjunction with Blue Nile River.
4.2.2      Climate and Rainfall Features
The climate in (he Dabus  sub-basin is  characterized by  its  daily  rainfall temperature (minimum and maximum), wind speed, humidity, sunshine hours and evapotranspiration. These elements of climate are governed by altitude, landscape and land cover conditions of the area or site
Rainfall
According to the modified Kopen system of climate classification, the basin falls  within Tiopical Climate It. In the Sub-basin, Mean Annual Rainfall vanes between 1.500 and 2,075 mm with a mono-modal distribution along the year High rainfall occurs  in the higher altitudes of south eastern areas. The mam (Meher) rainfall occurs from July to November though the amount and distribution varies from place to place depending on the landform conditions, and the season supplies upto 80% of the annual amount Thus, this season is very important for germination, growth and development of plants and management of water and soils.
The regions wrth high rainfall are those around Bedele to Nekemte including Gimbi and Nejo areas
temperature: The Mean Monthly Air Temperature records in the Sub-basin vary between 15°c and 25°c Low temperature occurs at higher altitudes and the highest at low altitudes 
Air temperature rn the Abay basin decreases per each 100m rise in altitude by about 0 60c High temperature means high evapo-transpiration, which reduces moisture availability tn
the areas where it prevails
Humrdity: For the nearby stations of Assosa the mean monthly relative humidity varies from 39% in April to 60% m August, The annual mean humidity for Assosa is 72.4%.
Wind Speed The mean monthly wind speed for Assosa is 1 5 m/s
Sunshine Hours 1 he annual mean of sunshine hours is 6.6 in Assosa
Evapo-Transpirabon   The   mean   potential   evapotranspiration   (Penman-   Monteith)   for Assosa is 3.7 mm/day,
SR studio Rtefrar-gell MD! CfrHfiulling F^neers
32MuRHnnwl               dtoctarft |m*/M
Feders Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Wel»< JrnQi^cin *rrg E/ecfrJcJry
Final EJA tawfe* Slutty
Dabut Hydropower Project
4.2*3 Natural Monthly Average Discharges at Dabus Ch-130 and at Dabus Ch-108
The Dabus river flows at the Dam s<te have been assessed by the analysis of a robust and long data series (about 40 years) of hydromelrical (and pluviometricab records
Table  4  1  provides  40  years  Df  monthly  average  discharges  at  Dabus  Ch-130,  while Figure 4 1 show the annual average discharges
Table 4.1 provides 40 years of monthly average discharges at Dabus Alt 130, while Figure 4 5 show the annual average discharges
Time Imonthtl
3
Figure 4 1 Monthly Average Discharge at the Dam Site (m /s) Ch-130
SP ShKf<j estranged MDI Consuming Engineers
33Fedcrflf D*mocr«ftc flopt/bfte o* Ethiopia
Mm/itfy or Wj!k, /mgaflort arrtf Bactricrty
Final £M B»**nnc Sftwfy
Dttatii Hytfrupo*tff^o;«r
Table 4,1 Monthly Average Discharge of Dabus Rrver al the Dan* Site (mjs) Ch • 30
MONTHLY AVERAGE DISCH ARQEJ™3^-------------------
------------- AUG SEP OCT
JUL
i 642.4*1
560 au
6333 334* 5R  44 SB 1:'
34 24
26.79
34.65
25.2C
28 34
59 H3
33 9*
90 2*4 B7 M
94.iT
265 .C* 4 B-q
B
1B4 9^ 349 0- 226 3S 423 79 210?!;       4*5 57
DEC 166 6?.
5<2:f 97 5a 72.52
155 54
171 K
194 67
36 63     24.0-3
57 59 3B 41 24.22 3B 781 27 55 41 04 23. K*
47.20 189ltf             312 54 2 35 76 359 *
■’15.61
471 51 401.49
496  1Z     374 464  4B     527 6? 473   *£    463 52
53* 6S
132  13     107 1*      567 9
J82 14| 245 53
570,9i 265 55
34 3?
31 -30
27 4"
21 0?
76 51 10n‘l          214*
'52 f5 79.7K 246 62!
413 2»       494 43     404 43
112 2(       ?B7 &6 ‘82.3’
171 24
91  11    165  22
443 0 •
14  3*  I  5  OB    57   7b   139   4?
334 1      19 1 '
??<> 1BS5
56 93 32 51 40 8'J     21 11 45 KLi 25 40
17 04     17 t* 19.31
47*3 142JT
69 4li 105 81
IB 57
15 76
19 r* 20 B5
24 «e
13 5?
35.7* 114 31 27 19 100 1S 29.13 59 fit
22 4^ 60S*
183 98
177 31
259 ’ 320 57 270 51 272 5 -
312 95
542 73      374 52f 477.85      426 29
45? 70      3 74 42
422 60
466 61      406 04 475 27     4132*
J  79  6* 221 d 201 rJ 165 I1 201 S 192 38
96.15 ’D3.4Z 1Q5 4H
72 fll 6J7i
80 2
43 fl- 41 98 4ft 1 ■ l
30 82 24 y.
158 72      236 33        310 6*     452.50       204 49        82 7
157 56 271 23 406
125 93 205 12 342
328 oa
156.0S B6 e:
I'D 07 151 67 1W 2fii 139 Vj 155 4 157 2? 138.79 «.33.e*
34*09        241.43
131.71       133 24
21 OS
14.101
23 32       19 « 72 62 13 T7
1 94 77
324.8* 395
293.87       117.5         166 74
:io 1 • 17.61
23 H*
21 8+
12 0*
27 2-1
74 ?fi 173 45 20C .63               3291 162 69 3017’ 43195 512 981
471.41
218 97
365 45
117.61 07.35
41 55 33XH          33 55
99 01      26* 04       426 feS     30- 62        152 5i
36 65 35 19
2964    25 43
93 4 J
33 1j|
25 51
212 74 258.80 369 63
301.37
212 5
42 15                    27 OS    29 86      2? €41 21.07 22 21|
490 LZ 265 1C
172 2-^ 43 41;
2 f DO
19.35 20 53
266 79?
65 id          41 2
27 1 i
24 2 ;
35 ‘ <
21 03     22 23 23.5*
21 22
29.07
3109 22.10
21.82
29  91-  62  6*1
---------i------------*
22 47     31 79
24 51     70 Ba
21 76   100 95
25 96 39 93 135 13 200.21 304
235 G9 G9 45
227 2*        170 23 1 ■ ■ " *■
61.51
2? 12?
83 29.02
24 41     20 U
384.86 M1 BO               60 7
115 2G
177 91
135 04
145 32
173*5 101,7* 116.13
93 an 116 12 154.67 118.23
•.
42’•    I    41.B2 45 39     3Q~H 33JS
28 15 26.101
52-67   50,56~
18.1* 18.63
406 01       521 4 D 362.2* 400 3l’
169
160.9*
611-7 157.881 2'9 37              209 57
321.93       200 92 3*2.50       136 62 20759        166 7Z
117.4Q ft® 4fl J10 92
2t53 W
331.51
570 J3
1B2.9Z
17.0*        9.           7-1S 8.1?
SP SiutTio PietmrKjeli MOI Consisting Enfllnwn
7348        88 05
69.77
177 06 B23B
37.39 35?59
34FtftfBTffr i>fffFro€#»tfc Jtopu’.bJfc of EWc^a iW/rrutry pf Water, tfFj'gj^o^ and  E^ctnkrfy
1
Ftnaf EtA Baseline Slu^y Dabut Wydropo**r Project
Ftgure 4 2 Monthly Average Discharge at the Dam Site (m7s) Ch-108
SP Studio t- erangell * MDl Corstiling Er^lrii&er %
,
35Dtmocratif fltpufcHc cl
9f Wucf, /rngaOcm antf ElectncJry
Final EM SM«lfrt« S Turfy Mua Hydropower Projoef
Table 4 2 Monthly Average Discharge at the Dam Site (mVs) Ch-106
MQNIHLY AVERAGE DISCHARGE APR MAY, JUN JUL ’ AUG_
37 JD
65 Btj^ 35 5Fj 1
j 2754i> SC 7 2* '• 192 t jj 363
667 Ml
582 71
417.IB..    409 93
34 73      27 M
26 85 62*9 29+4j 20 15           35 2’
Q| 23519 4+0 36
•I 224.65 504 513
309.291    192 540 31      301 71
24 M
25 V
481? -
59 to
41 33
42.05
2109 15 1 15 02 40 9 16 3- 22 4 14 93 296
— ■* *
515.50 4B2 62j
491 9“
269 -. 5
55fl eg| 397-t ft 137 r                                             593 23
U0 1.4
126^9
150 51
41220022I1I|
57 Bt       35.71      28 M        197* 222
53.90
52 5’
59 15 33 7i 17.71 20 06
56193       309.15]     _[66 6It] 4 96 52     +42 j-        ?30,32!
333 1ft 475 6: 269 3:1    439 1!
350  D5|  209  85
3M 4H
42 4u
21.9:        19 30
2S3 22      *64 P 1         421 &3
171 60
209.5?
47 7ii       25 40       17 4 2
45 V
31.64 25.30
4.1 fi?      34 52
25 43 30.zj 62 15
23.33
325 2d
164 92] 245 56
493 U 429 2 EI           199
331 1 j
163.71
231 HR 422 £9
340
28.B2,
13 14 356 C3
2’ 91
130 55 2
202.35 3
354 4?1
37||
163 431 144 21 139 03J 133 49
173.2^
61 39
3i ao
1BG 23|    2
91 ■
I22.j4
42 4R
28 4'
24 77
97 2^ 169 0+            313 Ss'
4
4& 62j
400 5*
62 52|
43 17      34 JO
34 42;
43 85
2?8 51.
44 3 JI
396,53
40 15
3B       so      ad
29 53
67.53
3W 27i
312 &3|
43 79
32.63       26 11
31.g4
26.
462 2 H
509 16
16C2>:
21
269.56
17ft &f5
2’ 3.1 37v
203 21i
41B.20
277 22
22 63 23.10
24 4i
23.35        33.03,
470 17,     212 47
162 .9fc 250 ftS 305 3S 122 20
90 77 156 45
275 4* 50 K(
244 9
22.05      2* 91                      25 47        73 65
31 03      26 1 3.
22 63
104 41.491
440.95
30L-8
31 34
25 35      29 44
214 QB
140 4J
208.33
Z22 Bl
147 13
2-0 51     41 13                       62 34
165.30 257.99
399 agj
330000..553L
2- 79       22 13      23 to ?B 25
30 61 36, JU    29 04 27.7.1     24 cal
20.74       163 U
33 2J 80.51
34042
253.27 3BI 7*1
49624 424 7a{
232 6?
j40H;j 292272192 27, 214 73 416      5ij      237jjjt    167.61
120,55 16JL71. 122 95,
35 471     133 44, 36   0^
67.Oti
—              60 2C[
207.4'J
H4 rd
486 31[ 223 0J               63            36 a J
31.07?
*5G3
j3t 42]
M.9&
85 59
44 M
20 to
32 2K
27 Sit
24WT -90 IP 54 77] 263 1^ ~150 65
79.90
145 3’
1998
57.es                                                          313 73
"’62VV&1'
167.58
126 2      66 66        M 71     52.53     55 OJ     105.0?        197 74
1999
136 62^
194 48
27.55     22 61       19 94         1925     23 55     144 M4       200.82
2003               33 91       25 40
_
32.67 32 68 53.94 135 40 234 12
64 5:>
126.2*
Jj*O 6§]
*40.581
49 6B
47.7<T~i
69.H4 50 18 41 ?-+ 49  to 50 63 71 61 53 - i
49 61
126.?,
27.56 18.57
49 35 ------ r 53 3
86   37.8^ <2.11 51 82
331 2S
27374
291 7fl|       237 104 3
103 09       1781
6150
1135©
172 38      236 03       302.33]
265 91
60.58        116 61
26Q 51
39.4ft
47JS 31 45
? 60 02
90 74
182 11 233 24 311.15
193.31 1 27591 371 91
’61 fl?,
768*1
BB 27*. 121 Ml
72 1
124 07
143 55
201, ia
421                S41V
348 74
314 51
257.D9| 376 50              415.95         35?g7
M?S
M-wf
»7 OB 169 04
34,9fl[
16.751      3723
227 94       300 50
349.921 215,701
191.18        317J2       411,26      344.4«l
111.56 5*4 » 590 12 5S1 ilT
114.29 H1.»?| 24B.27 1W.07,
40 11 j_ 78.35 ]_ 92 32 r moi
163,57
334.46 217 61
611» 3a«i
72.49
36 93
SP Siuoio Pielrangeh MDI CwisLrflfng Fn^n^i
36FMer«»f
Republic oF EUWopw
Fmar EM B*seftnv Shwty
D<bui Hydro po>ve< Pro/oct
IWrWJfry 0/ Witer, InrgjfJon jnd BecfHctty
The long term mean flow at the dam site is estimated to be 145.55 m-'/sec. The driest year on record (1995) had a mean flow of only  81 78 m’/s, while the wettest year on record (1961) had a mean flow of 221 45 m’/s (see Figure 4.3)
Dabus Monthly Inflow (1961-2008)
Figure 4 3 Monthly distribution of dry. average and wet year flows
4.2.4     Erosion and Reservoir Sedimentation
Erosion Hazard
Reservoir sedimentation is  a result of soil erosion from the land surface and sediment transport by  the river system Sediment yield is  a key  parameter in planning a dam and Hydropower project and this  parameter determines, to a significant extent the volume of reservoir storage that will be lost through deposition of sediments It is generally determined by  estimating an average catchment sediment yield and assuming that the resulting sediment is all transported to the reservoir
Erosion from the land surface at a given location and time depends an rainfall intensity, soil moisture content, thin film overland flow vegetation cover and land slope Transport through the watercourse network depends on flow gradients, depths and velocities Areas of steep,, bare land and reaches  of steep, fast flowing watercourse act as  sediment sources  while areas of flat land and reaches of flat watercourse act as sediment traps Sudden, irregular events such as landslides and river bank collapse add further complexity to the erosion transport-deposition processes.
To understand the exact sources of sediment (erosion and transport areas) and sediment reduction, biological and physical measures  are crucial (or sustainable use and management of the Dabus dam and reservoir
Watershed Management
Apart from rapidly filling of reservoirs, high sediment-laden river also causes problem for dam operators due to the abrasion of turbines and other dam components. The efficiency of a turbine is largely dependent upon the hydraulic properties of its blades The erosion and cracking (cavitations) of the bps  of turbine blades  by  water-borne sand and silt considerably reduces their generating efficiency and can require expensive repairs
SP Sludlo Piehangeli - MOI Cor^ulring Eiiglnosrs
37Fotta ra/ Oo/nocr»Mc Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Wafer, Irrigation and Electricity
Final ElA Baseline Study
fMbus HydfepakOT Prp^cf
The watershed management plan provides  the necessary  measures  for protecting the catchments  (or watersheds) of a Hydropower scheme Absence of such a plan and inappropriate development in watersheds can lead to widespread soil erosion and therefore siltation of the reservoirs. This can significantly reduce the useful life of the Hydropower scheme and in this way pose a threat to the economic viability ol the project
It is in the interest of the MWIE/EEP to reduce, and if possible to control, the sediment inflow into the Dabus reservoir. This is best achieved by implementing an integrated watershed management programme Therefore, it is recommended that a small part of the protect revenues would be used by EEP to finance implementation of an integrated watershed management programme.
4.2.5      Water Quality
The water quality survey has been carried out and in this section the interpretation of the analytical results and assessment of potential changes in water quality is presented
4.2.5.1 Objective
The mam objective of the water quality assessment is to evaluate the water quality of the Dabus River and to predict the future eutrophication status in the proposed reservoir II is also aimed to assess greenhouse gas emission due to the flooding of biomass within the proposed reservoir area The specific objectives include:
• Collecting water samples from the Dabus River.
■   Analysing and interpreting water quality test results
■   Characterising the existing water quality of Dabus River.
■   Predicting possible changes of reservoir water quality after impoundment.
■   Assessing potential impact of the Reservoir on downstream waler quality;
■   Predicting the Reservoir Eutrophication
■   Assessing GHG emission from the Dam construction and Reservoir and creation; and
■ Proposing Water quality management and Monitoring Plan
42.5,2  Methodology
In order to assess the overall waler quality of the Dabus River and to predict the future eutrophication condition of lhe proposed reservoir the following methodologies  were adopted
4 2.5.3 Water Sample Collection and Analysis
To characterize the water quality  of Dabus  Rrver, representative water sample were collected in the months of February. April and July 2011 and April 2016 during this sampling. The collected water samples were taken to the Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise Laboratory  for the detail physico-chemical analysis. Spatial and temporal variation of water quality along the main Oabus River has been determined Major physico chemical parameters including phosphorus, nitrate, ammonia and nitrite were analyzed and the results are presented below:
4.2.54    Water Quality of the Dabus River
An/ons and Cation* The dominant constituents of the Dabus River water quality are Ca.
Mg. Na, CaCc^ CO and SO< Ca.CaCo^and HCO? represent more than 54% of
3
the ions 
This classifies the water of Dabus River as calcium b.carbonate type
SP Studio Piefrangelt ■ VDl Consulting ryers
36Fedtrrti Democfstlc Republic of EthfapMt
Ministry of Wjtw; Jrriflgftort and E tec Brief Jy ________
An#/ EIA B&Hm Study
DitM Mydropatr*r Project
The analysis clearly showed that there is a temporal variation of Dabus River water quality Concentration of anions and cations was 89 31 mg/l during wet season and Increased in dry Season (198.19 mg/l)
pH: is  a numeric  scale used to specify  the acidity  or basicity  (alkalinity) of an aqueous solution The main use of pH in a waler analysis is for detecting abnormal waler The normal pH range for various waler uses is from 6.5-8 4 An abnormal value is a warning that the waler needs further evaluation The pH value of Dabus River water depending on different seasons varied from 6 67 lo 7.6 and il is within lhe normal range of pH for natural rivers.
EC  and  TDS:  Electrical  Conductivity  (EC)  and  Total  Dissolved  Solids  (TDS)  during  dry period revealed an increasing trend compared to the rainy season.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are solids in water that can be trapped by a filter. TSS can include a wide variety of material, such as sill, decaying plant and animal matter, industrial wastes, and sewage High concentrations of suspended solids can cause many problems for stream health and aquatic life.
Total suspended solids showed significant variation depending on the season of sampling The concentration of TSS is  close to total dissolved solids  in the samples  taken in dry season, while rts value in the samples taken in wet season is much larger than the TDS values For instance the TSS at the proposed reservoir site in February sample was only 232 mg/l and the corresponding TDS was 70mg/l In other words, the suspended solid was 70% of the total solids, while lhe dissolved solid was 30%.
When it come to wet season sample (July), the TSS was  1 054 mg^l while the corresponding TDS was 34 mg/l. In this case, the suspended solid was accounted for 97% of the total solids. This  indicates  that the source of suspended solid is  from lhe upper catchments  and its  flow is  seasonal related to rainfall in the catchments  Therefore, to minimize the flux  of suspended solids  into the proposed reservoir area, integrated watershed management is mandatory
Tota/Hardness, Ca and Mg. Hardness  of the Dabus  River water ranges  from 19 to 96 mg/l as CaCOy This concentration is within lhe ideal range of hardness and it would not cause either scale deposition or corrosion of metals and concrete structures
iron and Manganese: Iron content in Dabus  River varies  from 0.74 to 3.3fimg/l, with a mean value of 2 09 mg/l This concentration is normal and would not cause any impact on lhe use of waler for various purposes.
Like Iron, manganese deposited in water causes  water discoloration. However, from the analysis it was seen that the concentration of manganese is nil and its impact would be none
A/ka/mify The total alkalinity of Dabus River ranges from 21 to 45.6 mg/l
as CaCO , The
3
major  constituent  is  bicarbonate  alkalinity  The  alkalinity  of  Dabus  River  has  shown  an increasing trend dunng dry season and decreasing trend during the wet season
Sod/um, Potassium and Ch/oride.’ The concentration of Na. K and Cl in Dabus River are relatively low and would not cause any significant harm in the use of the waler for various purposes. The low levels  of sodium and chloride indicates  relatively  low input from anthropogenic contamination or from natural sources
Sp 5tua*p
- MO I Comuf’jng Engineers
39Ftdaraf Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water, Irrigation and electricity
Fuel BA SasMne Study
ftaiws Hydropo *rr Project
Table 4.3 The Physico-Chemical Waler Quality of Dabus River
Physico-chemical Parameters
Sampling Dates
’24/2/2011
*24/4/2011
•26/7/11
Sum
Vie a n
Values
Turbujily (NTU}
927 1
1157.78
T. Solids mg/l Dissolved solids mg/l
1462
301 7
397 0
EC p&/cm
49
125
76
126
100 74
176
92
126
pH
6.69
0.45
6.30
1 20
96 00
23,20
9.12
0.74
nil
0 44
923
0 02
0 10
76.00
7 23
1054
34
46
6.67
196
275
-
NH3 mg/l
Na mg/l
K mg/1
T Hardness mg/l CaCO3 Ca mg/l
Mg mg/l
T. Iron mg/l Fo
Mn mg/l
F mg/l
CS mg/l
Nitrite mg/l NO2 Nitrate mg/l NOS
2 73
14
5.6B
68 0 1 100 26
71
1 53
5
28
54
14 4
4 35
2 35
ml
0.43
1 89
trace
4 83
32 3
nil
39 41
3341
2
11 B
9 53
1.6
65
19
456
1 82
1 89
nil
0 43
091
trace
5 02
121
30 96
10 49
7 62
0
1 93
54,25
1354
49
2.09
nil
14
0 46
4 73
0.01
20.68
3.49
0.01
5,2
T Alkalinity mg. l CaC03
,,
Carbonate mg/i CO3
nil
43.73
nil
Bicarbonate mg/l HCO3
92 72
98 9
0
120.66
53 35
SO4 mg/i
10.93
PO4 mg/l
0.19
21
nil
25 62
4
0.06
43 71
1 82
0.46
Source: “ESW 0/ GEffD. 20 TT
Fluoride: Fluonde concentration in Dabus River varies between 0 43 and 0 49 mg/l and would not impose either dental caries or dental fluorosis if the Dabus waler is treated and used for drinking purpose
Sulphate The sulphate concentration of Dabus River is relatively low, ranging from 4 to33 41 mg/l Thus the sulphate concentration of Dabus River being by far below the aggressive level, will not cause damaging reactions  with mortar pipes  and concrete structures.
Ammonia: The mean ammonia concentration of the Dabus River is 1 53 mg/l The main reason for the observed concentration could be the availability of extensive wetlands.
Nitrate. Nitrite and PQ4: Nitrate concentration of Dabus River varies from 0 10 mg/l to 10.78 mg/l and nitrite concentration varies  from 0 00 mg/l to 0 02 mg/l. These concentrations are low and would not affect use of water for various purposes
The concentration of phosphate ion in the sampling srtes range from 0 06 mg/l to 1 57 mg/l. Phosphorus and Nitrogen primarily in the oxidized forms are commonly used as indicators of population and agncultural impact on the environment The values recorded from the Dabus River indicate that there is no significant agricultural pollution at present.
It is important to notice that the suspended solid results which were taken only three times in a yeann the 2011. will not represent the total suspended solids of the proposed reservoir
SP Stud>o Piefrangeb MDl ConsuHing Fngineers
40Demccrxilc epuWc of Ethiopia Hinntryof Water, /rngjf/on and gteclWcrffy
fitnl EtA BtAltot Stuffy
Dibus Hydropower Prefect
For  this  reason,  more  accurate  results  from  hydrological  study  should  be  used  for  the estimation of reservoir sedimentation
4.3 Biological Environment
4.3.1    Current Land Cover Types of the Reservoir Area
The land cover and land use assessment was  carried out with the objective to determine the extent of land cover types that would be flooded by the reservoir and to verify the types of land users and land uses that would be affected by the reservoir
The DabusCh-130 Scheme comprises  a 55 m high dam and creates  a reservoir with a surface area of some 156 km2 and the Dabus  Ch-108 Scheme comprises  aB2 m high dam and creates a reservoir with a surface area of some 10 km2
The major land cover types common in the reservoir area are wooded shrub grasslands, wetlands, and Riverine forests Table 4 1 shows the land cover types identified in the
reservoir area. Figure 4,1 shows the land cower map of the reservoir area Table 4.4; Land Use / Land Cover in the Dabus Reservoir Area
Sr. Ho
Description
Area %
1
Wooded Shrub Grassland
36.16
2
Wetland
23 16
3
Rip ana n Forest
14 26
4
Intensively Cultivated
15 02
5
Moderately Cultivated
8.94
6
River bed Waterbody
2 32
7
Settlement
0.13
Total
100 00
fl
fl
fl
I 1
fl
SP S6ud*o ^eiranqf-li - MDI Consulting Engineers
41Federat Democratic RppuW/o pf Elhropra M/nfstry of Wtrttr /rngaftori and ^•cfrkfty
fi'n^j' £M BiKflne Sfudy Dabus Hydropower Pro/nct
Dabus Resrvoir Land Cover Map
I
I
r
Legend
Settlement* Ethiopia
Wfojreda Capua!
I • Othar town
o   Village
Border town
indcovir type*
J tnlennvely cultoatea Lai Moda-ately Cutovtitf
•;j Rivanna Vegetation I Settlement
Shrub <jra>sH<id
Wate« body
Wetland
Mi iff IF
Figure 4 4 Land Cover Map of the Dabus Reservoir Area
SP Studio Pielrangefi MDi Consullrng Engineers
42Dr mo critic RopubtlC at Efftrapui Wnrtfjy of W»f»< irngatigrt1 *rttf gecfricify
Fln*i EIA 84i5rWrtc SfixTy Ctobui Hydropowyr Propel
Wooded Shrub grassland The first important area is  the shrub grassland/Woodlands  and this  unit occupies  about 36 16% of 'he reservoir Woodland is  extensively  cleared and farmed and such areas are used for settlements as well
Wetland: The second important land cover type maoped in the reservoir site is  the wetland and it covers  23 16% of the reservoir Wetlands  lie in between the Riparian Forest and Conibretem-Tarminaiia Deciduous  Broad Leaved Woodland The wetlands  were dominated by  sedges, grasses  and herbs  (Photo 2) and highly  grazed by  Irvestock  and hippopotamus Wetlands were farmed rarely and farming is mainly restricted in woodland.
Photo 1    Wooded S h rub Gra ssl a nd
Photo 2 Wetland
Riparian Forest: In depressions, the river course is  covered by  Ripanan Forest and this unit occupies  about 14 26% of the reservoir The Riparian Forest are the major homes  for the wildlife. The wildlife lives  mainly  close to the rivers  because they  get their prey, water and feed close to each other
Photo 3. Riparian Forest
Intensively  cultivated: The fourth important land cover type mapped rn Lhe reservoir site is  the intensively  cultivated land. Cultivated land occupies  mainly  areas  where the soil conditions  in terms  of depth and natural fertility  are better and the slopes  are conducive for farming The units  are important for production of annual and perennial crops  and after harvest and/or during fallow period, the cultivated land is  source of livestock  feed and organic matter that builds fertility of the soil The unit occupies about 15 02% of the reservoir area
Moderately  cultivated, The fifth importanl land cover type mapped an the reservoir site is the moderately  cultivated land Farmlands  extend to the edge of wetlands  The unit occupies about 0.94% ol lhe reservoir area
SP Sludm PlelraniX- ■ MDI Consulting Fngjneers
43Fodera/
Kep-irbljc ofEtfiiojW
Mint airy o^Water, Im pa lion ind E/ectnclry
Final UA fiasotfrto Study
Dabtff HydrnptMQf Project
Photo 4 Cultivated Land
River bed Waterbody  is  the sixth land cover type and it occupies  about 2 32% of the reservoir land area During rainy seasons it is covered with water and during dry period it is partially bare soil and rock and al the bottom it is covered by running water. The soil on the riverbed is  sediment deposited during high flow of water The local people, livestock  and the wildlife use water from the rivers The river water is also a home for Hippopotamus and fish.
SettlemenVBuiit-up Area; The seventh important unit is  the built-up area which is composed of villages of individual and a group of houses Villages are situated mainly on level plain gently  undulating plain, undulating plain and suitable location on rugged undulating plain These are mainly in the areas suitable for growing crops and mostly away from riverbanks  to avoid seasonal flooding Settlement/Built-up area covers  0 13% of the reservoir area.
Photo 5. Waterbody
Photo -5 Village in the reservoir A^ea
4,3.2
Forest and Vegetation
4.3.2,1 Background and Objectives
Vegetation in Dabus Valley, particularly on the border of Oromia and Bemshangul Gumuz Reginai Sates  belong to CombFtrtem-T&nntnatia Broadleaved Deciduous  Woodland Ecosystem Vegetation of this  ecosystem is  dominated by  the plant species  such as CombrefimcoMnum. Termnatfa laxiftora and Stereospermum kun/fttanum.
The site is part vegetation of the western Ethiopian escarpment, named by White (1983), as 'undifferentiated woodlands (Ethiopian type) has an interesting and partially unique flora
SP Studta Pfefrangeli MDI Consulting Engmeeri
44Federal Democratic WpubHc of Ethiopia
MtttftfftfoV Wiiter, ffrrgffWon jntf EfMtricffy
Final EIA IlMCVme Sfudy
D»6wi Hydropower Project
(Sebsebe Demssew ef ai 2005). This vegetation is adapted to annual fires which mostly occur in December and January.
The vegetation assessment was carried out in the proposed Dabus River Hydropower Dam Project Particularly the flora and habitats in the direct impact zone of the dam were
observed. Available literature on lhe flora and habitats of the area were also reviewed Existence of environmental impact on the flora and unique habitats was confirmed and presented in this report
4.3 2.2 Objectives
The forest and vegetation assessment was carried out in the proposed reservoir and along Dabus River Valley with the objectives to:
•    determine vegetation composition and identify plant community types.
•    determine if there are endangered plant species or plant communities that would be affected by the inundation of the area,
■   determine if forest/vegelation based agricultural activities that would be affected by the inundation of the part of lhe valley, and
■   propose mitigation options to prevent or minimize the damage that may be caused
by the creation of the reservoir
4.3.2.3   Materials and Methods
Methodology
The methodology of the study involved both the desk and the filed works. During the desk work, data from secondary  sources  have been gathered and analyzed. Write-up and compilation of the report has also been part of the desk work On-site visit to the project area and primary data collection to establish base line information have been conducted during lhe field work.
Digital camera was used to take photos of the study area, binocular was used to view the landscape and GPS was used Io record latitude. longitude and altitude of the sites visited Contact was established with local officials on both Benishangul Gumuz National Regional State and Oromia National Regional State sides before embarking on the assessment. We were  accompanied  with  local  officials  on  both  sides  during  assessment.  All  plants  and habitats encountered were photographed and recorded on site.
4.3.2.4   The landscape
The Direct Impact Zone is drainage system of Dabus River It is characterized by undulating landscape (Figure 1) In depressions, the river course is covered by Riparian Forest and followed by  extensive wetlands  Weilands  he in between the Riparian Forest and Combretem-Tfirniihfl/fe Deciduous Broad Leaved Woodland. Wetlands were framed rarely and farming is mainly restricted in woodland. Woodland is extensively cleared and farmed and such areas are used for settlements as well. Farmlands extend to the edge of wetlands Maze (Zea mays), hot pepper (Capsicum annum) and Sorghum (Sorghum freofor) are the mam crops Mango (Mangifera indica) and Papaya (Canca papaya) are the most common perennial fruit trees in the area.
SP Studio Prelrangei MDI Contulllng Erunners.
45FMfer«J Dwnwrttfc 
o/EfhJopt
final fM 8a»nne Study
OliHJS Hydropo W Pru/flci
MlfWitry of Wiier Jrn'Qjf/ofl *r>rf gJjcfrfcffy
Figure 4 5 Conceptualization of the landscape in Dabus River drainage
4.3.2.5    Observation points in the direct impact zone
Sites  visited are indicated on map with numbers  (Photo 7). The latitude, longitude and altitude of observation points  and nearby  villages  and towns  are presented in Table 4.5 Description of each observation site are given bellow
Photo 7. Sites  visited in ttie Direct Impact Zone of Dabus  River Hydropower Dam Project: 1 Dabus  River Bridge. 2 Bengawa Kebele-Aba Beku Area, 3. Mutsa River Bridge, 4. Keshmando Wetland and 5 Sonka River
Observation Site 1. This  site is  located on both sides  of Dabus  River Bridge on the main road from Addis Ababa to Asosa. It will be inundated if the dam is constructed and it is in the direct impact zone Observation was  made m the riparian forest and extensive wetland along Dabus  River Small farms  were newly  imitated by  small scale farmers. The wetlands were dominated by sedges, grasses and herbs (Figure 3) which were dry and highly grazed by livestock and hippopotamus (which is observed in lhe Dabus River -Figure 4).
Photo 7 The wetlands and ripanan forest South of Dabus River Bridge
Table 4.5. The latitude, longrtuae and altitude of observation points and nearby villages 
and towns around the proposed Dabus River Dam
Sr.
No.
Site
Northing     Easting
Altitude                  Site Description
1       Dabus Bridge                  698555      1079845
1328
On Addis Ababa Io Asosa road
2
3
Aba Benu village m       7Q3744 Bengawa Kebeie
1086103
1330
Ripanan forest
Muisa River Bndge         701815
1079062
1365
Riparian forest
4
5
6
■
7
Keshmando
Welland
684472
1060702
1370
Woodland, wetland and nparian
forest
Sonka River
697273      1086516          1330    Farmland along Sonka river
Mul$a Village
__________________
Bambasi Town
691547      1069939
1415    Village  near  Dabus  River,  an lhe Bemshangul Gumuz Regional
National State side
689672
—_______ -
1079163
1490 Capital town of Bambasi Woreda
lhe first town of Benishangul
SP Studio Refirangelr - MDl CorsuJtif^ Engineers
46FecfcMJ Dwrwc/tUc WepuMlc r»F Erft/opJ*
M/nJi fry of Wafer, impatfofl E/FCtncity
FrM EM feseftfle Slutty
0*6u3 tfydropowOf Prcyecf
Sr.
No
Site                  Northing
Easting      Attitude
Site Description
Gumuz   Regional   National   Stale on Addis Ababa-Asosa road
8
9
Mender 43 Kebele           69A847
1405
Mender 43 Kebele Office
Bengawa Town                709979
The last town of Oromia Regronal National State on Addis  Ababa- Asosa read
10
Abdana Farm-in Aba Beku area of Bengawa Kebele
703744
1085776
1081443
1085240
1505
1350
Wetland along Dabus  River m Aba Beku area of Bengawa Kebele which is be mg cleared to establish private farm
The riparian forest is unique being dominated by ad       isjunl Gumeo-Congohan Iree Alchomea ccvdrfo/xa    andSyzygium    gumeense    subspecies    guineense    Other    trees    are    Phoenix reclinata,   Sapium   elipticum.   Ficus   Ficus   sycomorus   Ficus   capreaefolia.   Fulgea   virosa, Senna  didymobotrya  and  Oncoba  spinosa.  Oncoba  spinosa  is  one  of  the  useful  plants  in the   Bemshangul   Gumuz   Regional   National   State   which   is   economically,   culturally   and ecologically important
Photo 8 Oncoba spinosa -Flower being Foraged by
bees
Economically  it is  very  important as wild food as  the fruit pulp is  edible II is  also impodanl as  source bee forage for honey  production (Photo fl) Supporting bees  signifies  its ecological importance in this ecosystem Its  cultural importance is observed among Gumuz  people where Gumuz  youngsters  form holes through the fruits  of the wild plant Oncoba sp/nosa They  remove the seeds and the pulp
They introduce small gravels into the exocarp of the fruits Then, they pass a string made
from the fiber of Gossypiumarboreum through the fruits to assemble the fruits like beads They tie this assemblage called 'S/siya' in Gumuz, on lheir legs while dancing (Tesfaye
awas ef af. 2010)
Observation Site 2. Aba Beku area in Bengawa Kebele is  located north east of Bengawa town The riparian forest and wetlands in this area will be inundated if the dam is constructed and it is  in lhe direct impact zone The area has  extensive wetland and riparian forest. The wetland is being cleared for private farm by Mr Abdana (Photo 9) The scattered trees in the wetland are Phoenix  reclinata Albizia malacophylla. Vrlex  dorian a Ficus  sycomorus, Piliostigma thonningii and Terminalia macroptera The margin of the wetland on the transition to woodland is mainly dominated by Terminalia macroptera
The riparian forest is  dominated by  Syzygiumguineensesubspecies  guineense.
Albiziagummifera,
Phoenixreclmata,
Hibiscuscalyphyllus.              Canssaspinarum.
Rhusvulgaris,Cratevaadansonii      Acacia      sp.      Aflophy/us      abyss/nrcus      and      Capparis tomentosa. Since trees formed closed canopy, the ground layer is empty.
SF Stud'C Pietnngeh - MO-. Consisting Farcers.
47FetftjrjJ DorrtOcrafjc Republic of £tfttpp«j
Mfrwrtry of Wifar, frrigjflon md Efectricify___________________ ________ ______________
FJrtai £M                   Srudy
OwtHJS Hydropoiver Pru/etf
Photo 9 Wetlandbeing cleared for es'.ab'sbmert of onvate farm al Aba Beku Area and Riparian
Forest along Dabus River
Observation Site 3. Mulsa River Bridge located on the main road from Addis  Ababa to Asosa just before the Dabus River Bridge It will be inundated if the dam is constructed and it is  in the direct impact zone. Observation was  made in riparian vegetation which is dominated by  Syzyg/um gt/fneense subspecies  gu/neense. Phoenix  rec/rnata, Sapium eiipticum and Breonadta sa/rc/na Breonadia sa/rc/na is  one of the trees  which has  cultural importance and its stem is used as smoke balh and smoking of milk utensils.
Observation Site 4. Keshmardo welland and associated riparian forest is  located south of Bambasi town on the main road to Tongo town It will be inundated if the dam is constructed and it is  in the direct impact zone. Common herbs  include:Persfcada senega/ensrs, Gf/nus  fotcktes. Hygnphila schuiii. Kotschya afncana and Moraes schimpori (Photo 10)
Photo 10; Moraea sc/umpen
The area is  currently  burned and highly  greased by  livestock  and wild animal such as porcupine (Photo 11), The area is  known as  home of many  geophytes  particularly  orchids such as  Eulophia gumeensis  (Photo 12) Eutophia cucullata (Photo 13)and other many others (Sebsebe Demissew ef al., 2004) T hese orchids flourish with onset of rainfall mainly in May and June every year.
SP Studio PieFranoch - MDl Consulting E n^mrers
48fedora/
ffepyftflc of Ef/vopi*
Frratf EM Bwef*n* S/ycfy
Oafcos Hytfropoi**/ Pru/ecf
M/fl/Jfry of Wlftff, frr*gatfdri riotf f/eCErrCrry
Photo 13: Keshmando wetland and riparian forest
Observation Site 5 Sonka river is  located dry  weather road north of Bambasi to Mender 43 The area is  intensively  cultivated with remnant riparian forest just towards  the area where Sonka River joins  Dabus  River (Photo 14). The communities  are highly  dependant on Sonka River and its drainage sysiem
SP Siu^ia P*i'aftgei3 vOr Conii/linQ Enqireen
49Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Mtruitry of Water Irrigation and Electric tty
Final EfA Baseline Study
Debut Hydropower Project
Photo 14 Landscape of an area where Sonka River joins Dabus River
Distribution pattern of plants in Dabus valley in relation to vegetation of Africa
The distribution of pattern plants  in the escarpment of western Ethiopia extends  from Ethiopia to Senegal in the western Africa, Guineo-Congolian in the Atlantic Coast of central Africa and down to Mozambique in the southeastern and Angola in the southwestern Africa (Tesfaye Awas  et al. 2007) This  was  further confirmed by  Frns  and Harris  (2013) who discovered the range extension of Alchomea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae) found to be congruent with previous  known disjunct distributions  of Guineo-Congolian-Ethiopian species. A taxon with a disjunct distribution is  one that has  two or more groups  that are related but widely separated from each other geographically. As indicated by red arrows in Figure 12. the disjunct population related to various Afncan Phytocona is found m Ethiopia Adjacent phytochoria do not usually  have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one a transitional area in which many  species  from other regions  overlap. The region of overlap is called a vegetation tension zone
SP SlUrflo Picrrangell MO J Cor* urn ng Engineers
50Democratic Republic of EtMopta
Wm^ffy of iWr, frrigatian afttf EMeiWry
Final FJA But** SMfy
Dabu* ffydropo***r Projacl
FU'k 4 Ua»» pfaywebar-^* ni Uta <ai
r*_tr
L C tar>Cr»r*J» r’rtK'E-fci umtn d<! eadtatrn TJ Fambn-m
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r* Srs4.iiM.mi refte^cMj cmirtrf
v *~ Tr njjtM^* TTTIT Jt il^F  ?
-v
rrpx-cuJ cairi
•:J r'liHi ■ ■T._ Til. MoSlrTTEtln ^>IUl etjJtol 44 *nlllF»** VllI-
■» ■'•■• 4rdtefM4L«^>Exs p- 4- ——t
uJ
oxWnsf IX. Vr-itl^cx MT±=pcLKp>-tikfl rwpOH -V ntiuiK GtawbC n jywjTT ul !■_■.■! | BkX *bman iepKfalMfrl X. £7-iuifrr»
CfTTpii
fffMil LT«wv>* mmw. XL Uumtt r'
r •'ii'b !■ til ri*i tto«»rat =r=» XU t Jlx S icwu rrjEK-r^
axHAt. XIIL /ju=j-»hw luJLainhMie r^p>vjJ rr~MA- XIV lUahuuv H^rtad rng-.-fthl uswtaw row. XV Ttif ih>J FtanA JaM
FT^uj&al    moMQE-    XVI    S&hel    e«|>nui    cwyirt    rm.    XVTI    ^th*r>   rrtxrjl    uisaLm   nene   XVJTT    Maiimwaii    Mhiri    rsrf-1"^ EEstuMjufli »fliL XIX ijm MaLmji * ffnpm fcl <xmtra e4 ■wAwikcl XX Wqj u.i«pr. Fqp.-mJ; tran-e lJ rndEsekei
Figure 4 6: Distribution pattern of plants in Dabus valley in relation to vegetation of Africa
SP stud*
- MDI Consulting Engineers
51FmttEl* BAseiinc Study
Dabus Hydropoff PrajKf
of Wafer, Jmgaflcn jrrtf EJrctrtcrffy
4.3.3    Wildlife Resources and their Habitat
4.3.3.1 Background and Methodology
The biodiversity and wildlife resources that occur in and around the future dam and reservoir areashave been assessed and the potential impacts  faced by  the resources  has  been identified
Methodology
The wildlife and habitat assessment has been conducted using the following methods
1)    Review of Previous Studies and Published Literature
Available data on wildlife iesource including birds related to the project area were gathered from different relevant institutions  such as  Bureau of Environmental Protectron and Land Administration of Beneshangul-Gumuzt Ethiopian Wildlife Development and Conservation Authority  (EWCA), Oromia Forestry  and Wildlife Enterprise. Oromia Land use and Environmental Protection Authority  and Institute of Biodiversity  Conservation Information from previous  Environmental Assessment Report of the project area and environmental protection regulation and guidelines of the country and other documents have been used to be familiar with the condition of the species of wildlife resource distribution and habitat use To understand the wildlife enforcement activities  and institutional arrangements  of the country. available proclamations  and regulations  issued were gathered from Federal Negarit Gazeties
The level of threat to the wild animals of the area was referred in the IUCN’s Red List Data of Wild Animals of the World
As the bird population in the area were very significant, as much as possible, identification to the species level was made Bird status of the area has been described according to their seasonality  and abundance The status  is  determined by  whether the species  is permanently resident or migrates seasonally from one region to the other in the tropics The migration is  mainly  Intra-African or Palaearctic  Intra-African migrants  are those (hat move in the African Continent and Palaearctic migrants are those that move from the north such as  Europe to the south mainly  Africa for wintering and breeding Furthermore, information on the birds supposed to be found in the project area is collected from previous studies, field guides of birds of Africa and East Africa Bird species studies conducted in the past in this  part of Ethiopia by  EWCO, Ethiopian Natural History  Society  (EWNS) experts  were used for comparison with present findings
2)    Field Observations
Direct Impact Zone: To observe the wildlife status, diversity and habitat in the wild a field Inp was  conducted Direct field observation was  made and secondary  data on population size, specres  number on birds  and olher wild animals  collected using sample transects systematically  selected in the different habitat types  in the project area. Transects  were selected in forest and woodland, riparian bush land, shrub land and in areas that compose grassland,
Information was  obtained through formal and informal discussions  with the local communities. Consultation with the communities  based on their daily  experience and historic observation had enabled the Study Team to know the animals that are occupying the area
During the field investigation, distribution pattern of major wildlife resources expected to be present and the major types of agro-ecological zones, vegetation communities and habitats were identified ano recorded
SP Slixf'O PlFefrangefi MDl CpraiJIing En^neera
52Ministry of Wafer Jrngjflon and Efeciriciff
fittti EfA Bawlmt Study O*t>ui Hydropower Project
Mammal rdentification was done using a Field Guide to Mammals of Africa including Madagascar. (Hattenorth and Diller. 1960) and for birds’ identification (Perlo 1995 and
Sinclair. Ryam, 2003) A pair of binoculars was a very important instrument used to observe
or scan the area surveyed to identify birds and other wild animals and their habitat
Buffer Zone and Potential Compensation Areas: Areas designated as a buffer zone for
lhe purpose of this project are some sites lhal on the sides of the proposed reservoir and
forested ridges located some kilometres away from lhe river
Areas  studied for the proposal of a compensation area are sites  adjacent and/or away  from the project area, which will be left aside to protect wildlife to offset wildlife habitat that may be lost as  a result of the implemenlalion of lhe project. For lhe purpose of the compensation area sample transects  selected and surveyed include Anbessa Chaka Bambassi Mountain Range, siles  at Gara Arba area and forested and less  settled sites  al the different surveyed areas, especially  areas  towards  the lower part of the dam at the north western left side of Dabus River at kebele called Moka Arba .
3)           Consultation with Stakeholders
Information on wildlife resource patterns, distribution, and past and present trends  in lhe project area and the adjacent habitats  was  collected through interviews  discussion with local people, government authorities  at different levels  (Kebele. Weredas) and other stakeholder institutions The interviews and discussions focused on
•     the kind of species of wild animals.
■    the attitude of lhe people towards lhe wildlife,
•     kind of threats the wild animals face.,
■    lhe presence of migratory, endangered endemic species of wild animals
■    benefit lhe wild animals in lhe proposed projeci area have for lhe people and
■   the threat the wild animals may face due to the project and remedial solutions they 
have for the threats raised
4.3.3.2 Survey Results and Discussions
Findings  of  field  Observations.  Discussions,  Interviews  and  Literature  Reviews  made  in  the study are discussed in following sections
1) Direct Impact Zone
Dabus  River  side  at  Bamabassl:  This  transect  is  laken  at  downstream  Dabus  River  after the bridge al the entrance of Bambassi town on the mam road Addis Ababa to Assosa
It is an area of remnant mixed forest dominated by Bamboo and other trees and at the bank of the river dominated by  some riparian vegetation However, the area is  highly  deforested by  burning and cutting for cultivation, heavily  grazed by  domestic  animals  and only  relict stands of trees occur at present
As  the area seems  not to be suitable habitai for wildlife, we did not expect to encounter wildlife though we were able to see a Dik  dik  feeding A few number of birds  recorded in the site are listed in (See Annex 2)
Dabus  at Mendi-Bambasi Bridge: lhe site is  laken few meters  upstream from this  bridge. Settlement and cultivation are evident, riverine vegetation along the bank  of the river and a vast area which seasonally  inundate and covered with grass  in between the cultivated site and the riverine forest The grass  in the inundated area is  heavily  grazed by  both domestic and wild animals  especially  Hippopotamus  which is  observed m good number in the river at this site
SP Studio Pielninge* • UDI Coniultirg Engineer
53I
FMforaJ Domocratfc NtpuMc of £IhfOpM
Ministry of Wafer. /rHjubon and gectrieify
Flna/ EZA Bmttrra Study D*t>u5 Hydmpowor Project
Cultivation
in
the
area
is  practiced
by  both
local
communities  and
private
investors 
This 
II
II
makes  the area not conducive for wildlife though the local communities  informed some species  occur in the area occasionally  Both terrestrial and as  well as  lew species  of near/ water birds were recorded (See Annex 2)
Pholo 15 Dabus downslream of the Merdr-Bambasi Bridge Typical Dabus River S'de
Kashemando; at this  site the Dabus  River passes  through an area which is  subjected to inundation seasonally  Here there is  a vast inundated area more than any  other sites  Such sites  at Dabus  are very  heavily  covered with grass  which attract both wildlife and domestic animals, although in the past these sites  were used by  wildlife, today  the increase of settlement and cultivation and the presence of domestic  animals  seem to have made it difficult for wildlife to occupy the habitat permanently.
Salama Dabus: Salama Dabus  is  Kebele located at the northern side of Bambassi town The forest adjacent to this Kebele is mainly a pure stand of bamboo with few other species of trees  However as  we go down towards  Dabus  River lhe forest is  more of mixed forest Some of the evergreen riparian vegetation towards  the river rs  composed of Podocarpus falcatus, Ficus sycamorus and Syzigium guinmze
in this  a<ea there is  a very  high forest clearing activities  The bamboo forest is  cleared by burning and culling by  investors  as  well as  settlers  who are organized into unions  to carry out intensive agricultural actrvities  Forest density  increases  as  one goes  towards  lhe North West towards the River, which was in the past part of the designated Dabus CHA. However, this seems not to remarn so as no hatting of clearing the forest is in place
We were informed forests near lhe rivet side harbour a considerable species of wild animals such as  Buffalo and some antelopes  Wild animals  and including birds  recorded in the srte are shown in Annex 2
Threats  to  the  wild  anrmafs  in  the  area  are  mainly  forest  clearing  for  agriculture  and  wild animal hunting. Hunting, the inhabitants traditionally have taken to kill wildlife for granted.
SP Studio Pietrangfcii - MOI ConsuRrng Engiirwers
54
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I
I
I
■ I
I
■
I
I n
■
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IFinal El A SJfrtftW Sfi/tfy
Hydrpfraw*' Prq/ecr
Wrwitiy of Wafer, Jm'gjfroo and MacMcity
Photo 16 Abdim's Stcrk at Salama Dabus burned area
Sonka River Area: is  a river which is  a tributary  to Dabus  River flows  through the different settlements  and agricultural areas  The riverine forest along the river will be inundated at its lower course and the wild animals  which may  occur here will be displaced and will have difficulty m getting a refuge as all the surrounding habitats are settlement area.
Abba Abeko: is  a kebele located on the north western side of Bengwa town connected to lhe Dabus  River bank  by  poorly  constructed trail. The 13 km trail that reaches  this  site is well forested on both sides  and only  some settlement areas  are observed The local communities have witnessed that they occasionally encounter wildlife species.
However sites  located after the riverine forest at the bank  of the river which in other Dabus areas  subject to inundation and is  seasonal wetland, here it is  highly  cultivated by  Oromia Region investors  as  a result of which wildlife used to occupy  the area is  now facing a problem The areas  importance for wildlife seems  to have diminished The wild animals  the local communities knew to exist here are listed in the Annex 2.
This  site is  located opposite the community  settlement areas  such as  Salama Dabus  on the left bank  of the River and if compared the habitat is  less  disturbed or is  more natural than the other side
Riparian Vegelation. Dabus River a! Abba Abeko (typical Dabus River Bank)
Kokora Gurratti: Dabus  River at this  kebele unlike the other sites  where it seasonally inundate its  course, here the nver passes  among elevated hills  to areas  such as  Dangule and Moka Ar ba
The settlement and cultivation are as (ar as down to the river bank. Though people say 
there is good number of wildlife species, lhe areas importance for wildlife is minimal
However, areas at lower course to Ihis kebele are less settled and have more forest cover
and can accommodate wildlife Especially, the left bank at this site where it is high in altitude
can be a safe area for a lot ol wildlife that can be displaced from a vast area that will be
inundated as the result of the reservoir and the dam
Birbiraa Muttart: the area surveyed at this  site is  settlement area called Tsatse Gara Worobbo The site is  located in the south west of Bengwa town The settlements  arc established among scattered Cumberafum-Terminal woodland and cultivation is  done by often burning and clearing the forest In lhe surrounding area
Dabus  River on this  side of its  course follows  the usual pattern of the Dabus  River’s  course that is  riverine forest next to lhe river, then seasonally  inundated part and woodland habitats on the right and left side of the river In this part of Dabus River, apart from lhe area settled lhere is considerable area of woodland up and down stream and beyond which makes the
SP Studio Piekangeli - MDI Conwbrfl Enfilneera
55Fcrderel Domocriiftc Republic of Ethiopia
Ministryof Water, Irrigation and Electricity
Final f M                      Sludy
D«hu* ^drop*K*tr Pro/tci
area suitable habitat for wikilife. People have informed the surveyor the wild animals inhabit the area (See Annex 2)
Lalo Nora: Begi is  a town located at about 80 km south of Bambassi town surrounded by a woodland forest On our way  to Begi on the right or west side of the road is  located a mountain range with a remarkable mixed forest, we were told that the mountain range harbour a considerable number of species of wildlife and is connected towards the western side to another forested mountain range called Shida
From Begi after about 20km drive to the south-east found an area mainly  a seasonally inundated area or wetland in the middle of scattered and in some sites  dense woodland Although we encountered wild animals  such as  CoIobus  and Anubis  Baboons  and droppings of Roan Antelope, in addition the inhabitants have told us that other wild animals such as Buffalos frequently visit the area In the south and east boundary of this wetland is forested.
Photo 17 Seasonally mundatec area at laio Nura and typical area at Dabus River sides
Especially, the southern side of this  wetland stretch a vast dense forest connected to the forests  of Kelem Zone of Oromia Regional State This  location is  part of the upper most catchment of the Dabus River, it is also known by a general name as Datti. In this forest an area of 200,000 hectare of forested land is  put aside by  the Regional State of Oromia for conservation and established a national park  This  forest was  leased in the past to professional hunters for sport hunting
Wildlife  recorded  for  the  area  and  those  we  were  informed  by  the  inhabitants  are  listed  .n Annex 2.
2) Potential Compensation Sites: Anbessa Chakka
This  is  a site of pure stand of dense to scattered low land bamboo forest Oxythenanthera abyssimca The forest >s located on both sides of the road from Bambassi to Assosa on flat land bordered by  mountain ridge on the western side The forest is  thinned by  human activities mainly by burning The forest seems to be regularly burned by people settled near
SP StudiD Ptettargeb • MOI Cor suiting
56Midifty gf Wifr, Jmgatwfl arttf E^cctric/fy___________ ________ _______________
Anal £JA Sasatow Study
Dabtri Hydfopowef Project
the forest to avoid wildlife lhat may be a problem to their domestic animals and farm and to
stimulate fresh growth of the grass for their domestic animals and to control licks 
Local inhabitants informed the team that there are species of wild animals such as 
Bushbuck, Duikers, Buffalos, primates such as Anubis Baboon and others. We learned from
the local communities that Elephants were occasionally visiting the area bul are killed and
none are observed recently The wildlife and birds observed are hsled in Annex 2.
Threats to the area are the activities of investors, settlement, cultivation and uncontrolled
wildlife hunting.
4.3.3,3   Wildlife Resources and in the Project Area
The proposed project the Dabus  River Valley  is  a site in the past designated as  one of Ethiopia's  Controlled Hunting Area however as  no safari hunting had been carried out in the area in the past, the proposal was not tested and remained only good on paper
With the assumptions  that the area is  a good wildlife habitat a considerable time has  been spent in the survey  of the area Our observation at different sample srles  and according to informalion gathered from the communities  inhabiting around Dabus  River area riverine habitat and flood plains and from the knowledge on the kind of wild animals expected in this type of habitat, we have come to know that m the past the sample sites  supported a considerable number of species  of wildlife However there are no or only  there are little evidences  of existence of wildlife in most of these habitat today  Sample sites  such as Bambasi. Kashmando and Mutsa Dabus, Salama Dabus, and others  all in Beneshagul- Gumuz  National Regional State and in the Oromia Regional State opposite side of lhe river, sample sites  such as  Abba Abeko, Kella Dabus, Kokora Gurratti, and Muttari Birbirsa were known to support wildlife. However today, one can hardly  see any  wikilife in these sites easily  Based on our observation, this  has  been due to mainly  Ihelr proximity to towns, as a result of which settlers, subsistence and commercial farmers  were attracted to the area to settle and cultivate. This  shows  the area cannot be a good habitat to sustain wild animals and it is  inevitable that in the long ran the relict species  of population of wildlife remaining in the area will disappear
Sites such as Lalo Nora near Datti and the adjacent woodlands and forest at upper Dabus 
River course m Begi Oromia. where the National Regional Slate has established a Nalional
Park, are habilals that to date inhabited by wildlife and can be an alternative habitat for wild
animals that will leave lhe inundated sites.
The ornithological aspect of the project area from what we observed and lhe data recorded by  other observers  indicate lhe area is  important for birds. The existence of birds  typical to different eco-regions  (east, west, north, and Sub-Saharan Africa) show that the area has more importance for bird diversity  than mammals  and can be a good attraction site This fact is  in line with the observation made by  staff of EWCO (now known as  EWCA) who visited the area in lhe past and made a conclusion lhat there were many birds, though they didn't identify  due time constraints, as  a result of which EWNHS (1996) considered Dabus River Valley as a prospective IBA
Based on the assessment, wildlife species  number and population in the project area are low The fact that we encountered only  a few animals  shows  that lhe area supports  only limited number of wildlife species  This  low population of wildlife will oe exacerbated by  the on-going increase of settlement and need for more farmland, which leads  Io the loss  of wildlife habitat and their by the disappearance of the few remaining wild animals.
SP Slucfio Piekanijfill - MOI CwJting Engineers
57FedfftJ1 Democratic
0* f tftrOP**
final £M S«>se/mc Sfucfy
Duftiw Mydropowor Pro/eci
Mtivstty of Wfter, frrigotwr             f tecfr^fy
4.3.4 Fish Diversity and Fishery
4.3.41 Objectives and Methodology
Objectives
The mam objective of the present report is to describe and make an initial assessment of the fish resources  and fishery  on the river based on secondary  data or a general understanding of the potential impact of the proposed dam construction across the river
In this respect the report will attempt to:
• Describe the current situation and status of lhe fish resources with regard to the diversity of the fish faunain the project area
■    Make preliminary assessment of the fishery development possibilities in (he basin based on secondary data and reports available
■    Identify the potential posrtive and negative effects of lhe construction of the dam and creation of a reservoir on (he fish and fisheries of the basin
• Propose possible mitigation measures for potential negative effects of the dam on lhe fish species drversily and fisheries of the basin.
■ Suggest water management and fisheries development plan of lhe expected reservoir fishery
Methodology
Methods used in lhe preparation of the Phase I report include:
• Review of reports of earlier surveys and studies made on the fish species diversity and fisheries of lhe River Dabus
Collecting data and information on the fishery and aquaculture resources
11
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n
DeXpmX Offices3 63
300 Re9‘orial Lwes,ock and FlSheries
^uanut0   r<Lp°df    °n   Uar'OlJ5    development  programs  in  the  project  area  and  other relevant reports based on other basins of the country;
Reports of River Basin Master plan studies for Integrated Development programs 4.3.4.2 Fish stocks and fishery of the River Dabus
The river environment and fish stocks diversity
^eseamh "and1
riVer haS done at dlfferent ,imes in connection to various
S and JsX S ! Pr°9facS TheSe inClude ,axono™  *■<*»
c
(Mina and naPh i * J?™'es 'n Elh,opian waters. under the JERBE scientific studies 
co "d^ed to
and *ShefV resource ^
eys
™de connection to
studies for the GERD Hydropower project launching (report of EfA siudies. 2012. MIDI)
ElA stuX forlh^GFRnN h Beneshan
^ Gumuz Regional State (MoA, 2011) or to
high  UrrbidiN  mluhT  ?abus..'s   reP°rted   vefY  turbid  with  very  high  suspended  mater  This 
SSe buN col^
course, but rt could have serious limitations for the productivity of the water
° f the increas€d eroSlon in Stream areas of the nver
the B^Nile wtha
lAbbay Baisin EX pL?        °Ver 150 m’/s fo’ R OablJS al location near Asossa
con£,dered *rie most important perennial tributanes of
wide (50-60mi with an
varret^s1 the conimn/'W
varieties, the common ones known with then local names as Lugo. Kokora and Bedessa
Tlle Dabus Rwer bank at the reported study sites Is rather jacent wide wetland for a long stretch of the river
' S 3,50 covefed with large overhanging trees of different
SP ScudfO P-elrange MDI Committing Englni*^
58
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■I
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4^-«-Federal Onfnocratic ftepuMc ofEthMpIt
Ministry Gf Wafer, /fttjjtfchi aW Eloctn'ciiy _____ ____________ „______________
Final EIA Bmlfab Study
Dabut Hy&opow Project
Th'&se overhanging frees  provide allochthonous  material enriching the river water by dropping leaves, flowers, seeds, other plant debris into the waler These are important sources of food for many fish species of fish including the catfish (Ciarias) which is the most abundant species tn the river
The fish species diversity of the River Dabus is reported to be lowest among the main tributary rivers of the Slue Nile like the Rivers Anger Beles and Didessa that contain more diverse fish species (GERD EIA study report. 2012; MoA report, 2011 )(table 1). This may, apparently, be due to the very turbid (silty), fess productive, waler reported for the Dabus River This high turbidrty of the river waler is reported to be for all seasons including during the dry season (ref GERD EIA report 2012) This character of high lurbidity of nver water was also indicated in a different study report where the secchi disc (depth) reading, that indicates water transparency, was measured to be as low as 10 cm (MoA study report 2011) Similar measurements  of waler transparency  for other rivers  like Rrvers  Anger. Didessa and Beles had over 55 cm for the same period and also conlam more fish species The studies on the nver Dabus were conducted In a similar location at the Dabus Bridge on the way Wendi to Asosa
Different number of fish species are indicated in different reports for the fish diversity of River Dabus however these are based on the sampling locations, sampling seasons and the purpose of the study. Thus the report from the MoA, report (Table 4 6). was mainly targeted on identifying itie species  of commercial interest to develop the fishery  More species are identified and listed in the species identification research report of NFLARR for the DabusRrver- EARO, 2003. Seven species  of three families, Clandae, Cichlidae, Gypnnidae, were identified and listed in this study (Table 4 7) It is noted here that the Cyprimd fishes which dominate the river systems are also prominent in the species list of the Dabus River although they are not noticeably important in the fishery, according to reports
Fable 4.6 Relative diversity of fish species in the different tributaries of Blue Nile(MoA
Fish Family
Abay
Anger
Beles
Dabus
Dedem
Bagndae
1
1
1
-
-
Centropo-mdae
1
-
1
...
Chanmdae
1
1
0
-
Characidae
2
2
2
1
Cichlidae
1
1
1
1
1
Clanidae
2
1
1
---------
1
Gypnnidae
5
4
3
1
3
DistichodonWae
2
1
0
Mala pie ru ridae
1
-
1
*
T
Mochokidae
1
1
1
-
...
Mocmyrdae
5
1
1
-
1
Tetraodoritidae
-—.------------- -
1
—
-
-
-
0
Total
23
13
12
3
sI
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59Fedeoi1 DemocrtUc JtopLfbtfc of frfr/Opta
Wastry oF fcVffqr; Zmjt^on trrcf Eteetridfy
Final El A BaseUnv Study
Dabus Hydropower Prefect
Table 4 7 Fishes of the Dabus River al the bridge along Nekempt-Assosaroad (9° 46 N
34- 48 30 E)
Family
Species
Clandae
(Burchell, 1822)
Cichlidae
Or&ochroftj/srwtotous (Linnaeus, 1753)
Cyprlnidae
Labeofors*a/ri (Ruppell, 1835)
Sndjus witermedrus (Ruppell, 1836)
6 pa^dfnosus (Peters. 1852)
Vancortwiusteso (Ruppell. 1836)
Garra sp
Source NFLAPFkEARO 2003
The high turbidity  of the over water (lowsecchi depth reading) indicates  that, there is  high erosion of the land in (he River Dabus  catchment area upstream This  situation could have negative impact on the water quality  of the proposed reservoir as  it limits  light penetration and reduce the primary  productivity  of lhe waler body  Besides  reducing the potential fish productivity  of the reservoir, sillation and subsequent sedimentation could be a serious problem for the long term management of the reservoir water capacity  The high silt deposition would reduce water volume maintenance of the dam Therefore, a well-planned soil and water conservation / management strategy  should be prepared for (he catchment area to enhance the productivity of the reservoir as well as efficient functioning of the dam in high water volume maintenance
With regard to lhe fish species  diversity  although there has  been limited research on the rivenne fish stocks in Ethiopia, lhe fish species diversity of the Blue Nile River and its mam tributaries  have been substantially  studied and listed by  various  researchers  but mainly  by the Joint Ethio-Russian Biological Expedition (JERBE) group of scientists  (Golubtsov, and Mina, 2003; Golubtsov  and Darkov. 2008; Golubtsov, etaL 1995) and others  (Abebe Getahun. 20Q7; DerejeTewabe, 2011; Nagelkerke, 1997;ZelekeBerie 2007: NFLARR/EARO. 2003),
A summary  list of fish species  so far identified for lhe Blue Nile Basin is  given to indicate the fish diversity, including the number of families  genera and species  (Table ). According to JERBE report a total of 77 fish species  contained in 37 genera and 16 families  have been identified and listed so far in the Blue Nile River Basin in which River Dabus  is contained (Golubtsov  and Darkov. 2000) This  number, however, could grow even more in the future as  studies  reveal new species  from smaller streams  and tributaries  in the basin that have nol been covered in studies yel The lower reaches of river Dabus, where access to the river is  difficult needs  to be surveyed and lhe fish fauna identified It has  been established through researches  that the spatial distribution of fish species  follows  a pattern of increasing diversity with decreasing elevation (Golubtsov and Mina 2003; Nikolsy. 1963)
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Table 4.0: Summary list of fish diversity in the Blue Nile River system (from JERBE 2008)
I
p
Family
r
Genera
—
Species
Polypteridae - btftors
1
1
2
Osteogtosidae- African bonytoftgcra
1
1
3
Marmyndae - efephan
4
6
Cha^a cidae - cftaracOTS
4
7
5
Distichodontidae
2
3
6
Cypnnidae
9
33
7
Balrtondae
1
1
8 “*
Bagridae
1
2
9
Clarotidae
2
2
10
Schilbidae
1
2
'11
Claridae
2
2
12
Malapterundae
1
1
13
Mochokidae
3
6
14
Centropomidae
1
1
15
Cichlidae
3
3
16
Tatraodonbdae
1
1
Total listed
I 37
77
Endemic and migratory species
The fish species reported to occur in the River Dabus (Table 4 7) are also found in other water bodies in the country lakes and rivers, including the other tributary rivers of lhe Blue Nile
There is no report to indicate that any of these species are threatened or endangered to deserve special conservation attention. Many of them are of commercial importance that could be enhanced and developed for the expected reservoir fishery.
The species have migratory behaviour and undergo local migration al different stages of their life history. These migrations are performed along the river course and also seasonally to lhe flood areas  for reproduction and feeding activities. Thus  seasonal upstream, downstream and lateral migrations lo flood plan area is a phenomena common for many of lhe nvenne fish species lhe Cypnnids and Clarias also.
4.3.4J The Fishery
River Dabus  is  easily  accessible al the Dabus  Bridge near Bambasi and most studies reported had their sampling and other data collection surveys done around this location of the river. At the location the River Dabus has wide banks with thick vegetation cover for a large part of its length according to the reports
The Fisheries is also actively developed (relatively) at this area. This is mainly due lo its accessibility and easy transport of the catch to the market in lhe towns of Bambasi and further west to Asosa The dominant fish species in the catch of the fishers are reported lo be the African catfish. Cfanasganepwus and the tilapia, Oreochramfcmfoticus. Although the Cypnnids Labeoforska/n Barbus jntermedius. Barbus sp and Vancorhf ntj.sbesok are listed in lhe species composition of the river, they are not reported as valuable component in the catch of lhe fisheries and apparently not targeted by the fisher group
$P Siudlo P ■cl"w-gelr - MDl Consulting' F ngir-i-ert
61OerTHXr’tfi'c Ropu&JK: of f Ehnopn
Mjnut/y of Water, Irrigatfon j/xf EJectrirify
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Otbcrt tfytfropower Pro>ef
The landscape along lhe river Dabus is flat plain covered wrlh thick grass which is inundated during the peak  rainy  season, This  creates  lhe flood plain, asuitablespawning ground for the catfish (C/anasgariepirH/s) and leaves behind a wide wetland as the flood recedes The wetland Is  used as  a valuable communal grazing land during the dry  season by  lhe local community, according to the report and Ctanasganepmus is the most abundant fish species m the fisheries of river (GERD EIA report 2012; MOA report. 2011).
The fishery  is  said Io be under-exploited with much room for improvement The level of exploitation of fish from lhe rivers in lhe area is only 8 % of lhe total potential (MOA report, 2011) This  is  apparently  attributed to the inherent problem of access  to the good fishing grounds  of riverine fishery, The report indicated that if access  to reach the rivers  was possible and the necessary fishing gears and other facilities were made available, the level of exploitation could increase and more fish supplied to the market
4.3.5     Aquatic Ecology
4.3.5 J Background
The composition of aquatic flora and fauna are studied and the potential impacts of lhe project on those aquatic flora and fauna and their habitats are identified (GERD ESIA 2011}
This survey is carried out in the project affected and direct impact zone The objective of
the study is to
■    assess the baseline status of the flora and fauna of riverine and riparian ecosystem of the Dabus River and the future reservoir area;
•  predict  the  potential  impact  of  constructing  Hydropower  dam  on  Dabus  River,  the creation of reservoir on the riverine and riparian ecology and the terrestrial ecology in lhe inundated areas:
■     recommend  mitigation  measures  in  order  to  reduce  the  negative  impacts  of  the project and enhance positive ones; and
■      Prepare   a   monitoring   and   management   plan   of   the   project,   which   shall   be implemented during the construction and operation phase of lhe project.
4.3.5.2  Aquatic Flora
Dabus  nver had moderate ripanan cover (score of 8) indicating vegetation removal by riparian communities  for household purposes  Also, the sandy  banks  Dabus  sites  are nol conducive for macrophyte growth
As  mentioned in Table 4,9. eight species  of phytoplankton belonging lo the Cyanophyceaefb/ue-green aigae/bacteria). Bacillarophyceae (diatoms) and Ch/orophyceae (green afgae} was observed in the project area, The most dominant ones were the diatom TaMlana and the colonial green algae Pediastrum sp. Pediastrum is  typically  planktonic,
drifting and floating about in ponds, marshes, pools and lakes (Prescott, 1978) so it is very likely that it will be a pioneer colonizer in lhe impounded Dabus Dam, together with blue green and diatoms
Dense  mats  of  filamentous  green  algae  (Sp/rogyre  spp  mostly)  were  common  al  Dabus River largely as a result of stagnant back waters
SP siudra Piclrangeli - MOI Cornufllrig Engineer*
62Fft/rfat Dcnrocrahc flfpufrflc 0/ Etfrtoprfa
IWrwifry of Waff, frrigjMofl and Eltctfi&ty
Find EM !M softie Study
Debus HydfOpo*e< Prefect
Table 4 9 Checklist of aquatic fauna and flora m the study sites
Scientific Name and
Taxon
Common Name
Drift zooplankton
ZfremXKfiapfomus gated r   Calanoid Copepod Tftermacyctops sp               Cyclopoid Copepod Mesocye/ops sp                  Cladocera
f.Daphanospma excrsum
Dabus R.                   Conservation status *• Not evaluated by IUCN, but a'so
+
not listed as erdangered threatened, endemic or vulnerable
m IUCN Red List
Widespread in other lakes and rivers In Ethiopia (pers data)
Phytoplankton (algae)
Cyanophyceae
PtenfacMm sp.
Pseuffontochtf sp
PtenWo/yngDya sp.
Lyngbya nrfotica
Sacillanophyceae
Sunm/te sp (2)*
Eunotiasp (2)
Tabefferia f2)
Gomphonema
ChiorDphyceae
-ibid-
Slue-green algae
Diatoms
Pedfastrum sp                      Green algae Eudonna sp (VoJvacjdaJ1
$/»rogyra sp
Filamentous green
♦
-
+
■
+
+
+♦
+
+
-
+
Zoobenthos  (macro-
invertebrates)
Midge flies (6)
+
Cuiiodae
Not evaluated by IUCN, but also not listed as endangered threatened, endemic or vulnerable in IUCN Red List
Common m other lakes and rivets in. Ethiopia <p®ra data)
Total t of Taxa                                                                11
Source' GERD E/A ffnaJ report 20 f 1 Mote ‘Numbers i;n ftadtefc refer to tolerance /atoes
J
4.3.6.3  Aquatic Fauna
Conservation Species
The conservation status of the aquatic biota of the project sites has not been evaluated by IUCN. They have not been listed in the most comprehensive study of aquatic biodiversity in Eastern Africa (Darwell et al 2005) which was commissioned by IUCN to document the conservation status of some aquatic biota (fish, mollusc, odonates and crabs) None of the aquatic  species  recorded in this  study  have been listed as  endangered, threatened endemic or vulnerable in the IUCN Red List and all of the aquatic fauna and flora collected in this study are very widespread and common in other water bodies in Ethiopia Therefore, there is no need for urgent and special conservation measures for all the species
Unusually high floods caused swelling of the tributaries, brought m a lot of fine sediment and swept away biota Also, relatively, higher human impacts could be observed in the main rrver channels. Although gold panning activities were observed at site. Particularly, intensive
SP Studio P’errangeli - MDI Cwsulting EngmtM
63fedrrai Dcmocraric RepubK c? EffnapM
M.'nrtfry of W<|gr, Irrigation and Electricity
Final El A Basoiinc Study
Dabu* Hydrnp&ntr Prtyttt
gold panning activities  involving use of motor pumps  intensive agricultural activities  and large personnel was  observed in the Dabus  River at Faduni village, Bambasi and Kundal We red a.
This  study  did not document any  exotic  flora or fauna in the Dabus  River Riparian vegetation was  scantier in the River probably  because of larger human population near (he nver banks  Crocodiles, hippopotamus  and Nile monitor were occasionally  observed at site Disease Vectors
Schistosomiasis  and Malaria are serious  public  health problems  in the Dabus  Basin and although only  a few vector snails  were identified, it is  possible to suggest that (he disease vectors  may  be present seasonally  in the project area Thus  it is  likely  that snail vectors  of schitosomiasis  and Fasciolasis  (sheep liver fluke) may  find more favourable habitat after the damming project and be a health challenge in the area Regular monitoring (or establishment of the vectors and effective means of controlling the diseases should be given high priority by the concerned authorities after commissioning of the Dabus HEP
4.3.5.4    Summary of Ecological Status of the Dabus River
The ecological state of the Dabus  was  rated as  moderate". Ecological functions  of the river is  not highly  compromised as  the basic  ecological functions  are largely  maintained, as evidenced by  recovery  of macro-invertebrate and diatom species  that indicated good and pristine conditions  Dabus  had slight ecological impairment and compromised biotic  integrity (see Table 4 10) These were due to intensive gold panning activities  scouring of river bed and unusual flooding from upstream sites  The overall biotic  integrity  of the Dabus  River at the proposed Dabus  Reservoir area can be said to be satisfactory  but strict intervention is required to reduce human impacts  mainly  due to agricultural activities  new settlements  and gold panning in the basin.
Table 4 to Summary of Ecological Status of the Dabus River
Site^S core
Dabus River
Habitat integrity score
C
Index of Biotic Integrity
Macro-invertebrate Index
BC
Diatom indest
B
Overall ecological category
e-c
Interpret al ion
Moderate
The description of these categories is
Slightly impaired: High diversify of tax a largely natural with few modifications. A small change tn natural habitats  and biota may  have taken place but the ecosystem functions  are essentially unchanged
Moderately  impaired: Moderate diversity  of taxa. Moderate modification from reference Loss  and change of natural habitat and biota have occurred, but the basic  ecosystem functions  are still predominantly unchanged.
Source GERD EM ftna/ reoo/i, 20 f 1
SP Studio Pietrnngeh ■ MDl ConsultEngines
64Fecforil D#moc«nc fteputUrc of Ethiopia Ministry of Irtfarttr, fnrrgjEKwi ind Efeclif.fcjly
4.3.6    Insect Fauna
M FM 80»efme Study
£3*bu3 Hydfopo***' Prq/ecf
Assessment of the composition of insect fauna both in abundance and diversity, habitat characteristics  and distribution, tevel of ecosystem integrity  and assessment was  carried out and project impacted habitats  were identified The survey  assessed the abundance and diversity  of insect families  that contain crop pests  and human and animal disease vectors in the study  area The degree of biological diversity, endemicity  (the presence of threatened or endangered species) and the scientific  or conservation aspects  in relation to the project and its environment were emphasized
4 3.6.1 Insect Fauna Diversity. Abundance and Ecosystem Services
The study  area is  typically  open deciduous  tree dominated woodland ecosystem with grass, thorny  bushes, and shrub undergrowth Intensive human interference such as  agricultural activities, fire, land clearing, settlement and domestic  animals  was  observed The insect fauna which are the major components  of the ecosystem lhal would be displaced as  the result of the impounding water body  to be created are believed to re establish themselves in a rather short period of time owing to their high reproductive potential and adaptive strategies
The collected insect fauna m these sites reflected similar diversity and abundance patterns 
These ecosystems are known to support lhe highest number of insect species The
terrestrial ecosystems host more diversified insect groups due to the varied microclimates 
under vegelations that could be used by insects as food, shelter or defence from enemies,
or mating.
In this  study, the collection sites  have shown similar insect population abundance and diversity  The Project Area as  a whole has  similar ecosystem integrity  characterized by unstable habitats and a certain degree of human interference.
4 3.6.2 Insect Fauna of Agricultural and Forestry Significance
Insect families  in which species  that are major pests  to agriculture and forestry  such as Acrididae, Scarabidae Aphididae. and Tettigonidae was  found at sites  The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) must be implemented giving attention towards  the management of vegetations  and human settlements  in the proposed buffer zone where insect will move to and colonize as  a coping mechanism following the change in ecosystems  (niches| they used to inhabit (as the result of the construction of the dam and creation of the reservoir)
4.3.6      3 Insect Vectors of Human and Animal Diseases
Insect families  with public  health and velennary  significance including Culicidae, Psychodidae, Tabanidae and Muscidae were also identified in lhe project areas. These insect families  contain insect species  which transmit vector borne human and animal diseases  which include malaria, leishmaniasis, lymphatic  filariasis, trypanosomiasis, and onchocerciasis.
Family  Psychodidae: Phlebotomine sand flies  which are known vectors  of cutaneous  and visceral leishmaniasis  were observed in light traps  in different sites  of lhe study  area, Sand flies  suck  blood from reservoir vertebrate hosts  such as  wild and domestic  animals, birds, dogs, rodents, small mammals  and transmit disease enzootically. Sand flies  breed m cracks and holes  in the ground soil, caves  and animal burrows  with warm and humid conditions Ambient temperature and humidity  are critical for the breeding, survival and vectorial capacity  oi sand flies  and creation of the reservoir may  contribute to changes  m these factors
Family Tabanidae: These flies were also observedin the study area Tabanid flies are day biting blood sucking insects which breed in muddy surfaces or moist soils associated with water bodies. They are mechanical and biological vectors of human and animal diseases
SP SltldhO PlftVangeii - MD1 CmUfcng Lngreeri
65Ftftfomi1 Dfmoc/aC/c J?eptihl/e of Et/iiopMa
HVrri'sfry of Wbfw, frnggtfarr and EFgg tnc rfy
Final £i& Batalin* Study
Difry5 WycfrapOMrt'* Pra/*Cf
including  trypanosomiasis  and  filariasis.  Their  densities  could  increase  with  the  proliferation of muddy surfaces along the periphery of the reservoir
Family  Simuliidae Similarly, black  flies  (Family  Simulndae) which are important vectors  of onchocerciasis  breed m submerged vegetation in river water systems  in different parts  of Ethiopia Simuhrd black  flies  are diurnal in their biting behaviour and these flies  were identified during rhe wet season in the study  area Markedly  noticeable diurnal biting activities of black flies have been observed at different sites in the project area The humid and warm climatic  conditions, the presence of the three river systems, and construction of the dam m the study  area could favour not only  the breeding and survival of these blood sucking insects  but could also create potential endemic  foci for the transmission of onchocerciasis in the area
Family  Culicidae: Mosquitoes  are vectors  of malaria, filariasis, yellow fever, dengue and encephalitis  viruses  In the arid and semi-arid lowland regions  as  well as  the more humid foresled areas  associated with perennial rivers  of the country. Larvae and adult mosquitoes were observed in the project area Mosquitoes  were also detected biting humans  sleeping indoors  and outdoors  at night Mosquitoes  naturally  breed in different kinds  of water bodies associated with perennial rivers  streams, lakes, swamps, or waler bodies  formed by rainfall. Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from different types  of breeding habitats along river banks  and from man-made breeding sites  formed by  the gold panning activities of the local inhabitants
Muscoid Files: Muscidae Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae and other muscoid families contain important bitrng flies  and non-biting myiasis  causing flies  which affect human and animal health These flies arefound in the project area.
Family  Glossinidae: Both male and female tsetse flies  feed on blood of vertebrates, including large mammals, livestock  and humans: and are important vectors  of human and animal African trypanosomiasis
The crealton and proliferation of terrestrial and aquatic  breeding habitats  as  a result of the construction of the dam and creation of reservoir and associated changes of the ecosystem along the periphery/shoreline of lhe reservoir dam could be predicted and vector-borne human and animal diseases could emerge as a serious challenge in lhe long term
SP Studio Plolrangel- - MDl Consulting E ngineerti
66Fede/af Dwnocf*r;c ftrptiAJfc of EfhtapM
Wnjjj’jry pf Wafer , fm’gtftf&H log EJrcfcncjfy
1
Final EfA Basflmv StU&V
Dabu3 WydrupoiwTr Project
5 Socio-Economic Environment
5.1 Introduction
This  report deals  with a preliminary  (pre-feasibility  stage) socio-economic  impact assessment of the proposed Dabus  Hydropower scheme The report describes  the demographic  and socio-economic  characteristics  of populations  that would be affected by the realization of the proposed project as  well as  initial assessment of likely  beneficial and adverse impact of the project on lives  and livelihoods  of local populations. As  this  rs  only an initial social and economic  impact assessment (pre-feasibility  phase), the assessment will identify  and highlight key  social and economic  (livelihoods  in particular) issues  of concern that need to be looked into in more details  during the subsequent phase (feasibility phase)
Administratively, the proposed project falls  within two regional stales  - Oromia and Benishangul-Gumuz  (BSG) - in western lowlands  of Ethiopia The two reservoirs  stretch
□ver  two  zones  (one  in  Oromia  and  another  in  BSG)  and  four  We  red  as  -  two  Weredas  in each  zone  All  the  works  related  to  the  construction  of  the  dam,  powerhouse,  switchyard, construction  camps  and  access  roads  are  likely  to  be  confined  to  three  Weredas  namely Mene  Sibu  Wereda  of  the  West  Weiega  Zone,  Oromia  National  Regional  State  (ONRS)  and Bambasi  Wereda  and  Oda  Bildagulu  Wereda  of  Assosa  zone,  Benishangul-Gumuz  National Regional  State  (BGNRS)  for  Stage  I  and  stage  II  scheme  However,  impact  of  the  reservoir particularly   in   terms   of   number   of   kebeles   whose   land   (hence   local   populations   whose livelihoods  are  dependent  an  those  lands  and  other  land-based  natural  resources)  would be  affected  is  likely  to  be  even  more  pronounced  in  Kondala  Woreda  (West  Wollega  Zone) than  other  project  affected  Woredas  This  is  so  mainly  because,  the  Stage  I  scheme,  from the dam site to the tall of the reservoir does not only extend over a corridor of about 56 km length  thanks  to  the  largely  flat  plains  and  wetlands  towards  lhe  tail-end.  unlike  many  other reservoirs  elsewhere  in  Ethiopia,  it  also  stretches  laterally  (for  about  30  kms)  as  well  Such an  unusual  and  considerable  lateral  expansion  of  the  reservoir  is,  thus,  likely  lo  accentuate its  adverse  impacts  on  local  people  s  lives  and  livelihoods  as  well  as  the  bio-physical environment
5.1 .1    Objectives of the Assessment
One  of  the  universal  objectives  of  social  and  environmental  impact  assessment  tn  public  or
private investment projects is to
obtain wtia! could be termed as a
Social License to Operate - a
license that ensures that a proposed project (Dabus cascade scheme in this case) and activities thereof are fully accepted and approved by its key stakeholders and project affected communities in particular (see Box 1,1). This Initial Social Impact Assessment (SIA). conducted at the prefeasibility stage of the project, is part of the wider Initial
I
Environ mental
I mpact
Assessment (IEA). which seeks to __________ __________ __________ __________
lay   the   foundation   for   understanding   project   affected   communities   as   well   as   obtaining "Social License to Operate1 through promoting active dialogue and engagement of key
Box 1.1: Social License to Operate
Social Licenag to Operate: refers to the level of acceptance or approval of the activities of an organisation Dy its stakeholders, especially  local impacted communrties  Leading corporations now realize that they need to meet more than just lhe regulatory requirements, they  also need to consider, if not meet lhe expectations  of a wide range of stakeholders, including international NGO$ and local communities. If they don’t, they risk no! only reputational harm and lhe reduced opportunities that rnight bring, they also risk being subject to strikes, protests, blockades, sabotage legal action and the financial consequences  of those actions  In some countries, 'social license has become an established element of the language of business, actively  influencing, if not driving, the business strategy  of many  companies, and is  part of the governance landscape (Source: IA1A, 2015)
SP SludlO Pietrfliigeri MDi Consuming tngineers
67Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity
Final EIA Baseline Study
Dabus Hydropower Project
stakeholders  and adopting a bottom-up and participatory  approaches. IEA represents  the earliest stage in a formal environmental impact assessment used to identify  and evaluate the ways  in which a proposed infrastructure development project (Dabus  Hydropower project in this case) is likely to affect its environment, so that these environmental concerns and issues  can be taken more seriously  and adequately  addressed during later stages  of project preparation implementation, operation and closure Therefore, as  part of the wider EIA. the main objectives of the initial SIA istoi
•      determine  whether  or  not  the  nature  and  significance  of  potential  adverse  impacts are such that the project should not go ahead in its present form if major damage to the social and economic environment is to be avoided, or
•     identify and evaluate the key social and economic issues associated with the project so  that  attention  can  be  concentrated  on  these  issues  in  a  subsequent  ESIA,  and effort  focused  on  the  most  important  aspects  of  minimizing  adverse  socio  economic impacts and enhancing beneficial ones during subsequent phases of the project
5.1.2     Methods Used in the Assessment
As  the current phase of the study  is  concerned with providing general description of the socio economic  characteristics  of the populations  in the project area and highlights  of key issues  and concerns  related to the project impact on peoples' lives  and livelihoods, no quantitative baseline socio-economic  surveys  were conducted Therefore, this  initial assessment has  particularly  relied on reviews  of secondary  sources  including project related documents, national census  surveys  and administrative data sources  such as education and health sectors
In order to supplement and ground-truth the findings of the assessment, a reconnaissance
visit was paid to and limited public consultations and key informant interviews were
conducted al the project site Thus the mam methods used in this initial social impact
assessment are
I, desk  review of relevant documents  (including, census  surveys, administrative data collected during field a visrt to the project site, review of topographic maps of the proposed project area),
ii limited interviews with local public officials (Woreda Administrations) and.
m. physical observation and limited discussions with members of project affected communities.
5.2      Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile
Administratively  the proposed Dabus  Hydropower development project falls  within four Woredas  namely  Mena Sibu and Kondala in Wet Wollega Zone Oromia national regional State and Bambasi and Odabildigllu in Asossa Zone. Benishangul-Gumuz  National Regional State Based on findings  of the initial assessment, the Dabus  reservoir and dam are likely  to affect the bio-physical environment and hence, lives  and livelihoods  of populations  residing within an area of about 166 Km2(Ch-130 and Cb-180 combined) stretching along the banks of River Dabus, some of its tributaries and surrounding swamps and wetlands  In other words, as  it stands  now. the biological, physical and social environments  falling within the future impoundment zone of 166 km2 would be affected directly and some of them irreversibly Therefore the purpose of this SIA is to gain a good understanding of the communities  likely  to be impacted by  the proposed project and undertake a community profiling, which could lead to a more detailed assessment (Baseline survey and detailed ESIA) during the subsequent feasibility stage
SP Stud*o Pi«iranqrli - MDI Consulting Engineer
6BFetferal Democratrc
of Elfrfopfa
Mui/atry of Wjfw, /rrffAlton and tiec triclty
5.2.1     Demographic Profile
5.2.1.1 Population Characteristics
Final E1A SasaftnO Study
Oibui HydropQ**f Project
Based on CSA (2013) population projection an estimated 416.563 persons  (male 51% and female 49%) are currently  residing in the four project affected Woredas. With an overall sex ratio of 0 96 (Female Io Male ratio), the number of female population is  slightly, but consistently  lower than its  male counterpart in the four project Woredas. Of the total population living in those Woredas, a little over two-thirds are in West Wollega Zone, Oromia state while the remaining one-third are in Asossa Zone, Benishangul-Gumuz  (BSG) stale Results  of populalion projection made by  the same source mentioned above (CSA 2013) also revealed that an overwhelming majority  of over 87% of the population are residents  of rural areas  In other words  with only  about 13% of the population living in urban areas, rate of urbanization in the proposed project area is  significantly  lower than the national average of about 17% Number of project affected Woredas  and details  of current population of each Woreda is  summarized in Table 5 1 below. A more detailed information on current populations sizes of project affected Kebeles can be found in lhe Annexes
Table 5 1 Currenl (2016) Populalion of Project Affected Woredas by Residence and Sex
Total Population                           Urban Population
Rural Population
RegiorvZone
Project Affected
Worrtat
Mato       Female        Both         Mato   Femal
Bolh
Sexn                           e           Saxes
Male       Female
Both
Sexes
Oromia
■West
WoHega
Zon*
Mcneitou Werftda
61.909     79,133
161,047
10,775
10 701
21.556
71,134
68.357
139 491
KcHidalH Wfl'eda                 60,773     59.940
2.465
2 331
4 796
Sub FotaJ* West*
WbMaga Zone
142.68?
139,066 32,723 32 31?
120 721 281,769
66,306
68,409
13.240    11717
Bjmbasi Wereda 33,576
..
BSG
ASOS&S
Zone
Odabildigilu
W* eda
r
36.17C
9,446 9,115 3.448 2.974
..
Sub Toto/ Asossa
Zona
69.74«l
65,047            134.79512,896
12,049
26,952
10.563 6 422
24.965
Grand Total Project Affected
Woredas
r
j 112,430 204.133                 418,56326,1
25,201           51,337
58 300 179.447
24.130 32.722 56,652
186.294
57.817 125.974
23,613 29 345
52,958 178.932
115.925
255,416
47 743
62 067
109 81O
r
365,226
Source CSA, 2013 Population Projections
Woreda level information presented in Table 5.1 above, while useful in to shedding light on
basic demographic characteristics of population m the project area it inevitably lends to be
too general to be specifically applicable to population residing in project affected Kebeles Therefore, while maintaining some of the key Woreda level information ( e g , area,
population densities, number of rural Kebeles), attempts are made to go one step further
down on the administrative ladder and present Kebele level information (see Table 5.2 and
Tabl3 5.3 below)
In terms  of area Mena Sibu Woreda (1.912 km3) is  the largest and Kondala Woreda (1 298 km*) is  the smallest in the middle are Bambasi (1 462 kmJ) and Odabddigilu (1,667 km?). Unlike many  other parts  of Ethiopia, populalion densities  in the proposed project area are very  low - as  low as  65 7 persons  per km3 for all four project Woredas  (see Table 5.2). Unsurprisingly  though population densities  are the lowest on lhe left bank, j.e Asossa zone which is  well known for its  sparse population and large tracts  of ‘unoccupied* agricultural land, which, in turn, attracted not only  a series  of massive state-sponsored resettlement programmes  and informal migrant resettlers  and agricultural labourers, but also hundreds  (200+) of medium and large agricultural invesimenl projects  in search of suitable land for large scale commercial agriculture.
SP Studio Piettonge MDI Consulting Engineers
69Federal Democratic tfepuhflc of ftftiopfa
Mmiitry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity
hnai EiA Bmttno Study
Daboi Wydrt>po**r Pro/ecf
There are a total of 136 rural Kebeles  in all four project affected Woredas  The number of rural Kebeles  in each project Woreda varies  widely  For instance, the largest number of rural Kebeles  are in Mena Sibu (49 Kebeles), while the smallest is  in Odabildigilu (20 Kebeles). Out of the total 136 rural Kebeles in the four project Woredas, 35 Kebeles (26%) are likely  to be affected by  the proposed Dabus  cascade scheme; and lhe highest number of Kebeles that would be affected is in Bambasi Woreda (18) distantly followed by Kondala (9) and Mena Sibu (7) Woredas In terms of size, total physical land area of all 35 Kebeles that would be affected by  the proposed project is  about 136.910 hectares  of which an estimated 10 25% or 14 040 hectares  would fall within the future reservoir impoundment (see Table 5.3).
Table 5 2 Area Population Densities and Tola! and Project Affected Rural Kebeles by 
Project Woredas
■
I
I
■
Region? Administrative
Zone
Name of Project
Affected
Woreda
Are* (Sq.
Kms)
Population
Density 
Total No. No. of Project
of Rural Affected
Percento?
Kebeles 
(P/km )      Kebeles        Kebeles           Affected
1
Mena Sibu
1911 7B        B4.24           49                    7
14 29 |
Oromi a? West
■1
Kondala
1298 31 92 98 32
■
9
20.13
Sub Tote/ 3.2W.09 87.78 91
Bambasi 1462 35 45 34 35
Oda Btldigilu 1666 76 41 09 20
76                  1975
18                 51 43
Benishanguf- Gnmi 17.'
1                   5 00
Sub To tat
19                 34.55
Total Project Woredas
3,129.11 43.08 55
6.339.20        65,71           136
35____J 2574
Again, keeping the focus of the assessment focused al the level of the lowest administrative unit, the Kebele, currently, it is estimated that a total of about SO,223 people are living in a total of 16.097 households distributed over 33 (excluding Bambasi town and Sisa Bamboo forest) project affected rural Kebeles. Average family sizes of households in project affected Kebeles  vary  significantly. While the lowest family  size is  in Bambasi (4.47 persons  per household), the highest is in Mena Sibu (5 64 persons per household) However, the overall average for the project area is  about 4 98 persons  per household, which is  pretty  much similar with the national average
Table 5 3 Size of Total and Affected Land and Current Population Number of Persons 
and Households in Project Affected Kebeles of Four Project Woredas
I
Region/               Project Administrative       Affected
Zone                Woreda
To La I Srze of
Land in
Affected
Keboloa jHa)
Total Size
or Affected
Land jHa)
Affected
Land At
Percent of
L                     Total
Population
of Affected
Kebelea
' No. of HH»
No of
in Affected Persons Per
Kebelet         Household
Size of Land
Affected Per i
Household '
(Ha)
Me^a Sifcu
Kondala
Sub Tore/
45 949 83              6 422 90
OromiaJ West
Wo. leg a
T9,753 77 1.63B.54
65,70150 a.mi 44
13 98 20 256 5,011 □ 64 1.28
0.29 26,429 5.403 4 89 030
12.27]            54.695            f 0.414
—
8 76 24,130 5,403
5.25
a 77
Bambasi
Oda
Bildigtiu
64.806.44 5 683 12
6 319 97 295 4B
4 47
1 05
Berns tiangul- Gumuz/ Asossa i
I
Total Project Wore
Sub Total        71.209.41
—----------- -- 8.40             25.529                   5,683|
...               1 399                   280 |               5.00 4
.
das
136910.01
5,978 60 14,040.04
4.49
10.25I           80,223
16,097
498
1.06
1.0S
0.87
■I
■1
■I
5P SI udi o Pe?ranflel« MD< Cons u. h ng Eng inwn
70Dfnwittt
of EtfttopM
Wntatry of Wiferr fr’rigjfron and E/ectncify
RrwV EM Saaritnv Stu<ty
DltHJl MytJfopQtnf PfVf*€t
Based on findings  of the initial assessment, severity of impact of the project on land resources varies considerably between the project Wo redas. ror example, the impact would be feast severe in Kondala Woreda where affected households are likely to lose an average of about 0.3 hectares per household. On the other hand, impact on land would be severest in Mena Sibu Woreda where households are expected to lose an average of 1 28 hectares per household On the whole, farm households in lhe project area are likely to lose about
0.87 hectares of land per household which s$ almost equivalent to the national average landholding of less than one hectare per household However average landholding in the proposed project area appears to be generous (3+ hectares per household) size of affected land may not be a series issue for the project,
It should also be noted that the above discussion on size of impacted land is purely based on an assumption that all impacted households would lose same amount of land to the project. In reality, however, fl is too obvious to explain that different households would lose different sizes (some even may not lose any land) of land. Moreover it is also important to bear in mmd that it r$ not only land that would be impacted by lhe project, but all land-based natural resources (forest and forest products, medicinal and edible plants, fishing grounds alluvial gold deposits construction materials, etc) , residential houses and other built up structures, social service facilities  (schools, clinics) and Infrastructure (roads, telecomm towers, electricity transmission lines) that may be found within lhe area designated for future reservoir and project related construction activities. Therefore, lhe exact nature and magnitude of project impact on surrounding social biological and physical environments Including size of land that each household would lose to lhe project can only be established with a degree of certainty at the forthcoming feasibility stage of the project.
5.2.1.2  Literacy and Educational Status
Comprehensive and up to date information on literacy rates and educational status of population of the project area, more specifically at lhe Woreda level, is not readily available
at this stage For this stage of the assessment therefore, we are mainly relying on the 2007 census data despite lhe fact that such data are nearly a decade old and hence may not
reflect the current situation
According to CSA 2007 at the regional level, literacy rate of population of the project area is relatively low (about 40%) and there is no significant difference between literacy rate of Benishangul-Gumuz  region (39 1%) and Oromia region (39.5%) With respective literacy rates of 45 1 % in Asossa zone and 45 5% In West Wollega zone, literacy rates al zone levels are also pretty much similar in the two project affected zones. On the other hand literacy rates of population of the project area vary widely between the men and women as well as urban and rural residence of the same region and zone As one would expect It, literacy rates are significantly higher (about 1D to 15 percentage points) among men as opposed to women. Similarly, literacy rates are consistently and remarkably higher among urban residents  (nearly  twice as  much) as  opposed to their rural counterparts  both at regional and zonal levels of the two project affected regional states (see Table 5 4 below)
Srufl-o Pieirangei - MDl CDiwUlmg Enoneers
71Domotraflc RtpuiVrc of Etftfopb
Wn^itry of Wafer, /nig»don tnrf Efettfi&ty
Final f-IA Baseline Study
Oiftuf Hycfrppower Project
Table 5 4: Literacy Rates of Population of the Project Area by Sex and Urban/Rural
Residence
r
Region /Zone
Urban / Rural
Residence
Male
Female
Both Sexes
Urban
75 4
59 9
67 8
Bemshangul- Gumuz Region
Rural
436
25 9
34 9
Urban + Rural
48.1
30 7
39.5
Urban
82.3
72 3
77.5
Asossa Zone
Rural
49
30.8
40 1
Urban + Rural
53.5
303
45.1
Urban
02
67 2
74 7
Ororrna Region
Rural
41.4
26
33 8
Urban + Rural
46 e
31 4
39 1
Urban
827
67 4
75.1
West Wollega Zone
Rural
50,3
33.4
41 7
Urban + Rural
54
37.2
45 5
, ----------- -------
Sourre CSA 2007
It should be noted here that while literacy  statistics  presented in this  section could be sufficient to portray  the general picture of literacy  in the project area (or the current pre- feasibility stage, we should bear tn mind that first and foremost, the data is too old to reflect the current situation and, secondly, there have been considerable public  investments  made by  the federal and regional governments  to improve accessibility  of education facilities  in the project area Such investments  in the education sector are likely  to have led to improvements  in accessibilrty  of facilities  as  well as  literacy  rates  of the local population Therefore, the upcoming feasibility  phase of the proposed project (Baseline Survey) should make conscious  efforts  io collect relevant data on education that would allow not only updating the existing information but also bridge gaps in education sector
5.2.1.3   Ethnic and Religious Affiliation
In terms of ethnic composition, population of the project area is characterized by one distinct and sharply  contrasting feature That is. the right bank  (West Wollega zone) is predominantly  inhabited by  Oromo ethnic  group (97%), while the left bank  (Asossa zone), although the indigenous  Berta ethnic  group constitutes  a simple majority  (about 60%)1. is one of the most ethnically  diverse multi cultural and cosmopolitan regions  in the country (see Chart 2 1) Such an extraordinarily  multi-ethnic  nature of the BSG region is  not accidental. Rather, it is the outcome of a combination of historical, social, economic, political and environmental processes that were (and still are) at work in lhe region and Asossa zone in particular,
'   According   to   CSA   20070,   tne   indigenous   Berta   ethnic   group   Tiay   be   the   majority   (60%)   al   zonal   lev* Information   obtained   recently   (April   2016)   from   Bambas.   Woreda   Administration   shows   a   more   recent   ;an4 pernaps  more  accurate  too)  picture  of  etn  me  composition  of  Bambasi  Woreda  as    follows  The  eirnc  groups  m Bambasi   woreda   he   Amhara   (42   percent).   Bona   (33   B   percent)   Oromo   f   12   4   percent   Tigre   .,5   7   percent) and   Mao   •   percent),   m   anc   15   spoken   as   a   first   language   by   42   7   percent,   fol'o*ed   Dy   Oromitfa   (12.2 percent)
SP SludK? Pietfange* - MDr CoraUting Engirds
72Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of IWTer, frrtgjfloft *ntf Ffectrfcfty
F/na/ t!A                    Study
Dtftw/3 Wydrupow**' Project
Chart 2.1: Proportion of Mijoc Ethnic Group* UvFnf In the Propoied Debut
Hydropower Pro JecT A re« (We 11 Wcll*|e Zone end Axnse Zone) |CSA: 2007)
Urban Oromia -
Rural
West Wok
Urban + Rural
jgaZane
Urban BSG
Rural
- Avqhj Z
Urban * Rural
one
T] Others
017
024
381
1.03
1.38
a Other
0.02
0.02
0.02
008
074
0.66
□ Tigre
029
0.01
004
3.95
084
1.24
nSudanese
0.01
0.00
0.00
0 10
168
1 48
■ Oromo
94 33
9702
96 72
30 83
7.28
10 31
■ Mm
0.04
1 62
1.45
033
066
0 62
■ Gtirjge
137
0.01
□AG
2 66
009
0.42
■ Berta
0.03
0.12
0.11
22-12
65.53
59 95
■ Argnba
003
009
0.08
005
009
0 08
■ Amharj
3.D1
0.94
116
36 06
2206
23.86
Detailed discussion of processes  that led the prevailing ethnic  configuration in the region is neither necessary  here nor does  it fall within the jurisdiction or scope of the current assignment Therefore, at this  stage it suffice to mention that unusually  diverse ethnic composition of the BSG region as a whole and that of Asossa zone is largely influenced by informal and spontaneous  migration of people as  well as  formal, slate’sponsored and large scale resettlement programme of the mid 1980s. The resettlement programme, which was conducted in response to the catastrophic  drought and famine that badly  hit among others, a number of northern and central highlands  in 1984/05, had moved about over 425,000 people of which the present day  Asossa zone (then known as  Wollega Province) alone hosted 42% (or close to 180,000 people, see Chart 2.2) Although the numbers  resettlers are not readily  available at the moment. Bambasi - one off the Woredas  affected by  the proposed project - is  one of the majors  resettlement sites  of the mid 1980s’ so called emergency  resettlement programme Asossa zone was  chosen for resettlement mainly  for its  abundant supply  of agricultural land very  law population densities  (as  low as  less  than 10 persons  per km3 in several parts  of the BSG), and most important, its  more reliable, predictable rainfall and of sufficient quantities  for resettlers  to engage in and pursue farming as their main livelihood strategy and ensure food security at the household level
SP StudKj Pwlrarkgell Mbl Consullmg Engineers
73Efrwil El A BtfeTm Study
Fetterji/ Democratic floputiftc of Ethiopia
Dttiu*
Pro/ec!
Min/Jlry of Wnfw, Wggtion >r>d Efocfr/ctty ___________ ___________
Ch.  11; Number of P r»n,
rt
e
MrtlM r^n.lh. J W/15
Protr.™ by R««H«n.rlSlt»M S« (SourrtiCSA: lM»dt.d inTtketrl Abeb. 1 W«»
900.000
800,000
7X1,000
G00,000
SdD.DOO
400,000
500,000
200,000
100, DOO
z'
z
z
Z
1Z
Gdpm I now
85G-
Mrtekel
Zone i
• Hume r*
Wo re d* i
iiiutabcw
^naw
C>anbrll*
fte|loh>
Krffi (na«
Orwm*-
Jimrni Zor-e
Wokp
(now BSC
AtfiHi
Zone)
Al Site?
o Berth Vrn
77,847
4, &D2
1J{X9J5
4 MM
17B.226
425.146
h Ferru'ir
37.626
Z2+4
57.844
21.773
85,321
XM.81J
ft Malt
«UZJ
L3S8
G3.0®7
>1.713
92,955
22(1334
The CSA 2007 national census  data which provided data on ethnic  composition does  not go beyond regional and zonal level and provide similar data disaggregated at all the more important Woreda level - more localized and specific  Woreda level information on ethnic composition would have been more useful for the current assessment On the other hand, the 200/ census data provide information on another key demographic variable - migration status  of households  - al the Woreda level Although migration data cannot be used as a substitute to data on ethnic  composition, it is  capable of shedding light on one important aspect of population dynamic  (migration) at the local Woreda level. Accordingly, as  could be seen in Chari 2 3 below, proportions  of migrant population are significantly  and consistently higher among population on the left bank (except in OdabildigiIu) than those in the right bank (West Woliega). More specifically, while close to 44% and 18% of residents (male and female, urban and rural) of Bambasi Woreda and Odabildigllu Woreda are migrants  respectively, proportions  of migrants  in Mena Sibu Woreda and Kondala Woreda are respectively 17% and 20%.
SP ShXfip P--err3n^e:.' - MDI
Engineers
74Reder*/ Democrafic
of Etftrepfci
Final EM Balearic Sltrrfy
DabLri KydrOpower Pra/c-cf
MfrVitry of Wafer /rrfgjtfon »nd EJectnciry
Chan 2.3: Proportions of Migrant Population In rb» Proposed Dibui Hydropower Project Area by Residence and 5«c (Based on C5A: 2007)
450.0
400.0
350.0
300.0
250   0
200.0
1S0.0
100.0
’I
Region*
Bambis Zone           i
Woreda
BSG
Oda bid igilu Woreda
1
Rexona West Mena
I        WeHega      Sibu
i Zone Woreda
Oromia
Xondala
Woreda
■ Bolli Sexes Urban ♦ Rural
30.1
2R6
43.5
176
16.4
134
172
20.3
S3 Balh Stx«&Rural
2S?
23.7
39.5
17 6
115
10.0
14.0
20.3
d Both Sexes Urban
613
62.0
612
17.5
507
413
42.5
19 5
1 Female Urban * Rural
30.1
28,1
410
17.3
169
138
168
19 6
■ ramate Rural
25.4
23.5
39 I
174
12.2
106
13 7
196
■ fern*k Urbjn
60.4
60.0
596
16 7
50.2
40 1
409
19.5
a Male Urban • Rural I—----- -------------------
30.0
29 1
44.1
17.8
158
13.0
17.6
210
j ■ Male Rural
250
23 9
39.8
178
10.9
94
144
210
[•Male Urban
62.2
J
617
67.6
i 1*3
517
42.4
44 1
19 5
Al the Woreda level, with the exception of Mena Sibu Woreda where l he majority of about
53% of the population are followers of Protestant religion. populations of the remaining three Woredas are predominantly followers of Islam with their respective proportions of 67% 68% and 85% m Bambasi. Odabildigilu and Kondala Woredas (Chart 2.4) In fact. Islamis 
the dominant religion at all levels except in West Wollega zone and Mena Sibu Woreda
5.2.2 Socio-Economic Profile
Like many  other parts  of lhe country, agriculture is  the mainstay  of the economy  in the project area Despite some variations  in its  contributions  to employment and livelihoods among people on the two banks  of the rrver Dabus, mixed farming (crop production and livestock  rearing) is  the dominant livelihood strategy  pursued by  the majority  of the population. According to the 2007 national census, economic  activity  rates  of population (aged 10 years  and older) of the proposed protect area are relatively  high - ranging from the lowest in Bambasi Woreda <72%) to the highest in Kondala Woreda (92%). As  one would expect it, economic  activity  rates  are higher among men (han women and among rural residents  than urban (see Chart 2.5) and conversely, unemployment rales  are higher among women than men and among urban residents  than rural According to CSA 2007. with an average rate of tess than six percent in 2007 in the project Woredas, unemployment rate was very low in 2007 in the project affected Woredas.
SP Shja-0 Pielr ftfigc H - MOI Coniullmg Engineer*
75Democrefrc RepuMc of Ettao/w Mm^fry of Wfor, /mgaticn and ftoctrtdfy
Fin*t £/A Butffne Sfyrfy
Dabus Hydropower Prayecr
Chart 2.4: Proportions of Populations by Religious Affiliations in Dabus
Hydropower Project Areas (Based on CSA-2007)
■ Orthodox            Protestant a Catholic ■ Islam • Traditional
■ Otter
Chart 25: Economic Activity Rata of Population {Aged 10 Years and Above) In the Proposed
Dabus Hydropower Project Area by Urban-Rural Reildence and Sex (CSA: 2007)
y
Mil.
Female
Both
Female
Both
Male
Female
Both
Sexes
Sexes
Ik ban
Rural
a             a Sexes Urban ♦ Rural
a KOncJ^I a Worcto
78.6
59
691
91.8
91
91.4
913
B99
906
» Mena-Sibu Woreto
48.1
341
411
87.5
79.2
13 5
825
732
77 9
H West Welkga Zone
S5.8
383
47.2
13.2
778
80S
798
73.1
764
• Oromia Region
59.5
44.7
52 2
82 1
713
76.6
758
67.6
732
■ Oda bi| digitu Woreda
968
957
954
89.7
85 2
87.6
902
as, 7
661
a Bam ba v Wcxeda
614
417
518
766
745
76.6
75.2
68 1
71.8
e Asosse Zone
65 1
46.1
56
76.6
72.3
745
74.9
68 7
719
■ Benjhangd-GLimuj Region
b6 J
«•<
575
79.4
73.6
765
77.4
70
738
SP Studio R«f angel- - MDf Comirftng Enginetws
76FM*ra^ Democratic fteputitic of £iti«pj'e
frfltiritty of W<tw Arrigatiort and Eiactflclty
5.2.2.1 Sustainable Livelihoods livelihoods Profile in the Project Areas1
Final Fl A                 Study
£3*&u* Hydropower Pnj/ecf
The four project affected Woredas  fail under two livelihood zones  That is. while Odabildigilu Woreda falls  under the Benshangul-Gumuz  Kolla (BDK) livelihood zone, the other three Woredas  namely  Bambasi. Mena Sibu and Kondala Woredas  fall under Mend! Dabus Maize. Sesame and Cattle (MMC) livelihood zone A brief description of the two livelihood zones is presented below
A)   Benishangul   Gumuz   Dry   Kolla   (BDK}   Livelihood   Zone:   The   Benishangul   Gumuz   Dry Kolla  (BDK)  livelihood  zone  is  located  in  the  western  part  of  the  country  bordenng  Sudan One  of  the  project  affected  Woredas  Odabildigilu.  Falls  under  This  livelihood  zone.  The  main category  of  livelihood  is  crop  and  livestock  (cattle  goats,  donkeys  and  poultry)  production. Crop  production  is  mainly  dependant  on  hoe  cultivation  The  mam  food  crops  grown  are sorghum,   maize   and   pulses   Sesame   ground   nuts   and   sorghum   are   the   crops  that  are produced  for  the  market  The  area  is  known  for  its  gold  mining,  fisheries  and  wild  food collection.  The  most  significant  source  of  annual  cash  income  for  all  households  (poor  and better-off  alike)  is  small  scale  gold  mining  After  gold  mining,  livestock  and  crop  sales  are key sources of cash income for all households
Some  of  the  salient  features  of  the  BDK  livelihood  zone  can  be  summarized  in  terms  of  the following points:
•      Topography  of  the  LZ  is  characterized  mainly  by  undulating  hills  and  plains  and riverine vegetation mainly woodland
•      The  agro  ecology  of  the  zone  is  dry  Kolla  with  altitude  ranges  of  500  to  900  meters above sea level
■     Maximum temperatures of 38 to 43d   C are reached in March and minimums of 26 to 30° C are reached In August
■      The   vegetation   coverage   consists   of   tall   trees   (acacia   oak   and   baobab)   and grasses.   The   rainy   season   spans   May   to   mid-October   during   which   time   lhe livelihood zone receives 700 to1100 Millimeter (MM) of rainfall.
■      This   area   is   particularly   endowed   with   natural   resources   including   marble,   gold, sandstone, wild game, fish, wild plants, seeds and fruits and gum Arabic.
■     The  zone  is  sparsely  populated,  with  a  population  density  estimated  at  about  11 persons per km2
•      Despite  its  remarkable  potential  (vast  tracts  of  arable  land  and  moderately  fertile sandy  loam  soils),  the  area  is  generally  food  deficit  and  households  turn  to  wild  food collection, fishing and traditional gold panning to meet food requirements.
■     Yecha,  Mujua  and  Agangulesh  (Baobab)  are  wild  foods  grown  in  the  forest  and typically  consumed  in  the  livelihood  zone.  The  roots  of  Yecha  and  Mujua  are  edible and Agangulesh is eaten for its seeds Mujua is considered a famine crop
■     The  mam  source  of  food  is  from  own  crop  production  with  all  households  meeting more  than  half  of  total  food  requirement  from  their  own  fields  Purchase,  followed  by wild  food  collection,  livestock  products  and  wild  fish  and  game  also  contribute  to household diet
B)  Mend!  Dabus  Maize,  Sesame  and  Cattle  (MMC)  Livelihood  Zone:  MMCLZ  is  one  of the  livelihood  zones  in  western  Ethiopia  covering  western  Wellega  Administrative  zone  in Oromia National Regional State (NRS) and most parts of eastern Woredas of Asossa
1   Information  presented  in  this  section  heavily  draw  on  two  "Livelihood  Profile'  documents  prepared in 2009 by USAID's FEWS Net supported Livelihood Integration Unit (LIU) of the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture
SP Stud tn Pielrangeii - WtC l Cwulling Engineer.
77Fedwa/ Dwnocffft/C WipirbWc of EthiOfM
Mltmtry of Wttvr. irrigation Electricity
Fituri EiA BttbUnt Study
Debut Hydropower Fro/ccf
Administrative zone in Benishangul-Gumuz  NRS, According to FEWSNel ( 2009) three of the four project Woredas namely. Mena Sibu and Kondala on the right bank and Bambasi
on the left bank of the Dabus river are all part of the MMC livelihood zone Mixed farming is the mainstay  of (he economy in the MMC LZ: and the main economic activities are crop production  and  livestock  rearing.  It  should  be  noted  that  Mena  Sibu  Woreda,  with  an estimated livestock size of over 0 & million (of which cattle alone constitute over a half). is the leading livestock producer m western Wollega zone Main crops grown include sorghum maize,  neger  (Souf).  flux,  pepper  and  finger  millets  for  domestic  consumption  and  coffee and sesame for sale
Key features of this livelihood zone can be summarized in terms of the following points:
■     Agro  ecologically  the  MMC  LZ  has  dominantly  midland  (Woinadega  and  Kolla) characteristics  with  annual  rainfall  of  about  9D0mm  Io  1600  mm  and  maximum temperature  of  21-30°  C  (January  to  May)  and  minimum  16  to  203   C  (June  to August).
■    Topography of the zone is characterized by a senes of undulating plains with several rivers  mostly  (lowing  in  to  north-west  direction  and  ultimately  draining  into  Dabus and or Abay - the Blue Nile.
•     Population densities in the zone are among the lowest in the country The MMC
Zone is endowed with fertile lands and landholdings are in the most generous 
category of 3 to 10+ ha per household.
•     The MMC LZ is known for its surplus agricultural production thanks to its fertile soils, generous landholding and good reliable rainfall
•      Deposit  of  gold  and  marble,  bamboo  and  gum  are  some  of  the  most  important natural resource that can be found in the MMC livelihood zone
In summary  the main livelihood of the population in the two livelihood zones  is  rainfed agriculture However as  a security  against hard times, the population in lhe proposed project area relies on secondary Irvelihood strategies These subsidiary livelihood strategies are based on other natural resources  in lhe surrounding area besides  land Some of the subsidiary  livelihood strategies  practiced by  population in the project area include cattle breeding traditional gold mining gathering witd foods, gathering of wild foods, collection of honey, and to some extent fishing and hunting
S.2-2,2 The Role of Common Property Resources in Providing Sustainable Livelihood3
li  goes  without  saying  that  the  extent  and  intensity  to  which  human  societies  depend  on their  immediate  bio-physical  environmenl  for  their  survival  and  livelihoods  depends  to  a large  exlent  on  the  level  of  lhe  technological  and  economic  advancement  they  have achieved  The  higher  the  technological  and  hence  economic  advances  made  by  a  given society or community (he lower will be its direct dependency on the immediate bio physical environment  and  vice-versa  Technological  sophistication  and  economic  advance  among communities  in  the  project  area  are  yet  to  come  Like  many  other  rural  communities  in developing countries technological advances among communrties in the project area are
Sustainable Livelihoods refers lo a way of thinking about commumiies and people in terms of their capabilities, and lhe livelihood resources (assets, capitals) and lhe livelihood strategies < activities) they undertake Io make their living and conduct their way ot life. A livelihood refers to the way of life of a person or household and how they make a living, in particular, how they secure the basic necessities ot Ide e g lheir lood, waler, shelter and clothing, and five in the community Livelihoods are interdependent on each other and on the biophysical environment A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope wrth and recover from stresses ana shocks (i e is resilient} and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and into |h? future while no! undermining the natural resource base People need a sustainable irvelihood in order to survive and therefore ail interventions need to consider the impacts on peopie s livelihoods (Source IAIA, 2015)
SP Studio Petrangeh - MO J Consulting En^rfwers
78Fe&tra/ Dcrnocnaflc fispw&flc of ErAlaprj
Waff, frrtgafron *nd £/tdr>Cf(y
Final BA Baseline St&ty
Dubus Hydropower Pru/fKi
very  low therefore their dependency  on the immediate bio-physical environment for their survival is  among the highest. In other words, lives  of populations  in lhe proposed project area literally  depend for everything on the immediate physical environment and the natural resources  it provides  including land, water, vegetation, trees, aquatic  resources, minerals, etc
Obviously, mixed farming (crop production cattle breeding) is  the main provider of livelihoods  for the majority  of the population in the project area But. there are also natural resources  other than land that is  crucially  important in either directly  providing livelihoods or cushioning it al times  of difficulties  such as  drought and or crop failure Relatively  dense woodlands  and now disappearing bamboo forests  are importanl providers  of livelihoods  for the local population These include timber for housing construction hand tools, furniture and agricultural Implements, non-limber forest products  (NTFP) including firewood and charcoal, medicinal plants, wild foods, gum, etc. In addition to domestic  use some of these NTFP such as  firewood, charcoal and gum are important source of the meager household cash income in lhe project area
Besides, dense woodlands  and riverine forests  are important sources  of game meat. Although hunting is  officially  outlawed, significant number of families  are said to have continued hunting to secure game meat - an important source of protein in the local diet. Although it may  not be practiced by  great majority  of lhe households, riverine fishery  is  also an important livelihood activity and source of local diet in the project area.
The last, but not the least, artisanal gold mining is  the single most important source of household cash income. The project area in general and lhe lower Dabus  valley  is  known for its  alluvial gold deposits  During the dry  and off peak  season, thousands  of people are usually  engaged m artisanal gold mining in lhe lower Dabus  valley  Beyond providing all the more important cash income to those engaged tn its  mining, the business  of gold mining plays  a catalytic role »n stimulating the local economy in more ways than one For example, artisanal gold mining created demand for goods  and service (eg. merchants  servicing lhe food, dnnks, cloths  and other demands  of artisanal gold miners  by  transporting such goods on donkeys  all the way  to lhe difficuil-to-reach jungles  in lower Dabus  valley) and creating forward linkages with local brokers and gold traders all the way upstream the value chain
5-2.3 Rural Housing and Settlement Patterns
Housing and settlements  in lhe proposed project areas  follow a unique pattern that reflects the bio-physical environment of the area Some of the charactenstic  features  of settlement patterns  include (a> highly  sparsely  populated communities, (b) concentration of clusters  of settlements  at lower valleys  along the river banks  - partly  due to lhe resettlement programmes  of recent past (e.g., the 2003/04 resettlement of drought affected farmers  from Hararghe highlands  in lower Dabus  valley  in Kndala Woreda) and, (c) again due to historic migratory  processes  and resettlement programmes  that took  place in the project area settlements  are organized along ethnic  lines  with resettler communities  clustenng uniquely and exclusively  m villages  locally  known as  "Mender followed by  a number while those of local indigenous  communities  smallholders  from Oromo ethnic  group resettled in lower parts of Kondala Woreda would take local names
SP Studio p*l-nngtri - MOl Caraulbng F eg infers
79Fadara! Democratic RepiMc Of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water, irrigation and Electricity
Final El A BuhM* Study
Dabus Hydropowar Prefect
Chart 2.6: Average Number of Rooms Per Housing Unit &¥ Residence (Urban - Rural Settle menu) In the Proposed Project Area (CSA: 2007)
35
Bam bill
□damlcli
gilu
Dromia
Region
Weilern
Wollega
2onc
Konaaia
Heg-on
Woreda
Woreda
Wo eda
r
Wortda
Dromia
■ Urban
20               2.2              2.6
1 4              2.1
B Rural
a Jrbjn + Rirai
15               1.6              1.9
1.4              1.6
1.6               L7
14
i.a
2.8              3.0
2.4              2.6
24              2_7
In terms  of number and types  of housing units, some members  of project affected communities  (eg Berta and resettler Oromos) tend to be polygamous  and also live in extended families, which might mean that a single household would own two or even more number of housing units. Moreover, project affected communities may also vary in terms of the number of rooms they own For instance, as results of the 2007 national census survey summarized in Chart 2.6 clearly  show, rural households  in Bambasi and Odabildigilu woredas owned an average 1 9 and 1.4 rooms per housing unit respectively, while those in Mena Sibu and Kondala Woredas owned relatively higher number of rooms, i e , respective 2 6 and 2 4 rooms per housing unit.
SP Studio PlEirangeli - MOI Consul ling Fni^necrs
80f edffraJ Dfmncrtfje Rtpubftc of Etfuop#
Mmfafry   Wifar frrff *fMM» Efrcrrrcrfy
Fm4 £/A flase^rte Siucfy
04tar« Hydropo**< Pru/ecf
of
Chart 27: Proportions of Housing Units In the Proposed Project Area by Type of Roof
Construction Maier kAH_and Ur ban Rural Residence {Based on CSA: 2007 j
iocr% Sfl fl fl fl fl fl flflfl fl a @1 fl if
1
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17
While materials  used rn wall construction is  pretty  much similar (wood) along the majority  of project affected communities, important differences  exist in the material used in roof construction (thatch and corrugated iron sheet) For instance, according to CSA 2007 r while nearly  40% of rural households  own and live in bouses  with roofs  built from corrugated iron sheet, the proportions  are much lower in the remaining three Woredas  (Bambasi 9%. Odabildigilu 14% and Kondala 19%, see Chart 2.7) Apart from the circular shape of houses wilh thatch roof as  opposed to rectangular in those with corrugated iron sheet, another notable difference in housing type is  that the indigenous  Berta communities  use mainly bamboo for both walls  and I hatch-covered roofs, and unlike their Amhara and Oromo neighbours, they  do not piaster the walls  wilh mud. Apparently, keeping the walls unplastered with mud among the Bertas  is  because of the need to keep their houses  cool and well ventilated as  many  of them usually  live in scorching heat in the mid to lower river valleys
As  briefly  noted above, It is  important to fully  understand and appreciate the various settlement patterns  as  well as  combinations  and compositions  of ethnic  groups  residing in the project area in general and project affected communities  in particular. In this  regard, based on review of secondary  sources  and a reconnaissance visit made to the proposed project site (see Table 5 5 for a summary  of ethnic  composition in project affected Kebeles)
a  number  of  points  that  are  important,  and  hence,  need  to  be  addressed  in  greater  depth during the feasibility slage can be made as follows
■  Out  of  35  Kebeles  (including  Bambasi  town  and  Sesa  bamboo  forest)  that  would  be affected   by   the   proposed   project   19   Kebeles   are   in   two   Woredas   (Bambasi   18 Kebeles  and  Odabildigilu  one  kebele)  of  Asossa  zone  In  spite  of  the  fact  the  region and  the  zone  are  politically  administered  by  the  indigenous  Berta  ethnic  groups,  the majority of Kebeles in two project affected Woredas on the left bank are Inhabited
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81Fetfera/ DcmocraWc Republic o/
Mayfly of Wat or, /mgat/prr and Electricity
Fine! EtA Qaseiina Study
Dabus Hydropower Project
by  Amhara ethnic  groups  who were removed from the drought prone centra', and northern highlands  and resettled in Bambasi Woreda in the mid 1980s  While Kebeles  Inhabited by  resettled Amhara ethnic  group constitute about 37 percent of all project affected communities  in terms  of project affected ethnic  communities, the group constitutes about 22% of all ethnic groups in the project affected communities
■     Ethnic  Berta  groups  live  exclusively  in  some  five  out  of  35  Kebeles  (or  17%  ol  all project   affected   Kebeles   and   13%   of   project   affected   population)   namely   Mutsa- mado.  Dabusi.  Wamba  Gonifiareba  Sisa.  i  should  also  be  noted  here  that  one  of the   five   major   refugee   camps   Bambasi   Refugee   camp,   sheltering   over   42.   000 refugees  mainly  from  South  Sudan  and  under  the  joint  administration  of  the  UNHCR and  Administration  of  refugees  and  Returnees  Affairs  (ARRA),  is  located  in  Wamba kebele  within  the  future  reservoir  area  (1.5  kms  from  Dabus  river)  of  the  proposed project
■ ResettleFs  of Oromo ethnic  group who were resettled as  part of the more recent
2003/04   state-led   resettlement   programme   are   currently   living   in   seven   out   of   35
project affected Kebeles  and they  constitute about 21 % of the total project affected households  Moreover, resettler and non-resettler ethnic  Oromos  also live in two project affected Kebeles  namely  I fadin and Keshmando in Kondala Woreda Actually  all nine project affected Kebeles  occupied by  resettier Oromo ethnic  groups are located in Kondala Woreda of Wesl Wollega zone.
•  Finally  non-resettler  Oromo  ethnic  group  that  could  be  considered  indigenous  to  the project  affected  Kebeles  occupies  the  remaining  seven  Kebeles  (all  in  Mena  Sibu Woreda)  and  they  constitute  31%  of  all  project  affected  households  The  majority  of housing  units  in  project  affected  Kebeles  occupied  by  resetller  Oromo  ethnic  group have  CIS  roof;  and.  in  fact,  some  of  the  villages  in  those  Kebeles  (e.g,.  Welite Gudina)  have  been  transformed  into  small  urban  centers  and  town-like  rural  trading centers.    Some    of    these    settlements,    including    one    relatively    iarge    urban-like settlement  with  newly  built  access  road,  a  high  school  water  supply,  market  center and  health  center  is  located  very  dose  to  Dabus  river  (only  about  500  meters  off  the river)  and  at  altitude  that  is  either  similar  to  or  even  lower  from  that  of  the  proposed project  (maximum  operating  level  of  1,373.3  m  asl).  face  a  greater  risk  of  falling under the reservoir impoundment
■      One   of   the   extraordinary   features   of   the   proposed   project   is   that   the   projected adverse  impacts  of  the  project,  unlike  many  other  infrastructure  projects  that  involve reservoirs,  appear  to  aggravate  and  take  their  loll  on  communities  located  towards the  tail-end  of  the  reservoir  As  far  as  the  current  and  the  forthcoming  ESIA  are concerned   there   are   two   important   implications   of   such   impacts   that   tend   to aggravate  rather  than  diminish,  towards  the  tail-end  These  are  firstly,  the  fact  that the   upstream   project   area   consists   of   slightly   undulating   but   largely   Hat   plains, wetlands  and  swamps  meant  that  the  adverse  impacts  of  the  reservoir  are  likely  to be  more  severe  at  the  tail-end  than  Ft  is  at  the  dam  site  or  even  the  central  section of   the   reservoir   Secondly,   and   on   a   more   positive   note,   although   the   reservoir covers  expanse  areas  at  the  tail-end  at  its  current  maximum  operating  level  depth of  tne  newly  created  water  body  is  likely  to  be  shallow  -  as  shallow  as  only  a  few meiers  for  a  good  part  of  the  reservoir  at  the  tail-end  This  means  that  every  little drop  in  the  dam  height  is  likely  lo  save  disproportionately  large  portions  of  the  bio physical    and    socio-economic    environments    without    significantly    compromising    the energy generation capacity of the proposed project.
SP Stud*'© HelringeW MDi Consulirng Enplnetn
82Dt#nDcr>fjc HcpuhNe of Etfuopu
AWnJafry of HWk frriflat/on *nd £l^cthcity
Hut £M BiMflne Sfutfy
D«bus Hydropower Pro/ccf
Table 5 5 Number of HHs and Project Affected Kebeles by Type of Ethnic Group and
Resettlement Expenence
Project Af
fected
HHs Living in Pr
oject Affected
Ethnic Group (Type of
Kebol
es
Ke be
les
Settlement}
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Berta i Non-Resettler)                                6
17.1                 2,140                        13 3
------------- ------------------------------------- Oromo (Resettler, 2003-'04)
Oromo i Mon-Re settler)
?1    20 0
5.011
31 1
7                  20 0
3,434
21 3
Amhara iResetller, 1984/85)
13
37 1
22 0
Mixed         (Mon -Rose tiler         8 Resettler)
2
5.7
3.543
1.969
12 2
All Groups
35
100.0              16,097
100.0
In summary  the majority  of communities  affected by  the proposed project have a priori experience of displacement and resettlement, which, by  accumulating or compounding the adverse impacts, makes  it difficult for the project, more importantly  for populations  affected by  it, to cope and recover from negative shocks  (displacement and possible resettlement) that the realization of the proposed project is  likely  to bring about Apparently, members  of the majority  of project affected communities  are resettlers  of the two major slate-led resettlement programmes  (one being that of the 1984/85 and the other that of the 2003/04 resettlement programme) As  such, the majority  of members  of those resettler communities are likely  to have gone through the nightmares  or ordeals  of that are inherent to all policies, programmes  and projects  that involve displacement and resettlement The proposed project, by  directly  affecting the local bio-physical environment is  likely  to jeopardize peoples  established livelihoods  in other words, the proposed project is  likely  to displace certain number of people - either physically, or economically  or. in terms  of both ■ in the majority  of protect affected communities  What takes  the projected adverse impacts  of the proposed project from bad to worse is  the fact that the majority  of the people that are likely to be adversely  affected by  the project are same people who have gone through (and have just recovered or are still recovering from) the ordeals  of the resettlement programmes  at the mid 19B0s and mid 2000s  As  far as  populations  with previous  resettlement experiences are concerned, therefore, the current project only  adds  an insult to injury  and as  such utmost care and due diligence needs  to be observed throughout the upcoming phases  of the proposed Dabus Hydropower project
5.2.4     Access to Social Service Facilities and Infrastructure
Hlstoncally, access  to social services  and infrastructure in all outlying frontier provinces  had remained extremely  constrained, and the current project area which falls  in the western lowlands  bordering Sudan is  no exception Ever since the early  1990s. major public investments  were made both by  the federal and regional governments  to improve people's access  to crucial services  such as  potable water supply  education health roads, eleclncity and telecomm infrastructure and achievements  in terms  of improving accessibility  of such services  and infrastructure in the proposed project are remarkable According to local public officials  and experts  of respective sector offices, currently, there is  at least one First Cycle (Grade 1 to 4) Elementary  School and a Health Post in every  rural Kebele Administration in all four project Woredas  Obtaining data and Information on services  and infrastructure disaggregated at the local Kebele level proved difficult at this  stage and all available information is  aggregated at the Woreda Administration level Thus, information on social service facilities that is currently available at the Woreda level are summarized in Table 5 6.
Table 5.6: Number of Schools. Students and Teachers by Sex in Project Affected Woredas
SP Studio PtetJflgeli MDi CorauUing Erajneeri
83Federal OwrKHiriUc ftepubAc of Ethiopia
Ministry of Watort Imt/alron and Electricity
Final EtA Baseline Study
Dabus Hydropower Project
"T No. of
Students
Percent
Teachers
Percent
Woredi
Level
Schools
Number
Male
Female
Number
Male
Female
Kindergarten
2
64
57 8
42 2
no data
no
aa,fl
no dal a
j
First Cycle (1-4)
25
15.860
51 7
48 3
298
49 3
51 0
Mena Sibu
Second Cycle (5-S)
40
9,001
]
49 6
194
75 0
24 2
{2007 EC}
H.gh School (9 10}
1
360
55 6
44 4
16
87.5
12 5
Preparatory (11-12)
1
no data
no data
no dale
no data
no
data
no data
Total
69
25.293
51,3
48.7
508
60.4
39.6
First Cycle (1-4)
15
20 470
55 1
44 9
228
61 4
30 6
Second Cycle (5-8)
33
5.669
595
40 5
123
62 9
17 1
Kan (Jal a
(2M6 EC)
High School {9-10}
1
1,352
56.7
43 3
46
90.4
19.6
Preparatory (11-12)
1
-
no data
no data
11
1000
■
Total
50
27,491
56.1
439
408
70.3
29.7
First Cycle (14 )
33
11,038
503
49 7
na
na
na
Second Cyde (M)
13
6.491
52 2
47 9
na
na
na
Bambasi (2007 EC)
High School (9-12)
3
1 901
512
40 1
na
na
na
Prepa»atory (11-12)
1
391
44 5
55 5
na
na
na
Total
50
19421
49.6
60.3
463
68.1
31.9
Sourco Rfispoctrvv Wor&Ja Education Offices
As  far as  education is  concerned, for example, respectively, there are 69. 50 and another 50 schools  (inclusive of all levels  from Elementary  to Preparatory) in Mena Sibu, Kondala and Bambasi Woredas, and the historically  wide gender gap between male and female students  appears  lo be rapidly  closing with tightly  comparable ratios  between the two sexes at almost all levels  in lhe education hierarchy  excluding Tertiary  level Similarly  there are between 400* and 500+ teaching staff in each one of the three Woredas: and their gender gap, though not in a tight race as  it is  in the case of students, is  narrowing with female teaching staff constituting between 30 and 40 % of lhe total.
5.2,5     Agriculture
5.2.5.1    Background of Farming System
Agricultural resource, prevailing agro-climallc  conditions  and human factors  determine the type of farming system adopted in a given area Dabus  Hydropower project is  silualed in the lowland of Dabus  sub-basin of the Blue Nile basin and hence the farmers  in lhe area have been growing crops  attributed to the lowland farming system. In addition, lhe ava I lability  of soil moisture retained from direct rainfall and seasonal flooding in the wetlands is also a major determinant factor for the existing farming system in lhe area
According to the agricultural sector assessments  and other relevant sources, two major farming systems  are identified m lowlands  of the area These are (1) sorghum-maize based farming system and (2) annual perennial crops  farming system The sorghum-maize based farming system is  the fundamental farming system adopted in the area The other farming system, annual-perennial crops  farming system, is  also an important farming system in lhe project area which involves  wetland recession farming In this  farming system people grow fruit trees and intercrop annua! cereal crops beneath
Broadly  speaking Sorghum-Maize Based Farming System covers  very  large area located rn lhe western and southern parts  of the Blue Nile basin where Dabus  sub-basm is  located. This system consists of both intensive farming of maize-based perennial crops in the
5P Slud<o Pieeangeti - MDI Consulting
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Eatius HydropoiW' Proyecf
upstream of the Didesa sub-basin and extensive farming of maize-sorghum complex  in the lowland valleys  of Dabus  and Bales  The maize-sorghum complex  extends  to Sudan where sorghum becomes a dominant crop
As  a matter of fact people in the lowland areas  are usually  sparsely  populated and away from local administration They  tend Io rear animals  particularly  goats  Due to the nature of climatic  conditions  and demographic  characteristics  of lowland areas, crop production was practiced inefficiently
However, the recent trends  rn the area show that farmers  started growing crops  in more intensive manner This  happened due 1o continuous  support and consultation from lhe woreda agriculture and cooperative offices  As  a result, farmers  tn the project area started to use draught power fertilizer, improved seeds  pesticides, irrigation exercises  and other traditional and modem way  of intensifying their farming system. Most of the farmers  are now organized in cooperatives  so that they  can gel agricultural inputs, credits  and trainings needed for better crop production and management
5.2.5.2    Major Crops Grown
Traditional agricultural practices  which mainly  involve lhe family  labor and simple plowing tools  for crop production are the major features  of the existing farming system in the area Sorghum-maize based farming system is  so named in order to emphasis  lhe fundamental importance of sorghum and maize in the cropping patterns  of the area Sorghum and maize cover 88% and 48% of the cropped land in Kondala woreda and Mene Sibu wo red a respectively  Farmers  in Kondala woreda grow mainly  maize and sorghum while farmers  in Mene Sibu woreda tend to grow teff and millet in addition to maize and sorghum. The coverage of crops  grown and the amount of harvest for year 2013 is  shown in Table 5 7 and Table 5.8 for Kondala and Mene Sibu woreda respectively
Table 5.7: Main crops grown in Kondala woreda
Type of
Crop
2012/2013
2013/2014
Average
Area
(ha)
Production
(Qtl)
Area (ha)
Production
(Qin
Area
(ha)
Production
(Qtl)
Teff
247.0
3 008 0
286 0
2,738.0
266,5
2,673 0
Barley
300
350 0
29 0
154 0
29.5
252 0
Wheat
300.0
2.700 0
199.0
2,228 0
249 5
2.464 0
Maize
9.466 5
652 577 0
11,617.0
897.152 0
10 541 8
774 864 5
Sorghum
10,147 6
255 609.0
13.407.5
462 2120
11.777 6
358,910.5
Millet
2,0110
35,515 0
2 662 5
31,166.0
2.3368
33.340 5
Source Koncfota l/lfareda                      OAteo, 20 f J Table 5.8: Main crops grown m Mene Sibu woreda
2013
2014
Average
Type of Crop
Area (ha)
Production
IQti)
Area (ha)
Production
(Oil)
1
Area (ha)
Production (Oil)
Teff
2.9785
29,189 3
2.833 5
22.857 0
2.906 0
26 023 2
Maize
6,078 5
306 964 0
6,690 0
313,382.0
6,384 3
310,173 0
Sorghum
5.264.0
215,824.0
5,345.0
252.950.0
5.304 5
234,387 0
Millet
3.317 9
69.6754
3,3180
70 463.0
3,317 9
70,069 2
Haricol Baans
1 481 0
28,139.0
1.510 0
28.573 3
1.495.5
28,3561
Ground Nut
286.8
5,448 3
575 S
10 896 3
431.1
8.172 3
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Ditart Hydropo***r Pro/Kt
“---------------” —1                  2013
2014
Avenge
Type of Crop 1
Area (ha)
Production
(Oil)
Area (ha|
Production
(Qtl)
Area (ha)
Production
(Qtl)
Sesame
1.270.0        12 700.0       1,330.0
13,300 0       1.300.0
13,000 0
Niger Seed
2,741 0
26,039 $       2.912.0
29,120 0
2.826.5
27,579 8
| Horse Beans
129.5
T359.B
136 0 1,563.5
620.0 7,860.0
132.8
1.461 6
Rape Seed
317 8
3.813.0
468.9          5,836 5
Source Mono Sibu Woreda Agriculture Office 2013
Field  investigation  shows  the  major  soils  are  leached  Acrisols  and  Nitosols  of  low  inherent fertility  on  upslape  areas  and  vertisols  in  lower  plains  Even  though  sorghum  and  maize  are two  defining  crops  grown  in  the  area,  a  range  of  other  crops  are  also  grown  as  part  of  this farming  system  which  include  Teff.  Millet,  Sesame,  Haricot  Bean,  Niger  Seed  Okra,  Kale Coffee   Spices.   Pumpkin,   and   Ground   Nut,   Sesame,   groundnut,   coffee   and   ginger   are produced as cash crops.
Sole cropping of major crops  like sorghum, maize sesame, groundnut and okra is  a dominant cropping practice, besides  intercropping of some of these crops  with haricot bean kale, and pumpkin is  second important cropping practice of the project area Mixed cropping of more than three to four crops  at the backyard is  also commonly  practiced in the project area.
The  crop  is  grown  in  rain-fed  agricultural  system  that  stretches  from  April  to  December.  The rainy season starts in April and continues up to September
This farming system is practiced in ail project kebeles wrth different cropping patterns 
Perennial crops including mango, lemon, papaya and guava are part of the farming system
growing in the backyards.
5.2.5.3    Cooperatives of Farmers
There are a number of farmers  associations  and agricultural services  cooperatives  in the project areas  For instance there are 49 farmers1 service cooperatives  which had a total capital of ETB 2,739,598 in Mene Sibu Woreda in 2013 While in the same year In Kondala woreda there are 34 farmers' association and 34 agricultural service cooperatives  which have 2993 member farmers  (4843 males  and 1108 females) with a capital of ETB 22.188.435.The major services  delivered by  the cooperatives  to its  member farmers  include provision of fertilizers, pesticides, improved seeds  and short term credits  Furthermore, the cooperatives  create market link  for the farmers  so that they  call sell their products  on time at better price In general the cooperatives  create better market access  for both producers and consumers  The quantum of agricultural inputs  distributed by  the cooperatives  in Mene Sibe woreda and Kondala Woreda in 2013 is  shown in Table 5.9 and table 5.10 respectively below.
Table 5.9: Agricultural input distributed by the cooperatives in Mene Sibu Woreda
Agricultural Input
Amount of input       Number of Farmer | distributed (Qtl)           used the input
DAP                                                3569
14.178
UREA
2038
8.142
PHB30G/9
374
6,142
BH140
0 25
8
SourtCfl Mens S/bu
Office, 2073
Table 5.10 Agricultural mput distributed by the cooperatives In Kondala Woreda
SP SkiCio Pierranq&ll - MDI Consulling t ngmeera
06De/wocraUc ftopirAAc of ElfrtapU
jflrrrstry of WjIf /rffajHori jptf Electricity
Final EIA Btttfin* Study
O^bus Hydro pc? tv**1 Pm/ecl
Agricultural Input
Amount of input distributed (Qtl)
UREA (100 kg)
1993
DAP 1.100 kg)
3192
Improved Seed MOO kg)
578
Herbicide (liltans)
1984
Pesticide (kg)
78
Source. Wane Sift w LVoroda Ccoperaf/ves O/frce, 2013
6.2.5.4    Soil Fertility and Productivity
Farmers  in (be project area are applying certain mechanisms  to conserve soil and waler in order lo maintain the soil fertility. In this  regard bath tradition and modern methods  are employed. Traditional meihods  include application of animal manure to their field, leaving some amount of crop residue on the field and crop rotation while modem meihods  include application of artificial fertilizer and compost. There is  al least one development agent in every  kebele admiration to support and advise farmers  on maintaining soil fertility  and enhancing agricultural produce from a given area
Furthermore all farmers  are aware of the importance of conserving soil and waler for their livelihood and hence are applying contour plowing, strip plantation and terracing to capture soil and ram water in their field
Compared to other farming system the population in this  farming system is  sparse Owing to poor land and crop management, the yield in this  system is  low compared to the national average. However, the productivity  of sorghum and maize as  shown m the Table 5 11 is good in the area
Table 5.11; Productivity major crops grown in the area
—1
Crop
Productivity (Qt/ha|
Sorghum
37 3
Maize
61 0
Millet
177
Tetr
9.9
Sesame
10.0
Niger Seed
98
Barley
85
Wheat
9.9
H ar cot Beans
190
Ground Nut
19 0
Horse Beans
11 0
| Race Seed
12 4
Taking into consideration the cropping pattern variation between affected kebeles and within each kebeles among different economic groups the crop production for the affected area was computed based on affected area of each kebeles Furthermore, this land area was distnbuted to respective crops based on the identified cropping patterns then production was calculated by multiplying the individual crop area with respective crop productivity
5,2,5.5    Ownership and Parcel Size SP Studio Piriranfle* ’ MD| CoosuiKg Er<j«eert
87Fecforo/ PwHCkCffllic ftvpubftc ctf JEWojpila
M.'nfa fry of Waler, Junga({on * n tf EJ&elnej fy
F/naf £M Basokne Storty flffhui Hydropower Pro/eci
Cultivated landholding vanes  because of difference in population density  and availability  of arable land resource in reference to agronomic  assessment of the project area, the average landholding is  estimated to be 2 5 ha and 2.B ha for Kondala and Mene Sibu woredas  respectively. And the average landholding size for Bambasi woreda could not be established due to shortage of adequate information at woreda office
Table 5 12: Land use coverage by woredas
La nd-use
Kondala
Mene Sibu
—-----------
Bambasi
1
Crop land (ram-fed) (ha)
49,408
54.106
not available
Cropland (irngalion) (ha)
379 5
5 745
not available
Grazing land (ha)
6,089
27,081
not available
Total
55,876.5
86,932
Source Wane S;t>u and Kcvrtfata Won*ito Apnculfure Offrco. 20^3
A/cto adeqirafe data couto oof to asfohto/ied to draw flio sarr-e tobte for Gufltuz regional stote
5 2,5 6 Cultivation Methods
woreda of Senes/ianguf
Rain-fed agriculture is  the dominant farming practice producing once in a year due to mono-modal nature of the rainfall pattern The rainfall starts  tn April and slops  in September, Accordingly  the Tainted agriculture starts  in March by  land clearing and burning residues  of previous  crops  Land preparation is  carried oul by  wooden/rron pointed traditional farm tools Io dig small pits (or sowing
Traditional Irrigation a good numbers  of farmers  in lhe area are using traditional irrigation to grow crops  particularly  vegetables  Farmers  who have stream close to their agricultural land are vesting interest to irrigate their land because of the unreliability  of natural precipitation Accordingly, in 2013 in Mene Sibu Woreda 1.736 farmers  were found growing annual crops  and vegetables  on 7,393 hectares  land and harvested 631,757 quintals  of
agricultural  produce  Out  of  this  7.032  ha  (95%)  was  traditional  irrigation  and  lhe  rest  362
ha (5%) was  modern irrigation The details  on number of farmers  engaged in both traditional and modern irrigation, amount of land irrigated and amount of produce harvested is  shown in Table 5.13 below
Table 5 13 Details of Irrigated land in Mene Sibu Woreda in 2013
Traditional Irrigation
Number of Area Production
Farmers       (ha)        (100 kg)
Modern Irrigation           Total production
Type of Crop Matze
Area
Production
the)         (100 kg)
Area
(ha)
Production
(100 kg)
125           15             1200           31            2,921
46
4121
potato
600       2 838        241.230         120
11,400
2,958
252630
Tomato
Cabbage
320       1.893
7 600
1,973
168,463
210         631
160.863 80
53,635              «
57.625
Carrot                                 26           19
1,615             5
3.990
442
673
24
2.057
Beet
35           10
806             5               475
15
1.263
Garlic                           127         144 i
12,197           26            2 423
169
14 620
Peppe Green                129
r
—
84 193
------------------ _ j           —
Onion
162
------ —
962
520
81,770           26            2 423
988
44.200           27            2,565
54F
46 765
Total                            1,736
7,032
597.51B         362           34 239
7.393
631 757
Source Mene Swu kVorecfe 4gncuAtore OTjcp 2013
Currently the farmers in the area are not widely using artificial fertilisers This is because of lack of awareness and limited income to allocate for the fertilizer Farmers in lhe area have
SP Studio Perranpc’i MDI Consuming Engineers
ssOemocrt fie Ftopuhfcc of E
MuiJSfry of Wafer, Jrr;jifion >nd £l»c triply
Final El A Basvhnc Study
DatJt/s HyolraiDcirt^f Pn>/*<f
a   trend  of  applying   crop   rotation   to   improve   land   productivity   Bui   it  is  highly  recommended to   employ   artificial   fertilizer   rn   order   to   enhance   lhe   agricultural   produce   significantly   The area   of   main   cropland   affected   by   the   project   is   estimated   based   on   the   land   use/cover assessment
Backyard Farming: Most of the farmers  in the project area use Backyard farming Mixed fanning is  a dominant farming system where all potential crops  are growing in available space found near to their residence Otherwise those households  having small backyard plots  are growrng pulses  and leaf vegetables  which are used as  additive for staple food Field observation results  reveal that tree crops, predominantly  mango trees, are planted for shed and to generate household income
5.2.57 Constraints of crop production
The   major   limiting   factors   of   the   crop   production   development   in   the   project   affected   areas include*
Shortage of farm labour: Land preparation is  the most laborious  agricultural activity  in traditional farming system in the project area. Traditional cultivation uses  simple tools, depends  on family  labor and is  generally  limited to subsistence production In lhe traditional rain-fed farming land holding ranges  between 2 and 6 ha which likely  reflects  the poor workability  of land and the need for more labor inputs  Erratic  nature of rainfall and delay al lhe beginning of the cropping season aggravate the problem of labour shortage because all farmers  will be engaged In their own farmland and the traditional labour exchange mitigation measures will be inefficient.
fnsecf pest j’nfestafron; It's one of the major constraints of crop production development
in the region and in the project area m particular Warm climate and erratic rainfall pattern
favoured the frequent armyworm outbreak in Lhe project kebeles Other insect pests 
including stalk borer, boltworm, aphids, cutworm, beetles spp, and termiles are identified as 
the major harmful pests causing considerable crop loss. Crop diseases such as CBD. coffee
berry, leaf blight rust, head smut, fusarium wilt and others affects the major field crops and
vegetables Sorghum sesame, coffee and okra are the most affected crops which require
controlling measures to get desirable production
Farmers  in the area are trying to control the pest damage mainly  through traditional methods like crop rotation burning and ventilation for stored grains; however the level of infestation found are beyond the capacity  of traditional measures  Thus  other additional pest control methods  should be introduced to reduce lhe damage It is  recommended thal to avert lhe pest damage and ultimately  increase the crop productivity, the farmers  will take training on integrated pest management and use of agro-chemicals  as  part of crop production development interventions
High rate of weed infestation: Stnga is  the most common weed causing severe damage on sorghum and maize production Weed infestation became one of the major constraints of crop production because of poor weed management Currently  in the project area, weeding is  not undertaken al the required time and frequency  that has  aggravated the spread ot weed species in the crop fields.
Unavai/abdify  of improved agricu/furai inputs; The farmers  are using local farm inputs which are relatively  low in productivity. For instance, the local seed varieties  have been used for many  years  in the project area have low crop productivity  On the other hand the farmers  are not applying agro-chemicals  to control harmful pests  except lhe armyworm in which the controlling measures  are taken by  the agricultural office through armyworm control campaign.
SP Sludio Pielriinge'i MDI Connulbnij
B9Fodor»/ Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Mini ft ry of Water, Imgatton and Electricity 
Flnai EIA flasoftfe Stody Dabus Hydropower Pro/ect
Fertilizer is  essential inputs  depend on the soil fertility  status  of the crop fields. In the area where frequent cultivation is  applied without soil nutrient replenishing fertilizing of soils  is Important.
Shortage of rainfall: The area is  characterized by  arid agro-climalic  zone where rainfall pattern has  erratic  nature Late commencement and early  cessation of rainfall in the project area affects the overall crop production system, in some cases causing crop failure
5.2.6 Livestock
5.2.6.1    Scope of Livestock Production in the area
Animal production practiced in the area includes  livestock, poultry  and beekeeping Livestock  is  one of the agncultural activities  In the project area Cattle, sheep goats, donkeys, poultry  and bee-colonies  are making significant amount livelihood in the rural community  in the project area As  the climatic  and environmental conditions  are not conducrve horses  and mules  are practically  non-existent. In all cases  the livestock  in the respective kebeles and project a^ea are mainly of indigenous types.
Table 5.14 Number of Animals reared in the project affected woredas
Animal
Honda la Woreds
Men* Sibil Woreda
Cattie
81.140
411 215
Sheep
3.008
25.550
Goals
Mules
23.073
44.661
543
34 3
Donkey
Horse
5 563
0
34,508
2
Poultry
373,293
Sotircp Respectrve Wo rod a Agncuttum Office 2013
Table 5 15. Type of diseases frequently occurring lo the animals in the project areas
Bovine (Cattle)
Small Ruminants (Sheep and
Goats)
Equina         (horse, mule and donkey)
Trypanosomiasis
CCPP (Caprine Contagious Pteura Pneumonia)
AHS ( African Horse Sickness)
CBPP
j— ------ —-------------- —
Internal and external parasites
Leg
Peste-despetrtil immunities
Internal and external parasites
Reproductive organ mfenctions
Source Respective Woreda Agrculture Office 2013
The   farming   system   in   the   project   area   is   mixed   Accordingly,   livestock   contribute   to   the agriculture as well as the livelihood of the community
Farmers  in the project area keep livestock  for different purposes  These range from food source to its  values  in the society. Though their uses  vary  from individual to individual, the mam ones in general terms include:
Cattle off springs, draft- power (under introduction in additional new areas) meat source of cash income, milk, hides(making bed matt and drum), manure (house plastering and fertilizer), horns (salt, cup) and tail for making wisp.
Goats meat, source of income, off-spring, skin, give twines resist diseases, and manure (fertilize backyard crops)
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90iQeputkWc of Ethiopia Wniftry ofWater, Irrigation and BecfHcJfy
Final El A BnvtiM Study
Dabui Hydrppo**/ Project
Sheep the importance is  more or less  the same as  goats, but does  not withstand diseases and twining capability  is  not as  much as  goats  In addition lo goats, the purchasing value lor sheep is  higher than goals, skin has  more value and the mutton is  more preferred than goat's meat.
Donkeys:   transport   of   goods   and   services   riding   draft   power   (modified   harness),   source of income [pull cart), etc
Poultry: keeping poultry  in rural areas  doesn't usually  require significant effort Rural people in lhe project area are keeping only  handful of chicken in their homestead They  raise them without providing any  feed or even waler The chickens  are supposed to scratch rts  food and find its  water by  itself Since chicken are kept around homestead and doesn l require much effort, women are by default considered lo look after the chickens
However, provision of balanced food, water and medication is required to get better results Understanding this, farmers in I he project area now started intensifying poultry production
The increasing value of poultry and poultry products has stimulated men to gel Involved.
Poultry serve as source of income (live bird and eggs), eggs (food. sales and hatching), etc
Bee-colonies  Bee Keeping and Honey  production process  is  traditional in the project areas  According to the data collected on the bee keeping, there are 179,078 traditional beehives  from which 573,362 kg of honey  is  being produced each year (Kondala Woreda Agriculture office, 2013). In addition lo this  some bee keeping is  practiced through modern
and    transitional    beehives    which    constitute    745    modern    and    485    transitional    in    2013
Currently  most of the farmers  are shifting from tradition beehive to modern beehives  The number of beehives  and honey  produced per year is  shown below in Table 5 16 The honey harvested has  many  values  lo the local people including source of cash income, medicinal value and preparation of local beer (tej and birz)
5P StiKM Plelrangcll - MDI Conaulbng Engineers
91Fetter*/ OwTTOcrabc flfrpubWr of fib/op/*
Mtnittry of Wafer, Irrigation anti Etactricify
FMf/ CM Basefufle Study
Dabu» Hydropower
Table 5 16 Number of beehives and honey production m Kondala woreda
Beehives
Traditional (No.)
179.078
Transitional (No.)
d57
Modern (No)
293
Farmers Engaged
T raditional
6778
Transitional
422
Modem
264
Honey Produced
Traditional (kg)
Haas ,390
Transitional (kg)
10,054
Modern (kg)
16.115
___ — ---------------——
Source Kcyfda/fi bVo/odd Agncufoj/e Office 20f3
5.2.6.2    Available Veterinary services
Time back  there were no veterinary  services  available in the area However the respective woreda agricultural office in providing various  veterinary  services  to range of animals  reared by  farmers  in the project area This  includes  castration, C-section dehorning uterus prolapsed, rectal prolapsed, dystopia etc.
Livestock  disease is  a major problem in the proposed reservoir area. It affects  all livestock species  and occurs  all the year, though the intensity  varies  from disease to disease and season to season In addition shortage of animal feed also contributes  negatively  to the wellbeing of animals  Even though there are a good number of animal health facilrties  and vet posts  (Table 5 17) in the project affected woredas, there is  still limitation of access  to these facilities  Mast animals  are kept around river basins  for better availability  of grass  and water which are inherently  away  from basic  infrastructures. So the farmers  are reluctant to bring their animals  to health facilities  for treatment which hinders  the efficiency  of health service provision in the area,
Table 5 17: Number of Veterinary health facilities and medical personnel
Kondala Woreda
Mona Si bo Woreda
Medical Facility
Veterinary Clinics
12
1
Vet Posts
15
9
Medical Personnel
Veterinary Doctor
1
1
Vet health assistant
24
29
Source                       Woreda Agriculture Office, 2013
The available animal health facilities  clinics  and kebele animal health post and these are established to render routine vaccinations  and treatments  The health facilities  are constructed following government policy  and each animal health posl serve minimum three kebefes  The wereda clinics  give service for all animal health posts  in the wereda in addition to the routine vaccination and treatment activities undertaken
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92Ownocrttfc Wepuwrc uf Etftwpw
Wn/ifry pf W-ifitr, frrtgjftarr and Eircfrfc/ty
5 2.6.3 Livestock Diseases of Economic Importance
Final EM SaMflrf* Study
Dabus WycfropcHrtM' ^u/flcl
Some of the major livestock  diseases  in ttie project affected areas  include CBPP. ANT RAX, Black  Leg, Bovine pasture-losses. NCD. Trypanosomaiasise. and internal parasites  From these major livestock  diseases  Trypanosomaiasise and CBPP are known to be the major incidences of high mortality rate in the project area particularly Mene Sibu Woreda
These   diseases   are   transmitted   through   the   movement   of   livestock,   concentrating   in   one place,   grazing   on   communal   pasture   land   and   grazing   on   water   logged   and   marshy   areas Welland   creates   conducive   condition   for   (he   proliferation   of   diseases   causing   agents   As   a result,    livestock    staying    long    on    wetland    have    high    infestation    of    especially    internal parasites.
5.2.6.4 Livestock Marketing
The markets  in the project area are located within and outside of the respective weredas and handle all types  of commodities  including livestock  Except very  few. that are located in town centres, most of the markets  are local type and serve the respective communities only
Markets  are held primarily  once a week  but in some cases  it takes  place twice a week. Only a few of the markets  along the highway  or in wereda capitals  are accessible by  truck. The rest of the markets are reached by trekking
5.2.7 Public Health Status and Services
5.2.7.1 Public Health Status
Prevalent Diseases  Based on the statistics  recorded by  the health units  in lhe project affected Weredas, the major health problems  affecting public  health in lhe area include malaria. AFI, pneumonia, typhoid fever rheumatic  pam, Acute urinary  and respiratory  tract infections  and helminthiases  Other prominent health problems  include acute gastro intestinal infections, gastritis and doudenrtis. skin infection, diarrhea, trachoma etc
Table 5 18 Top 10 diseases in project area
S. No                 Kondala woreda
Mene Sibu woreda
1
2
3
4
Malaria
AFI
Malaria
AFI
Pneumonia
Dx of masala Skott System
Gastritis
Dyspepsia
5
AFI
Pneumonia
6
7
Typhoid fever
Oiahme
AURI
UTI
B      Helminth ips is
AURI
9
AUT1
Malana (PR)
10       Other Diseases
I Helmentasis
Source. Respective *weda Heatf? office. 20! 3
Vector-bome Diseases: The most prevalent vector-borne disease in the project area is Malaria followed by  AFI, Malaria has  been one of the major public  health problems  in the lowlands  of across  the country. Since the proposed Dabus  Hydropower project is  situated in the lowland, malaria remained a single very important public health concern
Prevalence   of   HIV/AIDS:   At   different   levels   in   the   country,   the   pandemic   has   victimized mainly the productive segment of the society lying between 15 and 49 years of age That
SP Sludio
- MDI Consulting Engineer!
93Democratic RcpubJrc of Ethiopia
Ministry of We tar. Irrigation and Electricity
Fintl EIA Rasellne Study
Dabui Hydropower Project
is  the HlV/AIDS pandemic  adversely  affects  the productivity  of labour mainly  through loss of work  time due to absenteeism and decreased capacity  to perform tasks  and activities effectively  and efficiently  There are also adverse social consequences  as  care-providers and bread-winners  of families  are lost to the pandemic  leaving orphans  and dependents behind
Comparing the overall trend of the HlV/AIDS prevalence rale at National and Regional (Assosa) level, it is  clearly  seen that the National rate starts  declining from 2000 (where it attains  its  climax) at a faster rate than the Regional case, that starts  to decline from its climax in 2004. with a lower rate (Figure 5 1).
Etllmitoa »cig Projected ToUl'Urban ♦ Rural Hrv Pra vile neo by Yeir (Nitlonii
indRegtoml) 1'390-2010
Figure 5.1: Estimated and Projected Total HIV Prevalence by Year for Adult
Population (15-49) at National and Regional Level
Diseases of Women and Children: It is  imperative to consider the health of women and children as  they  form considerable portion of the vulnerable group of the community. The most common of these diseases  affecting women (age 15-49 years) include: malaria diseases  associated with complications  of pregnancy  and child delivery  and STDs  and HlV/AIDS On the other hand, the common diseases  that affect the children (< 5 yrs  of age) in the Project Areas  are malaria diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition-related diseases  and acute respiratory infections (ARI).
The infant mortality  rate of the project affected weredas  was  not known but the infant mortality  rate increases  due to Asphyxia, prematurity, hypothermia, and infection that result neonatal sepsis.
$P Studio Pielrangeh MOI CwiXtmg Engineers
94Fwfeflir Ownocraftc fcpubflc of Ethiopia Miftrttry of Wafgr, Irrigation and Eltctncrty
Final ElA 8ai*/in* study
□abui Hyrfropowwr Project
Table 5.19 Top Ten Causes of Morbidity in Project Woredas (July 2014 to June 2015)
Oromia
BSG
Causes of Morbidity
Mana Sibu
|n = 18,077)
Kondala |n
- 15041)
Bambaai
(n = NA)
Odabildigilu
All Project
Woredas
Malaga ! confirmed]
147
302
39.7
■
21 15
Acme Fabnle Illness
24 0
79
19.1
-
12 74
Single Sponianeous Delivery
16 1
24.9
-
10 24
Pneumonia
57
9.1
42
4 77
Acute Upper Respiratory Infections
a1
47
5.2
4 50
Malaria (ciinicai)
5.4
72
47
4 33
Dyspepsia
79
46
-
3 11
Diarrhea
I
62
72
*
3 09
Typntxl Fever
i.
62
61
♦
3 08
Elephantiasis
I
-
11 2
2 79
Disease at Musculo-S«eetai System
9.3
-
•
2 32
Urinary Tract Infection
44
-
27
1 77
Helminthiasis
45
-
-
1 13
Total
100.0
100.0
1000
75 01
Source ftaspecftvij Woreda HoaftM Offices
Information collected on the distribution of burden of disease from the respective Wo'eda Health Offices  (excluding Odabildigilu Wore da) indicated that Malaria is  by  far the major cause of morbidity  in Kondala and Bambasi Woredas  and so is  Acute Febrile Illness  (Fever) in Mena Sibu Woreda Single Spontaneous  Delivery  (25% in Kondala Woreda) and Acute Febrile Illness  (19% in Bambasi) are second major causes  of morbidity  in the two Woredas. Tap ten causes of morbidity in the project Woredas are presented in Table 5 19
The 2007 CSA data also provided data Dn the proportions  of populations  that are physically disabled, and the rates  were computed on the basis  per 10.000 people Accordingly, the rates  are respectively  16, 3, and 109. and 90 persons  per 10,000 people in Bambasi Odabildigilu Mena Sibu and Kondala Woredas (see Chart 2 9)
SP siudic Ptetrwigen moi corwultng
95Federal Demacrafjc iRfrptrbl'Jc of E thro pi*
Ministry of WEter, irngatfon afld Electricity
Final EM B* seiner Sftfdy Dffbus Hydropawtr Prefect
Chart 2,9: Physical Disability Rates (Per 10,000 People) among
Populations In the Proposed Project Area (Based on CSA: 2007)
0
Atom Zone
Bambasi OdibikJ gi<u w.woftegj Mtna-5«l>u Konddlj
Wftreda Woreda ZonE Total Woreda Woreda
BSG
III
Orcnnj
■ Mile 132 19 3 8 137 11B 9fl
□ Female 116 13 07 11* 99 B2
■ Both Senes          174                16
29                126
109                 90
_________ «
5.27.2     Health Infrastructure and Personnel
Hea/th Faci/fr/es
Table 5.20 Number and Type of Health Facilities and Number of Health Staff in Project
Woredas (2014/15)
Type of Health Facility
Mena Sibu
Kondala
Bambasi
All
Woredas
Health Post
47
32
34
113
Clinic (private)
24
27
6
57
Health Sialion / Health Center
5
4
2
11
Rura* Hospital
1
0
0
1
Rural Drug Store (private)
3
3
1
7
Total Health Facilities
90
66
44
200
| No. of Staff In health Facilities
388
149
247
537
Number of public  health facilities  at various  levels  and number of hearth professionals  and support staff working in the facilities  in the three project Woredas  are summarized in Table 5 21 All three Woredas  combined there are a total of 200 public  health facilities 
(Health   Posts   Clinics   Health   Center/Slations.   Rural   Hosprtals,   and   Drug   Stores)   and   537
persons  working in I nose facilities  in lhe project Woredas; and the highest number of both facilities  and nealth sector employees  are in Mena Sibu Woreda White Kondala is  the second highest m terms  of public  health facilities. Bambasi Woreda is  the second highest in terms  of number of employees  working at various  levels  of public  health facilities  In spite of the fact that livestock  is  crucial component of the local economy  in all project affected Woredas, similar data is  lacking for animal health and needs  to be collected as  part of the forthcoming Baseline Survey during the full-fledged feasibility study phase of lhe project.
SP Studio Plelrangeii MDl Consuming =ng-rw5
9GDvmocratfc AepuMc of EHuapu
Wflfetyy gf Water, (rrfgftteirt a-nd Efoc fncrfy_______________________
Rrttf EU                       SfuCty
Djibui Hydropower Profit
Health Personnel
In addition to proper health facilities, availability  of adequate medical personnel is  also very important factor for the provision of quality  service With respect to this  there are 15 health officers, 3 sanitary  officers. 7 pharmacists  99 nurses. 12 laboratory  technicians  and 170 community  health workers  in the two of the project affected woreads  1 he detail of health personnel in Mene Sibu woreda and Kondala woreda is shown in Table 5 21 below
Table 5.21: The Health Personnel of Project affected weredas
Werada
-- -------------
H«atlh       Pharm
Officers      aclsts
Nurses
Sanrtarl
an
Mene-Sibu            8               4               49
Community  Lab |
health          Techni
workers          cians
too                 12
Kondala                   7               3               50                2                    70
Total                    15                                 99               3                   170
l
J
r
.
Source- raspecftrt woratfa office, 2013
Health Services
The purpose ot the establishment of health facilities  in different locations  in a particular woreda in the project area is  not meant only  to treat the patients  visiting lhe facility  Rather the health service provided goes far beyond, including.
■    Medical Services;
■    Malang and Other Vector-Borne Diseases Control Services
■    Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI);
■    Family Health Services;
■    Information, Education and Communication (IEC); and
• Environmental Health and Sanitation Services
5.27.3     Problems of the Health Services
There are many  constraints  in the existing health facilities  of the project areas, and the major problems  are shortage oi health professional (human power) both in quality  and quantity; Shortage of buildings  drugs  equipment and other medical supplies, communication and transportation problems, and poor ccommunity  involvement in the implementation and promotion of health programs
5.27 4 Environmental Health Situation in the Project Area
Water Supply. The study  results  show that the community  water supply  sources  in the Project Area are mostly  shallow wells  and piped water from deep wells  (boreholes) and protected springs and unprotected surface water from rivers ponds, springs
Sartflatiort." In the Project Area lhe majority  of the inhabitants  use the open field for defecation and urination Even in towns  where people are expected to use sanitary  facilities, they usually use lhe open-field, though they sometimes use pit latrines.
Waste    Disposal    Methods    Domestic    refuse    is    disposed    moslly    on    open    fields    or    in com pounds/nearby sites.
Housing Conditions: Housings  rn rural areas  are mostly  tukuls  made of, wood, and mud for walls  and grass  for roofing. They  are without partitioned rooms  (over 5 persons  Irving in such one-roomed tukuls) and windows  for ventilation and daylight. They  are often smoke^ filled and dark inside and with earth floors.
SP Stlidln P^lrangeh - MDI Consulllrg Engrweia
97Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water, irrigation and Electricity __________
Fmai EM 0*Stfftn« Sltrdy
ortus WyrfrcpowFF Pro/tfcf
5.3 Knowledge & Information About & Attitude towards the Project
Improving populations' access  to electricity  and or export of electrical energy  (generated from a renewable source) to neighbouring markets  through expansion and local capacity addition is  often cited as  one of the key  national benefits  of almost all Hydropower schemes in Ethiopia and perhaps  elsewhere in the world While such a higher order objective of Hydropower schemes  (social, economic, environmental and political benefits  at the national level) is  often true and undeniable, national level interests  and benefits  if accepted at their face value often tend to camouflage the local level impacts  (beneficial and adverse) of development projects  Besides, all project stakeholders  and most importantly, project affected persons  possess  inalienable constitutional rights  to be consulted on matters  that affect their lives  and livelihoods  Going beyond the narrow and often difficult-to-exercise political approach, i e.. ’right* Io be consulted international development organizations  have recently  developed a wider and more inclusive concept for use in social impact assessment The concept is  known as  "Free, Priori and Informed Consent” (FPIC) (for more details on FPIC. see Box  2) of project affected persons  in any  planned development intervention that is likely to affect their lives and livelihoods directly or indirectly
In  an  effort  to  secure  FPIC  on  the  one  hand  and  to  shed  light  on  impacts  (beneficial  and otherwise) of the proposed project at the lower administrative level on the other initial
communications 
and preliminary consultations  were made with a limited number of local public  officials  and
community
members.
In
addition to collecting pertinent secondary administrative data
during
the
preliminary consultations,       local level           information
were
solicited
particularly  on some of the most important Issues surrounding
knowledge and information about lhe project, attitude towards  and likely beneficial and
Box 2: Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)
FPIC is a procedural mechanism developed Io assist In ensuring I he right of Indigenous peoples Io sett determination II is a concept that gamed status by its   inclusion   in   the   2007   United   Nations   Declaration   on   the   Rights   of Indigenous    Peoples    and    lhe    1989    International    Labour    Organization's Convention  169  Its  legal  status  vanes  depending  an  whether  a  country  has signed one or the other of these instruments and has effectively incorporated rt into domestic law Free means that there must be no coercion, harassment intimidation  or  manipulation  by  companies  or  governments  in  order  to  obtain stakeholder  consent,  and  should  a  community  say  no  there  must  be  no retaliation.  Pnor  means  that  consent  should  be  sought  and  received  before any  activity  on  community  land  is  commenced  and  that  sufficient  lime  is provided  for  adequate  consideration  by  any  affected  communities.  Informed means  that  there  is  full  disclosure  by  project  developers  of  their  plans  in  a language  and  format  that  is  acceptable  to  the  affected  communities,  and  that each  community  has  enough  information  and  capacity  to  have  a  reasonable understanding  of  what  those  plans  will  likely  mean  for  them,  including  of  the social  impacts  they  will  experience  Although  consent  would  normally  imply that communities should have a real choice, that they can say yes if there is a good flow of benefits and deve’opment opportunities to them, or they can say no if they are not satisfied with me deal, and that mere is a workable mechanism for  determining  whether  there  is  broad-based  support  in  the  community  as  a whole  in  reality  the  implementation  of  FPIC  often  remains  flawed  FPIC.  to varying extents has been adopted as a requirement by lhe IFC and many other international  organisations  There  is  an  increasing  discussion  about  whether the  spint  of  FPIC  should  be  used  to  demonstrate  respect  for  all  communities and to earn a social license to operate (Source- IAIA, 2015)
adverse impacts of
the proposed project _________ .
on local population
With respect to knowledge and information at the local level (Woreda and Kebele). both local public  officials  and members  of would-be affected communrties  either know very  little, or nothing at all about the proposed project. For example, while very  few people in Mena Sibu Woreda claimed to have some ideas  about the project from information they  obtained during a study  conducted by  the then Ministry  of Water Resources  (now Ministry  of Water, Irrigation and Electricity), neither local public officials nor members of project affected
SP Studio Plekangeh - MDi Conscrfimg En-q'n^en
98Auteraf
fifflptriiiMG of £ffi«ipra
JWfljifry of Wfrfihr, fmgj fro ft arc d Bae frteijy
Finti ETA Btt^rw Sfudy Ctabos My depone/ Pro>cf
communities  in the remaining two project Wo reef as  knew anything about the proposed Dabus Hydropower project Since the project is still at rls early stage al the moment, it might be argued that it is too early to evaluate performance ol the project in terms of disclosure and dissemination of project related information to key stakeholders, local communities and tneir leadership in particular
However the dearth of project related information* that is prevailing at the local level al the moment is  so much chilling so that members  of project affected communities  may  not be able to objectively  and rationally  assess  the beneficial and adverse impacts  of the project on their lives and livelihoods, As a matter of fact, lack of up to date and reasonably accurate information about the protect al the local community  level, if it is  not acted upon and addressed m a timely  manner and communicated through formal communication channels, could lead to the development of a negative attitude among local communities towards the project If and when relevant project information is  not flowing Io project affected communities  through established official communication lines  it is  natural for members  of those communities  to revert to the rumor-mill to obtain some information (no matter how informal and inaccurate such information might be) on a matter that is go»ng to affect their lives and livelihoods in major ways and in many ways too.
* Information or Lack of it influences attitude; and attitude influences behaviour (action reaction) that occurs in response to an even* Therefore, Information is the foundation stone of al. actions and reactions; and lack of information on a given subject would lead to undesirable behaviour and undesirable behaviour causes misunderstanding between parties invoked Misunderstanding is not in the interest of the project proponent nor is it in that of members ol project affected communities. Misunderstanding between parties can only be avoided through effectively communicating relevant project-related information tomembers of affected communrties and other key players Helping them make informed decision, commumcalion of informat-on would lead to a negotiated deal, a mutual benefit win-win for Mitt parlies: building confidence and promoting bust between parties, creating ar atmosphere of friendship and cementing a pfatform of collaboration alt of which pave the way for further acais in the future
SP Siudio Pielrangeu - MCi Camuni^ Eng*nee^
99Federal DemocAa&c flepybfrc of Ei?uopm
Mfrl/sfry of Hfeflifj JWgMtHwl jnd fJgcCnciry
Final EIA Bwline Study
Dabui Hydropower Project
6 Watershed Management
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1     Project Context
The Dabus  River is  a north-flowing tributary  of the Abay  River in southwestern Ethiopia It joins  its  parent stream at 10 61056°N 35.14944:,E. The Dabus  Rivers  has  a total drainage area of about 21.032 km7 The Dabus  Hydropower dam is  planned to be constructed in the middle reach of the Dabus  River where the drainage area of the river is  approximately halved
Dabus  Hydropower powei generation dam is  also one of series  of dam planned to be constructed around the western part of Grand Ethiopia Renascence dam reservoir. The watershed size of Dabus  Hydropower dam is  10 022 km2 and located in the west part of Benishangule Gumz  and Oromia Regional Slates  of Federal Republic  of Ethiopia The total population dwelling in the watershed is 1.616.524.
Geographically  80% and 20% of the Dabus  watershed area falls  under the jurisdiction of Oromia and Bemshangul Gumz  Regional States  respectively  The Drainage system has  60 catchment areas  The common point towards  which tends  to divert lhe water flowing in the drainage network is the outlet of the watershed tributaries draining to DHEDWS
The topographic  landscape of the watershed is  mainly  undulating which are flatten oul towards  lhe bottom slope The area is  favored by  climate of moderate temperature and with sufficient rainfall fcr seasonal cropping. The traditional farming system employed by  the local farmers  in lhe watershed has  backed significantly  for the preservation of natural resources  in some parts  of the walershed. The watershed embraces  some of the densest forest covers  in western highlands  of the country. The western highlands  had been covered by  impressive natural forests  but recent trend show that these forest resources  have been reduced substantially and converted to Agnculture.
6 1.2 Method and Approach of the Study
The methods for the preparation of the Dabus drainage basin development plan were
standard procedures aimed al enabling to look at different levels in the system hierarchy in
relation to watershed characterization, emphasizing on diversity, potentials and constraints 
of the existing land management practices. Generally, the method followed the procedures hereundei that are discussed in the subsequent sections,
•     Data collection
■    Data analysis
■    Development plan generation
•     Fstimate rehabilitation cost of the watershed
6.1.2  1 Data Collection
•        Data    collection    starts    al    tne    watershed    boundary    delineation    followed    by interpretation  of  stope,  land  use  or  cover  and  drainage  characteristics  which  were done    employing    a    1:1000.000    scale    topographic    map    and    using    Geographic information system (GIS).
•      Secondary  data  were  collected  from  prevrous  studies  of  GERD  and  ENTRO  study documents
•     The Agro-ecology data of lhe watershed was directly taken from the Aqro-ecoloaical map of Ethiopia (MoA. 1909);
9
S  Studio o^irflngt- MP I Consulting Engineers
c
100Republic a* Et/ittspta
iW^rs/^ a/WMyr,
and Eftcitcity _____  ___ _________ _________
Ftnat EiA tanhne Study
Da&uJ Nydfopoi#?'*' Prefect
■ Topographic features and land^use assessment □! the watershed was undertaken by making use of Google Earth observation and
• A preliminary watershed management plan was developed by considering the past experience  and  projects  (SLMP,  PSNP  AGP.  ASSP  and  Other)  implemented around the area
6.1.2.2  Data Analysis
The socio-economic findings were extracted from the secondary data available, especially from ENTRO study document of GERD along with topographic features observations using Google Earth io define the major characteristics of the watershed The major findings from the socio-economic condition such as major problems and livelihood options were collected and collated along with the major findings  of the biophysical data including the land capability classes for upper, middle and lower watershed and specrfic current land uses Major problems were identified and interpreted along with their root causes and allied with the watershed management intervention demands.
Physical watershed characterization was  made employing watershed morphology parameters and assessment of soil erosion using Revrsed Universal Soil Loss Equation (RIISLE) as adapted to the Ethiopian context.
Land capability  classification was  done following USDA land capability  classification guideline as adopted Io the Ethiopian condition (MoA. 1990) The physical limiting factors for SWC requirements were matched with the watershed problems extracted from the socio economic analysis.
5.1.2  3 Development plan generation
As a final product lhe watershed development options were defined by combining the result of the socio-economic and biophysical informalion The assessment has identified the different resources and defined them as labelled in the existing local names, see Annex 4 1 (including the area). The development interventions were designed for each specific land unit based on proposed land use options. GIS was used to interpret, analyze, and visualize lhe land features (soil, land cover, slope and land capability classes) and to produce the various thematic maps
6.2     Description of the Watershed
6.2.1   Bio-physical Features
€.2.1.1 Location
Since Babus River is a tributary of the Blue Nile River, its watershed is pari of the Blue Nile River Basin. The Dabus Dam is located western south upstream of GERD reservoir >n Barrabassi and Begi woredas of Benishangul gumz and Oromia Regional State Figure 6,1 shows the Dabus catchment.
The topography  of (he watersheds  is  dominantly  flat and moderately  slopping towards south. In most parts of the catchment land degradation is a serious problem. The sleep side ol the Dabus River has undergone intensive exploitation of lhe local resources through deforestation shifting cultivation and inappropnate farming practices  are some of the problems
SP Sludio P'Ciringen ■ MD  Consisting Englnw*
1
101Dernocr<fK AlpuNiC of E thro pun
Ministry of WniiK, fniggfr'prr and EiKlrtcIty
FifwtEtA                    Study
Dabus HytfrtopQ*™ Prefect
6      Watershed Man a gement
6,1 Introduction
6.1.1     Project Context
The Dabus River Is a north-flowing tributary of the Abay River in southwestern Ethiopia, It joins its parent stream at 10.61056DN 35 14944°E The Dabus Rivers has a total drainage area of about 21,032 km . The Dabus Hydropower dam is planned to be constructed m the
2
middle  reach  of  the  Dabus  River  where  the  drainage  area  of  the  river  is  approximately halved.
Dabus  Hydropower power generation dam is  also one of series  of dam planned to be constructed around the western part of Grand Ethiopia Renascence dam reservoir The watershed size of Dabus  Hydropower dam is  10,022 km2 and located in the west part of Bernshangule Gumz and Oromia Regional States of Federal Republic of Ethiopia The total population dwelling in the watershed Is 1.616 524
Geographically. 80% and 20% of the Dabus  watershed area falls  under the jurisdiction of Oromia ano Benishangul Gumz Regional States respectively. The Drainage system has 60 catchment areas The common point towards which tends lo dived the water flowing in the drainage network is the outlet of the watershed tributaries draining to DHEDWS.
The topographic  landscape of the watershed is  mainly  undulating which are flatten out towards the bottom slope The area is favored by climate of moderate temperature and with sufficient rainfall for seasonal cropping. The traditional farming system employed by  the local farmers  in the watershed has  backed significantly  for the preservation of natural resources  in some parts  of the watershed The watershed embraces  some of the densest forest covers in western highlands of the country. The western highlands had been covered by impressive natural forests but recent trend show that these forest resources have been reduced subsiantially and converted to Agriculture.
6.1.2     Method and Approach of the Study
The methods  for the preparation of the Dabus  drainage basin development plan were standard procedures aimed at enabling to look at different levels in the system hierarchy in relation to watershed characterization, emphasizing on diversity, potentials  and constraints of the existing land management practices  Generally, the method followed the procedures hereunder that are discussed in the subsequent sections
•     Data collection
•     Data analysis
■    Development plan generation
•     Estimate rehabilrtation cost of lhe walershed
6.1.2.1  Data Collection
•       Data   collection   starts   at   the   watershed   boundary   delineation,   followed   by interpretation  of  slope,  land  use  or  cover  and  drainage  characteristics,  which  were done   employing   a   1.1000   000   scale   topographic   map   and   using   Geographic information system (GIS),
■     Secondary  data  were  collected  from  previous  studies  of  GERD  and  ENTRO  study documents
The Agro ecology data of the watershed was directly taken from the Agro-ecological map of Ethiopia (MoA. 1989).
SP Sfudio P^rrangen Mft| CtWliulltng Engineers
100*1 Dtfimcratit Pitpublic qf Erhnopu Mfoffiry of Wai er, frn^gtrcifl jfiaT Efeci&Tcrly
FJn#r EM Busr/wie Stutfy
Dibus rtytfrcpoi**/ i^rojrcf
■     Topographic  features  and  land-use  assessment  of  the  watershed  was  undertaken by making use of Google Earth observation; and
■     A  preliminary  watershed  management  plan  was  developed  by  considering  the  past experience   and   projects   (SLMP,   PSNP,   AGP   ASSP   and   Other)   Implemented around the area.
6.12.2    Data Analysis
The socio-economic  findings  were extracted from the secondary  data available especially from ENTRO study  document of GERD along with topographic  features  observations  using Google Earth to define the major charactenstics  of the watershed The major findings  from the socio-economic  condition such as  major problems  and livelihood options  were collected and collated along with the major findings  of the biophysical data including the land capability  classes  for upper, middle and lower watershed and specific  current land uses Major problems  were Identified and interpreted along with their root causes, and allied with the watershed management intervention demands.
Physical watershed characterization was  made employing watershed morphology parameters  and assessment of soil erosion using Revised Universal Soil Loss  Equation (RUSLE) as adapted to the Ethiopian context
Land capability  classification was  done following USDA land capability  classification guideline as  adopted to the Ethiopian condition (MoA 1990). The physical limiting factors for SWC requirements  were matched with the watershed problems  extracted from the socio economic analysis
6.12.3    Development plan generation
As  a final product, the watershed development options  were defined by  combining the result of the socio-economic  and biophysical information The assessment has  identified the different resources  and defined them as  labelled in the existing local names  see Annex  4 1 (including the area). The development interventions  were designed for each specific  (and unit based on proposed land use options  GIS was  used to interpret, analyze, and visualize the land features  (soil, land cover, slope and land capability  classes) and to produce the vanous thematic maps
6.2 Description of the Watershed
6.2.1     Bio-physical Features
6.2.1.1   Location
Since Babus River is a tributary of the Blue Nile River its watershed is part of the Blue Nile River Basin. The Dabus  Dam is  located western south upstream of GERD reservoir in
Bamabassi  and  Begi  woredas  of  Benishangul  gumz  and  Oromia  Regional  State  Figure  6  1
shows the Dabus catchment
The topography  of the watersheds  is  dominantly  flat and moderately  slopping towards south. In most parts  of the catchment land degradation is  a serious  problem The steep side of the Dabus  River has  undergone intensive exploitation of the locai resources  through deforestation shifting cultivation and inappropriate farming practices  are some of the problems.
SP Studio Pvn-angeii ■ MUI Consullmg Enjlneen
101nrstfy Of Wiftf, fcHfratrorr and EJ»ctrferfy
Oafr/J ttydrapowe, Frojecl
MTT
KT
»T»
Figure 6 1 Location of Dabus ch -130 Catchment
SP Slud» F'etrangeli - ML3i Consulting Fngineers
102DMTOcrafle RVpubfc Of EtfifapU
Mm Wjifpr, frrifig (fan t>nd E/mi tried ty
FlnM EM Saff^rtt Slutty
Dooms Hydropewvr Pro/t»cl
Dabus River has an elevation of about 1.338 m asl to 3.135 m asl at Dabus Dam site. 1 he Dabus  River is  found very  silty  which indicates  the extent of land degradation due to bad land use practices  in catchment areas. The biophysical conditions  of the walershed covered in the study  include topography, soils, land use/cover and other related elements  which are discussed in the upcoming section
6.2.1 2 Climate
As  per climatic  classification in the agro-ecological zones  developed by  Ethiopia MoARD (2005) the altitude of the major watershed lies  in the range of 133B-3135 m asl. This Indicates  that lhe watershed area is  characterized by  Weyna Dega agro-cllmatic  zone The annual average rainfall of the Cabus  Dam Watershed is  1515.5 mm and the rainfall pattern is  bimodal, wilh unpredictable short rams  from March to April and the mam rainy  season ranging over June to September The erratic  nature of lhe rainfall made farming unpredictable and generally put it at low level of productivity
6.I.1.3   Topography
Slope analysis  rs  an important step towards  rationalization of land use in the watershed It provides  the basis  for land capability  classification, land use planning and soil conservation needs
The slope analysis  results  show that the watershed is  characterized by  more flat land and rugged terrain with some steep cliff slopes in the gorges The watershed has complex stope classes  with flat to a highly  sloping topography  The slope of watershed is  tender at the downstream side and steep at the upstream parts  of the watershed. Most highly  sloping parts  of the watershed are currently  used for cultivation and grazing lands  The slope class 15-30% amounts  1B% of the total and have contributed to the severe degradation of the biophysical resources  in the watershed and also contributed a significant proportion of silt Io lhe Dabus  dam The degradation of the land has  dramatically  reduced agricultural productivity
The most dominant ranges of slope of the watershed is between 0 - 3% which covers about
3084  km ,
2    followed  by  15*30%  which  covers  2824  km2   of
land  The  third  class,  agncullural
land, have a slope ranging 8-15% which cover 1530 km2 of land followed by  the fourth 3- 8% which covers 1396 37 5 ha of land The fives lhe steep slope land have a slope of 30- 50% which covers 840 km2 of land Finally, 3.5% of the total Land or 0 35 km2 of watershed is steep A slope map of major watershed is presented in Figure 6 2 and the results of slope analysis are shown in Table 6 1 below.
SP Sludlo PiotranQcll- MDI Consufcng Engnedrs
103Republic of Erfrrapc* MmrSfry of fVjfer frng^tjon and E/ectnc/ty
f/A 9*9^0 $fuety £>jhuN Hydropower Proper
■ I.V «?
SLOPE
I Catchment of Dabus Reservoir
Slop* (RwcMt)
03
301 A
fluOl 15
1501-30
3001 50
5001' - at.66
Rciwrvolr
Figure 6 2 Slope Map of the Dabus CatchmentC IZMill nfil I—I Fta.l
Focfcr*/
Repuh/te of EffuopAf
Wfflrpfjy of lVjffiy, Arr^pj/thra antf gJjctffeily
61* Saseftne Study
DibiJt Hydft>po*r*r Prtr^t
3
Table 6 1 Slope categories of (he Major walershed of DHEDWS
I------------
S No
r----------------
1
2
Average slope (%)
Area coverage
2
(km )
Proportions of the
total (%)
------- ----- ------------------------------ Gentry stop ng ;3 - 8)
Flat or almost flat (D - 3)
3.081
30 74
1.396
13 93
3         Sloping (8 - 15)
1.530
15 26
4            Moderately stoping (15 - 3D)
2.824
28 1S
5          Steep (30 - 50)
040
8 3B
6
Very sleep >50
351
3.5
Total
10.022
wo
6,2 1.4 Land Use
The exleni of ihne area of land use and land cover mapping units in the watershed is highly related to the climatic  topography  and edaphically  factors. Population remoteness  and traditional factors  attributed to the type of use and the natural vegetation as  presented in the watershed
As depicted in the Table 6 2, out of 10022 km*. (0.4%) is homestead or settlement, and only 
J
0 6 percent (57 km ) is artificial and natural forest About 3 5 percent of the watershed area (347 km ) is Shrub and wood land.
Table 6 2 Land Use of the watershed
1
Sr.
No
Area               Proportion of
Land use type
coverage in
(ha)
coverage,
ln%
1
Cultivated land (moderale and intensive cLiitrvaled)
812 542 14             81 1
2
3
Wood land +G razing Land
28,266 <10                2.8
Homestead
3.932 81                0 4
L—4
5
6
7
8
.
Forest Land(plantations and natural)
5.732 70                0.6 ■
Shrubland Woodland topen. or)
34 856 57                3.5
Water body
431 95             0.04
Wetland
76 176 OB                7.6
Reverie vegetation
Total
40,257.71              4.01 1.002.196 00          100.00
In general about 812,542 14 ha of cultivated land, which is B 1.1% of the total area, 58 48% or 586116 29 ha of land is cultivated land having a slope of > 3%, which creates accelerated erosion in the area Such types  of slopes  disfavors  rainfall infiltration and tend to increase runoff m many cases The moderately steep, undulated and steep slopes of the catchments has  influenced not only  the rainfall infiltration but also the development of soil and water conservation measures, which do require relatively deep excavation.
The  non-exisient  and  limited  limes  undergrowth  of  grasses  coupled  with  the  nature  of  the topography is aggravating soil erosion
SP SMdio Pietrar'ge< - MDI Co**.4ulting Engineen
1052**?' O*nccrwttc ftopubft of EftM*
Fin^l EtA
Sludy
D*fcua Hydtojoo ftw Pro/ecr
■u
5
Land Cover
£
Figure 6.3: Land use Map of the Dabus Catchment by major Watershed
SP Sludio FieVanjeii MDi Consoling L n^nenrs
106Federal Offnotrafjc Repufiflc EEfuopt*
Mutiny of Wafer, frrigjfloo and fleeing
6.2.1.5 Soil Characteristics
The major soil types of the watershed area are briefly discussed below
Nitisols
Firw/ E/4 0n»rJ*rtO Sfudy
Dabua ffydropo *” Pro/oct
r
The Reference Soil Group of lhe Nitisols  accommodates  deep, well-drained, red tropical soils  with diffuse horizon boundaries  and a subsurface horizon with more than 30% clay and moderate to strong angular blocky  structure elements  that easily  tall apart into characteristic  shiny, polyhedric  ( nutty  ) elements  Nitisols  are strongly  weathered soils  but far more productive than most other red tropical soils. These soil units  cover area of seme 535,055 ha, or 53.39 %, of the total catchment area
Cambfiols
Cambisols  are soils  with little horizon differentiation and are tn a transitional stage of development from a young soil to a mature soil They  occur wherever conditions  are not favorable for sail processes  other than weathering to take place Transformation of parent matenal is  evident from structure formation and mostly  brownish discoloration, increasing clay  percentage and/or carbonate removal Cambisols  of the study  area covered the largest portion accounting for 80,51 lha.0 6% of land; that is, of lhe entire watershed
Luvisols
Luvisols are soils having an agne horizon, higher clay content in the sub-soil and with base saturation of 50% or more al least in the lower parts  of lhe B horizon These soils  show textural differentiation in the profile with surface horizon depletion in clay  and clay accumulation in the sub surface and moderate to high clay  activity  with dark brown to dark reddish brown color These soils  are derived from alluvial deposit parent material Luvisols generally  occur on gently  undulating to sleep topography  but also occur on flat to gently undulating land as an inclusion with Cambisols. This soil covers 80511 ha of land, which is 0.6 % of lhe total catchment area
Vertisols
Vertisols are soils having 30% or more clay in all horizons Io a depth of at least 50cm, which develop cracks  from the soil surface downwards  (at some period in most years, there are at least 1cm wide cracks to a depth of 50cm). and have one or more of the following: gilgai, micro relief intersecting shaken sides or wedge shaped structure at some depth between
25 and 100cm from the surface Vertisols in the study area covered 194553 ha of land; that is, 19.41% of the entire watershed
Effective Soil Depth
The soils of the watersneds are characterized by relatively weak structure of the upland and reflecting lheir young age increasing lheir credibility when exposed to rain Most of the soils are very  deep to deep with the exception of the pocket land around steep slopes. Sample woredas  of Begi and Mensibu have relatively  shallow depth soils  observed in steeper slopes, while deeper ones  have been observed in flat to gentle slopes  around the middle part of the watershed
Soli Texture
In the Dabus dam watershed area, most of the soils are dominated by clay loam texlure
The red soils occurring in the study area are known to have heavy, fine lexlured clays with
good tilt and permeability
6 2,1,6 Water Resource!
Waler resources  in lhe Oabus  catchment area are comprised solely  from perennial and seasonal rivers  and streams  There is  no lake or other water body  in lhe catchment area which drams to the Dabus reservoir. The mam tributaries of Dabus River which are situated
SP Sluo.o Pelrangei. MOt Cd'WJlir.j tr>jreerT,
107Federal Oemocratfc
of
Final El A Basina Study
Dabus Hydropowtf Project
Wntairy of Wtlpr, Irrigation and Electricity
in  lhe  upstream  side  of  the  Dabus  Reservoir  are  Keshmand.  Sedeka.  Dila.  Kumibabe  and Sonka
6.2J .7 Land Degradation and Soli Conservation
Land degradation is  a process  of losing the land's  potential which is  caused by  combined processes  of both natural phenomenon and human interference. Inappropriate agncultural practices  that are not rn harmony  with lhe biophysical environment, overgrazing, and destruction of vegetation cover, are some of the human actions  significantly  contributing to land degradation
It is  possible to distinguish between two types  of land degradation actions  The first is unsustainable land use This  refers  to a system of land use that is  wholly  inappropriate for a particular environment Un-suslainabihty  has  lhe implication of being irreversibly degrading Deterioration of land In general may  lead to a permanent decrease of biological potential and a deterioration of living conditions  of inhabitants  Degradation processes  do occur even without interference of man, there is  a natural balance between lhe rate of natural rehabilitation and degradation. So, for example, water erosion under natural forest corresponds with the subsoil formation rale
The most common causes of land degradation in the watershed include, but not limited to:
■    Poor farming practices which involve cultivation on steep slopes, marginal lands and absence of conservation practices
■    Over cultivation of cropland,
■    Forest and bush degradation; and
■    Deforest atio n for expa nd i ng cu Hi vat ion.
The status  and degree of soil erosion were noted based on SLMP Based on the result of assessment, two types of erosions were observed in the study area (sheet and gully). Gully and lhe latter »s lhe most frequently observed in the study area and they are formed going down the slopes against contours
6.2.1.8 Landscape of the Watershed
Landscape of lhe Watershed has  a significant contribution for runoff formation and for subsequent soil erosion and silt accumulation at the receptors  The impact is  determined based on watershed shape index, which would be calculated from axial length and average width of lhe watershed Almost all parts of the watershed have convex shape. Left side and some part of the right side of the Dabus watershed rs of concave shape whrch aggravates soil erosion and may contribute to sediment inflow Io lhe Dam.
In this type of watershed shapes, tributaries are many in number and runoff from the system will reach quickly  to one syslem and results  in big waler flow or flood crests, and carries large amount of sediment resulting in sedimentation and deposition problem in downstream lands  and water bodies, Dabus  Major watershed, with this  much shape index, has  sloping or rolling plain and sloping land, with a significant drainage area resulting in uncontrolled flow to the Dabus River and then to the Dabus Dam
SP Sludio Pietrangeli CcraiJt’^g Engineer
108fetfera/ PvmfrfrJtrc ftepufijfc Of Evuopit
Mtotitjy Qf water, Imogen tnd Eioclncity
Ftnai Hi A                 SCLrcy Difitfi MydTopo*w ftojK r
DRAINAGE
Catchment of Dabus Reservoir
Rivers
-----
— Secondary FbverH
----------- Sinami
|______ , «*»WM
Figure 6.4: Drainage Network of I be Dabus Hydropower Dam by Major Watershed
SP Slutto Pwir.vx>elt MOI Consulting Engineers
109Fifljrf El'A
Fedvrtl Democratic Republi
c of E thio pte
Hycfro
poiw
Sfcrdr
Fro/Kf
Mintitry ot Water Jmgwflon
end Electricity_____________ ~.______________ .
6.2.2     Soil Loss
Computation
The  main
cause  of  land  degradation  and
sediment
delivery 
to
Dabus 
reservoir
is
soil
erosion, which is  basically  known to be caused by  high runoff from the left side of the watershed With the objective of identifying the main erosion sites  within the watershed and the extent and cause of erosion and lo suggest possible corrective measures, the watershed is classified into different land units and the erosion status of each unit computed using the JSLE (Universal Soil Loss Estimation)
The soil loss prediction model (USLE) used as adopted to the Ethiopia context is
A=
RKLSCP
where
A =• 
Soil loss in tons   /hatyear
R"
Erosivity of rain   fall,Use
R=
8.12 ■» O.562*P. P =   mean amount of Ram fall
K=
Erodibility  of  the  soil,  depending  on  type  of  soil,  basically  soil  color
L=
Slope length factor
S=
Slope gradient factor
C=
Vegetation cover factor
P-
Management practice factor
The USLE results  discussed in here are soil losses  from sheet and rill erosions, and does not Include soil losses from gullies and stream banks. The computation results as shown in the table above indicate that the highest erosion per hectare of land occurs in Achaye Lopi and Amuman Gida Major watershed area amounting lo above 1OO/ha/yr of soil loss followed by  Amuman Gida, Arnume.Gutemicheal. Ayira. Abonodlla and Gori top major watershed moderately  rated and ranges  50 to 100 ton/ha . It covers  total of about 12.46% percent of the watershed, with soil loss  of more than 50t/ha/yr Is  at higher nsk  of erosion This  is  attnbuied to the longer slope length and poor management practices  The lowest losing units  include plantation and homestead areas  (15 77 % of the watershed) with a computed soil loss  of less  than 50 l/ha/yr. This  is  attributed to the slope steepness  and relatively good cropping and management practices which is a result of vegetation cover.
Areas  with moderate rales  of soil loss  including 48 major watershed and parts  4 of major watersheds  areas  are also categorized slight soil loss  which is  relatively  protected by  some vegetation cover and Swampy area
In general, these values of soil erosion rates are much higher than the rale of soil formation and it has been estimated that the rate of soil erosion is 3 18 times higher than the tolerable soil erosion rate in some part of the major watershed. Figure 5 shows the soil loss rate in the Dabus Watershed
SP StixltD Pieiriingeli MDJ Consuliing Engineer?
110FederaJ   Oemotraftc   Repute   of   Elhrapts Ministry of Water, imgition snd ElocMcify
Finsi ElA BtuliM Study Dibui Hydrvpow Proj+ct
SOIL LOS S
Calchment of Dabus Reservoir
J
Soli loss
(Toniwf/hatyMr)
0- 11
11.01 -25
25.01 - 50
50 01 - 100
100 01 -228.01
£
J»TT
■rur
Figure 6 5: Soil Loss Map of Dabus Dam Catchment
SP Studio Pclrangefc MDi Convuflmg Engineers
111f*d*rai Dimocrttic Roputftc of Etfrropr* MifUilry af Wafwr, JrAflifrort «ntf fine trfcify
F/fl^EM SlMtifN Sfutfy
ta&us HyrffQpowif ProfKl
SDR Module
The USLE was developed for (he prediction of sheet and rill erosion, with no separate values for rill and inter-rill erosion. As discussed above, the USLE is not feasible for estimating the amount of deposition, and for calculation of sediment yield from gully, streambed and stream bank  erosion The equation was  primarily  designed for calculating long (erm average annual rales of erosion Therefore, the USLE cannot be directly used io estimate the amount of sediment reaching downstream areas because some portion of the eroded soil may be deposited while traveling to the downstream point of interest and in other cases would not consider gully  and rill erosion. The SDR, instead is  preferred to estimate the delivery  of sediments  to downstream receptors, the Dabus  River being the case under consideration The SDR is  used to estimate the total sediment transported to the Dabus River then to the Dabus Dam
The values  of the SDR are also affected by  catchment physiography, sediment sources, transport system, texture of eroded material, land cover, etc. The average channel slope is more significant than olher parameters  in estimating SDR, and as  in many  cases, the current computation is done employing the channel slope. For the Dabus watershed, SDRs are computed for the major watersheds rivers as shown Table 6 3 The formula employed for ail the 61 major-watersheds is.
5DR = 0.627 S£/’u 403
Where,, SIP (%) = slope of the main slream channel.
The compulations, as  shown Table 6 3, have indicated that the sediment delivery  from major-drainage or River sedeka and Dila anges  between 1.33 and 1 4 t/ha/yr which is higher than the delivery  from watersheds  rivers  On the other hand kumbabe and keshamand nve sediment contnbute in which are accounting for the lowest ranges 1 to 1.29 t/ha/y  The values  totally  with lhe results  from the soil loss  computation employing the RUSLE. but there is a significant variation among the two models The mean soil loss of the whole watershed is 19 52 ton/ha/year (see Annex 2) The average sediment delivery ratio from the USLE model is 0.063 which is good
Table 6.3* Sediment delivery ratio compulation Results
~ Sr.
No
1
j-        - 2
Major Watershed,        Average Main Drainage         Slope in %
SDR (t/ha/yr}
Keshmando                        43                      1.13
Sedeka
|          74
1.4
3       Dila -J
4        Kumibabe
6.5
32
1 33
■1
r— —i
5         Sonka
6
1 29
Mean
----- —-----—-----.
1,23
6.2.3     Land Capability Classification
Land capability classification refers Io a systematic arrangement of different kinds of lands according to those properties that determine the ability of the land to produce on permanent basis Classifying the land according to its capability is a pre-requisite and vital for planning and  implementation  of  watershed  development  programs  The  land  capability  classification of  the  Watershed  was  made  following  the  methodology  developed  by  Escopedo  (1988)  to determine  the  soit  conservation  requirement  class  for  Ethiopian  conditions.  The  watershed was divided mto different slope classes for each type of land use/cover and soil distribution, overlaying thematic maps of both land use/cover over slope class maps.
SP Stuffio pierrar-qeh - MDJ Consulting Engineers
112focAhri!1 DtffTQCfMfc Ropuft^e of fthtapi*
Mfnrwtry of Wafer, frrfgjtron and Eteetnerty
F#rr*J EM Basetoe Sfwfy
Ortu* ^yxfropoiw ffrojocr
The  corresponding  factors  that  determine  the  land  capability  classes  J>f  the  units  are  sloP^ Steepness  (L),  Deplh  of  Soil  (D),  Past  Erosion  (E)_  Water  Logging  (W)  Soil  Infiltration  ( Topsoil  (torture  (T)  and  Surface  Stoniness  or  Rockiness  (S).  Annex  3  provides  the  summary of  land  capability  class  for  each  type  of  land  use/cover with  different  ranges  of  slopes  Based on  the  analysis  of  lhese  factors  for  each  types  of  land  use/cover  together  with  lhe  slope class  range,  a  land  capability  value  has  been  developed  and  presented  in  Annex  3  for  the Upper.  Middle  and  lower  part  of  the  watershed.  Based  on  this  value,  the  most  appropriate land capability classes or groups are assigned.
The USDA Land Capability  classification System is  used in evaluating lhe capability  of Dabus  Dam watershed This  system of evaluation is  the most widely  used method, though constructed for use in the US, now adopted in many  developing countries. The system is based on two concepts: capability  and limitation, where capability  is  the potential of the land for use in specified ways  or with specified management practices  and limitations  are land charactonstics  which have adverse effects  on capability  Limitations  are further classified into temporary  and permanent Permanent limitations  are those which are difficult to manage or change or demand high investment to do, such as  slope gradient and soil depth, and temporary  limitations  are those whwzh can be improved by  ordinary  land management techniques
On the basis  of these concepts, land is  classified into different capability  classes, and range from I to VIII Land classes  I lo IV are classrlied as  capable for arable agriculture and V to VIII for non-arable uses  The land capability  class  of watershed is  classified in this  system and four of the eight classes  are found in Dabus  dam watershed with varying limitations There are no class I, Class V. VII and Class VIII categories in the watershed.
According lo the classification system. Class  I land has  no, or only  slightly  permanent limitation or risk of damage, by which land in this class can be cultivated safely with ordinary good farming methods  There are no lands  in Dabus  watershed, which fall under this  class Class II consists of lands subject to moderate limitations in use, which is subject to moderate risk  of damage They  differ from class  I in that the land is  gently  sloping and is  subject to erosion and occasional overflows. These soils  may  require special practices  such as  soil conservation, rotations, water control devices  etc  The detail Assessment of the watershed will be studied during the implementation of the program
Class III lands are subject to severe limitations from farmland, owing to severe risks or
damage characterized by moderately steep slopes, are subject to more severe erosion The
lands can be used regularly for crops provided they are given proper treatment These lands 
are very common In most part of the watershed
Class  IV lands  are composed of soils  that have very  severe permanent lirmiation or hazards if used for farmland, characterized by  steep slopes  and subject to severe erosion The lands can be cultivated occasionally  if handled with great care. Class  V lands  are swampy  tends are known to be affected by wetness, sternness or similar limitations
Class  VI Soils  should be used ter grazing and forestry, they  are unsuitable for cultivation as they  are steep or shallow Grazing should not be permitted because it destroys  the plant cover In real situation, currently  this  land use system is  changed to cultivated land were there is shortage of land
Class   VII   lands   are   subject   lo   severe   permanent   limitations   or   hazards   when   used   far grazing or forestry, They are steep eroded, rough, shallow, droughty or swampy
Class  Vlll Sods  are rough even for woodland and grazing, they  should be used for wildlife or recreation uses  These classes  of lands  are found m the two National Parks  located in the watershed
SP ShJd-u Pieir aiiQell MDl Consi/fcrig Engineers
113FtntlEIA Btncllnt Study
Dabu* Hydmpovrtf Pftytct
Ministry of kWx knqato^ and EIMficity
Those  land  units  which  fall  under  calegory/Class  IV  are  with  limitations  of  soil  depth  and slope
The results of the land capability classification for those 21 high prrority areas are given in Annex  3 and Annex  3 2 shows  in red color with the detail computation indicated in Annex 3.2 Based on the analysis of these factors for each types of land use/cover together with the stope class  range the distribution of Land Capability  Classes  for each major watershed is developed
6.2.4    Socio-Economic Condition
6.2.4J Demographic Characteristics
According to the information obtained from CSA. the total population of Dabus  Dam Watershed" is  eslimated at about 1.616,524 which is  323.304 HH and lhe average number of family size per household is about 5 people per family
6 2 4 2 Farming System and Crop Production Practices
The major annual crops  cultivated in lhe watershed according to the order of importance and area coverage are Maize. Sorghum, Teff. and Lentil Similarly, the dominant perennial fruits  and cash crops  cultivated in the watershed are Coffee Avocado. Mango. Sugarcane and Apple respectively. The cropping calendar runs  from mid of April to mid of December Despite its  variation from farmer Io farmer the maximum tillage is  done for Teff 4-5 times, followed by wheat and barley which is 3-4 times plowing per cropping season.
Crop rotation is  the dominant agronomic  practice implemented by  farmers  to enrich soil fertility  Whereas  manure has  been added for homestead farms, but hardly  done for field crops. Besides  majority  of farmers  are using artrficial fertilizers  (urea and DAP) as  well as improved seed to increase productivity and production per unit area of land
€.2.4.3 Source of Energy
Communities living m the watershed populations are using biomass as the principal energy source, improved fuel stove introduced by Projects like SLMP, MERET, AGP. ASSP and
PSNP with lhe mam sources that include eucalyptus tree, maize and sorghum residues 
and other indigenous trees and bushes Fuel wood is a problem during the rainy season.
Most of the time female and children are responsible to collect fuel wood
Fuel  wood  consumption  is  increasing  with  population  growth  which  leads  to  environmental degradation through aggravating soil erosion
6.2.4.4   Land Holding/Tenure
The average land holding is 1 0 ha. but majority of the land srtuated in sloppy areas is not suitable for cultivation and grazing. Mamly, almost all the upper part of the watershed is found in a very sloppy area
6.2.4.5   Cropping Pattern
The  dominant  cropping  partem  in  the  watershed  is  mixed  cropping  like  field  crops  maize grown with lean - seed and maize mixed with haricot bean Nevertheless, majority of farmers are  undertaking  mixed  and  inter  cropping  system  in  the  home  yards  Coffee.  Avocado. Mango,  etc.  are  growing  together  as  mixed  and  mier-cropping  in  the  home  yards.  Except Maize,  other  crops  are  planted  in  broadcasting  method.  Unlike  row  planting,  broadcasting worsens  soil  erosion  Majority  of  farmers  in  the  watershed  don't  use  compost  as  alternative source of fertilizer particularly for field crops.
Soil and Water Conservation
SP Sitxj4? Pwltangeh MDl ccnsuiilng E ngtneeri
114Fxtef*/
ffltpuMfc q/Ethiopia
fin* El A 0W4M Sfudy
Dja6w» Hydropower PfO/erl
1
Wfljjfly caf Mfater, J'm'gjtti'-Qff arid F^mcjiy
Soil erosion is  sever in lhe watershed owing Io the topography  and the farming/land use system in the area It occurs  in the watershed and affects  the livelihood of the community and eventually will contribute a large sediment load to the Dabus reservoir
Although, there are technical gaps, the farmers  in the watershed are undertaking different biological and physical soil conservation methods. Planting of "Desha, kenchib , vitsver grass, ’Gicha’ grass, bushes  and trees  are lhe dominant biological soil conservation techniques  in lhe watershed and soil bund, check  dam and traditional ditches  are physical soil conservation structures  which have been constructed in the watershed Although not followed a scientific  conservation method and did not start at the lop of the watershed, sod conservation structures  have been constructed here and there Traditional ditches  have been also constructed along the slope and conveying run off from lhe cultivated lands exacerbating soil erosion. This  situation escalates  erosion instead of conserving the soil In the watershed
6.2.5     Major Livelihood Options in the Watershed
Most farmers  exclusively  engage in on-farm activities  and undertake little off farm activities Crop production and animal rearing are the main off-farm activities  Among on-farm activities  field crop production, fruit and tree production in the homestead are the mam livelihood Intervention whereas  vegetable production practicing by  very  few framers residing close to the river Similarly, cattie raring, shoat production, and poultry  production are the dominant animal production system undertaken in the watershed However, off-farm activities such as selling of fuel wood are rarely practiced in lhe watershed,
Even though there are gaps farmers In the watershed have been trying to diversify 
household income by implementing portfolio of on-farm activities Cognizant of this, small
number of farmers have been involved in oxen fattening, shoat fattening and beekeeping
Some livelihood activities such as poultry production and shoat fattening are mostly 
managed by females and the benefit gamed from these activities mostly goes to females 
unlike other livelihood interventions,
As  il ts  slated above, small number of farmers  in the watershed rarely  undertakes  selling of fuel wood which could be categorized as  off-farm However households  involved in diversified livelihood activities relatively have better family income
6.2.6     Major Problems in the Watershed
Based on previous  survey, three major problems  were identified m the watershed woredas and these are agricultural yield reduction lack  of access  roads, deforestation and shortage of water for human and animal during dry season
6.2.6 1 Decline of Productivity and Production
Based on SLMP watersheds  implemented in Dabus  dam watershed, yield reduction is  the dominant constraint triggered by  soil erosion, poor community  awareness  and skepticism in using improved technologies  (seeds, fertilizers  compost and agronomic  practices) weed and pest However, soil erosion contributes  the lion’s  share for the yield reduction On the other hand, farmers  realize that soil erosion is  caused by  overgrazing, improper land use and poor farming practices. As  indicated above, very  sloppy  lands  have been utilized for cultivation and grazing In these areas  Soil erosion and declining farm income have strong correlation Therefore, yield reduction is  severe In the upstream part of the watershed as compared to the downstream due to the sloppiness  of lhe area which has  aggravated soil erosion. In other words, yield reduction is  increasingly  related to soil erosion and deforestation
6.2.G.2 Deforestation
SP Slud*© Wrangell - MDI Consulting Ergin^ers
115Ffntt El A Batalina S turfy
Feders/ Democret/c Republic of Ethiopia
Dafius Hydropower Project
Ministry of rifatarl Irrigation and Electricity^_________________,
Deforestation is the second dominant problem in the watershe P
nnmilaimn
main driving force for deforestation include: lack of alternative energy 
• P
growth and overgrazing As confirmed during the transect walk an group
watershed development committee, free grazing is  widely  practice y  e co u i y Similarly, as  confirmed in the group discussion fuel saving stove and other alternative energy source have been practiced by very few households residing in the catchment and these people are provided by projects Population growth from-time-to time also plays its part in accelerating deforestation, owning to more demands  for source of energy  (for cooking) and expansion of cultivated lands
6.2.6.3  Shortage of potable water
Shortage of waler during the dry season is the other problem affecting the local community Irving in the watershed. Substantial reduction in volume of water is observed during the dry season In the upstream part of the watershed not only reduction of volume of water is the problem, but also absences of well-developed water schemes are the prevailing constraints Thus among others population growth, land degradation deforestation, etc are the dnving factors for water volume reduction during dry season which is also felt by the community Thus  yield reduction on one hand, shortage of water on lhe other, have driven the watershed community along a downward spiral path
6.3     Opportunities and Implementation Strategies
6.3.1 Development Opportunities
Despite the existing constraints, there are also opportunities which can be used as building blocks of integrated watershed development The community representatives have realized that their livelihood could be improved if they can exploit the existing opportunities. Some of the socio-economic  opportunities  which can be used as  development potentials  to improve the livelihood of the community in the watershed include.
•  Availability  of  abundant  labor  al  household  level  to  undertake  agriculture  (crop  and animal) production activities:
• Availability of biomass particularly in the homestead to prepare  compost (According to lhe result  obtained during  group discussion, shortage of money to buy artificial fertilizers confronts farmers m the watershed. Cognizant of this, if farmers prepare and use compost using the available biomass, they can save many allocated to buy artificial fertilizer, as well as they can enrich soil fertility for a perceivable period ).
■  Availability  of  manure  to  fertilize  the  land  using  organic  fertilizer  (lhe  field  survey result indicates that there is high cattle and shoat population in lhe watershed and the manures gained from them can be used to fertilize the homestead farm and even the field crops);
Suitability of lhe area for fruit production as well as animal rearing;
Prior experiences  of lhe watershed community  in managing crop and animal production (although majority  of the farmers  in the watershed implement conventional way  of crop and animal production system their experience and exposure in the sector can be used as springboard and will have huge contribution to improve the productivity of the sector using improved technologies):
19
Availability of forage to carry out ox and shoal fattening,
animal production such as cattle and shoat      rearing,
■ Availability of bee Itnge to. honwtMd to ran beekeepmg acliyibes in™«7nd noMam'SX's0” d"'ers,f>',ha' household Income by mvolvmg
SP Srudio Piefrangeli - MD' Consulting Engineers
116
■
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
If«fer»r D«7iocr*Hc ffepc/B^ic of Ethfopta
M/n^try of Wtrpr, JrrfgtfAM jm tf Efectefcify
Rrt«f E1A                     Sfudy
D*bua Hytfropci**? Pf<Jj« f
■     Proximity  of  the  watershed  to  towns  like  Bambasi,  Nejo  Mendi.  Begi  and  Mensibu main road to sell their agriculture produces as well as to get access to technologies,
■      Relatively   sufficient   land’   despite   lhe   watershed   located   m   sloppy   area,   if   well managed   by   applying   integrated   watershed   treatment   and   improved   technologies, the land holding 15 enough lo feed the household;
■     Availabdrty  of  springs  and  small  streams  in  the  watershed  Due  to  the  ongoing  land degradation    and   deforestation,   the   existing   water   sources   couldn   t   discharge enough  volume  ot  water  particularly  in  the  dry  season  Thus,  if  integrated  watershed treatment   is   implemented   the   runoff   water   which   otherwise   create   soil   erosion Infiltrate  to  the  soil  which  result  in  increasing  volume  of  streams  and  springs  and even new waler points may emerge.
In addition, the following development opportunities are recommended
A.   Multidisciplinary Approach
The development of watersheds  should follow vertical and horizontal management aspects Since watershed management involves  decision-making about use of resources  for many purposes  a multi disciplinary  approach is  essential The development options  have to be decided with real participation of all stakeholders. The issue should be not onty  finding solutions, but also negotiating solutions. Specific  development options  have to be negotiated among all stakeholders
B.   Inclusion of Climate Change Concepts
Watershed development addresses  almost al! elements  of a given ecosystem as  well as physical, socio-economic  and cultural and institutional components. As  within a watershed unit climate change affects  lhe different components/resources  of the watershed unit at different degrees  and levels  Data and information on climate change, particularly  on adaptation are sparse and sometimes  difficult to obtain The greatest challenges  in coping with lhe impacts  of climate change are therefore access  to data, slate of the art science, policies. as  well as  tools  and funding opportunities  that are specific  to the area. Therefore, the project has  to work  in the inclusion of climate change in the development interventions. Some aspects, in the watershed, are already  included but there is  the need to consider the issues  seriously  and include new interventions  which could mitigate climate change impacts.
C.   Adapting Payment for Ecosystem Services
Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) is being considered as one of lhe mechanisms that should allow societies to pay for lhe maintenance of these services from lhe ecosystem Ecosystem services are receiving increased attention in the context of human development. The PES schemes are considered as potentially useful mechanisms to compensate those who maintain the flow of ecosystem services Here, it is recommended that PES systems are adopted in lhe watershed development processes at least at promotion level
D.   Establishing Buffer Zone along the River and Streams
The purpose of construction of buffer zones around reservoirs and other water bodies is to provide a filter for runoff, protect lhe structures from station and pollution This is possible through leaving adjoining undisturbed land as long as possible to serve as natural buffer zones and building vegetated strip of land bordering the water in the water bodies and dam In the case of watershed, it is recommended that a buffer zone be established along Dabus River and the streams in the watershed (Keshmand. Sedeka, DHa. Kumababe and Sonka streams)
E.    Research and Documentation of Best Practices
SP Srudio Pielrange'i MDI ConWbng EngneBrs
117Fimrt EM fiajwfrne Sfudy
Daftuj Hydropower Proyeci
Minhtry of Hfctef, frrfrtfwi jnrf E/pctne/fy
To sustain and restore watershed functions and develop, through the understanding of the complexity of the system there is a critical need to conduct research on the different aspect of the specific  watershed Therefore, is  recommended to identrfy  research areas  and carryout a watershed development elements.
F.          Introducing Village Economic and Social Association Techniques
The VESA is a social and economic association that can be formed by homogenizes village community to solve their social and economic problems emerging al local level. A single VESA comprises  20 •  25 village people. Each VESA are expected to develop their respective bylaws  and managed by  it One VESA has  a chair person, secretary  and treasurer and all have their own duties and responsibilities as well as authorities All VESA members will have monthly saving and the amount is determined by the VESA members through discussion and consensus Members have the right to borrow based on the amount they  save and the guideline stipulated in their bylaws, VESA members  would arrange periodic meetings like on monthly basis, to discuss and solve matters that may arise
6.4 Watershed Development Interventions
6.4.1 Main Components
According to the MoA CBPWGL 2005 the size of the Major watershed can be in the range of 6.000-20, OOOha. Thus, based on this guideline the Dabus watersheds are identified as around 61 Major Watersheds. Watershed development interventions  are key  to improve lhe livelihood of people in the watershed development through restored and enhanced land productivity support rehabilitation of degraded land and development of natural resources, providing opportunities  for income generating and contnbute to small-scale infrastructure development This will help to intensify the land productivity with no jeopardy on lhe existing natural resources  Watershed development interventions  could save water reservoirs  such as dams by reducing silt transporting runoff water. A multiple of development interventions are proposed for such cases, and recommendations are made based on lhe specific site conditions.
The   development   interventions   for   watershed   include:   soil   and   water   conservation, afforestation  and  forest  management,  crop  production  intensification  and  diversification livestock  development  income  diversification,  infrastructure  development;  alternative  rural energy  technology:  environmental  education  in  primary  schools,  and  capacity  building These measures are briefly discussed in lhe following sections:
6.4 11 Soil and Water Conservation
Physical Soil and Water Conservation Measures
Physical SWC measures  are those soil and waler conservation measures, which lead to change in land surface arrangement and profile There are various physical soil and water conservation measures that can be applied on different land uses types, butthose proposed for Dabus  Dam watershed are: Soil bunds  Fanyajuu, Checkdam (Loose stone, soil bag, brush wood, sisal, gabion) cutoff drams and waterways.
Biological Soil and Water Conservation Measures
Biological SWC is a conservation practice that prevents loss of soil and moisture, improve soil  property  and  mamtainfreslore  productivity  and  stability  of  lhe  ecosystem  through  good farming  system,  good  cover  recirculation  of  organic  matter  and  nutrient  and  establishment of vegetative barrier A number of biological SWC systems can be applicable for the study area  solely  or  in  combination  wrlh  physical  SWC  measures  based  on  the  specific  site conditions    The    proposed    interventions    include,    nursery    establishment,    reforestation, demarcation  and  closure  of  existing  natural  vegetation  grass  forage,  tree,  fruit  plantation and energy saving matenal (grass strips), compost making and utilization
SP Stucf'O angeli ■ MOI ConsiJbng Engineers
118FJrttf £/A flise^n* Study
Dafxji Hydropower Preset
Wnitfry of Wilac I'mjaOwi *nd f/ecln^/ry
6.4.1.2   Agro-Forestry Development Interventions
Th® recommended agro forestry practices as part of the watershed development
intervention include: Alley Cropping and Multi-Story Gardening, specifically at homesteads 
Agroforeslry mechanisms usually act as wind breakers and thereby reduce soil erosion by 
wind drift.
6.4.1.3   Gully Control and Rehabilitation
The techniques  of gully  control and rehabilitation include, treating upslope lands, reclaiming the gully  area, diverting runoff (partially  or wholly), close off, plantation and construction of different types  of check  dams  across  gullies  to hold backwater and trap sediments  The type of check  dams  selected to treat and rehabilitate gullies  depends  on the gully  features (depth width, gradient, gully  formation stage, slope), availability  of construction materials and slope (gradient) of the gullies  To this  end, live brush wooden check  dams, stone check dam. and gabion check  dam all integrated with plantations  along the side of the gullies  are proposed for the watershed area under consideration.
6-4.1.4 River Bank Protection
River  bank  erosion  was  observed  in  the  Project  Area  particularly  along  the  Dabus  River, and  the  streams  Moreover,  along  these  streams,  cultivation  is  practiced  close  to  the  edges of  the  rivers  Such  cultivation  practices  are  made  without  any  interventions  that  may  protect the cut and slide of riverbank In the future, if the practices are allowed to continue unabated there  would  be  a  danger  of  losing  many  cultivated  lands  reducing  the  life  of  the  reservoir due to sediment.
Therefore, the measures  for protection of riverbank  are recommended. The intervention involves  establishment of buffer zones  on the sides  of the riverbank  and establishing plantations  of economically  important vegetation of various  types. This  zone will act as  a de-silting and sediment trapping zone and dispersing the concentrated run-off before entering into the rivers  so that the runoff will have non-erosive effect. In this  regard, establishment of buffer zone of 5-10 meters away from the edge of lhe riverbank by limiting cultivation and other agricultural operations to areas beyond this zone.
The buffer zone should be established with productive grass  species  that could be used for livestock  feeding through cut and carry  method trees  that can be used as  fuel wood and construction materials  and fruit trees  that may  be useful for generating income for communities who own the land adjoining the river bank.
6.4.1.5   Promote Fruit Production
The ecological condition of the study area Is quite favorable for growing temperate and sub
tropical fruit trees. Therefore, it is common to observe fruit production particularly in lhe
homestead areas of the Major watershed Thus, this has Io be strengthened through
providing lhe necessary financial and technical support.
6.4.1.6   Water Supply and Sanitation
As it was indicated in the master plan study of Abay problems of the watershed waler
supply and sanitation is the serious problem that causes school dropouts to fetch relatively 
clean water from distant sources and many waler born and water related diseases. Thus 
the problem should be addressed as part of intervention in the integrated watershed
development. There aren't sufficient water sources particularly in. the upstream part of the watershed hence construction of hand dug and shallow well is taken as alternatives to
alleviate water constraint
6.4.1.7    Access for Credit Services
The  households  in  the  watershed  have  a  limited  capacity  Io  purchase  farm  inputs  mainly fertilizer, buy improved live slocks and supplying their fodder- and start any kind of business
SP Pieirangeii - MD Comul^nq
1 T9Fja* fM amftffC Study
FkAxb/ Democrettc ftfpuW/c of fr/ii'opjj
DjAus Hydro power Project
JtfJoriby of WgK^Jrngmbofi »ndElectricity
in the project area However, if there is a strong credit facility, these households will have a chance to build their financial capacity. Thus for the project to be successful there must be
a strong credit servrces in the watershed.
6.4.1.8  Homestead Farming
Homestead farming has  significant contribution in supporting the livelihoods  of the households  m the watershed Farmers  are applying manure to increase the yield of homestead farming This is a good practice and needs to be strengthened
6,4,19 Vegetable Production
Based on SLMP experience, except for few farmers, vegetable production has not been undertaken by majority of the households in the watershed Shortage of irrigation water is the main reason lhat impedes  the farmers  in this  particular activity  In this  regard, if integrated watershed development is practiced through the improvement of water resources mainly by Improving Ih-e infiltration of rain waler, the volume of available water will increase creating the opportunity lo undertake vegetable production. The sector therefore would be significantly improved and contribute for increased household incomes
6.4.1.10 Diversifying Animal Production and Improve Productivity
As mentioned above, the area has big potential for cattle rearing oxen and shoal fattening, poultry production, beekeeping etc. Despite its potentials, the community is not benefiting oul of it because most of them adopt conventional method of animal production methods. Lack of practical training on lhe sector and awareness in the side of the community are among lhe contributing factors  for less  productive livestock  production To alleviate the prevailing const!amts and to improve productivity, the survey team suggested the following strategies.
Farmers  should be aware to practice cut-and-carry  system, Instead of free grazing: As  mentioned in the earlier section the watershed is  situated in a very  sloppy  area, therefore free grazing aggravates soil erosion and environmental degradation To stop if not to reduce overgrazing and its negative consequences, the farmers in the watershed should practice zero grazing system.
Engage farmers in oxen and shoat fattening activities: Very few farmers undertake fattening activities, basically in rainy season; {fattening is nol done in dry season because
of lack of forage to feed animals). Hence, farmers should get in depth and practical training
on fattening techniques and management to run lhe activities year round through adapting
feed management system
Involve farmers in Beekeeping; Beekeeping is another livelihood opportunity which needs priority. Despite the availability of bee forage beekeeping activities are nol undertaken by lhe farmers  Therefore, the following points  are emphasized so as  lo earn substantial benefits from apiculture through
• provision of in depth and practical training on apiculture to farmers;
repeated advise and extension service to farmers in the watershed to use manual weeding rather than using agrochemicals, since there are abundant labor al household level; and
provision of improved beehives and seed money for farmers to promote the sector
6 4.111 Introduce Fuel Saving Stove for Energy Source
Almost all HHs in the watershed are using biomass as energy source which triggers deforestation and exacerbates soil erosion Therefore, to mitigate deforestation ihereby to
re uce se imen generation and delivery to the Dabus Hydropower dam, provision of fuel
saving stove for the HHs in the watershed should be seriously considered
Studio PiHrangePi MDI Consult nq Engineeis.
120Derchocratfc jRtpuMc of Errttapu
Mnn/ry of Wtt^f IrTiQttian aid EJecfftfriy
F<o*/ EW Bd««Nn* SFuity
0*0ui Hydropo*w Pro/eCt
Supplying  the  community  with  elecinc  power  is  another  alternative  energy  source  to  reduce deforestation and thereby reducing sediment delivery to the dam
64.2     Past Experiences in the Area
The land degradation problems  of the watershed have got greater attention by  the woreda Administration and the communities  Some parts  of the watershed, specifically  in the Dabus Dam Watershed units  are covered by  vetiver and desho grass  in combination with other physical structures  and some check  dams  (Gabion and Wooden) The community  leaders have aired out their greater realization of the benefits  of the development of the watershed through the adoption of biophysical development interventions. Except the introduction of hydrologic  units  principle in the implementation of the conservation measures  the constructed structures  can be taken as  best practice, even for other areas  One major issue to consider is  starting Implementation of conservation measures  at the upper most part of the watershed.
6.5 Development Intervention and Implementation Plan
6.5.1    Watershed Management
The proposed watershed development interventions  are supposed to be implemented m phase-wise approach, with some proportion of each activity  in one year or throughout the life of the Watershed Development Protect. The Plan as  indicated in the following sec  lion includes  timeframe for the activities  with sequence of tasks  The list of inputs  required, strategic  issues  that should be considered for successful implementation and institutional arrangements are discussed separately
6.5.2     Implementation Schedule
The implementation activities are developed on lhe basis of priority and prerequisites,
where lhe planning considers the sequencing and phasing of the project, and farming
calendars and livelihood opportunities of the community in the watershed. The
implementation of physical and biological soil and waler conservation activities follows the awareness creation and capacity building interventions, and precedes other livelihood improvement mechanisms
The watershed development plan implementation period is  proposed to be five years  which is  subject to revision, basically  depending on budget and labor availability  and the level of community  participation The proposed activity  and implementation time schedule is presented in Table 6.4
SP Studio P eirangrM - MDI C«ui*ng Engmwn
121Ftfffaraf
ItywM'c d? Etfrfcpw
Fin*/ f/A BeMAno Study Dabus Hydropower Pro/ocr
Mfaiteby of Hflifer, irrigation and £/ecfrfofy
Table 6.4 Development Interventions and I implements I ion Schedule
Sr.
No
ii      -
Activity by component
Activity plan by year
Unit
Total
Plan
Year 1
Year 2
yeir-3
—
Y«ar4 ----------- --
Year 5
1
Soil bund
Km
155 360
23.304
31.072
46.608
31.072
23 304
r2
Hillside terrace
Km
30 245
4,537 I 6.049
9 074
6 049
■ -■ a
l       4.537
3
Hillside terrace * bench
Km
34440
S16€
6 888
10,332
6.888
5.166
5
Bund Stabilization
Km
300 OQ0
45 000
60.000
90.000
60 000
45 000
6
Fanyajuu terrace
Km
49,020
7 473
9964
14 946
9.964
7.473
7
Bench terrace
Km
5.0C®
750
1.000
1.500
1.000
750
0
Cut off drain
M3
Q2.560
612B0
61280
9
Water way (stone paved}
M3
60.580
302 9D
30290
10
Live chock dams with s»sal
□r otter trees
tot
seedling
s
0B.ODO
66 000
440,000
66 000
88 DOC
132 000
11
Stone cneck dams
M3
3560
534
712
1,068
712 |            534
[12
Grass strips
Km
65.450
9.818
13.090
19,635
13 090
9.818
13
Soil bag check dam
-
m3
15600
2 340
3.120
4,680
3,120
2,34D
14
Double Brush wood check dam
1.600
1 200
Lm
8000
1.200
1 GOO
2.400
15
Gabion check dam
M3
3.400
510
680
1.020
680
510
16
1 ench Construction
r
No
350.000
52,500
70.000
105 000
70.000
52 500 |
17
Acxf soil reclamation
Ha
80000
12,000
16000
24,000
16.000
12,000
10
Micro- basin
No
1 250.670
187.601
250,134
375.201
250.134
107.601
19
Compost pH digg'ng
M3
110.000
16,500
22.000
33 000
22 DOO
16,500
20
Hand dug well cons
No
185
26
37
56
37
2S
21
Spring development
Nc
240
36
48
72
4B
36
22
Area closure
Ha
8,500
1.275
1 700
2.550
’.700
1,275
23
i ri
Provision  of  Beehives  for youth
No
792
594
3960
594
792
1,188
24
Promoter!    of    M'd    fuel stove
220
165
No
1100
165
220
330
25
Central                  Nursery upgrading
No
44
7
9
--- ■ ■ —■ 13
9
7
26
Seed collection
---- ------- J
0
0
0
0
0
Trees
Kg
1.200
180
240
—
360
240
160
Legumes
Kg
4500
675
900
1,350
9O0
675
Grass
J£g
3,700
555
740
1,110
740
555
[____
Font tree seedling
No
660.000
132 000 1
176 000
264 DOO
176 000
132 00D '
27
River  side  protection  and gully vegetateo
Ha
640
—------- =— 96
-4 128
128
96
192
28
|t
Seeding Production
Mill
264
40
S3
79
53
40
I
29
Homestead   development, input supply Vegetal
seed,  Steers  poultry  and Other
600
450
HH
3000
450
600
90C
30
Seedling Plantation
Mrll
264
40
53
79j
—j
53 J
40
SP studio PWangeN MDl Consufflng Engrneers
122Democrats WepyWrc at fiftfopte
*flfrtiy of Witter, frntoiMtw wd EfacfrfcJfr____________
6,5.3    Monitoring and Evaluation
em                     SOrdy
D#5<J1 iHydropcw*, PrO>ct_
In almost all instances, project implementation monitoring and evaluation are considered as best strategies  in making sure that implementation of activities  are checked and sustainability of development achievements are confirmed. The objective is to check that planned interventions are implemented as per the timeframe and planned resources and Io identify  on whether all actors  are properly  participating. With this  intention, the implementation of development interventions  of the Dabus  watershed needs  to be monitored periodically and evaluated at the end of the five years period Through the evaluation oflhe project Interventions best practices could be documented and up-scaled in other similar areas.
SP Slud<j Pitftrwigell VDi Coriulirg En^necn
123Dom&crtHc Popub/ic of Ethiopia
Mbwtrry of Walwr, /rogation tn J E/tctric/ry
filmtf ElA Basatina Study
Dabus Hydropower Project
7 Preliminary Impact Assessment
7,1     Introduction
A scoping exercise was carried olH to identify and highlight the key issues and impacts likely to occur during (he pre-construction, construction, and operation and maintenance phases of the project, as well as to identify impacts significance
The scoping exercise made use of a comprehensive checklist covering the range of impacts which may be associated with this hydropower project. The checklist is designed to suit as much as possible the particular environmental conditions in the project area and the nature and scope of the proposed project works.
For each potential impact, the checklist (subdivided into groups according to the phase pre construction construction, and post-construction in which they may occur) provides:
■   The character of the impact in terms of 6 key parameters (impacts type, effect,
duration change periodicity and areal extents), and
■   The evaluation of potential impact significance level based on 4 common characterization parameters (not significant, small, moderate or major).
Potential impact significance was assessed subjectively, taking into account knowledge and experience of the environmental conditions, and of broadly  similar Hydropower projects  in Ethiopia It should also be noted that this evaluation of potential impact significance is based on the assumption that nothing will be done to prevent an impact occurring, or to minimize occurrence. In this  respect the assessment presents  a worst case scenario in relation to environmental impact
The completed Checklist for tne Dabus Scheme is presented in Table 7 1
SP StLd*D PWengefi - Mpi Consul bog Engineers
124Dernocretrc Htpubhc ol'Etibwp^
Ministry of Hfrrw, tmgltfon end Electricity
Ftnei E1A Beieitne Slutty
Oabas Mydropciwef Pro/ect
Table 7 1 Prediction and Evaluation of Potential Environmental Impacts. Dabus Hydropower Project Characterization
Effect
Duration
Change
Period lefty
Areal
extent
Evaluation
Significance
level without
mitigation
Environmental Components
•
X)
e
•
>
03
0>
3
e
•
>
d
h
Pro-Construction  and  Construction  Phases
Physical Environment
Loss of properly residence and business 
Loss of and displacement from agricultural land Destruction of National parks and protected areas
l Restriction on wildlife corridor
Increased access to previously inaccessible areas Disturbance of landscape aesthetics
Generation of noise nuisance and air pollution Exposure of soil to erosion
Interference with watercourses
Generation of blasting vibration and safety hazards ( Enhancement of slope/landscape mstatwlity
Spillage of pollulantsffuel, lubricants and chemicals) Odour resulting from inadequate sanrtary condrtrons 
f
Biological Environment
Encroachment on ecologically sensitive areas
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125Fedora
fapuMc of
WtfWMlry o£^/w frrigaftm yid Efocfr/ciry
AnW £M AhuMm Study Dobui Wydropouw Prc/ecf
Character i zition
Evaluation
Type
Effect
Duration
Change
Periodicity
Areal
extent
Significance
level without
mitigation
Environmental Components
u
s.
£
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Welland Ecosystem
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
1
X
Migratory species
... .
X
—
1
Loss of Priority Forest Area
X
—--
—
WildMe hunting for bush meat and other wildlife products
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
Loss and reduction of riparian vegetation
X
X
X
X
X
X
I
X
X
Loss of riparian and riverine Io rest resource
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Loss of livestock feed resources
X
X
X
X
X
X
__
d
X
River side habitat degradation
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
Impairment of fisheries ^blocking for migratory species) and aquatic ecology
X
Socioeconomic Environment
—
—
Impacton social services & infrastructures
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
Encroachment on cultural heritage areas and monuments
-
X
Disturbance of religious sites and social services
X
Interference with services
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Employment opportunities for local population
X
X
X
X
X
X
*
X
Friction between workersand local population
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
r
_____
X
Health risks to workers and residents
X
X
X
X
X|X
X
1
1
SP Studio Pfelringdn MOI Con&uMng Engineers
126
BWBWBBBHEIBa&EI □■■■■>
Short term
Continuous
IFritzl    Democratic    Rvpubhc    vf    £    th    top** Mfmstry pf tVdfcr. Irrigation and Elec the try
Final EiA                     Study
OiOija ^ydropQWW Project
I
I
i
Characterization
Evaluation
Type
Effect
Duration
Change
Periodicity
Areal
extent
Significance
level without
mitigation
Environmental Components
.
u
a
E
o
z
u
3
E
S
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•
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3 5;
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0
ST «C
»
Increased pressure on local services
X
X
X
-------
X
X
X
Operation and Maintenance Phase
1
I Physical Environment
I 1 lydrotogy flow regime
X
*
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
i Local ssltation
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Nutrient (rapping of (he reservoir
X
X
—
„
X
X
X
X
X
^Biological Environment
-------
-
• Loss or reduction of aquatic fauna and Flora
X
X
1
X
X
X
X
X
Aquatic Weeds
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1 Restriction on wildlife corridor
J
X
1
-4
X
X
X
Disease Ecology/Public Health
X
X
___
X
X
X
X
X
Socio-economic Environment
----------------- --------------- -
, Increase in land values
Employment opportunities
X
X
___
X
X
X
X
X
11
X
L
Increased access threats 1o traditional communities
X
I
X
U
L
1
SP Studio P<|rangell MDi Consisting Engineers
127
Unknown
Long termfciicfuj DemfiCraXic RepubJrc of
MjnJsrry or WhfCJ, frnqjHw/i EJocCncrfy
Pn/E'4 Saselrno Study
Dafiu* NpJropowe/ Prcyecl
7.2      Impacts on Bio-Physical Environment
7.2.1     Impacts on Terrestrial Ecology
7-2.1,1 Impacts on Natural Vegetation
Even though there is  no designated National Park  in the area where the Dabus  project is located the area was  given a named called ’Dabus  Valley  Controlled Hunting Area" which is  indicative of the existence of valuable species  Strictly  speaking lhe area deserves  the status  National Park  for belter conservation of its  unique “undifferentiated woodland vegetation of Ethiopian type of White' as  Motuma Didita and Alishum Ahmed described in their unpublished report.
The swamp and wetland vegetation is  a very  important part contnbuting to the biodiversity of the area. It consists  mainly  of sedges, grasses, orchids  The orchid flora is  extremely diverse in the wetlands  of lhe area. The orchid flora of Benishangul Gumuz  Regional National Stale covers over 60% of the 150 species of orchids in the whole country (Sebsebe Demissew et al, 2004).
The dam has, therefore potentially significant environmental impact on terrestrial flora,
unique plant association and unique habitats However, If thoughtfully prescribed
environmental management plan is in place the adverse impacts can be curbed to
acceptable level
7.2.1.2    Impacts on Wildlife
The proposed Dabus  Hydropower project would occupy  sizeable tract of the Dabus  basin ecosystem where wildlife inhabits. Nevertheless, field studies  showed that the particular part of the ecosystem, which is  directly  impacted by  the project, contains  only  limited number of wildlife
However, inundation of the reservoir, not only shrinks the habitat of some wildlife including
birds' habitat but also disturb lhe wildlife which were using the wetland, lhe riverine forest
and grasses on the seasonally inundated area for shelter, breeding and feeding.
In general, potential adverse impacts  of the project on wildlife resources  and their habitats are caused by  impoundment, new settlement, noises, accidents  and wastes  generated from machinenes  and camps. Hence, the primary  impact of the project on wildlife is loss of habitat where they live, feed and reproduce
However,  if  proper  environmental  management  plan  is  developed  and  executed  most  of the potential adverse environmental impacts on the wildlife can be controlled
7.2.2     Impacts on Aquatic Ecology
7.2.2.1 Impacts on Aquatic Fauna
One of the main potential adverse impacts of (he project on aquatic ecology is loss of riffle- adapted species  (e.g Simulium/blackfly) and establishment of lacustrine-adapted species (e g mosquitoes, snailsj The existing snail species  in the area are mainly  Pteuroceridae and have no vector status
1 he other potential impact of the project on aquatic fauna Is smothering of benthic species due  to  rapid  and  abrupt  sedimentation  plumes  This  could  probable  be  for  some  sensitive species  such  as  the  gigantic  bivalve  (Etheria  elliptica)  Precautionary  measures  have  to  be taken  to  prevent  such  mishaps  in  the  Dabus  reservoir.  Although  mitigation  measures  are difficult,  the  project  should  implement  lhe  planned  watershed  management  plan  proposed in this study to reduce silt load
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7.2.2.2   Impacts on Aquatic Flora
Under eutrophic  conditions  in the reservoir, (he excessive production of algae may  result in anoxic conditions created in deep walers which might lead to fish kills and obnoxious odour This  productive phase in newly-dammed reservoirs  called "trophic  surge phase is characterized by  high production of plankton and fish, but its  timing and magnitude depends on factors  such as  the species  composition and decomposition rates  of flooded vegetation, chemical and physical conditions  rn the reservoir, etc  Besides  being a nuisance, lhe algal blooms  might incur additional cost for clean-up Such problem will be of mosl concern if toxic  algae bloom simultaneously; however this  survey  did not document any  toxic  algae in the study  sites, so the establishment and proliferation of toxic  algal blooms  is  not expected. Nevertheless, regular monitoring for algal composition and abundance should be earned out by EEP after project commissioning
Some of lhe riparian vegetation along the Abay  River will be lost as  a result of inundation, but the extent of this loss will depend on the water-slress tolerance of the plants It appears that this impact may be low in view of the observation that most of these plants are already adapted Io the highly  fluctuating seasonal changes  in water level of the Dabus  River. Previous  study  did not record any  endemic, Ihreatened or unique riparian species  so mitigation measures to conserve lhe riparian vegelalion rs not necessary
7.2.2.3   Impacts on Fishery and Fish Stock
Dam construction creates  a reservoir of large surface area creating a lacustrine environment out of the lotic  (riverine environment). Fish species  migrating to the reservoir from the affluent rivers upstream would nol be able to find their way to lhe dam site and to the downstream through lhe discharge
This  prevents  the brood stock  from spawning grounds  during the breeding season and negatively  affects  the recruitment thus  reducing the fish biomass, the biodrversrty  and subsequently the fisheries production
The loss or reduction of flood plains in downstream areas is one negative impact as it
decreases the recruitment of fish species that are floodplain spawners like lhe Ciarias 
gariepinus. Moreover, the blockage of a river reduces or eliminates lhe exogenous nutnent input to the downstream water by trapping (depositing) the nutrients in the reservoir above
lhe dam, reducing the aquatic productivity below
7.3      Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment
Based on findings  of initial assessment. While detailed information on the nature and magnitude of changes  is  yet to be determined during the upcoming feasibility  phase, there should be no doubt that the proposed project would bring about changes  (beneficial and adverse, short term and long term, severe and tight, reversible and irreversible, direct and indirect, extensive and limited in scope etc) to the surrounding bio-physical environment and it is  almost automatic  that such changes  in the immediate bio-physical environment are related to social, cultural and economic  environments  of local populations  in project affected communities  Based on reviews  of secondary  sources, field observations  and limited consultations  with members  of project affected communities, preliminary  findings  on likely social and economic impacts of the proposed project are summarized betow.
7.3.1 Loss of Cropping Land
tn terms  of potential as  well as  actual agricultural production the proposed Dabus Hydropower project area is one of the best in the region All three project affected Woredas and their respective project affected Kebefes  are not only  food secure and self-sufficient, but some of them are surplus  producing areas. The proposed project, by  floodmg an estimated total area of about 16,600 hectares of land of which 3.977 ha of land is intensively
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and  moderately  cultivated  land  and  this  loss  would  adversely  affect  crop  production  and perhaps food security of households at the local level
7.3.2     Loes of Grazing Land
The project area is  not. only  known for its  livestock  and livestock  products, but livestock plays a pivotal role in providing people's sustainable livelihoods nex on y o crop pro uc ion. Extensive wetlands  and grazing fields  are the single most impo an source o pas  tire or cattle while vast grasslands, woodlands  and bushes  in the lower river valleys  are crural sources  of feedstock  for small ruminants, i.e sheep and goats  Although the ex  ent and seventy of its impact on grazing land is yet to be determined, it is likely that adverse impacts of the proposed project on grazing land, hence production and productivity  of livestock, would be extensive among project affected communities  Such an adverse impact of the project on grazing land by  unleashing fierce competition for limited animal feed resources and reducing carrying capacities  of grazing fields  could go beyond the project affected Kebeles  and their immediate neighbors  and affect people living in much wider geographic areas around the project
7.3.3     Impacts on Access to Common Property Resources
Given their typically  traditional life styles  it is  almost self-evident that common property resources provide crucial support to livelihoods of the majority of local populations in project affected communities In fact, some resources such as traditional gold mining provide nearly one-hundred per cent of household cash income Besides  although their contributions  to local people’s livelihoods may vary from one community to another, communally owned and managed natural resources  such as  woodlands  and forests  (sources  of firewood, charcoal, timber for housing construction, furniture and hand tools, medicinal plants edible wild plants and fruits), riverine fishery (fishing) and wild animals (hunting for game meat) are important livelihood support system adopted by  substantial numbers  of people in project affected communities  The proposed project, particularly  the reservoir component either by inundating large tracts  of areas  containing these natural resources  or constraining local people's  access  to these Important resources, is  likely  to adversely  impact livelihoods  of local populations in the project area
7*34 Impacts on Residential Structures
In spite of the fact that the project area is  largely  characterized by  slightly  undulating flat plains, very oflen settlements cluster on the higher grounds which is likely to increase their chances  to survive inundation that would be caused by  the project. Al this  junction it is important to be cautious and keep lhe following two points in mind The first point is. since some settlements  are located in the lower valleys  that would fail inside (he would-be reservoir area, al least some of the housing units and related structures located inside low- lying reservoir inundation areas  are likely  to be affected Secondly, and equally  important, owing to extensive swamps and wetlands in low-lying project affected areas in general and towards  the tail-end. the reservoir meanders  extensively  flooding many  communities  and engulfing others  and creating a number of small island-like settlements  Therefore if and when the proposed project successfully  passes  the feasibility  stage, it is  crucial to closely examine the viability  of settlements  that are either engulfed and became islands, or they are located within very  dose proximity  and altitudes  that are close to that of the proposed dam height (1376 m asl)
7.3.5       Impacts on Social Service Facilities
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Although lhe exact numbers and locations are yet to be determined by taking an inventory
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and stocktaking during the upcoming feasibility  phase, quite a number of social service facilities  and infrastructure currently  located in low-lying grounds  in the project area are likely to be affected by the proposed project.
7 3.6 Impacts on Vulnerable Groups
Members  of certain social groups  such as  poorest of the poor, physically  or mentally disabled persons, elderly  without support, female household heads, members  of marginalized occupational cast, etc  are often affected by  projects  differently  Moreover, members  of vulnerable groups, due to lheir inherent constraints  (weak  asset base), find rt very  difficult to withstand shocks  and easily  bounce back  from- adversities  that erode their resilience and affect livelihoods  Therefore, upcoming phases  of the proposed project should categorically  identify  vulnerable groups  that would be affected by  the proposed project assess their needs and constraints and address them accordingly
7.3.7     Cumulative Impact on Previously Relocated People
One  of  the  unfortunate  facts  about  the  proposed  project  is  that  it  is  likely  to  affect  members of  local  communities  who  may  have  had  a  displacement  and  resettlement  experience  and as  such  may  have  gone  through  the  ordeals  of  such  experiences  We  should  keep  in  mind that  nearly  all  Kebeles  (7  out  of  9  affected  Kebeles)  in  Kondala  Woreda  and  the  majority  of Kebeles  (13  out  of  17  affected  Kebeles)  in  Bambasi  Woreda  are  new  occupants  of  either the  mid  1980s  drought-induced  resettlement  programme  (the  case  of  Bambasi  Woreda)  or early   2000s   resettlement   programme   (the   case   of   Knodala   Woreda)   With   respect   to families   wrth   previous   displacement   and   resettlement   experiences,   there   are   two   crucial issues  among  others,  that  need  to  be  addressed  with  caution  That  is.  first  and  foremost, displacement   and   resettlement,   no   matter   how   voluntary,   well   planned,   organized   and executed    involve    traumatic    experiences    including    social,    psychological,    economic    and environmental      Nightmares      suffered      from      experiences      of      previous      resettlement programmes  are  still  in  the  memories  of  the  people  and  many  families  have  either  recovered or  are  still  recovering  from  the  social,  psychological,  physical  and  economic  traumas  caused by  experiences  of  previous  displacement  and  resettlement  In  a  nutshell,  when  dealing  with communities   with   experiences   from   previous   resettlement   programmes,   conscious   efforts should  be  made  by  proponents  of  ibe  current  project  to  avoid  accumulation  or  aggravation of  adverse  impacts  (as  a  result  of  the  proposed  project)  on  members  of  such  communities Secondly   the   issue   of   ethnic   composition   of   project   affected   communities   Issues   of concern  related  to  ethnicity  in  the  project  area  are  of  three  dimensions  That  is  (I)  the  need to  understand  and  recognize  not  only  the  presence  but  also  the  needs,  constraints  and aspirations  of  (i)  the  Berta  indigenous  ethnic  group  as  a  host,  (n)  the  Amhara  resettlers  of the mid 1980s and (iii) lhe Oromo resettlers of the early 2000s.
7.3.8      Impacts on Institutional Investors
The project area is  one of lhe best destinations  for agncultural investments  in lhe country, and as  such, large and small scale commercial farms  are common both in lhe project affected communities  and beyond For example, there are more than 20 private commercial farms  in Bambasi Woreda alone and some of them are likely  to fall within the area designated as  future reservoir Similarly, officials  of Mena Sibu Woreda confirmed that there are about half a dozen private commercial farms  and all of them are located in lhe lower Dabus  valley  adjacent to lhe river itself. Details  of numbers, sizes  and locations  of farms located within the future reservoir impoundment need to be collected and assessed during the forthcoming feasibility phase
7.3  J    The Gender Dimensions of Impacts
Experience elsewhere showed lime and again that no impact affects  men and women in the same way  The differential impact of any  development programme on men and women is mainly due to differences in their division of labour bul most importantly, lheir differences
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in control over and access to productive resources which is almost always in favour of men. Arising from such differences impacts of development interventions often affect men and women differently Therefore, it is crucial for the current project that its forthcoming phases should understand these gender differences and address them accordingly
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8      Conclusions and Recommendations
Based on this  EIA Baseline Study, the potential beneficial as  well as  signrficanl adverse impacts  of the proposed Dabus  Hydropower Project on the physical biological and socio economic  environment are identified There will be both positive and unavoidable negative impacts associated with the implementation of this Project
The Dabus  Hydropower scheme exploits  a renewable energy  source and it will not deplete Ethiopia's  reserves  of natural resources, it will not oroduce harmful gases  and it will decrease the nation s dependence on imported fossil fuels or will increase foreign exchange The power and energy  generated will be available for industrial. commercial and domestic consumption thereby improving both social and economic conditions in lhe country,
The potential significant adverse impacts  of lhe proposed Dabus  Hydropower Project on the physical, biological and socio-economic  environment are identified. Most of these impacts  can be mitigated satisfactorily  and residual impacts  reduced to acceptable levels through adoption of the specified mitigation measures  These adverse effects  result from land take requirement for lhe construction of lhe scheme and creation of the reservoir. Some of the construction impacts  will be short-term and reversible nature and stem from ground disturbance operation of equipments and housing of the labour force
There are others that will lead to permanent change and these include
■   Creation of the two reservoirs will result in a permanent loss of 8 370 ha of riparian
forest and wooded shrub grassland
■   An estimated 3,845 hectares of wetland area will be flooded by lhe Dabus reservoir
As a result of lhe flooding, the current property of the wetland will be converted from vegetation covered ecosystem where humans, wildlife, domestic animals, plants 
and other taxa interact in a terrestrial food chain or web to an aquatic system or
open water body
■     The  Project  will  have  potential  adverse  environmental  impacts  on  unique  plant association    and    habitats    found    in    the    reservoir    area.    However,    the    areas surrounding  the  Dabus  reservoir  are  endowed  with  extensive  wetlands  Therefore, it  is  recommended  to  survey  theses  areas  in  the onset of wet season and use this additional    information    to    formulate    an    integrated    wetland    management    plan (including for lhe unique plant association and habitats)
■   The presence of wildlife within the project area is confirmed during field investigation
and also by the local communities However, there are no endangered or rare
species entirely dependent on the project area There are also no species with
restrictive habitat preferences that suffer the consequence of the implementation of
lhe project
■   The water quality survey does not indicate the impact of pollution in the project area However, creation of lhe reservoir will have minor effect on downstream water
quality and aquatic ecosystem and these impacts are mainly related to flooding of
the woody biomass in lhe reservoir area
■     There  is  an  increased  potential  risk  of  malaria  which  is  a  major  public  health concerns for lhe community around the reservoir area by virtue of tower altitude and high favourable climatic conditions for vector species.
■     Adverse  social  impacts  of  the  project  include  displacement  of  households,  loss  of livelihoods  from  3.977  ha  of  intensively  and  moderately  cultivated  land  and  loss  of social  service  facilities  and  infrastructure  currently  located  within  the  future  reservoir impoundment
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•    No adverse direct or indirect impacts are anticipated In respect of cultural heritage
■ There are also no tribal people in the project area whose traditional lifestyles could become compromised through development of the proposed hydropower project.
•     The result of this assessment has indicated grazing lands (8 370 ha of wooded shrub grassland and 3.845 ha of wetland) which are the primary source of feed for grazing type of livestock will be flooded
The benefits of the project at the national level are loo obvious to merit a detailed discussion With  about  three-quarters  of  its  citizens  without  electricity  and  tens  of  thousands  of businesses   and   existing   and   upcoming   manufacturing   industnes   either   suffering considerable  losses  due  inadequate  and  unreliable  power  supply  or  unable  to  start operations  due  to  lack  of  electricity  Therefore,  Ethiopia  urgently  needs  to  harness  its hydropower resources to improve electncity access to its population and to fuel its growing economy
Based on this  baseline survey  result, it is  concluded that there are no environmental grounds for not proceeding with the Proposed Dabus Hydropower project However under EPA's EIA Guideline requirements a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment will have to be prepared during the Feasibility Study to fully address all relevant matters related to the potential environmental impacts identified in this Study
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9       References
Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Project. Fisheries Report 0CEOM
ISL a BRGM. 1999 Ministry of Water Resources FORE
Abebe Gelahun (2007) An overview of the diversity  and conservation status  of the Ethiopian freshwater fish fauna Journal of Afrotropical Zoology, Special issue 87- 96.
BCEOM ISL and BRGM. 1999 Abay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
Bemacsek, G M 2001 Environmental Issues Capacity and Information Base for
Management of Fisheries Affected Dams In Dams, fish and fisheries Opportunities,
challenges and conflict resolution, ed by GerdMarmulla FAO - Fisheries Technical
Paper 419
Collins. London
Craig, J F . 1999. Large dams and freshwater fish biodiversity World Commission on Dams 
Dereje Tewabe, Abebe Getahun Eshete Dejen 2010 Fishing activities in Gendwuha
Guang. Shlnfa and Ayima rivers in Tekeze and Abbay basins, Ethiopia: preliminary 
study Ecohydrology Hydrobtology
EDF,  Scott  Wilson,  EPS,  Tropics  YAM,  November  2007  Pre-Feasibihty  Study  of  Mandaya Hydropower Project Ethiopia. Final Report.
EWNHS. (1996} important Bird Areas of Ethiopia Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History 
Society Add>s Ababa. Ethiopia
FAOAJNESCO 1974/1977 Soil map of the world 1:5,000,000 Vol I legend and Vol VI
Afnca. Paris
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency Population Projection
of Ethiopia for All Regions Al Wereda Level from 2014 — 2017. August 2013
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statistical Agency Population and
Housing Census 2007
Federal Negant Gazeta, (2005) Regulation No. 163/2008 Wildlife Development,
Conservation and Regulation Council or Ministers. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia.
Federal Negant Gazela (2008) Proclamation No.575, Elhiopian Wildlife Developmenl and Conservation Authority Establishment Proclamation Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
Federal  Negant  Gazta.  (2007)  Proclamation  No  541/2007.  Development,  Conservation  and Utilization of Wildhle
Fnis I and Harns, T. (2013) A/chomea cordtfolia (Schumach & Thorn.) Muetl. Arg
(Euphorbiaceae), a disjunct Gumeo-Congohan tree found in Ethiopia as dominant in riverine forest l/Vebbra Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Geography 68 (2): 147-154
Golubtsov  A  S.  Darkov,  A.A.,  Dgebuadze  Yu.  Yu  Mina  M  V  1995  An  Artificial  key  to  fish species of the Gambeta Region (the White Nile Basin in the limits of Ethiopia
Golubtsov,  A  S  and  Darkov  A  A.  (2008)  A
rev w  of
ie               Fish  diversity  in  the  main  drainage
systems of Ethiopia based on the data obtained by 2008 In - Ecological and Faunistic Studies  in Ethiopia - Joint EltiKi-Russian Biological Expedition - (JERBE) 20 Years of Scientific Cooperation) Proceedings Pavlov, et al (2008) Edition
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135F»ctar*r Dwnoc/alk ftrjKrMc of EthJopi*
Ffojif EM                        Stuffy Dabu* Hydropciw Project
Ministry of
frrig*0on >nd E^ctnc^ry
■    No adverse direct or indirect impacts are anticipated in respect of cultural heritage
■    There are also no tribal people in the project area whose traditional lifestyles could
become compromised through development of the proposed hydropower project
•  The  result  of  this  assessment  has  indicated  grazing  lands  (8.370  ha  of  wooded shrub  grassland  and  3,845  ha  of  wetland)  which  are  the  primary  source  of  feed  for grazing type of livestock will be flooded.
The benefits of the project at the national level are too obvious to merit a detailed discussion With about three-quarters  of its  citizens  without electricity  and tens  of thousands  of businesses  and existing and upcoming manufacturing Industries  either suffering considerable losses  due inadequate and unreliable power supply  or unable to start operations  due to lack  of electricity  Therefore, Ethiopia urgently  needs  to harness  its hydropower resources  to improve electricity  access  to its  population and to fuel its  growing economy
Based on this  baseline survey  result, it is  concluded that there are no environmental grounds  for not proceeding with the Proposed Dabus  Hydropower project. However, under EPA's  EIA Guideline requirements, a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment will have to be prepared during the Feasibility Study to fully address all relevant matters related to the potential environmental impacts identified in this Study.
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9 References
Frn*J El A B***fint Study Drtbut Hydroponvr Pro/rcf
Abbay  River  Basm  Integrated  Development  Master  Plan  Project.  Fisheries  Report  BCEOM. ISL & BRGM. 1999 Ministry oI Water Resources. FDRE
Abebe Getahun (2007). An overview of the diversity  and conservation status  of the Ethiopian freshwater fish fauna Journal of Afrotropical Zoology. Special issue 87- 96
BCEOM ISL and BRGM 1999 Abay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
Bernacsek. G M. 2001 Environmental Issues. Capacity and Information Base for
Management of Fisheries Affected Dams In Dams, fish and fishenes Opportunities,
challenges and conflict resolution, ed. by GerdMarmulla FAO - Fisheries Technical
Paper 419
Collins. London.
Craig, J.F 1999 Large dams and freshwater fish biodiversity World Commission on Dams 
Dereje Tewabe, Abebe Getahun. Eshete Deien.2010 Fishing activities in Gendwuha.
Guang, Shinfa and Ayima rivers in Tekeze and Abbay basins. Ethiopia preliminary 
study Ecohydrology Hydrobiology
EDF  Scott  Wilson  EPS.  Tropics,  YAM.  November  2007  Pre-Feasibility  Study  of  Mandaya Hydropower Project, Ethiopia. Final Report
EWNHS  f  1996)  Important  Bird  Areas  of  Ethiopia;  Ethiopian  Wildlife  and  Natural  History Society. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia.
FAO/UNESCO  1974/1977  Soil  map  of  the  world  1:5  000,000  Vol  I  legend  and  Vol  VI Africa Paris
Federal  Democratic  Republic  of  Ethiopia  Central  Statistical  Agency  Population  Projection ol Ethiopia for AH Regions At Wereda Level from 2014 - 2017. August 2013
Federal   Democratic   Republic   of   Ethiopia,   Central   Statistical   Agency:   Population   and Housing Census, 2007
Federal     Negarit     Gazeta,     (2005)     Regulation     No.     163/2008     Wildlife     Development Conservation and Regulation, Council of Ministers, Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
Federal  Negant  Gazeta  (2000}  Proclamation  No.575,  Ethiopian  Wildlife  Development  and Conservation Authority Establishment Proclamation. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Federal  Negarit  Gazla,  (2007)  Proclamation  No  541/2007,  Development,  Conservation  and Utilization of Wildlife
Friis. I and Hams I (2013) Alchomea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thorn,) Muell. Arg
(Euphorbiaceae) a disjunct Gumeo-Congohan tree found in Ethiopia as dominant in
riverine forest Webt»a Jotrma/ of Plant Taxonomy and Geogtaphy.SQ (2).147-154 Golubtsov.  A  S,  Darkov  A.A  Dgebuadze  Yu  Yu  MinaM.V  1995  An  Artificial  key  to  fish
species of the Gambela Region (the White Nile Basin in the limits of Ethiopia. Golubtsov.  A.S  and  Darkov  A.A  (2000).  A  review  of  Fish  diversity  m  the  mam  drainage
systems of Ethiopia based on the data obtained by 2000 In - Ecological and Faunistic Studies  in Ethiopia - Joint Ethio-Russian Biological Expedition - (JERBE): 20 Years of Scientific Cooperation) Proceedings Pavlov, et.al (2000) Edition.
SP Siudio Pwtonyell ■ WD1 Consutinij
135Final El A
S forty
Democratic Republic of Ethtopn
Debut Hydropower Project
MifUitry of Wateft Irrigation and Electricity
Golubtsov. AS. and Mina, M V. (2003).Fish species diversity in the main drainage systems 
of Ethiopia current state of knowledge and research perspective Ethiop J Nat Res 
5: (28) 281-318
Hailu  Hundie  (2012)  "Training  Handout  on  SWC”.  kombolcha.  College  of  ATVT,  Ethiopia Haltenorth. T., Diller, H, 1980 Afield Guide to Mammals of Africa including Madagascar Hurnl, H & Kebede Tatu (1990) "Agro-ecological Zones of Ethiopia", 11 million Map.
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Livelihood Profile, Bemshangul Gumuz Region. Ethiopia Bemshangul Gumuz Dry Kolla
(BDK) LZ April 2009
Livelihood Profile, Oromia Region. Ethiopia, DRAFT Mendi Dabus Maize, Sesame & Cattle (MMC) Feb 2009
Mina M V and Dgebuadze Y Y , (2008) Ichthyological studies carried out by Fresh water Biology Group of JERBE
Ministry of Agriculture Report 2011 Fish Resources Survey in Benishabngul-Gumuz 
Regional State
Ministry of Waler, Irrigation and Electricity Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility Study of Dabus Hydropower Project
MoARD. (2005) Wildlife Development, Conservation and Utilization Policy  and Strategy, Federal Democratic  Republic  of Ethiopia. Ministry  of Agriculture and Rural Development. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
Motuma Didrta and Alishum Ahmed (2013).Establishment of m-situ conservation site along Dabus River as mitigation measure to conserve part of vegetation affected by 
GRNHD. Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute Addis Ababa. Ethiopia. Unpublished Report Nagelkerke L A J 1997 The barbs of Lake Tana, Ethiopia morphological diversity and its 
implications for taxonomy trophic resource partitioning, and fisheries pp 1- 296.Doctoral thesis. Wagemngen. Experimental Animal Morphology and Cell Biology. Wageningen Agncultural University.
Perlo, B V (1995) Birds of Eastern Africa.Harper Collins Publishers
Redman. N . Stevenson, T and Fanshawe. J . 2009 Birds of the Hom of Africa. Christopher Helm. London
Robert, G B, and \alden D W_. 1972. Recent Records of Mammals (other than bats) from Ethiopia, Bulletin of British Museum
Sebsebe Demissew, Cribb. P & Rasmussen. F (2004).Field guide to Ethiopian
orchids Kew field guide Royal Botanic gardens, Kew
Sebsebe Demissew Nordal. I., Herrmann C., Fnis, I. Tesfaye Awas  & Stabbetorp O. i 0 ) Diversity and endemism of the western Ethiopian escarpment - a preliminary comparison with other areas of the Horn of Africa. Biologiske Sknfter 55: 315-330.
SP Studio PrfHrangeii • MDl Ccnsuit ng Engineers
136DwFKHr*r/c flepuBfce fl/ Etftropu
WBfoQ. of Afrur. Wgaffgn a/rtf E/ecfrttJjy
Rraf EM                     Siudy
ftafrijj HydkopoMffl* F.f o/«c I
Sinclair,  J..  R/am,  P  (2003)  A  Comprehensive  Illustrated  Field  Guide.  Birds  of  Africa.  South of Sahara. Sfruik Publishers South Africa.
SLMP  (sustainable  Land  Management  Program  phase  1)  status  report  2013.  Addis  Ababa, MoA
Soil conservation Research Program (SCRP).Area of Gununo Sidarno, Ethiopia long term monitoring of the Agricultural Environment 1981*1994,sod erosion and conservation database 2D00 University  of Bern Switzerland, in Association with the Ministry  ol Agncullure, Ethiopia.
Tesfaye Awes. Sebsebe Demissew. Nordal. I and Frils, I. (2007) New plant records  for the Ethiopian flora from Bemshangul Gumuz  Region, western Ethiopia Walia: Journal of the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society 25: 3-11.
Tesfaye  Awas.  Zemede  Asfaw.  Inger  Nordal  and  Sebsebe  Demisew  (2010)  Ethnobotany of Berla and Gumuz People in western Ethiopia Biodiversity 11 (38 4) 45-53
Vanclay. F,. Esteves, A M Aucamp. I & Franks. D 2015 Social Impact Assessment:
Guidance for assessing and managing the social impacts of projects Fargo ND International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA).
WCMC. (1994) World Conservation and Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road.
Cambridge. UK.
'Mute.   F.   (1933).   The   vegetation   of   Africa:   A   descriptive   memoir   to   accompany   the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa UNESCO, Paris.
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WLRC-Research   Report   -1.   Longterm   Agro-climatic   and   Hydro-sediment   logy   Monitoring May 2015, AA Ethiopia.
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SP Studio Pxtrangei* - MDf Consulting Engineer
137fadaral Democratic Republic of EUtropta
Ministry of W»frt /rrigaUon and Electricity
final El A Baaohno Study
Dabui Hydropcwar Pro/ecl
10 Annexes
Annex 1:
Annex 1.1:
List of Wildlife. Mammals and Birds In the Project Area
List of Mammals in the Project Area
1
Order, Family and Scientific Names
Family Sciundae - Squirrels
Common name
IUCN
Status
Information
Source
_______
Xerus erythropus
Ground Squirrel
C                     CLLR           J
1
Family Hystncidae - Porcupine
Lj
Hystnx cnsta ta
Crested Porcupine
LR/nl               S,LR
Order Primate ■ Monkeys & Bush babies 
Family Ce'copithecidae - monkeys 
Cefcoprfhecus pyggrythrus
Vervet Monkey
Papio Anubis
Enythrocebus patas
Colobus guoreza
Anubis Baboon
Patas Monkey
O.L.R
Ol.R
O.L.R
Guereza,
DD
O.L.R
Black & Whrte Colobus
Order  Carnivora  -  Carnivores 
Family Mustehdae
Melltvora capensis
Ratel
Canidae - Dogs. Jackals
Cants aureus                                      Common Jackal
c             L.R
1
1 Family Vivemdae
1
Genetfa genela
Genet
DD
L.R
Ichneumta albicauda
White-tailed Mongoose
C
LRO
Ctrettictis Civetta
Afncan Civet
c
L.R
[ Family Hyaen»dae - Hyaenas
Crocuta crocuta
Spotted Hyaena
LR/cd
L.R
Family Felidae
L
I
Panthers pa rd us
Panthers leo
F
Leopard
VU cd
'
-
Order Artiodactyla - Even-loed Ungulates
Lion
VU. cd
L.R
L.R
^Family Suidae - Pigs
—
Warthog                                  c             L.RO
___
1
Phacochoerus afncanus
Family Hippopotamidae
r■
r                ~l
Hippopotamus amphbius
Hippopotamus
LRO
Family Bovtdae
1—-------
Sylvicapra gnmmia
Common Duiker
c              OL.R.S
Oreotragus oreotragus
Klipspnnger
DD                Tl.r
Madoqua guentheri
Gunthers Dikdik
C
O.L.R
Hippotragus equinus
Roan Antelope
j_LR/cd
L.R.S
1 Tragelaphus scnptus
Bushbuck
1C
L.R
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Order. Family and Scientific Names
Common name
IUCN
Status
Information Source
| Synceruscafer
African Buffalo
LR/cd
Order Hyracoidea - Hyraces
L.                         J
Family Procaviidae
Procavja capensrs
Hyrax
c
L.R
Order Lagomorpha - Hares
Family Lepondae
Lepus /uibesstmcus
Abyssinian Hare
DD
L.R
Order Tubulidentata
Family Orycteropodidae
| Orycterupus after
Aardvark
C
L.R
Key 0 = Oojwrved
S ■ Sign
t, » Loca/ JnftymafjQn
C - tocatfy Common i/U >iru/nereDfe DD=DaJd deffcjeoj
JVf = Nejt-//ireaJwH*K/ NM LR=iLower Rjj.fc /? Peported
Annex 1.2: Reptiles and Amphibians in the project area
Order, Family and Scientific
Names
Common Name
CITES
Status
IUCN
Reptiles and Amphibians
CITES
Reptiles
1 Testotiin/dae
1 Geoccho/one pardafjs
Leopard Tortoise
11
Rare
| Krnrxys banana
Bell’s Hinged-Tortoise
II
1 Family Tnonychidae
Tnanyjr tduungtrjs
African or Nile Soft Shell Turtle
111
Corocodykfae
------- --------- 1
Coracodykrs nrfobcus
Nile Corocodiie
I
vu
Chamaeleon da«
Chamae/eor? affm
African Chamaeleon
11
Chamaeleon brfaematus
II
Chamaeleon graces
Graceful Chameleon
—
II
Vanmdae
Varenus exanthema ficus
[ African Savannah Monitor
11
Sordae
Eryx colubnnus
Kenyan, or Theban Sand Boa
II
Python sebae
African Python
11
Amphibians
Bufonidae
Buffo regulars
Euph/ycbs occipitalis
■
Torfmptema cryptofrs
Ptychadona feWmt
Phryriobataichos nataiensis
t
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Final El A Baulina Study Dabus HytTropower Pro/ect
Annex 1,3: List of Birds of the Project Area Visited
Order, Famlty and Scientific
Name
Engl kill Name
Occurrence
IUCN
Statut
Information
Source
Oder Ctcori’ifo-rniBs
Family Afdeidae
-------------------- |
SubuJtus jfrs
Cattle Egrel
RT
C
O,R
Egret! j jarcofta
Little Egrel
RT
c
O.R
Artftia meJanocophaJa
Bla-^i’headed Heron
RT
c
R
Family Scop-dae- Hammer kop
Scopus UmtiO
Hammer koe
RT
c
OR
Family Ciooniidae - Slorks
Crcorua abdfrnti
AtxJrfTi's Stork
1AM
c
R
Lepfopfr/os crumenfferus
Marabou Stork
LM
c
O.R
Family Thfeahiotniihidae- Ibises
Bosfrychra bappcfosA
Had ad a Ibis
RT
c
O.R
Tfrreskjwnis aefhrop'Gus
Sacred Ibis
RT
c
OR
Order Ansefiformes
Fam.ly Anabdae - Ducks. Geese
Atepochen aegypbacus
Egyptian Goose
RT
c
R
Order Accpilfi formes
Family Acdpitridae
[fl
EJanus caerir/flus
Black-shouldered Kile
RT
c
O.R
VWi/trs mrgraris
Black Kite
PM
c
O.R
Ateophwi pofcnopterus
Egyptian Vutture
PM.IAM RT
uc
R
Hahaaatus vocrfer
African Fish Eagle
RT
c
O.R
Wecrosyrfes nronacbus
Hooded Vulture
RT
c
O.R
Gyps a^ncanus
While-backed Vulture
RT
c
OR
CrrcaefLis onereus
Brown-snake Eagle
RT
c
R
Temrbop/tjs acarjftorus
Bateteur
RT
c
R
Cnzus macroitfi/s
Pallid Hamer
PM.RT
uc
R
Meberax mefaba/es
Dark Charting Goshawk
RT
uc
O,R
tfeterej pabar
Gabar Goshawk*
RT
c
R
Bufeo aupur
Augur Buzzard
RT
c
O.R
Agui/u rspax
Tawny Eagle
LM RT
c
R
Weraefus sprtogasfer
African Hawk-eagle
RT
uc
R
Lop?w/us occtptlaits
Long-crested Eagle
LM.RT
c
O.R
Pvtemaatus Mficcsus
Martial Eagle
RT
c
R
Outer ^alconifomes
Faicooidae - Falcons
Fateo naumanm
Lesser Kestrel
PM
c
Fateo fmuncu/uj
Common KesWi
PM
c
R
Order GaHiformes
Family Phastamdae - Fra neo li ns
Frarj(?ote?us erckeW
Erckel s Francolm
RT
c
Family Numiddae - Guinea fowl
Nizm/ea me/eagr/s
Helrne’ed Guineafowl
RT
c
O.R
■I
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Order, Family and Scientific
Name
English Name
Occurrence* |
IUCN
Stilus
Information
Source
Order Gnj.formes
Family OwJdae - Bustards
ArdeobJ arabs
Arabian Bustard
RT
C
Eupodohs me/anogasf&r
Black Bellied Bustard
RT
C
R
Order Charadriitonnes
Famdy fiietunidae - Thicxnees
Burfanc/s capen&s
Spatted ThlCknee
RT
C
O.R
Family Charadnidae
Various spnosus
Spur -winged Plover
RT
C
R
FamHy Scokapacdae - Sandpipers
R
Aentis fcypoteucQs
Common Sandpiper
PM
C
R
7nnga gfareote
Wood Sandpiper
PM
c
OR
Order Pterccndifcimies
1
Family Pterooddae Sandgrouse
Plerocfrw Quadncmclus
I AM
c
R
Order Columbflormes
Family    Columbidae    -    Pigeons. Doves
CrWymba gumea
Speckled Pigeon
RT
c
□R
SyepilDpeJia captcote
Ring-recked Dove
RT
Ab.C
O. R
SPeptopeJiu somiforguafa
Red eyed Dove
RT
C
0R
•Sfiepfope'ia decjcuens
African Mourning Dove
RT
G
O, R
Strepfppefra sanegWenjis
Laughing Dow
RT
C Ab
0. R
Sfreptopo/ra vj'nacM
Vinaceous Dove
RT
Ab.c
O.R
Srrepfppflfra rosoognsAd
African Collared Dove
rtlm
C
OR
Oena capensrs
Namagua Dove
RT.LM
c
O.R
Turfur abyssin.ictis
61 ack-c neo Wood- Dow
RT
c
R
Btoe-spaffed VVcipd-Opfe
Tudur afer
RT.LM
c
O.R
Order Psittaciformes
Family Psiflaodae                 Parrots Lawbirds
Meyers Parot Poynptiulu*
Meyen
» -------------------------
RT
s
R
Order Cuculifornes
Family Musophagidae -Turaco
Qnfl/ar ZGnufuS
Eastern Grey Plantam Eater
RT
c
O.R
Fam ly Cuojlidae - Cuckoos
C/amotortew/frantir
Leva Itant's Cuckoo
1AM
c
R
C/irysococcyx Wass
Kliai's Cuckoo
1AM RT
c
R
Ceflfrapus superalfasus
While-browed Coucal
RT
c
R
Cenrropys snegaiensjs
Senegal Coucal
RT
uc
R
Order Stiigiformfls
Family Stngxjae
1
Ofus senegatenss
African Scops Owl
RT
1
ic
R
Omer Caphrnugiformos
1
J
Captmfat daa (Family
Standard winged Night Jar
IAN
c
R
Order Apod'fames
Family Acod’dae - Sw.fts
-L
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Mtafafry of Wafer, /nfg*tfo" •«*** Efretncify
Order, Family and Scientific
Name
English Narno
Occurrences
IUCN
Status
Information
Source
4dus affinis
Lillie Swift
RT
C
R
Cypsrurus parvus
African Palm Swift
RT LM
C
R
Order Colliformes
Family Cel idae - Mouseb-rdi
Co/ftrs sfmifus
Speckled Mousebird
RT
C
OR
Order Coraciformes
Family Alcedmidae - Kingfishers
AtegacrytemaxMrw
Giant Kingfisher
RT
c
R
Caryfe rudte
P>ed King Fisher
RT
c
R
Halcyon chetictrft
SUiped Kingfisher
RT
.—
c
--T -
O.R
Afcecto crista fa
Malachile Kingfisher
RT
c
R
Family Meropidae - Bea-eaters
R
Merops pus^us
Little Bee-eater
RT
G
OR
Merops oeracus
Blue-cheeked Bee-eater
PM
c
R
Merops nirbrcus
Carmine Bee-eater
LM.RT
c
R
Family Coraoidae - Ro'lers
Coracias a&yss/nca
Abyssinian Roller
IAM.RT
c
R
Family Upupidae
□pupa epops
Eurasian Hooooe
AhTPM
c
R
Family     Phoenicul*dae     -     Wood- hoopes
Phoen/cu/us purpureus
h
Green Wood- oopoe
RT
L.C
R
Family Bucwotidae - Hombills
R
Tockus nasufus
A<ncari Grey Hornhill
RT
c
OR
Tockus efylbwhynchus
Red-biiied Hcmblll
RT
c
R
Bycanistes brwfc
Sil very-cheeked Ho^fril
RT
c
R
Buccrvus abys&ntcijs
Abyssinian Ground Home ill
RT
uc
LR
Order Pieiformes
Family Caprtomdae - Barbets
Lyb/us gu/fsodaWo
Black-billed Barbet
RT
c
R
Family fnd catoodae
f/xficator n^nor
Lesser Honeyguide
RT
c
R
Family Picidae - Woodpecker
C/jmpefhtffa nyp^ca
Nubian Woodpecker
RT
c
R
Campetfiera spftfocsptaAtf
Grey Woodpecker
RT
c
R
Thripias namaquus
Bearded Woodpecker
RT
c
R
Order Passer formes
Family HirundinKJae
Hirundo aathiopica
Ethiopian swallow
RTJAM
c
R ~|
Hirundo smrthti
Wire-tarlea swallow
RT 1AM
c
R
Fam-ry Motaal-'dae
Ajifhus teucopfwys
Plain-Backed Pipit
LM
LC
0,R
1 Family Motacjpidae             Wagtails 1 Prpit#
AfctecW/a flava
Veinow Wagtail
PM
C
R
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fllto/f Iry of Whg /rrfgiaon end Erfecfrjc/t^
Order. Famlty and Scientific
Name
English Name
Occurrences
IUCN
Status
In form a don
Source
Corvus rfttpdurus 
Fan-ta led Raven
RT
C
0R
Family Stumidae ■ Starlings
I amprof oitj/s cbafybaeus
Greater Blue-eared Starling
RT
C
OR
La/nprafomis ptirpurcpterus
Rueppell's Starling
RT
C
OR
Sprao superbus
Superb Starling
RT
C
OR
Onnyy?cwMZji/5 teucogasfer
Volet-bached Staging
RT
C
OR
freatopfiara cfaew
Wattled Starling
RT
C
R
Family Passendae - Sparrows
Passergnseus
Northern.           Gfey-hended Sparrow
RT
C
R
Prtwri pyrgi/e
Yellow-spotted Petrorwa
RT
c
OR
Family Ploceidae - Weavers
SubMorms a/bvostns
White-billed Buffalo Weaver
RT
c
R
P/DcepassorsLiporD^DSUs
Chestnut                Crownned SparrowWeaver
RT
UC
R
Pfaceus Meofas
Little we a vet
RT
c
Ptoceus Galbuta
Ruppell'5 Weaver
LM
c
OR
QueJea que/ja
Red-billed Ouolea
RT
c
R
Er Keefes franci'scarjys
Northern Red Bishop
RT
c
R
Fam ly Esltlididae ■ Whydahs
Waxbills
Legortossfrc/a wnegafa
Red-billed Firehnch
RT
c
R
L/raeginttrus benga/os
Red-cheeked Cordon-Blue
RT
c
R
f artroda rhadopyga
Cr^rr son-rum ped Wax bill
RT
c
R
Key O = Observed
RT = fiesjdtfjjf
PM = Palearctic Mtgrant
S ~ S*gn
LM - Lora/ iMwjranf
I AM = Inter - African Migrant
L = Locd/ftiforrnafw
LC * locaW/ Common
SM - Somali-Masai
R = Reported
UC ■ Ltocwimofi
/W - African Migrant
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Annex 2: Plant Specie* recorded in the direct impact zone of Dabus River in the dry
season
Sr.
No.
Botanical Name
Family
Habit
Habitat
Range of Distribution
I .■■—
1
Ac acta potyacanlha
Fabaceae
Tree
Riparian forest
Africa and India
2
Jasminum scAenpen
Oleaceae
Herb
Ripanan forest
From   Ethiopia   to   East and central Africa
3
Atoms grandrftracfeafa
Fabaceae
Tree
Ripanan forest
From   Ethiopia   to   East and central Africa
4
4/toa gumrmfera
Fabaceae
Tree
Riparian forest
From  Ethiopia  to  South East and central Africa
5
4/frztffnafacopMJ
Fabaceae
Tree
Woodland
Westwards               from Ethiopia to West Africa
'6
A/chomea corrfrfo/ta
Euphorbiaceae
Tree j
Riparian forest
Africa
7
4/fopby/us abysstftfcus
Sapindaceae
Tree
Riparian forest
From Ethiopia to South
Africa
3
Sreonadra sahona
Rubiaceae
Tree
Riparian forest
From  Ethiopia  to  South and West Africa
9
Capparis tomentose
Cappandaceae
Shrub
Riparian forest
From  Ethiopia  to  East, South and West Afnca
10
Canssaspwarum
Apocynaceae
Shrub
Riparian forest
Afnca. Australia and
Asia
11
E
Cratei/a adar?so/)N
Cappandaceae .
Tree
Riparian forest
From  Ethiopia  to  South and Wesl Africa
ErytonnaribyssjnKra
Fabaceae
Tree
Woodland
Africa
13
Eif/ophra ci/cuflato
Ofchdaceae
Hem
Wetland
Afnca
14
Eir/ophia gumensrs
Orchidaceae
Herb
Wetland
Africa and Asia
15
Feus oapreaefoftd
Moraceae
Tree
Ripanan forest
Africa
16
Feus sycomon/s
Moraceae
Tree
Ripanan forest
Afnca and Asia
17
G/ms totordes L
Mollugmaceae
^Herb
Wetland
Africa and Asia
18
Hygr/upMa schuft
Acanthaceae
H-lerb
Wetland
Europe. Asia and Afnca
19
Kotschya afocana
Panaceas
Shrub
Wetland
Esal Afnca
20
Moraes setompen
Iradiaceae
Herb
Wetland
East and West Afnca
21
Oncoba spmosa
Fiacourtiaceae
Shrub
Riparian forest
Afnca and Asia
22
Oxyfenanfhera
abysswca
Poaceae
Shrub
Woodland
From   Ethiopia   to   West and South Africa
23
Pcvsrcana
sendgafenstf
Polygonaceae
Herb
Wetland
Africa
24
Phoenrr rectoiate
Afecaceae
Tree
Rrpanan forest
Afnca
25
FMosfjgma tborrn/ngn
Fabaceae
Tree
Woodland
1 Africa
26
RhuS tuspdii
Anacardiaceae
Shrub Riparian forest
■ .. ---------------- ----- - -------- East Afnca
27
Saptum elbpticum
Euphorbiaceae
Tree -J-----
Riparian forest
From   Ethiopia   to   west and South Africa
2fl
Secuddaca tongapaduncMa
Polygaiaceae
Shrub
Woodland
From   Ethiopia   to   west and East Africa
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Ordsr. Family and Scientific
Name
English Name
Occurrences
IUCN
Status
Information
Source
GorvuS rtwptdUHrS
Fan-Sailed Raven
RT
C
O.R
Family Stumidae - Startings
J
Lamprotomts c/?a/ybMtrs
Greater B'ueea’ed Starling
RT
C
O.R
Lamprotomts purpuropterus
Rueppell's Starling
RT
C
OR
Spreo supertus
Suoerb Slaning
RT
C
OR
Cjnnyrirrn^us teiicogaster
Violet-backed Starling
RT
c
O.R
CrBafopAora anerw
Wattled Starling
RT
c
R
Family Passeridae - Spa  ow5
rT
Passer gnsous
Northern            Grey-headed Sparrow
RT
c
R
Pefronra pyrgila
Yel'-ow^spotted Petron.a
RT
c
OR
Family Ploceidae - Weave's
flabatamjs afoirostns
White-billed Bufalo Weaver
RT
c
R
PfixepassersLip&rcMosus
Chestnut                Crown ned Sparrow Weaver
RT
uc
R
Pfoceus Meo^us
Little weaver
RT
c
P/ooeus GaftJidfl
Ruppers Weaver
UM
c
OR
Ousted quei'/a
Red-billed Quelea
RT
c
R
Euptectas frandscanus
Northern Red Bishop
RT
c
R
Family     Eitruddae     -     Whydahs, Wax bills
Lagonossffcfa senegate
Red-billed Firefinch
RT
c
R
Lfraegfrifhus benga/us
Red-cheeked Cordon-Blue
RT
c
R
Esrrwto rtiflitopyga
Crimson-rumpea Waxbill
RT
c
Ri
Key O = Observed
RT ~ Resftfonl
PM = Patooarctrc M/granf
S = S>gn
LM ~ Local Migrant
lAM - Inter - African M/grgnr
L  =  toca/  /nforTTja/jtyr
LC ■ Loca^y Common
SM = Somfl/r-Masai
R * A’epcxrod
UC = Ltocommon
AM = A/pejn Mrgrjn^
SP Sludin P-efranqelr MDI Consulting Engineers
144CMirtMJcrjrj/c ff            Of Ettifapte
Wrtf»try of Idfrftfj Mfliaflwj *ncf glKtridty
Ftn*l EJA Btftint Study
Dabui Hytfropc*»r Pn>>cr
Annex 2: Plant Species recorded in the direct impact zone of Dabus River In the dry
season
rsr~
Wo.
Botanical Name
Family
Habit
L
Hibitat
Rang* of Distribution
I’
Acacia pofyacarMij
Fabaceae
_
Tree
Riparian forest
Africa and India
2
Jesnwium schrmperi
Oleate ae
Herb
Riparian forest
From   Ethiopia   to   East and central Africa
3
Afbma grerHftt’rBcftfeta
Fabaceae
Tree
Ripanan fores!
From   Ethiopia   lo   East and central Africa
7
4
A/toa gummtfara
Fabaceae
Tree
Riparian forest
From  Ethiopia  to  South, East and central Africa
51
Albuiamafecophylla
Fabaceae
Tree
Woodland
1
Westwards                from Ethiopia to West Africa
16 I
Alchomsa cordifoba
Euphorbiaceae
Tree
Ripanan forest
Africa
’I
Afophyltis abyssin/cus
Sapmdaceae
Tree
Riparian forest
From Ethiopia to South
Africa
8
Bwonacba salicina
Rubiaceae
Tree
Ripanan forest
From  Ethiopia  to  South and West Africa
9
_
Cappans tomentosa
Capparidaceae
Shrub
Riparian forest
From   Ethiopia   to   East South and West Afnca
1
W
Cafl&saspwdrum
Apocynaceae
Shrub
Ripanan forest
Africa, Austral a and
Asia
11
Crafsva adansona
Capparidaceae
Tree
Riparian fores!
From  Ethiopia  to  South and West Africa
12
Erytbmaabyssiruca
Fabaceae
Tree
Woodland
Afnca
13
Futophra cucufflgfa
Orchidaceae
Herb
Wetland
Africa
14
Fu/ophra gtwensjs
Orcbidaceae
Herb
Welland
Africa and Asia
15
Ficus capreaofote
Moraceae
Tree
Riparian forest
Africa
16
Ficus syoomonxs
Moraceae
Tree
Riparian fores!
Africa and Asia
17
Gfrws foftwctos L.
Molluginaceae
Herb
Wetland
Afnca and Asia
18
HygropMa sctwffi
Acanthaceae
Herb
Welland
Europe, Asia and Africa
19
Kolschya afncana
Fabaceae
Shrub
Weiland
Esal Africa
20
Moraes schimperi
Iradiaceae
Herb
--
Welland
Eas! and West Africa
21
Oncoba spioosa
Flacourtiaceae
Shrub
Riparian forest
Afnca and Asia
22
Oxytenanthera
abyssffiica
Poaceae
Shrub
Woodland
From   Ethiopia   to   West and South Afnca
23
Persrcaria
senegalensis
Polygonaceae
Herb
Wetland
Afnca
24
Phoenix redmata
Arecaceae
Tree
Riparian forest
Afnca
25
—
26
Prfostigma thonnrngw
Fabaceae
Tree
Woodland
Africa
Rhus ruspw
Anacaraiaceae
Shrub
Riparian forest
East Afnca
27
Saptum ahpticum
Euphorbiaceae
Tree
Riparian fores!
From   Ethiopia   lo   west and South Africa
2fl
Securiddca iongepeduncolafa
Polygaiaceae
Shrub
Woodland
From   Ethiopia   to   west and East Africa
SP Sludiop elrangcn - MDI Cc-ns'-flintf
145Final EtA Baaehne Study
Dabus Hydropower Project
Federal Democratic Republic ot Ethiopia Ministry ot Water, /rdgetfon and Electricity^
Sr.
No
29
30
Botanical Name
Sonna dtdymobotrya
Stereospermum kunthianum
Family
Fabaceae
— Biqnoniaceae
J
Habit             Habitat
Shrub ! Wetland
Tree        Woodland
- -----------
31      Syzygium gutneense          Myrtaceae             Tree         Riparian forest
1
Range of Distribution
From   Ethiopia   to   west   1
and South Africa
Africa
From   Ethiopia   to   West East and South Afnca
— 32
Termtnaha laxifJora
Engl S Diels
Combretaceae Tree Woodland
I---------- —
From Ethiopia to West I
Africa
From Ethiopia to West
33
Termm aha macroptrea
Combretaceae
Tree
Woodland
Africa
34
Vitexdontana
Verbenaceae
Tree
Woodland
Afnca
Annex 3:          Basic Socio-Economy Data
Annex 3.1: Population of the Project Affected Kebeles by Ethnic Group and Development Stage of the Proposed Project
SP Stud'f Petrangel MOI ConsuH»ng Fngmeen
146Final EJA 0d$«4ta» SW#
D*C?t/S Kydrepow+f Pro/tfcl
Wn/il/y 0/ Waf*r, frdgw&on and Eteetnei ry
Annex 3.2: Current(2016J Rural Population by Sex and Number of Rural Household*
in Project Affected Kebeles
Current Population (2016}
Region/Zone
Orornia Wesl Woltega
Wo red a
Name of
Affected
Kebele
Male         Female
Both
sexes
4.827
No.   of House
holds
—
HH
Size
Mena S»bu                Mukarba Kinga           2.607           2219
|
789
Kokora Gurali
1 744
1.574        3.318
Benguwa
1,810
1 649        3459
Gela Dabus
1.040        2,367
Metari Birbirsa
1.327
1.973
606
675
442
645
Kera Wayu
Abo
3.470
1 815 3,787
2 890 6360
Gebo Lelisa                 2,156
1 993
4148
1,113
742 |
Sub To fa/
Mena Sttttf
15,0*6
1X180
28,266
5,011
6 12
5 47
5 13
5 36
5.87
5 77
5 59
5 64
Qondala
Hepa Kesh
Manido
4,328
4 069
8 397
1.592
527
Ifadm
1.173
i
662
988
2 161
377
573
Kebiso
M isoma
523        1.185             261
4 S3
Burika
Negenga
1.766
1 541        3.307
675
Wei ilea
Gudina
803
711         1.514
Ada Aneni
1 069        2.232
Gudina
M isoma
1.163
671
1.700
1,765
579
—
1250
i
329
<99
269
Bunka M isoma Meda Jalala Sub           Tola/ Qonda/a
1 372
1,547
14.030        12,398
687
714
5.403
4.90
4 61
4 47
— —-1
4 65
4 47
4 64
4.89
29,116        25.579
3.072
3312 26,429 54,695
10.414
BSG Asossa
Total       Onamia (West
Wollega)
Sambas-
Menider 50
576            501
5.49
4.67 1
Mender 51
359             348
1,077            231 706             150
4 72
Mender 52                      445             419
064             185
4 68
Mender 53                      448             403
Mender 43                      465             459
851             180
4 73
4-------- J 924            211     4.37
Mender 42
332             332
664             140     4 74
Mender 45                     991              933
1.924             458
Mender 47
1,080          1.082
Mender 44
8Q3             806
2.162 487
1.609 330
4 21
4 44
47S‘
Menkfer4Q
921             864
1,705            401
4 45
_____________ _. __ _ __ —_ ———
[ Wamiba
1,334          1 333
2,672             616
4.34
SP Sludlo Plelrangeii - UDI Con»ullin« E^fllneer*
147Fedor*' Domocrotic Repubbc of Ethiopia Ministry of Water, Irrigation end Efectricity
Flnoi F/A 04f olino Study
Ofibu* Hydropower Prof oct
r
Current  Population (2016)        No. of
Region/Zono
Woreda
Name of Affected Ke be It*
Dabu si
Mu st a Mado
Male 476j
Female
Both
sexes
House
holds
HH
Size
■
----- —■ i
501          977
2.576        2,460      5 036
Menider 4
733      1.695
217    4 49 1
1 027     4 90 1
415      4 081
Menider 3                    483           336
~ —j__
818
234     3 49
Menider 2 204 161 365
Sisa Yekerkeha Den
L 115
Bambasi Town
Sub         Total Bambasi
12.455
11,675    24,130        5,403
3 18
I I
----------1
—       I 4.47
Oda Bibdigilu        Gonrfiareba
736
663       1,399           280
___
Sub Total Oda Bilidtgilu
738
663       1,399
)■ ---------- 280
5 00
500
r
t ~-------------------- - Grand Total
Total BSG (Asossa)
J
13.191      12,338    25,529        5.683
4.57
42,307      37,916     80,223    ^16,097
4.98
SP Studio Pxdtange■> - MOl Coding Engineers
148Federal1
ffapuMc of Ethiopia
Wnntry ofJAfaftr, irrigation and Etectnctty
Final EJA Ba sauna Sfud’y
Dabus Hytfropo *»r Pruj/acf
Annex 3.3: Size of Total and Project Affected Land by Project Kebele
RafliqrUZorw
□romia
Wollvoa
Sit* 0I Land (Ha)
Njma Of Affocted Kobfltef
Mukarba K.nga
Total
5*02 sr
Atleclod
2G9 50
AMecled Land
% of Total
4 V9
Kcikrif j Gurait
4.9*72 53
IM Si
2 43
Ser^uwa
6 228 87
703 25
11 29
Oda OfltKis
5 TOO 62
1 752 02
34 20
Metarl BJrtwM
7 54H 50
1,2?B 99
IBM
K«ra Wayu Abo
10 5J1 74
2 268 15
21 M
Gctro LHu
6 165 4-0
30 30
0<9
Sub Total Mana Slbu
45 950
• 422
29C4
13 99
Qo^data
Mtpa Kflih Man Ido
7.075 61
041
fadm
726 29
12 17
Keblso Mrwmii
1.140 20
137 &B
11 9D
Bixiira Negenga
2.277 37
311 3d
13 67
V'^WBa Gudiria
BG4 47
354 21
44.03
Ada Aneni
1.026 33
16
Gudina Miscrha
953 21
-ice 03
32 32
Burlka Mr$crnj
898 24
tide
Meda ^aiala
4,844 10 ”
341 54
Sub Tc/af QonOala
19,753.77
Total Orvfnla (Won
1,638.54
Wcllagal
Rambaii
65.703 W
44
12-27
Mentor 50
1.165 05
2D 45
Me^Otr    51
*^4 85
ae 5«
Mender 52
T4.S9
737 25    ■
62 24
Mervder   53
1.183 10
647 22
Meruder   *3
54 71
59141
176 81
Mender 42
Metuler 45
29.91
9Z3 46
1.498 00
110.40
231 15
Menider 47
M 96
1545
63 7 27
Mvnider 44
60 72
1,021 4?
0 5?
MentdeMO
822OQ
WiiTUtia
46 35
,470 42
Dabusi
670 11
Muila Mato
1.31267
7.602.74
582 24
Menuder <
72564
2_215   63
Wer>d*< 3
168 M
0,28i 14
Demeter 2
1.537 35
1,768,41
153 FU
Siid Tekertena Den
16 071 43
Ham&ati Town
362 64
JO.  991  47
■Sub Total Bamtatr
28 05
0 26
Oda Bddigiln
«.«• 44
a. 76
6 319 97
Sub Twa# Odt
4 68
Total BSG
M19-97
4«J
71.205 41
136.510
14,(M€
B4Q
10.25
SP Sludio PiislTangefa MDl Ct-ns biting Engineers
149Fedor*! Domocritjc Ripubkc of E thiopt* Mtnitfry of W*fr, lmo*tfoo *nd Eloctncii
Ftn*l El A Batolin* Stutfy D*bui Hydropowof Pro/ecr
Chart Al: Comparison ol Crude Population Densities of
Selected National Regional States of Ethiopia (CSA: 2012)
Selected National Regional Stales
Chart A2. Proportions of Ethnic Populations Residing Within their
Regional States
SP Stixf'O Pw»1rangei- - MOI Consulting Fngineers
150F*der*f   0*/7?ocajfic   ftepublVc   of   Ef/IJOpr* Mrni'Tffy of Wyy, Jfrtgjffon antf £l‘»CtrJ CJf]
l
FfnrJ Djifius
Study Proj*<<
Olin U Proporlkmi crt Ethnic GroiJpi (5*rrtrnwit Typn) by Pcojwrl Affected Keb*ta HauwhoUi LM"| In Fro>r1 *ff«tt<l K»b«ln
n -v,|
... ...........
SP Studio P*fcange<J - M0I ^o^Suihng Engineer*
151F*d®raf Dnmocr aVc Repubtic of EtNopia
Ffnat EtA BasebTre Study
Dfbus Hydropower Pro;oct
Ml nJ iffy of rtfll
and
Efctftrtcdy
________
Ctart
.., P.oPo«„ or
<H» I" «-
Construction Material
and Urban-Rtral
<»««< ™ 
20071
□ BncU
Q Corrupted'ron
a Heed/Harnboo
a Mud flnck*
n CfthFTt
SP Studio Pwtrangal. ■ wn Contuiting Ersglnrers
152OeiTIDcratic AcpufiJie Of Etftiapla WfrTJgfjy of LVa-r^r, frrfgjtitw? mdfJKfrtaifr
Frrj*l EtA                  SU*ty
Debus Mytfropoi*erPnJ/«*_
Chan AS: Propontis of Housing Units In the Proposed Pro)ecl Arcs by Type of Roof
Construction M*lrrUls and Urban Rural Residence (Based on CSA: 200?)
■ Corrupts) Iron sheet ■ Concrete / Cement           nT»ich
«bamboo,' Reed ■ Pl*it>t / Shtra
aAsbotai
BWocdlMud BOthen
Chart AC; Proportion) of Urban Population In the Four
Pro>« Woredat |CSA: 201 J, Population Projection]
Menesibu Kondala        Bambasj Dddbi'd RU| Ah project Wereda     Wereda       Wereda Wereda woredas
Project Woredas
SP Siudio PiBtrangex -MCi Consuiwx] Engineers
153Faderat Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Mimatry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity
Final EIA Baseline Study
Dabus Hydropower Project
Annex 4: Indicative Watershed Management Plan
Annex4.1: Soil Loss Computation Results
Soil loss of Dibus Hydropower Oam Watershed
Main Drainage Unit
k-- —
_ ______ I
11-25
T/ha/y J
1.191 88
2 7W50
1.775,44
25-50
3.547.94
' “ — > 100
T/ha/y
1.252 56
3
Abono Dila
Achaya Lopi
Agamsa
0-11
T/ha/y
5 349 88
12 330 19
22 840 63
5 81     18 298 19
4       Amba 01
5       Amu ma
1 6 Amumana Gida
2.752 31 1 795 06 |
1,476 69 I
1.197 06
T Ayra
5 487 69 |
I
8
Bambasi
176730
1,972 44
9
Bata Dale
639 50 |
10
Bildima
3 687 38 *
3.221J9
11      Bon de
5 824 31
12 i Chala Dabus                                                                  305 88           33.81 I 13 Chelia
480 75     13.769 50
Damole Menajarti                                                                                                 338 50
21.25181
Dedibe Tufa
4.071 31
12 005 8
1,688 13     2.489 00
442 81       9,839 69
Efa Gudina
_8
1 50? .81
J.30036
88 38
1630050
Gaba Tamiru
7 010 56
1.390 25
4,587 69
_7 38_j
16.005 38
Gaje Jeja
10,1366
9
2,585 31
523 19
60 44 | J
41.740.7!09.19
Gara B»che
1 726 75
Gidama
3.049.63     3.521 25
624 56
Gombo
Gon
1
L 3*0 44 [ J_3£5 50
396 13
1.460 69
49.19_
Gon Nep
38 13
11.789 56
Gudina
1.872 63     ’.634 56
56 19
Guma Gara Anba
540 81
662 06
340 88
Gute Michael
8,319 69
4.093 38
538 88
18 719 69
Haro Seden
7.086 44
28 Har
o|i Oba
3.015 00     4.511 38
20 63
* 16 847 19
9J72 25
2 11294       5 258 63
137JJ0
20099 63
L 2® “
Haroji Wedo
4.
5.887 00
2,403.00 2 350 31
408 38
14 0a9r4\Q3A111 '
SP Studrc Pierranpe'' • MDI ConsUbnq Engrieers
154OwiTMritfc
of Ethiopia
Afi*r El A BtStHfW Study
Dtbua Hydrvpe*Mr Pru/cc!
Ministry of Wrier, Jrrtgrtron end E/rtincdy
Soil loss of Dabus Hydropower Dam Watershed
No
Main Drainage Unit
04f
Tfhaty
11-25
25-50         50-100
Total
T/ha/y          T/ha/y
T/ha/y
> 100
T/hi^y
30
31
32
Ho(a
13.469.1
9
1 601.69     1.277 06         763.31
Iggerba
Jimtxla T-flambi
0.150.56 19.1380
0
1,861 56
1,621 19
5 521 00 .   3 169.38 285 13         136 06
47,75
102 06
110 25
"I 24 3 81
■
"
33      Kamsi
6.994.69        1.644 19
729.75 |      548 13
17,239.00
10,805 44
21,290 63
10 160 56
---------- k
11,558 1 34      Kesa Dabus                                  9
14.790 1 35      Ke?em ManaHawo                       3
1 606 94
2 145.31         808 B1
J
________
240 38     23,509 44
16 119.25
36      Kenfi Kebarciio
12,194 2
5
3 589 06
2 180 06
2.959.31 . 2.002 56
1 256 56 1,656 25
402 31      17,639.44
37      K 656 la
10.489 8
1
2.779 31
3,786 88      2 436.88
17 50
19,510 30
38
39
Keshmando
7,817 75
643 81         618 50
1 696.19
307 06
11,083.31
Ki ltd
10.405.6
3.
2.586.13     4.420 06
2.430 19
19.946.06
40
Kolati
14.246 1
11
3 441 94     3,976 69
1,413 8B
96.06
214 63
23 293 25
41       Koh Sede
14.429.1
3
715.19
352 81
42      Kuml
17,351.9
4
2.019 06
2.258 31
1
765.06 431 38
107 06
139.38
43      Ku re
44      Legerba
45      Mendi
46 Meti llala Ferda
10 590 9
4
2.163 94
5 820 75
2.706 75
17 623 25
20.946.06
21.352 31
8 268 75
7 879 75
12 103 0
0
2.079 75
2 083 94
5 135 38
1.781 38 2.664 81
948 31
61 94
88.44
33 38
1 06
17.654 63
15 559 19
21,143 25
47      Ne|o
48      Serbo Dera
F —  Shimel Toke
50      Sonka
51      Timshu Keshmando
8 297 88
3.178.75
177.50     21.408 88
691 69
5 436 31
2,897 31
2.955 50
5,076 19
1,359 00
5,012 50
2.949 31
32 31         0 211 00
6.447.69       1.766.50
871.38         173.69
,
9,259 25
12.247 1
9
12 079 1
9
865 56 2.047 94
759.63 2.01B 69
17781 1.062 38
74.31
14.050 19
17,202 50
52      Tobers                             5.537 50       2,088 81      1.819,36       t 076 50 11.921 3
5 19     10.527 38
53     Toke Tane
4________ *
1,837 50     1,369.08      1 203 81
39 63     16 372 13
54  J Wajita                                7.926 69       4 174 50     4 002 56      2,012 19
11.63     1B.127.56
55    1 Wanke
4.970 13       1.117.94
2,037 94      1.699 13
S5 44        9 888.56
56 I Wars Jiru Barko 7.401 69 2,008.00
57 TWasho Dabus 9,090 44 40,56
5 778 88       2.299 63 24 19             5 31
52 00      17.540.19
—,——
9,160 50
58    1 Weliamo                     T 9,429 12      | * 277.01      3.141.63  | 1 599 50              20 13      15,460 25
SR S?udio Rielriinge-ii MDI Consuir-ng F ngpreera
155
T
1M IE
□D -* 1Final ElA BntllM Study
Dabu* Hydra power Project
Fedemt DtnWftHc Btpublic of E tf rtopto JWnfjtry of Wawr. tfdgaHonMdBKMdt^
Soil loss of Dibus
Hvdropower Dam Watershed
No.      Main Drainage Unit
0-11
Tfbaty
11-25
T/ha/y
25-50
T/ha/y
50-100
T/haty
> 100
T/ha/y
59      Weiitate
60      Were Jiru
H, Were Suka
.—
7.540.75J    2 006 63
3.069 63      a 929 94 ------ ---------
141 44
Total
17.680.38
2,976 561          598.81     1,374 13      2,391 19
2.44        7.343 13
6.547 31       1 044 44        352 81
297 63
121 50 —
0,363 69
L
Grand Total
—
1 000,602
SP Studio l*ierr.ing«?h - MDI Cormn^ Eiqlwrs
156Democratic Wepufifrc of f ffttapJa WnJafry of WHerf trnpaffan Efectricify
Fln*l Et* Bat*Mne Study Dabus Hydrcpoww Pro/ecf
Annex 4.2: Estimated Soil Loss of Sub Watershed
Watershed
Area(ha)
Mean soil Ids* value
(tonfliatyear)
Abano Dila
12 334
29 88
Achaya Lopi
22 .ABO
28 62
Agamsa
is 3oe
2076
Amba 01
21.515
13.73
Amu ma
11,749
32 78
Amumana Gida
12.5D6
35.72
Ayra
22 028
32 46
Bambasi
17,752
9 21
Bala Dale
11.439
16 86
Br-dima
19.917
27 59
Hondo
19 933
31.21
Chala Dabus
13 101
5.30
Chelia
i3.an
29 76
Damote Menajart
21 241
18 95
Dedibe Tufa
9,078
32 01
Efa Gudina
16.379
11.77
Gaba Tarnlru
16,030
25.77
Ga|e Jeja
14,773
10 26
Gara Biche
14,394
9,33
Gidama
22,261
29 70
Gombe
16,365
1396
Gon
18.236
2894
Gori Nejo
11783 65
24.52
Gudina
15393.57
12 71
Guma Gara Anba
23982 42
8 00
Gule Michael
18720 67
32.61
Haro Seden
16845 32
25.77
Haroji Oba
20105 5
22 35
Haroj’ Wedo
14130 53
26 37
Hofa
17351 35
8 .22
Iggerba
18836 2
29.97
Jimb'la Twambi
21297 24
4 91
Kam&i
10170.18
14.60
Ke!a Daous
161174
11 49
Kelem ManaHawo
23654 13
1592
Kenfi Kebarcho
17739.11
14.18
Kesela
19595 12
17.29
Keshmando
11078,95
18.65
Kiltu
*9965 2’
20 43
SP Studio P*lianyell ■ MDI Coiwuling En^wrt
IFederal DtrnocnUC Repi/Mc of Ethiopia Mint try of W»ter. Jmgaflon intf pfrclflcfty
Final WA Ba&clina Study Dabus Hydropower Project
Watershed                   Area(ha)
r Ko1ali
23303.50
Koli Sede
17666 77
Mean soil loss value (tor>/ha/year)
1741
6.69
Kumi
20948 58
6.98
Kure
21357 21
23.09
Legertia
17651.18
24 48
Mendi
15566,35
19 95
Med llala Ferda
21144.84                   13 85
Nejo
21410 72
I
30 69
Senbo Dera
j        H209 93
- — —
31 76
Shimei Take
9263 7                   10 75
Sonka
14005.23
4 60
Tinishu Keshmando
17389 04                    12 87
Tober a
10536 88
18 07
Take Tane
' Wajita
16403.94 11 84
18131 34 20 15
Wanke
War a Jiru Barko
9900 94 19 82
17542 85 27 44
Washo Dabus
Weliamc
9176 11
0.30
15495.86                    17 15
Welitate
17702.69
29 09
Were Jiru
7347.95                   29 49
Were Suka
8356 5                     9 B5
SP S?ud.o Petra ngeh - MDI Consul ng Engineers
150Dwpocritje Rtpitbf* 0/ ElNapu ™HL*tQLOf Hfetef, Wgibonend Et^tncity
Emit El A Mint Study
Dtbut Hydropower Pru/eCf
Annex 4.3: Soil Erosion Factors Value and Land Capability Subclass Computation
Land Unit
Abong Dua Act ay a ;0Pi
| Agamsa AmbaOl
|_ Anuma
Am umana Gida l_Ayra
Bambasi
Arts
Coverage
12.334 72 aeo 18.300 nsts
j.11 749 12.506
22 028
Slapfl
Pjlil
eroiicmfE
Toxlur
Waler
logging
Infiltra
tion 10
Surface
itonin«$s
Lind
capability
subclass
Bonds
17.752 ■l.lj
11,4.30
19.917
IS 933
Cna-a Catkjs              13 131       Lh.'lJ
Chaim
Damote
Menajidi
13 BV        L4.L3
21,241
9 870
Eta Gudwia                 16.379
□aba Tamir j Gaje Jeja
I
■6,030
14 773
□ara Bicre                     14.394
Grdama
22 26*
□flflnbg                        16 365
Gori GiVi Me|o Gudins
" Guna Ariba
0 236
117B3.65
23982 42
| Gufe Michael j 18720.6?
Haro S&den
16845 32
Haroji co a 201Q5 5
HMadrioujjii WvvterdyioJ 14130 53
\i
<735- 35
i^gerba
16836 2
Jimbda Twamb
21297 24
tons.
1017D.1B
Kela Dgon&
16117 4
Kel&m
NanaHawo
23654 13
KenF Kebarchc
17739 ,i 1
Kesfta Keshinando
LfL4 L4/L3
SP Sludc Pierange' MD Cons^arg Engineers
159F«d»riJ DernocraUc Rfpubtaz of ElfrfopM
V/nfttry of Wtrer, frripaflort and Bacfrfctly____ ___________ ___ _____________ —------
Hnrt BA fiase^ne Study
J7a£>us Hyt^ropowwr Fro/scf
r
Land Unit |r     Area          Slope Coverage              % I
Soil
dopl
i h(D)
Pan
eroa»on(E
1
-----
Textur
o(T)
1 Wator i
Inftttra
logging
lion in
(WO)
Surface            Land I
atonlnofls      capability
(S)            subclass
- - ”—"         t
1 Kiltu
19965 23 ’       13            D1
E2              15
WO          10            so
1--- ™—------------- f
Kolatl                        23303.58
L3
-DI ;                 E2
T5
wo           10                    so
IVE
IVE
Koli Sede
Kumi
*7666 77 23948 584
L5/L3
L3
E2
E2 '
T5              wo _ | _ J° __         so
VIL
D2
T5
WO I ID                    so
—------------
IVE
Kura
Legerta
Mend
21357.21J       L3 17651 18      L3
02
T5
K
-—
D1              E2                T5
WO | 10
wo 10
so IVE
so IVE
15566 35
1.5
D3              E2
T5              wo           10
so
VIL
Mob Hale Ferda Ma^c
21144 84
21410 72
L5
D3
L4/L3
|_ L3
M               E2
E2 H
T5              wo r T5                   wo
10
.
so
VIL
10             so
VID
Serwo Dera
Sh'irel Toxe
8209.93 9263.7
02               E2                TS
|
_ 
wo
-
L3                  D2
E2                15              wc
10 so
10 so
IVE
IVE
Snnka
14085 23       L5/L4         04
E2
WO
>0
so
VIID
Tintshu
Keshmando
Tofcera
17389 04  , 140
I
03
H L.
E2
T5
WC
10
so
(VLD
10536 88  .13
02
L.
T5
WD
10
1 Toke Vane
.
16406 94 01 E2
13
L I5
T5
wo
10
so
so
IVE
IVE
Wajila                    10131 W         13          D1     L E2
* Wanke                        9900.94  1 L5/L3          04
t E2                                    T5
wo
wo
10
10
so
so
IVE
VIL
f Ware Jiru
Barko                       17542 B5  1 L3               02               E2                T5
wo
10
so
IVE
Washo Dabus            9176.11 1 Weliamo                   15495.86
Wei-tale 17702.69 Were Jiru 7347 95
1 Were Suka                  8356 5
L3
13
02
E2                T5
wo
10
01
E2
T5
wo           10
so
so
IVE
■^n
15
03
TS              wo          -.0
so
VIL
L5
03
E2
E2
—
T5 wo 10 so
—-----------
VIL
L4/L3
04
E2
I 5-   wo           10             so
VID
SP Studio Pletrangell MOI C&nsuitmq Engineers
160jWnrtfry di* LVa-fe/, frripaft'an inrf EfacfrfcJfr1
Fin»I EM B*s#fJne Study
Hydrapo#*r Pru/ecC
Annex 5: Household Survey Form
Introduction
My name is___________ ___________________________ and I am working on behalf of MDI a international   consulting   engineer   who   has   been   asked   by   Ministry   of   Water,   Irrigation   and Electricity  to  conduct  a  socio-economic  survey  of  the  communities  in  the  neighbouring  area MWlE   is   proposing   to   develop   hydroelectric   power   on   Dabus   River   To   study   the   potential impacts    (Positive    and    Negative)    of    the    proposed    hydroelectric    project    on    social    and environmental    situation    of    the    project    influence    communities.    MDI    will    need    to    collect information   on   socio-economic   profile   of   sample   kebeles,   therefore;   we   humbly   request   your willing to participate in this survey All the information you provide is confidential
TIME OF INTERVIEW
START
DATE .
....     . ...FINISH
Print name of interviewer
1 Sjgha/irra
Name of person interviewed
RssprcnsrfrWy tn flie HotiJfffrcVd
1. Location
A1 Village name
A2. Kebele Name
A3 Woreda Name
SP S’udip PiEtiangeii MO Cc^ull-ng tngnerra
161Democrats
o/Ctfmwa
Mwifry of Waler, frrjpafrgn >ncjiE/oct/wt?
Ftn*i &A tasobno Stuty tabus Hydrajjowtr Pra/ccf
2.   Family Demographics
Note This table should be completed for all members of the household (whether related or no!)
1I-------------- n------------ —   1--------------- ------------ —-- --------------------------- - "------ -------
2.9 Occupation1
2.1CHwllh 1
slalufc
1 2-JSbK
1 Mak?
25 status
(only lor
I
2-8Hlgbcst Level ol
Economic Actfcvftbn             1. Heailhy
2.1 Narno and Surruwrw         lo Hoad of
I 2 4 Aga
2,« Ethnic
2_7R«llglon
Education rocohod
(only for mtmbsn ag» 10 I
1
ho uno hold              2
| Female
member* ago 1« Group
and abovoi
(only lor members
age 7 and abovo j
I_____
Ti ————
and above)
Principal j Secondary
2. Disabled
3. orphan
4 Elderly
L’
I2
I3'
IL  1
5 lj
I
r
1
L
J-
r
—I
H
7T
I8I
n
I,o
-
- -1 J
_J ____ J
■1
1
J
i ___________ 4
u
11
12
13
_
SP Sludw P^lrangch MOI CofiiUlHng F rxjfcncftra
162Fvderaf Democratic Repute of Ethiopn Ministry o* Wafer, Jfrigstton and Hsctricrty
FutW EM Baseline Study
DeOus Mydrop<?*w Project
Answer for question (2 2). (2.5),(2 6),(2 7). (2 8) and(29)
2.2 Relation to head of
household
2.5 marital status
2.6 Ethnic Group
27 Religion
___________
2 8 Education level
2.9 Occupation
1 1 Head of Household
1 Never married
1. Am Kara
1 Christian
1 .lllilirate
1 Farmer* Livestock herder
? Soouse
2. Married
2 Berta
2 Muslim
——
2 Read and write
2 Trader
3 Son
3 separated
3 Gumuz
3 Protestant
3 Primary (1-4)
3. Amsan Gold mining
4 daughter
4 Divorced
4 Mao
4 Traditional
4 Secondary (5-8)
4 Government employee
5 Parents of HK'spouse
6 deceased
5 Ko ma
5. Other
5 Hlgh school (9-10)
5 Handcrafts
6 Grandparents of HH/ spouse
6 Oromo
6 Preparatory (11-12)
6 carpenler
~7 Sislar/brotiier of HH 1 Spouse
7 Shmasha
i —• • ... ~ ------- -i
----- -----------------
7 TVET
7 Weaving
9 Son/daughtcr of Sister or brother of HH/Epouse
8 Tigre
9 Diploma
8 Mason
11 Non relative
9. Other
10 Other
12, Maid /shepherd
13. other
—------.--------------
SP Studio pielrangeii - UDI CornJUig engineers
163Fodarat Damocratic PapubUc ot Ethiopia
Ministry ot Watar Irrigation and Elactrlcity
final El A Batalina Study
Dabus Hydropowar ProJac I
3.  Residential status of the household head
1 I Indigenous / bom here
■2
~3
’ indtgenous^freseMled as part ofwllagaalionj^ j” Rense^eAttHlelarrffrronmm _191797 77
f 4_  Resettler from_1997
f
3 1 How did you come to live in this kebeie^
5    Personal migrant farmer __  _
6 I Personal migran£Puolic Service. Trade)
7     Ma mage related migrant^
8    Other
4
.—Agriculture
4 1 What »s the ownersMptenure type the 'and you use at present and size?
1 ■  Owned by myself
2       Rerted- in
3
__________ L 5
4.2 What is the total land size you owned?(Ha) 4 3 What is total land size you cultrvate<P(Ha)
Mortgagei waidagid)
—  Sharecropped
Other
4 4 In the 2014/15 production year how of much of your land holding was used for the following (in hectares)
I-------
No
Rain fed            1         Irrigation
Racaasion
Type of crops          Land (hi)
Production
(Quintal)
Land 1 (ba)
Production
(Quintal)
Land
(hi)
Production
(Quintal)
Pillow
land
1    ( Crop Land
11      Annual Crops        1
11       11-
1
]
1111
| 1 12
1
I - - — |
__________________
1
1
i
1 1.3                           ZT
1114        J
Ll'U________________ 1______
1
1—
1
__
—
1
1                     r’
—
1 '<
1211, |_12 2
123
2
3
Perennial Crops
—1-----------
u
—
■—
—-    —1
Grazing Land (Ha)
1 --- 4
—
L
--------------- -
Homestead (Ha)
1
1
L 4 J        Tola. Land (Ha)
J     __ j
J
----------J1 _____ J
J
1
_ -1 — ’
SP Stixbo Piehange.t - MO/ Consulting Engineers 
164RtywthNe af fcbtoplfl WrWstty gf Wtoter. Irrtgafton nintf fjaeiriefty
Ftairf E/A fliw/M* S(wdy DjGus Wytfropo»wrPr«/»cf
4.5 Which type of crop production you use7
Type of crop production
Main crop
Inter cropping
Mono cropping
Inter cropping
Relay cropping
-------- —————          -
4 6 What percentage of your crops are (add estimated percentage)
for subsistence %
for sale %
Coffee
4
Chat
4.7 Whatare the most important cash crop youproduce7
2
Niger (Noug)
5
Flax (Telba)
3
Sesame (Salite)
6
Other (Specify)
i
Lack of access to farm ’and
6
Crop disease
i
2
Shortage of farm (and
7
4 8 Wtial do you think the major problems with crop production in
this area7
Unpredictable rainfall
3
increased price of farm
inputs
8
Erosion
4
Shortage of farm inputs
9
Flood
5
Deterioration of soil fertility
10
Other
5 Livestock
5.1 Does your household own any livestock(circle)
"pr’es                         2 No
If yes(add number)
How many
Oxin
Cows
Sheep
Goals
Horse
Poultry
—■
Donkey
Beehives
5 2 Source of water for livestock          ~F’
Dabus River
1 j      Well
----------------------- -- ---- ------------ —
12
Other water body ( nver laKe)^ 4      Other
SP SlvdHj P»!n>nge!i MU< CpnsJtrg Engirwi
165Fed*'*' Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water. Irrigation and EfectPCrty
Final El A Batalina Stuffy Dabu* Hydropower Project
1      Communal grazing land
■■
5
Fallow Land
5 3 Main sources of pasture (or livestock (multiple answer)
2      Priwaie grazing land
6
Weed
1—
3 Wei land
7
Arumal feed
—
4 Residue
a
Hills and valley
9 Other
—
5 4 What percentage of your livestock are for subsistence and for sale?
for subsistence
%
lor sale
%
1
1
Shortage of pasture^      5 feed
Shortage of water
5.5 What is/are the major constraints for livestock production/development? (More than 1 answer possible)
2
3
Animals diseases
6
Lack of demand
Fees/ lax levied on animal sale
7
Lack of Veterinary
service
6. Trade and service
6.1 Do you or anyone in your household 1 engage in trading
i
Yes
a
No
1
Gram/crops
5
Fuel, and charcoal
6 2 If yes, what do you trade (circle as many as 
applicable)
2
Livestock
6
Clothing
3
Dairy products
7
Consumer goodsfsalt oil sugar kerosene etc)
4
Food and drink (Bread tea coffee)
e
j
Other (specify)
__________ ____________
1
7. Handcrafts/Manufacture
7.1 Do you or anyone in your
1
Yes
household do Any crafts?
2
No
1
Basket
5
Weaving cloth
2
7.2 If yes, please specify what
product?
(more than one answer is 
possible)
Mats
6
Household
furniture
3
4
Black smilh/gold smith
(Farm and hand tools)
7
Embroidery
(Tilfsira)
Pottery (   g .Albert
e
&        Tanning
- - - — .
9
Other
__ _ ____ J
SP Studio PietranpeJj - MDI Consu%nQ Engineers
166Fin*i EiA Bas&fn* Study
ttabu>                     Proj^cf
MtaJifry of Htatof, Jnrg*tihGft tod EJectFTCfty
8, Small scale gold mining
S.1 Do you or anyone in your household do traditional gold pannrng activity*?
1
Yes
—
2
Nd
8 2 Where do you do lhe activity 
((place)
9- Fishing
9 1 Do you or anyone in your household do fishing?
1
Yes
2
L
9.2 If yes from which river / lake do
you fish?
9.3 If yes for what Purpose do you
fish
1     | For subsistence 2               | For sale 3 Bolh
. . L_ I 1 1----------------
.
F
r
Because culture
3
Because of the
price
4
Not available Other
10. Benefits from the Dabus River
r
1
Grazing land
6
Medicinal plants
2
I rr igation/recession
farming
7
FirE wood
10 1 What are the benefits you get from The Debus River and its surrounding valley?
3
Water for people
8
Beehives
4
Water for livestock
9
—
Source  of  timber  ar.d wood  tor  making
utilises
5
Edibte plants fru»ts
10
Wood for house
construction
11
Other
sp Siwjio PictrangflU MPi 3-onsuillng
167Democratic Repubitc of Etf»rop<a Wruatry of             Irrigation*nd Electricity
Finl ElA Baaoitna Study
Dabus Hydropower Propel
11. Household Income and expenditure
Please indicate the amount of Household earns per year from the following sources
—
----- r
l
Source of Income
Average income
per year
1
,— I 11
!12 11.3
14
1      Income from crop production
Annual crops (including cash crops)
ETB
Seaton highest income is | earned
Dry season We! season
Throughout the year
— --- 1
Perennial crops
ETB
ETB
I
-------------------------------- 1
J
1
1
Vegetables and fruits
Other agricultural related income (honey, wild resource )
ETB
—"— 
’ 1.5 Land rent
ETB
2 I
I— 21
Income from Livestock and Livestock production
Sate of livestock
ETB
-------------------------------- 1 1
L _ —-------------------------1
|-------------------------------- 1 1
4------- ------- ----------- —  <
--------------------------------- 1
Dairy* products 2 3    Skin and hides
* 2.4 Livestock rent
F
J ___
25   IBeehives (honey production )
I
Trade service and manufacture
3 1 1 Salaried Employment
32     Daily labour
Trade and service
cross border trade
3.5    Handcrafts (tanning blacksmith pottery, weaving etc
4 Cash and other transfers
4 1    Pension
---------
I
42 Remittance
■
ETB
ETB
_____
— ------------------ .——----------- I1 J
5     Other (non-agncultural )sources of income
ETB
J
5.1    Small scale gold mining
ETB
-5JH
Firewood and charcoal sate
ETB
53     Fishing
J
ETB
54
d
Game meat
ETB
—
55
Timber products (construction wood Bamboo))
ETB
--
Nnn hmkar
proaucx (incense, ___ .
..
gum
medicinal edible plants and fruits)
ETB
SP Studio Piehangei. MDi Consulting F-g.rM*cr$
168FtfCfcraf OffflM/iflC RtpoWfc of ftfuopia
M/rtfitty of W»rw, Jrrtgawoji and EtoetrbCJiy
F/naJ EM                   Study Dahc/a Hydropowr Propel
,__________________—
r
Source of Income
Average income per year
------ — ,---
Season highest income is 
earnod
Dry season
Wet season
Throughout the year
57
Grass
ETB
------- >-----------------------
5.8
Other
ETB
5 9  What is the total household yearly income (all activities)?
in a good year
ETB
m a bad yeay
ETB
5 10 Has ibis increased, decreased or stayed Ibe same m the last 5 years?(circle)
1 Increased
2
Decrea
sed
3 stayed the
same
12. Household Expenditure
'Mial do you estimate that your house/lo/d spends on the following per year0
No.                           Expenditures
Amount poryear
J
Season with highest
expenditure
Dry season
Wet season
Throughout the year
1           -lousehold consumption expenditure
F
1.1      "ood
ETB
1 2      Clothing
ETB
1.3      Cooking / hghling fuel
ETB
1.4      Education and school fees
ETB
1.5      Fees for transport
ETB
1.7
Home maintenance^ construction
ETB
ta
Healthcare and medians
ETB
19
Housing / rent
ETB
1 10
1.11
1.12
Water
EfB
Electricity
ETB
Communication and telephone
ETB
1 13
Entrainrner.l expenditure
2
Agriculture and Irvestock expenditure
2 1       Purchase of farm equipment
ETB
22 Purchase ot farm inputs (pesticide
seeds .)
ETB
23      Expenditure of agricultural labour
ETB
24       Expenditure lor renl-in farmland
25       Purchase □( livestock
SP SIuqiq Petn^ll - MDl Ccriulung Engineers
ETB
ETB
169Democratic Jteptrbtfc of EtfiiOfU* Ministry of Wafer fmflabon antf glectrfcJfr
Frn*fEM Bisefin* Sftxty Dabus Wydropobwr Project
r~ r
--------- T
Amount per year
No
Expenditures
Season with highest
expenditure
Dry season
Wet season
Throughout the year
| 26
Purchase of animal fodder
ETB
For veterinary service and drug
ETB
pI——’ 3
Social and cultural expenditure
31
Festivities (Bealat)
ETB
32
Religious contribution
ETB
— - -
I 3.3
1
-
Weeding parties
ETB
—
3.4
L
Funeral expenditure
4.
Financial expenditure
ETB
1
41
Land Tax and related contribution
ETB
[   42
Interest on Loan received
ETB
43
Ikub
ETB
4.4
Remittance sent out
ETB
1
45
Other
Other
ETB
12 5 What is the total household monthly expenditure (all activities)?
13. Housing situation
Please answer the following questions related to situation of your house
1      Owned
13 1 Tenure of housing
2      Rented
3      Occupied rent free
4      Other
1      Corrugated iron sheet
13 2 Construction material - Walls
2      Wood and Mud
3      Hollow (blocketi
4      Bamboo
---- T--— ------------ ------ ------------- -----
5      Other
SP SrudK> p*frangeh - MD? ConsullinQ Eng^^eis.
17014. Household service and facilities
I
1
Wood (fire)
5
Electricity - grid
14 1 What type of lighting does the household
use? (circle)
2
Kerosene lamp
6
Electricity - generator
(petrol)
3
Torch and
batteries
7
Candles
4
Solar lantern
8
Other (specify)
14.2 What type of cooking fuel does the
household use?
1
Wood (fir®)
4
Electricity - grid
2
Charcoal
5
Electricity - generator
(petrol)
.____ ____ _ —
3
Kerosene stove
6
Other (specify) (specify
1
Radio
- ----- -
5      Traditional Authorities
14 3 What sources of communication do you
rely on?
(
2         Television
6           Community Meetings
3
4
Newspaper
7      Other (specfy)
Teiephone/Mobil
®
14,4 What transport                   1
Foo:
----- i 4
Bicycle
equipment does your
household most
common)y use?)
■1
2
L
Donkey
5
Truck / lorry /car
Motorcycle
6      Public Bus
—■     —        --- 4 1
Other (specify)
1
Pit latrme
14 STotet Facility
I2
Open field
l3
Other (specify'}
SP Sludrt! Plelra^gei - MOI Consulting F'tg.nerrs
171Frrt>J ElA Banetine Study
Dabu* Hydropower Project
f+dtnl ftartocntit RtpuMc ofEtMop^ Ministry of Wttw frrigjfrfr* jnd Electricity
SP siud.c Pietrwflefi - MDF Consoling Eng,new,
172Aftnrafry of Wfeter, /rrtgaft'nn end  Etee trie/ty
1
Fintl ElA                      Study
Dabus Hy tfrupok**/' Pro/ffCl
15 Ownership of household durable
No
Durable rtems
1.Y68        2. No
Number owned in HH
1
Sofa / Couch
2
Radio/Tape
3
Mobile phone
4
TV/Salellite dish
5
Cart (donkey / horse driven)
•
6
Bicycle
7
MDlorcycle/Bajaj
a
Pump for irrigation
9
Gold as Jewellery
10
■ __ I
Other
16. Potable Water supply
16.1 source of drinking water
16.2
Time to fetch
16.3
Prague ncy per
day
16.4 Main problem
16.5 Who usually fetch
water
Wlf
Hueba
nd
gir Bo
1
Tape water. Private
meter
2
♦
Tip waler Communal
(Bono)
Dry 
season
3
—
P £?«ectM spong water
r
-
4
Protected wen
5
Unprotected water sources -;r.vers well, sireama lakes)
6
Other
1 ----- -
Tape waler Private
meter,
k - ------------- - ---------------
2
Tap water; Communal
(Bonoi
——--------
—
Wet
season
3
Protected spring water
4
Protected wll
------ -
5
Unprotected water sources (rivers, well streams a*es)
6
Other
Possible answer *or question {13 4) 1 .Distance ‘accessibility 2 Punty 3.ltwil!dry 4,Ottier
SP Studio Plrfrange# ■ MDI Consulting trgmeera
173AnW EfA Bvsvtfne Study
Federal Democratic Republic of EWop«
Dabus Hydropower Project
M/nrstry of Wfctw, Irrigation end Electricity __________________
17.     Public Health
^7.1 Did you or any of your household members gel seriously III during the last 12 months
17 2 U yes did you or any o' your household who get ill seek medical treatment9
1          | Yes
_____J---------------
2      | No 11
1
-
Health Posl
L±
Private clinic
2 rt
--- ------ -
3
Health Centre
5
Drug vendor
Traditional
healer
6
Hospital
17.3 If you or any household member who
gel ill received medical treatment from which medical facility?
17 4 If you or any of your household who get ill did not gel medical treatment why not?
17 5 How would you rate your household s general health status at presen!?
7
Other (specify)
1 Excellent
2          i Good
3             Poor
18. Access to financial credrt and saving
18.1 Have you or other members of your          1 household borrowed cash in the Iasi
three years?
Yes
2
No
1
1   Bank
18 2 If yes from which source did you borrow?
2        MFI/ WALQO
---------
5 Many lander
6          NGO
----- ------
I
3 J Agricultural cooperatives              7
4     Ftelativesrfriend/ neighbour
z
Other
2J
18.3 For what purpose did you use the loan?
To purchase agriculture materials, inputs, seeds
4
For health
—
1
2 ----- 1 d
To purchase livestock
__ _ __
To do business or
trading
r -----
6
5       For other household expense             ___
Other (specify)
SP Studio Piejrange* - MQI Consuming Engmceis 
174FwWfJrf OfiTTOfriW of Eibtopi*
mtniifry QfWittr, Irrigjtton ind Eltctriciry
Ftnif EJA BtMllM Study
Dabus HyU'QpOW#^ #»ro/v^£
19. Access to community fnstftulion and participation
Has any member of the household participated in social institution staled below during the
last 12 months?
No.    Institution
r
L
Participation
1 Yes
2 No
If no why not ( -1
1
-.           ------------ ------------- Funeral association (kfir)
________
2
Saving groups (Equlb)
3
Religious association (eg
Mehaber)
Codes for why not Too expensivo Doesn't exist here Don’t need
Don't have lime Not open to mo to
join
Other
4
Cooperatives
5
Other
20. Awareness, expectation and concerns about the Project
20.1 Are you aware of the proposed Dabus Hydropower Project?
1
Yes
2 '
No
20 2 If yes, from where did you gat lhe Information?
1
Woreda Admrnistration
3
Kebele Administration
2
(Project Proponent)
4
Other (specify)
20.3 Do you Ihink lhe proposed Project will bring any benefit or positive impact lo your household?
1
Yes
2Q.4 If yes, whal kind of benefit or positive impact’ {Choose one or more loan one answers as 
necessary)
1
2
3
Employmeni
opportunity
Expansion of services and infrastructure
» ---------
2
4
5
No
Opportunity for irrigation No benefit
Economy and market opportunity
6
Other (specify)
20 5 Do you think the proposed Project will bang any negative impact to your household45
1      Yes 
l2
1     Loss of farm land and grazing land
No
20 6 If yes. what kind of negative impact?
(Choose one or more than one
answers as necessary)
2
Physical Displacement (housing)
3
—
Loss of access common property resource (forest, fishr gold, honey, etc)
4
Loss of infrastructure and pubhc services (roads, schools, church, mosque)
—-------------------- - ---------------------------
5     Over-burdened resources & services due to
migration
6      Health risks (malaria. HIV)
— —
I 7   Other (specify)
_  __ _
SP Studio Piekangeh - MD Consulting Engmem
175Federal Dwnocrtlfc fleputotfc of Ethiopn
Ministry Of Wfittr, tffixation and gfctffrWfy
F/rra-f EM BtfSef/nio Sh/cTy
Debcrs Wy empower Project
21. Compensation issue
21 1 Are you w iling to relocate if the projects will displacejyou?Xl -1 **
Y
I
NO
>jr compenaaton for toss land and properties'? 21 2 How do you prefer io receive your i
Property
Land (farm ^grazing i
House and housing structure
Preferred compensation modalrhes ( n )
Land for
Cash for
Land and cash House for I House for
f•o_r_<Land- o— r for House
House
Cash
22. Sett-assessment of household situation
Question
Now
5 years ago (2003 DC)
10 years ago
(19&8E.C)
22 1 How would you describe the situation of your household now5 years ago and 10 years ago7
J
Codes for question
Detailed explanation of codes
Doing well
Doing well- able to meet household needs by your own effort and making some extra for stores, savings and investment (buying livestock or other assets, improving farmland improving housing etc)
2
L
Doing just okay
Doing just okay- able to meet household needs, but with nothing extra to save or invest
I3
Struggling
Doing just okay- managing to meet household needs but by depleting productive assets and/or sometimes receding support from community or government
4
Unable to meet household
needs
Unable to meet household needs dependent on support from community or government
I
—
Household not formed at that
lime
Household not formed at that lime
23. Please tell m»if you have any comments In relation to the proposed project
176
SP Sturto Pretrangdl - MOI Consulting tFfrdara/ Oemocratfc Avputifrc of Erhiapi*
Ministry <rf W»t*f, /rrtpatforr wd Electricity
Ftnti &A B*l*Une Study
Dibui Hydrvpow^ Profit
11 Consultant Team
The experts that contributed la this EIA BaseFine Report are as listed below
r---------    —
—
.
Team Member
T -----------
P os it io rtf Profess I on
Qualification
Dejene Woldemariam
Team Leader/EIA Expert
BE. M. Tech
Melesew Shari ko
So ciologisl/R esettle merit Planner
BA MA
Franco Terragni
EIA supervisor
BSc MSc
Tesfaye Wudneh
r
Fisher/ Expert
BSc MSc PhD
Tesfaye Awas (Dr.)
Terresinai/Plant Ecologist
BSc MSc PhD
Mohammed Abdi
Wildlife Expert
BSc MSc
Moges Mehonnen
Land Use Management Expert
BSc
Hailu Hunde
Watershed Expert
BSc, MSc
Lalisa Temesgen
----- ----------- ------------------ -
Gender Specialist
BA
Betigilu Adane
Environmentalist
MSc
Belay Seyoum
GlS/Remote Sensing Expert
BSc MSc
SP S'udlc Plfilrange< - MD4 Confuting Engineer*
177r.
■-H" -J
F
■:
“l
' ’I'-
*-'Sj
rr<’ ;■

Summery

Project Overview

The Dabus Hydropower Project is a major infrastructure development in Ethiopia comprising two plants (Dabus Ch-130 and Dabus Ch-108) with a total installed capacity of 798 MW. The project is located on the Dabus River, a tributary of the Blue Nile, spanning two regional states (Oromia and Benishangul-Gumuz).

Key Project Components

Component	Dabus Ch-130	Dabus Ch-108
Dam Type	RCC, Gravity (55m high)	RCC, Gravity (82m high)
Reservoir Area	166 km²	10 km²
Installed Power	304 MW	494 MW
Annual Energy	1,293 GWh/y	2,140 GWh/y

Environmental Baseline Study

The EIA Baseline Study (July 2016) assessed the project's potential environmental impacts, including:

Physical Environment: Hydrology, climate, water quality, erosion and sedimentation
Biological Environment: Land cover (36% wooded shrub grassland, 23% wetland), wildlife habitats, fish diversity
Socio-Economic Environment: Impact on local communities (416,563 people in affected areas)

Key Findings

Environmental Impacts

166 km² of land will be inundated by the reservoirs
Potential impacts on riparian forests and wetlands
Changes to aquatic ecology and fish habitats
Sedimentation concerns requiring watershed management

Socio-Economic Impacts

Affected population: ~416,563 across 4 Woredas
87% rural population dependent on agriculture
Potential loss of farmland and grazing areas
Need for resettlement planning and compensation

Next Steps

The pre-feasibility study identified several areas requiring further investigation during the feasibility phase, including:

Detailed environmental and social impact assessment
Watershed management plan development
Resettlement action planning
Compensation framework development

Consultants

The study was conducted by Studio Ing. G. Pietrangeli S.r.l. in collaboration with MOH Consulting Engineers.