R
•L
-Ml
—
6 h-
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION AGENCY
I
THE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY THE MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION,
ETHIOPIA
I
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ON
THE BECHO PLAIN
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
I
PROGRESS REPORT-I
DECEMBER 1994
NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.THE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY THE MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
ETHIOPIA
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION AGENCY
FEASIBILITY STUDY
ON
THE BECHO PLAIN
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
PROGRESS REPORT !
DECEMBER J994
NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.FEASIBILITY STUDY
ON
THE BECHO PLAIN
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
PROGRESS REPORT I
CONTENTS
I, INTRODUCTION                                                                                                              1 ~ 1
LI Objectives-•••••*
1.2   Background of the Project.. .......... .............. .................................................... I-'
1.3   The Study Area...,., ................................................................................ ........  I -
-
1.4   Counterpart Personnel....... ......................... ............ .................................... l -
1,5   Outline of the Activities of the Study Team in the Phase-] Study I - 2
1.5.1     Collection of data and information....................................................  1-2
1.5.2     Field survey .......................................................................................
1.6   Acknowledgment,-................
2. THE PRESENT CONDITIONS OF THE STUDY AREA 2 - 1
2.1        Administration, Demography and Sociological Condition 
2-1
2.1.1    Administration and Demography........................................................  2-1
2.1.2    Community Leadershi p............................................. ........................  2-2
2.1.3    Social Life and Women's Role ...........................................................  2-3
Physiography 
2.2 
2-4 
23 Soils and Land Suitability...................................................................................  2 - 5
23.1      Soils 2 - 5
23,2 Land Suitability.......................................................................................    2-6
Climate..............................................................
2.4.1    Availability or data................................... ................................  2-8
2.4.2    Rainfall.....................................................................  2-8
2.43 Temperature................................. ...................................................  2-9
2.4.4 Evaporation
2-8
2-9.5 Hydrology............................................... ............................................................  2 - 10
2.5.1    Availability of Data................ —........... ........ ............ .................. ,.....  2 - 10
2.5.2    Runoff Characteristics on The Upper Basin of The Awash River.. 2 ■ 1 I 2.5.3    Choree ten slices of Transported Sediment of The Awash River..... 2 - 12
,6 Drainage Conditions........................... ............................................. ..................  2-13
2.6.1    Present River Conditions............................ . ........... . .......... ................  2 -13
2.6.2    Investigation on The Inundation Conditions.......... ............ .............. .. 2-15
2.6.3    The Existing River and Drainage Facilities........ ,............. ...... .........>< 2-17
.7 Geology and Groundwater.................. ..................... ......... .............. ......... —2-18
.8 Land Use—*....... ................................ -............................. -...........*.............. *♦* 2-19
.9 Land Tenure............................... ......... *......................................... *.................  2 - 20
,10 Agricultural Production...................... ......... *..................................................  2-21
2.10.1  Crops and Cropping Patterns...................... ........... ........... ............ . 2-21
2.10.2  Crop Yield and Production...™.......... ......... .................... —..............  2 - 23
2.10.3  Farming Practices.. ..................................... .......... ...........................— 2 - 24
11 Livestock ..............................—........ ..............................................................  2-26
12 Rural Infrastructure........................... ...... ........................................... ............  2-27
2.12.1  Transportatton and Condition of Rural Roads............. .......................  2-27
2.12.2  Water Supply Schemes................................................................. ....... 2 - 28
2.12.3  Rural Electrification Supply........... ................... ........... ............... ......  2-28
2.12.4  Communication......... ........... ................ ............ ................. ........... . 2-28
2J 2.5 Medical Services and Sanitation............................. ..............................  2-28
2.12.6   Education..................... ........ .................................... . ............... ........ . 2-29
!. 13 Marketing and Prices........................ ..................... ........... ....................... 2 - 30
2.13.1  Marketing system of Major Crop Products................... . ............ ........  2 - 30
2.13.2  Marketing system of Farm Inputs.............. ..... .......... .......................... 2-32
2.13.3  inventory of Agro-industrics, post-harvest and
Marketing Facilities............. ....................................................... ........ 2 - 33
2.13.4  Price Mechanism for Major Crops..................................................... . 2 - 33
!. 14 Agriculture Support System............................................... ............. ...............  2 - 33
2.14.1  WRDA and Organizations Relevant to Agricultural Support.............  2 - 33
2.14.2  Seed Multiplication...................................... ............. . ........... ............  2-38
2.14.3  Research and Extension Work......... ............................. ............ ......... 2-40
2.14.4  Credit . ......... .................. .................................................................. „ 2-41
2.14.5  Agricultural Cooperatives .. ...................... .........................................  2 - 42
1.15 Farmer’s Expectations....................... ........................ ........ . ............................  2.443     REVIEW OF THE EXISTING REPORTS............................................................... 3-1
3.1   The Repon or The Becho Plain Reclamation................................ ............... 3 - I
3.2    Engineering and Design Report of lhe Dili! Meda Swamp.......................... 3 - I
3.3    Master Plan Tor lhe Development of Waler Resources
in The Awash River ............ .................................... ...................................  3-3
4. FURTHER STUDY IN JAPAN.................................................................................  4 - 1
4.1    River Channel Movement............ ................................................. ......... 4- 1
4.2    Study on Mechanizm and Causes of the Inundation and,'or Poorly Drained Conditions of (he Becho Plain................ ........................................ 4 - 1
1
4.3   Assessment of Land'  Water Potentials and Constraints for the Agricultural Development. .................................. .......................................................... 4 - 2
4.4    Formulation of the Basic Drainage Plan .......................................................   4-3
4.5   Formulation nf lhe Basic Agricultural Development Plan............ ............... 4 - 3
4.6   Selection of the Drainage Plan in the Becho Plain........................................    4-3
4.7    Preparation of Scope of An Environmental Impact Assessment.............. 4 - 4
4.8   Preparation of the Interim Report....................................................................  4-4
- LIL -List of Table
Table 2.1.1 Socio-ruraJ Conditions......... ............. ......... ......... ................... ......-........... T-l
Table 23.1 Soil Mapping Units............... ......................................................-....... ......... T-2
Table 2.3.2 Land Suitability Classes.................. .................... ............... ......... .............. T-3
Tabic 2.4.1 Lisi of Meteorological Gauging Station............. ........................................... T-4
Tabic 2.4.2   Availability of Rainfall Records..... ......................................................    T-5
Tabic 2.4.3 Monthly Rainfall After Complementation of Records................................. T-7
Table 2.4.4    Thiessen Coefficient for Basin Mean Rainfall...........................................T-8
Table 2,4.5    Basin Mean Monthly Rainfall..........................................................     ....T-9
Table 2.4.6    Monthly Temperature.......... .............................................................      T-10
Table 2.4,7 Monthly Evaporation...................... ............... ..................... ..... ................ T-l 1
Table 3.4.8   Monthly Wind Velocity............... ............................................................ T-11
Table 2.4.9   Monthly Sunshine Duration . .............................................................     .T-12
Tabic 2.4.10 Monthly Relative Humidity.................... ........... ...................................... T-12
Table 2.5.1   Availability of Discharge Records ............. ............... ............................. T-13
Tabic 2.5,2   Monthly Mean Discharge........................................................................ T-14
Tabic 2.5.3    Ratio of Runoff........................................................................................ T-17
Table 2.5.4 Monthly Suspended Load.......... . ............ ............................... -............ -.... T-19
Table 2.8.1    Present Land Use ........... ......................................... . .... ..........................T-21
Table 2.11-1   Livestock Population-1992................................................................     T-22
Table 2.11.2   Major Livestock Diseases in the Bccho Plain......................................   T-23
Table 2.12.1   Health Facilities in the Study Area.......................................................  T-24
Table 2.13.1   Retail Pnces and Fertilizer and Agro-Chemicals-1994.......................... T-25
Table 2.13.2   Post Harvest Processing Facilities....................................................       T-26
Table 2.133 Markets in the Study Area................................................ ......................  T-27
Table 2.13.4   Whole sale Price of Major Crops at Wolisoand Addis Ababa............... T-28
Tabic 2.14.1    Agricultural Loans-Development Bank 1993/94 (July '93-June *94)....T-29
Table 2.14.2    List of Crops and Varieties Produced by Ethiopian Seed Enterprise...... T-30
Table 2.143     Raw Seed Production by Ethiopian Seed Enterprise.............................. T-31
Table 2.14.4    Seed Distribution by Sector-Ethiopian Seed Enterprise.......................  T-32
Table 2.14.5    Staff Position of the Wareda Offices of Bureau of Agriculture............. T-33
- iv ■List of Figure
Fig. 1.4.1      LjM and Assignment Schedule ol Counterparts and JICA Experts............. F-l
Fig. 21.1       Administrative Boundary Map............................... .. ................................. F-2
Fig. 2.3J        Soil Map...... .................... .....................................................................     F-3
Fig. 2.3 2       Land Capability Map................................................................................. F-4
Fig. 2.4.1      Location of Meteorological and Hydrological Gauging Station............... F-5
Fig. 2.4.2      Isolated Map of Annual Rainfall........... ................................................... F-6
Fig. 2.4.3      Thiessen Polygon for Basin Mean Rainfall...............................................F-7
Fig. 2.5.1       Dilily Mean Discharge Hydrograph at Holcta Station.............................. F-8
Fig. 2.5.2       Sampling Sites of River Bed Materials.................................................  F-21
Fig. 2.6.1       River System in Upper Awash River Basin..........................................   F-22
Fig. 2.6.2 Shape of River Basin........... ................................... ...................................... F-23
Fig. 2.6.3      Longitudinal Profile of Upper Awash River............................................ F-24
Fig. 26.4       Longitudinal Profile of Main Tributary................................................    F-25
Fig. 26.5       River Channel Movement.. ...................................................................   F-26
Fig. 2.6.6      Direction of Flood Flow to Dilu Meda Area............................................F-27
Fig. 2.6.7      Direction of Flood Flow to Gebar Meda Area.......................................   F-28
Fig. 26.8       Existing Riser and Drainage Facilities...............................................       F-29
Fig. 2.8.1 Present Land Use Map............................... _.................................................. F-30
Fig. 210.1     Annual Rainfall Distribution Pattern in and around the Study Area...... F-31
Fig. 210.2     Simplified Cropping Paitcm in the Study Area....................................... F-32
Fig. 2.14.1    Organization of the Ministry of Natural Resources Development and
Environmental Protection................ ........................................................F-33
Fig. 2.14.2     Organization Chart of WRDA.................................................................. F-34
Fig. 2.14.3     Organization Chart of the Ministry of Agriculture...................................F-35
Fig. 214.4 Organization Chart of Agricultural Development Bureau.................... .........F-36
Fig. 214.5      Organization Chart of Warcda Agr. Department Office.......................... F-37
Fig. 2.14.6     Organization Chart of Zonal Agr. Development Office.........................  F-37
Fig. 214.7      Organization Chart of Institute of Agricultural Research .....................   F-38
Fig. 4.2.1
How Chart of Rood Runoff Analysis......... .
....... F-39
- V -STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS
Cubic metre
m3/scc
Cubic metre per second
d
Day
°C
Degrees Celsius
El.
Elevation above mean sea-level
h.i
Hectare
Kilogram
km
Kilometre
In
Litre
lil/scc
Litre per second
m
Metre
mm
Millimetre
m'
Square metre
mt
Metric Ion
Qtl
Quintal (100 Kg)1.        INTRODUCTION
IJ Objectives
This is the Progress Re port-1 ol the Feasibility Study (the Study) on the Bccho Plum Agricultural Development Project (the Project) prepared in accordance with the Scope ol Work agreed upon between the Government of Ethiopia and the Government ol Japan through the Water Resources Development Authority (WRDA) ol the Ministry of Natural Resources  Development  and  Environmental  Protection  on  the  one  part  and  the  Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) on the other part dated December 16, 1993.
The  objectives  of  the  Study  arc  to  conduct  a  feasibility  study  on  agricultural development on the Bccho plain by means of the ITxwl protection, the drainage improvement
□nd other necessary measures and to carry nut on-the-job training of (he Ethiopian counter part personnel in the course oi the Study.
1.2      Background of the Project
Agriculture is the main industry' in Ethiopia. Agriculture sector accounts for *18 % of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1992/93 in the constant pncc. The total population in 1992 is estimated to be about 55 million of which 90 % arc farmers Most of the fanners arc smallholders who live in the rural area.
The total agricultural lands in Ethiopia is about 17 million ha or about 14 % ol the total territory or the country. Among the agricultural lands, about 6 million ha arc cultivated by ihc main foodstuff such us lef, maize, wheat, sorghum and so forth, the remainder cash crops such as oil seed crops, cotton, coffee and tobacco. The agricultural lands have not increased in the recent years in spite of the rapid increase in population.
Agricultural production in the country is carried out largely under rainlcd conditions, where the productivity has remained low. Attainment of self-sufficiency in food under such conditions  has  been  a  difficult  task.  To  bridge  the  gap  between  local  supply  and  the requirement, huge amount ol foodstuff has been imported Irom abroad annually. Moreover, the recent severe drought as well as ihc internal conflicts have affected the food production adversely, and made the fool supply situation worse..
1 he Government or Ethiopia gave the highest and urgent priority to increasing food supply  by  improving  and  strengthening  agricultural  production  system.  In  the  10  year economic  development  plan  (1984/85  to  1993/94),  an  increasing  of  self-sufficiency  of
I 1kxxJsiulT is one ol the main targets. Also the new development plan declared in 1991. gave (he highest priority of developments to agriculture/rural sector.
The  agricultural  development  project  in  the  Becho  plain  has  been  studied  and  the Gov eminent ol Ethiopia considered it a promising project,
The  Government  of  Ethiopia  requested  the  Government  of  Japan  to  extend  the technical  cooperation   programme  for  execution  of  the  feasibility  of  the  Becho  plain agricultural development project in July 1992. JJCA responded to this request by dispatching the  Preparatory  Study  Team  headed  by  Mr.  T.  Mase  in  December  1993,  to  confirm  the request and conclude the Scope of Work for the Study as per attached.
1.3     The Study Area
(ji
)
The Stud} area of about 3,800 
2
km , the catchment area of the Becho plain, is the
objective area for the hydrological studies. The Study area for die drainage is about 650 km2 located below an elevation of 2,080 meters in the Becho plain, focusing on the anticipated agricultural development area, i.c.. approximately 12,000 ha of the Dilu Mcdaarca.
1.4      Counterpart Personnel
The counterpart organization for this project is the WRDA which has assigned seven
(7)  full-time-counterpart personnel to the JICA Study Team in the period of the Phase-1 Study in Ethiopia. The names of the counterpart personnel and their assignments are listed in Fig. 1.4.1. The study team has transferred technology to the counterpart personnels through undertaking  the  on-the-job  training  in  the  field.  The  joint  meetings  have  been  conducted between the study team and the counterpart personnel al nine (9) times.
1.5      Outline of the Activities of the Study Team in the Phase-1 Study in Ethiopia
The study team started the field survey in Ethiopia on 12th September. 1994 and was concluded on 22 nd December, 1994. The activities of the study team arc outlined below;
1 *5.1 Collection of data arid information
The team has collected the existing data and information on (i) natural conditions, (ii) socio-economic conditions,  (hi) agricultural conditions.  (iv) agricultural and  rural infrastructure and (v) environmental conditions from the following authorities:
l -2(A)   Governmental Authorities Concerned
(1)       Ministry of Agriculture
(2)       Ministry of Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection
(3)       Ministry’ of Finance
(4)       Ministry of External Economic Cooperation
(5)       Ministry of Planning and Economic Development
(6)       Ministry of Transport and Communications
(7)       Ministry of Work and Urban Development
(8)       Ministry' of Mining and Energy
(9)       National Meteorological Agency
(10)    National Seed Industry Agency
(11)     Ethiopian Mapping Authority
(12)     Central Statistics Authority
(13)     Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority
(14)     The Relief and Rehabilitation Commission
(15)     The Ethiopian Oilseeds and Pulses Export Cooperation
(16)     Agricultural Inputs Supply Corporation
(17)     Agricultural and industrial Development Bank
(18)     Region IV office
(19)     Water Well Drilling Agency
(20)     Institute of Agricultural Research and the Holcta Research Center
(21)     Agricultural Development Bureau (ADB), Region 4
(22)     Zonal Office of ADB. West Shewa Zone
(23)     Wareda offices of ADB, Hu, Dawo. Addis Alcm. Wolmcra and Alcm Gena
(B)     Government Enterprises
(1)       Ethiopian Seed Enterprise
(2)       Ethiopian Water Works Construction Enterprise
(3)       Ethiopia Grain Trade Enterprise
(C)     International Organizations
(1)        Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations h5«2 Field survey
(1)    Reconnaissance in the Held
(2)    Soils survey and land use survey for 650 km2 I-3(3)    Sam pl i n g of soils a na t yscs for agricul Hi ral u sc
(4)    Socio-runil survey for 227 sample farmers through the questionnaire mcthixi
(5)    Agriculture and farm economic survey for 227 sample farmers through lhe questionnaire method
(6} Dian survey for 5 sample farmers in lhe Dilu Meda area in terms of cash 
income, cash outgo, farming activities and use of farm inputs on daily basis
(7)    Socio-rural survey for 10 presidents of Peasant Associations
(8)    Survey on inundation, over conditions and drainage conditions
(9)    Sampling and analyses of the river bed materials al 6 sites and their mechanical analyses in terms of specific gravity, soil particle distribution, and soil moisture
(10)   Sampling  and  analyses  of  the  river  bunk  materials  in  terms  of  natural  soil moisture, soil particle distribution, specific gravity. A Heiberg's upper limit and compaction
(11)  Cheeking of the existing hydrological stations in the Awash basin (12)  Suncyof the existing wells and monitoring water level
(13)  Aerial photography of the area of 650 km1
(14)  Supervision of lhe river cross section survey made on lhe sublet basis
Name of nver
Nos. of cross section
Awash
III
1 iolola
16
Kcl i na
18
Berga
13
Teji
27
total
185
2
(15)  Supervision of the plotting survey for the area of 650 km  made on the sublet basis
(16)  River cross section survey or the Dulolo Dilu nver
(17)  Survey of dimension of lhe culvert structures across lhe route 7 national road
(18)  Measuring of the water level of the inundation in the DiJu Meda area and waler level oT Dulolo Dilu river
(14) Supervison or photogrammetric mapping of the urea of 200 km- made on the sublet basis
(20)  Installation of three wutcr level gauging staffs in the Dilu Meda area
(21)  Inventory survey of lhe social ini ras true titre through the interview survey of Wcreda oil ices
1-4(22) Holding Lhe explanation meetings about the Bee ho agricultural development project al (he relevant 5 Wareda offices for the governmental officials and the farmers
(21) Preliminary study
- Review of the previous studies in the Bccho plain
’ Preliminary assessment of lands
- Preliminary assessment of water
- Preliminary assessment of the agricultural conditions
Study Preliminary assessment o! the agricultural support system
Identification of present problems in the agricultural development
1.6      Acknowledgment
In  undertaking  (he  Study,  the  study  team  received  great  supports  and  cooperation from the departments and agencies of the Government or Ethiopia relating to the * annus aspects covered by the Study. The contribution to the Study by lhe officials concerned who have  provided  data  and  information,  participated  in  discussion,  given  valuable  advice  and provided other forms of assistance to the Study are gratefully acknowledged. The study team would like to acknowledge particularly the the Water Resources Development Authority for day-to-day  support,  guidance  and  coordination  for  the  Study.  Heartfelt  gratitude  is  also extended to the counterparts who have cooprc rated w ith the study loam in performing the duties assigned satisfactorily.
1-52.         THE PRESENT CONDITIONS OF THE STUDY AREA
2.1      Administration. Demography and Sociological Conditions
2.1.1   Administration and Demography
Ethiopia  has  five  strands  of  public  administrations:  (i)  Central  gosernmcni,  (ii) Regional  government,  (iii)  Zonal  government,  (iv)  Wareda  and  (v)  peasant  associations. Administratively, the study area is under the jurisdiction of one Region, one Zone, 5 Waredas and 87 Peasant associations fully or partly. These arc as shown below;
Region
Zone
Wareda
No of Peasant Association
L Region
West Shown
(IjFlu
26
(Orme fi}
(2) Adda* Alem
21
(3) Da*o
13
(4)Wttwra
12
(5) A km Garni
15
Under  the  recent  Amendment  to  the  Constitution,  the  Administrative  authority  of virtually all administration services has been decentralised and the decision making power devolved to the regions. The Central Government is basically responsible for the national policy , fund allocation and the execution of lhe large scale provincial projects
The national population census was conducted in October (11 th), this year and data collected in this census is yet to be compiled and published. The most recent population census available is the one conducted by the Office of the Population and Housing Census Commission in 1984.
The   recent   demographic   data   for   1994   were   collected   from   lhe   5   Wareda administration offices. The total population in the study area is estimated al 107,000. The total number of households is estimated at about 21.970. The average family size is 4.9. It is estimated that the female headed households occupy about 13 % of the total households in the study area according to the hearing survey with fanners and officers in the study area. The population density is about 165 persom/km , which is higher than the national average of
2
2
49 persons/km  The sex percentages arc 45 % male and 55 % female The rural population is estimated at about 90 % of the total population.
2- IHowever,  there  arc  no  recent  information  available  on  other  demographic  features. Based  on  the  population  census  of  Shewa  region  (Region  4)  conducied  in  1984,  it  is estimated that the populalion by age group consists of 18.5% of 0 to 4 years, 30.4% of 5 to 14 year old, 46.2% of 15 to 64 year old and 4.9% of above 65 year old individuals. With respect to  the  population  classified  by  religion,  it  is  estimated  that  67.0  %  of  the  population  are Orthodox, 7 % Protestant, 23.4 % Muslims, 13 % Catholics and 1.3 % others. The Oromo ethnic group forms the largest portion (41.2 %). followed by the Amara (22.9 %•). the Guragc (18.1  %)  and  others  (17.8  %).  The  marital  status  is  estimated  to  be  31.9  %  single.  58.1 married, 5.2 widowed and 4.8 % divorced/scparated. The population census in 1984 verified that the majority arc self-employed in the agricultural sector which includes crop production, animal husbandry and forestry accounting for 91.8 % of the total of the economically active population.
The  crude  birth  rate  in  the  districts  concerned  ranges  from  38.2  birth  number /year/1,000 person, while a national average is 39.4. The specific death rates arc 25.9 and 25.3 deaths/ycar 1.000 persons for below one year old and 1-4 years old respectiv ely.
2.1.2   Community Leadership
In order to grasp the present position condition of general community leadership, an interview survey was conducted in the study area. The interv iews were conducted with; (i)
10-chairmcn of the peasant associations, and (li) several farmers in the study area
Farmers in each peasant association area arc organized under an execution committee, headed   by   a   chairman   The   committee   consists   of   three   panels:   Legal,   Audit   and Development, with a total membership of 7. The chairman and the execution committee’s members are elected al general meetings of the peasant association, where each family head has one vote. In general, the Wareda administration office arranges the general meeting and superv ises the election process. Every 6 months, the performance of the execution committee is reviewed at general meetings. If the performance of the committee is not to the satisfaction of peasant association members and Wareda administration, fresh election may be held to elect new committee members.
The main roles and duties of the chairmen of the associations arc:
(i)        personnel control management for the local people
(ii)       collection ol Lax from the members
(iii)     arrangement of fertilizer credit services and collection of repayment
(iv)      administration work(v)       arbitration in disputes and conflicts among the local peoples and
(vi) provision of sen ices as mediator between Wareda administrations and the
member of the peasant associations
Il is reported that there arc no serious administrative and social problems in the study 
area. If disputes and conflicts among the farmers occur, arbitration for those is done first by 
the Legal committee in the associations and second by staff of Wareda administration and 
police.
2.1,3   Social Life and Women’s Rote
In order to clarity the features of the social life of the farmers and women's role, the
socio-rural survev was conducted for 227 farmers and 10 chairmen of the peasant association 
through interview method.
The results of the interview survey indicate the profile of the farmers in the study area
as follow s: The average family size is 6.4 persons (immediate family members only), ranging 
from 2 persons to 16 persons. However, when persons such as relatives and employees who 
actually live in the same household arc included, average family size increases to 6.6 persons. 
The female headed households occupy 5.3 % of the total households Most or the societies in 
the   study   area   are  patrilineal  societies.  The  property  is  owned  by  the  palrilineagc. 
Descendance and inheritance arc traced and passed through the male lineage. Most of the
farmers  speak  Ormia  language  al  home  though  Amhanc  language  is  the  national  lingua
franca Generally the people in the study area lake three meals a day. The main meal, called 
'Enf>ira  is made from fermented let Hour.
t
The condition of the present facilities of social life are shown in Table 2.1.1. Most
farmers live in tradiuonal houses that are constructed with mud, wood and straw. The interior
of the house is partitioned off into several sections, e.g., bedrooms, a cooking place, a storage
area and an animal bam. About 80 % of the farmers depend on hand-dug wells for drinking 
water supply. The wells are usually located very close to the house and the average water
level is about 8 m deep. Some 12 % farmers use river water. There arc no running waler
supply facilities. About 90 % respondents report that firewood and dried animal dung are the
main  sources  of  fuel  for  cooking.  It  is  also  reported  that  36  %  of  the  farmers  purchase
firewood. 76 % of the farmers use kerosene for lighting. About 80 % of the farmers have no 
toilet facilities while 15 % use pits. There are no in house bathing facilities in the study area. 
With respect to the household assets, some 20 % of the farmers in the Study area own radios
and lamps. Very few farmers own assets such as sewing machine, wall clock, and bicycles. 
Most of the farmers own farm assets such as plough, yoke and sickle. About 60 to 80 % of the
2-3farmer have a hoe, a shovel, a wooden spade and an axe and 40% have own their threshing yard.
The  mam and  serious  constraints  in  the  Study  area arc the occurrence of recurrent inundations and floods. A shortage of farm lands is also ihc major constraint A considerable number of farmers in the study area have the farming lands located in the inundation area. The farming in such lands is constrained bj the risks of crop losses by floods and inundations that occurred several times every' wet season. The sociological damages caused by inundation arc  also  serious.  Some  settlements  arc  often  isolated  in  wet  season  due  to  floods  and inundations. It may be concluded that dnrmg these periods, the social life is at a complete standstill
Regarding women’s role in the study area, household work such as conking, fetching of waler, collection of fuel woods, making animal dung, health care of children and cleaning of  rooms  arc  traditionally  the  work  reserved  for  women.  Farming  work  such  as  weeding, threshing and winnowing arc also being the charge of women. Women in the Study area also play an important role in livestock care work such as milking, cleaning cattle sheds and health care as well as in village-level marketing.
The farm operations such xs land preparation and harvesting, and the construction and maintenance of the houses are practised by men. House-hold decision-making is mainly done by men.
Children arc involved in livestock care work or household work which often prevent them from attending school.
2.2 Physiography
The Bccho Rain consists of a broad basin surrounded by volcanic hills. The study area comprises  the  extensive  flat alluvia]  plain  and  the  surrounding gently undulating volcanic footslopes and plateau.
The  alluvial  plain  is  an  area  of  active  deposition  due  to  its  subdued  relief  and consequently low stream gradients. Two shallow concave depressions contain the seasonal swamps of the Dilu Meda and the Geber Meda, which arc inundated for approximately 4 months per year. Flat cover floodplains, which experience less prolonged flooding, fringe the seasonal swamps, and older alluvial terraces, which arc generally above currcnl flood levels, occur  extensively  around  the  Geber  Mcda_  In  the  exircme  west  of  the  study  area,  these terraces arc characterized by frequent termite mounds.
2-4Between the Geber Meda and the Dilu Meda, the Awash river, and its tributaries, the Berga and the Holota, have deposited a belt of levees and terraces which are generally abo\c current flood levels. These levees have deflected the main channel of the Awash from its previous course, as shown on the published maps, to flow along the eastern edge or the Geber Meda. Deposition of sediments from the hills to the north of the Becho Plain influences the soil pattern in the study area.
The upland plateau and footslopes Triaging the alluvial plain are generally very gently undulating, with gradients typically less than 2%. In She areas where steeper slopes occur, which is generally close io the survey area boundary, erosion gullies are common. Near Tefki village, a small solitary rocky hill with steep slopes, interrupts the otherwise gentle relief of Lhe area.
23 Soils and Land Suitability
23.1 Soils
The  soils  of  the  Becho  Plain  arc  mapped  at  1:50.000  scale  based  on  airphoto interpretation and auger transects. A total of 135 point observations were made, giving an overall density of one observation per 4 km-. Ten profile pits were excavated in representative soil types and samples were collected for laboratory analysis. Soils w cre described following 
r
FAO guidelines (FAO, 1977) and arc classified according to the Revised Legend for the Soil Map of lhe World (FAO/Uniesco/ISRIC. 1990) 14 mapping units are defined based on a combination of soil and landform characteristics. These soil mapping units are listed in Table 23.1. which also gives information on their distribution in lhe study area. The soil map is presented in reduced form as Figure 23,1.
Generally, (he soils do not show' extensive variation, and are limited to the four main classes  of  Vertisols,  Cambisols,  Glcysols.  and  Fluvisols  (FAO,  1990).  No  severe  soil constraints to agriculture were identified on the basis of the field survey, but lhe particular properties of Vertisols should be recognized in any agricultural development plan.
Vertisols are by far the dominant soil class, accounting for 85 % of the survey area, and including all (he upland plains, all the seasonal swamps, and most of lhe alluvial cover floodplains and terraces. These soils are black clays characterized by a dominance of lhe clay mineral, montmorillonite, which expands when wet and contracts when dry; giving rise to wide surface cracks, and frequently to a hummocky 'gilgai  microrclief at the soil surface. On 
1
2-5the  Becho  Plain,  gilgai  is  limited  to  the  hydrophilic  grasslands  of  the  Geber  Meda,  as elsewhere it has been obscured by annual cultivation.
Vertisols  arc  chemically  fertile  soils  but  have  specific  physical  properties  which demand careful management. When dry , they arc extremely hard and they arc very sticky and plastic when wet. thus restricting the periods when tillage can lake place. Although waler enters the soil rapidly tn the dry state down the surface cracks, permeability is extremely low when the cracks arc sealed, leading to impeded drainage. The soils have a high water holding capacity,  however,  which  makes  them  particularly  well  suited  to  cropping  on  residual moisture al the end of the wet season.
Due to their expanding and contracting properties. Vertisols arc physically unstable and arc prone to gully erosion, which was observed in the survey area on slopes of 2% or more Their instability under varying moisture conditions makes them unsuitable as materials for embankments or other construction purposes.
Many of the Vertisols occurring in the Becho Plain have calcium carbonate occurring as hard nodules or soft aggregations in the subsoil. These may enhance structure and drainage if present in small quantities, but may also indicate nutrient imbalances and trace element deficiencies. In the Dilu Meda, calcium carbonate occurs in sufficient amount to form a calcic horizon starting al a depth of between 0.5 m and 1.25 m. resulting in a classification of stagni- calcic Vertisol. This carbonate sometimes occurs as a continuous hard pan, forming an absolute barrier to dow nward water movement. Such soil horizons arc absent from the Geber Meda, where depositional conditions have been less stable. Calcic layers occasionally occur on the Vertisols of the upland plains, principally at sites which have been eroded.
The Vertisol plain is interrupted by a band or alluvial reddish brown soils deposited mainly by the Berga and Holola tributaries of the Awash, which drain the Luvisol and Nitisol dominated hills to the north of the Becho Plain These deposits overlie the black vertic clays, and give nsc to a complex of Cambisols, Gleysols and Fluvisols, which can not generally be separately mapped at 1:50.000 scale. The soils are usually clays, with occasional layers of clay loam, and arc either moderately well or imperfectly drained. They have good structure and high waler holding capacity , arc easier to till than the Vertisols and are expected to have good chemical fertility.
2.3.2 Land Suitability
Land is classified following the principles contained in tbc FAO Framework for Land Evaluation (FAO, 1^78). and the draft Manual for reconnaissance land evaluation in Ethiopia
2-6(Radcliffe,  1989).  Soil mapping  units arc grouped  inlo  classes of conservation  based recommended land use under present conditions, based on lhe following physical constraints which were identified during field surveys:
inundation
flooding by moving waler
poor surface drainage
tillage constraints
erosion hazard
The main effect of this constraint is to delay planting until the end of lhe rains and to grow crops mainly on residual stored soil moisture. Where inundation is not prolonged, leff can still be cultivated but yields arc typically substantially less than those for Umely plantings In (he most severely inundated areas, cropping is limited to short season, low yielding pulse crops.
Upland footslopc areas arc often subject to flooding by sheets of moving waler, running oil the adjacent hills. Such flooding may cause crop damage or loss of seed, and often necessitates repeated plantings.
Poor surface drainage is a ubiquitous constraint on Ethiopian Vertisols, and reduces the yield potential of sensitive crops, such as wheat. Teff is toleranL of poor surface drainage, but has a lower yield and income generating potential than wheal.
Difficult Ullage is another typical constraint of Vertisols. Ethiopian farmers are experienced in tilling these soils with animal traction and traditional implements. Ncicrtheless, in years with poor Bel# rains planting may be significantly delayed due to this constraint. Any change in power source or traction method should lake account of tillage difficulties.
Vertisols are highly credible when occurring on slopes of 2% or more. Precautions are needed  on  such  slopes  to  stabilize  existing  gullies  and  to  implement  grass  strips  and waterways for the safe disposal of excess run-off.
Based on the presence of various combinations of the above constraints, nine land classes are identified. Table 2.3.2 summaries these classes and gives their distribution within the survey area. Recommended crops under present conditions are listed. With the exception of Class AW', where (he natural vegetation is commonly hydrophilic reeds only suitable for thatching, all land classes arc also suitable for grazing.
2-7The  spatial  distribution  of  land  classes  is  shown  tn  Figure  2.3.2.  which  is  a  reduction of  the  Land  Suitability  Map  compiled  at  1:50.000  scale.  In  general  the  distribution  of  land suitability classes parallels the existing land use in the area.
2.4       CH mate
The  climate  of  the  studs  area  falls,  as  a  whole,  under  the  Inter  Tropical  Convergence Zone (ITCZ). General features of the climate of the study area are described beow.
2,4.1     Availability of Data
Meteorological   data   were  collected   from   the  National   Meteorological   Sen   ice   Agency (NMSA) which is responsible for collecting and evaluating data in Ethiopia.
There  arc  thirtv-seven  (37)  gauging  stations  in  the  upper  Awash  river  basin  of  Koka Dam.  Locations  and  features  of  these  gauging  stations  arc  shown  in  Table  2.4.1  and  Fig.2.4.1. The observation penod at these stations is summarized in Table 2.4.2.
2.4.2    Rainfall
Among  37  gauging  stations,  28  stations  which  had  observed  for  a  longer  period  than three  (3)  years  were  selected  as  the  representative  stations  for  the  study  and  lack  of  records  for representative   stations   was   complemented   estimating   from   records   of   adjacent   stations   by means of correlations.
(1) Rainfall of Repres cn tai i v c S Uitions
Monthly  rainfall  at  the  28  stations  is  summarized  in  Table  2.4.4.  The  isohyctal  map  is presented  in  Fig.2.4.2.  An  annual  rainfall  ranges  from  800  mm  io  1.000  mm  in  the  plain  area and  amounts  to  1.200  mm  in  the  mountain  area.  The  wet  season  extends  over  the  period  from June to September. Approximately 70 % of the annual rainfall occurs in the wet season.
(2) Basin Mean Rainfall
For  the  upper  basins  of  the  main  Awash  river  and  major  tributaries,  the  basin  mean rainfall  was  worked  out  by  the  adaptation  of  the  Thicsen  method.  Thicsen  polygon  for  basin mean   rainfall   is   drawn   up   as   shown   in   Fig.2.4.3.   Thicsen   coefficient   for   respective   river basins  is  shown  in  Table  2.4.5.  By  using  this  table,  the  basin  mean  monthly  rainfalls  for respective river basin were calculated as show n in Table 2.4.6.
2-8Basin mean annual rainfalls of major tributaries thus estimated for forty-three (43) years from 1951 to 1993 arc summarized below.
River Basin
Ave. 
(mm/yr)
Max. 
(mm/yr)
Mtn. 
(mm/yr)
Holcta River
l.U.)
Ull
791
Berg a River
1,154
1,424
830
Awash River (before Bcrga River)
1,155
2.434
811
Kelina River
1,135
1,806
856
Tcji River
1.079
1.992
677
Dilolo Dilu River
951
1,286
717
2.4.3    Temperature
The  fluctuation  of  monthly  mean  temperature  in  the  basin  is  relatively  small.  Daily mean   temperature   ranges   berween   12.1'   and   16.0'C   in   the   mountain   area   (Holcta),   and between  15.9’  and  17.2'C  in  the  plain  area  (Tulubolo)  as  shown  in  Table  2.4.7.  However,  the fluctuation  of  daily  air  temperature  is  remarkably  big.  Air  temperature  in  a  day  is  recorded -2.4’C  as  minimum  and  26.3'C  as  maximum  in  the  mountain  area  (Holeta)  and  in  the  plain area   (Tulubolo),   air   temperature   in   a   day   is   recorded   4.I*C   as   minimum   and   28.5’C  as maximum.
2.4.4    Evaporation
Daily   evaporation   in   the   basin   is   measured   by   A-pan.   Monthly   evaporation   is calculated  by  accumulation  of  daily  evaporation  as  shown  in  Table  2.4.8.  In  the  mountain area  (  Holcta),  maximum  monthly  evaporation  is  205.0  mm  .a  March  for  the  dry  season,  and minimum  monthly  evaporation  is  52.9  mm  in  September  for  the  wet  season.  Average  monthly evaporation is 132.5 mm, and average annual evaporation is 1,590 mm.
In the plain area (Tulubolo), maximum monthly evaporation is 412.5 mm in April for
dry season, and minimum monthly evaporation is 80.8 mm in August Tor the wet season. 
Average monthly evaporation is 211.0 mm. and average annual evaporation is 2,530 mm.
2.4.S   Wind Velocity
Record  of  wind  velocity  is  summarized  in  Tablc.2.4.9.  In  lhe  mountain  area  (Holcta), maximum wind velocity is 2.4 m/s in April for dry season, and minimum wind velocity is 0.1 m/s through one year. Average wind velocity is 0.1 m/s.
2-9In   the   plain   area   (Debrezeit).   maximum   wind   velocity   is   3.3   m/s   in   April   for   dry season,  and  minimum  wind  velocity  is  0.4  m/s  in  September  lor  wet  season.  Average  u  ind velocity is 1.7 m/s.
2.4.6    Sunshine Dtirntinn
Record   of   sunshine   duration   is   summarized   in   Table   2.4.10,   In   (he   mountain   area (Holeta).    maximum    sunshine    duration    is    10.0    hours    in    February    for    dry    season,    and minimum   sunshine   duration   is   2.4   hours   in   July   lor   the   wet   season.   Average   sunshine duration is 6.7 hours.
In  the  plain  area  (Debrezeit),  maximum  sunshine  duration  is  10.4  hours  in  April  lor dry   season,   and   minimum   sunshine   duration   is   3.8   hours   in   July   for   wet   season.   Average sunshine duration is 7.8 hours.
2.4.7    Relative humidity
Record   of   relative   humidity   is   summarized   in   Table   2.4.11.   In   the   mountain   area (Holeta).   maximum   relative   humidity   is   80   0   %   in   August   for   wet   season,   and   minimum relative humidity is 25.0 % in November for dry season. Average relative humidity is 49.5
In  (he  plain  area  (Tulubclo).  maximum  relative  humidity  is  76.0  %  in  July  for  wet season,  and  minimum  relative  humidity  is  40,0  %  in  February  for  the  dry  season.  Average relative humidity is 543 %.
2.5 Hydrology 
23J Availability of Data
Hydrological   data   were   collected   from   the   Hydrological   Department   of   the   Water Resources    Development    Authority    (WRDA)    which    is    responsible    for    collecting    and evaluating data on rivers in Ethiopia.
There  arc  seven  (7)  gauging  stations  along  the  Awash  river  and  its  tributaries  in  the upper  Kasin  of  Koka  Dam.  The  discharge  rating  curves  based  on  the  discharge  measurement arc ax ailablc al most water level gauging stations except Ginch station.
2- 10Locations  of  these  gauging  stations  arc  show  n  in  Fig.  2.4.1  and  the  penes!  of  ax  tillable data is summarized in Table 2.5.1.
2*5.2 RunofT Characteristics on the Upper Basin of the Awash River
Runoff   characteristics   of   the   main   Awash   and   tributary   over   basins   were   studied based on the past records.
(1) Discharge
Monthly  mean  discharges  at  the  main  six  (6)  gauging  stations  in  the  Awash  river  and its  tributaries  arc  shown  in  Table  2.5.2.  The  month  or  the  maximum  and  minimum  monthly discharge of respective station arc summarized below.
Station
Basin
Max
Mm
Hole la
119km-
August
May
Addis Aiem
248km-
August
December
Asgori
663km-
August
February
Teji
2,569 km2
August
February
Melka Kunture
4.520km-
August
April
Melka Gorge
7.683km-
August
March
Daily   discharge   hydrographs   of   the   stations   located   in   the   upper,   middle   and   lower reaches  arc  compared  in  Fig  2.5.  L  Flattening  process  of  the  runoff  hydrograph  is  seen  in  the figure.  In  the  mountainous  upper  reaches  runoff  hydrograph  shows  that  lhe  daily  fluctuation is   quite   large   as   reflected   by   the   short   duration   rainfall   pattern.   Then,   as   going   toward downstream  the  daily  fluctuation  tends  to  be  gradually  small,  and  the  base  flow  or  runoff lends  to  be  big  conversely.  Especially,  the  discharge  hydrograph  al  Teji  station  is  very  Bat by the influence of retarding phenomena of flood runoff in the Bccho plain.
(2) Annual Runoff Ratio
Annual  runoff  ratios  of  Five  (5}  stations  in  the  Awash  river  and  the  inbutaries  were estimated  by  the  annual  basin  mean  rainfall  and  recorded  annual  runoff  as  shown  in  Table 2.53 *
Average  runoff  ratio  of  the  tributaries  in  the  mountainous  area  varies  from  41,2  %  al Holcta  station  to  29.2  %  at  Addis  Alcm  station  in  Berga  river  .Average  runoff  ratios  of  the middle  reach  of  river  in  the  Bccho  plain  arc  remarkably  small  as  9.4  %  at  Teji  station  in Awash over and 16.9 % at Asgori station in Teji river.
2-11Average  runoff  ratio  at  Mdka  Kunturc  in  the  downstream  of  the  Becho  plain  is  17.4 %  .  which  is  higher  than  the  value  at  Tcji  station  in  the  /\wash  river,  by  the  influence  of  the residual basin in the mown lai nous area.
2.5.3    Charnelerislics nf Transported Sediment of the Awash River
In general, lhe transported sediment includes the suspended toad and bed load.
(I) Suspended load
The  data  on  suspended,  load  were  collected,  from  the  Hydrological  Department  of  the Water  Resources  Dc\  elopmen  I  Authority  (WRDA)  as  the  hydrological  data  The  five  gauging stations  which  observe  the  suspended  load  arc  Hol  eta,  Addis  AI  cm,  AsgoriT   Melka  Kuril  urc and Melka Gorge at the Awash in the upstream of Koka Dam.
Relative   equations   between   suspended   load   and   discharge   in   (he   respective   stations
were made by using the observed results arc as shown below
Station
Equati
on
Observed Period
1 lol eta
Qs-15.9004 
Qwl
1909
1975 Aug;- 1990 Sep. 
Addis Alem
As gon
Melka Kunturc
Melka Gorge
Qs-12.3068  QwA^l06
Qs=16.3540  Qw1,7,t® Qs= 13,775] Q L®238 
Q8=548950 Qwrl<32CD
W
1989 Dec. ~ 1991 OcL 1987  Aug. - 1989 Jul 1986 Nov. ~ 1990 Jul. 1988 Jul - l988Aug.
Regard Qs. Daily Suspended I nad (londay) Qw; Daily mean discharge (m3/s)
Daily   suspended   loads   were   calculated   from   daily   mean   discharge   records   by   using the   relative   equations   meniioned   above   for   the   respective   stations.   Monthly   suspended   loads based  on  daily  suspended  loads  are  shown  in  Table  2.5.4  and  average  annual  suspended  loads for the respective stations are summarized below.
(unit ;ion)
Hole la
Addis Alem
Asgori
Melka KimPirc
Melka Gorge
43,000
16,000
314.000
3^03.000
8,886.000
(2) Bed Load
Bed loads w ill be estimated by bed load transport equation since there arc no records of the bed load transport measurements. For this purpose, river bed materials were collected
2-12from (he Awash  and  its tributaries and  the sampling  locations arc shown  tn  Fig.  2.5.2.  Soil analyses for the samples arc being  carried  out at the laboratory  of the WRDA in  terms of (i) specific gravity ami (ii) grain size distribution.
2.6 Drainage Cnnditinns
2.6.1    Present River Conditions
The  Awash  river  originates  Trom  the  mountain  range  with  an  altitude  of  2.900  m  in  the west  most  region  of  the  basin  near  Gmehi  and  flows  south-eastward.  Afterward  it  debauches into  the  3echo  plain  which  forms  the  alluvial  plain  with  an  average  altitude  of  2,060  m.  After ihc   Dccho   plain,   it   runs   through   the   hilly   and   mountainous   areas   to   the   Koka   reservoir, located some 135 km downstream of Tcji bridge.
The  tributaries  of  the  Awash  nver  in  the  upper  reaches  of  the  Bccho  plain  (so  called the  Upper  Awash  river  basin  )  consist  of  the  Dulnlo  Diiu,  ihc  Holoia,  ihc  Berga.  Ihc  Kclina and  the  Tcji  river  systems  which  are  shown  in  Fig.  2.6.1.  The  catchment  areas  of  the  Awash and :ts tributaries arc shown below:
(unit: kmi)
Namc of river                            Catchment urea
Total
mouniain/hill
plain*ca ichment ar
ea
Awash
636
152
788
Dulolo Dilu
139
183
322
Holo la
461
41
502
Berga
273
22
295
Kelina
sm
114
920
Tcji
692
26
718
Total
3.007
_______________
3545“
indicating the area below an elevation of 2,080 m
the catchment area at the confluence of the Tcji and the Awash
Based  on  the  characteristics  of  distribution  pattern  or  the  tributaries  and  the  shape  of the  watershed,  the  over  basins  can  generally  be  classified  into  three  types:  (if  reather  basins, (ii)  radial  basins,  and  (iii)  parallcd  bsins,  as  shown  in  Fig.2.6.2.  The  Upper  Awash  river  basin can be classified as a radial basin.
The coefficient, of the catchment shapc(F) shows the character of the river basin. The coefficient F is given to the formulae as follows;
2-13F=A/L . w here. A: Catchment area (km ).
::
L Length of the main stream (km)
The  coefficient  of  the  Upper  Awash  river  basin  is  calculated  at  0.647,  following  the criteria  of  the  radial  basin.  This  figure  indicates  that  floods  arc  apt  to  occur  around  the confluence  of  tributaries  because  the  peak  discharge  of  the  floods  of  ris  ers  would  reach  the confluence at around the same time.
In  terms  of  the  nver  bed  slope,  the  upper  Awash  river  down  to  the  Koka reservoir can be  classified  into  three  stretches:  (i)  the  uppstream  of  the  Becho  plain  with  a  remarkably  steep mer  bed  slope  ranging  from  1/10  to  1120,  (li)  the  river  stretches  in  the  Becho  plain  and between  Tcji   bridge  and  Kombolcha  with  a  gentle  river  slope  of  1/2.1(X'  and  (iii)  the  river stretch  betvvcon  Kombolcha  and  the  Koka  reservoir  with  a  rather  steep  river  bed  slope  ranging from  1/110  to  1/470  as  shown  in  Fig.  2.6.3  The  tributaries  of  the  Awash  nver  also  have  a remarkably  steep  nver  bed  slope  in  the  Upper  Awash  nver  basin  as  shown  in  Fig.  2.6.4.  Such steep gradient of the over becomes one of causes for the sedimentation in the Becho plain.
The  rivers  in  (he  Upper  Awash  nver  basin  arc  insufficient  in  their  discharge  capacity and  gradients  to  their  discharges  in  the  high  wet  season.  The  flood  discharges  overtop  the rivers  and  flow  mainlv  into  the  Gebar  Meda  and  the  Dilu  Meda  areas,  causes  an  inundation  in the  Becho  plain.  The  inundation  water  subsequently  flows  into  the  Awash  river  when  the flood peaks subside
River   channel   sanation   for   the   recent   two   decades   was   studied   by   using   (i)   the existing  topographic  maps  on  a  scale  of  1/50.000  prepared  in  1973.  (n)  the  new  aerial  photos taken during this investigation, and (iii) the results of (he field reconnaissance.
It  may  be  concluded  that  the  nver  channels  have  not  been  drastically  changed  except the  following  stretches:  (i)  a  short  cut  channel  with  a  length  of  3.5  km  constructed  in  1975  to mitigate  the  flood  damages  from  the  Teji  river,  (li)  a  river  change  of  the  branch  of  the  Awash flowing  into  the  Gebar  Meda  and  (iii)  the  stretch  of  the  Berga  river  0.5  km  upstream  of  the confluence of the old Awash river to the downstream as shown in Fig. 2.6.5.
The  detailed  data  on  the  nver  discharge  capacities  and  (he  river  channel  characteristics arc  now  being  investigated.  The  field  reconnaissance  indicates  the  following  fact  findings: The  over  width  of  the  Holota  nver  gradually  become  narrow  as  it  nears  to  the  confluence  of the  Awash  river.  This  fact  mav  presumably  result  from  relatively  higher  energy  for  the  bank erosion  in  the  upper  stretches  against  less  energy  for  the  bank  erosion  (hat  are  reduced  by extensive inundations on both the banks in the lower stretches.
2- 14There  arc  5  rock  outcrops  and  4  big  shoals  with  many  gravels  in  the  stretch  of  sonic 29  km  of  the  Awash  river  between  Teji  bridge  and  Kombolcha.  This  stretch  has  a  very  gentle river  bed  slope.  These  situations  may  hinder  the  smooth  How  in  this  stretch  during  the  high wet  season.  which  mat  become  one  of  the  causes  of  the  poorly  drained  conditions  for  the Di lu Meda and the Gebar Meda.
The   Knka   dam   is   located   some   135   km   downstream   of   Teji   bridge.   The   Koka hydropower   project   was   commissioned   in   1960   and   has   played   a   significant   role   in   power supply   in   Ethiopia.   The   original   storage   capacity   was   1.850   million   m3,   hut   the   effective storage  capacity  has  been  reduced  year  by  year  due  Io  the  sediments  to  be  yielded  at  a  rate  of some  25  million  m?    per  annum.  Though  the  flows  of  the  Awash  river  during  the  high  wcl season  make  the  Becho  plain  inundated  annually,  (he  inundation  tn  the  Becho  plain  functions to  decrease  a  peak  discharge  and  sediment  loads  in  the  downstream  and  the  Koka  reservoir.  It is  considered  (hat  the  drainage  improvement  of  lhe  Becho  plain  may  give  an  increase  of  the peak   discharge   and   sediment   loads   in   lhe   downstream   Then,   careful   consideration   to   these effects should be made in the formulation of the drainage improvement projects.
2.6.2    The Inundation Conditions
The  appropriate  formulation  of.'in  appropriate  drainage  project,  it  is  vital  to  clarify  (he mcchanizm  and  causes  of  inundations  and  poorly  drained  conditions  in  the  Becho  plain,  For this purpose, lhe field investigation was earned out. The results arc summarized below
The  discharge  capacity  of  the  rivers  in  the  Becho  plain  is  insufficient  to  carry  the  flow in  lhe  high  wet  season  which  sometimes  overtops  the  river  banks  and  causes  inundation.  The inundated  areas  in  the  Becho  plain  are  the  Dilu  Meda  and  the  Geber  Meda  areas  which  extend over lhe low-lying and /or depressed lands as shown in Fig 2.6.1.
(1) Dilu Meda Area
(a)         Causes of inundation:
(0           ElPod:             The flood discharge of the Awash and the Holota: The
field  investigation  indicates that the flood  discharge to  lhe Dilu  Meda area occurs in  lhe stretches between  lhe confluence of the Awash  and the Holota and  Awash  Belo.  As for the Holota river,  a part of flood discharge overtops the left bank  of lhe Holota river flows into  the Dilu Meda area through the Sendafa river that is a creek originated in Mt.
2- 15Wato Dalccha. The flow direction of the flood water is shown in Fig.
16.5.
(ii)          Rain tail in the Dilu \ leda area
(iii)        Overland runofl from the adjacent hillside catchment area
(b)        Duration of inundation
The period  of the inundation  is about 3  months from the beginning  of July  to the end  of September in  general.  In  1904,  the inundation  continued  Uli the beginning  of November since there was a lot of rainfall in  the end  of September.
(c)       Inundation area
Though  demarcation  of the inundaiion  area should  be checked  and  confirmed on  the basis of the new topographic maps now being  made,  it is roughly estimated  that the inundation  area is about 9,600  ha having  less than  Ek  2,060 m. In the high wet season, the Addis Ababa-Jimma highway is inundated.
(d)       Drainage conditions
Most of the inundated water in the Dilu Mcda area arc drained into the Awash river through the Dulolo Dilu river as the flood peaks subside.
2) Gcber Med a Area
fa) Causes of imindaiion
(i)          Flood:             The flood discharge of the Awash, the Kelina, the Jcliwan and the Wertu overflows into the Gcber Mcda arex The flow direction of the flood water is shown in Fig. 2 6.7.
(ii)         Rainfall in the Gcber Meda area
2-16(b) Duration of inundation
The  period  of  the  inundation  is  some  3  months  from  the  middle  of  June  to  the middle of September in general.
(c) Inundation area
The inundation  areas is narrower than  that of the area illustrated  in  the existing topographic maps on  a scale of 1/50.000,  and  will be checked  by  the results of the spot leveling survey being made now.
id) Drainage condition
The  inundated  water  in  the  Geber  Meda  is  drained  into  the  Kclina  river  and  the new Awash river as the flood peaks subside.
2.6.3    The Existing River and Drainage Facilities
There arc two main fkxvd control facilities in the Upper Awash river basin as show n in Fig.  2,6.8:  One  is  the  short  cut  channel  with  3.8  km  length  that  was  constructed  in  1975  by the  people  of  Teji  under  the  assistance  of  the  Transport  Construction  Authority.  The  other  is the small scale dikes along ihc Awash over that were made by the local people in 1988. These dikes have a total length of 1.5 km with an average height of 0.7 m.
With regard to the related facilities to drainage, there are two road bridges which cross over the Awash and the Dulolo Dilu riv ers. The salient features of these are shown below:
Name of            Location            Type of            Length of      Width           Lowest El
bridge
Teji
bridge            . bridge (m) (m)
of eirder (mi
Chora
concrete 56.0
(arch)
8-2
Dulolo
A w ash-B c 1 o cone rate
29.2
8.3
2,062.3
Dilu
CT-beam)
There are 26  culverts at lhe national road  No.  7  between  Tefki and  Teji bridge These structures play  an  important role in  the present drainage system in  the Dilu  Meda area.  Most or lhe inundated waler flows dow n into lhe Awash river through the Dulolo Dilu river as the flood peaks subside. The location of these structures is shown in Fig 2.6.8.
2- 172-7 Geology and Ground Water
According  to  the  national  geological  map  (Kazmin.  1973),  most  of  the  study  area  is underlain   by   Tertiary   intrusive   rocks   of   the   Magdala   Group,   while   Lhe   hills   marking   the northern boundary* of the catchment are underlain by the older rocks of the Trap Senes.
To  assess  the  ground  water  condition  tn  the  study  area,  a  Held  survey  was  conducted to   identify   existing   wells,   boreholes   and   springs   if   any.   Accordingly,   it   was   observed   that there  exists  large  number  of  hand  dug  wells  both  in  the  Dulolo  Dilu  and  Ge  bar  Meda  areas and the surroundings, one borehole. and three springs flowing in to the area.
Most  of  the  hand  dug  wells  arc  shallow  and  arc  open,  Al  very*  few  places  like  Teji, Asgori,  and  near  the  foot  slopes  of  the  hills  near  Hmus  Gebeya  and  south  of  Suba  slate  forest the  wells  are  constructed  by  stone  masonry  and  concrete  and  arc  lapped  by  hand  pumps.  A total  of  123  wells  selected  at  random,  approximately  one  in  one  minute  square  grid,  were subjected  to  observation.  Nearly  all  the  wells  fall  in  an  area  lying  below  the  2080  m  contour line  and  north  of  Addis  Ababa  -  Ji  ma  road.  According  to  The  observation  made  during  the month  of  November,  the  wells  found  in  the  Dilu  Meda  area  .ire  relatively  shallower  than  the Gebcr  Meda  area.  Generally,  the  depth  vanes  from  0.5  m  near  Tefki  to  the  north  at  Haro  Sila Fulaso  lo  15.15  m  near  Gebar  Meda  al  lhe  village  called  Hamdo  Migira.  The  wells  arc  the mam  source  of  drinking  waler,  animal  watering  and  other  domestic  requirements  in  lhe  study area   lor   lhe   villagers   living   far   from   surface   water   sources.   According   to   the   information made   available   from   the   local   inhabitants,   during   the   month   of   May   the   water   demand reaches  it  peak  and  (he  water  level  m  the  wells  falls  to  6.0  -  10.0  m  in  most  low  lying  areas and to 15.0 - 20.0 m m areas near the foothills on the average.
A  borehole  available  in  the  study  area  which  w  as  constructed  by  the  former  Ethiopian Waler   Works   and   Construction   Authority   o|   Water   Resources   Commission   in   1WJ   and ow  ned  by  the  Water  Supply  and  Sewerage  Authority  is  located  al  Tefki.  It  has  a  total  depth cl  120  m.  A  her  construction.  from  the  test  made,  the  sialic  and  dynamic  water  level  were  7.43 and  55.33  meters  respectively.  And  the  discharging  rate  was  48.0  liUminutc.  The  water  is tapped  from  20  m  thick  aquifer  mainly  formed  from  volcanic  sand  (loamy  sandy  clay)  and 25.6   m   weathered   ignimbrite   sandwiching   the   volcanic   sand   aquifer.   The   borehole   was constructed  to  meet  the  water  demand  of  Tefki  town,  but  at  present  due  to  the  failure  of  the generator driving the submersible pump it is not operational.
The   springs   identified   arc   originating   from   the   sloping   side   of   a   mountain   located north  of  Tefki.  The  springs  flow  down  rapidly  before  they  cross  the  road  connecting  Sebeta with  Suba  state  forest  The  water  Irrnn  the  springs  mainly  used  for  drinking,  other  domestic
2- 18needs   and   animal   watering   and   in   small   proportion   for   traditional   irrigation   lor   growing vegetables. They never reach the low lying area except during the wet season.
Tohavc  study  in  seasonal  ground  water  fluctuation  in  the  project  area,  11  wells  which can   be   accessed   both   during   the   wet   and   dry   seasons   have   been   selected   to   be   monitored every  month.  From  the  monthly  rcadingmade  on  November  5  and  7  and  on  December  5  of  six wells,  it  was  observed  that  the  water  level  in  the  wells  dropped  by  an  average  50  cm  in  one month.
2.8        Land Use
The   Becho   Plain   is   a   densely   settled   area   with   intensive   land   use   based   on   agro pastoral   fanning   systems.   The   intensity   of   use   is   largely   a   function   of   the   qualify   of   the natural resources and the pressure of population.
Present  land  use  in  the  study  area  is  mapped  based  on  interpretation  of  1:12.(K)0  aenal photography   flown   in   Nor   ember   1994.   Eight   land   use   classes   are   defined   based   on   broad categories  of  use  .  the  type  of  cropping  and  the  spatial  intensity  or  cultivation  (the  proportion of  the  unit  occupied  by  cultivated  fields  in  any  one  year).  These  units  arc  listed  in  Table 2.8.1.  Figure  2.8.1.  based  on  a  reduction  of  the  Land  Use  Map  compiled  at  1:50,000  scale, shows the spatial distribution of land use in the study area.
Generally, the most intensively cultivated areas arc the upland plateau and Ikxitslopcs
which arc free from seasonal inundation. Apart from the areas in lhe vicinity of villages and 
other habitations, which are commonly allocated to grazing, cultivaled land commonly 
composes around 9OVr of the total land available
The  alluvial  areas  arc  also  heavily  cultivated,  and  both  the  intensity  of  cultivation  and its  timing  is  determined  mainly  by  the  inundation  regime.  The  terraces  and  other  areas  above the   normal   Hood   level   arc   preferred   as   sites   for   villages   and   other   dwellings,   but   arc otherwise   intensively   cultivated.   Rjver   levees,   however,   arc   often   preferred   as   grazing   areas. The   cover   plains   arc   allocated   between   areas   of   intensive   cultivation   or   residual   moisture crops,  and  grazing  areas.  An  extensive  area  of  cover  plain  is  under  reeds  in  the  western  Gebcr Meda.   The   Dilu   Meda   depression   is   generally   under   intensive   cultivation   of   pulse   crops, grown on residual moisture, while in the Gebcr Meda swamp, reeds are still dominant.
Comparison   of   aerial   photographs   lrom   the   early   1970s   with   the   present   situation show  ihui  there  has  been  a  considerable  increase  of  cultivation  in  the  alluvial  areas,  at  die expense ot grazing and natural recdland vegetation. This conversion is more advanced in the
2- 19Dilu  Mcda,  where almost all available land  in  (he depression  is now cultivated,  than  in  (he Geber Mcda,  w here significant natural reedbeds remain.  Assuming  the population  has grown at a rate similar to  the natural average,  it will have approximately  doubled  during  this period 
□nd  there  will  hmc  been  a  concomitant  increase  in  demand  for  cropland.  However,  livestock is  an  integral  pan  of  the  farming  system,  not  least  for  supplying  the  draft  power  required  for cultivation.    Presumably    the    increase    in    cropland    has    been    matched    by    an    increased dependence on crop residues and stubble grazing to supply fodder demands.
Within  the  cultivated  areas,  leff  is  by  far  (he  most  common  crop  both  on  the  uplands and on the alluvial plain. In areas subject to seasonal inundation teff is planted late and grown on  residual  moisture.  Wheat  and  sorghum  arc  also  grown  on  the  uplands  and,  more  rarely,  on the   alluvial   terraces.   Wheat   was   conventionally   cultivated,   and   use   of   the   bmadbed   and furrow  technology  to  improve  drainage,  pioneered  by  ILCA,  was  not  observed.  Chickpeas and  vetch  arc  occasionally  grown  on  the  uplands,  but  are  more  common  in  the  alluvial  areas where  they  arc  grown  on  residual  moisture.  The  Dilu  Meda  is  exclusively  under  chickpeas, lentils and vetch which are progressively planted as the (liv’d water recedes. Noug is the most common oilseed crop and is grow n on both the upland and alluvial terrace areas.
Despite  occasional  Eucalyptus  woodlots  and  windbreaks,  the  area  is  believed  to  be one  of  acute  fuclwood  deficit.  The  poorly  drained  Vertisols  which  dominate  the  area  arc  not well  suited  to  tree  grow  th,  and  land  pressure  has  dictated  a  preference  for  crops  or  grazing rather (hart wood production.
Reedbeds  stdl  occupy  substantial  areas  of  lhe  central  and  western  Geber  Meda.  and arc collected for domestic local usage.
2,9       Land Tenure
Land  Proclamation  of  25  Yekatit  1967  E.C.  (1974),  enacted  in  1975.  abolished  private ownership  of  rural  land  and  the  old  tenancy  system  and  the  aquired  land  was  declared  as public  property  Subject  to  certain  conditions,  large  scale  farms  were  allotted  to  landless peasants.  The  Proclamation  set  a  land  ceiling  of  10  ha  as  the  maximum  family  holding  since land  documentation  was  based  on  10  ha  corresponding  to  lhe  existing  local  administrative unit   (1/4   Gasha).   The   legislation   defined   the   rights   of   access   lo   land   and   the   peasant assocoations  made  land  apportionment,  based  on  families  represented  by  family  heads,  land availability  and  previous  ownership.  The  law  provides  for  land  inheritance  or  ownership  and management of land.
2-202.10     Agricultural Production
In  the  Study  area,  crops  arc  grown  essentially  under  rainfcd  conditions,  with  a  single crop  raised  annually  in  the  land.  The  monthly  average  rainfall  data  recorded  al  eight  stations in   and   around   the   Study   area   arc   presented   in   Fig.   2.10.1   A   bi-modal   pattern   in   the distribution  of  annual  rainfall  «ith  two  wet  seasons  is  recognizable:  a  minor  season  in  March- April   and   a   major   season   in   July-August   Though   the   rainfall   received   during   (he   minor season  is  insufficient  to  sustain  crops  over  the  entire  growing  period,  it  provides  adequate wetting  of  the  soils  to  work  the  traditional  ox  drawn  plough  in  order  to  prepare  land  for cropping in the major season.
For  the  study  of  cropping  patterns  in  the  Study  area,  the  crop  production  lands  can  be diflercnciatcd  into  three  classes  based  on  the  inundation  regime;  (i)  the  upland  area  which  is not  subjected  lo  inundation,  (it)  the  inundation  area  which  is  submerged  for  a  period  of  1-4 months; and. (ni) the transitional area which occur in between the two.
Peasant  association  area  wise  data  collected  on  agricultural  lands  in  the  Study  area shows  that  they  arc  extensively  used  for  crop  production  with  only  about  4%  left  fallow  or uncultivated for various reasons. The land use is summenzed as follows:
(Unit: ha i
Wared j
Homestead
Cropland
Pas lure
Unused
A 1cm Gena
775
8277
(fill
1016
llu
1987
20943
1717
595
Dawe
828
8020
1410
389
Addis Afem
1348
8057
1705
636
Wolmcra
461
6934
1733
337
Total
5399
52231
8186
2073
%
IS
76.0
11.9
4.3
Source Ware da Offices of Bureau of Agriculture
2.10.1  Crops and Cropping Patterns
(I) Crops
Major  crop  groups  grown  by  the  farmers  in  the  Study  area  arc  the  ccnals  and  the pulses  Among  ccnals,  tef  occupies  the  largest  extent  of  farmland,  followed  by  wheat  and barley.  Land  area  under  maize  and  sorghum  is  relatively  low,  and  arc  cultivated  largely  as home  garden  crops.  Pulses  are  the  principal  crops  in  areas  that  arc  subjected  lo  regular inundation  during  the  wet  season.  Chick  pea,  lentils  and  vetch  are  cultivated  extensively  m these areas. Cultivation of oilseed crops is not prominant but nouc is often used in crop
2-21rotations as it has the ability  to  smother weeds,  Few vegetables are grown  in  the homegardens for self consumption,  while horticultural crops arc rare in  the Study  area. Relative importance of the crops in lenns of their cultivated extents are indicated below:
Crop
Pivduction Area (ha)
%
Tcf
20.010
45.2
Wheat
4,440
10.0
Bariev
780
1,8
Chick Pea
8,010
18.1
Lentil
4.420
10.1
Vetch
3.880
8.8
Others
2.660
 6.0
Total
44.200
UJ&o
Source: Wared* Offices ofRiircau of Agriculture
The  above  table  excludes  the  portion  ol  the  Study  area  in  Dawo  Wareda  as  PA  wise information was not available.
(2)       Croppi n g Pa item s
Cropping   patterns   discussed   here   arc   based   on   Held   observations   made   duing   the study  period.  Refinement  of  this  model  will  be  attempted  during  the  study  in  Japan  using results of the agricultural field survey.
In  the  upland  area,  the  cropping  patterns  closely  follow  lhe  normal  rainfall  distribution pattern  as  in  other  belter  drained  areas  of  the  region  w  hile  in  the  inundation  area,  cropping follow s the receding w ater line.
Ploughing   in   the   uplands   commences   in   mid   March   with   (he   onset   of   rains   for cultivation  of  tel.  It  usually  continues  over  an  extended  period  of  4  months,  untill  mid  July, as  3-6  ploughings  followed  by  a  field  levelling  operation  are  carried  out  tn  prepare  the  seed bed.  Sowing  of  tef  is  done  in  the  months  of  June  and  July.  Harvesting  of  the  crop  begins  in November  and  may  continue  upto  mid  December  For  wheat  and  barky,  the  land  preparation commences  at  about  the  same  time  as  for  tef  in  March  and  is  completed  by  June.  Sowing  is usually done in June and July for harvesting in the October-November period.
Maize  and  sorghum  are  cultivated  early  in  the  season,  with  the  onset  of  the  rains. Land  preparation  time  is  short  as  the  Helds  arc  ploughed  only  once  or  twice  before  sowing. Ploughing  commences  in  May  and  is  completed  in  June  for  planting  in  the  same  months. Harvesting of the crop is done in October-November.
o ~ n-rTn  the  inundation  areas,  commencement  of  land  preparation  is  delayed  until  [he  water recedes  and  the  land  dry  up  sufficiently  to  use  the  plough.  Land  preparation  for  chick  pea, lentil  and  vetch  begins  in  early  October  and  may  continue  upto  early  November,  particularly in  the  tower  areas  of  Diiu  Meda  and  Ge  bar  Meda.  The  crops  are  harvested  during  late January and mid Febuary*
The  land  area  in  the  transitional  area  between  the  uplands  and  inundation  lands  varies from year to vear. the extent of which is determined b\ the amount and dis in button of rainfall in  the  catchment  area.  Farmers  cultivating  this  area  are  subjected  to  considerable  risks  due  to the  fluctuating  surface  water  level.  Nevertheless,  it  is  usual  for  them  to  cultivate  Lhese  lands, often in tef, at the end of the rains tn mid September to early October.
Simplified cropping patterns in the Study area are shown in Fig. 2.10.2.
2.10.2  Crop Yield and Production
Crop wise data on extents cultivated, damaged* replanted and harvested as well as the estimated yield and production were collected for each pexsant association area in the Stud)
area, for 199? and 1993, except in the Dawn Wareda where a detailed break-up was not
available.
The  estimated  cultivated  area  is  presumed  to  be  a  fair  approximation  of  the  actual, since   field   observations   indicate   that   very   little   land   area   is   left   uncultivated.   However, further  confirmation  will  be  sought  from  a  study  of  land  use  maps  prepared  based  on  the recent  aerial  photographs  during  the  study  in  Japan  Determination  of  crop  yields,  on  the olher  hand,  is  not  based  on  a  systematic  crop  cutting  survey.  At  best,  the  reported  yields  are eye  estimations  based  on  field  experience  of  the  officer  concerned,  usually  the  development agent,  assisted  by  agricultural  staff  of  the  Wared  as.  In  this  regard,  the  results  of  farmers responses  in  the  agricultural  field  survey  will  be  examined  to  validate  the  crop  yields  in  the next  study  stage.  The  damaged  crop  extents  due  to  flood  conditions  are  assessed  annual)  by  a multi’deci plenary' group, drawn from different government agencies, through field surveys.
Ncvcnhclcs. it is noted that the crop yields reported for the Study area, particularly for ccrials, are consistently below the average for the Waredas as shown below:
2 ■ 23(Unit:, kg/hal
Crop
Area
Alcm Gena
llu
Addis Alcm
Wulmcra
Tef
Study Area
433
454
276
491
Wareda
777
534
517
554
Wheat
Study Area
562
667
570
740
Warcda
952
760
638
944
Bariev
Study Area
907
-
428
650
Wareda
1125
-
73R
1075
C Pea
Study Area
517
521
395
471
Ware da
600
540
616
523
Lentil
Study Area.
323
931
235
280
Warcda
400
964
540
235
Vetch
Study Area
397
857
429
617
Warcda
700
940
630
900
Source: Zonal and W'areda crfficM(/Bureau of Agriculture
Crop production in the Study area computed using the extents cultivated and the estimated crop yields is summenzed below:
iLnio md
Crop
Alcm Gena
Hit
Addis Alcm
Welmcra
T.QML -
Tef
1585
4546
1351
805
8287
Wheat
705
1028
516
555
2804
Bariev
160
-
94
263
517
C Pe a
414
2237
937
229
3927
Lentil
349
1764
234
95
2442
Vetch
191
1591
593
2375
Source Waieda office* of Bureau of Agriculture
2.10.3        Farming Pracl ices
Farming  practices  m  the  Study  area  have  undergone  little  change  over  the  years  with most   operations   remaining   traditional.   Draught   animals   arc   used   in   land   preparation   and threshing,  and  pack  animals  in  produce  transportation  as  the  sole  means  of  farm  power. Ploughing   is   done   b\   ox   drawn   traditional   plough   called   the   'marrsha'   The   number   of ploughing  before  seeding  depends  on  the  requirement  of  each  crop,  rainfall,  soil  and  Feld inundation conditions as w ell as the resources of the farmer. A single plough draw by a pair of oxen can generally till about 0.17 ha of land per day. Fields prepared for cultivation of lef arc   ploughed   more   frequently   (4-6   limes),   since   the   tiny   seed   requires   a   fine   carefully prepared seedbed. Levelling of the ploughed land by foot or by driving farm animals over (he field  is  commonly  practiced.  It  is  usual  to  plough  wheat  and  barley  fields  up  to  four  times while maize  and  sorghum  fields  are  ploughed  twice.  In  the inundation  area,  where short aged pulses  arc  predominant,  1-3  ploughings  are  done  before  sowing.  When  sowing  is  delayed  due lo prolonged inundation periods, a single ploughing is sometimes carried out after the sowing.
2-24Use  of  improved  seeds  ts  rare  as  the  prices  arc  high  and  arc  not  easily  available  to  the farmers.   Farmers   own   seeds   reserved   from   the   previous   seasons   crop   is   the   main   source   of seed.   Consumption   seeds   purchased   from   traders   and   burrow   cd   seeds   from   fellow   farmers arc also used as seed materials.
Crop   establishment   is   always   by   broadcast   method   for   all   crops.   I   o   ensure   even distribution  of  seeds,  parallel  plough  lines  are  sometimes  made  accross  the  held  to  guide  the broadcaster.
Ceria!   crops,   especially   tef.   are   given   priority'   for   receiving   inputs   such   as   fertilizers and  pesticides,  DAP  and  urea  arc  applied  Io  lef  by  most  farmers  as  basal  and  Lop  dressings, respectively.  However,  it  is  usually  the  ease  that  fanners  apply  a  standard  package  oi  lOOkg of   DAP   and   50kg   urea   to   lhe   entire   held   irrespective   of   its   extent.   Insecticides   are   widely used   against   red   tefworm   (Mentaxya   ignicollis)   and   bush   cricket   (Decticoidcs   brcvipennis). Wheal crop is sometimes fertilized, w hile others are uasually not.
Manual  weeding  of  lef  and  wheat  is  practiced  by  almost  al!  farmer*,  while  many  used herbicides  (2.4D)  as  well.  Only  a  few  other  crops,  such  as  maize,  horse  bean  and  barley,  are weeded.
Tcf.   wheat   and   barley   arc   harvested   using   a   sickle.   The   harvested   crop   is   Orest slacked  in  lhe  held  and  later  transported  on  pack  animals  to  the  homestead.  In  lhe  homestead, tcf  is  re-staked  in  circular  heaps  in  lhe  yard  and  covered  with  straw  for  storage-  Threshing, which  may  take  place  upto  2  months  later,  is  done  by  cattle  driven  in  a  circle  over  the  tcf laved   on   a   threshing   floor.   The   threshed   lef   is   winnowed   to   separate   the   chaff   and   packed into  bags.  It  is  common  among  farmers  to  process  lhe  low  priced  red  tef  almost  immediately after  the  harvest  for  .settlement  of  loans  and  consumption.  Processing  of  wheat  and  barley  is similar to tef, bul are threshed soon after the harvest.
In  harv  esting  of  pulses,  lhe  normal  practice  is  to  pull  out  lhe  whole  plant  from  Lhe  soil. 
When  lhe plants are sufficiently  dry,  they  are placed  in  bags and  beaten  with  slicks to  remove the seeds from pods.  This follows winnowing  to  remove the residual matter from lhe seeds. Chiek  pea plants arc sometimes uprooted  green,  as there is a fair demand  for the fresh  seed  as a snack food.
A   detailed   study   on   lhe   current   farming   practices   and   production   constraints   in   Lhe Study area will be made based on results of agricultural field survey in.the nejet study stage.
2-252.11 Livestock
Livestock   sector   in   the   Study   area   forms   an   essential   component   of   the   farming system   contributing   to   its   balance   in   numerous   ways.   The   sector   interacts   closely   with   the crop sector and arc complementary to each other in she farming system.
Livestock  is  (he  sole  means  of  the  draught  power  for  farm  activities.  Ploughing  the land  is  done  by  paired  oxen  drawing  the  traditional  plough  or  ’maresha'.  Oxen  arc  also  used in threshing of crops, particularly the cerials-
Equines  in  the  Study  area  plays  an  important  role  in  transportation.  Donkeys  are  the sole   mode   of   transportation   of   farm   inputs   and   outputs   between   the   farm   and   the   markets. Donkeys  are  extensively  used  to  transport  harvested  crops,  grains,  straw,  firewood,  fertilizers, building  materials  and  other  home-needs  and  carry  loads  between  60-100kg  depending  on  the land  terrain.  .Horses  and  mules  in  the  Study  area  arc  mostly  used  for  riding  while  horse  drawn carts   arc   common   m  the  towns.  In  the  interior  of  the  Study  area  where  a  motarablc  road network is non-existent, the equines are mdispcnsiblc to the fanning community.
Livestock  also  senes  as  a  source  of  farm  income.  The  main  livestock  products  in  the Study  area  arc  milk,  butler,  cheese,  eggs,  hides  and  meat.  Sheep,  goals,  poultry  and  excess cattle  have  a  ready  market  m  the  towns.  Surplus  production  of  dairy  products  arc  not  large due    to    poor    accessibility    to    markets.    However,    they    provide    an    important    nutritional supplement   in   the   tanners   diet.   Manure   is   increasingly   used   xs   a   substitute   for   dwindling supply  of  firewood  Since  livestock  can  easily  be  converted  into  cash,  it  serves  as  an  asset and therefore, a store of wealth in the farmers economy.
Livestock  population  in  the  Study  area  at  Wareda  level  is  shown  in  Table  2J  1.1  and sum man zed below;
Tvpe of livestock
Total population
Cattle
292.400
Sheep
99.400
Goat
26,900
Hone
15.300
Asses
26.000
Mules
1.800
Poultry
205,800
Community  pasture  lands  have  been  set  apart  in  all  the  peasant  association  arexs  in  the Study area. Productivity ol these natural pastures arc poor as marginal lands not suitable
2-26arable farming  arc usually  reserved  for the purpose.  During  the main  wci season  in  the Study area,,  most of the upland  area is cultivated  and  die lowlands get inundated  leaving  only  a limited  area for the livestock  to  graze.  In  this period,  the livestock  is grazed  around homesteads,  roadsides,  limited  pasture lands and  small private plots left fallow by  some farmers for the purpose.  Grazing  is sometimes supplemcnicd  with  ccrial straw though  work oxen  and  milk  cows arc often  fed  preferentially.  It was observed  that some farmers tn  Gcbcr Me du  arc forced  to  move their herds to  hilly  regions 30-40  km away  for the wet season, where pasture lands arc renicd  for three months at Birr 30  per head.  After harvest,  the livestock craze freely on crop residues and stubble in the fields
Extension  sen  ices  for  the  livestock  sector  arc  provided  by  the  laves  lock  and  Fisheries team   in   the   Wareda   offices   of   the   Agricultural   Development   Bureau   (formerly   of   MOA)- Livestock   experts   who   are   members   of   the   subject   matter   specialist   panel   reach   the   farmers through   development   assistants   in   a   training   and   visit   (T&V)   system   approach   to   extension. A    sub-section    on    animal    health    under    the    team    leader    senes    the    veterinary    needs    of respective   Warcdas.   The   animal   health   section   has   provision   for   staff   categories   of   veterinary surgeon,    veterinary    assistant,    vaccinator,    artificial    inscminator    and    meat    inspector.    Major livestock  diseases  in  the  Bccho  plain  area  are  lited  in  I  able  2.1  1.2 
112 Rural Infrastructure
2*12.1 Transportation and Condition of Rural Roads
The  Study  area  is  located  close  to  the  capital  city,  Addis  Ababa,  the  nearest  and  lhe farthest  points  of  the  area  being  about  30  and  75  km.  respectively.  One  asphalt  road,  namely the  National  road  route  7  w  hich  traverses  the  Study  area  in  its  south  western  part,  is  a  major highway  in  the  country  connecting  the  capital  with  the  Lown  of  Welisso.  The  road  is  being maintained   in   good   condition,   though   sections   that   skirt   the   Dilu   Mcda.   are   subjected   to periodic   submergence   by   floods   during   the   wet   months   of   July   and   August.   The   road provides  the  main  access  to  al]  parts  of  the  soulhem  sector  of  Study  area.  Besides  (his  road section,  there  are  no  all-weather  roads  in  the  Study,  area.  Access  to  all  parts  of  the  northern sector  of  the  Study  area  is  along  the  Rouse  5  road,  that  extends  from  Addis  Ababa  to  Ambo. The road runs along lhe northern boundary. but oust de the Study area.
There   are   no   all   weather   roads   within   the   Study   area.   The   existing   roads   to   the interior  of  the  Study  area  take  off  from  the  two  highways  to  form  an  internal  road  network that  consists  largely  of  livestock  trails  and  foot  paths.  Pathways  of  3*4m  wide  are  sometimes left   uncultivated   between   the   fields   which   are   used   as   roads   to   move   livestock.   However, they are not built up and hardly motorable even during the dry’ periods. Permanent bridges to
2’27cross the numerous streams and  canals arc non  cxistanl.  Most of ihc temporary'  wooden crossings across some of the larger waterways get uashed  away  dining  the wet period requiring  annual re placement.  Access to  many  parks in  the inundation  area.  c\cn  on  fool or on  horse back,  becomes impossible dun  ng  the wet periods that they  get completely  isolated for weeks at a time.
2-12.2 Water Supply Schemes
Except  for  the  towns,  Tefki  and  Teji.  which  located  on  route  5  along  the  southern boarder,  there  are  no  water  supply  schemes  in  the  Study  area.  The  water  supply  schemes  in tow ns lap eround water w hich is distributed to the dwellings through a pipe system. Majority of  farmers  in  the  Study  area  arc  use  water  from  family  owned  hand  dug  wells  while  a  few share ihc wells or use river waler. The quality of the water is considered by the users as good or acceptable m dry’ season but some wells run dry during the dry season. There is a decline in the water quality during the wet season.
2.12.3    Rural Electrification Supply
The hydropower electricity supply line passes through the Study area along the route 5 
road.  However power supply  is available only  in  and  around  the towns.  The accurate electrification  rate of the Study  area including  peasant associations is not available,  but the rate is estimated  lu  be quite low .  One main  reason  for ihe low electrification  rate in  the Study areas is the low density of the low-vol tape power distribution network. Another reason is lhat ihc costs required for the extenor and interior wiring must be borne by ihc beneficiaries and it is quite expensive in comparison to the living standard
2.12.4     Communication
The  telephone  service  for  the  Study  area  is  available  only  in  the  Tefki  and  Teji  towns along  the  two  main  highways.  The  number  of  telephone  circuits  is  limited  and  it  is  often difficult  to  get  a  satisfactory  connection.  Postal  facilities  arc  provided  at  all  the  towns  along two main roads. However, there is no delivery serv ice to the peasant association areas.
2 J 25 Medical Servicesand Sanitation
All  mum  towns  along  the  route  5,  route  7.  and  Busa  (own  in  Ihc  Study  area  arc
pro'  ided  with  health  clinics.  There  arc  no  hospitals  in  or  around  the  Study  area  except  a  12 
bed hospital run with Norweigian fund at Holota town. The number and the locations of the
2-28health  clinics  in  the  area  arc  shewn  in  Table  2.12.1.  The  major  diseases  in  the  study  area based on lhe reports of the clinics are listed below.
1.  Pneumonia
2.   Intestinal Parasites
3.   Diarrhoeal Diseases
4.   Tonsilitis
5.   Rheumatism
6.   Skin Diseases
7.   Vcrcrcal Diseases
8.   Gastritis
2.12.6 Education
The educational system in Ethiopia with regard to general education is shown below.
Elementary school Junior secondary Secondary
Total
Gr 1-6       6 years Gr. 7-8      2 years Gr 9-12 4 years 12 years
The general features of education in the Study area arc as follows:
Elrmcntarv school
No of school
50
No. of leacher
519
No of student
8,967
Junior Secondary
Secondary
No of school
26
No. of teacher
48!
No of student
11.846
No of school
2
No. of teacher
116
No of student
3.021
The Region 4 administration has adopted Oromyna language as its official language which is now used in all (he schools in the Study area.
The 1984 census indicates that the literacy rate of people over 10 years of age by the district relevant to the Study area is as low as 23 %.2.13 Marketing and Prices
2.13 J Marketing System of Major Crop Products
I. Crop Products
Main crop products in the Study area arc the grains, which consists oi the cereals and the pulses. Among the cereals, tel and wheat and to a lesser extent barley, are economically important  while  marketable  surpluses  of  maize  and  sorghum  are  relatively  small.  Lentil, chick pea and vetch are the main pulses produced in abundance in the area. Horse beans, pea, fenugreek and oilseeds such as noug and linseed are also produced in limited quantities.
2. Marketing System
A centrally planned quota sy stem for marketing of grains was operated in the 1980s. Annual regional grain quotas were prepared for each crop by the Ministry of Domestic Trade. The  regional  quotas  were  distributed  down  through  Awrajas.  Waredas,  service  co-operatives and  peasant  associations  to  the  individual  farmers  Different  criteria  have  been  used  io  decide the  quota  allocations  al  each  level  such  as  crops  grown  and  performance  in  the  area.  The farmers quota has been made by the respective peasant association based on his assets such as [and area, livestock and off-farm income or simply as a fixed quota. In some areas, the crops were specified while in others, the quota could be supplied in any of several grains.
Implementation   of   the   system   was   the   responsibility   of   Agricultural   Marketing Corporation  (AMC)  with  the  assistance  of  special  purchase  task  forces  established  at  regional level.  Direct  purchases  of  AMC  was  concentrated  in  high  grain  producing  regions  such  as Arssi  and  Gojjam  to  have  100%  conirol  or  the  grain  market.  Private  grain  traders  were allowed  to  operate  in  some  areas  including  part  of  die  Shewa  region. However, licences were issued  to  for  gram  movement  on  the  condition  that  the  trader  sell  50%  or  his  stock  to  the AMC.
It  has  been  estimated  that  over  50%  of  the  marketable  surplus  of  gram  of  farmers  in the Shewa region had to be sold lo the AMC under the quota system. The balance was sold to private  traders.  However,  the  activities  of  the  traders  were  curtailed  by  various  government restrictions  such  as  regulation  of  inter-regional  grain  trade,  prohibition  of  grain  movement, the  licensing  system,  etc.  This  was  further  aggravated  due  to  a  decision  made  by  local administrations  in  many  areas  to  restrict  the  operational  days  of  local  markets  to  one  day  a week  and  only  on  Saturdays  and  Sundays.  These  conditions  caused  market  gluts  in  some areas while other areas faced scarcities.
2-30Since   1991.   all   government   regulations   on   grain   marketing   were   removed,   and   lice market  conditions  were  allowed  to  prevail.  The  AMC  has  been  restructured  and  renamed  as Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise to operate as an independent commercial organization.
The   present   marketing   structure,   though   not   well   defined,   can   be   conceptualized   to consist  of  three  io  four  layers:  (i)  the  primary  markets;  (ii)  the  secondary  markets;  and  (in)  the tertian and terminal markets.
The   primary   markets   are   those   held   al   the   village   level,   usually   once   a   week,   lor trading   commodities   and   farm   produce.   The   arc   held   in   (he   open   locations   usually   near service  co-operatives  or  other  community  buildings  in  the  peasant  association  areas.  A  range of    commodities    are    traded    in    these    markets    which    include    household    food    and    other consumable  offered  bv  outside  traders  and  larm  produce  such  as  grains  and  livestock  products offered  by  lhe  farmers  The  quantities  of  farm  produce,  however,  arc  small  and  arc  purchased by   outside   collectors   as   well   as   local   consumers.   The   operation   of   lhe   markets   in   many instances   is   restricted   to   lhe   dry   season   only,   since   in   the   wet   period   lhe   accessibility   for traders is difficult and farmers have less produce to offer.
The  next  level  in  the  marketing  chain  ts  lhe  secondary  markets  or  lhe  town  markets. The  scale  of  operation  of  the  town  markets  arc  much  larger  than  the  village  market.  Because of  lhe  higher  turn  over,  most  markets  arc  operated  twice  a  week  and  a  wider  range  of  items arc   transacted,   including   livestock.   They   arc   characterized   by   the   presence   of   permanent markci    operators    such    as    merchants    and    grain    traders.    Grain    and    other   farm    products collected  by  the  small  lime  traders  al  village  fairs  are  sold  to  lhe  grain  market  operators  at  the town markets.
The   grain   traders   in   the   town   markets   supply   lhe   commodities   collected   to   the   city markets  or  terminal  whole-sale  markets  at  the  third  stage.  The  grain  wholesalers  may  be  lhe EGTE  or  other  large  private  sector  companies  that  have  entered  the  grain  w  hole-sale  market recently.   Wholesalers   have   their   establishments   and   go   downs   at   the   capital   and   at   major [owns close to the study area at Ambo and Wolliso
The  flow  of  commodities  is  by  no  means  a  clear  cut  process  as  discussed.  There  arc many  complicated  issues  at  all  stages  of  lhe  marketing  chain.  For  instance,  many  farmers  by pass   the   village   market   and   may   sell   iheir   produce   to   the   town   traders,   city   traders, wholesalers  or  direct  to  the  consumer  at  one  or  many  markets.  The  small  Lime  collectors  at village  markets  may  sell  the  produce  to  w  holesalers  or  consumers.  On  lhe  other  hand  Lhe town traders and wholesalers may approach the village and town markets to secure produce.
2-31Dun   ng   the   lean   periods   such   as   lhe   wet   season   when   the   fanners   own   supply   of   grain diminishes, a reverse How of grain from the city co Milage may occur.
2.13.2   Marketing System of Farm Inputs
The    marketing    system    of    farm    inputs    is    controlled    by    the    government    through Agricultural   Input   Supply   Corporation   (AISCO)   under   the   Ministry   of   Agriculture   (MOA). Requirement   of   inputs   are   computed   based   on   annual   estimates   prepared   by   the   MOA   from information   provided   by   the   staff   of   AISCO   sales   outlets   who   arc   attached   to   lhe   MOA. Fertilizers     f     Diammonium     phosphate     and     urea),     horticultural     seeds     and     agrochemical (inscctisidcs.   herbicides   and   fungicides)   have   been   imported   exclusively   by   the   AISCO   and are  distributed  through  lhe  network  of  retail  outlets  to  lhe  farmers.  Until  1900,  certified  seeds from Ethiopian Seed Corporation too were distnbuted by the AISCO
The AISCO sales centres in and around the Study area are listed below;
Locution o( Outlet
Sloracc Capacity (mt)
Addis Alem
60
Tefki
60
Sc ba la
60
Tulubolo
120
Asgori
50
Hol eta
40
Farmer;   can   buy   the   input   requirements   directly   for   cash   or   with   the   input   credit provided   by   lhe   banks,   tn   the   latter   case,   faimcr   groups   or   service   copulatives   collect   the specified inputs on encashublc vouchers issued by the banks.
Since   1992.   AISCO   has   been   promoting   (he   establishment   of   a   network   of   private sector  sales  outlets.  By  1994.  185  private  outlets  were  functioning  in  the  West  Shewa  Zone, w hich comprised of 25 sen ice cooperatives and 160 private traders.
Prices of all inpuls were Fixed by the government and a uniform price structure was
applied to all areas of lhe country. irrespective of lhe distance from the centre. A slightly 
lower prices are applicable for bulk purchase made directly from the main store houses of
AISCO 1994 prices of the inputs are shown in Table 2.13.1.
The  retail  prices  of  fertilizer  is  subsidized  by  the  government  and  the  cost  difference  is reimbursed to the AISCO.
2 - 322J3.3 Inventory of Agro-lndustries, Post-Harvest and Marketing Facilities
No  agro-industries  are  found  in  nr  around  the  Study  area.  The  post-harvest  facilities are  the  small  scale  flour  and  oil  mills  operated  bv  private  individuals  and  some  service  co operatives. These arc listed in Table 2.13 2
As  mentioned  previously.  the  markets  in  and  around  the  Study  area  can  be  classified as village and town markets. These markets arc listed in I ablc2.133.
2.13.4  Price Mechanism for Major Crops
With   the   introduction   of   quota   system   in   marketing   of   crops   in   the   1980s,   the purchasing  prices  of  all  food  grams  by  the  AMC  were  fixed  by  the  government.  I  hese  prices were  uniform  throughout  the  country,  and  remained  without  change  from  1980  to  1988,  when increases   upto   10%   were   made.   On   the   other   hand   the   informal   grain   market   operated   by private    traders    functioned    more    under    Iree    market    conditions,    subject    to    government restrictions and regulations
The  fixed  farmer  prices  of  grain  was  removed  in  1990,  and  since  then  the  market  has reverted  to  operate  under  true  free  market  conditions.  The  grain  purchasing  prices  of  EGTE (former  AMC)  arc  now  fixed  based  on  the  cost  of  marketing  and  an  acceptable  profit  margin. Continuation  of  EGTC  in  the  grain  market  has  had  a  price  stabilizing  effect  as  the  prices  in some  instances  act  as  the  floor  prices.  The  wholesale  purchase  prices  of  EGTC  at  Wolliso and Addis Ababa arc shown in Table 2.13.4.
2-14 Agricultural Support System
2.14.1 WRDA and Organizations Relevant to Agricultural Support
(1) Water Resources Development Authority
The   importance   of   river   basin   planning   and   development   in   Ethiopia   has   been recognized    from    lhe    early    limes,    and    several    organizations    with    varying    degree    of responsibility    and    authority'    have    been    established    since    1956    for    lhe    purpose.    These institutions    went    through    a    number    of    changes    before    the    National    Water    Resources Commission  (WRC)  was  established  tn  1971  to  take  responsibility  of  all  aspects  of  water  use and   development   in   the   country.   Changes   effected   between   1971   and   1981   brought   all agencies  involved  in  water  resources  development  under  the  umbrella  organization;  lhe  WRC. At this stage the mum agencies under WRC consisted of Waler Resources Development
2-33Authority  (WRDA).  National Meteorological Serv  ice.  Ethiopian  Water Works Construction Authority  and  Water Supply  and  Sewerage Authority.  WRDA was responsible lor all aspects of medium and  large scale irrigation  projects (300-3000  ha) covering  project studies, construction,  operation  and  maintenance as well as the water rights administration. Realization  that more detailed  studies to  achieve efficient and  integrated  utilization  of resources on  projects prior to  their implementation  led  to  separation  of project studies component from the WRDA and  the establishment of Ethiopian  Valleys Development Studies Authority  (EVDSA) under the Proclamation  318  of July  1W,  The EVDSA.  which  reported directly  to  the Council of Ministers was given  a wide range of responsibilities and  duties which  emphased  the need  for natural resource development to  stimulate social and  economic progress draw inc special attention to the waler resources
Following  the  change  of  political  power  in  1990.  the  new  government  established  the Ministry   of   Natural   Resources   and   Environmental   Protection   (MNREP),   and   both   WRDA and  EVDSA  were  brought  under  its  jurisdiction.  In  July  1994.  a  decision  had  been  reached  to reunite   the   two   agencies   under   a   single   organization:   WRDA.   similar   to   the   pre-1987 condition   The   government   Proclamation   to   effect   this   change   is   under   preparation.   Present organizational chart of the MNREP and the WRDA arc shown in Fig. 2.14.1 and Fig. 2.14.2.
(2) Ministry of Agriculture
Until   1991,   the   support   services   lor   rural   development   in   general   and   agricultural development  m  particular,  were  co-ordinated  centrally  by  the  Ministry'  of  Agriculture  (MOA) and  chanelled  to  the  farmers  through  its  offices  located  al  regional  and  awaraja  levels.  With the  adoption  of  new  policies  following  the  change  m  government  in  1991.  the  MOA  has  taken on   an   advisory   role   to   the   central   government   and   has   been   contributing   largely   in   the formulation     of     agricultural     policies,     development     strategies     and     the     implementation guidelines  at  the  national  level.  IVesent  organizational  structure  of  the  MOA  is  shown  in  Fig. 114.3.
(3} Agricultural Development Bureau
The    role    played    by    the    MOA    as    the    organization    responsible    for    agricultural development   has   since   been   devolved   to   the   14   Regional   Councils   and   the   Agricultural Development Bureaux under the federal system of government.
The   Agricultural   Development   Bureau   (ADB)   of   Oromia   (Region   4)   has   under   its direct   purview   ol   12   Zonal   offices   and   225   Wareda   or  district   offices   that   lake   over  the responsibility for agricultural development at the Zone and Wareda levels, respectively. The
2-34Study  area  coven?  parts  of  five  Waredas.  namely.  A  lent  Gena,  llu,  Dawo,  Addis  Aiem  and Wolmcra which arc included in the 23 Waredas constituting the West Shewa Zone.
The   basic   organizational   structure   of   former   MOA   as   regards   the   five   technical divisions  has  been  retained  under  the  ADB  al  the  regional.  Zonal  and  Wareda  levels.  The  live divisions that provide support services arc as follows:
(i)        Crop protection and development;
(is)      Agricultural extension;
(lif) Co-operative promotion, credit and marketing;
(iv)       Animal and fishery* resource development; and.
(v)        Rural women’s affairs.
The  Head  or  the  of  lice  at  the  all  three  levels  are  supported  by  the  planning  and programming  division  and  the  Imance  and  administration  division.  Al  the  regional  level,  the technical   departments   arc   placed   under   a   Dcpulv   Head   who   is   assisted   by   lhe   Agricultural Research   and   Coordination   service   of   the   Region.   The   organizaion   structures   of   the   ADB. zonal and the wareda offices arc shown in Figs. 2.14.4 to 2,14.6,
(4)        Ethiopian Seed Enterprise
Ethiopian   Seed   Corporalion   (ESC)   has   been   established,   along   with   six   state   farms organized  under  the  Ministry  of  State  Farms  Development  in  1978,  for  producing  commercial quantities  of  improved  seeds.  In  line  with  the  new  economic  policy  changes,  lhe  ESC  has been   restructured   in   accordance   with   with   the   Public   Enterprise   Proclamation   No   25/1992, and   renamed   as   Ethiopian   Seed   Enterprise   (ESE).   Its   operations   have   been   re-oriented   to function  independently  on  competitive  business  lines.  ESE  has  so  far  been  the  sole  producer and  supplier  of  cereal,  pulse  and  oil  crop  seeds  to  the  users.  Il  presently  produces  basic  and commercial  seeds  at  two  slate  farms  located  at  Iteya/Gonde  and  Aw  assa.'Shallo.  In  an  effort to   increase   the   supply   and   quality   of   seed,   the   Ethiopian   government,   through   ESE   and Pioneer   Hi-Bred   International   Inc.   of   the   USA,   has   set   up   a   joint   venture   in   1991,   for producing   high   quality   hybnd   seeds   of   maize,   sorghum,   sunflower,   alfalfa   and   vegetable seeds. Among the major benefits envisaged from this venture are the following:
(i) Provide high quality products by creating, developing, producing, processing and distributing facilities for hybnd seeds; and,
(ii) Reduce dependence on imported seeds thus saving foreign exchange for the country.
2-35(5)         Agricultural Input Supply Corporation
Agricultural   Input   Supply   Corporation   (AISCO)   was   established   in   1984,   tinder   MOA as   the   sole   organization   responsible   for   importation   and   distribution   or   agricultural   inputs.   Il is    organized    into    four    main    departments:    procurement    and    transit,    sales    and    distribution, administration   and   finance,   a   fifth   providing   transport   senices   under   a   General   Manager, The   Sales   and   Dislnbulion   department   operates   two   central   input   stores   at   Addis   Ababa   and Nazareth,   nine   zonal   and   21   provincial   co-ordinating   offices   and   about   5(X)   sales   centres throughout the country.
Agricultural   inputs   handled   by   the   AISCO   included   fertilizers   (DAP,   urea   and   NPK- 23:23:0).    agrochemicals    (insecticides,    herbicides    and    fungicides),    vegetable    seeds    (tomato, cabbage,   red   onion,   beet   root   and   water   melon),   and   knap   sack   sprayers.   It   also   imports veterinary   drugs,   laboratory   equipment   and   clinical   instruments   lor   the   MOA.   Distribution   ol improved seed materials released by the ESE also had been made by the A ISC until 1990.
Finances   for   the   AISCO   is   provided   by   the   government   through   grant   aid   received from  several  international  done  agencies,  and  the  selling  prices  of  the  inputs  arc  decided  by the   govcmmeni.   Under   the   new   economic   policy   of   the   government,   H   is   envisaged   that AISCO   will   be   restructured   soon   in   accordance   with   the   Public   Enterprises   Proclamation.   In ibis  context,  the  private  sector  is  encouraged  to  Lake  over  the  retail  sales  of  inpuLs  as  shown  by the increasing number of AISCO retailers in the table below.
AISCO Retailers
1992
1993
1994
Service Cooperatives
77
527
573
Private Retailers
114
986
1173
Source. Agncullural Input Supply Corporation
Since   1993.   Ethiopian   Amalgamated   Pvt.   Ltd.   Co.,   a   pnvate   sector   company   has entered   the   market,   importing   and   distributing   fertilizer   and   agro-chemicals   while   few   other private companies have been issued with licences for importation of agro-chemicals.
(6)      Agricultural and Industrial Development Bank
State   owned   Agricultural   and   Industrial   Bank   (re-named   as   Development   Bank   of Ethiopia   from   September   1994)   has   been   responsible   lor   granting   of   institutional   credit   lor the   agncullural   sector.   Prior   to   1990.   all   loans   had   been   channelled   through   the   respective
2 36producer or sen  ice co-opcralivcs which  was responsible for the distribution  of the loan  io recipient farmers.  The co-operatives were recognized  as a legal personalities or entities by the Bank  for administration  of loans.  Neither a previous contribution  or deposit nor other collateral's were required.  The basic requirement was a legal certificate from the MOA on  the credit requirement and  credit worthiness of the particular co-operative.  All Joans granted were made in  kind,  and  not in  cash  terms.  The bank  has utilized  different lines,  ol credit made available from various donor agencies,  to  fund  three types of loan  schemes; (i) short term: (ii) medium term; and  (in) long term.
t
Short  term  credit  is  applicable  to  agrtcultur.il  inputs.  Repay  ment  period  is  12  months, with   possible   extension   to   18   months   pending   crop   harvests.   I   he   interest   rate,   which   was subsidized  and  fixed  by  the  governmental  5-6%  was  brought  in  par  with  commercial  lending rate  or  14%  effective  (his  year  The  co-operative  was  issued  a  coupon  w  hich  was  used  to draw  the  specified  inputs  from  A1SCO,  (he  sole  supplier  of  agricultural  inputs.  AISCO  was paid  by  the  Bank.  The  distribution  of  inputs  to  individual  farmers  and  recovery  in  trims  of cash  at  the  harvest  time  was  the  responsibility  of  the  co-operatives,  which  in  some  areas  were assisted   by   the   peasant   associations.   The   system,   under   heavy   official   control   appeared   to work  well  prior  to  1990.  with  annual  recovery  rates  of  over  90%,  The  collapse  of  producer co-operatives   and   some   of   the   service   cooperatives   since   then   has   greatly   disrupted   the operation  of  input  credit  scheme.  The  loans  are  being  rescheduled  and  the  Bank  is  optimistic thui   some   recovery   will   be   possible   after   reorganization   of   the   cooperatives   under   the Proclamation   of   1994.   Agricultural   loans   granted   in   the   1993/94   crop   season   by   lhe   two branches of the Bank located in Ambo and Wolloso arc shown in Table 2 14-1.
The   medium   and   long   term   loans,   also   administered   through   the   cooperatives,   were mainly  for  lhe  puchasc  of  assets  such  as  livestock  machinary  and  equipment  Tor  the  particular cooperative  itself  or  for  individual  me  me  hers  of  the  co-operative.  An  interest  rate  of  14,5% and 15% were applicable to these loans.
From 1993,  the Commercial Bank  of Ethiopia,  also  stale owned,  has commenced  granting  of agricultural loans.  The terms and  conditions of these loans arc the same as that of Development Bank.
(7> Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise
Agricultural  Marketing  Corporation  (AMC)  was  established  in  1977  with  a  dual,  and often   conflicting   objective   of   assuring   price   levels   which   provide   adequate   incentive   to   the producer   and   at   the   same   time   safeguarding   consumers   interests.   Prevention   of   exploitation ol   the   small   I   armors   os   well   as   the   consumers   by   traders   and   intermediaries   through 
2-37introduction  of a purchase quota and  fixed  price system for grains (cereal,  pulse and  oilseeds) was attempted  in  the 1980s.  With  the change of government in  1990,  the marketing  policies of the previous regime were abandoned,  and  AMC reorganized  and  renamed  as the Ethiopian Gram Trade Enterprise (EGTE) m accordance with  the Public Enterprise Proclamation.  The AMCs grain  market share of 40% in  1989,  has been  reduced  to  less than  10% in  1994  under the EGTE  operating  in  a free and  competitive market system.  The main  source of supply  of grain  to  the EGTE  are the private gram traders.  Though  the operations have been  sealed down  and  the number of branch  offices and  commercial centres greatly  reduced,  an  attempt is being made by the EGTE to stabilize the farm gate and consumer prices of grains.
(8) Institute of Agricultural Research
The Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) is the principal orgnization responsible
for agricultural research in Ethiopia. Universities and colleges carry* out research to a limited 
extent while several government and non government organizations too arc involved in 
conducting adaptive research programmes. The IAR was established in 1966, as a semi
autonomous public organization under the general supervision of a ministerial hoard ol
directors. It is organized into three technical departments, namely, business and development, 
research support and research extension, under a General Manager. The organizational chart
of I AR is shown in Fig. 2.14.7.
Based on the ecological diversity associated with topographic, soil and climatic
factors, the country is divided into eight Agricultural Development Zones (ADZs} and 11 
research centres have been established under the IAR, Of these, the Holela research centre is
located in the Wolmcra wareda bourdenng the Study area. Research activities pertaining to 
the Slud} area come under the purview of this research centre.
Besides these organizations there are many other organizations; governmental, non governmental as well as international, that provide support services for agricultural
development m the rural sector. However, their direct involvement in the Study area is not
significant.
2,14.2   Seed Multi plica don
As  mentioned  in  the  proceeding  section,  the  Ethiopian  Seed  Enterprise  has  so  far  been the  sole  producer  and  supplier  of  cereal,  pulse  and  oil  crop  seeds  to  the  users.  The  crops  and varieties   produced   are   listed   in   'able   2,14.2.   The   generation   system   in   seed   multiplication follows  through  a  number  of  stages.  Breeder  seeds  of  crop  verities  released  by  the  National Variety Release Committee are procured from the Institute of Agricultural Research and
2-38Alemiya University  by  advanced  request.  Pre-basic seed  generated  from breeders seeds is multiplied  to  produce basic seed.  Production  of basic seed  is earned  out at the two  ESE farms located  at lleya/Gonde and  at A wassa*  Shallo.  Basic seed  is issued  to  slate farms and private contract growers for the production  of certified  seed.  The field  production  process is supervised  by  ESE  staff,  and  samples drawn  are tested  al the seed  laboratory  in  the head office Tor certification.  The basic seed  is cleaned  and  processed  at 5  processing  plants of ESE located  al Sidomo.  Arsi,  Bale.  Gujjam and  Woltega and  in  4  mobile seed  cleaning  unite having  a combined  capacity  of 10.5  muhciur.  The ESE  has a total seed  storage capacity  of 37.700  mt attached  to  its seed  processing  facilities and  as transit stores Quantity  of raw seed of different crops produced  by  the ESE  during  1979/80  -1992/93  period  arc shown  in  Table 234.3.
The  major  users  of  the  seed  produced  by  ESE  has  been  lhe  Ministry  of  State  Farms Development     HOSED),     the     Relief     and     Rehabilitation     Commission     and     some     non governmental   organizations   engaged   in   similar   work,   Farmer   had   only   a   limited   access   to seed  through  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture  (MOA).  Seed  distribution  by  sector  during  the  same period  is  shown  in  Table  2.14.4.  Seed  prices  are  no  longer  fixed  by  the  government,  and  arc worked   out   by   the   ESE   based   on   production   costs.   Seed   prices   in   1994   arc   shown   in   as follows:
Crop
Birr/lQDke
Crops
.. Bxt/100 kg
Wheat
203.95
Faba Bean
218 45
Barlex
207.24
Chick Pen
208.68
Maize
201.84
Field Pea
241,49
Sorghum
203.19
Linseed
299,34
Tel
277,24
Rapeseed
247,24
Hamcot 0can2O2.O7
Lentil
355.98
Sova bean         279.92                Mustard              259.6
The  annual  estimates  on  the  national  seed  requirement  is  computed  by  the  ESE  based on   the   information   received   from   MOSFD,   NGOs,   A1SCO   (MOA)   as   well   as   the   past experience  of  ESE.  However,  (he  amount  of  seed  produced  and  distributed  by  ESE  remains far   belou   the   national   requirement   and.   by   their   own   admission,   the   quantitative   seed production has tended to outweigh the qualitative superiority.
2-392.14.3  Research and Extension Work
(I)         Agricultural Research
The  Institute  of  Agricultural  Research  has  established  two  kinds  of  research  centres  as defined by their terms of duties:
National Commodity Centres:
These   are   centres   charged   with   the   task   of   undertaking   research   and   development activities  on  a  specific  commodity  and  have  a  national  responsibility  in  such  functions.  The currently   identified   commodities   for   which   national   centres   are   assigned   arc   wheat,   maize, sorghum, coffee and cotton.
-Zonal Research Centres:
These   arc   centres   designed   to   sene   as   multi-purpose   research   centres   to   meet   the technological   needs   of   a   particular   ADZ.   Each   centre   may   operate   several   sub’Ccnlres   to sene the ecological diversity within the ADZ.
The    agricultural    research    centre   located    at   Hole    ill,    under   whose   purview   the agricultural   and   livestock   research   activities   in   the   Study   area   are   conducted,   is   a   Zonal Centre   and   has   Liken   on   agronomy*   animal   nutrition,   soil   and   water   management,   and agricultural economics xs priority problem areas.
Programme Development and Co-ordination
Research  programmes  prepared  by  lhe  research  teams  arc  first  screened  and  compiled by   the   respective   divisions   for   review   by   a   panel   of   divisional   heads   and   other   relevant professionals  al  the  centre  level.  The  programmes  may  be  further  screened  and  integrated  by a  zonal  review  panel  before  submitting  for  national  review  at  the  IAR.  Programmes  approved will form the IAR annual plan.
Generation and Transfer of Technology
New   and   improved   technologies   developed   by   On-Station   Research   arc   verified   in research   as   well   as   representative   farmers   fields   on   a   larger   scale   in   On   -Farm   Research before   recommending   for   release.   Technologies   that   prove   their   worth   arc   passed   on   Io extension officials and progressive farmers through demonstrations and (raining al Pre-Extension      Demonstrations.      From      this      point,      the      extension      sendee      ot      Agricultural Development Bureaux are expected to lake over the mass popularization of (he technology.
(2)        Agricultural Extension
Under  the  new  regional  administrative  set  up,  an  attempt  is  being  made  to  rc-aciivatc and  strengthen  the  T&V  system  introduced  by  the  MO  A  that  had  gone  into  disarray  during the   period   of   transition.   Extension   sen   ices   arc   organized   in   an   integrated   manner   where   a group   of   subject   matter   specialists   (SMOs)   on   agronomy   &   crop   protection,   co-operative promotion,   livestock   &   fisheries   and   home   economics   &   rural   women's   affairs   channelling their   development   efforts   through   the   agricultural   extension   team   down   to   the   (armors.   I   he system   consists   of   farmer   groups,   contact   farmers,   development   agents   and   the   extension specialists   who   communicate   with   the   SMO   through   regular   training   and   visits   at   various lev els.
At  the  grass  root  level,  farmers  arc  formed  into  groups  of  up  to  100  individuals,  each with   a   leader,   lhe   contact   farmer   who   is  selected   by   ihe   group.   A   development   agent   of  a Wareda  may  cover  up  to  27  contact  farmers  on  a  16-day  monthly  field  visit  schedule,  meeting them  once  every  fortnight.  The  original  concept  had  been  to  place  one  development  agent  to serve   each   sen   ice   co-operative   area,   which   may   consist   of   3’K   peasant   associations   with   a luLil  of  about  1600  farm  families  The  extension  agents  arc  provided  with  fortnightly  training on    the    specific    extension    messages    by    the    subject    matter    specialists    in    the    Wareda. Supervision   of   information   How   from   extension   agent   to   individual   farmers   through   contact farmers  is  responsibility  of  ihe  Extension  Team  or  the  Wareda  The  subject  matter  specialists in   the   Wareda   arc   trained   monthly   by   senior   subject   matter   specialists   in   the   Zone   office. T.inkages  between  extension  and  research  arc  maintained  through  Ihe  Research  and  Extension Liaison  Committees  established  at  the  Zonal  and  Regional  levels,  which  meet  twice  annually and annually, respectively,
1 he present staff position in the Zonal office and Wareda offices of the Study area are shown in Table 2.14.5.
2 J 4.4 Agricultural Credit
Closure of most ol the service co-operatives in the Study area after 1990 has created difficulties with regard to obtaining input credit by the farmers.
Agricultural field survey in the Study area reveals that 58% of the farmers in the sample obtained input credit. As the access to institutional credit has declined, some farmers
2-41have resorted  to  burrowing  money  from informal sources.  While continuing  io  deal with  the few operational cooperatives.  the 2  banks operational in  the area,  the Development Bank  and the Commercial Bank  have introduced  a system in  ! 993/94  season  tor group  loans under the existing  provisions in  the short term loan  scheme.  The scheme involves informal farmer groups of 30-40  individuals who  provide mutual guarantees in  place of collateral.  Following an application made by the leader ol the group the an appraisal is made by the rclcs anL br ine h officials from Ambo  or Wolliso  who  cover the Study  area and  vouchers are issued  to  the farmers for collection  of fertilizers from AISCO depots In  most cases the I .inner groups represented  good  account holders of former service cooperatives.  Only  fertilizer has been covered  under tins scheme so  far.  According  to  the Ambo  branch  oltice officials ot Development Bank,  the scheme is operating  well because of the belter personal coniacis developed  and  recoveries todate have been  encouraging.  The quantities and  value of fertilizers issued  under input 1oan  scheme for the season  1993/94  in  the Waredas by  both banks arc given below.
Wareda
DAP
Urea
OlY mt
Value Birr
Oiu ml
Value Hitt
Dawo
69.5
996,995
34,7
473,853
Alcm Gena
60.2
863.110
27.1
355,941
Addis Alcm
11 LO
1,591.883
23,7
323,950
llu
80.2
1,149,093
38 3
1.651.987
Wolmera
n.a.
Source; Wart da offices of Agricultural Development Bureau
2.14.5  Agricultural Co-operatives
(I)        Producers' Co operatives
Under  the  socialist  development  farm-work  that  existed  at  the  time,  a  legal  basis  for the   establishment   of   Agricultural   Producers1     Co-operatives   (PCs)   had   been   issued   in   by Proclamation  No.  I3&T978.  It  was  envisioned  that  Lhe  farmers  in  peasant  associations  would be  organized  voluntarily  Co  form  PCs  by  pooling  land  and  contributing  labour  for  income  and that   its   development   process   would   take   place   through   three   transitional   states,   leading   to fully-fledged collective farms.
(2)       Agricultural Service Co-operatives
Agricultural   Service   Co-operatives   (ASCs)   were   established   in   1983.   one   for   3-10 peasant associations, io undertake the following actn Hies:
2-42(i)         marketing of agricultural produce;
(n) sell farm inputs and consumer goods;
(iii)       Provide storage and milling sendees
(iv)       collect savings and grant loans at reasonable interest rales; and.
(v)        provide farm equipment hire services.
While its establishment was voluntary on the part of the peasants. and priority has
been given to the interests of poor and middle peasants.
The  change  of  government  in  early  90s1   and  the  adoption  of  an  economic  policy  based on  a  f  ree  market  system  led  to  general  inactivation  oi  government  supported  ASCs  and  the collapse  of  the  PC  system.  Activities  of  the  ASCs  have  been  either  terminated  or  confined  io procurement  of  fertilizers  and  in  some  instances  to  provision  of  consumer  goods  and  lhe  land m most of the collectn c farms have since been relumed to rhe member farmers.
(3)        Agricultural Co-operative Societies
A   new   proclamation   cited   as   the   'Agricultural   Co-operative   Societies   Proclamation No  85  1994  was  made  by  the  Transitional  Government  in  February,  1994.  It  recognises  as imperative  the  issue  of  a  legislation  by  which  agricultural  cooperative  societies  be  organized and administered in order to:
(i) make conditions convenient so that an Ethiopian Peasant living in rural areas in a
scattered manner by being organized on free will may be able to solve jointly the
economic and social problems facing him; and
(ii)  make  the  societies  play  their  roles  properly  in  a  free  market  system  by  getting  rid of the government intervention in the internal affairs of (he co-operative societies.
The   Proclamation   provides   for   the   formation   and   registration   of   a   primary   society, 
named  ‘Co-operative  Society ,  on  the
1
free  will  of  10  or  more  peasant  members  living  wiihin  a
given  area.  A higher level society.  named  'Union'or 'Federation',  may  be established  by  two or more primary  societies.  The guiding  principles of Lhe society'  arc that it should  carry  out the activities without discrimination  or influence based  on  religion,  sex,  nationality  and political outlook  of members in  a democratic basis.  It should  stand  non-allincd  and  be free of any political influence
2-43The objectives of the soctcty arc set forth in the Proclamation as:
(i) to improve the living condition of members by increasing production and 
productivity;
(it) to promote self-reliance among members;
(iii)  Io solve problems collectively which a peasant cannot achieve personally;
(iv) to make members obtain modern technologies and products which are capable
of increasing agricultural production and materials necessary lor their livelihood 
easily and at fair price;
(v) to satisfy the needs of a community and increase the income of a peasant by 
processing acnculturaJ products io industrial products; and,
(vi)  to promote the cultures of the members by teaching and training.
The  Proclamation  repeals  the  conditions  set  forth  in  Proclamation  No  138/1978,  under which    lhe    Agricultural    Services    Cooperatives    and    Agricultural    Producers'    Co-opera    lives were   established   Those   societies   that   arc   in   operation   will   be   reorganized   under   the   new Proclamation
2.15 Farmer’s Expectations
In  order  to  clanTy  project  needs  of  the  farmers  in  the  Bccho  plain,  lhe  farmers’  candid 
opinions   and   expectations  were   investigated   through   the   socio-niral  economic   survey   for   227 
farmers.
The  following  items  ol  expectations  were  checked  and  the  farmers  fill  up  the  order  of preference for the items.
(J)
flood protect!on/drauuigc improvement
(2)
irrigation project
(3)
all-weather road construction
(41       drinking water supply
(5)
electricity supply
(6)
postal sen ice facilities
(7}
firewood reforestation
2-44(8)
soil/Farmland conservation project
(9)
effective extension sen ice
(10)
credit sen ice
(H)
Veterinary senice
(12)
health facilities
(13)
marketing facilities
(14)
post-harvest facilities
(15)
education facilities
(16)
public transoprtaion sen ice
(17)
employment opportunity development
(18)
agro-industry development
(19)
information center
(2D)
multi-purpose community halt
(21)
training center
(22)
others
The following table indicates rhe first five expectations ranked first.
Expectations                  No. of 1st rank
1          Flood Protect ion/d rain age impro. 172
■n
Health facilities
20
3
Irrigation Project
14
4
Drinking water supply 
4
5
All-weather road construction 
3
About 75 % of the total respondents recognized (he need and the realization of the flood control and drainage impormvcmcnt project in Lhe Bccho plain.
2-453. REVIEW OF THE EXISTING REPORTS
3. 1 The Report of the Becho Plain Reclamation
The   report   entitled   "□echo   Plain   Reclamation,   Awash   River   Bed   Improvement” was prepared in 1972 by the National Water Resources Commission(NWRC).
This  report  recommended  to  decrease  the  duration  or  flooding  in  the  Bccho  plain by  improving  the  discharge  capacity  of  the  stretch  ol  IK  km  downstream  ol  Tcji  bridge  in the  Awash  river.  The  discharge  capacity  of  this  stretch  was  estimated  at  54  m^/scc.  It  was planned  that  the  discharge  capacity  be  increased  lo  128  nP/scc  by  widening  the  river channel  and  by  river  bed  regulation  to  remove  obstacles  in  the  nver  bed  such  its  rock outcrops  and  dunes  with  a  lot  of  gravels.  Il  was  inferred  that  the  inundation  period  ol would be shortened by about 16 days by the improvement works;
This  study  was  carried  out  based  on  the  results  ol  the  cross  section  survey  at intervals  around  500  m  of  the  stretch.  The  volume  of  the  excavation  was  calculated  at 440,000  m  V  The  total  construction  cost  was  estimated  at  I  I  million  Ethiopian  dollars  at the 1972 price. The project, however, was not economically assessed.
Furthermore,  the  report  proposed  that  the  improvement  works  lo  widen  the  nver channels  of  all  the  rivers  in  Lhe  Bccho  plain  should  be  earned  out.  However,  these proposed improvement works have not yet been implemented.
Although  this  study  does  not  clarify  lhe  mechanism  of  inundation  and  drainage  of lhe  Becho  plain,  it  is  considered  that  the  results  of  the  survey  are  accurate  and  an approach  lo  the  improvement  works  through  lhe  nver  bed  regulation  and  widening  the nver channels is appropriate.
In  addition  io  the  river  improvement  works,  the  report  suggested  1.3  dams  for flood  control  purpose  in  the  Upper  Awash  nver  basin  as  shown  in  general  location  map. A feasibility study for these dams has yel not carried ouL
3.2 Engineering and Design Report of the Dilu Meda Swamp
This   study   was   carried   out   by   the   Waler   Resources   Development   Authority (WRDA)  in  1983.  It  envisaged  the  flood  protection  and  drainage  schemes  for  an  area  of 20 0(KJ ha in lhe Dilu Meda area. Il was planned in this study that dikes along the Awash 
a
and its tributaries, the drainage channel network to conned it with Lhe 1>jIoIo Dilu nver 3- Iand  36  pumps with  a total capacity  of 15  nP/scc.  should  be installed.  A number ol design draw ings lor the proposed  works were prepared.  However the mechanism and  causes ol inundation  and  drainage problems in  Lhe Bccho  plain  were not studied  precisely  in  this study.
It  is  concluded  in  this  study  that  (he  main  causes  of  the  inundation  tn  the  Dilu Meda area result Trom the fact that the discharge capacity of the upstream of Tcji  bridge in the Awash river is insufficient for floods in the high wet season. and the area of 4,500 hn was inundated annually.
This  study  came  to  the  conclusions  that  the  discharge  capacity  of  the  downstream uf  Tcjj  budge  in  the  Awash  river  was  sufficient  and  would  not  affect  the  inundation  for lhe  Dilu  Meda  area  These  conclusions  are  contrary  Io  the  results  of  ’’the  Bccho  plain Reclamation report1' in spile ol using Lhe same reference materials
The comments on lhe proposed river improvement works arc as follows:
(i)   In   the   river   development   stage,   it   is   a   principle   that   improvement   works should  be  earned  out  without  raising  the  high  wafer  level  in  the  initial  stage.  Though  it  is proposed  in  this  report  to  make  dikes  along  the  Awash  river  and  its  tributaries  for  the highest  floods,  improvement  works  to  widen  the  nver  channel  is  first  to  be  performed along with provision of dikes with a low heighL
(ii)        This  study  indicates  that  an  area  of  4,5(X)  ha  in  lhe  Dilu  Meda  area  is annually  inundated  mainly  by  the  nver  flood  waler  among  lhe  project  area  of 2O.(XX)  ha. The  causes  of  inundation  and  drainage  problems  for  lhe  remainder  of  15,500  ha  is  not explained.  Based  on  the  results  of  Lhe  field  reconnaissance.  the  inundation  of  Lhe  Dilu Meda  area  occurs  complicated!}  from  (i)  waters  overtopped  from  the  rivers  such  as  the Awash  and  the  Holota,  (ii)  rainfall  in  the  area  and  (iii)  the  overland  runoff  from  the  area. It is doubtful to delineate the area of 4,500 ha due to the river floods.
(iii)        The   design   high   water   level   of   the   downstream   most   stretch   was determined  bused  on  lhe  design  concept  on  the  compound  cross  section  of  the  nver channel.  The  relationship  between  the  above  design  high  waler  level  and  that  of  lhe dow nstream stretch that is vital for the design, however, is not clear.
(iv)       The  proposed  interceptor  canals  would  be  one  of  the  most  effective  ways to drain the overland runoff from the catchment hill areas of the Bccho plain. It is
3-2necessary  confirmed  whether  the  overland  runoff  can  be  drained  out  direct  io  the  Awash river through these canals.
(v)   The   proposed   alignment   of   the   short   cut   river   channels   is   appropriate   io make  the  flows  in  the  stretch  extremely  meandered  and  confluences  of  the  tributaries smooth.
Regarding   the   effect   to   the   downstream   stretch   and   the   Koka   reservoir   alter implementation  of  the  project  proposed  in  this  report,  the  report  presents  the  following conclusions:
(i)         IE  is  expected  that  the  flood  peak  discharge  of  the  Awash  over  increases and  Rows  direct  into  lhe  Koka  reservoir  without  reducing  its  peak  because  the  flood waters  being  regulated  by  the  Drlu  Meda  area  flows  direct  into  the  Awash  river  after  the implementation  of  lhe  project,  (i  is  estimated  in  the  report  that  the  increase  ot  water  level of  the  Koka  reservoir  is  less  than  I  m  with  project  condition  and  the  sale  reservoir operation would be ensured.
(ii) It is concluded that the discharge capacity of the stretch of the Awash 
between Tejr bridge and Melka Kunturc would be mostly sufficient. In some stretches, 
overtops might occur, but the period of Hooding would be short due Io no extensive low
lands.
Though there are no serious effects in the dow nslrcam of the Awash river and the Kuka  reservoir  after  [he  implemcniaiion  of  Lhe  project  as  mentioned  above,  those  effects should be assessed in the ease of the project proposed by us.
J,3 Master Plan for the Development of Surface Water Resources in the
Awash River
1  his  master  plan  study  was  earned  out  in  I9R9  under  assistance  of  the  African Development  Bank.  The  reports  were  prepared  by  Sir  William  Halcrnw  and  Partners  in cooperation  with  the  Ethiopian  Valleys  Development  Studies  Authority  (EVDSA).  This study  deals  with  the  whole  surface  waler  resources  in  the  Awash  liver  including  the Bee ho plain development, as one of lhe swamp reclamation projects.
The results of lhe review studies to the previous two reports in this study are summarised below:
3-3(i) In  this study,  the discharge capacity  ol the downstream of Teji bridge in the Awash  river is estimated  al 70  to  NO m3/scc.This figure is greater than  the estimated ones such as 32m /scc. (WRDA 1983) and 54 nvVscc.(NWRC 1972).
a
(ii)  It  is  understood  for  the  drainage  conditions  in  Lhe  1983  study  that  an  area of  4.500  ha  becomes  inundated  by  riverine  IkMidcd  waters  and  the  remaining  area  ol
15,500  ha  becomes  waterlogged  during  the  wet  season  mainly  due  to  the  overland  runoff from the catchment hilly areas.
(in)  With  regard  to  the  inundation  area  of  4,500  ha.  n  is  planned  to  implement Hood  dikes,  interceptor  drain  canals  and  pumping  slations  The  design  ol  these  proposed works would be almost similar to that applied to the 19X3 study. 1 he total capital cost is estimated  at  43.15  million  Birr  or  9,600  Birr/ha  at  the  1988  price.  The  project  benefit  is estimated  as  a  difference  of  lhe  yield  of  tcl'f  with  and  without  project  conditions.  The economic  evaluation  for  the  project  indicates  that  the  economic  internal  rate  of  return  is  a negative rale in lhe case of 0.8 ton, ha of the target yield of teff and 4.3 % in the ease ol target yield of 2.0 tons/ha. Based on the above economic viability, it is concluded that lhe development for 4.51X) ha would not be validated.
(iv)       It  is  proposed  lhal  the  surface  drainage  development  project  only  for  lhe waterlogged  area  should  be  implemented  without  installation  of  pump  systems  and  the llcxxj  improvement  works  along  with  the  support  of  the  agricultural  extension  services. The  report  suggests  that  lhe  project  would  be  viable  in  view  of  economic  viability  of  the project.
(v)        It is proposed lhal a pilot area be established to confirm both an efficiency of open drains as well as the level of lhe target yield.
Based  on  the  results  of  the  field  reconnaissance,  the  comments  on  the  above studies arc as shown in the next page:
(i)  In  the  above  item  (ii),  Lhe  Dilu  Meda  area  of  20,000  ha  is  divided  into  two areas:  one  is  the  area  of  4,500  ha  annually  inundated  by  lhe  riverine  flooded  walers  and lhe  other  is  15.000  ha  waterlogged  by  lhe  overland  runoff.  In  lhe  report,  there  arc  no detailed    explanations    of    lhe    definition    of    inundated/or    flooding    and    waterlogged conditions as well as lhe demarcation ol the areas or both above conditions. As mentioned in  section  3.2  (ii),  it  is  considered  questionable  to  divide  into  two  ureas  for  the  project formulation.  It  is  roughly  estimated  from  the  field  reconnaissance  (hat  the  area  with  less
3 -4ihnn  EL  2.060  m  or  about  9.600  ha  is  annually  inundated  in  Lhe  Dilu  Meda  area.  Further study will be required
(ii)   The   discharge   capacity   of   about   70   to   80   nrVscc   was   estimated   in   the downstream   stretch   orTcji   bridge   in   Lite   Awash   river.   There   is   no   explanation   about relationship  between  hydrodynamic  behaviour  of  the  inundation  of  the  Di  hi  Meda  and  the discharge  capacity  in  the  downstream.  In  order  to  formulate  an  appropriate  drainage  plan for  the  Dilu  Meda  area,  it  is  essential  to  make  clear  the  hydrodynamic  behaviour  of  the river  system  by  using  the  relation  between  the  such  discharge  capacity  and  Lhe  water  level of  the  inundation  area  in  the  Dilu  Meda.  Also  the  drainage  plan  should  he  studied  taking into consideration the whole Bee ho plain . not only for the Dilu Meda area
3-5•4. FURTHER STUDY IN JAPAN
Following   (he   work   in   Ethiopia   in   (he   phase   !   study,   (he   work   in   Japan   will commence  January  in  IW5  and  be  completed  <iL  the  end  <^f  March  1995  !  lie  studies  in Japan  contain  (i)  confirmation  of  river  channel  movement  (ii)  the  study  of  mcehanizm  and causes  of  the  inundation  and  /or  poorly  drained  conditions  ol  the  Bccho  plain,  (iii)  an assessment  of  land  and  waler  potentials  and  constrain  is  for  the  agricultural  development, (iv)   formulation   o|   the   basic   drainage   plan,   (v)   formulation   of   the   basic   agricultural development  plan,  (v)  selectionol  the  drainage  plan  in  the  Bccho  plain,  (vi)  preparation of  the  scope  of  work  on  an  environmental  impact  assessment  and  (vu)  preparation  oi  the interim rvporL
Thc outline of the studies is shown as follow s-
4.1 River channel Movement
The  river  channel  movement  of  the  Awash  and  ns  tributaries  will  be  confirmed based  on  interpretation  of  1/12.000  aerial  photograph}  flown  in  November  1994  and  the existing    topographic    maps    (I/50JXX)).    Also    land    sal    spots    will    be    used    for    its confin nation.
4.2 Study nT Mcehanizm and Causes of The Inundation and/or Poorly
Drained Conditions of the Bccho Plain
To   clarify   mcehanizm   and   causes   of   the   Foundation   and/or   poorly   drained conditions  of  the  Bccho  plain  and  flood  runoff  analyses  consisting  of  three  substantial work  Hems,  namely,  as  (i)  a  creation  of  a  basin  and  river  system  model,  (ii)  rainfall analysis   and   (iii)   flood   runoff   analysis.   The   studies   will   be   earned   out   bused   on   the procedure shown in Fig 4.2.1.
(I) Study on the present nv er conditions
(!)        longitudinal profile
(n)       river width
(2)       Flood runoff analysis for the upper Awash river basin
(>)  creation  ol  a  basin  and  river  system  model (ii) creation of a storage function model
4-1(lii}
r.un tall anulysi s mjco xs design probable r;un! jll. ;ind mill all
paitcm,
f I \ J
prcpsirittiun d hydrographs al lhe design sireiclwws in the Upper Awash mor basin
(3)       Study on the discharge capacities of the Awash and its tributaries
<  j)  an  estimation  of  the  discharge  capac  i  ties  by  the  uni  form  and  non- uniform flow calculation method
(4)       Inundation analysis in the Bechc plain
(i)        a ex teni of i n u nda Li < m areas
(ii)       waler level and waler depth
4.3       Assessment    of Land/Water Potentials and Constraints feir the
Agricultural Development
(0  finalization  of  the  soil  and  the  land  suitability  maps  and  an assessment of lands potential for agricultural use
(ii)  finalization  of  the  present  land  use  map  and  an  assessment  of present land use
(hi)  detailed  analysis  ol  the  socio  rural  survey  fur  the  227  sample farmers
- salient lealures i>f the farmer's household
- social systems
- living standard of the farmers
- Hood and inundation conditions and damages
* activities ol organization m the rural society
- farmer's expectations
(i v)     detailed analyses of the agricul tural and farm economic survey for the 227 sample fanners
- farm holding
• cropping patterns
- farming pratlices and labor requirement
- livestock
- crop yields and prod nd ion 4-2i\ \ an assessment nl the km Ikw ol' the Awash and its tributaries Ibr
use i’ll' ifsieaiH'in u afcr
(vtl an assessment nl rhe citniiiliu- conditions fur selection of crops
(tn) anal vse s of the m ar koi t ng system and I lie market i ng Hows in lii c study oita and
(vi i i) con It rmaticn of t he goveritm ertl ppliey and analysis t< gtjncnd economy
4.4     Fo rm ci Ini ionof Hie Basic Drainage Plan
(il determination of I he design Him kJ
(h i determination of drainage requirement
(iif) formulation ol an overall basic drainage plan Ibr the agricultural
kind development in (he Becho plain Io prevent from flood walers
and overland nmolf from the adjacent hillsides in the Bccho plain, 
and to drain rainfall in the area,
(iv) preparation of al tentative plans from the view pomi of (a) lhc
river improvement to widen lhc river channels. (bl short cut ol lhc n ver channels, (c) the construction of small soile dikes, (dt the
con strut Lion of the interceptor channels, (e) the construction of
dams in Lhc upper Awash over basins and (d) combinations of lhc
aboi c.
r v)     pro! iminary lay tail of die project
(vi) preliminary estimate ol lhe construe lion cost
4.5       Formulation    uf the Basic Agricultural Development plan
(i)  preliminary  framew  ork  of  Lhc  cropping  pattern 
(i i)      pre Li m i nary desi g n of fa rmi ng prac l ice s ;ind cs 11 mate c >f e rop budget
(lii)      preliminary c&Limale of benefits
4.6       Selection of the Drainage Plan in lhe Becho Plain
(i) calculation of B/C ratio lor each alternative plan
(nJ evaluation of an adverse effects due Io increasing flex kt discharge in the upper and lower reaches ol lhc Awash river after the implementation of the project
4-3fui) evaluation (H i Heth on sediment deposits and water level in the
Kok a reservoir alter the implementation of ihc project
(iv)      evaluation ot hydropower benefits from the Kokadam which could be expected by ihc increasing discharge due to preventing loss of evaporation from the inundation orcas in the Becho plain idler Ihc implementation ul Ihc project
(v)        preparation of a criteria of selection of the basic plan
(vi)      determination of sequence of the project and selection erf the project 4.7       Prcpnralmn of Scope of An Environmental Impact Assessment
(i) preparation of the scope of work of an environmental impact assessment to be conducted in the Phase II study
4.8      Preparation of the Interim Report
The report will contain all the results ol the studies conducted during Ihc phase-] study.
4-4TablesTahl c 21 I SOCIO -ROl AI - CON D1T10NS
Percentage
I’crevni-igc
I ('ondilion of 1 lousing
2 Waler. Tnilcl facilities mid Energy me
i Type nf wall
x Source of water
Mud Wood
9L6%
Dug well
78.4%
Mud
70%
Tulle well
1.8%
Wood
13%
Spring
13%
b. Type of roof
River
119'%
Straw
95.4%
Dug/Tubc w ell
0.4%
Other
4.6%
Dug well Spring
09%
c. Tvpc of flour
Dug well River
3.5%
Mud
99 1%
Dug well Pond
0.4%
Cement
09%
Spring'River
0 4%
d. No of ileuses
Other
0.9%
1
47.5%
b. Toilet facility available
2
45.7%
Pit
14 6%
3
5.8%
Bucket
6 2%
Other
09%
Writer wd
2.2%
c. No of rooms per house
None
77.0%
I
293%
c. Hath condition
%
55.9%
inside of the house
36.]%
3
1 L7%
outside of the bousi
2! 6%
Ollier
32%
at the waler sourer
129%
f Fann assets
in/oul bouse
134%
Hough and yoke
96.9%
in. hr* us waLsuu
8.8%
Hoe
79.3%
out. house Will sou
1J%
Shovel
643%
Other
5.7%
Wooden spade
59.0%
d Energy for lighting
Axe
83.7%
Kerosine
75,8%
Sickle
98.7%
Oil
17.2%
'freshing Yard
40 5%
Electricity
04%
Other
04%
Kernsine/Oth.
5 3%
g. Household assets Radio
Lamp
OilOUi
22.5% c Energy fur lighting
1 3%
15.9%
Refridgerator                04%
Ftrewood/Dried animal dung
874%
Firewood
10.8%
Dried animal tiling 18%
Fire wood purchase rale
36.2%Table 2.3.1. Sell MappnQ Unit*
Unit
Landform
Land slomonl                            SdlH
Flooding/             GuJty erosion     Slope »
IFAO. l»90b
[nun da don                   risk
j>».
Area
ha V
LI
U2
U3
Footsiopa
GOh.la f&DtciiDp-a'j
Eutnc Ver! sols
Hit
model a to              1.5-3 a
Ver? gentle taotskpes                    Eulrc Vrllaols                                  sho4i duration; slight                           0 5-1 5
moving waler
Very geniiy slopirg EulriG Vertisols
1 nlert II v os
Uh                       Mil
Rocky hills
Ldhic Laptotola
nil slight □ 51.5
nil nil 10-SO
AOVb.
ADVe
ACV<
ACVe
ADG
Alluvial Plain
Depress oral backswamp Stagni calcic VcrliiDls
Depress ioruil back swamp Slagni-fluliic Vurtucls
Cover Itoodplain
Cover liooapiain
Cover lloadpUln
Stagni calcic VerUsqIi
Stagni-GLiInc Vertical*
Conpiex  ol g ayic, chromic 
and eul lc Cwt.l<salt, Gluyiols
3-6 months ml
3-4 months nil
2-3 mohtns ml
<0 &
<0 5
<0.5
2-3 months nil <Q 5
2-3 months nil <0 5
35S0 6 34 9780 17 24
1101O                   19 45
30                     0 05
1030                     3 23
1230                      2 25
1830                      3 32
10680                     ia.B7 1280                      2 26
r
ALC
Laves ord meander
scroll complex
CcTpex u< g s c chrome                 Varlablo.
ana euiric  Csmthi^s. Gioyvou <L3 months 
ana eutre Fluvis&i
f
locally stream
tank erosion
0.0-1.0
34 10                     G 02
*TVt
ATV2
ATC
AV
Terr ic tn and ra.snd areas Eulnc  Vertisols  mundic 
phbse
Terraces and raised ucas                      Eutrlc Verticals.
"err aces aM ralsiwt sicas                Chrome CambJ&ols
2 watks - nU
2 months.
<0.5
nil
nil                              <0 5
’ribuLary valleys
Compifii ol Cam bl wis 
Gluysois Fi'jvisols
C-t month            nil
Variate up to Local streair
2 monins              bank esosicn
<0 5
□ o-t 0
5140                      G 08
27 10                       4 70
2040                       3 60 1960                       3 46Title 23 2 Land Su>ldttl.ty C.A4M&
L-u'-d Clast
S-BA 5-eval Mov nJ aaler
Irundtlion              r eroding
Conitrami
Drainage 1 illage Erosion
Sellable Crap Production 9 y stem
(unw present condllwns)
Acea
ha
A
Ad
A 01
Ao-5
mi                       possible              eI ig h?               nil                        nil
nil
pOSSltLB           yes
yes                      nil
ml                       yos                     yes                     yas                      nil
nil
yes
yos                     yes
rill/guliy
Aw
Awd
AWd
X
motferale pcssiote sitght ml nil
(C 5 3 month?!
r« oda ra io possible yes
<0 5-3 munlhbl
SC VOI0
i3-5 months}
ril                        yes
yas ml
yot mi
nil                        nil                        Shallow  rocay sails:   sleep slopes
Diverse ;roo$. no spacial rnaragemen-t requirement &
Diverse crops, timely piartirg
Broad t»ctv and furrows for wheal
Divert* crops, |im*ly planting
Sioedbedt and furrows lor who^t
Diverse crops, timely planting
Broaiiteas nnd furrows. lor wheat
Guty Stab Irintion grass slrlpt, waterways
Late pl ar led terr or pulses
Lalo plant Lid tell or pulses
L«1a pluntad pulses
Nona
37 10 6 55
13720 24 24
9780 17 21
3500 6.34
4990                       fl.82 17690                    31.25 31 10                      5 49
30                      0 05
LTahir* 7 4 1 LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL GAUGING STATION . ---------- ------
Np_
1
2
3
4
s
6
I
9 ID II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1? 20 21 22 23 34
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33 34 35 3* 37
Stfliian_______
Reftm Laben
Setaa
Melia Knelnre
Hui
Umen
Asgcri
DtkL>
Enville
TeTLi
TuluMn
Yes r <if trim Hi I ton
I ?6!
1961 (962
1962
1989
1979
1972
198I
19H6
19H4
1962
--------------- —~
8 56’
"
Leingitud^
ifl 22' 31 22' uar
3 8 37 3S3T JR 34* 38«T 33 or
38 25*
Alrtiudc _ McicoroJqf »eil Item
8 3CT                      .18 JO’
2160m
2110m
2240m
2000m
2020m
2100m
2500m
2400m
-
*
R
R
R
R
R.HWXT
R
R.T
R
R.
R
1 JOT
9 CM"
9 or
9O3‘
9 or
9 or
9 or
9 02’
9 0S1
9 05’
9 02’
8 23*
8 25’
8 44
A 52*
h 5r
5 49
3 34’
8 IB’
34|‘
4 16’
9 04’
9 ir
9 ir
IS 37
9 09’
9 12’
18 13*                       2100m                         R.H.H,T
Hnkia                          1954
38 29*
2 380m                     R.H.WXE.T
Wdencgmi
1962
38 12*                      2MKlm                        R
A rSdi i A'«m                              1962
Giflichii
1954
Hfae                       1973
T wifey
Krmqr
1982
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Mechi Kondia 1955
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M‘ •- AlcfeniTable 2.4 2 (2) A VAII.ARn.TTY OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS
is APORATION
TEMPERATURE
T-6TABU-143        MONTHLY RAIM ALL
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V.t       STS!     203 3     101.4        n t        JtMJ       3U4      JJU1      D4 |       l«i              m»         WJ     i1T|3           IflJl .        W
jjfl- ____________ Nfc-rw:
I Hiiip i’j.M'it j tw*
? *’TtTT Duih     MJI| AJm 1-tlthrt
' L'lprr Bins rf Aifori frww
1 Vjpcr bu.<t H Ttr Sim
3 Vflpn- Un.- J Mrlkl I. ^-^rw
* Ht'fll Ei-vlluifl
7 Bcrp »n-j nut*
! Awibk 1,-rrr HjUI, ftrftit Doji
f KrtM »iTr Hiiip
10 Fell lu-j
II*
"iTT
“FS
JTT
Mj-
-.1
Id
Bl I
—Q-
IJm
Au|
MJ l«T
Li
U«
“IT
Aniraal
JlHT"
Mr mull
’ i53T ■u'n.?5T
3*3        40 4         *at         na         TJJ        ini           Ulft     7101       1^1          jrjj         ISA          Hi      lr»?           jm:        l»)
PJ         311         M |        71?
in ■        DT»          mt      111*          ni           43          7 1     ;oai z       ]>JL        IWl
17. R      ■Oft       •4 J       M ft'       341        lia j        2«hl       3*4?        mi            »j          124          <4     ilkll
i«M -    i rd
11.9 U 1! ni 1# * 1W.4 1?*1 i HI ] 3X3 T3 1.1 ioilj 1431 - JW3
ran PO W'l WJ a) r IQ3.■ mt ?ji • Ell I 39 1 Ik 11 ins i 1*3t - IWl
?i i.       ■a J       ftl 1
71 ¥       IM 2       tNb       JA I i     JA3.T        Wd         II 1         :0_l    jim;         1ML       IWJ
21 J        *s:           Ml        131       1.1 n      III 1        IMS      241 T     131 fl
|T»         i&j     U33J        3*91       lW-1
in
M l       13.1         U?        Uli        JM *       13IJ     111 J        n?         19 ?         11     IMlJ            iWl ■   mJ
It 5        JJ5        Bl 3        71II        S»J        m:        DI. I           DV       l«f          ia?           43           T.l     nm.j          1991 -   1WJ
LI DMgfe Dita Rl>cr ■ «ui
11 AntS ^taRu ’ rfu-Tr> ■j-a'I
M A—B ltay Bruwjt M-nw^i M
1 * '■       M I            Fl        ?*r         AlJ       it=i.i
Di I       iJJfl         J70         7.fl         fl 1      #Sl o        IWl        IWl
111 11)
IIJ IT 4
II g         TH       1M.3       JMi’i            JM T     J4S.7        311        10 1          «n     JjfH*         ■wi       1WJ I         rn*        Tl 1       IU&       3<l!       3*1 5        jin           MJ         jflO          11     EffHJ        SMI       JW
Nri
a LU.- <U«W
Ju
r±B
Mu
Af* ^2
i-jd
nfui
IM
hew
■ n-w’ij
I L ppr 1 mr> a/Hi'Ip-a i jihp
“sy
Q.0
is
iaj
Qfr
ill
nfio
l£U^
Jl-j
ft.O
qt>
00 IT4*
trJT
;W3
3 'Jppar 1«m irf Add i 4km
3 V^per Fran nrAt^rl StaxH
■ -rp^f Imn i.iTTr . Iijudii
no n-n ]■ 13 3 ou 37J i« i ill 4 bl.T at 0D BO MU ittl - IWJ
nc n n 07 |O 1 an »J inii 111 3 Bft no 00 00 MiJ 1131 - IWJ
on         1.1        |4 1             11
IF-H      I1AJ         WJ          04          10           00      Ml 1         P3I        IWJ
5 :        kMA Lf ■■ 1 r 1 i Kumirr 9-iriM          ■30        On          LI         133          i ii       51 &      I3F ?      11 LI        151         ft-3         on          0 0       Wti          IWl        IWJ
4 Hniru Bj,s Belt
7 Qti•
ID          00          LJ        io a         □ 0         Kb      1J4J      121           !i.i          <10          00         <J0      n i 4.        IWl        IWJ
no         07         1 1         m           □ R        w:        KJ I       l!*J
1 AwmA M        lu n lhefcrr B-itii Hjm                no         a-7         2 1        ifrfl          3A        MJ       IU )       ID 1
.■: nj an 3 0 Of • IWl IW)
0.41         ftji          no       ■ll_2        IWJ         IWl
9 lUiHU RJ*or Rmwi
no         it J         23         ill            1.7        '0J      IM3      ihj         33 1         UD          as          □ a      1341      1131      - IWJ
1-3 Ts.i Rhn*
LI DuUn 17||i| Rwr lluiH
Q.o
M
an
fil
2J
11.0
4.?
00
00
WJ
*JJ
llftfl
II0&
ini
IQl ■
301
■J «
0.0
00
CO
oo
no
00
6147
TI3 J
1951
IWl
IWJ
IWJ
JZ *«n4ftnrr
Ti> Urrrai
GD
as
11 Awihl^wlLbln fi H-FnidUiu''
an
on
0D
I4
11
13 ■
11 3
15
U
bt«
MJ
JIL3
I33.3
IN i>
34 5
ii:
00
0X1
GO
0.0
00
00
M3 J
111 i
IWl
IWl
IWJ
[WJTABLE 2.46 MONTHLY TEMPERATURE
' ■*! '■’ *■**
ru
rr»
Mu
■*n
“P7T"
-■
5-T
Dn
iMr-
i&w
Wti
ftr-rzartiu
t run
157
13»
131
ra
It i
»o
il*
nu
nt
W
153
14*
i* 1
LW
l*»J
I M4Z*t
MJ
XV
>17
Jis
>1 1
JO 5
Ml
2S?
373
Ill
Ml
J3O
ll T
twuj
iwj
1 TLU' KX.D
« htxjt*
I HFVH
* nwtr
t «iMryt
■ rncATTT
m         n >        rt j       ZTJ       IT ft        a >          jn          rtf          n*
TT4        n.4         MJ        tn*        l**J
in         14A      2651        »)         251         in         Ji i        JDi        114           lit          T1J        233         34)         IM4 ■     iwv
no        210        211          D?        23 1
m         111        111        14 J         U7       UXJ        DJ         lf?5 -   ITS I
14 J 232 3i n 3J i JU 223 31 4 S3 11 4 JM ... 14 A 351 I9M - I WOT
»4 JT ? r • 27 4 2A9 MJ Mi 141 1JJ Ml M I 2f> 1 J7f fl<0 ■ IWJ
u*          3ft!          Ji*         B’         M.3                                    311         7)0       71 1        MJ
-    t AJ
* adw av aha                131       34 f>       T9        17 3        r »        M i        11)       11 1      11 1       M <       14 1       14 4       2? 9       iw»         ll*J
is t»»ir mr
n ALEMTTXa                  Ml        2i1               M4         M51        >« 1       XU        J7.t        M»         rrj         JU I           ni        rr i        M ■      i*r»      LWJ
rr.i         M1        3*5         »1         V5i        H I         Ml         M3         no          21U        J73         rro        M 1        m»          im
11 SlWLTA
1> WMl.'D
11 STVP *jt | -FZJ
131 M* 31 * »7 nJ U J JLJ >14 Ml 117 113 31* 3*1 err* IW
110 310 WJ 311 310 T! 0 110 11 fl 3)0 no M7 III no mi - twi
n* Ji A 3* 1 23 J m JJ 1 »4 11 2 JI* ii i :■ i 314 a j in - f»0
!n             i hub Sux
k-           Fit        *tu           ftw         Mr*
‘ *               M                      ~bzt      L'i-’
MfiR            fernsAk
1 Bl IF
n.T
IIL1
it 1
MA
OTO
It*
M1
165
Ito
HI
16 1
IA.I
IT*
twr»
IWJ
J A V"-n»i
M2
LT*
IO
14 1
II I
II*
17.4
LT-5
111
11*
H1
It 1
17 1
inc -
PWl
J TULU BOU.C
14 1
IS.*
MJ
17 J
Ift*
1*3
15*
ILO
IS*
LBJ
142
lfc.1
J4J
|TT~ .
mJ
4 HOLETA
11 J
lift
15 4
IBD
111
no
14 4
14 2
1*0
ill
121
11.1
14 I
iru -
IK1
5 »ttMt
111
HT
1*5
no
14.1
HI
1)4
11?
JJJ
123
ifl*
1CI
13.1
ir?5 -
1*11
ft TSKTrf T
1*7
ift«
175
911
J7.ll
-
15.7
HO
IS 1
14*
-
14 ft
137
ew*. .
L*r
7 KlMCiTt
It-
17 3
111
It I
17.7
IT*
It*
111
14 1
LU
M2
IM
IS 9
|MD -
im
I rEKATIT
T
..
115
177
ns
in
■a.
14J
141
114
1)6
iru
i?n
* AfitKS AB ABA
Ill 7
14 A
LT.T
1’*
11 0
IBS
U.S
U4
IH
13*
111
110
1*2
[SJ? -
IWJ
10 L»l. JIM'S jj FT
no
II 1
191
1*5
It*
19 1
LI.O
It i
IIJ
17.3
It?
IB)
147
|*W -
mi
11 ALEMTU**
ID
20 1
11 1
312
223
11 ft
MS
it*
2ft I
1*0
17J
mn
i* i
m? -
|W1
13 lULULTA.
in
lit
11 4
11?
n*
in
HO
1U
lift
IS*
114
12.7
HJ
irr*
1*1
ii Monin
1*4
SI
32 n
23 1
tt*
n.ft
3D 3
1*1
2QD
1*7
lit
ItJ
jf j i
|Mi -
mi
54 tp-sriArft rmr
I* 1
13 -n
14 2
1 ft 1
14 T
36 4
H0
ins
!J 0
111
T1 7
11*
is n
IFI
L1«
________ _______________ _________________ _____________________ fMigfapijm)
hn gii-Lg RiCT________________ J— fw Mar Ajg M*j jus- '
__
______ _______ _______ ________________
A»f_________ .       1Hw
1 DI.IIF
I.0
117
JX3
111
11LI
M3
HO
.ClO
fJ
73
7J
im
twj
1 AMiLMU
67
IO
01
5J
44
4L1
7J
SA
5*
IT
It
47
■4.1
JW13
im
1 TJI.U Hi Aj3
1 1.
>1
91
in
3J
fl*
J-l
4ft
57
5*
3.*
41
2W1
l«i
4 HntFTA
OK
*15
1J
Ml
ft. 4
♦;
10
*3
7r
21
i.ji
-14
1.4
ira
1W1
5 MENS
01
J4
60
n
1.1
u
TO
It
71
14
ij
XI
n
I JT5 -
sm
ft TEF.E5EY
«1
74
Ha
n
*1
9*
91
tl
SI
-
4.7
4.7
CTBS
i*n
7 XIMGYr
5S
<4
47
■i
7.1
1.2
11
TJ
*3
ft R
M
11
)1
twi -
L*?l
1 YFJtATH
a.
LQI
lit
LD 1
9.1
-
43
1*
4*
4S
|14i .
LAM
* ADDIS A1AB4
AT
5J
IT
f.4
*7
17
81
9J
17
M
47
47
47
l»n
LW.!
10 hrniF ziTT
4.1
*7
»?
41
57
J7
n
4.1
1J
1J
ID
4.1
n
1**4
l«3
II AULM^T^A
V.J
Llf
Il.l
19 i
12 1
Il »
12 6
11 0
12.1
IT
A1
1.11
Ai
iflir .
1W3
IS 31HAT.7A
11
IB
10
io
1J
11
U
11
31
12
ai
11
D1
I STI
mi
Jj MCHW
M
II I
ill
Il 9
11*
113
1?
T.T
41
71
41
:oti
l**!
14 SENUAiADAD
34
ft ■
19
*4
*9
■9 2
f.T
*J
11
IS
5.0
<«
4*
mj.
EBtd
T-JOTABLE 2.4.7 MONTHLY EVAPORATION
Nn         JiMinrt Wir*E             fib          Trfc          Mu         Ar*         Mij           Lp,         Jul
A “l
Ort
Mil
Renarki
1  HOLE? A
1  ACClS AKANA       M3 4     1100    237 '?       ml         an?       161 0      IJJ6        IM.9        IM*       24-i J       Ml?        23* i      3617         1974  - IW
J  rtfiftCTJT                  231 1     1104      254 7       XMI       2514     J IQ J      IM 4        I MJ       130 J      1I74J      227 j        JM3        1M7          177V   * iwo
iii,7      204 •       2M0       194.4      JOI 1      IMF 6      151 I        IMV        ill 1        |?O4       1704        H7J         X*0           87T5   - :99J
4  TtTUBOLO               294 O     M7.fi      333 <      4115        MU       249.8     137 J)      12U        l&l.t
Jfll 1       1773       4115         1772   - 1912
5 r.CM bam 205 2 Jt*,9 rrr j 2174 JJ7.9 2M3 151 1 1411 |49.l 222.1 211.1 MHO 2711 1W1 19? 3
Mr*t|
X®           $OE-!3B Sw        " llB                 Feb        Mm           Ajr          Vj;           j*r»           lul
Ol          Sr*         Dec         fen
PntUtU
1  liDL FT .4
1 APPI5 AH A 0-4               IMJ       136 7      IM.I       127.7      329 6       vl i         ?l 7         in a          119       16? T      190 T       IWJ       129.7         1974       |<MJ
I5J 1      146 J      I5JJ        inn        IMO       1190       97A         u j          91 f        |4tfV      150 S      146 6      1315           im
J DEaftETfrr
t TULUSOjO 250.1 2?1 5 211 1 277.1 1MI 179.7 ijA.i ID> I IM 3 WU 235 J 767,1 111 J mi ivi:
3 ROK.A DA M t+6.7 J17.0 1713 IM 1 |74 4 IM.1 [724 1140 llT 4 1M 13 IW< 155.9 149.9 1941 IWI
t»4 ft       IM 4         ltt,2       1523       Sil J      143 1       MJ          ill          IM 2        I7M        176.9      159.9      149 6          mo     • two
I MuHinum )
1
uiuL
Suilon Nu-w             Jib          Feb         Ma         Apr       M4V        JiM          M          Au<        Sep        r«rf        Nflw         l>r         Mrfk               Rtfi-k-ks
1  HLMJ-TA
115.7
11.16
111 4
Illi
HOT
FI5
33 2
61 V
519
IL11
III 3
141 3
329
1979
- 1WJ
2 ADDIS All Ail A
116,4
HJ.n
111
M9
714
27 4
JI,7
5*3
31?
1365
M.l
800 2
ir 4
1974
- S*AJ
1 DFBREZEIT
JIM
101.7
96.2
ICS .4
□14
11 6
55.7
MJ
W*
144.7
126.1
96 4
46 J
19^9
- i-Ma
4 TL'LUntll.O
266.1
177.0
mi
l»9_1
1333
1193
*14
sal
W5
121.9
1 ro.7
24? 0
Ul
1972
- 1912
5 KOK.A DAM
193J
- JU?
114.*
122 *
92 6
11*2
125 6
91 4
45 0
15 9
1050
1137
tlJJ
91 0
- mi
TABLE 2.4.8 MONTHLY WIND VELOCITY
L M-jinnuiHlk_____________________ ________ ____________ _____________ ___________ ______UH-L iRil
bo
I*           Jrb        Mjt             Apr   Miy
Jm-           Jul      . **<
.      tfci           Srr            Dec
RErSSill
1  Hdlfta                         11          10          JO         1 4          10          3 5            IJ          1 1           IJ           lb           r i           IJ9           2 4           1971    . 19UI
3  aduia ah a ha            1J          1 2          i.6          1 1          L.I         0 1          06           aj            10          1 s          11           LI           1.4          1911   . |WJ
1  EL-LUTA.
5.?          14          20         5 4          11           17           1 9         1.9          IS          T -i
i i           1 ’           5 J             IWI   * [BBT
4 Dr IHfZH r
5  BUI
4 MOJO
i 1          2-4          17           33          1 »          20          1 ?         1 fi        1 Jb         11           12          2 J          33               mt   - IW
13 2.J u 2.9 30 3.7 1.9 1 7 1 6 J 1 It 2 2 3.0 1WI IW JO ai 1.5 1 1 22 I.M IJ 5.2 55 O.T 1.1 1 2 >7 1979 IW3
7  KDKAPAM                   ' 1                1.4         ? 4         1 6          1 l           M          8 1          24          12         o.y          1.3           iJ           >1           1963         IW
■MiziM
urric Fifa’.is
1 HOLLTA
Jan IfH Mu Apr May Jm Jut Ak£ 5<n 3ti Nor Dk Ware Mff-juiii
1.0 1.0 1.(1 1.1 09 07 □ 6 06 Q.& 01 0.9 09 01 mt ■ iwt
ADP4$ All AO A             0.9         0 4         1.0         0.0          09          03          05           04           03          : o          0.9          01          0.7             I9R        1W)
J  RILUTA
3,0
2. LB
1.7
2.7
1.7
13
14
[.4
lI
13
J.4
tJ
IJ
1*12
- |W47
4  nFosuLUdr
t.T
L9
11
IL
ll
LA
1.4
IJ
1i
1.7
J1
19
I7
197]
* 1993
3 HLl
12
11
U
U
14
L6
17
16
13
19
21
iwr
- L*>H
6 kDQJCl
12
20
04
DJ
DJ
0.1
04
0.4
0.3
0.6
04
03
0L3
(1.3
04
1979
1971
__ !_ KORA DAM
09
t0
I1
11
12
11
l.I
i i.
01
Di
09
fl 9
LI
IW.J
- till
ba
Sbslnnh NliTw          Jlfl
1  HOLE! A                          01
h!*!
o|
Ml-
02
Ar*
O.J
Mar
0 1 Q.l
Jul
HI
2  ADDLS ABAfi 4              04           02           0.7          05          Lit           03           03
AU£
n.i a 1
lk-1
at 02
D«
a.i
Meh
(kl
mt
Uarnii; mfr
■ ±7Kiri'
- JWl
1 5ULLTA
4 DI'ILRESIT                       13           1.4         1.4           1.4          1.1          1.1         IJ3
L7          l.I           13          1.6         3.0           13          1 o
5 ■Ul
6  MOJO                           02           01           0 1          Hl          D I          D 5          Oil
12          10          10          L.9         1.9          1.5        1 5
T XOtA DAM
0.7         □ 6         gj           07          01           IJ           □ 5
a i           01           06           06          05           02           JPHJ      J 993 06            03           07           a«           a.H          aj            1 *41        10f7 Qi          U.4          1 0           ij             12           04                 tm     • tw
3 3          L 3         1.1          11           ZD          1 3           1971    - 199 J 0.1          00         0 1         fl 1          01          0.0           1979       1993 OJ          0)          D 4           01            04          0.3           1963       1945
T-llTABLE2.4.9 MONTHLY SUNSHINE DURATION
No 5 iiiIi*t“i N’jhie
1 HOI.ETA
2 1I1NE
Few        Mir        ■*n»        Mjj           J«»         Jul
Ye    on
r>T          Mji
SernjL'i j
7* ] C?  fl JI f 7 I 9 a*
*1         1 7           14
*.ft           *D          40
ii            99            93           ino          1*7 L    - 1916
2J          37           *2           TO
fl
• 2           1971   ■ 1971
3  A WHS AHAIH                10 4        10*         ion
■J          49           41           4.7          4*          103        10L9          io*         10 9           I9H          IW1
4 5ULIJ7A 91 91 ift 1.5 43 6.6 *4 44 ft* 91 10 7 » »1 1911 19*5
3  bfiuctit                 jo i         roj          »T          IflJ          97          flft           U           70          f J          104         10*          JO I        10 4          1*66         1991
ft HUI                                11          <?         ID J        7 J           I*           14          5J          4J          ftj           S3          104          IO J         IDJ
|«0 ■■ 1971
7 MOJO                            93          9.1          92          9.4          19          74          7.3           4?           ft*          3.3          104          9.1           IDI            J«5        1993
un IL Nsiir
No          Suirffl Nirttr
1  1 KJ LET A                   1 1         1 9           7J          63          ft t            57          3J          33          5.0          14          90          9.1           47            IVfll          1'j^.
Ifri           Frt         Mir         Apr        Mjj        ?un          Jrt          Anj              ^P-    On         Nc*         Dbf
2  HINT
6.1         7 7         7.4                                                       11          3.7           il           70           92          1 J           ft.J           197B ■• 1»JI
3  *DD« ABABA
13
to
13
4.7
41
51
JO
3.6
50
<0
9J
94
6.7
19M
199 J
4  5ULUTA
J*
44
14
VJ
43
11
*1
37
34
7.9
8.0
74
6.3
1942 ■
I99S
5 DWLEnrr
41
1.4
10
T.6
fl 1
TJ
14
57
AJ
1.8
9.ft
9J
71
IVA
IWJ
ft ML1
7J
ft1
IQ J
4.7
8.4
JO
12
50
ft 1
1.2
9.4
94
7.4
1970
I97|
■*
MDIO
■6
7J
10
10
11
71
31
>7
56
8.8
90
fJ
7 ft
1911
199J
N'"i      Sjjr-raT- Sjru          Tin
Msr        Apr       May       JilHl          ?nl          Art
Ort        h'cnr       Do!        Mini
* ffiftJrlli K
1 HOLETl                        71          4 t          43          34          5 1         4 4
2.4          4 0          70          7 J'         SO          14            I'iftl       I Wli-A
J HINT.
fij
77
7«
...
.
u
3.7
43
TO
97
■J
11
1911
|97t
J At'DIl AHAB A
<1
54
40
31
4.S
3.7
17
20
3.ft
34
4.1
[.7
I9M
IW5
4 5LUJTA
7*
7.7
73
ft' *
*3
3ft
41
2.7
4_J
fi.0
10
70
17
IftlJ
1943
5 KlftEZETT
ft t
SC
n
59
TO
50
Ji
1l
37
72
7.9
11
31
1 *6
s*>1
6 BL'I
7J
ft 7
IDJ
60
14
6.7
41
11
fl 9
8.0
fl 4
I3
11
J
- 1971
7 MDIO
7J
11
71
ft V
■1■■*
7D
52
U
47
11
11
T®
37
1M3
- IW)
table i 4.10           MONTHLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CMjkiilfMff
ll
UBiL'ft
Nd.      Sisi‘S Nc™             LiA          I'.ft        Mt           Apr        %ljl
Jtrf
J*l
Auf
Sr S’
rkr
Nn«
cw
*rj*
Hrnurk.1
1 IIOLFTA
2 HIM*.
51 0       310         *r n        aao        39.0       7QO        17 D       ■no        71 0        630         550         *9 0         HID          J'**0
|4D TO. ft TO 11 91 f? 94 0 110 Mft D too KO WO 7f 0 ITO DO IMS . I9IT
3 AUDIS At Al A             310        53.0       510        59 0       ftZ-0        HO         75 3        100        no        37 U        310        4* 0         100           1W7   - 1W5
4 5ULUTA
J DF.nRFTnT
*10         17 0       M4 fl      91.0        930        TIG        160         uo         co         78 0         740         790        93 0           1WI       1911
310       53.0       m n        540       3S 0
fc*0        750        940      73 JO       4*0         510        94.0         J 971   - ITO 3
6 TULL 61 H D               33 0       40(1       410         470        *T0         510        710          TIO        740         410         310        W10        760           l*T2   - :??1
7 »UI
1 MDIO
■SO ■910 910 •710 870 ■'JO WO 19 0 910 WQ ISO ■ IO *30 in* J 993
?3 0       790        T|l>          840        81.0        WO         19 0         87.0        TIO         Mil         770         690         19 0          1949   - lW]
9 KOKA DIM                  q* n        Rin        ■SO       HIO        ■70        84.0        MO          930         l»D         no          7*0         830         *10           I960    - ITOI
I Muni
ufiii:. It
5 ui ie* Njmr             Jm           Feb            Mni          Afs          Mir
J«n
JJ
*■*
5<f! .
Cci
Em=
Mrm
Hrmvla
2
iHJLETA                     37 7         47*        43 ?        *i *         ** i         56 4         703         72 4         65.4         43 0         33 *        35 3        49,3          IMWJ        iwi
HINR
MC        51J         52 7       335        54 1          ftlJ          310         »J             ■    61.1         53 2        SI o        W.9           1913 ■   t*V
1  ADDL5 ADAH A
*2 8
41.1
47 4
4ft 4
446
35 2
•57.1
6IJ
80ft
4] 5
?■ 8
17 6
49.1
|9a9 -
ITO1
4 SL'LLTTA
83. ft
M ft
Tft 1
312
?6<
691
7J0
Tin
771
67 8
u£>n
Sift
64 1
1942 -
1911
5 DUREZfrr
19 I
42D
41.9
411
400
4ft.|
AIR
67.1
61.1
475
3* 5
313
14 4
l«Ftl -
1992
ft TULUBCLO
310
4D0
43 0
*7 0
4T0
510
7fr.D
7L.0
7*0
460
51.0
'4J0
34 J
im
■  BU1
1973
17 3
3.1 1
791
110
TT|
15 3
■6.1
is a
160
79J
710
74 J
812
1959 -
ITO.l
1  MOJO
412
41.*
W2
5* »
58*
606
714
733
69.1
M4
31.9
54ft
ft  K<JKA DAM
62.1
45.4
LOftO -
1991
59 ft
5«*
5»*
*9 9
64 7
67 T
712
68.8
•)5
56.0
MU
61. t
nw -
1WI
■Vinirwjrni
MHai; "ft
u         Sull .-n NiTnr
Jifi            Ffrfe
A                         Mu
-?
1 JH
A«<
Sep
Ort
H..r?
Uflt
VLs
I J4UI ETA
1 HINE
J AEMUSABASA          Mt.O       ISA          230        SS.D        M0        41 0         510        *£1-L        51U          ?*0           It 0          2*0        IS fl
ii           JOO       Z£D          nn           it           49          62 n         MO          45 fi         J4(|         25a         2fia        25 0
Jia          MO         2*0         440        130        47.0         310         3t0         510          150         4|.o          MO          290
4 SLrtJUTA
5 DFHUEZEri
* TL'LUWH
7 t«e 8
1 LhOJU
ft KOK4 DAM
10 LI        Ab n        *7 0         140          MD        MHb       600        620          Fl n         W 0         4 1 0        43 n         100
jin         35 ft        250         1*0         31 D         4 in         MJ)        61 fl          **n          310        ■»5.O        It 0         14 0
5>«        400         4ZB         4T0         4J0          510        JClD      710         74 0         *4 0         31.0       .Vlf!         W P
Ml It         CO       7 J <3        740        66 41      fcClfl        110         JIG         ft* .1        77 0        73 LI        69 O     A& 15
46 LI       47 JJ       14 0        <no         5H II        *B,fJ       &Jj0         400         59 0          *10          N3D         1* n           wn
JT(1        34 ft         ll 0           nn          39 n       15J.1       12.D        ir n          vn          J10          24 a         M D
J4 0
I960 ITO1
1971  - 1917
J»49    - ITOJ
198J  - 1911
197|    - I«J
1973    * 19/1
IM*         1991
|9«9   - 1WJ
|Vi1    - IWl
T-12Table 2.5.1 AVAILAB
L1TY OF DISCHARGE RECORDS
Seal ion
I960
I97U
1980
1990
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
?
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
0
1
2
3
—
Gioch
Addis Alon
l:
■
■
■
Z
I■
■
1
Holeia
1
r■
3
-
1         ■■
J      J L.
—I
Asgori
1
r
Teji
E-   p  ■
p
1
r□
Mclka -Kuniure
X         ——       ■
Melka-Gcogc
1                L       -          L           L L   L L      1   LL L  1
Tr   rr
|            ___ x ; Exiling Period of only Waler Level Revue d
; Existing Period of both Water Level and Discharge RecordsTabic 2J2-(l) MONTHLY MEAN DISCHARGE
(Unit; ni-l/t 1
year
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
AVE
1**66
1.20
7.32
137
641
1 01
7.49
61 90
167.99
116 07
10,80
165
L60
3114
l%7
0.95
1 12
656
17.57
7.60
5^63
134.91
75 69
28.1ft
IS.62
3.25
29.19
l%l
1.26
4.65
205
20 J 5
3.59
9.15
68.62
9125
63-56
16.73
iJM
2.57
23.95
1969
3.92
4.69
10.72
450
7.60
20.40
9122
180.82
100.07
10.15
6J8
3-15
37.08
1970
1.12
J.60
9.26
4.12
0.95
4.93
111.79
1*4.12
1N.I9
34,CX)
336
L75
31.95
1971
101
L26
0.81
2.75
7J7
39.50
144.52
195.25
I1J.36
17,39
3J3
5.10
46 06
1972
l.tF
4.96
3.44
520
462
3J7
63.23
89 87
36.47
435
1.89
135
1139
1973
133
0.85
0 38
0.16
J .52
5-38
47,51
14057
11066
21,42
3.31
2,10
28 U3
1971
111
1.20
2 84
2.78
1.36
.1.71
IM. 37
155,03
67 36
I5.«6
291
L47
26.76
1975
Ml
LI9
0.71
193
LOT
7.45
11596
11116
|7I MJ
2139
233
1.47
31.16
1976
1.19
069
1.62
1.10
2,94
7.50
47.01
126.02
49 90
3.74
132
139
20.48
1977
305
1.74
D.R4
1.57
2.OT
7.45
8(1.46
12131
62 M
31.70
45 60
188
3023
1970
1 63
W
2.16
2.15
1.79
t.87
61J2
1.10.01
71.59
14.55
2.90
1.99
25 20
1979
2 17
2.32
3 61
111
4.07
5.74
55.17
W.2I
40.53
9.37
3131
1.85
19.20
I9HO
LU
1.2®
1.77
M2
0 9 J
6.79
79.02
140 19
53.12
628
160
!.<31
24.56
1911
1 ID
0 so
3.15
7.91
135
IM
65 II
I2&w
114.33
1.1 45
301
230
28.59
19f2
1 56
113
1.62
2.77
JtH
4,62
3101
116.69
5I.J0
25,36
3J7
2.13
20.56
:ra
1.20
1.79
2.14
5.02
1126
12.33
40.60
142.17
90.75
8.65
171
M2
26.95
im
I 44
0.45
0.9]
0.50
I.G2
IHLH5
69.17
85.01
68 15
4 86
1,36
0.9 L
21.02
1905
0 61
0 44
0.47
L15
1.49
10 II
60,17
155.73
66 71
6 22
1_57
LOO
25 50
1906
0.59
O.7|
1.55
167
J-07
1<J9
45.18
101,41
66,83
1.50
0.9®
20.98
1957
0 74
1.11?
481
IIJ1
111
16 33
1? ?5
05.42
26.47
4.54
1.53
1 02
16 22
1911
0,73
0.67
0.54
L2i
1 1 1
6.06
4129
155.64
110 85
13.22
Z22
Ml
2s W
19«9
1.54
13 i
1.80
4,24
1.11
4.17
69.77
97 J2
02.27
7J9
2.09
1 61
22.97
1990
1JI
3.19
3.70
6.59
IJ6
6,09
5185
124 08
7310
10 All
137
-
1991
1.16
L24
1.68
0.86
0.79
4.77
61.80
133-35
9023
5.31
1.54
L40
25.51
1992
1 24
244
1.20
118
125
7.24
43.06
115.42
34.00
10.41
239
1.34
22 R1
1993
155
2.20
1.06
4.76
7 ?0
r
11.79
6JI SO
I6AA7
110 IS
2138
3 68
2.16
34 43
AVE
L5Q
in
151
4.19
158
9,72
6' 55
132 OB
82.03
13.96
4.71
1.91
27.11
MAX
3.92
7.32
10.71
20.38
12 57
39 50
I’M 52
195 25
171.30
34 CO
45.6ft
5 10
46 06
MIN
0.59
0.44
0.18
0.16
0.79
2.64
3101
£3.01
26.47
3.74
136
0.91
16.22
Suiidh; Meili toft _______________________ _ ____ _________________________ ________________________________ (Uwi; m3Al
YEAR
JAN
FEO
Mar
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
AVE
1968
539
to.on
730
35.38
9.60
9.74
97J6
17122
101.44
21.32
8.2S
7.76
40.60
1969
3.73
13-03
2536
J4.O7
16.13
29.21
i at .os
335.07
129.90
10.72
6 36
5A5
62 ?l
1970
6,69
6.00
24.32
7.85
4.21
6.46
1 79.39
Jl* 4<j
140.19
17.04
7.48
6.45
60.75
1971
6 88
3,79
1.97
4,79
5.65
40.98
1699J
364.97
273.75
17.81
5.79
1 61
75-08
1972
409
9.18
10.15
13.00
8.46
11.19
81.74
148,47
56 40
7.47
102
2.46
29.70
1973
3.33
2,85
2 45
2.19
4 30
6 49
49 67
201.85
166 45
.12.55
4 39
2.98
19.96
197*
19 J
3.5ft
5.9*
7 W
525
867
110,6ft
201.20
121,34
13.27
5 85
4.25
40.78
im
230
14|
2.19
361
3.45
11 33
1311 JI
176.65
13130
15.45
4_57
155
4JJ8
1976        3,3.1       3.13         <06           5 21       7-OJ      10.97     Ml 78     1M.56      *3.56       ft,05        6.47         4.0J         30.85
1977
1970
6.61
5.01
5.25
6.11
3.98
7.31
6.36
4.55
7.21
5.00
15.91
19.48
119.74
90.15
2OM3
197.10
104 J4
125.76
25 84
31.28
81.33
6.51
6.25
5.43
49,27
4| 90
1979
1980
7.00
5-01
5.81
5.23
793
3.72
6.63
3.12
10.11
6.52
[2.24
11.67
82. J9
97.29
163 17
221 06
68.38
11 -13
17.84
r 1.91
669
4 81
5.36
4.30
I9l|
1912
4 07
4.4K
396
4.59
15.62
3.75
3f2_95
50.65
22.83
5 91
7.80
5 39
6JI
655
9104
44.83
190.66
175.26
1913
1984
190.17
76 99
19,26
26.53
3.92
3-7S
43]
2,90
6 27
60*
5.31
4,9U
47.11
30.41
511
13]
11 60
2.19
23.46
409
23JJ
25.51
60.21
121.44
236.54
139.22
146 1]
107 19
16.00
676
I9R5
I9R-5
2 65
2N
221
6.19
1.65
5.67
5.63
122
2.73
10 Oft
4.13
2.30
9.90
8,04
7.46
22.8.1
45.05
35 16
56.28
70.12
210.3S
155.71
124 28
10186
10.99
ft 37
1917
2.95
3.67
11RD
24.97
3.70
J.S8
21.70
3.70
3.28
44 67
33 23
29.26
49.15
71.67
17 95
6.J7
I9HS
J 21
338
3.05
4JI
3.72
■> 9a
in si
3 Ift
961
51.80
275.CU
211 59
19.61
4.S7
1959
4.02
537
6.16
HOT
4.77
3.64
49 40
8 17
106.90
201.62
160 54
1990
3 35
II 84
17.73
11,64
26.35
3.92
3.96
44 06
4 53
9 9?
17.11
262.16
1991
171
4 ?5
US 15
15.49
ft. 37
182
2-36
3.83
47 04
9*4
2.92
95.67
1992
1 34
5.94
238.63
3.28
165 61
4J7
X 61
3-49
3.94
9 B9
70 26
3-23
49 67
|W1
3.-94I
219 09
4.57
J52 [4
2.55
14.73
9 31
ID.H?
3.9ft
25 J 5
3.17
131.45
4L23
4.29
290.17
AV E
5.35
7,55
9,71
207.74
29 64
7,31
• Efi
#4)45
7.82
14,92
96.46
2I7.7J
MAX
1.73
13.03
25.26
35.38
130 26
16.33
23.46
8.11
40.98
4 26
179.89
*3 57*
M IN
2.04
i_a! 0
1.65
364 97
27175
119
32.55
111.11
3.76
2.56
6 46
75 0*
44.83
71.67
17 95
6,47
3.02
2.46
20 61Table 25.2(2) MONTHLY MEAN DISCHARGE
jiarini*; Hole 13 
_ __________________________  _ 
______ (Unit, tnjfti
YEAR JAN 1'EIJ MAK APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC AVE
1975          093        0.33        0.29        0.32         026         MO         535         5.67         716          1.12          on          0.19          2-2(1
1976         0.16        0,13        0.15        0.19         010         0.30         5 08        9.57            -            0.44         0 35         017            116
1977         0.36         051         0.23        0 19         034         1.02        3.74        6.57         315          1 43          1 |9         0_27           1.67 JQ7N        0.13        0.13        a. to      0.07       0 04       □ .31       5 44         711         5.18         1.59        0.41         041            111
1979            •
«
-**-
•
-■
IMO 0.21 0.19 0.18 0 18 0 19 046 4 63 4.71 742 1 60 0.51 0.4J 1.73
1981          0.37        0.39        0.64        D.66        041         0 33         3 7|         7.57         7 61         0 86         0.32         0.2 i            196
I'JMl 0 18 0 16 0 15 0.22 039 019 1JI 7.74 322 060 Olfi 0.19 l_23
!9B3          0 13              o.ie         0 13        0.96        0.76         030         1.64           -
-
-
-*
1984         0.37         035         0.33        0.31        0.44         066         1.90        2.13         363          0.76         052          0 26          1.0.1
1995         0 22         02!         0.18        0.19        0.18        022         073        5.19         125         0.67         0.30        0 22           0.96
19fl6         0.21        0.2J        0 17         022         0.17         043         2.84         254         415         0.29         0.08            *              107
1987            ..
..
-
618          0.79         0.47          036            213
IWH         0 37       0.3*5       0.30         025         0.24        0.39         319         9.65        5.51          142         0.43         0 22            117
1989         0              025         0.15         040         n io        0 TO        1.48        7.81         2.75         0.49         0.18         0 16           1.19
I99n         GDI        0.41        0.12         071         0.24        0.36        11 IS      21.17       9.54        1 CM        01!           142           3.77
1991           0 5t            Q_56       0.73         035         0 36        3 44        9.71        4.14         506         0.34         0.16         0.13           113
1992         0.14        0 {4        O.t2       0.11         0 to         1.09         L74           -
-
-            Ou         0-34             *
1991         0.39        0 44        0.12           -
r--
-
-
•
-
AVE          0.»         029         0.15         031          029         066         400         7.61         5 45         0,90         0.44         0.27           1.75
MAX         0.93        0*6         0.73        0.96         076         3.44        11 IS      21.17        9.54         1 60          119         0,43           3.77
MIN          007        0.13         0 to        0.O7       0.G4        0.19        0,73        2 6R        2.75         019         ONI         0.12           0.96
Slatiani Ad4n Akin
fUn.it rnl.'il
year
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JI N
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
AVE
1975
008
0 09
0.05
0.09
0.06
0.4!
7_5l
17.94
15-27
0.22
0.04
0.00
3.48
1976
0.01
D.fll
0.05
0.05
0.1 a
1.32
t1.26
18.00
116
Q.R6
0.49
0.27
.1.48
|9?7
041
0.2J
0.16
0.1 1
0.49
0.7.1
436
1119
6.60
5.04
1.72
0 20
3.01
1976
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.04
0.03
044
831
9.W
742
2-15
0.2 H
0 14
2 29
1979
CL2J
Oil
0.13
0 12
043
123
6.34
9.66
347
0.10
-
*
2 13
1980
DM
ao7
D.06
0.07
009
3 82
8.67
14.70
6.86
2.03
060
0,41
J 12
1981
031
0.26
0.48
1.84
0,70
0.4 J
9.64
16.57
15.24
121
0.15
041
3 91
1982
0 17
0.13
041
0.20
0.16
0.23
14.00
14.97
3.07
091
0.41
046
218
1981
0.02
0.05
0 01
4.67
-
■
-
130
0.60
0.30
1.00
1984
0 19
0-12
Oil
0 39
2 39
7.67
8.25
5.61
4.01
0 46
0.16
0.11
2.46
19H5
o.m
0.0$
o.nj
-
-
-
■*
.
lS .
1.H4
1986
1 44
1.54
1 6 J
072
1(6
1 TS
2 02
337
tZ.06
9.99
8 51
1.03
031
D 26
1987
0 16
3 6R
0.09
0*6
0.49
0.73
106
2 77
10.01
5.S6
I.(.X1
0 38
19SS
0.26
196
023
0.25
0.17
0.17
010
0 21
131
1514
10 02
4162
1989
0.27
0.19
0-17
0.20
0 15
3.05
0.22
0.11
0.35
4 75
7.65
618
0.68
0-14
I9W
0.25
1,76
0 12
02!
ozn
044
0.14
0.20
3.75
9.00
8.H5
0 72
1991
0.21
040
0.03
0.21
0.30
2.17
0 16
044
0.21
3.99
9 56
5 87
1992
0 35
0.53
Oi?
037
QJO
0.24
115
0.33
039
0.48
S 90
J] 19
6-82
199!
1.75
0.25
0.31
046
0.51
032
2 66
0.23
-
-
-
AVE
0 24
0 24
0.24
0.26
0.62
0.49
1.42
8.DR
12 0!
MAX
7.66
1.23
050
0.29
2.4 [
1.44
1_M
1.66
4.67
2 39
7.67
14.00
0.01
ODl
1 loo
G.OJ
15 27
MIN
5.04
1 84
O.CM
0.03
1.63
3.91
0 14
7 77
5 61
3.07
0.10
004
0.00
0.24
T-15Table 2,5.243) MONTHLY MEAN DISCHARGE
Smlpg Atjori_____________________________  (VajtjMjft)
YEAR
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
AVE
1975
r
.
0.29
0.35
S3!
1069
25.73
033
0.48
5.65
1976
0.47
0.37
0.44
0.52
OW
136
1.17
20.52
745
0 61
0.66
033
3.46
I9T7
nr
0.1*
007
040
0.40
342
17 67
14 23
5-01
6JI
2.75
043
412
I97B
QOS
0.10
0.11
0,06
0.06
343
H.«
20 C
4 67
1.25
O.ID
0.09
332
1979
046
0.15
D.JO
0.68
1.B7
1 *1
□37
21 16
5.19
137
0 IS
□ 11
JA5
1910
0.27
DM
0.30
0.70
OJ!
1.79
900
1176
7,42
136
050
0)2
3.05
19*|
0(16
O.«
Q.3R
0.79
O.D?
0.52
15.72
17.41
13.67
0.57
040
008
442
I9!2
021
021
032
075
0.60
1.79
0 24
□36
72J
1.60
051
0.33
3.05
1983
QOS
041
0.16
0.76
2.05
1 Ki
1.15
20.91
141
0.49
0.09
0.06
JjM
1914
0.05
0.0}
0.03
O.Dl
Oil
4.14
14.73
1172
5-6t
aw
0.01
0.01
J 12
1985
0.01
O.tt>
0(X)
O.Dl
0.34
I 14
21.17
3827
6 24
039
0.08
0.06
5.70
1986
0.06
0.07
0.23
0 61
0.57
267
5.70
157
646
0.18
0.26
0.25
244
1937
0.23
0.23
O.R7
132
1.73
2.61
5,74
11.96
1.12
0.49
0.24
0.20
230
1918
0.2 L
0J6
0-L6
0 19
0.14
1 79
10 74
21.46
1*. 17
1 II
0.33
0.26
4.S2
1919
0.27
0.53
031
0.73
0 30
1.14
11 83
1608
731
080
043
0.41
3-34
im
0.52
0.63
0,7*
134
0 12
1.69
-
-
..
01!
1991
-
-
+
*
1992
...
..
=
1993
-
-
-
_
,
AVE        013      D 21      0.30       0.57       062       2-01      11 61     11.94      745        1 25       0.46        021          3.55
MAX      0.17       0 65       087        152       2.05       4 U      21 87     31 27     14.17      6.58        2,75        044          5.70
MIN       0.01      OOT      0.00       0.01       o.w        052       5-70        137        1 82        aw        0.01       0.91          Oil
SUiioa, Tej|
YEAR     JAN      FEB     MAR     APR     MAY     JUN      JUL      AUG      SEP      OCT      NOV     DEC        AVE
---------  —---- ————_
(Unit: mWii
1986          -
1947      0.43       0.17       166       4.43       3.64      11.09     17.09     79,16     16.16      2.99       0 97      O6H         7-57
19S8      O.dj      0.35     0 27       0.58       0.35       I 42       1138     -M.87     30.75       192        1 75       0.97         8 25
1919      0.79       i.i a      DM)       206      Q.15      1.97     22.65     29.74     27.83      5.73        1.61       1.28         1.02
•            -          1.41       7.06      23.65     J2.4L     24,9]       3.97        1.00      0_57         11.81
!W0       0.77      2.19      2 56       2.11       0.74       3J6       2144     33.74     27.73      7.43
1991 046 O.»
1992 0.77 1-5)
L2ft      0.56       0.36       148      21 47     33.95     2649       405        1.20       0.19         7.85
1.73     LOO         1.75
1993
-
-
■*
..
I 15
MaX,
AVE      0.66      1.02      1.49         1.95        127          4 48        20 78     32.43     1513     5.51        1 37       0 90         7 64
M1S      0 43       017       0.27       0.56       035       1.42      17,09     29.74     16.16      299
0.79      2_L9      2.66      4.43       3.64    M-CW   2365     34 87     30.73      8 92       1 75       1 21        J! R1
0 97       0.57         1.15
T-16Table 2,5,3-(J) RATIO OF RUNOFF
Holeti
Addil Alcra
YEAR
Rainfall
(ram l
Ratio
w
Diichaiie
(mJA)
(mJA)
(mm)
Rainfall
(mml
Rann
<*)
1975
2.20
583.9
IO35 8
56 4
1.48
442.6
1076 8
41 1
1076
<
148
442.6
11782
376
1977
1.67
442 6
I365.I
314
301
382.8
1332.1
28.7
1978
1.81
478 6
10983
436
2-29
291.2
1132 8
25.7
1979
-
-
-
-
-
*
•
1910
1.73
459.0
H69.7
39.2
3-12
3969
1134 ft
35 0
1981
1.96
5181
1314,2
39.4
30|
497.1
1408 6
35.3
19*2
L23
327.1
1208 1
27.1
138
365.8
1261.6
29,0
19*1
-
-
•.
-
-
-
-
-
1934
101
273.2
10535
25 J
2.46
3112
11258
27.7
1935
096
255 3
1050.7
243
-
*
-
I9M
-
*
*
3-68
468.1
1263 9
37.1
1987
•
-
•
1 96
248,8
1312.0
19 D
1945
LB?
4954
117H 8
42.0
3 05
188.4
1242.8
313
19*9
149
3I6.6
1157.7
274
1.76
224.1
1265.2
177
1990
3.77
999.0
LI 80.7
846
117
276,1
12212
22 6
199|
113
565.6
1092.2
51.8
1 85
2353
11589
20.3
1992
-
-
*
2 *6
338.2
1155 6
29.3
1W
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
AVE
1.80
476.2
11592
41.2
2.78
354 0
1217.9
29.2
MAX
3.77
999,0
1365.1
84.6
3.91
497.1
1408 6
41.1
MIN
0.96
255.3
1035.8
24.3
1.76
224.1
1076 8
17.7
Catctmenl Area ; Hole faI9km2, Addis Akm=248km2
Teji
Year
Discharge
AiRori
Rainfall           Rai io
Discharge
Rainfall
Ratio
(tnJA)
(tiLml
(mml
(»)
(m3/>)
(mm|
(mm}
1975
-
■
■
-
1976
3 46
1645
844 H
195
1977
4.22
200.7
1249.2
16.1
1978
3 52
1673
1002.7
16.7
1979
3.85
IBJ.l
1034 I
17.7
1980
J. 05
145.0
10223
14.2
1981
4.12
195.9
1033 3
190
1982
305
1453
944.6
15 4
1983
3.64
173.1
711.9
24J
1984
3.12
148.6
661.7
225
1985
5.70
271.2
1162.8
233
1986
2.14
101.9
1144.6
8 9
1987
2.30
109.6
1101.6
9,9
737
93.0
1087 4
1988               4.82               2293             1338.7             17-1                8 25                1O| 4              11299
8.6
19*9
1990
3.34               159 0            1296.9              12,3                8.02                98.5               1078.7
-
1991 *
1992 •
-
-
-
*
•
8.75 1073 1044 4
7.85 961 943.2
9.0
91
103
10 2
1993
AVE
-
•
-
•
3.60
171 1
1039.4
16.9
8.09
MAX
993
5.70
1056.7
271.2
1338.7
243
8.75
MIN
2.14
1073
101.9
11209
661.7
8.9
737
93.0
vuciuneni Are
a;
94 J 3
9,4
10.3
8.6
Asgori=66Jlcni2.
Tcji=2^69km2
T-17Table 233-(2) RATIO OF RUNOFF
Melki Kuniure
Year
D'Kliarfe
(mW             (rreml
Rainfall
(mm)
Rhrtiij
(«)
1*66              32-14              224J              1051.7              213
1*67 29.19 203.7 1387.1
1*68 23.95 167.1 1227,7
14.7
13.6
1969 37.08 258.7 11693 22.1
1*70 38.95 271.7 1224 0 22.2
1971 46.06 321.4 1112.8 21J
1972 18 39 128.3 862_6 14 9
1*73              28.03              195.6             1109.9
17.6
1974 26.76 186.7 991.8 IS 8
1975 38.16 266 2 957.1 27.4
1976 20.48 J 42.9 888.7 16.1
1977 30.23 210.9 1255 5 16.8
1978 25.30 175.1 989.2 I7J
1979              19 20              IMO             1087.8              12.3
1980              24.56              171.4             984 .4               174
1981           28-59             199.4            1135.3               176
19112 20 56 143 J 1016 9 N 1
19B3             26.95              188.0             977.1
19_2
1984 2102 140.7 808.8 IS 1
1983              25-50             177.9             1047.2              17 0
1986              20 98              146.4             1106.5              13.2
1987              16 22             113.2             1067 0              10,6
]9R8              28.00             195 3            1174 8
16.6
19B9             22.97              1603             1134 4              14 1
1990                 -
-
1991              2521              178.0             984.4               18.1
1992              22.81              159 1             1118 2              14.2
1993              34.43             240.2             1559.7              15.4
AVE              27.11             189 1             1090.0              17,4
MAX             46.06             321.4             1559.7             28.9
MIN 16.22 113.2 808.8 10.6
Calchmenl Area ■ Mdka Kunmre=^ 520km2
h
T-l«Table 15A(I) MONTHLY 5USFENDCD LOAD
. YEAR
1975
JAN
FEB
».l
MAS
524
APR
MO
1976
MAY IUN JUL AUG Sep OCT
433              211.7          12640.3         imu         iw*               6199
(Um3.lai)
sov                  DftC             TOTAL
61.6              MlS                 *
»J
IJ4
lit
X.9
96 0
I9TF
10750.*
24UJJ
.
714
461
3001
37 0
363
19 J J
I'JMJ
57013
1M6IJ
*
iri
1709.0
730.6
413
ani*
JJA
136
91
66
2_3
IMJ
112315
175776
1136.7
11066
1910
m,6
105.0
3031X4
30 6
234
24 B
244
29,4
5414
9111.0
9556 1
inn:
2016-7
tom
134 J
1M.J
372)17
Bl .7
79.4
son I
727 4
100.4
65.1
•021.0
JTT766
iwn.7
JWQ
I9fll
63.0
45441J
74 J
IT*
114
ni
721.7
*14
1499 I
221973
4371.7
196.7
IW3
42 1
31.7
75 3
29423.9
IM
17.6
111
105*9
-
111.7
imi
*
*
tl«4
IN
45 J
6? 7
57J
124 1
2*11
1411,1
Mlfl.4
STM.2
17 1.9
1M9
47 J
11619.0
rm
319
779
23.5
2fl0
M.9
13.1
46*9
9161J
3978,9
]9f6
1917
J4XI
MJ
33.7
14107*
»1
17.4
2<l
»>
23.4
irro
4631.7
2770*
7M7.I
W.9
17
-
-
-
-
-
*
IB191J
Ml
1I6J
77.9
♦
I9R8
795
TJJ
55 6
40*
31J
71!
5059.4
2MUH7
|0W)17
wj
1D10
lift
19|9
4326X4
25.4
444
217
953
261
369
11506
Wit 1
3471J
|4|J
12 * 
17 9 
24715 9
IWtl
4.6
95.9
14 0
1HS
*0.4
793
KAI fl fl
7106.7
21471.0
473 2
IP 1
*9 4 
1:42516.7
1991
170 J
145,7
2724
716
76.4
9*31 *
2913*4
rMfl
IJI909
Mfr
IM
IIJ 6H600
1W2
I1J
15 0
11 1
II 1
90
II406
1651 6
-
*
105 1 TO I
1991
WJ
91 1
640
AVE 49 9 63.9 66.2 113 9
Mak 170-5 JOOl J901 1056.9
WJJ           146.5         MID.4           193150         IIJ94.1
613 4
MIN                  *B                111
_5!J-  <>n   .  A  -dll  A_“-
* 9                  65
nt.7 W?16 V6O4R0 7706.7 21471.0 7OI6 7
1.1 331 *61 9 ZTTOJ M7IJ 53J
167.7                 5X1            4])JU
105.0          142516.7
11J 1 1619 rj
____YEAH “/AN                              113               MAR             A?R             MAY              JUN                JUL            AUG             Set           OCT               NOV               [>FC            TOTAL
l»T5
Wfr
zm
m
m
251
164
1431
3R47J
10179T
■ I2jJ
73J
112
09
1.7
IJLS
1X2
M.l
0.19.9
6121.J
I0M3.I
4W.I
J26.I
164 2
16-1
2M2J 1
in
1511
51.1
12. ft
4*9
KT
2K.4
21 l.J
4440 1
«7J3
1300 0
2741,7
745,9
631
1IJ70.7
in
219
21:
94
7.6
4X7
44144
*451 3
3431.4
919.4
19.0
*32
137626
1919
73.1
»4
37.1
M.4
>91
6131
1306.1
5015.7
1*39.1
...
...
19N5
22.6
II  2
15.1
IID
2b i
19756
*6*40
11236
33116
IMS
1*1 Q
_
NHl
101 4
77.4
JJJ
III
33O
169.9
765,3
239.2
1.16. L
3190.7
**17.6
IWl |
457,9
45J
N.0
35J5O.I
19RT
311
ll.T
63A
301
753
11741
12*0 4
l>Mi
119,9
EO0
49.5
1159O.Q
I9UJ
M
6.4
2441.9
-
■
1173
210 1
99.6
W4
57J
JXI
161.2
tl(WJ
3769J
417IJ
Z762J
IK**
ibiJ
<4 I
31 3
142H3
1965
211
til
IflJ 1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6>|9
1996
r
57JJ
*
TUT 2
1472
15S9I
MSJJ
1114 J
411JA
406 0
99J
1)0
IW
JVM
34 2
76  J
274 4
I67J
295.fr
402 7
1257,1
5157.7
7757.3
347 9
1213
13.1
r
72,7
«6
52.1
n.i
931
4194,9
46912
-
..
III
1M4
.Ml
51.4
37 J
M H
440
30.9
1725
HOII.J
3*71. a
Jill 4
75X2
72.6
il *
I0C7JJ
1990
34.7
61  J
*0.9
401
63J
2174.0
K*2 1
MJ15
286 a
26.9
7.4
1991
67 1
W.l
144.1
?6J
12S662
101 2
47 >
41.6
R9.1
1161J
*900 J
7777 0
m2
MM
119.9
113.7
73J
1<MR7_2
IC® 1
12* J
13*5
16fi.fi
■
MU0
)M0 1
741 0
199J
175 D
fl 4
LMJ
*■ 4
-
-
-
-
.
*
B.
AVE
B90
63 1
mi
199 1
659.3
4W.7
M7>J
)T79 6
5W2
MAX
1440
100 1
573-5
561 1
19
274*
16271.5
1441 9
I IM J
3769 3
1174.1
IO1J5.I
fft69 |
MIN
27*1.7
7*5.9
6519
1.7
64
23150 1
»4
T6
4X7
1267,1
Z7613
13 2* J
73J
IM
09
1007.1 J
Smkm; Aim
YEAR           JAN
L9T5
ITi          mar          Al’S         May           JUN              JUL
AUG        set
-
-
mo            W27.3
1976 1310 IQ 9 123 5 170.5 SOM 2WT 1 26214,2 112314.1 U3L9.0
1977 142 17 3 4 R 10 7 UH UU.0 13*4590 IIW  6 U2QJ.fr
OCT
21*6
NOV DEC TOTAL
1360
J47J
i»n                 60                   97             M- 4
63*9.5            6H2J
4*
J130 276M1-R
1*2             JO7«I *
39          103*4 4           4*156*
|9?9               214
1510            24 J                16.4             2£EI            1«U            *2261            235* 3          6M96.1     165227  I
16*              2OH            IWI.3            461* J            731X4           6349«3
176307  J
21224X1
1941              3.1
3.0               l^fll           AW. 4                 1 1               H».l       1365X1.1
W6 3 90 61 34I1D20
J145R 2* 2 77 3000174
M626 24.2 91 27MI32
I9P             HO                 1.7
5J
I1IW5N
1MU55.2
m 9                7.1
*3.9              2621            3953 6      5HH3.3
1«3                 33               14.1               3.9         14*4.5             5*131            J5S7*            6D53J
17*31
11.4
5 1 4374751
9fr 2I*?4<9
IW4
2.1
aj
1.1                  0.2                24J
1945                 04                   90                   00                  3J              307.0            IXLlJ         1*75912    **W6A
U 970.1           S1W60       IW70J
1946                 79                  4.7                16*
1967                151                 3IJ            624.1            1536,2               W7I            3317.9          11670.7 1WR            31.0               43 0               20 1                 217                IS.4            2**9 I          51979.9
1W              *1 J               7T.9             1B9.7             523.7                 M3               9H6          41*15.7 I WO              MJ               3m                  34,4            1962D              L7.9
AVE 26 7 43J IXIJ *l*.l 1164.7 4L05.B '5600.1 MAX 1310 322 | UR.I 19410 3*13.1 II7TO 1 7*75423
•             +Z3.9          XWj.Q           131126
17905.6
64.115   6
100411.5
121951.7
JOL ti.i
12442.1
I24W.7
117127)
WAR
30262    0
17639.3
17119.7
iwn.y
IMA 4
10615X0
5*603.?
217.4                6.5
.
..
XJ               <M                    at            305516,9
J49.9 37
159 J 433
3.1           7WT3I.I
<1J
-
151,9
rri *
37.1                 20.4           WCM4.fi
tfl »
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on                   04
I74IUI 1)27*2
442646,5 Wtm
3.9              6W.I           l3U2.fr      27%> ft IM4
>921              67 9                1171        2-WM75.J
53TOO 474 * >■ 5 3 nmo
625493 61*23 UfrO 7tt1'1| 1
XT
0.1                 Q 1
T-1QTiNc 2J Ml) MONTHLY SUSPENDED LOAD
String Meftu Krntot_______________________________________ ____      __________ __________________________________ __ __________________ (UM-lMll
ytar            JAN               IT.B             mar            APR            may          rt?N           JUL        AUG          SEP            OCT              NOV             DCC      TOTAL
19*6 M3.7 14141,6 1034.0 120117 332-3 uroj
IW              394 9               7 JOI                  2360               now:           44*10 5            20313-2 1968              613-4             6M5.9               1311 2           79611.9                      1              |9W6J
52070 7 ?««OZ2.9        IMO6I9 J            16345.7             1I75J                   950.9      4191130 4
411901 J 1W n 16.9          626920 1          116679 1           660*9 6
3634 6        .W767O* 1
6)1 Ji?.) WIWJ           4349)3 J           3903* .3            1276 1              2 276.3       1L6A1I24
191-10
5*07.4           11651 7             2*777 3            1*2*9 4          13064 'J           71334.7                   m»45 1 1747970 1          1009671J              JIS6I6             93*13
1299 1        4191489 5
1-970               Ml?              JT74 1               JftWS            MM .1               4IJ.7               14300              044163 7 JH'IJTttJfi        1227176.3         IRMO. 4          37WJ                H13J         57J.M721J
|O?1              1477 3
fill*
JfT 6               »W 8             |*U4)7            22*M’3
20707009 1.101057 9           kwcmza            675 Lift            $397.3               TWO        7345257.1
I7>2              1393 1              W)1 2               <303.6              11178              6567 6               4&7J
53440? 1 833173 7            1W?*M              3971 4             1216 0
7JT.fi      IMCW.I
IT J              2017 2               Krr i
13 6
19.7             1219.7           I3IH0.4
3l*A)l > 1116439 1         12297*4.6              9M6U            3191.1              J 394 7       3499*14 9
1974              I.<6)3                 5M6               2IW 3             1586 4              11017         4777.3           331613 1 121MM1 9          513514 fl            <9241 1            111 $.2                 RM 1      3405 ?
197$
797 L                3164
349 |
1197.9               Ml 1           19*02.*                 15347915 1314451 9        2563506 0          IOI527O            JC1I D                823.2        M.W9JV.0
1976                519 i                2CA0              1226 2                  w J             3124.9            I93DJ0                 3120*14 11 WHO 2          368196 0              4441 4             2050.2                 751 9        IKUi** r.
1W1             M7T5J            106 5 $                315 *             1114 J             1M6.9           19110 1
920337J 100332-1           5010161             131101       420.165 0
2680.1             3662143 )
1971              10105             7290 ft               1333J             4JJ7.fi             1513 J             FMll 6                 411741 l 15.86397 2             3MW.2             41431J            25 M 9              1371.7       2TSTOL2 6 1979              1677 7             1111 0               4913.2             1805.9             MW 3           HOW 7                1T9740 4 IO37SI5O          2I9TWJ             123371             1709 9                1236.8      171217JJ
IMO               332 7               611.3               1259.1                8170                4297             1H63J
SI7ITZ3 IM32I7J             311WJ            11291.4               911J
411.3             3071H5.6
194]
19S2
l«3
l«*
501*
302.2                 410.9           14741.7            KM* 4              2817 0                 Ml NW* 14936711            t2W901             4121*0           MMJ         1771.0        344 H32 1
934.7               1001                U.M.I              2113 J              4W1J         8722 6            ITI4RL4 I31WJ1 0          366120 0         99J7DJ           1132J                 1336 3      1979756.1
W 3              1051 9
7486 ft              71012           *0565 4              4.W’t
3O044J I9CM172.2           901991$           1FT36 5            2343 4 396323$ 112361 *          6M97T 9               7011J               >03.9
-
-
iimi            JlOR               1N7.1
[310
375 4           73725.9
367.1             2147930 t
1983               LW.6             100. J            123.1               3H>9
5.57689,7 j 114733 2        5680,?J3 7           11034 T               W H                 4307
1916                LW<               5*4 2            HXW.fi            J.W7 2             36TM           MSW 6                  ?M$469 5054959 |            M952I5             rjo70.0              ■3* 2                  417.7           2Q3M41 J
1917               23* fi               171.6               MM 2          42.111 4            ttOlfi]
|9M              136 J               2111                L74.6
754J                6M<            181293
L 69*611 00314 1          114714 9               «M5J              131 1 2373019 22269*4 7        1172951 1             433039             16*1 6
iw                   >88 8             5796.1              2417 9         6666J         6JD.2             6291 <                 &34M6.4 992D14.9          7W353 8               ui7a.fi
i-wi
443 0      1 UM 11-3
764 4      17234917
960J 24427MJ
|9W
120.2             4103.7               40Q 3         18OO0 6               7143            ] 001*3                   390101,3 14JI344J            65*61 9            32096.1               7113
-
•
1991             334. L               367 I            13660 5                MIO              111 1        ■»>» 5
1W
iro              10*10 a
S316               Jo3)0             lWfi.7           17134 t
tWIH A 1WIU71           925024 5              4*47.9               135? 259633 ) 1311J1J 2         8 90114.7            17589.9            IBO73
757.9            3117337.2
1201.7 2*5865=J
mi ■91 1 116.1 6 5*0 1 2O6IJ 1. |44|9 4 666M9 6IIJ411 24A1TTfl» 11 t4*'4fi II 1230.3 J 8(00 136-7.9 X40*X> J
AVE II100 246 J 1 19W 3 MXJ8 7M3 6 3? 173.9 51*9963 1MM23 6 HI7M4.3 MOJ9.9 19527.4 IM1 6 3302591.1
MAX             -MT*            1*7*86             11771 J           79611.9           446505     226341$ 2070700.9 3JU 1037 .» 2563-W60
331114 l        420)43 0
MLS             190 4           100 J
15 6
19.7              131 8              7847 a
1691635 410314.»           H47J4-9            4-H] 4            701.9
7W4 0 7345257-2
367 1 I23M 11.6
Sutlinn : MeTka Garce
rlJnn txrm i
VLAI*               JAN                FF.B               MA*              AF-8'             MAY               JUN                 JUL                 AUG                  SEP                OCT                NOV                 DEC                TOTAi
19M        19MI4 4         4T411 L               Ji Mj 9    3413394              51313 6
J IXJ739LO 3225658 4 1 m30lJ           1648)1 J            35454 1            )341fi.7           69017(16 3
W2NT!           71WT.4
T     umu                  111*18 *               2*1 MW.J 31743*4,9        82618013        2171163.3            36391 6              MIMI             IW82 2          145*1052.0
LTFO      27 M7 fi           Jllfil 5             2156*9*         32111 3           IW001
I9T|          27990.8           1I9J5 7
4571 I           iWJl.7            UOILJ
3ltW.* 384*133)  7433M6.9 2676727J
391147.2 308126 J 5 *184321 6 6l7O42J.fi
112272.3 30640,1 25471 fi 1*47)280.2
113111.1 21120.2 1373AJ 19033037A
102 num j a 409100 S044? 21713 6 *0*17.1
1TQ 091,3 7034 fr &2M3 3151J 15*18.4
L9?4            4E2A0             61123
2tm i          31367.7           223MI
65911.1 II7T738J        1513889 ?         •50*013.0           $4017 J               82IJ 8               6304 2              46UJ26J 31214.0 5M033.7       Wl 5063.1     3911318 9        325M3-*           1*470 1               1117.1            7773*82 1
46350.5 1706456 J MM9DB.9 1£W 51,9 ■ 1*65 9 21*62.1 14171.1 7MMI9.9
101              569-? 6            $504 6               5300J        IOWA 2           HBI7J                     74H2.0 2J05462.I        3134020.0       2T9ITTTJ        ICERM fi           LWJ4 4           IOT.M.4           8270141.7
|9?t
rrw 9             R3T4.fi        L 95*71 1         19743 I           301 Mt
197?         JU32D.4          17156.4            1269* 9         154711            3113*8
65733.2 IM 219 1       2S7O718 3      1 1101*1 X           37179 1             25116 2           13057 1            3C»2145.4 1092*8.6 2036467 9        •0*7025 7        15231*8 *          37* 157J         I4K7M 2            2*553.2          9C<.WI5 0
L9TN
24174.5             35695 9          IfiMfi*            180640                 I548M.M 1)171 MJ        37*2186 5       19 J7W6.9         319119 T            23117.7            70123 4            7529302 1
1979         S6T2-I           20231.8             38378 6         26*17-2           334040                    72165.6 IU844M 9        3O23ttt,7         77MT7.J           IM160 7            26176 9          11931 1           $297749*
1980         1*4616           17785.9            12171.1            Mfft 6          M225.7                     Mrf&T l iMMrM        **97*424       1209047 *            68997 2
-          1*1*1 1
IMS! 13MI.7 11390.7 110594 ] 169941.4 MWM6
LM2 1501*3 14779 0 12192.9 22381 9 220*6 T
LTSl 12367 2 1)541.1 1'HD6 5 6275*3 20W1 4
25793.4 14445733  J3M290 6 3*311389 >
1*8340 2            23748 6           19307-5            *917579.9
$1874.4 30331)3       3198076,1          997991 3             DI4800            22500 6            171M.4            5O8I1D.7 192202 4 £21066.0         49M4292        2472016 7          104983.1             205624            13362 9          *R9Ji M Ji
1984        1.1737 l           7492.7              7636.7           SIM 1           1*196.1                  21)623.4 301*569.4       133344-*)      1WTTM.6           79173.4                  8W0             7J9Q2            635)595 3
1985             TOD*          3LT7.3               Ml* 3           7476 3           (OMIJ 1946        47118 9         jerri fi           727441.1          31306.5          37368 4
IW7            8193.9        LL009.T           12444.0     2121*3 1         23W9L.7
194B          9287 1            1561.1            8603.3         1*M4fi          9170 9
LM9 17154.1 191M4 2M14OR W137.3 IM3 &
|W0          9H6J3        Twt? 6         L7270R-1       J7J392.8           13835 4
34613,7 IJ5I4NX7       622756*4       I9*2fiff71            62*34.5             110791           1 1598.4            97M142-3 iWLiiJ 865773.0       2628615 3      L50tJfi*>0           *0669.7            10441 8              95W |            54023983
235521.$ 32J0J14          983763 6          111726.2             Mi*4.7
Illi* 1
85*1,2            2*49987.4
50392 1 385251.7 fill 7719J 42W7R7.D l*4Vj| 1 I3QZU HJCri.7 11 W7274.4
18684. L L6936235 41M717J         J062039.)           6*219-5             1X26-4            1IM)9 )          9 ir"TT6 7
45674$ 1367367.9        3753434$        1759862.9        10* M* 1             11715 4
tan 9           9602191 5
73101
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5O14T *
77M 5
fi’T&J
110383 137*3163
31*40*1 9
*2U» 2
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9279.5
tlfiW736 1
IW1
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223223
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$3*57 7 K7S4L1
1+602*)i
2770527.5
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14158 0
662K3
11JI95
57527J
18
t 2WI/Jl'a ftAHl
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ft
18707 S 1
AVE
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21236.4
48678*
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1DQIT7 9 IMiRT.lD
 4l4<M31J ?
1235557.4
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MAX
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14*418.8
14 Iff) 325 J
44.R5R20.0
760JS
25H66L7
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JVC91.7
3911*
7 J Ji 51153 2 9Lfl4 
& 61
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MIN
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■
T 2(iTable 2 8 1           Present Land Use
Mopping
Unll
Description                                    Crops
Cultivated
Area (%)
Area
ha                        %
Cl
Girt
Intensive cultivation Telt. wheal sorghum
pulses, noug
Intensive cultivation                      Tell
an residual molslure
27,530 48 7
16,690 29.5
C1rp                   Intensive cultivation                       Pulses 
4,694
8.3
an residual molslure
(chickpea, lentil, vetch)
C2
Moderate culllvalian Tetl, wheal, sorghum
with grazing                                   pulses, noug
229                       0.4
C2r Moderate cultivation on
residual moisture
with grazing
Tert, pulses
75-95
75-95
75-95
35-75
35-75
2,045
3.6
Gw
Seasonal grazing
■
0
G                        Grazing
Wg Reedbods, harvested for
thatching
-
0
V                         Village or homestead with       grazing
2,026                       3 6 55                       0 1
455                       0.8 2.867                      5 1TABLE 2 111 LIVESTOCK I-OPIXATION 1992
Name of Waredas
Type
\\ olmcni
Uu
Dawo
A km Gena
Addis A [cm
.Male
Female
Total
Mule
Female
Total
Male
Female Total
Male Female Total
Male
Female
Total
Callie
Indigenous
.14.386
40.2X5
74,571
26J60
24.866
51,226
13.763
22.737 36.500
11.473
58.055
60.558
118.613
Ilybnd
196
974
1,170
35
80
115
32
Sheep
Indigenous
18,925
35.147
54,072
4,275
4.703
H.978
1.000
2.400 3.400
7.010
7.795
18.191
25.986
Hybrid
1
5
9
Gnat
Indigenous
Hybrid
2.494
4.633
7.127
1,569
1.425
2.994
300
530        K3O
2.243
4,107
9,577
13.684
Horse
3,278
1.089
4367
855
179
1,034
900
45        945
507
5.400
3,067
8.467
Asses
4.685
2.522
7,207
3.485
1.738
5.223
2.342
2330 4,672
1.512
2.049
5300
7349
Mules 
107
68
175
95
288
383
401
81        482
223
250
309
559
Camels
Poultry
Rec hives Local
16.822 31,242 48,064       22.800  24,171   46,971   21.(XX)    9.861 30.861
12,472   28.011   39,452           67,463
2,198
280
554
291
Modem
Sor u ce: office files o f Wa re das 
11.836
---------—TABLES I1 2 MAJOR LIVESTOCK DISEASES IN T1IE UECIIO PLAIN
Name nf diseases
Descriptions
1. Infectious dken>'«
1 Tick lx>rnc di seases
Babesiosis is commonly seen, and Ctiudnosis and
AnaplaMmirtii to a less esiertt
2 Respiratory dmetues
A cotnmos occurrence particularly in calves and sheep
And io less extent goals and cattle
Sq nines particularly horse
3 Infectious reproductive
problems
4. Masitis
common but unidentified causal agent
5 Black kg
connuon after rainy seascons
6 Alll3T4\
common after rainy seasons
7. Eye problems
usually infectious Kerala congcctivity and (hdazrasis
H. luicrisis
cocaslrum feeding, and Lick of projxer sanitation
Z. P amsitk: dBri&ci
1 Gastroinlesdiuil parasites
vrry common with particular emphasis on fascinliasis,
strangles. Dtectyocaiilcsis especially in sheep,
cal tie and gnat 1 qurncs art also the v iclirn of ii
2, Ticks
ven common tn tank during and after rainy seasons
3. Coccidiosis
in calves
4. XfangmHrs
Detnodicmis
5, Miasis
3. Others
1 Bloat
caused by tnfohmu plant locally caused " Am.ikitlaff
2. I pi/ntis and nice votive
lynyohangiss tn horse
3 Rack ZOrr
for donkey due to improper saddling
Source: Yoscph Slufcrnw, Ministry of Agnculiure, management and bclminthiaxi^ of Equine, EJ93
T 23tc-1
-x(i] ian| | jij nmiui xp
uoishHX
*J£6l
<q mu pur pjqsr[qe]^ | 1,
:
El
11*7
M                      fr
I
l.tiapji «»NI
JTOX
□OOSJ.
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cjauip\\ irtjsij, ms|y
UJOJV S?1W
0WV<|
nil
&UWjq||T3|| £
01
£
1
9ft 1
r^SJnCTJ^^
01
Z
Vi/il
OME^/pOafV
Of
L
z
K96I
BI3MI
SI
£
£861
IpItMY
Si
£
UAl
plpj
0L
L
S
6<* 4
rpqltS
Ull.-‘} ILI/IfY
01
£
EMI
rqUMj
DE
L
Z
tLbl
uij|v WPV
UJJ|V lippy
CCSZ
S
I
&L6I
ma
DUC(|
OLUl
r
1
SJSI
ibj.
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*
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\qi Jid pD|KM|
s]ini^i«v
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PP^L'.W
V IM V Uli Its ■ II Lt KI £111 I Il.’JV.i 1 LI IV I! 1 IXI1 Wl.Tablc2 13.1 Retail Prices of Fertilizer and Agro-Chemicals-1994
Types 
Rcmil Prices Wholesale Prices
1 Manual Rail
14.00 /
kg
13.85 /
kg
2 Acidic 2*1
19.80 /
kg
19.60 /
kg
3 Zink Phosphate
28.80 /
kg
28.60 /
kg
4 Di omethoate 40%
12.95 /
LI
12,80 /
Ll
5 Kclcrat Wax Block
19.75 /
kg
i960 /
kg
6 Malathion 50%
35.10 /
Ll
34,75 /
Ll
7 Cypc rmclhnn 1%
12.30 /
kg
12.20 /
kg
8 Carbary] 85%
82.95 !
kg
82.65 /
kg
9 Phosloxin
0.27 /
tab
0.27 /
tab
11 Hcptachlor40%
35,70 /
kg
35.60 /
kg
12 D.D.T 75%
5 10 /
kg
5.10 /
kg
13 Endosulfan 25%
22.00/
Ll
21.85 /
Lt
14 2.41) Amine
34.65 /
Li
34.25 /
Lt
15 Rjdomil MZ 63.5WD
67.55 /
Lt
67.50 /
1.1
16 Diastnon 60%
34.95 /
Ll
34.70 /
Lt
17 Daconal 2787 W75
36.75 /
kg
36.50 /
kg
18 Ekalin
21.20 /
kg
21.50/
kg
19TUC250EC
173.40/
Ll
173.20/
Lt
20 Baylcton 25WP
186.60 /
kg
185.90 /
kg
21 Carbosul fan 25% EC
58.45 /
kg
58.40 /
kg
22 Durasan 24% ULV
25.70 /
Ll
25.55 /
Ll
23 Folar
69.55 /
U
69.40 /
Lt
24 Dimecron 100% ECW
39.40 /
Ll
39.10 /
Ll
25 Curacron 250EC
30.30 f
Ll
30.20 /
Ll
26 Tamarwi SL 600
33.75 /
Lt
33.60 /
Ll
27 Migtan 18.5
10.30/
Lt
10.20 1
Ll
28 Di ammonium Phosphate
143.35 /
Qtl
29 Urea
131.15/
QU
Source: Agricultural Inpul Supply Corponiuun
T-25TABLE 2 13 2 POST HARVEST PROCESSING EACH.1TIES
Waroki
Facility
1 jocnlion (Town or PA)
No of Mills
Capacity kg hr
Rak* Birr QI 1
Alem (icna
Hour Mill
Sc ba la
17
1 50 2 W
7-10
Alem Gena
6
150-200
Rcigc Gctdc
I
150-200
Dima Alcbfa
2
150-200
Jawc
2
150-200
Awash Mclka
10
150-200
Tefki
14
150-200
OakL N'cbiso
2
150 200
Kdcha Gudu
1
150-200
Oil Mill
2
(closed)
llu
Hour Mill
Tcji
18
I5O2OO
Asgori
17
150-200
Villages
4
150-200
Co-< >ps
3
150-200
Oil Mills
None
I Ji wo
I-lour Mills
Busa
6
150 200
Gora Michi re
1
150200
Kcrsa Click
1
J 50-200
Dawn Dire
1
150 200
I Ji mm Faji
1
150-200
Oil Mill
None
Addis Alem
Flour Mill
Addis Alem
15
150200
Gorte
1
150-200
Inaftu
I
150-200
Kimbye
1
150-200
Wofna Lay
I
150 200
Oil Mills
Addis Alem
2
Wolmcrn
Hour Mills
1 lolcla
16
150 200
Menagcsha
1
150-200
Arada
1
Oil Mills
150-200
Holcla
1
Soiree; office files of the Wareda offices
T-26TABLE 2 13 3 MA RKET S IK Tl IE STUDY A ,<EA
Wnredo Location (PA*)
nr Town_ (1} Primary (village l market?! Dawo               Kcrsa Chdv
AribGcbta
Bifoie
Tajeb
Operattcmal Days-                       Merchant Saturdays
Number of mam traders
Fridays
Sunday*
Sundays
A Wednesdays Gnuns. pulses, oilseeds vegetables, butler & chtY.se house-hold consumables such as salt oil. etc.
Addis Akm
Si I as w
Wednesdays
Mondays
do
Segno Gebeyj
do
II u Aga
W edrnsdays
do
Garba
Fridays
Fridays
Saturdays
do
Gul it
Arcrtu Mcdancakm
do
do.
Wdmera
13cdi
Tclccho
Robgc Gcbeyti
Martkas
Saturdays
Saturdays
Wednesdays
do,
do
do
T uesdayn
Suba
Mondays
lnsilrlea
Thursdays it Saturdays
do
do
do.
llu
Rogc
Kau
Kula Chalenka
Fridays
Sunday s
Thursday*
do
do
do
AlrmGcna
Boneyu
Wednesdays
do
Geju
Thuisdays
do
Grja Getandi
Thursdays
do
(2) Secondary (town) markets
Busa
Sunday < A T uesdays
do
4
llu
Teji
Thursdays t Saturdays
do
ft
A span
Thursdays & Saturdays
do
2
Alcm Gena
Ttfki
Wednesdays t Saturdays
do.
7
Sebeta
Wednesdays t Saturdays
do
9
Awash Metka
Tuesdays t Sturdays
do
4
A trash Belo
Wednesdays t Saturdays
do.
2
Addis Alem
Addis Al cm
Saturdays, Wednesdays 
do.
4
and Mondays
Kimoyc
Thursdays
du
2
Wahneta
Ganale
Tuesdays At Thursdays
do
na
HdcU
Saturdays
de.
na
S Itniigesha
Tuesdays * Saturdays
do.
n a.
Source: olfica files of the Wartda offices 
*. name of peasant association
T 27T aDLF 1. kJ 4 *1 mi J. SALK I'M! T
(Al WOlAKtl
UF MAJOR, CHUK AT WOi J*iU AND ADDIS All AB A
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isa 149
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132
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Au|    Sep.   Oct                   1W      Jan.     l«b       vj Apr              £L?          hut       Jul
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153
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133
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94
92
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124       122
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w-hik          )34      135      135       IM     Ih7       167       144      163     k?4        in      163       149      113       136     IZH         us      113    1(11)      10U       102       100       104       106         LOll LOO     1.11    L Lt>      IM        L53      166
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159
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Swim* office file rftiw F-thiupiaci Gram Trade Aulb*mr«TABLE2 N.I AGRICULTURAL [.CANS- DEVEirrMLNT HANK 1lW.94(Julv 95’June
1
Branch
Amt Disced (Birr) Amt Revered [Birr)_
Woltiw
Fine
Second
Third
Fourth
597.249
1.103.096
857,121
2,906.167
94.600
539340
196.820
230,932
166.231
30.483
143.032
32Ti302
5.463.633
1,061,692
666,048
A mto
Fint
Second 
Third
Tauri h
1.028.125
868316
39088
5J04.643
690.278
1390300
906,452
409,215
211.622
8.755 
1.135,993 
883.198
7.800.872
3J90J45
2.239.568
Source. Drv element B^nk </ Ethiopia
1-29TABLE1H2
When
Maue
llarieoi El can
1 enui
Hrcsd
Enid)'
Drrwelttn
K42WBtIk
K4290 JA
CT-11 A-l ii DtlNfH
Ml
i Hybrid
11511
H-615
CG4L41
im i-w
an-660
ii CnmpMtte
Ataisiyi
Red WdUyU
A wish 1 Hoha-I Soya B can
EL 141
Ctricw
Hocsc Bean_ CS20DK
Kw mmj NC38
Kaw
S<mi<
E^oabm                            A 5H
Bmtey
KlIllffllBl Giitto
i Rod
Clark O K Coker 240 1 lav Li Wiltium
Cia^foPd
Click Fea
Fogcia 1 Bte
Ripewcd
him:                           Ijjelrifch Ardfl 12-riPB                     Abo Bab
Swgbum
ii Mill
Maiyc Field Ptxt
Towot #ei-3
VfalWd
Beker
linlkri
let
DZ-OI-354 DZ-Ol-!1^ DZ-OI
P£Cms37
DZ CH 255
|$93fl2
Bitiwb
Isekrutth Terr So. 23 Sereda
ETcxDZ
Ci 12M’X
Ma&Mldetfircr
Yelhiw Dodolla
1
T-30»m4 11« iawsH-i,
(Unit mil
Sorghum   bricoHlea
1
n__________  J 2^!2.
r1
Year
’ Wheal Harley Mjizc
Crop
Tef
197" <
I'W    81
1.948
2.244
1981.-82
2.532
10
126
234
1*98283
K9
1983 84
1.862
|J6B
1984 1985-86
2,553
226
227
261
WO
112
258
170
262
145
1.706
1.473
1,110
42
14
15
11
28
9
69
(X)
63
101 169
9
20
222
3
18
31
33
6
102
140
IM
353
90
63
6
6
9
15
5!
27
35
61
16
44
w
ID
7
1
5
9 114
3.192
57
|9Sfi  87
3 J 60
1987 88
2.126
968
921
817
812
486
228
3477
763
437
198889 1989.90 19901*91
61
2
30
229
80
38
651
187
71
240
!9
9
14
5!
36
1991 92
275
41
1.99293
L611
Source: Ethiopian Se-^d Enlefpri™T.XfllJ 1144 SEEDniSTRIIMJTlON BY SECI< K- ETHIOPIAN SEED IXTEMPRIST
______ ___ __________________________________________________cr<*>____
_______________ ~U~h M~ Tbrtey mL7c sorjhun fcf
car S«iflf
Crop1
E
iLn. bean ■*<>> hc-irRjpcwrnl unikmt -ifahrai Otfrgff
1^79 Kn -MSDF
MO A
01 hen
Tnul
1 *>l T               25 1            44 6            23          57               3 0          07                  5.7          45              0 8
WO 04
40.0
47 1
24 5
14 1
I.W7 9                 25 5               116.2            2 5            19,8                      30                 67
5.7
04
IWifll MSDI                                       15010
2S7                 1346                    79
MtJA
abets
TpuI
233.3                  213                   79.4
IV) J
24 2                   213
5 5
2.8
II 1
33
1 4 04 24
60
1 S4 7                  74 4                2.15 5                 1J 4            17.2
1981 W MMX                                    M37.9                  U l                  1220                   5.2            23.5
1 4 04
1 6 I 2
8.4
45 0 8
0$
0 5
MOA
Flbr-j*
|.<jJ
1**2 Kl M?4>
T9 0
*0                      28                   93            22 1
176$                   O.7
17 1               123        1 1
1 Ml 4
:h*         141 9
27 0           4tw7
1385.6                 71 I
IM 6                   X 6              21
1. •
2.2 Q.6
0.1 OR
D 4
MOA              1.19.7                 12 1                   Bl 7                12 5
Otlbcn
Total
1WW MSDl-
MDA
Others
Total
IWJ.-XS MS1J1-
131.9                    Li                 13 1            1.0              3.0
1.657-2 S6 5 ZJ9.4 22. 1 5 r
2 3                1 4                  0 1
234 6
152 7                    574
1 7
IM 5                  120
9| 5
461.6               164.7
269 0           .       1155
4 2
4i! 6
l«2
J 2
20 0
tn $ 24
10 8 25.6
X 3 0.1
1 4.
9.9               0 1                   L7
125 2                   09
t.l                      05                 1 9
2 9
5
07
0.7 KOJI
940 I
MDA
665.0
364
859 8
to 9
6.0
9 0
72
Others
412 f.
0 4
762 7
90
01
14.2
1 o
Total
1344.6
1723
1 247 7
76 8
7.2
23.7
2 9
tn i
940 1
1985 to MSUJ
2X53
1626
650
9 I
60
1.7
33
710 3
MOA
JOT 5
3073
15.7
1 0
109
56 7
Otb* r-
971 0
4# 1
4sr 5
81 $
316
I2J
04
Tout
1.6578
2107
to-j I
10SJ
65 6
294
2.1
3 3
9673
L9^.K7 MSDF
3573
151 9
1572
3.7
M3
13 1
0 9
13 1
652 0
MOA
60l 9
09
4903
4JJ
Z33
55
ii ;
JI ft
<slta Pit
4173
51 4
13X9
91.1
29 2
03
07
0 1
03
TnUl
1376 5
204.2
7»4
138.1
52 5
-m i
0?
1 0
Lil
L
MSDi
2973
231 7
861
12
41
193
16.7
67
2.3
’F70 9
MOA
MO 4
02
123 4
23 4
I2
17,1
MJ
0.3
ahen
703.0
1X0 i
241 S
188 7
513
3.6
23
0.4
01
0 1
Trial
1.2!*) 7
4122
45 1 J
2153
568
40 0
39 5
0.4
67
2.7
5? 1.4
1988 89 MSDF
M2.2
89 7
830
6 7
22
06
4N
1663
MOA
282.9
*n l
22
cm hers
2M9
5# 7
137.9
81 w
21 9
105
0.2
0 2
Total
1 CfcU.O
14W4
116 0
93 7
21 9
127
06
02
02
2663
im<M MSDF
518 8
70 0
14* $
7 7
7 1
0.7
3J
XI
13
131.4
MOA
KJ9
-1U 3
11.6
32 1
20
3,6
Olhcti
1553
13-0
108 8
209
40 M
LI
1 4
Total
593.0
89.0
293.6
403
729
10 2
5.7
3.2
2.1
13
5124
199V9I MSD1-
42i a
101-1
3.0
02
4 8
1.2
3 H
0.1
87.0
MU A
217 0
1X3
7%H
Oft
2.7
88
0.2
OiJiriR:
71.7
43
34.8
94
03
5.1
0.7
1 8
12
Total
710$
1H7
113 ft
ic>u
32
18.7
07
1 2
5.8
13
*7.0
l<J9l 97 MSD1
M)
24.8
1.0
0 2
03
1 0
0.1
01
14m 1
MUA
2m 7
76.0
93
0.7
L2
J 5
0.1
0 1
Others
JUL 1
47.0
118.9
166
189.1
43
0 ft
04
0.1
40
52
Total
V* 1
121 n
1510
193
189.3
58
9 1
0 4
n 1
41
58
1992*91 MSDF
149.4
179 5
135
67.7
0.9
o.i
33
02
0 1
0 1
1X2.9
TJtRT
7152
8.1
51 7
153 5
1273
44
11.8
MOA
53_7
XI
11.4
23 1
7.0
Hi Ik m
161 0
1.6
1073
28.4
15.1
16 2
DJ
U 1
Trial
1.9
92H9
ISO
51 7
132
170 6              2050           1414
■-«uu LrtirMupisKGL 5PJA- -MltuMj’.                    £JI A g.nc LUtME?
LAlCIW- IncJikV Ntj’.H, Ke lit! A r^ttuhilitiiiuft r'emtnmkxoq. CH hers.
Sanrtt. Eifcapian Seed knit i prise
n.3
0 1
117
51.7
T-32TAni.E2.i4 5 STAFF IX3S1TI0N OF THE''V AREt>A OFFICES OF fU'REAL OFAGRK « I-'1 KEZ
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T-33FigurMG 14 1      11 ST A ND ASSltrN MFNT SCHEDULE OF CC f NTI ■ RFARTS AND J |c ’ A EXPERTS
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Mr Getachew Ala
Mr .Mulujtil Tjdcsse
Mr (Uil'ilM Aibche
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Surrey engineer
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Mr K. Oiulu
TsaWfl leader
Mr Y SjsFft!
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Sumey cn£Lftter■ AD 31
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Warcda Harder
Pwiant AbUjciabixi Harder AcropfuSCgniph Area
T^po-map A.Ta
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(Based on Lhe c.M l;5Ci.CnO map)
IHmIn■U
-------- - — I JI 1.1 II*.-
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Aw
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I J.x plasi< pjun
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I .and Capability MapFig. 2.4.2 Isohyet a! Map of Annua] RainfallFig. 2,4.3 Thiessen Polygon for Sasin Mean RainfallDISCHARGE ICMS)
DISCHARGE [CMSl
DISCHARGE K*SI
w
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Summery

Summary of Becho Plain Agricultural Development Project Feasibility Study

Feasibility Study on the Becho Plain Agricultural Development Project - Progress Report I (December 1994)

1. Introduction

The study aims to assess the feasibility of agricultural development in Ethiopia's Becho Plain through flood protection, drainage improvement, and other measures. Key objectives:

Conduct feasibility study for agricultural development
Provide on-the-job training for Ethiopian counterpart personnel

Study area covers approximately 3,800 km² catchment area, focusing on 650 km² of agricultural land below 2,080m elevation.

2. Present Conditions of the Study Area

2.1 Administration and Demographics

Population: ~107,000 (1994 estimate)
Households: ~21,970 (average family size 4.9)
Population density: 165 persons/km² (national average 49)
90% rural population

2.2 Physiography and Soils

The Becho Plain consists of:

Flat alluvial plain with seasonal swamps (Dilu Meda and Geber Meda)
Surrounding volcanic footslopes and plateau

Soil types:

Soil Type	Percentage	Characteristics
Vertisols	85%	Black clays with montmorillonite, fertile but challenging to till
Cambisols, Gleysols, Fluvisols	15%	Alluvial reddish brown soils, better drainage

2.4 Climate

Annual rainfall: 800-1,200mm (70% occurs June-September)
Temperature range: 12.1-17.2°C
Evaporation: 1,590-2,530mm annually

2.5 Hydrology and Drainage

Key river systems:

River	Catchment Area (km²)
Awash	788
Dulolo Dilu	322
Holota	502
Berga	295

Main drainage problems:

Insufficient river capacity causes annual flooding
Dilu Meda area inundated 3-5 months/year (9,600ha affected)
Geber Meda area inundated 3 months/year

2.8 Land Use and Agriculture

Current land use:

Land Use	Percentage
Intensive cultivation	48.7%
Moderate cultivation with grazing	4.0%
Grazing/reedbeds	4.5%
Villages/homesteads	5.1%

Major crops:

Tef (45.2% of cultivated area)
Wheat (10.0%)
Chickpea (18.1%)
Lentil (10.1%)

2.15 Farmers' Expectations

Top priorities identified by farmers:

Flood protection/drainage improvement (75%)
Health facilities
Irrigation project
Drinking water supply
All-weather road construction

3. Review of Existing Reports

Key previous studies analyzed:

1972 Becho Plain Reclamation Report (NWRC)
1983 Engineering and Design Report (WRDA)
1989 Master Plan (Halcrow/EVDSA)

Common recommendations included river channel improvements and flood control measures.

4. Further Study Plan

Planned activities for Phase II in Japan:

Detailed hydrological and inundation analysis
Land and water potential assessment
Drainage and agricultural development planning
Environmental impact assessment scoping
Preparation of interim report