Summary of Dabus Irrigation Development Project

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water. Imgation and Energy Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
DABUS IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN PROJECT
volume   - IV
Part I      - Agronomy Studies Final Report
January, 2015
Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
PO.Box 2551
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Addis Ababa EthiopiaMinistry of Waler, Irrigation and Energy
^Dabusjrrigation Study and Design Project
Volume IA Agronomy Study Fin
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project Agronomy Study Final Report
January, 2015
Issues and Revision Records
Checked by
Rev
Date
Originator (s)
Hesufekad T.
Approved by        Document description
A October. 2014
B January, 2015
Solomon F
Jemal Kedrr
Dr Tilahun D
Draft
Besufekad ’
Solomon T j'|
Jemal KediijH\
Dr TilahuQ,.D
Final-report
This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied upon or used for any other project without an independent check being earned out as *.g its suitability and prior written authority o Water works Design and Supervision Enterprise being obtained. WWOSE accepts no
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responsibility or liability for the consequence of this document being used for a purpose other lhan the purposes for which it was commissioned Any person using or relying on the document for such other purpose agrees and will by such use or reliance bo taken to confirm his agreement to indemnify WWDSF for all loss or damage resulting there from WWDSE accepts no responsibility or liability for this document tc any party other than Hie person oy whom it was commissioned
Waler Works Ces gn and Supcivision Enterprise
i
January, 20 15
0Mini si ry of Writer, Irrigation and Energy 
Volume IV - Par! I
Oabus imgaiion Study and Des.grr Project________________ ______ __________________ Agronomy Study Etna! Report
CONTENTS OF Feasibility REPORT
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■
■i Hi ni ia iri s
■I
■I
VOLUME-i
Main Report
VOLUME -ll
Hydrology and Climate Study Report
VOLUME - III
Geological and Geotechnical Investigation Report
Annex-! Geological Mapping
Annex-Il: Geophysical Survey
Annex-Ill: Geotechnical Factual report (Trench, core Drilling, Insitu Testing.Tast Pit and Laboratory testing)
VOLUME - IV
Parti
Part II
part HI
Part IV
Part V
Part VI
Part VII
Part VIII
Part IX
Sectoral Studies
i
Agronomy Study
Soil Survey and Land Suitability Study 
Annex-Soil Survey Data
Livestock Study
Watershed Management Study
Socto-econorny Study
Market Opportunity Sludy
Organization and Management Study
Environmental Impact Assessment Sludy
Hydrogeology Sludy
VOLUME - V
RAP and Infrastructure Study
Part 1
Part 11
RAP
Infrastructure Sludy
VOLUME - V!
Dam and Appurtenant Structures
Part I
Part II
Feasibility Design Report
Annex-I: Alternative Dam Option Report
Drawings
VOLUME-VII
Irrigation and Drainage System
M
II
Parti
Part II
Feasibility Design Report
Drawings
VOLUME-VIII
VOLUME - IX
Financial and Economic Analysis
Engineering Cost Estimate
Water  Works  Design  and Supervision Enterprise
it
January, 2015Ministry of Waler, Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
Volume IV -- Pail I Agronomy Study Final Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................... „............................... .............................................................. W
LIST OF TABLES....................................................... -......................................................................... vll>
LIST OF FIGURES............................ ......................................................-............ ■................................ ,x
LIST OF ANNEXES................................................................................. -..................-........................... *
ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS........................-........................ *.......................................................XI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................-XIII
1.     INTRODUCTION......... ................................................... *............».................................................. 1
12 Objectives of the Study........... , .............. .................... .................... ...................... -................... 2
f 2 1 General objective ,................................ .............. ....................... ........................................... 2
I 2.2 Spec/ffc ob/ect/Ves................ ............. ........................... -.......... ............................................. 2
1.3   An Overview of the Benishangul Gumuz Region.................... ...... ....... ......................... ....... 4
1.4   Profile of Asosa Zone............................ . ................. ............ .............................. ....................5
1.5  Profile of Dabus Irrigation Development Project Command Wqredab; Menge, OOAQILDIGLU, ASOSAANO 0AMBASI ............................... ................ .................... ..............................................b 1.6   Dabus River............. ............... ............... ............. ....................... ........................ -.................. 7
1.7   Profile of Dabus irrigation Development Project Command (DIDP). ..... .......... .................. 7
1.8 National and R f gional Agricul tu hal Policies................... .......................... ............. — 10
18.1     National agricultural policies ................................ .......... ..................... ............................. JO
18 2 Region a/ agricuffwa/ programs............................................... ................. ............................. 10
18.3       Zonaf agrrcu/ft/raf programmes ....... ..            ............. ..... ................. ............... ,............10
1.9   Rural poverty approaches, policies & strmegjes in Ethiopia ............................................ io
110 Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduct’On program (SDPRP).......... ................. li
110.1       The Safienf feataree of the SDPRP. , .................................... ......................... ........... 12
J 10.2 The Mtllenium Development Goals .................................................. .. .............................. 13
1 10 2 t Overview of the Outcomes of “The MDGs Challenges and Prospects 
lor Ethiopia’ ............. ................. ..... ....................... . ................................. 13
J1C3 Lm/tages between SDPRP and MDGs .......................... . ................... ............ . .........14
t it Review of Previous Studies.......... ................. ........................ ............ .......... .......... ..... .............is
lilt Stacf/es conducted by refevanf agencies................ .................. . ....
.. _ ____ J5
1112       Sfudy report by HALCROW-ULG L/M/TED .................. ................................................ 15
1.12 Scope of the Study......... ....................................... ............. .... .................................... ........ IB
112.1      Approach and mefhodo/ogy of the slutiy........ ........................................................ T 8
1 12.11 Recruiting enumeratorsand held supervisors................................................. . .............. 19
1 12 1,2 The provision of training to lhe enumerators and supervisors........................................id
1 12.1.3 Collection of secondary data .
.......... . ........ ... .......... .............. .. ..................... .13
1 10.14 Conducting participatory group discussion.............. ............. .................................. ...... 20
2.     THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.................................................................................................. 21
2 1 Son................. ............... ........ ............... ................. ......... ........ ........ ............ ...................... ...21
2 2. Physical and Chemical Charactersticsof the soil . .................................................... ...........21
2.2.1    Physical Charactersttcs.. ............................................................ .............................. 21
2.2.2    Chem.-ca/Cfiaracfersfcs.......... ........ ................. ............................. ..................... ........ 22
2 3 Climate......... . ............................................ ..................... . ................ ............................. ........
2.3.1    Agroclfmattc zones........ ........... ............... ................ ........................ . 25
2.3.2     Temperature. ........................ ........ .................... ........................ ....................... .              26
2.33 Fte/afive hum/dtfy... ....................... .............................................. ...... ......................... .......... 26
W>*-3/ Wark s Du sig n and Sit ^vision Enterprise
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J a ntjary. 20U 5Ministry of Water. Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
2.3.4      Wind speed......................................... ..
2.3.5      Sunsh/ne ttour................... .....................
2.3.6      Ruin fall...................................................
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Repail
.,..27
.27
.   27
2.3.7      Reference Evapo-Trinspjration (ETo)
2 4 Length ot Growing Periods and Thfriiaal zone classification wni Reference to the Dabus Project command ?g
EXISTING SOCIO ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURAL STATUS
3 1 INTRODUCTION.......... ........................ 3.2 Background of the study Area ,.
.... 28
.30
3.2 1      General
......
3.2 2
3.2.3
3.2 4
Government’s initiatives............................................................................ Land use at Menge, Oda-bildiglu, Asosa and Bambasi Woredas Operative offices and organizations in the Project Command Woredas..
3.2 4.1       Woreda Coordination Office of Agriculture and Rural Development 32 4.2       Asosa Agricultural Research Center (AARC)
3.3 Socio-Economic Features and Si at us 3.3.1      Population .,.........................
3.3.2      Sett/emenf pattern ..............
3 3.3
3,3.4
Transportfecfflttos.. , W/ij/cv supp/y sources
34
Existing Opportunities and Community Feed-Back
3.5    Crop production....... .......................................
3.6    Constraints -
3.7    CORRECTIVE MEASURES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
3.3    Backyard Composting ............................... ............
3 8 1      Principles of composting
382        Why compoat?
3 83      How is compost formed?
3 8 4      What can be composted? 3 8.5      Making your compost pile
ii                —*
3 86       Using compost
...
39
Status of the Existing Agriculture and associated Problems
The exrsttng crop calendar under long ramy season ........................ Crop production under ram-fed agriculture
Crop production under flood and motorized irrigated agriculture Major crops in the project command Woredas and Kebeles
Dabus irrigation Development Project Command .................... Crop fertilization .      ....
i -r-4
39f
392
393
394
3.9.5
3.9.6
3.9.7
3.9.8
3.9.9
3.9.10
39.11
3.9 12
Cropping systems
Crop protection
Agricultural extension
Harvesting, threshing and cleaning.. Storage
Marketing
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4. CONSTRAINTS ANO POTENTIALS OF AGRICUL TURAL DEVELOPMENT
4.1    Major Production and Developmi-ni Consrtraints 4.1 1      Unpracfictabfe ram fall pattern ..................
..............
4.1 2
413
41
Poor field management practices. Agricultural sunport services 
3 1     inadequate input supply...
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—
.,.72 72
.72
.72 72
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Waler Works Design and
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► - • IMinistry of Water. Irrigation ano Energy Dabus irrigation Study and Design Project
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
4 1.3.2     Improved varieties
4.1.33
Quality seed
4 1.3.4      Fertilizers.....
4.1.3.5     Agro- chemicals
4.1.3.5     Farm implements...........
4 13 7
Shortage of draft power.
4 1 4 Problem of drainage.
............................ ........... .
.73
.....................74
..............................74
*1.5
v*iensiun service & poor research-exlension-farmers linkage .
4 16     Poor marketing system and low market price for the produce .
... 74
75
4. 1. 7  Poor rural credit and saving schemes..............................................................................     75
4 1 S    ^adequate transport rref work ............................................................................................. 75
4.19 Health problem ......................... ..................................................... ............ ...... 75
4 2 Productions Potentials.................... .................................................................................... 76
5.
PROPOSED CROPS AND CROPPING PATTERN....................
I twto«a ■ ■■                ■ ■■■■■          r- r ■
...70
5.1 INTRODUCTION..................... ........................ ............................................................................ 78
5.2   Cropping Systfms ...................... „„........................................ ...... ............................................... 7H
5.3   Crop Planning......     ........................................................................................................ ...... . /9
5            4 Existing Status of Farming System in the Project Command....... .... ............................. bo
5.5   Factors Infuencing Crop Chioce ano Cropping Pattern ....................................................... an
5            6 Criteria for Crop Selection .... ........................... ............................................................
561 Serf of the Project Command ............. ............................ . ..
56 2 Climate of the Project Command..................................... . ... 5.6         3 Response of Crops towards Irrigation............... ...
..................................81
......... ... . ............ ...........82
.............. 82
5.6.4     Economic Cons/derafton . 5.6.5 Marketab/My of Crops...
........... ................ ............. .............................. ......... 82
............................. ............................................... 82
5.6.5.1    Cereals... ................... ..... ..............................................,.................... ...... ....... ........_..a?
5.6.5.2    Pulses......................... ........................... . ....... ......... , ,....................
t
............. ....ftj
5.6.5.3    Oilseeds.. .................... ...................................... . ...... .......... ........................... ......... . bj 5.6.5.4    Fruits and vegetables  ........................................................ ................... .. .... a J
5.B 5.5 Fodder Crops and Cultivated Grasses............... .................................................. ...... .....,.jb
5 7 Proposed Cropping Pa itern and Crop Calendar........................ .... .........................................
5 8 Cropping Patterns and Intensities.............................................................................. ................ 84
5 9 Operational Crop Calendar and Cropping Intensities.................................. ........................... 84
6,    CROP WATER REQUIREMENT............................................ ................... ,................................_...B9
6 1 INTR0DUC1 ION ....... ....................... .......... ......... .................. ................... . .......... . .........._ .... .... FW
t
6            2 PROCEDURE FOR COMPUTATION OF CWR........ ..................... .............. .............. ............. HO
6.2.1     fteferoncG Evapotranspiration, ETo............
............ 89
6 2.2    Se/nchon of Values for Crop Coefficient............................................................. ....... 89
6 2.3 Determination of CWR and NIR .................................................. ........................... ....... 89
6.3    Sources or Cumatig Data ......................................... .................,..... .............................. 92
6 4 Estimation of ETo................................... ... ....... ................................ ............................... . 92
6 5 Effective Rainfall................................................................... ...... ............... .............................. 92
6.6    CropWiseCWR and NIR Requirementourinothe Rainy Season 6.6         T            CWRandW/H
6.6         2            Rarny season crops...........
............. 02
9?
93
6.6         3            fry season crops..
........ ........ .................. .................. ....... . ...93
67 Summary of CWR and NIR______               . ................... ............ ................................................. gn
6.8 Recommended Measures for Efficient Irrigation'A/ater Utilization........................ . qq
6.8.1     mfroduebon .
...
................................................................. .94
6.8.3      ffoobng depth of crops................................ _ ............................ .............. . 95
Waler WaiKs Design and Supervision E.ilerpnse
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January. 2015Ministry of Water. Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
6 84 Physiological and critical crop growth stages 
Volume IV- Part1 AgrDnomy_ShLd)L!1 Report
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••• • .................................
6.9 Interim Recommendations tor Sustainabi e Irrigation.......... ............... ...................
6 10 Target Smallholders 96
6 11 Water for Rainfed Crops
........ .............................................. ............. *.............. 97
7. CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF IMPORTANT CROPS98
8.      POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY AND STORAGE99
6 1    Introduction.
82     Post- Harvest Losse
8.3   Post- Harvest Operations and Value Addition
8.4
Sustenance of Processing
8 4. J    Self’Help Group (SHG)
8.5    Post- Harvest Technology ... 8 5 1     Finger-millet and Sorghum
8.5 2     Maize .............
8.5.3     Rice or Paddy
6 5.4
8.55
Pulses ........
Orlseeds... . ..
fl. 6 Storage.............. ..................
8.7 Post Harvest Equipments.
B.B Postharvest Management.
8.8.1 Postharvest management of fruits and vegetables 8 9 PrE’Harvest Factors
..W3
103
89I
89 2
5.9 3
89 4
a 9.5
Selection of Mariettas Cultural operations ..
Pre harvest I re a/men! s Wabn-ri'y
Harvesting
......105
“7D5—
a 10 Pdsth ar vest Factors
b 10.1
Curing
fl 10.2
Degree rung.
0 10.3
Pre-cooling..
8.10.4
8.10.5
8.10.6
Was/iing arid drying
Sorting and grading
Disinfestation
8 fO 7
Postharvest treatments
8 10 8
Waxing..
8109
Control of ripening process
a w 10
Ripening of fruits.. .
8 10 11
Pre-packaging in plastic films
8.10 12
S 10 13
8 10.14
Packaging
Pelletization
Transportation
8 10 15     Storage.
8 10 15 1 Storage t COOl dry roams
8.10 15.2 Storage m pits
fl 10.15.3 Onion storage
B 10 15 4 Gooi stores
3 IQ 15 5 Zero energy cool chambers
8 10 i56 F ■-r.a.d evaporation cool storesMini si ry of Waler, Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigalion Study and Design Project
B 10 15.9 Irradiation . ............. 9.     AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
Volume fV - Part 1 Agronomy Study Final Report
113
114
9   1 INTRODUCTION.......... .............................................................. ...... .............. ............................. 114
9.2   Status of Agri-Resfarch in Ethiopla................ .......... .............................................................. 114
9.2.7 Ach/evemenls of EIAR and EARS ........................ ......... ............ ........ ......... ,...... -.................. 115
9 3 Agricultural Rfsfarch in Qenishangul Gumuz Regional State................................................ 116
9 3 J A cfireve mertls in research..................... ................ ............ ......................... , 716
9 3.1 1 Cereals.......................... .................................. ......................................... < ............. ——lie
9.3.1.2     Pulses..... . ...... ..... .......................... ................................... .......................... ........ .......H7
9.3.1.3    Oilcrops
................ .................................................... ......................., 117
9.3      1.4. Horticultural crops...... .......................—....................................................-  w ll?
9 3 1.5. Forage crops................ .......................... -— .................... ................. ...............................117
9.4   Crop Production Constraints and Research Gaps............. ................................................... n 7
9.4  Agri-Research Strategy................................................................. -......................................... us
10.   COST OF CULTIVATION, RETURNS AND PROJECTED CROP PRODUCTION...........................120
10.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................  .120
10  2 Crop production in Asosa Zone.................. ............................................ ................ 120
10.3 Rainfed Production System.................................................................................................... 121
10.4 Irrigated Production System.................................................................................................. 121
10 5 Present status........................................................................................................................   122
7            0.5 1 Yio/d pru/Gcfron and cufpuA esfrmafron ................................... ................. J 23
10 6 Projected Yield of Irrigated Crops....................... ............ ..................... ............... 129
11.  CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
11 1 CONCI USION........................................ ....... . ....... 11 2 Recommendations... . .......... ................
REFERENCES................................
...................................................... 130
133
Waterworks Design and Supervision Enleiprise
January, 2(115Ministry of Waler. Irrigation and Energy
□anus Irrigation Study and Design Project
6. 8.4 Physjo/oy/cal and crihcat crap growth stages 
6.9
Interim Recommendations for Sustainable Irrigation
6.10  Target Smallholders.. 6 11  Water for Rawed Crops
i
7.
CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF IMPORTANT CROPS
8.      POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY AND STORAGE
8.1    Introduction
8.2    Post i Iarvest Losses
6.3    Pusi   Harvest   Operations   and   value   Addition
8.4    SUSTENANCE OF PROCESSING.............................................
84 1      Self-Help Group (SHG)..................
8.5    Post- Harvest Tfchnology
8.5.1     Finger-millet and Sorghum
8.5 2      Maize..
8 5.3     Rice or Paddy .................................................
8.5.4     Pulses
8.5.5     Oilseeds
8.6    Storage..
8.7   Post Harvest Equipments
8.6    PDSTHARVESl MANAGEMENT            .............................. 3.8.1      Ppsfbarvest management of fruits and vegetables
8.9 Pre-HahvestFactors.............. ............... ................................
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Volume ’V - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
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96 'll-
97
.98
99
. ....... .99
99
99
....... 100
... 100
...   .101
...      Wf
....................................... 102
103
103
104
.....10S
......................................................... t05
103
103
■
8.9 1     Sefecton of vedettes.
....................
8.9 2
8.9 3
8.9 4
8.9 5
Cuttu/af opera hews 
............... ..............
Prettarvest treatments .... ......................... ........ ......
I. •
Maturity 
..............................
Harvesting .. .............. .........
8 10 Postharvfst FACTORS 8 10 1        Curing
. 10?
..
...
...
8 10 2
8 10 3
B 10.4
8 10 5
a io 6
8.10.7
8.10.8
8 10 9
8 10 10
8 10 11
8 10 12
8 10 13
8 TO. 14
8 10 15
Degreentng........ .................................................... Pre-cooling
I
108
Washing and drying Sorting and grading .... —
...........
105
..... “105“
. .105
106 fOfi
. 107
107
108 .. we
.....105
Distn/estatton Posfharvest treatments 
..... ....................................
—+-• I
... .108
..........
roa
Waxing ...................................................... ■ ■■• ...
Control of opening process I .. . -.4.41
Ripening of fruits
pre-packaging in piastre fttms
1 . I - - - ■ - . II 1 ■
109
...109
109
I fr •
... 110
Packaging
........... ...
110
Pelletization ...................... ■ Transportation
Storage
11J 
in tn
8 10 15 1
8 10 15 2
8 10 15 3
8 10.15 4
8.10 15 5
Storage in cool dry looms
Storage in pits ........... — —..... . Onion storage ....
Coo siores ........ .....
Zero energy cool chambers
■+II •
.. 112
.1U
LI?
112
—112
8.10 15 6 Forceo evaporation cool stares .................. .. 8 10 15 / Two-tier onion storage structure. ..
8 10 15 8 Bottom -.■ent la led onion storage godown ..
■a i
113
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Works Design "||J Supervision Enlerorr. ■
VI
JanuaryMinistry or Water, Irr .galIon and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
8.10.15-9 Irradiation.................................... .... M................. ............. ..... .................... ......... ......... iu
9.     AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH........ ................................................................................................ 114
9.1   Introduction..... ........................... .................................................................. ......................... 114
9.2   Staius or Agri-Research in Ethiopia , ............................... .... .„.... .... ......... .. ................,...... 114
9.2.1      Ac/wei/emenfs of BAR and EAfiS...................... .
....... ................. .................. M5
9.3   Agricultural Research in Beni s hangiil Gumuz Regional State............. ........................... lie. 9.3         1 Achievements in icsearch......       ................ ................................................. .             1f£
9.3.11 Cereals...... .................. .......... .... „.................. .............. ........ ,......................................... lie
9.3 1 2 Pulses.....................*—............................................................ — — .............................. U7
9.3.1.3     Oil crops                  —.............. ....................... ................. —............................. 117
9 3 14. Horticultural crops..................................... ..................-....... -...... ......... .......................... H7
9.3      1 5 Forage crops........................................................................................................... . .u?
9 4 Crop Production Constraints and Research Gaps................................................................ 117
9 4 Agri-Rf-searchStrategy............. .......................................................... ........................ ............ns
10.   COST OF CULTIVATION, RETURNS AND PROJECTED CROP PRODUCTION........................ 120
W 1 Introduction.................. ............................................. ...... .... -............................................... . no
10.2 C ROP PRODUCTION IN ASOS A ZONE.................................................................................. 120
10 3 Rainfed Production System ........ ...................................,........................ ........................... 121
10 4 Irrigated Production System .. ............. ......................... ........................................................ 121
10 5 Present Status.................................... . ............................................................... 122
7            0.5.1 Yield projection and output estimation .. ............................................ F23
to 6 Projected Yield of Irrigated Crops. .
............................ ................ ....................129
11. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS      ..............................................................................130
11 1 Conclusion.,............................................................ ,.............. .. ...... . ..................................................... ................ 130
11,2          Recommendations., .  ..................... ....... ....................................... .......... iso
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................133
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January, 2015Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design PropcI
Vcriurw IV - P art I
Agronomy Study F ml Report
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Project Command Womdasof the BGRS.......... .................... —~....... ....................—           6
Table 1 2 Dabus Irrigation Development Project Command Kebeles Command size
Table 1 3 Vegetations in Project Command Woradas and Kebeles............ ......
6
9
Table 2.1 Permissible Acid Saturation (PAS) Levels of Different Crops............................... —              23
Table 22 Delineated Agro Climatic Zones & Coverage in DIDP Command Woredas .... ........ . 26
Table 2 3 Mean Monthly Temperature, Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Sunshine Hours.
Solar Radiation and ETo in DIDP command. 2013 ........ ......... .......................—                23
Table 2.4 Mean Monthly Rain-fall. Effective Rain-fall and Crop Evapotranspiration in
DIDP command area, 2013
29
Table 3 1 Existing land use (ha) In Menge Woreda. 2013 .................. ............................ ...
Table 3 2 Existing land use (ha) in Oda-bildiglu Woreda, 2013.............. ...--------------------- 31
Tabic 3 3 Existing land use (ha) in Asosa Woreda. 2013........................ ........... .............. —                 32
Table 3 4: Existing land use (ha) in Bambasi Woreda. 2013...................................—.................... —32
Table 3 5 Area and Production of Crops in DIDP Command Woredas (Menge, Oda-biftfiglu.
Asosa and Bambasi) during the Long Rainy Season. 2013................................. ~...... — 40
Table 3 6 Area and Production of Crops in DIDP Command Kebeles during the Long
Rainy Season, 2013............................................... -.................................... -................ *-—41
Table 3 7 Area and Production of Cereal, Pulse, Oil-seed, Vegetable and Fruit Crops m Menge
Woreda & Project Command Kebeles during the Long Rainy Season. 2013
41
Table 3 3 Area and Production in Menge Woreda & Project Command Kebeles Continued                  42
Table 3 9 Area and Production of Cereal. Pulse, Oil-seed, Vegetable and Fruit Crops in
Oda-bildiglu Woreda & Project Command Kebeles during the Long Rainy
Season. 2013..................... ........................................ ............. ............. .................—- <43
Table 3 10- Acea and Production m Oda-bildiglu Woreda ft Project Command
Kebe/es Continued . ....................... .................. . . ......................... ............................. 44
Table 3.11 Area and Production of Cereal, Pulse. Oil-seed, Vegetable and Fruit Crops in Asosa Woreda ft Project Command Kobo/os during the Long Rainy Season, 2013
45
Table 3.12 Area and Production in Asosa Woreda ft Project Command Kebeles Continued....              46
Table 3 13 Area and Production of Cereal, Pulse. Oil-seed, Vegetable and Fruit Crops m
Bambasi Woreda ft Project Command Kebeles during the Long Rainy Season. 2013 . ..47
Table 3 14 Area and Production in Bambasi Woreda ft Project Command Kebeles Continued 47
Table 3 15 Irrigation Practice In Project Command Woreda and Kebeles, 2013..................... ♦.... ...... -49
Table 3 16 Total Cropped Area and Yield under Traditional & Improved Irrigated Agriculture
in the Project command Worodas and Kebeles, 2013 ............................ ......... ....................50
Table 3.17: Summary of the Existing Crops Area and Yields under Traditional ft
Improved irrigation in AH Project Command Kebeles, 2013........ ................ .........................51
Table 3 13 Existing Crops Area and Yields under Traditional ft Improved Irrigation in
Menge Project Command Kebeles. 2013............. .............. ....... ...... ................................ ~..51
Table 3.19 Existing Crops Area and Yields under Traditional ft Improved Irrigation in
Odabildiglu Project Command Kebeles, 2013...... ................................ ................................52
Table 3.20 Existing Crops Area and Yields under Traditional ft Improved Irrigation m
Asosa Project Command Kebeles, 2013............................. .................................................. 52
Table 3 21 Existing Crops Area and Yields under Traditional ft Improved Irrigation tn
Bambasi Project Command Kebeles, 2013....................... 52
1 able 3.22. Crops and Proportion of Land under Traditional Flood Irrigation System in
the Project Command Woredas, 2013................. ........................................................ ........ 53
Table 3 23 Crops and Proportion of Land under Motorized Irrigation System m the Project
Command Woredas. 2013. .
Table 3 24’ Crops and Proportion of Land under Traditional Flood Irrigation System in the
Project Command Kebeles, 2013.................... 54
Table 3 25 Traditional Flood Irrigation System Continued.................... .................. ............. 55
Table 3 26: Crops and Proportion of Land under Motorized Irrigation System in the Project
Command Kebeles. 2013......... . 56
........... 53
Table 3 27 Motorized Irrigation System Continued _______............. .56
Table 3 23 Total Cropped Area and Yield under Rainfed and Irrigated Agriculture m the Project
command Woredas and Kebeles, 2013               .............. 57
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Table 3 29: The Existing Crops and Varieties under Cultivation in DIDP Command
Volume IV - Pad 1 Agronomy Study Final Re pod
Woredas & Kebefes, 2013............. ........................... ........................ ............. —.............. 5fl
Table 3 30 Existing Crops Area and Yields in the DIDP Command Kebcfes, 2013 Table 3 31: Summary of Total Cropped Area and Yield under Rain-fed arid Irrigated
... ..... 59
Agriculture in the Project command Kebcfes. 2013.
........................ ...... 59
Table 3.32 Details cl Total Crapped Area and Yield under Rain-Fed and Irrigation in DIDP
Command Kebeles, 2013............................. .......... .tJI.............................. ....... ............ .........60
i able 3 33: Crop fertilization in Project Command l/Voredas and Kebetos, 2013...
....... ........61
Table 3.34' Crop fertilization Continued ......................... ................................................. ........... ............. 62
Table 3 35 The Supply and Distribution ol Agncultural inputs in the Project Command
Woredas. 2013 . ..................................................... .................................................. -63
Table 3.36: The existing Cropping Systems Percentage Distribution under Ram-fed and
Irrigated Production in the Project Command Woredas. 2013 .................... . ..................... 64
Table 3 37 Common Insect pests & Diseases of Crops in the Project Command Wore da, 2013........... 66
Table 3.30: Commonly Found Weeds and the Available Control Practices in the Project
command Woredas and Ketiefes. 2013..................................................... ............................. 68
Table 3 39: Major pre-harvest crop losses in order of Priority in the Project Command
Woredas, 2013.................... ..................... ............................................................................ 68
Table 3.40: Applied Insect-pest Control Practices in the Project Command Worecfas &
Kebetes, 2013................................................................ .............................. ......................... .69
Table 3.41. Problems associated with traditional harvesting and threshing methods in
order of priority in the Project Command Woredas and Kebeles. 2013 ............. ............... 70
Table 3.42: Traditional storage facility in the Project Command VVoredas and Kebe/es. 2013                 70
Table 3 43 Major post-harvest crop losses in order of Priority in lhe Project Command
Woredas, 2013.............................. ........................................................................................ 71
Table 5.1: Crops under the Proposed Cropping Pattern. . ..... ....... ..........         ........ ...............................84
I able 5.2: Summary on lhe cropping pattern, crop calendar and percent cropping intensity under different crops m the rainy and dry seasons ............... .................................. . -B5
Table 5 3 Details of the proposed crop calendar, cropping pattern percent cropping intensity and
CCA under different crops across lhe seasons. ...
. ................ -86
Table 5 4 A one year crop rotation scheme during the rainy and d:iy seasons..............
............. 87
Table 5 5 Proposed crop rotation scheme under both seasons over lhe project periods ......................... 33
Table 6.1. Dabus irrigation Project Command Irrigation Scheme supply ........................... ....................91
Table 6.2: Rooting Depth of Different Crops .......................... ............................................... . 95
Table 6.3 Critical Crop Growth Slages .......................... ....................................... .95
Table 8 1 Unit Operations for Food, Truits, Vegetables and Animal Products far Processing and
Preservation ..
...... ........ .................................. ................. .................... +....100
Table 8 2: Maturity Indices of Some Fruits and Vegiables ................................................ .................... 106
Table 8 3 Storage Life of Some Fruits and Vegetables With and Without Wax Treatment
al Ambient Temperature.. ............. ................................................... ...
Table 1D. 1. Net Returns and Total production of the exisling crops ir DiDP Command Table 10.2. Expected Nel Relurn from Crop Production in DIDP Command under Post-Project
.110
121
Condition ............................... . ................................. ..... .............................. ......................122
Table W 3 Average Crop Yield Growth Percent for the Period from 1980-2001
Table 10.4: Proposed Yield (q/ha} Projections under Imgatcd Farming......... .
..... 123
.....124
1
Table 10 5 Existing and Proposed Post Irrigation Yield/ha for Different Crops tn DIDF Command ..125 Table 10 6 Crop Yields and Total Production under Existing Farm Practice in DIDP Command . 126 Table 107 The Ultimate Crop Yields and Production under the Proposed Irrigated Farm
Practice in DlOP Command .
........................ ............... ..................... 126
Table 10 8 Comparison between. Pre and Post Project Period Production in DIDP Command ...          127
Table 10 9 proposed Outputs of Crops under Irrigated Farming ........................... ............... .        .... *28
Table 10.10 Expected Production and Gams Due to Irrigation ................................................ ..129
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Location of the DIDP Command
. .< M............................. ..............................,............................. 6
+r
3
Figure 5.1 Crops Operational Calendar during the Rainy and Dry Seasons ........................... .        ......... 98
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex I Operational Crop Calendar during thoLong Rainy Season in the Project
Command Woredas & Kebeles 2013------------------------ ——---------- -------------------------------- —136 Annex II Crop Water Requirements/Nel Irrigation Requirement (in OOO’nr1) during
the Rainy Season on a 100ha Command Area--------------------- --- ----------- ——--------------------137 Annex III Crop Water Requirements/Net Irrigation Requirement (in OOO'm ) during the
Dry Season on a 100ha Command Area------------------------ --------- —— ------------------------------ 142 Annex  IV  Crop  (perennials)  Water  Requiremcnts/Net  Irrigation  Requirement  (in  0Wm3)
during the Rainy and Dry Season on a WOha Command Area---------------------------------- -- 145 Annex V: Crop Production Technologies of the Important Crops Identified For the Project
Comm and--------- ------- ------------------------ ** • ----------------------------------- *----------- —------------14 7 Annex VI Forecast of 2012/13 (2005EC) Area. Production (in 000*} and yield of major
crops for private Peasant Holdings in Ethiopia, Meher season .................. ..............................1B2
Annex VII: Crop budget for existing crops per hectare---------------------- •  —■ ------------------------- 184
Annex ViU. Crop budget for the proposed crops under post project condition
Annex IX Details of Expected Production of Various Crops in DIDP Command under
------------------- IK/
Post- Project Condilion tor Over a Period of Five Years and above------------------------------------ 1Q2
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS
Volume IV - Pari I ________________  Agronomy Study Final Report
%
Percent
AD LI,
Agricultural Development Led Industrial Development
AEZs
Agro-Ecological Zones
AIDS
Agricultural and Industrial Development Bank
AS
Acid Saturation
Ave
Average
AWC
Available Water Holding Capacity
AWN
Agricultural Waler Management
BBM SGFtS BSP 8WF SWF s Ca CBE CCA DEC CSA
CV
CWR CWSL Deg deg.C DIDP EA EARS ECe EIAR ESP 1 ORE FRGs FSL GDP H,G
ha
Broad Bed Maker
Benishangul-GunriLEz Regional State Base Saturation Percentage
Blue Water Flow
Blue Waler Flows
Calcium
Commercial Bank of Ethiopia
Cultivable Command Area
Cation Exchange Complex
Central Statistical Agency
cultivated variety
Crop Waler Requirement
Critical Water Stress Level
Degree
degree centigrade
Dabus Irrigation Development Project Exchangeable Acidity
Ethiopian Agncultural Research System Electrical Conductivity
Ethiopian Institute of Agncultural Research Exchangeable Sodium Percentage Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Farmers' Research Groups
Full. Supply Level Gross Domestic Product Water
hectare
IAR
Institute of Agricultural Research
IPM
Integrated Pest Management
1PNM
Integrated Plant Nutrient Management
I PR
Intellectual Property Right
K
Potassium
km/day
km/day
LR
Lime Requirement
I UT
m
:!
rr?
masl
Water Worx$ De sign and Supervision Enterprise
Land utilization Types Meter square
meter cube
meter above sea level
January, 2315Ministry of Waler, irrigation and Fnergy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
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Max MDGs Mg Min MJ
Maximum
Millennium Development Goals Magnesium
Minimum Mega Joule
mm                                  millimeter
Mn MoA MoWIE NGQs P
PAS ppm
FRA PRISM
q
Qt
RH RWH SDFRP SHG spp
TN
TP ISIS WAI
Manganese
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water Irrigation and Energy
Non Governmental Organizations
Phosphorus
Permissible Add Saturation
parts per million
Participatory Rural Appraisal
Poverty Reduction through Irrigation and Smallholder Markets quintal
Quantity
Relative Humidity
Rain Water Harvesting
Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program Self Help Group
Species
Total Nitrogen
Total Porosity
Traditional Spare Irrigation Schemes Waler Availability Index
WCoARD                         Woreda Coardinalion Office of Agriculture and Rural Development
WTO
WUA
World Trade Organization Water Users Association
WWDSE                          Water Works Design and Suppervssion Enterprise
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Volume IV - Part Agronomy Sludy Final Report
Agriculture assumes  the most important place in Elhiopia as  it is  the main source of country's  economy. Although considerable increase of production is  possible through intensification of rain-fed agriculture, it would fall due to ever Increasing population Still a greater cause of concern is  the food availability  to the poorest section of the society Considering the whole scenario of need and status  of agricultural development in the country  the Federal Democratic  Republic  of Ethiopia [FORE) has  given one of the highest priorities  to irrigated crop agriculture. The water resource development is  one of the most important steps  to boost crops  yields  and alleviate poverty  through irrigated agriculture Moreover, based on the "Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI)" strategy, the government and allied responsible bodies  aimed to improve the life of rural people through increased food supply  and export items  through diversified production system, to make agriculture the driving force for economic  develooment. Hence, the study  on Irrigation Agronomy  and Agricultural Planning bears  great significance in the feasibility  study  of the Dabus  Irrigation Development Project (DIDP) DIDP Command is  under 11 sub Woredo administration units/Kebe/es, namely. Fudundu, Belahda/Shagadamasin! Signor. Alhamer, Balanjero, Gambeladaie, Belfudi. Zumba, Mugufude, Dabus  atimbako and Edadabus. Out of the Command Kebe/e’s  total cultivated and cultivable land area of 25,318hak only 
17,394 25ha lie in the Command of the DI DP The net irrtgable area is W.OOOha for surface furrow. DIDP Command and catchment is  very  thinly  populated with a very  low cropping intensity  A lot of potential land is  still left uncultivated Crop and livestock  production technologies  are still traditional though mixed farming system is  common in the area. The existing production system is  obsolete and there is  a very  limited introduction of modern inputs  like fertilizers, improved crop varieties, quality  seed, farm implements  and agro chemicals  Apart from this, the recurrent natural hazards  like drought, land degradation, deforestation, hail, frost, flood and drainage problems  etc  have resulted in poof yield in both Project Command and catchment area.
Based on the information on the existing crops  in the Project Command and farmers requirement, it has  been proposed to grow cereal (teff, maize and rice,), oilseed (nigerseed/nowg and sesame), pulse (haricot-bean), root (sweetpotato), spice (ginger and black  cumin), vegetable (onion, garlic  and pepper), fruit (mango, papaya, banana and citrus) and forage (grasses, legumes  and fodder trees) crops  A cropping pattern under rain-fed and irrigated farming was  proposed with varying cropp-ng intensities  during the rainy  and dry seasons  totalling to 16Q% on lO.OOOha net irrigable area. In the proposed cropping pattern the selected crops  fallow in rotation suiting to the soil types  and seasons  of the area. The determination of CWR and Monthly  and Seasonal NIR for the proposed cropping pattern would evince that the peak  net scheme irrigation requirement for the actual area is  0 61 l/s/ha in the month of March where one of the highest evapo-transpiration is  recorded Percent of crop coverage and total irrigated area reaches  110%, 9B%, 94%, 94%, 94%, and 38% m the months of May, January, February, March. April, and October respectively
In Ethiopia, agricultural research is  be rg administered and guided by  The Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and Regional Agricultural Research Institutes  through its number of research centers  spread al' over the country. Researches  are being conducted on different crops Summary of the research results obtained at a national level were
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summarized  and  included  as  cart  of  the  irrigation  activities  to  be  considered  during  the  DID? implementation
The yield Projection of DI DP has  been proposed based on the availability  of the unexploited resources  that could go in the production of crops  and the adoption of improved agricultural practices  on poverty  alleviation and ascertaining food security  in the area The Project document briefly  explains  the overall DIDP achievement in respect of crop yields  and production benefits  Moreover, summary  on year-wise break  down for the total proposed cultivated land and crop production is  presented. Production of cereal, oilseed, pulse, root, spice, vegetable, fruit, and forage crops  under irrigated farm practice are respectively expected to yield 13 93, 2 93. 5 13. 35.91 11 04, 95 25, 73.29, 68.40, and 4 890 thousand tons  under the proposed cropping pattern. Value of nel return from all crops  in the Project Command on full development is  expected to be 1.43 billion Birr as  against to the pre-project Ictal net return of 178.5 million Birr. Thus  the net gain in value of produce under post-project conditions  over pre Project condition is  enormously  high. Important recommendations  have- been made for introduction of irrigated production system for increasing the productivity  and production of food grains, cash and other exportable crops  in view of existing socio economic situation of the farmers, soils and climatic conditions
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1. INTRODUCTION
The problem of food and nutritional security  is  more critical among the African countries  on account of various  reasons  In Ethiopia the present annual per capita consumption of cereals and pulses  in the country  is  163kg as  compared to UNICEF standard of 240kg and that of the average for developing countries  of 230kg (2100 calories) Though considerable increase is  possible through intensification of rain fed agriculture, it would fall due to ever increasing population Still a greater cause of concern is  the food availability  to the poorest section of the society. It was  estimated that the world population is  expected to grow from 6 0 billion to a minimum saturation level of 8.5 billion by  2020. Further, it has  been estimated that more than 95% of this  additional population will be residing in the developing countries Thus, prospects for food security do not appear at all encouraging
Great significance need be accorded to food, nutrition and environment particularly  in case of developing countries  The estimates  reveal that about 800 mi’lion people in the developing countries  do not have enough to eat, another 34 million people in the industrialized nations also face chronic  food insecurity  Many  of the households  in the developing world go to bed without even one square meal.
The population of Ethiopia from 68 million in 1990 is  now about 80 million. The population growth is  estimated at approximately  2.8% which doubles  the population every  quarter of a century  The wider poverty  vicious  circle of Ethiopia takes  dimensions  of population growth, food insecunty, malnutrition in addition to other equally  vital components  of this  cycle. It may be added here that Ethiopia is  one of the largest countries  in Africa It covers  a land area of 1.13 mill.on km:; it is  the second most populous  country  in Sub Saharan Africa (Mengiste, 2006). Its  85% of population is  dependent on agriculture and live in rural areas. Agriculture employs  80% of the labour force and accounts  for 50% of GDP It has  a surface area of about 1 127 million km2 of which 1,119,683 km’ is  land and 7.444 km7 is  water area. About 49% of the total population is  considered under nourished Incidence of poverty  in rural areas  is  47% as  against 33% in urban areas  These areas  also suffer 'rom maladies  v/z.. food insecurity and malnutrition
Attainment of food security  does  not mean only  to produce sufficient food It is  directly related to hunger which, in turn, is  closely  related to poverty. Hunger and malnutrition never exist in isolation. These are intrinsically  linked w th issues  like environmental factors, social and cultural factors  as  well as  other reiated factors  namely  health, education, drinking water, shelter ofc  Food security  is  rot an issue of aggregate fcod production, but. household Income and poverty  Per capita income of an Ethiopian is  estimated at 100-110 DSD per annum. This  issue requires  enhanced production and productivity  at the holdings  of individual farmers  through the timely  availability  of the baste inputs  including capacity building new technologies, irrigation water and other Inputs  While making efforts  or strategies  adequate precaution need be necessarily  taken to consenje the natural resources by making their scientific and judicious use
Agriculture in Ethiopia is to overcome several challenging situations to achieve success to
stee the country out of
r
import-based food security to the position of self-reliant food security 
Food, nutrition and environmental security cannot be attained without an immediate check
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on the runaway  population growth, which has  a great implication on economic  growth, food security, equity  and rural welfare The concern of food security  has  to be associated with clue emphasis  to be given to ensure agricultural sustainability, political stability  and environmental stability.
At present, conditions  of peace and stability  in the Dabus  study  area i.e., Project Command Woredas  of Menge, Odabildiglu, Asosa and Bambasi and as  a whole (he Benishangul Gumuz  region are sound enough to undertake irrigated agricultural development and bring about meaningful change to the livelihood of the population The vast areas  of lands  I e.. 549,787ha found in the Project Command Woredas can make use of Dabus  river and a number of other perennial rivers  to embark  on irrigated agricultural development Moreover, these areas  have different agro ecologies  endowed with favourable climate that can support a variety  of crop types  As  a result, a multitude of tropical fruits, vegetables  and cash crops can be grown and crop diversification can be enhanced In view of this  scenario, the wide spread development of irrigated agriculture is  an indispensable measure to reduce dependency  on rain-fed production by  promoting an all year round production through improved irrigated agriculture As  part of the country’s  long term strategy  in food security, the Ministry  of Water. Irrigation and Energy  has  been expanding large-scale irrigation projects throughout the country. The current Dabus  Irrigated Development Project (DIDP) is  one among the various  prominent irrigation projects  undertaken in agreement with Ministry  of Water, Irrigation and Energy/Works  Design and Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE). The major cause of household and individual level food insecurity  is  lack  of minimum purchasing power essential for economic  access  to balanced diet. The famine of jobs  or livelihood opportunities  leads  to the famine of food at house hold level, thus  emphasizing the need that the development strategies  lead to the job oriented economic  growth To achieve the goal, the agricultural research institutions  and agricultural development organizations, both in government and non-government sectors  have to work  together in an integrated manner to achieve lhe triple goals of “more food” "more income“ and more jobs
To keep pace with rapid rate of population growth the country  needs  to produce or import extra quantity  of food grains  annually, besides  significant enhancement in the production of livestock, fish and horticullura' oroducts. Availability  of water and energy  at present remains a constraint 1 he slow growth of employment in agriculture and other sectors  threatens  the income base and food entitlement of poor health and education deficiencies, female illiteracy and gender inequities, and growing feminization further restrict both income and employment opportunities  Declining capital investment and resource availability  constraint limited the development of physical and social infrastructure, particularly, in rural sector Domestic market imperfections, price volatility, food quality  and safely  and phytosamtary  concerns  are critical
1.2. Objectives of the Study
1.2-1. General objective
. The general objective of lhe agronomy feasibility study of DIDP is to examine and determine the present constraints impeding improvement of crop production and formulate package of scientific crop production technologies so as to recommend precise and scientijjcjmgaled agriculture for its profitability to the fanners and well
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being of all the people in the area by  utilizing the Dabus  River proposed to be made available through the irrigation Project. In doing so the Project will introduce potentially  high yielding crops  with particular emphasis  to commercial crops  and fulfill the present and ever mounting demand for food, fodder, fiber, oil etc.. Moreover, the general objective in agronomy  feasibility  study  entails  scientifically  sound and suitable post-harvest technology  for the export ol agriculture-based raw materials, vegetables, fruits, honey, tea coffee etc. for increased income.
1-2-2. Specific objectives
The specific  objectives  of DI DP consists  of evaluation of the potential as  well as  prevailing constraints  of the ongoing system of farming formulating and recommending suitable and adaptable measures  to upgrade the methods  of management, etc., to bring out an efficient feasibility level of profile for future plan of action in order to’
•       Fulfill  the  present  and  ever  mounting  demand  for  food,  fodder,  fiber,  oil  etc.  through the    introduction    of    high    yielding,    input    responsive    and    at    leasl    partially    pest resistant/toferant and adaptable cullrvars/varioties in the Project Command.
’    Determine    the    present    constraints    impeding    Improvement    of    crop    production    and water requirement of different crops to be irrigated after the introduction of irrigation
•       Identify   and   isolate   for   enumeration   of   the   present   and   possible   limitations   blocking production   in   the   area   and   to   propose   crop   diversification,   cropping   systems   and patterns  that  com  mens  urate  with  the  available  but  unexploited  potential  resource  of the area.
•       Introduce   more   valuable   and   potentially   high   yielding   crops   with   particular   emphasis to eommerclal/cash crops.
•        Develop   suitaole   crop   calendar   along   with   the   input   requirements   estimation   of attainable    yields    and    likely    returns    based    recommendations    to    the    farmers    for adoption
•       Formulate   package   of   scientific   crop   production   technologies   including   efficient   and economically    viable    water    management    and    apportionment    of    quantities    of    locally available   and   externally   to   be   procured   inputs   among   seasons,   crops   and   cropping systems/sequences     scientifically     sound     production     practices,     use     of     need-based agrochemicals     (fertilizers     and     pesticides)     and     their     adaptable     and     adaptable integration   with   locally   available   organic   production   inputs   to   safeguard   the   quality (physical,   chemical   and   biological   properties)   of   soil   and   the   environment   for   its maintenance for posterity.
•       Upgrade  the  technical  knowledge  of  Vie  farmers  through  research  back  up,  extension service   support   and   other   essential   provisions   and   procedures   to   augment   the   level of crop production
•       Develop   and   integrate   interdisciplinary   system   of   working   in   the   area   not   only   to identify  and  list  the  current  problems  of  the  fanners  to  capacitate  them  technically  to practice    ar    improved    method    of    agriculture,    but    also    for    all-round    package    of developmental activit es resulting n profitable farming and poverty alleviation
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Increase the export of aghcu'ture-based raw materials, vegeta es ii ,
. ca.
coffee etc. to earn much needed foreign exchange for the coun ry an □ provi remunerative agri-produce prices to the people of the area
Finally, suggest scientifically suitable post-harvest technology .0 mi .imu._ t e post harvest agri-produce losses to enhance the income of th? farme.s i.e . o assess . e possible establishment of agro-industnes in the area both at cottage Vil age and Wnreda/Regional level
1*3. An Overview of the Bontshangul Gumuz Region
The Senishangul-Gumuz Regional Slate (BGRS) capital is Asosa II is located in the North- West part of the country bordering Oromiya Regional State in the East, Amhara Regional Stale in the North and North east, Gambella in the South and the Republic of Sudan in the West, The Region consists of three administrative zones, namely. Asossa. Kamashi and Metekel which are subd*video again into 18 Woredas and two special 'vVoredas The two special Woredas are known as Mao-Komo and Pawi The vast majority of the population lives in rural areas often in remote and inaccessible places Due to lack of transportation and communication infrastructures, (he region faces major challenges to economic development Conditions for travel within zones vary, but are often poor and subject to disruption by rain. The current low level of development emanated from past abandonment of the region in the development ventures as well as dispersed settlement pattern of the population
Topography  The region is  comprised of different land features  with altitudinal ranges  of 580 2731 meters  above sea level (maslj Plain to undulating plain lowlands, which are below 1500 masl account to 75% of the total area of the region The altitude is generally between 600- 2731 masl The highest peak is at Elaya Mountain m Metekel Zone and the lowest 600 masl is die extreme western lowland near the Ethio-Sudan boundary
Vegetation cover Previous assessment and surveys indicate that there are more than 55 indigenous tree species in the region. The low land bamboo tree is one of the dominant species covering large areas (440.000 heclaies) of the region Over 60% ol the Region is covered  with  a  wide  range  of  tree  species  especially  bamboo  thickets  broad  leaved deciduous  woodlands  and  acacia  woodlands  The  forest  vegetation  of  the  region  can  be classified  in  to  eight-vegetation  types,  namely  dense  forest,  reverine  forest,  broad  leaved deciduous wood lands, acacia wood land, bush land, shrub lands, boswellia wood land and bamboo thickets Major tree species like Acac/a. Cordia Africana, Terminaha brownii, Albwa Gumifera,  Prunus  spp.  Ficus  combretum  etc  are  abundant  Most  importantly  the  region  is known  for  its  incense  tree  (Boswe/tfa  spp),  which  is  the  source  for  resin  production. However, due to population pressure and increased demand for construction and fire wood a large  area  of  the  nalura!  forest  has  been  declining  which  ol  course  is  requiring  strict preventive  measures  and  bylaws  to  replenish  the  resource  The  predominant  herbaceous species on the fiat terrain is an open savannah grass lana covered mainly by ftypa/rhema.
Agriculture The BGRS has a substantial and varied natural resource bases. It has suitable agricultural  land  and  a considerable  number  of  livestock  resources  although  not  yet utilized to  the  eKpected  level  rhe  Region's  water  resources,  which  can  be  used  for  irrigated agriculture development, are vast due to the existence of a number ol perennial rivers.
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Crap  production  practices  in  the  region:  The  farming  system  in  the  region  differs  based on  socio-economic  pattern  The  indigenous  ethnic  groups  of  the  region  dominantly  exercise shifting  cultivation  and  crop  production  is  al  subsistence  level  because  of  the  backward tillage implements and crop husbandry practices. As a result, the consumption pattern in the region  is  largely  confined  to  root  crops,  bamboo  shoots  and  wild  animals,  to  cope-wilh seasonal  household  food  shortage  Moreover,  *he  people  of  the  region,  more  specifically  in Assosa  and  Kamashi  zones  are  engaged  in  trade  and  gold  mining  activities  where-as  the population  in  Metekel  zone  are  hunting  wild  animals  and  collect  edible  wild  plants  to  fullfil their food deficit The majority of the indigenous communities in the three zones of the region do not use oxen to plough their farm-land instead they use locally made small pointed hoe and  slick  to  dig  the  soil  which  is  known  as  Paflae  in  the  Assosa  and  Kemashi  zones  and Teba  in  the  Gumuz  This  backward  implement  and  the  traditional  farming  practice  i.e  , burning, hoeing and planting resulted m high deforestation and soil degradation. Nowadays, the  practice  of  burning,  especially  in  Asosa,  is  on  decline  due  to  high  Fire  wood  shortage where population pressure is becoming high and sedentary type of agriculture is expanding The shifting cultivation and traditional way of production especially the use of sticks and hoe to plant their crops (maize, and sorghum) has now been greatly reduced in Asossa zone as compared  to  the  Meteke!  and  Kamashi  zones  communities  due  to  the  cultural  practice exchange with the settlers Most of the settlers are originated from the different parts of the country whore traditional mixed farming and oxen plough has been in practice for centuries. Allhough this system is confounded with lots of problems of productivity, it is relatively better than the existing and widely practiced form of production practice.
Cultural practices: Farm land is prepared by slashing and burning and then dry sowing al a relatively  shallower depth than the commonly  practiced form of sowing Growing crops  like t-nger-millet in mixture with haricot bean, sesame and pumpkin Pumpkin usually suppresses the grassy  weed Kema Weeding is  followed by  harvesting of the matured grams  of fingr- millet. haricot-bean and sesame. The harvested products will be piled on a dry flat ground and then grains will be separated from the straw upon threshing Thereafter the grains will be put in traditional above ground storage structures outside of (heir homes.
1.4,    Profile of Asosa Zone
Asosa is one of the three Zones in Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia It is bordered on the south by the Mao Komo special Woreda. on the west by Sudan, and on the northcast by the Kamashi The largest town in this  zone is  Asosa Its  nighest paint is  Mount Bambasi, located in the Woreda of the same name. The zone is comprised of seven W/oredas and a total of 275 Kebefes  The UVoredas  from which Project Command //oredas were selected are shown on Table 1 1
Cropping systems  like intercropping and crop rotation are the most commonly  practiced systems in Asossa zone, although the pattern is not to benefit either of the growing crops Crops used in intercropping include maize with haricot bean* maize with potato, sorghum with cabbage and maize with cabbage. In Asosa zone the practice of continuous  mono cropping resulted in soil fertility depletion and extensive invasion of the parasitic weed sfnga over the entire crop land As a result. one of The the remedial measures i.e., crop rotation has been given great emphasis, although the pattei n ?jhere the farmers are exercising is inappropriate
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Dabus Irngaiion. Study and Design ProjectAgronomy S|udy_Final_Rg£_pr1. Table 1.1: Project Command Woredds of the BGRS
Volume IV Part <
Zonal names        Woredas
Project command Woredas
Asosa                  Asosa, Bambasi Komesha, Kormuk,           Merge. Oda-bildiglu. Asosa and Menge. Oda-bildiglu and Sherkole              Bambasi
Kamashi              Agalo mite, Eelo-jegor.foy, Kamashi Sirba Abbay, Yasc
''
Metekel
| Special Wore c/as. Mao’komc (Tongoj and Pawe
Bulen, Dangur, Dibate. Guba,
Mandura, Wenbeca 1
1.5.   Profile of Dabus Irrigation Development Project Command
Woredas: Menge, Odabildiglu, Asosa and Bambasi
Menge Wureda: It is one of the 20 Woredas in the Benishangul-Gurr.uz Region of Ethiopia
Part of the Asosa Zone, it is bordered by Asosa in the southwest, by Komosha in the west,
by Sherkole in the north, by Kamashi Zone in the northeast, and by the Dabus River on the
east which separates it from Oda-bildiglu. This WoreOa is named after its only town, Menge
Oda-bildiglu Woreda It is  one of the 20 Woredas  in the Bemshangul-Gumuz  Region of Ethiopia Part of the Asosa Zone, it is bordered by the Kamashi Zone in the north and east, by Oromiya Region in the south, by Bambasi in the southwest, by Asosa in the west, and by Menge in the northwest. The major settlement in this Worecfa is Oda-bildiglu This Woroda is located on I he eastern slopes  of the Dabus  River, with eleval'ons  ranging from approximately  2000 meters  above sea level in the east to just under 1000 meters  at the bottom of the Dabus valley
Asosa Woreda: It is one af the 20 Woredas in the Bertishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Asosa Zone, it is bordered by Kormuk and Komosha in the north, by Menge in the northeast by  Oda-bildiglu in the east, by  Bambasi in the southeast, by  Mao-Komo in the south and by Sudan in the west. This Woreda is named after its largest settlement, Asosa. Rivers include the Yabus and its tributary the Buldidine. One of the h'ghesl points in Asosa is mount Bange.
Bambasi Woreda; II is  one of the 20 Woredas in the Bemshangul-Gumuz  Region of Ethiopia. Pari of the Asosa Zone, it is  bordered by  the Mao-Kcmo special Woreda or the southwest, .Asosa in the northwest. Oda-bildiglu in the northeast, and by the Oromiya Region in the southeast This Woreda and its only town, Bambasi, are named for the tallest point in this zone mounl Bambasi. Rivers include the Dabus, which originates in this Woreda
The Project Command Woredas  and Kebefes  (Table 1.2) climatic  scenario is  characterized by  a very  hot. sunny  humid and semi-arid climatic  phenomenon. They  have got one long rainy season that begins mid May and locally recognized as Meher
Table 1.2: Dabus Irrigation Development Project Command Kebe/es Command size
Total Kebeie Area
Gross command [ha)
% of total size
Menge
1 Kebe/e
Fudundu
BelanJalSh i ja-damasin
1 Signor
3.664 26
7,864 67
12 BOG 39
1,540 46
3.731 86
4.545 5C
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Woreda            Kebe/e
Aitiamer
I Sub-total
I Oda-t>*Wig1u | Belan jero
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
'Total Kebeie
Area
4.761 09
29.0&6.41
4,153 06
Gross command L(ha)____________ .
30.32
%of
total size
0 17
9.848.14 56.62
736.82        _        4^4,
Gam be la-dale
6.594 32
3 330 15                 19 15 .
r------   Zumba
Belfudi
4 432 16
11,279.00
1.563.49 8.99
1 128 S9 6.49
Sub-total
26.458.56
6,759.35                38.86
Asosa                Mugufude
7793 86
676 89                  3.S9J
Dabus-atimbako
1.627 ea
46 34
0.27
Sub-Ictal
9,421.66
723.23
4.16
Bambasi           Edadabus
4 305 61
63 53
Sub-total
4.305.81
63,53
Total
69.282,44
17,394,25
0.37
0.37
ioo
1.6.    Dabus River
The Woredas  are situated on the left and right side close Io the Dabus  River II is  the principal characteristic  feature for imgated agricultural development projects  like DIDP specifically  in the selected Project Command Kebeles The Dabus  River is  a north-flowing tributary of the Abay River in southwestern Ethiopia; it joins its parent stream at 10’36’38"N 35‘858'E Coordinates. It has  a drainage area of about 21.032 square kilometers  This  river was formerly known as the Yabus, and local speakers still refer to it by that name, withoul distinction for the Yabus in Sudan that is a Inbutary of the White Nile It is important as a boundary both in cultural and political terms The Dabus is a historically significant source for gold, where the local inhabitants  used placer mining to recover the mineral It is  clear that these Woredas have not been benefitting from this River, which has been flowing year round wastefulty and unutilized for agricultural crop development activities, rather population in the
Woredas were suffenng from moisture scarcity  and recurrent drought Moreover, conserved moisture is  highly  scarce in the Project Command Kebeles to supplement lhe rain-fed production system Therefore, the extensive use of the flooding water from Dabus  River is immensely required which nearly flows all year round unutilized
1.7. Profile of Dabus Irrigation Development Project Command (DIDP)
The Project Command is  located in BGRS in Asosa administrative Zone The proposed DIDP Command is among the most prominent areas in the catchments of Dabus River basin in west Ethiopia in Menge. Oda-bildiglu, Asosa and Bambasi Woredas of the BGRS (Figure 1.1) The project command was  selected based on topographic  feature suitability  and proximity to Dabus River, which is the source for irrigated land development The size of the Project command is relatively large in two of the project command Woredas i.e , Menge and Oda-bildiglu (95.5%) as  compared to the other two Woredas namely, Asosa and Bambasi (4 5%). In the Woreda the DIDP extends to the north-west direction along the length of the Dabus River and is suited for imgated agriculture and can be easily reached through gravity flow in a suitably  designed canal water ways  The Gross  Project Command amounting to
17 394 ha is found in four Woredas and 10 Kebeles of the Zone (Table 1.2) The selected Command in the Project Command Kebeles is closely linked longitudinally along the length of the Dabus River. Moreover, it is suited to surface-furrow and overhead irrigation for there is conspicuous rolling topography with undulating plains hardly exceeding a slope of 5% over the entire Project Command Woredas Such landscape feature of the Project Command and
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its  proximity  to Dabus  River was  the major criterion for selecting irngable crop land develODmenL The total culturabte Command is  almost 10,000ha in all Project Command Kebeies Of these,
Figure 1.1: Location of the DIDP Command
4,OQOha and S.QOOha is in Odabildiglu and Menge Woredas respectively, tn both LVoredas the   selected   project   command   will   be   imgaled   by   gravity/surface-fucrow   The   Project Command and areas in close proximity to it are naturally endowed with a variety of species of  tree  vegetations,  bushes,  shrubs  and  grasses  Among  these  species,  Corxiia,  Ficus  and Croton  (Table  1.3)  are  the  most  dominating  species  Besides,  cultivated  crops  of  cereals, pulses, oilseeds roots, vegetables and fruits are growing sparsely and with no sign of crop partem  over  the  entire  Project  Command  and  around  homestead  farms  Farmers  in  the Project  Command  are  using  rudimentary  farm  tools  for  land  preparation  and  sowing Besides due to the recurring problem of trypanosomysis. farmers have lost a large number of cattle and have no bullock to plough their farm lands. As a result farm lands are ploughed manually  by  pick  axe  spade,  hoe,  etc  All  crops,  excepting  fruit  trees,  are  under  vanous weeds infestation, poorly managed and are neglected. In most of the cropping areas crops are sparsely populated and are showing stunted growth appearance The incidence of insect pests  and  diseases  build  up  for  any  one  crop  is  unavoidable  for  there  is  an  increased neglrgence  by  the  farmers  and  the  widespread  prevalence  of  low  agricultural  development profile  During  the  recent  field  observatory  tour  it  was  noted  that  farmers  in  the  Project command  were  wholiy  tied  up  with  gold  mining  activities  despite  the  presence  of  the devastating  parasitic  weed  stage,  and  other  weed  infestation  over  the  entire  maize  and sorghum crop fields. As a result, yield return under such circumstances is hardly possible
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Table 1.3: Vegetations in Project Command l/Voredas and Kebe/es
VoJurne IV - Part I
Tree species                      | Bush
Cordia Africans                  Dobera glabra Ficus vasts
Shrubs
Grasses
Ziziphus spinach rist             Cynodon dactyion_
Prosapis juliflora                 [ Hyperennla species
Croton macroslachys Acacia seyal
Acacia tortilis Acacia orfola/nubica
Andropogon spp.
Spathodea niJolica
Bamboo
—
—
In this sector of the study, the major task will be to assure this net irrigable area developed for irrigated agriculture and hence ensuring food security  and improved livelihood of the community. The water needed to irrigate the Project Command would be drawn from Dabus River. Although the overall objective of DIDP feasibility study is to recommend the optimum utilization of Dabus  River for the purpose of irrigated agriculture development the main focus  m this  report is  intensifying crop development through irrigated agriculture for the ourpose of
i. Increasing food production both quantitatively and qualitatively to feed the local
population adequately,
ii Improving lhe quality of life of the rural population through generation of higher
Income
ir Maintaining and stabilizing food security on sustainable basis both at the household
and Regional and/or national level (leading objective}.
iv. Optimizing the agri-producl:on from lhe available land and water resources for long-
range sustainability without impairing lhe quality of land, soil and environment
The aforesaid aims call for formulation of scientifically sound and locally acceptable package of agronomic  practices  including irrigation practices  suitable for crop prcduction/sustainahle farming practices  to boost production per unit area, time and input from the available land and water resources  It is  also expected to suggest economically  viable remedial measures to correct the current deficiencies, commensurabnq with the local situation. All the above objectives  are directed and are to be implemented either al leas: to minimize or wholly alleviate poverty  through enhancement of local employment opportunities  to increase income of all the people of the area
The exercise would require lhe identification of land suitability  for irrigation matching with technical feasibility, economical viability  and social acceptability  adoption on Woreda and household levels. Efforts would also be made to eliminate or minimize the risk of crop failure due to unpredictable rainfall behaviour It would be achieved by  helping the farmers  and/or other growers  to have sufficient knowledge of dos  and donts  needed for a sustainable irrigated agi-culture ws-d-m present soil, climate and overall land characteristics  Crops, crop sequences  and crop combinations  (for intercropping or mixed cropping), livestock products, forestry/agro-forestry  products  would be identified for their optimum utilization. The farmers  of the area would be given practical proposals  and techniques  to increase productivity per unit area time and inputs.
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1.8    National and Regional Agricultural Policies
1.8.1 National agricultural policies
The Federal government of Ethiopia lias  initiated and introduced a number of reforms aimed at transforming the previously  centralized economic  policy  to new and bee market oriented economy  The agricultural strategy  of the country, currently  in use, was  formulated based on characterizing agricultural sectors  and outlrning the major issues  and constraints  hindering production and productivity  of the sector The strategy  formulated is  called "Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI)" the main objectives of the strategy are:
•    Improving quality of life of rural people,
•    Increasing production of food supply in order to feed not only the population of the
sector but also the population of other sectors.
•    Increasing and diversifying the production of raw materials for industry,
•    Increasing and diversifying the production for export and
•     Formulating agriculture as the driving force for economic development.
These objectives have been aimed to be met through the improvement of productivity of the existing smallholder farming and selling up of commercialized extensive and intensive agricultural development
1.8.2  Regional agricultural programs
I  lie  BGRS  has  also  adopted  the  federal  agricultural  development  strategy  and  formulated the same depending on the resource, social and political condition of the Region for a periao of five years.
1.8.3 Zonal agricultural programmes
The zonal agricultural programmes are drawn from the agricultural programs of the Region The zone has adopted the Regional agricultural development strategy and formulated foe same plans depending on the resource, social and political condition of the zone for a period of five years Following the zonal development plan currently 17.39'1.25ha land was studied and earmarked to be potential for irrigated agriculture
1.9    Rural poverty approaches, policies & strategies in Ethiopia
The Government of Ethiopia has made - and continues to make significant efforts to address poverty in rural areas Its five-year Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) for 2010 2011 through 2014-2015 carries forward the successful strategies of the previous Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDFP) The GTP emphasizes the importance of promoting rapid and broad-based economic growth Ihrough seven pillar strategic objectives Amongst them maintaining agriculture as a major source of economic growth is the second most strategic objectives
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Dabus Irrigation SI Lily and Destgr Preset ________ _____ ________________ ______ Agronomy study Final Report Tbe existing agricu/turai strategy will bo further informed by the Agriculture Growth Program and lessons drawn from implementation of the past development plans.
The agricultural strategy  wilt direct on placing major effort to support the intensification of marketable farm products -both for domestic and export markets,
and by small and large farmers Fundamentals of the strategy Include the shift io produce high value crops, a special focus on high-potential areas, facilitating the commercialization of agriculture, supporting the development of large-scale commercial agriculture where it is  feasible The commercialization of smallholder farming will continue to be the major source of agricultural growth. To complement
this  concerted support will be given to increase private investment in large commercial farms A range of public investments will also be continued to scale-up
the successes  registered in the past. Transparent and efficient agricultural marketing system will be strengthened. Investment in marketing infrastructure will
a Iso be increased. During the plan period, agriculture will be transformed Io high growth path in order io ensure the food security challenge of the country and to
curb inflationary pressure as well as broadening the export base of the country.
The sector also serves as a spring board to bring about structural transformation in
the long run through contribution to industrial growth To promote multiple cropping
and belter cope with c/lmaie variability and insure food security, GTP will enhance
hie uses of country's water resources. Expansion of small scale irrigation will be
given priority while due attention will be given to medium and large scale irrigation
to the extent possible. Concerted efforts  will be made to expand water shade management and to carry out effective water and moisture retaining works. These
will help also to better cope with the challenges of climate change.
During the last seven years. Ethiopia has  made substantial economic  progress, with sustained growth at an average rate of more (han 11 per cent. This  progress  is complemented by the strong performance of the agricultural, industrial (construction and manufacturing) and service sectors, which have seen average growth rates  of 10 per cent, 10 per cent and 13 2 per cent, respectively  The construclion sector has  been stimulated by public sector investment in infrastructure
The GTP is directed towards achieving Ethiopia's long term vision and sustaining the rapid and broad based economic growth anchored on the experiences that has been drawn from implementing development policies  and strategies  and undertaking policy  measures  for the challenges  that has  been surfaced in the course of implementation The overriding development agenda of G1P is  to sustain rapid and broad-based growth path witnessed during the past several years and eventually end poverty
1.10 Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP)
In the Year 2002/03 based on the MDGs and initiative of the under developed countries, Ethiopia launched SDPRP following the wide range of public consultations conducted in 2001. The SDPRP was burlt or. four pillars (building blocks), namely,
» Agr:cullura’ Development Led Industrialization (ADI.I),
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•    Justice system and civil crevice reform,
•    Decentralization and empowerment; and
•    Capacity building in public and private sector.
Major emphasis was given to ADLI as the agricultural sector is the source of the country $ livelihood In addition, it has  the potential to generate primary  surplus  to fuel the growth of other sectors of the economy, specifically the industrial sector
The Programme was  fully  implemented and an assessment report was  prepared upon its completion to provide lessons  and serve as  a basis  for public  consultation to inform Ethiopia's successor plan known as the PASDEP
The development policies  and strategies  pursued during SDPRP, the country's  vision and achievements  registered under SDPRP were Ihe basis  for the PASDEP The main objective of the PASDEP is  to lay  out the directions  for accelerated, sustained, and people-centered economic development as well as to pave the groundwork for the attainment of the MDGs by 2015. Eight Pillar Strategies  were developed under PASDEP which have been carrying forward important strategic directions pursued under SDPRP and also embodying some bold new directions. Foremost among them is a major focus on growth with a particular emphasis on greater commercialization of agriculture and enhancing private sector development industry, urban development and a scaling-up of efforts  to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) These pillar strategies were:
•    Building all-inclusive implementation capacity;
■   A massive push to accelerate growth:
•    Creating the balance between economic development and population growth:
•    Unleashing the potentials of Ethiopia's women,
•    Strengthening the infrastructure backbone of the country,
•    Strengthening human resource development;
■   Managing risk and volatility; and,
■   Creating employment opportunities.
1.10.1 The Salient features of the SDPRP
•     In the Ethiopian context poverty reduction strategies such as the SDPRP are built on existing policies, strategies, and programs;
•     The SDPRP is not a separate “stand atone’ strategy but well integrated with in existing   policies   and   strategies   to   sharpen   the   focus   on   poverty   through coordinating   the   efforts   of   all   stakeholders   under   the   leadership   of   lhe Government;
•     I he SDPRP rests on four pillars (building blocks)
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1.10.2The Millenium Development Goals
The millennium development has got eight goals for 2015,
1)  Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
2)  Achieve universal primary education
3)  Promote gender equality and empower women
4)   Reduce child mortality
5)  Improve maternal health
6)  Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7)  Ensure environmental sustainability
8)  Develop a global partnership for development
Localizing MDGs to the Ethiopian Context
•    MDGs are consistent with SDPRP objectives, targets and indicators;
•    The Ethiopian Government is committed towards meeting MDGs by 2015,
•     Accordingly, to assess the feasibility of achieving the MDGs, the Government and the UN Development Group jointly conducted a study aimed at localizing the MDGs to the Ethiopian context through hiring consultants.
•      Established  joint  technical  Task  Force  chaired  by  the  Ministry  of  Finance  and Economic  Development  (MoFED)  to  oversee,  guide  and  check  the  quality  of  the study;
•     The study is finalized after holding series of discussions with different stakeholders. Tne final Study Report will be issued soon
1.10.2.1 Overview of the Outcomes of “The MDGs: Challenges and Prospects for
Ethiopia"
•     All poverty-orsented sectors are equally important although priorities need to be set within each sector;
•     The second generation (institutional reforms) being waged on the hone front are
having pay-offs sn reducing the cost of meeting the SDPRP and hence MDG targets The Growth elasticity of poverty (the responsiveness cf growth to poverty reduct .on)
is found to be higher in Ethiopia.
•    Required growth to reduce poverty (defined by the headcount ratio} is close to 6%;
•    The required investment rate projected at about 18% of GDP;
•     Most of the targets are within the reaches of the Ethiopian Economy in the light of on going reforms on the home front;
•      Direct  costing  of  poverty  oriented  sectors  amount  to  40  billion  USD  (at  prevailing exchange rate) between now and 2015 averaging 3 Billion USD per year
•    ODA flow (1990-1999) averaged around 900 million USD.
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•      The  Implication  is  that  for  Ethiopia  Io  meet  MDGs,  besides  lhe  on-going  enhanced domestic   resource   mobilization   effort,   it   requires   significant   increase   in   external assistance.
Prospects and Challenges
•     Ensuring Rapid and Sustainable Economic Growth
•     Rural focused agriculture-led economic growth
•     Rural infrastructure investment
•     Strengthen agricultural marketing
•     Land tenure security
■ Promote technical advancement in agriculture for small holders
A. Enhance Capacity Building to Improve Performance
•     Improve implementation capacity of government ano private sector
•     Implement PSCAP
0. Breaking the Cycle of Food Security Crisis
•     New Goalitton for Food Security
C. Enhanced Human Development
•    Education
•     Health and Nutrition
•    HiWAIDS
D. High Investment in Infrastructure
•    Road
•    Telecom
•     Electricity
E. External Economic Environment
•    Commodity price instability Coffee pnee
•    Global Market Access
•    Ethiopia's per capita ODA is half of that of Sub-Saharan average.
•    Debt sustainability
1.10.3Linkages between SDPRP and MDGs
•   Ethiopia's   Poverty   Reduction   Strategy   (PRS)   is   the   primary   vehicle   for achieving   the   MDGs   To   date,   two   PRSs   have   been   formulated,   the SDPRP) and PASDEP.
■  Poverty  reduction  strategies  such  as  the  Ethiopian  SDPRP  being  medium*
■erm  programs  (three  years  program  covering  2002/03-2004/05)  serves  as vehicles to achieving the MDGs (which are long term) spanning the period
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January, 20Ministr/ ol Water, 'rrigation and Energy Ltetms Irrigation Sludy «>nd Design Project
Volume IV Pan I Agronomy Study Final Report
1990-2015 Accordingly, the SDPRP goals, targets, and indicators are fully 
Integrated with the MDGs
1.11 Review of Previous Studies
1.11.1 Studies conducted by relevant agencies
The Ethropian economy  is  dominated by  small holders  and their subsistence agriculture, which account about 46 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 85 percent of job employment Since agriculture is  one of the most important sectors  of economic development of the country, all future trend of development of this sector would be guided by the efficiency  of management of this  sector along with other relevant resources  In this context, in the past, sludy has been conducted in the country by the external agency namely HALCROW-ULG limited. The sludy conducted by HALCROW-ULG has been reviewed and the relevant findings are given below
1.11.2Study report by HALCROW-ULG LIMITED
Climate & crop cultivation; In the Dabus  valley  all year round cropping is  possible only under irrigation. With reference to the existing climatic  phenomena i e.. high temperature, high evapotranspiration and erratic rainfail the production of many biennial or semi perennial crops like sugarcane are inhibited during the long dry season which requires high levels of available soil moisture throughout lhe year for economic production. Overcast skies and high humidities during the peak of the rains favour the incidence of insect pest and diseases in susceptible plant types Hence, the area wou’d be suited Io a relatively short season annual crops such as maize, but longer season annual crops would normally (ail to reach their full yield potential. The use of artificial fertilizers and agricultural chemicals was negligible in the Project Command site and Kebefes as a whole
The current study  in Agronomy  has  considered all shortfalls  of these climatic  phenomena and recommends  growing of selected short maturing annual and perennial crop parities beginning frorr the onset of the main rams by utilizing the existing rainfall and at lhe start of the dry  season or moisture scarcity  followed by  supplemental irrigation from Dabus  River. Crops  tike maize, sorghum, sesame, haricot-bean, soybean, onion, garlic, pepper, potato, okra etc... are sown beginning from the onset of the main rain and reach to maturity in lhe month of September. Hence, these crops  are not constrained due to moisture. Especially early maturing crops like pulses da not require supplemental irrigation at all through out the meher growng season This will be an advantage to put in to use double cropping system under assured irrigation system during the dry  season. Moisture requirement for crops recommended during the dry  season is  wholly  satisfied by  irrigation, Most importantly, in both cropping sesaons  income crops  are highly  emphasized. These crops, which! were recommended by  the research institute and sub research centers  of the country, do have inherent genetic potential of drought tolerance and eariy matur ty Hence, they will payoff.
Although the use of artificial fertilizers and agricultural chemicals is negligible in the Project Command site and Kebe/es as a whole, some crop varieties by virtue of their .nherent nature are known to tolerate commonly known pests and diseases, Besides, the use of these crop varities along with their full recommended packages of agronomic practices eg feritilizer
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Dabus Irrigation olutiy and Design Project_________                   __ __ — —-— —-----------
♦ -am rrucial to safe guard crops application, chemical spray, improved cultural practices etc a
from crop enemies and to sustainably secure optimum crops yield.
.
Soil & Topographic feature: The erosive power of Dabus Rive
has revealed an older and
less fertile valley floor largely composed of montrnorillonitic clays, i or ag cu ura p I
three predominant soil types were identified.
a. Red and red brown clays, well structured and freely draining on the crests of mar y 
interfluves
b Grey gleysols. on the shoulder slopes on land lying between 2-5% slopes. T hey have
got a friable surface clay soil
c. Grey/dark grey vertisols on land nearer the river usually on slopes af 1-3 surface
vertical cracking and seasonal waterlogging in flatter areas is evident.
Natural drainage in these clay soils is aided by the sloping relief All soil types are low v 
organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorous pH is within the range of 6-7 5
Topographically, the main feature of the valley  is  the presence of many  minor water courses, which have steeply  eroded the area into a number of pronounced but gentle ridges/interfluves  of variable shapes. The dissected nature ol the terrain, the sleep slopes and the irregular surface micro-topography will conslitue a constrami on the irrigable area, which can be overcome in part.
The recent field visit by the team of experts from the various study disciplines ascertained
that the topographic feature of the Project Command, where the selected annual and
perennial crops have to be developed through surface irrigation, has got a net irrigable area
of 10,000 hectares at both Menge and Oda-bildiglu Project command Woredas
Existing cropping practice: The natural vegetation is  open woodland savannah with hyparrhenia grass under fire climax The floor of the basin includes virtually all the cultivated area Cultivation is  earned out by  hand The main crops  grown in the area are maize, sorghum, hot pepper, sesame niger seed, caslorbean, sweet-potato, millet, ground-nut. pumpkins, gourds, okra and tobacco in very  small quantities  Crops  are often grown mixed (e.g sorghum ana beans) Maize is  usually  grown in pure stand Mango and some citrus trees  have been established in most villages  and are flourishing Apart from the Dabus River the surface drainage channels dry up and there is insufficient water to support annual crops  during the dry  season Rainfall is  unreliable both early  and late in the season Nevertheless, during this season virtually all tropical crops would grow on the better drained red clay  soils. On red clays, there is  even some danger to shallow rooting crops  not moderately resistant to drought Inspite of the slopes, some local drainage problems must be anticipated in the more dense grey  soils, with possibilities  of perched water tables  being greatest in the intermediate soils. Crops  like grasses, sorghum, sugarcane and cotton arc preferably good to be extensively developed under mechanized farming in these areas.
The mam cultivated crops  in the study  area do not include castor-bean The plant is  grown wild in the Plair Although the study in Agronomy confirm that there is mixed stands □! crops )lke sorghum with beans  or maize with beans, the pattern pursued by  th- farmers  is  not sustainable to benefit products and productivity ot crops and farm lands Hence this has
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uanuar/. 2015Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy
Dabus Irrigation Study and Dosrgn Project ______________
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Agronomy Study F7inal Report
been briefly  discussed in part of this  report Largescale production of sorghum, sugarcane and cotton necessitates  high initial investment costs  of infrastructure, mechanization, sugar processing factory  and ginning plant which can not be shouldered by  the resource poor farmers  The main aim of the project is  to benefit and improve the livelihood of small holder farmers' from their parcel of farm land by  growing selected annual and perennial crops  of fruits, oilseeds  and pulses  as  the most rncome generating crops. Cereal, root and vegetable crops  which are mostly  (or the dally  diet consumption of the population also deserve similar attention blit to a relatively lower level
Soil and Crops  suitability  most crops  grow well on red soil and the most suitable ones amongst many  should be selected. Given a sound fertilizer regime, under ram-fed conditions the best suited would probably  be maize and cotton and under dry  season irrigation the choice so wide it would depend more upon the oarticular selection criteria A list of particularly  suitable crops  would include maize, onion ground-nut, cotton, vegetables, citrus and mango Conversely, the only  climatically  suited crops  which could be eliminated would be those like swamp paddy  which prefer water-logged conditions. On the grey  soils  under rainfed conditions  the ideal crop would be grass  or sorghum, otherwise cotton and most beans  would be well suited Niger seed/noug also grows  well on soils  with vert I soli c properties  Under irrigation the grey  soils  would be highly  suited io swamp paddy, but leveling costs would prove excessive.
a)   Maize and sorghum crops highly suitedto production for local consumption
b)   Sunflower crop is not responsive to Irrigation and is low yielder.
c)   Ground-nut is suitable for Io?/ cost irrigation on the friable soils
d} Soybean grows well
e)   Cotton is suitable and more profitable.
f)    Fruits and vegetables
The Research Base: At the time of the feasibility  document preparation by  HALGROW-ULG Limited there was  no any  research station to back-up the feasibility  study  especially  for improved technologies  to be recommended tn the project command the study  team concentrated on blanket recommemndations  of improved technologies  of crops  generated by  EARO. Iho then IAR. The research sub stations  were at Bako (IBOOmasI), Angar-gutin (ISOOmasI) and Gambela (540masl) which are at far distant places  to cater improved technologies of crops for the DIDP Command
In the current study, backup on improved crop technologies for the the DI DP command
feasibility study is obtained largely from EARO and the nearby research center, namely 
Asosa Agricultural Research Center which is catering improved agricultural technologies in
and around the DIDP command,
Yield Projections: The feasibility  study  conducted by  HALCROW4JLG Limited has  provided yield prelections  for most of the selected crops  to be developed in the pro|ect command The problem lies  in that the methodology  and approach on yield projections  for the different crops is not dear It only states the obtainable yield over the five year periods
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In the current study  as  is  provided in chapter 10 section 10 5.1, calculations  on long term yield projection are primarily  based on the ultimate yield to be secured by  using improved agricultural technologies  of the country  to be adopted in the project command Moreover, the calacuiations  reveals  that development to be gradual and progressive over the five year periods.
Crop Water Requirement (CWR) Determination: In the study  conducted by  IIALCROW- ULG Limited, calculations  on Net irrigation Requirement (NIR) was  done manually  using excel application program Although the document reveals  the climatic  data, from which crops  irrigation requirement was  detrmined. the CWR of each crops  and the irrigation scheme supply is not depicted.
In the current study  the CWR and NIR of the selected crops  were computed based on the modified Penman Method (FAO I & D paper No.24) and Penman Montielh Approach (FAO I & D Paper No.46) using windows  cropwat software version 8.0. The details  on crops CWR/NIR and irrigation scheme supply are clearly indicated
1,12 Scope of the Study
The overall program of the Project in lhe Project Command and watershed area is  to integrate the agricultural production with its  various  facets  namely  crop, livestock, horticulture, fisheries, forestry  etc  keeping in view the climatic  and soil parameters  in lhe existing socio-economic  conditions  both under rain-fed and irrigated agro-ecosystem While making the appropriate agricultural plan for Project Command and watershed, the overarching concerns  would be of nutritional and livelihood security, poverty  alleviation, gender equity, ecology  and environment, and competitiveness  in terms  of cost and quality This will include the following broad aspects
•     Study of existing farming systems and agricultural development pattern of lhe Project Command and watershed area in association with socio-economic situations
•     Selection of most suitable crops, fruits, vegetables, livestock, apiculture etc and their most  appropriate  integration  with  suitable  economic  return  for  different  sizes  of irrigated (arm holdings
•      System   approach   having   economically   dynamic   and   efficient   cropping   pattern
involving  selected  food  and  cash  crops  and  other  enterprises  appropriate
under
the
prevailing climate soils and Lidded irrigation conditions
•
Identification of most appropriate agra-lechniques and input support
servic
es for
lhe
farmers for increased farm productivity
•
Renovation   of   existing   grasslands   and   rejuvenation   of   forests
for
econo
mic 
production of livestock and sustainability of environment
•     Need assessment and introduction of improved post harvest technologies and value addition
1.12,1 Approach and methodology of the study
To accomplish the DIDP agronomy Project feasibility study, it was compulsory to employ survey questionnaire and documented secondary data sources about agricultural development information fmm the Region, Woret/a and Kebete levels Moreover, the
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SupervisionMinistry ol Water, Irrigation and Energy 
Volume IV - Pari I
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project _____________________________________Agronomy Study Final Report approach was participatory in nature and farmers, experts and specialists in the Region and Worer/a  sector  offices  of  development,  research  centers  and  the  institution  look  active participation  and  provided  relevant  data  and  information  for  the  DIDF  agronomy  Project feasibility   study   The  Methodologies   used   include   the   provision   of   training  to  selected enumerators, collection of secondary data and participatory group discussion.
1.12.1.1  Recruiting enumerators and field supervisors
Recruitment of enumerators and field supervisors was made in consultation with four of the Project Command Waredas Coordination Offices  of Agriculture and Rural Development (WCoARD) The head of Merge, Oda-bifdiglu, Asosa and Bambasi Woredas Coordination Offices  of Agrrculture and Rural Development (WCoARD) and division heads  from crop departments  were given a briefing on She purpose of the field trip in the l/Voreda This briefing was  also given for the professionals  stationed al Regional level loo. Moreover, a brief explanation was g^ven to She office professionals on the advantages of secondary data collection On account of this  and the prospective wide and spectacular advantage that will be secured from DIDP, the office assigned enumerators  and supervisors  with Diploma and H.Sc  level of qualification to participate in both data collection procedures  All of the enumerators  have 'ong been in the area and knows  the culture and language of the area very well.
1.12.1.2  The provision of training to the enumerators and supervisors
Before lhe commencement of the actual survey  work, training was  given to the recruited enumerators  and supervisors  an procedures  of data collection based uri the previously prepared questionnaire Effort was  made to dearly  transfer the concepts  underlying in data collection Secondary  data collection was  solely  dependent on information available al office level and readymade documents  from a previously  conducted agricultural development activities in the Wore da and the Regional level at large. For this, the head and professional experts of WCoARD and Regional Bureau of Agriculture were responsible
1.12.1.3  Collection of secondary data
Secondary data is data collected and published in the cast or other parlies The primary 
sources for colleclion of secondary data for the Project Command Woredas were the
WCoARD and 'he research centers al both Wo re da and Regional levels Moreover, a few
numbers of NGO’s were identifieo to obtain meager amount of supporting information in this 
regard. All WCoARD provided the ongoing development activities of all Kebotes found in the Woredtts. Comprehensive questionnaires including all required parameters of farming were developed and provided to WCoARD These secondary data were also collected from
research centers and nongovernmental offices of the Worecta After the collection of this Information for ths Command, the same have been analyzed and critically evaluated for the development of agricultural plans as per the objectives of the study The details of existing
status of farming have been given in subsequent chapters of report
The collection of secondary  information has  helped In obtaining the information an crop varieties  being grown, the existing potential both under rain-fed and available irrigated production system This  will furthoi include the study  of current farming system, crop rotation jnd crnppiriij ir.iensdy  the sj i-'i-i nt mi: :iii|iir.d ^i.r-nnrt sei <r-s. strength and weaknesses 
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of    present    research-extension-farmers’    linkages    including    its    impact    on
|
generation,  assessment,  refinement,  dissemination  and  adoption.  The  study  a  so
the   type   and   number   of   crops   being   grown,   their   socio-economic   importance   an marketability  to  decide  on  the  future  crops  to  be  included  m  the  selected  cropping  pans  in the light of the country's need. Efforts have been made to select crops and cropping pa ern with appropriate varieties that may be adaptable to the present soil, climatic, socio economic situation of the Project Command and are responsive to irrigation waler and other production inputs giving high and sustainable yield. The crop budget and yield Projections of the system have been worked out taking important crops
1.10.1.4  Conducting participatory group discussion
Participatory  Rural Appraisal (PRA) methodology  incorporates  the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development Projects  and programmes by using different PRA tools At present PRA technique cannot be undertaken al grass root level in all Kebe/es  of the Woredas  for there is  lack  of road connectivity  As  a result, participatory  group discussion was  undertaken by  involving key  informants, heads  and professionals  drawn from the Woredas  and sectoral offices  of the Asosa Zone The participatory group discussion was handled by the team of experts from the Socio economic and Agronomy section It was a discussion made among members of a group or groups of people drawn from different representative categories  to make meaningful contributions  to the subject under discussion and arrive at a oarticipatory  conclusion Wilh regard to the Agronomy team, the (heme of discussion was on the existing crop development activities in the Project Command and future prospects  of the DIDP based irrigated agricultural crop production activities  Besides, the Agronomy  study  made use of the checklists  and questionnaires prepared by lhe socio economic expert.
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2. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 2.1. Soils
Volume IV Pan I flgroncfny Study Final Report
Land and climatic  parameters  are She primary  factors  which decide establishment and growth of different types  of vegetatron in an area These are all the more relevant to agricultural crops, as the potential production profitability and sustainability are the prime consrderatrons particularly in irrigated agriculture Assessment of both of these aspects have been made for crops  and irrigation water resources  planning, which are discussed in succeeding paragraphs The sori survey was carried out for the selection of suitable irrigation area from the proposed potential Project Command
2.2. Physical and Chemical Characterstics of the soil
2.2.1  Physical Characterstics
The physical and chemical chara cl ration of DIDP Command was studied from the gross command of 17.394ha Based on the study four major types of soils were identified, namely. Vertisols, Luvrsols Cambisols and Fluvisols Vertisols are the dominat soil types identified in the Project Command For details of the physical characteristics of the soil refer the soil and land evaluation sectoral report
Soil Texture: Two major textural groups  exist in the Project Command, medium to fine texture, with non vertic  properties  and heavy  clayey  with vertic  properties. The heavy textured soils  and the associated drainage and workability  problems  of these soils  in the Project Command require management measures to mitigate the limitation
Effective Soil depth: The sail depth in the study area is dominantly very deep (>150 cm) except mapping units  1c4-CA (50-100cm). 1b7-FL (100-150cm). 3o10-NI (50-100cm) 2b4- CA (100-150cm}. 3b4-CA (100-150cm). 3c4-CA(50-100cmJi 2b3<V( 100 150cm), and 3b3- CA( 100-150cm)
The deep auger diggings  made to about 5m depth at the bottom of the sampled profiles indicate that the materials limiting root depth (such as cemented carbonate and silica) were not encountered within the observed depth Moreover at the lime of surveying ground water table was  not encountered within 5 m depth This  indicates  that the effective soil depth in most parts of the study area is categorized as very deep.
Drainage and Permeability: The overall drainage of the soils  tn the Project Command is well to imperfect except rn areas  close to seasonal and perennial streams  and rivers  with poor to very  poor soil drainage Vertisols  have imperfect to poor drainage owing to the depressed topography, amount and type of clay mineral and associated flooding mainly from streams  and rivers  This  indicates  that drainage improvement measures  are important for rrrlgated crop production
Soil   Structure   and   Compaction:   Soils   of   the   study   area   have   dominantly   sub-angular blocky structure on the surface The bulk density values of the soils range from 1 i to
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1.76g/cm3   The  bulk  densities  of  agricultural  soils  range  from  1.1  to  1.4  g/  cm-   Hence  the bulk  oensity  values  of most  of the soils  are within  the  acceptable  range for  agricultural  soils, There  is  no  cemented  or  compacted  horizon  within  the  soil  solum  Thus,  root  development will not be restricted by soil compaction in most of the soils.
Total porosily  (TP) of the soils, taking average particle density  as  2.65 g/ errr for mineral soils, ranged from 40 to 60 (V%) According to Brady and Weil (2002). ideal total pore space values, which are acceptable for crop production, are around 50% Hence, most of the soils have an acceptable range of total porosily values for crop production
Moisture Retention; The availahle water holding capacity  (AWC) of the soils  ranges  from low Id high within the lop 100 cm layer The wider range of AWC (low to high) in the study area is related to textural variation
Infiltration and Hydraulic  Conductivity: The optimum infiltration rate of the soils  in the Project Command ranges  from 5 4 cm/hr (suitable for surface irrigation) to 9 6 cm/hr (marginally  suitable for surface irngalion-too rapid) The hydraulic  conductivity  of the soils ranges  from 0.60 to 1 08 m/aay  (moderately  slow) The average infiltration and hydraulic conductivity values of the soils appear to be acceptable with various degree of suitability
However, some soils  (mapping units  2a3-LV and 1a3-CA) exhibit either moderately  rapid infiltration rate or rapid hydraulic  conductivity  contrary  to the high clay  content presence This property , like sandy soils, might be arise due to the deep, fairly uniform, dark reddish brown clay that is associated with segregation of iron oxide by alternating oxidation and reduction in reddish soils  In addition, high biological activity-term tie presence and also cracks  were observed on those soils  which contribute to the relatively  high infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity
Flooding: In areas near to Dabus River flooding is a common incidence, mainly during the
peak flow of the river However, its duration and frequency vanes from place to place
depending on the micro-topography, and location/distance from the flood st ream s/n vers.
2.2.2 Chemical Characterstics
The details  on chemical characteristics  of representative profiles  and chemical data interpretation are provided in soil and land evaluation sectoral report In this  Agronomy report, narrative summary  on major chemical characterstics  of (he Project Command soil is presented
Soil Reaction The pH values  of the soils  (including the deep auger samples) range from 4 65 to 10 54 The pH of the surface soils range from 4 94 to 7 85 and the pH of the sods between 2 to 5m below the soil surface (deep auger) range from 5 1 to 8.35, The overall pH values  of the soils  indicate that the sods  of the study  area are very  strongly  aetd to slighlly alkaline fn the upper part and very  strongly  acid to very  strongly  alkaline m deep surface of the soil
Generally,  for  agricultural  purpose,  sons  with  pH  values  within  the  range  of  6  0  to  7  5  are suitable and more trouble free than those w,th higher or lower pH values (Hall' ?oog'
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Volume !V -■ Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
Hazelton and Murphy, 2007) The results obtained showed that the soil pH in most mapping units is out of this normal pH range and also most soils have low pH values. Under such low pH values, the availability  of essential nutrients  is  critically  affected. Toxicity  of aluminum to plants  greatly  affects  root and shoot growth as  well as  nutrients  and water absorption. Moreover, the activities of microorganisms which play pivotal roles in nutrient cycling in agro ecosystems are affected
The exchangeable Acid Saturation (AS) percentage of the sails (with pH H O less than 5.5)
2
ranged from 0.3 to 10.97%. These Indicate the values  are higher than the Permissible Acid Saturation (PAS) for some crops  (Table 2.1) and hence imply  the need for liming to overcome the problem of soil acidity and attain optimum yield.
Table 2.1: Permissible Acid Saturation (PAS) Levels of Different Crops
Crop
Acid saturation (%|
Crop
Acid saturation (%)
Cabbage
1
Sorghum
io
Carrot
1
Barely
10
Tomato
1
Wheat
10
Faba bean
5
Sweet potato
10
. Sunflower
5
Haricot bean
20
Pepper
5
Maize
20
i Cotton
5
Groundnut
20
! Rape seed
5
Potato
30
Onion
5
_Teff_
40
Snurce: Adopted by Soil find Ln nd Evaluation sectoral report
For the detarls  on calculating lime requrrement for a given soil based on acid saturation method, refer the soil and land evaluation sectoral report. Apart from this  method, there should be some adjustments  with regard to permissible aetd saturation (PAS) value of different crops in situation where crop rotation is practiced In crop rotation, whether the lime rate applied is  adequate for the subsequent crop depends  on the differences  between PAS values of the crop in question
For example, if after wheal teff is to be followed, the amount to be applied for wheat is more than the requirement of teff as  the latter is  mare tolerant to acidity  than the former On the contrary, if wheat is  to follow teff, the calculated amount of lime for teff planting in the first year will be adequate for wheat during the second year. To overcome such problem and not to test lime need again, it is  advisable to adjust lime rale to fit the crop that has  low acid tolerance. Additional advantage to hming with higher rate of lime than required for achieving maximum yields  is  that a longer period may  laps  before liming is  required again for maintaining soil pH
One complicating factor m assessing the acidity  of Ethiopian soils  is  likely  to be Mn. Manganese is also toxic to many crops and in anthropogenically acidified soils there may be a need to eventually  refine Lime Requirement (LR) determinations  in order io take Manganese (Mn) in to account This  is  b/c  sometimes  LR is  nil in terms  of Exchangeable Acidity (EA) but Mu level could be high (150 opm).
Calion Exchange Capacity: Cation exchange capacity  (CEC) is  a measure of (he nutrient retention capacity  of the soils  and is  an important index  of soil fertility  The cation exchange capacities of the soils range from 25 42 to 66 62 Cmolc kg ' soil The CEC values indicate
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Volume I V - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
high ana this is attributed to the
that the nutrient retention capacity of the soils- is high to ry 
high day content and clay mineralogy ol the soils
r    .  Balance'  Base  saturation  percentage  (BSP)  is 
Base Saturation Percentage and Cationic Bal •
a measure of the degree of saturation of the exch g -             •
basic cations Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Sod.um ( , -
exchangeab|e
'
used as index of soil fertility. The BSP of the soils is ranging from 45.5 ■ (medium) to 97 65 A (very high). In addition to BSP relative proportion of the exchangeabe ca ions is used as a measure of soil fertility (nutrient availability)
According to Sims (2000), the range of critical values for optimum crop production for K, Ca
and Mg are from 0 28 to 0.5% 1 25 to 2.5, and 0.25 to 0 5 cmol (+)/kg soil, respectively.
I
Accordingly, most of the exchangeable Ca and Mg content and some ol the K content of the
soils are above the critical values. However, this does nol prove a balanced proportion of the
exchangeable bases. Potassium uptake would be reduced as Ca and Mg are increased and
the vice versa
I
I
The ratio d( exchangeable Ca to Mg on surface soils range from 1 00 to 3.65 (likely inhibition of Ca uptake by the relatively higher amounts of Mg exists but it is very favorable proportion for crop production). The uptake of Ca is inhibited by the relatively higher amounts of Mg when Ca/Mg ratio is  <2 5, ven/ favorable for crop production when the Ca/Mg ratio is between 2.5 to 6. and favorable for crop production when the Ca/Mg ratio 6 to 12.
The ratio of the exchangeable Mg Io K in the surface soils is mainly between 4.51 (very favorable proportion for crop production} and 87.75 (high Mg likely lo prevent K uptake). The soils with Mg/K ratio > 15 have also <2% K7CEC which implies below the minimum K level
for topical soils Moreover, the K/CEC ratio in most mapping units is below 2%. This 
indicates that m most soils oi the Project Command the response of crops to applied K is 
likely and needs due attention by the development practitioners Therefore, the application o'
K containing balanced fertilizers is immensely important.
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage; Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) is  fee proportion o. the exchange complex  (CEC) occupied by  lhe exchangeable Na and it is  a measure of the deleterious effect of excess amount of Na mainly on the physical properties (soil moisture movement and aeration) ol soils Na hazard is exhibited when values of ESP are greater than 15% or exchangeable Na contents are greater than 3 Cmolc kg-1 soil. The ESP values of the soils m the Project Command generally increase with soil depth and the values are less than 15% in most soils Exceptionally high values (33 % of ESP within 35 to 65 cm depth) were measured in 2a10 FL mapping unit. The overall ESP values indicate feol lhe soils are not sodic and hence little risk of Na hazard or no sodiciiy problem in these soils
Electrical Conductivity: Electrical conducing of the saturation extract (ECa) is  a measure o> soil salm ty an index of soil fertility Soil salinity affects plant growth by inducing moisture stress  due to osmobc  pressure difference and causing nutrient imbalance due to the presence of excessive amounts  of soluble salts  The EC, of the soils  in the Project
Command   mcreaseswnh   sod   depth   ano
w(hin     100     cm     ffom     lhe     sQ||     surf3ce     [he     „alues     are
fess than 1 00 ciS m implying that snjie
7y
afrected
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* °JJI> are wn very tow salt content and are not san
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Total Nitrogen and Organic  Carbon Content: The total nitrogen (TN) content of the surface soils  ranges  from 0.01 to 0.27, where values  <0.15 are considered low. 0.15-0 25 as medium and >0.25 as  high Hence, the overall TN content of the soils  of the Project Command ranges from low to high.
The organic carbon content of the surface soils ranges from 0.72 to 2.75%, where values <4
are considered low, 4 — 10 medium. -* 10% high Thus, the OC content of the soils is low
Available Phosphorus: The available phosphorus  (P) content of the Project Command soils  decreases  with soil depth The values  range from 5.72 to 32.93 mg/kg soils  in the surface soils. This  indicates  that the P content of the surface soils  is  low to high, This  wide variation Is attributed to the existence of wide soil pH and organic matter variation
Carbonates: Carbonates  in soils  affect both the physical (such ms moisture retention) and chemical (pH and nutrient availability) properties  of the soils. Some crops  are sensitive to excessive amounts  of carbonates  in soils  The carbonate content of the soils  in the study area ranges from 0 40 to 10.66 %
2.3  Climate
Although not full fledged, there is  one meteorological station m one of the Project Command Wbreda. i.e.. Asosa. The Dabus  Irrigation Development Project (DIDP) Command Agronomiy  feasibility  study  made use of the climate data obtained from the nearby meteorological station i.e.. Asosa, to determine the crop water requirement of the selected crops  that will be introduced in the Project Command The climate data Obtained from the station, which will best fit to the Command, was  methodologically  extrapolated to determine climatological data of the specific  Project Command sites  of Menge, Oda-bildiglu, Asosa and Bambasi kVoredas  Upon extrapolation, the altitude, latitude and longitude of the specific Project Command changed drastically  when compared to the Asosa station As  to the methodology  of the extrapolation, it Is  available in lhe sectoral report of the Hydrology. II is worth to note that the Command is  situated in the Dabus  basin which of course should be represented by lhe nearby station data i.e Asosa meteorological station
Mean annual and monthly rainfall series, relative humidity 
maximum and minimum temperatures were processed : A
Z^i-'&pceS, ‘-ip’tshine
VI
.AX
record
2.3.1 Agroclimatic zones
Menge, Oda-bildlglu, Asosa and Bambasi Waredas are agroclimatic zones This generalized designation is based on
i
f<
K 4 «-■
fi the me(etxplfiia%i<
hours,
station
p
Oj
ol
t A dry}
iSldJb
<^ _e_n_elevation
and temperature differences  of an area, unlike the classification for agro-ecological zones which are based on the link  between climate, physiography, soils  and vegetation with animal species  and humans. According to the standardized definition of lhe agroclimatic  zones; Dtrga or cool zone represents  areas  above 2400m elevation above sea level with the upper part as  alpine region. l/Vo/na-dogtf represents  areas  with average monthly  temperature of 20°C during lhe warmest months and between 1800m -2400m elevation above sea level and
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Ministry         of         Water,         Irrigation         and         Energy         Agronomy         Study 
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Repod
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mrtnthiu   (pmDerature   of  20°C   and  below Kola or hoi zone represents areas with average monthly temperas
15D0m elevation above sea level
Kola is  the predominant agroclimatic  zones  of the Woredas  covering areas  in the proj^c, command to the tune of 93 5% where as  the remaining 6.5% of the area falls under oina- tfega agroclirrialiczone (Table 2 1)
Table 2.2: Delineated Agro Climatic Zones & Coverage in DIDP Command Woredas
Project Command
Worcdas
Agro-
climatic
zones
1
Total area
cover ago
Climate
Altitude
(mast)
Average
annual
temperature
1.0C.1
Average
annual
rain-fall
(mm)
(ha)
Menqe
Kola
Hot-dry
1.040 00
25
900-1.500
154,775,00
100.00
Oda-
bildiglu
W-dega
NA
1.000-2,200
25-29
1.000-1,300
132.16
12 00
Hot
620-1000
30-38
750-900
1,335 8-1
98.00
Asosa
Kola
Kola
Hot
1.560 00
20 32
850-1,200
231.700,00
100.00
W-dega
NA
1,301 -1,470
21-27
1.400
33,152.40
15.00
Bambasi
Kola
NA
950-1,300
26-35
1 200-1,350
1B7 963.60
85.00
Project Command
Woredas
W-dega
NA
1,000-1 >470
21-29
1.000 ‘1.4 00
33.334.56
547
Kola
| NA
620-1.560
20-38
750-1.500
575.674 44
34,53
Total
1
609,009.00
100
Source Menge, Oda-bitdiglu, Asosa and Bambasi WCoARD, 2013
2.3.2  Temperature
The data set out in Table 2.2 on mean monthly temperature would evince that lhe highest maximum temperature of 37 d°c and the least maximum temperature of 27 9Qc are recorded in the month of March and July  respectively  Periods  from October to April, are classified under dry  season and comparably  have higer temperatures  than the rainy  season periods beginning from November Io May  The maximum temperatures  excepting for the months  of June to October are almost uniform throught out the year Temperature variation in lhe 01 DP command area is  not significant between any  two consecutive monihs  and consistently higher temperature records  prevail across  the seasons  A perusal of the data on minimum temperature reveals that lhe highest minimum temperalure of 19 5°c and lhe least minimum temperature of 16 6°c are recorded in lhe month of April and January respectively. Higher minimum temperalures are recorded towa'ds at the end of the dry season periods and at the start of the long rainy  season period in lhe months  of April and May  -with lhe respective values of 19 5“c and 19 2°c Mean temperature shows lhe trends of maximum and minimum temperatures records
2.3.3   Relative humidity
The maximum Relative Humidify (RH) (82%) was observed during the month of July (Table 2 2} It was closely followed by the month of June (81%) and August (80%) The minimum RH was recorded in the month of February (55%) There was no as such conspicuous trend of data consistency  recorded throughout the year RH plays  on important role in crop production A wet oeriod provides predisposing conditions fQr the rapid multiplies! on of
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insect-pests  and diseases  Therefore, it becomes  imperative to be on the guard to control these crop enemies  On the contrary, low humidity  promotes  water losses  both from the plant body (crop and weed) and the soil surface. Therefore, low soil moisture stresses as well as  physiological drought conditions  are to be necessarily  taken care of by  supplying water through Irrigation at optimum time. This will be done by conveying irrigation waler to the area This will greatly help to realize the maximum possible yield potential of a crop.
2.3.4  Wind speed
The data given In Table 2.2 revealed that the maximum wind velocity of 196 km/day was observed m the months of February It was closely followed by the months of January and March, with a record of 189 and 163km/day respectively High wind velocity in the months of January and March if accompanied by extremely low temperature is likely to he detrimental to the crops. Moreover, during the dry months wind velocity increases the loss of water both from the plant and the soil and hence frequent irrigation would be necessary, that is. total Irrigation water needs  will increase proportionately  tn nut shell, the potential evaporatron values would be relatively hrgh. High wind velocity affects moisture supply for sprinkler type of irrigation Moreover it is  likely  Io cause breakage of plant stems  and tearing off leaves. Both of these conditions  will cause a corresponding decrease in crops' photosynthetic activity and finally productivity and production will be drastically affected
2.3,5 Sunshine hour
An examination of the data presented in Table 2.2 would bring out that the maximum sunshine hours  were available durrng the months  of December. January, November. February  and March wrth the respective values  of 8.6, 8.4, 8.3, 8 2 and 7.5 hours/day Although the rest other months show variable intensities of sunny hours, these records are adequate and will satisfy the requirement for the synthesis of carbohydrate during the crop growing period. However, it is  important to note that the minimum number of sunshine hours/day were available during July. I.e . 4 5 hours/day In fact this month witnesses early crop growth and development stages  for most of the rainy  season crops  leading to crop productivity  and production The avar’anle sunshine hours  are adequate for the crops  to photosynthesize and hence higher crop productivity will be realized Td obtain high levels of production in sustainable way, coupled with sound field and crop management intervention photo-insensitive and input responsive crop varieties need be introduced
2.3.6 Rainfall
Data on average monthly  rainfall have been presented in Table 2 3. A perusal of the data would bring out that the rainfall season commences  from the month of May  which on average receives  58mm of mean monthly  rarnfall. Such a start of rainfall rs  too important provided lhat it is  uniformity  distributed throughout the month The amounts  of rainfall shows high and variable increment up to the month of September and begin to lower in the month of October. Crops in this rainy season will not suffer from loss of moisture until harvest and gurantees  high crop production Crops  sown and grown beginning from the months  of November to April fall short of moisture and arc  confronted with dry  weather periods. Especially December January and February are the critical low moisture stress periods
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Volume IV — Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
where  the  amount  of  mean  average  rainfall  is  2  0  0.4  and  3  6mm  respectively,  in  such periods moisture shortage should be compensated by irrigation
Crops of the Project Command and adjacent areas have been using the seasonal rain-fall as a sole source of moisture beginning from planting time onwards. Given the apparent water intake of soils  of the Project Command, the flood resulting from the catchment and uplands flows dawn the cropped area easily. The flowing water, if control measures are not in place, is expected to erode both cropped and non-crop areas. It is worth to note that areas with no or scarce vegetation cover are always  highly  affected During the field visit, it was  observed that there were prominent signs  of sheet and nil erosion. The deep rills  finally  develop into the gullies  and gorges  Thus, there is  a need to formulate and recommend soil and waler conservation practices  The excess  flood water could be harvested to store in locally  made, preferably  seepage and lateral water movement proof ponds  The stored waler can be used Io grow crops  during dry  season The crop selection need be based on the available stored water minus  losses  from evaporation, seepage and deep percolation which will be approximately  estimated depending upon climatic  conditions  of the area in question If possible (he data on climatic  parameters  should be obtained through the WCoARD The Wureda office, in turn, may  obtain the necessary  data from the nearest meteorological station Finally, it may  be added that unpredicated torrential rains  also damage field crops and result in heavy  crop loss  The seventy  of such damage shoots  up if lhe ram is accompanied by speedy winds
Table  2.3  Mean  Monthly  temperature.  Relative  Humidity.  Wind  Speed.  Sunshine  Hours. Solar Radiation and ETo in DIDP command. 2013
Country Ethiopia
Altitude: WOO masl
Station Extrapolated Asosa Station Dala
Latitude 10 02° N Longitude: 34 50° E
Temperature (deg.C)
Month
Min
Max
Relative Humidity 
(%)
Wind
speed
(km/day)
Sun
shine hours
Solar
radiation (MJ/m’/day)
ETo
(mm/
day}
January
16 6
34 1
60
189
8.4
19 7
5 09
February
176
35 8
55
196
3.2
20.7
5 72
March
18 8
3/ 4
58
163
7.5
20 8
5 69
April
19.5
37 1
61
138
E0
18 8
5 19
May
192
32 <1
70
131
55
17 7
4 39
June
18 5                 29 8
01
131
5.0
16 5
3 71
July
182
27.9
02
104
45
15.9
3 38
August
179
28 1
80
39
50
17 1
3 54
September
179
29 3
81
37
58
18 1
3 72
October
179
30 9
76
84
68
189
3 91
November
180
33 4
68
94
83
197
4 27
December
17 1
33 7
56
153
86
19 4
4 56
Total
2172
389 9
826
1569
79 6
223 3
53 5
Average
IS 1 I
32 5
69
131
66
186
4 -I';
2.3.7  Reference Evapo-Transpiration (ETo)
The CVVR is a dependent function of the meteorological parameters and Reference Evapotranspiration (El >) presents the effect of the meteorological factors Meteorologies factors of temperature relative humidity wind velocity and sunshine hours are taken into
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_Dabus Jrigajron Study and Design Project____________  ____ _____________ Agronomy Study Final Report account for computation of ETo by modified Penman Method (FAO I & D paper No.24) and Penman Montieth /Approach (FAO I & D Paper No.46) For (he Project Command. CWR was calculated using windows croowat software version 8.0. The climate data used for estimating CWR  Is  derived  frorr  DIDP  sectoral  report  of  Hydrology  The  details  of  the  above climatological  parameters  are  given  an  Table  2.2  Details  of  monthly  rainfall  and  daily average values of effective rainfall and evapotranspiration are given rn Table 2.3
Table 2 4; Mean Monthly Rain-fall, Effective Rarn-fall and Crop Evapo-transpiration in DIDP command area. 2013.
Country Ethiopia
Altitude: WOOmasI
Station. Extrapolated Asosa Station Data Latitude: 10.02° N Longitude 34.50°E
Month
Rain- fall                           Effective R mm/monlh       mm/day        mrn/month
January
February
0 40
3.60
March
' April
0 40 0.01
3 60 0.13
13 00 0.5B
20 00 067
May
58 00
June
July
177.00
247.00
August
238.00
September
211.00
1.87
5 90
7.97
7.68
7 03
17 50
19 <10
52 60
126 90
149.40 '
14? 40
139.80
ain-fall
mm/day 001
0.13
0.56
0 65
1 70
423 4.82 4 75 4 66
1/5 0.23 0 06
Evapo-transp mm/month
157 79
160.16
176 39
155.70
136.09
111.30
104 78
109.74
iration
mm/day
5 09
5 72 |
5 69
5.19
4.39 1
3 71
3 38
3 54
| October
I November
60.00
I 94|
54 20
111,60
121 21
7.00              0,23                     6 90
128 10
3.72
391
4 27
December                             2 00              0 06
2.00
Average _
06.83 J           2.84
60.01               1 96
151.90
135.40
4,90
4,46
2.4  Length of Growing Periods and Thermal zone classification with Reference to the Dabus Project Command
By definition, the Length of Growing Period (LGP) is counted in days and is the period during a year when rain-fall exceeds one full Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) and soil moisture storage is built-up In this case, the amount by which rain-fall exceeds PET up ta maximum of 10mm. is assumed to be soil moisture storage.
The Dabus Project Command is an area with a srngle growing period where the period is inadequate to meet in most years  the full water requirements  of short maturing crops. Therefore, the Dependable Growing Periods (DGP) and Medium Growing Periods (MGP) for Drought Sensitive Crops (DSC) which should respectively be 8 weeks and 2 5 months are negligible Tho Optimum Earliest Planting Month (OEPM) is May-June Growing period onset Is  fairly  reliable but growing period duration Is  not responsive to soil moisture storage capacity.
According to the standard and defined norm for Thermal Zone (TZ) classification, areas with TZ class-2 has  got 21°C-27°C range of temperatures  with altitudes  ranging from 500- I.BOOmasI Based on the available climatic  data, the Dabus  Irrigation Development Project
Command  has  got  an  average  minimum  and  maximum  temperature  record  of  25  3°C  with alt'tude of WOOmasI Therefore, the project command falls under TZ-2 classified category.
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3 EXISTING SOCIO ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURAL STATUS
3.1  Introduction
The socio-economic condition of both the developed and developing countries plays a basic role in the formulation of policies, planning, utilization of resources and their apportionment under different sub-heads of planning, prioritization of development projects, strategies for a balanced development, allocation of funds based on urgency and the extent of the identified problems and modus operand! of planned Project implementation involving local and central authorities   and   the   beneficiaries,   A   wholesome   formulation   of   a   development   Project necessitates  the  review  of  identical  past  Projects  to  learn  lessons  from  their  success  and failures. Therefore, a careful study of socio-economic status should constitute the back-bone of  agricultural  development  planning  process  and  the  formulation  of  remedial  measures. Agricultural development planning should, therefore, take into account the type and size of papulation groups and their socio economic situation that are expected to get benefit from it The details of such investigation are available tn the sectoral report of the socio-economic studies In this chapter an analysis of the Project Command and adjoining areas has been presented briefly.
3,2    Background of the Study Area
3,2.1 General
Ethiopia has predominantly an agrarian economy; hence, agriculture production is a means of livelihood for an estimated 85% of its population. It is a source for large percentage of foreign  exchange  earnings  and  GDP Moreover,  agriculture contributes  70%  of raw  material input  of  the  agrobased industries since 1995 Hence the agricultural sector forms the basis for lhe overall socioeconomic development of the country. It is characterized by smallholder subsistence productron, with small holding farmers growing crops on 96% of the land under cultivation  and  producing  90%  to  94%  of  all  cereals,  pulses  and  oilseeds  Aboul  90%  of agricultural  production  is  produced  through  tow  input,  iow-yield  rain-fed  agriculture.  The minimum  average  land  holding  is  about  one  hectare  per  household  The  agricultural  sector suffers from frequent periods of drought. As a result, millions of people are at risk of severe food shortage every year. Several million people are aS risk of famine every year According to  the  recent  indicators  more  than  half  of  the  total  population  lives  below  poverty  line  and there  is  growing  widespread  rural  urban  food  insecurity  The  situation  is  still  worse  in  rural areas.  The  prevailing  dismal  economic  situation  is  beheved  to  be  lhe  result  of  several factors,  among  which  the  major  ones  are  agricultural  production  and  productivity  has  not generally kept with the population growth rate. But it is still in lhe development agendas of lhe government and other national and international organization to change the condition
3.2.2 Government s initiatives
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDREj has critically examined the problems of low agro-productivily and wide spread poverty, food insecurity, and tack of irrigation facilities A number of measures so far taken include the planning and commissioning of a number of Irrigation Projects since agriculture has been accorded top priority DIDP is one or
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such  initiatives.  The  main  objective  of  irrigation  Projects  is  to  augment  agri-productivity, production, to stimulate economic growth through ADLI and to mitigate/minimize poverty
3.2.3 Land use at Menge, Oda-bildiglu, Asosa and Bambasi Woredas
The Project Command Woredas  comprises  161 Kebetes  According to the repoil by  the respective WCoARD. Menge, Oda-bildiglu, Asosa and Bambasi Woredas have an area of 129,234.22, 5Q.Q69.25, 149,402.25 and 221,081 01 hectares of land (Table 3 1 -Table 3 4) The Woredas have undulating (slope 1-3%) lowland areas with altdudes ranging from 620 to
1.470 mast The annual dependable rainfall of 80% is  86.8 mm Rainfall varies  from 0.40 to 247 mm yearly  Nearly  97% of the area gels  an average annual rainfall of 86.83 mm Erratic  rainfall, over flooding and drought hazards  threatens  crop and livestock  production The average annual minimum and maximum and temperatures  vary  between 16 6QC to
19 5’C and 27 9°C to 33.7*0 resoechvely
Table 3.1: Existing land use |ha) in Menge Woreda. 2013
■I
[
In DIDP project
Command
Outside DIDP project
command
Total
Details of land use
Area I ha)
{%)
Area(ha)
l%)
Area (ha)
f%l
Total area
10.256 36
100.00
118 977.86
100 00
129,234 22
100,00
Cultivated land
3,442.86
33.57
20,110.66
16.90
23553.52
18.23
Annual crop
2.999 85
87 13
19.741 16
98.16
22741 02
96.55
Perennial c*i p
44 3 00
12 87
369 50
1 B4
812 50
3.45
Uncultivated land
5,444 00
53.08
98,867.20
83.10
104.311 20
80.71
Natural pasture
1,838 00
3376
9.842 00
9 95
11,680.00
11.20
Forest land
2.660 00
48 86
84,980 00
8595
87.640 00
84 02
Bamboo forest land
0.00
0 00
000
000
0.00
0 00
Fallow land
945.00
17 38
4,045 20
4.09
4.991.20
4 78
Residential area & others
1,208.50
1178
0 00
0.00
1.208 50
0.94
Waste Lind
161.00
1,57
0 00
0,00
161.bol
0.12
Average Maximum land holding size
2 80
Average Minimum land holding size
075
Table 3.2: Existing land use (ha) in Oda bildiglu Woreda, 2013
In DIDP project
Command
Areaiha)        (%)
Outside DIDP project                      Total
Details ol land use
Total area
10,114.14      1OD.O0
command
Area jha)        {%)                  Areaiha)         (%) 39,955.11            100.00       50,059 25      100.00
Cultivated Land
3.266 64         32 30
48.04        22 46175
Annual cron
3.134 14         93 94
19.195.11
19.142 86
Perennial cr p
132 50           4 06              52 25
99 73 22 277 00
(
0 27 184 75
Uncultivated land                                6 393 00         63.21        20.172.00              50 49       26,565.00
Natural pasture
1 035 00         16 19         3 267 86              16 20         4.302 86
Forest land
Bamboo forest land
Fallow land
Residential area & others
Waste land
3 787 M 59 24 11,941 82
0.00           0 00                0 00
1 571 00 24 57 4.962 32
54 50           0.54            5BS.00
400.00           3.95                0.00
5920
0 00
24 60
1.47
0.00
15.728 62
doo
6.533 32 642.50
400 00
44.86
99 10
0 82
53 06
15 20
5921
0 00
. 4 59 1.28 ‘
0.80
Average Maximum land holding size
B.DD
Average Minimum land holding size
1 39
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Table 3.3: Existing land use (ha) in Asosa Woreda, 2013
I In DIDP project                     Outside DIDP project
Volume IV - Pa it I Agronomy Study Final Repod
Total
Command Area(ha)   [
4,352.25 100,00
Area (ha)      j (%)   Area(ha<)  %> _J
command
Details of land use
Total area
Cultivated land
Annual crop Perennial croc
Uncultivated land Natural pasture Forest land
Bamboo forest and Fallow land
Residential area & others Waste land
145,050,00          100.00       149,402.25
937.00        21.53         60.046,00            41.40         60.983.00
912.00
25.00
97.33         60,046.00          100 co
267
0.00
3410.00        78 35         85,004.00            58.60
60,950 00
25 00
88.414.00
1.000.00        29.33         22 866 00            26 93         23,838.00
2 000.00        59 65
0.00
■110.00
0 00
12.02
27.958 00 32.89 29,958.00
34,000.00 40.00 34,300.00
100.00
40.82
99 96
0.04 | 59.18 1 27.02 33.38 )
142.33
158 00              0 19              660 00          0.64
5.25 0.12 0.00 | 0.00 5.25 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00
Average Maximum land holding size
3.50
Average Minimum land holding size j        0.50
______ J____ I          —
•I                 _ !
Table 3 4: Existing land use (ha) in Bambasi Woreda, 2013
I
I
In DIDP project | Outside DIDP project
Details of land use Total area
Cultivated land
Command Area (ha)
2.489.03  r loo.oo218,591.98
command Area (ha)
Total
Area i, ha}
100.00
221,081.01
Annual crop Perennial crop
Uncultivated land Natural oasture Forest land
554.00 22.26 504 00 90 97
50 00          S 03 1,87000        75.13
40.589.98
40.325.72
18.57 41,143-98
99.35 1 * 529 72
264.26              0 65              314.26 176.779 60            60.87       178,619.60
120 00          6 42           0,880 00
750.00        40 11 0.00          0 00
111.377.00
5 59 63 00
Bamboo forest land Failovz iard
o’00              0,00
10 000 00
112,127 00
0 00
1.000 00
0 03
65.00
53.48
55,522 B0            31 41          56.522.60
Residential area A others Waste land
0.00                 22.40 I           0.01 I             22.43
2.61
7 50
1.00
1,200.00              0.55           1,265.00
±%1
100.00 18.61
99.24
0 76
80.81
5.50 : 62.76
0 00 31.64
0 01 | 0.57
Average Maximum land holding size
Average Minimum land holding size
3.2 4 Operative offices and organizations in the Project Command Woredas
There are a few governmental and nongovernmental offices and organizations rn (he
Woroda Very few of them, relevant to DIDP. are mentioned as follows.
3.2.4,1 Wore da Coordination Office of Agriculture and Rural Development
It is the major entity relevant to the irrigation development Project. It is entitled to carry out support n crop development interventions  Moreover, Hie dissemination of improved crop technologies  is  realized through the persistin’ effort of the experts  in WCoARD extension team
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3.24.2 Asosa Agricultural Research Center {AARC)
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Fira' Report
AARC was  established with the aim of generating agricultural technologies  and information that can improve the agricultural production and productivity  of the region. It is  mandated to cater technologies  of research for Asosa and Kamsahi zones  and Mao-kamo special woreda,
3.3 Socio-Economic Features and Status
3.3,1 Population
The population is  mainly  engaged in gold mining activities  and has  not been tied up intensively  to improved practices  of crop production. This  has  got a negative impact on production and productivity  of crops  and farmlands  and the livelihood of the community  in general.
3.3.2 Settlement pattern
Population settlement pattern should never be overlooked when undertaking the DI DP It
has a significant implication on productivity and production of crops and hence enhanced socioeconomic conditions of the area. Secured way of life with stabilized economy is a
pnmary factor to embark on settlement for the DI DP command farmers
3.3.3  Transport facilities
Regional road transportation network  is  very  poor Transportation in rural areas  is  by  packing animals, mainly  camels  and donkeys. According to the recently  conducted household survey, the nearest road access  to transportation (the nearest command area) is  42km. Unavailability  of accessible roads  and means  of transportation raises  cost of consumable goods, raw materials, discourages  inter zonal linkages  that favour development, trade and marketing. Therefore, the provision of adequate and appropriate transport infrastructure in the Project Command is crucial for integrated crop livestock development.
3.3.4 Water supply sources
Lack  of  safe  drinking  water  supply  is  an  acute  problem  that  requires  urgent  intervention  in
B
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DIDP  Command  and  the  Woredas  as  a  whole  People  in  Shis  and  surrounding  areas  are
suffering  from  water  bom  diseases  Therefore,  the  provision  of  adequate  and  safe  drinking
water  supply  is  essential  for  human  and  livestock  health  II  reduces  mortality  and  morbidity 
I
rate  and  >n  turn  increases  productivity.  Currently,  Dabus  River  is  the  main  source  of  waler
supply  for  the  majority  of  lhe  rural  and  urban  populations  residing  in  DlDP  command  A
I
significant  number  of  populations  are  using  also  hand  dug  wells  as  a  source  of  drinking
water  supply.  Populations  living  far  from  the  riparian  area  are  in  short  or  water  supply.  The
scarcity of water supply has substantial impact an livestock production too
I
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3.4    Existing Opportunities and Community Feed-Back
The DIDP Command is  known for its  vast unexploited natural resource potential and it »s endowed with fertile sori as  well as  the mighty  Dabus  River with all its  aquatic  resources. The Project Command is  one of the high potential areas  suitable for the production of high value crops  like sesame and cotton. Moreover, commercially  important tree species  like BosHre/fe are found abundantly  Various  number of vegetation tree species  important for livestock  feed and fuel wood are known to exist In terms  of the potential natural resource endowments  of the area, the vagi cultivable plain land makes  it suitable also for the production of low land pulses, vegetables  and fruit crops. Moreover, there is  potentially  high livestock  resource, although the production is constrained by a disease known as Nagana/ Trypanosomiasis.
Discussion was  held with Zonal and Woreda cabinet members  and higher officials  with regard to the Implementation of the DIDP. The represented higher bodies  of administration and sectoral offices  were Zonal and Woreda administration offices, Woreda sectoral offices of Education. Health. Agriculture, Water, Land Administration. Women, Youth and Tourism. All stakeholders  have got a positive tendency  as  to the implementation of the DIDP. The entire participants believed that DIDP will benefit the community in respect of
1)   Job opportunities for the landless households and young generation.
2)   Minimizing dependency on the erratic rain-fall pattern
3)  Adopting new agricultural technologies
4} Developing accessible social services and infrastructures.
5) Facilitating the implementation of country's development policies.
Furthermore, household survey  and public  consultations  were conducted so as  Io determine (he attitude of the people towards  to DIDP rmptementatlon More than half of the surveyed households  were wall aware of the prospective development plan of the project and are anticipating sustainable crop production and a relatively  better household income Although the participants  fear for there is  displacement of some of the households  ar.d their reallocation to sites  where irrigation could be inaccessible, they, however, anticipate the following positive impacts right after the implemenlahon of the project
1)   Employment opoortunity and improved socio-economic conditions
2)   Privilege to obtain extensive social services like health clinics, schools, veterinary 
clinics and resettlement areas
3)   Access to modern technology and skill transfer and experience sharing
4)   Improvement In food security and the provision of raw materials to industry
5)   The expansion of modern farming.
3.5    Crop production
In the DiDP command, although traditional and motorized irrigation lias-been exercised, rain-fad agriculture has-been the predominant system of production. Almost all surveyed area cultivates  cereals, vegetables, pulses, oilseeds  and fruits. The details  of these crop categories  are presented in section 3 3 1 and 3.8.2 Gf the report Among these crops. Mango
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is  becoming a high value crap for expert market in bordering areas  af Sudan and Khaitoum municipal city  Crop production is  the primary  source of household income in the Project Command. As  per the perception of the socio-economic  household survey  respondents, currently, the trend in crop production is  neither in increasing nor decreasing trend accounting to 36 03% The rest 26 47% of the respondents  have the feeling of a standstill crop production practices. Hence, the production obtained thereof is  insufficient for the majority  of the households  because of shortage of inputs  (improved seeds, fertilizers, chemicals), farmland and unpredictable weather condition. For the details  refer to the socio economic sectoral study
Areas along the Dabus River are becoming scarce for crop cultivation and poorly managed
for there are no sufficient farm inpuls, moisture shortage and erratic rainfall pattern as the
years roll up Today, this is the major drawback for rain-fed production system unless 
augmented by irrigation Projects to cater larger area under modernized irrigated system of
agriculture
3.6 Constraints
Overall constraints are
■   Poor extension services
■    Poor irrigation systems
■   Lack of provision of agricultural inputs (improved seeds, farm implements and tools)
■    Prevalence of crop diseases & insect pests
• Lack of effective infrastructure and communication facilities
3.7    Corrective Measures and Future Prospects
The suggested corrective measures are,-
•    Bring down the rate of interest on loans.
•    Patronise agro processing and value addition in produce
■   Improve transportation, communication and road connectivity
•    Build the capacity of agrr-traders/general traders
•    Improve agri-marfcet efficiency and information system of collection and
dissemination
■   Grant subsidy pragmatically for agri'production
•    Implementing the DIDP irrigated agriculture in close contact with the professionals in
Menge Oda-bildiglu, Asosa and bambasi WCoARD and community leaders
■   Implementing lhe DIDP irrigated agriculture without affecting the livestock husbandry
■   Redistribution of farm land on basis of the existing settiemerit pattern to avoid
conflicting issues related to proprietorship
■    Educating the working task forces about sexually transmitted diseases, most
importantly. HIV/AIDS
In the DIDP Command although farmers rely on mixed farming activity, the current daily revenue ib very low Besides, chronic shortages of farm products for consumption are
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During the post Project period the anticipated changes in lhe livelihood of the farmers will bring about an overall shift to an improved socio economic circumstance of lhe area. 1he basis  for the change in lhe socio economic  conditions  of the smallholders  Is  reflected through the change from subsistence form of agriculture, which is  largely  confined to monocroppirig system, to surplus production through improved cropping system resulting tn increased production and productivity of farm lands Moreover, the transformation from rain- fed Io Irrigated agriculture, from low input use to high input utilization and lhe resultant production increment per unit area in concomitant with population growth rate writ be highly significant.
3.8  Backyard Composting
Definition of composting: Composting is  the controlled aerobic  biological decomposition of organic  matter into stable, humus  like product called compost It js essentially  the same process  as  natural decomposition except that it is  enhanced and accelerated by  mixing organic waste with other ingredients to optimize microbial growth.
The potential benefits  of composting manure and other organic  wastes  have improved manure handling, reduced odor, fly. and other vector problems, and reduced weed seeds and pathogens Land applied compost improves soil fertility, tilth, and waler holding capacity. It is  also free of offensive odors  and can be stored for extended periods  These qualities make it suitable for use on the farm or for sale. Composting is easily adapted to agricultural operations  because farms  generally  produce suitable amounts  and types  of waste for composting have adequate land, will benefit from lhe application of compost to the soil, and ha ye the necessary equipment already available
General procedure; The principal elements  in planning a compost facility  include performing site investigations  and developing lhe recipe design, facility  design, waste utilization plan, and an operation and maintenance plan Because composting is a relatively flexible process, it is  necessary  to decide among alternative methods, locations  and materials. The decision depends on the management and economic aspects of lhe farm as well as on the physical limitations of lhe site. The planner needs to present the landowner with lhe different alternatives so that the owner can make the final decision
3.8.1  Principles of composting
Gonoral backgrounds  composting is  the process  by  which various  aerobic  micro- organisms  decompose raw organic  material to obtain energy  and material they  need for growth and reproduction The stable by-products  of this  decomposition, the biomass  of both dead and living microorganisms  and the umdegradable parts  of the raw material make up the end product that <s  called compost The organisms  responsible for composting require certain nutritional and environmental conditions  to survive and function They  require adequate amounts  cf macro and micro-nutrients, oxygen, and water These organisms experience optimal growV i r Kes only within certain temoerature and pH ranges
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Composting process: The composting process  is  carried out by  a diverse population of predominantly  aerobic  micro-organisms  that decompose organic  material in order to grow and reproduce. The activity  of these micro-organisms is encouraged through management of the carbon-to-nitrogen(C:N) ratio, oxygen supply, moisture content, temperature, and pH gf the compost pile Properly  managed composting incteases  the rate of natural decomposition and generates  sufficient heat to destroy  weed seeds, pathogens, and fly  larvae. The composting process can be divided into two mam periods
a)  Active composting It is the period of vigorous microbial activity during which readily degradable material is decomposed as well as some of the more decay-resistant
material, such as cellulose
b)     Curing:   II   follows   active   composting   and   is   characterized   by  a   lower   level   of microbial   activity   and   the   further   decomposition   of   the   products   of   the   active composting stage. When curing has reached its Final stage, (he compost is said to be stabilized.
The compost pile passes through a wide range of temperatures over the course of the active composting period. As  the temperature varies, conditions  become unsuitable for some micro-organisms while at the same time become ideal for others
3 8.2 Why compost?
The waste stream out of your home can be lessened by as much as 35% just by composting kitchen and yard wastes. Composting these wastes  helps  to protect the environment, saves money and improves the soil Disposal of leaves, grass clippings and other garden refuse is often a problem for homeowners  This  material can be turned into useful compost very readily  Heturning these organic  materials  to the soil perpetuates  natural biological cycles, and is  an ecologically  sensible means  of using organic  wastes  Did you know there is  a connection between compost and nutrition1? There are 23 mineral nutrients  needed for human health that comes from the soil that are absorbed and converted by plants into food nutrients  Besides  containing nutrients, another benefit of compost is  in improving soil characteristics  It improves  texture and aeration, increases  the soil's  ability  to retain water, and decreases erosion
3.0,3 How is compost formed?
Composting requires  five ingredients  organiematter. nitrogen, microogamsims. water and oxygen Composting changes  the nutrients  in raw organic  materials  to a form that can be absorbed by  the roots  of growing plants  In a moist and oxygen rich environment, microorganisms  such as  soil bacteria and fungi (often aided by  tiny  scavengers  such as insects, mites  and earthworms) accomplish this  task  by  secreting enzymes  that breakdown (decompose) the organic  materials  The activity  of mese microorganisms  can generate temperatures  inside the compost pile in excess  of 130‘F - high enough to kill most weed seeds and disease organisms
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3.8.4  What can be composted?
Many  types  of organic  materials  can be used for composting grass  clippings  weeds, fallen leaves, pine needles, remains  of garden plants, straw or hay, sawdust wood ashes, many other kinds  of plant refuse. Twigs  should not be added unless  they  are chipped because they  decompose very  slowly  Avoid yard waste that is  diseased; full of weeds  gone-to-seed: toxic; sprayed with pesticides, herbicides  or fungicides, weeds  or grasses  that can re-sprout, or, otherwise questionable materials
Most organic  household garbage can also be composted This  includes: fruit rinds, cores and peels, vegetables, vegetable leaves  and skins, tea leaves, coffee grounds, stale bread, eggshells  Do not put fats, grease, bones, dairy  products  and meal scraps  in your compost pile because they  decompose very  slowly, creating unpleasant odors, and attract animals  A good compost pile has  no odor and does  not attract flies  or rodents. Manure is  an excellent nitrogen source The best is  from grass  eaters  such as  cows, and from chickens  and rabbits (avoid horse manure as  it tends  tD have more weed seeds) Do not use human, cat or dog wastes  (they  carry  diseases} You can get manure at a farm or garden store Decomposition of organic  material in your compost pile works  best when you create the proper balance hetween carbon rich components  (called "brown” because they  are dry) and the nilrogen- rich materials  (called "green" because they  are fresh). It is  desirable to add as  many  different organic  items  as  possible and in a ratio of three parts  brown to one part green. This  insures a variety of nutrients and a good consistency to compost.
3.8.5  Making your compost pile
Here are the procedures for compost piling;-
•      Locate  the  compost  pile  in  a  convenient  but  inconspicuous  location  (e  g  ,  near  the house,   back   door,   porch,   garage,   or   garden).   Select   a   level,   well   drained   spot, preferably  in  full  sun  Since  the  compost  pile  needs  to  be  kept  moist,  a  convenient source of water (such as a waler spigot or hose) is helpful
•      A  compost  bm  is  not  necessary  but  does  make  it  easier  la  build  and  maintain  a  pile Woven  wire,  cement  blocks  without  mortar,  lumber,  snow  fence,  hay  bales,  railroad ties,  or  brick  can  be  used  to  enclose  a  compost  pile  Whatever  enclosure  is  used, adequate    air    movement    through    the    sides    is    necessary    Construction    of    one removable  wall  allows  easy  access  for  turning  the  pile  with  a  shovel  or  pitchfork- Some  people  build  adjacent  bins,  turning  the  material  from  one  to  the  other  The  size uf  the  pile  may  vary,  but  ideally  the  size  for  fast,  hot  compost  is  between  3'x3‘x3*  and
5‘x5 x5'
r
Piles  smaller  than  3'x3'x3‘  lose  heat  loo  rapidly  and  those  larger  than  5'x5‘x5'
prohibit adequate air from reaching the pile s center
•      Begin  by  removing  the  grass  or  sod  from  the  area  where  lhe  pile  will  be  placed. Direct  contact  with  the  soil  ensures  that  the  organic  material  will  be  exposed  Io  the decomposing,  microbes  Begin  the  pile  by  spreading  a  6  to  8-lnch  layer  of  organic matter  directly  on  the  ground.  A  layer  of  brush  (or  coarsely  chapped  woody  material) on  the  bottom  will  hold  the  pile  off  lhe  ground  to  allow  water  to  dram  and  help  aerate it.  Materials  that  tend  to  mat.  such  as  grass  clippings,  should  be  placed  in  layers  only 2  to  3-mches  thick  Moisten,  but  do  not  soak,  the  layers  of  organic  material  (Note Compost  should  never  gat  soggy  wet  or  (he  decomposition  will  stop  Compost  pjles will  function  best  when  about  as  moist  as  a  wrung-oul  sponge,  and  provrded  with many air passages )
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•      You  may  want  to  enhance  (speed  up)  the  breakdown  of  the  organic  materials  by adding  an  activator.  If  so,  over  the  layer  of  plant  materials,  sprinkle  garden  fertilizer (eg., 10-10-10); bone meal, blood meal, and other '’meals", or. manure (fresh or dry) such  as  cow.  chicken,  goat,  rabbit,  etc  Do  not  use  cat,  dog  or  human  waste  An activator is very high in nitrogen, promoting rapid and thorough decomposition
•     Next,  add  a  layer  of  soil  1  to  2-inches  thick  The  soil  contains  the  microorganisms that  help  start  the  decomposition  process  and  binds  nutrients  to  the  compost  which otherwise would leach out
•      Continue  to  alternate  the  layers  of  organic  materials,  soil,  fertilizer  (optional)  and water  until  the  pile  reaches  between  three  and  five  feet  high.  The  top  of  the  pile should  be  left  flat  or  with  a  slight  depression  in  the  center  to  catch  rain  or  added water.
•      The  compost  pile  must  be  kept  moist  (but  not  soggy)  for  proper  healing  and decomposition A well constructed heap should begin heating up in a few days Using a garden fork or shovel, turn lhe pile every 7-10 days Thoroughly turn lhe inner part of the pile out to the sides and turn the outer parts of the pile to lhe center Moving composted  material  out  of  the  hot  center  and  replacing  it  with  partially  composted material  from  the sides  greatly  speeds  the composting process  Check lhe moisture of lhe pile at lhe time of turning and remoisten if needed Normally, compost will be ready for use m four to six months. However, lhe length of lime required will vary depending on the types of organic materials used, size of the pile, climate conditions during the composting period and the time of year As material decomposes, the pile should shrink to about half of its original height
3.8  6 Using compost
Finished compost is dark brown or black (like potting soil), crumbly-tex lured, and has a rich earthy  smell However, there is  no exacl point at which compost rs  ’‘finished.” Many gardeners use compost that is not fully decomposed The toils of leaves, minute twigs, straw, hay  etc  , will finish decomposing in the soil in their yard or garden. If you plan to use compost in seed starting mixes, houseplants, or to cover seed rows, be sure it is well rotted (possibly screened) Compost can be used as Top dressing” for lawns, for mulching around landscape and garden plants, or anywhere that additional soil is needed
3.9  Status of the Existing Agriculture and Associated Problems
3.91 The existing crop calendar under long rainy season
In ihe DI DP Command and the Project command LVoredas as a whole farmers have long standing traditional practices of land preparation, sowing and harvesting These sequential cultivation practices and the production obtained there in are solely confined Io the M&her (long rainy season) production system Farm lands m the whole Project Command Wofecfas do not have the be/g (short rainy season) production system Crop production is entirety dependent on moisture obtained from the insufficient rainfall dFSlrrbunon The existing crop calendar (Annex 1). which is entirely related to wet seasons, do not indicate optimum sowing time for crops  under irrigated agriculture Under lhe existing farm practice, seed sowing commences during the onset of the long rainy seasons, i e , in the months of May and June Though linked only to the we! seasons the existing vast land resources and agricultural
Water' Design and
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Dan us frngahon_S1udyand Design Project____ ________________ _ _ ________ Agronomy Study Final Report inputs are not exploited to (he maximum to satisfy the requirements for the ever increasing growth of population.
3.9,2   Crop production under rain-fed agriculture
The tota.' 'and area in Monge Odabildiglu, Asosa and Bambasr Woreda is 549.766.73 ha. Out of which 125,463.07 ha (23%} is the annual cultivated land during the long rainy season (Meher) under ram-fcd and traditional and motorized irrigation system of production in DIDP Command and outsrde DIDP Command kl/orec/a.s The summary and details crops grown and area of production in the Project command l/Korer/as and Kehe/es are shown in Table 3 5. The existing cropping pattern in all the Project Command Kebe/es when compared to (he whole Project command Wbredas during the long rainy season i e .Weber season, with respect to area coverage and yield respectively comprises 9 & 8% of cereal crops and 7 ?. 8% pulse crops, 5 & 5% oilseed crops. 34 & 24% vegetable craps and 43 & 56% fruit crops as shown on Table 3 5-3.10 In the cropping season the growing of cereal craps is limited mainly to Teff, maize and sorghum crops Moreover, pulses oilseeds, vegetables and fruit craps have been under cultivation although the extent of area coverage differs one from I he other
Table 3.5: Area and Production of Crops in DIDP Command Woretfas (Menge, Oda- bildiglu, Asosa and Bambasi) during the Long Rainy Season, 2013
Onlc ■’
Gd’H:
253 St
_S5 0O
176 01
425
1,935.69
80 00
Pepper
Okra/Kon/ces
Fruits
Miinf/o
Papaya
Banana
ejz
_203_5£
548.07
272.89
.’5 70
245.39
32 I A2
E4
223 72
132 64~
Cftf . 5
13^96
-]
--T
52 13
176 35
Avocado
Gunva
4 13
11 54
____ 21 i -iff
All crops total
“T~—
~T"
_ 208.43
121.784.04
2.401/7^-49
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Table 3.6: Area and Production of Crops in DIDP Command Kebe/es during the Long
Rainy Season, 2013
DIDP Command Kebe/es (Fudundu, Shaga-damazin, Signor, Balanjero, Gambela-dalc, Belfudi,
Zumba.JWugLrtude, Dabus-atimbako and Eda-dabus) _
Crop type
Cropped area(ha)
Total crop yield (qt)
___ __________
Yield (qt/ha!
Cereal crops
6,659.18
119 862.95
17.47
Teff
2.50
7.50
3 00
Maize
2,651 60
50,401 45
19 04
Sorghum
4.205 00
69,374 00
16.50
Pulse crops
471.02
3,880,56
0.24
Haricot-bean
468 52
3.865 56
825
Chickpea
2.50
15 00
6.00
Oilseeds
877.12
7.538.48
8 59
Ground-nut
198.00
2.S56 00
14 42
Niger seed/Nouq
162 DO
1,573 00
971
Sesame
517 12
3.109 48
6.01 |
Vegetables
24663
9,219.00
37.38 I
Potato
9 50
647 60
68 16
Cabbage
0 63
110.00
174 60
Sweet potato
12 50
1,055 00
34 40
Onion
23 25
2,337 00
100.52
Pepper
27 79
280 58
10.38
Okra/Kenkes
200 75
5.069 50
25.25
Fruits
107.24
27,081 00
252.53
Mango
26 30
8.637 00
328.40
Papaya
0 59
55 50
94 07
Banana
60 75
17.53? 50
255 02
Citrus
6 60
506 00
58 84
Avocado
0 50
90 00
180 00
Guava
2.50
260 00
104 00
All cror s total
8,561.19
167,581 99
X
Table  3.7:  Area  and  Production  of  Cereal,  Pulse,  Oil-seed,  Vegetable  and  Fruit  Crops in   Menge   Woreda   &   Project   Command   Kebe/es   during   the   Long   Rainy 
Season,2013
□ <?T.di'. i,ii Pro] eel  rz         Cerrals                                P
Oilseed
Cam m and
Wbreda
& Kefrtffcs
r—_-------------
Sorghum       Total
H*rrccx-bejn           Ground-nut
Area (Ji ji 7aaj 75 1D1B4 5C 1BW9 25 1083 55 649 75 Total YieM (ql) 136636 00 213874 50 350510 50 6501 30 9746 25 Yield 17 35 21 00 s 5 00 15 00 Fud undid
Menge WoreAi            I__________
|
Area 'hi 290 DO
Total Vie Id ql, 5980 no
221 CO
3315 00
511 00                    95 W                 13 00
ID775 00                 ±50 00                 20 00
i                   10 00               360 00
Niger seed/ Noug
76 75 307 00
4 OCJ
1200 144 00
Sen J me
Total
1549 55
. '6 OS
9297 30     IQ350 55
Yield [qOTi.i]
1500
BaUflda
Area rha)
24 00
■
42 S3
Total Yield f;:.
YieJo
£43 95
1500
Area lhi<
.- ii Y..? .1
Sha^adabasen                       —J
154 75 2785 50
Yield qVM
^Signor
Area
13 00 1
250 00
104 00
52000
500
500 00 7500 00
15 DO
550 00 I
146 93                     6 32 1163 95                  5Q 55
a                     a oo
654 75 '                 10 20 10285 50                 102
bi
<‘0 00
’0 00
3000
2 00
1600
9 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
20 00
1200
000
000
0 00
600
16 00 l ’)2 00
1200 14 12
56-18
4 0D
i
40 DO 358 00
* 16 12 74 43
a
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Ministry of Waler, 'rrigalton and Energy Dabus irrigation ^tidy and Design Project Details of Project      | ---------------------------------          Cereals
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Filial Repoi1__
■                        Pulse
Oil-seed
Cammand
Worctia
■S Kn/JSlSS
Maize              Sorghlirn
1 Total             Haricot-bean
Niger
seed/
Noug
Total
ToiniYIaw ■;!:                  25U0.00            '500.00
10000 00                4 DO 00 X                     9.00
Ground-nut
300.00 15.00
Sesame
300. OU
BCD. OO
Yield M-t'hq;
AII mmer
An?n fh*J Tnlnl ¥>ekl fqt) Yield ■•-,! '-j| Kniipies' Subto1.il Area 'a
Tfl'lnl Yunild (qtj
to 00               12 00
6. CD                    A
270 l>0 610.00
4050 00 7320.OD
1 b OD 12.00
1007.68 JOB 5 OD
000.00 11370 30
X 3D92 Oft
1000 130 00
13.00
3.00 60,00
1 00 50 00
15.00
19 00
75 00
185.00
20 DC
5.00
500 113.12
________ JC
171 52
43 CO        13.00
I69 121
IG939 45        75155.D0
43094.45                1532 56
39B0C      194.00
3S3.40
1475.46
Yield (qt ~a|                          201 54              4I7 00 % of Kcfleto Yorsus liVoreda
«
6 60          2.E0           22 62
X
Area Total Yield
12.78              20.47             17.12
12.29
34 30
IS,93 26,11~~|
6 62        16.94              7.30
7.43
[           12.40                12.23 |
4.00        S3.19             9.50
7.63
Table 3.8: Area and Production in Menge Wbrecfa & Project Command Kebe/es Continued
Details of Project Command WoredJ & Kebcfes
V age tables
Potato      Tomato       C.ibbagc
Sweet-potato
Onion
Popper        Pumpkin
Menge VVoreda
Area ha I Tr" i. Yield ! |l ■
5.25
10 50
12 25
2 50
630 00
892.50
19 ?0 2955.CD
69 5?          23 00
10420 00 5175 00
127 50
Y«'4(qUha)
120. CD        120 00
175.00
15-0 DO       175.DD
10 CO
625 CO
250 00
Fuduntfu
Area [hnj
0 50
0.50              □ 50 40 DO             60 00
1 CO
0 50
2 SO
Total Yield I’qt'i
16 00
30 CD
33 CO
Y^ld jVhai HeljUdfl
00.00
120.00
3# 00
Area (hflj
O.M
o co
□ DO                       0 00
41X10 iiu on
0.00
0 SO
3 DO
B DO
625.00
250 M
Okra Kwrkosl
i r ou 425 00 25 DO
i?qq_ 425,00
25 00
3.00
0.00
Jatal Yield ia‘ ¥ eld iqim<
0 DO
D.QO
0 co
□.co
□ 00
0.00
0 00           0.D0
3.00
0.00
0,00
ODO
Shagodabasen
□ OD
0 CD
Area (ha)
O.DD            o.co
0.00
Total Yield 1
■' n i| i’ilL'Tij
□ DO
□ DO
n :o
0 co
0 co
□ DO
0.00
000
a do
$iijiilor
O-.L o ad
o do         000
OQO (1 01)
D 00
0 00
min
Arsa | ha1
1 00
□.co
0.00
Total Yield
p.oa
15 OC
□ co
CDO           2.00              b
‘Till h| AiMamer
□ co
o.ao
15 DC           □ DO              □ bo
o.co
0.00
a .c-a
30 CO ’coo
13.00 1 ■ .
Area iha
0 DO
" _ 0.50 crrH
30 00           50 OD
□ 5a
O.GQ
0 00
-
Talal YicW qt‘
0 30
Yield I
0 00
50.CD
75. CD 1.' 50
□ 25 25 DO
12 50
o.oa
6 CD
iKflftSubtotal
oco
----
0 DO
2 01)
Aren hai
1 50
1 GO               0.63
faliil Yield qtl
JD               70.00         110 QO
1 50          n 75
2 50
2.50
yield jql' hj ;
“■< of Wtfbrk* worstiB LV c
o.5o recta
0.20               0 13
113 00          «S 00
33 DO
625 DO
0 3Q              q is           0 50
D.50
Area
23.57            9.52               3 20
I
I
I
I
Tatal Yield
47fj            7,34
2.16 3 2l> 2341 ion oo
1.01 I 24 25 <10 100.00
D.CO
□ 00 i,
n co o co
q dd
6 oo o no
_ 0 00
0.00
17.00
425 00
.1 40
103 00
too oo
Total
159.72 21259 00
x
_23.00
•246.00 K
0 00 DOO'
x
__ 0 DD 0 0D_
x_ 3 00
45 00
X
!
1BD0Q x_
27 IT
1471.00 3C
-                  Waler Works Design ami I                  Supervision Enterprise
42
January, 2015Volume IV - Part - Agronomy Study Final Report
yimsicy of Water. Irrigate and Energy
UTaxLbus le.r.3-!C9alAionreSakmay nadnaPDreosi dgunctP^io-jnec:of Cereal. Pulse, Oil-seed, Vegetable and Fruit Crops in Oda-bildiglu Woreda & Project Command Kebeles during the Long Rainy Season, 2013
Pulse
r
Cereals
ii —        .
Command
IVoreda
i
Detalis of Project
□da■ tiHdiglu Worecfa
Area lhai 312 00
Kebeles
Maize
Sorghum
1-------
Finger millet
Total
Haricot’
bean
Ground nut
Oil’Seed Niger
seed/ Ses
Noug_ _____ _ __
240,00
-
Total Yield .!
1560 00
22.CC
154,00
—17410.00
385234 00
**•
8400 03
210000 CO
I
8576 QC .
' 173520 CO +
*
960.00 4.00
4141.00
33120,00
8.00
— .
x
Balanjcio
Area iha)
0 00
320 00
333.00          OCC           653.CC            37 00
0 00
29.00
0.00 0.00
Gambetadale
Area { ha i 0 00
8000 30          6993 CO 25 00
180,00
235 00
0,00
0 00
C 00
ooo
14993 00
X1 __________ *
4'500 693100
x
708 00
15166.00
2500.00
22500,00
9.00
407: 11 00
0 00
203 00
000
7.00
1 Total Yield fqt-
2700 00
57.00 359 00
7 CO
Total
4859.00 41244JX)
_■x
5.. “ 49L00
__ x J 
143.00 1005.00
x
Yie’d (qt/haj
000
15.00
4230 00            0.00 1B.0C          100
45.00 360 00.
8.00
Bolludi
Acea ',ha 0 00
346 00
3G2.00
0.00
4000
15 00
24 00
288.00
12.00
4* CO 246 00
6 00 28.CO
8650,00
Yield ^yl/ha1
0 00
25 00
18 00
0 00 .
320 00 84B.CC
30.CO
37.00
740.00
20.00
o oo
0.00
32,00
Total Yield ■ qtj                                     0 00
6515.00
0.00
192.00
x
8 00
O 00
6.03
Zumba
Area (ha;
0 00
452 00
470.00
922.00
52 00
Total Yio j
0 00
2712 00
6580 00
9292 00
156 00
Yield
0 00
6 00
14 00
x
3.00
52.00
780.00
7 00
109.00
1179.00
27.25
4TOO
41 00 1 00
Kobefes’ Subtotal
Area Ilia) 0 00
1 ulal Yield (qll
Yield fqL/ho)
0.00'
1298.00         1400.00 22062 00          24319.00
0.00          2698.00
0.00
46391 00
324 50
350.00             0,00
x
1399.00
53.75
147.00
796.00
36.75
13O.0QJ 7 J56J 00_.
x
I_
306.00 4097.00
x
% of Kebe/o versus Worcda
------- -------- -——7-
Area
0.00
15.45                16 14
q.oo
15.50                8.60            27.20               45.42
3.55
Total Yield
0 00
10.51                14 02
ooo              12.04              6 22            29.62            122.81 j            2.40
9,93------------------------ --------- --------------------------------------- HJ Water Works Design and
Suptr^isjon EnlefpnsB
Jh Jy              ■ Ji — “
43
_
(HlIIl+LtFH
Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy 
Oanus Imgaiion Study and Oesign Project______________________________________ Agronomy Sludy Final Report
Table 3.10: Area and Production in Oda-bildiglu Woreda & Project Command Kebetes Continued ..,
Volume IV - Part I
OeUlis ol Project
Coen mana '/Zaretla & Mthe/w
Variables
Fruits
Potato
Tomato
Swaat- I |J Ot*t0
Onion
Popper
Okra
(Kertfccsi
Ta La J
Mango
Papaya
Baiun*
Cirru*
Avocado
Guava
Total
Cda-briais!u Wwtdi
Area (MJ
0.50
I 00
7.00
1.00
23.79
150 DO
183 29
15.00
500
11.00
11.00
0.25
7 oa
52 2 S |
Total Yield (qi)
17 50
20C0
io*o co
22 00
237 58
4500 OO
5877 00
5004.00
1210 00
2662X0
2662.00
51 00
1694.DC
13293.D0
(qt/naj
35 00
20 00
i54.ro
22 00
12 00
300.00
M
278,00
242.00
2*200
242.00
242.00
242.00
x
Balanjero
Area (naj
000
000
0 00
0.00
a oo
2 CO
2.00
1 00
ODD
0.00
0.D0
ooo
3 CO
1 OO
TcleJ Yield itji)
o.oo
0.00
ODD
ODD
□.DO
aobro
300 DO
276 DC
DOO
o oa
0.00
o.ro
□xa
278. oa
Yiaij (qlftu)
00
D 00
ODD
ooo
0.00
150.00
X
276.00
0.00
Q.M
0.00
0 DO
Q.00
X
Gambeladaie
.
..
-’.’Ci- |r:^.
0.50
000
1.00
o.co
19.00
T34 00
154 50
1 CO
G.CO
0.50
ODO
0.00
0.00
1.50
: u itil iic-^ jqU
17 50
ODO
42 00
0 00
2ZB.ro
4020 00
43O7 5D
200.00
0.00
30.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
230 OU j
YirM (dims)
35 00
0X4
42 00
o ro
12 00
30 00
X
200 CO
CD
50 DO
0.00
0.00
3.00
J
EJelfudi
Area {ha j
D(JD
1 00
1 00
1.00
qoo
13.00
16 00
1 5C
a oq
0 25
0.00
0.00
0.00
1 75
Total Yield (qi)
0M
2 CLOD
id do
22.00
D.DD
193.00
275 00
4500 DO
a oo
2 50
0.00
OOO
a oo
4502 Sa
YtekJ (ql/ha)
0.00
20.00
42.ro
22 CO
0.00
30.00
«
300X0
0.00
10.00
C.GO
0.00
oaa
K
Zumba
Area{haJ
000
000
1.00
0 00
4 79
a 75
14 54
0.00
TOO! Yield {qij
000
ODD
40.00
D.OU
9 5B
87.50
137 33
ooo
Yit Id (ql/faa)
0 00
ODD
40 00
0 00
2.00
10.00
i
X
Mebe/es* Subtotal
Arc-a (na)
o.so
TOO 1          3.00
1.00
23.79
157.75
1S7.04
J. so
0.00
0.75
0.00
Q.OD
a .oa
4.25
Total Yifcld |qtj
17 50
20.00
122.00
22.00
237.58
4600.50 '
5019.55
497*00
0.00
3X50
0.00
0.00
q.oo
5O1D.50
Ytold (qt/lla)
0.13
0.25
0.75
0.25
5.95
39-44
X
O.Bfl
0.00
0.19
3.00
0.00
0.00
X
% ol KebeJa melius 
Worada
—
Ar«a
100X0
100.00
42. 8G
100.00
100.00
105.17
102.05
19.44
0 00
6 62
—
0.00
0.00
o.ro
3.13
Total Yield
100.00
100.00
11.30
100.03
1DO.OO
102.23
#5.41
99.48
0.00
1.22
0.00
0.00
0.00
37.59
Water Works Design and Supervision Erterpnse
44
January, 2015Mmtiy of Water. Irrigation and Energy 
Volume IV - Part 5
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project______________________________ Agronomy Study Final Repod
Table  3.11:  Area  and  Production  of  Cereal.  Pulse,  Oil  seed,  Vegetable  and  Fruit  Crops in   Asosa   Woreda   &   Project  Command  Kebe/es   during  the  Long  Rainy 
Season,2013
Details of Project '
I Command
Wore da
& Kebde-s
Cereals
Sorghum I
Pulses
Tett               Malrc
Tr.'al
Haricot- |
bean
Chickpea
1
Soybean , Talat
Ascrsii Worcda
Aiea (na)
Total Y«fW (q1)
5375 00 10646 00
5375.00 267797 OO
3DB96.0D
6IG.OO
3391.00
61B195 on
3000.00
24092 OCT
Yield (qVha)
10.DD
3427 00 3GOD0 00
11 OO
500
MugiHude
11496 DC           3377.00
294360 00       5D655 00
76.00                1500
1
i
Area (haj
0 00
000
□ 00
0 00
40 00 |
1
95 0G
7080 DO
30.00
3D0.00
Total Yield (ql)
7500 00
X
396 00
10380 00
15 00
150 00
12 00
0.00
0 00
150.00
I YieW (ql/ria) DatadS-atimbako
25 00
X
10 00
0 00
0.00
000
7424 CO 53172 00
X
15 DO
0 00
X
1
Arts (M
Total Yield iql)
Yield (ql'ha)
110 00
300 00
9000 GO
30 00
0 00
0 00
0 00
0.00
0 00
41000
57 00
0 50
a co
0.00
4400 00
3.00
000
0.00
000
13400.00
X
674 00
17 00
3 00
0 00
Kebo/tf.V Subtotal
Area (ha>
0 00
600.00
0.00
0.50
0.00
Total Yield (qt)
Yield Iqlfria)
0.00
0.00
40 00
206 00
7280.00
35 00
16500.00
67 00
774 00
3.00
52 50
627 on
X
67 50
777.00
27.50
0.00
0 00
806.00
23780.00
X
11.00
1.50
ooo
0.00
X
*A ol Keh&.'e versus WoreAi
Area
' o.ao                 1.93
5.22                0 Q0                   2.61
1.98
0.91
Total Yield
0.00   1. 1 ”
5.81 |               0 00                     3 85
2.15
0 08 0.00
0 10 0.00
1 23
Water Works Os-gn and
January 2015
iZ EiiiEiaiEiiiaaaiiii!*
c? Water. Irrigation and Energy 
Vorume IV - Pan i
DaS'js irrigation. Stus? and Oes^gn Project_____ ___________________________ _______________ _________ _________________________Agronomy StLdy Final Report Table 3 12 Area and Production in Asosa Wo redd & Project Command Kebe/es Continued--
OcOIes of Project
Ccmmjnd Woreda iAeOcJes
Oil-seed
N>ger
iwd/NdUg
Vegetables
Fruits
Ground'nut         Linseed
S«f*rna      Total
PcitatQ              Cabbage        S wwet-putelo    Ort ion
—
Okra
t, Ken Hex]
-
Total
H
Banana
Atou fVa/tai
Are* 'al
2726 00                aeo             fiZflOQO         1021 00           12135.60            177.00               DOO                    154 CO            20 da
2500            377 00           21 DO
1
Tdaf Yield -
1    784 00           102 GO
43«M 00
6126 DO      150012 30          30924.00                0.00
35420.00
.
20W DC -14 CD 75280 DO 3 750 00
Y«io qUh>)
34 00              12 M
5 00
6 00                                      214.00
1*
c.oc
mco
100.00             34 I.:o                H - x         175 DO
Fi'ug ufuLiar
— 
Area hi
10 00               0.00                   10.00             21 00
41 CD                5.00
0.00
2.00             is ao               15.00              30.00              ■ Oil
TuLu Yk&aO _                                                            6 00              DOO                  50 00           105.00
tfil 30            400 do
0.00                     140.00      I5C3.CO                4 00          2C44 0b“T 2400 CO
Tiejj Iqiiha)                                                                60 00               0 00                    5 Od               5 00
M
00.OQ                Q.bc
7000          too OO
:j                         X       20Q. DO
Oa^S-*|JTTVtl*h^r
■
-
A es ;r.i
r
SOO                000
0 00
91 00
96.00                2 50
0 00
4 00            5 00           10.00              21 50               900
Toiil                 y]
JO 00
0 00
0 DO
4 55 00
4 65 CO            200,00
b.do
21! 0 00          500 00             40 DO          1020.00      135D OO
Yield i qlflu
6£<i
0 00
0 00               5 00
■              80 00
a co                      70 DC         1C0.0D                 4.00
X          150 OOJ
KeficJca' Subtotal
■
Arc* (ha.)
15 00
0 00
10.00           112.00
137.00                7 SO              a. on
6,00            20.00
26.00              59.50            2T.00
Total Yield iot
36 00
0.00                   50 00           560 00               646 bo            600.90
0.00                     420.00        2000,00
44 00          3064.00         3750.W
Yield (qoMal
3 J 00               0.00                    2 5Q |         5.00                    x              B0,00
a.oo                    70-00          100.00
34.00                     X                   X
% of KfebrJe wcf»u» Wcred*
Area
0.55                000                      0.11 |          10.97                   1.09
4.24          WOIV/0!
3.90          100.00             100.00              15.78          100.00
t c!*J Ywld
0.04                                  0 00 1 0.11 ]           0.14                   0.43
155        4DIV/C1I                          1.19          100 00            100.00                4.02          100.CID |
Waler Works Design anc SuperviS'on Enterprise
46
January 2015Ministry of Waler In gai<or» and Energy
D'lb'js Irr.gabor SiuOy ano Design Projec•
fable  3.13  Area  and  Production  of  Cereal,  Pulse,  Oil-seed,  Vegetable  and  Fruit  Crops  in  Bambasi  Woreda  &  Project Command Kebeles during the Long Rainy Season, 2013
Detala ul l*tojc-cl Comma mi yvo/coi
- Kcbelri
Barr-ba'-i    A    u-reos Aic-n l a
_Toial » e.p _- Eda daViii
Cere jii
PlllBllt
I-seed
Tclt
Mme
Tool
rz I
M4it cotbtfj.n
(
Chlc^puft            Soybean            Tola.'
Untcori
Sotimo
35          31005500 0D1t 1H0B5
03Q 1J 
'6H3 3n
■n. 5 r: JH255 33
143flcn                  207 25
_ WS.74
5‘Ma 30
Ground nut
434 70 ■ 0007 65
Niger BUOltl Noug
000 50 10735 55
5014.010.0 0 j 1710.30' 
___ _______
Total 7253 53
•14114 00
1764
33109.20 J
*
_Aiea h*i
Total     ¥vsj     ; 'f L' j ■ r a
, j<eb»n»s S^btoui
Aim i.j_
tol4l v’-cid ' T*4i|rf : q,L ’• i»l Krt'f. r » rtuferfa
Au* J
• .''-j i • ? .i
HD W              QOOO
4/no oo 30 x>
2*OC OQ
or
00
x
14 j CD                u: co
4. 0 0 DO
24« CO
( ’»: ’ f: at? so HO* M
300.00
CD
9415.59 j 56666
5 30
145.-0                -05,00 fl7C.CC '          1320.0C
5 CO 070.00
3 7-
Table 3 14 Area and Production in Bambasi tVoreda & Project Command Kebe/es Continued.,.
Uplift el P*opt-ci Cftrtwuaotf ^r»dj £ nrtir/ci U j- • 'S.3fc.         £ a J
Vc jriaiuei Onion Game
EEES
T
Foiaiu
Cabtagn
TqUI
Mjh (|D
Papaya
Avocado
Guava
r r tai
o
I
. ^uapxrt
_»«* l**?*^ ' -  •’31
A, c a
6M 'wi so
to
' 40 0. 0 4Q
«b6 us
inoo ft* 11; in • j
J121 36 •.naas <a
ffpaa l l',
3 MOO
? Dll fl LI       405 20
257 20
41475 7" X
35CJ 122K CC
1 o'j.i >>ra.^ J~^4MQ
Area i-j !-.^, -
'
___ Jl  !■  *0 Q14V5
2 BO (W
■L < DO CC
?»
* 5a oo
1 »_»3
___ 21 n 6562 *5
J Z4 7 0
210 <30
I 'PQI * «TM
f.rfr     r     »     SwMoljJ *•»>
-   7 dii ♦ *1;
ict|pi kVwroj
?:o w
* 50 ?iC 00
- QO
Oahira
f
?G4 00 55-6 70
35 S-.
•325a c: 354 CO
J5 00 U250 00
ISO ■M 0 0 49
1225-2 GO
cco u iim sj
IIIIIIIBB
ww Worts Oev-gn a'vi S-r^iscn EnterpriseMinistry of Water IrrlgaI ion and Energy 
Dabus frrlgafajci Study and Design Project Agronomy Study Final Report
Volurne I1/ - Part I
3.9.3 Crop production under flood and motorized irrigated agriculture
Flood based traditional rrrigaUon is an ancient method of Irrigating crops It was likely the first form of irrigation used by humans as they began cultivating crops and is still one of the most commonly  used methods  of irrigation used today. In the DIDP Command, flood water is delivered to the crop Field through temporarily  constructed ditches, simply  by  giavity  flow This type of irrigation is not efficient as compared with other methods of -rrigation More than haff of the applied water is lost due to evaporation, runoff, transpiration and infiltration in non crop areas  The farmers' in lhe Project Command have been using flood based traditional Irrigated agriculture for cultivating most of their crops. Although the flood has enabled crop production using the traditional irrigation system, at limes when there is high flood intensity, tho production of any one crop is not probable. Those which are al a very young growing stage either die due to suffocation or washed away by the high flood intensity As a result of this, planting is done as soon as the flood subsides to a relatively lower level, The cultivation of income generating crops  of vegetables, by  some wealthy  farmers, has  been possible using diesel generators, which pump out and spread the flood on lhe entire crop field Such types  of crops  payoff cultivation expenses  and are prospective income producing crops  in the Project Command Currently, in the Woreda, especially  outside the DI DP Command Kebe/es diesel generators are being used by some farmers for pumping and spreading out the flood over the entire crop field Hence, this is termed as a relatively “improved’ type of motorized irrigation practice
The traditional irrigated area in the selected Project Command Woredas  is  3332.28 ha (Table 3.11). whereas the area under motorized irrigation system is 367,55 ha (Table 3.11). Likewise, the traditional irrigated area in lhe selected Project Command Kebe/es  is  only 39 25 ha (Table 3 11), whereas  (he area under motorized irrigation system is  23.10 ha (Table 3.11) The percent of land under irrigation in lhe Project Command Kebefes when compared to the 1/VbreoFas is 1 18 and 6 28% for traditional and motorized irrigation practice respectively. The collected numerical information suggests  that in the DIDP Command Kebel&s lhe area under traditional and motorized flood based irrigation, although it is relatively low when compared to (he l/Vbredas level, is encouraging and should be supported and upgraded through the introduction of modernized irrigated agriculture
The foremost problem associated with traditional and 'improved" types  of motorized flood based irrigation practices  in the farmers* field is  lack  of awareness  on the practicality  and effectiveness  of irrigation. The other problems  assocfaled with flood irrigation are canals Instability. Siltation. lack  of maintenance of motor Dumps  etc... According to the information from WCoARD or the Project Command W/bredas. both traditional and Himproved7niotorized type of flood based irrigation practices exist m all Kebe/es (Table 3 11) but this has not been fully  ascertained by  numerical data (hat could describe the area under production and the total yield obtained thereof for a few of the Kebo/es  Under lhe traditional and motorized flood based irrigation system, out of the total twelve Kdxdes  a very  few number of crops were produced (Table 3 12 3 17) The data Indicate that farmers who are close to the
Dabus  River and other seasonal streams  have been producing crops  like maize, haricot bean, onion tomato potato, cabbage okra, and banana, m addition to the craps  produced under lhe ram-fed system of production Hence the existing crapping pattern under this traditional and ’improv<3d7motwzed irrigation practice for lhe whole lAforedas with respect to area coverage and yield respectively comprises 17 S & 6% cereals, 1 3 & 0 3% pulses, 80 5
Waler Work! Dcugfl and
dll
January, 2o 15Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
Volume IV - Pad I Agronomy Study Final Report
& 91.7% vegetables  and 0.6 & 2% fruits  (Table 3.18 & 3.19) Similarly, the existing cropping pattern under the traditional and ''improved'/motonzed irrigation practice for the Project command Kebeles with respect to area coverage and yield respectively  comprises  34.88 & 0.29% cereals, 3.21 & 0.01% pulses. 56 30 & 99.48% vegetables  and 5.61 & 0.22% fruits (Table 3.20 & 3.21).
Although some farmers  are familiar with the practice of irrigated agriculture, the system has not been operational effectively  and on sustainable manner to reap the benfits  from production and productivity of crop and farm lands.
Table 3.15: Irrigation Practice in Project Command Woreda and Kebetes, 2013
Land under Irrigation (ha)
Woredas
Type of irrigation
Tradi
tional
Moto
rized
Tot.il
Menge
Traditional &
Improved
29 09
37 55
66.64
Oda-bildiglu
Traditional &
Improved
19.25
6 50
25.75
Asosa
Traditional &
Improved
2361 00
300 no
2661
Bambasi
Traditional A
Improved
922.94
23 50
946.44
Wo re das Total
X
3332.28
367.55
3699.83
Kebeles
Fudindu
Traditional &
improved
5 75
12.25
WOO
Shagadamazm
Traditional &
Improved
1 75
0 00
175
Signor
—
0 00
0 00
o ob
Sub total
X
8.50
1785
26.35
Oalanjero
improved
000
I 25
1.25
Gambe.'a-dale
000
0 00
000
Belfudi
Traditional
2 00
0 00
2 00
Zumba
Improved
0 00
1 oo
1 00
Sub-total
x
200
2.25
4 25
Mugufude
Traditional
600
0.00
5 00
Dabus-alimbaka
Traditional
8 00
0 00
BOO
Sub total
X
14.00
0.00
14 00
Edadabus
Traditional &
improved
14 75
300
17 75
Sub-total
X
14,75
3.00 j
17.75
Kebeles1 Total
X
39.25
23.10
62.35
Percent of land under Irrigation
X
1.18
6.28
1.58 |
Water Works Dnsign a*1 1 Supe^ision E^Jerp-'S^
January 2015Ministry of Waler, irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and              Project
Velum e IV - Part I Agronomy Study F'fial Report
Table 3.16: Total Cropped Area and Yield under Traditional & Improved Irrigated Agriculture in the Project command Woredas and Kebeles. 2013
1
Projecl Cropped area f ha)
Command Worectas I Total crop I Yield
Command Keh
i
Crop types Corea Is
Teff
Maize Sorghum Finger-mil let Rico
■ Pulses
| Haricot bean Chickpea Soybean Oilseeds Ground-nut Linseed
N qer seed/Nouii Sesame Vegetables Potato
'Tomato
Cab bane
1 H. Cabbage I Sweetpotato
Beet-root
i Onion
Garlic
I vioid Iql
I (Q/ha.l
Project Cropped area (ha)
21 75
Total crop yieldJq)
631.48            29.254.45
X
946.00
____ Yield
(qihal
X
_p
631 48          ■29,254 45        t_3Z?5                21 75
_ _ ______ __
646 00
r~— 
— —
-
*■ —
—
i
___ _ ___ _
16.00 16,001
~_ I
14.33J
TZJ
— —
45.08              1,374.94 _45 08_             J,374.94
* 3.81
2.00
200
x
0.89
------- -r
----------------------
— —
•
-
■-
-
X
-
-■
____ X
r
*
-
-
_______-
-
-
-
-
_ ____1
__ _ —
—
r
-
-
1,89 W | 318.72
1 537 83
-
447.037.40
52,272.80 246,871 40
62.764 00
6.552 00
31.20
35.10 *  — — • —
132.80 0 75
3,699.50
X
6.00
1.25
335 00
733 00
584.36
151 50 120.13
22 75 30.00 I
17650
15.56 t
□7.56
17.33
35.96 0.26
*
*
6.09
1J57.10 44.113 75
59 75
87 75
-
150.17 55 49
18 I0
-
-
-
2.10O.25
-
*
- 7SJ9
-
Popper
172 03~
I
•
Lettuce Carrot
2 CO
7.81 1.55          21 63
7,849.60 44.88
99 00            6 19 6 660.00          50.75
855.00          45 00
9.776.00 X
-
-
23 50
-
Okra/Kenfros
4 75
Fruits
22.08
-
0.80
21 28
-
-
-
95.98
95 58
14.00
224 75
500.00
Mango
-
-
-
9.00
3.50
-
-
Papaya
Banana
200.00          62 50
9.576 00 112 50
3 50
Citrus
Ay ocado
-
-
Guava
-
-
-
Sugar
Sugarcane
20 077,00 X
20 077 QO           25 13
1,120,00                 X
-
-
-
•
-
Stimulant
-
-
500 00
-
•
-
-
•
-
5_00
X
-
27 78
-
-
X
-
X
Tobaco
14 00
I 120 00           20 00
-
-
All crops total
3.699.83            508 639.79                 X
* 62,35
4 861.50
X
Water Works Design and Supervision F filer prise
50
January, 2015Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy
Dabus Irrkjancn Study and Design Project
Table 3.17: Summary of the Existing Crops Area and Yields under Traditional & Improved Irrigation in All Project Command Kebe/es, 2013
Volume IV — Part I
Agronomy Study Final Repnri
.Areajha)
1                  Area (%1
Average Held (q/ha)
Crops grown
Project Command J
—--------------
i
g
’O
a
L_
H
|
Maize
Haricot-bean Banana
Onion
Tomato
' Potato
i Pepper ____ Cabbage
H. Cabbage
J-eltuce _______ Carrot
Okra Total
5
£
25 76
S
o
te
a
E
16 25
2.00
3.50
9.50
' 5 5CP          21 75
41.40
22 88
0.00
2.00
£3 50
0 00
7 85
3 50
1735
525
5.10
8 92
0.00
0.00
33.58 2 55
2.00
24.20
12.74
36.77
5 OO
0.25 000
0.75 0 00
0.00 DOC
0 25
4-16 J
30.4 9l
6.95 J
1.49
37.50 103.21
1.17
6 50
boo
0.26
0.75
0.00
0.64
0.00
2 34
68 6 ?
35 00
000
1 17
0 00
1 54
000
0 00
0.00
68 75
20.00 17.50
odd’
0 00
000
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.91
000
3 00
0.00
5.10
0 00 0 00 0.O0J
0 00
0 00
000
39.00 0 00
2 00 __ 39 25
7,00 r 21.35
0.00
0.00
9.00
60,60
0 00
0.00
32 79
1894 100.00
50 00 0.00,
0 00 I
0.00
—. ■
0.00
100,00
100.00
X
5.75
------ ——i
-
Table 3,18: Existing Crops Area and Yields under Traditional & Improved Irrigation in
Menge Project Command Kebe/cs, 2013
Area (ha
L
Area (%)
Avera ;e ,
eld (q/ha)
Crocs grown
•p
OJ
o
a.
Li_______
Q
h-
TJ 
->
O
a
E
a
£
ra
c 
o
i5
ra
>»
J-
TJ
>
a
e
Menge(Fudum Maize
□ u, Shagadbasin
Signor)
0 50
3.50
4.00
5.88
19 07
12 48
Danana
24 00
3 50
boo
24 00
3.50
41 18
0.00
20 59
Onion
1 00
7 10
15000
0 00
8.10
11.76
O.irlic
3S.59
25 23
50 83
000
75 00
000
0.00
0.00
0 00
0 00
Tomato
I 00
0 00
0 25
0 00 1
1.25
11 76
1 Pol a to
1 36
6 56
66 67
0 25
0 50
0.75
8000
2.94
2 72
Pepper
2 83
0 00
140.00
0.00
70 00
0.00
0 00
^Cabbage
ooo
0 00
0.00
0 25
ODO
0 25
oool
2 94
ODO
jpk/a
1 47
2 00
7 00 I
SOO
0 00
900
23 53
Sub total
38 15
30 84
H 50
18.35
0.00
26.85
23 6b
100.00
100 00
100.00
X
X
•.•Vjf jr 'Votfcs .• esign ana
2. j p ; 2 “ c > I er onse
51
January 2015
Traditional
Traditional
Traditional
ImprovedMmislry of Water, Irrigation and Erergy Dabus Irr-gafion Study arm Design Project
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
Fable 3.19: Existing Crops Area and Yields under Traditional & Improved Irrigation in
Odabildiglu Project Command Kebe/es, 2013
I---------------
Crops grown
Area (ha)
s                               £
>o
□
Area <%>
Average yield (q/ha)
lb..
□.                             ■
EGo
3
s5
£F
Odabildiglu (Gambela Dale, Belfudi, Zumbal
Onion                             1.00  , 0 00         1 00 I       50 00       000                      25.00            12.00                   0.00
Tomato
9.00                   0 00
I Sub-total
1 00 0 00 I i.oo r 50.00 DOO 25,30
2.00 0,00 2.00 100.00 a .oo 7 so.oo
XX
Table 3.20: Existing Crops Area and Yields under Traditional & Improved Irrigation in
Asosa Project Command Kebefes, 2013
Area (ha)
Area (%)
Average yield (q/ha)
Crops grown
G
.2
■S
*3
C
F
JHb *1
0
T3
■fl*
>
0G
d
E
Asosa (Mugufude, Dabus-atimbako)
Maize
6.00
ODO
6.00
42 36
0.00
21.43
37.50
0 00
Onion
5.00
0.00
5.00
35.71
0.00
17 06
200.00
0.00
Tomato
3.00
Q.00
3.00
21 43
0.00
10 71
200.00
0 00
Sub total
14.00
0,00
14.00
100.00
0.00
50.00
X
X
Table 3.21: Existing Crops Area and Yields under Traditional & Improved Irrigation in
Bambasi Project Command Kehe/es, 2013
\rea (ha
Area (%                              Average y ield (qfha)
Crops grown
(9
2§
6
m
I-
’I
3
D
H
e
o
*—
■D
E
i-
TJ 
□
>
GO
Ek
E
Bambasi Eda-dabus)
Mane_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9.75
Haricot bean 2.00
2.CO 11 75
0.00 2.00
66 10
13.56
66.67             66 38 0.00               6 78
30 00                30.00 8.00                  0.00
Onion
2.50
0.75          3 25
16,95        25 00
20 97
Cabbage
0.50
0.25
0.75
3,39
8.33
5.86
150 00
150.00
200 00
”200.00"
H Cabbage
0.00
ODD
0.00
0.00
0 00
Sub-total
14.75
3.Q0
17.75
100.00
0.00               0.00                0 00 I00.00           100,00
X
Water Works Design and
Superv»S4oa Enterprise
52
January- r
r—
! Traditional Improved
Total
Traditional
Improved
J
Traditional
Improved
Improved Total
improved
Traditional
Traditional
improved
____________Ministry of Water, Irrigation ano Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design °reject
Volume IV - Part l Agronomy Study Final Report
Table 3.22. Crops and Proportion of Land under Traditional Flood Irrigation System in the Project Command Worcdas, 2013
Woredas Maize
Monge
Haricot bean
Beet root
Sweel-
Potato i
Banana
Papaya '  Sugarcane        Tobacco
Arcs (ha)
T[                 0I            006             013
9
0.2
0
0
Total yield iqti Yield (qVha)
IGO                     0 I                             15.6 40                    0 I            90             120
4050
50
0
0
450 |           250
0
0l
Oda bildiglu
Area iha;
4
Total yield rqt:
10B
0
o
0 □1 0
0 0! 0
0
0
0
0
1050 ,
-U
Yield ■lUhai
27
0
0
0
0
Q
150
Asosa
Area i.tia 361
0!             0                 0
0000
Tola! yield (gt
14440
o00
0
0
□
0
Yield (ql/ha)
40
1- 0             101             a
0
0
D
0
Hnrnbasi
Area ha
170-53 [            4509
5.5
0
0
0
7
Total yield qV,
11084          1374.94
1100
0
0
0
95.98
20077
Yield (qt/ha)
65 I             30 5
200
0
0
0
209
70
10
Woredas' Total
Area |ha;
539.53              45.08
5.56 T 0.13                  9                02                 95,98                  14
Total yield ,ati                25792          1374.94       1105.4            15.6             4050                50                20077              1120
Yield fql/hai
172                30 5             290             120               450              250                    209                160
Table 3.23: Crops and Proportion of Land tinder Motorized Irrigation System in the
Project Command Woredas, 2013
T                 Haricot-          Beet        Sweet-
IVoredas
-Maize     bean
root           Potato         Banjn*          Papjya          Sugarcane          Tobacco
Menno
Area ha-
4.75                     o T     0 03 1          0 13 '         12 28 '            06
00
Total yield q’l , Yield i ql/ha)
190
40
.. °I     2 ■            15 6 .        □ 526             150 ■                   0 QI        90 i           120 |           450             250                       0
0
0
1 Oda4)(lclinhJ
Area (ha)
0
0            051                     01               aI                0I                     0
0
fetal eld i.qt-
field I'al/ha)
0
0
0.1                    o  L           o j
_
0I
or
0
0
o 1         99
0I              01
D
0
AFiosa Area fha)
—
30                     Ql         Ql              PJ                0.1                0]                    0                     0
Water Works Design and Supervise Enterprise
53
January, 2015Ministry of Water Irrigation and Energy Dabus Inrigallon Study and Design Project
Haricot
Volume 'V — Part i Agronomy Study Final Report
Wore das
Total yield (qti
Yield qVha)
Bambasi
Area (ha}
Total yield (qlj
Y*eld (ql/lia;
Worrdas’ Total Area (hn)
Total yield fqt) Yield (qtlha)________
Maize
3200
40
■2
bean
Beat root
Sweet-
Potato
Banana
Papaya
Tobacco
00a
00a
72
10
t
91 95
r
00
■0 0
0
0
0
0_ i
0
0
□
’ o’                              0                                         0
0
3462                     0
0.53
51,7
90
0           188
0.13
15.6
120
12.28 5526
450
o
0
□ 0
0.6 ISO 250
Sugarcane
sL o
9
0 0 0J
0
0
0 0
0 0 0
__________ 0
—_______ oj
0
oj
kVorcdas ~[ Onion x Garlic j Tomato Potato j Pepper Cabbage | H.Cabb. [ Lettuce * Carrot Okra
Menge
___ ______ ______
Area (na) Total yield [qt;
JfickfjJMvii Oda-bildi
I Area (ha}
j Total yield (qt) Yield (qt/ha Aso^a
Area j, ha.
_Total yield (qi) Yield qutia) Bambasi
3.35          6.7           11.77               1
°.l
50 25 _ 10.5         1412.4
120
120
0.69"1 82.8
120
1' 210
. 210
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-
□
1.25
225
"is
2 300 150
is_            120
0 25
0 500
0 200
0
0
0
0
0J
0
1
200
200
00
00
o□
0.5 Q
60           0
120 0
o I__  g_ iuu
0
1
o’          of 22500             3750
0
Aiea (ha)
5 25
150
o’       ■’ 5.1           4 34 0          5656         6958 0            220           280
2.2
□ 00
dn □
Total yield qtj              6121
59
□ 0,
00
0
0
Yield (ql/ha)
Woredas* Total
Area (hn,
■ Total yield (qt) Yield Jqtihai
210
26
6O
0
0
0
0
d
10 6           0,7         168.78         30 34          22 89 6471.3         10.5       30068.4        10828         741.8
r 375            L IF          690            550             176
27
0
0
0
0,5
2910
0
510
0
0
60
120
1.25
225
180
Table 3.24: Crops and Proportion of Land under Traditional Flood Irrigation System in
the Project Command Kebe/es, 2013
Kobefcs                   Maize
Haricot-bcnn |  Bcet-raal
Sweet- ~T
Potato
Banana Papaya ■ Sugar- |
cane
T obacco
Monje-Fudundu
Area lhai
0.5                           0
0
T otal j eld (qt)
0I                 r           0 450                  0
0
0
12
0
0
Yield (ql/ha)                                                     0                       0
0
0
Meng u 'b na gad basin
o r                     150
0
0
0
Ama ira                              0                            0
Total yield kql,                    0
0
0                    0                 05                  0
0
0
0
j Yield (qUba)                       0
0                            50                  0
0
0
Mongo-Alb a mor
00
0                IGO '               0
0
0
, Area, (ha)
0
0
0
—------- ----
.. 0
0-
0
' To Ini yield (ql;
Yield (r|l/riill
□
□
0Q
r_
- 0 0.
0
..0
0
0
a
0
Do
0
0
□Q
1 0da-blldigiu*Bc1an|uro
Area ihiij
-
0
T ul.il iM-* j |
000g0o0
0                    0                    0                  0  1_____ 0                   0
Yield (ql/TiOi
:            ______ 0_
□ da-bddlglLi-EJolfudl
Area ^ha 0 a 0
L_ 0                           0
06a000
00
Total yield (qlj                    0     0
!a                  0                  0
Yield ;[b‘hal                        0     0                            0
□a0000
Odn-bildiijlu-2umba
0                   a           [0                  0                  0
Area 'hui
to l al ? eld .:                       0               I . ... o
aL                       0
00o
0 0 1 0
0
0
0
0
0
o]
Water Works Design and
54
January/2dT$Ministry of Waler, Irrigation and Energy
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
Volume W - Part I Agronomy Study I' in al Report
Maize
*T
Haricot-bear.
Sect-root
Sweet-
Potato
----------------r
Banana Papaya
Sugar- i
cane
Tobacco
Yield (qtftia) Asosa-Mugulud Area (ha)
Tolal yield nil Yield faVha)
fl
0
0
0 I                  11              0
00
e
4
140
35
0
0
CM                fl I                 0
0I
0I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0I
0]                  fl                   0
0
0
0
Asos a -D abus-a 11 m b ake
Area (ha) 2 0
000000
Total yield at)                  BQ
0
0
fl
.a                 0
Yield rqVha;                     40
0
0  I               fl
00
0
b
0
Q
Bambasi-Eda-dabus
Area (ha)
9.75
j2
0
Total yield (ql) Yield fqVha)
270 1 16
3D B
0
0
0
0
0
00 a0
0
0
0
0
Kebcfcs* Total
Area (ha) 16 25 2
Total yield (qt) 502 16
0
0
0
Vie Id (qt'hal
129                            fi
0                   0                3.5                 0                 0                  cH 0                   0               500                 0                 0                  0
0                   0               250                 0                 0                   0
Table 3.25: Traditional Flood Irrigation System Continued...
5 Onion       Garik | Tomato             Potato
| LattiJcc | Carrot Okr.i
i Mcuoe-Futfindu Area -no
Total , ■ Iri • ji
1.75 43.75
~ Yield fqWia)
Men g o -S h n i a dam .win Aiea .'Na
Tolal   j   ekt   ']ti Yield nt/Ti.-* Mcn^o-Sign ar® Area haj
Toia: yield i -|l ■
Y<eld ;t/ha ■
Arej Jiai                                       0               D
0
0
a
0I
0D
feiar yield i. Hi
00
0
0
0
ai                    0
0
Yi«!d iqutiaj
00
0
0
0
0I                   0
x
00o
b                   a' °                  Di
d.i-bildiqlu Belfudi
Area M)
I1
0
1'
0
0
Total y Rid : ill                            12
D
a
0
a                     01                    0
000
a
0I                 a
Yield .qt/’i.Ti
12
0
s
b                 a I                  oT                     0                 a
ar a
0. a
Od -to ild i ntu -Zumt] a
Area (h;l| 0 1 0
0                 Q                 0                     0.
0                 0                 oT                0
Tata.  eld iql|                               0                0
r
r.eic it/hij
0
0
0
oI                   0
oI                 o
010
0
0
0
OJ                   0
0
0
0i
a
A s asa- Mu gulu.de
Area (ha)
■1               0                   1
0
a
0
0
i rulal ytald {qt,i
Yield iqi/hai
200 a 250
200 0 250
<1
0
0
G
fl
0
0
0
0 o; D
0
000
a % os a-Dabus .uimbake
Area ha]
....
0
2
0
a0
rarai . -em (gl) 900 a
Yield ^ql/ha) JOO o
300
fl
0
a
150
0
0
.? D
00
00
0
a0
D
0
0
fl .im bn si “Eda dabus
Area (hai
2.5
000
G
Toiai - ±id rgn Yiekf ( Whas
373
0
0
0
0
05 0 0
75 o 1 o
ISO
0
D
a
0
150
ao
0
0
b
01
fl
fl
Kefee/es' Toiat
Area (Ml
fatal yield IU!'i 143B 3
G . 5 0.25
0 623 JG
Q
Q
Yield | |Uhal
714.5
0                503            1-1D
0
0 75                      0                 0 5                      0                 Fj
156 0 0
0
0
0
3
.1H . H
4S
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Table 3,26: Crops and Proportion of Land under Motorized Irrigation System in the Project Command Kebe/es, 2013
| KcbeJes 
Miiiio              Ulf rot-bean
Hp*»t mol
-1 Pr I v.o HnriH.i
r '.11'. t y. i           Stnpr > -• Tobacco
Mcnije-Fudindu__________ ____ __________ ___ ________________________ __________ b______ _ _______________ ___________
Area i'ha
Tomi /in in th
Vis'd iqUha
35 o
04 0
24 0
0
0
0
00
0
0 q 0.
0 0 oj
0
0
D
0
0
0
Barntavi-Edadabuj
Atn "n ---------- 2 0 0 0
_                           . _ _ ______ _____  ____
0                     00
”-»l.i' . ■ In .1;
BD                               D
D
Yflld iqVFiai                         30                                3                        0
□                     0                    H__________ “ <r q                    0                     0j                         o
0
_
0
0
Krtoe/fft* Total Aroa -Hili Total /laid iqty Yteld (gtilia)
5.5
144
54
0
0
0
0
0
0
oL
0
0
0u
ar o
0
00
____ _____ »
0
0
Ol______ _o
Table 3.27: Motorized Irrigation System Continued,..
Kefi-efes I Onion Garlic To<nalo Potato Pepper ' Cabbage H. Cabbage Lettuce , Carrot ' Okra
Mnnge-Fudindu
Aren Pi)                               2.5
o                    0                  0,
0
0                             D                    0                  0           G 251
I slat yield [ql]
200           h ■ 0                     0                 5                  0 1                    0 1 0
0                  0            155
Yield I'nVhiij
80                 0
0
o5
_
Mcrtg-? Shagadamazln
Area ihafr 4 6 0 0 25 0.5 0
Q0
0.
0
25
0[0
Totely.eldjqQ                     322
Yield ■’•jl/hai
70
Menge-S|g«i-are
Area (ha)
0
Total yield [qt|
0 0
Yield iqUho
Oda-bildlglu-Gambela Oata
0
0
20
ao
J5D                   0
70                  0
0a
□ yj
0 □j
A0
00
0 25
5
20 J
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q_ l
Q
0
5
0
0
9
0
a
□
a
0
0
0
Dj 0
0
0
a
D
0
Area ;hj Total yield (ql)
Yield (qtftia
0 25 0
50              L o
0 25
0                  0 25
D
50 200
□
□
□
0.5 is
200                 0
0
0
50 2 DO
0
o
"o’
a
0
0
30
OdA blldiglLi Bolfudl
Ara a i ha’i
_Td.il yied :ill
; Yield !_qt/ha!_____ ____
1
Oda bTd|Ljl,i Zumba
’ Aiea | ha | ______
. Total yield »gt)_____
Uiirnbasl-tdJdJbus
ea (hai
dal yield (git____
Ktfbdw' Total
! Area |h jl
■ Total yinldiqt)
| Yield fjUlia
y—
• BYield (fjtfhn/J 200
B5                 0                    1 742
110
0 5   T“ q                 C.5l
0
0
_____  0
0
D
350
70
7
560   CL 0             JQQ
100
•too
0
0
0
0
!76
75
3.9.4 Major crops in the project command Woredas and Kebeles
The crops being grown in the DIDP Command Woredas and Kebe/es differ with respect to the number and type of vogetaoies and fruits grown under ram-fed plus flood based irrigation (3.22). Under the existing farming practice, the farmers  have been producing the following crop varieties  (Table 3 23) for the different crap categories  Although lhere are some improved crop varieties, the yield per unit area was very low for there was no full package of improved agronomic practices to support their yielding ability. The introduced varieties alone will not boost up yield per unit area unless  augmented by  improved agronomic  practices These practices  enable the varieties  to express  their yielding potential fhn interventions  in this  regard are not capital intensive, the major inputs  are labor, agricultural extension and management which aro within lhe reach of the resource-poor farmers
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Table 3.28: Total Cropped Area and Yield under Rainfed and Irrigated Agriculture in the Project command Woredas and Kebetes, 2013.
Project Command Woredas 
CropJyjoes Cereals
Tert
Matee______ Sorghum Finger-millet Rice
Pulses Haricot bean CChhiickp ckpeeaa
an Oilseeds
Ground-nut i_Linseed
Cropped
area (ha)
_____Project Command Kebe/cs Cropped       Total       crop
area f
I Yield
I 18.535.20
4,329.13 ___ 213.80
13 568.38 8 453.63
323 25 4 281 50
26,924.35
4.280 45
41 30
Total crop yield (g)
1,694 >489.28 8,305.85
724.190.05 088,239 50 GG.997 21
6,750.60 125,512.54
lha) I Production (qj ' (c^w
pNjger seed7N ou g    14J 10.75 Sesame
r-2—____ 1_________J_ 3.491 05
I Vegetables
I Potato
Tomato
Cabbage
^Sweebpotato
Beet root
Pepper
Lettuce__________ Carrot OkrayKenkes Fruits 
Mango
.Papaya Banana Citrus
Avocad
Guava
I Sugarcane Stimulant Tobacco A
5,918.60 577 47
1.537 88 607 54
35.96
546 28
6 09
0.70 27,66
11 56
_7 74
15.81
x
6.45 2 94 5 00
X
14 68 |
2 61 2.99 3 41
x
16825 J175
137.31
It 38
141 76
29 88
6.880.93 J 2.50
2,673.43
4 205.00
473.02
470 52
2.50
877.12
198 00
W2 00
517 12
309.52
10 25 6 CO 1.86
12.50
Rn<n 120,508.95 1 x
7.50 51,127.45
69.374.00
3.896.56
3.881 56
15,00
1 50
1660
9 25
4 57
3.00
__
7.21 ‘
1.573 00 3 109 48
13.207.08
1.032.50
4 85
3 01
x
-11.85
_
? 33.00
206 50
33 70
95 97
1.05500
4220
Onion
Garlic
205.97
59 74
131 88
50 81
41 35
4,517.25
89.95
2.107.92                                        26 75
2 00
99 00 I
5 19
23.50 |             6 660.00 I 00 252  6,085.30
33 70            100 409.52
43,856   50
14,603.70
27.612   80
10,956 52
3 09
25 38
35.35
X
27 79
209.75 110,74
2B8 58
J5.294.25 27,581.00
15 13
_____x
2630                    8 637 00
164 20
47 03
141 40
4 13 |
059 7225
8.60 0 50
29.42
Sugar
2 439 20 20 077 00
360.80 ’
,.
20.077 00
1.120.00
1.120 00
160 71 143 11 124 24
88.17
104 21
x 1306
x
WOO
55 50
18.032 50 5C6.00 90 00
105.73
250
M 65
260 00
52 00
x
x
ll crops total
2.883,599,76                 x
8,651.33              172,732.07
x
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Table 3.29; The Existing Crops and Varieties under Cultivation in OlDF Command
Woredas & KebeJes, 2013.
Crops categories
Crops
Varieties
Yield (kg/ha)
Days to mature
TeP
.Local
Kuncho
9
180
Maize
Cereals
Local
BH-540
BH-140
BH-541
BH-541
53 - 65
200
Sorghum
Local
61
180
Finger-mil'et
Baruda
Tadesse
Padel
62
120
Rice
Nerica-4
NA
NA
Haricot-bean
Local
37
120
Chickpea
Habru
39
120
Pulses
Soybean
Local
0elesa-95
ETHJEU
30
NA
Ground-nut
Local
Miniputer
Kasa
Jaladu
56
150
Oilseeds
Niger seed/A/oug
Local
75
120
Sesame
Local
67
105
Potato
Local
Gudene
174
90
Tomato
Local
1 Rdma-VF
69 5
120
Cabbage
jLocai
. Copenhagen
73
, 120
Vegetables
Sweet-potato
Local
M50
150
Beet-root
Onion
Local
150
NA
Local
155
150
Ada ma-red
150
NA
Garlic
Local
’ NA
NA
Pepper
Local
56
155
OkraJKenkes
Local
I 40
NA
Mango
Local
316
548
j Papaya
Local
137
NA
Banana
Fruits
Local
140
657
1 Citrus
, Local
157
NA
Avocado
Local
74
2,920
Guava
Local
69
NA
Guava
Locat
69
NA
3.9.5 Dabus Irrigation Development Project Command
A  few  numbers  of  crops  are  sown  during  the  long  rainy  season  under  the  existing  traditional irrigation  practice  in  the  DIDP  Command  Kobeles  The  area  covered  and  yields  are  shown  in Table  3  24  Moreover  me  productior/ha  over  the  Project  Command  Kebelas  under  rain-fed and  flood  -rrigated  agriculture  has  been  worked  out  based  on  the  data  obtained  from  Menge. Odabtldiglu, Asosa and Bambasi WCoARD and is given m Table 3.25 and Table 3 26 along
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with yields  from farmers  plots. The perusal of yield data from the Project Command Kebe/es indicate that the average yields from farmers' holdings for most of the crops are only 15-20% of the experimental yields  and 20-30% of the yields  obtained in demonstration sites  though experimental plot yields  show the potential of the crops  to provide maximum harvestable yields.
Table 3.30: Existing Crops Area and Yields in the DIDP Command Kebe/es. 2013
■
Command Kebete
I Crops grown
Area (ha}
Area (%)
Average yield
Cereals
6,880.93 1
79.54
X
Teff
2 50
0 04
1 50
Maize
2,673.43
38.85
16.69
Sorghum
4.205 00
61,11
8.25
Pulses
473.02
5.47
Xj
Haricot-bean
470.52
9947
4 57
Chickpea
2.50
0 53
3.00
Oilseeds
877.12
10.14
X
Ground-nut
198 00
22 57
7,21
Niger seed/Noug
162 00
18.47
4 85
Sesame
517 12
58 96
3.01
Vegetables
309,52
3.59
X
Potato
1025
3.31
41 86
Tomato
5.00
1 94
33 78
Cabbage
1 88
061
95.97
Sweet-potato
12 50
4 04
42.20
Onion
41.35
13 36
89.95
Pepper
2779
fl 98
5.19
Okra/Kenkes
209.75
67 77
15.13
Fruits
11074
1.28
X
Mango
26.30
23 75
164 2
Papaya
0 59
0 53
47.03
Banana
72 25
65.24
141 4
Citrus
8 60
777
29 42
Avocado
0 50
0 45
90.00
' Guava
2 50 I
2 26
52 00
All crops total
8 651 33
100.00
X
Table 3.31: Summary of Total Cropped Area and Yield under Rain-fed and Irrigated
Agriculture in the Project command Kebe/es, 2013
Project Command Kebe/os
Crop types
Cropped area (ha)
Total crop yield (q)
Yield (q/ha)
Cereals
6,080.93
120,508.95
X
Teff
2 50
7 50
1 50
Maize
2.673 43
51,127 45
1669
Sorghum
<205 00
69 374 00
8 25
Pulses
473.02
3,896.56
X
Haricot-bean
470 52
3.881 56
4.57
Chickpea
2 50
15 00
3 00
Oilseeds
877,12
7.538.48
X
Ground-nut
190 00
2 856 00
Niqei seed/Nnug
7.21
162 00
1 573 00
4 85
Sesame
517 12
3 109 48
Vegetables
3 01
309 52
13,207.09
X
1 Potato
10 25
1 032 50
41 86
Tomato
6 00
733 CO
33 78
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r
Crop types
Cabbage
Sweet-pctato
Project Command Kebeles Cropped area (ha)                   Total crop yield (q)              Yield (q/ha)
1.89
12.50
286 50                                      55 97 1.055.00                                      42.20
Onion
41 35
4,517.25
39.05
Pepper
27.79
2B0.58
5.19
Ofcra/Kpflfres
209.75                                5 294.25
15 13
Fruits
Mango
110.74
26.30
X
164.20
Papaya
0.59
Banana
72 25
3,60
27b581.00
6.637,00
55.50
18.032.50
506.00
47.03
141.40
Citrus
Avocado
* Guava
29.42
0.50
90.00
90. DO
2 50
260.00
All cropb total
8,651.33
172,732.07
52 00
X
Table 3.32: Details of Total Cropped Area and Yield under Rain-Fed and Irrigation in
DIDP Command Kebeles, 2013
Rain-fed
Crop type
1
Cropped " Total crop   Yield
area (ha) Yield iq) q/ha
Cropped
area (ha)
Cereals
Irrigation^ Total crop Yield (q)
6.859. IB            119862.95           17.47                2175
Teri
-u
Maize
Sorghum
Yield q/ha
X 14.33
Pulses
25                        7.5 2.651.68             50,481 45 4,205 00            69.374 OO
471.02               3,880.56
Haricot-bean
468.52               3,865 56
3
19.04
16.5
824
8 25
21.75
3
2
Chickpea
2.5
’ 15
6
Oilseeds
077.12              7.S38.4B
8.59
Ground-nut
190
2.856.00           14 42
Niger seed/Nowg
162
1.573 00             9.71
Sesame
517 12
Vegetables
3.109 48             6.01
246.63
3,219,00
Palate
37.38
35.1
9.5
647.5
Tomato
-.
66.16                0 75
Cabbogo
.
-6
0.63
Sweet-potato
12.5
110            174 6                1 25
.
3.69950
385 733
176 5
X 15.56
67 56 17.33
Onion
t 055 00
04 4
23 25
2.337 00
p 0| ■: er
27.79
Okra/fttfnikos
260.58
100.52 15 i
10 38
Fruits
200.75               5 069 50            25.25                      g
Mango
107.24             27.081 00          252.53                   3 5
26.3               8 637 00           323 4                ■
2 160 25               79.39 224 75
500
Papaya
Banana
Citrus
.
.
60.75 17 532 50 255 02
0 59
55 5           94 07
96                       506’
35
Avocado
- ------- - ------ —
90
S6 64
Guava
-               P5
iao
Ail cfQpa to ini
25                       260
104"
B.5G1.19         167.S01.99
X                 62.05
3,9.6 Crop fertilize lion
Farmers  In Menge, Odabitdlgiu, Asosa and Bambasi Warecfas  and ihe Project Command Kebeles In particular usually  do r.ol apply  fertilizers  and employ  other soil fertility management practices  like manuring, composting and improved cropping system n sustainable way  to maintain the required soil fertility  status  for high crop production. Under the existing situation, the amount of applied organic, and inorganic form of fertilizers for crop
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problem is more exacerbated as result of absence or losses 9 to Trypanosoiri/sZs. As a result, crop yield is below the average
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
h       -   and   crops 
requirement   (Tsble   3,27).   Ths 
growing is no as per the recommended dose   ,
c
number of cattles due
Information an the 5uppiy  and uNLza.ion of a,*—  in the^a locate M tor the year 2013, 2,920 quintals  at OAP and 1,281 quintals  nt urea. 122- 95 quin.als  of improved varieties  of cereals, pulses, oiiseeds  and vegetables, were supptted to the atmers (table 3.28). Moreover, 31.450 different types  ot improved and tradi.ional farm tools  were were supplied and distributed to the farmers (table 3.28}
Table 3.33: Crop fertilization in Project Command Worcdas and Kebe/es, 2013
■vicnge vvoreaa
Type of fertilizers
Cereals
Pulses
Oilseeds
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
Inorganic fertilizers (<q/ha
100.00
100 00
50 00
100
wo.oo
0 00
Manure
Compost I
Manure
Compost
Manure
Cornpost
Organic fertilizers (q/ha)
70.00
60 00
43.00
20.00
45 00
25.00
Fudindu Kebele
Cereals
Pulses
Oilseeds
Type of fertilizers
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
DAP
I Urea
1 Inorganic fert'lizers (kg.'ha)
100 00
100.00
0 00
doo
0 00
0.00
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Manure Compost
Organic fertilizers (q/haj
4.10
4 10
0.00
0.00
0 00
0.00
Shaqad.imazm Kebele
Cereals
Pulses
Oilseeds
Type of fertilizers
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
Inorganic fertilizers (ki|/haj
M00.00
100 00
0.00
0.00
0 30
0 on
Manure
Manure
Compost
Organic fertilizers (qftia)
0 00
Compost
70.00
0.00
0.00
Manure
n QQ
Compost
0 00
Signor Kebele
Cereals
Pulses
I----- --
Oilseeds
Type pl fertilizers
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
—
r DAP
Urea
Inorganic fertilizers ikqfha'i
COO
0 00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0.00
i—
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Organic fertilizer (q/ha)
0.00
60.00
^.00
40.00
0 00
20.00
source  Monge  iVoreda  Coordination  Office  of  Agriculture  and  Rural  Development,  2014
Oda-b:ldiglu Woreda
TypeoHertrlizers
Cereals
Pulses
Oilseeds
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
Inorganic fertilizers (kg/ha)
100.00
100.00
100 00
0 00
ICQ DO
50 00
— ------------------- - .___ _
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Organic feilihgejs (cj/ha)
100 00
‘ 5 ijti
0 00
3 00
0 00
0 00 ’_____
r, pc ..* fertilizers
Cereals
Pulses
Oilseeds
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
inorganic fertilizers (kq/ha'.
100.00
100.00
100.00
C 00
0 00
0 00
Pdariure
Cornpost
Organt: fertilizers (q/ha
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
wo oo_
15.00
0.00
3.00
0 00
0.00
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Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
Gambeladalo Ko bo In
Cereals
Pulses
Oilseeds
Type of fertilizers
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
Inorganic fertilizers (kq/hai
ooo
0 00
0.00
0 00
0.00
0.00
Manure
Compost
Manure
Campost
Manure
Compost
Organic fertilizers ((j.'ha?
34.00
29.00
0.00
D00
0 00
0.00
Bnlfudi Kebeto
Cereals
Pu ses
Oilseeds
Type of fertilizers
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
Inorganic fertilizers (kg.* ha)
rj.oo
000
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Organic fertilizers (c.'ha)
100.00
15.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0 00
Zumba Ke bale
Cereals
Pulses
Oilseeds
Type of fertilizers
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
Inorganic fertilizers {kgj'haj
^0_00
Manure
0.00
0.00
0.00
0 00
0 00
Compost
Manure
Composl
Manure
Compost
Organic fert hzers I'q.-hai
25.00
24 00
0 00
0 00
0.00
o.oo_
Source Oda bikliglu Woreda Coordinalion Office of Agricullure and Rural Deve1opmenl,2014
Cereals
Pulses
Oilseeds
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
Inorganic fertilizers (kg *na}
100 00
0 DC
0.00
0.00
rd. 00
0.00
TAa nitre
Compost
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Table 3,34: Crop fertilization Continued... Asosa Worcda____________
Type of fertilizers
Mugufude Kebele
Organic fertilizers (q/ha}
10000
10,00
0.00
ro 00
0 00
0.00
Ce
reals
Pulses
Oilseeds
Type of fertilizers
DAP
llroa
DAP
Urea
dap
Urea
Inorganic fertilizers (kg/ba)
0 00
a do
0.00
Q.GO
0 00
OOO
Manure
Compost
Manure
Composl
Manure
Compost
i Organic fertilizers (q/hai
5.00
0.00
0 00
i 0.00
0.00
000
p
Type oi fertilizers
Dabus atirnbako Kebele
Cereals
Pulses
Oilseeds
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
Inorganic fertilizers (kaJ a)
COO
0.00
0.00
0.00
0 DO
0.00
Manure
Campost
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Organic fertilizers (qftta)
5 00
0 00
0.00
0.00
r o.bo
L 0.00
Source: Asosa Wbreda Coordination Office of Agriculture and Rural Development, 20 14
Bambasi Woreda.
Cereals
Pulses
Oilseeds
Type of fertilizers
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
Inorganic fertilizers (kg'hai
100 00
100 00
-
-
-
-
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Organic fertilizers q'ha}
150 0C
100.00
50 00
100.00
-
-
Edadabus Kebele _________
■
Cereals
Pulses
Oilseeds
DAP
Urea
DAP
Urea
Type of Fertilizers
Source: Bambasi Wbreda Coordination Office of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2014
DAP
Urea
f
Inorganic fertilizers • jcg ha>
100 OO
100.00
100.00
-
100 00
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Manure
Compost
Organic fertilizers (q/ha)
100.00
100.00
80.00
80.00
30.00
8a. oq”
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January. 2015Ministry o1 Water, Irrigation and Erergy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
Volume IV- Part I Agionomy Study Final Report
Table 3.35: The Supply and Distribution of Agricultural inputs in the Project Command
IVorecfes, 2013
Project Command Were das
Asosa                           Oda-
Agricultural inputs
Fertilizer
Unit
Zone          Menge
Bildigu        Bsmbasi     Asnsd
Total
5,638.50     222.00      235,00        1,811.00      1,953 50
4,221.50
DAP                                          a
3.746 00
111.00
124,50
1,232,50
Urea
111 00
110.50
578.50
1.472.00 481.50
Improved seed
q
1.B92.5Q
1,333,55
775.49
■*“332.53
2,940 00
1.201.50
1,227.95
Cereals
660.17
62.98
60,88
Improved maize varieties
Maize, BH 5d0
Shone
q
q
302 50
27.75
56.93
56.13
24.25
309.17
127 00
163.75 55.25
31.88
114.50
56 00
589.93 234.25
: 235.51
9
237 50
65.00
33.13
*
-
32.50
32 50
65.00
Rice, Nenca-3
.q
35,17
-
35.17
35.17
Toff. Kuncho
9          20.00
-
-
-
Pulses
20.00
20.00
0.90
-
320.52
Soybean Ethic Yugoslavia
452.25
419.45
0.30
308.65
Haricol-bean. Awash-Melkasa
G ro u nti-nui Werer-962 Oilseeds
.
3
3_
9
0.25
32.55
0.25
-
-
103,00 103 00
-
0.35
-
11.87
424.42 411 95
' 0.25
12.22
5.53
553
0.40
0.40
-
-
*
0.40
Sesame, Abasena
Vegetables
-
215.60
0.80
Peoper-Markofana
A.
1.40
1.40
0.20
0 20
0.80
0 20
145.80
0.20
Beet root. Popoverind Carrot-Nan les
0.20
0.20
65.80
0.20
0,20
0 40
213.20
0.80
0 80
1.40            0.20
0 20
Cabbage-Copenhagen
q
q
9
0.00
0 80
Potato-Gudene
Farm loots
q
1 40
210 00 39,193.00
0.20          0.20
3,147,00   12,651.00 T346.0C   5,051.00
0.20            0.20
0.20            0.20 145.00        66.00 10,09100   4,861.00 ‘
210.00 30,750.00
Sickle
Hoe
pcs
13,630.00
4,679.00     2,344.00   13,630.00 '
pcs
12.71-4.00 448.00      2,780.00
1 Machete
Donkey drawn plough
pcs
pcs
12,714.00   1,346.00
4 799.00
4.879.00 291.00
Wheel barrow
pcs
7.00            3 DO
26.00          1 CO
Eric disc plough
123 00     8,238.00
2.344 00   8 780.00
4.00          7.00
-               1 00
3.00         9.00
Animal drawn cad
pcs
PGS
Dieset generator                       pcs
( Tractor HP-3C pcs
11 00         3 00 5.00           -
.
79 00         -
7 00           -
-r
-
-
-
3.00
-
-
-
3 00
3 00
35.00
1.00
1 Traditional farm tools | Patae i An.)
-
.P^S [V
-
-
-
-
-
2 00
35.00
6 00
700.00
.       ..J  700.00   |
500
73.00       I | 7 or
700.00
700 00        f
Source: Asosa Zonal Coordination Office of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2014
3.9.7Cropping systems
Cropping  systems  are  cropping  patterns  used  on  a  farm  and  their  interaction  with  farm resources, other farm enterprises, and available technology, which determine their makeup The objective of cropping system is to increase the efficiency oi utilization of resources i e , lar.d,  water  and  solar  radiation  Among  the  cropping  systems,  mono-cmpping  has  been widely practiced in DIOP Command Woredas and Kebeles (Table 3 29) Whereas cropping systems  like  crop  rotation  and  intercropping  are  at  relatively  low  levei  than  morocroppmg (Table 3,30). The olher cropping systems are not at all known by (he farmers of trie Project Command l/Voreda and Kebeles Monc-cropping is the cultivation of a single species of crop Whereas  intercropping  is  a  system  that  can  decrease  soil  erosion  and  conserve  moisture because of the greater ground cover than mono-cropping II often increase land productivity Der urn! area. Generally, this cropping system is risk d:$t ibution agronomy with particular
I
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r
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January, 2015Mmislry of Water. Irrigation anrf Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
Volume IV - Pari I Agronomy Study Fmal Report
reference to vagaries of weather condition and incidence of crop pesls and diseases. On the other hand, rotating crops on the same piece or land promotes the proper and uniform use of nutrients from (he soil and the roots do not compete with each other for the uptake of nutrients.  Crop  rotation  reduces  cost  of  fertilizer  and  increase  crop  production  and productivity of farm lands in areas where legumes are rotating with non legume crops. In general, crop rotation is the repetitive cultivation of an ordered succession of crops (or crops and  fallow)  on  the  same  land,  where  one  rotation  cyclo  often  takes  several  years  to complete.
Majority of (he farmers in the Project Command Kebe/es nave been dominantly practicing mono cropping accounting to (he tune of 54% of the total cropping systems followed by intercropping (38%). Although other cropping systems are not practiced sustainably and judiciously, intercropping and crop rotation are not new in the DiDP Command. The farmers are exercising intercropping where maize and sorghum crops have been observed in mixture with sesame, pumpkin and haricot-bean under rain-fed and irrigated agriculture. In general, crops  considered in both cropping systems  include sorghum, maize, sesame, pumpkin, haricot-bean and fruits. The farmers  traditionally  grow mixtures  of these crops or rotate leguminous and non leguminous crops to increase food and feed resources Nonetheless, the practice of intercropping and crop rotation is not applied systematically and sustainably to benefit production and productivity of crops and fam lands. The same categories of crops requiring similar nutrient management practices were observed to intermix and/or replace one another This in turn had brought a negative effect on the subsequent crop as we!l as on the fertility  of the soil. Hence, the only  extension and research effort needed would be improving sustainable and judicious  use of agronomic  practices  of intercropping, double cropping, strip cropping and crop relation for maximum productivity.
Percent wise distribution of the cropping systems both for the Project Command Worcdas and Kejbe/es is provided on Table 3.29. Other cropping systems like double cropping, alley cropping strip cropping and relay cropping are non existent
Table 3.36: The existing Cropping Systems Percentage Distribution under Rain-fed and irrigated Production in the Project Command Worec/as, 2013
I
_ ___  __ Mono- Cropp ing
5%
Cropping System
| Project Command Woredas & Kebeles Monge
Fudundu
Crop rotation
. Inter crop ping
70%
Double Crop ping
0
Alley Crop* ping
0
Strip Crop ping
75%
90%
25% 5% 0
2G%
Belaficfa
5%
0
0
0
0
60%
0
Shatjadabasen Srngnor
^5%
0
5%
20%
0
Relay crop ping 0
0 0 0
95%
3%
0
Aihamer
65%
10%           5%
20%
Kebete Average
77%          6%             8%
6
5%
0 2% 0
1%
0 0 0%
D
0%
Oda-bildiglu
38%
25%           37%
0% 0% 0
00
Belanjero
38%          25%           37%
70%
0
.0
Gambeladale
Belfudi
Zumba
0
0Q
00
60% ------  -----
25%
0 30%
20% 20%
10% 65%
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0%
0
Ke be Jo Average                48%
14%           38%
0
0%
d
0%
Asosa Mugufude
_______ _        35%          39%         | 26%
6
0
0% 0
64%
o_
36% J     0
64
0
ro
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January, 2C15
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Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
Cropping System
d
Project Command Woredas & Kebeles
Mono- Cropp
ing
Crop
rotation
Inter
crop
ping
Double Crop
ping
Alley
Crop
ping
_____
Strip Crop ping
_ Relay 
crop-
i2ins.
Dabus-atimbako
64%
0
36%
0
0
0
0
Kebele Average
64%
0%
36%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Bambasi
20%
65%
15%
0
0
0
0
Fda-dabus
25%
5%
70%
0
0
0
0
Ail Woredas Average
25%
39%
37%
0%
H)7„
0%
0%
| All Kcbe/es Average
54%
6%
38%
2%
J_6%
0%
Q%
3.9.8 Crop protection
General information on 'he incidence of insect-pests  and diseases  on different crops  Is available for the Project Command Wororfa.s  Crops  have been seriously  threatened by important insect pests  and diseases. Similarly, weeds  are causing major crop losses  under both rain-fed and irrigated crop fields  By  virtue of their aggressiveness, weeds  are causing an imbalance population growth in the grassland ecosystem Weeds  growing in mixture with crops  and forages  on crop land and/or grazing area exhibit perennial and annual growth habit and are noxious and invasive types. Some of them are detrimental to livestock health. The current status  on the incidence of common insect pests  & diseases  and the weed infestation are given in Table 3.30 and 3.31 respectively. Moreover, according to the information on pre harvest crop losses, farmers  have prioritized crop loss  problems  The prevalent pooi field and crop management practice, causing considerable yield loss  is considered as  the number one threat to cereals, pulses, and oilseeds  crop production followed by  inconsistent climate variability  (Table 3.32) The extent of crop losses  and the economic threshold levels are important for planning control measures at optimum time The problem of broad leaf and grassy weeds infestation and the resultant crop loss was mitigated through the use of manual control methods and weed killer herbicide chemical 2-4, D at the rale of 1 0 - 2.0 IVha, Farmers  in the Project Command Keiefes  and the l/Vcvedas  as  a whole have been using tolerant varieties and chemicals (Table 3.33) to subdue crop menace inflicted by  insect pests. These control practices  will also aid in the prevention of disease bmld up. There is no extensive crop protection measures designed to control crop diseases of the area
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Dabus Irrigation Study and Des on
Table 3.37: Common Insect pests & Diseases of Crops in the Project Command Woreda, 2013
Volume IV Part I Agronomy §ud^_Hnai Report
Insect pests
Scientific name
Common name
Scientific name
+ --------- --------------- , X/s/rWs/i
Name in
local language NA
Common
name njAll wnrrn
Diseases
Aphid
NA
Rust
I Africa guaya til
Army worm
Pucan/a sorg/w
Spcdoptera specfes
Downy mildew
Peror?ospora farinosa
I NA
Termite
A/rr/ferms mendrona/js 
arc Am/terms launsnsjs
Head/Leaf blight
i Fusarium graminearum
Maize
| A/eoa korkur
Stalkborer
Busse/a fuses
Head smut
Ustlago spp.
worm
spec/es
rot
Ph/tophthora spp.
NA
Bo-' worm
Hehcoverpa amigsra
Vanegated
NA
grass nooper
Zonocerus sarie vatus
Africa $ud' a til
r
Army worm
SpQdcptera species
Head smut
Ustiago spp
Krshkrsh
Apr id
NA
Rust
Puccj'ma purpurea
Acremoniurn, Aftemaria,
Aspergilus,
Ciadosporium,
Fusarium.   Mucar,
Sorghum
Penictilium, Rhizopus,
Amiferms   mefldronaJ/s 
Slachybotrys and
Termite
and Amiferms .'aurenscs
Common molds
Tticnodema ________
Ageda korkur
Stalkoorer
Busse/a fusca
Powde'j mddew
Erysiphe spy Oidium
Korach til
Cut worm
Azrotis species
Variegated
NA
grass hopper
Zonocerus vanegatus
Am/terms        meridtonabs
J’ Kishkisfr
NA
Ter m<te
and Amrterms /aurons/s
Ground-'’ nt
Aphid
Black-bug (Ants, Cockroaches,
1
Frutflies, Pantiy pests)_________
■ .ora^/j til
Cut worm
Leaf cutter ant
Harlot-bean
Acromyrmex sop.
Snoot'i,
„ aAfsphepr..':?
Chickcea
Africa yua . a N
Arm . worm
YSpodoptera species
66
January. 20t6
Waterworks Design ana Supervisor tnterpr seVolume iV- Part I
Agronomy Study Fmal Repor*
Insect pests
— -------------------------
Crops
Name  in
iocaj language
Common
name
Scientific name
Common name
Diseases
Scientific name
Sesame
NA
Sesame
seed bug
E/as/notomcjs sondrdu^
1
Mger seed/A/otyg
NA
Boll worm
Heiico verpa a rm igers
.... ............. .—
...... —”           — -----------
Afrrca :7Uaya Itf
Army worm
Sp adopter a species
— ■ , --
Onion
Tr/
Or en thfiOS
Tnrips! abaci
Water mold/Root rat
Phytcohfhora spo. Phylczhthora anna mom i
Blight
Attemaria spp.
Water moid/Late blight
Phylophtnora infestans
Pctaio
....... .............
........................
....... ............... ............ —
Root rot
Phylophthora sod.
NA
Termite
Amiterms meridionals
and Amrfem?s iaurensis
Sweet-potaio
NA
Gram weevil
SHochitus granarius                Root rot
PhylQphthora sop
NA
Caterpillar
Hapiaa ciymene
----, , - -   -r
--------- *-■--- -
Tomato
NA
Termite
Am rjsrm s mendionatis
and Amrterms iaur&nsis
Pepper
—
—............ —
Bl jhl
Altemaria spp.
...........
rr
-. ., ~
Root rot
Phy toon th ora spp
NA
Cut worm
Agrotis specres
_______________
___ ~---------- =—
Banana
L
NA
—
Vveo worm
‘Hypbantria cunea
.-
. . . rr
.■ w ■ * » ■ — ——.               W
T—•*    W ——J » —
KisNdsh                   Aphid
NA
Bacterial blight
Xanlhomonas spp.
na = Not Available
Pantry pests includes, rice weevils granary weevils, gram moths, grain borers, drug store oeetels, tobacco beetles, Indian meal moth, confused flour beetles and red flour beetles.
7 Harmless insect
.’.-.qi  Works Des.gn and Supervision Enterprise-
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iiMinistry of Waler, irrigation and Energy 
_ 53^yL!!^9^on_ShJdy_and_ppsign Project
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Anal Report
Table 3,38: Commonly Found Weeds and the Available Control Practices in the
Project command Wbrecfes and Kebe/es, 2013
Crops                    Names in local language Cereals
Common names
Scientific names
Life cycle
Teff
Gcba sar/Engicha
Maize
Sorghum
Cypen/s rotunda                   _ Loh urn temulqntum Gaiinsoga purviflara_
Bidens pfiosa
Pnrthenium hysterophnrus Striga hermonthica Cyperus rotunda Chenopodium spp.
Gu/zo/a scab/a
Bidens prfosa
Striga hermonthica Guizota scabra
NA
Cynodon d&ctylon
Finger-miilet
• Vegetables Potato
Tomato
L
Enkirdad
NA
Yeselan Merfe/Chugugut | Be Kinche arum
Akenchira/Bulmtya Gicha sar/Entucha
Talent
Afecb/
Yesetan Merfe/Chugugu/ Akenchira/Bulmiya
Meeh}
Hora
Sardo
Yesetun MerfeJChugugut
Keto
Akencbira/Bulmiya
Yenug anebesn
Kinche arem
Yonuy anebesa
.Red grass
Rye grass
Kew weed ggertick
1 Parthenium
Slriga
Red grass
I worm seed
; na
Hegger lick
Striga
NA
NA
Bermuda grass Hegger tick Johnson grass
Striga
CuscJa
Palhentum
Cuscuta
3
cz
CT
<
Bidens pitosa
Sorghum h dispense Striga hermonthica
Cuscuta campestris Parthenium hysterophorus Cuscuta campestns
Yeseton Merfe/Chugugut           Bagger tick
W
m
Z3
c
e:
Onion
| Popper
IPulseS-
iHaricot-bean
E______________ j
Yenuy anebesa
Yenug anebesa
Cuscuta
Cuscula
Bidens pitosa Cuscuta campestris Cuscuta campestris
Soybean
Chickpea Oilsoods_
Yeseten Merfe/Chugugut Glcha sar/Enqicha Yesetan Merfo/Chugugut
Hegger lick                  Bidens pitosa Red grass                    Cypetus rotunda Hegger tick                  Bidens pitosa
Kinche arem
To w to wme/Ru tan iga Yenug anebesa
Parthenium
Parthenium hystorophorus
w?
ni
c.
<
i  Sesame
, Niger seed/Atog ,
NA
Cuscuta
NA
Cuscuta campestris
.Annuals
Note The Available weed cortrol practices for all types of weeds arc cultural control method of hand weeding and spraying of 2, 4 0 chemical @ 1-2 It/ha.
Table 3.39: Major pre-harvest crop losses in order of Priority in the Project Command Woredas, 2013
2',a               3"“
4"          ~5ra               I1"-
w-
1
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■u
■—
c CTJ
u rt
IA
□
u <u
3
u
£fl cu
I7» Cl
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hi
I.T ttl
58
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□
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□ no
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Waler Works Design an;i
Supen/5'cn Fn1 er prise
January, 2015
ErrMinistry af Water, Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Protect
Volume IV — Part 1 Agronomy Study Final Report
Table 3.40: Applied Insect-pest Control Practices in the Project Command Worodas &
Kebe/es, 2013
Insect-pest control practice
Crops
Cultural j methods 1
Resistant variety
Chemicals
Others
left
NR
Kunctio
Diazinon
Wheat
NR
NA
Malathion
Early planting
Maize
NR
BH-540, BH-541.
BH 542 Shone
Permethrin & Diazinon
Uniform planting time
NR
NA
Early planting
Sorghum
NR
Birmash
Endo & Diaz.
Finger-millet
NR
Tadesse, Padet
Diazinon
Rice
NR
Nenca-3 Menus 4
Diazinon
Hancol-bean
NR
NA
Diazinon
Chickpea
NR
llabru
Diazinon
Soybean
NR
Belesa-95. Belesa-96, ETH/EU
Diazinon
Ground-nut
NR
Minip u ter
Diazinon
Niger seedWoug
NR
NA
Mala . Diaz
Rapeseed
NR
NA
Diazinon
Linseed
NR
Kasa & Jaladu
Diazinon
Sesame
NR
NA
Diazinon
Sunflower
NR
i NA
Diazinon
Potato
NR
Gudene
Diazinon
Cabbage
NR
Copenhagen
Diazinon
Onion
NR
Adama red
Diazinon
Tomato
NR
Roma VF
Diazinon
All vegetables
NR
NA
Diazinon
AH fruits
NR
NA
Diazinon
Note Termite mound is removed or destructed whenever it is found on all crap fields and the chemical Diazinon is used to kill the termites
NR Not Reported
3,9.9 Agricultural extension
The WCoARD confirmed that there has  been an on-going activity  of research and demonstration of improved crop technologies  bath at Woredas  and Project Command Kobe/es  to support the agricultural development in progress. Contrariwise, information on activities related to seed multiplication and training which are closely I nked to the aforesaid acivities. revealed that these activities  are insufficient and the Project Command Kcbeies and the Wbreda as a whole was not benefited, resulting in absence of adoption of improved crop production technologies  by  the farmers  Moreover, scaling up ano out of improved technologies  has  no! teen in place in sustainable manner at zonal and Woreda levels. This has  been also exacerbated as  a result of inadequate agricultural support services  as explained in section 4.1.2 of the report. The totality of all resulted in production & productivity constraints  Hence, the informative data obtained on institute based activities  (research, demonstration, seed multiplication and training) discloses  the existence of weak  linkage between WCoARD and Asosa Agricultural Research Center (AARC), But there is  a tremendous  scope for agricultural mprovement with proper diversification and selection of appropriate crop varieties  tor irrigated agriculture through the established technology promotion & demonstration unit under WCoARD extension team n close lie with the research center in the vicinity of the Project Command
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3.9.10Harvesting, threshing and cleaning
Crops are harvested at maturity by family labours on small farm holdings and by employing labourers  for larger holdings  Most crops  are harvested during the months  of October to December depending on maturity  periods  for the different crops  and varieties  used Harvesting is done by locally made sickles Threshing is carried out by beating with wooden sticks  to separate grain from straw or stalk  depending on the type of crop used After removing straw/stalk, the grains  are further separated from dust and chaffy  materials  by winnowing in the open air. Both activities are hampered with lots of problems as a result of the traditional harvesting and threshing implements  used by  the farmers  (Table 3.34). I abour force shortage at harvesting and the problem of pod shattering al maturity for crops like sesame is causing unquantifiable yield loss,
Table 3.41; Problems associated with traditional harvesting and threshing methods in
order of priority in the Project Command Worcdas and Kebo/es, 2013.
Traditional harvesting Problems                     i Threshing Problems
Traditional harvesting implement                                    Weed seeds mix up and loss of quality of harvestable produce
,'mproper harvest handling resulting in seed
i decay
technical seed damage when separating the seed from the straw
I Shattering problem of Sesame al maturity Loss of quality harvestable product
Snortage of Labour
Much time is consumed
Shortage of Labour
Much time is consumed
Temperature fluctu atinn
3.9.11 Storage
There  are  different  types  of  traditional  storage  facilities  availabie  for  the  farmers  in  the Projec! Command Kete/es. Some of these traditional and locally made structures are known as Linda. Ldba/Gotera, etc .. and the storing capacity range from 1ql io 50qt (Table 3.35). As  per  the  report  and  discussion  made  with  the  farmers,  these  structures  are  causing considerable loss of grain due to weevils, rodents and mold build up. The major post harvest crop losses in order of priority are presented on Table 3.36. There is no improved storage facility available even at a retailer and whole sellers level due to short period storage needs and subsistence way of life pursued in the Project Command and the Woroda as a whole /Although there is a significant amount of past harvest and storage losses, the contribution by traditional   storage   structures   currently   used   by   the   farmers   and   traders   is   immensely Impo'tani  This  may  also  be  attributed  to  less  emphasis  given  by  extension  towards  to  the construction of improved storage structures and the availability of credit facilities
Table 3.42: Traditional storage facility in the Project Command Woredas and Kebe/es, 2013
Name of storage
Storing capacity (g)
L'rida
Lu&a/Gotera
50
25 40
A'hmrafa (house like stnjctum)
Qate
GOTbeza
Underground pit
2O-3C
10-20
8-12 5-20
Cebejtrwt
K'sfra/Sack______________ _
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Table 3.43; Major post-harvest crop losses in order of Priority in the Project Command
Woredas, 2013
tt-      jnd                    3 rd
jiih SIF~
4
6^                 7^              ]  8*
Poor
manage ment of
the
produce
Tradition
al
freshing system
Lack of conveya
nee of
the
produce
Lack of improve
d
storage
facility
Rodents      Weevil
1
Termites      Wild
animal
like
Hipopota
, mus
3.9.12 Marketing
Inputs  marketing have been impeded by  rapidly  escalating prices, inadequate and untimely supply, and poor access  to credit facilities, involvement of limited suppliers, inadequate infrastructural development and use of inputs  below optimum level. For healthy  marketing, there is  a need to subsidize the prices, timely  delivery  of adequate inputs, and empowering cooperatives  with lheir capacity  enhancement along with encouragement to free market and proper infrastructure development More credit facilities  are required to be given to the farmers  Io enhance their capacity  to produce and sell the product at a time when 1 s  in demand
During lhe recent study  lour, the local markets, both whole sellers  and retailers  are found in local markets  of Asosa Zone These markets  have extensively  developed as  a result ci urbanization and the development of the transport sector The availability  of such transport facilities  would assist the mobility  of crop produce from the Project Command to the nearby local markets as well as to markets in Addis Ababa. This is an advantage to DIDP during the implementation plan i e., crops  that are planned to be produced from the Project Command would not face market problems
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4, CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
4.1  Major Production and Development Consrtraints
4J.1 Unpredictable rainfall pattern
Pertaining to the Regronal profile document, farmers rn Asosa wweda mentioned that in the recent past (some 10 years  ago) there was  rain for about seven and half months. But, nowadays this reduced to four to five months as a result of the extensive deforestalion and reduced vegetation cover thereby  resulting in unpredictable rainfall pattern. Moisture shortage and over flooding resulted in poor yield in both Project Command and catchment area followed by a number of unforeseen problems like high erosion, invasive weeds, and insect-pest and disease build-up
In the Project Command there is variation in rainfall pattern from year to year and as a result some part gets flooded and some remains dry thereby adversely affecting crop production. Under such situations there is a need to have drought and Hood tolerant crops and their appropriate varieties to get high production and productivity.
4.1,2 Poor field management practices
Crop losses that resulted due to poor crop handling and field management are enormously b<g and are the main hinderance to production and productivity of crops and farm lands in the DIDP Project Command site and (he Woredas  as  a whole, accounting to the tune of 40%. Labour force is  mainly  wasted on gold mining activities, the rampant escalations  of weeds  over the entire farm land and poor crop performance have been witnessing this situation
4.1.3 Agricultural support services
DIDP Command and catchment is very thinly populated with a very low cropping intensity. A lot of potential land is  still left uncultivated The crop production and livestock  production technologies are still very traditional though mixed farming system is common in the area. In crop production there is  very  limited introduction of agricultural support services  like chemicals, fertilizers, improved crop vaneties, quality  seed and agro-chemicals  These services  are vita! tools  to achieve food security, combat poverty  and promote economic growth & development Agricultural support services  will only  enhance development if the issue of system sustainability  is  strictly  maintained at a grass  root level To date the challenge with regard to food self sufficiency  i income generation has  been a blockage to feed the ever-increasing population and secure sufficient foreign exchange earnings for the purchase of agricultural and industrial inputs. Therefore, the establishment and/or strengthening of agricultural support services  of input supply, facility  of credits, marketing, infrastructure development, agro processing and agricultural research in sustainable way  is too essential
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4.1.3.1 Inadequate input supply
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Inputs include the introduction of improved varieties, supply of quality seeds of varieties, fertilizers, agro-chemicals and improved tools and farm implements.
4.1.3.2 Improved varieties
The crop varieties  being used by  the farmers  of the Project Command and catchment are mostly  local varieties, also described as  "land races” which have gone through a natural mutation process over time They have now very low genetic potential to give good yield as compared to newly  developed high yielding varieties  from agricultural research stations Today, more than 98 percent of farmers  within the Project Command and catchment grow the local varieties, due to their very  poor access  to seeds  of genetically  superior varieties released for cultivation and have resistance to many biotic and abiotic stresses
4.1.3.3   Quality seed
Seed is  a basic  input for crop production. The quality  of seed has  the most profound influence on crop yields  The farmers  of Project Command and catchment have been using their own seed saved from the previous  crops  without having any  idea of the viability  and germmabilily  of such seeds. Thus, the field germination, seedling vigor and plant population are adversely affected resulting in poor productivity. They have no access to certified seeds cf genetically  superior cultivars  mainly  due to limbed seed multiplication programs, poor extension activities and high cost of such seeds
4.1.3.4   Fertilizers
Under the existing condition, natural fertility of the soil in the Project Command is good but it has-been reducing slowly  due to poor method of cultivation and continuous  soil erosion Hence, the soil fertility  depletion in smal holders' farms  is  the fundamental biophysical limiting factor responsible for declining of food crop production. 1 he only solution to alleviate this  problem is  the use of organic  and/or inorganic  fertilizers  following the recommendation given by EIAR The reasons for the low use of fertilizers in small holders' farms are
•    Lack of knowledge of the benefit of fertilizer use;
•    Inadequate distribution system including untimely and insufficient supply.
•    Unfavorable relation between the prices of crop produce and fertilizer cost etc
•    Acute shortage of agricultural credit A credit facilities
•    Poor research, extension and training support to the farmers
4.1.3.5    Agro-chemicals
During the field survey, farmers  indicated the prevalence of nigh incidence of insect-pests and diseases and rodents as one of the production constraints and ’.he estimated crop loss due to these is up to 20% The inability of farmers Io recognize 'ho economically important pests and diseases of crop and lacx of knowledge or control measures has also
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exacerbated the problem, although these are costly and are unavailable at the closest reach of the farmers
4.1.3.6 Farm implements
Lack of use of improved farm implements and tools by the farmers have also contributed to the law level of productivity. The farmers of the Project Command are using pick axe and spade roe to prepare their farm land and pointed slicks for planting or seed placement. The ploughing tool has a very tow capacity to plough the land properly. The implement used for planting is locally known as Pe/ae (M). Although there are some improved farm implements distributed  to  the  farmers,  theses  are  insufficient  to  improve  the  farming  practices  and minimize  the  high  incidence  of  pre  and  post  harvest  crop  losses  Though  a  few  farm implements have been developed and recommended but they have no! been demonstrated and   distributed   Non-use   of   improved   farm   implements   and   tools   has   reduced   the productivity due to improper field preparation, delay in farm operations and high infestation of weeds
4.1.3.7Shortage of draft power
The farmers are required to have a pair of bullocks or oxen for ploughing their fields in the Project Command but according to the household survey results no one of them are having bullocks. As a result, many of them are using hand tools and prepare their land manually. This delays the planting and other farm operations resulting in low yields
4.1.4 Problem of drainage
Drainage problem is very common in many areas of the Project Command having vertisols. Tr.e major characteristics of such sori are rock hard when dry affecting the root penetration ot the crops and very sticky when wet and have high water holding capacity. The productivity of  such  sorls  is  low  Lands  are  very  poor  due  to  drainage  problem.  Drainage  problem  is very  common  in  many  of  the  Project  Command  Kebe/es  especially  in  those  areas  having characteristics of vertisols Such soils by virtue of their properties are rock hard when they are dry (hereby precluding deep tillage. Therefore! shallow ploughing year after year results in a hard man made pan in the active plant root zone. Hence, the roots fail to penetrate the deep  soil  layers  This  stale  of  soil  restricts  entry  of  applied  soil  water  due  to  rain  and/or irrigation, limits the span of exploration of sub surface area to take up nutrients since volume and weight are relatively low. The problem is further complicated when these types of soils become too sticky when wet and give rise to waterlogging problem.
4.1.5 Inadequate extension service & poor research-extensionJarmers linkage
In order !d enhance productivity, a proven extension system need to be developed for proper dissemrnation of these need-based input supported technologies  This  requires  more number of well trained and fully  equipped development agents  which has-been still inadequate. In general, the existing agricultural extension service in its  expertise does  not meet the present requirements  for dissemination of proven technologies  developed by  the research system and requires intensive aim-directed special training The extension
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infrastructures  and manpower require adequate strengthening at Woreda level with strong Research-ExLension-Farmer linkage along with need based extension services  in all the subject matters pertaining to agriculture.
4.1.6 Poor marketing system and low market price for the produce
In the area of marketing of agricultural produce, same problems  have arisen from the smallness  of size of holdings, low level of agricultural productivity, availability  and affordability  of farm inputs, low level of marketing support services  including provision of institutional credit These have bearing on farm production and level of its  marketable surplus  In general, the absences  of incentive to producer floor price for major crops, poor marketing conditions  at primary  markets, poor market information, poor transport and communication facilities  which result in price fluctuation of agricultural produces  are some of the idenlified problems in the marketing system particularly in lhe Project Command.
4/1.7 Poor rural credit and saving schemes
There is  a very  poor level of development of social and economic  infrastructure. Credit and saving schemes  are unavailable Required banking facilities  of commercial bank  of Ethiopia (CBE) and Agricultural and Industrial Development Bank  (AIDS) are nonexistent As  stated elsewhere in the report, the Project Command has-been isolated from most of social service structures  Of these, credit and saving banks  are one amongst many  Thus, the absence of rural development bank  or rural credit service within the reach of lhe farmers  has  hindered the farming community  to utilize improved agricultural technologies  and increase their farm production. As  a whole the Benishangul Gumuz  Region has  a rudimentary  socioeconomic infrastructure and consequently the level of development is very low.
4.1.8 Inadequate transport net work
Transport plays  a crucial role in agricultural development. A network  of transport infrastructure is essential for distribution of required farm input and other goods, provision of supporting services  and carrying of farm produce to market The lack  of all weather road network  and well developed transport system are most serious  physical development constraints  in many  parts  of lhe Project Command and catchment. Most parts  of Project Command and catchment Kebe/es  have no roads  and farmers  usually  carry  or use pack animals to transport their produce to market centers and inputs from delivery points to their farm place The absence of road also has  a negative impact on the price of agricultural produce The price of gram in lhe Project Command without road network is lower than ones with access  road The less  accessible areas  are also devoid of development services  such as extension service, supply of inputs etc
4.1.9   Health problem
Project Command and catchment has widespread incidence of human diseases out of which the out break  of malaria is  the most prevalent disease affecting agricultural operations  The breeding and multiplication of mosouito are mostly  during the season of peak  labor requirements  mostly  in August and extends  up to December As  a result high death is reported due to malaria During this period many farmers and farm labourers get affected
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with this  disease and remain confined to their homes  hence the works related to farming suffer Also, other than human disease, livestock  diseases  seriously  interfere in the farm activities particularly in land preparation, hence, resulting In reduced yields
4.2 Productions Potentials
DIDP Project Command and the kVareda as  a whole, despite the number of agricultural production constraints, has fairly high potential that can be exploited through comprehensive integrated agricultural development program, sound and applicable rural credit system, well developed infrastructure etc. The existing farming systems  being practiced in the Project Command are very traditional and lead to low level of out pul. Through proper utilization of resources, particularly  the water resources  and by  solving the other major agricultural constraints  mentioned above, the current low level of production can be enhanced. The following major potential areas requiring Intervention are to be considered for exploiting the yield potential
■ There is a good scope of development of agriculture under irrigated production system by exploiting the existing irrigation potential and utilizing the water available from Dabus River  in  or  around  the  Project  Command.  There  is  already  indication  of  enhanced productivity per unit area by using the small scale irrigation However, the yields of crops are not as high as expected with irrigated farming al present. The reason for this is lack cf  know-how  among  the  farmers  and  lack  of  staff  from  relevant  supporting  institutions, inadequate  coverage  by  extension  agents  and  lack  of  Institutional  support  absence  or shortage   of   proper   agricultural   inputs   (seeds,   varieties,   fertilizers,   rmprovcd   farm implements  etc),  lack  of  suitable  credit  facilities,  under  developed  rural  infrastructures etc, Thus, to achieve good results and to utilize the potential of the sector, the irrigated agriculture  is  to  oe  fully  supported  and  the  respective  and  relevant  backup  services especially related to extension and credit must be strengthened
-  The  rain-fed  agriculture  in  the  catchment  of  the  Project  Command  can  also  produce more than one good crop in a year if proper soil and water conservation measures and early  maturing  and  genetically  potential  crop  varieties  are  introduced  These  may  be supported with quality seed and need based fertilizer application Supply constraints and financial  limitations  at  farm  level  pose  considerable  hindrance  !g    the  simultaneous adoption of a comprehensive input package of fertilizers, improved varieties, quality seed and agrochemicals along with the adoption of improved package of production practices and  soil  moisture  conservation  The  increase  in  yield  will  solve  financial  limitations  and other constraints of small holders.
•  To  improve  !he  productivity  of  small  holdings,  and  to  exploit  the  potential  or  the  latest technologies  and  other  inputs,  the  research  extension  linkage  has  to  be  made  very Strong,  and  the  need  based  capacity  building  at  all  levels  including  the  farmers  is essential.
* Diversification of cropping pattern is  important m the Project Command and catchment both under irrigated and ram-fed production system. There is a good potential in the area to include cash and commercial crops  along with the high value cereals, pulses  and oilseeds. This  may  include fruit (mango, papaya, banana and citrus) and vegetable (onion, garlic and pepper) crops, important cereals like teff, maize and rice, oilseeds like nigerseedfrwff and sesame, pulses like haricot-bean. roots like sweet-potato, spices
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like ginger and black  cumin. The enhanced production of these may  encourage the establishment of agro-lndustries  in the area to benefit the people Apart from all other crops, the inclusion of forage crops  is  paramountly  important for the Livestock farming/industry
•  Though  federal  government  of  Ethiopia  has  involved  the  private  investors  in  specialized and  commercialized  agricultural  development  areas  such  as  sugarcane,  plantation  crops etc  using  the  modern  production  technologies:  similar  involvement  may  be  considered by  the  government  for  large  scale  production  of  food  crops/  livestock  for  reducing  on  the food   imped   bills   The   state   farms   should   also   be   supported   by   the   government   for production   of   food   crops   under   irrigated   agro   ecosystem,   using   the   latest   technical knowhow This will serve as a demonstration unit for the Project Command farmers.
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5, PROPOSED CROPS AND CROPPING PATTERN 5.1    Introduction
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Soil waler, vegetation and climate are considered to be the most basic natural resources for agriculture, which are subjected to various  kinds  of deteriorating influences  and ^discriminate exploitation The same is  true for DIDP Command and catchment. In this context, to meet the challenging demand of food and Ober for burgeoning human population, fodder for animals  and industrial raw materials  for agrobased industries, efficient management of natural resources  will continue to play  a pivotal role in crop production aclivily, Since agricultural development with positive growth cannot subsist on deteriorating natural resource base, it will be imperative to consider the proper planning of agrxultural production for their conservation and positive improvement for future sustenance This  is possible mainly  by  the development and use of eco-friendly, resource-use-efficient agro- techrologres  for attaining the production goals  while ensuring sustainable use of natural resources and high efficiency of inputs Besides other production inputs like seed. Improved varieties, fertilizers, chemicals  etc  the introduction of adequate irrigation water, one of the most important crop production inputs  in irrigated agriculture, plays  a vital role in the selection of crops  and appropriate economic  cropping pattern for sustainable agricultural production.
5.2   Cropping Systems
In bioenergetics terms crop production may be viewed as conversion of visible spectrum of total electro-magnetic radiation into chemical energy (protein, fat and carbohydrate) throuyh the photosynthetic apparatus of crop plants The object of any crop production system is to optimize inputs  of human skill men and animal work, abiotic  materials  mainly  of industrial origin (fertilizers, machines, pesticides, etc) other suitable genotype of plants  and animals and other farm inputs  with a view, in given ecological situation, to maximizing crap plant growth and minimizing plant wastage so that an adequate sconomrc return (or food output on subsistence farms) is obtained and that too in such a way that economic return on crop output is  realizable from year to year and persistent over decades  or even longer The vegetable growing farmers  are generally  trying to adopt a multiple cropping system where the "photosynthetic  factory” operates  throughout the year because they  have skill and knowledge along, with adequate water at their disposal Moreover, they  apply  heavy  doses of manure and other essential inputs, Tremendous  potentialities  for increased agricultural crop production and high productivity exist in lhe Project Command through the wider use of multiple cropping systems  of cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds  and fiber crops  In long duration perennial crops  like fruits, inter cropping holds  great promise. Encouraging progress  has  been achieved in the area of bia-engineering of crop varieties  to meet the specific climatic requirements of a fixed duration This progress suggests that it is feasible to develop a set of crop varieties, which can be grown either singly  or in sequential combinations  through out the year The recent technologies  developed on soil management like frequency  and method of tillage, residue management and use of fertilizers  and other agro-chemicals  have enabled the multi-crop ping system to be feasible, desirable and even commendable under favourable sunshine and temperature Under such agro-eco-Reglons one or the other crops could be grown throughout the year provided waler is not a limiting factor in any month cf the year
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In cropping system, multiple cropping in essence represents  a philosophy  of maximum crop production pei unit area of land and per unit of time with minimum soil deterioration In its simplest form, multiple cropping is  a one year cropping system in which two or more crops are grown in succession within that year. In practical terms  multiple cropping systems  may involve the following categories:
■  Short  duration  crops  -  relay  planting  or  sequential  planting  of  three  or  more  short duration cereals, legumes, vegetables, fiber and oilseeds
•   Intercropping  of  quick  growing  short  duration  crops  in  widely  spaced  slow  growing  long dural  ion  crops  like  sugarcane,  banana  etc.  with  zero  competition  between  the  crops ensuring better utilization of the ecological factors in lime and space
•  Multiple cropping systems with perennial crops
5.3    Crop Planning
An essential element of the objectives  of crop planning is  not only  the maximization of the henefils  of the various  inputs  that go in the agriculture - the land, water, human resources etc. but also an improvement in the economic  situation of the people of the area on sustainable basis  The important requirement of crop planning is  not only  from the point of view of balancing production with demand curves but also from the point of view of trying to use planning as a method of correcting difficult situations like failure of a particular group of crop to be offset by  producing other crop of the same group subsequently  to meet the requirement of the people. Hence, the purpose of crop planning should also be to help overcome the problems  arising from adverse seasons  tn an economic  situation, which is developing as a result of fast growing population, rising aspiration of people and land going out of cultivation for various other uses like roads, bndges, factories, homes etc. where there is continuous loss of land from agriculture, crap planning becomes very important.
Production physiologists  all over the world are busy  in analyzing (he outcome of the maximum possibilities under a grven agro-ecological condition from the point of view of per day productivity The strategy will vary from crop to crop. Presently, there has been positive trend of switching over the varieties, which are relatively, insensitive Io photo-period and temperature Such varieties  provide a considerable amount oi flexibility  m handling the material The photo- sensitive materials  are also very  useful m certain situations  Hence, it is  better to have both kinds  of materials  Sunflower 15 one of the examples  that can be grown year round
In crop planning, the main consideration should be grven on the following aspects:
•    The soil of the Project Command.
•    Chmatic condition of the area
•     Cost, income and risk irvolved In growing crops
•    Availability of capital, labour and other resources.
•     Special needs of the farmers - home requirement of food grains, forage and fodder for cattle etc.
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• Scientific advances made through research and innovative production technologies developed
5,4Existing Status of Farming System in the Project Command
The farming system in the Project Command is affected by a number of natural factors. The major ones are the altitude, soil and climatic factors along with the socio economic situation The   rain-fed   crop   cultivation   with   mono-cropping   pattern   and   mixed   farming   ts   the dominating  farming  system  in  most  part  of  the  Command  Kebeles  The  most  important climatic  .imitation  of  crop  production  and  crop  duration  Is  the  quantity  and  distribution  of annual precipitation and mean maximum and minimum temperature The present land use system of the Project Command and Woredas indicates that on an average there are only 31% cultivated land and 68% cultrvable land In the Project Command Kebeles the existing and  most  dominating  crops  among  cereals,  pulses,  oilseeds,  vegetables  and  Fruits  are sorghum,  haricot-bean,  sesame,  okra/kenkes  and  banana  respectively  under  rain-fed  plus rrrigaled agriculture The other crops like maize, leff. chickpea, ground-nut. nrger seed/noug, potato,  tomato,  cabbage,  sweet‘potato,  onion  pepper,  mango,  papaya,  citrus,  avocado, guava are also grown but their coverage is relatively low The overall crapping intensity of the Project Command is extremely low
Bejng a mixed farming system, the farmers are also rearing livestock mainly of goats and with a few poultry birds and apiculture Cattle are few in number and as are suit can not be considered as the the main source for home consumption and income source through sales of meat, milk and milk products for the family. Large numbers of farmers do net have oxen, hence, cultivate therr land by  using indigenous  manually  operated hand tools  and equipments. The yields are by and large very low
5.5  Factors Infuencing Crop Chioce and Cropping Pattern
Keeping in line with the government policies  and priorities  for national and Regional agricultural development, the crops for irrigated agriculture with high production potential and high response to irrigation have been selected for the Project Command.
Agriculture  in  Ethiopia  is  to  overcome  several  challenging  situations  to  achieve  success  to steer the country out of impart based food security to the position of self-reliant food security. Followed  by  the  concern  of  food  security,  the  emphasis  has  also  to  be  given  to  ensure agricultural  sustainability  and  environmental  stability.  The  details  of  views  of  Ministry  of Agriculture  have  been  considered  while  formulating  the  rotations  and introducing the crops To  bring  revolution  in  Irrigated  agriculture,  besides  the  selection  of  irrigation  responsive crocs the advent of high yielding photo-insensitive, input responsive varieties are equally or more  important,  Such  varieties  fit  ver/  well  in  intensive  crop  rotations  far  best  utilization  of land  and  other  resources  along  with  creation  of  adequate  employment  opportunilies  and high  production  per  unit  area.  The  decision  of  farmers  on  choice  of  crops  and  cropping pattern  is  governed  by  several  interrelated  factors  like  soils,  climate,  household  needs, socio-economic  issues,  market  infrastructure,  post  hardest,  storage  and  processing,  labour availability  technological  development,  etc.  By  and  large,  farmers  of  the  Project  Command, resort  to  cultivation  of  number  of  crops  at  their  farm  holdings  and  rotate  a  particular combination  over  a  period  of  3-4  years  or  more  This  is  possibles  under  rain-fed  Situations due to the greater risk involved in cultivating larger area under a particular crop. But in areas
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with assured irrigation, only  limited cropping systems  having more responsive and high yielding crops  should be followed to contribute significantly  to food grain production at the national as well as Regional level
5.6    Criteria for Crop Selection
The choice of a crop for a particular area under irrigated and/or rain-fed agro-ecosystem is mainly  dependent on national needs. Regional needs, soil suitability  and climatic  suitability Crop response to irrigation, the existing socio-economic  situation, marketability  and expected profitability  are also influential crop selection criteria The climatic  parameters determining the choice of a crop are temperature, sunshine, wind speed, relative humidity and precipitation. Like climatic  factors, the physical, chemical and biological characters  of soil and soil depth also have direct influence on the performance of a crop. The crops widely vaiy  in their response to irrigation Therefore, under the irrigated agro-ecosyslem, with assured availability  of water, the efforts  are made to select the most economical, high yielding and irrigation responsive crops, which fit well in the production system 'with high degree of input use efficiency, eco-friendly  and helping in sustainable agricultural production. Packages  of production of promising varieties  of these important crops  suitable for DI DP Command, which were generated under research in lhe country are shown on Annex V The crops like vegetables, fruits, rice and maize are highly responsive to irrigation while some of the legumes/pulses  and oilseeds  respond moderately  Besides  the above factors, the present land use, social reflections, liking of the farmers, their attitude and ability  to successfully  cultivate a particular crop also determine the choice of a crop and cropping pattern.
5,6.1 Soil of the Project Command
Crops growing media, i e , soil physical and chemical properties are the foremost criteria io determine the type of crops to be grown in an area
The two major textural groups  existing in the Project Command are not all with vertic properties  The heavy  clayey  soil with vertic  property  is  manageable for drainage and workability problems Soil depth wilh respect to root growth is sufficiently good and there are no root growth limiting materials  upto and greater than 1.50 m depth Moreover, lhe bulk density  of the soil is  to an acceptable range As  aresult. the development of crop roots  will not be restricted due to soil compaction The average infiltration rale and values of hydraulic conductivity are acceptable with various degrees of suitability
Although the availability  of essential nutrients  is  critically  affected due to low pH values, il can be ameliorated through prooer liming and intensive agronomic  management measures Exchangeable Sodium Percentage values  are less  than 15% in most soils  of the Project Command Hence, there will be no conspicuous  Na hazards  The total Nitrogen content is low to high and the carbon content of the soil is  law These problems  will be solved with suitable soil and agronomic  measures  in sustainable way  so as  to stabilize the Carbon Nitrogen ratio
In   general   the   physical   and   chemical   properties   of   lhe   soil   have   been   taken   into consideration while selecting proposed crops in this project.
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Distribution of crops, their production and seasons of cropping are influenced by climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature to a much greater degree than other environmental factors. The crops  differ in their requirements  of day  and night temperature, humidity, sunshine etc. and react differently to charges in these factors. The details of climatic data including rainfall pattern have-been given in Chapter 2, Section 2.3 The crops  with high potential of production have-been proposed to be selected as proposed in section 5. /
5.6.3 Response of Crops towards Irrigation
Based on the investigations conducted by EIAR, it has been established that various crops respond differently  to irrigation in their performance and productivity. A crop like tef (Eragros/rs tef} has the ability to tolerate both water logging as well as drought to certain extent but its response to irrigation is marginal But crops tike vegetables, fruits, maize and rice are highly responsive to irrigation. Hence, the suitable varieties of these crops, which fit well in the cropping system and favoured by the climatic situation, mainly temperature and sunshine in the Project Command site will bo selected
5.6.4 Economic Consideration
National and international prevailing prices greatly influence the choice of the crops. Market trends for at feast past 5 years may indicate the status and priority Some promising crops with high export potential may  be considered for inclusion or the crops wnich are largely imported like food grains  get priority  Accordingly  it has  been proposed to enhance production under high yielding varieties of cereals like maize along with fruits and vegetables under irrigated agro-ecosystems
5.6.5Marketability of Crops
The extent of commercial production of various crops depends on their scope and
marketability both for domestic consumption and export purposes Therefore, the marketing review of major crops of the country is very important.
5.6,5.1 Cereals
Cereals and pulses production in Ethiopia has remained almost static with a little fluctuation due lo droughts cr erratic behavior of rams The annual production during 2001 '2002 was about 11.21 million tons  but due to increasing trend in population, the per capita food availability  Is  declining Hence, with the increasing demand of food, there has  been significant ncrease in the import of food grains Top priority will, therefore, have to be given to food production Hence, the selection of crops  and cropping pattern purely  based on economic  consideration will neither be realistic  nor in the national interest Keeping this  m view the priority has been given to select most productive cereals like maize and rice due to their high yield potential and good response to irrigation These crops, accordingly, have been given due importance in the proposed cropping patterns
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The pulses play an important role in nutritional security providing adequate proteins in the human diet and also improve the soil fertility  by  rhizobial nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere. Though, national consumption of pulses  is  low. there is  considerable export market. Therefore, pulse crop has been included as a component of the cropping pattern to sustain the crop productivity and part of nutritional security.
5.6.5 J Oilseeds
Although per capita edible oil consumption is  low in the country, the present level of production is unable to meet the domestic needs. Therefore, the oilseeds have been added as one of the components of the cropping pattern to meet the domestic requirements and existing quantity of exports to earn foreign exchange. This will also help the appropnale use of natural resources and maintain the eco-friendly production system This will also promote the agrO’induslnes at local level
5.6.5.4 Fruits and vegetables
About 95% of the total quantity of vegetables marketed in the country comes from peasant sector, whereas  75% fruits  from the state sector lhe local consumption of fruits  and vegetables are very limited Only a small proportion of population with high income appears to consume fruits  There also seems  to be deficiency  and inadequacy  of quality  control, grading, packaging, storage, marketing, infrastructures, transport etc adding to the unit cost of the produce. Though ETFRUIT is engaged in export of high value fruits, vegetables and cut flowers to Europe and Middle Tast, difficulties are being faced to have adequate facilities of cool chambers, cold storages and appropnale transportation systems from different parts of the country with minimum spoilage There is. however considerable scope to increase the export particularly  to Middle East and other African countries  Therefore, based on the suitability, reasonable percentages  of fruits  and vegetables  have been included in the cropping pattern. The production of vegetables  like onion and pepper will help in the promotion of agro-industnes for production of onion and pepper products for their exports to neighboring countries It has. therefore, been proposed to grow vegetables throughout the year as a pan of the cropping pattern for maintaining the continuous supply of materials for processing The crops/variehes  will be selected as  per ihe climatic  suitability  and requirements
5.6.5.5 Fodder Crops and Cultivated Grasses
The livestock are one of the important components of Ethiopian agriculture to provide major part of energy for farm operations besides milk meat, hides and manures The importance of livestock is to continue even in irrigated farming system to sustain the productivity To enhance the productivity of livestock, it is necessary to provide them adequate and nutritive feed and forages in addition to crop residues and other farm byproducts. Hence, adequate provision has  been made in cropping pattern to grow annual and perennial forage and fodder crops to provide year round feed to cattle The details on forage grasses, legumes and fodder trees to be considered during the rainy and dry seasons are given on Annex V.
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__ _ _____ __________ Agronomy Study Final Report
5.7   Proposed Cropping Pattern and Crop Calendar
Based on the existing crops in the Project Command and the requirements of different farmers  it has  been proposed a cropping pattern under rain-fed and irrigated farming inclusive of important market crops tike pulses, oilseeds and spices as a commercial crop. The crops have been proposed with varying cropping intensities during the rainy and dry seasons In general, in the proposed cropping pattern the following crops (Table 5 1) were selected to follow In rotation suiting to the soil types and seasons of the area Crops in the proposed cropping pattern have been assigned the proposed net irrigable area of tO.OOOha for surface-furrow
Table 5.1: Crops under the Proposed Cropping Pattern
1 Crop
categories Cereals
Rainy
Seasons
Dry
Oilseed
Pulses
Root
•
Niger seed/noug ard sesame
haricot-bean
-
Spice
Vegetable
Fruit
teff, maize and rice
Niger seed/noug and sesame
haricot-bean
sweet-potato
ginger and black cumin
□mon garlic and pepper
r
Mango, papaya, banana and citrus
onion, garttc and pepper
Mango, papaya, banana and citrus
| Forage
grasses, legumes and fodder trees
1
grasses, legumes and fodder trees
5.8    Cropping Patterns and Intensities
The chief objective of the Project in Irrigation Agronomy  is  the cultivation of cereals, oilseeds, grain legumes, spices, vegetables, fruits  and forage crops. Crops  in these categories have been assigned the proposed percentage of the gross area to the tune of I7,394ha, The summary and details of the cropping calendar (Figure 5 1). net irrigable area, proposed crop calendar, cropping pattern, percent cropping intensity  and CCA under different crops across the seasons are given m Tables 5.2 and Table 5.3 respectively The tables embody the percentage of CCA, sowing and harvesting dates and crop duration for rainy and dry seasons The crops irrigation water requirement was computed using cropwat version 8.0 as shown on Tables 6.1. The details of Water Requirement for each crops across the seasons is shown an Annex II to IV A one year schematic representation of crop rotation and proposed croo rotation scheme for both seasons over the Project periods is shown on Table 5.4 and Table 5.5 respectively
5.9   Operational Crop Calendar and Cropping Intensities
In lhe operational crop calendar, an adequate provision has  been made Io provide a minimum of 30 days Turn Around Period (TAP) between the two main seasons of cropping This  time period is  essential to put through the harvesting and threshing etc, of the preceding season's crops and to prepare the field hr the succeeding crops (Figure 5 1) Similarly, one month's TAP has been provided between two main seasons of cropping A
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Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
discussion with a professional vegetable grower within a distance ot 50-60km from the city brought out that such a TAP is permitted only when there is non-avail ability of labour or due to unfriendly weather conditions or non-availability of production inputs like seed and/cr agrochemicals.  Further,  vegetable  and  fodder  crop  sowing  is  staggered  to  maintain continuity of supply to the market especially in case of vegetable crops Gross (total on annual basis) cropping intensity for the proposed cropping pattern is 160%, that is, 100 and 60% for the rainy and dry seasons respectively.
It may be added here that (he crop operational calendar is based on the proposed scheme of crop rotations (Table 5 4 and Table 5.5). An examination of the crop rotations would bring out that a rotation has been so proposed that each surface feeding (exhaustive) crop has either been preceded or succeeded by a grain/fcdder legume or fallow. Maintenance of soi* health  has  been  kept  in  mind  while  knitting  various  crops  in  different  adaptable  and adoplable crop sequences. It would appear expedient to make a categorical advice for an immediate implementation in respect of teff and maize. Both should not be monocropped on the same field year after year or else the soil will become sick The soil sickness owing to continuous cultivation of left and maize has been proved beyond doubt through the research work done by a good number of researchers in the country and the world at large.
Table 5 2: Summary on the cropping pattern, crop calendar and percent cropping intensity under different crops in the rainy and dry seasons
1 Mo. Crop name
Rfliny^fiasou crops
n           Teff
Planting date              Harvest date Area (%)
01/07
28/10
10
2
Maize
30/05
16/10
8
3.
Rice
05/06
20/10
8
4
Niger seedWayg
10/06
06/11
5
5
Sesame
10/06
06/11
6.
Haricot-be an
25/06
22/10
fi
4
7
Sweet’polalo
15/06
11/11
10    I
fl.
Ginger
20/06
06/04
4
9.
Black cumm
20/06
25/01
4
10.
Onion
25/05
22/09
4
11
Garlic
25/05
09/10
4
12.       Pepper
25/05
01/10
4I
Dry .season crojii
13
Niger seed/A/oug
01/01
30/05
10
14
Sesame
01/01
30/05
10
15
Haricot-bean
1.5/01
14/05
10
16.
□mon
25/01
25/05
10
17.
Garlic
05/01
22/05
to
13.
Pepper
05/01
14/05
ID
Rainy ancLdry seasoiuicrenriidl crops
19.       Fruit 20        Forage
20/06
20/06
19/06
19/06
15
15
percent of total cca.
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Table 5.3: Details of the proposed crop calendar, cropping pattern, percent cropping intensity and CCA under different crops across
the seasons
Rainy season
Dry season
Total
Crops
CCA (%)
CCA (ha)
CCA l%)              CCA (ha)
CCA PM
| CCA (ha)
' Sowing
date
Harvesting
date
Crop
period
~T—~
J
Cereals
26.00
3.175.90
-
Terr
10.00 a oo
1 221.50 977 20
25.00
tn n n
-T
.
8.00
3 175.90
1 221 50
p
1 ef Jli'V
X
281 h Oct
X
120 00
977,20
30 th May
!6?n Oct
140.00
I?** **
-
800
977 20
-
-
8.00
977.20
06th June
20lh Oct.
130 00
Oilseeds
10 00
1.221.50
20 CO
2,443.00
30.00
3.664 50
X
X
X
10.00
1,221 50
15.00
1,832.25
10th June
r06th Nov
150 CD
N.gcr sted/Noug         I 5.00
' 610 75
01 st Jam
i 30tn May
150 00
10th June
COlh Nov.
15000
Sesame
5 00
610 75
10.00
1,221.50
15.00
1.832 25
01 st Jan.
30m' Ma/
150.00
Pulse*
4.00
408-60
1000
1.221.50
14.00
1,710.00
X
X
2Sth June
22nd Oct
*
Haricothcjn
4 0U
46a 60
10 00
1.221 50
14.CD
1.710,00
120.00
15lb Jan
14th May
120,00
Roots
10.00
1.221 50
-
10.00
1.221.50
X
X
X
Sweut-poiato
10,00
1 221 50
-
-
10. DO
1 221.50
15lh June
11th Ndv
150.00
Spices
0.00
977 20
-
■
8.00
977 20
X
X
X
Ginger
4 00
480.60
-
4.00
4B8.60
20lh June
06th April
291.00
Slack cumin
400
468.60
-
_____________
-
4 00
483.60
20th June
25th Jan.
220 00
Vegetable
12 00
1,455.80
30.00
3 664.50
42,00
5.130.30
X
X
X
Onion
4.00
488.60
10.00
1,221 50
14 00
1 71 n nn            i
25lh May
22nd Sep.
121,00
25th Jan
25lh May
121.00
Garlic
4.00
460,60
10,00
1.221 SO
14.0C
T 710 on
25tn May
OSlh Oc(,
138.00
05th jan
22nd May
138 00
Pepper
4.00
486 60
10. oc
1,221 50
14.00
1 710 DO
25th May
01 si Oct.
130,OC
OSIh Jan.
14th May
Fruits
15.00
1.8 32.26
130.GO
-
-
15.00
1,832-26
20th June
19th June
Forages
15.00
1,332.25
-
-
366 00
15.00
1,832.25
20th June
19lh June
Total
100.00
10.000.00
60.00
, 365.00
Z. 3 29.00            160.00
19,544.00
X
X
X
Note: The details for the proposed percentage of net irrigable area of 1Q OOOha arc shown for the rainy and dry season crops.
r
A turn-around period of two months, that is, November and December has Deen provided for the rainy and dry season crops Crops sowing and harvesting dates refer to both seasons of cropping calendar
Dates of sawing and harvesting operations are given in Gregorian calendar.
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Table 5.4: A one year crop rotation scheme during the rainy and dry seasons 
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Agronomy Stuc. Final Repcn
S.N Apr.
~£_
Noin.
!  Ma. I*
Maize
Tefl
Aug
Tetf
Maize
____ Dry season Dec.               Jan
reb.
’eff Maize
Nov.
Moug
2*
_____ | H- oe an           H- bean
Maize
: Maize___
H-bean ]H-bean [ H- Jwan
3ice
JL_________ Aroug Garlic
■Vc £
iMOia;              Naua
GarlicGarlicj
5
X
X
Onjon                 Onion
Sesame____ | Sesame | Sesame [ Sesame
Onion j Omon , Onion
crops pH year r
| Forage crops all year round Note:      x « Denotes crop (rec months
TAP = Turn Around Period
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Volume IV— Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
Table 5.5: Proposed crop rotation scheme under both seasons over the project periods
Seasons
Remarks
Serial number
Rainy
Crop categories
1 Cereal
2 Cereal
3 Oilseed
4                   Pulse
Dry
Pulse Oilseed
Vegetable Vegetable
5
Spree
Spice
All year round
(5
Fruits___________________
Forages_________________
Fruits
All year round
l7
Forages
All year round_
Figure 5.1: Crops Operational Calendar during the Rainy and Dry Seasons TAP = Turn Around Per od, x = Denotes crop free months
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6.     CROP WATER REQUIREMENT
6.1   Introduction
The computation of Crop Water Requirement (CWR) constitutes an important component of irrigation Projects for planning of cropping systems A number of methods and procedures are available for determinations of CWR. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Natiors has also brought out several publications dealing with various aspects o! estimation of CWR including issues related to this.
6.2   Procedure for Computation of CWR
As recommended in FAO Publications three steps arc involved in the calculation of the crop water requirement
6.2.1 Reference Evapotranspiration. ETo
The  CWR  is  a  dependent  function  of  the  meteorological  parameters  and  Reference Evapotranspiration {ETo) presents the effect of the meteorological factors. Meteorological factors of temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and sunshine hours are taken inlo account for compulation of ETo by modified Penman Method (FAO I 3 D paper No.24) and Penman Monlieth Approach (FAO 1 3 D Paper Mo.46). For the Project Command. CWR was calculated using windows crapwat software version S 0. The climate data used for estimating CWR is derived from sectoral report of Hydrology The details of the above climatological parameters are given m chapter 2 section 2 3 of this report.
6.2.2 Selection of Values for Crop Coefficient
The Crop Coefficienl (Kc) denotes the effect of crop on its waler requirement This is represented by the relationship between ETo and Crop Evapotranspiration ET crop as ETc 
- Kc ETo The values of Crop Coefficient vary from one to the other crop, its stage of growth,  growing  season  and  prevailing  season  and  water  conditions.  The  next  step comprises rhe selection of suitable values for the Crop Coefficient. Kc is the experimentally derived crop coefficient that is presented to relate ETo to crop evapotranspiration El'crop = (ETc = Kc ETo). Far the given crop types and cropping patterns the corresponding Kc values are selected from FAO's publications and other literatures available cn ttie subject and lhe monthly ETc for the respective crops is computed.
6 2.3 Determination of CWR and NIR
Determination of CWR and NIR entails the evaluation of temporal and spatial van ability of climate This also calls for the assessment of the effect of soil water availability as well as agricultural and irrigation practices.
The three steps outlined above will be able to give the CWR during its crap growth period at monthly interval The requirement so computed would be under field conditions Therefore, the water losses in the irrigation system have to be incorporated to arnve at trie CWR at '.he
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head of the irrigation system. If irrigation efficiency is considered as 70%. ‘.he total monthly CWR for the individual crops, for the seasons and the total water need i e . NIR would be more than double. Monthly  and Seasonal Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) has  been presented in Table 6 1 for the proposed cropping pattern A perusal of the data would evince that the net scheme irrigation requirement for the actual area is 0.61 l/s/ha. The percent of crop coverage and total irrigated area is  variable throughout the cropping season. The maximum crop coverage reaches 110%, 98% 94% 94% and 88% in the months of May. January. February, March, April and October respectively
It would be noted that, in DIDP Project Command. NIR was not fully met with the rainfall received across both seasons for there was little amount of receipt of rainfall in (he months of November to April As observed from the collected meteorological data and discussion made with growers there was a good amount of rainfall recorded in the months of May to October which actually was not sufficiently distributed through out the cropping period to support crop growth and maturity
Further, during the rainy and dry seasons, the maximum NIR was estimated fcr the months of March (1 475.90mm), February (1,165 10mm), April (1,150 00mm) and January (994 70).
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patms irrigation Slucyjind peSl
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aPt
Table 6.1; Dabus Irrigation Project Command Irrigation Scheme supply
ETo station:Asosa
Rain station:Asosa
Sr.
Month*
No.
Crops
Jan
Feb
Mar
| Apr                J,Uy
Jun
July
Aug       Sep
Oct
Ramy s
a as on
Nov
Dec
Total
1
1*1?
MilZfc
—-------------
-
-
•
-
*■
0.1
17.B
—--------
2
2-5
-
17.9
5.0
3
R ce
75
.
I■
-
I
4
N gersee^uvocu
-
-
1.4
1-
23
51.6
7.2
5
Sesame
-
-
1.4
62 5
23
51,6
7.2
Haricol-bea^
-
.
62.fi
fl
-
-
•
27
24.0
7
Swc-tl poLlLo
-
-
-
26.7
2.0
ea.a
29.9
8
Ginger
i at. s
181 5
T 175.7
27.6
-
3.3
T
101 5
80.1
144 3
174 4
. 973.4
rs
(Slack cum’n
134 7
-
■
33
3.1
86.0
141.7
171.3
10
Onion
540.1
•
-
B.1
-
7.0
-
■
15.1
11
Garlic
-
8J
-
•
6.3
-
14.4
12
Pepper
-
5.2
-
-
34
-
"—
i
5.6
Subtotal
321 2
18l.fi
175 7
27.fi
23 9
20.3
394.6
330 3
345.7
1,830.2
Dry season
13
Niger seco, jVou';
55.6
101.0
170.4
151.2
49 q
•
527.0
14
Sesame
55.6
101.0
-
•
170.4
151,2
49 6
■
527.B
15”
rla/icol-bear.
35.2
1164
177.2
147.0
22 4
499.D
16
Onion
25.0
111.9
152.4
137.a
67.1
-
495.0
17
Garlic
97 3
131 6
160.6
137,7
66.9
-
594.0
18
Pepper
83.2
110.3
153.B
137.0
38.8
*
h—
523.1
Sub! 01 al
352 6
872-2
984.0
BG2.7
294.4
-
3.166.7
Rainy and Dry seasons
19
Fruits
184.00
179.00
182.50
14C.OO
81.20
□ BO
fiS.M
131.20
170.40
1,140.60
20
Forages
136,90
132.40
132-90
113.70
62.20
-
43-20
97.00
125.20
843.50
Subtotal
320.90
311.40
315.40
269.70
143.40
O.BO
108.70
226.20
295 60
1,984.10
Grand Total
994.70
1,165.10 l
1.4T5.S0
1,150.00
461.70
10.20
-
20.30
503.3D
555.50
, 541. JC
6 981.00
Net scheme Irrigation require merit
0 in mmJday
1.10
4.30
4 90
4.20
1.70
-
-
■
1.2D
| 1.60
1 1.90
1,91
0 in iTirr/montH
96.20
121.20
152.80
1 26.30
52.00
D.50
1.00
38.50
49 40
58 20
50,01
• 25 m i-s/h
0.36
0.50
0.S7
049
0.19
-■
•
0.14
0.19
0.22
□ .22
Irrigated area         of total area)
98
94
94
94
110
33
42
88
SB
38
62
Irrigation   requirement  for the actual -*r«a i L s/h
r
0.37         1 1
□.53
__________
0.61
0.52
0.18
0.01
0.01
0,16
I
0.33
0.57
0.27
1
NIR (in mmF far tDOna CCA - 6,901.00mm. Tnerefore, the ictal NIR (in mrn) for 10.000ha will be 652,729,15mm Tota NIR (in ‘000,000m3J for lO.OOOha CCA = [(952.723 15mm x 1m)J10C0mm x (IC.ODCm )] = 10,416,096 57m - 10.42 Mm’
1
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6.3 Sources of Climatic Data
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There  is  no  meteorological  station  (weather  observatory)  located  in  the  Project  Command Moreover,   areas   close   to   the   Project   Command   have   only   very   limited   number   of meteorological  stations  To  illustrate,  the  station  at  Asosa  can  represent  the  DIDP  Project Command.   Rain   gauge   station   at   Asosa   to   some   extent   represents   the   rainfall characteristics of the catchment. Thus, there was no choice but to considor the climatic data from  other  close  by  station  to  have  an  idea  to  judge  the  local  climatic  conditions  of  the Project Command in question.
Summary  of the meteorological characteristics  processed, for the Project Command is presented in Chapter 2 on climate of the Project Command based on estimates made by the Hydrologist. The details are available in the sectoral report on hydrology of the DIDP
6.4 Estimation of ETo
Modified Penman -Monteith method has  been used to compute ETo on a monthly  basis using the estimated climatological data for the Project Command for the year 2013. The monthly  values  have been calculated by  Penman-Monteith Approach with computer programme available in FAO I & D paper No 56. Average monthly values for ETo have been computed from Asosa's  climatological data as  given by  the hydrologist and these values have been used for further calculation and estimation of CWR. The monthly ETo was divided by the number of days in a month to determine daily ETo as presented in Table 2.2 and 2.3.
6.5 Effective Rainfall
The  average  annual  rainfall  in  the  Command  is  around  86.83mm  The  result  of  monthly average effective rainfall is tabulated in Table 2 3.
6.6    Crop Wise CWR and NIR Requirement during the Rainy Season
6.6.1  CWR and NIR
As indicated earlier, crop water requirement has been estimated using the cl.matte
parameters namely temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine hours Effective rainfall has also been considered in computation. TAO I & D Paper No 56 (Soft
ware) has been employed in determination of CWR/NIR. Details of the monthly ETo. Kc 
value, ETc. CWR and NIR as against to the proposed percentage of cropping intensity/CCA assigned to each individual crops in the rainy and dry seasons have been presented in
Annex II to IV for the proposed cropping pattern
NIR of any  one crop varies  with respect to many  factors  associated with climatological phenomena and cropping intensity assigned to the crop in that particular pedod. In particular the assignment of crapping intensity  again varies  from crop to crop depending on the importance and multiple values of the crop to be considered in the Project Command
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6,6.2 Rainy season crops
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A cropping intensity of 100% has been assigned for the proposed cropping pattern. The pattern includes the cultivation of cereal, oilseed, pulse, root, spice, vegetable, fruit and forage crops Vegetables constitute an integral part of a balanced human diet beside the meat and eggs  and thus  claim an important place in drawing crop plannning for an agricultural area It would be highly relevant as well as essential to make clear that a professional vegetable grower would hardly provide any signlfrcantly lengthy turn-around period between two crops. All the same, in the proposed plan of crops for the DI DP command, one month has been provided as the turnaround period because practically negligible amount of vegetables  are growr by  the farmers  al present After receipt of irrigation the growers  in the area adjust their vegetable cropping plan Io match to the household and market needs as would be observed with the passage of time during lhe period of irrigated farming Like vegetables, fruits also occupy an important place in a well- balanced human diet. Fruits continue to grow round the year and hence are classified as perennials. Though al present in the Project Command fruits are gown. Ihere exists a distinct possibility to intensify the growing of any one suitable fruit craps
Cereals, fruits, vegetables, oilseeds and spices have been assigned a cropping intensity of 26%. 15%. 12%, 10% and 6% respectively for the proposed cropping pattern since these are the most important crop categories in the Project Command. For the details of the proposed percentage cropping intensities, refer Fable 5.3.
A summary of CWR/NIR for the 100% of CCA for all the crops of this season have been estimated and given in table 5 1. Under rain-fed production system, maximum supplemental irrigation water using crop categories are spices, fruits and ‘orages amounting to 1.507.9,
1.140.6 and 845 2mm respectively The remaining crop categories followed lhe aforesaid crops in respect of CWR/NIR. The CWR and NIR were not all in all met by the rainfall and catchment flood during this crop season Therefore, it has been crucial to determine from lhe available water resource planned for irrigation i.e., Dabus River. The values of NIR differ among crops lor there is a difference rn their response to moisture application Moreover, cropping seasons and percent of cropping intensities plays a detrimental role in determining crops NJR. The details of CWR and NIR computation, inclusive of ETo, Kc value and ETc. for the proposed rainy season cropping pattern have been presented in Annex II - IV.
6.6   3 Dry season crops
A cropping intensity of 60% has been assigned for the proposed cropping pattern. lhe cropping pattern includes the cultivation of oilseed, pulse and vegetable crops vegetables, oil seeds and pulses have been assigned a cropping intensity of 30%. 20% and 10% respectively for the proposed cropping pattern since these are the most important crops in the project command For the details of the proposed percentage cropping intensity, refer fable 5 3
A summary of CWR/NIR for the 60% of CCA for all lhe crops of this season have been estimated and given in table 6.1. Under Irrigated production system, maximum mgahon water using crops categories are vegetables amounting to I ^Gg.Qmir. The remaining crop
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Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project ______________ _____________________ Agronoinyjiludy Final Report. categories closely followed the aforesaid crops in respect of CWR/NIR. The CWR and NIR were not mostly mel by the rainfall during Ibis crop season. Therefore, it has been crucial to determine the available water resource planned for irrigation. The details of CWR and NIR computation, inclusive of ETo, Ko value and ETc, for the proposed cropping pattern have been presented in Annex II - IV.
A further perusal of the data would evince that the total NIR for the whole crop area with 100% cropping intensity  under the proposed cropping pattern is  852,729.15mm The total NIR for W.OOOha has  been respectively  estimated to be 10.42 Mm2 for lhe proposed cropping pattern. The data Presented in Annex V would provide a room to select the crops by a farmer suiting the operational convenience and the actual water availability.
6.7    Summary of CWR and NIR
• Field crop-wise CWR and NIR have already been briefly dealt with in this Chapter
Details of summations of these parameters for the different crops across seasons have been presented in Annex II to IV of lhe report. An examination of the details of the data
set out in the annexes would bring out that among the crop categories listed; vegetables recorded lhe maximum NIR value of 1,707.7mm. Vegetables have got the greatest, share of NIR as compared to lhe other crop categories followed by spices, oilseeds, fruits forages, pulse, root and cereals with NIR values of 1,507.90mm, 1.241 80, 1/40.6. 54570, 548 60. 100.20 ar.d 24.90 respectively. High NIR values are due to crops 
genetical characteristics towards to moisture requirement, length of growing periods and percent of crapping intensity assigned to each Individual crop.
•  It is important to note that vegetables would claim the lion's share in total volume of irrigation water proposed to be brought to the Project Command. Its share works out about 24 0% as against all lhe other proposed crop categories which are expected to use 76 0% of the total irrigation water Thus, vegetables would need one-fourth of the total  irrigation  water  proposed  to  be  brought  to  DIDP  Project  Command  under  the proposed  cropping  pattern  followed  by  spices  nearly  requiring  one-fifth  of  lhe  total irrigation  water  Therefore,  it  would  be  absolutely  essential  to  make  other  production inputs  available  on  time  in  required  quantity  at  a  reasonable  price  particularly  for vegetables Simultaneously, means of transport including road connectivity could call for to be put m place so that vegetables and fruits may be transported to market areas expeditiously for the benefit of bolh the grower and consumer
6.8    Recommended Measures for Efficient Irrigation Water Utilization
6.8.1 Introduction
Water per se is a highly prized and valuable commodity. It is treated as life of all the living beings In Ethiopia as in other developing countries bringing irrigation up :o the crop fields entails very high cost Therefore, it is absolutely essential to make profitable use of each drop of water efficiently. An economically viable and efficient water use for crop pt eduction calls  for integrated knowledge of soil and crop characteristics. The important ones  are briefly discussed oelow
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6.8.3 Rooting depth of crops
Utilization of applied irrigation by a crop or a plan I is conditioned by the rooting depth. Crops like onion and garlic are shallow rooted and hence would use soil moisture from the upper 10-12cm depth. This is the reason that these crops need frequent irrigations. On the other hand, sorghum, chickpea, cotton, sugarcane and grain legumes are deep rooted crops and the temporal space between the irrigations would be larger than lhat either for onion or for shallow rooted leafy vegetables. The information presented in Table 6.2 would also be useful to the irrigation engineers to decide the time interval of release of water between two irrigations enabling the farmers to grow a good crop and to realize high crop productivity Besides engineers, the Information is also useful to the crop production specialists who are also expected to generate such information for all the crops in DI DP Command. This information can be gainfully made use of to develop scientifically sound crop rotations plans for remunerative crop production
Table 6.2: Rooting Depth of Different Crops
Shallow rooted
Medium rooted
Doop rooted
Very deep rooted |>
90cm)
Nursery beds leafy Vegetables. Onion Garlic, Flowering annuals, Potato, Cabbage,
Caul fewer
Spinach
Rice, Maize. Wheat Millets, Carrot
F^ldpea. Chilies.
Groundnut
Cereal forages, Vegetables. Papaya,
Banana
Lucerne
Berseem
Cotton. Chickpea, Sorghum. Barley, Soybean. Tomato, Sugarcane. Grain legumes Castor, Citrus,
Coffee
Forest species. Fruit-
trees
other than those mentioned in this 
table
Source PalM (2002)
6.8.4 Physiological and critical crop growth stages
L___ ______________L_________           __ __
In addition to the depth of irrigation and root depth (say rooting habit which includes the root volume and weight), an agronomist should also know the crops' physiological growth stages sensitive with respect to irrigation These stages greatly help rn scheduling of irrigation, Further still more important are the critical stages because soil moisture stress during any such stage drastically reduces crop growth and productivity, for example, soil moisture deficit at pre-flowering and ball formation in cotton causes a very remarkable decline in yield. Similarly in chickpea, pre flowering has been identified as a critical slagc. In cotton Pre flowering and boll formation is the critical stage (Table 6.3).
Table 6.3: Critical Crop Growth Stages
Crop
Rice
Physiological Stage
Critical Stage
Early tillering, Panicle initiation.
Flowering, Milk and Dough
Early tillering and Flowering
Sorghum
Wheat
■M - ™                             _______
Crown Root Initiation, Late
Panicle initiation and Grain filling
Crown Root Initiation, Flowed no
filtering Late.ointing Flowering.
■ -■                       in
.j------------------------- _j
Milk and Dough
[Ficqermillet
Panicle initiation and Grain lillina
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Crop
Maize
Phvsiolooical Static 
[Critical Stage
Early Vegetative Growth
Tasseling and Silking
Tassel ing, Silking and Dough
Chickpea
Soybean
__
Pre-flowering and pod formation
Eady seedling, Pre flowering and                       j Bolt development
Pre-flowering
Pre-flowering and pol development
Cotton
Branchina, Pre flowering and Boll
Pre-flowering and boll formation
Form alien
Sugarcane
Soroiit ng, Tiller initiation and Grand
Sprouting
Growth
[Sesame
t
If needed then after seeding Irrigate
Fiower initiation and Capsule
at 12-15 days interval
formation
'
Source Pal M, (2002).
___
6.9     Interim Recommendations for Sustainable Irrigation
As indicated earlier, in Ethiopia, agriculture employs 85% of the population. It is solely based on rainfed conditions. Country  is  blessed with 110-120 billion of cubic  meter of surface water, 2-6 billion cubic meter of ground waler and 3.5-4.25 million hectares of irrigable land. After the 1984 drought, enormous pressure has been exerted 1o expand irrigation Projects. DIDP appears one of such irrigation Project initiated to improve the fate of population in lhe area of Benishangul Gumuz National Regional State DIDP implementation process should not he confronted with operational and management inefficiency that may lead to failure of the Project. To preclude such unwelcome late some remedial measures  as  suggested by Delete (2006) indicate that the previous experiences are the corner stones for successful planning, implementation and sustainability of an irrigation Project The suggested measures have been presented bo low to avoid any such possible failures:
•    Adoption of participatory approach
•    Removal of dependency syndrome
•    Multidisciplinary approach
•    Planning watershed based water resources
•    Availability and accessibility to market
•    Establishment of database centers
•    Efficient and sufficient extension
•    Post construction maintenance and repair
•    Involvement of social organization in water management
•    Cost recovery mechanism.
•    Adequate training
6.10   Target Smallholders
According to IFAD (2001) more than 1 7 billion people live in "extreme consumption poverty" living on less than one USD a day and 75% of them live in rust areas. They own very small plots of land They should grow high value crops to enhance their well-being and income. But.  this  would  need  irrigation  n  past  such  land  Holders  practiced  traditional  irrigation practices and could not utilize lhe water efficiently as gauged through crop yield per unit of water  Unfortunately,  the  available  configuration  of  the  "nooern  and  efficient  water  supply strategies and irrigation technologies were designed for relatively well financed larger farms
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jjabus kfjgaiioq study and Design Project ___________ _ ___________ __________  Agronomy Study Final Report unsuitable  for  small  holders.  Therefore,  this  sophisticated  water  management  technology calls for down sizing to suit the small plot holders. This should aim at low investment cost, suitability for small plots without additional cost, quick returns, affordable maintenance and fit to operate at very low pressure heads, that is, the technology should essentially be energy efficient,  environmentally  sound,  labor  intensive  and  controllable  by  the  local  community This  is  the  objective  of  Poverty  Reduction  through  Irrigation  and  Smallholder  Markets (PRISM)  which  is  based  on  water  control,  supply  chains  and  market  access  The  above suggestions should be followed in teller and spirit for the success of DIDP since the area is dominated by lhe majority of smallholders mainly engaged or dependent on agriculture for therr livelihood.
6.11  Water for Rainfed Crops
Compulation of CWR and NIR for lhe rainy  and dry season indicated a high amount of moisture requirement for there was a problem of effective rainfall distribution throughout the crop growing season. This was made clear based on the climatic data used to determine the crop water needs Moreover, history of the rainfall behavior in Ethiopia for over a long period of time shows that rainfall is undependable interns of quantity and distribution. Its failure in past has  caused droughts  and famines, The famine of 1984 still haunts  country's  bitter memories Therefore it is strongly felt and recommended that about 25% of the total annual computed irrigation water needed be upgraded to meet such an emergent situation whenever required. Therefore, the total irrigation water need at the field level would approximately be 140 million mL1 annually It is sincerely expected that this provision would, by far. nullify the adverse impact of extended rainless periods and/or total/partial failure of rains during the rainy season
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7.     CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF IMPORTANT CROPS
The EIAR through a network  of Agricultural Research centers  in the country  has  been engaged in conducting the agricultural research mainly  an rain-fed crops  for the development of production technologies on various crops and livestock for different agro- climatic Regions. Only very limited efforts have so far, been made on the generation of adequate and appropriate technologies for irrigated production systems, wilh high-yielding, genetically  high potential and high input use efficient cultivars  to achieve the food and nutritional security along with efficient land-use and high profitability. Hence, it is necessary that applied research related to irrigated-crop production technology under the agro-climalic condition of the Project Command is separately perused to develop location-specific agro techniques, varieties and hybrids for intensification of production system This will help in attaining high level of production from different crops as well as full and efficient utilization of available land and water resources  While the above efforts  may  take lime and more resources, the agro-techniques and varieties developed under irrigated production system of the appropriate part of lhe world may be introduced and tested (or Iheir adaptability and immediate use. Meanwhile efforts  arc  in progress  to include the crop production technologies  of the important crops  identified for the Project Command that can be authenticated as and when more and better information generated by the Regional research centers The present information gfven is a collection of materials from EIAR and other authenticated sources on crop production and management in irrigated production system for most responsive, efficient and potential crops in the Project Command The details are presented on Annex V.
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8.     POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY AND STORAGE
8.1    Introduction
Agriculture comprises lhe sole source of producing food materials like cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, eggs etc. A host of physical and chemical factors greatly affect the food materials after production and before consumption. Microbes and parasites also adversely influence through spoilage or causes diseases on consumption. The existing systems of harvesting, threshing and storage in DIDP Command and the Wbrodas as a whole are too traditional and as a result crop losses are immense, Crops produce is severely spoiled at the time of harvesting and threshing. The foremost problem being poor field & crop management practice, climate variability, archaic harvesting and threshing implements  and shortage of labour force Crops  produce are kept in locally prepared silo (locally known as undat luba and a/ftmrafa) with storing capacity of 50, 25-40 and 20-30 quintals respectively. In lhe area, there are no improved types of storage facilities. In such structures, the major crop losses result from poor management of the produce, weevils and rodents
The losses are both quantitative and qualitative These losses can be greatly minimized through processing, preservation and scientific storage practices. These practices embody rrultr-dimensional perspective because food security  is  physical, chemical, economic, environmental and social issue. Post-harvest technology entails multi-disciplinary approach to provide food security. It comprises various facets of processing after harvesting including rura' level agro-processing. Rural agro-processing is. in fact, based on experience through ages plus science as known to the rural masses to reduce post’hardest losses.
8.2    Post- Harvest Losses
There is non-availability of suitable processing and presentation technologies coupled vhth inadequate facilities for handling, transportation and storage causes of losses The estimates evince that approximately  12-15% or even more of food grams  (cereals, pulses  and oilseeds), 20-30% of horticultural produce (fruits and vegetables) and 15-29% of animal and fishery production are lost annually. These losses can be minimized by adopting appropriate processing, preservation and storage technologies of food and other farm products. The technology helps a great deal in conservation, value addition, income, and employment generation to benefit the farmers, producers  and processors. Value addition is  very important and critical due to socio-economic and industrial factors as it makes the production highly lucrative on one hand, and on the other generates interest among large section of rural population in agricultural, animal husbandry and horticultural activities
8.3    Post- Harvest Operations and Value Addition
The operations viz., cutting threshing, cleaning and grading (separation) drying/dehydration, storage, extraction, milling, fortification packaging, transportation and handling of biomass from harvesting to consumption constitute lhe components of post-harvest operations Post harvest management also leads to. establishment/creation of agro-processing industries at the rural thresholds to produce value added products assuring greater financial returns and generation of employment opportunities at rural level as well This is expected to possess a
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great potential to revive rural economy and gua antee to reduce poverty, hunger and better
r
living for the underprivileged rural poor
Post-harvest operations to be carried out vary from one to other crop on account of varied physico chemical nature of the products. To illustrate, the set of operations  vary  from production of rice from paddy (unhusked grains), split pulses and pulse flour from pulse grams and extraction of oil from oilseeds. In nutshell the operations are unique for each crop as well as vary from one to the other commodity. The operations besides being crop specific are also location specific These are different for adoption at the farm, village and organized industrial levels. Equipment needs are also different (Table 8 1),
The unit operations will be different for poultry products, fish and others. The value add.tion to food itself can be of different types viz., isolation of constituents that provide avenues for broad-basing food uses  (essential oils, vitamins, minerals  etc.), The processing for transformalion into products with precisely specified and precise utilization, health-oriented formulations  with multiple ingredients  to promote over-all well being, augment nutritional quality through enrichment with essential nutrients found otherwise deficient
8.4    Sustenance of Processing
A new adventure calls for financial commitments and creation of resources locally to meet the committed and casual expenses Self-help groups can be constituted at local level to meet the expenses on food processing or value addition.
8,4.1 Self-Help Group (SHG)
There may be three types of SHGs viz , women, men □nd mixed (women plus men) The minimum and maximum membership may be 10 and 20,   respectively.
Table 8.1: Unit Operations for Food, Fruits, Vegetables and Animal Products for
Processing and Preservation
Food Crops
Fruits and Vegetables
Animal Products (moat & milk)
Cleaning
Washing
slaughtering
□fading
Cleaning
dressing
Curing
Grading
cutting
Shelling
Packaging
packaging
Decortica lions.
dehydration
refrigerated storage
Parboiling
bottling A canning
cooking or curing
Dehusktng
refrigeration
smoking
Polishing
Pickling
handling
Size reduction
transportation
transportation
Expelling dj extraction
Storage
marketing
Mixing by product or
residue utilization
Blending
Fortification
Packaging quality cortro’
residue utilization
-
abattoir management and waste mgnt.
laming of skin and hides
collection
processing and utilization ot by 
products (horns, hooves, bone, blood)
Storage
*
milk and mil* product processing
Transportation _
-
-
Marketing
by products or residue utilization
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Each member would have Io contribute predetermined amount each month and the finances would be managed by  the chosen management commillee members  The products  to be processed for value addition should be locally available raw material The success of SHGs would depend on the help to be given by the government institutions in following respects:
(i)      Matching finances should be provided through local bank or any other official financial agency.  The  member's  contribution  should  be  put  with  this  institution  which,  in  turn, would  authorize  the  SHG  to  draw  money  The  institution  should  provide  a  matching amount either free of interest or only on nominal rate of interest.
(ii)         Government should create basic infrastructure to facilitate post-harvest management and value addition.
(iii)       Government  should  necessarily  give buy-back and  marketing on remunerative price to begin with. Laler on, the farmers or SHG members might take up the responsibility by themselves, but easy market-accessibilily and all weather road connectivity would constitute the kingpin of success
8.5    Post- Harvest Technology
A brief account of crap-wise past-harvest technology has been presented below
8.5.1 Finger-millet and Sorghum
In Menge. Odabildig'lu, Asos  a and Bambasi areas  rainfall is  erratically  distributed both temporally  and spatially, The inhabitants  are mostly  subsistence farmers  encountered with the constraints like poor soils (shallow and rocky), land degradation, mounting demographic pressure on the marginal lands, faulty  land tenure system, inaccessibility  to sources  of agricultural inputs  and markets  for their produce, infrequent visits  by  extension agents, limited options  for food production and low cash incomes  for food purchasers. Proper dehulling of these crop grains by machine would benefit by relieving woman and child labour from drudgery of hand hulling, removal unpalatable tannin from sorghum to make them more acceptable and nutritious  and generate sustainable urban demand Basic  abrasive technology  has  been designed, tested and modified for rugged rural conditions  and are being introduced in many  Sub-Saharan countries  (Schmidt. 1992). Ethiopia can also take advantage of this technique Howevei. traditional technology can also be fine tuned to make it more effective and scientific (Mukuru, 1992). There are two millets (finger millet & pearl millet} which are hand harvested, dried and stored in traditional storage structures. Small quantities are regularly hand threshed, cleaned, winnowed and at limes pounded to remove tight glumes Besides various consumable products, making of flour is very common. In case of sorghum, germinated grain contains appreciable amount of cyanogenic glucoside which on hydrolysis yields HCN (Hydrocyanic acid) and is potentially very poisonous. Removal of shoots and roots lower HCN content by more lhan 90% (Dada and Dendy, 19B7). Economic 
Commission for Africa (ECA) favoured composite flour (Drummond and Wibraham, 1957). Tnerefore, it would be imperative that the government must implement composite flour programmes and small gram utilization as part of the national food security strategies.
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Grams of these crops are used in a number of ways by the consumers in rural and urban
areas Value addition can be accomplished as indicated below.
-    Grains are/can be roasted
-    Grains arefcan be used in malting
Composite flour can be prepared
Their flour can be used in combination of wheat and non wheat flours  to make leavened bread or other baked products  and pasta or wholly  non-wheal (lour prepared From mixtures  of flours  of cereals, roots, tubers, legumes  or other raw materials are usable as food and can ensure food security. With proper preparation upto 30% sorghum or fingermillet can be used either through preparation of flours first or by co-milling.
-     However, it is necessary to lie down/formulate quality standards for the grain and also  for  the  composite  flours  in  necessary  details.  Composite  'lour  technology  is available now in developed countries from where it can be borrowed and suitably modified to suit the local condition if so needed.
Non-wheal bread, cake and sausages are being prepared in some countries through milling of sorghum, millets and maize. These products can be prepared in Ethiopia as well to use the grains produced in the Project Command as well as other areas
-     Similarly, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages can be manufactured
Il may be remembered that sorghum grain is deficient in lysine and tryptophan amino acids  and hence needs  addition through external addition to prepare nutritionally balanced products
Malls and brews can also be produced from sorghum and finger-millet
Sorghum  is  used  in  industrial  production  of  particle  boards,  paper,  adhesive, detergents, piastres and sugars.
Sweet sorghum is used for industrial production of alcohol.
Sorghum  plants  green  as  wel'  as  dry  and  fingermillet  stalks  (straw)  make  good fodder. Both are good silage crops.
Sorghum grain makes a good livestock and poultry feed.
Finger-millet grams are highly nutritious and sustain hard work II also makes an ideal food for diabetic patients and expectant mothers
Finger-millet  malt  is  comparable  with  standard  processed  drinks  like  Bournvita Boos! Cornplan, etc
8 5 2 Maize
Maize is used for food, feed, and for manufacture of starch, corn sugar dextrin syrup, oil, industrial alcohol and alcolholic  beverages  Milling is  the most important operation in the processing of maize Maize is milled either by dry or wet process. In both processes, the germ is separated from grains to extract and recover germ oil, which is a valuable product. In dry milling, the maximum amount of grit with minimum amount of flour is obtained The yield of product in dry milling Is 40% grits. 20% coarse meal, 10% fine meal, 5% flour and 14% germ Wet milling of maize is done to obtain starch, oil. cattle feed and products of
starch hydrolysis (liquid and solid glucose and syrup) The by- product of wet-milling have a
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number of uses like nutrient for micro-organisms maize oil for edible purpose (cooking oil), protein concentrate, maize bran and oil cake for animat feed. Porridge and corn flakes are prepared from grits
8,5.3 Rice or Paddy
In rice or paddy upto 5-10% losses are due to shattering of grains al the lime of harvesting. There are losses  at the threshing floor due to threshing, cleaning, drying, storage and processing operations After harvest the biomass is heaped before threshing causing a loss due to birds, rodents  and weather hazards. Thus, lhe total losses  may  amount to about 15%. Out of lhese losses at least 60% can he avoided by using simple and improved posh harvest equipments  namely  cleaners, graders, driers, metal bins  and improved milling equipments. Before consumption milling is essential for both raw and parboiled rice There are two types of mrlling. namely home pounding and mechanized rice mills. The major by products of rice milling are husk and bran
8,5.4 Pulses
Processing of pulses is of primary importance in improving their nutritive value. The losses in pulses go up to 20% including field level losses Milling of pulses involves removal of outer husk followed by splitting of grain into two equal halves. Pre-milling treatments affect the per cent recovery of processed pulse Common type of equipment used in pulse milling is Disc- Sheller, Cylinder-Concave Dehusker, Rubber-Roller Sheller and Hollers
8,5,5 Oilseeds
The losses include 5 15% in harvesting 2-5% in threshing, 2 -3% seed cleaning and 10-15% in storage. The major post harvest operation of oilseed crops  include drying or curing, cleaning and grading, pre-treaiments. oil expelling and extraction, refining, packaging and utilization of by-products. There are two processes  for oil recover/, seed crushing and solvent extraction. Extraction or expelling of oil is done by using mechanical expellers. Oil seed cake is the major by product of oilseed processing industry and fed to animals. It has high amount of proteins  and 1.0 1 5% oil Solvent extraction method is  more efficient Filtration and refimrg of crude or is also a basic unit of oil mills
8.6    Storage
Perishability  is  responsible for high post-harvest losses  and marketing cost, market glut, price fluctuation and other similar problems in marketing of fruits and vegetables, meat, fish etc. Storage is  an interim and a repeated phase in the complex  logistics  of transporting agricultural products  from producers  to processors  and from processors  to consumers. Besides agricultural products like food grains need to be stored from one harvesting to next, thus demanding additional carry over as safeguard against a following crop of low yield or poor quality against speculation in price or market demand or against shortage and famines.
The storage facilities tn the Project Command are very primitive in nature, hence attract considerable losses. In genera! the losses during storage operation alone account for 6-7%
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of production in food grains and as high as 20-30% in fruits and vegetables. The value of investment and efforts needed to produce this much lost food material stands very high and require measures  to reduce the same The storage losses  are both qualitative and quantitative, affecting nutritive value of products. Insects, rodents, spillage and fungal rot are the main causes in food grain losses Use of insecticides and pesticide may reduce the losses but the chemicals may enter in the food chain causing, human health problem.
The commonly  used structures  at the farmer's  household in the Project Command and catchment are made of mud and straw which are neither airtight nor insect proof resulting in 3-30% losses Hence, it has been proposed that metal bins made up of galvanized iron (Gl) mild steel sheets, concrete bins or silos should be popularized at domestic - level for grain storage. They  have the advantage of being airtight, durable and fire-proof and also practically maintenance free. Most of the crops like paddy, wheat barley, pulses etc can be stored in such closed structures.
The perishable products like fruits and vegetables are harvested at very high moisture
■content of 60-88% (wet basis), which limit their shelf life. At rural level potato can be stored
in a pit-storage method where potato is heaped in a pit to a height of about one meler and covered with a thick layer of straw or grass If temperature is high, water is sprinkled on the cover of the heap This can be stored with a loss of about 5% for a period of two months.
Onion is another important perishable crop cheating problem ol storage at the farmers’ level. Several types of focal storage structures used *or onion have serious problems, which lead to 50-80% iosses However, split bamboo storage structures, ventilated barnboo structures, natural air - ventilated structures and forced-air ventilation type onion storage structures can
he developed at the farmers level For temporary storage of several other vegetables and
fruits, a low-cost zero-energy coo5 chamber can be made popular
8.7   Post Harvest Equipments
The machines and equipment are one oi the important inputs for production and processing Mechanization increases  efficiency, enhances  value of products, achieves  timeliness  of operation and reduces  drudgery  Mechanization may  lake place predominantly  in those opeiations  where traditional practices  far! to deliver desired level of productivity  Thus, for post-harvest operations, equipment for cleaning and grading, nee and pulse milling and oil extraction should be popularized, if do not exist so far in Kebeles arid villages
Agro-industry  is  said  to  be  an  enterprise  that  processes  agricultural  raw  material  The degree  of  processing  may  vary  from  cleaning  to  grading  to  milling,  cooking,  mixing  and chemical  alteration  that  creates  a  textured  food  oi  biological  origin  Warehousing,  chilling plan! and cold storages are also included in agroqndustries, since they enhance storability and  economic  value  The  agro  industries  may  be  sub-grouped  as  agro-processing  (rice mills, pulse-mills, oil mills, fruit canning, dairy product processing, cotton-ginning, sugar mills etc),  agro-mput  manufacturing  units  and  agro-ssrvice  centers  to  undertake  repairs  and servicing  of  farm  machinery  and  equipments,  The  details  of  the  required  agro-processing units rn Project Command can be worked out separately by a post harvest specialist.
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8.8     Postharvest Management
8.8.1 Postharvest management of fruits and vegetables
Postharvest lasses  in fruits  and vegetables  are very  high (20-40%), About 10 15% fresh fruits  and vegetables  shrivel and stale, lowering their market value and consumer acceptability. Minimizing these losses  can increase their supply  without bringing additional land under cultivation. It will also help keep pollution under control. Improper handling and storage cause physical damages  due to tissue breakdown. Mechanical losses  include bruising, cracking, cuts, microbial spoilage by  fungi and bacteria, whereas  physiological fosses  nclude changes  in respiration transpiration, pigments  organic  acids  and flavour About 36% of vegetables decay due to soft rot bacteria, whereas 30% oF fruits decay due to Penicilllurr species. The losses  can be minimized by  proper pre- and postharvest treatments
8.9     Pre-Harvest Factors
8.9.1 Selection of varieties
Varieties with higher yield, better keeping quality, slower opening and longer shelf-life under ambient condition and better processing quality  should bo developed and commercially grown
8.9.2  Cultural operations
Cultural operations  help prolong shelf-life of fruits  and vegetables. Pruning or Ihinmng Increase the fruit size and decrease Toxic  Show Syndrome (TSS) and acidity  The postharvest quality  of citrus  fruits  Increases  significantly  when Trifoliate orange, langelo or Cleopatra are used as rootstock Quality of fruits is improved by the application of K. Mg and Zn, while higher N and P deteriorate the quality  Excessive irrigation before harvesting decreases  the shelf-life and sensory  quality, while insufficient irrigation enhances  the maturity o* the crop
For root crops, preparation of the soil to a fine tilth of porous nature is necessary to avoid
root forking. Irregular irrigation causes cracking of carrot and radish and splitting of outer
scales of onions. In onion and garlic, irrigation should be stopped 3 weeks before harvesting
to ensure better keeping quality Heavy application of nitrogenous fertilizers causes faster
tissue deterioration, while essential supply of K improves keeping quality of vegetables. Molybdenum deficiency in cabbage causes heart-rot. manganese deficiency in peas leads to marsh spots and excessive irrigation and fertilization cause hollow-heart in potato
8.9.3  Preharvest treatments
postbarvest shelf-life of fruits  and vegetables  is  improved by  preharvest application of chemicals. Three sprays  of TopsirvM (0.1%) or Bavrstin (0.1%) at 15 days  interval before harvesting can control anthracnose arid stem-end rot in mango. Preharvest application of maleic  hydrazide reduces  sprouting of onions  and potatoes  during storage. Postharvesl
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diseases of tomato and onion can be controlled by three preharvest sprays of 0.2% Dilolatan al 10 days  interval Similarly  preharvest application of growth promoters  such as  N- benzyladenine (10-20 Dpm) prolongs shelf-life of leafy vegetables.
8.9.4  Maturity
The postharvest quality  and storage life of fruits  are controlled by  maturity  If fruits  are harvested at a proper stage of maturity, their quality  is  excellent Vegetables  are harvested as  and when they  attain maximum size and yet are tender. Over maturity  in root crops causes  sponginess  and pithiness  Their harvesting should not be delayed Delay  in harvesting of onion and garlic  improves  their storage quality. The maturity  indices  of fruits and vegetables are given in Table 8 2
Table 8.2: Maturity Indices of Some Fruits and Vegtables
Maturity index
Commodities
Peel colour
Citrus, papaya, tomato (breaker stage), mango
Pulp colour
Tomato and mango
Size
Cucumber and crirtis
Shape
Banana    (fullness    of    fingers,    disappearance    o* angularity) and mango (fullness of cheeks)
Drying of plant parts
Onion, garlic, banana, potato and ginger
Surface characteristics
Tomato and mango
Ease of separation from plant
Mango
Ease of snapping
Qkra and peas
Soecific gravity L .....        .
Mango, polato and guava
TSS
Bnx. Sweet orange. 12° Box and papaya 11.5°
Acidity
Citrus (mandarin 0.4%. sweet orange 03%), mango
Swccl index
Banana
Juice content
Cirtus (35 50%)
Heat units
Peas and mango
□ays from full bloom
Mango and citrus
Days from fruit set
6ar,ina rgo days) and mango (110-125 days)
8.9.5 Harvesting
Harvesting  should  bo  done  during  cooler  part  of  the  day  preferably  in  the  morning  The produce  should  be  shifted  to  shade  as  early  as  possible.  Harvesting  during  hot  periods raises  field  heat  of  the  produce,  causing  wilting  and  shriveling.  Immediately  after  rains creates   most   favourable   conditions   for   multiplication   of   micro-organisms   Citrus   fruits become  susceptible  to  damage  if  harvested  during  rains  as  (heir  rind  becomes  turgid  and prone  to  easy  bruising,  sunscald  and  oleocellosis  (injury  to  the  epidermal  oil  cells),  Avoid
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bruises or injuries during harvesting Latex out of stem in mango should not be allowed to fall on fruils  as  it creates  a black  spot. Injury  to peel may  become an entry  point for microorganisms, causing rotting
Many fruits and vegetables are harvested unripe for their safe handling, transportation and marketing but they must be matured when harvested so that they can ripen later on normally and develop good physical appearance and eating qualily.
8.10 Postharvest Factors
8.10.1 Curing
Curing is conducted immediately after harvesting. It strengthens the skin The process is reduced al relatively higher temperature and humidity, involving suberization of outer tissues followed by the development of wound periderm which acts as an effective barrier against infection and water loss Potato, sweel potato, onion and garlic are cured prior to storage or marketing Io sweet potato, this condition is most rapid at 33°C and relative humidily of 95%, Potato tubers are held at 18°C for 2 days and then at 7*10°C for 10-12 days at 90% relative humidity. Curing also reduces the moisture content especially in onion and garlic. Drying of superficial leaves of onion bulbs protects lhem from microbial infection m storage. Maximum safe temperature for onion curing at field is 37 8°C for 3-5 days. Artificial curing of onion in crates at 40QC for 16 hours reduces rot losses in storage
8.10.2 Degreening
Degreening is the process of decomposing green pigments in fruils usually by applying ethylene or other similar metabolic  inducers  to give a fruit its  characteristic  colour as preferred by consumers it is applicable Io banana, mango, citrus and tomato The time required to degreen a fruit depends upon the degree of natural colour break and maturity. The higher the green colour and more mature a fruit is, the less lime is required to reduce the chlorophyll to desired level. Degreenrng is earned out in special treating rooms with controlled temperature and humidity in which low concentration of ethylene (20 ppm) is applied The best degreeing temperature is 27oC. Higher temperature delay degreening. The relative humidity  should be 95-90% Low humidily  though checks  decay, causes excessive shrinkage, shriveling and peel breakdown.
In another method, fruits in containers are sealed by 2 sheets of plastic film and water. The PVC (0 2 mm thick) car also be used, The ethylene is introduced from a can of 4,2 litres capacJty in the film which can cover 1.2 tonnes of fruils {20 kg x 60 containers), the ethylene concentration becomes nearly WOO ppm resulting in satisfactory colouring. After 15 hrs. the film is removed enforcing the fruit to air Degreening takes 3 days. F.thylene accelerates decomposition of chlorophyll without significantly  affecting Iho synthesis  of carotenoid pigments
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8.10,3 Pre-cooling
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Precooling is  a means  of removing the field heat IL stews  down the respiration of the produce, minimizes susceptibility to attack of microorganisms, reduces water loss and eases the load on cooling system of storage or transport. Peas and okra which deteriorate fast need prompt cooling Sometimes stages of ripening and level of field heat of produce also determine the need for precooling For example, unless  tomatoes  are above 26.7oC and ripening is to be delayed, there is no need for preceding.
In air cooling, cool air can be obtained from cold storage. Temperature should not be loss than -1oC to avoid freezing Where night temperatures are low, doors of the store rooms can be opened for cooling in tho night.
In waler coaling (hydrocooling), field heat is removed quickly. II is used for leafy vegetables to retain their texture and freshness  Ice can be added to bring down the temperature. However, temperature should be controlled to avoid chilling injury in cold sensitive fruits and vegetables Hydrocooling at 12 15oC with 500 ppm B avis tin increases shelMife of mange
8.10.4Washing and drying
Most of the fruits and vegetables are washed after harvesting to improve their appearance, prevent wilting and remove primary  inoculum load of microorganisms  Washing improves shelf-life of bananas  by delaying their ripening After washing, excess of waler should be removed which would otherwise encourage microbial spoilage. Root and tuber crops  are often washed to remove the soil adhering to them
8.10.5Sorting and grading
Immature, disease and badly bruised fruits and vegetables are sorted out Grades arc based on size, weight, colour and shape. Grading is done manually or mechanically.
8.10.6Disinfestation
Papaya, mango and other fruits  are susceptible to fruit fly  attacks  Disinfestation is  done either by vapour heat treatment at 43oC with air saturated with water vapour for 6-8 hours, by  ethylene dibromide fumigation (18-22 g of LDB/cubic  water for 2-4 hrs. Residues  of inorganic bromide must not exceed 10 mg/g) or by cold treatment (exposure of fruits to near freezing temperature for a specified period)
8.10.7 Postharvest treatments
Postharvest application of Bavislin (0 1%) and Topsin (0.1%) controls  storage disease in mango A complete inhibition of sprouting at cool chamber (evaporatively  cooled) stored potatoes for 4 months and 5 months is achieved by spraying them with an aqueous emulsion CIPC @ 50 mg and 100 mgJkg of tubers respectively, before completion of dormancy period
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Fruits  and vegetables  have a natural waxy  layer ori their outer surface which is  partly removed by  washing. An extra discontinuous  layer of wax  applied artificially  with sufficient thickness  and consistency  to prevent anaerobic  condition within the fruits  provides necessary protection against decay organisms Waxing is especially important if tiny injuries and scratches on their surface are present
If refrigerated storage facilities are not available, protective skin coating with wax increases the storage life of fresh fruits and vegetables at ambient temperatures.
There are 2 types of wax emulsion -- wax "W and "CT. The wax composition "W” does not impart any gloss io fruits and vegetables and hence where gloss rs required for improving marketability  of the produce, comoosition wax  "O“ is  recommended. Both these emulsions contain 12% total solids.
The application of wax emulsion to freshly harvested healthy produce protects them against excessive moisture loss, higher rale of respiration, heat build-up 01 thermal decomposition. Texture and quality  of the fresh produce is  maintained as  near the fresh conditions  as possible for a long time
The wax emulsion without fungicide does not protect fruits and vegetables against microbial spoilage Therefore, suitable fungicides are added to the wax emulsion Storage life of some fruits and vegetables with and without wax emulsion treatment is presented in Table 8 3
8,10.9Control of ripening process
Ripening in fruits and vegetables can be retarded by using proper packing, low temperature, ethylene absorbents, skin coaling of waxol» growth retardants  and using fungicides  for controlling their spoilage. Combination of waxol treatment and hot-water treatment results in
fruits  with  uniform  ripening,  and  extending  storage  life  of  mangoes.  Use  of  Cycocel  (500
mg/litro). Alar (500 mg/lrtre), GA (250 mg/litre) and menadione bisulphate (500 mg/lltre) significantly retards ripening Ripening in banana is achieved by GA treatment. Use of purafil (alkaline potassium permanganate on a silicate carrier) is  effective in the complete absorption of ethylene in banana held in sealed polythene bags. The effect of maleic hydrazide on the ripening process varies with different fruits.
8.10.10         Ripening of fruits
Ripening transforms  a physically  mature but inedible plant organ into a visual.1/ attractive taste and smell sensation It marks  the completion of development and commencement of senescence with life of a fruit and is  normally  an irreversible event Ripening can be achieved by the application of ethylene
Accurate  quantity  of  ethylene  should  tan  used  in  the  rpening  room  at  regular  intervals  A concentration of CO2 above 1% delays ripening Hence thorough ventilation is essential
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8.10.11Pre-packaging in plastic films
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Pre-packaging increases the shelf-life by creating modified atmosphere with an increase in concentration of CO2 in the package. The packaging material used should provide reasonable access tc oxygen. For this, breathing films like polystyrene and cellulose acetate are used. But together with Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) films which nave high 02 and C02 transmission rates are more durable.
Table 8,3: Storage Life of Some Fruits and Vegetables With and Without Wax 
Treatment at Ambient Temperature
1
Commodity
Condition of commodity
Type of wax emulsion and concentration
Storage life (daysi
Treated Untreated
Qty of wax emulsion at 12% concen tration required for one tonne com modity (litre)
FRUITS
Banana
Green
W/6
13
7
3.0
Unripe
W/8
19
11
An at e-Shahi
Mature
0/4
12
6
Bangalore Slue
Mrto
W/4
14
5
Guava
Unripe
W/6
6
4
5.7
Green
Mature
0/12
10
5
Yellow
Mature
O /9
9
4
57
Mango
Green
W/6
18
11
unripe
W/6
l7
3.6
Mandarin oranges
Mature
W/4
20
11
36
Mandarin oranges
Mature
0/6
20
11
Tight-skinned
orange
Mature
0/9
I
30
17
54
Tig hl-skinned orange
Mature
0/6
24
17
Papaya
Greening
W/6
4
2
VEGETABLES
Potato
Mature, transplanted
W/12
80
40
Tomato
Green, firm
0/9
14
7
5.0
Tomato
Pink, firm
0/9
12
4
Egg plant
W/12
8
5
Carrot
Mature toped
W/12
9
6
Capsicum
_ Green, frrm
W/12
9
4
CuGumber
Mature
W/12
7
4
The pouches musl have perforation to transmit oxygen and carbon dioxide rapidly enough for the respiration of fresh produce. The pouch used reduces bruising, facilitates nspection, reduces  moisture loss  (weight loss) and prevents  dehydration, In pre-packaging, leaves, stalk, stem etc. are dimmed, washed, cleaned, and weighed quantities are pul in pouches Ethylene absorbants may be added to the package
8.10.12 Packaging
A wide range of packages - gunny (hessian) bags, woven, bamboo, reed and grass stem baskets, palmyra mars, wooden cases, earthen pots, corrugated fibre board cartons, and
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Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project______ _ _____ _______________________ Agronomy Study Final Report, rigid  plastic  crates  are  used  More  than  one  type  with  different  sizes  and  shapes  of packaging is used for individual commodity either due to availability of the particular packing material  in  local  market  or  due  to  nature  and  cost  of  the  material  (o  be  packed  Certain commodities  which  can  withstand  rigours  of  journey  such  as  potato,  onion,  carrots,  radish etc.  are  packed  In  gunny  bags  Mango,  banana,  pineapple,  etc.  are  harvested  in  unripe condition and loaded as such (without packing) in trucks and (rains, which, however, is not desirable,
Wheal and paddy straw, banana leaves, dry grass etc. which are easily available locally are mostly used. Use of moulded pulp tray, honey comb partition, cell pack etc. have replaced the use of cushioning material in costly  commodities  and for export purposes. Wooden boxed are used for packing mango, citrus, guava and important varieties  of tomato and capsicum.
8.10.13 Pelletization
Loading and unloading are done manually  m developing countries  Due to low unit load, there is a tendency to throw, drop or mishandle the package, damaging the commodity This loss  can be considerably  reduced by  using pellet system. However, this  requires  (he standardization of box dimensions, For each commodity it should be worked out. Once this is  accomplished, mechanical loading and unloading become very  easy  with the fork  lift system
8.10.14 Transportation
For selecting the mode of trarsport the distance to reach the destination as  well as perishability  of the commodity  should be considered For highly  perishables  ones, there should be minimum temperature rise during transit The commodity  should be employed before packing to remove the field heat, Road transport should be preferred for perishable commodities 
?or loca' market, the produce is brought by animal carts or tractor trollies. Carts, trailers and trucks used in the fiold should have good suspension and low tyre pressure to avoid
excessive jolting of produce. They should be driven slowly Lining of trailer with straw ar
leaves can also help prevent damage,
8.10.15 Storage
The production patterns, dietary  habits  and economic  considerations  warrant long period storage is mostly for short periods and in many cases for a tew days or weeks only To store fruits  and vegetables, low temperature and high humidity  (90-95%) are required except in onion and garlic  which require lower 'elative relative humidity  (70%). Different structures which are used for storage of mostly potatoes and onion can be used for other commodities also.
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It is  mostly  used for storage of seed potatoes  kept on the floor or on bamboo racks  with proper ventilation. The store is built of unbaked bricks. It has a thatched root covered with tiles. Windows are provided on the side walls of the store which are kept open during night and closed during the day.
8.10.15.2     Storage in pits
The pit is  dug under the shade of a tree or a roof 75-90 cm wide and 45 cm deep It is soaked with water and allowed to dry for 5 days. The bottom and sides of the pit are covered with rneenT (margosa) leaves or disinfected leaves/straw The selected potatoes are heaped up in the pit to a height of about one m and covered with a thick layer of straw or grass. Al about 30-60 cm distance from the pit, a ditch is dug and filled with water occasionally The condition of the tubers  is  examined by opening the pit from the top. The rotted tubers  are removed.
8.10.15.3    Onion storage
Structures are made of bamboo and thatched root with grass which is covered on top with jute cloth. The size of 3.0 mx1.2mx1.2rn has  the capacity  to store 40 quintals  The bottom net is fixed a! about 15-20 cm height from the ground level to have aeration
Roof is  made of either thatch, asbestos, sheet or tiles/tin sheet. There is. however, no bottom venltlalion but flooring is done with the help of soil stone particles and sand and it is raised from ground level. Before loading onion, slicks are spread on the floor. The size of the structure varies from area to area Normally width is kepi as 1.5 m and height is about 1.5 m, the length may vary from 13 5 to 30 cm Us capacity is 200-450 quintals.
8,10.15.4    Cool stores
Perishables can be effectively stored over different periods under low temperatures and high humidity conditions as obtained in commercial cool stores. The storage of potatoes including seed potato is done in cold storages
During storage, chilling injury occurs m some commodities and hence these should be kep: al optimum temperature of their storage Physiological disorders  and major posthaevest diseases of fruits and vegetables also deteriorate their quality
8.10.15.5   Zero energy cool chambers
The  zero  energy  cool  chambers  based  on  evaporative  cooling  system  are  saturated  with water  In  summer  when  outside  temperature  is  high,  temperature  inside  is  kept  low  due  to evaporation of water
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these stores are cooled with industrial desert coolers which force the cool and humidified air through the heap of potatoes.
8.10.157 Two-tier onion storage structure
Its  capacity  is  40 quintals  with the size or structure being 4.B mx1.5mx1.2m. the side walls  are made of bamboo or locally  available suitable material with adequate support of wooden planks. The tower base is  also made of bamboo splits  with adequate structural support. It is raised from the ground level by about 20 cm for proper ventilation from the bottom. The second base is at a height of about 75 cm from the bottom base the second tier facilitates belter aeration, reducing the losses. The total losses in this structure are about 36.6% over a period of 4 months
8.10.15.8 Bottom ventilated onion storage godown
Its capacity is 450 quintals having size of 15 B m x 4.8 m x 2.4 m Ventilation is provided for free circulation from all sides including bottom ventilation. Below the floor, there is air yap of 60 cm for this  purpose. The columns  of the structure are made of brick  masonry  which support the roof made of Ides on timber trusses, purlins and rafters. There are 2 onion racks in each structure of 15 m x  1.5 m size with a passage of 1.3 m between them for loading/un loading of onions, The onion racks are of wooden battons
8.10.15J Irradiation
Application of irradiation for suppressing sprouting and hence extension of shelf-life is possible Sprouting of onion can be checked by  gamma irradiation at a dose of 0.06-0.1 KGY. In potato, gamma irradiation at 0.5 KGY can inhibit sprouting completely. It also inhibits  the light induced synthesis  of chlorophyll and toxic  alkaloid solanin. The irradiated ootatoes  can be stored successfully  for 6 months  at 15oC with 0% loss. Irradiation In banana, mango and papaya improves  shelf-life due to delay  in rate of ripening and senescence,
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9. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
9.1 Introduction
Scientific research is a continuous process. It opens flood-gates of progress and prosperity of a country and a community which has beer denied the benefits due either to controllable or uncontrollable factors. A holistic  research approach constitutes  basic  and essentia! ingredlenls  of technological advancement of a country. No purposeful organization built for agricultural technology  for demonstration and extension to the target group of people shall be successful unless  adequately  supported by  both basic  and applied research ar else it would be a house built on sand Science and technology  constitute the driving force for a balanced agricultural growlh and development.
This fact has been amply demonstrated by the countries all over the world An example has been set by India where the process of green revolution was triggered by (he evolution and extensive adoption of high yielding varieties of wheat and nee. The revolution was brought about by  synergistic  congruence of technological, political and socio-economic  forces  in 1968. The green revolution technologies played a leading role in augmentation of food gran availability. Il lowered and stabilized the food prices, enhanced farm incomes and generated sources  ol additional income and employment in non-farm economy  and enterprises. It Immensely  helped India to win the war over hunger and malnutrition particularly  in rural areas  among underprivileged section of the society. Above all. it transformed the country from a begging howl to self-sufficiency and an exporting nation to join the elites on the world food scenario This  is  achievable by  any  country  charged with will-power and resources  in terms of men and money
9.2 Status of Agri-Resoarch in Ethiopia
Needless to “estate that agriculture is the most important enterprise, providing employment for more than 85% of the country's population and accounting for more than 40% of the GDP and 90% of export earnings  In spite of the high agricultural potential it is  endowed with, Ethiopia has  been faced with food deficits  over the last several decades. Keeping this problem in view. EIAR, formerly  known as  Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) was established in 1966 Initially, the research activities  encompassed agriculture, livestock  and forestry Subsequently, its scope was broad based by initiating the national and coordinated research programmes ano Projects. The mam objectives of the institute are to:
- Generate, develop and adapt agricultural technologies that focus on the needs of the
overall agricultural development and its beneficiaries.
Coordinate the research activities  of the agricultural research centers, the institutes of higher learning and other related establishments  which undertake agricultural research on contractual basis
Build  up  a  research  capacity  and  establish  a  system  that  will  make  agricultural research efficient, effective and based on development needs
Popularize agricultural research-result based improved technologies Formulat.on of policy on agricultural research for development
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Formulation of policy on agricultural research for development and
Networking and partnerships with outside organizations.
The research programmes  of the institute are covered under the Directorates  of Crops, Animal sciences, Soils  and Water Management and Dry  land Agriculture. There are a total of 56 research centers and sites with varying manpower and other capacities, located across various  Agro-Ecological Zones  [AEZs] in lhe country. The research centres  belong to the following categories
- Federal research centers and sub-centers, all of them under the control and
supervision of EIAR,
Regional  research  centers  and  sub-centers,  all  under  the  Regional  and  Agricultural Research Institutes
Higher  Learning  Institutions.  Research  Centers  and  trial  Sites,  under  the  universities and colleges.
E.IAR works in very close cooperation with all the stakeholders including the Ministry or Agriculture (MoA), MoWIE. Regional Bureaus of Agriculture, Higher Learning Institutions,
farmers and NGOs.
The  mandate  of  EIAR  has  been  reviewed  and  renewed  by  lhe  Federal  Government  of Ethiopia in 2005. The five major functions of the institute are as follows
1)     To provide improved agricultural technologies either generated locally or Introduced
from outside
2)     Popularization of improved technologies
3)     Coordination of research
4)     Policy on agricultural research for development
5)     Net working and partnerships with outside organizations
FIAR, as an apex body, strives to provide strong leadership in coordinating research within the Ethiopian Agricultural Research System (EARS), by  taking a leading role influencing agricultural policy development
9.2.1 Achievements of EIAR and EARS
The most important achievement of the FARS is lhe establishment of the culture of research and its  human resources. There are more lhan 1,300 researchers  qualified with under and post graduate programs  Initially, EIAR was  founded in 1966 with its  research centers  at Holleta (for highland crops and dairy) and Werer (fiber crops). At present, EARS covers most of the majui agro-ecologies spread a l over the country.
According to LIAR, ziARS has released more than 342 crop varieties. 49 livestock management technologies. 45 natural resources management technologies, 9 farm implements and 5 forestry management technologies beginning from 1970. Furthermore, during this period the following achievements have been highlighted by EIAR
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•   The institute introduced ‘Acala" type cotton in early 1970 to sustain rts production in Awash Valley.
•   Introduced White Gold' variety of while haricot-bean which comprises a major export commodity for the country
•   Identified coffee berry disease resistant lines from forest coffee and averted the major coffee crisis in eastern Africa in early 1970.
•   Introduced, tested and released varieties of malt barley in the Arsi highlands in early 1970.
■ Developed and implemented 1PM programs to control scale Insects to help the citrus industry
•   In 1980. introduced Broad Bed Maker (DBM) technology to reclaim the vertisols in Ethiopian highlands to take good crops.
•   Developed maize hybrids in early 1990s for commercial cultivation
•   Implemented IPM in wheat belt In Arsi-Bale highlands and saved wheal Industry from collapsing.
9.3    Agricultural Research in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State
In BGRS the need for the establishment of Asosa Agricultural Research Center (AARC) was with the aim of improving production and productivity of crops and farm lands thereby conir buting to the livelihood of the community Thus, AARC was established by *AR and later on rehabilitated by  EIAR with the aim of generating agricultural technologies and information that can improve the agricultural production and productivity of the region. AARC was mandated to cater technologies of research for Asosa and Kamsahi zones and Mao- komo special woreda. The center is located at 670 kilometers west of Addis Ababa in the Benshangul-Gumuz region at Asosa town The climate of the center is characterized by a mono-modal rainfall pattern with altitude of 1550 masl and receives an annual rainfall of 1275 mm The rainy period extends from April to October. The mean maximum temperature reaches 28°C while the mean minimum temperature is 15°C The soil in the center is reddish brown. Nitosols.
9.3.1 Achievements in research
National and pre-nalional yield trials and a few agronomic trials were conducted at AARC on crops of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and forages.
9.3.1.1 Cereals
Trials were conducted to identify adaptable, high yielding and pest/disease resistant maize varieties suitable for the reg on. As a result some varieties of maize released/recommended by Bako Research center had good adaptation at Asosa Old composites varieties like Bako composite. KCB and KCC were preferred and largely grown by farmers, but these varieties owing to their tallness are susceptible to lodging. Although several sorghum trials were conducted in the center for over three years, no varieties were found to be adaptable to the area.
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Among  the  pulse  crops,  early  and  medium  maturity  groups  of  soybean  varieties  were identified and selected in respect of their reasonable yield.
9.3.1.3 Oil crops
Genotype  and  development  of  cultural  management  practices  have  been  progressively evaluated on ground-nut and sunflower
9.3.1.4.  Horticultural crops
Varietal evaluation and crop weed competition studies  were conducted on hot pepper Potato yield trials were conducted but expected yield was not obtained because of late-blight infestation The evaluation of sweet potato varieties  was  promising and resulted in goad vegetative growth stand establishment and root yield for some of the varieties
9.3.1.5. Forage crops
Ttie evaluation on different annual and perennial grasses and legumes showed that Dolichos lablab, Sorgnum Sudanese and Sudan grass  (cv  IAR Pl-126), Cajanus  cajan, Desmodium uncinatum (cv stiver leaf) and Lablab purpureus high dry matter production.
9.4 Crop Production Constraints and Research Gaps
Crop varieties
1)  Low productivity of local cultivars of field and horticultural crops
2)  Lack of high yielding and pest resistant varieties for different crops
3)   Lack of varieties with respect to industrial and export qualities
4)   Lack of suitable cultivars for different pioduction systems
5)   Lack of varieties for specific environments such as low moisture and low input
6)   Lack of improved seed sources for field crops
7)   Lack of planting materials for some vegetables and fruit crops
Crop management practices
1)  Traditional and backwarc farming systems (eg. shifting cultivation).
2)   Lack of appropriate cultural practices including land preparation, planting dates and plant density
3)   I ack of sustainable cropping system (rotation, intercropping, double cropping etc ) that Tits well to the prevailing farming system.
4)   l ack of appropriate tillage practices for different soil types and growing conditions
5)   L ack of soil fertility information and fertilizer recommendation for different soil types and crapping systems
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Plant protection
Weeds
1)  Striga species parasitize sorghum, maize and other cereal crops
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2)  Cuscuta specres parasitize niger-sced/noug and young coffee trees
3)  Parthenrum infest the entire crop field and makes management too difficult.
Insect-pests
t) Armyworm (Spodoplera exempta) attacks wheat, barley, tef, maize, sorghum and
finger-millet al the seedling stage
2)  Queleas (migratory birds) damage sorghum.
3)  Termite serious and non-migratory pest on cereals, forest trees and coffee.
4)   Slalk borer on maize and sorghum
5)   Ball-worms on niger-seed/noug and pulses.
6)  Aphid rnfestron on ground-nut.
7)  Severe sclerotia and downy mildew attack on sunflower at flowering
Diseases
1)  Anthracnose, leaf blight, loose and covered smuts on cereal crops
2)   Late-blrght disease seventy on potato.
3)   Severe sclerotia and downy mildew attack on sunflower at flowering.
9.4     Agri’Research Strategy
I  he  agrt-research,  so  far  has  been  concentrating  on  rainfed/dryland  agriculture  with commodity  approach  But,  now  in  view  of  the  proposal  to  introduce  the  irrigation  and irrigated  production  system  in  the  Project  Command  and  catchment,  there  appears  an urgent and inescapable need to consider afresh the strengthening of the already available agricultural  research  sub  center  to  cater  improved  technologies  of  crop  and  livestock production  for  the  Project  Command  II  is  needless  to  restate  that  the  area  is  at  present thinly populated and has very low cropping intensity
There  should  now  be  more  emphasis  on  farming  systems  research  since  the  livestock constitute  an  integral  and  ma;or  part  of  the  socio-economic  structure  of  the  area  The research sub center should be strengthened with an adequate provision for research on crop and  livestock.  It  would  be  imperative  to  have  a  very  welt  planned  division  of  Agricultural Engineering Io develop farm implements and tools to ease agri-operations on vertisols The implements  should  essentially  be  within  the  financial  capability  of  the  small  land  holders Further,  it  is  piopcsec  to  nave  the  following  disciplines  strengthened  with  clearly  defined mandate and priorities of research and extension;
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-    Soil Science including soil and water conservation
Genetics and Plant Breeding
Seed Production and Technology
Horticulture including Olericulture and Floriculture
Agricultural Engineering
Animal Sciences. Animal Husbandry, Bee Keeping, Poultry and Fisheries
Irrigation and Drainage
Plant Protection Entomology, Pathology and Nematology
Food Science and Processing
Agricultural Extension
The departments  of Agronomy  and Plant Protection must place emphasis  on Integrated Plant Nutrient Management (IPNM) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for agri- sustalnabliliy.
The proposed disciplines  must jointly  address  the following four mterrelated areas  of research to achieve higher productivity  and sustainability  directed towards  alleviation of hunger and poverty  Execution of those proposals  would, by  far. go a long way  to achieve the objectives  of the Millennium Development Goals  of the Federal Government of Ethiopia
Augmentation of crop productivity  and production to bridge or at least to minimize the current yield gaps  An appropriate action would safeguard the y^eld gams, minimise post harvest losses, enhance the value addition, push up and promote productivity, eco-technologies  rooted in the principals  of ecology, economics, equity, employment and ambient environment (both physical and social}.
Profitable and maximum possible utilization of gene revolution (biotechnology), realization of benefits  of information and communication of technological advances, promotion of technical know how based farming systems, precision and conservation farming, crop intensification and diversification, and value addition
Protection and improvement of natural resources, that is, land, water and biodiversity, addressing environmental issues, management of climate change and natural disasters.
Seeking congruence of productivity, profitability. sustainability  and equity, addressing gender issues  and problems  of the poor, underprivileged and neglected and management of liberalized trade in the globalized world by  addressing issues  related to global competinveness in the context of WTO
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10.   COST OF CULTIVATION, RETURNS AND PROJECTED CROP PRODUCTION
10.1 Introduction
The cost of cultivation of six important crops those included in the existing cropping systems under rein-fed production system has been considered in contrast with cost of cultivation of crops  under the post Project period. The rates  of various  inputs  and output and their prevailing prices have been collected from the various relevant sources as indicated below. The main sources  of information were Central Statistical Agency  (CSA), the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FORE). Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and relevant Woreda offices  during reconnaissance visit of the Project Command, The other sources  were the farmers  of the Project Command Kebetes, discussion with the various  relevant experts posted at the Regional agricultural resarch centers in the Bemshangul Gumuz Region and above all the EIAR, Addis  Ababa. The yields  and returns  obtainable from the on-going rarnfed crops cultivation have also been assessed.
10.2 Crop production in Asosa Zone
Crop production data of the Benishangul Gumuz Region and Asosa zone was found to be important to illustrate the current trend and production potentials and area coverage of tile DIDP Command Worcdas  where the community  partial land holdings  can be represented lotal food grain production of some selected grain crops under rain-fed condition during the rainy season (Meher season) in the year 2012-2013 was 992,945.14 quintals from an area of 58,630.00 hectares in Asosa zone Area and production for the same selected grain crops during this  season in the whole Ethiopia and the Benishangul Gumuz  Region region was 229,070,553 83 and 4,123,711.26 quintals  from 12,270,472.16 and 253,349.15 hectares, respectively  (Annex  VI). In the zone, particularly  in the DI DP Command Woredas, crop diversity is enormous and it is encouraging to adopt convenient cropping system practices. The data obtained from CSA anti information gathered during the held tour in the DI DP Command and the H/orodas as a whole signifies that farmers are not dependent only on a few crops  of cereals, oilseeds  and pulses  with meager amount of production output under rain-fed agriculture Moreover, the flood resulting from the catchment has been assisting the
□ractrce of traditional irrigated agriculture, The existing rudimentary farm implements (Pa/ae (Art.)) in the farmers hand and the unavailability of improved crop production practices, crop yield per unit area is far beyond to feed the population of the area. Although there is high crop  diversity,  it  has  not  been  maintained  with  improved  cropping  systems  to  benefit  the production  and  productivity  of  the  crop  and  farm  lands  respectively,  Moreover,  problems encountered  in  agronomic  practices  have  worsened  natural  calamities  and  pest  incidences This togethe r with man-made problems is likely to result in drought
The regional crop area coverage and production output is  2 1 and 1.8% to that of the country's area coverage and production output, Such enormous variations will be minimized only when farmers are strongly advised tn exploit the available crop production technologies and make use of the unexploited farm land resources of the region Keeping this problem :n view, the FDRE in collaboration with the BGRS has decided to hit ate ard implement the
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DIDP to alleviate poverty  and hunger from this  area. It is  rightly  and earnestly  expected that the implementation of the proposed project would undoubtedly  bring about the revolutionary positive change for the well-being of the people of the DIDP Command.
10.3   Rainfed Production System
The cos! of cultivation, gross  and net returns  for the currently  ongoing rain-fed production system have been presented in Annex  VII It has  been observed from the estimated cost of cultivation that the benefit cost ratio in case of teff, maize, sorghum. nigerseed/Noug sesame and haricotbean were 0 76, 2.87, 1 85 1 65, 1 86 and 2 27 respectively. This  level of profit by  no standard could be classified as  satisfactory  It's  because the estimated income from these crops  is  grossly  inadequate to meet the daily  needs  other than food. The net return per ha of cropped area for teff, maize, sorghum, rugerseed/A/ot/g sesame and haricotbean and their total production are given in Table 10 1 The present levels  of net return from crops  are very low and grossly inadequate to meet the needs of the households.
Tabic 10.1: Net Returns and Total production of the existing crops in DIDP Command
Crop
Area-ha
Yietd-qt/ha
Net                    Total Net relurns/ha          Return (m Birr)             (in Birr)
Teff
2 50
1 50
Total
ProducE-
(quintal)
3 75
Maize                         2.651 68              16.69 Sorghum                    4,205 00              8.25
4*1,256.54
5.621.00               1-1,052 50 35.796 00          i 94,919.537.2&
34,691.25
Niger seedWowg
162.00
4.85
785.70
15,886 00 66,800,030 00
10 21H.00 1,655.316 00
Sesame
Haricot-bean
517.12
3.01
1 556 S3                  10.223 00            5.286.517 .76
360 52
4.57
Total
H.flOG.82
X
2 141 14                   21.05*1.0C           9,864.220 08 X                                   X                               178,540,273.62
10.4 Irrigated Production System
An  attempt  has  been  made  to  Project  the  yields  of  the  crops  included  under  the  proposed cropping  pattern  The  yield  Projections  are  based  on  the  yields  obtained  from  the  various research  centres’,  MoA  sources  and  CSA  (2012  and  2013)  publications  Tne  ultimate  yield and  net  return  per  ha  for  the  cropping  area  of  cereals  (teff.  maize  and  sorghum),  oilseeds (niger  seed/not/g,  sesame  and  ground-nut),  pulses  (haricot-bear,  and  soybean),  root  (sweet potato),   spices   (ginger,   black   cumin   and   black   pepper),   vegetables   (ornon,   garlic,   peeper, ootato  and  okra),  fruit  (mango,  papaya,  banana  and  citrus)  forage  (grasses.,  legumes  and fodder  trees)  and  their  total  production  are  given  in  I  able  10  2  The  details  for  the  lota:  crop budget  i  e,  quantity  of  inputs  required  to  grow  the  proposed  crops,  costs  associated  with inputs,  machineries  labour,  net  benefit,  benefit-cost  ratio  and  others  were  worked  out  and carefully  prepared  for  each  of  the  planned  crops  which  can  be  used  lo  estimate  the  overall crop  yield  projection  for  periods  of  five  years  and  above.  The  details  for  these  under  post Project  condition  are  shown  in  Annex  VIII  The  respective  details  of  the  same  have  been worked  out  for  each  crop  for  periods  of  five  years  and  above  and  are  shown  in  Annex  IX. J   he   estimated   man-days   and   machinery   hours   required   for   different   farm   activities   are proposed  based  on  the  information  obtained  from  project  stakenolders,  pas’  experience  and literature  Moreover,  the  practical  field  experience  and  results  of  research  has  been  referred to reasonably estimate input requirements of each crops.
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The yields  are based on the use of improved package of production practices. For instance the net returns  from irrigated maize, nigerseed/noug. haricol-hean. sweet-potato, ginger, onion and mango, as per Projection are Birr 61.516, 14,513, 32, 792. 50.105, 46,680
173.363 and 343.726 respectively  The respective values  for benefit cost ratio were 9 14:1, 3.10:1, <61:1, 1 32:1, 7.08:1. 26.12:1 and 6.11:1 respectively  (Annex  VIII). Both the net returns  and benefit-cosL ratios  appear very  encouraging and would definitely  bring prosperity in the Project Command during the posl-irrrgalron period under the proposed cropping pattern
Table 10.2: Expected Net Return from Crop Production in DIDP Command under Post
Project Condition
I—
—
Net                            Total Net
Crop
Area
(ha|
re (urns? ha (in
Blrr|
Return
(in Birr)
Cereals                        3,175.90
109,301.00                114360.251.00
Teff
1 221 50
33,366 00                  40.756.569.00
Maize                       977 20
Yield
(q/ha)
X
10 00
70 00
61,516 00
Rice
Oil seeds
977 20
50 0C
Total
produce(qj
139,251.00
21.987 00
68.404.00
48.860.00
14 419 00
3.664.50            X
29.316.00
14,658.00
31 301.00
60.113.435.20
14.090.246.80
57,351,257.25
Niger seedyNouq Sesame
Pulses
1 lancotbean
Root
1.832.25           3 00 1,832 25            8.00 1710.10             X
1.710.10            30 00 1.221.50            X
M.513.00
16.700.00
26.591,444 25
14.658.00
51,303.00
30.759,813.DO
32,792.00
56,077,599.20
51.303.00                     32 792.00
359,121,00                   50,105.00
56.077,599.20
61,203,257.50
Sweet-potato
Spices
1.221 50           294 CO
359.121.00                   50,105 00                  61.203.257,50
977.20               X
Ginger
4SB B0              214.00
Black cumin
Vegetables
488 6C
5,130.30
12.00
110,423.60
104,560.40
5.963 20
57,810.00                  28.245,966.00
46.880.00                  22.905 56S 00
10.930.00                  5,340,390.00
X
952.525-70
265,450.00
453.946,045.00
Onion
1,710.10            300 00
513.030.00
296.468.066.30
Garlic
1,710 10
51.303,00
52.421,405.40
Pepper
30 00
227.00
388,192,70
173.363.00
30.654.00
61.433.00
105.056,573.30
Fruits
1.710 10
1,032.25
x
732.900 00                   1,334,904.00             610,247,953.50
Mango
488.60
195 440 00
343.726 00
167.944,523.60
Papaya                        488.60
Banana                        488.60
366.45
1,710,10
400.00
400.00
400.00
400.00
400.00
195.440. QO                343.726 00                167.944,523.60
Citrus
Grasses
Legumes A fodder trees
195.440.00 303,726 00
146.580 00 343,726.00
684.040 00
23,434.00
148.400,523.60
125.958.392.70
40,074,483.40
122.15
400.00
48,860.00
44,550.00
5,441,782.50
Total
19.544.00
3,107.740.30               1,949.647.00
1,427 540,605.35
10.5  Present Status
The growth of agriculture rn Ethiopia so far has been heavily reliant on agricultural land extension with only limited intensification through irrigation. According to Awulachew (2006) the production growth, which is at an average annual value of 0.61% chiefly comes from the cultivated land growth of 0.47% and productivity growth of 0 14% (Table 10 3).
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Table 10 3: Average Crop Yield Growth Percent for the Period from 1980-2001
t
“L
Crop type
l_Growth component
, Cereals
Pluses
Oilseeds
i Avetaqe Annual growth
1 0 74
0 60
0.4B
Growth Due to land Expansion
1 0.57
0.45
une
^Growth Due to yield Increase
ELO.17
] 0.15
0.10
Source: Seleshl B. Awulachew (2006)
Il seems  that the policy  makers  and planners  have taken a lesson from this  trend to undertake the DIDP The mam objective of this irrigation Project is to enhance the crop yield per unit area per unit lime and inputs. In brief, it is an effort to push up growth of productivity through intensification The achievement of this  noble objective receives  enough support from the estimates of the projected yields as shown in the following section.
10.5.1Yield projection and output estimation
Yield projection
The  yield  Projection  of  the  Project  has  been  proposed  based  on  the  availability  of  the
□□exploited  resources  that  could  go  in  the  production  of  improved  crop  varieties  and  the adoption of improved agricultural practices to alleviate poverty and ascertain food security in the  area  In  this  regard,  some  supporting  opportunities/conditions  of  the  Command  are briefly described below.
1)  The Project Command soils, i.e., the red and qleyscls are suitable for the different type of  crops  to  be  introduced.  Some  part  of  the  area  is  virgin  and  has  been  under vegetation cover, as a result soil degradation is low and the fertility status is in good condition.
2)   The Project Command is endowed with a goad supply of moisture from elevated areas flood, Dabus River and other small seasonal streams.
3)    In  the  area,  the  introduction  of  improved  crop  production  packages  i  e  ,  improved variety  seeds,  fertilizers  and  agronomic  practices  will  be  promoted  by  the  technical team  nt  research  and  development  experts  working  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Project Command  Moreover,  there  will  be  a  concerted  technical  support  from  research  and offices of rural development during Project implementation perioa
4)   Farmers 'nave got long years of experience and skill.
5)  Agro-ecological suitability
it is assumed that crops yield will increase for the coming five consecutive years beginning from the project implementation period. At the beginning of the period, under the proposed cropping pattern, smal holders as well as large scale farming will not attain the maximum projected crop yields in the first 12 year rounds, although there is a gradual yield increment
□n yearly basis The trend in yiela increment reveals that there is an increase in yield with increasing rate followed by a decreasing rate tendency until it attains a constant or optimum level of production The increase in yield will assume a constant increment beyond the fivs developmental periods unless there is crops technology breakthrough in-respect of varieties
VWiter Works Design and                                                  123 Supervision Enterprise
JamiarMO*^Ri
Ministry of Water, krigatlcnn and Energy 
VcMunie IV “ Pari
_5^bus_l(ngatranSlu<fy and Design Project_____________________ _ ________ Agronomy Study Final Report and  innovations  of  field management techniques  by the country's National  and Regional Research Institutes
*
The  allotment  of  the  obtainable  yield/ha  (Table  10.4),  and  the  total  cultivable  Project
Command as shown on Table 10.5 on annual basts, under the proposed cropping pattern is 
determined based on the personal experience of the study team and the assumption for the
i
gradual burld-up of awareness and motivation of farmers to take part in the full scale project
implementation schedule. Moreover, less familiarization to the agro-ecology of the area and
the  insufficient  supply  of  inputs  at  the  beginning  will  contribute  minimal  amount  of
n
i
harvestable  crop  yields.  In  view  of  this,  crops  under  cultivation  will  show  gradual  but
geometrical growth of production rn the following five consecutive years Incremental values 
in respect of the cultivable area (in hectare) are calculated as 10% 20% 40%, 80% and
100% of the total area assigned for the individual crops by assuming that there will be a
gradual  extension  of  the  unexplaited  land  resources  as  shown  on  Table  10.9  for  the
ii
i
I
i
i
i
i
t
I
l
l
proposed cropping pattern.
Table 10.4: Proposed Yield fq/lia} Projections under Irrigated Farming
Yield
under
rain-fed
Yield under irrigated farming
Crops
farming        Ycar-1         Year-2          Ycar-3          ¥ear-4          Year-5          Year->5
Cereals                          X                         X                  X                  x
XXX
Jeff
1 50             S                  11
13
10
Mai/e
Rice
Oil seeds
Niger seed/ZJcrjg Sesame
16.69           30                15
15
65
18
70
NA               30                35
60
40
X
45
50
70
50
XKX
4 85 5 5
3.01 5 5
7
X
7
X
3
7
8
X
a
a
Pulses
XX
x
Har-catbean
4.57              12
15
7
x
20
x
25
X
30
Root
* S.. w. —  eet-pi otato--------
X
30
XX
*------- ■-----
-12 20 125
XXX
150 175 250
X
294
X
I 294
Spices                            X
X
X
X
X
Ginger                            NA
Biack cumin
NA
X
10C
5
150              175 86
X
200
214              214
10
Vegetables
12                12
X
X
X
X
X
Onion
89.95            125
x
175
200
Garlic
300
50 at 15
—
20
250
25
Pepper
5 19
15
125
300
30
150
200
Fruits
30
227
X
10(1
X
Mango
164 20
100
X
175
X
X
X
200               300
400
Papaya
227
X
400
175          200               300
400
Banana
Citrus
47 03
141 40
29 42
100
100
100
400
175
175
200
300
400
400
200
NA
300
350
4 nil              400
Grasses
125              175
250
400
Legumes   &
fodder trees
k. 1 * fl -.klr.
NA = Nat Available
NA
125              175
250
350
400
400
400
Wa(e Worts Design ami
r
*24
January, 2015
Supervision Entero nseMinistry of Water. Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
.
Volume IV - Part I ________ Agronomy Study F *nal Rupert
Table 10.5: Existing and Proposed Post Irrigation Yield/ha for Different Crops in DIDP Command
Rainy Season
I 3ry Season
Crop              ___ I
1 CCA (ha) i
Existing Yield’ (qfha)
Proposed f Yield
(q/ha)
X
18 00
CCA (lia)
Existing Yield1 (q/ha)
Cereals
X
feff
3,175.90         X
1,221.50 I  1.50 9/7.20           16.69
-
-
Proposed Yield Hq/ha)_
x
0.00
Maize
; Rice
1 Oil seeds
0.00
■I
■I
977.20 1,221.50
I Niger seed/A/oug        610 75
NA X
4.85
70.00 5000 X
-
-
0.00
Total
CCA (hai J
3,175.90 1.221 50
977 20 977 20
|_2,443.00       X
8 00             ' 1,221.50
8 00             . 1.221 50
X                  | 1.221.50
4.85
X | 3,664.50
8 00 1,832.25
i Sesame
1 Pulses
610,75 3 01
488.60           X
301
8.00
1 832.25
X
1 Haricolbear.               488 50           4 57
30.00
1.221.50
4 57
X
30 00 x
1,710.10_
1.710.10
1 Roots
, Sweet potato Spices
1 Ginger
—a.----- --------- — 1 Black cumin
Vegetables l _ a--------
Onion
| Garlic
Pepper
• Fruits
1 Mango Papaya Banana
1 Citrus
| Grasses
Legumes & fodder trees Total
1,221.50     |x
|x
1.221 50 42 20 , 294 0C
977.20        I X                Bz 48860           NA               214.00
438 60        INA              l 12 00
-
-
X
-
•aoo
1.221.50
1.221 50
-
X
X                    977.20
- NA
- NA
0.00               488.60
000
488 60
1,465.80
488 60
488 60
X               'x
89.95           300.00
3,664.50
1.221.50
1.221 50
X 89.95 50 81
X
300 00
5.130.30
1.710.10
50.81
30.00
30.00
1 710 10
m
488 60 5.19
' 1.832.25     'x
227 00             1.221 50 X
51?_____
x
227 00            1 710 I0
«
1,832 25
488.60
488.60
488.60
366.45
164.20 47 03 141.40
400 00
400 00
0.00                48860
-
-
000
400.00
-
29 42           400 00
1,710.10        NA              400.00
- NA NA X_
0.00
0.00
0.00
488 60 J 488 60 36645 1,710.10
122.15 10,000.00^
NA
x__
400.00
0.00                122.15
x                  | 7,329 00
x
19,544.00
NA - Not available
Output estimation
The area and production of different crop groups during the mehor season in 2O12-13was 248.51 thousand ha and 27,472.91 thousand quintals for the whole Asosa zone (Annex VI) Under the existing farm practice, where the available farm resources are not exploited to the required  level,  the  total  yield  per  unit  area  is  declining  and  not  sufficient  to  satisfy  the consumption need of the area. The existing crops yield/hectare and total production is giver, on T able 10.5 and 10.6 respectively It is assumed that the entire CCA would come under ram-fed  cultivation  even  without  project  Thus,  the  actual  area  presently  cultivated  is  much less
Waterworks Design and Supervision Enterprise
•25
January, 2015M.nrstry of irrigation and Energy 
Volu™.tV" Par' !
JJabusJrrigatonJfudy wd Design Projecl_____________ ___________ ,______________ Agronomy Study Angl Report_ Table 10.6: Crop Yields and Total Production tinder Existing Farm Practice in DIOP
Command
Rainy Season
Existing
Crop Cereals Telf
CCA (ha)
3 175.90 1 221.50
Yield
(q/ha)
Production
Hql
X                          18.141.72 1 50            ‘ 1.832 25 16.69            16,30947
NA
* 4JJ00.50 4 85 L2 962.14 3 01 1,63836
-
-
Dry Season Existing
1 Yield
(q/ha)
X
-
____
Produ
ction (q)
0.00
0.00
Total Production
(q)
18.141 J2
1,832.25
Marzo                  _977.20
b.oo
000
16.309-47
Rice
977-20
0.00
Oil seeds                 1221.50
-
2,443 00
X
9.600.99
14,401 49
Niger seed/fifrwg Sesame
Pulses
610.75
610.75
4HO0
1.221 50
1,221.50
4 85
3.01
X
5 924.28
3.676.72
3,006.41
5515.07
X
2,232 90
1.221.50
7,815.16
Haricotbean            480.60
4.57
2.232.00
1.221.50
4 57
Root
1.221.50
X
51,547.30
-
X
7.01:5.16
51,547.30
Sweet-polalo           1.221.50
4220
51.547.30
42 20
5,582.26 5,582.26
0.00
' 0.00
S1.547.3O
Spices
977.20
X
-
0.00
0.00
Ginger
408 60
NA
X
NA
0.00
0.00
Black cumin Vegetables
Onion
480 60 1.405 80
408.60
488.60
408 60
1,832.25
NA
X
89 95
50.81
5.19
-
NA
000
71.311.17
3.664.50
X
178.277.93
43.949.57
24,825.77
2.535 83
1.221.50
89.95
109,873.93
0.00
249.589.10
163.823,50
Garlic
Pepper
Fruits
1.221.50 1.221 50
50.81
5.19
62.064.42 6.339.59
HG,090.18 0,075.42
X                         183,075.98
-X
0.00
Vlangc
Papaya
Banana
Cllrus
488 60 184.20 00228 12
480 60 47.03 22.970.86
-
0.00
-
0.00
183,075.90 80.228.12 22.970.06
48B.6O
141.40
69.068.04
-
0.00
69,088 04
3GG.45
29.42
-
-
Grasses
Legumes & fodder trees
1,710.10
NA
10 780 96
-
-
NA
0 00
0.00
10,780.86
0.00
122.15
NA
0,00
Total
10.000,00 I
331.109.56
7.329.00
NA x
193,461.17
0.00
524 570.73
Note It is assumed that the entire CCA would come under rain-fed cultivation
The expected assumption with regard to project output is  increasing production and ensuring food security  under the proposed cropping pattern It is  assumed that the project would bring significant increase in production and productivity  of crops  through intensive management per unit time and space Intensification has  been presumed to boost production and productivity  of the targeted crops  in the range of 8-400 qt/ha. Table 10 7 reveal the obtainable ultimate high crop production from lhe proposed irrigated farm practices  in the proposed cropping pattern.
Table 10.7: The Ultimate Crop Yields and Production under the Proposed Irrigated
Farm Practice in DIDP Command
Rainy BUiiiior
Dry seasnsm
Crop
Produi-
cl Ion
CCA
ha]
Proposed           Produ-
Total
yield
Cereals
Oil seeds
Proposud
CCA lhai yield (q/ha)
977.23             70.00 1 221 50         x
3,175 90         X
Ction jq|
139,251.00
production (gj
K
Tcfl
1,221.50          18 00
0.00
21,987 00
139.251 00
58,404.00
0 30 □ 00
□.DC 0,00
21.9H7.00
Rice
9Z7 20             50 CO
48,060 00
9,772.00
0 DC                  0.00
2,443,00
N»ger 610 75 SCO
Sesame 610 75 300
K                        19,544 00
4.806.01
•1,806 CO
14 650.00
1,221 50
1,221 50
” a.oc
9,772 00
8 00                   9.772 GO
69.404.00 49.860, QQ 23,116 QD 14 550 no
,
14 650.00
,
PdlseS
408. GO
’ _______
1.221,50
Harcatb-Ban              488.60             30.00           H
!4 550 DO
159.121.00
X                      36,645.00           SI  303 no
1,221 50       30.00                  3G 6'85.00
,, St.JQ3.D0
Root
1.221.50         X
X
Sneet-potato ____     1.221.50         294 DO
Water Works Design and                                                      26 Supervision Enterprise
35*1,12“.DO
11 □c
--------------
non
Q DC
0 QO
359.121,00
259.121 00
Jar lflfy.
5
5«Ministry of Waler. Irrigation ard Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
Volume IV - Pad I Agronomy Study Final Report
~r
Rainy season
Crop
I CCA (ha) L
Proposed 1
yield (q/ha) [
Produ clion (q)
CCA
(ha)
Dry season Proposed yield Iq/ha) '
Spices                       977 20            *
110.423.60          •
X
Total production ll)
110,423.60
Gin get
I 483.60             21400                 104.560.40          -
oco
Black cumin          "J 4B8 60            12.00
000
Vegetables
I Onion
j Gadic Pepper
Fruits Mange
Papaya
Banana
Citrus Grassei
1.465.00 j  X
6 863.20
272.150.20           3.664.50
X
104.560.40 5.863.20 952.525.70
I 408 60
i -108 60
488 60
1.832.25
4Bb 50
488 60
408 60
306 45
’ 1,710.10
300.00
146 580 00
1.221.50       300 00
Produ ction (q)
0.00
0 00
0 00
680.375 50
366.450 00
513.030.00
30 00
14.658 00
1,221.50       30 00
227.00                110.912.20
1.221 50       227.00
X
732.900.00
195.44 j 00       1 -
-
X
36 645 00          51,303.00 277.280 50        388.192 70 0.00                   732.900.00
400 00
400 00
400.00
400 00
400.00
195.440.00
195.44000
1-
-
-
-
0 00 ooo 195.440.00
000 0 00 195.44D.00
146.580 00
684,040.DO
Legumes & fodder Wool Total
112.15
400.00
48.860.00         1
10.000.00       X
2.371,175.80       7,329.00
0 00
0 00
0 00
000
X
000
0.00
0.00
195.440.00
146,580.00
684,040.00
i 000                     48,860,00
1 736.564 50 | 3,107,740 30 |
Moreover, greater production benefits  to be obtained from the proposed irrigated farm practice are depicted on Table 10.8 for the proposed cropping pattern. The overall DIDP achievement in respect of crop yields  and production benefits  from irrigation is  unusually large as  against to the low existing yield/ha and total production under the existing farm practice as  depicted on tables  10 5, and 10.6 Furthermore, the year-wise break  down for the total proposed cultivated land and ciop production under the proposed cropping pattern is  briefly  summarized on Table 10 9. This  summary  has  been worked-out based or. the assumed annual yield (Table 10.5) to be secured upon the implementation of the Project in full swing
Table 10.8; Comparison between Pre and Post Project Period Production in DIDP
Command
Pre-proiect period                       Post-project period                               Difference
Crop
Total CCA
Production Production
(quintal)
Production          Production        Production           Production (quintal)                     %               (qulnt.it)
s 1
Cereals
Teff
Maize
H»ce
3.175 90
1 221 50
977 70
977 70
18.141.72 1 832 25 16 309 47
3.46
0.35
139,251.00         4 4R
121,109.28
21.987 00
071
3.11                   58.404 00
220
20.154 75
52 094 53
48.860 00
1 57                  43 653 CO
Oil seeds Niger seedf\ ji/y Sesame
3 664 50          14.401 49         2.75                   29.316 00
0.94                   14.914 52
4.69
0 7H
2 07
1 89
0.58
1.832.25 8 386 41
1.832 25 5.515.07
1.69                   14,658 00
047                 15.771 59
1 05
14 658 00           0 47                   9,142 93
0 22
0.35
Pulses
Hancalbean
Root
1 710 10 7.815 16
1.710.10 7815 16
1.49
51,303.00
1.65                   43.487 84             1 68
1 221.50
51.547.30
1.49
9.83
51,303.00
359 121.00
1 65                  43 487 84            1 68
11.56 307.57370 11.91
Sweet potato
1,221 50
51.547 30
9.83
359 121.00
Spices                     977 20
Ginger                      403 60
Rlack cumin             488 60
11 56                 3C7 573 70           11.9:
•
110423 60
3.55                   110.423 60          4.27
-
104 560 40          336                    104,560 40          4.05
•
•
Vegetables
Onion
Garlic
5.863.20
5.130.30
1.710 10
1 710.10
0 19                   5 863 20              0 23
249,589.10
153 823 50
47 58
952,525.70
30.65                 702,936 61          27.21
29 32
513,030 00
16 51                 359.206 51           1391
86.890.18
Pepper
16 56
1710 10          8.875 42
51.303 00
1 65                            87 18 ’        -1.38
Fruits
1.69                  IBS. 192 70
1.832.25         183.075.98
r 12 49                      1.317.28      | 14 68
Manga                      438 60             80.228 12
34.90                732.900 00
Papaya                     433 60            22.978 36
15.29
195,440 00
23 58 549,824.02 21 28
6.29 115,211 aa I 4 46
Banana                     4?-. Ff.
59 088 04
4 38
11 • 7
195.440.00          6 29
’72.451.14         [T68_________
Citrus
366 4S            10J60 96
1.710 10
2 06___
-
195,440 OO
146.580 00
6 29
126.351 96.      I 4 39       _ _
Grosses
j equmes & fodder trees
684.040.00
12J15
•
i otal
19.544 00       521570.73
48 860.00
4 72                    ’25799 04           ' 5.26 22 01              ’ 684.040 00            26.48
r
1 57
100.00               3.107.740.30
48 860 00           I 1 89
100 oo               2.583,169.57    ’ Too.oo
Wale/ Works Design and                                                127 Supervision Enterprise
-
ffIfffS!lI Illi■BiMini dry of Water. Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
Volume IV - Part I _  _______  ________  Agronomy Study F ma! Report
Table 10.9: Proposod Outputs of Crops under Irrigated Farming
Protect years
I Crops
Particulars
Yuard
Year-2
Yoar-3
Year 4
Year-5
Yoar->5
Yiefei (crt/ha'i
BOO
11.00
13 00
15. DO
10.60
I8 60
Taff
Area (na
122.15
244 30
4BB.6D
077 20
1,221.50
1,221.50
Total production (ql'l
977 20
2.607 30
5.351 JO
14 550.00
21,907.00
21.907 DO
■Maize
Yield [qvhai
30.00
45.00
60 CO
65.00
76.00
70.00
Aren |hai
97 72
195 44
390.60
731 76
977 20
977,20
Total
p'Dductkjn <q1>
2.931.60
H.794. HO
23,452 BO 1
5014.40
60,404.00
68.464.00
hhcc
Yr-cld ■■;! ' u
30.00
35 00
40.DG
45 CD
50.00
50,00
Area ihi)
97.72
195 44
390 BH
rai 76
977 20
977.20
Tolal
prodcclicm lq!j
2.931.60
0.84D.4O
15.615 20
35,179.20
4(1.060 00
4B.B6O.U0
Yield (qtftial
5 DC
5.00
7 00
7.00
H no
lob
Niger SCfldt'fttotrtj
Area f^a*
1 M.T. 23
265 46
737.90
1.465 AD
1.932.25
1,032 25
Total aroduchon ■ qt
916 13
1,037 75
5,13030
10,260.00
14.658.00
14,65 BOO
Y^kl JqUha]
5. kF
5.00
7 00
7.00
B DO
e CO
5ttame
Area lhai
103 73
366.45
732.90
1.465 00
1.832.25
1.032 25 _
Tolal
producti in fqt)
----------
916 13
1
I.B3Z25
6,130.30
10.700.60
1 <650 .CO
14,658,60
Yield iqt^a)
12.00
15.00
20.00
25 00
IO 00
30.00
Hidcolbear
Area ;.ha.)
171 00
342.00
004 CO
i.3sa oo
1,710.00
1.7IG DU
Tolar
P'zducHon tnt)
2.052.00
5.130 DO
13,650.00
34,200.00
51,300 00
SI 3DD.OO
Yield IqUhaj
125.00
150. CO
175.00
750.00
294.00
294 on
l Sweel-pol nlo
1
Area (ha)
122 15
744 30
408.50
977.20
1.721.50
1.271 50
Tnlal jjrcHSuanjt! :«ill
15.260 7S
36.545.00
05.505 OD
244,300 DO
359,121.00
359. *,21.00
Yield -:qt/ha)
ico.no
150 on
175 00
200 00
214 00
214.00
Ginger
Area nio)
45 0C
97 72
195 44
390 B0
488 60
4B3 GO
Total
pioducs-or .1)
4,505.00
14.65B.M
34.202.00
73.176 M
104,560 40
104,560.46
Y'-eld inl/hn)
5.00
0 00
BOO
10.00
12 00
17.00
81a tk cumin
Area fhal
4B.BG
97.72
195.44
3W.88
408 50
4fi8 6D
Tolal urodiJcLion iqL)
244 30
701 ZB
1.563.52
3.900 30
5.063 ?0
5.963.20
Onion
Yield (qtihn)
125.00
£75 Q0
200 OQ
250.00
300.00
360 00
Area - a)
171 00
342 00
604 00
1.368 DC
1.710 CO
17ID DO
1 Tuhil QrgduiztiQn (qll
, 21 375 00
59,050.00
138,000 CO
342„000 U-'J
613.000.00
513 .ODO .00
Y'ekH lUhdi
15. CD
15.00
20.00
25 DO
30.00
3Q on
Garlic
Area iha'i
171.00
342 00
664.00
1.300.00
1,710.00
Tolal
produaiOfl (alJ
i 710 00
1 2.565 00
5.130.00
13.600 -OG
34,200.00
51.300.(10
51,300 DO
Pepper
Yield nunfl.)
1 DU 00
125 00
150 00
200 DO
227 IKJ
Aren lliii)
171 00
227.00
342 DO
GBfl.Up
1.366 DO
1.710.00
TOW
prorfiidsarr !q|’
17W.D0
17.™ DO
42.750 CO
102.500 DO
I 773.609 00
30-0,’70,00
3B0.17Q 00
Manga
v ield (qt/hai
SOD u0
175.00
200.00
300 00
400.00
Area ■ lui)
48 Sfi
97 7?
400.00
195 44
39C.BB
400 6C
4 to 60
Tolad prudccl'.ct {q!J
4, BBS. CO
17 101 DO
19.003 DO
117,264 CO
195.440Q0
195.440 OD
'"’in ill ■; ,I-'||,H
' 'iin op
175.00
200.00
300 X
400.00
dOO0U
I Papny-i
Aiea (ha)
4B as
197 72
, 195 44
390. BB
408 60
400 hf)
1 olal CrodUuLlQH fui!
4.086.00
17.101 00
39.DBS.00
117,264.00
195,440 DO
105 440 03
Yield (qt/liaj
1COOO
175 QO
2UD.OO
300 DC
4DOOO
Banana
Area hai
4H.BG
97.72
1" 195 44
39OJ0
4&6 60
Tolal
; redaction \ql.i
4.336.00
17,101 00
39.000.00
117,204 X
195 446 00
ABft.fifl
195 440.00
—1
Yiek! (qyhal
1 DU Dj
175OQ
200-30
300 DD
C4rus
400.60
463,00
Area (&a)
3G.65
73 29
146 50
m 16
366.45
366.45
Total
pre-duf.. id |i|l|
3.664 50
12.025 75
29,3 tfi.00
| 87.94S.OO
146,580 CO
146.500 00
Wale i Works l3esig n and                                                  1 0 Supervision Enlerpusw
J Anuary,     15Ministry of Waler Irrigation and Energy
Dabus Irrigation Stydyand Design Project
Volume IV Pad I
Agronomy Study Final Report
Project /ears
Crops
Particulars
Year-1
Ycar-2
Yoar-3
Year-4
Year-5
Year >5
Yield (qt/ha)
125.00
175 00
250.00
350.03
400 30
400.00
Grasses
Area (ho)
171.01
342.02
684 04
1,368.03
1,710 10
‘710 10
Total production (qt)
21.376 25
59.853 50
171.01000
47B.828G0
504.040 00
604.040.00
Yield (qVha)
12500
17500
250.00
350.00
4 CO 00
400 30
Legume &
ladder Irces
Area (ha)
12.22
24.43
48.06
97 72
122 15
122 15
Total produr lion (qt)
1.526 88
4.27525
10.300 00
34 202 CO
•18.06C.OO
48.860 CO
Yield (qUha|
X
X
X
X
X
x
Tola!
Area (ha)
1.954.36
3.908.72
7,817 44
I 15,634.86
-
19.543.60
19,543.60
Total
production
1 (qtj
113.389.33
315,189 26
773.535 92
2,084.327 60
3.107.6B1 60
3.107.681 60
10.6 Projected Yield of Irrigated Crops
Data given in Table 10.10 evince that the introduction of irrigation under the proposed cropping pattern would bring about spectacular improvement in the production of cereal oilseed, pulse, root, spice, vegetable, fruit and forage crops in DIDP Command.
Table 10.10: Expected Production and Gains Due to Irrigation
Crop categories Crops total Cereals
Oilseeds
I Pulses
1 Roots
Sr ices Vegetables
Fruits
Grasses
Legumes & fodder trees
Rainfed 524.570.75 18.141 72 14,401.49
7.815.16
51,547 30
Proposed Production (q) Irrigated
I 3,107,740.30
j 139.251 00
I 29.316 00
I 51.303 00
359.121 00
Gain duo to
] irrigation (q) 2 583,169.55
121.109 28
14,914.51
43,487 84 307,573 70
-
249 589.10
110.423.60
r 110.423 60
952.525.70
183,075 98
732,900.00
i 684,040.00
-
I
J 48,860 00
702.936.60
549,824 02
684.040 00
48.860 00 __
Production of cereal, oilseed, pulse, root, spice, vegetable, fruit, and forage crops under irrigated farm practice are respectively expected to yield 13.93. 2 93. 5 13, 35.91, 11 04 95.25, 73.29, 68,40, and 4.890 thousand tons under the proposed cropping pattern. Value of net return from all crops in the Project Command on full development is expected to be 1.43 billion Birr against pre-pro/ect total net return of 178.5 million Birr Thus the net gain in value of produce under post-project conditions over pre Project condition is expected to be 1.25 billion Birr under the proposed cropping pattern as against to the total Project cost of 2.3 million Birr All the gains proposed for the area would undoubtedly bring about significant prosperity to help in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Ethiopia.
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Jabusjrrigaironjtudy and Design Project_________________________________  Agronomy Siudy Final Report
11.  CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
11.1  Conclusion
Agriculture in Ethiopia is  to overcome several challenging situations  to achieve success  on food security. The concern of food security  is  associated with agricultural sustainability, political stability  and environmental stability. Hence, the general objective in DIDP agronomy feasibility  study  is  to examine and determine the present constraints  impeding improvement of crop production and formulate package of scientific  crop production technologies  so as  to recommend precise and scientific  irrigated agriculture for its  profitability  to the farmers  and well being of all the people in the area by  utilizing the Dabus  River proposed Io be made available through the irrigation Project, The proposed DI DP Command, which is  located In the BGRS in Asosa administrative Zone, is  among the most prominent areas  in the catchments  of Dabus  River basin in west Ethiopia in Menge, Oda-bildiglu, Asosa and Bambasi Woredas. Its  topographic  feature is  suitable for surface furrow and pressurized overhead irrigation Moreover, the area is  in close proximity  to Dabus  River, which is  the source for irrigated land development,
On the basis  of the feasibility  study  conducted m the DI DP Command for introduction of irrigated production system mainly  on small holdings  for increasing the productivity  and production of food grains, cash and other exportable crops, the following important points  of recommendations  have emerged for consideration in view of existing socio-economic situation of the farmers, soils and climatic conditions
11.2  Recommendations
1   Currently a few number of crops are being grown under rainfed production systems 
using only local varieties or land races with poor genetic potential and low yields. They 
are required to be replaced by high genetic potential varieties and hybrids. Moreover
additional number of crop varieties need be introduced which may preferably be photo
and thermo-insensitive, resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, high yielding, and
responsive to Irrigation and olher inputs. Moreover, additional number of crop varieties 
need oe introduced.
2     Majority  of  the  farmers  are  using  their  own  previous  season  produce  as  seed  without ensuring  its  quality  and  potential,  hence,  it  is  strongly  recommended  to  ensure  the  supply of   quality   seed   of   improved   vaneties   recommended   for   the   Project   Command   at   a reasonable and affordable cost.
3     To improve the supply of seed, it is suggested Io introduce the in-village seed production scheme   in   and   around   Project   Command   after   proper   capacity   building   of   the participating   farmers   with   appropriate   buy-back   arrangements   1   his   scheme   would ensure  the  production  of  adequate  certified  seed  of  suitable  varieties  in  the  area,  at  a reasonable cost and also help as a demonstration unit
4     The  supply  of  other  Inputs  like  fertilisers  and  agro  chemicals  are  either  inadequate  or delayed  at  the  Kebetes  and  villages  It  is  therefore,  strongly  recommended  to  ensure  the adequate and timely supply of the above and also encourage the farmers for need-based
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Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Reporl
use If required, adequate and timely credit facilities should be made available for such
farmers.
5   Popularization of compost preparation and application methods through campaigns by 
the extension agencies Attention should be given to the control of crop-enemies and
quality agrochemicals need be made available on time and in required quantity at
affordable price,
6, lhe farmers are using only indigenous tools for field preparation, harvesting and
threshing which delayed the farm operations with poor quality of land preparation
resulting in poor yields It is, therefore, suggested tn introduce bullock or oxen-operated
(drawn) farm implements and tools for timely and satisfactory farm operations including
post-harvest practices.
7.   Livestock   rearing   is   an   important   component   of   agriculture.   It   is,   therefore   strongly recommended    to    introduce    improved    breeds    with    high    genetic    potential    and    dual purpose  type  to  meet  the  requirements  of  milk,  meat  and  traction  power  The  farmers should  be  convinced  not  Io  rear  more  than  2-3  cattle  per  household  In  v'ew  of  constraints on  feed,  and  fodder  resources.  The  practice  of  stall-feeding  is  also  recommended  with proper mix of green and dry fodder
B.  With  the  advent  of  Irrigated  production  system,  it  is  strongly  recommended  to  introduce cropping   systems   with   alternative   choice   of   crop   rotations   with   cropping   intensity   more than   150   percent   foi   high   production   and   better   employment   generation.   The   rotations should   be   flexible   to   accommodate   need-based   crops   for   high   income   with   reasonable cost of cultivation
9.   The   production   technologies   of   important   field   crops,   vegetables,   fruits   and   forages   for irrigated    production    system    have    been    discussed    keeping    in    view    of    the    current requirement   of   the   country   Their   waler   requirement   has   also   been   worked   out   and indicated.    These    practices    are    recommended    to    be    followed    till    new    production technologies are generated locally and made available to the farmers
ilk  fhe technologies  for integrated farming system involving crops, ivestock. horticulture, fishery, forestry, apiculture, etc  should be demonstrated at the farmers' field to make them more popular for high and sustainable production high employment generation with acceptable environment.
11    Since   the   extension   service   seems   to   be   quite   ineffective   with   a   gap   in   number   of Development  Agcnls,  it  is  foil  that  the  number  of  well  trained  grass  root  level  staff  needs to   be   increased   to   guide   the   farmers   They   should   be   trained   in   proper   technology dissemination activities of the different technologies through on-farm demonstrations
12   I!  is  strongly  recommended  to  organize  frequent  refresher  and  capacity  building  program tor   ail   level   of   extension   officials   on   irrigated   agriculture   production   technologies   and post-harvest   practices.   I   he   training   for   farmers   and   farm   women   should   also   be organized  with  special  emphasis  on  production  and  post  harvest  skills  of  crop  and  other enterprises   related   to   self-employment   and   village-based   industries   for   increasing   their mcc   th-     and   employment   keeping   in   view   the   market   demand   Encouragement   for participatory research and extension activities of village level would oe very useful
.3 National and Regional Research System covers enure spectrum of crops, livestock. nahjra£jgsources forestry, etc under ra infed production system but there are gaps in
t
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Volume IV - Part I
- .Dabusjrrigatlon Study and Design Projecl_______________ ___ __________________ Agranomy Study Final Report several    areas    under    irrigated    production    system    awaiting    redressing    and    focused attentions.  Some  of  these  areas  are  breeding  for  photo  and  thermo-insensitive  crops, crop-livestnck-fish   integrated   production   system,   production   practices   with   reference   to climate   change   and   its   implication,   harnessing   space,   information   and   communication technology,  biotechnology,  organic  recycling  and  value  addition  to  biomass,  pre^breeding and participatory breeding and scientific organic farming to generate technologies
14.   It  is  strongly  recommended  to  setup  a  new  agricultural  research  cum  demonstration center  under  irrigated  production  system  in  the  Project  Command  to  con  duel  research and   demonstration   on   important   crops,   horticulture,   livestock,   fishery,   forestry,   farm implements,  tools,  post  harvest  processes,  etc.  along  with  integration  of  relevant  areas with crops for sustainable production Applied research should be given high priority.
15.   It   is   strongly   recommended   to   increase   the   Research-Extension-farmers   linkages   by increased financial support for rapid dissemination and adoption of technologies.
16. Strong  public  (government)  and  private  sector  partnership  based  on  the  respect  for  each others,  obligations  is  recommended  keeping  in  view  IPR  breeders'  right  and  other  forms of proprietary control over technologies and products of commercial significance.
17   It  is  further  recommended  to  establish  a  national  participatory  research,  demonstration and   training   centre   to   integrate   available   scientific   institutions,   extension   program   and gras5-root level institutions related to crop and livestock development
18  It  is  strongly  felt  that  the  women  may  be  actively  involved  in  all  agricultural  and  livestock production  activities  with  proper  support  of  training.  They  could  be  given  skill  training  on fruit   and   vegetable   preservation   after   formation   of   women   based   Self-Help   Groups (SHGs)
19   Irnpreving  the  judicious  use  of  agronomic  practices  of  intercropping,  double  cropping, strip cropping and crop rotation for maximum productivity.
Water Warks Design and Supervision bnlurprlsti
January, 2015--seal IliiilllllHMinistry of Waler, Irrigation rind Energy
jjabtigjrngafion Study and Desrgr Project _____________
references
Volume IV - Part 1 Agronomy Study Final Report
1      African    Development    Bank    (AD0).    2003.    Ethiopia    agricultural    support    Project appraisal   report   Agricultural   and   Rural   Development   Department,   North,   East   and South, Tunis
2      Agro-Ecological   Zones   of   Ethiopia.   March   1998.   Natural   Resources   Management and Regulators Department, Ministry of Agriculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
3      Belele  Yalew  (2006).  Current  experience  on  existing  small  scale  irrigation  practices and   techndogies   for   small   scale   agricultural   water   management   in   Ethiopia,   in Proceedings    of    MoADRD/MoWR/USAID/IWMI,     pp    3    10,     March     7-9,    2006, Symposium and Exh, held at Ghion Hotel, Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
4.    Critchley,  W  and  K  Siegert.  1991  Water  Harvesting:  A  manual  for  the  design  and construction of water harvesting schemes for plant production. FAO, Rome (Italy),
5.     CSA.  December.  2012.  Crop  Production  Forecast  Sample  Survey.  2012/13  (2005 EC,), Statistical Bulletin 568. FDRE, Addis Ababa
6.    Dabus  Irrigation  Project,  Drafl  Final  Report  May,  1981  UNDP/FAO  Development  of Imgated   Agriculture.   Valleys   Agricultural   Development   Authority   in   association   with HALCROW-ULG Limited, Ethiopia.
7 Das P.S K, H.P.S Arya. G ubba Reddy and A. Mrsra, 2005. Inventory of Indigenous Technical Knowledge in Agricultural Indian council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India.
8.          Directory of Released Crop Varieties and their Recommended Cultural Practices, 2007 Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization.
9    Drumrr.ond, J C. and A Wibraham 1957. The Englishman's food a history of five centuries ot English diet London, Jonathan Caps In ECA (Economic Commission for Africa, 1905. Technical Compedium on Ccmposile Pours (Kant, N L. ed). Addis Ababa Ethiopia, ECA
10       F.A O. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No .24 on Crop          Waler Requirements 11        FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No 56 on Crop             Water Requirements.
12        Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Central
Statistical Agency 2012/2013
(2005    E.C).    Crop    Production    Forecast    Sample    Survey    Report    on    area    and production  forecast  for  major  crops  (For  private  peasant  holding,  Meher  season). Statistical bulletin. 568. Addis Ababa. December, 2012.
13          Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statistical Agency. 2007 Statistical abstracl Addis Ababa, January, 2008.
http;//en wikipedia.org/wiki/Asosa IVoreda
http://en.wikipedi a. org/wiki/Aso sa Zon e
http: //cn, wi kt ped ia.oi'g/wiki/B n mb asi W a re d a http://en.wikipedin.org/wiki/Betii shangul ■ Gumuz Region httpJ/en.Wikipedia org/wikt/Menge Woreda
Water Works Design ard                                                     133 Supctv'.slon F.nierp-rise
January, 2015Ministry of Water. Irrigation and Energy 
Volume IV- Part I
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project ________________ ________________ _____________Agronomy Study Final Report
http.//cn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda Rildiglu Woreda
htlp.//webapps01.un.org/nvp/indpolicy.action?id-52
http:I/vmw ,riiralpovertyportal org/country/approachcs/tags/ethicipi a
14         ICAR 2002 Inventory of Indigenous Technical Knowledge in Agriculture Indiar
Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
15             Mengiste,     Alemayehu     2006     Private     anti     Public     Partnership     and     Technological Imperatives     for     Irrigation     Development,     /n.     Proceedings     of     MoADRD/     MoWfV USAID/I  WMI,  pp.  75-79,  March  7-9.  2006.  Symposium  and  Exh.  held  at  Ghion  Hotel, Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
16 Michael, A M 1978. Irrigation theory' and practice. New Delhi Vikas publishing
house, pp 1 3.
17, Ministry  of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2006 (a) Livestock  Master Plan Study. Phase I Report- Data Collection and Analysis  (Draff) Volume 1 Executive Summary Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
18           Ministry   of   Agriculture   and   Rural   Development.   2006   (b).   Agricultural   Policies   and Targets   far   a   Plan   for   Accelerated   and   sustainable   Development   to   End   Poverty 
(PASDF.P) 2005/06-2009/10, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
19
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Crop Development department . 006.
Crop variety register, Issue No. 9 Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
20
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Crop Development department. 2007
Crop variety register. Issue No 10, Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
■■
21 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Crop Development department 2008
Crop variety register, Issue No. 11, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
22.       Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Crop Development department. 2009
Crop variety register, Issue No. 12, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
23.        Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Crop Development depEidmcnk 2013
Crop variety register. Issue No. 13, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
24.        Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Crop Development department 2012.
Crop variety register, issue No 15, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
25. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED). Growth and
Transformation Plan (GTP) 2010/11-2014/15 Draft September 2010. Addis Ababa
20 Mitra, A P (2004) Climate Change and India ISCC , New Delhi. ICSWEK Souvenir.
pp. 24-37.
MoWR. 2002. Water Sector Development Program 2002-2015. Vol IL Main Report or Water Resources  Federal Democratic  Republic  of Ethiopia. Addis  Ababa, October 2002 142 Pages
Ngigi. SK. 2003. Rainwater Harvesting for improved food security: Promising ..hnolog es Hi the greater Horn of Africa Greater Horn of Africa Rain water
artnership and the Kenya Rainwater Association. Nairobi. Kenya.
Waterworks Design and Supervision Enterprs •
January, 2015Ministry Of Waler, Irrigation and Energy 
Volume |V - Part I
_DabiJ2_trrigntion Study and Design Project _              _ _ ______________________Agronomy Study FinaJ_RepGrt_
29. Pal. M 2002 Basics  of agriculture. Jain brothers, 16/873 Fast park  road, New Delhi
- 110005, India.
30.         Patel,  A  S.  and  Shah,  D,l,  2008  Water  management,  conservation,  harvesting  and arfifrcia' recharge. New age international (P) limited publishers New Delhi, India
Population census 2007 1st draft 2007.
31           Pretty,   J   N.A.D.Noble,   D   Bossio,   J.Dixon,   RE.Hine.   F.W.T   Penning   de   Vries   and J   IL.   Morison,  2005.Resource   Conserving   Agriculture  increases  yields  In  developing countries
32        Reddy, S.R. 1999. Principles of agronomy. Ludhiana: Kalayani publishers, pp. 4-5.
33          Regassa  Namar,  Sefeshi,  B.  Awulachew  and  Douglas,  J  Worry.  2006.  Review  of Agricultural  Water  Management  Technologies  and  Practices,  /n:  Proceedings  of  Best practices  and  technologies  for  small  scale  agricultural  water  management  in  Ethiopia, pp 37-50, March 7-9. 2006.
34         Schmidt,  O.G.  1992  An  analysis  of  progress  and  achievements  in  Regional  dehulling Projects   Utilization   of   Sorghum   and   Millets,   International   Crops   Research   Institute for Semi Arid Tropics. Palancheru, Andhra Pradesh-502 324 (India).
Singh. H P 2007 R& D in banana and plantain in India - a pathway  for enhancing yield potential Indian Horticulture 52 (6):3-8 Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Min. of Agri Krishr Bhawan, Rajendra Prasad Road, New Delhi 110 001, India.
www.keepcolumbusbeautifLil.org
www.unmillenniumproject.org/ ethiopia_mdgssdprp.doc
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Volume IV Part I __ Agronomy Study Final Repod
ANNEXES
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January. 2015(niiiii!MinisKy Waler, Irrigation diid Ene/gy
Dabus Inigatipfi Slud/ ana Design Pro|fltf
Annex I: Operational Crop Calendar during theLong Rainy Season in the Project Command Woredas & Kebeles, 2013
Vommc IV - Part I Agroncmy Siudy Final -Report
Land preparation
Sowing
Crop types 
"Cereals 
’ Tetf
Maize__________
Sorchum _       _
Firicer millet____
1st July-1 Oth of July           _ 10 is?March-1Dth of Ma?c*
2nd   Marchj5ino1     Ma'-'
15th May-30th May
' 15th July>30th of July
1st Ma r 30th Ma, 5th Ma.-30th Ma.
1st June-30th June
Harvesting
Months 
20tn Dec. -20!h Jan         31
No.  of  days  1
r
“T I
from sowing
lto
sj_ harvesting _
j
No.
of
Months______________ days Months___________
No. of days
'st Nov -30th Nov.
_1st Feb -30th Feb
25th Dec-Jan.15th
30    _j_21_3 30          —
21
Pulses
Haricot-be an 15th • .r.'t! ■ ril
98
uhicKpea
____
So.cean
:5th Auq.-31st Au£.
__
I5lh Ma, 30th Way 16 1st June-10 th June | 10 143 1st Nov -3Cth Nov 30 183
16 1st May-30th May 30 1 61
17 1st Seu -15th Sep 15 70
31st Aug.-1st Sep            7      . ^25th Nov.- 15th Dec.      .21
106
Oilseeds Ground-nut
1st June*9 th June
9             10th June-25th June        16          158
1st Dec-31th Dec,
______
31          205
Niger seed/Noug      1st July-lOlh July
10
1 Uh July-31 st July         21          122               1st Dec-15 th Dec.           ’5        F150
Sesame
15th May-30th Ma,
16
1st June-10th June
io        ,170
28lh Nov -15th Dec.
k 18
198
Sunflower
15th June-15th July
30           16th Juiy-31sl July
16         106
15th Nov.- 33th Nov.        16          138
Vegetables
1
iPotato
' 15th Ma.-30th Ma,
16
1st June-30th June
30
30
■ 62
52
----
istSe -30tn Sen
30
122
Tomato
16th Ma.-30th Ma,
ITe
1st June-30th June
1st Sep,-31st Oct.
-31
123
Cabbage
1st May-14th May
14
15th May-30th May
16
106
15th Seu -15th Oct
30
152
SweeLpoiato             15th Ms.-30th May                 16           1st June-3Q!h June         30          92
1st Oct.-30th Nev.            61          183 '
1
1 Onion
fPepper
1st May-33L*i May 30
1st May-30 th May 30
1st June-30th June
3C          106
15th Oct.-30th Nov
46          102
1st June-31st July
61          122               1st Dec-JUh Dec.             31          214
Okra/Kenftes
1st Marcn-15th of F^arch        15
1st May-30lh Ma ,            30
153               1st Nov.-30th Nov.           30          213
Fruits
Mango
1st Ma.-30th May                    30          1st July-3lst July
31          257               15tn April-31st May          46         334
Papaya
1st May-30th May
30 1st Juy-31st July 257
31 1
1st Jan.-28th Feb.            59          347
Banana
1 st Ma /-30th May
' Citrus
Avocado
1st May-30lh May
30 1st Juiy-31st July 31 -J 257 1st Auq-30th Sec 61 349
30 1st July-3tst July 31 487 1st Dec.-31st Jan 62 580
1st May-30th May
30
1st July-3lst July
3'           257
15th Aprii-31 st Mav       46          334
Guava                       1 st May-30th May
30
1st July-31st July              31       [257
15 th April-31st May         46          334
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Volume IV - Part 1 Agronomy Study Final Report
Annex    II:    Crop    Water    Requirements/Net    Irrigation    Requirement    (in    OOO'm3)    during    the Rainy Season on a 100ha Command Area
ETo station: Asosa
Rain station: Asosa
Crop: Teff Rainy
Planting date: 01/07
Won th
Decade
Stage
Kc 
coeff
ETc 
min/day
ETc 
nwn/dec
Eff
rain
Irr. Req.
mra/de
c
mm/dec
Jul
1
T ui t
0.30
1.05
10. 5
48- 1
0.0
Jul
2
Deve
0. 31
L 04
10. 4
50. 9
0.0
Jul
3
Deve
0 51
1. 76
19 4
50. 3
0,0
Aufi
1
Dove
0.79
2. 76
27. 6
49. 5
0,0
Aug
2
Mid
L. 02
3. 60
36. 0
49. 4
0.0
Aug
3
Mid
1.05
3. 76
41. 4
48. 4
0.0
Sep
1
Mid
1. 05
3. 83
38. 3
49.9
0.0
Sep
2
Mill
1. 05
3.90
39 0
50. 2
00
Sep
3
Mid
1.05
3. 96
39. 6
39. 5
0. 1
Oct
I
Late
0. 90
3. 4G
34.6
26. 4
8.2
Oct
2
Late
0. 63
2. 47
24. 7
16. 3
8. 5
Ort
3
Late
0 39
1, 59
12.7
8. 5
1. 1
Crop: Maize (8%)
334. 2 487. 4 17. 9
Planting date: 30/05
Month
Decade
Stage
Kc
ETc
ETc
Eff rain
Irr. Req.
coeff
nva/dciy
mm/dec
mra/dec
mra/dec
May
3
Ini t
0. 30
L 25
2. 5
4. 5
2. 5
Jun
1
Ini l
0, 30
1. IS
1 1.8
35. 6
0. 0
Jun
2
Ini t
0. 30
I. 12
11-2
44. 7
0.0
Jun
3
Deve
0. .34
1.24
12.4
46. 4
0.0
Jul
1
Deve
0. 49
1 71
17 1
48. 1
0.0
Jul
2
Deve
0.64
2. 17
21.7
SO. 9
0. 0
Jul
3
Deve
0.80
2. 75
30. 3
50. 3
00
Aug
1
Mid
0. 93
3. 23
32, 3
49. 5
0. 0
Aug
2
Mid
0. 94
3. 31
33. 1
19. 4
00
Aug
3
Mid
0. 94
3.37
37. £
48. 4
0. 0
Sep
1
Mid
0. 94
3 43
34. 3
49. 9
0.0
Sep
2
Late
0. 92
3. 42
34. 2
50. 2
00
Sep
3
Late
0. 79
3 00
30. 0
39. 5
0.0
Oct
1
La to
0. S5
2 50
25. 0
26. 4
0.0
Oct
2
La te
i). 54
2. 10
12. 6
9. 8
4. 5
345. 6
603. 6
7. 0
Waler Works Design and Super vision Enterprise
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_ Dabus Irrigation. Study and Desigr Projed_
.Crop: Ricejs%j^ _ _ ___ _
Volume IV — Pari f
_ ___  ___  _ Planting date: 05/06
Month
Decade
Stage
Kc 
coeff
ETc
ram/day
ETc 
min/dcc
EfT rain mm/dec
Irr.  Req. nn/dec
.Inn
1
In it
0. 30
1. 18
7. 1
21. 4
0. 0
Jun
2
Ini t
0.30
1. 12
11.2
44. 7
0. 0
Jun
3
Ini t
0. 30
1.08
10.8
46. 4
0.0
Jul
1
Deve
0. 33
1. Id
11.4
48. 1
0.0
Jul
2
Dove
0. 54
1. H2
18.2
50. 9
0.0
Jul
3
Dove
0.80
2. 75
30. 2
bO. 3
0.0
Auk
1
Mid
1.05
3 65
36.5
49, 5
0.0
Aug
2
Mid
1, 10
3.88
38.8
49.4
0.0
Aug
3
Mid
1. 10
3. 95
43.5
48. 4
0.0
Sep
1
Mid
1. 10
4. 03
40.3
49 9
0.0
Sep
2
Late
1. 09
4. 07
40. 7
50.2
0.0
Sep
3
Late
0.9L
3. 46
34. 6
39.5
0.0
Oct
1
La to
0. 66
2. 55
25.5
26. 4
0.0
Oct
2
Late
0,41
1.61
16. 1
16 3
0.0
364. 8
59L4
0.0
Crop: N.seed Rainy (5%)'
Planting date: 10/06
Month
Decade
Stage
Kc
ETc
ETc
Eff rain
Irr. Req.
coeff
mzn/day
inin/dec
mni/dec
mm/dec
Jun
1
Ini t
0. 35
I. 38
L4
3. 6
I. 4
Jun
2
lnit
0.35
1. 30
13.0
44.7
0,0
Jurt
3
Ini t
0, 35
1.26
12.6
46.4
0o
Ju J
3
De vc-
0. 36
L 24
12.4
48 1
0.0
Jul
2
Cove
0. 49
L 66
16.6
50. 9
00
Jul
3
Deve
0. 69
2 35
25.9
50. 3
0.0
Aug
1
Dove
0-88
3. 06
30. 6
49. 5
0,0
Aug
2
Mid
1.06
3. 72
37. 2
49 4
0.0
Aug
3
Mid
1.09
3 93
43. 3
48. 4
0.0
Sep
!
Mid
1 09
4.01
40. 1
49.9
0.0
Sep
2
Mid
1.09
4 08
40.8
50. 2
0.0
Sep
3
Mid
1.0'J
4 15
41. &
39. 5
1.9
Oct
l
Late
1.09
4. 18
11.8
26.4
15. 4
Oct
2
l.ate
0.90
3 53
35.3
16. 3
19.0
Oct
3
Late
0. 63
2. 55
28. 0
11.6
15. 4
Nov
l
Late
0. 41
1 72
10. 3
3. 7
7. 2
430.8
589.0
61.4
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Crop:
Month
Sesame Rainy (5%)___
Planting date: 10/06
Decade
Stage
Kc
coeff
ETc
mro/day
ETc
nun/dcc
Eff       rain mm/dec
Irr.      Req. rom/dec
1.38
1. 4
3. 6
1. 4
Jun
1
Init
0. 35
Jun
2
Init
0. 35
1. 30
13. 0
44 7
0. 0
1. 26
12. 6
46. 4
0. 0
Jun
3
Im t
0. 35
1. 24
12. 4
48. 1
0. 0
Jul
1
Dove
0. 3(5
2
Devc
0. 49
I. 66
16. 6
50. 9
0. 0
Jul
2. 35
25. 9
50. 3
0. 0
Jul
3
Dcvc
0. 59
0. 88
3 06
30. 6
49. 5
0. o
Aug
1
Dove
1. 0G
3. 72
37. 2
49. 4
0. o
Aug
2
Mid
I. 09
3. 93
43. 3
48. 4
0. 0
Aug
3
Mid
1.09
4. 01
40. 1
49. 9
0. 0
Sep
I
Mid
0.0
»
1. 09
4. 08
40. 8
50. 2
Sep
2
Mid
1.09
4. 15
41.5
39. 5
1. 9
Sep
3
Mid
Late
1. 09
4 18
41. 8
26. 4
15. 4
Oct
1
3. 53
35. 3
16. 3
19. 0
Oct
2
Late
0. 90
11 6
16. 4
0c t
3
Late
0. 63
2. 55
28. 0
1. 72
10. 3_
3. 7
7. 2
Nov
1______
Late
0- 41
430. 8
589. 0
61. 4
... Unrirnt-hpan (4%)
Month Decade
Jun                 3
Jul                   1
Jul                 2
Jul                   3
Stage
Kc coeff
ETc
Planting date:_25/06_
F.Tc Eff rain Trr. Kc
Init                 0 40
Init
Devc
Devc
Aug 1 Mid
Aug 2 Mid
0. 40
0. 50
0. 77
1. 04
1. 11
Aug 3 Mid 111
Sep 1 Mid 1 11
nun/ day nun/dec mm/dec
1. 44               8. 7                 27, 8
I. 40               14. 0              46. 1 1 68                16. 8              50. 9
2 64               29. 1               50. 3
3. 62               36. 2               49. 5
3. 93               39. 3               49. 4
4 00               44. 0               48. 4
4 08                40. 3               49. 9
rnm/'dec
0.0
0. 0
0. 0
0. 0
0. 0
0. 0
0. 0
0. o
Sep 2 Mid
Sep 3 Mid
0c t                  1
Oct                  2
Oct                  3
Late
Late
Late
1.11
I. 11
0. 95
0. 66
0. 49
4. 15                11.5               50. 2                      O. 0
4. 22               12. 2              39. 5 3. 67               36. 7               26. 4 2. 59               25. 9               16. 3 1. 97               3. 9                 2. 1
378. 9             508. 9
2. G 10. 3
9. 7
3.9
26. 6
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Volume IV- Part 1 ____________ Agronomy Study Final Report
Crop^Sweet-potato (£0%) __________ _ Planting dateM 5/06
Month
Deende
Stage
Kc 
coeff
ETc 
ma/day
ETc  Eff rain
ram/dec inm/doc
Jun
2
In i t
0.50
1.06
11.2            26. a
Jun
3
Init
0. 50
1.80
18.0            46. 4
Jul
1
[nit
0. 50
1. 75
L7.5            48. 1
Jul
2
Deve
0. 58
1. 96
19.6            SO. 9
Jul
3
Dnve
0. 76
2.61
28.8            50. 3
Aug
1
De vo
0.95
3. 29
32.9            49. 5
Aug
2
Mid
1.09
3 86
38.6            •19. 4
Aug
3
Mid
L 11
3. 99
43. 9           48. 4
Sep
1
Mid
1. 11
4. 07
40.7            49. 9
Irr,   Req., mm/dcc
0.0
0.0
0. 0
0,0
0.0
0. 0
0.0
0, 0
0.0
Sep
2
Mid
1. 11
4. 14
41 4             50.2
0.0
Sep
3
Hid
I 11
4. 21
42. 1           39.5
2.6
Oct
1
Late
1. 10
4.25
42. 5           26. 4
16.1
Oct
2
La te
1.02
198
39.8             IE. 3
23,5
Oct
3
Late
0. 90
3.64
40. 0            11. G
28.4
Nov
1
Late
0. 79
3. 27
32 7             6.2
26.5
Nov
2
Lite
0.73
3. 11
3. 1             0.0
3. 1
492 7           570.1 '
100, 2
Crop: Ginger (4%}
Planting date: 20f06
Mor. th   Decade       Stage             Kc             ETc              ETc           Eff rain
COEff
mm/day
cee/dec       mni/diic
jiait/dec
Jun            2
Init
O. 90
3 35
Jun 3
Jul             1
J'Jl             2
Jul             3
Aug 1
Aug 2
3.3              4 5                     3 3
Irr. Req.
.
Init             0 90            3.25            32.5            46  4
1                               0,0
Init
Init
[nit            O. 90           3. 09            3-; D           50.3
0. 90 3. 15 31,5 18. 1 0.0
0. 90 3.05 30.5 50. 9 0, 0
Init
0.0
Init
Aug            3               Deve           0.91            3.29            3‘j. 2          48, 4
0.90 3. 13 31. 3 49. 5 0. 0
0. 90 3. 17 31.7 W. 4 0.0
Sep
0,0
Sep 2 Dev*? 0.99 3. 69 36.9 50. 2
Sep 3 Deve 1. 03 3.38 38 S 3D. n
I               Dove               0. 95           3. 49            34. 9           49.9                   6. 0
Oct
I               Devi;            1.06           4. 09            40.9            26. 4                   H.’S
0. ]
un
Oct             2               Devo           1. 10          ■1.29           42. Oct             3               Df’Vy           1. 14            4,58            50, L
Nov 1 Mid L 17 4. B4 48. 4 6. 2 42 2
Nov 2 Hid 1. 17 E00 □Ik 0 0 3 49 7
LG. 3 ll.fi
26. 6
38.. 8
Nov 3 Hid
Dec 1 Mid
l. 17            5.24            E" 4             0.4
I. 17            5.49            14. 9           i 1                      QI 7
52.0
Dec 2 Mid 1. 17 5.73 57.3 0,6
Dec 3 Mid L. 17 5, SI 63, 9 0. 4
Jon
I                Mid              1. 17           5.38            58. a.        0. 2                    58. li
56. F
63.4
Jan             2              Mid           1.17           5. 96            ■?J. J            0.0
Jap             3               Vid              1.1?            0.20            GS 2           0 3
Feb            1              Mid           1.17           G. 44           M 4             0. 6
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January, 2015Volume IV - Part I
Ministry of Waler, Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
Agronomy Study Final Report
Feb ?. Feh 3
Mar            1
Mar           ?• Mar           3 Apr 1
Mid 1.17 Mid 1.11 Mid 1.17 Late 1.13 Late 1.03 Late 0. 95
6.69             66.9            (1. 7                  66. 1
6. 67            53.4            2.4                    50 9
6.66             66 6            4. 6                   61.9
6. 40            64.0            6.4                     57.6 5.67            62. 3           6.4                    55.9 5. 07            30.4            3.2                    27.8
1397. 1        575.4                 971.2
Crop: Black cumin (4%) Month     Decade       StaRe
Jun 2
Jun 3
Jul
I
Jul 2
Jul 3
Init
Init
Ini t
Init
Init
Aur 1 Deve
Aur 2 Dove
Aug 3 Deve
Sep 1 Deve
Sep 2 Deve
Sep 3 Deve
Oct 1 Mid Oct 2 Mid Oct 3 Mid
Nov
I               Mid
Nov 2 Mid
Nov 3 Mid
Dec 1 Mid
Dec 2 Mid
Dec 3 Mid
Kc            ETc              ETc coeff           mm/day    mm/dec
"090             3^35            3-3
0.90           3.25             32.5
C 90          3 15             31.5
0 90          3. 05            30. 5
0.90            3.09           34.0 0.90            3.15           31.5 0. 94          3. 32           33. 2 0. 99         3. 55            39 0 1.03          3.78            37.8 1.08          4 01            40.1 1.12          4.24            42.4
1.14          4 40            44.0
[.14           4.47            44.7
1.14          4.61            50.7
I 14           4.7b            17. 5 1.14          4 89            48.9
Planting date: 20/06 Eff rain Irr. Req.
rrun/dec           inni/dec 4?5                  3.3
46.4                 on 48. 1                 0.0
50. 9                 0.0
50.3                  0.0
49.5                  0.0
49. 4                 0 0
48. 4                 0.0
49. 9                 0.0
50. 2                 0.0
39.5                  2.9
26.4                  17.7 16. 3                 2S 4
11.6                  39. 1
6. 2                   41.3
0.3                    48.6
1. 14         5.13            51.3             0 4                    50. 9
Jan
I                Late
Jan 2 Late
Jan 3 Late
1.14           5 37           53.7 1 ]4           5.61            56.1 1.14            5.68          62.5 I. 13          5. 68           56. S 1.03          5-25            52.5
0. 95          5.04            25. 2 949.9
1. 1 52. 6 0.6 55. G 0. 4 62 I
0.2
.56. 6
0. o 52.5
0. I ________ 25,1
550. 9  536.
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Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project Crop; Onion (4%)
25/05
Month Decade Stage Kc
coef f
Volume EV - F’art I ___ _________ Agronomy Sludy FinReport
Planting date:
ETc 
ium/day
ETc 
nun/doc
Eff rain
rare/dec
Irr. Req.
min/di’C
May
3
Ini t
0. 70
2. 92
20.4
15. 6
8. 1
Jun
1
I nit
0. 70
2.76
27.6
35, 6
0.0
Jun
2
Deve
0. 71
2, 65
26. 5
44. 7
0. 0
Jur.
3
Deve
0.81
2. 91
29. 1
46. 4
o. o
Jul
I
Duve
0. 92
3,21
32. L
48. 1
0.0
Jul
2
Hid
1. 01
3.40
34.0
50.9
0.0
Jul
3
Hid
i. 01
3. 48
38. 2
50. 3
0. (]
Aug
I
Mid
I.01
3.52
35.2
49. 5
0.0
Aug
2
Mid
1. 01
3. 57
35.7
49.4
0.0
Auk
3
Late
1. 01
3. 62
39.8
48. 4
0.0
Sep
1
Late
0, 97
3, 56
35. 6
49. 9
0.0
Sep
2
L.d t e
0.94
3. 50
35. o
50.2
0.0
Sep
3
Late
0.92
3. 48
7. 0
7.9
7.0
396. 3
547. 0
15. 1
Crop: Garlic (4%)
Planting date: 25/05
Month
Decade
Stage
Kc
ETc
ETc
Eff rain
Irr. Req.
coeff
mm/day
nm/dee
rara/dec
nun/dec
May
3
Init
0 70
2. 92
20, 4
15, 6
8. 1
Jun
J
[nil
0. 70
2, 76
27. 6
35. 6
0.0
Jun
2
Deve
0,70
2.61
26, I
44. 7
Jun
3
0.0
Dn vi?
0.76
2. 76
27. 6
46. 4
0.0
Jul
L
Deve
0.86
3 01
30. 1
48. 1
Jul
0.0
2
Deve
0. 96
3. 25
32. 5
50. 9
0.0
Jul
3
Mid
1.01
3.48
38 3
50. 3
A UR
0.0
1
Mid
1 01
3. 53
35. 3
49. 5
Aug
D.C
2
Mid
1.01
3. 57
35.7
40. 4
Aug
3
0.0
Mid
1.0!
3. 64
40. L
48 4
Sep
1
0.0
Late
1.01
3. 70
37 0
49 9
Sep
0.0
2
Late
0. 99
3. 69
36.9
50. 2
Sep
3
0.0
Late
0. 96
3. 64
36. 4
39. 5
Oct
1
0.0
Late
0.93
3.59
32. 3
23. 7
5. 9
456. 2           602.4                    14. 1
Waterworks Design ana
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Volume IV - Part I /agronomy Study Final Report
Drnn: P Month
eooer (4%)
Planti
ng date._2
5/05
Decadr
Stage
Kc 
coeff
May
"3
Init
Jun
1
tnit
'j.60
0.60
0.60
ETc 
mn/day
2L5O-
2. 37
ETc 
Eff
rain
Irr. Req,
mn/dec         ram/dec              nan/dec 17.5             15. 6
-
23. 7            35.6                    0.0
Jun
2
Init
2. 23            22.3             44. 7                   0.0
Jun
3
Dove
0. 63
2 27            22 7             46. 4                   0.0
Jul
1
Deve
2. 54            25.4             48. I
0.0
Jul
2
Deve
Jul
3
Deve
0.73
0.83
0.94
2.80 28.0 50.9
3.21 33.3 50. 3
00
0.0
Aux
1
Mid
1. 01
3. 50            35.0             49. 5                  0.0
Aug
2
Mid
3.55             35.5             49.4                   0.0
Aug
3
Mid
3. 62            39.8             48. 4                  0.0
Sep
1
Mid
3.68             36.8             49 9
0.0
Sep
2
Late
Sep
3
Late
3.63 36. 3 50. 2. 0.0
3.42 34.2 39. 5 0.0
Oct
1
Late
1.01
1.01
1.01
0.97
0.90
0.86
3  32            3 3               2.6
3.3
395. 8
581.3
8.6
Annex  III.  Crop  Water  Requirements/Net  Irrigation  Requirement  (in  OOO’rn3)  during  the Dry Season on a 100ha Command Area
ETo station: Asosa
Rain station: Asosa
Month
Decade
Stage
Kc 
coeff
ETc  ETc  Eff rain
raro/day mio/dec mm/dec
Jan
1
Init
0.35
1.76             17.6             0. 2
Jan
2
Lmt
0.35
178              17.8             0. 0
Jan
3
Deve
0. 36
I 89             20. 7            0. 3
Feb
I
Deve
0. 50
2.78             27 8             0. 5
Feb
2
Deve
0 71
LOG            40. G           0.7
Feb
3
Deve
0.90
5. 11            40. 9            2.4
Mar
1
Deve
1.08
6. 16            61 6             4.6
Mar
2
Mid
I. 17
6.67            66. 7            6. 4
Mai
3
Mid
1. 17
6. 48            71.3            6.4
Apr
1
Mid
l. 17
6.29            G2.9            5.3
Apr
2
Mid
1. 17
6 09             60.9            5. 0
Apr
3
Mid
I. 17
5.78            57. 8            9. 2
May
1
Late
1.05
I 87             48.7             12. 6
May
2
Late
0 76
3.34            33. 4            15.6
May
3
Late
0. 18
1.99             19.9            22.3
Crop: Niger seed/Noug (10%)
Planting date: 01/01
Irr. Req. mm/dec 17. 4 17.8
20. 4 27 3
39 9
38.5
57.0
60.4
64. 9
57.6 55 9
48. G 36. 1
17.8 0.0
648.8 91.6 559. 5
Water Wcrks Design and Supervision Enterprise
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Volume IV - Part J
Agronomy Study Final Report
Crop; Sesame (10%)
Month
__________ Planting date:_01/01
Decade
Stage
Kc
ETc
ETc
Eff rain
Irr. Req.
coeff
mnj/day
mm/dec
nsn/dec
Jan
mm/doc
1
Init
0.36
Jan
1. 76
17. 6
2
0. 2
17.4
Ini t
0. 35
Jan
1 78
17. 8
00
3
17. 8
Deve
0. 36
Feb
1. 89
20. 7
I
0.3
20.4
Df've
Feb
0. 50
2. 78
37. 8
2
05
27. 3
Deve
Feb
0. 71
4. 06
40.6
3
0. 7
39.9
DevE!
0.90
Mar
5. 11
4 0. 9
1
2. 4
Dove
38. 5
Mar
1. 08
6. 16
61. 6
2
4. 6
Mid
57. 0
l. 17
Mar
6. 67
66. 7
3
64
Mid
60.4
Apr
1. 17
6. 48
71.3
1
6. 4
Mid
64. 9
Apr
1. 17
6. 29
2
62. 9
5. 3
Mid
57.6
Apr
I 17
6. 09
3
60. 9
Mid
5. 0
55, 9
1.17
May
5. 78
1
57. 8
Late
9.2
48. 6
1, 05
May
4. 87
2
48. 7
Late
12.6
36. 1
May
0. 76
3. 34
3
33. 4
Lat«
15. b
0.48
17.8
1.99
19. 9
22. 3
0. Q
548. 8
91.6
559. 5
Crop: Haricot-bean (10%)          _____
Month Decade Stage Jan           2
Jan            3
Feb           1
Fob           2
Feb           3
Kc
Planting date: 15/01
ETc
Ir.it
lmt
coeff mra/da
O.4O 2. 04
0. 40 2. 12
Eff      rain rem/dec
0. 0
0. 3
0.5
Mar
]
Mar 2
Mar 3
DeVtj 0.53 2. 91
Deve 0 81 4. 65
Deve 1. 07 6. 10
Mid 1. 17 6. 6b
Mid
Mid
Apr
l
I. 17 6. 63
i. 17 6. 44
Apr 2
Apr 3
May  i
May  2
Mid 1. 17 6. 25
Mid               1. 17            6. 06
Late              1.06             5, 20
Late             0. 76            3. 52
Late 0.51 2. 3ft
ETc mm/dec
12. 2 23. 3
29. 1
46. 5
48. 8
66. 5 66. 3 70. 9 62. 5 60.6 52. 0 35. 2 9. 5__
583 3
07
2. 4
46
6. 4
6.4
5. 3
5.0
9. 2
Irr.     Req. inm/dec
12.2
23. 0
28.5
4   465..73
61.8
60 0
64. 5
b  5b7..26
42 9
12.6                    22.fi
6. 3
59. 8
L7
522. 0
Water Design and
S'jjNMiion Enterprise
Jir.aiy 2Q1SMinistry o! Water, Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
Crop: Onion (10%}
Volume IV - Part I
Agronomy StudyFlnalReport_
Month
Decade
Stage
Jan
3
Init
Feb
1
Ini t
Feb
2
Dove
Feb
3
Deve
Kc 
coeff
0.70
0 70
0.71
0.81
0.93
1.04
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
I . 03 0. 98 0. 95
ETc              ETc
nun/day nso/dec
3.71             26.0
3.86             38.6
4.08             40.8
4.63             37.0
5. 28             52.8
5.93             59.3
5.87             64.6
5. 69            56. 9
5. 52            55. 2
5. 22            52. 2
4. 78            47. 8
4.31              43 l
3. 96             19.8
PlantincLdate: 25/01
F-ff rain
Irr. Req.
mm/dec
mm/dec
0.2
25. 8
0.5
38. 0
0.7
40.0
Mar
1
Deve
2.4
34. 6
‘Lil
2
Mid
4.6
48 2
Mar
3
Mid
6.4
53. 0
Apr
1
Mid
6.4
58.2
Apr
2
Mid
5. 3
51.7
Apr
3
Late
5.0
50. 2
May
I
La to
9.2
43.0
May
2
Late
12.6
35.2
May
3
Late
15.6
27. 5
—
■------------------
11. J
594. 1
.
80. 2 512.8
75
Crop: Garlic (10%)
Month
Decade
Stage
E  Pf  l f  ar na t ining date: 05/01
Jan
I
Ini t
mm/dec
Irr. Req.
mm/dec
Jan
2
[nit
Jan
3
De vo
Feb
1
Deve
0. 1                    21. 0
0.0                    35. 6
0. 3                    40. 6
Feb
2
Deve
Feb
3
Deve
0.5
0. 7
42. 1
50. 1
Mar
I
Mid
Mar
2
Mid
wi
Mai
3
Mid
Api
I
Mid
Apr
2
Mid
Apr
3
Late
May
1
May
Late
2.4                     42 8 4. G                    55. 9
6 4                  54. 2 6.4                     5S. 3 5. 3                    51. S 5. 0                     50.3 9. 2                    42 3
2
l.ate
12.6
34.3
May
3
Late
Kc coeff
0. 70
0 70
0 70
0. 77
0. 89
0. 99
1 06
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.05 1 01
0. 97 0. 95
ETc ram/day
“152“
3.56 3. 72
4. 27
5. 08 5. 66
6. 05
6. 06
5.88
5.7) 5. 53 5. 14 4. 69 4. 26 3.95
— — — —
ETc nun/dec
2L 1
35. 6
40 9
42. 7 50.8
45.3
60 5
60.6
64. 7
57.1
55. 3
51. 4
46.9
42.6 7_9_
683.4
15 6                  26. 9 4. 5                  7 9
- ____ -
73. 7
614. 1
*Minislry
of Water, Irrigation
and Energy
Volume IV- Port I
Dabus I
rrigation Study and
Desrgn Project
Agro
nomy Study Final Report
Crog:
PepperJ10%)
__
Planting da
te: 05/01__________
Month
Decade
Stage
Kc
coeff
ETc 
nn/day
ETc 
min/dec
Eff rain
Irr. Req.
ram/dec
Ha/dec
Jan
1
Init
0. 60
3.02
18. 1
0. 1
18.0
Jan
2
I nit
0.60
3.05
30. 5
0. 0
30. 5
Jan
3
Init
0. 60
3. 18
35.0
0. 3
34. 7
Feb
1
Dev.e
0.63
3. 49
34. 9
0. 5
34. 3
Feb
2
Deve
0,75
4.27
42. 7
0.7
41. 9
Feb
3
Deve
0. 85
4 86
38.9
24
36.4
Mar
1
Dove
0, 96
5.45
54. 5
4.6
49. 8
Mar
2
Wid
L 06
6.00
60.0
64
53. 6
Mar
3
Mid
l 07
5. 89
64. 8
6.4
58.4
Apr
1
Mid
1. 07
5.71
57. I
5.3
51 9
Apt
2
Mid
1.07
5.54
55. 4
b. 0
50, 4
Apr
3
Late
1. 05
5. 16
51. 6
9.2
42. 1
Ma y
]
Late
0. 97
4. 50
45. 0
12. 6
32. 5
May
2
Late
0.91
3. 9R
Id. 9
6.3
8. i
604. 1
59.9
543. 0
'.Volnr Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
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Volume 1V - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
Annex    IV:    Crop    (perennials)    Water    Requirements/Net    Irrigation    Requirement    (in 000’m3) during the Rainy and Dry Season on a 100ha Command Area
ETo station: Asosa
Rain station: Asosa
Crop. Fruits (15%)
Planting date: 20/06
Month Decade Stage
Kc
coeff
ETc 
m/day mi/dec 
ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
mra/dec 
raro/dec
Jun
2
Init
0.91
3.37
3.4
4.5
0.0
jun
3
Ini t
0. 90
3.25
32 5
46. 4
0.0
Jul
1
Tail
0.90
3. 15
31. 5
48 1
0.0
Jul
2
Init
0. 90
3. OS
30. 5
50.9
0.0
Jul
3
Init
0.90
3.09
34.0
50.3
0.0
Aug
1
Init
0. 90
3. 13
31. 3
49.5
0.0
Aug
2
Init
0. 90
3. 17
31.7
49. 4
0.0
Aug
3
Init
0. 90
3.23
35.6
48.4
0.0
Sep
I
Ini’-
0 90
3. 29
32.9
49.9
0.0
Sep
2
Deve
0. 90
3. 36
33. 6
50 2
00
Sep
3
Deve
0.92
3 50
35.0
39. 5
00
Oct
1
Deve
0. 95
3.66
36.6
26.4
10. 3
Oct
2
Deve
0. 9S
3.83
38.3
16. 3
22.0
Oct
3
Deve
I 01
4.07
44.8
11.6
33.2
Nov
1
Deve
1.04
4 32
43 2
6.2
36.9
Nov
2
Deve
1.07
4. 57
45.7
0.3
45.3
Nov
3
Deve
1. 10
4.92
49.2
0.4
4S.7
Dec
1
Deve
1 12
5. 28
52.8
1.1
51.6
Dec
2
Mid
1. 15
5. 64
56.4
0.6
55 S
Dec
3
Mid
1 15
5.73
63. 1
0.4
62.6
Jan
1
Mid
1 15
5. SI
58 I
02
57.9
Jan
2
Mid
I. lb
5 88
58.8
0.0
S3. 8
Jan
3
Mid
1 15
6.12
67.3
0.3
67.0
Feb
1
Mid
1. 15
6. 36
63.6
0. 5
63. 1
Feb
2
Hid
1 15
6.60
66.0
0.7
65.3
Feb
3
Mid
I. 15
6. 59
52 7
2.4
50. 3
Mar
1
Mid
1 15
6. 57
65.7
4.6
Gl. 1
Mar
2
Idle
1 15
6. 55
65. 5
6. 4
59. 1
Mar
3
Late
I. 13
6. 22
68. 4
6. 4
62.0
Apt
1
Late
1 10
5 88
58 8
5.3
53. 5
Apr
2
Late
1.07
5. 56
55. 6
5.0
50. 6
Apr
3
Late
L 04
5. 14
51. 4
9.2
May
42.2
I
Late
l 02
4. 73
47.3
12.6
May
2
34.8
Late
0. 99
4 34
43. 4
15. 6
May
3
27.3
Late
0. 96
4. 00
44 0
24.5
Jun
19.5
I
Late
0.93
3.68
36.8
2
35.6
Jun
Late
0.91
I. 1
3. 37
30.4
40.2
0.0
1695. 8         720.3                   1140 6
Waler Works Design ind Supervision Enterprise
14B
Jaruary, 2Qt5Mi n is I ry of Waler, If ngafon and Energy 
Volume SV Ps it I
D^bus irrigation SMy and Design PrajetJ_______________ ________________________Agronomy Study Final Raped
Crop: Forages (15%)
____ ____________  Planting date: 20/06
Month     Docade         Stage               Kc              ETc              ETc              Eff rain
Irn     Req,
coeff
nm/day
rm/dec
mm/dec '
-
tarn/dec
Jun
2
Init
0.80
2.96
30
4.5
0.0
J'in
3
[nil
0. .30
2. 05
28.9
46. 4
0.0
Jill
1
Ini t
0. 80
2.80
28. 0
46. I
0. 0
Jul
2
Ini!
0. 80
2.7!
27. 1
50 9
0. 0
Jal
3
Init
0. 80
1. 75
36.2
50. 3
0.0
Aug
i
Tni L
a. ro
2. 7H
27. 8
49. 5
o. a
Aug
2
Init
0. BO
2.82
28. 2
49. 4
0U
Aug
3
I n i t.
a. so
2.87
31. 6
48. 4
o. 0
Sep
I
Init
0. H0
2.93
29. 3
49.9
0.0
Sep
2
Init
0.80
2. 95
29. R
50.2
0.0
Sep
3
Init
0. HO
3. 03
30. 3
39.5
0. 0
Oct
1
Init
0.80
3. OS
30. 8
26 4
4.4
Oct
2
Init
a. 80
3. 13
31. 3
IS 3
15. 0
Oct
3
Init
0.80
3. 22
35 6
11.6
23. 8
Nov
1
Init
a. bo
3. 32
33. 2
6. 2
27.0
Nov
2
Drve
0.80
3.43
34. 3
0. 3
34.0
Nov
3
Deve
0.82
3. 65
36. 5
0. 4
36. 1
Dm:
1
Deve
0.83
3. 90
39. 0
1. 1
37.9
Dec
2
Davr
0.85
4. 15
4L. 5
0. fl
41.'J
Due
3
Mid
a 86
4. 28
47.0
0.4
16 6
Jan
1
Mid
0. 86
4. 34
43- 4
a2
13 2
Jan
2
Mid
0. 86
4. 40
44. 0
0, o
14 3
Jan
3
Mid
0.86
4. 58
50 3
0. 3
50 0
Feb
1
Mid
0. 86
4. 70
47.6
0. 5
47. 0
Feb
2
Mid
!). 86
4. 94
49. 4
0. 7
Feb
3
48.6
Mid
0.86
4 93
39, 4
2. 4
Ma i
37. 0
1
Mid
0. 86
■1 92
49. 2
4. 6
Mar
2
44. 5
Mid
l). 80
4. SL
49. 1
64
Mn r
3
Mid
42. 7
0.86
4 76
□2. 4
Apr
1
64
Mid
46. 0
0.S6
4 62
46. 2
Api
53
2
Mid
40.9
U. B5
4. 4R
-14. 9
Apr
50
3
39. 8
Hid
D/B6
4 25
42. S
1
■j2
May
Late
33. 3
0. S6
4. 01
40. I
May
12, 6
2
Late
27. 5
0 35
3. 71
37. I
May
15, !>
3
Late
21. R
a 83
3.45
38 0
fun
1
24, 5
Late
0.81
13.4
3. 20
Jun
32 0
2
35. 6
Late
0 . 80
0. 0
2. 96
26. 6
40. 2
0.0
— - ----
__
1IJ55. 2
720 3
845.2
Watur Weeks Design and Supervision Enterprise
January, 2015Ministry ofWater. Irrigation and Energy Uabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
Volume IV - Pad I Agronomy Study Final Report _
Annex    V:    Crop    Production    Technologies    of    the    Important    Crops    Identified    For    the Project Command
L Crop:         Teff (Eragrosf/s tef) Agronomic Characteristics
1)          Variety: Bosel [DZ-Cr 409(RIL-50d)]
•     Adaptation area
>
>
Altitude (masl)
Rainfall (mm)
• 
Seed Rate (kg/ha)
• 
Planting date
• 
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha)
> PO
?5
>N
• 
Days Io maturity
• 
Grain Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
• 
Year of Release
• 
Breeder seed maintainer
1.500      1.750
500-900
25-30
July 12 - 20
60
40
75-86
18 - 20
14-18
2012
Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center
(DZARC/EIAR)
2) Variety: Lakech (RIL 273)
•     .Adaptation area
x Altitude (masl)
>
Rainfall (mm)
• 
Seed Rate (kg/ha)
• 
Planting date
• 
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha)
>    P7O5
>N
• 
Days to maturity
• 
Growth habit
• 
Crop pest reaction
• 
Gram Yield (qUha)
>     Research field
>    Farmers1 field
• 
Year of Release
• 
Breeder seed mainlainer
Sirinka. Kobo, Jan, Cheffa & other similar areas 1.450 - 1.850
660-1,025
25-30
Mid to end of July
46
41
90
Erect
Nat significant
224
13.3-17.9
2009
Sirinka Agricultural Research Center
(SARC/ARARI)
3) Variety. Simada [(DZ-Cr-385) (RIL 295))
•     Adaptation area areas)
> Altitude (masl) > Rainfall (mm)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha)
•     Planting date
•    Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) >     P?O5
Waler Works Design and Supervisor! Enterprise
Low lands (for moisture stress & Belg growing
Low to Mid
300 - 700
25-30
Early to Mid July
40
January, 2015Ministry of Writer, Irrigation and Energy
_Dabus iJTigajjgnJSkjdy and Design Project
>N
•     Days to maturity
•     Growth habit
•     Crop pest reaction
•     Grain Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
(DZARC/EIAR)
4) Variety: Gemechis [(DZ-Cr-387) (RIL 127)] a    Adaptation area
agro
> Allitude (masl)
> Rainfall (mm)
A    Seed Rate (kg/ha)
«    Planting date
«    Fertilizer rate (kg/ha)
> P O<
?
>N
•     Days to maturity
*     Growth habit
•     Crop pest react ion
•     Grain Yield (qt/ha)
> Research field
> Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
«    Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
5) Variety: Mechare (Acc. 205953}
•     Adaptation area
areas
> Altitude (masl) > Rainfall (mm)
■ Seed Rate (kg/ha)
•     Planting date
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) >    PO
Volume IV - Pari I Agronomy Study ^-iriol Report
60
88
Erect
No major disease
16
10
2009
Debrezeil Agricultural Research Center
Melkasa. Zeway. Dhera. Welenchltl & similar
ecological areas
J .45O - 1,695
690 - 965
2530
Larly to IVlid July
40
60
62 03
Erect
No maior disease
13 - 20
14
200/
Me'kasa Agricultural Research Center
25
>N
•     Days to maturity
•     Growth habit
•     Crop pest reaction
•     Grain Yield (qt/ha)
> Research held > Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer (SARCfARARlj
Sirinka. Kobo Mersa Cheffa & other similar
1,450 - 1.850
660 - 1,025
25-30
Mid to end oF July
46
41
79
Erect
Not important
20.6
17.9
2007
Sirmka Agricultural Research.Center
Water '/Vorks Design and Supervision Enterprise
15'
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rMinistry of Waler, Irrigation and Energy
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project__
II. Crop; Maize (Zea mays}
Agronomic Characteristics
1) Variety; MH 130 (CML 440/ CML 445/ /ZIMLINE/ KAT BC124#)
Volume IV - Part | Agronomy Study Final rteport
Adaptation area
Tutu
A
Altitude (masl)
Ra nfall (mm)
Seed Rate (kg/ha) Planting date
Drought stressed mid altitude areas of Ethtopla such as Dabile Melkasa, Dhera, M:eso. Adami
1,000- 1.750
500 - 800
25-30
L ate May to mid June at the orset of rain
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
>  po
25
>N
•    Days to matjnty
•    Crop pest reaction
•    Gram Yield (qt/ha)
>   Research field
>    Farmers' field
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
46
64
120
Resistance to rust and blight
60 - 70
50-60
2012
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
2)  Variety: MHQ 138 (CML 144/ CML 159)//Pooll 5QPMFS538-B-3-B-#-5-1-1 >B)
Adaptation area
> Altitude (masl) > Rainfall (mm)
Seed Rate (kg/ha) Planting date
Drought  stressed  mid  altitude  areas  of  Ethiopia such as Adami Tulu, Meki, Welenchiti, Ziway
1,000- 1,800
500 - 1,000
25-30
Late May to mid June at the onset of rain
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
>PO
?b
x N
•     Days to maturity
•    Crop pest reaction
•    Grain Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•    Year of Release
•      Breeder  seed  maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
3) Variety: Giba - Awash Fendisha
•    Adaptation area >    Altitude (masl) >    Rainfall (mm)
•    Seed Rate (kg/ha) >    Spacing (cm)
•     Planting date fed)
46
64
140
Resistance to rust and blight
75 80
55-65
2012
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
1,000 1.800
700 - 1.200
20-25
Inter row 75 and Intra-row 25
Depend on lhe onset of main ra*ny season (ram
'.•Vater Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
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Volume IV - Pari f Agronorny Study r jiulRepprt
Rased on (he area recommended date (irrigated)
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
>    DAP
>    Urea
Days to maturity 
Crop pest reaction
Leaf rust
•     Grain Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
4} Variety: SC - 403
* Adaptation area
>    Altitude (mast)
>    Rainfall {mm)
•     Seed Rale (kg/ha)
>    Spacing (cm)
•     Planting time
• Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application >    P O.
?
>N
•     Days to maturity
•     Crop pest reaction
•     Gran Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
5) Variety: Hawassa - 1 (ESE 237) Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masl) >    Rainfall (mm)
Seed Rate (kg/ha) Planting lime
100
150
130
Tolerant to major folair diseases TLB GLS &
36
30
2012
BAKO (ElAR)
Drought stressed mid altitude areas of Ethiopia
1.000 - 1.750
500 - 800
25 - 30
Inter-ruw 75 and Intra-row 25
Late may to mid June, at !he onset of rain Based on the area recommended dale (irrigated)
46
64
130
Resistance to rusl and blight 60 - 70
50 SO
2012
Seed Company
1,000 - 1,000
aoc - 1 500
25
At the onset of the mam rainy season
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and lime of         application
> P Os
2
> N.
Days to maturity Crop pest reaction Rust.)
Grain Yield (qt/ha)
> Research fie'd > Farmers' field
Yeai of Release
46
92
138
Tolerant to major leaf diseases (GLS, Turcicum
85 - 110 60 - 50
2012
Wider Works Design and Sjpesv’^pn Enterprise
January, ?ni5Ministry □( Water, Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Sludy and Design Project
• Breeder seed maintainer
6) Variety: Shala (P2859W)
• Adaptation area
> Altitude (masl) > Raintali (mm)
•     Seed Kale (kg/na)
Volume IV - Part 1 Agronomy Sludy cinal Report
•     planting lime
•     Fertilizer rale (kg/ha) and time of
< P2O5
>N
•     Days to maturity
■    Crop pest reaction
Rust)
■    Grain Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
r Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
•     Rreedei seed maintainer
III. Crop: Upland Rice (Oryza safrva) Agronomic Characteristics
1) Variety: Hidasse (WAB 515-B-16A1-2) Adaptation area
> Altitude (masl) > Rainfall (mm)
Seed Rate fkg/ha) >    Spacing (cm)
Planting date
Ethiopian Seed Enterprise (ESE)
Primarily along the rift valley areas and easternEthiopia, Hawassa Melkasa, Mechara , Gursum areas and other similar environment
1,000- 1,700
BOO - 1,000
25
Late March to early June on the onset of "ain pplication
46
92
133
Tolerant to major leaf diseases (glS, vurcicu-n. 80 - 100
65 80
2011
Pioneer Hi-breed seeds Ethiopia Pic
600 - 1,850
800 - 1,400
80 for row planting & 120-141) for broadcasting 20 between raws
Early June to Mid June
Fert lizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
>
P7O5
23 (ail at planting)
>
N
69 (1/3rd at planting, 173rd at tillering 3 l/3rd at
heading)
Days to 85% physiological maturity Trash ability
Shattering
Lodging (%)
Growth habit
•     Crop pest reaction
■    Grain Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
■    Breeder seed maintainer
2) Variety; EdgetfWAB 189-B-B-B-8-HB)
• Adaptation area
100 - 130
Easy
Resistant
Erecf
1
Betie - resistance lo major diseases of nee
30 -42
22-32
2012
Adet Agricultural Research Center (AARCj
> Altitude (masl)
Waler Works 
sig n an d
1,150 - ' .850 154
Supervision Enterprise
January, 2015M.nifttry of Waler, Irrigation and Energy Ifobus Irrigation Shidy and Design Project
>    Rainfall (mm) Seed Rale (kg/ha)
>    Spacing (cm)
Volume IV — Part I Agronomy Study Final Repot 1
4)
Planting date
1.000-1,400
80 for row planting & 120-140 for broadcasting 20 between rows
Early June to Mid June
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
>   PO
>N
heading)
Days   to  85%  physiological  maturity Growth habit
Crop pest reaction Grain Yield (qt/ha)
> Research field > Farmers' field
Year of Release Breeder seed maintainer
?S
3) Variety; Kellafo-1 (FOFIFA - 3737)
■ Adaptation area
>   Altitude (mas?)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha)
>    Spacing (cm)
•     Method of sowing
•     Optimum sowing depth (CM)
•     Planting date
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of >    DAP
>    UREA
•     Method of irrigation
•     Days to maturity
•     Maturity group
•     Growth habit
•     Diseases & in sect-pest reaction
•     Grain Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer Center
4)   Variety: NEKICA-14
•     Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masl)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha)
>    Spacing (cm)
•     Method of sowing
•     Optimum sowing depth (cm)
•     Planting date
® Fertilizer ate (kg/ha) and time of a
23 (all al planting)
69 (1/3rd at planting, 1/3rd at tillering & 1/3rd al
120 - 134
Erect
Better resistance to major diseases of rice
32 -50
25-35
2011
Adel Agricultural Research Center (AARC) Gode. Kelaffa and other similar areas 
<500
60
Inter-row 20 & Intra-row 10
Direct sowing by drilling seeds in rows 2-3
Early October & early April
r
>    DAP Water Works Design anc Supervision Fn lei prise
pplication
W0
150
Basin, at 3 days interval
90- 100
Early
Erect
Tolerant
65 6
50
2010
Gode Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Research (GoPARC/SqRPARI)
Gode,   Keiaffa   and   other   similar   areas < 500
60
Inter row 20 & Intfa-row 10
Direct sawing by drilling seeds in raws 2 -3
Early October & early Apr I ili cation
1DD
155
January, 201 5Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy
Dahiisj legation Study and Design Project---------------
>     UREA
•     Method of irrigation
•     Days to maturity
•     Maturity group
•     Growth habit
•     Diseases & insechpest reaction
•     Grain Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
Center
IV. Crop: Nigerseed/Noug (Guizofra abyssfnrca) Agronomic Characteristics 
1) Variety; PGRC/E 227187 (Ginchi-1) Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
Plowing frequency 
Seed Rate (kg/ha)
Planting date
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application > p?o5
-N
•     Average days to maturity
•     Growth habit
•     Crop pest reaction
•     Weeding frequency
•     Average oil yield (kg/ha)
•     Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
Volume IV- Part 1 _______ _ ________________ Agronomy Study Final Regort
150
Basin, at 3 days interval
80 - 90
Very early
Erect
Tolerant
S3 3
50
2010
Gode Pastoral and Aqra-Pastoral Research (GaPARC/SoRPARI)
Main     Agro-ecological     Zones-Ma       (Highlands     of Shewa, East Wellega, Arsi, Adet, Areka)
1.600 - 2,500
500 - 1,000
2-3 according to soil condition
10  for  row  planting  8  12  for  broadcasting Mid June to early July
23
23
149
Erect (Upright)
Tolerant to blight and shot-hole
1 hand weeding (one month after sow ng)
398
10
>    Farmers' field
•     Year ol Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
V. Crop: Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Agronomic Characteristics
1) Variety: Setiti-1 (cols el p#1)
• Adaptation area
Altitude (masl) > Rainfall (mm)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha)
•     Planting date rain
6-7
2010
Holeta Agricultural Research Center (HARD)
Moisture stressed areas of Humara (Adebay, mikadra and similar agro-ecologies of sesame growing areas)
560 - 1,130
400 - 650
2 -3 for row planting & 3.5 - 4.5 for broadcasting End of June to early July at the unset of main
Wafer Works Design md Supervision E.nterpr.sa
156
January. 2015Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Fnergy DntnjsJrrigaljori Study and Design Project.
Volume tV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
> DAP
> UREA
■            Average days to maturity
*             Crop pest reaction
*             Average oil yield (kg/ha)
■            Yield (qt/ha)
> Research field
> Farmers'field
V            Year of Release
«             Breeder seed mamlalner
TARl)
2) Variety: Hcimera-1 (Acc.038 sel.1)
■ Adaptation area Dansha)
0
0
80-90
Resistant to leaf blight
297 - 540
6.2-10
5 5-9
2011
Humera Agricultural Research Center (WARC/
>
>
Altitude (mast)
RainfaH (mm)
•
Seed
Rate (kg/ha)
*
Planti
ng date
High moisture areas of Humara (Mikadra,
and  similar  agro  ecologies  of  sesame  growing areas)
760 - 1.130
550 750
2  -3  for  row  planting  &  3  5  -  4.0  for  broadcasting End of June to early July at the onset of main
rain
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
> DAP
>    UREA
Days to maturity 
Crop pest reaction Average  oil  yield  (kg/ha) Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' held
Year of Release
Biesder  seed  maintainer TARl)
3) Variety: Barsan/Acc 00016 (1)
•     Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
•     Seed Rale (kg/ha)
>    Spacing (cm)
•     Planting date
•     Method of sowing
•     Optimum sowing depth (cm)
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time >    DAP
>    UREA
•     Method of irrcgation
•     Days to maturity « Maturity group
0
0
90 - W0
Moderately resistant to leaf blight
260 468
5.9 - 90
5-8
2011
Humera Agricultural Research Center (HARC/
Gode, Kellafo and similar areas 
<500
550 - 750
7
Inter-row 20 & Inka-rcw 10
Farly October and Early April
Direct sowing by drilling seeds in rows 2-3
application
0
0
Basin, at 3 days interval 80-90
Early
Waler Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
Jar. ,*r A £015Volume IV-p H ,
a
Ministry of Water. Irrigation and Energy Dabusjrrigatior Sludy and Design_J_---
•   Crop pest reaction
•   Average oil yield (kg/ha)
. Yield (qt/ha)
>   Research field
>   Farmers' field
. Yeat of Release
. Breeder seed maintainer Center
4) Variety; Lidan/Acc-00044 (2)
•    Adaptation area >   Altitude (masl) >   Rainfall (mm)
•          Seed Rate (kg/ha) > Spacing (cm)
■         Planting date
___________________ Agronomy Study Final^^ Tolerant to disease and insect pests
442
9.6
7-0
2010
Gode Pastoral and Agro Pastoral Research (GoPARC/SoRPARI)
Gode, Kellafo and similar areas <500
550 - 750
7
Inter-row 20 & Intra-row 10 Early October and Early April
• Method of sowing Direct sowing by drilling seeds in rows
•         Optimum sowing depth (cm)          2-3
•          Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and lime of application
> DAP > UREA
0
0
•          Method of irrigation                        Basin, at 3 days interval
• Days to maturity
•          Maturity group
80 - 90 Early
• Crop pest reaction Tolerant to disease and insect pests
•          Average oil yield (kg/ha)                506.5
•           Yield (qt/ha)
> Research field
> Farmers' field
•           Year of Release
•           Breeder seea maintainer Center
5) Variety: Obsa (EW004)
• Adaptation area
agro
>   Altitude (masl)
>   Rainfall (mm)
•    Seed Rate (kg/ha)
>   Spacing (cm)
•    Planting date
•    Method of sowing
•    Optimum sowing depth (cm)
• Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time 0‘
108
7-8
2010
Gode Pastoral and Agro Pastoral Research (GoPARC/SoRPARI)
Bako, Dedesa, Gutin and areas with similar
ecology
1.250-1,650
700- 1,100
5
•nter-row 40 & Intra-row 5
M'd to late June
O'reet sowing by doling seeds       in rows
>
DAP
°'
>   UREA
•    Days to maturity
application
0
50
•    Maturity group
80 - 9Q
'/Viter Works Design and
-
Supervision Enterprise
Early
158
-------
Janua7, 2015Ministry oi Waler, irrigation and Energy pabu5_lrrigaljgn_Shjdy_and Design Project
• Crap past reaction sesame
*    Average oil yield (kg/ha)
*    Yield (qt/Tia)
Volume IV- Part I
Agronomy Study f jnaf_5_egorl_
>
►
Research field
Farmers' field
*
Year of
Release
■ Breeder seed maintainer (BARC/QARI)
6} Variety? Dicho (EW004)
•     Adaptation area
agro-
Resistant to Bacterial leaf spot and Alternaiia 490.4
107
8.7
2010
Bako Agricultural Research Center
> Altitude (masl)
> Rainfall (mm)
«
Seed Rato (kg/ha)
> Spacing (cm)
*
Planting date
■
Method of sowing
«
•
Optimum sowing depth (cm)
Bako. Dedesa, Gutlri and areas with similar
ecology
1.250 -1 650
700 - 1,100
5
Inter row 40 & Intra-row 5
Mid to late June
Direct sowing by drilling seeds in rows 2 -3
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time     □f application
> DAP
> UREA.
■
Days to maturity
•
Maturity group
*
Crop pest reaction
sesame
■
Average oit yield (kg/ha)
«
Yield (qt/ha)
> Research field
> Farm er s' held
*
Year ol Retease
•
Breeder seed maintainer
0
50
131 U2
Late
Resistant to Bacterial leaf spot and Alternaria 503 9
10 E
8.1
2010
Baku Agricultural Research Center
(BARC/OARi)
VI Crop; Haricot-bean (Phaseo/us vu/gare) Agronomic Characteristics
1) Variety: SARI-1 (CAW-02-04-11-4-1) Adaptation area
> Altitude (masi) > Rainfall (mm)
Low and mid altitude areas of Sid am a. Wolaita,
■jamc-Gofa. Garage and Similar agro ecologies 
a'
Seed Rate (kg/ha) Spacing (cm) Planting date Fertilizer rate (kg/ha.)
560-2,250
350 - 1,500
70 for row planting
Inter-row 40 & Inka-row 10 March and June to July
> DAP
Days to 95% maturity Growth habit
Waler Wtxks Design and Supervision En Lei prise
And time of. application
100
90
Detrm nata bush
January, IJU,tl=r      Irriqalion  and Energy
Mir.isrn- of Water_ 9 Uesign Project------------------------
(jabus l/ngal^n WtlPLi’— -
-
, Crop Pcst reaC*'on
. Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
, Year of Release
. Breeder seed maintainer
2} Variety: Morka (ECAS-0056) Adaptation area
Volume IV - Pan | _ ________ _________ Agronomy Study Real Report
Resistant to CBB, ALS, Rust and Anthracnose 30
20
2011
Awassa Agricultural Research Center (AwARC)
Central rift valley, SNNPR and Eastern Ethiopia (East & West Hararghe) and West Ethiopia
>    Altitude (masI) >    Rainfall (mm)
Seed Rate (kg/ha) Spacing (cm) Planting dale
(Jimma,
Weltega, lllubabor, West Shoa), North west
(Metekel and Kamaslu) and similar agro-
ecologies
1,300 - 2,200
400 - 1.100
90  far  row  planting  &  110  -  1  20  for  broadcasting Inter-row 40 & Intra-row 10
End June to mid July
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
> DAP
A Urea
Days  la  95%  maturity Growth habit
Crop   pest   reaction
common bean
•     Yield (ql/Fia)
A Research field
A Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/HIAR)
3) Variety: GLP-2
Adaptation area
> Altitude (masl)
a Rainfall (mm)
Seed Rale (kg/ha) Spacing (cm)
Planting date
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time A DAP
A Urea
Days to 95% maturity Growth habit
Crop pest reaction common bean
. Yield (qt/ha)
41
41 -46
34-115
Detrminate bush (type 1)
Resistant/Tolerant to major diseases of
20 - 35
18 -26
201 1
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
Central rift valley, SNNPR and Eastern Ethiopia
(East & West Hararghe) and and similar agro-
ecologies
1,000 ■ 1,950
400 - 750
90  for  row  planting  &  110  -  120  for  broadcasting Inter-row 40 & Intra-row 10
End June to early July
of application
41
41 - 46
85-90
Detrminate bush (Type 1)
Resistant/Tolerant to major disease?: of
150
January, 20‘I t
mi
Ministry of Water. irrigation and Energy jjabus irrigation Study and Design Project
>    Research held
Volume IV— Part I Agrcnomy Study Final Report
20-33
>
Farmers1 field
IB 26
*
Year of
Release
2011
*
Breede
r seed maintainer
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
(MARC
/EIAR)
4) Variety: Fed is (ECAB-0060) Adaptation area
>   Altitude (masl) >    Rainfall (mm)
Seed Rale (kg/ha)
Spacing (cm) Planting date
East & West Hararghe
1,500 2.200
500 -1,200
118  30  for  row  planting  &  125-  130  for broadcasting
Inter-row 40 & Intra-row 10 Last week of June to mid July
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
Ml
If
■M
> DAP
> Urea
□ays to 95% maturity 
Growth habit
Crop pest reaction
rots
Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
Year of Release
Breeder seed maintainer
5) Variety; Hirna (EGAB-0203) Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masI)
>   Rainfall (mm)
Seed Rale (kg/ha)
broadcasting
Spacing (cm)
Planting date
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of
>
DAP
>
Urea
Days to 95% maturity Growth habit
Crop pest reaction
rots
Yiela (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field Year of Release Breeder seed ma ntainer
100
93
Indelrminate bush (Type 11a)
Resistant to CBB. Rust, Anthracnose Al S. root
23  -  36  (at  Haramaya  &  Hitna}
10-25 (at Babile & Fedis)
10 - 22
2012
Haramaya University
East & West Hararghe
1.500-2,200
500 -1.200
114.23 for row planting & 120-125 for
Inter-row 40 & Intra-row 10
Last week of June to mid July 
ppltcatlon
100
92
Indeterminate bush (Type 1 la)
Resistant to CBB, Rust Anthracnose Al S,          root
23 - 34
16-30
2012
Haramaya University
Waler Warks Design and Supervision Enlerorse
• .1
(
Jwinug—. 2015Minrslry of Waler. Inigatron and Energy Kus irdgafi^ SUrdy andO^S"
--------------- --------- -------
Volume IV-Pari I Agronomy Study Final Report
6) Variety; Babile (ECAB-0247)
•    Adaptation area >    Altitude (masl) >    Rainfall (mm)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha) broadcasting Spacing (cm) Planting date
East & West Hararghe
1.500-2.200
500 — 1,200
101,75 for row planting & 110 - 120 for
Inter-row 40 & intra-row 10
L ast week of June to mid July
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application > DAP '
> Urea
•     Days to 95% maturity
•     Growth habit
•     Crop pest reaction
rots
•     Yield (ql/ha)
> Research field > Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer 7) Variety: Tinike (RxR 10)
•     Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masl)
>     Rainfall (mm)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha)
broadcasting
•     Spacing (cm)
•     Planting date
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of >     DAP
>    Urea
•     Days to 95% maturity
•     Growth habit
•     Crop pest reaction
rots
- Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
8) Variety: Mundane(K - 132)
•     Adaptation area >    Altitude (masl) >    Rainfall (mm)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha) broadcasting
Waler Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
100
91
Indeterminate bush (Type 11a)
Resistant to CRB. Rust. Anthracnose ALS. root
24 - 35
15-30
2012
I laramaya University
East & West Hararghe
1,500 -2,200
500 1.200
105 25 for row planting S 110-120 for
Inter-row 40 & Intra-row W Last week of June Io m’d July 
pplicalion
100
91
Indeterminate bush (Type 11a)
Resistant to CBB. Rust. Anthracnose ALS, rool
22 - 30 (at Haramaya & Hirna)
10 - 21 (at Babile a Fedis)
15    25
2012
Haramaya University
East & West Hararghe
1 500     2.200
500 - 1.200
101 75 for row planting & 110 -120 for
January, 201Ministry of Wale r. Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
* Spacing (cm) * Planting date
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Sludy Final Report
Inter-row 40 ft Inka-row 10 Last week of June to mid July
*    Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and lime of application
> DAP
>    Urea
•    Days to 95% maturity
•    Growth habit
•    Crop pest reaction
rots
•    Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer
9} Variety: Dandensu (BRC - Acc+No-4)
•    Adaptation area > Altitude (masl) > Rainfall (mm)
■'           Seed Rate (kg/ha)
•            Spacing (cm)
•             Planting date
100
91
Indeterminate bush (Type 11b)
Resistant to CRB. Rust. Anthracnose ALS root
r
22 - 30 (at Haramaya & Hirna) 12-20 (at Babile & Fedis)
15-20
2012
Haramaya University
East & West Hararghe
1.300     1.850
1.000-1.300
32 5 - 35
Inter’row 49 & Inlra-row 10
Early June
•             Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
> DAP
WO
> Urea
■
Days to 95% maturity
95
Crop pest reaction
Resistant to major diseases and pests
■
Yield (qt/ha)
> Research field
74.71
> Farmers'fietd
20 93
■
Year of Release
2012
«
Breeder seed maintainer
Bako Agricultural Research Center
(BARC/EIAR)
10) Variety: Lehode (DA NAZCR - 02 - 12}
Adaptation area >   Altitude (masl) >    Rainfall (mm)
Seen Rate (kg/ha) broadcasting Spacing (cm) Planting, date
Srnnka,  Jari.  Chefa  and  other  similar  areas <1050
350-700
85-95 for row planting & 110-130 for
Inter row 4a & fntra-row 10 Early July
Fertilizer rate (kg-a? and time of application
> DAP
> Urea
•    Days to 95% maturity
•    Growth habit
•    Crop pest reaction
Water Works Design tnd Supervision Enterprise
------
88
Determinate semi bush
Tolerant to major common bean diseases
163
January. 2015Ministry of Waler. Irrigation and Energy
Dabus Imgatronjnudj^andDes lgnPr_oject_-----------------------
. Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Far mers'field
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
(SARC/ARARI)
VII. Crop: Sweet-potato (Ipomoea batatas) Agronomic Characteristics
1)  Variety: Ma’e (TIS 70357-5) Adaptation area
> Altitude (masl) > Rainfall (mm)
>     Temperature (°C) Spacing (cm)
Planting date
Volume IV - Pari I ___ ________ Agronorny^tudy Final Report^
17-24
16 - 18
2010
Sirinka Agricultural Research Center
Irrigated Semi arid areas of Afar reqion
500 - 750
<560
>30
Cuttings (Inter-row 60 & Intra-row 30 - 40)
Best from June to August But can be planted at any time of the year as long as water is 
available.
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
>    p7os
>N
Days to maturity 
Growth habit
Crop-pest reaction
Root yield (ql/ha)
>     Research     field
a Farmers' field
Green to yield (qt/ha) Outstanding values 
foliage
Year of Release
Breeder seed maintainer (WARC/EIAR)
2)  Variety: Tola (TIS 844-40)
•     Adaptation area
>     Soil
>     Altitude (masl)
>     Rainfall (mm)
>        Temperature   (°C)
. Seed Rate (cutting/ha)
•       Spacing   (cm)
. Planting date
0
0
120
Runner
Resistant to diseases, heat and drought
366
334.6
280
High root yield, sweetness non fibrous, high palatability by animals
2010
Werer Agricultural Research Center
Bako, Bilo and similar agro ecologies Nitosol
1,500-2,010
1,035- 1,290
13 - 28
33,333
Cuttings (Inter row 10C & Intra-row 30) Best from mid June to early July
•     Fertilizer rate >     PO
75
>N
• Days to maturity
•     Growth habit
(kg/ha) and time of application
46
64
120
Runner
•     Crop pest reaction
•     Root yield (qt/ha) Water Works Design anc Supervision Enlerprise
Resistant to diseases, heat and drought
164
January, 2015Ministry ol Waler. Irrigation and Energy DabjJsjnlgalion Study and Dftsrgn Project
>    Research field
>    Farmers' held
•    Green to yield (qt/ha)
•    Outstanding values 
foliage
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maun!airier (BARC/EIAR)
3) Variety: JarifCN- 2059-1) Adaptation area
>   Altitude (masl)
>   Rainfall (mm)
>   Temperature (°C) Seed Rate (cuttmg/ha) Spacing (cm)
Planting dale
Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and lime of >   PO
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Rppod_
543 60
322 00
280
High root yield, sweetness, non-fibrous, high payability by animals
2012
Bako Agricultural Research Center
2b
>N
Days to maturity
Growth habit
Crop-pest reaction
Root yield (qt/ha)
>   Research field
>   Farmers' field Green to yield (qt/ha) Outstanding values 
foliage
Year of Release
Breeder  seed  maintainer (SARC/EIAR)
4) Variety: Birtukanie (Saluboro)
•    Adaptation area
>   Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
>    Temperature (°C)
•    Seed Rate (culting/ha)
•    Spacing (cm)
•    Planting dale
•    Fertiliser rate (kg/ha) and time >    PO
Sirinka. Jari and other similar areas
1,650- 1,850
950-1.204
11-26
33,333
Cuttings (Inler-row 100 & Intrarow30)
Early to mid July
plication
0
0
133
Semi erect
Resistant to diseases, heat and drought
192 2
165.2
280
High root yield, sweetness, non-fibrous. high oalaiability by animals
2008
Sinnka Agricultural Research Center
25
>N
•    Days to maturity
•    Growth habit
•    Crap-pest reaction
■ Root yield (qt/ha)
>   Research field
Waler Works Ou sig r and Supervision Enterprise
Sirlnka. Jan and other similar areas
1.650    1.850
950 - 1.204
11-26
33,333
Cuttings (Inter-row 100 & Intra-row 30) Early to mid July
application
0
a
150
Semi erect
Resistant tn diseases, heat and drought 199
165
J;i .uryMinistry of Waler. Irrigation and Energy Dabus Irrigalion Sludy_and_pesifinPrpject.
> Farmers' field
•     Green to yield (qt/ha)
. Outstanding values
foliage
•     Year of Release
> Breeder seed maintainer (SARC/E1AR)
VIII, Crop: Ginger (Z/ngeberofflcma/o) Agronomic Characteristics 1} Variety: Boziab (Mau, 37/79)
•     Adaptation area
>    Soil
>    Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
>    Temperature (°C)
•     Land preparation
•     Seed Rale (kg/ha)
•     Propagation method
•     Spacing (cm)
•     Planting time of rhizomes
•     Shade requirement
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time >    PO
35
Volume FV - Part I ASronorny^St udy Final Repon
114
280
High root yield, sweetness, non-fibrous, high payability by animals
2008
Sirinka Agricultural Research Center
>N
■    Harvesting time
•     Days to maturity
•     Growth habit
•     Fresh rhizome yield (qt/ha)
•     Year ef Release
■    Breeder seed maintainer (JARC/EIAR)
2) Variety: Yah (Miz. 180/73)
■ Adaptation area
>    Soil
>    Altitude (masf) >    Rainfall (mm)
>    Temperature (°C)
•     Land preparation
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha)
•     Propagation method
•     Spacing (cm)
•     Planting time of rhizomes
•     Shade requirement
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time >    P;O5
>M
* Harvesting time
Coffee growing areas
Red forest soil nltosol
1,400
> 1,200
20 - 32
Very fine type
1/0-250
using seed rhizome/seed setts Cuttings   (Inter-row   30   &   Intra-row   15) Marc, April
Open sun
application
As  per area specific  recommendation As  per area speerfre recommendation January. February
270 - 300
Annua/ herb for production
241
2007
Jimma Agricultural Research Center
Coffee growing areas
Red forest soil, nilosol
1,400
> 1.200
20 - 32
Very fine type
1 TO - 250
osing seed rhizome/seed setts
Cutlmgs  (Inter-row 30 & Intra-row 15)
Marc, April Open sun
of application
As Ser ar o*
J
r
reco^^^datiOn
Wafer Works DestgrT^ '_ '---------------------- ~ Supervision tnterprise
__ January February ° recommenda^n
166“--------  _______________________ __
January, 7015Mims try of Water. Irrigation and Energy
Dab^s iTiigalcon Study and OwigifPrajEcl
•     Day5 to maturity
•    Growth habit
•    Fresh rhizome yield (qt/ha)
•    Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer (JARC/EIAR)
IX. Crop: Black cumin (Mgeffa sativa) Agronomic Characteristics 1)          Variety: Dershaye (XtCAV-J
Volume IV ■ Part I Agronomy 5indy Final Report
270 - 300
Annual herb for production
241
2007
Jirnma Agricultural Research Center
■
Adaptation area Arai
>
Soil
>
>
Seed Planti
Altitude (masl)
Rainfall (mml
♦
Rale (kg/ha)
ng date
Black cumin growing areas particularly Bale,
and South Gonder zones Black day
1 800- 2.500
r
1.000 - 1.200
15-20
Mid to late August
Fertilizer rato (kg/ha) and time of applicalron
> PO
?5
«
a
>N
Days to maturity Growth habit
Crop pest reaction
Seed yield (ql/ha)
> Research field
> Farmers' field
Year of Release
«
Breeder seed maintainer
Met required
Not required
134 - 153
Erect annual profusely branching Moderately resistant to will & leaf spot 9 - 16
8 - 12
2009
Meikasa Agricultural Research Center
(MARC/EIAR)
2) Variety: Aden (WH)
* Adaptation area
>    Soil
> Altitude (masl) > Rainfall (mm)
•    Seed Rate (kg^ha)
•    Planting date
•    Fertilizer rale (kg/ha)
>    PzO5
>N
•    Days to maturity
■ Growth habit
•    Crop pest reaction
•    Seed yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer Waterworks Design and
Supervision Enlerpiiw
Black  cumin  growing  areas  particularly  Bale, Atsi and South Gonder zones
Biack clay
1.800- 2,500
1.000 ■ 1,200
15-20
Mid to .ale August
Not required
Not required
134 - 150
Erect annual profusely branching Moderately resistant to will & leaf spat 9 - 16
8-11
2009
Meikasa Agricultural Research Center
167
January 2015Ministry of Water. Irrigation and Energy
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project (MARC/EIAR)
3) Variety: Darbera (229806) Adaptation area
>    Soil
>    Altitude (masl) >    Rainfall (mm)
Seed Rale (kg/ha) Planting date
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
Mid to high altitude
Black clay
1 650      2.004
120-140
5 -7.5 based on the moisture content September to 2nd week of November m Meher season and April to the beginning of May in
Se/g Fertilizer rate (kg/ha) and time of application
>     P2O5,
>N
Days   to   maturity 
Growth habit
head
Crop pest reaction
Seed yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
Year of Release
Breeder    seed    maintainer (SARC/OARI)
Not required
Not required
155 - 173
Erect and condensed branching and leafy              at Moderately resistant to will & leaf spot
15 - 19
11
2006
Sinana Agricultural Research Center
X. Crop: Onion (Aflium cepa) Agronomic Characteristics 1) Variety; Rosy (SOV 111)
•     Adaptation
> Altitude (masl) > Rainfall (mm)
>     Temperature (°C)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha)
•     Days to maturity
•     Pungency
•     Crop-pest reaction
•    Yield (qt/ha)
•     Outstanding values
•     Storability
■    Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
2) Variety: Caramelo F1
•     Adaptation
>    Altitude (masl) >    Rainfall (mm) - Temperature (°C)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha)
■    Days to maturity Works Design and
Supervision Enterprise
500 -2.200
> 1.200
16 28
4-5
95 - 105
Medium to Very good
1 ess susceptible to purple blotch
372
Bolt toleran!
Good
2012
Vibha Seeds Ethiopia Private Limited Company
500 - 2.20C > 1,200
10 28 4-5 105
lfiA
January', ?dTsMinistry of Waler. Irrigalwn and Energy
Ha bus Irngal ion S tudy and De sign Project
•    Pungency
•    Crop-pest reaction
•    Yield (qt/ha)
■ Outstanding values
•     Storability
•     Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer
3) Variety: Sweet Caroline
•    Adaptation
>   Altitude (masI) >    Rainfall (mm) >   Temperature (UG)
•    Seed Rate (kg/ha)
■    Days to maturity
•    Pungency
•    Crop-pes! reaction
•    Yield (qt/ha)
•    Outstanding values
•    Storabil'ty
•    Year of Release
■    Breeder seed maintainer
4) Variety: Sivan
■   Adaptation
>    Soil
>   Attitude (ma si) >    Rainfall (mm) >    Temperature (DC)
•    Seed Rate (kg/ha)
•    Spacing (cm)
•    Planting Season
areas
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha i
>
>N
>    KNOa
- Days to maturity
•     Crop pest reaction
•     Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field Farmers4 field
•     Outstanding values
•     Year of Release
■    Breeder seed maintainer
5) Variety: Red passion F1 ♦ Adaptation
Waler Works Cesign and Supervision Enterprise
Volume |V Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
Medium to Very good
Less susceptible to purple blotch 235
Bolt tolerant
Good
2012
Impact Mundial Agri PLG
500-2,200
> 1.200
16 28
4-5
105
Medium to Very good
Less susceptible to purple blotch 251
Bolt tolerant
Good
2012
Impact Mundial Agri PLG
Well drained, fertile sandy loam soils
400 ~ 2,000
300 - 850
20 - 30
3
,nter row 60 Si Intra-row 5 double row
All year in low land areas, dry seasons in rainy 
100
250
100
90 - 105
Good
636
478
Very long shelf life and for export
2011
Hazera genetics ltd 5
Highlands  simlar  to  the  irea  in  rift  valley  up  to Debrezeit
'69
January 2015Ministry of Water. Irrigation and Energy
Dabus Irrigation StudyandDesiginProject---------------------
>    Soil
>    Altitude (rnasl) >    Rainfall (mm)
>    Temperature (°C)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha)
•     Spacing (cm)
- Planting date
•     Fertilizer rale (kg/ha)
>    PzO£
>N
•     Days to maturity
•     Growth habit
•     Crop-pest reaction
•     Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
■ Storability
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer PLC
6) Variety: Jam her F1
•     Adaptation
>    Soil
> Altitude (masi) > Rainfall (mm)
>    Temperature (°C)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha)
•     Spacing (cm)
•     Planting date
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha)
>    DAP
>    Urea
>    KNOj
•     Days to maturity
•     Growth habit
•     Crop- pest reaction
•     Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field >    Farmers' field
•     Outstanding values
•     Starability
•     Year uf Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
7) Variety: Red King
• Adaptation
>    Soil
Volume IV - P
Agronomy Study FinRe
Well drained, fertile sandy loam soils
1.500 - 2.200
800 - 1.200
16-28
2-3
Inter-row 50 & Intra-row 7
Year round
90
160
Early, 80 days after transplanting
Erect
Strong against to purple leaf
650
450
Very good
201 1
Bejo seed 8.V. - Crop grow crop production
Well drained, fertile sandy loam soils 540 - 1.750
430 - 1.850
12 - 32
23-5
Inter-row 20 - 30 A Intra-row 8-12 Long/shon rainy season
200
120
350
90
Erect
No
750
560
Uniform bulbs, deep red colour Very good
2011 Joons Rick
>
Altitude (rnasl)
_
Rainfall ( )
mm
Wa t pr Work s Design □ nd Supervision Enterprise
Well drained, fertile sandy loam sot's 750 - 2,250
500 - 700 ~i7b 5                  — —"—— — ——— 
January, 2015Ministry nf Waler, Irrigation ard Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
>    Temperature (°C)
•     Seed Rate (kg/ha)
•     Spacing (cm)
•     Planting date
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha)
>    DAP
>    Urea
>  kno
3
■    Days to maturity
•     Growth habit
•    Crop-pest reaction
■    Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•     Qjtsla riding values 
colour
•     Storabilily
•    Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
8) Variety: Nafis (Franciscans)
•     Adaptation
> Altitude (masl) > Rainfall (mm)
>    Temperature fC)
•    Seed Rale (kg/ha)
■   Spacing (cm)
•    Planting season
•    Fertilizer rate (kg/ha)
>    DAP
>    Urea
•    Days to maturity
•     Growth habit
•    Crop-pest reaction
■   Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•    Outstanding values 
cfclairf
•    Storabilily
•    Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
9) Variety; Neptune
■ Adaptation
>    Altitude (mast) >    Rainfall (mm)
>    Temperature CO)
• Seed Rate (kg/ha)
'Waler Weiks Design a nl Supervision fcr/.erpnse
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
15-24
2.3 — 5
Interrow 20 - 30 & Intra-row 8-12
Long/short rainy season
200
120
350
90- 100
Erect
No
582
556.25
Resistant to damage; early maturing; deep red Very good
2011
Markos PIC
Rift valley and similar areas
500-2,200
500 - 700
16-28
4-5
Inter-row 40 & Intra row 20
In the off season under irrigation
200 (at transplanting)
100 (in split application)
90-100
Erect
Susceptible to purple blotch and thr ps
400
300
Resistant to damage, early maturing: deep rea Very good
2010
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
500 - 2.003 300— B50 20 - 30
3
-kiruary. 20Ministry of Water. Irri93|,°" n^eci _ Debus lHigalioi\SU2dy and_Desigr. P^_ .
. Spacing (cm)
, Planting season
areas
, Fertilizer rate (kg/ha)
>    DAP
>    Urea
>    KNO3
. Days to maturity
■ Growth habJt
. Crop-pest reaction
. Yield (al/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•    Outstanding values
•     Storabiliiy
» Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintaine.
PLC)
10} Variety; Nasik Red
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
11) Variety: Adams Red
•     Year of Release
•    Country of origin
•    Breeder seed maintainer
(MARG/EIAR)
12) Variety: Melkani (Pusa Red)
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer
(MARC/EIARJ
XI. Crop; Garlic (Allium sativum) Agronomic Characteristics
1) Variety: Kuriftu (Acc. No. -G-59-2/94)
•    Adaptairon
> Altitude (masl)
•     Spacing (cm)
•     Planting time
•     Days to maturity
•     Crop-pest reaction
•     Yield (ql/haj
Volume IV - Part I __  Agronomy Study Final Report
Inter-row 60 & Intra-row 5 double row
All year in low land areas & dry season in rainy 100
250
200
90 - iOS
Erec!
Good
620
570
Very long shelf lite
Very good
2009
Hazera genetics ltd (Axum Greenline Trading
2004
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
Sudan
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
1997/98
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
Waterworks Design and Supervrifon Cnleiprisn
Cheffe Donsa, Debrezeit, Kulumsa
2,100 -2.400
Inter-row 30 A Intra-row 10 Eady to mid June (under rain-fed) 1  lO harvest before rain (under irrigation) Moderate response to rust
7/2
January. 20 tbMinistry of Waler. Irrigatron and Energy 
Dabus jrrigalion Study arrd_ Design Profect_
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer tDZARtXMfl)
2) Variety: Qoricho (W-027)
•     Adaptation
>   Altitude frnasl)
>    Rainfait (mm)
•    Seed Rate (kg/ha)
•     Spacing (cm)
■   Planting dale
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha)
>    DAP
•     Days la maturity
•    Crop-pest reaction
•    Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers'field
•    Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
(SARC/OARI)
3) Variety: Bishoftu Netch (W-014)
• Year of Release
■ Breeder seed maintainer
fDZARGElAK)
4)   Variety: Tsedey (G-493)
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
(OZAFiG/EMjg
XII. Crop: Sweet Pepper (Caps/cum annum) Agronomic Characteristics
1) Variety: Caps! (SCH - 902 Fl)
•    Adaptation area >    Altitude (masl) >    Rainfall (mm) >    Temperature
•     Planting dale
•     Days to first harvest
•     Growth habit
•     Pungency
•     Crop pest reaction Waler Works Design and Supervision rn terp rise
Volume IV— Part I Agronomy Sluoy Final Report
2010
Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center
Highland of Bale
1.900-3,350
500 - 1,000
400
Inter-row 40 & Inlra-row 10
Late April to early May
200
138
Moderately susceptible to garlic rust
61
15-20
2006
Shene Agricultur.nl Research Center
1990/2000
Debre Zeit Agrrcuttura Research Center
1990/2000
Deb re Zeit Agricultural Research Cnnte'
300 - 2,000
300 - 850
20-35
All year in low land areas A dry season in ratny
80-65
Erect
Very high
Good tolerance io L'JV ana sucking pest
173
Jwy, 2D15Mimslry of Water, Irrigation and Energy
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Protest_______
Volume IV - Pari I Agronomy Study Final Repoi£
complex
•   Outstanding value
•    Green pod yield (qt/ha)
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer
2) Variety: Spicy (SCH - 922 F1)
•   Adaptation area
>   Altitude (masl)
>   Rainfall (mm)
>   Temperature
•    Planting date
areas
•    Days to firs! barest
•    Growth habit
•    Pungency
•   Crop pest reaction
complex
•    Outstanding value
chilli
•   Green pod yield (qt/ha)
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer
3) Variety: SCH -925 F1
•    Adaptation area
>   Attitude (masl)
>   Rainfall (mm)
>   Temperature
. Planting date
areas
•    Days to first harvest
•   Growth habit
•    Pungency
•   Crop pest reaction
complex
•    Outstanding value
tolerant
•    Green pod yield (qt/ha)
•   Year of Re ease
•    Breeder seed maintainer
4) Variety: Supreme (SCH - 942 F1)
•    Adaptation area >   Altitude (masl) ' Ramfall (mm)
< Temperature
•    Planting date areas
. Days to first harvest
. Growth habit
Excellent dual purpose hybrid, glossy, red fruits with very high pungency, heat tolerant
187
2012
Vibha Seeds Ethiopia Private Limited Compan
300- 2,000
300 - 850
20-35
All year in low land areas A dry season in rainy
50-55
Dense bushy
High
Good tolerance tc LCV and sucking pest Attractive fruit colour, excellent hybrid for green 376
2012
Vibha Seeds Ethiopia Private Limited Company
300 - 2.000
300 - 850
20-35
All year in low land areas & dry season in • am/
60 - 65
Erect
Very high
Good tolerance to LCV and sucking pest Excellent hybrid with upright fruiting heat
227
2012
Vibha Seeds Ethiopia Private Limited Corro'in'/
Waler Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
300- 2,000
30C - 850
20-35
All year in low land areas & dry season n rainy
60-65
Semi erect
January. 2Ci'>Ministry of Wafer, Irrigation and Energy Dabus lrrjgniton Study and Design Project
» Pungency
•    Crop pest reaction
•    Outstanding value
export
■   Green pod yield (ql/ha)
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer
5) Variety: Serenade
■   Adaptation area
>   Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
>    Temperature
•    Planting date
areas
•    Days to first harvest
•    Growth habit
•    Pungency
•    Crop pest reaction
•    Outstanding value
•    Green pod yield (qMha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers' field
•    Green pod yield (qt/ha)
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer
6) Variety: Melka shote (PBC 223}
■    Year of Release
■   Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/FIAR)
Volume IV — Part I Agronomy Study Final Report.
Medium
Very good tolerance sucking pests
Attractive glossy dark red colour, suitable foi and processing
425
2012
Vibha Seeds Ethiopia Private Limited Company
300 - 2.000
300 - 350
20-35
All year in low land areas & dry season in rainy
60-65
Medium spreading
High
Resistant to M virus and potato virus Y. Very long shelf life and for export
144
94
425
2011
Hazera genetics ltd
2006
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
7) Variety: Melka Awaze (PBC 600)
•    Year of Retease
•    Breeder seed maintainer
(MARC/EIAR)
8) Variety: Oda haro
•    Year qf Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer
(MARC/EIAR)
9)         Variety: Melka zala (PBC 972)
•    Yea of Release
r
•    Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/El AR)
Wafer Works Design and Supervision Enfernnsn
2006
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
2005
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
2004
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
■lanuiiry, 2015Mirnsiry of Water Irrigation and Energy 
Dabus Irrigation Study andj)esign Project_______
10) Variety: Melka dima (papri king)
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer
(MARC/EIAR)
11) Variety: Melka eshet (papri queen)
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
Volume IV - p3ft, Agronomy Study Hnal Regcr
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
2004
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
XIII.  Crop: Banana (Musa spp.) Agronomic Characteristics 1)          Variety: Williams • 1
•    Adaptation area
> Altitude (masl; > Rainfall (mm)
•    Planting date
areas
Dessert type
•    Planting material
•    Spacing (cm)
•    Days to first flowerirg
•  Days from flowering to harvest
•    Growth habit
•    Yield (ql/ha)
>   Research field
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
2)  Variety: Grand nain Adaptation area
>   Altitude (masl)
>   Rainfall (mm)
Planting dale
Planting material
Spacing (cm)
Days to first flowering
Days from flowering to harvest Growth habit
Yield (qt/ha)
> Research field Yeai of Release
Me.kasa, Jimma, Werer and Areka
Best up to 1.500
1.300  -3,600
All year in low land areas & dry season in rainy
Sword sucker (1000/ha)
Inter-row 250 & Intra-row 250
373
170
Erect bunches bend gravipetally
556
2006
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
Breeder seed
(MARC/EIAR)
maintainer
Melkasa. Jimma, Werer and Areka
Best upto 1,500
1.300-3.600
Any  frost  free  time  when  water  is  available Sword sucker (500/ha)
nter-row 250 & Intra row 250
357
166
Erect bunches bend gravipetally
436
2006
Velkasa Agricultural Research Center
Water Works De s-gn and Supervision Enterprise
—-— _____
176              ------- —_______  _ _______ ___________ - January 2015-—
Minislfy of Water. Irrigation and Energy
Onbus irrigation 5ludy and Design _Projecl__________ 3) Variety: Robusta
•     Adaptation area
>    Altitude (mas I) >    Rainfall (mm)
•     Planting date
•     Planting material
•     Spacing (cm)
•     Days to first flowering
■ Days from flowering to harvest
•     Growth habit
•     Yield (ql/ha)
Volume IV - Pan I Agronomy Study Final Repod
>
Research field
• 
Year of Release
• 
Breeder seed maintainer
Werer (Awash valley)
Best up to 1,500
1,300-3.500
Any frost free time when water is available Sword sucker (500/ha)
Inter-row 250 & Intra-row 250
390
159
Erect bunches bend gravipetally
395
2006
Me Ik as a Agricultural Research Center
(MARC/EIAR)
4)
Variety: Burtuzua
• 
Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
• 
Planting dale
• 
Planting material
• 
Spacing (cm)
• 
Days to first flowering
• 
Days from flowering to harvest
• 
Growth habit
• 
Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
• 
Year of Release
• 
Breeder seed maintainer
Melkasa & Jimma
Best up to 1,500
1,300    — 3,600
Any frost free time when waler is available Sword sucker (500/ha)
Inter-row 250 & Intro-row 250
350
166
Erect hunches bend gravipetatly
391
2006
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
(MARC/EIAR)
5)
Variety: Cardaba
• 
Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall, (mm)
« Planting date
•     Planting material
•     Spacing (cm)
•     Days to first flowering
•  Days from flowering to harvest
■    Growth habit
•     Yield (ql/ha)
> Research field
■    Year of Release
« Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
Melkasa, Jimrna Werer & Areka
r
Best up to 1,500
1.300   - 3,600
Any frost free time when water is available Sword sucker (SOQ/ha)
Inter-row 250 fi Intra-row 250
316
168
Erect bunches bend gravipetally 480
2006
Melkasa Agricultural Research Cc-nler
WalBf  Works  Design  and Supervision Fnterpri’iP'
17f
Januaiy, 2015Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Er®'9* . Dabus Irrigation St jdy^and Design _roj— —
6)          Variety: Kitawira
•    Adaptation area
>   Altitude (masl)
>   Rainfall (mm)
•    Planting date
•    Planting material
. Spacing (cm)
. Days to first flowering
. Days from flowering la harvest
•    Growth habit
•    Yield (qt/ha)
>   Research field
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
7)  Variety: Nijiru
• Adaptation area
>   Altitude (masl)
>   Rainfall (mm)
•    Planting date
•    Planting material
•    Spacing (cm)
•    Days to first flowering
•    Days from flowering to harvest
•    Growth habit
•    Yield (qt/ha)
r Research field
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
8)  Variety: Matoke
Adaptation area
' Altitude (masl)
' Rainfall (mm)
Planting date
Planting materia'
Spacing (cm)
Days to first flowering
J?ys’r°m       ‘lower,n9     ,0       harvest
Growth habit
Yield (qt/ha)
' Research field Year of Release Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)            ner
Volume IV • _ Agronomy Study Final
Areka
B  1e ,3st00up -to3,61 0,7000
Any frost free time when water is available Sword sucker (500/ha)
Inter-row 250 & Intra-row 250
373
126
Erect bunches bend gravipetally
463
2006
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
Melkasa, Jimma. Werer 8. Areka
Best up to 1,700
1,300-3.600
Any frost free time when water is available Sword sucker (500/ha)
Inter-row 250 & Intra-row 250
356
123
Erect bunches bend gravipetally
481 8
2006
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
Jimma & Areka
Best up to 1,700
1.300-3,600
Any  frost  free  time  when  water  is  available Sword sucker (500/ha)
Inter row 250 & Intra-row 250
345
123
Erect bunches bend gravipetally
420 6
2006
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
Water Works Cesjgn an ■ Supervision Fnterpnse
janud”/. 20 It'Ministry of Watnr. Irrigation .inti Energy Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project
9) Variety: Poyo
• Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
•     Planting date
•     Planting material
•     Spacing (cm)
•     Days to first flowering
■    Days from flowering to harvest
•     Growth habit
■    Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
•     Year of Release
•     Year of Registration
•     Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
10) Variety: Giant cavendish
■    Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
•     Planting dale
•     Planting material
•     Spacing (cm)
•     Days to first flowering
•     Days from flowering to harvest
•     Growth habit
•     Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
■    Year of Release
•     Year or Registration
•     Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
11) Variety: Dwarf cavendish
•     Adaptation area
>    Altitude (mast)
>    Rainfall (mm)
•     Planting date
•     Planting material
•     Spacing (cm)
■    Days to first flowering
■    Days from fl owed ng to hardest
•     Growth habit
•     Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
■    Year of Release
•     Year of Registration Waler Wniks Design arid iiune‘vision Enterprise
Volume IV - Part J Agronomy Study Final Report
Melkasa. Jimma, Werer & Areka
Best up to 1.500
1,300-3.600
Any frost free lime when water is available Sword sucker (500/ha)
Inter-row 250 & Intra-row 250
345
160
Erect bunches bend gravipelaHy
401 9
1970
2006
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
Melkasa. Jirnma, Werer & Areka
Best up Io 1,500
1.300   -3.600
Any frost free time when water is availaole Sword sucker (500/ha)
Inter row 250 & Intra-row 250
357
159
Erect bunches bend gravipetal'/
372.3
1970
2006
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
Melkasa. Jimma. Werer A Areka
Best up to 1 500
1.300     3 600
Any frost free time when water is available Sword sucker (500/ha)
Inter-row 250 & Snlra-row ?50
357
160
Erect bunches herd gravipetally 531.2
1970
2006
179
.lanu.i-y, ?n*i5Ministry of Waler, Irrigation and Energy■
Jato-.r/lrrig.M^d^and De^nProLecL _
Breeder       seed       maintainer (MARC/EIAR)
12)   Variety: Ducasse hybrid
. Adaptation area
>    Altitude (mast)
>    Rainfall (mm)
•     Planting dale
. Planting material
•    Spacing (cm)
•     Days to first flowering
•    Days from flowering to harvest
. Growth habit
•    Yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
•     Year of Release
•    Year of Registration
•     Breeder seed maintainer (MARC/ LIAR)
Volume IV - part ( _Agronomy Study Fjnal_RF^Or1
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
1
Melkasa
Can grow  well up to 2,000
1,300   - 3,600
Any frost free time when water is available Sword sucker (500/ha)
inter-row 250 & Intra-row 250
350
152
Erect bunches bend gravipetatly
260.5
1970
2006
Melkasa Agricultural Research Center
XIV.  Crop: Mango (Wangifera indicaA Dessert type Ag ronoinic Characteristics
1) Variety: Apple mango
•     Adaptation area
areas)
>    Altitude (masl)
up
>    Rainfall (mm)
>    Temperature (qC)
■    Planting date
available
•     Means of propagaiion/Planting material
■    Spacing (cm)
•     Time to peak harvest
•    Growth habit
Average yield range (qt/ha)
•    Average fruit weight (gm)
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
XV, Crops: Forage
1) Variety: Vetch (W /a w//os )
ca
Agronomic Cbaract(;rjstjcs
Variety: Lalisa (IG, No S792DLat-2)
•     Adaptation area
_ ecologies
Waler Works D 7
r  lgtla-—----------------------- ___ _______ _____ Supervision Enterpns®
Central rift valley (hot and low land
Best at low elevation areas, but still good
to 1,500
Relatively mango is low moisture stress tolerant fruit tree except during the first
three years of establishment.
Higher temperatures of hot areas
Any frost free time when water is
Vegetative by grafting
Inter-row 600 & Intra-row 600
April to June
Medium upright spreading
320
400
2007
Melkasa     Agricultural     Research     Center (MARC/EIAR)
I" ighlands of Bale & similar agro
18□"
January, 2015Ministry of Water, Irrigalion and Energy
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project ___________
>    Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
Planting date
Seeding rate (kg/ha)
>    Row planting
>    Broadcasting
Spacing for row planting (cm)
Fertilizer rale (kg/ha)
>    DAP
'   Days   to   forage   harvesting   (50%   flowering)
» Days to seed harvesting
•    Growth habit
•     Dry matter biomass yield (qt/ha) >    Research field
>    Farmers field
•     Seed yield (qt/ha)
Volume - Pad J Agronomy jtudy Final Report
>
Research field
>
Farmers held
•     Crop pest reaction
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
2) Variety; Vetch (Vicia sativa)
Variety: Gebisa (IG. No 62632)
•     Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
•     Planting date
•     Seeding rate (kg/ha)
>    Row planting
>    Broadcasting
•     Spacing for row planting (cm)
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha)
>    DAP
•     Days to forage haivesting (50% flowering)
•     Days to seed harvesting
•     Growth habit
•     Dry matter biomass yield (ql/ha) >    Resuarch field
>    Farmers field
•     Seed yield (qt/ha)
>    Research hold >    Farmers field
•     Crop pest reaction
■ Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
2,300-3.000
750-1.600
At the beginning of July
25
30
Inter-row 30
100
113
192
Crumbling and climbing
84
66
7.1
58
Resistant to diseases and pests 2011
Sinana Agricultural Research Center (SARC/OARi)
Highlands of Bale and similar agro ecologies.
2,300    - 3.000
750 - 1.600
At the beginning of July
25
30
Inter-row 30
TOO
93
176
Strangling or semi climbing
51
43
19.8
18 B
Resistant to diseases and pests
2011
Sinana    Agricultural    Research    Center (SARC/OARI)
Water Warts OeSigr am I Supervision Enter arise
January. 2015Volume IV -pwi< Agrqnornx_S’.iidy Final Aep-xt
Ministry of Waler, Irrigation and Energy
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project___________
3) Variety: Vetch (V/cia narhonensis) Variety: Abdeta (IG. No 118)
• Adapts I ton area
>    Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
Planting date
Seeding rate (kg/ha)
>    Row planting
>    Broadcasting
Spacing foi row planting (cm)
Fertilizer rale (kg/ha)
>    DAP
Days to forage harvesting (50% flowering) Days to seed harvesting
Growth habit
bean
•     Dry matter biomass yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers field
•    Seed yield (qt/ha)
>    Research field
>    Farmers field
•     Crop pest reaction
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer
4) Variety: Vetch (V7cia safrVa)
Variety: ICARDAA51509
• Adaptation area
>    Altitude (masl)
>    Rainfall (mm)
•     Planting date
•     Seeding rate (kg/ha)
>    Row planting
>    Broadcasting
•     SDacing for row planting (cm)
•     Fertilizer rate (kg/ha)
>    P,O5
>N
•     Days to forage harvesting (50% flowering)
•     Days to seed harvesting
•     Growth habit
•     Yield (qt/ha)
>     Forage
>    Broadcasting
•     Year of Release
Highlands of Bale and similar agrc-
ecologies.
2,300    - 3.000
760- 1,600
At the beginning of July 
25
30
Inter-row 30
100
97
167
Erect/upright, strikingly similar to faba
34
31
18.6
17.7
Resistant to diseases and pests 2011
Sinana Agricultural Research Center (SARC/OARI)
For water logged vertisol arid red nilosol areas such as Ginchi, Kulurnsa and similar agro ecologies
2,200 - 2.400
850- 1095
Early June
25
30
Inter-row 30
46
18
99 - 117
138 - 156
Indeterminate erect/somi erect
45 - 63 19-27 2012
Water  Works  Oosign  and Supervr ;ion Entero ii$e
January. 201Ministry of Waler, Irrigation and Fncrgy
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Projec4
* Boeder seed maintainer
5) Variety: Tree lucerene (C/ramaecytitrspro/fferl
•    Variety
Volume IV - Part I
Agrnntjniy Study Final Repcj.
Holetta Agricultural Research Center (HARC/OARI)
•    Year of Release
■ Breeder seed maintainer (HARC/EIAR)
1992
Holetta Agricultural Research Center
6) Variety: Elephant grass {Penn/se/um pwrpixrei/m)
*
Variety
*
Year of Release
ILCA-16984
1984
*
Breeder seed maintainer
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
7) Variety: Rhodes grass (CMorfs gayana)
• 
Variety
• 
Year of Release
Massaba
1904
• 
Breeder seed maintainer
Holetta Agricultural Research Center
(HARC/EIAR)
8) Variety: Panicum (Panicum co//orafon?)
■ Variety
•     Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer (HARC/EIAR)
Col/ofatum
1984
Holetta Agricultural Research Center
9) Variety: Dolicos lablab (Lab/ab purpureos)
•    Variety 
■ Yea'of Release
_____________________
1904
•    Breeder seed maintainer                    Holetta Agricultural Research Center (HARC/EIAR)
10) Variety: Phalaris (Pha/aris aquaffca)
•    Variety
•    Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer (HARC/EIAR)
Sires a
19B2
Holetta Agncu'.hiral Research Center
11) Variety: Trifolium (THfof/um quanbn/anom)
■   Variety
•    Year of Release
■   Breeder seed maintainer (HARC/EIAR)
12} Variety: Vetch (Vfcfa dasycarpa)
•    Variety
Year of Release
•    Breeder seed maintainer (HARC/EIAR)
1976
Holetta Agricultural Research Center
Lana
1976
Holetta Agricultural Research Center
Waler 'A'oiki Desigr. and
Supervisor! 'Enterprise
133
January. 2015Minislry of Water, Irrigation and Fneryy
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Project 13) Variety: Oats (A yer? a saf/Va)
•     Variety
•     Year of Release
•     Breeder seed maintainer (HARC/EIAR)
Volume IV p .
________________ _________AgrqnQm _StLJdy_F rial_R   Q ;
y
2              SE    r
Cl-6237
1S76
Holetta Agricultural Research Center
I
Wa^
W()rksl
7 e                      —        —
Supervijron En.'erpns >
’ 194       ----- —---------- _____
January 2015Ministry o1 Water. ‘mg al ion ard Energy 
u )abui ircigalion Sluay and Des-gi• Protect
Volume IV — Part I Agronomy Study FiraJ Report
Annex VI: Forecast of 2012/13 (2005ECJ Area, Production (in 000’) and yield of major crops for private Peasant Holdings in Ethiopia,
Metier season
------------------ - -
Ethiopia
Benishangul Gumuz Region
Asosa zone
* Crops groups
I Total Grains Cereals
Area (Ha)             Prod, (q)                 q/ha 12.270,472 16      229,070,553.83      X 9,808.958.23        198,953,002 78      x"
Area (Ha)        Prod.(q)              q/ha
Area(ha)        Prod, {q)
q/ha
253,349.15     4,123,711.26      X                   58.630.80       992,945.14     X
177,267.31     3,546,405.49      X                   44.969.74 1     910.259.56
X
pTeff
2 781,186 70        37,690,984 68
13.55      20.269.96       210,400.07         10.38
2,887 91        --1-2',-8--2--5-.-8--8------
4.44
Barley
1,047 281.46        17,867 203.53
17.06      6-3.20
6,787.44              11.07
-
Wheat
1 595 724.96
l_977.86
■-
-             .. I
Maize
2 165 382 26
33 119 728.63 20.76
65 030.049.92 29 76
53.412 05
1 438 962 18      26.94
19,369.43
503 595.03     26.00
I Sorqnu- n
r
Finge’-iv 'If- Oats'A’J
r 1 685 729.61      ' 36.028 732.57 444,908 16           7 527.339.17 22.068.36             40' 167 46
21.37
69,429 79
1 495,592.69      21 54
20,673.20       377,504.43      18.26
16.92      31,647.81
372,064.39         11.76       2.018 55
16.141.07        8.00
-8.18      -
-
-
-
-
I Rice
Pulses
46 676.70
1,609,053.05
t .287,797 71
27 59      -
X                 22,410.05
16 09      1,153 19
12.54
-
-
-
22,747,021.19 9,394,740.07 3,250.165 82
228,153.31
X
X
Faba-Dean            f 583,821 ?•
•------ ---------
r eld-pea                   259,095 43
3.623.92 31 564.72
-
-
__
-
I Haricot-bean
359 235 58           4,127.345 88
115.355.36
10.84
11,673.59
Chick-pea                 132 724.61
2.254,218 12
11 49      10,639.47 16.98      -
-
-
| Lentil Grass-pea
114,114 61 74,923 77
• 401,902.82
12.29      -
-
-
1,330,901.23
17.76      -
-
L-
So;bean
25, 320.88
380.896 94
15.04      9 525.04
-
1,992.63
9 55
Fenu-qreek
30.697.17
282,742.63             9.21        -
-
I•
19,035.33
-
G/b/o
29 119.30
324,107 68             11 13
1
-
*
-
Oilseeds
852.460.89           7,370,529.84          x                  53,671.78        349,152.46         X
10,037.14      51,120.85
X
Niaerseed/Notfj        304.735 94           1 954,21 B 82         641
8.241.15
27.788 64            3,37
5 079.01
18,952.69
3.73
Linsead
128.497.61           1,296 998.0'            10 09      605.76
-
-              j-
-
Ground-nut
92,242.77             1.247,682 19          13 53      20,982 70
190 263 18
9.07
790.02
7 275.82
9.21
Sa Flower                 11,892.34
124.234.27              10.45      -
-
-
-
-
-
Sesame
271,717.60
1 992.460 67          7.30        23,359.22
122,999.85         5.27
-
20 740.80
Rapeseed                 43,374.61
764,935 89              17.64      300.93
-
-               -                   j•
-
Major Root crops including Enset
Total              root     482,064.66            20,101,667.05         X                  959.62             104,634.15
X                    248.51           27,472.91     1*
Wille1, vVcAs De sign and Supervise Enterprise
165
January, 2015Dabu?T0,VVa,er
_jabusjrogation Stug
'WtonandE
nergy
_ and Design Prcjezl
Volume IV - Part I
Agronomy Study Final Report
Crops      groups      Area      (Hal crops
Ethiopia Prod, (q)
___ |
Benishangul Gumuz Region
Asosa zone
q/ha        Area (Ha)     I Prod, (q)
q/ha
Potato
273 683~87
T aro/GoJe/e           J 35 902 36 I Sweet-potato 35 605 89
I
6,230.355 17           84 56      475 93
_j 3 071,561.30 1 85 55 34.03 1 050 88
q/ha Area (ha) Prod.(q)
-
30.88       -
3.340.631.03           93 82      445 29             47 220 3'             106 04     235 93
8248720 ’’
□.23’*      -
1 Enset
L
Source. CSA (2012)
35580785’’
__
-
-
1 10164947’’              0.29 s
-
| 3 70883
0.01,!>
-
*
-
lJ
L
" Number of trees to be harvested
7 Amicho
3 Kocho
Bulla
* 5 q/tree
- ‘U_
January, 20 15
WttUsi Ah»ik-.
Stipct5Ji4.cn En\«rpime
an<l
z—a          &Ministry of Waler, irrigation and Energy
Dabus Irrigation Study and Design Projtfc*.
Annex VII: Crop budget for existing crops per hectare
a) Tef(
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Fftnai_Report
S.N
Particulars
□nit
Quantity
Unit price
1
Variable costs
1.1
Human labour
md
45
30 DO
1.350.00
1.2
Hiring of tractors
hours
0
0 00
13
Pair of oxen
days
6
200. CO
14
Seed
kT—
15
1700
Total
7,129.00
0 00
1,200 00
1,-186 00
255.00
1.5
Fertrlizers and manures
(a)
DAP
kg
100
1-1 SS
(b)
Urea
kg
100
12 16
1 216 00
..- (d)
t(c)j
M urate of Potash
kq
0
0 00
0.00
Manures
kg
1000
1.00
1,000 00
(e)
Chemtcals
kg/'t
2
160
320 00
16
Tools and eauipmenl
hrs
1
300.00
300.00
1./
Miscellaneous
2
Fixed cost
250.00
2.1
I and rent
birr
-.J
250 00
2.2
Contingent expenditure
birr
_________
•
000
Total cost (in birr)
7,379.00
3
Return
3.1
Yield of main product
qt
8
1000.00
8,000.00
3.2
Yield of by-producl
qt
25
200.00
5,000 00
Gross return (in birr)
13,000,00
Nel return (in birr)
5.621.00
Benefit Cost Ralio                        ] 5,621.00/7,379.DO = 0.76:1
b) Maize
S.N
Particulars                          [ Unit
Quantity * Unit price
Total
1
Variable costs
12,204.00
1.1
Human labour
*nd
175
30.00
5.250.00
1,2
Hiring cf tractors
hours
□
□ □□
0.00
1.3
Pair qF oxen
days
16
130.00
2,080.00
1.4
Seed
-kJ
25
27.00
550 00
1.5
Fertilizers and manures
(a
DAP
ko
100
14 88
<488.00
(b)
Urea
100
M2 16
1,216.00
i (cl
Mu rale of Potash
kg
0
0 00
□.00
d)
Manures_______________
■■2
1000
«?>
1 00
Cbemica’s
kq/lt
2
1.000.00
160 00
1.6
hrs
320 GO
1
300.00
1.7
300.00
2
Fixed cost
2.1
birr
250.00
rz_2_
Tixtfs and equipment Miscellaneous
Land 'ent
J Contingent expenditure
Yield of ma*n product Yield of by-product
Gross return (in birr Not return jjn-birri
Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
birr
L-              I
250 00 ”
Iola 3
cost (In birr) Return
t.               L---------- —
0 00
—
—--------- . -
—--------- _
124 54.00
3.1
H3 2
pit
sc
qt
650 no
•15
32 500 00
350 00
.
43 250 00
15 750 00
Benefil Cost Ratio
| 35,79G.Owl 2,454.0-3
.
35 796 00
,.
2.87:1
January, 2015Ministry o( Waler. Irrigation ^nd Fnergy 
Oabus Irrigation Study and □esigi.±’ge«_ —
c) Sorghum
.          —-r-.. -r------- T3CT—thir        I 11 nit Drice
Volume IV - Part I ^kgrenomy Study Final Repon
____  ____ _
Total
SN
.
1_
1.1
1.2
1
Particulars  ____ 13!™----- L=-------- -----
8.314.00
Variable costs Human labour Hiring of tractors
md
hours
1.3 1
Pair of oxen               _ _ Seed
Fertilizers and manures
days kg
83
0
1
U
25
30.00
0.00
1IW30W00w** ----
.
800
2,490.00
0 00
1,300.00
DAP
kg
100
14 88
200.00 1.488 00
ai
___ /hi
Urea
kg_
100
12.16
1,216 00
Murale of Potash
Lko
QJ
0.00
0.00
(d)
Manures
ka
_
1000
1.00
1,000.00
(e)
Chemicals
__
kg/lt
2
160.00
320 00
16
Tools and equipment
hrs
1
300 00
300 00
17
Miscellaneous
2
Fixed cost
250.00
21‘
Land rent                         1 birr
-
-
250 00
2.2
Contingent expenditure   | birr
-
•
0 00
Total cost (in birr)
I 8,564.00
3
Return
3.1
Yield of main product
qt .
30
700.00
21,000.00 1
3.2
Yield of by-product
qt
23
150.00
3,450.00
Gross return (in birr)
24,450.00
Net n
Bene
’turn (in birr)
15,886.00
fit Cost Ratio                        | 15,886.00/8,564.00 = 1.85:1
d) Niger seed/Noug
SN ]
-
Particulars
Variable costs 
Quantity JJnit^price
'' if an labour
Total
5,932.00
Hiring of t'actors
30 00
3,000,00
Pair of oxen
000
0 00
J>eed____
130 Op
780 00
Fertilizer*, anc n
15.00
180 00
DAP i (b)        Urea
I (c)         “
’■'jj'c nf Potash ~
Ltd) 1(ej
Pt
47
JManures
J Chemicals_
1 ls_and ji ■ er,[ , Miscellaneous ^ixed cost-
Lana rent
50
0
kg o
14.88 12.16
o Ou OOP
160 00 300 00
___
744.00
60800
0 00
0.00
320 00
300.00
250.00
6,182.00
Yield of b ft
uoooo -
Gross return jin birr)
2 2    ] Contingent expenditure Total cost (in birr)
3 Return
3 1  Yleld of mainproducf"
f
Net return (in birr) Benefit Cost Ratio
Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
160.00
8.400.00_
8,000_00
16,400.00Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Erergy Dabus irnflalmn Study and Design Project
e) Sesame
Volume IV - Pad I
Agronomy Study Final Report
S.N
Particulars
Unit
Quantity
Unit price
Total
ri
Variable costs
5,252.00
1.1
Human labour
md
34
40
1.360.00
12
Hiring of tractors
hours
0
0
0.00
1.3
Pair of oxen
days
6
130
780.00
14
Seed
kg
7
20
140.00
1.5
Fertilizers and manures
(a)
DAP
kg
r50
14 38
744.00
(b)
Urea
kg
50
12.16
608 00
(C)
Mu rate nf Potash
kg
0
0
0.00
(d)
Manures
kg
1000
1
1,000 00
el
Chemicals
kg/lt
2
160.00
320.00
1.6
Toots and equipment
hrs
1
300
300.00
1.7
Miscellaneous
2
Fixed cost
250.00
21
Land rent
birr
-
-
250.00
2.2
i Contingent expenditure
birr
-
-
0.00
Total cost (in birr)
5,502.00
3
Return
31
Yield of mam product
qt
7
I 800
12,600.00
3.2
Yield at by-product
'25
125
3.125.DO
Gross return (in birr)
15,725.00
Net return (in birr)
10,223.00
Benefit Cost Ratio
10,223X10/5,502.00 = 1.86:1
f) Haricot-bean
S.N
1
1.1
1.2
Particulars                              Unit         Quantity          Unit price         Total
Variable costs
8,796.00
Human abour
Hiring o! *tactors
md           34
hours       0
40 00                  1,360 00
1.3
Pair of oxen
days        6
0.00                    □ .(JU 130.00                780 DO
14
Seed
kr J            130
25.00                  3,260 00
1 5       Fertilizers and manures
QI DAP
Urea
Llg              100
14 86
1.486 00
.kg___       0 kg            0
0 DO
0 00
(sl_
Mu rate of Potash
JL           Manures
kg. 1              1000
D 00
1.D0
Chemicals
1 6 Tools and equipment
kg/ll         2
0.00
1.000.00
I6O 00
hrs           o
320 00
0 00
1.7 Miscellaneous
2          Fixed cost
2.1       I and rent
0 co
600 00
| birr         1 ’
450,00
-
1 22              Contingent expenditure*          bin         1- 1 Total cost (in birr)
i 3        | Return
r?50 00
-
200 00
9246.00
[3.1      ■ Yield ol mair product____ [3.2      1 Yield of by -product
I
I qt
22                    1200 00             26,400 on
30
Net return (in birr>
Gross return (in birr)
I Benefit Cost Ratio
| 21,054.00/9,246.00 =    2.27:1
130 00 3.900 OD 30,300,00 21 054 00
Wsitn V-'nrks Design and Supervision Enlerorisp
*ft9
January. 20isDabus'r^-ni rlC,elrr 9at'On °!'d Energy ' 1 ’ ! •* -1 - es . gigci
Volume IV - Pad I Agronomy Study F inal Re pod
—, X V,ll‘ Crop budget for the proposed crops under post project condition
i
IT    Maize
T
Ni jer sncdi'.Voi?/7
Unit
I price (In
Quantity I Birr)
30.00 300 CO
Too 22 00
T
S-N I Particulars
1 I Variable costs
1.1 ’ *•--H--u--m-- j--n-----'-a-bout
------------- riff
Unit
price (in
Quantity 9 Iff)_______
ma                                 30 00
Rice
Unit
i price (in Quantity , Birr
Unit
price (in
Quantity Birr!
30 00 300.00
1
Total
8.384 00
450 00
Total
6,484 00
UZ
' 13
I
Hiong of tractors
hours
300. CO       900 0C
Pair of oxen
id Seed
------ X —----- ■ __ l
1.5 Fertilizers and manures
1 DAP
,s '
130 00
Trbc“
2,600.00 570 00'
Total
7,096.00
2,250 00
1,500.00
120.00
45VC0
Total
4,652 00
600 00 ‘ 900 ad" too
1 BO oo“
kg        M0C kg        " 0
<4,88        | 1.486 00      1 100          Tn ae         ] 1 488 DO
L 50
8 50              1275 00        50            T
14 88
744.00
f I W        Morale of Potash
1 (0)   | U.’ea
f-                   ------ ------------ -
kg
' TOO
12 16
♦ 216 00        100
12 16        I 1 215 00      | 200
7 50
1500 00      Po
12.18
508.00
C 00
0 00
ooo
f(d)  I Manure
0.00          7  0
0.00              0 CO           f 0 CC
0 DO
boo               0
P        y 1000
0.60
600.00        II 1000
1.00          I -.000 co
0.00
0 00               1000
+
H
-
1 00 iooo oo
1 le>
J Composf
0 00
to 00               II 0
0.00              0 00             rbi
)°
0 00
0.00            ro
0 00             a.oo
I
1 Cbemcals
1°
J kg/JI ~p
I
L r>
PT - Miscellaneous
’ Tools and equipment          hrs
,t?G                                                                                         1
160            7 320 00           2
300 00       J 30C 00           1
j
160 00       I 320 CO         r°
0 CO
0 00
I2
160.00 I  320 00
1
300 CO        300 00 P        0
0 00
0 00
0 00            j
0 00            b
r 300.00          300.00
2*
1
Fixed cost
II
f
Pit Lord real
birr
250.00 II
I
250.00                           J
*f
1°
-
000 250 30 0
0.00
250 00           c
r
' cToo 35.00
Too 0.00
0.00              35 00
0G0 J 35.0D
I 0 00          ^0 00
0 00          ] 35.DO
i1
ii
—— -       — —
2 2 i     Contingent
expenditure
bar      -(I—T-- - --------- p
0 00              0 00                0 rJ
0 00
0.00 0
|
• Total cost (in birr)
8.634 00
__
6734 00
I
[ 7131.00 U
I 4.687.00 j
Return
1
i P
0
t
3.1 1 Yield of main p/oduci           qi         i? -a              r
16.0C0.C0 '    70
55C.OO
45.500 00 |     50              410 00          20500 00    II 8             I 1400.00
112COOO ||
-Il
i
J 2 J^YIc.'c of by-product
Gross return (in birr)
Net return (in birr)
Benefit Cost Ratio
200 OC         24.000.00 || 42,000 00 33.365.00
-L____ 3 86:1
350 00          22.750 00 1)70 —
Bi
14:1
L
O o o Oklt=l v . U'r-.a
mm
ipcruLsicn Enlarpffto
I uw
Ministry cf Waler. irrigation anc Energy
□ atusjrrjaticr Study .and Design ProjecI ______________
Annex VIII: Cron budaet continued. ..
Volume IV - Part I Agronomy Study Final Report
.
________
Ginger ______
—----------------
r—
--------- ”------—----!----—-
Se&amfr
Hare ol-b ran
_ ________ _______
Sweetpotato
SN
Particulars
Unit
Quantity
Un»l price (»r» elrrj
Total
Quantity
Unit
price (In
Birr)
Total
Quantll,
Unit
price (in
Birr)
Total
I Unit
| pnea (In Quantity , Birr J
Total
1
Vanable costs
1.612.QC
rr
6858 00
37,845.00
6.370.00     1
------------------- 1
*.1
Human latuur
tr.d
P°
30 00
ebo.co
30.00
6DC 00
20
30.00
600 OO
20
30
500.00
t2
Hiring of Lraciori
hours
300.00
900.00
3UC 00
930 0C
3I
300 DO
900 00      1
3
300
r 900
1.3
Pair ol oxen
days
p
0 00
0.00
b
0 .00
O.OC
0
0 OO
1 OCO ~
ro
0
ODD
Ijs
Seed
Kg
p
20.00
140.00
no
25 DC
3250.00
33333
1 00
33333.00
f 250
9
2.250.00 1
"Ts
Fertilizers and manures
pb
poo
I
14.88
I486 OO
14 SB
__________
(*)
T DAP
MOB
744 "0
--- -
20
i
297 60
0
___________ OCO
_
000
lb
Urea
kg
|T5
1 12 16
606.00
p
0,00
DOO
———
90
r 12.16
1094.40
ro
OCO
Q.00
[Q
Murate of Polash
*9
[c
0 30
O.OC
p
ooo
0 00
0.00
pood
0
r o.66 “
0.00
Manure
kg
0
^.00
0.00
0
1-
oco
f~D.bc
p
■FQ-DC
1 CO
1000.00
0
ro.oo
0.00
h•
Compost
kg
p
F C 00
0.00
Z:
ooo
1- ■
oco
lo
——
3 00
llDC
r°
0.00
ooo
in ’
-
Chemicals
hg.'X
2
1GD.K
-------- ——-
120 JO
1
2
160 00
32C.CO
2
160.00
320 30
2000
1Q0
ZOQQ 00    |
i.fi
Tools a-Td equipment .
hrs
1
300 DC
300.00
■i
_________
JCO
300
IT-
300. 00
r 300 00
h—i
160.00
320 fo
?;7
M seel aneouf
O.OC
0.00
d ca
C.M
2
Fiicd cost
250.00
250.00
1
250.00
250.00        ||
2.1
l and rent
birr
0
OCO
25O.OC
c
0.00
ZKOO
p
OOO
250 00
6-00
250.00        ||
2.2
Canlingcnt
eoanditme
birr
L
0
0 00
orc
0
ooo
p
0.00
0
O.OC
ooo
n*
O.OC
0.00
Tout cost |in birr)
3862,00
7108.00
3S095CO
------ ■--------
6620.00”“Il
3
Return
ll
Ydld of main product
q:
fl
10OC 00
14400.00 |
30
1200 00
36000.00
294
300.00
86200 00
1214-
250 00^
13J
535OO.CO
32
Yield o< by-trod act
qi 1
50
126 X
6250.00     1
30
130 o:
3SQO.OC
ooo
ooo
1 0 | 0.00
0.00            J
Gruss re turn (in birr)
20,650.001
39,900 00
r B8.200.00 '
S3,500.DO i
Net rilurn fin birr)
16 786.00
32.792.00 |
46.680 00
fl I
il r *1 aZ . J
-
50.105.00
ks-vE—:-------
Water  Wcm  Design  and Supervision Enlerprse
19T
January. 2015^ «JfL®_Stud _a dDe j n^ __
b
D3
a
0f '"ateG,,,i9a«*on and Energy 
1     n         5a     t
Volume IV - Part I Ajr onomy Study Fina' Report
Anne xVIII: Crop b udget c on t i n u ed....
Hiacrt cumin
"T---------------
Onion
—
Garlic
ii
Pepper   ------- 1
S.N  l_ Particulars                    Unit
1     I var ao:e costs
-.
1
Il Quantity
Unit
prrce (in
I
Unit
r                    price (in
Total Quantity Birr) Total
1
Sirri          ! Total              Quantity-
I
I Unit
price (in
Birr)             ..... i
■1
Unit
price (in
Quantity '  Birr)
4 420 00
6 307 00
11,096.00]!
6.417 00
1 1      r» rr.an labour
w
4- r.rd
20
30.CO
600 00        f 20                 30
600 00                                 30 00
600.00       j| 20                3C00                  600 00 ||
12
,
Hiring of tractors hours h
300 00
900 00     “I! 3                   300 II
900               hi                300 CO        900.00                               300.CO        900 00
i 13
---------------------------------
Parr of oxen                     days   |> C
-
0 00
O.OC
0
0
OQO                                 0                  0.03             0 00
Seed
0
li
1500 6300.00 J 7
0 30
1
I 14
I 1.5
1-------
1 20
15 00
300 CO
T5
15                75
400
15 00           105 00       ||
(a)      □AP
Fertilizers ano manur PS — — —
kg
14 90           2976.00         200              14 QB          2976.30      |
L™4
Urea
Murate of Potash
kg
L°
0.00            0 00               200              14 86           2976 00           200
11
L
L?
000              000                •oo
12.16        r 1216 00 ”
o
0.03
0 00               100           ' 12.16
121600 f
LJ
g Manure
/e.rr Compost
ng          0
0.00             coo           To-
0 00
0 00
HT
0 00
h)CO              n              1 o.'co -
I 000~
- 1'9
p"
o.oc          3 00          p---------------- -
0 03
oco              3
OCO
0 00
I 0 00            10 0° ’
ng         2COO
too            2000 00
ODD
ooc           IlV"
0.00
C.00           ‘>0
’ 0.00            |ooo
Crem.cas
<9/:
..
2
16000          320 00       TT
160.00
320 00
160 00
I 320 CO
] 160.00
320.00
[Tfi       Fools ano ecu.pment        hrs          1
p
300.00
303 00
tn ~
300 00
300 00
300 CO     | 300.00
1 1             | 300.00
300 30
I
Miscellaneous                                                                      000
0.03
Fixed cost
u and rent
Contrger.t expenditure
Total cost (in birr}
3 Return
Yie’u of main product Yieio of by-product
Gross  return  (»n  Dirr) Net return (in birr) Benefit Cost Ratio
250.00
25D’6o
0.00
4,670700T~|
6637 00
iaoooo.oo 't 3o.co
0.00
0 00
________ I 180,000 00
f
250.00
11346.00
42D00 30
0.00
----------------------
68100 00 o.co
:1
J63 00"7 —Il
2.70:1January 20 f 5
Ministry d! Water, Irrigation and Energy 
Pacas irrigation Study arid Design Project _______ _______________________ ______________________ _
Annex VIII; Crop budget continued..
Volume IV — Part I ____ _______ Agronomy Study Final Hspon
•
Mango
Unit
price [In
Quantity Giro Total Quantity
r         Papaya
Banana
Citrus
S.N      ParliCUlatS                 Unit i 1          Variable costs
Unit
price [.In
Birr) Total
Unit
price (in
Quantity     Birr)
Unit
price fin
Total Quantity Birr:- Total
55,024.00
56,024 OO '
16,024.00 I
56,024.00
|'1
Human labour            mo
50                30.M           15K 00
50                30.00          1 500 OQ       SO               3C CD         1500 00          50                30,00            15C0.Q0
...... 1
1 2     Hiring Ol !raGtUl&
3
KO DO
,L:
13
-
Pair trf tmen
FerUl^era ana manures
_______
hours     3                  300 0C       MG M __-______ .
□ays      Q                 0 00            o.qc
O
OCQ
MQ.C0                                300. DC      900.00             3                  300. OG       goo.ao 31
S5eed
0 00
0.00
kg          2 SOO         20. CO
50000 M                             20               50, M0 OD
0 oco COO 0 o.bo
I
500              2000            1 COCCI oo    2500            20 00           50GCO.CC
1.5
la
DAP
<0          too
14 e&
14 50.00
IM               14 50          1436 OC         100              14 £0       1 1405.03           100
14.68           14B3.OC
Lieu
*9           100
12.16
12*6.00
133             12.16          1216 DC
103
12.15           1216.00           10Q
12.16            1216.00
tc)
Murile o4 Polish          B-D       0
3 00
0.00
0
O.OC          0 30
a
0 0Q            0.00
0                  0.00              0.00
(d)      Manure
kg          0
0.00
0.00                0
3 00            0 DO
0
ODD
0 00                 0                  0.00              0 00
[e,
Compost
kg          0
a oo
0.00                 2
0 K              oco             0
O.DO          0 00
Q                  □ CO
0 00
(0
Chemicals
*0*         2
M.
160.00        320 OD
2
16Q.0C       320 00
2                  16D.0C
320.00
1.0     Tool’s and
equipment
Miscellaneous 2            Fixed cost
2.1      Lard f'enl
330.00        600 DO
2
ISO CO      320. M            2
300 00 600.33 2
1
300.00        600.00             2                 300.00 J
500. Cu
0.00
O.OC
0 00
---------------- -----------------    0.00
250.00
250.CO
250.00
I
] 250.00           1
birr
0                  c co
250 CO
0
0.00
250 OQ
1 0.00               250 00         1
22 ConVngerl. slri
exports (lure
CM
d.oc
____
C OQ          250 00            0
1
0
ODO        1 O.OC
a           . 5 CO
0 00 rd "
-
O.OC          i cod
Totar cost fin birr)
3       R el urn
56274,00
56274.00
16274. DO
| 56274.00
T
‘ 3.1 ' Y o-d of main
product
Yield of by*
product
q!           4C0
IMO.OO      400000.00      4C3           | 13C3OG      400000.00       400
BCD CO    | 32CCOOOO    400           I 1000.00      4ocoaooo
st           0
a. no        OQO
G 0.00 TToo
J
C 30
O.OC
J
0 r o.do "nroo
I
Gross return {in birr)
400.000,00
40 0,030.00
1
320,000.00
400.000.00
Ket re turn (m birr)
343,726.00
343.726.00
303.726.00
| J43.726.00
Donpfit Cost Ratio
[ 343,726.00/56,274.©0 = 6.11 ;1               343.726.OOj56.274.00 ■ 6.10:1       . 303.726.00^5,274 DO = 16,66:1            | 343,726.00/56,274.00 ■ W;1
Waief Wc. <s Design a*iu
r
193
January, 2015
Supej vision Enterpriseyoiumeiv.p.
Ministry
A
____ 9I™°^_SMtElnalRfr
Dabus Irrigation S
Annex
[
Grasses
Unit price (in
Legumes & fodder trees
Unit
price (in
Birr)
S.N   Particulars
Quantity ,
Total_
6,31600
Quantity
ri
Jolal
5,200.00^
Vanable caste
1 30 00
1500 00
"Human ‘ibfth*
900T0
Hiring oflraclors 
300.00
Too
fsooTo
oodTc
30.00
30000
_ 0 00
0 00~
0 00
Pair of oxen
1200.00
400.00
1200 00
14
Seed
Toooo L
Fertilisers aod manures
: 116 03
Murale of Potash
Manure
Corrpo’J
*000.00
(0    Chemicals
16
Tools and cquipmenl                                                              600 00
1 7    Miscellaneous 2     Fixed cost
0.00
2J
Land rent
2,2     Cont ngent expenditure Total cost (in birr)
| 000
I 0.00
0.C0 6566 00
300.00         600.00 100
250.00 250 00 Too " 5450.00
~3
Return
31
Yield oi man product
20000 00
3?
5CC00 0C
Yield-)( L,-product i q| 0
0 00
Gross return fin b.rr) Net return (in txrr)
^Benefit Cost Ratio
0 00
30,000 QO
23.434 00
_23.4J4.0b/6.566 00 - 1
i.sfF
50,000.00
44.550.00
17:1
I
Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
194           -------- ---------
januar. 20r.finist.-y at Waler. irrigation and Energy
Cat-us Irn ganon Sludy and Des;gn Proved ________ _______ .______
Volume IV - Pal I Agronomy Study Final depart.
Annex IX: Details of Expected Production of Various Crops in DIDP Command under Post- Project Condition for Over a Period of Five
Years and above
______
1
1 Crops
Pro.rct years
1 Particulars
1
Teff
1 Ait*a iha/
Iota. cast i>n Birrj
122.15
T 9 634.00
Y«r-1                     Year-2 2
<14 3 j 0.634 CD
-.qB Q 3.634.00
Year-3 U
YcaM
Q7? qn
Ycar-5
' 721 60
Year->5
1 22’ 50
a 634.00
9.634 OO
8.634 CO
1 field
H 00
11 0G
13 DC
15 CD
1B.DD
18 30
ToIb! prodyliexi {nt;
977 20
2 53? 30
5 35' 60
14.658 OC
21,907.30
21 987.C0
' Nel raturruha lit* 6 rr'i
33.306 CD
33.366.00
33.Mfi.DO
33.MS. DC
33,366 CO
33.366.00
+------------------ ~----
Tola 1 Nel reluj.n I in Bitr.
1 <075.656 OO
0 151.313.00
IB.302 527 6C
32.505,255 2D
40,756 569.00
40.756.559 00
LIAreainaj
-- ——._------------- ----------------- T qla 1 cos: .in Birr-
1 fleid
' 97.72
195 U
390.00
781.76
977.20
977 20
j 6 734.00
fi734 OO
6 734 0C
6 734.0C
6.734 00
6,734 CO
1 30 00
45 00
□0.00
65 30
70.00
70 00
Mailt
1 Tata'produdiafl fil)
2 931 60
B 794 ao
23 452.BC
53 014 40
50.404 OO
60 4O4.CC
Net leturr.na l:n BdT/
61 516.00
61 516.00
61 516 DO
61 516 00
61.516X0
61 516.00
1” Total Net retain *H Birr;
' 6 0l1.343.fi2
1? 027.667,04
24 045 374 00
40,090 740 16
60,113.435 20
60.113,435.20
f Are) ha
' 9? 72
•95 44
390. B8
761 76
977.20
977,20
r=ial W5M\n Birr)
[ 7 131-00
7.131 CO
7.13* OO
7.131 >30
7,131.00
7.131.00
R'-e
1
' field (cTa]
30.02
35 00
40 CO
45 DC
50 CO
50 00
j Tola qroducticn iqll
2 931 b:
6.&4G.40
15,635 2:
35 7 79.20
43 BBQ .00
49.66C.00
Nel reluru/r a ;m H rrj
14.419 CD
14 419.30
*4.419 CO
14 419.00
14,4*9.00
14 419 OO
Tola. Ne' 'el urn Bir> .•
1 409,024.66
2J10.O49.36
5 636 096 72
1* 272.197 44
14 090.246.BO
MOW 246.00
Area *itl
103.23
366.45
732 90
1 465.8C
I 832.26
1.032.25
^Totji cost tin Burl
4 507.DC-
4.607 CO
4,667 00
4 S87.0C
4 667.00
4 6B7 CD
1 Nicje'
| sMdi'Nc.ij
field .q.'Aj
5.00
5 00
7 00
7 00
0 CO
B.M
Total prdddction lq!)
916 13
1,832-25
5.130,30
10.26C-.cG
14 653 00
14 558 00
Nci relurniha I in fiirri
14.513 00
14 513.00
14 513.00
14 513.00
14 513.00
14.513 30
Tola'Nel return i n Birr)
2.659.144 43
5 3‘.0 2B8 55
10 536.57? 70
21.273 *55 4Q
26.591 444.25
25.591 444 25
Area (•’*,
'03 23
366 45
732. W
1.465 BO
1.832.25
1,532.25
Total cost itf) Birr)
3 052 00
3,862 CO
2.062.00
3 562 CO
3.862.M
3.362.00
vie d qi'ha)
5.00
5 CO
7.00
1 Sesame
7.DC
6.00
8 30
Total ."■rijduiztio’i fit.i
916 13
1 032 25
5 112 3G
10 260.60
14.650 00
14658 QC
Net relum.'ha (in B rr
’ '■ .••"■H L<
16 788 30
‘6 700,00
>■= TUB 00
l6.78B.3u
16.7BB OC
^alB' Net relurn ,i.*i Bln)
3.075 B6t.3O
5 151.962.60
12,301925 20
24 507,050.40
30.759,013 30
3D,759.313.00
Area fill)
171 CD
342 00
684 00
1.360 00
1 710.00
1,710.00
TalaJ cgsI (in Birr
7,108.03
7.103 CO
7.106 0C
7,106.00
7,100.00
’ iau.ee
1
Y Nd q na|
12.C0
*5.00
| Hiricol’bea^
20 00
25.00
30.00
30,6o
Total producton ;qt)
2.052 00
5.130 GO
* 3.660 0Q
34.200.00
51,300.00
51.300.30
|
Nel reruffl/l» f-n Sir)
32 792.QC
32 792.00
32.792 00
32 7Q2.DO
32.792.00
32 792.M
(
Total Net 'eturn I In Bi/r'
5.607.432.00
*1,214.564.00
22 429 726 00
44 859 456.00
56 074 320 GO
56 074 320 0C
Area (ha]
122 *5
244 3Q
450.6D
977.20
1.221 50
1.221.50
1
Tola. zasi iin Biff)
3B .095.00
38 095 3G
38.095 00
3B.095 00
38,095 CO
30.095 DO
S'-veei-poiaio
Yifl:dic-a-
125.00                 . 150 DC
175.00
253 02
2W 00
294.03
Water Works Design and Supervision En’erorise
■.2015*®SaSgJ&
r-
Volume IV — Pan i
1 '' boj
|_Net return/ha
iqt)
nbf
,J5 268 75 _
. ^50 105 00
359.121.C0
I Afeajha^
Llotr. coS in
-  Y|e<0  (Qrl»_aj
_ JFoial production (gf NNeett rrsi etuurrnn/s haa (hinr. BRiri7r» To'a: Net teiurn m Birr)
t
Area (na)
Total cost (m Birr)
v ;eid (g/ha) 2
Total producttori r qt; Not return/ha i»n Birr
Total Net return (m Bir ~
A>ea (ba ______
4 086 00
G.rgcr
1
6J520 CO "iSOOC
4 650 00 46.BBQ CG
Black cumin
45 6O7UQ 30 244.30
10,930 CO 534.039 80
-    171 op
342 00
50 105.00 __ _ * 95 44 __
6.620 DO 175 00____
34 202.00
‘ _ 46,680 GO 5 162,227.20 195 44
T 4,670.00
8 CO
• 563.52 10,930.00
2.135.159 20
684 DO
50 105 00 _
24 481 303 00
-- ----------- ---------------- 6 620 00
203 CD
78 *<76 00
46.BBC CO
18 324 454 40 390 88_______ 4,670 00
Agronomy Stud'
61203 257 50 488 60_______ 6.520 00
214 0C
34 560 40
46 680 CO 22,905.558.00 488 60
10.00
3 908 80
| 10 930.00
4.272,31840
1.368 PC
*
Total cos) in B>rr)
12.00
5,863.20
1C 930 00
5,340 398 OO
1.710.00
104,560 4Q
46 880 00
_
22.905 568.00 488.60_______
4,670,00
12.00
1,710.00
6637.00
6.637.00
6 637 00
6 637 00
5 637 00
On'Cfl
Yield (q'ha)
125 00
200.00
250 00
303 CO
3C0 00
Tot a 1 production qt7 ~~
21.375 00
136.800.C0
342    000    00
513.000 30
513 000 00
Net retotn/ha fin Birr)
173.363 00
173 363 00
173 363.00
173 363 00
173.363 00
Total Net return (in Biff .
” 29.645.073 00
118 5B0.292.00
237 160.584 00
296.450.730.00
295.450,730.0D
Area (fra
171.00
684 00
1.368 DO
1 710 00
1.710.00
Toia   cost   (in   Birr)
11 346 00
•1.346 QO
11 346.00
'll.346.00
11 346 CO
Yield fa/hoi
30 OO
30.DO
Pepper
I
Mang i
Papaya
VVaUst
VA fiSft OO* 7?                 1 ft r 177 aoo -M
— V
\ Hei, reiumma itn BiH'
tu'.utn IwyJB'P.L *^<1
■         /U< 462         ••f
Ministry o Water, Irigatio.n ond Energy 
Volume IV — Pan I
Dabus irrigation Study and Cesrgri Pjcjort ______________ _______________________________________ ___________  ___________ Agronomy Study Final Report
L Area (ha I
r 48 aa
1
1
1
1 binBn*
1
57.72
195.44
390 85
463.6:
405 HO
Total cost ,in 9-rrl
*6 274.00
■-6 274 CO
15 274.CQ
16.274 DC
! G 274 00
16,274 DQ
Yield (q ripl
10C.0D
■75.20
200 00
303 00
4DO.DD
4C0.00
" jla' pfDOuLLsn fall
4.W 00
I7 *01 00
35.OHB.aO
117,264 K
195 4*0.ac
N<tl itiurnn-a ( r 0H«i;
195,443.00
303 7 20 00
303,720.00
303 726 K
303 726. DO
303.726 dC
303,728.00
r1
Total Net lel-j^n
T4 04D 052 35
29,EfrO. 104 72
59,360,209,44
115,720 4’8 88
14@ 400,523 BO
Area nal
146,400.523 60
I 3D 65
73 25
14F 55
393.16
365 45
366 45
Total cait |ir Bir
56 274 JO
56 274 DO
56.274 30
56.274.00
56 274 CO
Yied (o-'flai
56.274 DO
|rus
I
I DO 00
175.00
200.02
300 CO
4D0 03
Total groducikon (alj
3 6G4 50
430.00
t? 825 75
29,316,00
57,9*8.30
146 SBOOD-
'■el retorrVhs m\ Sirr)
343 726 M
343,725 OD
145 530.00
143 726 OC
1
343.725 GO
Tolu Net 'EtL.'.T iin 3.in
343 726 DC
12 595 639 27
25 151.676 54
,
343 726 00
5: 363,357.06
100.765,714 16
Arts r.a
171 CT
342 02
125358 392 70
684 04
125 95B 392 70
1 356.08
2 oloi coil i:- Birr)
6.56B 00
,,
1.710 10
5 566 :-3
1.710 10
6 .566 00
8 586.00
Yieta irj.'hai
<25 DC
6,566.00
175 CO
250 00
6 566 GC
Grasses
|
350.00
Tfl'lal r-rottudion (qij
21 376 25
400.00
59.853.50
i? r aio oc
400 M
4.’B 023 00
NeL reluiiii'I'iB |.n Birr;
23,424 L>U
634 D40.00
23,434 06
23,434 ;0
.
604 040 0-0
1
23.434.30
23,434 00
Tziii Nfl return r. B ir
4,007.444.34
a.CT4.d96 OS
23 434 00
’6.029 “93 36
32.059 566 ^2
I-
A re j na?
40,074 403 4Q
12 22
24 43
48 &t
,
40 074 463 4Q
07,72
122.15
'■jla cwiiinBinj
5.450 DC
5.45Q 00
,
’22 15
Lcjjurrws a
'odder Irees
5 450Q0
5 450 CO
v»e d miha,
125.DC
5.450.00
175 00
250,00
.
5 450 C'Q
350 CO
430 CO
Total production ;qt)
4 S26.ea
4,275.25
4 DO 00
10.000 50
34 202 OO
40 363.00
Net reLrn/ha t 'n B.'r-
44 550 CO
44 550 30
44,550 KI
48 660 CO
44 550 03
1
Toi*i Nel reiurn jin Bird
544.170 25
1 C68 356.5C
44.55C.CD
2 176,713 DO
44 550 CD
4 353.426 W
5<41 782 53
Area till
1,954.36
3 908.72
7,617.44
1 SE34.BB
E 441 7 62 50
Total Coil i.in Birr)
103.303 00
309.303 00
19.543.60
309,303.00
19 543 BO
309.303.00
309,303.00
¥:ctd Initial
X
X
M
X
. 309 303 00
X
Total production [qt|
113JB9.33
315,189 2G
773.535,92
,, X
2.084.327.60
3.107 601.60
3 107 601 BO
•»
Net fcturn.'na nn Blrr|
t, 949.64 7. M
1 949 647.Q0
1 54S.6qr.0O
1,949,647 CD
,
1.549 647.00
Total Not return fin Birrj
142751.87U.12
265,503,756.23
571,007,512 46
,
1 949 647 00
1,142 OlS.G24.92
1 427.518.781.15
.,
1 427 513 781 15
Wai nr Works Design and Supers op Er tArpr.se
137
January. 2Q15I
I
I
k

Summery

Summary of Dabus Irrigation Development Project - Agronomy Study

1. Introduction

The Dabus Irrigation Development Project (DIDP) is a feasibility study conducted in the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State of Ethiopia to examine constraints in crop production and recommend scientific irrigation agriculture. The project aims to improve food security, increase income for farmers, and enhance agricultural productivity through irrigation from the Dabus River.

Key Objectives:

Increase food production to meet growing demand
Introduce high-yielding commercial crops
Develop suitable crop calendars and production technologies
Improve post-harvest technologies
Enhance farmers' technical knowledge

2. Project Area

The project covers four woredas (districts) in Asosa Zone:

Menge (56.62% of command area)
Oda-bildiglu (38.86%)
Asosa (3.89%)
Bambasi (0.37%)

Total gross command area: 17,394.25 hectares

Net irrigable area: 10,000 hectares

Climate Characteristics:

Parameter	Value
Altitude	620-1,470 meters above sea level
Average annual rainfall	86.83 mm (highly variable)
Temperature range	16.6°C to 37.4°C
Main growing season	May to October (Meher season)

3. Soil Characteristics

Four major soil types identified:

Vertisols (dominant)
Luvisols
Cambisols
Fluvisols

Key Soil Properties:

Texture: Medium to fine with vertic properties
Depth: Mostly very deep (>150 cm)
pH: 4.65 to 10.54 (mostly acidic)
Organic carbon: Low (0.72-2.75%)
Nitrogen: Low to high (0.01-0.27%)
Phosphorus: Low to high (5.72-32.93 mg/kg)

4. Current Agricultural Practices

Main constraints in current farming systems:

Unpredictable rainfall patterns
Poor field management practices
Inadequate input supply (seeds, fertilizers, chemicals)
Drainage problems
Weak extension services
Poor marketing systems

Current Crops Grown:

Crop Type	Main Crops	Average Yield (qt/ha)
Cereals	Maize, sorghum, teff, finger millet	15.48-31.61
Pulses	Haricot bean, chickpea, soybean	5.88-10.00
Oilseeds	Groundnut, niger seed, sesame	5.23-29.37
Vegetables	Potato, sweet potato, onion, pepper	80.00-253.51
Fruits	Mango, papaya, banana, citrus	135.98-321.42

5. Proposed Irrigation Development

The project proposes to develop 10,000 hectares for surface-furrow irrigation using water from the Dabus River. Key components include:

Proposed Cropping Pattern:

Cereals: Teff, maize, rice
Oilseeds: Niger seed, sesame
Pulses: Haricot bean
Vegetables: Onion, garlic, pepper
Fruits: Mango, papaya, banana, citrus
Forage: Grasses, legumes, fodder trees

Expected Benefits:

Increased crop yields (2-5 times current levels)
Year-round production through irrigation
Improved food security
Higher incomes for farmers
Employment opportunities

The project is expected to generate 1.43 billion Birr in net returns compared to the current 178.5 million Birr.

6. Recommendations

Implement irrigation infrastructure to utilize Dabus River water
Introduce improved crop varieties and technologies
Provide training and extension services to farmers
Develop marketing systems for agricultural produce
Improve rural infrastructure (roads, transportation)
Establish credit facilities for farmers
Implement soil conservation measures
Promote composting and organic matter addition