PROJECT FA0/ETh/8?/O08
DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATFD AGRICULTURE, PHASE II
A cooperative project of the
Government of Ethiopia,
food and Agriculture Organization of the United Marions and United Nations Development Programme
BUTAJIRA PROJECT AREA
SOUS AND LAND SUITAdll ITY FOR IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
M. YASIN JAVED MIRZA FAO Soil Survey Consultant
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
ADDIS AEA8AP«L'‘
..iv
I.
T AU L.l- Or CONTENTS
SUMMA 1^
| NTICU UNCTION....................... • ' *..................... ‘ “
B-
■■
*
i r “ ™ +
i
I
L.I
General.........................- - * ■ ■ ■ • • 
rvi'L-r
i .2
p „ 'l r.itiunale nn-l t •*”
r MN
3
i.3
Ack now I tdgcmenis - ...... ..............- ■ r
''
.4
■*
■■
LUI-
JJfUJtCT AWfc'A- - ■ r - - . . -
Luca' ion
■*
- -I
3. I
2- 2
2- J
2.4
2.5
2-L
2.7 SQlLS.
3. 1
J . 2
3,3
e *xE*:’”L
C L I IKl C r • - - r , -
Geomorphology and physiography
Hydro I nty................... - - - - - - • - - ' r + ‘';! ’ ’
1-r-sent land use «nd natural vun-^t ivft. -
I'TuJi.t IUI. arid *o.lu eL-un^Bilt caiidilions-
Ma rket l rig and i.uiBuh s eat ioft............................
_►
r ■■■
3.
Genera I fi&t ure>. Main soil types.
M &P P I fl K units...
-
ta
UMi
4. Ii
SL. LTAHLLLTV KOli llili 1GATF.D Atilt 1C ULTUWE
+
Gnntra I
4.1-1
•Li. ■ j 1.3 I.4 1 .S LG
4. 4- 4. 4,
4+
land characteristics qu.i 1 i t iea . , , - C|Liaatefe jiruwiart periods and adapted crops. , r -
lriinet ion water quality and avai I ab i 11 ly
-.*...
T«?POfcTil|phy a a .....
.. .... ............................... .
, ,..............................................
Soil depth and root ah b k k i > +, . . . . . -
Available water i-upariiy of soils.
Soil permeability and water iiiLake
.I
.t
■7
■a
- "I 10
11 1 J J2 2U
L P"J
2'J
3i
3i 31 1< J
r®l C-S , r
a .a a. ...***..*.
... a a
bi a mage and flood ins,.......................................... -- Su i I f erii 1 i I y nod pll,..,*■■■■■■■■
Lue content . - _ . x * ,.......................................................................... ,
ShIlnkIy and sudiclty or uci d iI y .
la
Suhl workabilily
Suit eras ion, ........ - -
The ClaSSl fl. Cut! u □ ii y 3 t1- ill _ , „ ii * A
Class det i-rin i n l nr. I actors..................................* . „ _ „ r . , _
,,r.
rr._
I 4
-I 4
Crops and input levels consideredP
Crop FtHUl t ement a ...................... a
T
.............................................
Assusptions made..r r ........................ ,.... .. „..............
i.uriLl suitability t-1 i. f.a tut i on - - Land ouitabllity mapping unitfl.l+ sp^ci 1 ir a.inagejicrn t rc-qu i rrBvri t H, t
-
5.
CONCLUSIONS ANb NECCMMKNUATIOK&t
J Mam concluaiuna..........................................
Spec11 it w
«ieuiliHio „. ’
wi
............. SO -------- .50
.............. s- IiI.1 -
J, ntlcATbWL CONSULTED.
AiTf NH ICES
| . mmittPtHUGV ,.. + l b. ............... ....rri + 4.4. + .«..-r--r^-3r
,
WATEk IHflLtkATtCW AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
I'afce
........... ..55
ST I D I E5 ....... x ............. ... i .. r
~ - a L L> 0
II
a
. Waler
infiltration
studies60
lib. Hydrau J lr conduct imiy studies...... T. r. + « -------
i 1 [ .. S D L L GENESIS.. . ■ 'I. ■ ■ ■ ■•■■■ r . r r I t . ■» r - !■- + ■* - * ■ •■■ "■ '■ ■ r * = - J - ' 1
tY. LAND SU ITAlilLtTY ASSESSMENT ACCORDING TO SOIL TYPES i T a 0 I e I E hr - r . x
V_ DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL SOU PWlUS ANU SOIL
ANALYTICAL UATa.............................................B . a
Va . Pru flit dusci' i p I 1 un9- . . . . ...... . ... r . r
. P , T B T ...... a. ......... r ,
-J3
x .. I . ~ f
V|j P Ann I. y I. i*'a J data. . . . ... . . ... . . .......................................................... r . - + - - - - - - ■> - ■ ■ 34"1
MAPS
M yip 1:
Hap ■.>.
flap 3a:
Map 3b
Map 4:
Local i oh ul' the project uTca ....... .......... d/>4
S-u s Is (and land urtitsj, stale
1:25 000
B
. .x.20/2 1
Land -suitability for i r r i £uled
undrr nsdiuB level of inputs! scpI^
1;25,000................................ .,45/46
Lund suitability fur irrigated a^nculiutt under high level &f iftpul 5 , sCali-
I: 25,QUO- ♦
jcuI I un*
.45/46
Sen I ebservaticd and infiltrutiun test sites
r . i r ■ ii r ■ i ■ ■ -r . ■ i. r . r . ■ . . ■ ■ . ■ -r ■ ■ ■ ■ n ■ r ■ . ■ . ■ . . .5 0/ tjO
TAhLbS
ruble 1:
Table 2:
Table 3:
Table 4:
Table 5:
fuble 6:
Table 7:
Agree 11 Bist it data for Oge IchoB , B . a 5 General ctruppiriK pattern and yin Id levels
among sma]1-halder& cf aid-Heki urea........ d
Charaetcristics cf main soil types,P....... 16
UesiT3ption of soil napping unit*.......... 21
Cl mat icel Iy adapted xt-rinaled ereps...... B 30
GriLding and Jef] ait ion of cLis-s-
drteririning factors. .„..... .... p, „. . . 37
C 1 ass i f I cut icn of lufid Units With frstpccl tu
different gradrs of class^detemini ng.
l ac t i>rB
. , , . 37
4 TB1 <b + r t B r a B B x w 1 r b t
Table ft
Cmp requirements in
tens pf farter
Tub It- fl:
Table ID.
* ,bd“........................................................................................ .. . P,40
Land suitability ci,.. I hiat 1Q0 fOf dnn-rmi cr^pa Al nn-dj.n und high lewrlA of input +
Land au.tdb j L i L jf tauppint UlnH, t h« U extmit
Ciftd CuBpon>enl hind MiKt»...................... .. .............................. . -15M’l
S-nlA ]
| 1-1* lUAJAjj i p JO S-rr jrtJd BUT1.I9M PUH K-IAJO^ H^|Ul
Q-Klq O]
Q | ’ r “ ... ............. ’ ■ - - * • • • i| i d-»p WJ Q9| cndn sa^tru Lf j
JwtfiJXi*)
.-mIaj, [lofi iir.^juj jin ju sM] ijcjiI
’uJf’ Z T joq
i UR J .imJwt Xrji«oqs
j * it i i
HiMfrn 1
w-> ■ ■
‘ ............................................KU (>U» £H
'IV
T IO-4 |O AiTr>rrd«o
-«|mi?|tv?av
MP. ’ '
- * J pui.' i \f ZA
jru« |O flipp ffJHApilV
TH
• ■f.“ Vs; ■* IV c-idAj
K£
df. ‘ -
aTTir.l
O » Mrr Ipjoo.-na 1
k-«b ki? All fiQn i i nn pcinn
r r ■!■ i
A x 1 r rqci in* prrvf
....................... ..... ‘ 'H I Ilin Hu r rl'h’iu
r <■> 1 ft -J m «r «» a K S «T -< S 1 X rfn J ->
M
:n »TQ«I '~l
■IT -il iM-l
Ir1Jt
Tin- H-uiajira
1 an'I w i 1 h
idea t bored
th i •k, vory
s . u *i H A Fr v
pro.jct t
very deep
i gn i«br 11 l•.
dark j'ri-yj
urea repr us•*ni a .hi almost
r ui
i i Li* 1 1
over I y i tig
i fs 4 0 h ■
fill I 3
All
ah brown to
i ui acd i n V“ 1 • hii 11 ush
suite invariably h j v ir ,a
r. | .u h , gr itu li I -i i Hi
r r uHb
S.a l 1 a-r
SGIIS,
I Ik 4 Cfc
i ft J • k ,
si
■ ul iuj l*j t UJ434J1 J wtktk h has shout
2 to
■I
i uftient unit 13 very fertile,
t here exists,
is- very fertile. Iluwcver,
lamr-diaiely below the t-n-psuil,
OlgJI4la
Ln us i a K 1 I
ii nd
water,
deft be a. I uyLpy*
UCI OS webft
I h-e re fore ,
layer abruptly underlain by li
layer, hoi t> o I
barriers for plnn.1 roots
£ t ilgEia t <r3 f Of
h<-1 uw
the t upsu A J above B ticS4* 1 aycrs
i he
< Ul'
Kt'uw I h
uf nost crups.
L .i y e i %
p | aiUgll I flgB
i nmcd i« i »■ I y
in 11 s t hi
la improve
d f l e r 4>
bruktrD
i he
S l■a 1 ar siIu31 lon
mediUH or heavy
by
subSolJ
a 10 20cH
IG -35cm
which b i i- slowly
and w«i I e r T
s i g ie j I a 47 *□ ji I 1 y lung
which Would -if fee-1
■ ay Le expect ed I u
irrigation. These
HUfrsailinf chiselling OF deep
conditions for rue ting und
tor .i 1.1* i
dep I li
[ IlVSC
pirBl r* E ra L l uEl , A
mnv even then be
so J I>-
A
• uns i derail 1 c
d ra isi«haaglleow drainage system at about required to gel high crop yields
purl uf ll.e project <are*i I w
eav •' r rd
he E t a-r
by soi1s
d r .a 4 i4 e *J .
PI naghbngs .
ngr I I’U I I Lir-a J
»anagenenI
nor
winch have no slowly per»eoble layeru and are The St- suilb need neither subsuklmg 1 ur deep any shallow drainage system to get
jjfuJuc E i <jIi ;
for Chai purpaae.
b li I they do requiu careful
The eas I a-r n j.cid southwestern
of i ha
than 4
project
pc rem t
area have gentle alupa-s of i to 3 percent
a long t he
■odoral e I y
p Fto'i? 1 S L on
severe risk
love 111ng, or
river/ and the soils liuw slight
uf sheet vrosian,
contour ploughing and good will be required to prolyl
Ter rue mg
5b c m
from
La 1 3- U
high
wut ci
par t s
l niLjf-f
tO
and
I "I Ver
during rainy sensun
i
Vrtfcft ill 1 % !■
I hr‘ 5 U J 1 S
against that risk.
Since the proposed ]und use types under irrigation were ikui defined an the terss of reference, the project land wjs evaluated for all importuni crops adapted to the climate a31 medium and hi th levels of inputs. An area of 21 -ID hu w.b3
surveyed for the project. Out af this area, 1572 ha (aboui 74
pr-i 'ent of the tutiilj are moderately to highly suitable fur growing uf Host irrigated crops adapted to the climate, at bolh levels of inputsr In general, thr land is specially suitable for growing of feudgrain crops and connerciaJ productlun of Vegetables and pulses. Orchards uf citrus* grapes, <j1lvh ujilI puiii-g ranut r can also be successfully grown.V
Out .-f I: lolul hij i. E wb J. e land, on I. y M3 Iim wliirlh I. i e
l^eflnw Bh- cnfl B >hj i |in-» u|* 1 H I 2 m iiF«-
■ aitda b 1 e B»y gravity
1 ll.HHH I Il'OB I Jis' p I'I j p LUI •“ d dum, wlklBe ulliL-l piiM 4J f the I .Ifbil
will
ri quire pumpkii^ of irater for irrigultun l <j about 12 a*
height. The land I <jiiHlind>L 1 •■ by |*ruV I i l rihinilHt; Ijj^a how cwt |
relatively
I lie
rood
drainage
conditions with
seltiua
occurrence
oT
ik'bi'r 4 Led ui-JowJy pi-mnub 1 e layer* in subav i i t; . hut i t
ha i shipvK of I tu 3 percent and has a iMhur J XIP i I a t i an of sheet
1'fr.biinj E^y r.kin water w h m * it wotuld
Ml J I Ikib^ I* Be fl I .
i-i pec 144 I t r< lin M|U«?£ fu-iI \TJ<Obpri Jus
I.I
ij.’Pi-i-j .
JI u L ,.| J J J
bill 1 vUS
IhJuugh
pererm i a I
Dr-W I Up«VEI I
Th.*-
t rar i a
■ -> Jl!E I I ui c
3I
Pl U.jeCt At L“.| repru-JEVfllS 'Nir U I L ha* considered ft»' i*xteiiSluri uf i f f J E j t I <i|-
liir* J J UIJ4
and irttiiH J S< fl I e d^iiS IHJ
*
an
j
iL J I j I irs
Ii j ver ii• -.ii
irr l gation
U e ¥ ■■ G i a j > lii • Bi ’
uf
of
K u s Ii <.*
wf land
ipu af
u ri d e r
h rr a gut e d.
KAO assisted project " FTII ' ft 2 ' OOlJ
Agriculture* J ii Ethiopia-
ah irrigation Jail over tlnr Wuja
Tin*
colif I Cuct 1 II Ji
.3 I iV*lei dI adgye hLaiVuee.3nIre Lilly Liuen .“Xpjnri'd by
eug i ne«-rs
Authority
and
] > Li I IJ lb t id]
of t he
in coowpitehration with the )uter of Ethiopia, A report >iuAlarenpdort
area for irrigated iargrrii cgualtt •- d
huWi'Ve r ,
report js-
lai Eld US-I*
i rrigated
to guiding
3 1 t e mat J Vei
j rr i i i c»ji
irrigation i
re cju i red
int ended
pIaani ng.
Lie fori*
Io
the project could Lt- rwculi'd. serve the purpose as well js io help in
cspec i it I J >'
rt'Spei I tu the I'hoiee
Li I ■’’uta O I
husuureek
i*i+suij reeS
Ute W a s „
This
of
crops
r in
it
Jbi -t-ds
■ t-L hudi
and their ■ a nil gene nt rcquit emeuI s
■ n jbSfbbtfiUjl of
waler* x-ui.tral -■nd supply
t he
wuii J d
and
cuid
t hr
choice of most prOBlSlllg land
provide n suund
designing of the dum. svled ion
In add 1L
for est iniot xiig
I LiJ.
U!>4‘ l h ■-
ol
waler distribution and , to some extent.
i n J ras t ruc t urv requ i r -inep t = f'ri proper of inputs and credtis etc.
The report may Ur regarded as consisting uf 7 unjor party. Tiiv first part (Chapter 3 givet a general mforijliun un Lite etsblogy .in>J sac l u ■ c-conuni r enV i runnent s of the projec-t area* The SeCijJidl part iChapLer 3i deal-4 with the rtoi ] r■"SO’UFLreS u f I h-- .iri-ttji b Eid ii a1 l Fl jj t he d i S t e* ibu t ton and exLeJil a T vurinufe suit t ypi’ip. Uih a map of 1:25,000 Seale., The third part '(’Jiaptet -I* pEctiitif an as&essaieri I of l;«n<l suitability foi i rr i tfa tJ U£r i cu 11 ural user with speeifie reference Lu crops .md Un envi<agi"d levels of inputs and Mjnujteitent; the areas having the
Sdiie potential fur the
suit ahi 1 I I > naps Of
twij different input
selected i e*uJis iru del i nn'iit-i+il un twu I ji.< 1-5.000 si-alu represu Ji i ing suituhiljty at Icvcltf. Hum CQJn- ] us 14JI1S del LVud fr oM I hi
■IliJv .i. nd spvi-ific i'ecus mu n da t lulls on loud use arid soil Sall jgc-ifc-. ii I ate in. ludeJ in a Separate chapter following Uj«. laild
f u e t jl' I J - I y e 1 ass i f 11 u I ion fur guiduiiLC uf Lhe eriiJNen t . t tu
pa--j«-Ll i-xct <-t i ILK agency and the land user. The append I •
iiii'ludv delniJs about the ■ethodolugy adopted fur the sludn the
H,itu*4 in fi 11 rut iun and hydraulic conductivity studies ih-mJ-. sl>> L
ji.-uesiK, land suitability usuvssHeui according to soil types and
profile description of bmpurtuiat Bull types idejjliTu-d m th-
ui’i-a, -iloiig with the un a I y t i csa! dut u af soil sampli-s rolleclrd
J i -itt tin pi U f I 1 eS .
B+
The t ei IU j NO iujiy used til di scrib« soils .IO I 1 IUL| SULl alu I 4 t > ass.esSiiu.lit is explained m I Ii l- 1'SDA‘s Seil ^ui’faUii
'lMill.it Sull SuiViV Sluff, l'l5llp CuidelLues fur Soil V i • I’i I .
th s» ii ip 5 ion ". t AO * J Si i a ] rl I AO DIME SCO’s Legend fur Sui 1 Help inf ® hi-i • 'pr-Hi XirrdX) iu.tt.mjjo
-s# oj squrip so«o
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4q poMc*|j<»j -*q °iTHE PHOJLCf AkfiA
Z - 1 Lp_l_on and ?Si £ J
n
rhe
ttutajirii
project
area
cuBprise
a
a
nearly
fiat
trad of
iond
covering
2130
hectares
near
K
oshe
village
alo»K
Zw^-Bulajiru
raid
in
Narek
o
Weredb
of
Sh<wu
1B
Ethiopia. It is aiainly located along <he west bank of the n«ja fcivrr poiLheusl of the Zwai Putajira road. roughly
8*01’ and Sa0hbh latitudes and 38c30' and 38a3-i £ longitudes. it is bounded by the klciju River in the southeast, by the Zwa i - hui aj t ra road in the southwest, by a contour lin«- of IB12 ii i200-500- ■ aims the rivers in the south and by u straight line approxinuteIy parallel to and about 3 ka away frou the nvrr m the northwest which iu cut near perpendjco I ar Iy at about h km distance fro* the road by another straight line in the northeast. It ranges in elevation from about 1008 ■ near the river bridge to about !«23 m on its northwestern boundary. a local i>»n map of the project area is fixed oupuSilr to this page.
Cijahtc
There are no climatic Uatu for the project urou. The nearest Meteorological stations Tor which the data are available are Zwmt Mt-kJ and bulfejlTfr which art located ut distances ol about 20 to 40 ka from the project area and occur at elevations of Lb-40, 1650 and 2100 u respectively. As the project area lies at elevations ranging from 1800 to 1823 m, and aS the climate varies significantly with the elevation, the chntHit’ duLa from any of these stations cannot be used. An interpoLa1ion from I h<- isohylc* drawn on the Annual Rainfall” aap by Hakin et al (]975> yields a figure of about ?50 m* of mean annual rainfall for the project area. The rainfall distribution patterns studied from the nearby rain-record 1 ng station (Heki nnd Zwji J ladifaie that the main rainy season occurs during June to September when moist winds from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans converge over the hi rJi lands of Ethiopia. About 60 lu 6S percent of th** total annual precipitation occurs during this mm. The period from Ocluber to December is alaost dry wHh only about 5 percent of the annual precipitation, while the remuininx 3d to 35 percent prec ipi t ot l uii occurs during January to Huy wiLh
a a erratic diblribuhon. The ruin of tan falls in shdri heavy bursts ncLumpjukiL-d by t hundcp* t OTBS wi Lli inlensitleS of upto 10«
■ a per hour.
L Luiiib-f *■-1 u j ms .
Jlui] -□]*(■ Commonly occuts during heavierhere rxnrrbllv exisis l. iuir HJp.relMiuu of
Uiantcs with tb* altitude. With this cmu ide. a I ion, turi- iind evapoLi Miispn at tun dm a published bv MO Og»-li.ho ini-teyraluglCijl Station wh h It is lu<
about
■k |' I hit plujei I rti'wu but ii In List al I lie UJIBC Jlblllud** ,d altitude | laDO isj are reproduced *M Tublt I- Tlu* iuI be very representative of the projei 1 uri-ii l>ernusi> Mio lufu brink located toward hotter side <*f the IrifL lhe temperatures prevailing is the area any b- I ur . «e-i Itup £lVell fol Ogelcho but the data can p.obubl^
l* i * iK* r <i- J id.j{r«in^ifi i c
TjLle 1: /Vt^x j luut j ikil-j I jt_ Dre Lcho
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132
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Skxirce: TAD (193*1)
T^u; data shew Thar tie
rt -iJt-pn^vr-t>i!-~o■: vary
liTtle Airing the year, the ihjxiimm variation being 3,*i*C. But rhe luiiiLil yuriatiuns arc hi,-;, ranging from iQ°c during the wettest
□ei'uaj (.-ti-^st) to 17.^0 during the i'ieuL period (Ceceitier) Tit “ diy ta^craturec severally fluctuate ar&cj 22°r wo die the near;
HjayiL tez-^L aturcz; vary betwen Moul Vi srid
Aceniui arul Janujiy rejjtively cool ncntJu; yf.ile April and Mav 
fovembtr,
T^ 11
Ire pate cd pGeC-.t-ai evapotranspiration varies frat 3 ta u mti P^r <uyP
.during any .urt of the year.2.1 Qcunorphology and phyf hi
The project area forms part of u luw plalu-au »i ancient basement rocks which is overlain by Pliocene weathered ignimbrites (consolidated a%h fl ows J *f and is further covered by relatively recent iprobably of middle to late F11* i s i ocenu period) jhd loupe volcanic ash, The ash was later compacted lu
1 urm ari □ J * n si u il i f o r in Layer of 1
to 1.2 m thickness
igntibr11cs,
thus
the plateau being transformed into c
over the
x1vnsivu
'old Vol Can x L* nah p loins’
Ail old river si ream, i h«- Wuja Hi ver, which runs alunk
the sou t hern and eastern Limits deep I hr uugh the j g n j ■ t> r i t e e w 2 1 h
of t hi? area had been cutting
little dopes11i un o f 1 1 £
sediments. It has by now been deeply incised and has adopted a
■tenndurtup course, The urea which is Hooded! Uy the river fur short periods of rainy season is extremely limited and is confined only to sum? low puriF of its steep margins. ConsequentJy, the volcanic ash mat trial is found uncovered by
oHuVizlI Sediments Up t o l h e river bunk. with
of course a
ionsiderable pari
prubabl} win-n the riverbed
along t he river hank having been eroded away
wSJS higheri
A major part D f the volcanic
ash
plains j n Lhe
nurthwcftt has a very flat topography with leas than L percent
alupe while ita soulheastern part has a gentle slope of I to 2
percent toward the river, except for a narrow strip along the river which is rather steep and dissected, a small part of the plains inward i he extreme southwest Incross the river) has ekL.-i'pl li arm I t y an undulating topograph)".
Easl of the river and almosl parallel to the lathj, but ouiside the project aiea. there iuns a high escarpment of M ai c’ko NjiLge which slopes steeply towards the river The volcanic ash was also probably deposited over these slopes bat
■tueli of it has b«eii washed down by rains to the lower slopes Where a narrow strip of ’alluvusted ish plains’ has beer.
|..r»ed, Ta<- uHuVialed ash material is flisl ingui&hublv from 1 he old asti by virtue uf it being relatively less compacted ano buying. in contrast to the wld vulcanic sab. mure vur.abJe Ihickness over the Ignimbrites. These plains have gentle slopes OF abuui 1 to 3 percent Which gradually decrease towards I he
r&-
" * lh I 11
* I .1 | I L ■■ I* I-?■
II v<irp_l >
riu- only source <if aurfoce
exialltlft in the .>rr.i
..
.-
.. I I. _______________________ ' A fh* Wn im kiV^T. Uh- hold
uiL-iscJi hrUtfii parsing tnroagh th* project arc*.
it is»
therefore. ineffective to flood any part of land beyond its
bank*. The si rent flows with full d i srl.nrs c only during a short
wlM *tLJkHii»n i.'uly to S-eptubL-sr 1 while the dry aenao-n water f lows
■j r t.* c Klreaely variable and generally very lew. According to
Muhin e| a] 1975), the Hlek i kiver lias a prubab i 1 i t y Lu dry up
1 ui siDBe* perL-od durLhy. D^cenbtr lo March for* on art av^ra^r-, 10
H'kiB «>ui ol rvi-ry 100 years penud, winch also applies lo the
liver, I. hr taller being a tributary of the
The analyses of river water samples I rum rhr aid-Mcki viliey iprobably of the Woja tributary of the Meh l j January 1374 nro nitell bv Hnltui <?t al.|ll)75j ns follows:
tC ai 35*C : . 3 nnho. ca J
pill ".b
a.
in
Cal Luus ifcrq. 1 1 ) :
An4UTjS s iieq P| J j!
Cl: .Qd
SOn: .30
Cfti and HCOj: 3-00
SAk: J.J
kSC: . □ «eq, 1-1■0-
Th*?
sysieuaitea1 Iy
If X k !> t L LI JI I 11
saline ubd
anti I y =» i b of
grounilwat eC
part of Illis
r o O4i d w a I e r
invest I gat ti
reiourcfS have not so ior been Observation of o r*?w wells
the urea
occur* at
the water
fur i rripjjt ion
project areai
ri-Yviih that the groucidwuler is slightly depth* varying from 20 to 30 Bttte*. Ko
hns, however, been ndt* The purposes was not in practice
, No
use of
in any
2.5 rn-Ncnt land use arid natural vfe^etj£t_!jun
At
aTeU red
presentP the aajur part (over 75 percentj
prujvvi
is used for rainfed farmriK
naiuly
sOF fthurn,
pepper acid tef crops at subsist race level-
farmers
also
grow peas, haricot b<~an* wheat, barkey and.
b
in
by
addition
to the above crops. The land is cultivated
of t hr-
mic.
Sole
lentil
ftOh t ly
tenant* _____w_h_o _h_a_v_e_ex_tremely meager capital resources and hold
very
coastiiuting
upto 5 or 6 ha per tenant.
siiiii l-eizeo plots scattered nt dipffIearceenst p* laces* all together generally net sore than 2 ha but casually
The level of farming is very low and
the only input nude, rise than their family labour,
which,.
amounts
dUeIu
though □f poor
to compensate
picking up n y
is the seed
quality, n used in considerably high
for low rates of germination and losses the bird* and soil fauna- For deeding
purposes, the land surface is shallowly scratched by leans of an indiiinous, cattle-drawn, local country plough- The seed is tnen broadcast and, after another ploughing (which is avoided by
■ any rarwrs), the land is left to nature for the crop to grow and mature, No fertilizers or pesticides are used; nor any kind □ f interculture is practised and rhe fields retain heavily infested by different kinds of weeds. The general level of crop yields as well us the quality nf produce is very low.
A gcneial cropping pat fern und level* of yield in the area are given by Makin et al (I975i as in Table 2,
Table 2; G «mh- rp 1 __<-_r_Dji p l.pg p it t t e r n a nd yield levels
awn* ■■■! 1-holders of ■id-Meki are
V of fara
Average yields
C raps
urea gruinii.
iq/ha
Haise«
17
7.2
Feas uEid bean*
22
3.a (dried
Pepper
16
Ter
2. &
6
bi h«"F*
5.2
9
» Probably includes surghunrt caretui estiauce made fay th*? author during ln-lu wui li lri)» l Jit- standing BJturc crops uf ionise, soe gliuw iimt I < t . hOWe v er „ filk'-A .about dfijuble I hr- flgUE'fH of dV’friiue yieldb <JUu(**d
|n ruble 2.
This a«y probably be attributed lu the kliiu3U.il Ly
1 JA fi-L» r j|j IF- rainy Season during this year or an u n f HV fiJUl ab I r- our- during I hr v<*^r when Makin nude Hjs study.
The red pepper is the lain cash crop uf tai m*?i a while a smmIJ proportion ul cash mcoie is also contnhutvd Lv timjlvd s;iJr- oE other crops i nr J ud i n g peas, Leans and lentils
The uJhd I I l V ;j ■ eel purl
of the land ^ruhs nutuTui
KCUHb-ea which
tall sfjd short
Lm riU percent k
nrv ex t cns U vc-1 y grazed by cattle and guai^. hoi h grasses are found wlndi him-’ a ground cover irf L-J
The
most common grasses be lone probably !<►
Flypti r rln-n j h . Ar 3 s l i d 11 ,
J]j[ UTai I F-T
fo r I h« fuel
Ccuchrus and Cynodfijn species.
Mi.si
r
spec tea growing qh firassiatid navr* been ■ Jenred oil xiiid iLHibrr needs of the local inhabitants. The
opF*i kea which still persist even on cultivated hnd art- m.iiijly
Ficus and bm1 hi, with m. lew others which are relal ivety
un inpurt ant .
A moderately thick stauii uf different specie* of
■ ri'fi-y, shrubs and bushes js, however, fnund in relit! iv«*ly must «ieus along the river bank. Th^c provide sumr- grazing for I he tjvestmk a?. well aS Serve as a Souirt* uf fuel wOud and sinks fui building of tarnerx tl U t S Itukulj.
2.6 Pojiul.-H ion and surio ccqnuiaic cond 11 iqn.%
h*j data [egarfiiing the population of people Living in the ir-’O arc available. Il way, however . be roughly vtUuniled that i Here are presently Z to 3 thousand ptupJe living in the nrcii. .WI oi' idem are furscr-s with median I u large sized
fasiilte^ while a lew earn their living by working as labourefi.
The coHBun food grains urc waizeh surghun and 1<*f whii-h are
usually Consumed in combination with cooked pulses ur Bent.
Safe drinking water is scarce. There are a few upen wells. which supply drinkable water but in general must of the water needs fur drinking ur other domestic purposes Lave to be Bel by e he river* The level of mtogrutioEi of th** local peasants into ,♦ rush pcuiioay appears low--JO-
2 _ j Ma rkoI in£ _ and c^aisun i rut 1 un
rJi* pi <i jrvi dr is u i? wclJ * anncc l vd with lilt- uu-iirby
■ urKviy ut K«shf, lusriio, Uulajira and Zwai, as well as (u the 4 .■ p-1 luli town u]~ Addis Abrtba and the seaport ui A»ib( through all weather in e t a 1 I e d t uads on which public buses nod tracks arc piy uijf r^Kulurly, There- ^re -a number of curt cracks crossing though tfte are* which link almost .ill st? I t 1 risen t s with.n I tie jfea with the ■ ■-tailed ruad . These track? art- fa J r 1 y t I 4i I J I tab 1 v by 4 whe--l drive vehicles in dry weather- The fariers gHietallv t rEumpor L their saleable produce tu rhe snrhetu ofi Loihe and hiseito through donkeys on marketing days which die fixed for every week. tru« these markets the produce is picked up by I hi-
■Jeaieiti acid saved to larger tow sis through trucks.
provisions are usually jvai lribl«* in
nearby
Getters J
vi L1 ages
food
but
I he
t hel r
expvr j 1-need.
f ■■!" t i liters
markets.
fertilizers or
The
and
The
uRriculturnl
peaticidas
shortage a are not uncommonK input? like ri ood -qut* J i t y seed,
are virtually nun-existent
in these
faiacrs generally use I hei r own Diucidcs*. The labour is however
a v it liable ai fairly low rates.
r
seed aiid no
plentiful I 5
*■ ' ■»<-.!.
k ■ It ■ I c ■ a * V
I u 41 c . < a .1 « H i h J M ► r U I . 4 J iVI
I I B|d'|llll ■ I 11 • ■ f HI ’■*
I* far
■ • v - ■ r
■I
he
af the area ar-- I aimed m
Ilk j g Ii i mbi i 1 ■’
l L .1-
I,,
J
.il
Ml
islUieiie
period,
u
r
i I*
i
■
ii j ny.
1a
rdw
north a ph
I we
•. t
e
»■
■u
aif
ej^eT uiiuenae
as
'd
jp irub uh
BV
J*jiI
CilwuiIiI^ e> I i ouie-->sIuin4I-huwi'-*( *> 1 II
4. usi ■■■*!
jIP■!UI
i n deiaiI wnder
| i lied h«*“ I
Appl‘11 'll 1 \ ll
■'#
£• t
i he
i
r X E i - U K i Ve
h W - ■ IU
Hu i k
,
very dm k
grvyi&h brwn

il i U.
IIV«l
r
J:>
I h I k k 1.1 m1 Ik IjIhjIwCb I u very dm h grL-yjiuh Glu-ra-n.
-> » a r I
I.it
I
I M Li I a v k v
gradUally
r L S L I I Obi I
hbbUl i lu
I a¥e¥ j I I mV I a I 1 ay el
in ■' lay -Collient arid nn-i gr;*
old v ij | i uii i l a% h
T | M ■ 4 I I r k 4
A liu r i z tin
UIM I l If J,
! 11 I liu r i / on j :
w i I fei a
t u r t? 11 ■ u a silty
I-
h«r
i zun i
khich i s .i
b
ruptly undeg la
in hv ii
*
■ ■"d i
dens+- a
d ec r e a ■>
Sh I-FljwIi >
depth.
fine angular b I m kv. por^UK
I at
a aperiul ch.iroL i: eri tt ii
■
i MjIIBV
L tlL>-^J4
.■i i
I*
4S
Cl ' • 1I X u |. .
The
■•xtural change J rc m 1 Jj--*
I ln-r I iu pctrlnnl lull lrs&
I* hut j sun I
■ 1 he hJl
rXlciixiVv ly-pi'a
of
id I do |
■i l l X I !4
tl J V V
I
llr
S aMe
sequence v1
liarixniiS but
I 441 • 
| w=
■lie
% a j: li j. ' l v
Uli I ill
1
J
ermi ■ ■>
in piopurties- The
L hun zqii
1S
i-1 I lii
-r
lai k l h k
i
due
pl
tu ha V* tig. Lrr-4-|4 IilUiOSl
to flip 1 e I e 1 V Bi
ked
up
Mr I Hl
Thvi *’
L Jj>-
L
uinii r L1. i mi h 1
hl u I k 4 a 14 „ . -r «.r IS I El. ill-
•■nd III hbra
ibi abrupt
t wib
I hi'
t ex t ur
I a I ter
al l htthp_ r | mm l he
being bustI>
■ 1 jy
I V i U t in
a s ©r t
liiiilll 1 IJ
<u1 JJ d bluti V LI .
LI
I ■ At
pIT !*'Ml X
Li i L- ,
Al I
I hl'
S Lb I L S
deaicr ■ bed
are v e t ■»
■b ’L"p h Lj. I
ito I
L led
he I 4JW
a depth- ul 1
le BUKt «j r
jL>Lr>f
de pl L
them HI r
V i" ii
varying
Th-*s
a re
IhaI al J
Liuibcn|a ,il’+ uu% t ■> u
a
huu l li b
dt a * ija gi
■ tup th hut
ka V r I'll. J,
ef
■ J-1 < a i u
4j 4.3
■d t t r i j ] ti e 1 u u I Lua
t depth,
A weak 1>
• 'I SOU I fc-ij
f-b < ri ch i
n
line n.4jdu 1
aibd
<1. h - p- h |£
genera I Jy
■
'll* i.'ul| |. i-| ■
In-1 wee ii d e p T h s
of L SU ..nd 200 * iu All l h
rooisa 1 i
lew* 1
v
hi
liati BS.
ECe I e!IJ<
than ] bS/cb upIn abuut I
thul. They have a ii lightly
w
■
i ■ KJH'I, |T „ii t [
l" Ua be 1 vw
e-,14 Ii il Ll Jpdkl 5 r rj
aujIij|r
dtfcp E Ji d ud
j> i >: t ■ l iri
“ 4
I u . I j fchl I y .1 Ik J I
A I ung
h j M if |.u L El
■lull i n .n1 |
1 hr
I H.llU
4 rn- pli
the n
E mil
j.s
- J U|’tu -iboui I m depili ,l|»
rt ■ <J ■ belaj^i Th.41 depth
V»M
IU
I II I LUA I Hl J i"
IH a Eb.ip r mW | 4«|j 1 f>|* li
hur izoiis. ........................... ... ■-£ ijjed
I hrvuj'. liou I i in pi*.! i | i
1
J P i ' he Stat 1 b
ld> rtliij <11 M
I Ib ! ■ y h ; d V ■
4-17-
Layer «*f 1
.m.’ accu«ulBt ion oc-urring wUhlh 1
• drpthx
The ynuJitL^r
old
su I I S
deSC
rifted
d J S t
i nr t
ill
uvial on
. OU
oil
l i I uv a
j1
eP
I ext ur.d with rare
r ha n Ac
ute u r r r- ri <■ e
sviln arc sLifelllir 1<J the less cXltfMive abnve. except that these do not shvw any
and have u structural B hurixbn instead of They do nut have any £ horizon and no abrupt They iiri-’j' ri.'’lai iv®1 ly loose and we I L drain'1 >1 of mottles within I H' depth.
.1.
Max Ji toil I
based
character 1st *c* .
an dl i f Terences
in
^l-eujCmI
prof k I e
arc
ur e
id ent i f i ed
further divided,
A, h , Cfc U and E,
These soil types
nect:Sb ary B
ante various subtypes on
liUSU *jf
genet i l-
irrigated
vut:h
point
five iaj or
La occur in
where
d j f ferenCL-S
soil types, Viz- t he project urea,
□ f view
which
are
and
are relatively minor J'ruuu
quile important for theit
a I* r i cu 11 u r u I
but
use
Management,
characteriatxrs of these
their FAO c 1 bseifit at ion
hybiIidJj arc outlined below,
of
SO 1 1
( in
The spoil inn
types and subtypesR uh well as
parentheses after the soil type
soil iypc■subtype
are dest r i bed xn
is
detail ,
dtiJjv
■ ij Table
& 1 LkUg
A detailed chraeteriSot ion of ea> h
3 and their typical pruf lie-,
with the LBporta.nl analytical
JuU, + u Appendix V.
5m i I
_ Lypi- t ■ lJ lanojn 1 s j
This
hav i tig .
r. i L-y
over lies
hor izan•r
within
below the
very a k 1 t y
u slu-wly
so that
about 70 lm
dark coloured
I oyer ‘ a lb ic
type includes al j thuav soils
topsoil (Ah horizoni, a liehi
E huiiz<jru which abruptly
permeable, t-laycy
this abrupt textural change depth ft'oi the soil surface.
nunc ru.1 1 y
or crumb
t J11 q k n e B B
cunsxals of very dark greyiwh brown to blacky structured, moderately permeable luaas
layer I arg11hr b or hi
is fn<'iiufit L-r«*«|
The* Ah horizon
grainu J iti
moderately permeable Iumij ranging hi
Ffob
ID la
pe rntftUj I. r .
I h i ck
colour
w.it ei
and
20 cm
The
has
UidH-sit i ve
about 15 Lu 50 t*i. The albir E liuruun is about thick and usually structureless and 41nwt>
underlying Hl horizon is generally 15 to 35< a noliled, dark brown to very dark grevish brown
ol impeded drainage conclttions. Thv i.iui
Si li JL 111 43 t i.-
t hn L1 slow
an <11 d,
Mode rj 11" I y
ib found
a u r fal e _
ILiilli a I I- .al 4-lkUS
■ a I ii"4i r i4 ■'us
is rapidly a b a u r b r d
Toi l riung t l sea
pelseabllily.
ui4i i ( I i-d. dur k
peimeablej
by the topsail but it is understood t o over the E or lit iLur i^ons |i<*< aust- u l
The Bt horizon gradually merges wiift
brown to reddish brown,
st rui: t ured loamy iu l which
but led :il depths between
Tiki-se art* very
uptu uboul 150 ito.
not er i a ] with sunn*
y r i1uwlah
Fine blocky
dee p
Oi’l
B
puntad.M y lime «JL J Ltne nodal
HO and 125 c m fi Qin L he =tu k 1
BUi u and are genera I I y
us banal ly. a feW puck cl a. -u
1 e Si a r 4 --13-
fuuUd la a" t Wetli
lb I H t I IM I rutw
tkflLl Hl 111 Hf.lk
]5QhM.
]0U ai.J 150 Lfc depth bul they c-uiauiul.Jy have >
,.r l.ae awuwhlioa. m pond.'! V rrncl tmdul.U lor*
, . m, ni U mu (ciilt ir horixun ,
:.t so»e depth below
lJVl.t
U" tin b-HiU of thickness cf the (opaci I Ah borizuJ.l I he iiibit t horizon which acts as a weak burriyr !«•
, uni J an wr pJani»h the soil l ypo A 1S divided inLu I he f ul i ■■» lut; J suLtypo
SL,M n- Al M.rlH. rjajiosul.^j liBjier feL-t 1) Jiun.^d, ilnwlj
?1
pet HH‘iib b.- Kulls having 25 c* vi more thick Ah Ihi uwi i. j vr | I II i” id J I.1' A ■! 1 liikir lift OH ■
SuhLiiL.i A- I. u i £JJ_
: huj-erleCLiy didJiPnl, a 1 l>w i >
pv FMii'Jlb I C E-Oils ta-hVkikg leSS I la Oil 35 ‘■“JU thick fttl horjKajii over inc albic t liorxzun.
sii i i Type r-
I lluir hdV I Till
Ph tie uz r*pi* J
The soils included
a 25 ci
a or iori? thick. very dark
L<l.ark.
gF-aliLi
I
crucmrubmsbtructursetdrutcotpusreodil
i n this
greyish
Mollit A
hut fift <j r a
str
thin,
Olo' r
topsoil
bbrrookkeenn..
light grev
lo
greyish
brown.
type sire
brvwn to
hair J ZuJi
■* x H % io
lohay1
braaWIi k i
l lalt IUlIBI
e nxt ural
tnj r ■ / ou
J a’dii L i 11
(25 rm
II iJni'.a liiH'a’aUL
|"ajwdt"i y
J '■0 L-H
b at 4 LKOn )
ElOdU I L*-4
ha-1 wevn
layer
K horizon) unde r 1 y l ng the r n-psu i I
. followed by dark
very
or
fe haiige
mTges
h i kw ii,
■ Ia-pl hs
UPtIk
dark t;r>-yjsh brown, Bahtin gu I a r io angular hlock> silty 4’I.Eby huLu layer i. B horizon) with no abrupt
between the Ah (or it and h horizons. The U gradually with nn obi, -kirk yellowish brown to
l ine Ducky structured Ions soil buried □! ttO lo I r u in l 11 c ii U. F f j c C ■ T h t- &1 “ HtH Is n r e *» e i y > I e e j a .j n d
about 150 l-m depth.. A few poekets with
I Lae
depths. .
mF i Liar* uadultj may La-
A
B con L a x n 4 nft
J lid wwi IitIkhWCuk
encountered between. luO .md distin-l son- uf 1 4»i> accumulation k<ulcx«
abundant powdery hac us well js li»e ceaentut ion, however , general 1 y occut m
Jind 2DP .in depths,
Uepcnding on the dromnge conditions prr-sa-n. & Hr absent* of E horizon and degree of I hk- h horizaan,, ihitk soil type is divided into
Suh Iypea:
i pc rBerth11iiv,
development Mf
i he fta I 1 mw 11 j
SiihtypL. h|
Iry.r PhifSu«>‘«ij
Old, wodv f a I ,■ I >
j »r.-i I >'i t L y <4raitK*d, ^o«<'what slowly pe
w, ’h "tb 4,r
* Ihii., brekua [■: h
„ ...................
ffluahu .a i i- □nguljr l< lucky, illuvial |t
(l
(j.e- Hi ■
1 *■
v ;.,
-.11,1 disrujet wait line Within 5D <-■ depih.
well t Lj
Soil*?
1y1nKa
bur izunSutter Li- J-“»< .EfeBSJi’LXaiJ- 01ti‘ w^ieh well
ilr;.lh<-l. K^JUHMliat ^inwly p^r^eati 11? 5vi Is with no or 1 iJiitu brcht'jj f hvJ 4Z<J|| LjHitrlyuj^ 4J mud>-r»*tr' ar./ul >>
blocky. illuvial U .i.e- Bl) horizon and nu distinct moltluij* within £0 rm depth,
S uh t j j;!«- h -J i. Hap 1 L L Hi
,■ ft e 1 u 11 v.- L y young. well Im
iii.id.-r-H fl y well drained, moderately to sume-whnt slowly permeab1e SOlLs> with lid I. bor i Zuji alid & we^iik tv avdcrult1 subitn^ular b 1 ncky j structural h i . 4? ■ ilh i horizon,, with no iiisii!i>t mottling within 50 vbi
depth.
SmH TJiJ’“ C Lioj-aoIm)
This type includes lhu»e
which
have less than 35 cm thick, dork to very dork greyish brown, weakly massive to granular. luaa topsoil lOchru1 A horizon> will ch riI her overlies a light grey to greyish brown, loamv duwil J nyiT ulbic E horizon i which I mined j nt r 3 y rests on u d.^rJi brown to dark greyish brown, angular blorky clay loam r-r silty • lay loam lIIuviu! ■! El t j horizon. or lies directly uwr I lie
Bl horizons. with no abrupt liiid Ju h<*IJZuns, The Bl
dark V'-Llowiiii browr. to
textural change between t tn- A or F
horizon merges grudunlly with an oJJ, reddish brown , fine blocky strurlured
loLiiuy "ioii IuiiacJ bi-iow EJO to 125 m depth from thv suri'uoe^ These iri- very deep noncalcareous sails with Commonly a ff*w poik«-*ls of <_■ .ale«rev as material below 100 cm depth* a zone uf lime accumulation calcic horizon) with abundant hue powder and Modules may ulsc be encuiinlered below |50 cw depth.
The following two subtypes are identified to ucciir hi
she project area:
iulutyp.----------- C.’| „JJaleyi.£_______ Luv ijfci ] sj j_ Moderately well I
imperfectly drained, somewhat slowly permeable soils.
wish no or a thin, generally broken, £ horizon. Lui distinctly mottled within 5d cm depth.
x ‘ ii-ii i ypf- ("2 — ~ 11> i r __ Luv J 3-0 I s) : MMooddeerraatteellyy wweo 1I 1 Somewhat slowly pr rnieub 1 e soils with a thick
i m .i . fle,ir ly cuitt ihuqus
Buttling within BO ■ m depth.
dm i nid ,
; id
K horizon :ind tie
d I % t I hl- I15-
SrjiJ Tjp” U • 
/ These aft ■ b<» aui Lb Mhjch huMv J 35
. ni ui hi««rr link k( V--J ¥ dark Eruyish brown to bluck. jjrunular ui
, j uiub biiw'lurol, In am to sandy luaa topsoil <mol lie A horizon t
ilul u* urines j Jui k brawn to very dark greyish bru^n, weak
a uh i i ikjE u .1 • i r b I • ic k j Io £a in n j c luy lo-uiDo ELibsOi j icnnibiL lb Itui' i z urn ’ ,
walk no distUH.t
within 50 ci* depth. They ur*a
i;pii,er.i I I v kUJiiii .1.1 ciar«-injs aplo dboul 75 cm depth orid culciirrauK to Klrdkigh rd L rare ous ho-|ow With si EOiie uf lime ntcUiuI atiun a 44
a
powdery us well ii s nodular fur* ieulvir horizun,! o^rurr4nfc
within luO c m depth Ca]c jr Chernozems, These loih art verj
d.-ep imd Rrji er Lilly wi-t 1 drained with u maderate pc-racub i 1 i I y-
Sm I Ty >*■;. £. ; <i it* J a p is j
This type includes soils w h i e h fi a v «■ n
wcAik subuniiul.it b larky, dark greyish brown tu very dark urey. mottled clay Lout* to s i |e y clay loam Subsnd (Caibic k horizoibi.
ovi-rluin i-y a 25 35 rm thick, granular Io crumb , vc-ry dark
grayish liruwEi to black laamy topsoil laollic A horizon# - Molln-
Li t ry t>csl s
Th*'iW siilIh are very deep. ■nderalely
■i aptr fee t J y
drained4 somewhat
uLiJ!l« iJ ] farL'ijufi
hut a TeW p U f k C I S
□crj&iGtiaHy r^uud It-low about 100 c*
The must c omia-unty
1 I to
a 1uw t y pe raeab1r
of cii 1 r areous muter i h|
depth.
found
sc* 1 I t y |V‘S
du Si c jlir-d ubuve Jie
textural
arhemalil a 1 Iy ik
sequv4it*es of
ch-d ill
and
-1 r <■
1 Lie
I.
Soil TVl*
Al
C
20 . *itl - &0 -
60 ■ 100 - 120 - IkO . 150 L
joil Soil
Type Types A2 01,B2
Soil Type
B3
Sail
Type
Cl
SOU
Trt’c
C2
boil Type
D
Soil
type
E
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□ 41 Jet
Ik L I I•iiFi- L due t
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shu r P SUt V Leva 1 obsvrvat lull
* Appendia iif4Te
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nd
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jrru ,
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r
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per
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4a 4 ■j S
Nowr t he J cat uii the mar where
20 ho and pOSE b h 1 I" t Cl
one
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trine uvrC the
Others jiril E Hue e J J*
“•■ 1 t, |J I E b h LhJI E J V
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I si-? 1 ln^ i uns I of <i few Ootfher Sull type**
. i I I * ■ ■ t t thhees SLuiItk utbuib1li 4I ay 1u y f u f ■-H ii u g e in e ci 1
II r lr_al**d ay r ietil t ui ea Consequent ly Iba-t'Ji delineated un I he tunp tb f 'Sut
,a Ls 1
feus i lb j 1 i t V
ilh ji v l* l a & e
I per 7 ha
de | j. n V » t e
t yp<-s has hi
Ulhly M DILIJUf whiL'tL du hut i.I remeu I s a-U 1 J Bj}'p LJi^
un.p 2
,|1 u
These juei-plng units. alonn with th»
ii
ixh'nl
brluw Land
.ihuvi' th-- I Hl 2 lh -OH (OUT lane, are listed be lew an. d dr s>-"T ibr-i-l under Tub li- ]
Tk1ent
- «■ o - .. .
.
i n hu
-- ■*■- - . -
He li
h,^
Above
Hupp i
hr* units
LBt2
J*
l«12 m
--- — —■ —
t-
-» rm
- -------- ---- . „ _
A. Old
vulecinir
;ish |j 1 u i ii i
1
Mainly
1 a- V C L Mull 1 u P 1 <1 n 11 3 u 1 s
17
la
■j 't
2a
Mn inly *t «.J i: y n h 111 1 y a J u ]■> i u £
Hol 1 it P a .IlhUSL- I 3 2 Mainly level >. al ri r PlahLbSuls
Ma i ia J v 1 eva- il fi 1 ey j.r and L. y a c
1 ’ lb il 4- w z <* UI 3 31 Mu inly v i-r y (£--n t 1 y s 1 op i np,
*i I ‘ > b • .ind
1 Mu l n1v huderatv1y steep to
Phtieuzurns
undo 1n ii n j*. Cjieie Che mu sews
L utbFei epi ;l 1 1 II ¥ 1. >i I. Cd .1S li |h 1 u 1. 1 i ” M:i i ii I V v i_- r y gently si op i ti h.
11.a p 1 Lb. J'liUeuZellitt
CO
B5
J2."i
40 1
tl7
14h
- ■.
* _.
j
-■ Ma L h 1 y l£ e ti l 1 y 3 1 up i ti g LI.a j-1 i. h
1 111 a • * • • 
"■S
•
1J
20
Ta-t .. .I
22 !<
! hi-jflip ?
BUTAJIRA PROJECT AJtLA
SOILS
<AJID 1/JID UNITS)
/
LEGEND
- Old wlranjcr ash pkiin
I J I Level (<lt alope), very deep, Xmjjer draineda slowly pc-rTJu^alde, doji
calcareous, nonsalijrie, clayey soils underlying a light grey silty layer covered by a thick, cktik eoloui'ed loamy topsoil (Mollie Planosols).
Very gently sloping Cl—2% slope) ph of soils described under napping ur
LZJSoils of napping unit 1 but mainly with a thin cover of dark coloured lodjrry topsoil (Edtrie Planosols).
QJ
Level (<J% slope), very deep, rr^lec well to imperfectly drained, sofrewhi slowly penreable, noncal car-ecus, nonsaline, loam/ soils with a thick dark coloured topsoil (Gleyio and Luvic J-Tiaeozems).
pa | Very gently sloping (1-2% slope) ptiases of soils described under napping unit 3.
| M | bbderately steep to undulating,very 
• Irrn, ur-] J rh-‘.i innd, jn^drn v5f*‘ 3y 
,
I I ■ i. rWWK'-J 
p
ITK M I a jj
icvuny :5L>.i I ii Wilh >1 tJi J« j (kia k
4X111 ■'.wJil ■fi-J. KCljpnluU ijLit .'i- J .JJ!®..' aof'W vrfi El lin J UOi nt d’-2j»« Fi [2c-'ii- CJjervlozcni
Project jixm bMUHUiy flipping unit Ixxindiry
[ 5J Very gently sloping (1-?S slope!, ver
IHJZui cunlour Jj»»« 1—J Jeep, w_dl to nodciutely well drained
il -Ictal led svui l Carl Livaek
Ri ver
nudertitcly to somewhat slowly perateable, noncdlcancous, nrnsuJine, iociny soils with a thick 'dark coloui'es. topsoil (Iksplic Phaeozcms),
L
[ xi ] Gently sloping (2-3% slope) [Jases *” of soils described under napping
unit b.Table u ; Descript icri of :-£r i -1 rhij 1 ■ £ 021 S
Soils
Er.ys io-
graphy
Slope
m
Erosion
Drainage A floodir^g
Type/ cub type
Approx + proport 5 on
0)
Main characteristics
Present land use/natura]
vegetation
1
?
3
5 3
&
6
7
?
1. MiirJy >vel Mel lie Planosols
Level plains
<1
(pOSTly <0.&)
None to
fi] ight
sheet erosion
Imperfectly 
. well drained-, no flooding
Al
7&
A2
IS
1
1
Bl
10
Very deep, slowly permeable, non- calcareous* neutral to slightly acidic, nonfea3ine, prisratic to angular blocky, dirk brown to very dark greyish brown, mottled silty clays overlain L-rrrediately above by a ]0-?0cm thick, light grey 
- silty layer that is covered by a 25-50cm thick. granular to cromb. very dark greyish brown to black loamy topsoil, and underlain by moderately permeable, dark, yellowish brown to reddish brown loams at P0-l?5cin depth.
Similar to subtype /I txit with less than 25cki (l$-2Ucm) thick topsoil; see detailed description under rapping unit 2.
See under description of napping
unit 3.
Mainly subsistence levc. i a infed farming of reiz< sorghum, tef, red pej-pe wheat, barley, beans an< lentil; few patches uii4 natural grassland used for grazing; few very o trees of Ficus and Ac-a-. species
- do -
-do -Table 4 (tent'd)
1
ry gently oping plain
2 3 I • 1 s &
jj - Mainly very gently sloping, .’tollic Planosols
1-2
Slight to
■moderate sheeJ erosion
hqperfectly di -lined;
no flooding
Al
70
A2
1$
Bl
15
Very deep, slowly permeable, nan- caicereous, neutral to slightly 
acidic, nonsaline, prismatic to
angular blocky, dark brown to very dark pneyish brown, mottled silty clays overlair; immediately above
by a 10-2Ocm thick, light grey 
silty layer that is covered by a
25-50cm thick, granular to crumb,
very dark greyish brown to black 
loarr/ topsoil, and underlain by moderately permeable, dark 
yellowish brown to reddish brown loame at 60-12ban depth.
Similar to subtype Al but with
less than 25cm (15-21*1111) thick lopsoil; see detailed description
under mapping unit 2.
See under description of napping unit 3.
Mainlv graybland with
■ C ; ere er .t covex of siort and tall grant:, used fc; grazing; few trees & bushes l ek ng in mostly V A a.is j-.J Ji agecier; seme patches d farmed to maize, - rg j tef and pepper.
do
■doTable u: cant'd)
J 1 ’ Lj.
4
5
! 6
7
0
2 - Mainly level Hitric Planosols
iveJ plains
<1
(mostly <0.5)
Slight to
jx/derate iheeT erosic n
Inperfet ily drained; no flooding
A2
&0
Al
20
Blj
B2J
C2
ID
10
Very deep slowly pentrable, non- calcareous, neutral to slightly acidic, nonsaline, prismatic to angular blocky, dart brown to very dark greyish brown, nettled silty clays overlain untdiately above by a 10-20cm thick light grey silty layer covered by a
15-2Ucm thick, granular to crumb ! tcasionally tr«issive), very dart,
greyish brown to black loany top- soil , and underlain by moderately permeable, dark yellowish brown to reddish brown loams at BQ to 125cm depth.
Similar to subtype A? but with ?Scm or Here (upto About bflem) thick topsoil ; see detailed description un^et nipping. unit 1.
See under description of mapping
unit 3*
Similar to subtype A?, except that these are angular to sub- angular blocky clay loams cr silty clay loams (instead of silty clays) and have a moderately slow permeability and no mottling within 50cm
depth.
11a inly subsistence lev rainfed farming of rai sorghum, tef, red pepp i^-^at, barley, beaus a lentil; few patches un natural grassland used for grazing; few very trees of Ficus and Ac a species.
- do -
- do -
- do *J L -
J
s
J - Mainly level Gleyic and Luvic ffraeczems
Level plains r <i 1 Mane to 1 Moderately
50
1 (mostly slight
1<0.S) sheet erosion
I well to imperfectly drained;
no flooding
B? 20
All
A?)
Cl
20
lfl
Very deep, moderately well drained somewhat slowly permeable, ncncalcareous, neutral to slightly 
acidic, nonsaline, angular to
subangu 1 ar blocky, dark brown to
very dark greyish brcwn, nettled
clay loams or silty clay loams 
overlain by a 25-50an thick,
granular to crumb, very dark 
greyish brown to black loam top
soil, and underlain by nsxierately permeable, dark yellowish brown
to reddish brown learns at 80 to
125am depth; a thin (<3Ccm), discontinuous, light grey silty 
layer occasionally occurring
inrnediately below the topsoil.
Similar to subtype Bl but well to moderately well drained and no
mottling within 50cm depth.
See under descriptions of capping units 1 and 2.
Similar to subtype 31 but these have less than 25cm (l5-2kcm) thick, massive to granular, dark, to very dark greyish brown topsoil
Mainly subsistence le rainfed farming of rrei sorghum, tef, red pepj. wheat, barley, beans e lentil; few patches ur natural grassland usee for grazing; few very trees of Ficus and Ac< species.
i
K.'
■FJu.’ Jt? COCMIE GJ
J I ? 1 3 L-l
j'a - J-kijiJy very gently ;!■ lopping Gleyig and Luyic Fi-nvzcra
'ery gently J 1-2 I Slight shMt
6 50
JOping Idins
[ erosion
| Moderately I well to imperfectly drained; no f locking
fi]
7
'.'cry deep, moderately well drained- SOMliMt slowly permeable^
nmcal care ous, neutral Ip siightly acidic, nonsaline* angular to
SUbd^MlAT blocky T dark brown to
very dark greyish browi( nettled
clay loses cr silty clay loa-iis 
used
for
gj'aaing;
iew
ov-arlain by a ?Ji-iOcm thick,
trees 
and
bushes 
beJof
Mainly subsistence It rai'ded farming of nai sorghum, tef* red pepp Uneat, barley* beans c 
lentil; partly grass!;
with tc-scy ground cca
mi inly to Acacia Spec; few old trees of Ficu< species.
B?
Cl
?0
ID
granular to crumb* very dark 
greyish brown to black loan top
soil , arid underlain by moderately peTbtahl c, <Lu k yel 1 Swish brown To reddish brown loam; at 60 to l?5cip depth; a thin (ciOcra) ,
discontinuous, light grey silty 
layer «xasignally occurring
imrediately below the topsoil.
Similar to subtype Bl but well to moderately well drained and no
nettling within MJcni depth.
Similar to subtype El but these
have less than 2Scm
thick, massi^i to granular, dark 
to veiy dark greyish brown tepsoilP
See under description of pepping units 1 and ?*
- do -
do *■
do -c
to
Talkie M (ocau'd)
Cal cic-Chernozems
Moderate
Vfell drained;
D
60
Very deep, modarately permeable,
Mainly grassland with
sheet to
no flooding
FioCK-al careous, natural to slightly 
many trees and bushes 
gully 
erosion
in rajor
alkaline, ncnsaline, granular to
belonging to different
parr, river
weak subangular blocky, brown to
species; about 60 to
flooding
very dark greyish brown loams,
90 percent vegetation
during sumner
overlain by a 2$-35cm thick,
cover; relatively gent;
in some lower
granular to crumb, very dark 
slopes dryfanned to
parts only
greyish browr. TO black loamy 
maize, sorghum, tef ant
topsoil, and underlain by 
pepper.
moderately to strongly calcareous 
loams to fine sandy learns with a
disl inct 1ime accunulat ion zone
(containing abundant powdiy lime
and lime nodjles) occurring within
300cm depth,
BJ3
3D
See under description of rapping
A
B?5
A2J
H10
unit 3,
See under descriptions of mapping
do
units 1 and 2I2J
& - ffainly vary 
'*
Table
* 6
(l-JTi'I 1 i
sloping JfeplJimffraEOMIM
Very gently sloping plains near the foot of an escarpment
Slight to moderate sheet erosion
Well to moderately well drained; light flash flooding from, the escarpment during rainy season
70 Very deep, moderately to somewhat slowly permeable, ncrcalcarecus, neutral to slightly acidic,
nonsaline, angular to subangular blocky, dark greyish hncvr. to very dark grey clay loams to silty 
clay loams, over-lain by a 2b-35an thick, granular or crumb, very dark greyish brown to black loamy topsoil.
Very deep, scrrewhat slowly permeable, nancalcareous, neutral to slightly acidic, nonsaline, subangular to angular blocky, very dart greyish brown, mottled clay loams or silty clay loams with a 2S“3Scm thick, granular to crumb, very dark greyish brown to black loamy topsoil.
Subsistence level rai farming of maize, SOT tef and red pepper; trees and bushes of rt Acacia sfec ies.
doTati J e (corrt’d)
G
'lain]3' gently £l< pL iz rlaj 1 ic Piaeoze^is
:
r
Moderate
sheet ert &iori
!fel] to
rode) ateJy well drained ;
B3
BD
light flash flooding freon the eficarpraent
daring rainy sea con
a
E
2D
Very deep,, moderately to 3£>mefchaT slowly permeable , none al ■. greens, neutral to slightly a.idk ,
nonsaline, angular to subangulai- blocky, dark .greyish brown to very dark p^y clay loams or
silty clay loans, overlain by a
2£ -35cm thick, granular to aunt), vary dark greyish brown to black loanv topsoil.
Very deep, somewhat slowly permeable, nOTcaltarwus, neutral to slightly acidic, notnsaline, subangular to ang-jlar blocky, very dark greyish brown, mottled clay loans or silty clay loams with a 2S-35tJn thick, granular to crumb, very dark greyish brown to black loamy topsoil -
Subsistence rainfed far of raise, sorgho,tef.
and red pepper; few trt and bushes of reinly 
Acacia species-
- do-29-
_l, | ARP SblTAH |_L ITY JTOk IRRIGATED. AGRICULTURE 4 I Gt-n<-raI I ijmd_ Character■s(_irs/qual_LlJLe 1
The soil mapping units described under secli«»n 3.3 be regarded els "land units" and the soil types (sec.. 3.2) els
'jiiiid ly^ea.'
when defined also with respect: tu- climate,
topography s waler resources and vegetsiion etr. The important rhur iic L e r < > I i ca/<iua 111 j rs of these land units are diseuaued he I ow
4.1.1 C 1 imu t eA g,ruw i nf. prr i eda and adapt ?'d_.
-
1 he major i I malic elepentSu i.e< p rec i p a I al i on and Iemperaturep us well -is Uh- cvupQraijtin ratals, have been discussed in sei tian 2.2. The climatic data show that tne period from June to
September is huiBid when the precipitation probably exceeds the
and no irrigation way be required. year, l r r i gsi i i on is
pvt
e ei
I
i
a
i
ev
apoininspi
riiUuD
Tur
dryland
crop
s-
For
other
part
of
the
tieuessai y lor a successful ajjr icy 11 ufe -
1 CBpertLl UFOS
indicates
t hr ii-ugh uu |
-iva i t Lib L c.' ,
January i$
irrigation,
range
that
the
bet ween
there
year,
ls
provided
M a r 1 • h to
the cou1ur
The mean dully
D
17.5 and 2t C during the year whirls
nu haitstiofi for growing <rops
thai irrigation water is
June is the warmer period while Novemb^i 1 u
period of th»B year-
The major deciding factor far cropping seasons under
however.
is
the
rainfall
distribution puLtern. The
rainfall data show that the wet period of the year occurs dur j nr
Junr to September. The seeding and harvesting of Crops, as well
'*tt
]
lift bug of the produce fro* field, should be accomplished
•■luring drier periods of the year, while the wot period should
" ol occur near the maturity stages of crops. Keeping those
US
well
HS
the
temperature
regim
es
m
view,
the
following
lfc *u
cropping
seas
ons
during
the
your
appear
to
be
the
biosi
Prart i Cable;-
j. (
Season 1: June to November Season 2; December to May
The import ant traps which arc adapted to
J
* f Mowing under irrigated conditions are listed
ondcr T.ible
the climntv
season wi>4--30~
Tab I • ►
St-db up
Ci I aut ir isj 1 y udilpied irrigated crops
llit’h-ly Suitable vrrQ-ps 
J y-jsL-
h Li v limber
Huiif highland vut iolieu.i
Suehum highland varieties
ThuT
Phuaeolus pulaos
llaricm boons
SuBorkm i
Sufi 111«vr
Suu f1&hci
Mudrrnle*ly
au 11 ub 1L-
r FUgiH
Saybenh
Tobacco
idieu dhLgJbtand
varieties
Ur-ct'aLu-p
My >
l^ n uih j I
J
Jduidi l L’[+pei
Oil l uij
Tumu I«»
Wheal
Bariey
Oata
rti j *l kpu^i^
luljtLb
JkipvH^rd
Must a r tl
Li li a cud
Oabbujgt"
1‘urrul
Pt-js
trfFK i ]
C I over s
A If alfa
Grapea
01 i v u
Ia/fi^i unu I v
Citrus
SiiiiLirt. a i iv
Th- crw i • s 
m-Mwn i n l Hut l v.r | >>
I
1 uh .
in1 ulhi-r
<M’ uno s»<■ 5ois ran aha bt* succt-aa i u I i > ^■^ison bu1 the expcilcd yg-c-lda will Li--37
I IT I I 1 PEI_____________ h-<j l ri Quai 1 ■ I 5- a Lid .jiVj-L? J ,ila fc * “--
The
analyses
i he Uj. a wen
Woja 1____r_iv_e_r_w__ater which is to be used fui
11 ri»a1 i»ri
ijUdl x L y
4 41 |L b <"
fiudtci ty
4-1.2
of
4s
j ft se u t a o n
2-4,
Acrorduii'
L
-u
a landJ rds
t>u I 1 y
or
ar
FAQ uyu
rs
and Wot
col■
used for
all
crops
with little
ri
sku!
cur bunaE
t accmul al iqd
,
pruv
id
hd Che
LLie water
the Wiit^r
a <11 l Ji it y .
I each 1 n k
rv<|U J remeu l a
la store aooui
probubly ht-
piojcxd area fur
LffciJ Lu 200 per«*enl
.ire duly art t 1 s I led .
tifl mill ion cubic
ddmquut to irrighlc
The prupusrd da id is designed
metres of water which will
oil
JryLand craps throughout > r<ippi ng 1 in e n a 1 I y .
suitabic 
the vear
land uf the
with nn ;sLuu.I
4,1,3
-ilons the river
I loildl ll£ dur L lift
T np? j £ rnp h y - Except a narrow sis ap of land
l land unit 4J which should be lcf1 for river excessive J1 s«'hafe!■, the latid has no steep
slopes. About 20 ha of the land have u slope of 2 tu 3 percent
,md 53S ha h*»v«r I to 2 percent slope. while rent wf the land has
a slupi- of k*ss than I percent« The* slopes are linear and quite-
fliouih,
offering practically nu problem fur
layout
of un
irriraixon system and workiag with any kind of farm implement.
4.1,4
I hr project area
a■H111fic an t hard
afi-
pans
rm.i m-l I Ji
oT
li 1F
Fools.
port 1y
-too
wet 3
■a ff l‘ rrd
silty
bv I uw
wei 1
They gvnernlly
by L.‘ 4CiCa0CjOa*nd
mil
tllr-».
by layer
l hr
US
pi ubuh I y
A
Some
which
t upso jI
because
Mils Layer
4.1,5
be
m l nor
so j Is
has
< at
of
Soil dH> lh _jiq d_rpliability. All suils invariably very deep (
or any other severe barrier for piunL
have weakly developed fragipans, cemented partly by FezO^. but itiese »re porous
softened soon after the irrigation waiter
to moderate routing problem is, however, dur to the presence of an almost deEisr
i few stable parts and occurs immediately varyinf depths between 15 and 7[> cm 1 , ns
on almost denne clayey soil material
unde meu 1 h
isoil type A j .
Avail able wmtercapaci t y uf soiIs.
1 |rpr 1-Sr|| tul JV,.
F1 v e
find
for
"2.5
*«n la.
handed
sui 1
over tu
profiles were snmplcd, in und l tt l urbed fuim, the Notional Soils Laboratory, Ad.M > AbaL^.
erm ming
Pb l .21
The
moisture- contents at different suctions
i I E*4>m pF
tu
Id eB Lt Unite the a Vu liable Wuter
Cuparl t y nJ 1h«
results fur 3 moil
types Al 1 [I * and l£J J Wrte
bv
the laboratory which
are presented m Table L4
'■ Appendix
V].
The re
SutH lftdlL*-ule aft uVa i L.aU le waler
f ”l I hr
lrtpwrlly
'■'UN, lfl
upper
I m of these soils rant lift between ^0
ainl Jj|
*■ +
l he
nuihorps opinion, an* two lew.
On the baa 1 a oi-3?-
i i'X i ui <• .
.ll rr*i * h’
jMH Lal< ki
ll j t--j - fit
jt i».-in m in it i r*r > l>jj i eii i , *1 rmi m r and pur vs i t v ul mu Is, the liulhoj ex t b mal cs I nr fn]lowing rJhjjeB u I
w.i 1 »• E 1 Is 1 h-- Uppl-I J n^tre of soil skj j i I ypea;
r «i L uiuib 1 ■•[
mi i 4 t y !'•■ Al aJ 11 1
ii i Cl C2 U h
A ¥>■ 1 1 uh 1 e IbU ■ill 130- 12b J40 120- 130- 130 130
will ei
wh> ; 1^0 120 l€Q ktbd IHU 150 150
ieo ItiO
The a ho v fl est tmatM3
i ¥ ri i 1 uh I e wa 1 *-1 op I a Im dep t h
give a i aii&e id I Uli
t 41 LtW mm rd
in different soil
typ.- S + At
rill
b wi-r > >ce 1*v apo t runs 11 l rut loci
Id 1 e ui 4 mm per daip
1 he s 41 1 lx. u*
■■lire I'silly charged wdli water, rftti be 1.1 i l gutehl st iiilCJ'Viils t* f 1 weeks lit ■ ij&«- mI iOil types Al arid A3 and 4 Wveks In Case Oi other mu I types without any significant deli l merit u t t-f ts on
4T| upS ; I 'L/W i lb .
r
4.Lb
Ihr permeability of
depend i Jip. mainly
Soil |»v rnii-aL' J I Cl > and will ■-4 intake rules,
soils varies tram modwrate to sluw, the I ex lure uf the suhwil us it t*liaii|(a*s>
rrum loam iu a Lily clay, The permeabilities of the tupftoil and ,j 4 iin” substrata have liiije v<ir i ah i L i t y and ure i-.aii-ii hs moderate 1 up >il I Sulls*.
The
t epreseniati ve
w a L 4- r infill rut
soils for which
<j. The basic
L Oil L es Is we I r
inf iLt rat ton curves 
made
1 lb fig 3
dr t erm i lied
Iu
by
infl11ratiun rales are
□ D 5 Sil eS 11 f
are presented
u 1S o c h l e J 1y
I lie presence or absence of the silty layer below
t hi
silty
■+
tuphcii and the clayey subsoil.
I .iV’-r and clayey subsoil,
in soils iiuving well f firmed
the water intake rates vary frum
til
E and
i rs/hr,
l> cm hr„
4 \l
iib out 1 he
rvmi?
while in other aoili these generally range between
except that m some re I at ively young soils of part (soil typse iH«3u}tthhee friabtepso.ritrv(shoiigl htyepre H’i) lite rates
HOL. 1
10 i w hi! but l lie blautttetrhie» pri>bablv
rules .in* liki-ly tu nt ahI i kti - J y
Lblhi-r smls bnenuse of
sub-. 4 .11-IH L- I
alter SOM«p period ot
suitable lot irrigated dryland
temporary phase .iiid
lizt? a i uund 5 and 6 cm /hr
u
the exp--kted CujipjcU'di
irrigniiun. These minke
cl ups.
i h-
ie-
IW J ]| I lid
r .«i es
brain»itv a im i
H’jne ra
Jj ■ i h ■ slowly
11
1.1."
H hair- goud external drainage
RV IK rut Li-1 impeded iU some permeable ?- k 11 > mid clayey 
1 'HIU dtft Io W4llel RlagnAl lull ubt
| | mn| I ng 4 conditions tul the internal
1 he so i I % »
ill
uii4ax due Lib I hi- |>r e:i r-ill-,* ^ti Layers. Perched wali+rtjtLle
»u% e hes<‘ 1 It V1-1 B ill- - k«‘ |“33-
i u ucr.-ur periodically and. exist for sufficiently long periods i
.iff.‘it ubtff u J will i ch
t he
p r u p v r
a-rop
for SV»r
C ai l i utilize
rains, thus
E row 1 Ja - Such co ndi ti • j np; a Jay pr tflfcii I ly be wen Jrv ferned, sb-u 1 low-root ed crops (like tefj
I hi a w tiler efficiently during di y period a11er having positive ^ffocls ud their growlJi-
The
ie l**< ■ 4 OU
of
l rr i tf-a t iuiis
ur«r
JB
no
n dvr
uf
I er
Theref ore.
4UbIr
prob lea
dry
dVuided*
crops
uIWoS t
d<’V|« ,
of
under Ihestt
iwportdiicr.
runging fruit
aero tion I or
S a l i4 3i t I uns LUid rdr'efuJ
The general level of
about 20 to 31! me I rib.
deep p1 a j i t roots X a
■ xp<TiLed
M U bi t 1 1 L- I
c^naij 1 ions djjd i J' excessive
irrign-l
ions are
I rr Ljlul
.lbDV'i1
I lir
ion
E he
river_
[•■sit ches ( which
The whole
deve 1 opiaen t
l i Verbed
Su r face
serve
■ireu
1 1'.'s
wh i ch
quite
is to bu considered for
high {about 4 lu 15 nut res
uren} but i In
Ui-rupy Jess liuq 2 perunt nf L||r
arid lit quite safe IruE seiasiocial fl u udi J i g. by pond i tig by [d; iikiili-r may occdf in sm>a I I
as micro basins in
lotu) project ai«.a.
Suj 1___ fe j I L J i I jy uo d __p_H .
All noils bj f I Inc
j! r u j h- l" i
iih-quitl e
4 . L . fl
area have
iiWMunt uf
to
t Ji 4 s
rarely
so i i 3
noted:
T’.O
4 p-ri. <’ii t ■ They
■j r- g ;j in i l m h I
Lave a high
a considerably thick <15-70 <•« , topsoil with
ter varying from hboul 2 percem
base suturutlon and U favourable
pH
i ha i
nmuins uruurad neutruil
uplu
ul
la:asl
Ju
dP[»Lh;
Lfi
unlv
few
i 4>«?S .
Lhe pH was noted
to
be
between
7-5
UBid
S.O
Within
depth. upto
he low ] hj
fl.5J which will
ln
eo
11 VJH* Fit I . Pt
he 1 uw
sJ Li>wEiig Hu nlkaltfie sub a t rat um;
4
of Eniuorruiauij i pl ant a.
^“■Is uuss well us
rt^uiFk.-iii-iit ti under
I ihihvs of ferl
Uvffl l> f input
1h
depth. the pH aay gu upi -ii fl. 0 ver y
not u f f ec I ei u t r i e n l a v a - I ub x 1 i t y > > f U dept Ji of d ho u.t 15(J i.m, I Is a- ptl woH
or^und 8.Q in Bust SOlIk dmd rarely was as high us
Lui II JB loci dovji fur roots
general. the nutrient contents of Hur
Lha*ir nvHji 1 ab11 ■ I y aro ndequui
1 ajw
1 liZLlS Muy.
e to mv^-b plant
and Medium levels uf inputs^ Use of
howe ver , he na crSS 11 ti ted U|n de r j
t
J
S.
4. I. s
Kb 11
riui. be
N Jpuj<r tipli^ ,
are
f^rri-ut
I tut
t h t- r I-
efJlH lining
a distinct
Uptu ]
b«m I mass
Lime C o n t r n E ,. All soils (except u few which bdeied for agricultural de Ve icpaen t due tn their
nuocfilcareous with a 1 Imc con lent of J to 3 iu depths Below this depth, i un. the major parr
i !■;
nuiit-Lilcareuus lu slightly calcareous but
genera 11 y «.-x is I
y few pO-rrlketS &f
C o 1 ca r sou s B411 ■” F X u I
few
I bdiL- nodules or powdery I mn\
The
lh run +■ in - kif
I ay wy von t a i ri fe ng jb u iiddiit paswdnry I ibc and many 1 i wc
H^>lu 1 tb
p
OS Sue J .at Cal H L E h weak eeSelb t a t I on . depths of 150 and 200 cm. It is, huwev r
1S
be I Wp.^-u
tia- ,□!■
Father
Un
v
imjiortaricc fur the growth of romiiOh crops-1
I UM 4J<-• «i-1j-3m-
4■I-J0
si> i I s ol
f 1c i r t * . 11
Sul ULLLX and sodicj1_y nj arid! I y . Al I
the ptojfrl area ore rjunsalme with the max i jbuju
&
conductivity al 35 C (EC) of 1:2.5 sail-water
>US|>L*11% • ,'H
pelow, except tliui just above the layer with excessive 3 int
he I n k ;iLnut 0.2 mS/c* upto 1 ■ depth .mJ 0,5 bS/lB
j Liui* zone ■ i I ■nccHSsionu 11 y ap prune, hrs 1.0 aS/vB-
Most
ch■mun1> ■ h uni, ■ ■ j B l he EC reniaius below 0,1 bS/cb upto 4 a und
In-ihi t iL.ui 0. - uiS/mi Im-Iuw thiiE J-ptJi. If iunverlod to H‘e i t‘C
„j
tiii- suit sutural tun extracti. the values reaain quite below
I In- If-Vd-i al which ^OliUFl crup& start s u 1 f« r i Cl g I'rQH suluiily effr.-LlSfc JI least Upto 150 ctt.
The ESP L exchangeab le sudiu* perCon I age j of the suits i •, Iji-Iuh 15 ibroughuut the profit** which has nv detrimental
■«rfe"*ls >m S*JJ J s t uh j 1 i E y ul scdiuw tGXily t ~ild|Lyp i.e- aluililftJUlu and hyJr^r+i-, in also luw
aid ha-> iri ImrnfuJ ■•t’hfrts on plant growlh-
•5,1,11
Soi 1 workab l ti t y .
Must of the soils
pussesB ,'rdiiuiar tu crush structure while a few njjes have w»?aklY mussfcvt- lu granular structure in the surface layer. They nrr, i here lull-, easily workable and wn-uld require Law-power machinery or only draught jhisnls for tillage. Thi^y are capable of cobiuk II* ,4 ko-j J wil th Mvrn with one or t wo plough mgs, in fact, they do not require any preparatory tillage for dryland crops ex<cpi J u r r»-«u w j. n g the sluhtles uf the previous crop; the UilhiJuUJu tillage technique would prob ably be the must pr ae I l euL 1 e on. these kinds uf soils. Under wL^t weather conditions or .Jtcr
irngat ion
muislure
rowings.
way l him
s<?;isn(ib
[I Lie t o
tupsoils, effected
>hr*e sails arc
‘-'ul t iv.jt iunr
But
*‘Vv on
adv4iiil3£e
lunH Pi±i-LuJ after
r, ',r may be duly uumpensaled.
J - I , I 2 havipg slopes
’ fc"n b I a r t o pb o i 1 s b
iwwever, these sails would remain above workable levt-J r«r somewhat long periods which nay delay
This can be managed by planning cropping systems in u the Bowings -U e rumpleied before- 1 he unset uf wet
a hmh degree of purl trie ^Eijr^tut ion tn by high organic uattri contenta however*
incapable of bi-nqj properly puddled for rice the slew permeability of the subsoils would
of holding water m topsoils fur ecusldurjbLy flooding and. hence, the low workability I ur
S o_i 1 _ rru*ion.
of less than
Ml>S t of I he I and ,
1 percent and quite
by virtue
pi.- c lie ah J i"
ha v e
(-,irt C|f ■ he land having
"•'V'* sli|*hl lu nuderulc
no significant erusiun hazard. A suklI1
■ ore thnn 1 percent slopes d«j* huw^*vei , degree of ithcet emus i-uii hazard dur io^xpei I *
-
-1 will*-*i runoff from the higher parts. In soils having
luwly i*«-r ■isiti 1 «“ layers at relatively shuJi-'k depths l t ype A2 > jrtd occurring i>u Bure than I percent slope, a slight slumping of
may «■ usually urmr after heavy ram sIvfbs. whili" wii uther Soil*. Thj »*r very slight efustoq m.iy occur upto 2 pet C'.-nt
• |ofM-4 'lu«* ru (ih-’ir rein lively high water infiItrntion cupucity.
;
■] _ 2 T h £_ _ U 1 li 5_S 1 f ll St I • tgl__ Sjf Stem
The land sua I uUjItey cJqssaficata on refers„ for the purp^s* of this report, to the evaluation of different tracts uf Lund for growing specific crops with irrigation under defined
lewis *□I inputs.
The classification is dune in terns of
relul ive uiiiibHHy of land on qualitative bauis rather t hon jls Libsclute I, quaiJ I i I a E. i We } Suitability. I he lull er bring beyond the sl-l'jjm of this report»
Pur this purpose, three levels, ef genera 1 izai ion lire
• uns i ii«’red as follows;
A r the highest
’Suitab| «* ' for
u;,fcp ■ I -11 letter
The I erh *
1 eve I
the land which is considered
an
"S"
Suitable
growing
inputs
Lhe use ofuse
-i certain crop under
irrigated crop is denoted by the
ahd l Ei Hl "Nut SUAt&bhe1 by
" implies that Ike use of land fur
irrigation and n defined
level
uiivconoBA c 3 t
cufl'ht ions.
u considered
"Nnl
under
lo be economical, wL i 1 e
hi u j. t a L I *.■" land I be present
Al
into
t hi* second 3 classes
I eve I B by
ehe suitable land
usinh an arable nuaerai sufHs „
LS tons 1 UerurJ
s u-c i o - ec o n o.ui 11
"S’ is J i vidu-d
i . e.
St, S2 and S3
oil t h«- b-IS IS of whether they jtre
highly
suitable.
moderate 1 y
suitable ar marginally
suitable
land '.‘■J1
on i he
sni 11 nb I v
fill tors
perwantn I Jy not
I esp<*-C t I we ) y -
is
SiblIar1y<
divided into 2 classes
basis
1. due
wh i ch
of
to
may
whet her
fCGt'Kim i c
chiinuc
I be unsu lIub1e
i . e. hl and Ff 2 ,
I lie land is currenllj rial
considerations ar other
in near future wr is
suitable respectively,
A highly ®Ul_fdbl_c__________ j :t n d t S ] j mczins thdt I hi? Land has
nu or only
crop and that
h minor limitation for growing a ui-rt3i.il
F e Ibairi :p b d v e u
s ii i e ah I -■ I and tSji)
the net
Bin l mu.ii
has
returns from that use will
nigh level. A mnder at ■■ 1
a 1 i m I E d t 1 L>Jj
or 1 j B A I a L i Cl]s
w a 11 h i a ettpec!vd
jggreante
are i
mude rut" for the use and
e Im
NCt
rd urns
will
be Budcrutn, The
1
m 4 £ 1 h dl_l_i_ S U j 1 -i
Jlle
I. .-111 J_i___ iSSj
_____
has BOBCWhul SCVeli
I ajui t ul aoIi« for Hie «ac ><j that only low net returns
Can be expected;
uer.utive nut returns ioy be encountered.
uccjssiunul
crop
failuieb
,.jAB the
.in4 S3
Smil I L
J nd I i ■■ t
prodm e
f d> ■■<1,
iuwisi level,, th? land uu it ability dawse* Sil jfe !>ubdi V j dr<l lilIu Subt* 1 iiUbvS by adding,
letter suflftk after the L'ldlfi number „
■ Jig th*-
IV 1 E > u
klUil of | I » L I. 4i t I <j[| Ek rf et-1 i II i! th- J Lind If mole th.iU one 1 J Hl I d L 1 LUIS are
a double l«’ttei frufl'iN is used r t-pi Oh rn • 4 nr,
th-- I Ho nos ft j »j • o r i a n t I i m i t a i i u ii s.
Th«* I ft Bl till i un» .iffei'Eiiig I he 1 .ihd use rare tlikCD US I lie de E pi * ii h i hy. factors winrh are ihsi’ u&Svd in the next
* et-ft i on < The crop requimriits jfv nssa-s sed with respect lu the cl-iss de (erm i iii ng factors and are matched with the respective
. ftiiaJ lK I "’T 4 ■- ■ U’J» or '|U4 I I t J es of I lie j and UlUtf to Cr.ich U I I lie fjn-il I Um L suitability classification.
KJ Clm i|- ft i-rm 4 n t ii£ _f at t ors i, 1 a m i i c i uffta J
A review of
ft he
important
land
h.il ar t L*r J S ft i c M/qiiul i 11 es diScuslL'd in chap I er d a J lows »■•* l vi. t i on of the fol lowing ‘l factors as r I aa.% - det era in i ng for 1 .1Jk■ I z.u j I ih i 1 I L y
|<ou I »b 1 1 11 y of soils
Drninace
Ji a s 4. i water i n f ft t ft r a t i on rates
SHi J erosion hazard
CliBdlc snaewhul too cool for a few crops ft
These factors arc graded fur the purpose of matl-L trig with ft In- ci np requ i ri-meii ft s ns in Table Sr-37-
IjIjI** 1 ' Gradltu* and definition of r Las* delera I l. i ng faCtorb
Def i nj L iwns
J j ■ in
Ca .<di-i
I
kuul jib i I j t y
iM pp riH»linr. uni irsl r ict i'd
Uc*t?p root x iim somL-taiu t
Ceh I r Id rd
D r 11 J U d i: U
bds i l- ljlfill ral I on
I<zxILt±
< cb. lit .
Lt'w> i
i i Cv
Slightly
Xtiini
3 6.5
i kboi nir restricted
l iiniL* J Kt! i-1 y bi* 1<jW the
pluufih layer
ispedcd
Moderately
(per i vdual 1 v
■highly i ape d e* d factor fcradkiu, the land units
S I nJ.
6.5
Io 111ht of the above
are C L a % s l I .
1ft Table 7.
• Jtile 7
; <* 1 ass i f m at ik»n pf land units with respect to different grnd< b class-drtrraining factors
t The grudeu given m parentheses appiy to 15*30 percent of the total arm under the uml
t.L. I M| S
1 In
—
Land Lnj Is
3 la 4 5 5 Ji
.---— --
» ----- --
--— *-
-------- ■
...... iLuiin? 2(3) SO)
3(2)
112;
1 12)
I
1
1
bra iliage
3
3
2
2
1
1(2.
■11
1»3
Ikf i 1t ral H.ri rate
-
*>
2
3
3
Erosion
III'
I
2- 3 i
3
■■
3-18-
ri
< ‘ r «>je. ■1 £l *3 j nput lie vela cunsi dered
All n ups limit'd jk c. J * ui.lI i utt 1 L v suitable fur Ila- i-r r.p-' t area uhdri ^4-cLi4Jii 4.LJ are considered individually h»r ..ihrsisiivii* u f luiiid suiLHul iiy* These crops may bv grouped js f ,j 1 I mW S
Fuedt!rm iis
Vi'r.oi at 14's ■
Pul S ets
Oilsi’eds
dr rhards
S uj- at c r«ps
vlirfti.
oats, rice
barley,
p V t U t V | l j B .1 t n ,
Cabbage, carrot,
haricot
■UlXe. S4.k|'gllUVfc 1 r r,
r»“d pepper. «iu1
peafl
,
beans,
put
;
chickpeas, lentil
s un f J Ivwrr , stiff"!
linseed, soybean
r. i i rus, grapes, u
phaseolus
OWi-r, rapes 1-I’d , muHl
live, piiuiegi- jijj 1 e
■ 1F«I ,
□ ug a r b c e l , $ ng ar i il n r-
Ollir-r crops: t obdecu , a 1 l‘a I f a ,
clovers
Il had not b-ecn indicated in I he terns of reference wh»|,l h*T i tn- liiiiti, after i it igu11uu development . will ruulinue lv be iiiuij a £ eil by the present faraers at the s<iwv 1 vw level vf
. hputd ar it wall be state owned and managed at high lew! vt
iii|>uts_
In J Fl j case, il may he speculated that I hr foI lowiBl
lujja'L^; ,irr bound tv uccur after I he irrirfuliun system is
s ifc I r m ily a * hr 11:
The fJ r Id layout wilt be
dislflbut ion uf LrriK3tio!i
.Li e-^i ,
rwxsed Im
water u v ■ • r
a 1 1 vw p ropk-4
i lie 1 r oppvii
i ■ i The size (it' P a r< ■-* Is to b e h n i n 1411 in- d m J 3
L-QQuejin vt a I e
Size i a h n uI
s ma I I Jie L ders
with the land use typr, a
0,2 hu.i for cullivution With uf laud and larger sii/e (
hr
e-
oxen
1 "J
f i 11 a I 1 V
saa I 1 r
by I Ja-•
li a • fo|
IUr-i him * «.ui J cult i put ion vJi Uh- stale owned land.
imj i Minor local levelling will l«e done, where necessary, I tri ensure oifoni disIr«bud ujii of wnler in I li»-
fields.
« v r The furvcr# will be prupri’Jy ijuidvd b* adopt. I m t ti.-
■ethnds of applying irrigation water to then fnlds :md I here will l-r sufficient waler conlrwi r n avmd uvrr irr 4 lidt ions and excessive seepage toward the
.ill Ju i JI I ng fields.-39-
hiM’p t |jf_ t jj View C lie ahkrve Quoted bdbiV c h -4 n J1, e s> whl* n jire Likely Sw occur for the irrigated usr of land, the pruboble ihl> future h-vrls uf inputs and managviient -are defined b»-]r>w-
MriJjiiB i u I ■ u L a h»Vi I SeWfc commercial, cooperative t a r m i jj K b> small land holders, using iiniaol truttioJi and Fomb
labour irt. i r h a aedium Cup It al intensity, suffiiiefil U5*e of fertilizers, pesticides and improved seed.
suffir imr a ntervuk I ural uperutions but Jjo adequate drainage uf extesa
fur w> <*d <<jii c io I
rai !■ wa t c-r dur j i.x
ru i ay season,
SQprwkat erijiic l rr i Xut i >jiia which would
be
level J i nf, of
casually
excessj ve
fields or
o j delayed,. no precision
teia.iL-kiig of slupidd L ■nd for
L*uui/ul of • ‘■rusLuxi-
li. i;h i npu I s
L e C tl li i 4. a 1
p J im pji i ng
about &0
pi*R*i_- is ton
level.
CuMv^rciul fur'Lullii1. by state etilp 1 w% . • .j
labour, using nrchamcal power, deep
uiid mixinr, of I hr subsoil with topsail uri ■» cm depth in soils of restricted roc? t ab i I 11 v .
land level ling and lu-rrhcinR wLrr no vSKiiry.
or contour [ I ougtu ng for dry lurid crops and c utis t ruct mu
o I level benches
fur rite on u-ry r.vnCle sJupi-s: h i gJi
capital i nt ens 1t y , use of prupur amounts of improved
sei-Ll
p
fertilizers
and
biocides.
mr<-ful
irrigations
avoiding over-water ins °f ■rops, timely diapos.«l
-•£
excess rain water from fields through properly a E i giicd
utid July
spaced shallow ditcher and sufficient
j n I e rcu 11 ur ;j I operations to lontroi weed?-.
4.5 Crop requirements
The luwesl grades of the clam de I erminjng fuLturs 4<,1|uired l>y the selected crops for relatively high production at
HK-dium .mid It l g h levels of 1 npu t -S are vunsulefed US Ln Table K,Table 3i Crop re^uirenunts m -jjitte of faster grades
r Factors
Crops
Rootability
Draijiage
Erosion
Infiltration
rat*
Med. Level
Hish
Level
Wed. Level
HlDk
Level
Med.
Level
High
Level
Med.
LeveJ
Hipn
Level
i) Fooctcrain:;
Wheat
Barley
Maize
Sorghum
Tef
Oats
Rice
iij Vcgetalles 
fctato
Tbmatc
, Red popper
Onion
, CabiM ge
Carrot
Reas
iii) Kilises
-i-jricct beans Hiaseolus pulses
Chickpeas
Lentil
iv) OiJ seeds
Sur if Lower
Safflower
^pcseed
Miiitard
Linseed
Soybeoji
V) Oref kinds
Citrus
Grapes
Olive
•^Enirjic
v i) Supar crops
^Earttex
^arcane
T =lKWM
■ lOVfijw-
Other crops
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Z
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
?
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
?
2
2
7
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
JIX
1
1
2
2/3
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2/3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2/3
2
2
2
2
*
2
2/3
2/3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
■*
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
34 . c uoi£tt J ons >ad.tf
The land suitability classification is based on the fu11owing assumptions, in addition Co the assumed changed uoakd i t i<Jlb& mentioned under section 4.4.
i>
1i i
uu
The irrigation wattr Hill be adequately and regularly supplied throughout the growing pr-riods of the relevant erppa*
The cropping seasons Will be adjusted in a wny that sowing and harvesting times fall in relatively dry ninths (see section 4-1.1 for cropping seasons},
There will be sufficient control on use of irrigation water and excessive percolation of waler (except the leaching requirements Fwiil be avoided.
i v i
The land suit ahilily
liind conditions with
groundwaLer table is
depth for at least
system is introduced
Uncontrolled excessive
is assessed under the preterit
dorp groundwater table. Th**
expected to reamin below 2 &
20 years after the irrigation
under normal dryland cropping.
irrigations may
rreate perched
VJ
water table at about ISO cm a^pth duo tu the occurrence of a calcic horizon below this depth which probably has somewhat slow permeability, This will necessitate a drainage system to be instill led at
i.tbou.1 150 cm depth.
Al the high level of inputs, the surface of sloping land will remain effectively covered with crops
during rainy season to aiuiiizt soil erosion and ull
input
requirements
(including
labours will
be
vi )
*i i j
adequately met with.
On soils having slowly permeable silty and clayey layers below the topsoil (soil types A] and. A?)i planting of orchard trees will be done after m;.iJcing about 1 m deep pits of 1 m diameter and refilling theta with the loamy topsoil material al high level uf inputs, hut without making such pits st the is r d t urn level of inputs.
Mice planting will be done a: ter maxi mum puddling of soil surface at both level? uf inputs..-M2-
I .iihI Lit I u-fcii . J j I y ■ J 4SS.1 I'lCiil inn
hy
natchtnr
l bv
l L Lib-sd e C r I'M l IJ1 «■ L
i h 11 r a i' I ’ 1 L s» 1 I c-s / q m* J a I i e * » r
th«;
J -i nd Ltn i In i Table 7 with I !»■■■
tj-Lip r --i|k> - i t'iu. ■■ I > kTabiv 8
reached is preset ■ «-d th
that the i jJJd un 11 a- which arc
ruB|»uS.‘il 4>J uiijp'e th ttli
i. Uitf id nd buiLuL.jdty ■: 1 d b b A f i t J t 3 O Ik
t uh ) 9, ]| bbvuld be
b u i tqi a s a e st > e d fur
ulie
bull t y p e ■£
land HuHjbihiy
L'haravt*■/* isi lt i ^f t he >osl
bi-mt-n t
¥1 v<?n k n
l mpui t 4a n I
percent
incur
Ji its bB¥’U t
■ i *p J it Hy.
I aver j#<? re I- kf de>l
4i t •<irv a r r-a a 1 any u ti i1i. Sone minor
■ V 1 Lit i f k vd here
iUlldLil il ¥ ill 4.
I #i*r beclLuji 3 3 ) a The
thi- t ab 1 peh- Wik k ■ ll
an Lk S S ■ 1 ■Li 11 Il U El with c h«- ■ti a n t ypca h w *< h i l' h hub hu 1 bean g i V e ti he re f or
Th 4 5 ,
b-u j t uh i Lily
hOMOdetteOUS
ri..ftpr« h* U!i i v ■■
da
in f a rant
lund >U4
e >■• f r r r«-d
I ub i 1 j L y b uln
i u TuLli- -i and
however, d 1 ■ o ropresent s uf fc lie iCfSj.eCt kVe laSid uh it
fur prai I ill* I purpufaeu . ion regarding L he proportion kiBSi'5 in any land unit.
Tub I.- I - iAppendix 1.1 I >-
li different
the aufce OI
1 h«“ uvenil ]
which ■jy
For m n i <jt
of dIfIerenl
the reader is
Table U . Land a-uitubklity J iS5 t f i r m I a uti * foi dlCITerelil 4 raps;
;i t_ mrdjjjn jind hi£h levels of inpul..
The liailsliun ayabnl* used us sufficed urv.- r - rou I ah i t i i y + d - drainage, e eroaiun,
i
i it f l 11 ru 1 i on rale, l-
tIIt r
1 T e . S OBUW h d t
1 LJ[>
d HeJim Lev fl o f ■ npul s
land units*
crops
1 ^de.dnr;nnb
hhf-a t
Barley
|ub t L’tpcrai uriu-bi ,■ j
1 la 2 3 3a 44' 5 Su
SLJd s24c S3r J
S2d S2d.-
53rd
si S2e S3c, NJ
si S2e 53r NJ
S Z e S a <•
S2e S2e
Ma i jfv
S2d
52dc
S3rJ
s i
$2e
S3e N1
S2c 
*2e
Surghun
S2d
S3dc
53rd
si
S2e
S3c N!
S2e S2r
Tuf
31
SI
SI
si
SI
S2l-, Ml
3 1 SI
Oats
S2d
S2dtf
53rd
si
S2e
S3e/N)
S2e
S2e
hi. >-
Sihri
Nl
s:u-i
S3ci
Ml
N2
M HI
‘1
V±’£l"t -lb I e3
•'M a t .
u
SZd
52de
S3rd
SL
SZe
S3e/N1
S2«-
S2-r
T “*at o
S2d
S2de
S3 rd
SL
S2c
S3e/Nl
S2e
S2e
*JvlJ
H‘pjn-r
S2d
S2de
S3 rd
SL
S2e
S3e. hi!
S2«
0|i« i un
S2d
S2<1<-
S3 rd
S)
S2*
S3c/Nl
S2* S2-
S2d
S2dc
S3rd
SI
S2c
S3v/NI
SJe S2-
' ’kf rnt
S2d
S2de
S3rd
SI
S2>
S3e/Nl
S2e S2e
S2 J
S2<le
S3r J
S1
S2r
S3e NJ
S2».
!>2e1
la
2
3
3a
5
Sa
iii) Pulses
Haricot beans Buseolus pulses
Chickpeas
Lentil
iv) Oilseeds
Suriflcfcjer
S_l£ 11-0M.-I*
Rapeseed
rki^lard
Lir-seud
SoyUj-aji
j) Orchards
ClTTUi
Grapes
Olive
Ftmtgrarkite
vi) Sugar crops
Sugarbeet
Suj’aruane
vii) Other crops
Tobocce
Alfalfa
Clovers
S2d
S2d
S2d
S2d S2rd S2rd
S2d
S2d
S3d SSdL- 53rd sard S3nl S3rd
$2r S3dc Side S3d
S3d
S2de Side Side Side
Side S2de Side Szde Side S3<fc Siz'd S3 rd Sir'd Sard
Sire S3X Side 53d S2d
Slid Si
□3rd Si
S3rd 1 si
S3rd SI
S3rd SI
S3rd Si Slid $1 Sima SI
S3rd Si
53rd Sic
S3rd S3 de Sire SI
S3rd Sid S3 rd. S2d
S3r Sl Slrd S2c
S3 rd S2c S3rd SI S3rd Sl
Ste
S2e
S2e
S3e
S2*
52e
S2e
S2e
S2e S3ec S3dc
Sl
S2d
S2d
S3e S3ec S3ee
Sl
Si
S3e/r:j S3e/Nl S2e/Nl S3e/Nl
S3e/Ni S3e/Nl S3e/Nl
S3b.N1
S3e/Nl S3e/Nl
S3e/Nl S2e/Nl S3e/Nl SM/N1
Ml
Nl
S3c7Nl S3e/Nl S3c.'Nl
S2t
S2e
S2e
S2e
S2e
S3e
S2e
S2e
S2e S3ec SZec
si
S2e
S2e
S2e S3ec S2sc
Sl
Sl
S2e
S2e
S2e
Sle
Sle
S2e
S2*
Site
Sle
S3ec S2ec
Si
S2e
S2e
52e
SJec S2*c
Sl
Sl
High Level of inputs
Cr^ps
^beat Barley Maize Sorghum
Tef
Gats Rice
li
5
5a
Tains
S2d
S2d
S2d
S2d Si S2d S3ci
$2d
S2d
S2d
S3d SI S2d S- i
S2d
S2d
Si'd
S2d SI S2d
Sl
si
Sl
Sl
Sl
Sl S3ci
S3e/!fl Sl
S3e/Nl Sl
S3e/!J1 Sl
Sfc/Nl Sl
S2e/Hl si
Sle/Nl Sl
N2 Ml
S2e
&■
S2c
Sic
51
S#e
Nl-l.lt-
1
Id
2
3
3a
M
5a
*
il ifef’eiabLes
rttaTO
'I'uflll tQ
Red pepper
Onion
CuLbafc
Carrot
Feas
ill) Pulses
Haricot beans ftajecliiL; pulses
O.icr.j^as
Lentil
J.V) Oilseeds
SunfloHH* **
bat 1 Lcwcr
Rapeseed
Musi ii'd
Linseed.
Soybean
vJ Orchards
Cimis
Gr apes
01 .vc
Foracrrajmte
vi) Sugar crops
Sugarbeet
Sugars arrc
via) Other crops
Tctacco
Alfalfa
Cloverj
sta
S3d
ted
S2d
ted
52a
S3d
SM
ted
$2d
S2d
ted
S3d
SM
S2d
ted S3dG
S3d?
ted
SJd
S3d
S2d
S3 de Sack; S34
S2dl
ted
Sid
S2d
£2d
SM
S2d
S2d
S3d
ted
53d
S2d
ted
S2d
ted
S2d
S2d
S3dc
S3dc
S2d
S3d
S3d
S2d
S3dc S3d-’ S3d
S2d
S2d
ted
S2d
ted
Sid
S2d
tea
$24
ted
S2d
S2d
S2d
ted
S2d
ted
SJd
Side S3ds
S2d
S3d
S3d
ted S3cfc
Side ESd S?d
Si
51
Si
Si
SI
Si
st
Si
Si
Si
Si
si
si
SI
$1
Si
S3e S2dc
SI
S2d S2d
si
S2c
S3c
Si
fl
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
SI
Si
SI
Si
SI
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
53c S3dc
SI
S3d
ted
Si
sac
5 3c
Si
si
S3e/wi S3«/Nl S3c/Nl S3a/Nl S3e/«1 Sae/lil S3efl.ll
tee/Ni <3e/Nl S3e/Hi
SSte/Nl $3e/Nl
S3&/N1 S3C/M1 S3e/Nl S3e/Hl
51e/Ul
tee/iii Sta/Ni
Ml
m
S3C/N1 S3e/J4l 53e/Nl
SI
Si
SI
si
El
Si
S3
SI
$1
si
si
si
si
SI
Si
SI
S2c
5 2c
SI
SI
SI
SI
S2c
S2c
SI
SI
S2e
S2e
S2e
53e
S2e
52e
S3e
tea
S2e
S2fe
tee
tee
tee
S2e
S2e
S2e S3ec S3ec
Si
tee
£2e
EZe S3ec S3ec S2c
EZe
* clarification is done * of
subclasses. The subclaes 
vepreMnt only the rest injurant
wo limitation ar« ibrat &
suffixes have been used-
** IVc classifications are given f OT t n-is -i - - ■ allies 10 areas bavine
'■'. l^-uit^a-
jSj- iJ^tLr
ie *®tr<i
^ni^r wrawiiy
the last one to steeper (Hl slope# - t- flooded parrs.-45-
• |.?i j.j mJ %u 11 at i L x ijf aakP.injl_ujb_!_tn
The tuble 9 t'ivcs s u 4 ( uh 1 L 1 L y C 1 UftS 1 T LC,<I 1OU of Land 33 different crops at mvdiua and high levels uf
untti f'*r
input
wh ■ c ri J -s
jibed of
laud till it
i ns I and".
r^xtrid
to iujpi o¥■■*
land
suitabili
ty
classes,
according
u»
the
.limiting
given
in
the
IlCXl
Section..
1 lie £ 1 u.SS I 1. L t- ..i I i OIj whs CO ns l dcrc1 d at s uh*- I -iL- > !■ ■■ve I
imporlunL because, at the first inHuftcih it gives an
what pJ'CHluc I 1 un levels Could be Id11 a 1 ncd an a C’ertdjJl
at different levels of inputs and, at the secund
i t inillt‘UIrs-i whiit k hnd of I 1mituLions are expected Iv
its productivity so that the Specific Measures required
j I □ outputs cun be suggested.
The specific fe&nftg«»ent requi renent s of different
factors are
should be
The
Suggested
measures
adapted keeping in vieu l h *- Lund Units map .Suits iuipj and table 9. For the purpose of presentation of land suitability maps,
different l.uid units having the sour production potent id L , i.e. having Lhe UdUi; Lund suitability class fur the selected crops at :111V level of manugeiuent and xnputs, are grouped together- Consequent 1y» 5 land suitability buppiqr units [ to V j at JKHtkUfi level of inputs a El d 4 USLtS Ll to IV? at bdgh level o 1*
inputs are delineated u-n 'Land SuHdbihh* waps [Hup da and Map it n?spH 1 1 ve ly> ul a scale of li25.O0D Tlirsv mapping units
ate des 1. r 4 Led with respect to their pmealiali areal extent unit -*■ o«punent land unit s in Table 10,
TaL> 11- J {) L.ic. 1L :,_ufa t ab j I 1 t y aapp Ln_£_ ui* 1 1 5 + 1 hi-1 r ek tent and cgnpori«\11_l land units
Map
tn 11
Descript 110 n
’ ------ »■■■.*.- —— — -S W----------- ----- —----- i-_ - J Medium |rVr 1 uf inputs Map 3a
land Hr 1 1 h high potential fur must
kr l 1 gated crops but a mu-deral-- J'o 1 n-n L j .l J for orchards
Extent* Componenr
I ha b land units
I
I [ Land with ;i Boderiite potential for
most tri tinted crops and orchards
■HR
(31 3
24 1
lit
Land with
a Boderate potential
J
i.93>
883
1.19.' 401
lO
3 j , 5,5 ti
h la
IV
- " iumb l irrigated crops bud a
l^w put c-ht Lal for orchards
1 ^iid wjili ftjiiinly low Lot some
touileriilc potential for must
L1 1 J r.fci 1 ei| ci opu and orchardsnap 3 b
bUMJIRA PK0J1T1- AREA
IZTID SUHASIUTY TOR IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE (High level of inputs)
■?
0
□
Land with irriga ted potential
Land with
EGEND
a hihigh gh pot poteentntiaial ltorformmosost t crops and moderate to high for orchards*
a moderate potential for
most irrigated crops and orchards.
Ljnd with a moderate potential for most irrigated crops and moderate to low potential for orchards.
0
Land with very 1cm or no potential lor irrigated crops or orchards*
Idee liible 11 ior land suitability for* individual crops)
Project orca bouncLny
■*
flapping unit
lBl?m contour line He tailed load Carl track
River
•t* Itikul/siiul 1 buildings
Ixiundaiy-u-G-
l.jud 1*1 ili ’ very 1<j* or no»» potential 157
fHi, *wh< imputed crops and orchards
tS5 )
L| High Jr-VrJ Uil ijiputj; i. M-ip 3li)
Lund mb j lush putenlij] for jmuse
6C9
united craps and aodorate to lugh
( l(H )
3.3rt,5
j.ei ■■ nii.il far urchardH
l j Lund * ■ i h a anderate puteni ial for
20
mml hiitfatvd crops and orchards
I 20j
5a
ill Land wtlh u moderate potential fur
120-4
1 I I j Ljjali-d rroi'H ft lid lodc-ratr
* 19)
)jj.2
to Us puientiid for orchards
IV Land with j luw or no** potential
157
far irrij’htrd craps ar orchardfs
85 )
■ fcxluht it. given r<jr I a tai area of th"- unit ami i n.
purent he£ li s for the area 1 yin ft belo* 1512 in elcvutiuh.
* • Applies only Lu gullied and gCBiSOEi a 1 1 y flooded areas*
TL< uMScssiiFfnl c>f Lhc»r mapping ublts fui individual 1 ■ op b i j. I t± r mi; o 1 J bijiga:
"' J r r a I
p t’ j a
Crijp-Wijr assr^in. in uf land
m .ipp ijig_ pfl i I s
wap Medium inputs level
■____ (JSfiJ? . _
I i ii III
51 S3 52
SI S3 $2
S| S3 S2
SI S2 S3
SI 51 S 1
SI 52 52
S3 N £3/5
S| 52 S2
S 1 52 S2
Si S3 S3
s 1 32 S3
SL sa 52
Si 52 S2 si S3 S3
EV v
S3 S3/N
S3 S3/K
S3 S3/b
S3 S3/h si S2/N
S3 S3/K
S3 N
S3 S3/N
S3 S3/N
S3 33/Ji S3 S3/h
S3 S3/N
S3 s3/h S3 S3. -K
.il> i I i t
High inputs level
__ * Map 3 b j
J 11 IM lv
si 52 S2 3 3 / N
si
S2 S2 S3/N
S 1 52 S3 S3 N
3 I S2 S3 53/N
5 I S t Si
S 1 S2 S3 53/n S3 \ N S3 N SI S3 S3 S3 h SI S3 52 S3 r.
Si S2 52 S3 N
SJ. s2 52 S3 N
s] 52 S3 S3 N
SI S2 S3 S3 N
SI S3 S2 S3, N
S2/NCS ri3W «=noi V'l * Hi I | Jn unnP)IVl[ J n aa.rSt^p
4Hi||n|i®rj |^>IJIUHl« *>U
• [ 1GIIO 1 ^llrq
:<S - .1 1 T ) Iin t |.>L1T l5iTp Kki ’
-M.1 Arm
s.ixTjjnu jaqmnu ^iqiuc aip Xq p^inaiput st «'lnTlciimtT •■"I
X1 1
-jqx pAsn K|nqm<5 UOMU)IVT| aq 3 Brnjj
T
|jir»] dljlJJdt Ua^l? ^q 1 O)------------------------------------------------- -----
*=pii r joTtim aip Ajhirdi r
jqX ’HJwpkJ >UT |T«Tl jo |f>q«X« Arm
IP p.Rinj.ap I nil SI )l ■ uo T Ji: I t ID 1 ]
pun puir| v? Xq
suntj^
jih1* '■q piooqic ijoti-u Rti|j
4tjw XUTisn Aq
“Ml
*1q1I
’•ES
JO
fliti
JO
X$ osep
rinisciJA -■
ViFbiorfu
‘.-v)rj iin 1 |P j 1 ( r ju T
iuc.mj i t-rwMt - r —S mi
X*qi j^AJMsiq* <
P**(
j
j unnvjiirjuv = T “aflniiTrJp p "Xl • |
j .1| J
SSPJ irpq
K**q pup I
n i. □ pur.
1) 6 otqci hi num ipiiBts^p
KfnqwAst uor IT! 1 1 HI [ fit! p.»]R^ipUT sn
joj (saxijjnt
SJfippj
» a Rlt t O
ITO IEO.l J f COS
F a a r r n r v a R J I X IJ U I J a 1 n-q,
j|hu 1 r j q
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•AVI trinnj
j shpi
.-iq a itwi[
- . ajc H t; ' t> not a j as j d pun pstnasTp ni poiJ^dxa »jb ;i*q a sjci^cj JUftundmi
s;
a s a U ,L
ra
r*1
(th
(ti
(1
K T? 1 A H a 1 j .i pm rd pi up. -
Aqi
Ct
y ES
W/£S
H/£S
N
ES
zs
IS
N ■‘ES
£S
RS
TS
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£S
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IS
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as
N ES
ES
ES
RS
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£S
"S
N
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ES
ES
RS
IS
N
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RS
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N/F-S
£.S
RS
1 S/RS
M <ES
£S
ES
ES
N ES
ES
RS
TS/ RS
J-J /£S
££
£S
ES
N/£S
RS
ts
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/RS
ES
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IS
•I cs
ks
"£
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N/ES
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cs
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ks
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W/ES
.££
ES
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IS
N ‘ES
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N £S
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as
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1S
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RS
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IS
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N ■'£S
ES
IS
N/£S
ES
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rt/ES
RS
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IS
N ES
£5
RS
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N £S
ss
RS
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N £S
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ES
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AT
lit
1t
1
A
At
11 r
1t
TS 1S ES Es 1s as R£
IS RS as Ts 1s
IS ts ts ts
T£ 1s
ts 1
.-|r' «"T4,
'7 7h
cue#<i
S mtqj
FTJPJ I*
o.uIMPl
•inf 3 jrjhj
“I
a 1 virn J 3-!•■«. |
3a110
■ladi-.’Ll
snjp 3
uv 11 ci A «■' S
p^riunil
P jp1$nH
pa4tS4d*l|
j xMft f J J 1
jaM^I J ,lf*S
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j
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i ■ IU • ■
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kI
,A i HI*' 1 *
I'
<-l UJ’
b.f
4 uT.i C
I In -ii" I I III J I ill 1 UllE. * .ah
I k-r hli j qutes . a f
La u it set by
o ri o s ii i j bi □ j u i land
ofies
i lU!
J iltfU I - HIU
la 4 ph ipjtS 1«|| . I i- t lb<* ifIIiPT*
.hi y
J.-WI-Vs-l
11 i p l
L I i ■
hh'jH-h ma-an s . Th r possible lai-as li r »r% i- tJi-*L44 limitation art- pivcn in liir
Ui> V Uii'eS required i : i i rut t (In* major
I h«* iFih'*rx a ay uui Li-
t’ »"f|| Lli J I' i--i !i 1 ■
I if II 1 - • hi I J j j
i .iM«-
'■H
r;sf_lors __________
Ai l lld I I L J> L r 1 t I -J|!l
tafercH Io ptnni
ymw ■ L
kes Inch'd j uni h;
S !•■■•: i r l •
r<?t|Li i
*-=3
! 1'H‘ I
JM■
IM!
lil
i Mbi- 4
r-d
riufc- i m
• l• n*'k sulfhu i 1
ha t
i ji
S ut-SM I I Li«j
U^b/p j’ I
II 4 |L£
I '> III I X U|| I ta<~
subsoil in4
t O|t>uil
t* F I- 1 lb . r<
■I
1 E-atpur ar i 1 y iMpeded. l
>lr j j II j>; tp l uad . I « elt i .
L r‘ t UVa [ hO t
1 1
■ lui j ijji idiny !>i-dSk>ri
acid iMUMMd J ,-il
uftei
lio a ir y l r r i k 4i t i bf n s due
Il S I Q-fc I y perir-jL. le
BLLbe^i ]
■I 4 I .■
AJH 1 | t
1 i • 
.i
Tqd hi p tv rale <«(
t lil l I I Fat 1 nn 
1
causing — eb a i v e
I osi> <H' « rt b j1 u I i .hi taait vr fl • hi I li»’
I bjpK bl J I
NM I iTldJ > I lI
j.L h.‘ lit 50 cm
£h-p L h*
Subsdl1xh£ 
A ■ *j 4 dull • ■ •* r heavy l i i i r a<
ions; JirfhliT
irr4 k aiian i ji
shi-r i er
intiTvah 
pTb- fl - F-il» I
Qu 1 . h «M S |rt>S k I' r DiiTSS
ram j t r- r t h *•
r ■ <• I ijis ; <14 
shul luw s iba H
ill a i Eitt dl
cLtWiat 60 till
ilup I h fill I II a I
pUE pUSf*
i'udd L x ri p <• I
I L i I » • ph 11 i I
E - ii rict* Cull|Vdt lain di Mu- ii at. Pun s al* I -■-M -
I J A V 4# k d PI «■• e t *■ disturb I
deiuSvf a slowly perseah I■?
de ftp |* i u ugh j ri ti
l*f
Swill uros»]uo
Lus s of r e 1 a I a <r H 1 X fert lit-* 1 up so i 1 ond slow decreast o f
s <3 i 1 dep t h
LJ
bi Lib SU1 1 1 lift .
Loe a I
level 1 1 ft H Con Igui ploughina
gentle
&f uplu
us
al&pr-s
in)
Terreeing
oi-
glrffp'-r ziJupes
tv 3
C U 1 t I VLL
1 L uEL "J f
ri ops
pi'uVkdiDg good
V L' gL-1 .i E il VC
cover dur j up
C I I fl. i t ■• •
C A little LOO U&ul
fur j Pum crops
fa Liiy fietLSuEi
Kune
prnct i< ;i 1
I’Ll-. Iiaxting fttclor is iipui'tdni for rice cullivniioik
only, HiCe r u 11 1 V3t lull in the -«rea is nut rikCOUelldtfd du^ L<j puor [mddliiij; characteristics r»T the topsoil.
ihj L quite JiiVuurJbxe climate and risk of further
•Ir.i i ri uy.e ■ nipedc-ri<i-.I S nth’* AJW kfi COMMAND AT LQflS
Mu ill du-U I US I OHS
ri
'.sinur B "
h ,■»« 4
af
, Pim Lwa
(MllS 4. Il# ■■
uH I Ji-- J ■jriT.U’l ll K slud? uhd rvaluuljun ol I lit" 1 nnd tmludira project area, the follow ill* lUMifi
dr awil'
I
Out •> I 2 II 40
ubuut ir,72
„ u fa E > j b L ■■ bl
d LL I t i t I Olb
hn of I ■ nd .im iiui. yeyt-d f«r I hi pi.-jiul,
||£| '7-1 |MUii!iil ire mudetalelj to h 1 P h H built iferdiuln and high J ■ • w i-1H ii J inputs <■<>
M f Bust crops adapted tu the cljuidi<- utbd«T
U r j i! i I l"d
.■I'r J 1 SO
l 111 > a I s .
• 4ndi I auns jfl add k I i aiik;j Ii 401 h ■ i 1 I p' “ C i i'fl I buitaldr* fui I ha E purpDS" undr-i nigh level • »!
4i
Ou I
I hr
41 I' I >L4■
pi i Lpib s ed
I
ii i i k j t 1 on
lb*- land
m iib.i**4 ill
Th*’ erupt
■ U J L j u u t IOD
h le» t oud P only II3 bu
uf 1812 m and «. an Lc
gh f. r-ivily liwim- I a ]
i u br I uiw
S«? rved Willi
I hr j f s t u J:
height ul 12
i
41L
which arc
on vust
b ode r j t ■* I y Lu highly KU k I J 14 L' f O 1
the project arrn
but II
B^diuM and
uf
Ii j t h
L ILp U E
levels
l nc
Ii a r J i.' y ,
prp|-*.‘i <
Hri Tl 1 utoPf
h -1 ■ 41 < 1t
* I u V c* E K ;
oi hi i # r B a or ii hldB ,
on i on , cabbage
, rupt-net’d i Hiuntajdi
brans,
oals h carroty
pibl H I £> ,
pviis t
I j tiKurd
LI572JijJuI
1 Udr wheat,
t qvti I u F ri-i.1
> U4I r h*W4‘ r ,
ch- i i k pv.is .
I u% pu 1 it'b j
zi I high inpuls J *-*¥■•? I,
I e lb E I t , s u p rt i b < • 01
n is s i m r l- u j s
• ■|b‘ I
ib I Sib
5- U> b Ii J < • 1 r- f £ji Iu”rchardi of grapes.
I *b J
4 bunt 684i
also fill
ha f land is nuderu I ie 1 y lu highly Muiuhli"
lairing oruhurds uf Citrus, gr.ipi-at, u 1 I v ■- jrpl
r .■ lb.lI ■’ i
IS W<? 1 I an fufc□ Ji
a I Till f44 bind lobuid, mi
J I-I ij L E lull
o r i H p u t s,
I LU
t hr .ihnkr Ar>nl lulled CTtfpB. a! both
wh i I ■■ it is also Mudb^r ;ii r-1 y auilahlv fm
suybruu Lmd sug.n can-- jt high 1 <- v e I
m I input a.
■ii . 1 ' '* suitable* h<«rt rvfrrs tu buiIi.tlii m I y and ' 4. (ml ni>| nat-|(r i n3j 1 jr »u Liable liljjd.
high I y- 51
'Ldiu-.-t 3 w 11 v
r u«:r.l I aptirl ant 11mi I Lilians faced n>
laud are rustncl^
■ idjL jb I I i I V uiid per i ail I ■’ k tape detliCC •» !’ dru 1 liteK'* , I-Mi ! lUi. iih Lh»? presence- of abusut .25-50 cm I h k cli. aotaewhaL
iriisie urtd slowly pcracfcb 1 c layers LBttvdiiti^b bel^w I li«- '■!' !>-5W .ill iH-pths.. These limitations ■--■(!
I"-
ri'bel “i dr-scVi'F^d by spec l ii. I FullUml t trclilb I H ues k s-' 1
qtfd ton -I. -J i • Other sot 1
1 i ui a I a? i uhs are riiinor
'nitMif t u-ce and apply t& ri l d iwt-lj/ sual 1 part ui the d red ■
Tli<r present level of BF-OUndwa ter is Very d<-eji -below
20-30 ■ .
and no drainage prubless due tu the
P.ruuwdwib'Ler are likely te emerge until at ledsl 20
r>Ji s after the irrigation system it* a ntrndluced , Iifuv’jdedi the land iff used for dryland crops (i-e. not fur ricej miJ irrtgiilien water is Judiciuubiy wlied.
Ml I
A Kurd
powdery
r-iM) I i nif
is nut
nurm.il 1 y
deep
Lu yer eul) t ii L Fl i ng many I i we 11 c d Lil e H and a to u ci d li Fi. t
1 iBie frequently gircufs below the it omul crop
zlUIC 1 i e» between 150 und 200 cm depths i which
isportant fur crop growth,
if
the land u
used, but noy &oi us
LI u temporary barnacr fur
percoI at ion
OI
ir
t h«- uver lying soil
the soils
of drainage water and affect d-Fiiinaa^
. :md L"Ven L&Uife JlS SB 1 i tl ji ZU I i on
are
Lie id wily irrigated:
< ■ 111 ■ 11 I i. u J■i anyi .b y ri e re s a i L a I i ■
-it about 150 usi depth.
the L at tUI
a uraiiTj^' hy&lcta tip h«T ldi'1
5/2 5 1J_LZ£'. a_Ejj L 17^- 11“,1,|L h :■ C 3
1J
The
uri
laud xij presently cultivated by poor itiian-rs whu
taUBlly itfnorent about 1 lie E k 1 ldi£e L i>ehn k queB , They
ne i t her
a or
their
I h»’y
now
«f
have the r^suurres tn ftakt? any input on laud IlbL-y probably knew whi.il l nprovi-ur n t thry run du in
pmsent farBLEbg xyster, Any farm ntjikiivui iE 'Ver have kS sw £i ude and it nd l pr i aioijs I Lta ■ I I' mils I
be regarded as obsolete., There is much More a seed
t>-r V h d j nyB the f □ fliers w l L Li pfvpi'r l mp I Clin; li I > aiid
ci I
dispersing
*?Tf ici.-ni
t n t ruduck hr an
thru ugh. din
1 II n3 II
J ij B |
The
cun
I hi*
Hare
water
Taet in
Preduce
technical fchow"how anonft then agricultural cxl>*n«i<iii mvtc>'
imputed Tamil n£ sy^teM in the area, that n Avud farjier w i I h proper i spl ejiiBii t
£ •■ III e
I abciur
2 to 3 tines the present product lull f-r wju hmd under min fed runditions with xm I y a bi t
lei. isprovinfi sowing, intercu] ture und ram
*l»Cv i a I
1 ountry4
Hi a [| a g &■<; rut P r jr I I celt.
a11enlion to thia
The Eaver li merit should psn
aspect lu make geaerul
in lain fed ugricallure
l hri+u Eliau. L I J i --52-
IJ
Ji kfl
|.ri>J ’
1hr■1
r-als’l
t- hdeJ s loud
I Im I the Pfvsiriit faiB-r*
Pr1
..1
re
si a'e
Utl-d
b-i*
t rii j
4k Li-1 LA r’lJ
I. i*>' »wu Id
aJ
.■lid
4 hl
Tarw f *
I Tie
reft
f L vlds
J B t £>
pi mp<-r I y
d L Sil rib Mt
I d <llll A
Lu
ar I 1 r i L-a ;i I
tint knvw wlieta
1 i> U
lilt* 1 jf
a PF
Bed
sys
Air
I ia.ad I u-
i il i ki -i t i
certain crop
A proper wtih-i
h n Uw
-• r a UM 1
<jfhL Jiuv- b w c J i
U n I esi t hv5
v a ih r o 1
c L*u should th^FSfore.
JK.iLitHjd li Eld iiit.tr w.i8eriJj£s by the
be
aS-
j j rl 'Im
03 L d
1-DfL'U- li
wd I
by
i ri£
vniiuH- I I *■ uii i Tilr b spFC-«d a ii M
level 1
H r J. t*c t hik
at: rui J l ii;.
propipr £hij£#? of purtvlu
■3i all 1 eil
oveI
.J rid
i <j i hr- pitbull L'f jarijjal L QU
“1 e I <*,if' ii 18 d a
A dlPillNl
4 «r -m would
rietil in
1 .’■.rill <' It
•J eLili ■ ■ 11 S
j.lMiUil u<if uf i nt trftdliAC 1J-JJL i F F J p.U 8 1 Qfl I ■■
L .1. F f
iLie
n-f growAtijg u-?a«- than oiip crop on th** suidi"
OllC
yu-ar.
J-uF 1 lie purposM", -5
i" L a Udi
fi
I h;i E
t r1! Jl 9
l fir
UJfl
aJ
a ltd
dn 8 U
J ii l ihr
i
enjutrcd Lu 3 clod 8 he
i'rr>p ruidliLHiti,
w t th
Lest
L lie
Lhe two lifts t
I. L« NoVertbel
plU<t A rjJ seasons
,in4 fru« Peceabcr
L lv
. i SI ■-rum L J i
-? B’UFP I li F
uva a. I- a>b J ir
jjijjh^r 1 i
SuWLRji.
v r- I y
duki feus rves t a rifts
Buy be
Lu
ijulji'
da y
pet 1 mis
1 WQ
rupNi
■ ■■ V f ii-
n rdiun’t
]Ik
liar
■ I"d ,
J E e listed
r v e£e I lit* les
ice a year
ukjsL adaptable ■ a ops
m Tai,. Ir 5)- Suit- s lio E' 8
..ind Lift- uuh possibly be l F o Mil I f sowing liies are pi'i/p<*rl>'
M,iy B s it
•J U r b Fl £
for ihtr
& i- moa
jidFVrS I I II £
Ct Up iLHsI
-IL-Cuilp 1 L shed
T ■ iBi -
uf
or
The ■.<! J l a p 1 a- aToppiuj^ would L-iltau I Blip J y th,ii I ,-]jid 1 i f t -b-1^1* tlifr produce of the previous
JLCkWinii. U--T l he OrlXL crop W a L ]
within ;i short per tod of •! (.0 ti «<ek^,
we J I ■ns proper a Ja f r-iisl r«vl urr 1 supply
liLlVf I 4J be
ly rtdvior
111 pu t s , a k r 1 c a ] t « r □ ] s 8 o r b g **» t w l ;t k 1 - 1 me 4 1 a t ■ ■ c hi r e I lie produce HJid appropriate BAK'hiiiery Jo I„"?hj.ed l E e
harvestIkK
Opera1 1 005 etc. J Will BfcflVC’ t to be provided l.j
IV
B lie
Th«-
■ h-“
•ire-a
ftoveruis.ihl I ft uctlaevL" that --lad..
uioh t
13
fat lor
L
ispurt ant
cultural
[i-c o dur I 1 u J3
i mpedi-d
->i Th ii? ii
8 upsi>i j
d l>'n a hoy.e
Any
JVu a d
the
fo r s
due tu
L cspoe
lines
S-huu ] d
a nt ernal
i^n irleant J y
w U t C r 3 t O K Ji 31
wh ich i s rxpi-i I rd Ui 1 a III l I
uriJi-r I a r 1 i iJiH i La ■ 3i--
Bull d: -b 1 liUgwr will ch wo mJ d rcili-i I ij per 1odx long periods rlurin-j" FUiray
L
Ur 11 y an s 0 j 1 I
;it obout bO
preferably be
1 on
ypesi
cn
Lu1d
iBBe J 1 a L e | y be I -Oh
A] «nd A2), Sh,a
dept h
by the
with 25-4
K LF v nr niiiii ■ i H
By Ch
rundi1 ions
8 O Fenovc
drain n
■j n nil/ ope If d a. L c Ii i.a s should be
mt Ja hed
->urr.jtl- lhlJi
► or
CXCFSSIM’Q FDin
wilier fren e he
I
Off
towards the rlwer-
¥j
pa
ri|j
pa I
turns
fttjdL-1 irrlgaliQH SJiouliJ be
for
the
arc j
S-O as to strh’ tly exi I ud-j
c
rops * 1
I 1 k C I'Ll, f la lh Ll h. U;; .aFilia Ji r-
wha. cJi
I
't-pr,
*■ h li'i igh Wi.iLw-' r r v8|li l re Bcn 8 sjC
-r
dultc suitable even rIleal 1y for the ar«*a
i herw • , their cultivation will add co Hi*- druiiwiv*
“rabltf"> and ■’>' necessitate another drainage stsiea tu
l laid -J t ubuul 1!j0 cm depth Lvlvw wh 11. h llur dcwnwoi J
uvement af hut er is usually restricted du** to the
p"r es-'iH -- af *< foicwhol slutely pi-rivubltf l^yei
Juntainin« H»e flodulcs.
11.1“ are i of suitable land winch can be irrigated by -ravily ehunnels fi udi the proposed dam has only a small
I.'u<*nt (id-< ha?, while waler will have tg be pumped upto about 12 ft* for urigating the rv*aininn part of suitable bind. The econujiics of puapinji water for that pur pose and sustainability r>f the proposed pimping system should be carefully itxscEKr-d before designing nf Hip irr i fcj.it ion da*.
The anticipated hjgh ml entity of trapping under irrigation wauldi uply an accelerated rate nf nutrient ektruction fros the evil. a need for using fertilizers, to i« rt high production is likely m rnerfif within a few
yr-arafter
irrigation. The forum arc not present
familiar with using
fertilizers and
it m^y
ly
feel
k umber bcinu tv then if they .ire suddenly asked to do
that.
The fertiliser use should, theirfurr, b»-
fuii i J j ar i Z«-d uBonj1. the* suolj after Ihe i n I x'uduC t I l»jj of 1 IT lgut i mH system *
he In. lively high humidity to be l-rented in the field
eiivj■oumeuta with irrigation is likely co invite quite number uf plant diseasc-s and posts, us well as new
types uf weeds. This may 11 ttdeSb 11 a t e t tie evolution uf dew d i sruse-res i s tun t crop vrnclies and use of
biocides,
fur that puipOfirt, the plant protection
serv i <■ if- hou I d be ac t i vu I rd along with the irrigation
extension a Ji J research,
Growing of vegetables, pulses ?ud orchard* uf citrus, V1 i V e F grapes alid pomegranate will probably be the most promising cuMerclal l^nd uses in the project area
after
irrigation,
Necessary markets and
transportation
i r ahg<-iuen | i; may have tu ba* developed for I h-» t purpn^L-,
•o provide sufficient Hieentxvi-s to the farmer
laboratory aaulyses of the suit sanplc* colli.-ited
E I’Uji
t hut
u few soil pits exposed duririi soil survey reveals
the exchangeable sudiyn percentage RSI* J is
“ ,u,,w.’i4i critical in must soils and could affe t thill ' r iueab j j i t y and internal drainage after llu-ir
sT* T lt'ril iffiguted use, say after ubout 10 year* r
Ui h consequences run hr avoided by adding 2 Io-54-
«»«£* leaching with cxcessivi watei
■alter every -I lo 5 years, a reuss<!ib«i-Hi uf ESI’ rhuuld m! lie rw i sc l>r uiudr after jhnul 5 years io determine the /f eh,uin t ■•■ill It ■’men I h of all important soil types.Ub)Jmq«i-M ' ajni|n-n.]1?y J ti lUun j judaf] "S’tl jfonqpuvtH Vds l ’|i?iiuvH X»A.in<; | lfl£ "IgKI
‘ 3’r|
c
'SI
|in
^
r *3.IJnS
s-i j jrinnaji puvq ” i ti.isdri ptA.iQ
H IT -> S J a
4 [Z *r,nis;
II j vp nfij; aqi II T
puin
q la 1 u n m d c t a a -A|j
1 ttUJiQU [
J* 
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"OVJ siiiiitinig <J|T9S OVJ ‘AJnyimih P<*1*>T j j I J 'j Hi>t|*n(i?A3 purr7 : »u r j.ip v "j-nj 'cvi
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^WO]j «HVJ! ' Efr OH •unn^ui] .ioj sum p'tf i i mu y Xafljng ling
put! unt is-inp^.ap|
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iqr.( s0V{
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j .-«nr jq fl¥J *uoi^|Alfl J,u j nt-In f -■4-*r|; hUCli
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■pnna*7 I -|-1A ‘rjjnq oqi jo .-TftW
■nqrqy <5Tppy ‘vdHR
JOJ
■ S I joal
[ Tv§
| 'pinl? " £.£M 'OM
'OJSINI
'frLGl ‘OLlSSNIl OVJ
• »-t J y t Mfft.|Pl
o j t r bin n si
ii t uiioi ivJJt iksmj] | ! □$ j.IUMW i ni|rF4i;*->q
trriiTWT|.-* i | ijo mnptiiT joh^h 1
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■| '*1^! n n q pii ft || StrT □ f rj j[
■ ||4T T 1-1 T J 1Sfq| ■■'I 1 j Cp Jri |T 0S jlfij
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pUP jj-j'Rur.lJ F 1
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iwrtr.l -’•■in
■S-.T-U ■ [ *!p 1HJJ " 5H*« I
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r
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r
r aSft]|
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irj <>T|rnim j.^rn 1 gpFj |
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naj.T.tsnaj aanivamA lPr k n a j.c.i jMFTHDIJOLOl^
1*
Th--
1
-e i hodu 1 uj V lulitp I t.-d 1'in -ti> i J hui
4 H th-- 1.1 ■ ■ 11*4 1
aieJ i*
L 4D.O00
iiurv^y •
Jr 3 Iiieat
.lj i-j -
At* r t u L
l Liken
afk tfcr
ii <>ii» n ft
h.iv 111 m
pJjM 14» r. r aphln with an .i jjp | ri-s i iu.i I i> .average i»« -fc I: • • "I ip 1571-72 were used os base maps for soil
eii I jCfeitnl IO JibvUt ];20.000 s-ule. H •-3 - iu i run ■. the aerial ph© t ugraphs were math.- bs t>«.-pa l j t ■ n L
phu L a pa l " frira ( I rmea aJi J r«- ii i ■- f . w J I h HtereOSCOpe , TraiLiet I 1 I Ete'S were ih. ii
I iLr*
drawn
dxst iln «•
iL<-rib 1 i >
1-I.JI [I I Jl
I r.uise* t
frtiT a i>
bi-1 J*
»»|l
©F
I |u-
jif feren t
j mirror
pho I u-e ruphs
of
Li I 4<l
III 3 i Cl I
I A 1141
it w
between t Ii - I 4 nrs
tJ
t h»-
for
pes
old
exL
20 Im
F KUS
1 OCd t
so dJ Io keep ari approx i ■ I +* r.i u-uPUl
>justifying iin nbsrrvjt mi.
, keeping l el view IhUl t-ouie shtaTp E rees s Shiiuld b«" o 1 lhj ’■ or uli E br
io El of the ubuer val. lu-ii filto- As
pr j- pend i« uliirly
bou likt.Bi v
L LIIC WabS
by | he
1 Jli
ilrawib i 11
■ IM11 a*.k i lii.i I i-
kFb Ehut |'-ill 1 .
u f th c
marked
■ ■ 11 Ji c e r n c.- tl
p i j s. is ■ b I e ■
Frum tlie liVrr wvri*
areas fa 111ntf
part 1 > with
i meat ion
p 1 rt lie
i he
i Lib i i iijl
4it uFi
A
The *?X'i Stinff E luCha eK t ■■li-d L nt; al taikS I
used aa iranseb l Hors. Thir-
bclow .bCi.ii above the 1 H12 m cunt ©til
the.' help of a contour amp provided
engineers ami partly by tracniR
Fvw add l t i ociid 1 frtinsecl lini-s wi-re
1812
contour line ^hb i tiLit s n
L'11* i-Ft 11 I
L kJCfc
wo r k
.R ns i I y uP J pei
7 lid C
The
l, k’- BUI bur
•BS i tt uioi e
M U lb liu Ih'i | B
f i el d
and
rarritid out
Mr.
Slevcn
Paris, FAO
iiS 41
Soil
lim I lI
juin1
E\p*!l
flf
f I’um
I Wo
L II-
L L*chn i i■ i _ins ,
Mr . Amub.i Ge t ;ih«■ w
a
bi- Illi i' ifc j Ila'-I
ven lure- k ■ *
I i with t tit
an 4 Ms'. All
lies uur-L-fs lie Ve I ©paten t
> I "' -II
ui ik-.-.
j i ikrs.
h>
Ulis
Jj>i’r
fni ja
■ Lu r 1 Ebg N ■'* v e ri b t- r
L 7 2&<
J PI-1 fc iu.j i
Al
*«-u-bris %Jf
e A3
vlicli
biances
obsc rvat
of 450
I ©El Site
i
1586,
to
t h-
Obsorvji lr>n i. bb.-ri-
500 ui ilIliIik. Uh- Li iin^k-k L
soil profile WHS S I Li 4 I ■ I
I-
Uh
a depth
2 m unless tin- augei
4
ielr
' * 'ir t ,-4
■-I CfiCQ
- 1 IKll.jd ,brl
»UKvr upto
LitbLbve thatt hdaetpth
of
C Umu L j L i ui.
I recorded Eb IL j
bv
The
soac too dry or cwnli-d
lull uh i ti g l ltd i a S d u n 1 «■>
’ 11 no*,, i i:.r
Ir -
land use (and the rrap st nod if prcsetbi j ami u 'oij] vuuetutinn (type and ■ uvrE
o di,nti up eroaioib hazard
eajva- u( surfLLLe stones or ro<h outcrop ■4
SCIL aBSERMAWW AND
r.-HLTBATION TTSTS SITES NOV., 19B6
' r\'
* .y,.
• 
fS^g* .,
U1U
•73
r:j'
H
■*
*
.?>
f
-A
LEGEND
No of observaiion site but/27
Auger observations to abcGt 2tn depth
Soil pits described and sampled for lab. analysis (auger observations within the pits to 2.5-3m depths) Soil pits tie scribed and sampled, with infiltration tests in 3 replicates around each pit*
|i
ftvjKC dJV.l t£unkUV KifV-U’C. unit UPUf>l4*y
ji^iLOuj ijit-
K: I J L U'J FWd
Can
Ki ver
TUauL iaul.1 Ixidiiirc*
N-59-
lutd 1**'*-
s ail
t ‘haraelu'r
L*b°ri||UJ V
around 2 m depth. All important horizons from the sampled for laboratory analyses of important
The analysts were carried out at the Soils Waler Resources Development Authority* Addis
LnC K
Abab^- j.
ji turLcd core samples were also taken at varying g-ew most representative profiles to study their
jej/thp; ur hJ>ri|t4 er i s t i ts (pF curves? and bulk densities which
ji the National Soils Laboratory at Addis Abubu: the
*
aa
were also used for making water infiltration studies
s3 *e ueised in Appendix III, A map indicating the lotulian of
U *i observation points and the sites of the soil pits described
Bl
i Sampled* a» well os the water infiltration study sit«‘s. is
presented (Map at an approximate scale of 1:35*000.
After the
field work* delineations on the aerial
■.hot ugraphs were corrected in accordance with the observations Md»- and were finalized os the boundaries uf soil mapping diatSf These boundaries were transferred by nand onto u lopugi uplnc nap. of 1:25,000 scale which was prepared by enlarging □ l;50r000 scale map published in the year 1975. after some minor lorrecliuns noted during field work. This map was finalized as "Soils* map by assigning appropriate symbols to the sapping units. The areal extent of the mapping units was calculated by cutting and weighing method. The composition of ihe zapping units was estimated from the field observations and Ifeiieral put terns of recurrence of the main soil types* The land suitability for different crops was assessed by matching the chute data and other land characteristics with the crop requirements estimated from personal experience of the author und Iron some related literature listed herein.11 J-
hATKH INFILTRATION ANU HYU KAHL IC CONDUCTIVITY
STUDIES
W aj er i »Jj It rati tHudijra
| 1,1
| a M«-tli2d-
soil types
The
(Al a
P11 £ with 3
j fi{] sampled (° detailed laboratory analyses.
r
plta
2 4 t a -*n
“ fe*etted
hours
be f c re
by
a r *-■ a
const ructin«
lL r<J^
i htf
n ■ in !’• a n “ v «•■
of
area
approx
|H>U« *
bua-ht'S
I Fit?
lpIl]
jD.lt ■" I Y
repeated
ago i ns <
weiv then
10
about
with
cm of
f i11ings-
disturbance by animals or nan.
i carried
LT ui described
infiltration
iin
for
used
EC
out with the
in rAO 1979.
t
for
uf 0,28 cm nt
in f j 11 rat iun studies were made un
Bl, B2 and H3} around their 5
replicates fur each pal Site. The
, About
I he i n f i 11 ru I i on tests r each ail a w.is
about 20 eft high dike around a
1 n dinaeterB and by carefully filling
water time and again. so that leaving
waler standing over H after nbout wnt
The sites were protected by thorny
The m f iI t rat ion
help uf d double ring
The waler
Wujrf Hl ver with
is* to be used
■I tu 7 huuCS
illffereiLl soil
tests was that of iht
25°C- The K.iint1 water
irrigation, The tests were continued for
d c p r nd i >■ n
on the near steady slate reached for
types*
The instantaneous. water intake rates and
(uivlat ivr waler
j.£-d l4i3 E the eldpSed t a Hi■■
intakes
in
recorded during the study arc plaited
Fig- 2 (u > to 6(ai«
lull type
vf #n about
Lbf i1trul h £>n
intact,
* Bf i 1t r j 11 n-n
hft fi«- 2( b )
One out ck f every
J 50
site
tests,
three replicate sites studied for any was exciivaud after the infiltration test in the form
lb lung and -ID 50 cm wide trench Cutting thi- by half on one side and leaving the real half
The wetting pro files uf I he soils after were then studied and sketched as presented
to
6(b).
J “ - Cp.n.g11
ua i ons 4 The fallowing conclusions may be
drawn From the infiltration tests for the 4 soil types utudivd.
average infiltration rules for th* first hour and- * basic infiltration rates of the *1 soil typ^s were
us 1 nt 1ows:-5H-
laililr t J'i ujm k-XJsB. fckij- u-p.-n wells
1I
|B j( b j Char J' K-i i »t
ll
k
1>
4 1 hk h" ■-> liid ’*<■• ju^-m.-L' III" hiulJ lih.l izuih! irid shell
n n FI’O a
l.^uudJl J <"• *
f Mr ejLh hurison,
culuur «jjjJ anlLliriji Dy Mansell's Sub J Co Lour
Chat t =*
I e> | ui r
feel me-1 hull
i. -uh* i rm e iwiwn dry, mud and i-.-i
k
, I i up Il UT ■ i M t ails
b t 1 4 i kvifcS I d»-s-
■’< t ,
pur us i 4 y
ti- Jiid Mu Cefirrtal ions J if any
proportion nf roek vT mjjiecal fraifft Cits. if 1-reSetil rwl (list ribul toll
e 1 <»•-11 i < .j 1 conductivity at 2 - C <t 2-5 =n+1
rn
h.i l er .I
pH I. : 2. fl soil wu li er} B pjj-ilv usjrjft i-kitrunii pJI
■ji om anil partly by colour indicator ueihtd
. li
t i- L'oritetil by <*f rrrvestvnci* with 1 (>"■ Hi’I B
t j ft ■■ puwiW u jj d j j nd u 1 c y
i ii.-nl .4 L inh lie* pun fikrin.it ion if -ahy
ulhrT spci 1 LI 1 fC’dlUFeS like UI 1 C f ub 1-J 1 ttCtlVltJ,
h j ■■ I s. i n . iS , i LarcckJl 1 nr pi kt [ <■■ y p i ■- « crx . L uji £ Uul <i 1
■ outrualihg ihiUrul etc.p it present.
Ii i <i i n .■ fjie ,
interred fruiu id mir. mu 11 1i ri B iu.□ i u t u rc*
Ih
• I ■ Ji L J lid Hi 4 < r ljT<4 J H - f .
(■•-I III l-i, 11 B L j I y 3
inferred fi-otu
t I UV I Ut H jj f
?! Jili i |
I Hu e.
fourlzon.
puruS I L !i
.uj.J
’t k’L«-in
I udy
X 2 U sise and
L LFJ1
l in- must restrici uisi t i* Ithe auger ohservat
lOBFi 1?* SOlI pH* of
v i-
S Ji
it-s
l u mail t*
1.5 h depth hhr rrere exposed -it de lulled profile Eludirs uf (hr
were uluu made □& III’* bottwB of pits
pi* elites upto 3 ui depth as f.ir aS possible!
m^wek- frequently restr ui. rd by the presentr uf
J ‘" Lbd- .
tn
P I t !.
dk Si [ j Lj^d ],
De Puuw ] fJBG i ,-61-
Sv i 1
Type 5<j J I Tyjir- Soil T V Ji ■ ■
Soi I
Al L Hl. _ .
B2
Mean
haniee Mean TJ >1 HI g ■- Mr aii
Mean
Type
M3
RaiiC''
| SL hr , J ¥ *
rjil i^11
rjt**
i « hi J
7.2
2- J 2
N.J
12 24
16,0
12 I'J
22.1
17-29
uifHI 1. |.jl 1 W I I
r.ii"= c», hr
:<,2
1.2 5.5
5,0
3.5 6
5.0
4.5-5,5
9-1
6.5 n
The a*
rraftf dep
ths uf lulill water
ini llji • 
r ji • by t
hr- I
-*dl1 ty
pes after
5 hours were as
l>i-hh
Soil
Mean uf uJ i
f L“p 1 q i 1 E L- S Il
Al
21.6
t 35
Soi 1 Typ»-
Ul
22 .3
Sail Type
It 2
■yJ-4J W
11 36 20’26
Soil Type
H3
26. e
IM 33
Tbr- mjMitaum depths of water penetration aftet i he lesLs Here us follows:
Type Soi1 Type Soil Type Soil Type Soil Type
A1
• Hui 1 0
Al
<But/64)
Ml 62
(But/12R Hut/121i
J12
: p u l B8 .
htr.H
1132
223
313
■150
T33
,, r
“■Hu,
l-e ,(
r
" 11 >U|,
as
•15
130
85
75~G2-
fhe ^u -.lur c 'Hsit rtbui
lesH *
uy lM. 1
n ^,p ^ '.
H| u
l fuu
lc/ '»»*
rhv dowunuad ‘■uveiHMil of
of £ horuw,. it
WJ(
, d? '’•'»»»•' U<l by i
e
|,.
I
s ‘“l5"jt' •* fol Jto.e lifct
uiJ *prvu4s laterally
J <Jb I
k - tljli J. i I l □ uit This
pturil> to I k<; s I uh
Th J * aw i>p*ciul]/
I > l-1 A J ».
j
JJL*r*»- lb I J l I 3f uf Ihr- t haij Hull J i m 4 4 ing four i zon l 11 l foi- s «> j I
I'll. V«-|‘ 1
i t l 1 wo Vi-nen 1
L ha- bt lb U» 1 ■ Z«-p li Lr I" S.U' J
4-111 e s 1 i i ■
II J .
Th- *** E
ull L f 1*1 !*•
t cd
by L Ji j er
nJ water i» Ijiiiili'ii alsai I'S
I I V pl- At Lui the water |M!iSL’>
huTIZOIk in ten I lypcb II J kijbl
unit pro I* j I c *j f soil
j .ilr r ui I iind YwrUcai
lypv B2 a ii hursal
wMl'T IB UV«-|tk-ll L .
Willi .1
fc I
i•
I hv
The subsoil i niiuvri i nl fl y b-low I lie lupsoa] plough
J.iyrl Up Lu about TG I.M ill t ase -f uni I I yj«- [5 3 i % iinik-tolui t lna«e anal L»i* a uiudcrat ■■ I y rupi'l p-«1 iin-.ai-1 J 11 y compared tc t he low-r put; theia- is iuof<- lateral noViWnl than Vertical uld i 1 lli»L da-pLh. TL»- luwei subsoil •( U < foiH <jfi' i b l> 1 a I b v •• I > df ns i" ,«nd J j .i a -.umewh4i t n 1 n w pel iii'Jj i i i 1 y ..
11 j d I iu J i i• «-i>nda#i l_i i 11 y____ s I ud i *-•
5-1 udy
pi-4j r 11 v
st Iidy
I • U I L r ll
With
fur
of
w uS
byJrauli• conductivity was limLied
’ ' UIjm
a u 4 |O.
■ i’i ■•si.ti t
»r i i
■ *J I PI fl ‘■'I l lln 1
-v £> 1 1
The
it
• m b-p t hs
•rurvi'bhi .
& II 4 I
hl ddr
type Al at observeiiuh ajtL
f ar l Jie [nwei r^ubsu i 4 m
Luatay -j4ill occur r I-to# b' tween dhoul
-
|OU
Tiles
s l in j I d r chai -at 11- r 41.1 l cs i ii nasi pui t oi - soi l da-ptiis Lir e -spuri□ 11y inipor l ant
414 •
l’ V
■L
id
* I* r 4i i ii a r. e
ay ulen m the urea
I tie
results.. fociMever. needs
lT required,.
t U |a r* d SC ■- r I 1
1 1,1 «ir ti
I 14 i t i«i• r * I Ud L Uli d
a
I'i-W s i t es B
T In*
hs
U'SiiijT
.I
Sir l |
da- ti-i M nat I OIIS
inverse oujter
Of
he I a-
the hjdtdulir
■ etliirU desiTibcd in
*‘JJ -ilb
1984/*r
4I
M^riu^l I LdiiJoh,
aur.L-r hole with w<il
i - r u f i er
CullalUft Ibll) wel v
tlh- ' UuuKi?i
1 h I s irthud I eiie* on Prev l i>>1 k I y s• 11 ui at t nr
1
-a
Htr
w -”tL
I i »tj
•If
the i‘
ui -i*d md
M f .1
wa t i-r
*■ r j
d I J*
t r uiii
depths foi which the hydidwlic Cuibdm Uvily la --1 iiieas ur i fl£ I hv he mills ff n.aier surface above
•JKer hob- utL apec-ifit t L*r internals. The nt certain times {hi • 0,5 li»es rttdiut of the
ex preti-Sed a H
are plot Led a Km + IJ3 t lime I 4 11
t
l**K papL-E nnd th* bydr -u 11 r c-undurl a v j t y * k is
the sfclupe 1 Lilli «
of th- a urve. wiiia h is J-433-
|Ii
Im
| Cl I .Hi By diiy
fly u s MOI
the fullosing rdni cun
rclut MJiit the hydraulic v^jiduvl i v j ly uj about 100 Jnd 120 Cl* depths i
1F1-~
|HJ U‘
•ill I I I •-■ ] LIlMId Li-
7i- diiy,
Lhi
L wen
nut toIntake rote (cfii/hr )1
Cumulative intake (cm)
-Li
(a b and c are 3 replicates)
t
0 Centre Of the ring
a - s' finer ring
b - b1 Outer ring
d Distance from centre pf tnc rings f i£- 2Cb): VtetriiLg profile of rej-licitu ’b^tBuy 
_.: • r-r ?.■•- :: ; .1 fr'.: Il-Ft
AlIntake rate (ciu/hrt
Cumulative intake Ccm)
uo
Tine elapsed (nin.)
rig. 3(a): Water intake curves of Soil Type Al- MollTc"Planosois (Obs. site But'Tnjt
80 60 40 2C 0 20 4Q 60 60
0 Centre of the ring
a - a* Inner ring
b - b1 Outer ring
d Distance frac, centre of the lin^s
r >£- 3(b); WgVtL-iL profile dt rv_ I irate site V (Sdtr9u) after due infiltration test cn fol ?■■>_ ■ _
1I ,n3.-i) aval a
C
1
a-a
b
- b1 d
Centre of tJpS ring
Inner ring
Etetjiwt^rora centre of the rings
ri E* *t<b):
l.'errijig profile of repli^Te
jft-J the Infiltration re-t on Soil lypQ3
Cumulative intake (cm)i
1
L(j): kJjt.ce intake vurv&,;3__of Soil '7.-u B^Luvic
H,. tuc z-ejTLT (Qbs ■ site: hut / 121)
(■aj.li arid c are 3 replicates J
'
ri e- set).
profile of replete r H (BuT- --1) jfter the infilrrarion test on Soil lypej^
emulative intake (C |t (); UUter intake curves of Soil ,p, ES-bilic HbdeozemL; (obs. site: but/flBj
(.j b and c are 3 replicates)
T
1
b - b (Xiter ring
3 Distance front centre of tl* ring-
profile Jt implicate site.V 2^ ter the infiltration tesx on Soil Type -1
OunLLiative intake (cm)-69-
so r l OtNFSJ.S
v o
V •■-’l
Ik. *->*
H ilf I
|J8*i 1
|uI
+1*1 ti
.j4
43 r,+
J 4 l-U
Ui i«-’d
ji m r- I p M4»
1I JJU*-
i
tul .->l I >■
o MnF.il «t
U |i'1 el
have
the prujL%t ji i j ar <• 4 Ji V «i r j <ib I y fui MK'd deposits of probably middle tu I ale
which over I xv at .ill aider xgtnobrxl vs; tin* acidic and int er-brddcd with tuff and punter
nl |97Sj, Uufurv Ihv i£niBhritu oiilvii-iJ
| lie younger volcanic uah ■atermi, a very
passed I hi KO I i lie 1 aCB'-’T h i j*. h J a Writ I liri eel -uJid
II
with
a
frxubl^< dark yellowish bi awn tn reddish brown fine Mucky structure
III d Id I •*
,t t about
1 m depth.
Jiid L h L < k rut Kins ,
The n k dut mg later
t
l|M
v <j I *. u n i c j c t i v i
ty ion l r 4 bu L cd a cover of ruthei
a oii?. i ■!<_" ruL I y thick layer of mh which,
and dvi elopedrMipipluedI hMeilu the upper -ibuul <*n<" seirv I lin k ub>.»l for agriculture.
with tine, go I
I Ji 1 < l»
1
I he j input 1
ja-Va 1 M par" 111
ziIj I prqi:t?’iSPh wli2i:ti iippetir la haw playrd O I soils fro bi I lie over lying dsii ar«*
1 eai hifig ur reaovaiJ of soils by nun waler and b I »u It jrieous subsidence of the land suf fjrt- rfleeted hy 1 OBpur t l uli u I* the loose ash mkrijl.
.a, -'uaul.it tun of I he removed Cu .md HCO . juiis as i’jCO. in powdery as well as nodular furm nr the d«"|' , tfarjj t her| 4+d Ignimbrite olid its cement Ut lull ill s-jiua’ pari.% by alternate ml-1 I mi g litd drying;
i-moval of L la> and scaqutoxides from the upp« J layers (eluviation) and lheir hh-uiu .it tower layers (illuvxationt;
■i
-
uf
truw cojisr prrsBdh' 1° 1 Ul
allirnaiv bMtlhuH and shrihk-ig*
I • • • i i inis res pec I i v«* 1 y;
*
.ft I hl* yUbiUll, Vary i UK
t wcl .jhd do
k
umii I al tan
Iupsu a I and
I" I a ji I
iqt]l S
of organil anil er mauiiv
1 ul B4l iup ul tubular pules L>
und jmial bodies under
j ii ■ lie
di-' ay o I
a rlcnse
LIecs.
VI
l a t J un cover of grasses arid
11 ■1’1 * i Xi ng (m sumv parts
i |k J1 r h*-' underlying illuvial
H li»Psuxl through bivtXL a*
Ir °ugh jiy plant rootsfc
' ' «»-nt of soil aiMMals
ila-1 ^**uril=i and Termles
4 »‘kHlulJ 1972} as
ul the cluviiii layer
layer as well M with
• ~_ 11v j t y h.c. breaking
fc
t
associated with up and down
including espvLtally I he
a process describeal by llLnuuga-u j Z<>a I i aiiH b>4J
L ni-ur
5011
'“,J w,th
layers
urgaiHc* nut ter .I
m ( era ixed jl,,j
f-Bovul
«r
topsoil
Mtr l
UJ
through
sheet
, luSlunQr
iJuupint rr->"
, partt ,,nd ‘l“ d*
P“ = lt lull u,
H-wei parts effected by re*oVil| or
d,. ernjriti.............................................................................. ..
(
1 he vvtlvl lit J «n rover; ami
reduction, Bottling and fantMt ion of F mu nodules
c
the iHt-suil due to intemilteni stanna t, on of ijiii watvr below the topso-1.
th.-
11>uv c- hien I i uned
k i nds
CD J frw
.; -K Ul.l I
l. si I v I y
dl f for erit
Jiff t-rences
" t after
tool! forajag processes guvr forth of soils, depending mainly an th«-
1 ii
■ i i:i~<j fel ie f4
The land sucTum,
t in-
a s. h
deposit ton ended, probab
ly had j
uvatly
luJi*- J*! e
wnTJ I
undid 1 >iI ing
j j e «j a
I liOUSHlld
tupugrnphy with distinctly forird convex and The processes i to v L-ominued for d long Line
yenm) and resulted in Bhr*
L an of
pasSdb) )
iL > Mt 2 5 I O “1 '0
Ah lLUI izoii J
one dominant type of very deep, non calcareous soil wiUk < ru thick, dark coloured luan to silt loan tupxoLl
which was
I igh tfrry
iE h«ri«on).
pristoatic
tUt
gradual I y
overlying a 10 to 20
4-HJ tlLLCk,
sLrurl UI el van
a
silt loam to very fine sandy loan
e J u v i di 1
1JJV1
followed iDitovdiateIy below b>
15 tv
Ifi <>■
s+h y
I u*er
4
thick,
lay lihyui
h’|iLh!; and
to blovky, dark blown rvlout i’d illuVatil horizon) with decreofiiug « ta> cunt an l tn
h
‘ Aunntr,n i uu
u
nu*Ju J,, 5.
LT«i
u
’Uckt-l
Jii J
1 OEdtoy
of 1 r
«, r u v i? 1
ae i 1
ached
(upto 2 ci
ill
] i toe
serf Ing wills the
I to 1.26 cs
occurred in the
siKcj st varying
buried,
depths-
□ Id
Tha
3-0 toelres
p ar is
■
and
fore jf powder,
deplli-h Iirf about
(i-e. deeper ih
Similarly, the
•Ji-ve 1
ar lk
upHien t
depending on the RicroreJitff shallower in convex parts),
of 1
the E and Bt horizons probably oLcuried
- Ud 1 | y mciive sites and thinner on convex sites.
I'lie
”'k p)...................
Lri^ ? >
r
b|
—.^p. vvKvuiiun
■
[ vtii, s^ fuct from erosion. »» ----------------------------------------- ----- ------------ -It--w--a--s---then probably fol lowed by
r
4u I ■
ilevt 1 uptownt of the soil profile described ubovc under a leaching type *>f •sisture regme and
I hi ck Vegetation caver which effectively pto<*>-t, *a
IF- * r
r v*u .
I Ll
f ‘1 ,y
'■'Ui.-d
. Llr,;HLy
1 H jt i yr ly dry ,
'■“•■*■* » Ly
of the
W.| L +-IT er-os j on.
washed
-
down
c iuent
-les s
‘‘OflVcX.
L O1U ,14«
tO
J I OIOS I
the concave
f lat.
m
t
I'el I i1 _
• 1|<*
of the Ah
st i1 e s t
sites.
Terfel nid ai-e hu| otherwise
Ptf r.cd which deteriorated I hr vr(et at i u- convex sites, -n.l rendered th- vuiU
The tvpsoi I of the convex ^j tes -w
sites rendermc the land
This ‘•I**' resulted ifl a
(□bout «!5 to 2° C1’ un ,b*
th,., -t™—',:-71-
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L '_ t lonr
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Process ■,. | lihrMo n ir n i 2— a t- j. w^rdlL. S b ,
US ^ ilL'toL luri pefsJitB.j
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Llud Hliatliar jri-4 LIE I he jhaurhc-il af Like* - iiiyry subsoil hl huriruft;, The
n dy.
1
probab ly u»fd la siatihalu Mostly above ih*- In horizon,
h . |j i y .liiovv s-ume I. hufi hons B for ■ uns t ij4-rab 1 y luntf Ilia ti-du- iiUi cuiidil IOII5 thus Clealed m lhe
by Lhr
pr t? sence »1’ st re nt Lr&wa lu
■id LI L' ■■■« ,
! .al J'Ji -
rre<||U •■-1 I ji e|iL"Qlj|| I errd Within 1 The irJurlbg LtlilJj 1 Liridhi luul turi.-n
of B‘U r IE hull - UirtPis which I i I Sr J di.-iHud L>
4 iftB- fcJ L .. ..-d tiiufcuJi^s fa r mad by svri at a t j cj-
lh depth
preid i I l juj*
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uiik J J r*
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fru» i bi"
lu depthb-
ir o f if•l! i i j
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u-ifcr £r<-j> I
H>.iay soil
ib >-4*11 uw L sfa uI «i J t v e
Cbi ] bjUI rd But I Itr.-i 111 t tl»* Lidl h
The
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J t L Illh I
tiiMai.lu, Hi..
1 h'lLVUl,
' l,,il' Im L ho
aruii
Wil J. i Ih
vwvi-r -
riv i_-i
ulun>l t he mer hud HI the past In-i-n probably Ji cr»-1 r I a I eJ riuBIQii by water due 1 m cediiued
It now has u ft-'-nflc! slope which ijici:cjsra
. Sil that the slopes cluse Io the river rxLil t
is the put L l"f
have Lust
h uf sail [ ruin.* at i oil i The soil*
,j J |i lj s | ij 1 I □ 1 I lie i r All s I-1 I -
the i^iilBtirile ujil u I lbw zOUt *»f
' d€Q
■ * i lb 11 k
S ..LBt?
r i * ci
eV4*n L±
purl of ,----------------------------------
• |al iuj|T
d I tl-ltBI V
Lalui,. Ibey £ut -u uv*-rwash of .U to IOi lu-puuii mater j al frou the upper purl* whuli b-1r
j
Weak.
nubannular blocks structure.
uwuril
jt
t he
t hr
<jx I re lie
foal of
S QU L Ji b
across Ih? rtvrri III* ,’-1
an tsvai pwent -
^ishL-Ei. dif vualcf anic: vMfbijti1dci-p;ionsiitevd over Ml Ji aullluluvviaiutitoiin»iof «i»h
i*' middle HaJuL viiiL- period. yaujuf Hui Is faraed Fran tins a
Mfi< iKttt
This area hud been
I he i-sr jri»• ii1
ptububly occur r.-d nuslijr
■-
us jm riridehi
>*‘df|MW friJ*
11uvluted »h uhich diJ
i i,.- tt
u «l m e i-xia- ■•'“*
L
re-ju i rad
k l«kr in
f ul the formiliwn <>' l,|e 1
thh' ,3|11(1 iP1..-
nldcr nulls of Ihe J 'd' haritop »* rwlbn
‘ “T clay
rrblnp.L.ii.
1 tn
in the suLiUll but the
Thcsv soils ;iic -iH® 'rl- -
30 Liu lhiLk» dark rulouredu Kia<td under) u Hi by u ver> d i. n
nenei ill b
, lQlru*i* '!l
lx |j L. . wiij 11 >■ n I •J r
-72-
blocKy rlujf h.a» or silly
L Jh
| - ]UJ-
..LI ... ■ «
r:>
L horizon- These sen Is have renamed under lukvc L
1 drainage conditions and &haw less Bottling., i unca 1 mrrvus and 3 zone of Im? sccubui4llos
"hliO" 150 C» depth.APftNMX IV: bro iMraiurj agEsMDrr actrdim; TO 531L nFTS. 
jj tfrliujii lc-vei of inputs
<“ Soil r/pec' gub-types
<ll slope A2 Bl
3 i.
slaj.t
l-2t slope
Bi
5
Cl
6
Ci
7
D
8
B3
9
£
10
Wheat
Bailey
Naize
Lox ■p} n JD
Tef
Oats
Rice
fotato
TOtatO
Red pepper
Cti ion
Labtupe
Carrot
Ptas
Harriisjt beans Riaiealus pulses
Chick peas Lentil Sunflower Safflower Sa peseed Musyard Linseed
-'CyL^JT
Citms Grajjes Olive
f^nefiranaTe Su&Hicet
^J&irvanc I’cbacco
Alfalfa Clovers
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$24
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slapt
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A
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fl
9
10
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fad pepper
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F&J5
Harf&OT teans RihscgIus pulses c :■ .
Lcrilii
Sunflower
Safflower
EilM3S6Cd
Miirard
Li^GEtd
Soybean
Citrus
Crapes
Olive
PCKTtrDTELTtitt-
Sugarcane
Tobacco
Alfalfa
Clovers
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s?r S3re S3n?
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SI
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S3cd
S2d
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Hi<r. level Ci inputs
_J Wheat Barley Kaize ^njhuin Tef
<11 slope
J3 sE7
4-6*
slop
B
l-zl Slope 5 10
S2d
S2d
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51
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51
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51
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51
51
81
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, .J1(ii-rn»N oh Tvi'irxi soils ruonus <
analytical I'M ■
I'l .1 I 1
I ■ dc>» t J 2; I J ths
soil, TY
I'I A J MOLL If 1‘LASOSOLS
,I
Url.lT j 1 I li .11'.JS-11- I 1 S 1 1 f ■
U .-U1 ■.MT1..I Old
o*h-
H bal,.er ,p|.I.a LrvtfJ »•> wery gently sloping ^Laio^ D .1
rJ ,w.U ......... . iaN l«25 »
I l4 f Annual rainfall abvul «50 ni« naud> >iui l.ih 'jh
b
S--p t j iiiIm-f , ntrall dally tespeiatuji !7 “ 2.
ihiuuithuul ycbt; uu frost.
LijkiiuH'* lap-i 1 •-*a. ! ly drained; aroiindwiiirr 2D m deep, ji Ta* «- “ -1 ■ 1U I V - Nil
i dr h i n f eBe5Sl>*l:i buliil£ i-jlis-iM'Wiib fie
bi-»*i-cLmii I .uid <*-*!•
dry famed tu saizu, -*'-ii;Eu»b. i*d peppi-r and lef; pai1vp> n r.s j*- Iji i n* i. 60 tlO’- ground tuvt-r • few 11 res. . ; A< u
and f j
xpe< i vs -
h T^h ai JJ mf i L”.
AIuhiI LO & norUirjsi ijjgnrlit healing 40 ii i-
WMJ and 900 n. northwest of the Woja Rjiei l-ri Ji:»- J “" j| Kiiqhi* vjllap- oil ZhjI Hulajiij ru,uJ. jppr ••
OJ’M jqJ 38 3)’£ tubs, site liut-lft. on ii|i<?ii
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J £ >wii iOVNS'^i auibl uni li^lit nrty I0TH7 ]■
Ji *
h*!i* LKi?’ apjFr.ia* ii •->
* j J t i c 
t
ijiiJi j> I a^ L 11 vi-r ■ f r i.iLi J 4*- Huh
y -1 [
UL urc
B
tL,
sufi
dry _
rv*
tubular pores■ M4-rv tf* sa ill
J J
Suf 1
rB- M
nrHH ah irtfuus F. I. fill,
““ .
:iiiiJ
very
f i h<-
Ilj4L
apt suiuuth D-HuikJunj |.||
7. j
L 5 J i t± r ’m* 11 i
isi ipri
10 lira/2 aaisli
ye1 1 uh isb i>r
L URNI-vdli ma 11 1 41 »*
t in n t lo ii
uwn
aft I hl r■Mir
h r u hl 44 h r «-.ak L v < ■ r v r 4- i-h
1
14 "*b ;
silty • J_Lijf}
unjii- j al i
■ uur si-
prt>Bid n
I d flir-d i um anf u1 »r
bI nek y .
ii iirks,
h in k nd 15 I 4 Fl *, I !>&. vt-rv rine
inr
iiiiji j
■m-jmI
I l>
4
»O J S t prubab I ¥
h stia l i us f Ch dar v; pH 7.5
very hard dry;
4 ut iEiS
J 3 Uill J f i hi- jii a
I wip I •
S -C ifru
Sufi Fr Hj| v fjlie ruols 
But LQ 1
pi Wt . [IITSSU3 1
1ubuI ur 4 h">lu J i‘S
jij irfu.ii
h"rl ■" I OH
i> 11 k 7■
|i>
I j r u h El 10 i lc I
Mid sil’iihr i’mwli
brown t >j dai k JjI uwli >hro i uLLi-d
I I hi- d -illy
!• I ft k y ;
*-i*b I «■
■ Ih mu ii Ma
h .1 rd ,
I I ’ ■ 4 I * -rf
4. I
i ’ ll
C BOlSib
i lI inrt T l>
■ I «S____ ljp.il.. t i rky.
■ t > t h i • k B
r i n<‘ r ubu I
proain-n1 muiiict a I r
p 1 a E I i r,
, 1.1 ark I QVU2 J 
Il ue a in J avdiua mhkuIsi Fj liihl-- ItHJJ, hard drv
1J .1L1 L I I >*s
broken clay cuLiia lHi t<«il« i" *i
itr pores 1 FewI'f.bVi sn5*a.ilJ I 2I *■ 2-Bi' ’•■
•
nuiJulvs: v* ve*ryry
“ v idiajut.u I ar i. a 14' j 1 a i 1-i.ull, . r a 1 edfijk,us
F i jii
ft u 4
l »ut^- (gradual si»H»i h b . i id nil ,i r ¥ to r.
3 giii J L (a Ldrg.1? 4 -0
n bid U. 14- 5 / I •1 r ' ’ >i I f Li ii ■ L-11T S ■ 111 purkrl* ven fi'i* ‘-U
pH 7-fl sample N"IQH 150
-79-
btwwii *<5¥R5/Gj nnd dork greyish brown
JU¥K4/2l moist, dark yellowish bfuniL (10YR4/4I when
rubbed many ».-djum disunu very dark gre> i
b
ICiYkj J 
i Ull(|tl-iSr 1 JAY. ------------------------ 1&AR.I strong fine angular blocky
slightly 
sticky.
slighlly pbistH^
friable moist,
hard
ilj’v : mod «rr ai <■ i > thiuk, broken flay cuUeis un both ped
i Lti •’» comoa f ine tubular pores; Ow, small '2-5 mm <. hard Fe-Mn nodule* very few small io large £5 20 mm;,
harii lubaijgular fni^nis:
tv sphericui vol
rile nodules, weathered
wncikarews.
calcareous 
«_• one® |U rat ion of ppmdr-ry lime m ,i
tn pockris, pockets; very
few, very fine roots; gradual smooth boundary, pfl 8,0 *<a®plc No„ but/10 6 J-
■j in .^k 150-166 ea
S i rtiflg
mo i * t ,
mu I I les;
brown (7-5YR5/6; and dark reddish brown lEYR’J/*!
common mediummeddist b iunmct Vt-ry dark greyish brown
ljjuni. mu*3miVk-u ;s w3ea1Vk fira."g: ipan, ceaeni ed by j run
oxide, 1
c1 a da slake i j j
mater
wry 
few,
very fin l-
tubular
pores ; fj »-q uen l B
san Li
t u-
large
5 .O ma ,
r
* u b an g u 1 a r. Ira£®en t s/nodules:
very
Il j rd.
weathered
c: a 1 c i t e
many lime roots;
7 J +
jioncti 1 rare©us , <ulc3n?wttk m
■ yudia and f».-w pockets u*f powdery clear sanuth boufidarv pH 3.2 lu-mph
21IC 5u;r>
pocket 5
Ki»<*; no
No, 13 u t / 1 0
220 Hrown i
dark brown r7.5YR1 4 muisi when rubbed Nnm
i hu_t_ nrpro4r hi!S
■ita^ nodules; slightly pockets pEC 7,5 ^sample So,
salt 1 q-le !’<?h k smal l ’.3 10 mm , bull
L 111 cure UUS, I-a leu I I'UUS IP Bai/ia-Bj,
220 ■j
35
^•“l luhinb brown
1 Ua •. apx- r u J C n e s * J large,
-10YU5/4J ±rxt_
hued J lie
*iLi und j Fi i 1,1 d«*p t L,
<t
sort
powdery liac;
h ‘-* II k._
The occurrence of depth as found uell onnon .
moist when rubbed sjJ 1 Ilj*«.“ Fine sandy .loaml frequent, small
nodules; at rankly 1 atraus^ cement cd by lime beluu 235
frag ipun nt 150 cm in this profit* is
The
Jcsrr ip t i on u 1 the profile be16C
< 144 depth augvr ing
due Lu
I* based uh auger could not be done beyond
04. L urrrlU r
L<a
I .1 ihc-ccBen l ed pun brlok-8G- so I L TYP E AL . _ _ EMTR1C PLATOSOlS
J
.1
pji ant wateriu I :
Fhyj» i ■«£ r -iphy FI *.’i j t inn
s _,i! <• li«jr.v.L<£CXS•! irh
Old volcanic ash Luvcl to very tent Iy
IK 10 to 1825 a
Cl a t ■.•:
|M a mog-.’
Annual nun fall about 750
September: mean daily tlnouHhuur the y«#r; no frost
J-perfectly drained; jfroundwHter -»n u, <
sloping plains; 0 Uope. nm, mUilil> during JuiK-
tempera t urea 17.5
-0 w deep.
I□
Sur i uc«* s j I i ft it yr Al i1
Xvidi-hi c uf eru-sion
Vfc'gcl a t 4OII / 1 and use:
hone observable
Hainb dry far ■«-d Ko m-Jiito. sorghum,
red
pepper and tef;
parity open grassland
wi1h
50-60*; gr
ound
cove
r fuw
Avdiia
an
d
F> cus
t rees.
L ■■ Tyyj ■ oL_fr ol i
le
Lu a,l ■ on :
About
7 km
north-
nurt
he us 
I uT
the
kuja
Inver
bridge
near
Koshe
village
along
Zwa
i Hut
a
j
a
ra
road;
approK.
IPO
G’N
and
3SQ32'E
tubs.
sLle
Hut/89
,
rrofi k
Ah u |tf
un open grassland wi I ti about 0.5^ slope
• lose* ript ion; Li*
dry; pores. clear
E 1B-3*
Very dark (10YR4/2J siinh t1y slightly 
j ii t erst i t
r l he
But/89 JJ.
m
Brownish
l10YK7/ I )
■•uhplaai ic,
brown ( 1.0 YRS.’2J moist and
dry; Loam; sticky,
ha rd ial
roots :
weak aediuii si i ght 1y plastic 
common fine and i nonca1curcuus; i
smooth boundary: ] I 10tft.5/1.5] moist
dark greyish nrukjj granular tu crumb;
■, friable mui& I, medium tubular and
many fine and very 
grey dry ; very
pH 6.4 and
; samp ] e No r light grey 
si It |_oan --
pun when
1 in e tubular
dry) :
pores: few small
___ fl UII ami Ialess k)l„v e;
friable lout, hard dry (brhuves like many very fine interstitial and fr*
noduItfi
r-uo t s :
p n<jncu 1 eareous :■■ com non abrupt snoot ii boundary 
13 10 nut i, f a n<- and pH H.G (
bn ft Fi“ Hn *’
very fm- iumjilr Not
3,1 ‘1 »&
Bui '89-2 i . t* I Lm
dark 
greyish
brown
silty 
|,f >
•’bluoLirlM-x 
L, i<ky, pljistir, film moist, very ar
rJjiyi
Strong
ilQYR3/-< moist. urJium ungu
r J .iy c h«ir IjT Ilorky 
dry' thickrout
“32-
clay/oraan.. «.itter lut^tn ,Jh h.ah pr,t
Mc<-s: ' .-m*«n very f me tubuJar pores; very 
■bs„ll
2 IL lmik .
F'- Njl Itoduleb,
noncal tarsus
line .in J very fine roots; nr4d.ua I snooth buundury; urf i L sample N'3- Bui 'HO 3,.
Ujrk brown (101TP3/3] mutt; clay lojfin. node rate medtun angular blocky; sticky. plum lie, friable Hoist, hard dry moder j I c 3 y thick, broken clay cutans on both ped
f i^i i’S j Pird 1 iii por^S
Jirie iaiud very finr luhiulnj
pur^s; huiii. 4i 1 car frudi j few very fine rods. diffuse smooth boundary; pH 6.6 Lsnsplr Nu, Rut 89 1
Bttf ’JO 155 •
*
Mark ye-lluwilb bro* t: l>wib u-ri. fi fte faicil to
mu 1I 1 c-5 : r 1 ay 1 u;sidx
ft
alight
1> x(ieky1
slighiiy 
10 YIM'4 J muist mhrn rubbed, dlstjftL-t S, [ T Olig bl uhii nud bhl'k 
Etrona fane singular blocky, jjjstu. f[ Ldblv uuixt, h-iL d
•Iry; nuderat e 1 y thick faces a li d in pci et
j-uftfs: slightly Cttl La reous sample Nm. But/89-5j.
Mi ukijn clay cut sms on both ped
■ any vs?ry fine diiJ fine uLuidi
1 IA very fine roots; pH 6.6
Ji «■* ii d r k ?. ■
The prufile ius somewhat juwi-r pll in tlie
subsoil below &] tai Than wiiut as ml
rijjsnitn 1) Sulls-
ved 7.0 L*» H,0 f»r Ihcsi1
•< i i.t
*
■ P11 TYPE Bl - QLEYIC PWOZEM*
Gem-rill < liiii iicj i*r i 5 y.r s m.'ti-rial Old volcanic ash
*/IS •--■ph V r.evf-i to very genlly slopiot plams; u 2t sJopc-
; ■!"* ’ .............
i
l j ( “i.n•
1R0F5 l» 1826 ■
Annual rainfall about 750 a*. «xbly durmr June lu Sept t-iubt-r; Mean daily tt-mpeffit uftrs J -
I hrciughput I hr year: no frost
Mode-rut el y well la imperfect ly drained
-6 ■ llw|Je
" J 11 n 11 k ■ Nil
|« T11UII --i tor »"1
l ’E erusiun:
lj|1 I a Cl I k UUk.- L
Nunc ub&vrvdbltf Mainly dry fftr|
mv d L-> maiie. sorghum,
red
j ij J u L s l* s L* hr ■ 1 j
up in
pepper. ■ «!
HO WOX ground avii
[t-h
gruss land within paw sa’ifj p.»4 q inq tin
SiPIPJ 
"U-iqnsq ’if.itij
<|n
! up p irq "JSTnm
A^.iOfq jn|h?irr Atilj pur ryprs '^>i|iio« x.tj? *i i^p c 1 witiisip mnipam Xacu
■fC-9n l”fl °l*
.qqruj ' JI) fill pl ’ <
ajRjftpoi ’irtuo] <1 i ' pur iiMotq Jhinj)s m-m t m<, Jr|
•jatow <E/€HAOI) u*oJq
S t ||.1 !XjRprtflr
« i\
OII/'-<’' « »„
t
q looms [i*npnj?
spoj out J Xjja JUmaTjJ XJJA
! SnO.MR5 ] P.HIHIJ
•T I Jtle [ ■ »!«k ip i jo J 
•JW •'.< ijo-s ,w” £ Z>
1 r•■ o f o t )
j [ ■•ms 'maj
■»tirj X-tJA par au’j uomao
Xrf.i
ucqi
X ip pjri| lpynSur Ain j
'UO3BJ 
X ;»i *
' X*f*n >k .‘ fjf.iofq
H]ti«s'jd win ipjw
1 Tin imp un ip»m qs!X,*jS p<jr ;sTom
: SO X’hpnu jBinqni
stir ;no
*31
3 O 1 1| t* o J q
r ni-n [ Xft | pur AQTJ uobwoj
(C/EUAOI
->» jp i A JO A pod
• J SI OB o jRjopom :«oji iow
- x jp
HO J
1SdJOd
l|*|oq tro IBJTJ
IIMO.l q
!g/SHAOT)
umojq qSfAftJSI
X JUp
Bunj l«
umo Jq
A J *■ *|
Bi- iV. 1
' (Z - 9ZI ■’1 nli ”N
Z’t H'J
[rnprjB sJOOJ smj Xjoa put .miij uommao sa ru«l jpjnqnj ouij Ajo a tjoBmoj pur i
■*•■ j *jr I'JPU xsiob Ajqrijj ’.ujsepl <|ii|3r[s iXiporq uplDR mnip.ia o)njjpna ’jijcmsrjd osjcoo qt*dM !ibo( <cfj
: Ajcpunoq q )<1OW5 ' SOrjitj t: J |r i n fi ij
■n t pom
<( ]113 1 I*
ni onij
* < »p r i *
nI
3u i if r o j q
: <jp
•> I
^ilAOl
A a.J ft
qstUMOjq pun 1RTUB [/£HAOP
opliwrs) ^2, tH !<jrpijnoq q|OOB5 .in-ip
Xj.ia pun -mtj Avrv !
Xjaa notion pnc »urj moj Xjp p.iwq A|iq3Tj<; *3l)«Rpl X|iq*a|s 'AjpifS
x^jii
prp X
JO^
«□ tc of av
"(I
32 1 I "Il
' n \*
.irn j
nl ri T ]
.i^qp-j|
«1PO.J 
ju J { oiuoti Iso.iod
-t It f |
OJ jrrnuvjl
XAJ s qSTIIHO jq
mn*p-»w >ucjApn«
I par isiois iI/EHAOIi
XTl
! X jp
X -il J
T I*5
• 1 s t in
: qnrn.r i
(S' I/SHA01 « JfJCp *J*A
or i
r| fl t I 4 I J .1- S P
OS 0 r,t
iT1
*■ r -M|n | S \ fj ‘ fl ) n n qn q 1 * **
4<i 13
jn CO|qqn)s 
M41M P|otj pAq
r^rjfn' r ’IT
3E( in^ aits -sqO 3
fT£
*X*»J<f4r
pnn r r 1 T'’ei
3uo|r
oqcaty jrotl oWpi.iq
1AATJJ rfOM oqi p
s 
-if) JOU rnif ft*£ jnnqv
rr«t t I*' ■”* ’
■ I i I • .j «T | ’■ i' 'T <1 1
sn.n j pyp nijirjy
-ZB-pores_ I CW < I mhi
Vk--r jr uhrlI-
few
£.1041 11 I
b r own
fine and
vci 5 fLn,. tubular par.-^
2 S iuuf, ^,.n Ft- Mu nuduJ rot’k powder i nut 1 L»t= i;
■"• n I 1 !■ p<r< k •1 L a nonca I: cur ■iuuii:
J' i n v few
roulb; fvw large ,10 20 tongues of IJigJ horizon
WdJ ,
i ui ivii
la hl Ei-1" u J
■ .i.imp 1 c
Jln , j |CI2 JIN MS/E1H
hL uh!- L %i 10YRS/I■
dork rj’i mudi-r» i •■ > I i gli ■ H i h 41
.Had
this No. Hut
hoi I £ la h i i* r d • 1 u u 1 » li y y "125 1 .
V-l ‘i
u!
f-'M
; i he
U.T
t»
J.a r k brown 7.5YIM Jj _ind
ex I end 11 I' tn boundary nil
> l I 1 ow i h li 1m
La 11 L 3 t
■ul t
, ■any ard LUa OLS-t met Lo pr am L hull t Vet) lea; loaa t ha I a Pbruachwa i I iy
thud ion subuiigulai lijiii.ky slightly -s I l ck ) * plastic*. r r L a L I f no i 3.1 , hard dry uudui a I v I •
k. broken* clay rutuns or both ped fyi. e: . feu fin. • utNttinh very line tubular [.vfiHi, Tri*, -mull e3 5
fvw,
Mi iu .
I'uu C
Nn.
Biijii I J k car eotts: fc* Vk|> f i Im-
&;
hut
h.ij -i F«- * Mu nodulesi Jjlfusv snuuLJi to 12C « .
■:> E 3'
l 1H 230 C|D
1.i pj« I
7,5Yilc-1 l «!T y
L-1 * ij
n. > dark
. 7 rr.m/1 ,i
bubunguE nr i i' l jL I e
aoisk . coaoufl grey ■ u L11 • - s; LJacky; s 1 ight Iv 
i lll u I u r ULrhl u | C*
in u i s l , port's .
It a rd dry.
■v i r > f cb a
hujk jI c j reruns .
Hiivy Luuiid^r y |.|| (I. L »uupl>
.and b row n Lo dark brown ifi] i un> <11 i i a n e I I u p t ua ] ne ii I
1 ij a is g wook itdruii and Luarsv sticky* slightly ptasiic.
fvW f + iitf and <umhHi H‘I*V I’liH' sojli i2-5 nm b hard Pe Mn
v j 11. arc ous in jjUCkvlb. ftv
-wh
■ ootw: pH 7.0 si-inplt^ No. Hut £1 . -*3S LT1H .
kr Oun
k uaaon
1 LmM
Cemented; I * B«*.
7.SYH5/4J und
coarse distinct
-kppi i. icLrt. vt ry fine
greyish brown 2 5¥k5 3i moi*i * olive green mHlJw
(r
strongly calcareous. hi th
idSSAVt1
ghundont
Li Fl I >
pijud*-! y
The dcseripiiMii beiuh 160 tn *s bdicd ou nu gvr laaplc* auKsrinfi -as not possibh
L.-yond L’-5 f" J** -* “ ^’run“ t^'.iat ion
1l
w i I h ].!■»• b ** t o U that dep I h .~ T—
4-
soil TYPF 1.2
. J'.HAEOZEms
_i J 
r.i I viio/ ac I i e 11 n’<r
t-aivi.1 Material. Old vuleanic 
rHYSu.mapJiv; Lu-vet tu Wvry
Election; 1H0M )B25 A
ash
,
upiuk id-tirtii: 0 3% Jup-,
sJ
«<•
an, h-u-1 n 1 y during Ju he I •»
teaperalures 
1 7. « 21
r
UiaiiiaH'- Moderately well drained; gro
undwater 20 » deep
i u j” J c *- i. ii I ■ n i t y & •
4
1
tvidetice of erosion None observable
Vuhc to I j-on liifid uSv:
Mainly drv Itiraed iu nai2v. Surghufc, red
pepper, tef and pulses; partly open grassland wain 60 00% ground c u v r r , fi > Acacia and Ficus trees.
i-, T y p - i.- a ]_ ji. r 0 f_j J
L u c at a <j u :
Abuut 1.3 km north of Ibt* Wnja Qivcr bridge nrai Kos he villtiu& along Zwai'-Butajira tvud: approx. tPDS'N and 38*3l*£ tubs- site But/121. id u cultivated field with stubbles oT sorghum crop, ubou t J % slopc,i.
description:
M* 0 I r, cm
Very dark greyish granular very
■ cdiurn
greyish brown brown (10YR4 2) to crush,
f r luL Ir mo is t ,
l uL u I a i' pu j us ;
.10YH 2-6,2' aoist jnd durh dry; 1oaa; Budcrate fine
slightly sticky. slightly phUa, slightly hard dry; aan> fine and
non l.u lea rcaus many fiin
<v t- d i u IQ But/12 1-
roots; clear smooth boundary. It.
Atl I’-r^bGs rfc
Vi-r.v III own bIuck y; moist. pores; *- lear hui 121
dark
greyish brown 1DYR3/2
I
10YIM. 5/2) dry: loan weak slightly st u-ky« aligMly plastic.
ph € , 5 i jaip 11- Xv.
■ Dis! and jfJt-y'1-Ja
c'Lidrse iuLjli^uJ 11 very f r i a L1 <-
sllclitly hard do: m.nj fine and .cdui. lubulnr
nencu 1 careMus; cu ninon irregular boundary .
-2) .
Jj tirk
dry-
tftey [10 YIM/I. 5) moist 1-lMlu; Huderale Br-dlUB
fine mid vers fxin iuoi%
pH 6. t i baople .
.mil light gfc> !OYIfi» I angular blocky, slight li5.L lL-ky, 'Umhtly
riue
»■} > B'J f1 vcO fine Mu- Jiul/J2J
mtfd kum r.- Mu
i £>u I s
Plnstic. friable bo isia tubular pores: very 
nudui e=. ; noncu I CHFruu? ; abrupt brukoo boundary.
hiird -Ir y » h>-
I’ev, sit-tJ L 1 Cuiiuuri fin i- i.r|
I di Li, H jta-p J: i
HE I
103 rw
Very dark greyish brown (10m 2j ^ist; t l.»y 
0u4eralr 1° strong medium atigutnr blocky slight!
sticky, sa I Ltihlly pliialis, fruth buisI, hard dry 
inudif cat tsl y thick, broken. clay/ui gun 11; sartor eutaas cm both ptrd faces; ninny fine und very hnu tubular pures 
very 
small ,1-5 uh > , soft 1;qc nodules: slight))
l j Lcdr*-*jlas ; few very fine ruolB, cIuji snouin boundary pH 7-0 isuuple Ko. But/121 3),
Ht2 103 137 < «
Jj^rk yellowish brown l 10YR3/4j boil I; iUx J-R4M1 strung medium angular blocky; sticky. plastic, f j rm will, very hat’d dry; moderately thick, cGialmuoiis day iiilans mi bath ped faces and in pores, aaay very hue tubular
l-iurctf; few sam t I to lurgu ' C JO hiaj , hard
uudu L es:
ca 1 carpus; few very fine routs; clear mouth boundary pll 7.G (sample Mu. bul/l.l 5).
H L 1 | IT -2 00 cut *
Dark y^huwesh brown 1 10 V W4 / G .• nuist: 1-i.iBj noderalt-
fitic ameuldF blacky;
slightly 
sticky,
slightly pbsiit.
fa L.iblv 
hard dry; Moderately thick, brokun, clay
uulaha on ped faces ,iEid ifi pgrei; Bany fine aiU Vvt> I i Aik- L uIj u I .IF pures; LJilcareous: no roots, ph ti.. D.
L■
TIm- £ horizon is absent in nost soils uf this type; it IS di scout lOtiOUS in tinv profile < uu -
The profile js uiibuL r Jed throughout, Koreas Uir soil i* nMfBjII) •
Ll'Iow ubuul 100 <■ depth-SOLL. net- B3_-_ KAFUC_PHAKOZtNs
Geij<jr;iJ .rhsiractj^rjKt ICL
llC i I al : ftedeposi led t diluvial rd '
j.hy. Gently ilopinE plum al
I he escarpment; 1 -3X slope
volcanic* ash foot u.r an
i jrv -d i < i n
(-im.ile:
IrtOH 1H12 m annual rainfall about T5P September.
ihr<iu/Jiuul year; no Crust
mebti Gully
temperatures
“ : i inly du r j up. J line t u 17-5 2pC
UrutuuMr-ll„ Well l «j moderately well drained >urru -nJ iiu ly ■ hil
i> i Jen *-<-• **f erosion;
y ( |j(-l jl lull/ 1 U11d U&e '
None observable
Pry 
and
farmed
to
mainly 
fed pepper;
nuiie,
trees and
surahum,
fen
bushi-s 
tef
of
md-tibljr
Awm sp
ccicb
.
b T> p i«~ al prof i h"
I. a j r i nri : A bi rut
5Q(J 
111
suU
Lil
of
t
he
kujj
Iti
Vet
I'K^e
Hear
koshe
village
alon#
Zw
ji
-
But
jj
l
r
a
road;
approx.
ti D01'N
Hid
38w31<h
tubs-
silt-
Hui
UH.
m
a
CailAVilled
field
Hi
th
st
ubbles 
of
be
a
J 
is 
crop,
jbuul
I "• si ope j
? r u f i I i • d e s c r i p t i o u :
H* D 17 vin
Very dark brown (1OYH2/2I moist and dark greyish brawn
110Y&4/Z) dry. lpa.r weak medium granular to crumb,
-lightly 
sticky,’’slightly plastic,
very 
friable uuist
.
nlighlly hard dry; many fine and medium tubular poies. noiiCii Le&rroiis; many fine and very fine routs, clear ainouij] boundary* pH 7-6 (sample !i<h Rut/08 I .* ■
Ah Hu 17
71 c»
’■.ry dark lircy I 10VH3/I I th • —- ^ubaiigular blocky; slithllj H ll-
li table uist, slightly hftr<l ' fine tubulai pores, v<fry fe“>
. luafc ■uderale *cdiu*
|y fine -4.d 1' ‘ ^0-30
lt ,ure«i.s;
“»
I’i«mW
w
f ;lrlefucts/truvei; Ul,t
hsaepl'
^-IH
?)
line roots; gradual s»uolh <10tl l’u< / UK 2 ) ,
Hl L 411
Vi-ry dark grey
4u«’d l uni pi i u m * t i c u t l vk y , pl .is lie.
{10YR3/1J breaking
firm wish
moist; i lay Lorin. modern!l Io fine angular blocks hard Jiv:mudrrulely thick,H.iltln. c J ojr/organs iku 1 rr eutah....................................................... b H1j r „ B Jh ,
,,. y J'lJf tubular pui-r- ;
r
very fen. jiJei. 2U u 4H,
Ola.k pie.-r-s of artencl* guvej; 1|U(K „ i. aI t.dU,. tL,; „..|-v fine joMs: clear vnooth bvdiid.Li v fill 7 i u*rL N< >, But/8R 3j,
t ul> hfl
Very
ih,u IS L *
i ubbi'"!
>1.1 ■ k
tiruwii I11HB2/2 arid yr-J lobriali Lj hHFi iQVllG d-
dui k
yellowish brQKii i 10Yli-l ■ ■ i
AaI
:j Jf____ l&HVLi muLOhi-Urihm*r'IUfIin•■e %aL.Mi£uldr
U J «- ky r
t h i *■ k .
|«ur»?S ;
|Ul«1 I
. .1 j i
|. ikLlEbilai y ;
J» | j5I LC
IJ r «_i k n ‘ N «
■ friufLrlitu-L■lrLUL.i, hard dry: uudu id c I >
luy and
iuI.liiz. uib L^Uk |Kfcd
,;ud
teal J V
fiov
Mery fiJi«.- tubular pores few.
la large
l5 50 ntn ,■ p haj d J j me n-jdul^s 
iifvcws:
few
pil 7.U
ver >
s ■ i imp Iv
* 14 £ h l! 1 '•uiyul h
SCb I J o
I GJ I. IM
I J K tL fc
l> luwri
in > J ] s t
•flight I > >h v
fcw ■
t
y < • L I ■ j w i s h (10YR3/2J 
L IMWIb
im 11* t ,.
fiBlr rtiuti. . gradual Nu. !!u.r .- SB -] .
IO¥Frti/4j Uftd Mi-rji dark durk yellowish br^ji
when
rubbed:
Si i eky t
bDiUHi wenJt ■t'liiuii angular slightly plublii , tiidble moi^i , hdid
thin patchy elav uulan* on pnd smal I i u large
tir •-> ish L«tR4 4
L I ui ky - and in pur^
Juhtly «.al cur eons; pH
5 5(1 ill , h.ir-l I ill'*- liuduks.
7.li { s FI« P I e N ti fc Du I • KH 5 1
The two diff'-rr‘iit colours m the 1^^* - hmiZvni an? piebalily dur tw Um pni* gleying. iHocesb.
4!
k■
i J._T'I I• E £]_-_ G 1.1-. Y I C Lpj ISOLS
1 r 1 ■> I : Olij vulCdlHC aSh
>*<y : tew I iu very ncBlly slupint IUOh 1625 m
■nuiua]
■“bl.-mhet;
rainfall
..bout 750 Reran dull)
plain* 0 r- slop*
mnnly durjoft J^.r t
mm. «
1 «L. uri-2 1" ‘ - - I rapeia urrs
“"’““•■ft..
1 'n “Ufibdui the yeur; tn* trust-
MniiiL-ru i«? | y well 113 i mpri f fk't li > drained, gi om^hi* Ur l ., .. „ , -On. 4rep
,B ‘”‘ N.I
-fl't.H r ‘Tusioat
ljy « land use
None ob&.-i-vable and
.-it.* sui^hun, red P-MlyT ) p l £ <■1 I'1 “ f1 J-V
harvest about 0.5i slopt-p,
i'ru f * I ■■*
Ap 0 1W ctt
l’-t ipl ■ on
Very dark greyish Liown t10YRS 2j ituj&i jtm ^rtyish
IhowTI lO^KS/Z) dry 
weak a^djun jfi'dLiukj tv
■rumb; a 11 a£ h t I y sticky. ilighlly pIasLil. fiublt- ia<j|-l, blitfhtly hard dry. few aediuw. (qhuii f*nc LLlKi Liiduy very finv tubular pores; noncalcarruns; cunaun wediufli aud fine routs; cl tor snuotJi. bounddry; pH L. C * &uimp11- Ng. But/127- 1 . r
Bru I Ifi SG cm
Viry drtrk I'reyixh brown .IDYR3 4 2,- aoi&l and greyish brown (10YR5/2) dry. cobiou nediuu fault to dialincr
bldik-k and (lurk bruwn jauttles; t’J X,MlO U"P
a
r Jl
<J.jy ■mdc^raie coarse- pnsautic, breaking 1“ m^diun
utgulur blocky: sticky, plastic, fira loisl, very li.u d
dry; few pressure faces/indifil met »1 iekirrtbides; few
fine <uid coifiMun very finr tubular pores; jiunealcarecus.
f cw f 4 He and very fine roots; ^jaduji sawth boundary,
l*H 6.B (sample No. But/127 2).
Uurli brwwtt (7.5YW3/2; am>l. co«*on «ediu. Jinl inei l j 1 a.l k <i th d reddish brown no 111 cs , 1 {Jf !-■ -——1 IL -
■odk-rate niediun and fin-.- Cliittixv, friable *uist. hard dry thin bri'k'"
l u r ju!s on bull
a I i r ken s l JeS ;
purrs; very f«
noQLolcareQus; ----------------------- — - boundary; pH 7.0 isuople No
.ihBular bJovky: tiiL-liy.
k t/127-3^
Ujptjq J."<H
*»> JO
»>l i inoqV.
» I X J V J<T f Tf , 77• JyjQ -saI^aHc shjij pun T^oy
«»jj MAJ JAAOA pannjU t09 OS M> *
: -~1 '.i.kMacI paj pup
p r «fPJ>
dE
I”'rn
*T’jrd
jaj "MnqSjo* ‘--------------------------
T
‘jxtbm r>i pnvjnj Xjp X(UTI»H
a [ qr a j a ufjo ,iunjj
:asn putrj -uot |, „
;i dr^
;UOItOJ^ J" •’•‘tiAp,Aj
UN :<l!"»l«s •’tOBjjt*
■ fl 0:
rM rAC>«<K»
„t3
j3 J,
p»utd4p 1T*« X[aiPJa o
1
jnaX poMarnjip
PW
wjnir Ji»dM* J
,s "; ’
««»« nanvnirus
J Fr< !r »1
,
“) aunr ?m »np ’I""”
p.loi* -Z 0
MV
OSt
TT^J’1”” '
„ SHt-8OWT
rnu”v ’^”••1.,
(j
slHR|
d•
\»‘w 51U031oa PIO
k3t 1 s t ./SFj^pjnqj
ST OSTArtl 3I81V~ ’
i-^.r
' J’ .4.IA1 7 FoS
• *
"tied
p-> jii-Jim ^k: t i» jn a-maflajd aq l oi »np mi ijgi pun.c.iq a p| 1 fl and inn si-m JuijajinR
safd«(rB j.^anp no pd«rq st
g£I
.kpjnjd -up jnj uni idr.i.is.tp aqi
.■flU r r fl .< i|
pffdciJ]£ :s^|rtpou -*■’| |pnq ’(■■
r|pws •juanbbajj :qiJ-*p «a gfcf HOjaq
fc Q-R Rtf ■cnn.ui 'l
0E-§) ^JFI 01
pft|U3«r1,l X131 ITO J I'-
Kjp IJOS 1
.Cpirr
lirai a|q?uj
•i .i a t j
* M 1 n 11 u t 151 p
I"? i nfl
1 pi imj
X-raa -31 1 i duocr 'Xipusumi X-ijW jpnp per1 y^rt.rq
jut pain unitor ’ p.iqqn.t u-itfM
I’ £HAOM
UMojq t|flfrto||aX
‘sjnoini p^» 1 r J r 5
t nt J EG I 0f»> H
£W inr P
< N »ldupq? £■£ ||d £jnpurt<yl
S
’ sr.ft.ur
impair 5>-»oj ou tsjaipod iit
•I > X|qq'XT|K !safnpou out | )jos
fehCxU P?Inj
r
’ ( nilir
uatrj 'H tT*»«S ’■’aj
- "’’ J 1
1 r--
- fl.-i.rnd Jiqnqn^ jwitj XJftA
I !<d|npov UH-94 p.isq " mm f E)
i- j tir
< |41 |C i.ipon
pad i|ioq
<jp pjrif
P«1> £iifj
tt*1
siirqna Xrf.i
-------
„
!
1 s mip
UOBflOO
»ir^qn iq *1<|»? 3J
OS s»
| j rni«=
- frfijf'd
£J*,AI* I w f A Ik 0
11 i - -11
I I-I I 1*0 A .
<j p up v i ‘
j- i?L HJI4-
kioshe village ttlMhu iwuii-Bucjju j road >K05'N and 38^32’E Ob*. Jlt.. nm io
grassland; about O.GX. slope,
I,.
J 5 i i* ni y 'llif h
bi own ish
Bed J Ufli
p I AS t A.,\ fl J ub 1 e
greyish brown firey i IOYRC 2 • 
grunular;
dry.
i 10Ylf3--4 2, mqlsI uil*i 1 fidfihlve ku weuii
I
slightly sticky, sl.ghib slightly hard drj coition fib*
j nd
fine
many very □ nd ftt-dnuJU
Buis i f i we
rout i.
tubular pores.
l-jfmi
tan>
abrupt smooch boundary. pll o U
L i3
bill
Light brownish grey llOYHC/2j muxsl and light gre>
I 0 VJ<7 . I dry : S J I " J e u b that____________ a i i- r»id< ih»S ~n s_H_ m rui-t urrh-^ ; aon*Iicky. iiunplas I1* , ver> rixubli
ilj + sI. *oft dry; few fine uiid cumo very fhk- lubuLui porriii uunvuleurci-im; few ■vdj jm ikjid + ijfljfflojt fuii* mU abrupt swuulh bounddr) j*H CO
411 .S
bark l.rr.wn (10t'ii3/3l
: vLjy tlmh, jiuJerui«.- jiu-dium
□ M, ular blocky; sticky, plasKK, fm auist• v«-r> Lu id dry; thin |zul<.Jiy day cutans on ped fares; few tun- uuu * MiuBoti very fine tubular pore*, i-iuucjI careiut: lew fm*
ind very fine ruuly; gradual boundary: pll C,f
-' ri0 ’•'■
Dark greyish brown i. 10f dist mi l yellowish brown »«■ pLiuiic. friable woisl, huM Jn i;*r,
ttO-laO imii
Brown U dark bruwft ‘.10YR4/ io ilislitkct yellowish brown ■“ Hlrt,. slightly plusnc,
dry: non l u I ear fwust. ph T.j, UO 175 . w
c u>
rn^04.-> aoist; caMtan »>=dj i>-
j |UJu iticky.
'
11 1 i^Li I
||Oflt.., i j rai l *-*‘■it pll
. t nd iiedJUB fjint luat-
‘ t ,.lighllv hnrd
11 J
1' .ir i. j'ut vd
wo i til when urnnge and
flight!y p1 as t ic ■
culuUrS, dark rubbed. many dark grey 
y i? ] low is II
brown
medium Ml 0 t I 1 V b -
t CvatSri
IOYKI I dli I ilb I I
friable
IttUML. tl
BOX St x
b
i rJ | Ly il
. lL> .
l
d*iiy > :: IHJIH .1 I c areuUS *1
vei y pH 7.5-
&Ch 17
' ^00 .
;h
r
h t OWft
1 • I II 1 B
’ d I -I I
tu dark brown i7.5YlM/-
m u IS 4 i
t IighlI> hard
[ Hr M<*ddU».
»1 IftlL 1^
>u||ouis)i Lruwii ■ottlcSs 
l_yuB
V
<>u»; PH 8.0.Hi PIJ| ,fc'-
Th*-* profile was studied [*r •»> J "u.«l | p uptii r«G <-■ arid fr«.u a-u^r-j njpp»*i heb'R riuL sjuptud for 111*. :h»aI}ui^
D 1 1 T ¥Vf P £rtl.C 1C (J!El(N07FM-
J 
vi i si |j ■■:
rai'-nl * .> t <-•! j j 1 :
Old vulcanic ash
j •. i; v :
Mo
derately ftlcep tu undulnt i ijp. mid guHii’
d
ma
rgins uf plaiiia.
slop
hIeva t ■ un ! I BOB I ft
15
in
fl i ja.« L • *
Animal raj'i
Tull
.ibuul 750
WQiitly daring June t..
September;
wean
daily 
teaprraturr^
17.5 3J3C
D i j j n j k • -:
l L r uui'Jinu t the year; no Tiust.
Itfr-ll drained; grauiiduater > 10 ■ deep.
'in l i.ii-1- h u I i n i. i y ■ !M k 1 v i deni i- ii I’ i- r u% i »>i] ; '» £»t :. l Luu 1 .i nd use;
Co aim on rills and few gullies.
M.iinly £rds*it3iuJ mill 60 70V ^iuuud cover; sole trees and bustles,. aairl) be I Lin^ » fl# I'* A*. -u Lj j ii A Ki us sy«-* i<**>
partly dry-fstard iu utrr. s<-I'^hua.t t^f and red pepper.
I. T y [■ i c al j > r oft I y
Abu nt 7,5 kPi L I idgi? C 1 OS e
L cue h ted uIuflh jti.i 3H“’J3 £
,
(
north nurtheas; fium th< huj,*i fiivri
It* the river bank, neat Hvslir vdljp
2h.i1 ftulujira ru.id jpprux, fi OS*;s 
obad s 11 ■" fine ’ *W, i»a a c,r+is^l«jhd
Mi j t Ii Lib nut 6V
slope
l r ■ r l i >.
■li-ier ip! i.
UB
|
■Ih U jr
■ Ul
Very l.u k grey 
< lOYItl 2 j dry:
* l iiialr; Ltuns t 11 k y 
so fl di y ; fr*
hu lie j | <’ll I 14 t- . sMilks I h |rihj u II .J 41 > ;
lOYWJ 1,‘ uwihi und dark grc*>i«ti bruwn
sand 3
SvdvNk t me ^i^nuiai 1
1 slightly plastic. * rr friable i^ot,
■ v4ilib Slid ruU 11 f.h« tubuljl per many fine and aedisa r.-ui- gradual
pH 6.5..1J
■•.h 35
* ■!*»<* *re* uom/ii Und lkll|, rf
uuisl at»d light Growni-gh [r«> 1 lOVRt; r'
|k| LIWII
Ju,.® t hi>t_ HpP 'A’.J’iJii?a sandy Lu;,.; * <A
r
1 dry 
e
bIocky
5 I j r k y ■ f i?w
ii> i h i -i I ■ s, iu o lj I h
brriiktng to weak f '
lightly plust it VL-ry fridLilt
»rd i iiin
a j 1*011$; boundary.;
and Cummon
pl! 6.R,
-
lujrse Subjngiilai
»L-d.uu granulat shakily 
-------J $4MSI I sofl dry 
i oaliiiEi t lnr lubgliir pores,
fift*- .ind aediiia roots: clem
III
Ij.m Ih jJi eyjfth brown lO¥Ji'i/2F su«%i l lidn^iiir; lo dark Lruwn < 10YR3/3) moist with duptii, and pale brown
J0tfJl€/3) dry: loam; *i''jk iiir-dj uia Lihd lOuTSc aubiim/>Ld lur blmky, slightly hard dry: few idwii and coiaon fine
tubular pores;
|rdJ U nd.ny; pit 7.6.
L I 15 i ju
non l-a 11* arenas; fes fjnr roots clear
B r<*wfi t o
•lark 
brown
I
10VN4
3 moi&i
miid
I0YH6 3i
dry;
loan;
ausiivis 
&hthdy 
sticky,
r I aS l M . 1 j r g l- i 3
^owdury 1 8.2.
pidu L-ruwii sHidixh
vi*ry f i i ab 11- inuist, h-ir Ji dry r<in, saull tv 15 very hard line nodulrs: ie* p-mkcls of
[ insj; ca 1 caros to stronR, ly t *. tcareuids, pH
Hrouu tu djrk brown HOfli4 3’ *^.sl imd puk t-iu-n
iDYUrC 3) dry 
I'lnji j?ondy_ JLSjLSS-
n^,5'J-Lk> K**.
' M ks •
nor.pl.ist iv. very friable* Bnis(, shgMty bard d- > a-tull io large <5-20 wi. **ry bard h*e podule^ i- 8.5.
The descriptl^n sufflples below 50 could uol hr dolir ceBcntat inn
is 
e»
bused
depth
beyond IbO s >f sundijr soil h>
on safer
au terms 
iu du'1 tCl h»r ant
Saiflp li L^d r
J.
s 'J H, TrE■ E t
LLIC gLEtSQfcS
h^Urf;! | VhajQUA I e_E 1 bH L-b
■’ hedrpMSitcd (alluviated
‘J-* *y G«iil ly vloping plain at 1 *
■= a car paten I , 1 3* »1«P*-
vQ ifjl>iL
fuul Pf ■»"
Ji|Li<ur]Cip <h iu cj nrnrp..m
f
Aum,
I
C.'SMAOT •»*»"•» I P ** 'l/t «» Z/bAS'J <iMr>jq
1
i’3 il l ! snr.ij»’ ■* | n;»uoi|
-------------- » Xjp
* ”‘f1,,,lo'l p,n
M-’rJ air IJ 
umnj
oilJI I s J-I* <nr« r'M- ’ll* J it<***o ’
n rr r
rr>
• 11 j si- r <r 11 p""
■ ■a
'.(ipi is : 4if 'Ojq jn jn-.lrrt- i
r-
1 Z -u vji r ri
<pr]q A’ <'‘ja I ,rP X ».ia
PJ»M rnnTpAv h-’om
18 1(3 o,
S/US'E UMUJ'1 qsi/oj?
^jt-l
r
'♦’ i i
Inr|mI
1 r“ 1 M|ij
’ »»" I
Ml r r. j
X.i n
01 I
T1 U-1 <i”P"noq Mioobh TrnpDJB
1>L
jijij ui»vw ’ Rfinnjr 11 r jriutl Soj-fltf rtir unrjMi *nj . up pirq < f J M * r ! K
•□I |«« |d Aj iqiTl (9 ' <pi 1*
1 *p»h J 
•I ir;nuc.r:i
MS? Ao j 7 *f.n.-p
snipo« iw
pirr ^r.n - F.AS T QI HAO I
‘
■f|Hpr{'-;
<rrni ixjp S/tHAgt
Jnjnqnj amj 1fr,HFntr. _ ’ t1!*1 ’ ij A
jv | n,f i|f-„,Sl.
• p 4i ■ • j. -.
a -i .i ji m j * ■ r
a J -p
ni -
-4 ■
14 <*
i.
*
intpa |'ijr
"JI J AlWf plltf
^jqiTjj (ja^
n ] jr pijr ll i
; V» ’ • j
L S.ijnl
Ml 1 ft.fn i
A I 1 ip t t
“lkrfm
Xf ji|»i r»
: -rnr.r i
■ X.ip
•C VUAOl
’JMn r-j
tA.u!
4 jrp
- r Rd .Ajrpunoq rpoowjj auij Mum , sr<ihj r .’Ji: jii«»rj
wnip.iii Hrij -Ajp pjrq 4 nrjfi<?(i| <|iq^T[i; ‘Xlf.lllS
VHip^M 1|m *¥Fo“f Ptit! lsrot I EA5’7 n)
MAO I
Xnj ;e
If.M'p
AJ- «,
in
a
m i | lI • J 
•<; ip
■ ; r**|rt I
<7
-£ J
innqv ilri
■>;i i«m
B d- I. •
* 11S ’ eqri
DP PJ-”J 
r”' _______ .
p • ]«’A ■ i {n • 
r- T| t
K■r o.n
\C> »*1<-l
prn F rj'trjflg Tfb7 Oji-ip* jlrpri
► /(' 1 I ’(
rp^rjF rfnvi
nip
J" (HHMIlinos fppnr, « Q<j7
inn !•
■•
p i’F*1
► | i pi i >1
( r« b l T • J
‘I
m j pile r t .I*- -y < |
rr i t-ni
j j j j-
’ ■ 1 1 'H A | «11 m
.fi ltd nif paj
• >| p.hH.irj
prir*
■*
..
r’
l|
p>
-
m «r11 '
AJ«isqn --UON
■ i ”1
,r
r
r
r<: r:T 11 i .Hlh ;.'IM
^jftlujAdaai, :np A(U1 "• 
*<•- attl yellowish i'Fwn B-HUns. LJ|-S '" |>lLfcy, slight I) vlastitB frubh- lunst,
ullCa J carcuus. valcareuUi ld
- 1 lien h
pH ? r
bard jry
£ *- ni
■
i'k
H i ■• »*mhi 1 j I I* t
14LK1
Lo >*■ to
dur k bruwn 1GYD1/3 nujsl, tonaon neili u»
luHlsh
brown
uiattkea,.
iua*li.
«a«ive,
light 1) plustiL. friable nnu,l, hard dry r
large (3-20
»)| hard hue nodule* »ny
pi kel W
_ a J i- as eo*is
c,
; pH 7,8-
f powdery 
lme;
ralcarcous 
La
slightly slmnglv 
h'-
Thc «h-MT b pt i uri below about pfl cn is based on uugcr fancies augering oultf 4i<j| be cldDir beyond 1S5 cu. dupib beruuw uf a line cr+acnled pan below not s^ni|j 1 cd -
r. rfc >h k_y_t L i_jJ d;i t ij
I il i u> *
fall uw i ll |f
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Summery

Butajira Project Area Summary

Butajira Project Area - Soils and Land Suitability for Irrigated Agriculture

Project Overview

The Butajira Project Area represents a cooperative project between the Government of Ethiopia, FAO, and UNDP to develop irrigated agriculture in a 2,130 hectare area near Koshe village in Ethiopia. The soil survey was conducted in 1986 by M. Yasin Javed Mirza, FAO Soil Survey Consultant.

        Key Findings
        74% (1,572 ha) of the area is moderately to highly suitable for irrigated agriculture
Only 143 ha can be irrigated by gravity channels; the rest requires pumping
Soils are formed from volcanic ash overlying weathered ignimbrite
Main limitations are restricted rootability and periodic drainage impedance

    

Climate and Environment

Parameter	Value
Annual Rainfall	~750 mm (mainly June-September)
Mean Daily Temperature	17.5-21°C year-round
Elevation	1,808-1,823 m
Current Land Use	75% rainfed farming (maize, sorghum, tef, red pepper)

Soil Characteristics

The soils are very deep (>200 cm) with:

15-40 cm thick, very dark topsoil with 2-4% organic matter
10-20 cm light grey silty layer below topsoil in many soils
15-35 cm dense clayey layer beneath the silty layer
Non-saline with EC < 1 mS/cm up to 1 m depth
pH 5.5-7.5 in top 1 m, increasing to 7.5-8.0 below

Main Soil Types

Soil Type	FAO Classification	Key Characteristics	Area Coverage
A1	Mollic Planosols	Imperfectly drained, slowly permeable, ≥25 cm topsoil	556 ha
A2	Eutric Planosols	Imperfectly drained, slowly permeable, <25 cm topsoil	401 ha
B1	Gleyic Phaeozems	Moderately well drained, somewhat slowly permeable	656 ha
B3	Haplic Phaeozems	Well drained, moderately permeable	33 ha
D	Calcic Chernozems	Well drained, moderately permeable, calcareous	157 ha

Land Suitability for Irrigation

The land was evaluated for suitability at medium and high input levels:

Suitable Crops

Season	Highly Suitable Crops	Moderately Suitable Crops
June-November	Maize, sorghum, tef, beans, sugarbeet, sunflower, vegetables	Soybean, tobacco, rice
December-May	Wheat, barley, oats, chickpeas, potato, rapeseed, vegetables	-
Perennial	Alfalfa, grapes, olive, pomegranate	Citrus, sugarcane

Management Requirements

Subsoiling/chiseling: To break slowly permeable layers
Shallow drainage: At about 60 cm depth for waterlogged areas
Erosion control: Terracing and contour ploughing on slopes >1%
Water management: Careful irrigation scheduling

Recommendations

Implement subsoiling to break restrictive layers in soil types A1 and A2
Install shallow drainage systems (60 cm depth) in poorly drained areas
Provide farmer training in irrigation techniques and water management
Develop appropriate cropping systems for two main seasons
Assess economics of pumping water for areas above 1,812 m contour
Monitor soil ESP and apply gypsum if needed after 5-10 years of irrigation

Conclusion

The Butajira Project Area has significant potential for irrigated agriculture, particularly for food grains, vegetables, pulses, and some orchard crops. About 74% of the area is moderately to highly suitable, though most will require pumped irrigation. Proper soil management, particularly addressing drainage and root restrictions, will be essential for successful agricultural development.