THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENERGY
ETHIOPIAN NILE IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PROJECT (WORLD BANK FINANCED)
FEASIBILITY STUDIES OF ABOUT 80,000 HA NET IRRIGATIOIV A DRAINAGE SCHEMES
VOLUME 7: RESOURCE USERS & SOCIO ECO.
SR03A: RESOURCE UBERS AND SOCIO-ECONOMICS (PAR T3 , 2 I .
SR-03B: RESETTLEMENT
} talcrow
IN ASSOCIATION WITH GENERATION INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT (GIRD) CONSULT/ NT
ADDIS
LT! MAY 20! IFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water and Energy
World Bank Financed Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project
Feasibility Studies of about 80,000 ha net Irrigation and Drainage Schemes
Feasibility Study Final Report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME
Volume 7: Resource Users & Socio- Economics
SR-03A: Resource Users and Socio-economics Part 1 of 5; Summary Report (Left & Right Banks) Part 2 of 5: SDAs I & 111 on Right Bank
Part 3 of 5: SDAs III & IV on Left Bank SR-03B: Resettlement
May 2011
Halcrow Group Limited and
Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD} Conaultente PC Bo* 1021/5, Comal Building (5th Floor)
Haile GebreMiaive Road, Addfc Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel *215-1 (0) 11« 63 09 92 Fa* +251-1 (0) 116 S3 09 91
u^.hBteflfr.gom
Ibra Report hub been prepaiM m accordance with the instructions of the f tderal Government cl Ethiopia. Mtnistry o( Weter arid Energy for tfielr sole and specific
uso Any other persons who use any information contained herein do so at their own
rtsk.
C Halcrow Group Limited and Generation Integrated Rural Development (GtRD) Consultants
2011Halcrow Group Limited and
Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRO) Consultants PO Box 102175. Comet Building (5th Floor}
Hallo Gebreselassie Road. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia Tel *215-1 (0) 116 63 09 92 Fa* *251-1 (0) 116 63 09 91
Tha Report has been prepared in accordance w<h the nsuuctions ol the Federal
Government ol Ethiopia, Mmlitry of Water and Energy kx the* sole v>d specific
use Any other persons who use any information contaned herein do so at the«r own
risk
€ Halcrow Group Limited and Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Cc
2011Fr<M
UfbiefM. Mtwfrj of Water <T E«rrp
Fjht^jn Nik I**hh t*i Dm^aff Pwr
FEASIBILITY REPORT STRUCTURE
Volume 1: Main Report (Plus Annexes)
Volume Za Water Resources
SR 01 A: Water Resources
Volume 3: Irrigation Development
SR 01B Irrigation Ac Drainage Development
Volume* 4
&5:
Soils, Land Use Ac Suitability
SR-02A Soils, Land Use Ac Suitability Part 1 of 4: Main Report
Pan 2 of 4: Annexes A B Ac C
b
Pan 3 of 4: Annex D
Pin 4 of 4: Annexes E - N
Volume 6: l~and Resources & Agricultural Development
SR 02B: Irrigated Agriculture & Agro-economic Development SR-02G Livestock Development
SR-02D: I .and A Watershed Management and Forestry
Volume* 7 Resource Users & Socio-Economics
&. 8: SR-03A: Resource Users and Socio-economic*
Part 1 of 5: Summan’ Report (Ixft Ac Right Banks) Pan 2 of 5 SDAs I Ac III on Right Bank
Pan 3 of 5: SDAs Ill Ac IV’ on Left Bank
Volumes 9,
10 Ac 11:
Pan 4 of 5: Survey Data .Annexes (SDAs I Ac III on Right Bankj Pan 5 of 5; Survey Data Annexes (SDAs IV Ac R’ on Left Bank)
SR03B: Resettlement
Engineering Surveys, Investigations, Planning Ac Design
SR-O4A. FLnginccnng Irrigation Ac Drainage Works
SR-O4B Engineering: Storage Dam
SR-04C Geology, Hydrogeology and Geotechnical Interpretive Report Pan 1 of 3 Main Report Ac Annexes A D
Pan 2 of 3: Annexes E - H Part 3 of 3: Annrvry | - p
SR-CMD: Topographic Survey Works
JJckdl-Vo^mL-T
July 2011* />*<•« ti c* /.«rr» I JAb<M« X* 4*4 !***<& ^***1
Volume 12:
Environmental Sit rut. Financial A Economic Anahaia, Stakeholder
Consultations A Study Terms of Reference
SR-05 Environmental Sunn
SR 46 Financial A Economic Analyst'
SR4" Stakeholder Con«ultat>on«
SR48 Study Term* of Reference
Maps and Engineering Drawings, A3
Map Albums, Al
Main Album
Detailed Soda, 1 and Use Ac Suitability Album
1 opographic Album
Bclrj ! 4 -Volume 7
1 Julr 20Federal Democratic
Ethiopia
Ministry of Water and
World Bank Financed Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project
Feasibility Studies of about 80,000 ha net Irrigation and Drainage Schemes
Feasibility Study Final Report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME
Users and Socio-
. Summary Report Right Banks)
2011
ZSalcrow
In association with Generation Integrated Rural Development
(GIRD) ConsultantsFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water and Energy
World Bank Financed Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project Feasibility Studies of about 80,000 ha net Irrigation and Drainage Schemes Feasibility Study Final Report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME
SR-03A: Resource Users and Socio- Economics
Part 1 of 5: Summary Report (Left and Right Banks)
May 2011
Halcrow Group Limited and
Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Comultanla
RO Box 102175. Comet Suiting (5th Floor)
Halte Gebreselassta Road. Addis Ababa. Ethopta
Tel +215-1 (0) 116 63D9 92 Fas *251-1 (01115 63 09 91
ww hataraw com
This Report hw been prepared In accordance with the mstructions ot the Federal
Government of Ettwpia, Ministry of Water and Lnenjy for their sole and specific
um Any other persons who use any nfarmabor contained heresi do so at the«f own
risk
© Halcrow Group Limited and Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Consultants
2011Halcrow Group Limited and
Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Conaultente
PO Bo* 102175. Comet Building (Sth Floor I
Hale Gebreselaasie Rood. Adds Ababa Ethiopia
Te< *215-1 (0) 116 63 09 92 Fax *251-1 (0) 116 63 09 91
www haicrow com
This Report has been prepared m accordance with the instructions of the Federal
Government of Eltopia, Mnotry of Water and Energy for thetr sde and specific
use Any other persons who use any ntormebon contained harem do so al their own
risk
€> Halcrow Group Limited and Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Conaut
2011Mral
tf Mrturny tfW’frfMifkW
Elbtfpf'w N'* /nrjpft'iM n<uf Dr*»^i Pnyttt
feasibility study final report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION St DRAINAGE SCHEME SR-03: RESOURCE USERSAND SOCIO-ECONOMICS
PART 1 OF 5: SUMMARY REPORT (LEFT & RIGHT BANKS) CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
7.! Prv/rd Ljft'affan
L2 Project mJ Study OtytdfotJ 
f. / Prp/hV z1/Td
t4 j4dwnrtrtitive
7.5 Rf/wn Jftwttwnr
2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY
2.7 Pofw/tifioit mJ } iwueMJ J/*r
2LI Kebek Populations and Household Sizes
2.1.2 Kebek Popuhitinn Den&ny 
2.1.3 Ethnic and Religious Composition
2.1.4 EMima led Population in Stage Development Areas in Project Area 
3 LAND TENURE
J. 7 LmJ Ujt Pattern
3.2 Ijsrrf Ulf RjfjZ/j
3-2-1 1 lousrhold I jthI Use Rights
3.2.2 Landless Households
32.3 Average Size of Holdings with Land Lie Rjghts
3.2.4 Estimated Area Cultivmrd by Households in SDAs 3- J I^md Uk CrrfiJLaJtrm
3.3.2 Land Use Right Security
3.4 Land FngJwwAitoir mJ Need for CwofoLifrox 3 4 1 J.and Fragmentation
3.4.2 Need for Land Consolidation
3.5 PrhmtMiT
3.^ Tneaevy mJ Sbarra^pijj^
1
7
‘
9
0
9
10
]0
11
13
fj fj
14
15
15
77
p
^7
3.6.1 Prevalence of Tenancy md Sharecropping 3.6.2 Ten*nn-ind Sharecropping ^angementj
, fl
l3
17 Lamwnai Grp^ Lm4
3.5 Forests and^j^ jon/try
3.8.1 Natural Forest
3.8.2 Tree Plantations
3.8.3 Planting of TreestfWettmdEWR
Vr^ttvi Denina: ofErtMpni. Minutn EthrtCtat N/ir /rrijvfrt* mJ L) not jft Pfwnr
J. 9 If
a fid Hoodtni
3.9.1 
Waterlogging
3.9.2 
Flooding
3. 10 Soil and Water ( oHfrnvtiM
1.11 Irrtfiitwn
4 LIVELIHOODS AND POVERTY
41 Mam Eautanc AOndtiet
4.1.1 Off-Fum Income Generation
4.2 I iotuehoid Income j and Expenditure.'
4.2.1 Sources of Cash Income
4.22 Expenditures
4 2 3 Taxes
4 9 Social indteaton
4.3.1 Level of Education
4.32 Health Status
4.3.3 Food Security and Household Nutrition
4.4 Gender hnrtf
4.4.1 Domestic labour Division
4.4.2 Agricultural labour Division
4 4 3 Asset Ownership
4.4.4 Decision Making
4.4 5 Control over Assets and Financial Resources
4 4 6 Membership of lx>cal Institutions
4 4 7 Female-Headed Households
4.5 Ijvrbhoods
4.5.1 Main livelihood Strategies
4 52 Typical Farming Households
4.6 Poverty and Wealth
4.6.1 Proportion of Poor Households
4.6.2 Proportion of Wealthy Household*
4 6 3 Asset Ownership and Housing Conditions
5 SCHEME LEVEL INSTITUTIONS
5.1 Goremment Institutions
5.1.1 Waler Resources Development Wereda Office
5.1 2 Agriculture and Rural I>evelopmcnt Wereda Office
5.1.3 Environmental Protection, l>and Administration and Use Authority 5.1 4 Health Wereda Office
5.1.5 Research Institutes
5.1.6 Wereda Council
5.1.7 Kebelc Council
5.2 (ommanit) based Organisations
5.21 Land Administration Commiilee
52.2 Water Management CommitteeVtdmd 
of iithrttM Mttuty ofV~rtf*
Ethiopia* Nib Imgahm and Dnrnqt Pn^Kt
5 2 3 Forest Protection Committee
5.2.4 Savings^ Credit Association
5.2-5 Cooperative Societies
5 2 6 Village Leaders
5,2.7 Non-Governmental Orgarusanoos
5.2,8 Dispute Resolution
y.3 Kehpious Institutions
GomNWiai Forms
5. J Deiefopment Projects and Proframmes
5.5.1 Tan* Beks Project
Exutng Forms of Cooperation and Mutua/ Is jij Saner 5.6.1 Footing Solidarity Mechanisms
5.6.2 Mutual Labour Exchange
5.6.3 Communal Labour
5.6.4 Jdir
5.6.5 Mahiber
5.6.6 Ikub
6 AVAII-ABIL1TY OF SERVICES
6.1 RasJ and 1 ninsporf
6.2 Education
6.3 Hea/fh F&MtJ
6.4 Teiecommunrcatton and Pojtaf Semrtj
6.5 Potable It- 'ii/er and Sanitation
6.5.1 Potable \X'atrr Supply
6.5.2 Sanitation
6.6 FAwM/Zr
6.7 Afor&fr
tf.JT Farm Suppliers and Priori Shops
6.8 1 Farm Supply Entrrpnscs
6.9 Alirrttr Ejrfrrprifrs
6.10 A&rtt-Pfwsrug Entefpnjet
6.11 Nunmes
6.12 Ranking and Cjrnft/
6.12.1 CummerciaJ and Development Banks
6.12.2 Micro-Financing Instnutjons
6.12.3 Use of Credit imong Sun eyed Households
6.12-4 Recommendation
6 13 - i^dbira/F-xlnsion and I >frnMr> Strvtns
6.13 1 Availability of Agricultural Extension Servxcs 6.13.2 Veterinary Services
6.133 Recommendations
6.14
40
40
40
11
11
41
41 41
42
42
43
43
43
43
44
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
4^r
45
4?
49
43?
49
50
50
50
50
51
52 52 52 52
-5 AJ J 54
rtihrnl Dnncvti: H*T
EtiMpw N’ii /rnitfwji and Dfti^ P^nf
7 IDENTIFIED CONSTRAINTS RELATED TO COMMUNITY AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
7.) ldtnhfitd ComtmnH and bints rrlatid to Community Dtvthpmtnt
7.1.1 Education and I leillh
7 1.2 Land Tenure
7.1.3 Waterlogging and Hooding:
7 .1 4 Potable Water Supply.
7 1.5 Fann Supplies Marketing and Credit
7.1.6 Poverty and Food Security
7.2 Identified CfiutnuntJ and Issues mrt regard to lnstitulrona/ Development
8 SUBPROJECT INTERVENTIONS
8.I IntrodMiion
8 2 Improved Aarss to Potable Water and Sanitation (CD-I)
8.3 Improved Health Conditions (CD-2)
8.4 /mprwta Access to Enrrp' Sourest (CD I)
8 5 Development of Off-farm Income Generating Actmtus and Credit Provision (CD 4) 8 6 Indtffnous Peoples / Ongnai Inhabitants Support (CD 5}
8. 7 Support for Lokal institutions (CD 6) 8.8 Estimated 5 ubprojfi t (Zests
REFERENCES
ANNEXES
ANNEX A; COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT SUBPROJECTS. IVp*W< */&Ar*'* Mfautp raff a^ £*&
MafMf W Jmjjjfrta ndDiwr P*9"f
LIST OF TABLES
Fable 1-1: Project Stage Dev elopment Areas —..................... Table 2-1: Total number of villages and households
Table 2-2: Total population............ -............. ...... ••................ *..........
f+ |«^.r..«i
Table 2-3: Population density 
Table 2-4 Ethnic composition
*4
Table 2-5 Ethnic composition.................................................. -...................... ~"......... LT""
I able 2-6: Estimated number of rural households and population tn four SDAs...
Table 3d: Land use partem..................................... -......... -................................ ~................... ...
Table 3-2: Distribution of land use rights*
Table 3 3: Distribution of land use rights hi 16 surveyed kebeles. duration ot land use
Table 3 4 Landless households—-.....................................................
Tabic 3-5: Average size of individual land use rights
Table 3-6: Estimated area cultivated by households in SDAs-..........................
Tabic 3-7: 1-and registration...............................-—~
Table 3-8: Average number of plots for surveyed households.......................... Table 3-9. Area cultivated by tenants and/or sharecroppers—
Table 3-10 Most common tenancy and sharecropping arrangements
Table 3-11: Condition and management of communal grazing land
Table 12: Size and management of forest —-...................................................
Tabic 3-1.3: Number of type of planted trees...................................................... Table 3-14: Waterlogging 
Table .3-15 ITreding--------- -------- -------.-------------------- ----------- ---------- Tabic 3-16: Soil and water conservation
Table 3-17: Irrigation... ...........................---------------------------- ----------------- Tabic 4-1: Main Economic Activities of Households ~
Table 4-2: Proportion of households involved in off-farm income generation Table 4-3 Average cash income for surveyed households
Table 4-4 Purchase of assets during last 5 years
Tabic 4-5. Taxes pud by surveyed households.
Table 4-6: Literacy rate among adult population in sun-eyed kebeles Table 4-7: School attendance rate for children aged 6 to 13 years
Table 4-8 Availability of health facilities and staff..........................
Table 4-9* Family planning. vaccination and natal care............................... Table 4-10: I .eve! of food insecurity 
Table 4-11 Food shortage among surveyed households ___________
Fable 4-12: Household diet of surveyed households
Tabic 4-13: Main economic activities of female headed households Table 4 14: Poverty Criteria -
Table 4-15: Wealth Catena
Table 4-16 Ownership of non-agricultural assets for surveyed households Table 4-17: Housing condition for surveyed households
■F-
I rr-t -re, M
Table 5-1: Structure. siaffing and lopsoc for W-rd wcrcda ofljce m j
aw Wcrcda
j
lable 5-2: Structure, staffing and logistics for ARD wereda offices.......................................... Tabic 5-3: Number of DA* and ETCs....IttMfin .Xu Imfrt" f'^f
Table S-4: Existing community based organisation*........ .................. ................................. «». Table 5-5: Number of service cooperative
Table
5-6.
Cominertill
farm*-••--"
Table 6-1: Road accessibility•...................................................................................................... Table 6-2: Nearest urban centre, public transport and owned vehicles Table 6-3; Provision of prunin’ and secondary schools
Table 6-4: Availability of telecommunications and postal services
Table 6-5: Number of wells with hand pumps .. Table 6-6: Main sources of potable water for sun n ed households Table 6 7: Availability of flour mills, market .,,..
Table 6-8: Nurseries.«..— ............................................................................................................ Tabic 6-9: Proportion of surveyed HH* obtained loans
Table 6-10: Main sources of energy for lightening
fable 8-1: Estimated communin’ development subproject costs„
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Location of Upper Beles Irrigation Project
Figure 1-2: Stage Development Arris
f igure 1-3: Administrative and Kcbde Boundaries.......................^'Emw/uw,
sf ITaffr «/ E**T
E/Z/r-ipu* Nr£ and f>*njge Pfiyrrt
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ACS!
ARAR1
AN RS
ARD
B-G
DA
ETB
FTC
GCA
ha
II LAX
HH
**
km
LLH
Amhara Credit A Savings Institute
Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute Amhara National Regional Stare
Agnciil hire and Rural Development B cn in^ hangiil-Gum UZ Development Agent
Ethiopian Birr
Farmers* Training Centre Gross command area
Hectare
Health extension worker
1 touschold
Kilogram
Kilometre
Luger landholding household
m Metre
MLH
Medium landholding households
NCA
Net command area
NGO
Non Government organisin'in
NRS
National Regional State
(MkM
Operation and maintenance
PWS
Potable water supply
Qil
Quintal (100 kg)
SDA
Stage Development Area
SLH
Small landholding households
SWC
Soil and water conservation
WMC
Water management committerFr W 
Etftyto N/* Jn^W
R^w Wr sf A Wx/rj < W M? jtj1 E<r^
iOr<a^f
1 INTRODUCTION
IJ Project Location
_ 
, .- ..
The Upper Bele» .matron project is located about 30 km south-wwt of Lake Tana and falls
within the Amhara and Beniruhangul-Gumuz Regions of Frhiop.a (see Fjgurc 1-1)- It lies
completely within the catchment of the Bcl« Rker. which flew* south west^nls towards the
Blue NJc through the middle of the scheme area
J.2 Pro/cct Goih ind Study Objective*
The goals of the Ethiopian Mile Irrigation and Drainage Project are to;
• Promote the developmeni of sustainable, smallholder based irrigated agriculture:
• Reduce poverty in the project area and to contribute to rural economic activities and livelihoods by providing opportunities to grow high value crops;
• Pm mate food security through increased production of staple crops;
• Promote lhe involvement of the private sector in large scale commercial irrigation development; and
• Contribute to rural employment and hence wealth and well-being
To achieve the project goals, the objectives of the present study include preparadqh of a hill
feasibility study io identify and design an irrigated agriculture development project tor Upper
llelcs. The specific objectives of die resource uirrs and sodo-cconomic studies arc to:
• Obtain a sound understanding of the resource users, their incomes, concerns, activities and practices in order to: il) guide project design (including scheme
operation and maintenance;; and (ii) create a baseline enabling the likely impact of the project on income*. welfare and poverty of resource uscry to be assessed, and
• Disseminate mforniauon, related to the proposed project components and options
for irrigated agriculture, to potential beneficiaries in order to seek community
cooperation, support and agreement.
*l"hc approach and methodology as well as compiled data arc given SR-03A; Pan 4 (for the Right Bank) and Part 5 (for the l^rft Bank). In summary the key activities of rhe agro and socio
economic surveys were:
• CoUrction, critical review and analysis of all existing agro and socio-economic data and information relating to households and communmcsk including their organize non al / institutional arrangements, m the proposed development area.;
• Pre para non of agro and socio-economic questionnaires at the household and kebele level (aimed at complementing existing data) to be used dunrig the household surveys
and thematic focus group
hxccutian of the household surveys and thematic focus group diirussiom, ennrrfinaring with technical and m vug amenta] studio as required, and
Data assembly/processing and documentation of survey results for use in economic, social and environmental assessments being undertaken for the feasibility study.
Ihr repon (Put 1) M concerned with the whole Upper Beks protect area of 138,157 ha on both hanL» of lhe Upper Beks river and comprises: (i) a description of existing population and land tenure arrangements; (ii) a discussion of livelihoods, incomes and poverty within the project area,
L H 14 SR.UAA l*t I SLiTTiniary Report (I)
1
15 May 2011frknl Dtm^c R?«"' *lJt"^
(iii) details of institutions and organisations; (hr) an outline of available public and n as well as marketing and agro-processing facilities, and (v) a description of appmpnar ° projects to enhance community development within the context of an irrigated agncul
development project.
„ uikcholdcrs m ongoing activity, with the main form) "' rZ<X,' Z« pto » K Doxlopmen. WoAAop <D«onbe, 2010) uW TOl4> .
f
'“Z ,«*. ™ p-ouo
«■* p'°ic" tr;; '“lud7
L M. fc. ” "" *
07 bUl'l”’“a
Consultations).
1.3 Project Area
Due to the large size of the Upper Belts lrngaUon development project with highly varying physical (social and demographic) characteristics, it was divided into five Stage Development Areas (SDAs) according to physical (ix. over) boundaries (see Figure 1-2).
Note Stage II (or Upper Myrna (Dindir) docs not form part ot the feasibility study area, but is included as irrigation development of this area is envisaged by diverting water from the Main Canal at Fendika town The assumed net lmgablc area for SDA II is about 10-12,000 ha
Some of the SDAs were further divided up uuo dif ference sub-stages. It is envisaged that project implementation will be phased around these SDAs, starting on the nght bank and proceeding !<• the left bank
Die total size of the SDAs on the right bank as well as the net irrigable area and irrigation intensity arc shown m Table 1-1.
t’H 1*4 SRG5A l*t 1 Siimmarv Report ;IJ
13 May 2011E/AwpW* AfJr bW'«* -r»d Dra^F Prvf^f
T.kh i.i- Profeet Si.u?e Development Arras ------------ ------
_______ - ------------ --------
Irrigation
Intensity (%)
Rrfn<rka
SDA
Sub-Stage
Tola) Area
(ha)
Net
Irrigable Area (ha)
J
1\
13.r'S 2
7.879
60.2*s
IB E
8,667
6,353
79-1%_
IB W
9.1135
6.966
77-1%
___ _ - - _----------------------------------- ,
IB S
2,593
1.4 in
54.4%
_ -------------
n
Hvmi fDindir) is nnr in thc projcct feasibility study area _
ITI
1X6B45
n,4cn
662%
____________ ________._____ ___
T
old Right Bank
46.063
31,509
68.4%
Excluding Hvma (SDA 11.1
IV
IV-A
9.731
2,909
29.9%
.
IVB E(N)
- IVH Ep)
9.356
*
-
4,850
-
1X13 W Phase
1
4,355
49. I*.
2,139
IVH W Phase
2
3 J 80
54.9%
1.746
JX'B-W-Phase
3
6.035
2.746
45.5%
IVC-N
23.056
13,984
60*7%
IVC-E
8.187
IVC s
102524
5,361
50 9%
V
V-N
7.018
2,457
35,0%
V-W
2.242
1.018
45.4%
v-s
3,560
-
-
Total Left Hank
92,094
32462
35.1%
Total
□8,157
63,871
46.2%
1.4 Administrative SoundufJca
I hr study and project area extend over parts of two weredas in the Bcmshangul Gumm region (l)angur and Pawe). and parts of four wcreda in the Amhara region (Norrh-Achefa, Jawi, Akfa and I )abub Achcfa). I However there are only three weredas basing a large proportion of their area tailing within die Project area. These are: (i) Jawi. (ii) Drbub Achefi; and (lit) Pawi. Administrative regional, wereda and kebek boundanes are shown on F^urc 1-3.
-f -■* rpoiT Scrurfure
roDowuig this introductory chapter the structure of tha report is as follows:
Chapter 2 provides data and issues. related to population and demography of the four
SDAs;
Chapter 3 provides information on Land tenure, including land fragroriiLation and the need for laud consolidation.
Chapter 4 describes the livelihoods of the rural households in the four SDAs as well as gender issues and levels of poverty;
Uli |M SKfllA Pi ] Summary Hi-pc.ni (]}
3
13 May 2'l|tNUt
Pn ^1
. Chapter 5 gives short description of the different institutions at uercda and that will be involved in the implementation of the Project;
. Chapter 6 provides information on the access to services for rural houschol
SDAs;
■ Chapter 7 describes the main findings and identified constraints to comtnun development and institutional development in the four SDAs; and
• Chapter 8 presents the recommended subproject interventions aimed at imp welfare and livelihoods of the rural households in the four SDAs.
UR b’4 SR03A Pt 1 Summary Report f!
4Fnfcn?/ I-'hr.’m** rrfOi Kr/whir. tf/E/JIwprj, Airmfry r [F^/it jit/ J* ■wj3' n/AripMW AVI’ iTTj^atmt anti 1 hnutdp J’ryrrf
UR H4 SR03A Pr 1 Summary Report I)
5
13 May 20HI’tdffti/ RfptM; ofEffapj, .Mimitr} tfVFatr- imi Ettupfi* Ntfc jftri Dr*nap Profit
Figure 1-2:Fflfrnrf DlWftTUft- R^fir.'n7\- of JiXAfJfW-r. Afrttrfr) IPj*t Prrrrp
Exiua^ujT A'/.ir Jmjpftirf
ftiyr^f
Figure 1-3: Adminiatjative and Kebclc Bomadarie*
J fakrow **
OM
I 'H F4 SR.03A Pt ! Summirv Kcpoit ^1)
7
11 M*y 20)1FrtW nww.rafi; Jtyrifc rffittitp™. Mr^ufty o/ IF <rftr ja.7
r
Nfi /inrjw^fi ■= rfirjf DrarMf* JWftf
2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY
2 / Population md Houaeho/d Size
2.7. f KeMe I^puhdoM and HwrMd St^ff
The total number of households and population in kebelw within or partly within the four SDAs of the Upper Beks project are presented in Table 2-1 and I able 2-2.
Table 2-1: Total num her of village* and households
Number of household*
SDA
Number af kebeles
Number
of
vilLages
Male
Female
Total
TA III
H
107
9,153
1.601
10,734
IV A V
22
107
15,337
3,09"
18.434
Total
36(34}J
214
24,470
4,668
29,163
Strike; Wcreda nflkr*
Note: Tnul number of 34 ktbrJrs m pruject arcs ber-Ruwt IJi-ttncT 2 V17 Kebclr b looEcd 11% ill SDA I and
19*a tn SDA IV anti Dinner 2 Village 1 i> k<arrd 25% m SDA 111 and 25% in SDA V. thwhiJd\ pupubtwm and hrfadi kebdte aro bus hem ailjwMrd iccufiJinglT
Table 2-2:1
Suimc«: Wcrcxta offices
Overall, the proportion of female hraded households 15 160% in the four SDAs, ranging from
HV i? in SDA t i HI to 16.8% in SDA IV A V.
The total number of households living in the 34 kebeles is 29.168 households with 1 total population of 135.34" persons The average household size is 4 6 persons. The number of households and persons actually living is the project area is less than this, see Section 2.1.4.
1 B [■ .1 SRUJa Pr 1 Summary Report ■’!
9
13 Mo 2011■
2.1.2 Kibtk Population Deusit)
The population density for the 34 kcbeles situated tn the four SDAs of the ('
is presented in Table 2-3. 
PPCr Beles
rable 2-3: ro SDA
Area (knr)
Total
population
Population
density
2
(persons/km )
l&IU
1,732.7
48,928
-L
1 IVfcV
1,464.5
86,419
59
'Tout
3,250.11
135347
. _ «
Source Wen da offices ami G1S
Overall the population density' is 42 persons per
km , 
2 ranging from 28 persons per knf m S|).|
I & 111 to 59 persons per km m SDA IV 8c V.
213 E/Awr and Reliffotu Composjtion
2
The ethnic composition of the 34 kebdes situated in die four SDAs is shown in Table 2-4
Tabic 2-4: Ethnic
SDA
Amhara
Gumuz
Agcu-
Oromo
Other
[7*111
1
42% to 100%
4%
P kebdes
iv&v
15% to 50%
(4 kebdes
58% (2 kebdes
-
1%to35% ! 5 kebdes
45% to 100%
5% to 70%
P kebdes i
1% to 20% (4 kcbeles
------ ■ ■—
10% to 40% (7 kebdes;
The relrpous common of rhe 34 kebeles located in the four SDAs is presented in Table 2-5
uc composition
SDA
Ethiopian
Orthodox
Protestant
I shin
Other*
1 A HI
Roman
Catholic
50% co 100%
10% and 19% __ (2 kebdes i
I\ &V
10% to 30%
'2 kebd«*5)
<l%to 100%
I
40% co 100% L---------
1% to 10% - — 35 kebdes}
Yes (1 kehrlr'
I ' KCoeJCS, 1% to 30% /£ L.K^I \
3% to 40*.
source: Wcreda offices
—------
_
UH F4SWBA Pt I Summarv Repnn ,1)
10
B Ma* 2011ftkhpUK Nrir Imgafwr mJ Drvnt^e Pf*ti
2, /. 4 Estimated PtfwfafM in Stop DetrJopmf*/ zfnur /* Pnjrd Arra
Bawd on the aforementioned population din in the 34 krbcles and the proportion of each kebele situilcd in each SDA (adjusted by concentrations of population';, the estimated number of households and lotaJ population in rhe four SUAs have been calculated, and arc presented in Table 2 6.
T able 2-6: Estimated number of rural household aand population in four SDAb
SDA
Total area of
kcbcles (ha)
Area of kebele in SDA (ha)
% of SDA
in total
wire
Estimated
number
ofHH.
Estimated
population
lA III
173,270
40,655
23%
5.071
22,121
TV* V
79,956
07,502
97%
13J11
>8.650
Total
273,226
138,137
50%
18JMI2
80,771
Shmwcc! GTS and wc-svda whites
It is estimated that a total of 18,382 rural households with a total population of 80.7?1 persons are living tn rhe four SD As. These estimates were used as a basis far with project population projection for optimisation modelling (refer SR fi2B).
tB H SR03A It I Surrmjjr. Rep,^ (]■
11
13 May 201 JjVdf IrritffiP* Jtr4* £>JW/><f prwrf
3 LAND TENURE
J./ Land U*e Pattern
The land use partem for the M kebek* located psrtully or folly within the bounds of the four SDAi of the Upper Belt’ project w presented m I able 3 1
Table 3-1: Land uac pattern
________ ___________ ____ _____ _________
SDA
Gn«i
area (ha)
EsdniAted land use pattern
---------
Cultivable
Land
Grazing
Hud
Foreat
land
Waste
land
Houses A
roadi
Otbcei
L——-------------- * 1
43%
35%
123.
4%
1%
6%
115.033
111
36%
8%
41%
5%
2%
13%
IV * v
129,975 ,
37%
26%
30%
1%
2%
4%
Source 'A erreli office*
Nnir Din fur two li r hrk-a m SDA I and FH are m>r avubhk md few been wcdiKkd
Ba^ed on rhe data provided by the wereda offices. the land use in the four SDAs is as follows.
• 37% to 43% uf ail land is cultivable;
• 8% to 35% of all land is grazing land;
• 12% rn 41% of all land is forest,
• 1% to 5% is waste land and 1% or 2% is used by houses and roads; and
• Land use is not clear for 4% to 1 3% of all Land.
J, 2 Land Use Rights
The distribution of holdings with land use rights for lhe 34 k rhe les is shown in Table 3-2, Table 3-2: Distribution of Land use right a
SDA
Land anra
(ha)
Land use right (ha)
Indrriclnal
Commtuia 1
Church
State
t A TT1
Total
115,033
36318
40.952
78
38.084
% Tutd
32%
36%
<1%
33%
IV & V
Total
129,975
44,918
35.153
822
43 681
% Total
36%
28%
<1%
35%
Total
2 4 5.OOH
76,105
900
81,765
% at Total
-
34%
32%
<1%
34%
Source. 'A cttuLl uffieo
Nutt: thn fi* one hebele ui SD,\ I *nd rjne kcbcc <n SQA IV are iwi .vmlible
In the 34 kcbdcs (pnrtaHy) tested in the four SDAs, 54*. of the ind hw individual land use nghm bdunging io households, 32% u comnuiniUy managed, less th.n 1° . belongs to rhe Church and 34% m State-owned.
UH P4 SJICUA 1*t I Narruiurv Report (|)
B
I' Mar 2011fr&m,Dtm^‘ ty,i,tl- ' '
«' H«*« ^'"'Xlkaed dunng >he *«"** f°°“ F""T "»™P •> 16
XXX » W « *» . -he
(
SD.V » » T.bk M •"
- v._ , a. ni.mhurion of land use rights in 16 sun eyeci kcbele 8. duration of
1 ante j-j
SDA
Number of
surveyed
kebeles
Land use rights
< 1.0 ha
1.1 - 2.0 ha
> 2.0 ha
% of female
land use right
holders
7
4% to 61%
1% to 68® r
8% to 73%
11GACIIiIll
2*. to 18*.
U_______ L [ 33%to84%_
14% to 43%
2'. to 33%
8*. to 31%
- I'n*
Mtn
86ftj
SHirer thematic fncus pnnip meeting'
The proportion of household’ luting land use nghts of 1 ha or less vanes from 4% m one
surveyed kcbelc in SDA I Ac III to 84% tn one surveyed kcbele in SDA IV A V The propotaa
of household’ with land use nghts of 1.1 to 2.0 lu ranges from 1 % tn two surveyed kebelet B
SDA I A 111 to 68% tn one surveyed kebelc tn SDA 1 A 111 The proportion of households
with land use right’ of more than 2.0 ha vanes from 2% tn one surveyed kcbelc tn SDA I\ 4\
to 73% tn one surveyed kcbele tn SDA I A- III
On avenge, the sun ned households tn 16 sun ned kebeles use thou plots of land for 6.3 Kin to P 9 years
(a) 1-emaJc lind Use Right Holders
The proportion of female land use nght holders sines from 2% in run surveyed kebeles tn SDA I A III to 31% in one sun eyed kcbele m SDA IV A V.
3.22 Latdltis HotutML
The number of landless households m the 16 surveyed kebeles l< shown in Table 3-4. Table 3-4: Landless households
SDA
Number of
surveyed
kebeles
Total
HH.
Landless HHs
Number
% of total
HHs
Avenge % of
total HHi
i&m
7
5.SM
853
7% to 35%
15%
IV A V
9
8,590
1228
0%to29%
14%
Tool
16
14.174
2JW1
•
!5%
Sources Vt ertih office*. thematic tocuj group dacuiuom
Reportedh. the proportton of iandk.r household. vanes from 0% of the total number of houvehokh m one tunned kebek tn SDA IV & V to 35% m one sunned kcbele tn SDA I * 111 The overall average proporuon of landless household. for the 16 surveyed kcbelc. t. 15% of the total number of household* tn SDA I A 111 and 14% SDA (V A V
m
UH 1-4 SR03A Pt 1 Summary Rqv»n (I
14
13 Mark’llFrdwa/
R^*W- fjr EWpfr. 3fj«frn # JTurtr .wrf ?■ wjf
EfAiiyMro -\W PnjCrtflw* Dnr.’«<f Rwat
J.2.3 
Artntf Sr? of HoMiiigr irttb 1 jm/i Uje R/^-'
The average size of holdings with lurid nsc rights is shown in 1 nblc- 3 5.
Table 3-5: Average size of individual land use rights
SDA
B • —
Number of
surveyed
kcbcles
Average land holding per HH (ha)
Thematic FGM
HH survey*
I Ar HI
7
16 fl 2 to 6.0)
2.5 (1.6 to 36)
IV & V
2.“ ;1.0 to 5.51
1 7 (1.0 to 5.5)
Sniiicc Wcrcda nffitfrs and thematic locus group riieetmgs
Ba^cd on data collected during rhe thematic focus group meetings, rhe overall average swe of
individual land use rights lor the 16 surveyed kebdes varies irom 2.6 ha in SI)A 1 A: II ( lo 2-7
ha in SDA IV & V. Based on the dara collected during die household surveys, the overall
average size of individual land use rights for the 16 kebelet is 2.5 ha in SDA I & II! and I. Ii.ii
in SDA TV V.
T2.^
E.itu*Atfd /Inw C u/frraff<i to ! {ttjehoMj f* SDAj
Based on the estimated number of households with land use rights in the
tour
SDA* 
and
the
average land use rights (sec Section 3.2-3), the estimated area cultivated by
hous
ehold* 
m
the
four SDAs is shown in Table 3-6.
Table 3-6: Ettimaltd area cultivated bv households in SDA*
SDA
HH* with land
uie rights
Average land uie right (ha)
Ettimaird cuhfvated
area (ha)
I at TH
3.747
1.2 to 6.0
6,315
IV &v
11.065
1.3 to SA
22,4%
Total
14.B12
-
2^.831
Source: Wereda offices and thematic focus group meetings
It is estimated that about 28,831 ba i* cultivated by 14,812 households with land use rights in the four SDAs The overall average sue of the individual land use right is 1.9 ha, Households with land use rights but living outside the kebde and non resident households with land use rights have not been included due to lack of data.
I III J'4 .SiltBA ]*i I Numniarjr Kqwin (1)
IS
rs Mjt joi I*
,. 1^ ( < (X**** 
c^oc focus group dKWMom and household „Jn^
(feed <* dm “ * Mrtoon of Und uur nghl» m the 16 surveyed kebek, „
dn
ptr^cntcJ «i 1 *'»k >
Table 3-7. l-and ttpstration —---------------------------------- -
. ; ~
u
Kegutrat> o« 
nn uu,u
«.vmp*crea
SDK (
Number of
.Bcrrytd
krbekt
Thrmitic foot* group ducumion
Hll^
Rcgiitntion completed
Issue of land
certificate completed
.Jaui^errda. ongmng
- Dingur Sereda not started Pawe Wereda: not started
n a.
I & 111
----------- 4
IV ft V
9
L
I • South Achcfer Wereda: 1(XT»
- Jaui Wereda: 100*. • Pjut Wereda: not started
70%
31% to 55%
a
95% ta«|
R
Source thematic focus group meetings. household surveys
According to information collected from the ARD Wereda Offices and during the thematic focus group meetings, the registration of land use rights ha* not started in Pawc VC’creda and Dingur U'ereda at there is no office for land administration !n Jaun Wereda and South Achds W rrtda. the registration of individual land use nghts is ongoing or completed with 31% to 7CPs of the land certificates issued.
(a) Conclusions and Recommendation
The concerned government agency [lc. ARD/EPLAUA) should complete the land acquisition, rrdutnbunon consolidation process allocated with the proposed project, including: i) land measurement and cadastral surveys; 11) (re-) allocation of plots of land to project affected
uhere land is acquired for project infrastructure, to enable land consolidation and to provide a minimum landholding to landless households as agreed with local stakeholders; in) rtgxstranon of consobdaied and/or new land use rights; and iv) issue of new land use
n. 
eve activities have to be completed before the (on-farm) irrigation. drainage, p ecuoo and road works are constructed by the project together with the farmers
J. J ? Uff Kqhf Saxnr)
othm ih>!
.lengthened by the t»ue o7Z use^fi
formal region of Lnd uu m
started in B GNRS
Pr "^«<>nn No 456/2005 provides among
hokhn85 ‘h“ 
-"“"““"B ‘^d “ght register, rhe
stw!cd 2003 « AN RS. but it has not
'**” ”
arguibk that for the successful development of the Upper Beles irrigation project that commercial farming will have to be introduced, and thousands of hectares of land in the I pPcf Belts v iDcy uill be allocated to a commercial sugar estate. I lowrvcr due consideration has not (jer) liern gnen to the land use nghts of farmers resident in and around the area This practice
LB H SR03A Pr I Summan Rrpr<s (1)
16
13 Ma) 2011J:/Ww» N#r J*^T*>** jw./r>>»^* P*wf
indicates that rhe rtm.icrinnn of mdrvKfual land u« rights an<i th* issuance jf Land
antaK. *» no, p« «™»r -f *« “ ■*» 
bnd
,lx
fa) Recommend a tann
The m« of eomnKrcul .nd folder .ruponn develops need, ~r«fui c^r^.
dong with rocnkmcnr .mpbormns -d nKxhCtK3. Dumg the dioc.txx, of .»bk hod to
private
ACCDUnL
rhe bnd u« nghr, of rhe md^oru
J. / FmJ Frjjpm enfii awn Jincf Need for Cbtwrjtfrfa a
7.4 f
The average number of plots per household with fand use rights m the 16 surveyed kebele« it shown m Tabic 1-8.
Table J-8: Average number of ploto for surveyed households
SDA
——
Number of surveyed
kebcles
Average number of plots for survey rd
households
SLH
MUI A LUI
1 Overall average
1 A ITI
7
1.1 to 16
l.a ro3 4
14 ro IS
13* A 3’
9
LI to 2.1
2.0 fn 3 4
1 Ito 19
Source household survey
The overall avenge number of plain for rhe 16 surveyed kehelcs range* from 1.4 lo IS plots hi
SDA I A III and from I 3 to 2.9 plots in SDA IV & V The average number of plow among
small landholding households vanes from 1.1 to 2.6 pknv Medium and largrr landholding
households have an average number of LH to 3.4 plots of land-
Rrpcrirdlv. there have been no attempts to consolidate the fragmented Land use rights into one plot in I > of the 16 surveyed kebeks.
J-4,2 .Xff r/Joe CJflflfoZtdLMfwfl
With the project, a» pan of the reset dement activities, land consolidation should be earned out io the extent acceptable to existing households with land use nghts and atm to: (i) addmt the existing fragmented landholding*. reducing lhe number of separate plots owned by each household io one; and (m) maximise water use efficiency and enable optimum field boundaries to be set out to facilitate irrigated fiirm operations
To ensure that the enure land acquisition and consolidation process i» carried out tn a transparent and accountable manner, a process approach to land consolidation involving JI stakeholders would tnclude the following steps.
• Awareness campaign to inform all households within the SDAs about ad important aspects of the land acquis tnon and consolidaucjn process, including the needs, expected benefirs and conditions;
1 Eurixunmh Mon .MacDonald [May 2tK?7\ p I OU
L'B I’l SROlA Pt I Stmtrniry Hepner i‘lj
r
l3M Xl
fliftifrul
9/1 .Vmafn * ® rfr* *u / »•<*£. tr*4 I S»*<r P»vM
• Signing of > bnd consolidation agreement bv (sav) at least HO*»of the concerned bod u*c right bolder*.
• Detailed cadastral turvn of the ill land u*c right* within the SDA«, tncludtng the registration of the nimn of all bod use nght holder' a* wrll at the exact sue and location of all then plots of bnd.
• Registration of all (existing) bnd inc nght* within the SDA* (and the b*uc of bnd inc nght certificate* to all concerned household*).
• Prcpantum of list of all Undies* households, who are resident within the SDAs;
• Identification of new consolidated plot* of trngahJc bnd bv area and household's name for all canting household* with bnd u*c nght* within the SDAs a* well a* for
households whose bnd ha* tn lx acquired and for the landless households;
• Presentation of the new consolidated plot* of irngahlc land to all concerned households using dctiilcd nup* indicating the location and size of each consolidated plot of bnd as well a* the name* of all houxhold*.
• Signing of agreement bi all concerned household*, and
• Rcgntration of the new consolidated plot* of irrigable bnd. including the issue of new bnd use right certificate*
J.5 Inheritance
In all four SDAs. both son* and daughters arc entitled to inherit an equal share of the bnd use nght that belnngrd to a deceased parrot If a bnd use nght holder d<x* not have any children, the bnd is other inherited by rrbtrvr* and/or returned to the Stalc/Kebclc for redistribution among dandles*) households
J. 6 Tenancy tnd Sharecropping
3,6.! PrrtuJfiwr o/TfM.1 and S hafT.rx>pptxji
based on data collected dunng the thematic focus group discussions, the area cultivated by tenants and/or sharecroppers in the 16 surveyed kclxles is presented in Table 3-9
Table 3-9: Area cultivated by tenants and/or aharecropprr*
SDA
Number of
surveyed
he belts
Total
cultivable area (ba)
Area cultivated by
fenanta/
sharecropper* (ha)
% of total
cultivable area
i a ni
7
14,286
2,(MO
16% (0% to 47%)
IV A V
9
20,259
2300
12% (T . to 42%
Source- Themanc focus group meetings
n ‘ °' * 
r
I bk area m l 5 of the 16 auneyed kebclo » culovated by icmnlt .nd rharecroppen as
-..ke, ,1] too poor or too old, non-resident or they do not have adult bnd use right holders arc am« > . r~
.. 
males
HR H SRH1 \ fl | .Sununiiy Report (I)
18
l^Miy 2011f I
f 6 2
f
I L-n-rn -<■ F jr>* f -rxr
V*» 4*4 P-r w<* fSw*
JW y 5 Atmrspprjrf z1nwpw«/r
4
Fhe most tenancy and shafecropping Jrrjrtgemrni’i in. the fg«jf SD.Si urr ttjmjnrtjjnin^iJ t, Table
1-10
Table J* 10: Most common
and
SDA
Number of
surveyed
krbek*
Tenancy
(ETB/ba)
Sharcerappmf
(% of barve««)
[Mil
-*
ion io
50* • ro "5* •
tV A V
9
133 to 2,000 50% to 75*.
Source household luxvrv
In rhe 16 surveyed kebeks, tenants have to pav ETR 100 tn ITU 2,000 per ha to the land u*c
tight holder for the right to cultivate hi-c/her land for one cropping win, The mrMt common
sharecmppmi? arrangement in rhe 16 lurrmd kcbelr* a that the sharecropper receive* 50% to
”5" .i of rhe harvested crop*, whereby rhe «haretroppcr ha* to provide the oxen and all input*
In Simula Print Kcbele and Wobo Martam Krbek (Jaui Wcrrda).a tenancy cum sharecropping arrangement iL*o exists. wherrbv the lessee obtain* 50% to "5* a of harvested crops but he also pay* a fixed amount of money (ETB 250 to 1.600) to the household having fhe Land u*e right
J. 7 Cn fiintiinnj Gniwjc L^nd
Die condition and management uf the communal grazing Land in the 16 surveyed kcbeJc* arc summarised tn Table VI I
Table S-1E Condition and management of communal grazing land
SDA
Number rd
surveyed
kebclcs
Condition
Management
reeponiibilicy
Qualify of
I Mil
7
Ciorxl (2 kcbelei) fair/poor 5 kelielesj
Kehelc Council (6 kebeki)
Poor (5 keheks) Good 2 kebek
I V & V
9
Good [5 kehcle*) fair p * r 16 kebelesl
Kebclr Council 16 ke belt si
Poor (4 kebeki)
Good 2 kebekij
Source Thematic focus group ditcuuiufli
Phc condition of the communal grazing land is considered fair or poor in H of the 16 surveyed kebdcs The Kebclc Council is responsible for managing (he use of rhe communal grazing land tn 12 of the 16 surveyed kcbeles. According to the participant* of the thematic focus group discusMoi» the communal grazing land is not managed proper I v in at least nine surveyed
t
kebeks
Uh I 4 Sg(i3,\ |*( | Summary Report (1}
19
13 Mat 3MII'tdrru/ Dfft^run, Hrptb&i fi/htfta. Mfntfn <•< U rfr* mi
lithnfw Xik JfrijpfM mi Pruift^r Pry*!
J. 8 Forcntg and Agro-farrt try
3. X. / Xafarul Iwi
'Hie management of forest in the 16 surveyed kcbeks is shown tn Table 3-12
Table 3-12: S
ir and management of forcut
SDA
Number of
tunned
kebcles
Management
responsibility
Quafit)* of
management
State-owned/
protected forest
1 Ac III
7
Kcbele Council (4 kcheleij
Good (1 kcbcle)
Poor (3 kehekij
Yes (2 kebeks)
IVJcV
9
KrlscJe Council c kebcles)
Good (2 kchcle) Poor (6 kebelev
Yes (1 kcbcle)
Source Wereda office* and thcmjtx focus group discussions
According to the participants of the thematic focus group discussions, (small) state owned
forests exist in 16 surveyed kebcles The KebcJc CounaJ is responsible for the management of
the communin’ forests in 11 surveyed kebcles Reportedly. the forest land is not properly
managed in at least rune surveyed kebcles.
3J2 Trrr Plantation!
In three surveyed kebcles in Jawi \Xctcda, a few surveyed households reported having
developed small tree plantations ranging in ittc from 0.25 to 0.5 ha.
J. 8. 3 Planting i/TfW
The proportion of surveyed households as well as the number and type of trees planted around then houses and fields is presented in Table 3-13
Table 3-13: Number of type of planted trees
SDA
Number of
surveyed
kcbelea
%ofHHs
Average
number of
(reel planted
Typca of tree planted
I & III
7
65% to 85%
7 io 140
Eucalvprus, indigenous. (nut
iv& v
9
30% to 100%
7 to 107 |
Eucalyptus, indigenous, fruit
Source, household surveys
In the 16 surveyed kcbeJes. 30% to 100% of the surveyed household. have planted tree, ranging from an average number of 7 to 140 tree, Euolyptua, fnut and/or md.gmous r' species arc usually planted The households have planted the trees in order to n > 4
n
fruit, fodder, amber and fuel wood. 
' C 5 ac^c*
1H J 4 SR03A Pt 1 Summary Rq**i fl)
20
13 May 201St^r
4*J £>**<? piw?
J 9 
Wtferfa&rmx jintf Fbotf/nf
1£ I
ir
The problem of waterlogging in rhe 16 surveyed kcbetes w summarised m Table 3-1 *
SDA
■ -r, — fcfc
Number of
surveyed
krbetet
a-
%of
imvryed
HHt
Montbv
Main ow«c(s)
l t| ErigSTHEfl; iranw
1 St HI
7
lir. ro 63*.
Jul-Sep
Poor druiu<r, flooding. high ground waler
B B M / Field drams (1
kebtfes)
Rkc cultfrifXTn (1
kc betel
IV 4k V
9
5’ • to 70%
(7 kebetes)
Jul'Aug
No/pnar dnmjirc
Drams (BBM) (6 kcbrtesj Sod bunds (2 krbeJesJ Rkc cultmHon (3
kebete®!
Source: Thematic ft<ut group dircuttions J nd household iumy>
3X‘jie flogging is a problem in all 16 surveyed kcbcles, mainly caused by no/poor drainage
No/pnnr drainage and high groundwater isblc arc the main cause? of rhe reported waterlogging
problems. Farmers have constructed (field) drains ind/or toil bunds to mitigate the
waterlogging problem? on (heir field* or they grow nee on rhe waterlogged fields.
The proportion of surveyed households reported waterlogging problems ranges tram 0% m
two surveyed kebcles in SDA IV fk V to 70® a in anc surveyed kcbclc in SO A FV de V.
392
The problem with floods in the 16 surveyed kebclei is presented in Table VI 5.
Table VIS: Flooding
SDA
Number
of
■ueveyed
kebekfl
% of survey cd
HHi
Annual
occurrence
Qututoei
Miripriri^
16c III
-4
10* • to 37%
Ye* (6 ktbele*
Yrs :2 kebetes
None
IVA V
9
30% to 45%
i 8 keheki
Y« (8 kebetea)
No
None
Source: Therruuc focus group ducuiiinns and household lurwi
In 15 of dir 16 surveyed kebcles, 10®« io 45% of the survey ed households reported that floods
have caused dimage ro their lands and standing crops. Casualties uc onlv reported in two
krbclcs in SDA I A III. Floods are an annual occurrence in 14 of the 16 survered kebclex The
Government or local communities have not undertaken any actions to prevent flixd damage ro
their lands, crops and houses.
LlMl 1-4 SHfiJA |h | Suanrrtary Report (I.)
21
13 May 2D11n, .J •»>
CM'Q ",ow’“™" ” 16 -*
,
summarised vi 1 ab< S U’
T.vu Vlk Soil and witet conservation----------------------------- - ------ ----------------------------------- ------
SDA
% tanned
kebeies
see
intervention by
NGO
% of tunn ed
HH»
TrpeofSWC
l ■—
1 tteni
1
( 1 kehele
(WO hl)
Ilf • to 52%
Terracing, bunds, reforestation counter ploughing
IVfcV
1------------------
—
9
2 kebeies |9 and 23 haj_
25% to 72% (B kebeies
Terracing, soil bunds
S<JUKT Thrnutx form group dtscusMoni and household survey*
In IS of the 16 vun-otd kebek*. SWC interventions were undertaken by 10% to 72% of the urn eyed hexachnldt. mainh terracing construction of bunds and reforestation.
AW ImjtOon
The souatra uith regard to the avulabibn nf traditional irngation system* is presented in Table
MX
Table 3-17: Irrigation
1 SDA
Gravity
lift
Irrigated
area (ha)
Number of
irrigators
Number of irrigation
cooperative*
1 t & 111
1J
2H
471
nx(5]_
j IV Ac V
54
_______
12
513
2.635
7£
[Tool
99
49
724
1. 3,106
___ 2.
Source Werrfi offices
According to provided u-eredi data, m lean 99 inull uadraonil gravity imginon sptems eu*« in the M kcbde». whereai there are it lean 49 lift imgauon , hemes i> well A toll! of 724 ha
c
of Und u irrigated with i total of 3.106 tmgiton Reportedly, i total of it lean 80 irrigation cooperative! have been eitablnhed for the management of the imginon ichemes
There is also a modem lift impunn scheme in one surveyed kebelc in SDA IV & V commanding 9 ha with 14 imgaiors In SDA I de 111. four modem Hft schemes in two kebeies supple irrigation u-stcr io a total airs of H lu with 28 irngaiors
UK 14 SR03A l*l 1 SwMMft Repnn fl)
n Maj 201f N»
**/ f>w«4P pn^r
4 LIVELIHOODS AND POVERTY
//
jl/jim Eermmir rrfmwr#
The mam eennnmic activities of rhe households in the 16 surveyed kebelcs are presented to
Table 4 I.
Tabic 4-1: Main Economic Activities of Households
Type ©f economic activity
sda i & rri
SDA IV AV
Number of surveyed Ircbdc'
7
9
Crop production Harming
r-ito idcr.
mo%
Lavrs rock
I%lo9«%
|6 kcbelei
gF.ro 100% (8
Icehclei
Daily labour
j
2* ■ and 7% (4 krbetal
1*. to70*. (6
kehrire.i
1 1indicia it
3% (1 kebclc)
t% to 15% (-1 kebdesj
Business
r.(t kcbcic)
2% to 6% 1
4 Itebetev
Transport
*
1% and 2% (3
kebeles)
Government ob
-
S*. (1 kcbelc)
Sourer thematic focus group meetings
Crop production « the num economic activity for 80% to 100% of the household* m the 16 tinn ed kebelc* Livestock rearing is .i main economic activity for 1% lo 100% of the households in 14 surveyed kcbclcs. Daily labour is a main economic activities tor 1% to 70% of rhe household* in 10 surveyed krbelea. Reportedly, handicraft is a main economic activity for 1% to 15% of rhe households in 5 surveyed kcbclcs. whereas 2% tn 6% of the households in four surveyed kebdes cam an income with small businesses. Transport is a main economic activity for I % to 2% of rhe households m four surveyed kebclcs. In one surveyed kebrlet tn SDA V'. 5% of the hotueholds have government jobs
4. /. / Q^E/rw Zt.BMf Cfitfru/ion
Based on information collected during the thematic focus group meetings, the number of households engaged in handicrafts and home industries w shown tn Table 4-2.
Accordmg to the participants of the thematic focus group dtscusiions. 1% to 17% of the households in 15 of rhe 16 surveyed kchelcs arc involved tn brewing rj/Z//jrj£r whereas 1% to
t
25% of the households in 6 surveyed kcbeles are involved tn weaving and les* than 1% to 21% o| the households in fl surveyed kebclcs earn an (Additional) income with tailoring Less than 1% to 32% of the households in 7 surveyed kcbelcs are involved in pottery, while 3% and 11%
of ihe households in two surveyed kebdcs in SDA !V fle V make baskets. Les* than 1% to 5* a of the households in 8 surveyed kebcies run a small shop, less than !% to 12® a of the households in 6 surveyed kcbeles arc involved in transport, and less than 1% to 5% of the households in 6 survey rd krbclcs have a government job.
1 ! R IM SROJA Pi I Sitm.n'uty Report (I)
23
13 May XIIfalra'Dm’*.- R.y*M ojEtNopa. Mitiffry off artr nd Eatfg Eibiopan KA nd DrtK^t Prw.f
Table 4-hProponiQD oinuu»*»y
T vpe of ofMto® income
CDCf^ltsOO
X
r
J<n.r4ar-rifr arid hofTl>C loduMCY
Weaving
in off-farm income generation
SDA I & HI
SDA TV & V
------
7
9
!• e and 25% (3 kebeles)
1% and 2* o p kebeles)
Tailoring
<1% to 21% i (4 kebeles) |
<1% to 2%
(4 kebelcs)
-Pottery
- B truing fie tolls. amki j'
Basket making
<1% to 32% 0 kcbelcB)
1% and 2%
(4 kebeles)
1% to 13%
1% to 17%
(8 kebelcs
-
3% and 11% (2 kebeles
Suh-Total
4% to 64%
1% to 21%
Shop
Transport
Crovemment pb
I ■ ————- — -
1% and 5% < 1% to 2%
(3 kebeles;
(5 kebeles;
<1% and 12% (3 kebeles I
<1% (3 kebeles
<1% and 1% < 1% to 2%
(3 kebeles)
(3 kebeles)
Source; thematic focus group meetings
4.2 Household Incomes and Expenditures
4.2.1 Soxmj of Caih la^rw
Based on the data collected during the household surveys, the average cash income for supn households in the 16 surveyed kebeles is presented in Table 4-3.
Table 4-3: Average_c»la mcome for surveyed hou.chold,
IC.
___ » a •
Source of cash income
I-
T -----------------
“““ B Ut 111
Number of surveyed krtidei
bDA IV 4c V
9
Avenge tripped area (ba)
2.1 to 6.0
Sale of crops (ETB)
4.445 to 21542
1 4R4 ro O1U
TouJ (ETBJ
5,015 u> 24XM2
3,070 to 12,5%
The average cropped area (land use nght and/o, rented/.harecropped land) van® from 1 6 b* to 6.0 ha for the surveyed household, tn the 16 sutveyed kebde. Ur average annual cash income from the sale of crop, for the surveyed households ranges from ETB 1 484 in one surveyed kebele in SDA IV & V to I TB 21.542 in one surveyed kebele tn SDA I & III
The reported overall average annual cash mcome for the surveyed household. ffom
5.070 tn one surveyed kebele tn SDA IV & V to I.TB 24.082 tn one surveyed kcbc|c in SO A I
A III
UH F4 SR03A Pt 1 Summsrv Report (I)
24
13 May 2011*f Effaju Mnuty Wafrf m E
L/ArrfMir AWf /fflgaift’w />«•»<* PVwtf
4.2.2 Exfwtitw
The purchase of assets by the surveyed households in the 16 kebdrs is shown in 1 able 4-4. Table 4-4x Purchase of aswcia during hat 5 year*
SDA
Number of
surveyed
kebelcs
Uvesioclc
Agric.
eq ui patent
Vehicle*
Radio*
Other j'lcm*
1 Ac III
7
25% to 60%
11% rn 30% 6 krbdci
4*.and 10% (2 kebdeij
19% ro
48%
5% and 11% (-1 kclxlca-
TV*
A.
9
20®. ro 55%
5% to 21%
(6 kebeki) J
11%
J kebelcj
5% io 30%
5% to 21%
(6 kebelcs) ‘
_____
Source: Household surveys
In die 16 surveyed kebdes, rhe large majority of surveyed households make regular cash expenditures for the purchase of food, health care, education nf children and clothes. A smaller proportion of the surveyed households also spend money t«i the prcxTiremcait ol agnciilturi! inputs (i.e. seeds, fertilisers and/or agro-chemicals), the purchase of agricultural equipment, household utensils and/or live animals.
in die 16 survey rd kebcJrs, 20% ro 60% of the surveyed households purchased one or more nxen during the List 5 years and 5% to 48% purchased a radio- In 12 surveyed kebefes. 5% io 30% of the surveyed households procured agricultural equipment (ie. plough) and 4% to 11% of the surveyed households m three surveyed kebcies obtained a vrhide.
4.23 7’jxxrr
*I1ir raxes paid by the surveyed households are presented in Table 4-5, Table 4-5: Taxes paid by surveyed households
SDA
Number of
surveyed
kcbeles
L^ndtu
Other Uxeb
%ofHH*
Average
i acnaant
(ETB)
•/tofHHa
Purpoteji)
I Ac III
7
88% ro 95%
61 iu 220
11 % and 65% {4 krbeles)
School, sporr, church, giwcd. health, raid, trade
rv&v -------- 1
9
63% to 100%
42 to 158
15% to 60% (4 kebd»|
Church and -school guard,
sport
Source: I louschold survm
In the 16 surveyed kebriej. 63% to 100% of the surveyed households unth land use nghts par au average amount of ETB 42 to ETB 220 as land tax to the Government- In addition, 11% to «5% of the surveyed households in H surveyed kcbeles also reported the payment of other
t axes/development coiunbutioni lor education, road, church, sport and/or health
L H 1-4 SRtn,\ |>| J ,SMn)roapf Report (1)
25
13 M ay 201!u-r- N*» /r’* *
w
4J 43.1
Sociil indktton
Lnil t! M*'Jt”K
The ratted tacncy "«in the 16 suncycd kcbcJcs is shown tn Table 4-6.
Table 4-6: Literacy rate among adujt £opula_tion in survey ecI kchclcp
1BDIC fO. SDA
Number of
surveyed
kebelci
Literacy rate
Adult male
population
Adult female
population
%ofHH
head
i&ni
7
20% to 75%
5% io 30%
40° o to 85%
IV fir V
9
20% to 75%
5*. to 70%
35% to Wo
Source Thematic focus group meetings and household surveys
According to the paraapants of the thematic focus group meetings in die 16 sun eyed kebdei
the reported literacy rate vanes from 20% co 5% for the adult male population and 5% to "?■
7
for the adult female population Among the surveyed households in the 16 kebdes, 35° o to
W • of the household heads reported to be literate
lhe reported rite of children aged 6 to 13 yean attending school for the 16 surveyed kebdes in shown in Table 4-7.
SDA
Number of
surveyed
kebdes
c Taic iot cnnarcn agci All children s
J <j to U years
ent to school
Boyt
Girls
%of
surveyed
HH« 
i & in
7
100% (4 kebdes) 4<f« to 90% (3 kebelci
100% (4 kebdes) 40* • to 90% 13 kebdes
67% to 100%
rv*v
9
100% (8 kcbcles) 1 90% i1 kebelc
100% (8 kebdes)
90% (1 kebde)
87% ro
source; 1 hematic focus group meeting* and household surveys
During the thematic focus group meeting on gender issues in the 16 kebdes. the female participants reported all households send theu children aged 6 to 13 years to school ifl 12 of 16 .urveyed kebelej Among the lurveyed houscholdi, 67% to 1 00% reported to 'end ill <heU children aged 6 to 13 years to schooL
4. ).2 1Statu
(a) Main Health Problems
Mihru is reported the mon important health problem m »U |6 4Urvcyed kebde, dlic (o
'landing water (vc waterloggmgj and lack of tituutton Another major health problems *■< typhoid caused by polluted drinking water
(b) Availability of Health Facdiues and Staff
Based on data provided by ihc wcreda offices, the availability ofU,i
,.. . i
34 kebdes is presented in I able 4-8.
. '
. . . u
• hca,|b facihuc, and staff in th<
’ "B F4 SR 03 A Pl 1 Summary Rq*»n fl)
26
13.May 2011.Ifiitrrtt? aflTjnr^ &**&
jL/hvpj* Ndr Mp6*r WM|r Pw.r
8:
Tabi alem 4-c SDA
“P A-vai GhlabmiWlit*y o Number ofkebek
ii
fu hueal ntnhy Fac■:il
Health
po*t
ities And «tafF
Phy* ir i an
Nunc
Health
Militant
Trained
midwife
Traditional
birth
artendaai
Health
rilrtHMX)
worker
1 & 111
14
16
0
6
13
3
10 |
L»S-
IV 3c V
22
21
1
36
15
11
22
49 J
Total
36(54)
36
I
<1
2S
14
32
Source-' Wrreda offices
According to The information provided by the uvreda office*. 3 of the 34 kebeles in the four SDAs do not have a health post. Reportedly, there is only one physician working m rhr hospital in Pawe town. A iolal of 41 nurses arc stationed in 1H kebeJes, whereas 15 kebdcs have one or more health assistants, and 10 kebclcs have one or more trained midwives According io contacted staff of the Health wereda offices, at least 28 kcbdcs have at least two health extension workers (HEWi).
(c) Family Planning and Natal Care
The situation with regard to die acceptance of lamily planning, vacananon against childhood diseases and naial care in the 16 surveyed kebclcs in summarised in Table 4-9.
Table 4-9: Family planning, vaccination and natal care
SDA
Number of
Purveyed
kebeka
%ofHH
pricticing family
pLmning
•A cf children
vaccinated
Location
of child
delivery
Pre- and po«t
natal care
I Ar Ill
■w
f
30% to 75%
(4 kcbclei)
50% to 100%
Home
Yes (HEWt+ health usntanT)
IV & V
9
8% to 75%
(fl kcbelci!
60% ro 100*/.
Home
Yes (HEW)
Source.- Thematic focus group meeting*
According to the ferrule participants of the thcmanc focus group meetings on gender issues in the 16 surveyed kebdcs, family planning is practiced by 8% to “5% of all households in 12 surveyed kebeles. Reporirdly. 50% to 100% of all children are vaccinated against childhood diseases and (Inca!) health usutanu provide pre- and pent natal care to pregnant women
In lhe 16 survey ed kebelcis. women give birth at home where they are assured bv female relatives and/or neighbour*. whereas lhe TBA also assists in a number of surveyed kebdes in Pawe VC ereda.
(d) Alcoholism and Illicit Drugs
Alcoholism and the use nf illicit drugs are reported as a common probkm in two surveyed kcbcles injawi Wereda and two surveyed kebelcs in Pawe Wereda.
1 R I I SltOJA Pi 1 Summary Report (I)
27
1 Mir 2011I
IWD'***** 
JITtirra^Eftp
l-.thfut Xxi /h^J«
Pvagr Prwwf
4 J J / W Scant) and} lo mt bo Id A1utntwn
The reported proportion of food insecure households is shown in Table 4 |0
Table 4-lfr- Level of food insecurity_______________________ ___________ ___________
i SDA Number
of
■orveyed
krbeles
Food insecure
~ '•
Criteria (months
with food
shortage)
%ofHHs
Reaionft) '
l&UI
7
•
> 3 or 4 months
15% to 40%
No land, land shortage, -iterfc^ female
IV &v
9
> 2 or 3 months
10% to 80%
No land, land shortage, prXtl fertility, no oxen, wa’eric^
female
Source themaue focus group meetings
According to the male participants of the thematic focus group discussions in the 16 surveyed kebcles, households are considered to be food insecure if they face more than 2 to 4 months of food shortage. Report cdlv, 10% to 80% of the households in the 16 surveyed kebcles arc considered to be food insecure landlessness, land shortage, waterlogging, poor sod fertility and lick of oxen ire mentioned is the main reasons for food insecurity, whereas fernale-headed households often arc food insecure as well.
T ^*^°d ^orugeamon^.^^^^
SDA
Coping strategy
IdclII
rv*v
Number
of
surveyed
kcbelea
7
9
Food shortage______ with Year with lets
nal than normal
Ml___ __ rainfall
7% to 22%
14 kebcles
5% io 50%
5V. to 50V.
[6 kebe><
(7 kebcles^
Sale of animals, loan, daily Labour
Daily labour, loan, handicraft, sa^
of animals,
In yens with normil rimfill. 5% to 50% of the surveyed households in 8 of the 16 kebel«
reported to hive food shoruges In vent with less thM nomu]
5% t(J of the
surveyed households in 11 of the 16 suneyed kebeles reported food shoniges Dili? 1*^’
sdeof^.obummgofloin.h^f i
with food shortages.
t Ixl
nM ri
g 13
o
 • toCOpe
nwemcn|loned jM
(a) Food Relief
In three of 16 surveyed kebcles, 45% to 89% of the surveyed ho k u
have received food relief one to four times during the last 20 years n ' rcP°rtcd that the)
Adis Woyn Krbrle (Jawi Weredi) suted to hive piroapatrd in foci r'
househo
the list 10 to 20 vein
^ for-work projects during
Report (!)
13 May 2011Eifapf* A'dr Ir*^>*» /w/DraMff frwif
(b) Household Diet
The household diet of the surveyed households in the 16 surveyed kebeks ts presented 1/1 Tiblr
4 12
UDIC SDA
nuutcu
Number of surveyed
kebeks
UIU Ultl Ul DI
Meat
Mflk&
dairy
products
Egg
Pufecv
Fruit
Vegetables
1 fle IJT
7
10 m 55%
10 to 75%
15 to 40%
95 to 100**
10 ro 50*.
50 to 10C%
rv & v
9
20 to 45%
35(0 70* •
40 to H5%
95 to 100*/.
5to40'.
65 to 100%
44
44. f
Sourre: household surveys
Reportedly, 20% to 55% of the suneyed households in the 16 surveyed kebdes consume mat at Irani once a week, 5% to 50% cat fruit at least once a week, 50% to 100% consume vegetables at least once a week, 15% co 85% have in egg at least once a week, and 95% to 100% consume pulses at least once every week Milk and dairy products are rcportcilly consumed at least once a work by 15% ro 75% of the surveyed households.
Gender Zsauet
Dcnti/ii' Laboirr Division
Based on information collected during the Thematic focus group meetings on gender issues, it is apparent that almost domestic (asks arc earned out by dir female household members, although male household members repair clothes, frich waler and fuel wood, Lake care of elder and sick household members, shop and/or repair house and household items.
4.4.2 rtpindtam/ Labour Dinm/t
(a) Crop Producuon
Male household members are responsible for all crop production activities. whereas female household members are mainly involved in seed selection, seeding, fertilising, weeding and han-esung as well as transport, cleaning, storage and marketing of the harvested crops,
(b) livestock Activities
Almost all livestock related activities arc Executed by the male household members, except preparation and marketing of dairy products. poultry keeping, and marketing of eggs Female household members are mainly responsible for milking, firing for young and sick animals, cleaning of shed, collection of manure, poultry keeping as well as marketing of small kvc animals, cgj^s and dairy products.
44J
In the 16 surveyed kebeks, all household assets arc reportedly owned by lhe husband and wife together, although Lhc busband is the owner of fill) assets in a few surveyed kcbclcs. JeweUerv is usually owned by the wife.
a 1 ■* SROJA Pt J Summary Repin (IJ
29
t3 May 20! I/‘rdimz/ Prw*Ttffl. •/ h/6r**W- Mivrfn »f U afr* tf« / / : «rp
Fr6rflpw< .\dr <tnd Die Mp PnfM
4.4.4 Dearton \ lahn^
In all 16 surveyed kebclcs. most decisions are taken jointly by the husband and wife, although
the wife lakes the decisions related to the purchase of food Hems and/or utensils and/or the
sale of animal products In a number of sun ned kebclcs. the husband takes the decision
related to unung of secdmg/planting and harvesting, procurement of assets, such as agricultural equipment and/or sale of animals.
4.4.5 Control over z 1 tats and {•manaal Reforms
Reportedly, the husband and uifc have jointly control over the use of most assets and
(financial) resources of the households, but the wife specifically controls the income from the
sale of animal products.
4.4.6 Membership of Local Institutions
Female household members arc usually members of the Kcbelc Council, religious institutions, women’s groups, water management committee, savings & credit association, Mr, lkub and/or work group/brigade.
4.4.7 I:emakl leaded Household)
In all 16 surveyed kebdes, households arc female-headed when the wife has become a widow or she is divorced
(a) Main Economic Activities
The predominant involvement of female headed households in economic activities is shown tn Table 4-13.
Tabic 4-13: Main economic acnyitica of female-headed houacholdB
Tvpe of economic activity
SDA I Ac III
SDA IVAcV
Number of surveyed kcbelrs
7
9
Crop production
50% to 90%
40% to 95%
livestock
3% to 30%
(3 kebcJes)
10% to 50%
(3 kebclcs
Dadv labour
1% to 40%
6 kebcJes)
5% to 60%
(8 kebcJes 1
Handicraft
1% to 30%
5% ro 25%
(8 kebcJes)
Business
-
•
Transport
-
-
Government job
-
d
Source themaDi focus group meetings
In the 16 surveyed kebcJes, crop production is the main economic activity for 40% Co 95^ { the female-headed households are involved in crop production. 3% to 50% are invoh* d livestock rearing in 6 surveyed kebclcs, 1% to 60% work as daily labourers in 14 5 kebcJes, and 1% to 30% in 15 sun ned kebclcs are involved in handicraft.
UH 1*4 SR03A Pt I Summan Report (I)
30
13 May 201;&**fn Xi* Irr****
tf T'*rr jaJ
^*<* P^ftf
(b,l Food Insecurity
4.5
4.5 J
According to the female participants of the thematic focus group meetings cm gender issues, ibout 10% to "0% nf rhe frmak-headed households sr rhe 16 surveyed keheies arc cofmdcfcrl Tn be food insecure, of which 5% tn 30% are seriously food insecure.
(c) Poverty
It is estimated that about 8% tn MF • of the female -headed households n poor, of which V » to 3fF o arc considered to be extremely poor.
IjvcJiJioods
Mar* Uvr&hood HtTvTffttt
The livelihood strategies of almost al] surveyed households in. the 16 surveyed kebcles are ba ted on the cultivation of nun fed crops and lavestock rearing. Daily labour and handicraft are main economic activities for nor more than 20% of rhe household* Bus mess/trade, transport and/or government job* are a source of income for a limned number of households.
4 52 7‘^aW
/ ItjujfMfr
Rased on data and information collected during household surveys and focus group meetings, profiles of a typical small landholding household and medium/larger landholding household for the 16 surveyed kebclcs have been prepared. These profiles can be found in Part B and C of this report for respectively rhe right and left bank of the Upper Bdes project.
Pavem' ind Wen/di
4 6. f PrvfwftM of Poor Homtintii
According to the participants of the focus group meetings in the 16 surveyed kebeks. a household is considered to be poor if it meets the following poverty criteria
Table 4—14: Poverty Criteria
SDA
Number of
surveyed
kebefes
Poverty criteria
1 & TH
7
• less ihan 0.5 ha (1 kebelr), 3 ha (5 kebelei)
• no oxen (5 kebeles . less than 2 ank (2 kebdrt
IV * V
9
* less than 0.5 ha (3 kc belts), 0.75 ha (1 kcbclc). 1 ha (4
kebeles), 2 ha (1 kebele)
■ no oxen/catite (5 keheln). less than 2 cattie (3 kcbcln), 10
cattle 1 kebele?
Source? rhcmaiiC focus group mcctingFi
Ba-ied on these poverty criteria, the participant* of the thematic focus group meetings assessed that 10% to 80% of the households arc poor, of which 5% to 20% ire considered to be extremely poor
l’4 SROJA pf j Summary Report (1)
'1
13 May 2011I f' tkra: Dtfwvufi.- of F.fhtopw. Mtnutn of ITrf/rr an1 E"f$
Etixaptan Nur Imfitnan <nd Drunta^ Pfwta
4.6.2 Pm/xrfion of Wealthy Households
A household is considered to be relattvdy wealthy if it meets rhe following weald) criteria Table 4-L5: Wealth Criteria
SDA
Number of
surveyed
kebcles
Wealth criteria
I Ac III
• morr than 2 ha (1 kebde), 3 ha (3 kebdes), 4 ha (2 kebdes),
10 ha (1 kebde)
• more than 2 oacn (5 kebcles), 3 cattle (1 kebde), 6 oxen and
5 cows (1 kebele)
IV AV
9
• more than 2 ha (1 kel»de). 2.5 ha (1 kebde). 3 ha (6 kebdes),
4 ha (1 kd>dc)
• more than 4 oxen (4 kebcles). 10 cattle (2 kebcles), IS cattle ij kebele , 20 cattle (1 kebele), 50 cattle (1 kebele
Source: thematic focus group meetings
Based on these wealth criteria, the participants of the thematic focus group meetings slated that about 7% to 35% is considered to be wealthy.
4.6. 3 Asset Ownership and Housing (^ondittonj
The ownership of non-agricultural assets and the housing conditions for the surveyed households in the 16 kebcles is shown in Table 4 16 and Table 4-1?
Table 4-16: Ownership of pon-agricultural assets for surveyed households
SDA
Number of
surveyed
kebcles
Radio
Electric
appliances
Vehicle
Other
items
i*ni
7
26% to 85%
4 and 10%
P kebcles
4%
(1 Itebdcj
4% to 19*4 (5 kebdes
IVA V
9
50% to 85%
5 and 30%
p kebdes)
5 and 10%
(2 kebdes)
5%
(1 kebele
Source: household surveys
In the 16 surveyed kebde-,, 26% to 85° o of the surveyed households reportedly own a radio 4% to 30% of die surveyed households in 4 kebdes own eleanc appliances, and 4% Io
have a vehicle in 3 kebcles.
UB l 4 SR03A Pl 1 Summon Report (!)
;
32
13 Mir 2011MrrjJ
RfpMr E/Atijftw. Mttirfo a/'IT jftr rfr.Y E^rrj;
LVAto/v.js SiJr [mfattoa and Drarnjy Pnjrtf
Table 4-17: Housing condition for wrvrycd households
SDA
Number
of
surveyed
he be leu
Coerugaied
iron shrrts
u»ed as roof
material
Separate
bedrooms
I&III
7
10*0 ID 9(J%
30% tn BOS
tv & v
9
10% to 65%
c kebelw)
10% ro 75% (8 krixlcs)
Source: household surveys
In 1-1 of the 16 surveyed kcbeJes, 10% and 90% of the surveyed households have a house with a
r<M»f made of corrugated iron sheets, whereas 10% to 80% of rhe surveyed households in the 15
kcbclrs have a separate bedroom
UH 1-4 StUUA Pi 1 Summary Repeat I)
33
i3.MjT?nuIFrtterf
E/An^m* /rnjerfw- W Diww^ Pny*r
tf IPdfrr^Ewrji
5 SCHEME LEVEL INSTITUTIONS
5 / fro vemmcnt Jnstirtrftong
$ fj
U ’W<r R/jw/ DtrthfHwi Wtefa Offkt
!
The structure, Maffing is well as the number of vehicle and computer for the VCRL> wcrcdi office in Juul Wcrcda are shown in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1: Structure, sta
and logisrica
Staffing
staff (1 section)
16 vacancwi
were du office in Jawi Wciedu
Wertdi
Number
of aecdoQ
Number of
vehicles
Number of
computer
Jawi
3
1 functional
2 non functional
iTK’iurbdce
ccwTipu ltrs
Source: Wcreda office
The existing staff docs nut receive regular trauung. The mam cons train is include:
• 
Shortage of vehicles;
• 
Lack of skilled staff due to hardship and no incentives; and
• 
Insufficient budget
There is no separate WRD wcieda office in Pawc Wereda and Dangur Wrrcda.
7,2 AljpirwZflwr R^ru/ Dmtt/Mrrf U^e/rd^ Ojfct
The structure, staffing as well as the number of vehicle and computer for the ARD wereda offices arc shown in Tablr 5 2.
Table 5-2: S true Hire, mfling and logiiirici for ARD wereda offices
Wenda
Number
of section*
Staffing
Number of vehicles
Number of
computer
J awn
10
- 27 inff
- 61 vacancies
■ 1 car
2 nun operational rrwjitCHcbtkes
4 computers
D augur
B
-27 staff
Il vacancies
- no vehicle*
3 ciwipuirr (2 fiincnarLih
Pa we
8
27 staff
- 17 vacancies
- 2 cars (1 aperats octal) - H motorbikes (3 opera taonaTi
- 3 computers (2 hincricnal)
Source Wereda office
Only in Piwe Wendu, the wereda staff receive regular in service training from the Pawe Research Centre. Toe main constraints for the effective funetjorung nf the ARD u cred a offices in the three wuedas include.
• 
Shortage of vehicles;
• 
High number of vacancies.
• 
High staff turnover due to hardship and lack of incentives/allowances;
• 
I nsuf ficjcnt budget;
• 
I jTTuted access to improved technologies
LB 1*4 SRD3A p[ j Summary Rrpmrt (!)
13 Mar Xl] tFrdfraiDawratic fyf.ubh<: of Ethiopia. Mtntrtry o[W*attrand bntp
Ethiopian Nth Jmranon and Drarna^t Pnje.t
• Jack of access roads to many kebeles (for Jam Wcrcda and Dangur Wereda);
• Lack of regular in-service training for staff (in lam Wcrcda and Dangur Wereda
(a) Development Agents
The DAs are rhe main implemented of development activities related to agriculture, hvestod and natural resources management (NRM) ar kcbclc level. As they arc living in the kcbclc, they have a very good understanding of the local conditions, constraints, opportunities and other issues. The DAs usually have developed a good relationship with most farmers through the provision of training and advice in lhe fields during the cropping season.
The number of DAs and JTCs in the .54 kebdcs situated fully or partially within die four SDA* is listed in Table 5-3.
Table 5-3: Number of DAs and FTCs
SDA
Number
of kebeles
Number of
DAs
Number
of FTC
Number of
veterinary staff (
I & III
IV & V
14
<1
10 (9 |<el>e| ]
rl
22
73 (20 kebeles ,i |
19 16krW«
t
5.11
Source: Wereda office, thematic focus group meetings
Mole. Total numbe r ..f 34 krbcfo in pr.^cu arn because District 2 \ ilhgc 17 Kebelr ts IncatcJ «l°« tn SDA 1 and m SDA IV and Dinner 2 Village 1 is haled 25% tn SDA HI and 25% m SDA V Households, population and
total krbclc area ha« been adjusted accordmgh
According to information provided by the ARD wereda offices and collected during rhr (hematic focus group meetings, 33 of the 34 kebdrs have 2 or more DAs. The collected data suggest that only 10 kebdcs have a Farmers' Training Centre (FTC)
(b) Veterinary Staff
According to collected data, 23 of the 34 kebdrs have one or two vetennarv staff
I inwrwwnto/ Pmfrrtion. Land AdnrinutratioK and l'/f Anthonty
There is a sepwite office of the Environment Promotion, Lmd Adnunistran.m and Use Authority (EPLAL’A) in Jawi Wereda. The num responsibilities of FP1 aha
r vi laua concern (i)
environmental protection (at. surveys, resettlement and environmental impact land administration (i.c land measurement and registration, issue of land
V /ffl
5smcn ( )
acquisition); and (ui) land use (te. assessment of existing land use and pot <^mficatcs‘Ijnd
ex ecu non of resettlement plans). The authority is mandated to carrv ou assessments and may also review the EIAs of projects. 
P 1*?111000 an^
Cnvuonnicnta] impacr
There is no office for land administration in Dangur Wcrcda ana p
. VC j
au c
UH 1-4 SR03A 1*1 I Summary Report (1)
36
D May 2011Mmifrir of IF'afrr and Ew®1
Eftiopfa* y^ Imfiinoft OMt firm#
£ Ir-t Htufth IFirvda Oflfa
One of the core activities of the He*]th werrda offices is the prevention of malaria through improved sanitation and drainage, promotion of bed nets and spraying
There arc two health extension workers (HFAVs) in each kcbcle and their main tasks concern i; prevention of diseases through awareness campaigns and training, u) immutusatxm/ vaccinations; in) family planning, iv) artending deliveries: v) provision of pre- and post-natal care; vi) malaria control; and vii) improved hygiene in house
One of ihr negative impacts of the dev elopment of the irrigation system could be an increase in
rhe incidence of malaria and other water-borne diseases. It is envisaged that the Health wereda offices through (heir HEWs at kcbrle level would contribute to the prevention and control of malaria and other water-borne diseases through the provision of training, awareness campaigns, spraying and distribution of (impregnated) bed nets.
5J. 5 Rr.rt'jrri’ Iwti/utej
(a) Jawi Wereda
The Amhan Regional Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI) is an independent institution responsible for agricultural research operating under the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural DevdopmenL Tn addition to its head office in Bahir Dar, it also has five regional agricultural research centres, including the Adel Agricultural Research Ccnire. ARARI also manages the Andessa Livestock Centre, Agricultural Mechanisation Centre and the Fishery Centre located in
or around Balui Dai
The main activity of ARARI as conducting research in a large number of fields, including:
• SWC. including area closure with planting of Iasi-growing trees and grasses (cut- and-carry sptem for livestock), terracing, gully treatment and planting of productive
trees;
• Crop production improvement, including hortKulnire (fruit and vegetables), cereals, pulses as well as potato wiih 5 varieties that arc resistant to local diseases and
having significant higher production;
• Drought-resistant crops, uiduding drought-tolerant crops and fast -maturing crops;
• Apiculture, including improved beehives;
• Livestock improvement, including breeding of cows with higher milk production;
• Water harvesting (roof ind runoffi for supplementary irngannn;
• Composting and green manure;
• Fodder crops, such as fast-growing grimes for midlands and leguminous crops for highlands;
• Agricultural mcchimsation, including thresher and pumps (i.r. pedal and washer
pumps);
• Fishery for Lake, streams and ponds; and
• Irrigation and irrigated crops, including crop water requirements, different irrigation practices (lc, dnp) and mulching.
-■H H SltD^A Pr I Summary Report (1)
J7
D May 20! t5J.6
5.L7
Ptdtral Drmocrati, Vjpubhc of Ethiopia. M/nftn o^Vhttr aid tiatfgy
Ethiopia* Silt Imfation aid Dratu^r Prt*ta
ARARl’s research approach is to rest and screen new technologies ar its research centres bcf(Jfc trials and demonstrations are conducted at farmer IcvcL A RAR I has developed both information technology, in particular new or unproved practices, and materia] technology, such as new varieties and equipment, which can be easily integrated into extension programmes So far, 90 new vaneties have been registered in the name of ARAR]
According to the ARD werrda office, the Adel Agricultural Researc h Centre is currently establishing a “farmer-research linkage centre” in |awi Wcrcda
(b) Pawc W crcda and Dangur Wcrcda
The Pawe Research Centre was established in 1985 on a small land area and tn 1986 the area
was increased to 77 ha. The main objectives for the establishment of the Pawe Research Crntrc was to select high yielding vaneties of different crops under the agro-cbmauc conditions in rhe area to be used by settlers and to generate packages of recommendations with improved
cultural practices and other modem production technologies.
The Pawe Research Centre has established different divisions doing research on agronomy and physiology, crop improvement crop protection and animal feed The major types of crops on which the centre is doing research arc sorghum, maize, finger millet, nee. teff, beans, noog, sesame, groundnut, cotton, kenaf and forage legumes. The centre is operating under the supervision of the federal Insurutc for Agricultural Research (IAR).
(c) Conclusion and Recommendation
Both ARARI through its Adet Agricultural Research Centre and the Pawc Research Centre
could contribute to the irrigated crop and livestock sectors m the four SDAs through the implementation of trials and demonstrations of improved seeds, new crop varieties, composting and use of green manure, cultivation of fodder crops, farm mechanisation, improved OHWM
and improved cattle breeds Both institutes could provide training to subject matter specialists
and extension staff of the ARD wcrcda offices and the DAs at kcbcle level.
Werrda Comm!
The Wereda Council comprises two or three elected representatives from each kchele, who
elect the Wcrcda Administrator and Deputy Wcrcda Administrator for a period of fisc years
The Wereda Council has quarterly meetings to review the performances of wcrcda offices based
on progress reports submitted by the heads of cadi wereda office. The Wereda Office also
approves the allocation of budgets to each wereda office based on a review and approval of its
in null work plan.
Conclusion and Recommendation
The Wcrcda Council is responsible fol overseeing development activities executed through the wereda offices The Wereda Council should be involved tn the overset of the implementaoon of the project adjusting budgets for crop, community development and livestock development.
k ^Council ts the lowest admuustranve unit established by the Government with
•! rules and regubnons. duoes and responses. The members of the Kebele Counol are elected democratically by the community members
I
IIH M SR03A Ft I Summary Kcpnn (!)
38
13 May 2011AfhurXn <fW"jtrr mi Erfjgy
EMmTaM .Vr> Irrrfdj'te* wd L>r^^e Profit
According to the pamapants of the thenuoc focus group meetings, the re*.pon abilities of the Kcbcle Council are a) administrative and judicial services; b) planning and execution of kcbcle development activities; c) implementing of government policies and strategics, d) collection oi taxes and registration of population, c) awareness creation; and/or f) conflict resolution llic Kcbcle Council lakes all decisions related to political, social. economic and security issues.
Although the Kcbele Council docs noi have implementing capacity or budget for executing development ictivilica. u forms an important channel to inform and mobilise rhe population. If the village elders arc unable l» resolve a local dispute, the case is reterred to the Kebclc Council.
The Kcbcle Council is formally responsible for the management of communal land, including ihe communal grazing land, and n also has the authority to allocate land tor communal use-
According to the participants of the thematic focus group meetings in ihe 16 surveyed kebeks, the main weaknesses of die Kcbcle Council arc al delayed decision making; b) absence of members, c) lack of incentive!; d) lack of budget and facilities; and/or el low awareness of responsibility/mandates and capacity
5.2 Coxnn?uaiiy-&A£*d Organisation*
The existence of community based organisations in the 34 krbdes utuated fully or partially in i hr four SDAs is shown in Table 5-4.
Table 5-4: Exis ring com muni tv-baaed organisation »
SDA
Number
of
kebcles
Land
adminu (ration
committee
Waler
man igfTnrnt
committee
Forest protection cununittee
Savings Sc
credit
association
Watershed
Comm i nee
1 & III
14
8 kebrk*
9 kebcles
lfikebelrs
t kebdc
9 kebcles
B"4c V
-n
________
9 kellies
ISkchclcs
22 kebeks
7 kebeks <
11 kebcles
Source: Weredi office
Note TfltaJ number nf M krbeles tn pcmrcT area because DvMricr 2 Village 17 Kcbelc ii kKited Bl% in SDA J and J9% in SDA IV wd District 2 ViM^gr I is IlxsiclI 25% in SDA III and 25% m SDA V 1 lousehnldj, popidJarmp amt
■oral kc-bclc ajp-a hj« bt'tii adfvtlcd Kcordio^r
Admrrrutnifiafx Ctrnrnriffer
According to collected lnformaboru a land administration committee has been formed in 17 of l he 34 ke belts located fully or partially in the four SDAs.
The land administration committee is a formal institution supported bv government rules and regulations Following Regulation No/51/99 it has the mandate to:
• Administer the Land found tn the kebelr and make decisions on land use with participation of the public and by cooperation of the wcreda branch office of the Authorin';
• Facilitate conditions for land distribution by arranging public participation;
’ 10 FK(J3A 1’r 1 Summary Report (1J
39
13-Afny 2011I f’ iifrj/ DtmoautK Ripubin- of Ethiopia, Mi nil try ofVatrr and Emqp
Etbiotnan j\'rb Imoatron and D/wwe PnftJ
Register and keep records of land holders in the kchelc and other persons given land holding certificate according to a directive to be given by the Authority;
Ensures any decision that suspends or deprives the right to hold or use land is
supported by the participation of the kebelc peoplr, unless it is for any land
distribution, villagizadon programme, distribution of communal land for private use,
change of the service of land, as well as for public use
5.2.2 Wafer Management Committee
According to information provided by the wereda offices and collected during the thematic focus group meetings, one or more water management committees (WMCs) have been formed
in 22 of rhe 34 kebcles.
The WMC is usually formed with the support of the \XRD wereda office or the water resources section within the ARD wereda office in order to operate and maintain one or more PWS schemes A WMC normally has five to seven male and female members directly elected by the users of the PWS scheme(s). To ensure the proper O&M of the PWS schemefs). the WMC has to: i) collect (monthly) user fees among all households using the PWS scheme fs); li) arrange and supervise the proper (WkM of PWS schcme(s); in) earn’ our awareness creation; and nr) mobilise community resources for < )&M.
5.2.5 I'orrsf Protection Committee
According to collected tnformanon. one or more forest protection committees exist in all 34 kebcles situated fully or partially in the four SDAs.
5.2.4 Saitn^e^ Credit Association
Reportedly, 8 of the 34 kebdes m three of the four SDAs have at least one savings & credit association, mainly in SDA IV Ac V.
5. 2.5 Cooperative Societies
The number of service cooperative in the 34 kebeics 15 presented in Table 5-5 Table 5-5: Numbergfscrvicc cooperative
SDA
| Number of kebciea
Number of
service
cooperative
I Ac III
!±J
A'& V
22 1
9
Source Wereda office and ihcnunc focus group meeting
Note Total number of 34 Itebdr* m pfofccr area because District 2 Village 17 Kcbde » lnc
f afcj gr
19%in SDA IVand District 2 Milage I ifl located 25% m SDA 111 and 25% tn SDA V j| l '
total kebelc am has bcm adjusted accordngly. 
According to collected information, a service cooperative exists in 16 of 34 l l
fdlJy or parnallyin the four SDAs. Service cooperatives are Fannrn’service ' situated arc not strong enough to provide fulk fledged services to the farmers 11 OoPcra!’v« which
’ P°Pubnun and
OUCVcr farmers’
L-B M SR03A Pt 1 Summary Report (I)
40
13.May 2011R^**-*' Mtsum iffTrftraitif knefj>}
E/'T^rfff N*i ZmiMAfl" m* Dratsq/e P^f
service cooperative*; art esiabhslied by vohiniecr farmers to assist rhe farmer* tn supplying of
agricultural input* like improved Feed, fertilizer and igro-rhemkals. The Gist two inputs arc
mainly distributed by the farmers' service cooperatives despite short supply of the indicated
inputs.
5,26 I ri/fagt Lsadtrr
The village leaders are directly elected by the enmm unity members. Women cannot became i village leader in seven of the 16 surveyed kcbcles Respect, honesty and bring resident arc the main rcquiremenis for being elected as village leader A village leader is mainly responsible for resolving local conflicts and coordinating development at* tm ties. Village leaders cany out this function through guiding meetings and discussion with ill conccrmd parties, though which they u Maliy meet a concensus.
5.27 Npji
Or^Munfioru
According to information obtained from the wereda office* and during the thematic focus group meetings, a limited number of NGOs arc operational in the tour SDAs. including the Italian NGO, CAST. in Pawr Werrda and TGPb in D augur Werctla.
>-Z2f Dispute RnuZwiw
The participants of the thematic focus group meetings in rune of the 16 surveyed krbcles reported that there were conflicts within lhe kcbcle or with another kebele. mainly due to Border disputes. Community leaders/riders uc considered to be most effective in resolving any rnnflicts a* ihev arc accepted and considered to be honest by the community members.
5.5 Religious Instifurions
According to informafirHi provided by die wemla offices and obtained dunng die thematic focus group meetings, ihrir is ar Irasr one church in 33 of the 34 kebdes and ar least one mosque m 19 kebeks situated fully or partially within the four SDAs.
5.4 Commercial Farms
The number and iota! area of commercial (anus as well as their main crops arc listed in Table
5-6
Tabic 5-6: Commercial farms
SDA
Number
of
kebeles
Number of
cnmmeteral
farm*
Total
area
(ba)
Mata crops
I A III
14
B (6 kebdcs)
9JXI0
Maize (seed), sesame, groundnut, sorghum, vegetables, fruit
IV A V
Sourer; VTcreda offices
Note: These dan refer co the whole kebde. not just the arrj within the SDAs
:
10 (5 kebeks)
6.573
L
----- ------------------- —1 
Matte, groundnut, sesame, dee. wgfthum, vegetables,, frnir ,
f B 3’4SRQ3A l'i I Summary Report 1)
13 Mit20hFtMDt*Kr*K ojElhfofu, Muilty oiWaltr and Enr^
hfwtui Nut l^rtggMtt nC Dmuff Pwrf
Reportedly, a total of! 8 commercial farms are operational in 11 kebeJcs with
7
15.5 3 ha producing maize, sorghum, rice, groundnut, sesame, vegetables and/o'”/ *** ° 5.5 Development Projects and Programmes
f
According to information collected at Zone level, the World Bank-funded Rural Capacity Budding Projects is currently implemented in the Aw Zone and Mclekel Zone. Its matn ,copt
is to facilitate and support the provision of training to farmers by equipping ETCs and
supporting the ARD wcreda offices with the provision of training and equipment, such as computers and photocopiers
According to provided wereda information, a water and sanitation project funded by the Government of Finland is implemented in Pawc Wereda
5.5.1 Tana Bdr j Pnyrrf
In the trod 1980s, the Ethiopian government deeded to relocate about 600,000 people m the country in order to avoid famines One of the resettlement schemes was the MctekcJ resettlement scheme, also known as Pawc or Bries resettlement scheme, to resettle 82,000 persons from the highlands tn northern Ethiopia m 48 villages on both sides of tHe Belos Rive: on the land of the former Beks State Firm, which was established by the government in two locatxms in the 19 0s. Upon arrival, the settlers witnessed a reality that w’as completely different than what the authorities had promised. In addition to a physically harsh (hot and humid) and malaria ridden environment, they experienced that the soils were unsuitable tor the types of crops they were used to grow in their places of ongin. such as teff, wheat, barley and peas Furthermore, there were no decent houses, schools, health facilities, roads and dean drinking water The settlers also realised that they were surrounded by hostile hosts, namely die Gumur people, who were opposed to the resettlement programme for losing control over the resources of their livelihood As the cultivated land gave very low yields and the seeders did not have the
elementary inputs md equipment to biuc flmung UIMne
limine md mmt of them berime u-eakened bt nulnutnuon
„ pefl(.rafd severe
In Much 1986. Italian igenoes mituicd emergency rebel programmes in the Merck resettlement sues by providing the settlets with f<x>d, clothing, blankets, household uieit- tncdiciJ assistance In addition, the Ethiopian and Italian government! also agreed io
the Tana Bclcs Protect tn Region 6 in the Piwc Special Wereda with a total land area ot —• ha The basK objective of the Italian assistance was to develop a self-sustained econom) region with a total investment budget of US$ 267 million, out of which 37% was allocated
agricultural development. 55* • f° infrastructure and 12% for workshops and construct**
r
11 *
the basis of hydrological and geological investigations u weD as topographic and soil surs^' -* Master Plan was prepared, which included thiec distinct phases for implementation: •) emergency phase (1986 1987); u) consolidation of the works (198^-1990). and lii) self management and self sufficiency (1990-1993) The development activities focused on two sectors i) production (ix. mechanised agriculture. forestation, fishery and agro-industry); “ general infrastructure i.e water supply, roads and badges, housing, stores, health and education)
1H H SROV. Pr 1 Summan Rrptwr I)
42
IJ Mm 2011•/EMnjp* Afntoy 4 faftra^ Ii«$r
EMrtpiiw JWfe Zrn^/M WPr»*J{w Ag*.*
Between 1986 arid 1900, the achievements of the Tins biles Project were; i) construction cat
25*000 new houses; ii) construction of dam on the Gigci Beks River to supply ill villages with drinking waler, lii) ronstructon and ripen lion of a rice mill, soya rrulk tacrory, seed selection plant, bakery and pipe factory; tv) construction of hospital and health clinic in each village; v) construction of 49 kindergartens and primary schools tn each of the 6 districts During the I OHB campaign. 23,000 ha of land was reclaimed, of which 1 8,000 ha was planted with maize, sorghum, groundnut, soybean, chickpea and nee
The srtilers weir forced to form cooperatives and work on communal land as daily labourers
for bi-weekly food rations. They did not have control over production decisions, productive resources and the product of their labour- The settlers did nOT have private farm land other than 0.1 or 0.2 ha of garden Gelds
The assistance of the Italian government lo the Tana Beks Project suddenly tenninated in early 1990s due to the government change in Ethiopia and the project taken over and managed
by Ethiopian authorities With the fall of the Derg regime, the Gumuz and other indigenous people started to attack the settlers and they also claimrd more rights and representation in the administration and political affairs of the wereda. Due to violent clashes, many settlers dead rd io leave the am- In 1993, the remaining settlers were given 0.75 ha of farm Land and 0.1 to 0.2 ha of garden per household. In 1995. the project constructed two dams for hydro electric power and irrigation, but rhe canals were never built.
According to the CSA survey, 77,847 settlers were Iningin 45 new villages in 1988. 'I"he 1994 census reported a tntil population of 35,858 persons tn Pawe wcreda and these figures confirm that many settlers left the resettlement area after the collapse of the Derg regime in 1991.In 1998, the population of the Metekcd resettlement area was estimated at 29*236 persons.
5. tf Existing Forms of Co-opetarwo md MurvaJ AtmfjtDce
$ 6, f Evr/Zri^ 5 o&fanty A fr r&nr t> w j
According to the participants of the thematic focus group meetings, traditional solidarity* mechanisms do nor exist, except for the /dir (5.6.4).
J. 6.2 AI m tuaf Labe ur ExtAju/t
A traditional form of mutual exchange of labour still exisis in rhe 16 surveyed kebeles, locally knowTri ik IT’tfttft/or Ifrtov, whereby individual persons provide labour for agricultural field acurincs* in particular weeding and harvesting. In the 16 surveyed kebdes. 34% m 90% of the surveyed households reponed that they mutually exchange labour with other household during die cropping season ■
5 * Commutra/ Lupaw
In most of 16 surveyed kebeles. resident households contribute unpaid labour for the construction and/or repair of church, school, health post and/or road on a voluntary^ or compulsory basis.
H ‘ ’ ShD3A Pi 1 SumiTLir. Report (1)
41
13 May 20! Iieatru/ Dwri.rua.- JLpitM* •fEtfaptj. Mtnufy oj ll j' trr mJ
lifhtcpiat jVzjt I mean ch awJ’ Dranjgt Proftif
5.6.4 Idr
The Idiris in indigenous insurance scheme and its funcoons arc primarily to help defray the cost of funerals, to assist families in the event of death, illness, unemployment, or imprisonment of their breadwinners, and to help in the case of loss due to fire Members of an J^rarc obliged to contribute to a common fund and to attend the funerals of other mcml>crs It is based on solidarity and reciprocity The head of the household is usually the member and each household can be member of more chan one ldrr. The 1 dir is oprn to everybody regardless of his or hex ethnic background, religion, kinship ties, political affiliation, sex, age or socio-economic status
According to provided wereda data and information collected during the thematic focus group meetings, several Mir exist in 33 of the 34 kcbelcs located fully or partially within the four SDAs. Among the surveyed households in the 16 surveyed kcbelcs. 44®«to 100% reported to be a member of an ldrr.
5.6.5 Mahtbrr
Mahibtris a religious, gender-based institution, which comes together even* month to celebrate different I lolv saints. The members come together at the house of a member house on a rotational basis and the concerned has to prepare fatta and food Ihe number of members ranges from 12 to 20 or more. The mam purpose of the Mabibrrts to support one member during a funend or wedding by contributing money. According to participants of rhe thematic focus group meeting, one or more Mahtbtrexist in Buni Jira Kcbclc
5.6.6 Ifaib
An lhtb is a form of saving association in which weekly or monthly payments of a fixed sum arc exchanged for the privilege of receiving a lump sum on a rotational basis. It offers also a basis for sociabflm when the members come together for their payment and arc provided with food and dnnk 'llus system is widely known and used all over the continent. It is usually called "/awW" tn West African countries. Among traditional societies whose people arc largely involved in the informal economic sectors of activities, it is the only way to have a "saving account". An average lknb may involve 20 women and the cash amount may range between FIT 2 to 5 ETB per person per session.
An I hub in kind is often a weekly session About 10 women gather their products together and one woman receives all the products on a rotational basis. A third kind of Ibtb consists of women spinning together (or making baskets, etc) and giving what has been produced to each woman m cum The additional income raised by any of these three forms of lhtb is used for improving the food intake of the familv.
According to information obtained from the wereda offices, one or more /W exist tn 31 of the 34 kebeles situated fiiDv or parualiy within the four SDAs. In the 16 sunned kebeles. 5% and 50° o of the surveyed households reported to be a member of an /hfb
l
’ ’H F4 SR03A Pi 1 Summary Report fl)
44
B May 2011.tf/wx/n rf raf-rr W brrp
w* **rf Pru™r p^,/
6 AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES
£ /
oad and Transport
The accessibility of the 34 kcbclcs situated fully or partially within the four SDAs 15 shown in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1: Road accessibility
SDA Number
of kebele
Asphalt
road
AlKwcachcr
gravel road
Dry-weather
road
No road
J & HI
14
5 fehtk.
10 kebtki
) kebejc
IV A v
22
16 krbeles
3 kebdes
3 kcbrles
Source: Wcwda offices
Note lord numltcr nf 14 krbdes tn pc*<xt area because District 2 Village 17 Kebrlc ta located H1 % in SDA . and
19% in SDA IV and Dntncf 2 Village 1 u located 25% in SDA III and 25% tn SDA V I lOMcbcldn. population and
total kcbclr area his txm adjuitrd acmrtdmgly,
.According to information provided by the wereda offices and cnllcctrd during the thematic
focus group mrrrings four krbelrs arc not accessible by road, 13 kcbclcs are only accessible by
a dn weather road, and the rrmaming 21 kebeles are accessible by all-weather roads.
The nearest urban centres and the availability of public transport for the 16 surveyed kebdes is summarised in Table 6-2.
Table 6-2: Nearest urban centre, public transport and owned vehicles
SDA
Number of
surveyed
krbelM
Nearrat urban centre
Name
Distance
(Ion)
Public
transport
Owned
vehicle a
I & ITT
Fendi ka
- Mambuk
Pawe
1 to 5 km
15 km
- 15 km
No
- bicycles
- 1 truck
D" & A’
9
- Fcnddu
- Dangila
- Pawe
|o to 35 km
- 15 to 35 km 6 to 24km
1 kebele
- bicycles
1 moiorhikc
1 mule can
Source: thcmani focus gnxjp meeting*
Ihc urban centres for the 16 surveyed kebdes in the four SDAs are Fendika, Mambuk. Pawe and Dangila Reportedly, a public transport service only exists between one surveyed krbcle and Fendika town tn SDA IV & V Bicycles are the most common type of vehicle in the 16
surveyed kebdes.
(a) Recommendation
All-weather road access to and within the right bank project area is crucial for successful and sustainable development of irrigated agriculture. The existing dry-weather mads need to be upgraded to all-weather roads and new all-weather toads constructed to facilitate purchase of farm inputs and marketing. The new all-weathrr roads should connect both existing and planned new’ settlements as utD is commercial farm areas.
L 'h HSJ&03A Pi
't ] Summary Kcfwiet (1)
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13 May 201]Fnirru/Dfomrufic fyM; of Et^of>u. Midtfry oflT^rjtd
Elhiotian Kth Impr/oi timi Owupf PwJ
6.2 Education
The presence of I* cycle and 2nd cycle primary and secondary schools in the 34 kebelcs locatcc fully or partially in the four SDAs is shown in Table 6-3.
Table 6-3: Provision ofprimary and second ary schools
SDA
Number
of
kebeJei
Primary school
Secondary school
1* cycle
2* ’ cycle
1
1" cycle
2 cycle
nd
I AHI
14
14 kebelcs
6 kelielcs
1 kcbclr
1 kebeJc
IV & V
22
22 kebelcs
11 kcbcles
4 kcbcles
2 kebelci
_ - -
Source: Wereda offices
More: Total number nf 34 kcbcles in project area because District 2 Villagr 17 Kcbck in located Sl% in SDA I and 19% id SDA IV and Ltatnrl 2 Village 1 is located 25% in SDA III and 25% in SDA V, IInuschnliK population and fetal kebelc area has been adjusted accordingly.
According to the information provided by the wereda office, there arc one or more 1 cycle primary' schools in 33 of the 34 kebelcs and one or more 2nd cycle primary schools in 17 kebelcs In addition, there is a 1* cycle secondary school in 5 kcbcles and a 2nd cycle secondary school in three kebelcs.
P
6 J Health Facilities
According co information provided bv the Health wereda office tn Fendi ka town, there arc five health centres and 26 health posts in Jawi Wcreda, but no hospital. In Dangur Wcreda, there arc 11 health posts and one health centre. According to the Health wcreda office in Pawe town, the existing health facilities include one hospital one health centre and 12 health posts.
According to the participants of the thematic focus group meetings, essential drugs and medicines are available in only one of the 16 surveyed kebelcs. As there is u<» pharmacy in the 16 surveyed kebelcs, households have to travel to the nearest urban centres to purchase medicines
6.4 Telecomm unication and Postal Services
The availability of telecommunication and postal services is presented in Table 6-4 Table 6-4: Availability of telecommunication! and postal services
SDA
Number
of kebelcs
Telephone
Post
office
i&in
14
11 kcbcles
1 kebelc
iv&v
22
8 kebelcs j
1 kebelc
Source Wereda offices and thematic focus group meetings
According to wweda office data and mformaoon coUecied during the thematic focus r meetings. 19 of the 34 kcbcles have a (wireless) telephone connection There
2 kebelcs
* ’ I’05' otficc »
I B H4 SR03A Pt I Summary Report fl)
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13 May 2011R/Mvfr e/H/Aw/w, \fr*(t/?rv of ITE*J)
Ft/Ariywr frr^u *** Dnr^f Pwrf
^5 PotaMe Water Svppfy and Pmbiwwd
f J PotMr WalerSappfy
Based on din provided by the wereda offices, dir mam sources of potable water in the 54 kehclcs situated fully or partially in the tour SDAs arc presented in Table 6-5.
Table 6-5: Number of wells wi th hand pumps
™___ —L----- I—
SDA
Number
of
kcbele*
Stream
Unprotected
spring
Proiecied
■ pring
Open well
Well with
hand
pumps
Deep
tubcwcU
1& in
14 16 krbclcj 8 kebdes
JI krbclw
4 kebdes
14 kebdes
2 kebdes
IV & v
22 kebdes
ISkebdci
12krhclri
15 kebdes
14 kebclci
4 kebdes
Source: Wrreda nffic« and households surveys
Note: Tilted number tif 34 icbete* in pmjeel area because District 2 Village 17 Kdhcle i* localrd 0.1 % in SIM 1 and 10* * tn SDA IV and District 2 Vd^-e I u located 25% tn SIM 111 and 25% in SDA V Hook-hutch. popular.™ and total kebcle Area han been adjusted arc. H LiingiT
In all 34 kebdcs. households fetch water from local scrams, whereas households in 25 kebdes use one or more unprotected springs to fetch polable water, in 18 kebclcs, households also fetch uaicr fsom open wdk, while households in 25 krbeles use protected springs. W ells with hand pumps can be found in 2" kebcirs ind a deep tubewell supplies potable water to household* in 6 kebdes
The main sources of potable water for the surveyed households in the 16 surveyed krbeles arc shown in Tabic 6-6.
Table 6-6: Main source* of pouble water fur aurveyed household*
SDA
Number
of
Huneved
kcbcle
Stream/
pond
Unprotected
•pring
Protected spring
Open
well
Well with
hand
pumpa
PWS
scheme
I A III
7
4 to 30% (6 kebdes
4 fa 15%
4 kr beJei}
5 to 65% (6 kebdes)
26 to 7R% 0 kebdes)
7 to 65%
25%
(1 kt belt)
rv & v
9
5 tn 65% [8 kebdes;
10 to 45% (6 kebdes)
5 to 60*%
• 4 kebdes
5 tn 70% (5 kebdes i
10 to 65%
(7 kebdes)
5 and 40%
(2 kebdes i
Source: household lurvcys
In 14 surveyed kebdes, 4% io 65% of the surveyed households reported to fetch potable water from a local stream. 4% to 45% of the surveyed households in 10 kebdes use unprotected springs, and 5% lo 78% of the surveyed households in 8 surveyed kebdes use open wells In three surveyed kcbclcs, waler from a PWS scheme is used by 5% io 40% of the surveyed households, whereas 5% to 65% of the surveyed households in 10 kebdes fetch water from protected spring, and 7% to 65° s of the surveyed households in 14 surveyed kebdes have access tn wells with a hand pump.
L H | .| SR<l3,i\ pt j Summary Ri-purrt (I)
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13 May 2011Ftdtfd Dt^ruh: HrtMi •fEthtyu. 3 limitj »f ITattr Lifffy Ethtafwa Nile Irrigation and DnxftdPr Pnyttf
The wells with a hand pump were usually installed by government agencies (i.c. ARD wered, office) or a NGO The wells and hand pump arc managed either by die ARI) wereda office the Kebeie Council In at least seven surveyed kebdcs, households pay F.TB 1 to ETB Bp* month respectively as water chargc.
According to the participants of the diemaar focus group meetings in (he 16 surveyed kcbela the quality* of fetched water is not good in five surveyed kebcJes Pollutton by animals is mentioned as main reason for poor water quality*
The (female) members of the surveyed households have to fetch water two to three times per day and the average distance to the water source ranges from only 20 metres in one surveyed kebeie in SDA I & HI to 1,251 metres in one surveyed krbele in SDA IV & V.
7'hc reported depth of the ground water vanes in rhe 16 surveyed kcbeles is as follows;
• SDA I & III: 5 to 40 metres
• SDA A’ & V: 8 to 20 metres
According to the participants of the dicmatic focus group meetings, there is a water shortage for 3 to 5 months each year in at least 5 surveyed kcbeles
6.5 2 Sam tai ton
In SDA I & 111. 85% to 100% of the suneyed households reported the use of a toilet for the last 2.5 to 9.7 years In SDA A’ & V, the majority of households in |awi Wereda and Pawe Wereda use toilets for last 1.9 to 9.5 years In Ankasha Munger Kebeie. however, only 5% ot rhe surveyed households reported having a toilet
6.6 FIoiu Milk
The availability of flour mills, market and police station in lhe 34 kebcles situated fully or partially in the four SDAs is presented in Table 6-7.
Table 6-7: ility of flour mills, market
SDA
Number of
kebdcs
Flour mill
(Weekly)
market
i & ni
14
11 kebdcs
4 kebdcs
A' & V
22
19 kebcles
12 kebcles |
Source. Wcreda offices and thematic focus group meetings
Note. I oral num bo of 34 kebdet tn projen area because Dumci 2 \ ilJagc 17 Kebelc u located 81% ]n SDA 1 and 19-4 m SDA IV and Dumn 2 \ dbgc I «located 25% in SDA III and 25% m SDA V Houschulda, pnpuhtinn and
r
total kebeie area has bcm adjusted accordingly
Based on data provided by the wereda offices, there arc one or more flour mills in 30 of the 34 kebelc* situated in the four SDAs. The reported pnee for milling cereals ranges from ETB 15
25 pet hag of 50 kg
UH F4SR03A ft I Summan Report (1)
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13 May 2011J
f^ra, Pww.TaiK Rj?M<
1
Eihitfiwt Nik Irr&niM airi
£7 Markets
Miffufry $ IT jfr? jrrf f;
Prvjrrt
According to provided weirda data, there it a (weekly) market in 16 of the 34 kebelc* located within the four SDAs.
Local retailers and middlemen usually are the purchasers of agricultural prndtrcc in the 16 surveyed kcbclcs, although wholesaler* also purchase crops in a number of surveyed kebelcs. Consumers, local rriaden and/or middlemen ire the main purchasers of livestock products,
whereas either livestock owners, consumers and/or middlemen are the mini porch,tiers of live animals.
tf,«? Z-a/iw Suppliers «?(/ Petal/ Shops
The service cooperatives as well as government managed and private suppliers arr the main source5 for (improved) seed* and chemical fertiliser, whereas agro-chemicals- are mainly
purchased from private suppliers. In a number of surveyed kebeles in Pawc Wcreda, rhe Pawc Research Centre is the main supplier of improved seeds
Reportedly, there arc one or more blacksmiths in six of the 16 surveyed kebele* where farmers could have their tools and equipmcnr repaired.
According to the thematic focus group meetings, there are one or more shops tn five survey ed kcbclcs where households can buy iheir essential consumption items, such as dour, edible oil. sugar, tea and sail.
6.XJ Iwvr StypJ) EittfrpnMj
Reportedly , only the Adwaf Union of Service Coopera lives is involved in the supply of fa mi inputs and equipment in Awi Zone, In Metekd Zone, AISCO and the Afuwj Union of Cooperative*; supply fertiliser and improved seeds.
6.9 Marketing Enterprises
In Awi Zone, the .ddritir Union of Service Cocpemaves reportedly is the only marketing enterprise,, whereas a number nf commercial farms in Dangur Wrrcda and Pa we Wcicda arc also involved in crop marketing
6A0 Agro-Processing Enterprises
•According to information collected at Zone level, there arc no agro-processmg enterprises in Awi Zone and Merekd Zone
-H F4SR03A I’r I Summary Report fl)
49
13 Man 2(H JFrJrra/ Dtnroimfic ofEdw/W. Mfm/try if Water gad Rang
EthtytJ* Nik Im^ahoa sad Dnatggt Payee?
6.11 Nurseries
'rhe number of government-managed and pnvitc nurseries in the 34 kebeles situated in the four SDAs is shown in 'Fable 6-8.
Table 6-8: Nurseries
SDA Number
of
kebeles
Number of nuneriei
(iovenimcnl-
managed
Private
I A-Ill
16
28 (3 kebeles;
IV & v
22
2]
29 (7 kebeles
Source Werrcb offices
Note. Total number of 34 kebeles tn project iro bcciusc District 2 Village 17 Kcbcle p located HI • ♦ in SDA J and 19% m SDA IV and Drstnct 2 Vdfagr 1 ii k<aicd 25% m SDA III and 25% tn SDA X I louHchttkh. population «cd total kebclc area has lxm adjusted accordingly
According to information provided by the ARD wereda offices, a total of 57 private nursenn exist in 10 kebeles in the four SDAs. A government-managed nursery is located in D 2 Village 12 Krbele in Pawe Wereda and Deq Zercgcnei Kebcle tnjawi Wereda.
6.12 Ranking and Credit
6.12.1 Commmia! and Dei v fopmen t Ranh
There air no branch offices of commercial or development banks tn rhe 34 kebeles located in the four SDAs. The nearest branch office of a bink is in the town of Chagni at a distance of up to 100 km for the households in the 16 surveyed kebclcs
612.2 Mtcro-I'tttanan^ Iniftfa traits
There is a branch office of the micro-finance insntutions slmhanj Cndtf and Saving Institute (ACSI) in Fendika town A branch office of the BcninshanguJ Gumuz Micro-Finance Compal is located in Mambuk town and Pawe lown.
(a) Amhara Credit & Saving Institution
The Amhara Credit At Saving Association (ACSI) was formal!) established in 1995 as a non bank financial share companv The government holds 20% of the shares and the remaining 80% of the shares arc owned bv local NGOs and development organisations, including the Amhara Development Association (ADA) and the Organisation for Rehabilitation and Development of Amhara (ORDA) The primary mission of ACSI is to improve the economic situation of low-income, productive poor people in the Amhara region through increased access to lending and saving services.
AC .SI has been very successful in providing small loans for income-genera ting actmdes to the rural population, whereby groups usualh are formed IO guarantee the rep^-ment Of loans obtained by individual group members. ACSI has 183 branch offices and about 7 350 employees throughout ANRS and it provides financial services to 860,000 clients of whom 500,000 are benefiting from credit services, 300,000 clients have saving accounts and th •
UH H SR03A Pr I Sumnun Rcpon (1’
1
50
13 May 2011Jv/frjw/
RrfaMt a* Mxtrtty fi/'TTjfJfr jff^Etjrp
Etterfwr* .V7A Irrrtpfw Hid Dwa# Fryerf
remaining 60,000 clients receive pension service. About 50% of the total clientele consists of women.
ACST offers short-irrm loin* (I to 2 years) and long-term loans (3 lo 5 years). The loan amounts range from ETB 1,000 to ETB 5,000. The major form guarantee is “group collateral" consisting of 5 to 7 group members from rhe same krbde and preferably from lhe same village, who are jointly responsible for die repayment of the loan obtained by one of its members More than 90% of ihc outstanding loans is provided with "group collateral"
"Hie ACS] branch office in Fendika town is active in all 26 kcbcles of Jxwi Wcrcda. A total of 4,300 savings accounts have been opened with a toial deposit of ETB 6.4 million. At the end of December 2009, 4,106 person* had obtained a loan and the total amount of outstanding loan was ETB 10.6 million ACS! provides the following three types of loans for farmers: i) nnc-year loan for purchase of oxen with j maximum of ETB 3,000 and an annual interest rate of 18° «; ii) one year loan for sheep fattening with a maximum amount of ETB 3,000 and an annual interest rate of 18%; and ui) rwn-year loan for the purchase of morot pump with i maximum amount of ETB 4,200 and an annual interest rate of 13%. There are no medium- and long-term loans available for farmers Reportedly! less than 1% of the lenders defaulted
(b) BemnshanguJ-Gumua Micro f inance Company
There is a branch office of the Beninshangul-Gurnuz Micro-Finance Company is in Pawr town and it is operational in 19 of the 20 kebelcs of Pawr Wercda. A total of I 18 persons have opened a voluntary saving account, including 51 women, and the total saving amount is ETB 1.85 million. There are 3,486 lenders, including 66^ women, and the total amount nf outstanding loans is EIB 4.99 million ar rhe end of December 2009.
In addition to input loans, farmers also have access to Joans for purchasing oxen with a maximum amount of ETB 5,000 and an annual interest is J 2.5%. l oans arc provided on the basts of group collateral with 3 to 7 persons per group, 12% compulsory saving and payment of 1.5% ma insurance- The branch office also provides petty trader loans and asset loans for house construction. The reported default rate is 30%.
6.f2.3 Uj t o/Crtdr iMOjg Swtytd I IwmbM
The proportion of surveyed households having obi nurd i loan during the last 10 years in the 16 surveyed kebcJes is shown in Table 6 9
Table 6-9: lorticjn of surveyed HHs obtained loans
SDA
Number of
surveyed
kebcles
Proportion of
surveyed HHs
obtained loans
I A III
7
25% to 63%
IV AV
9
15% to 85%
i'8 kebciesi
Sourer, household surveys
I B 1'4 SR.0IA Pi 1 Summary Report (1}
51
13 May 2011Ftdtni Dtfm.ruft. Jtyito.' tf&htapM. Mmitfn at Water an<i F*t*iy I j' eioCtav Nt/e Im^iOOa and Dnsiagt Prytrf
In 15 of the 16 surveyed kebeles. 15% ro 85% of the surveyed households reported m b
o ttln
least one loan during the last 10 years, mainly from die savings & credit association. The surveyed households got short term loans, which were mainly used: i) purchase of oxen and cows; ii) procurement of agricultural inputs; in) trade, and/or iv, renting land. The surveyed households usually had to pay an annual interest rate of 18% to 19% for loans obtained fion. ACSI, whereas the B-G Micro-Finance Company charges 10% to 13% per year as interest
According to the female participants of the thematic focus group meeting:- on gendrr issues in the 16 sunned kebeles. women do not have access to credit in three suneved kebeles.
Reportedly, indebtedness is a problem in five of the 16 surveyed kcbelcs located (partially) in the four SDAs.
Farmers’ access to short-, medium- and long-term credit will support agricultural development in the four SDAs. To support farmers’ access to credit, it is suggested
• Formation and capacity building of savings & credit associations in each kcbele with the support of both micro-finance institutions;
• Supply of farm machinery and equipment as well as improved breeding stock to farmers on credit basis through the service cooperatives; and
• Provision of seed capital to both micro-finance institutions for the supply ot mcdruin- and long-term loans to households in the four SDAs.
6.13 Agricultural Extension And VeterinA/y Services
63)3 Availability of Agncuiturtil Exteitno* Senias
According to provided wereda data, 33 of the 34 kebeles has one or more DAs. but only 8 kebdcs have a FTC
In 15 of the 16 surveyed kebeles, 90% to 100 of the surveyed households reported to have frequent contact (more than 5 times) with the DAs throughout the year. In the sun-eyed kebeles, (he female participants of die thematic focus group meetings on gender issues stated that women have access to extension services in 14 of the 16 surveyed kebeles
Almost all sun eyed households consider the services provided by tile DAs to be good. In general, the DAs do not have access to reference books and they have insufficient budget and training materials ro undertake all necessary rxtension and training activities within their respective kebeles.
In (he 16 kebeles, 88% to 100% of the surveyed households also slated that extension services on crop production are available, mainly from the DAs but also from ARD wereda staff
6312 I etemar) Sernas
Jn 14 of the 16 surveyed kebeles. 85% to 100% of the surveyed households reported to have access lo veterinary services, which is mainh provided by the animal health technician ar kebcle
UH H SR03A Pt 1 Summary Rrpnrr (I)
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13 May 2011FnofrW RtrMrtjTjfafid, Mim/fy if>trfMiEmrg} 1-f^tfx.m N» fn#un*< Mil Pnr^r p^f
6 J X i
level- In Buni-Jira Kebcle (Jawi Wereda}, however, only 20% of the surveyed households reported to have access ro veterinary services
In 15 of the 16 surveyed kebelw, 40% to 100% of the surveyed households stated that veterinary drugs are available, mainly from private and government-man aged suppliers veterinary clinic and/or ARD wrreda staff. In Ankasha Munget K crick (South Achcfer Wereda) only 5% of the surveyed households reported to have access to veterinary drugs.
In 11 of the 16 surveyed krbcles, 5% to 33% of the surveyed households reported to have access to improved breeding stock for poultry, which is provided by the ARD wrreda staff in Deq town.
(aj Agricultural Extension
Tn ensure ihat farmers in the four SDAs have access to adequate and effective agricultural extension services required for the development of productive and sustainable irrigated agriculture, the capacity of the existing agricultural extension services in the protect should be strengthened by:
• Pm vision of regular in-service training for all subject man er specialists and CAtensmn staff at wrreda and kebde level (Le. DAs) tn order to enhance and update their necessary technical and extension skills and knowledge, tn particular with regard to irrigated agriculture;
• Provision of essential facilities fie, reference books, training materials, tools and equipment} and fuffident budget to the DAs to ensure the execution of all necessary training courses, trial* and demonstrations; and
• F.siablishmetU of effective linkages between the Pawe Research Centre and the extension staff at wereda and kcbdc level for the successful introduction of new seed vane hrs for existing crops as well as new commercial and/or industrial crops in the four SDAs.
(b) Veterinary Services
livestock production is an import uni economic activity for roost fanning households in the four SDAs. At present, the lives lock owners using the extensive communal grazing lands to graze their animals One of the impacts of the development of the irrigation scheme will be a significant reduction of the communal grazing land as they will be used for irrigated crop production. To ensure (hat livestock owners will have access to sufficient animal feed and to maximise the productivity, the production of (irrigated) fodder, the proportion of improved breeds as well as existing animal husbandry practices and health if sues must be addressed It is important that livestock owners have (improved) access to adequate and effective veterinary service and the following activities are suggested:
• Provision of regular in service training for ill concerned veterinary staff at wrreda and krbelc level in order ro enhance and update their technical and extension skills and knowledge;
U H J-4 iHUlJA Pl 1 SitnunaTy Report (1J
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11 May 20]!ptdtnil Dtmwfic Rt^ubac nf Ethiopia. .Mtnt/tr, tfUFalrroitd E"igy Ethiopian i\/if Im&tion and Pran^t Prtfftr
• Provision of sufficient budget, necessary tools and equipment as well as apprnp^ training and extension materials to the DA* required for the provision of efFeefiv* fanners* training courses in feed production and improved livestock husbandry;
• Development of appropriate training and extension packages related to improved livestock husbandry; and
• Promotion of the cultivation of irrigated fodder crops and planting of fodder ucei around the Fields.
(c) Fishery
There are suitable area in Upper Belts area for the development of aquaculture using the warmer water from the hydro power plant. One ha of low technology aquaculture in earthen ponds can produce 30 ton of fish per annum By-products of the agriculture sector could be used as feed for the fish and the water from the ponds can service to fcrti-irrigate the crops. Algae produced with chicken manure can used to feed Blue Nile Tilapia. h is estimated that a total of 800 to 1,000 ton of fish could he pr«>ducrd per year-'
6.14 Sources of Energy
According to information provided by the wereda offices and collected during the thematic focus group meetings. 12 of the 34 kebdes situated in the four SDAs are connected to the electricity gnd
The main source of energy- tor lighting among the surveyed household* is shown in Table 6-10. Table 6-10: Main sources of energy for hghtening
SDA
Number of
surveyed
kebelea
Electricity
Oil tamp
Bantry
Fire
Bin
7
25 to 90%
(4 kcbdei;
10% m 96%
7% to 40% (6 kebdes)
10%
(1 kebele)
l rv & v
9
1
5% to 80* •
(4 kcbclei)
10% lo 60%
10% to 80%
0%
JI
Source, household surveys
In eight of the 16 surveyed kebdes, 5% to 90% of the surveyed households reported to have access to dectndtv to light their houses, whereas oil lamps art used by 10% to 96% of the surveyed households in all 16 kebdes. Battery lights provide light in die houses of 7% to 80% of the surveyed households in 15 kebdes
Wood is the main source of energy for cooking, which is usually fetched around the villages and trees around the houses and in the fields at a distance of 1 to 8 km. Only 5% f surv eyed
o
households in two surveyed kebdes in Pawe Wereda reported the use of dung as a source of
energy due to limited access/shortage of fuel wood. A limited number of also use crop residue as energy source for cooking
surveyed household5
• i-'uroconiuh Mow MacDonald (May 2flU9};p 149-150.
UBF4SR0JA Pt I Summary Report fl)
54
B May 2011Krt *Wrr of I-stoopM, Ahmtlfy of ITattr jwa E-!**£,■
1
1
EfAjwfr-w j\j> Irrtfirtr™ and PraMrtip PrttrJ
Fuel saving stoves arc used by 5% in 25% of the surveyed households in the three surveyed kebdes lq Dingur, 65% to 100% of flic surveyed households in the eight surveyed kebelc* in [aui XX’errda, and 5% to 15% of the surveyed households in three surveyed kebdes in Piwc
Wcreda Fuel-siving stoves ire nor used in Ankasha Mungct Kebde (South Achefer Wrredsi) and District 1 Village 4 Kebdc rPawe Wereda).
The fuehsaving stoves arc introduced and promoted by the local I lBWs in ihc surveyed kebeles.
B !’4 SRoy\ Pf j Summaiy Report fl.)
55
13 May 2011t’rrirr^
ft ttiap.ii A'r> wtd 
Aftatrfry of IFafrr an4 Enrtp
PrrvJ
identified constraints related to community and INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Identified Conftnioft and fame* refuted tn Community Development
Based on rhe data and information collected during the thematic focus group meetings and household surveys as well as the data and information obtained from the wrreda offices, a number of constraint and issues has tarn identified.
pjfaiafw* and HuM
The following issues have been identified:
• Literacy rate among adult male population in the 16 surveyed kebclcs ranges from 20% to "5° e agamst 5% to ^0% lor the adult frmale population; and
• Major health problems are malaria, typhoid, diarrhoea and/or internal parasites.
7,1.2 Ljotd Ttrrurr:
\X iih regard to land tenure, the following issues and constraints have been identified:
r
•
Proportion of landless households in 15 of the 16 surveyed kcbeles ranges from 7%
io 35%;
•
I lousehold have fragmented landholdings with 1-3 co 2 8 plots, and
•
Registration of land use rights is ongoing in ihe surveyed krbeles in J awl Wereda
and South Achefer Wereda, buT it has not started in the surveyed krbcles in Bangui
Wereda and Pa we Wereda
7.1.3 
and 1 food Mg;
:
The followi
ng two environmental constraints have bcm identified.
♦
Waterlogging is a problem in 14 of the 16 surveyed kcbclcs with 10% 
tn 70° o of
the surveyed households affected; and
•
10% to 45% of the surveyed households in 15 of the 16 surveyed kebe
les reported
problems with flooding.
7.14 
Po/Me IFa/nr
With regard
to access io clean and safe potable water, rhe following issues
and constraints have
been identified;
• 4% to 65% of the sun-eyed households fetch water from local streams in 14 of the 16 surveyed kebeles;
• 4% to 45% of the surveyed households in 10 of the 16 surveyed kcbclci fetch water from unprotected spring,
• In 8 of the 16 surveyed kebeks, 5% to ”8% of the surveyed households fetch poiable water from open wells.
• Quality of fetched potable water reportedlv is not good tn 5 of the 16 surveyed
kcbdcs
• 5% io 45% of ihe surveyed household in 5 of the 16 sun-eyed kebeles reported tn experience water shortage.
• Majority of the surveyed households in 15 of rhe 16 surveyed kebelrs reported the use of a toilet for last 2 lo 10 years.
|>4 SkOlA Pt | Suflunirr RrfMKi (1)
57
13 Mar 2011Efdtrd Dmauti. tyM •fEthipia. Mtmttri oflTattraiufEiHD
Hfhuptan Nile Imytim and Druiiqgt P/vtta
7.1.5 Vann Supplier. Marketing and Credit
’i’hc following constraints concerning the supply of farm inputs, marketing and access tocr^ have been identified
• 15 of the 34 kebeles situated in the four SDAs arc not accessible by an all-wcathc:
road;
• Only one of the 16 surv eyed kebeles has a public transport service to the nearest urban centre.
• 16 of the 34 kebeles do not have a weekly market,
• 21 of the 34 kebeJcs do not have their own service cooperative;
• Ianuted number of marketing agencies in both Zones and no agro processing enterprises;
• Savings A credit associations have not been established in 29 of the 34 kebeles situated in the four SDAs; and
• 10% to 85% of the surv eyed households in 15 of (he 16 surv eyed kebeles obtained a loan during the last 10 years, mainly from the savings A credit association.
7.1.6 Poverty and I :ood Sewnt)
'Hie poverty situation in the six surveyed kebeles is as follows;
• 10% to 80% of all households in the 16 surveyed kebeles arc considered to be p<x of which 5% to 20% are considered to be extremely poor;
• 8% to 50° o of the female-headed households are considered to be poor, of which 3% to 30°o is considered to be extremely poor; and
• 10% to 80% of all households in the 16 surveyed kebeles are food insecure.
7.2 Identified Consmuntr and Issuer with regard to Institutions! Development
The following in vatu non al constraints and issue have been identified
• WRD wereda office tn Jawi Wereda is seriously understaffed and it has a shortage of vehicles and insufficient budget,
• ARD wereda office in Jawi Wereda has many vacancies and a shortage of vehicles and budget as well as lack to access to improved technologies;
• ARD wereda office in Dangur Wereda lacks vehicles and it has insufficient staff;
• ARD wereda office in Pawr Wereda lacks qualified staff and it has a shortage of vehicles and budget as well as a lack io lccess to improved technologies;
• DAs do not have access to reference books and they have insufficient budget, tools equipment and training materials to undertake all necessary extension and training activities tn their kebeles.
• Subject matter specialists in the wereda offices and the DAs do not receive regular in-service training aimed at enhancing their skills,
• 33 of the 34 kebeles have one or more DAs; DAs lack promotion opportunities;
27 of the 34 kebeles do not have a FTC;
12 of the 34 kebeles do not have veterinary staff;
(.ommunal grazing land is poorly managed by the Kcbele
.....
the 16 surveyed kebeles, and
'-ouncu in at least 9 oi
.
n
r
Community forests arc poorly managed in at least 9 of the 16
surveyed kebeles
UH IM SR0JA I .Summary Report {1}
58
13 May 2011J5 .''ArtjPw- Afw/w *f VTtjfrr jh J E for M* JnrfirtM Drw*<r Pn^.7
8
81
SUBPROJECT INTERVENTIONS
in traduction
In addition hi the* rerommended subproject interventions related to crop production. livestock production, land and watershed management and forestry (see SR-02B, SR-02C. and bR-02D), community development subprojects to improve the socio-economic status and welfare of households in and around the scheme area as well as a subproject tor institutional strengthening of key local / scheme level stakeholders, such as service cooperatives, have been identified.
As the benefits from irrigated agriculture development project* tend to be proportional to the size of farmers' land holding with the relatively well off caprunng most of the benefits, the community development subprojects will be focussed on the landless, farmers with very small Land holdings, female-headed household* and indigenous peoples
The recommended community development and institutional strengthening subprojects therefore comprise; (i) improved access to potable water and sanitation; (ii) improved hemth conditions; fiii; improved access to energy sources; (fv) development nf off-farm income generating activities and credit provision; (v) livelihood support for indigenous peoples; and (v) support for local institutions.
During project implementation, these subprojects may be varied, mixed and matched according to specific needs of the local interim nous and households in the four SDAs and following docussions with the communities. The main purpose of packaging interventions as subprojects
is tu provide structure and cost estimates tn this aspect of project design
The synergy between the selected sub-projects anti rhe main project is (1) to ensure a more productive, healthier and literate work force fti) to mitigate any adverse health rffecis resulting from Lhe project c,g- on water quality (iii) to create time for more productive activities particularly for women (e,g. reducing the drudgery of water and fuel collection) (iv) to provide a safety net (i.c alternative income) id those who benefit less from irrigation fe.g. recipients of minimum land allocations and small farm households) (v) to strengthen local administration for rhe ex creme challenge of project implemcntition.
h u worth adding that these "peripheral" social projects are often added icj projects which require the cummumtscs io contribute to something perceived as "public" investment: for example the creation of public goods such as improved water quality and reduction of pollution from soil erosion which result from SWC and watershed managernent project* Ihcy are a
hook " to try1 to ensure partKipanon With irrigation development such a strategy should not be necessary, because smallholder incomes arc expected to increase an overall right times as a result of irrigation investment, which is largely paid for government Nor with-standing, not i|] smallholders will bene fir to this extent (and as a result some may bene fir more) therefore service support has to be directed to those which receive a smaller share of project benefits — specifically women and children, "indigenous M peoples and those with the smallest land alicMzauons Further, the communities will experience a time lag of several years between the initiation of project implementation and the full benefit stream. Ihere should be compensation for the social and economic disruption experienced du nog this rime.
H I ‘ISkDlA l ( 1 S'jmmjjy Report (!)
s
5?
13 May 2011Vtdrral Dmmrtc fapMc of Ethnpia, Mtwfr, of Waftr and Entf&
lifhopa/i Nik Irrigation and Drantugt Prytrt
8.2 Improved Access to Potable Water and Sanitation (CD-I)
To improve the access to clean and safe potable water and sanitation, it is recommended that the following subproject interventions should be implemented.
• Assessment of the condition and works required to restore the potable water suppk system built under die Tana Beles project to (fully) operational condition and, if restoration of (all / pan) of the system was technically viable assessment of the
required institutional O&M arrangements,
•
Protection of existing potable water sources, such as open wells and unprotected
springs, including the provision of fences to keep animals away;
•
Introduction and promotion of the use of low-cost water treatment technologies st
household level, such as (sand/ceramic) filters and solar water purification using
plastic water bottles,
•
Improvement of the OAcM of existing P\VS schemes, including the formation and
training of WMCs;
•
Introduction and promotion of the construction of wafer harvesting (roof-top)
structures at household level, and
•
Promotion of (he construction of toilets through awareness campaigns,
demonstrations and health extension programmes
8. J Improved Health Conditions (CD-2)
Malaria is prevalent due to mosquitoes breeding in standing water as well us the lack of effective malana control and use of preventive measures, such as bed nets. Typhoid and diarrhoea are due io lack of access to clean potable water and sanitation.
The repined water-borne health problems will be addressed by a range of training capacity building and infrastructure construction support measures. Improved health will result in increased productivity and improved quality of life.
To address water-borne health problems for rural households the following activities are suggested:
• Raising awareness and knowledge among the rural population about appropriate methods to prevent and control malana, including the promotion of the u*e of (impregnated) bed nets,
• Prevention of standing water by improving drainage in- and outside the villages:
• Improvement of access to clean and sale potable water through the protection of existing open potable water sources, such as shallow wells and unprotected springs;
• Provision of regular in-service training for the HEWs at kehde level in order to enhance and update their technical and extension skills; and
• Implemrntanon oi comprehensive health extension programme to enhance the knowledge of men and women about the prev ention and treatment of most common health problems
l JH F4 SR03A Pt I Summary Rcp»rt (I)
60
13 May 201’flf FWr and fa’wrp-
f£/A^f<r M* frn>JW* nnd IJrx^r PtyrJ
improved Access to Energy Sources (CD-3)
At present households hive sufficient access tn fuel wood which ii the mnn source of energy for cooking, and collected at a distance of 1 8 km from their homesteads. I lowcver access to fuel wood miv reduce due to the development of the irrigation project as land is cleared for irrigated agriculture and with the envisaged increase in number' of households in die project
*rra There ire private and / or government managed nurseries in seven of the 22 krbeles in
the left hank projrct area.
To ensure that rhe households in Areas IV and V have sufficient access to energy sources, subproject interventions will include
• Promotion of the development of tree plantation with fast-growing spreies as well as the planting of trees around houses and fields as well as along the major irrigation canals and drains.
• Promotion of the establishment of private nurseries;
• Introduction and promotion of the use of improved, energy efficient stoves with smoke chimneys; and
• Intn»duction and promotion of alternative energy sources, such as biogas, solar and / or wind energy
tf.S Dfirlopmf'or of Off"-farm Income Generating Activities and Credit Provision (CD-4)
At present up to 29% of households axe landless, and 43% of households have access to less than 1.11 ha of land.
A relatively small proportion of mostly poor household* tn the protect area engage in off-farm income generating activities, such as handicrafts (it. weaving, tailoring and pottery’), home Indus tries (eg. brewing talk). transport and petty trade.
Poor households predominantly earn incomes as tenants (sharecroppers) or through provision of manual labour. Increased cropping intensities and livearock production will improv e on-farm and off-farm livelihood opportunities for poor and not so-poor alike. This sub-project will support training and demonstrations as W'cll as the provision of equipment and facilities through micro-credit facilities to individuals and groups who wish tn takr up off-farm incomc- generanng activities.
Saving* & credit associations have nor been established in all kebdes in the study area Farmers however have access to short term loans provided by ACSI and the B-G Micro-Finance Company in Fcndika and Pa we respectively.
This sub-project will;
• Budd awareness io inform the "puor and vulnerable" fix, landless and female headed) households of available project support for off-farm income generating
activities;
• Provide training and technical support tn poor households to develop viable ind witainable off farm income generating activities;
Un m srmj
\ I’t 1 Summary Report fl)
61
13 .Mas 201!Ftdeu Dtmoirrt'c Rfpubti. if Ethiopia, Mni/tn of Water ard F.ntrg,
Ethiopia Nik 1 marten and Draiaap Pnyr.t
Provide micro-credit to poor households to invest in sustainable off-fann
activities.
Off-farm activities supported under the sub-project could include, for example: handicrafts fu weaving and pottery), small business (eg. retail shop, trading), transport services, fishing, apiculture, repair of farm implements (lc blacksmith), carpentry and crop processing.
8.6 Indigenous Peoples / Original Inhabitants Support (CDS)
l*he Agew and Gumuz people arc indigenous (le orgmal inhabitants) to the Belcs Valley. While the Agew remain the dominant group in some of the Jaui kebeles, they and the Gumuz have been mostly displaced in Pawc by settlements of Amhara peoples over the last feu- decades
A5 they arc indigenous to the area the Agew and Gumuz people “own” relatively large tracts of land. However under (he proposed project those with lands within designated irrigable areas will have their large holdings substantially reduced Further delineation of land use within rhe project area to, for example, (communally managed) grazing, tv preserve environmental habitats and natural llora and fauna, for tree plantations, etc. as well as for irrigated agriculture by both smallholders and commercial farms, will adversely affect the Gumuz peoples traditional way of earning livelihoods, particularly hunting and food gathering Ihe Agew will be less affectrd as they already practice livestock - cropping agriculture, similar to the Amhara peoples
’rhe Gumuz are particularly unlikely to benefit from the proposed project without supportive measures as their livelihoods are traditionally based on primitive and extremely low productive agriculture, producing for home consumption, and on hunting, wild honey, roots and fruits gathering and charcoal production. Cultivation is a shifting hoe culture, locally known as “tubba” and "kancha”, where different areas are cultivated each year. They keep feu* (large ruminant) livestock.
This subproject mil support affected indigenous peoples, particularly the Gumuz, to adapt by encouraging their adoption of modern crop and irrigation practices, as well as supporting alternative income generating schemes (such as modem apiculture) as well as schemes to alleviate women’s dispiopordonate hird work load.
X 7 Support for Loc»J fostitudoof (CD-6)
All local institutions concerned with implementation of the project and achievement of
expected benefits will need strengthening to have well equipped and motivated staff with adequate budgets ar wcreda and kcbclc level. Support for agnail rural and livestock (veterinary,1 services are provided under the crop *nd livestock subproiccts. and support for institutions concerned with resettlement and compensation will be provided under the resettlement and
land consolidation component of the project
This subproject is therefore concerned with the strengthening of
particularly the Service Cooperatives.
' “nport’nt wsntutions.
I IB M SR03A Pt 1 Summary Report (I)
62
13 Mar 201!fapMr tf EJfafinL M/trrfn flf ITjf/e mJ Eanp
££
NOf IrrtfM* Drt*^ P^rirrf
Other than irrigation system opera don and main rc nance which will be earned out by water user groups / arsoriatinns organised by hydraulic until, crop and livestock production activities will largely be facilitated / carried out by the service cooperatives established at kebelc level. Service cooperatives arc typically particularly concerned with: (i) provision of agricultural inputs and farm equipment; (ii) marketing of agricultural produce including provision of pocr information to farmers; (iu) processing of agricultural produce, such as flour mills or bagging / packing facilities; and (iv) prnvuinn of credit. Currently onlv some of the kebelcs in the project area
have estabbshrd effective service cooperatives. Constraints to functioning and establishment of effective cooperatives include Lack of facilities (it warehouses] and equipment. skilled operatives, capital and business ph ns. This subproject will address these constraints to cooperative performance and functioning and support formation of new cflecnvc cooperatives in all kebeles in the project area.
Eftimtied Subproject Cost#
The estimated costs for the implementation of the aforementioned community development subprojects are summarised in Table ft-1, and total ETB 35-2 million. L’Sf 2.1 million over nine years. Dus equates to just ETB 55(3 / ha or33 US|/ha over the net irrigable area of 63,871 ha.
T able 8-t: Enim ated co mm u n its development subproject CO6«
Nr
Community development «ubprofect
Estimated Coft
ETB
US$
CD-I
Improved Access !o Potable W ater and Sanitation
9,600.000
575.000
CD-2
Improved Health Canditiuns
3,300/100
198.000
CD-3
Improved Acta J to Energy Sources
3,300.000
198.000
CD 4
Development of Off-form Income Genera ting Activities and Credit PrnvuKHi
9,000.000
539.000
CD-5
indigenous Peoples (original inhabitant!,! Support
4,000.000
240.000
CD 6
Support for Local Irunrunons
6,000,000
359,000
Total
35,200,000
2,108,000
I’jchangE nair? 1 [JS5 = hTB 16,7 (15* Dseember 2UI ij;
1 H F4 SH03A ]*t 1 Summary Report (1}
63
13 May 2011IHf»^w
REFERENCES
Aryiib Sugar Investment
PLC (200ft)
BCEOM June 1997)
-tfwwfry tfFjtor Ewqp
Pty*/
Prcliminarr Assessment nf Upper Heirs Area for Sugarcane Investment
Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Mister Plan Project — Phase 1 Reconnaissance^ Section II - Sectoral Studies. Volume I — Natural Resources, Energy and Power
BCEOM (June 1997) Abbav River Basin Integral rd Development Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Recotinaisunre. Section IE — Sectoral Studies,, \ olume ll — VC tier Resources. Part 4 Irrigation and Drainage
BCEOM (June 199*7) Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Project — Phase 1 Rewnnussance, Section Tit — Sectoral Studies, Volume TH — Agriculture, Part 3 Agriculture
BCEOM (June 1997)
Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Muter Plan Project - Phase 1 ReconnaiMiancc, Section 111 — Sect oral Studies, V olumc IV —
Envixonment/Soao-Econnmy, Part 2 Demography Sociology
BCEOM [November 1998) Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Secuon ]| -Seaoral Studies, Volume V - Water Resources Development. Part 1 — Irrigation Al Drainage
BCEOM (November 1998) Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Section Il - Sectoral Studies, Volume X — hand Resources Development, Parr 3 — Land Cover / Land Use
BCEOM (November 1998} Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Section 11 — Sectoral Studies, Volume X — Land Resources, I Jrvelopment, Part 5 —
Agio-Ecology
BCEOM (November 1998) Abbay Riser Basin Master Plan Project — Phase 1 Recon nus since, Section 11 - Sectoral Studies, Volume XI - Land Resources Development, Part 6 —
Agriculture
B C EO M (N ovember 1998) Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Seetinn II — Sectoral Studies, Volume XII — Land Resources Development. Part 7
— Livestock
BCEOM (November 1W8) Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Section Il - Sectoral Studies, Volume XIII - Environment, Pan 2 — Health and
Epidemiology
1 h s,to3A Pt 1 Summary Rrp*rt J)
65
BMjr 2011Etdrrjl Demoirurii Rtpttbif of Ethiopia, Mimjfr) of H attr and Ew$
Efbiopun Niif Jmgfifiofi and DnnM^t Pry erf
BCEOM (November 1998) Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance
II - Sectoral Studies, Volume XIV - Demography & Sociology
BCEOM (November 1998) Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Secty, 11 - Sectoral Studies, Volume XX’ - Agro-Socio-Economic Survey md
Analysis
BCEOM (November 1998) Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance. S<xti> II - Sectoral Studies. Volume XVI - Infrastructure, Part 3 - Water Suppi
Ar Sanitation
BCEOM (November 1998' Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Scctxx II - Sectoral Studies, Volume XVT - Infrastructure, Part 4 - Roads and
Transport
BCEOM (November 1998) Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Sccrioi II - Sectoral Studies, Volume XVI - Infrastructure. Part 5 - Energy
BCEOM (April 1999) Ab bar River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 3. Volume • Main Report
Gebre Y (2002)
Euroconsult .Mott
MacDonald (2009)
Differential Re-establishment of Voluntary and Involuntary Migrants, lhe Case of MctcJccl Settlers in Ethiopia; In African Study Monographs 23 (1
‘Pana Bclcs Integrated W ater Resources Development Project, Draft Pinal Report Volume I - Main Report
Salim Constnitton (1989) Tana Bclcs Project
Tahal Consulting Engineers, Consultancy for IdcntiEcauon of Irrigation and Drainage Projects in die
a.o (2006)
N’ilc ^a5ln w Ethiopia; Revised Final Report
t’H ! 4 SR03A Pf 1 Summary Report (I)
;
66
13 May 2011Ft*W DtvMfc
ZEtfnjtot. .V/w/rj of If j^r
EfbipW Nr A Imp/fa idDmiqr Pnyrrf
it
ANNEX A
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT SUBPROJECTS
i.
i
i * i’l - Surrtman- Repent (I)
13 May 2011Wrjf r>f**rjfh RaM- oflz/fapta. Mift/ f' r) of IFa/rr wd King Etinpuin Atf jtJ Dui# PnpfMubty tffTatrr m h wT.
* airii Drurn^t FVnw-T
____ CD-!: Improved Accen to Potable Water and Saniwioo_______________ _____ The project irea for rhe Upper Belts scheme covered 138JS7 ha mJ extended over M krbelcs
Ln (. wtrtdas in Am Zww of ANRS ind Merekel Zone of Benirwhuinul-Gumux MRS The TouJ net irryablr wen b fcJ.R'J ha, of Which 31.509 ha in located on the nftht hank and J2J62 ha u rm lhe left bulk
The major concentration* of seEttemrnts within the project area are around rhe towm of Fcndlka. Pawc and VC crk Mcda. Both Fendika ind Pawr ire surrounded bv settlement kcbcles
r
?
Subproject
Background
ci’abfahcd under government resettlement programmes from: (2) 199^ 2iW; and fu) |9HS carlv 10005 The latter programme was pan of the ambitious (ana Bele* project where icrtieirtcnt etrublnhment was accompanied bv enrnwvr con*inaction ot JI weather roads, (two) large piped pohihle water supply systems (now largely defunct), supparr for rain fed crop and Lives lock development, and alio lbuut 4U0 ha of irrigation development in SDA I It
The pupuJjT'cm density m The study (and protect) area is highly variable, varying from iust 15 persons/km to over 200 perron*/km-. The lowest population density occurs in stage ar el* I-A ft IV-A ( h'eralL, for the whole propeci area the popuLanon densify about 46 persom/km3
Based an rhe data provided by the wcreda of fieri, the land uw in the M kebcles is a t follows: fi ? 37’« ti> 43% of J] land u cultivable, (u) B% to 35% of all land is grazing land. |iii) 12% to 41% of all land. ks forest; (iv) 1% to 5° a is waste Land; (vj 1% or 2% is used by houses and roads, and fvij Land ure is not clear for 4% 1© 13% of all land.
Findings concrming access to cion and safe potable water include the following:
■ 4* • to 65*» of the surveyed households fetch wafer from local sircams in 14 of die 16 surveyed kebeles;
• 4% to 45% of the surveyed. households in 10 of the 16 surveyed krbelet. fetch waler from unproteL-?ed ipnng;
• In 8 ot the 16 surveyed kebele*. 5% to 7B% of the surveyed households. fetch pertabk water from open wetls;
• Qualicy of fetched putable water is not good m 5 of the 16 surveyed kcbcles;
• 5% to 45% of lhe surveyed hourehcdd in 5 of the lb surveyed kebdes repotted to experience water shortage;
• Majority of the surveyed households in 15 of the 16 Surveyed kcbcles reported the ure of a :odet far List 2 to ID years, and
• female members of surveyed households fetch w^ter a distance of tierwcm 20 to 1,251 m two to three times per day.
Provision of unproved potable water nuppiv and sanitation to large numbers of househnldt in expanded /new kebek / werrda xtikmcMt (villages, u included in ihe resettlement ft land cons< kbdauon component ol the proposed project. This subproject will primarily urget assistance to ?he poor and vulnerable (l.e. female headed hrejsefcotds) and is jumfkd for all inclusive social development.
B I 4 SR03A Pt I Summary Report (1)
1J May 2013FnM KipvMr ifEltop* Mtnitn tflFJrr tri E *r& ILfhttphi Kih lrripao* mJ Drwtf i'*>j*f
Tide
Subproject
Rationale
Subproject
Objective^)
CD-I: Improved Accew to Potable Weiet and Sanitation
Poor health conditions arc related to poor / limited access to potable water and
improved (pit) todets. -Mso women in many households spend a lot of time collecting wu*
reducing tune fur other activities To improve health conditions and reduce the burden on
women of collecting potable water, this subproject will address the following constraints: (j)
poor quahty of fetched water, (ii) inadequate availability of improved / protected water
resources, fill) reduced access to potable water in years with less than normal rainfall, fiv) lo^ distances (> 0.5 km) to the nearest source of potable water; and (lv) limited access / use of improved (pit) toilets. ______________________________ __
To improve the access to nearby (<0.5 km) clean and safe potable water and sanitation for all rural households '.ivir;;; in or near rhe pt' c cr area. 
The activities of the subproject include:
• Protection of existing potable water sources, such as open wells and unprotected
spnngs. including the provision of fences to keep animals away,
• 
Introduction and promotion of the use of low-cost water treatment technologies u
household level, such as (sand/ceramic) filters and solar water purification using plas:
water buttles;
• 
Improvement of the (MkM of existing P\XS schemes, including the formation and
training of WMCs. and advice support for the construction of new (gravity) PWS
Subproject
Acn vines
schemes some of which may use water delivered from rhe canal irnganoc system.
• 
Introduction and promotion of the construction of water harvesting (roof top)
structures at household level;
• 
Construction of "off-line* watering structures for livestock as an integrated pan of I
design of the irrigation canal system; and
• 
Promotion of the construction and use of (improved pit) toilets through awareness
campaign and health extension activities.
Subproject
Implementation
Main Benefits and
Beneficiaries
A short (2-3 month preliminary) study to estimate the cost to rehabilitate the buried pipe waf< supply systems installed under the Tana Belts project (1985 to early 1990s) along with O&M
is also pro!
The subproject will be implemented over 9 years in the 34 kcbcles (partially) situated in projc area. Implementation modalities will include: (i) awareness campaigns; (ii) studies, design and construction / support for new/enstmg PWS schemes and (household) water hirvesung Mid (improved pt) toilet structures; ind (ui) demonstrations and training. Priority will he given to poor (landless), female-headed households and households having to fetch water a durance o more than 0 5km -
The expected benefits include:
• Hedthser population due to reduction of water borne health problems, such as diarrhoea, dysentery, vomiting / stomach problems and typhoid.
. Reduction of labour dan lost due to illness cause by water borne health problems:
• Reduced child mortality cates.
• Reduction of time spent by women collecting potable water for household
The main beneficiaries of the subproject will be all households bvinv m afV;
near rhe project
area-
UB F4 SR03A Pt 1 Summary Report (I)
2
13 May 201ftW DnmhWfi-
&n«pJ* l*r^aftw Uw^r Pj^hf
Afrwty j/iT jfflr jfrf Ewrrp
Tide
CD-I: Improved Afceu to Pouble Water and Sanitation
The estimated subproject cost is ETB 9,600,000.
<jbprui=ct Com
Implementing
Agencies
The num implementing age noct involved in the execution of the subproject are.
• WRD and ARD offices at wrrtda level;
• Health offices at wereda level;
• Krbete Councils;
• DAs;
• Health Extension Worked;
• NGOs; and
• Banks and/or MFIs.
Subproject
Performance
Monitoring
The performance of the subproject will be monitored according to the following indicators:
• Number of existing open wells and unprotected springs protected;
• Household coverage of (gravity) potable waler supplv schemes;
• Quality of fetched / provided water;
• Number of water management committees formed and/or trained.
• Child mortality rates; and
• Number/proportion of rural households using low-cost water treatment technologies;
and
• Number/proportion of rural households having an (improved pit' toilet-
Risks and
Unccruinixi
• Rural households arc not interested in low-cosr water treatment technologies and/ or
constructing toilets;
• Support for (new) PWS scheme works including construction of new PWS schemes, and for existing spring and well protection is lacking;
• Kebele Councils and/or rural households do not support the formation of water
management committees aimed at improved C^gM of
schemes.
^H|.4 5-RQ1j
A Pt 1 Summary Rcpon (1)
13 May 2Qt1fad™/9f Lxtwpu. Mutiny ylFurrmf&wp
frjfwpM Ntir aaJ Pnff'ffd^r Pyrt1
F.t^f i^** **J DrJ"* Pn> '-
Tiik
:2
Subproject
Background!
CD-2; Improved Health Condition__________ ____________________ ._______ ___________________ Tee project *m foe the Upper Bek* scheme covered 1.19.157 hi and extended trier >1 kcbe.cs in
wcredu in Awi Zone of AN RS snd Mctekd Zone of Hemnjhniff.il Gurnr NFS- The total ner
irrigable am is 63,871 ha. of which 31.509 h* is located on the right bank and 32,362 ha is txl the left
banfc-
Thc major cuixentranons of irflkmrflB within rhe Study irti ore iround the tmmi of Fendiki.
Pa»x and We A Xlrdj. Both Fendika and Pitre are mrrouridrd by leftlcmenf kcbclcs orxHished
under government rr’fccrtlcmenr pcngninmn from: (i) 1999-2000; and fu) 1935-early 199(k. The liJlrr
programme wax part of the imhtriouj Tam-Bclr% project where senkmenr establishment was
accompanied by extrusive construction of all-weather roads, (two) large piped potable water supply
tptemt (now largely defunct), support for mined crop and lArsrock development, and also about
4(10 ha of irrigation development in SDA III.
The pnpiilarwjn deruity in the study (and projecr) area, is highly variable, varying &pm |ust 15
pcv?ni/kffl to over 200 persons, km . The lowest populanon density ocrun in stage areas I-A A
IV-A f Overall, for rhe whole project area the population density is about 46 persons/ km*.
Based on the data prosided by the wereda offices, the land use in the 34 kcbrles is as follows: (i) 37%
to 43% of all land is cultivable; (u) 8% to 35% of all Land ti grazing land; (id) 12% to 41% of all land is forest; (iv) 1% to 5% is waste land, (v) 1% or 2* • n used by houses and mads; and (Vi) land use is not
clear for 4% to 13% of all land.
‘Ihc main health problems in the Study area include malaria, typhoid, diarrhoea and/or internal
parasites and skin diseases MaJana is caused by mnsquiloes breeding in standing water as well as rhe
lack of malaria control and use of preventive measures, such as bed nets, Typhoid, diarrhoea and
internal parasites are pnmanly due to lack of access to clean potable waler and sanitarion.
Health problem* are alio caused by (i) poor air quality inside the house due to use of open hres for cooking; (li) keeping Lives tuck inside he house during the night; and (ill) lack of knowledge on batic
health issues
There ire five health cmrres and 26 health posts in J awi Wereda, bur no hospital. In Dangur We re da,
their u we heslrh centre wd 11 hedrh posts ind. In Piwc there is one hospital. one health centre
and 12 health posts.
A.conkig to ;hc pirdapjnti of the ihemltfe focui group meetings, cvsencJ drug, anJ mcdiemes are available in only one of (he 16 surveyed krbeln
Provision of unproved HeJih futilities to lirpe numl^n of households *nd for the expanded /new kebclc , wereda rettJcments (villages) is beyond <hc scope of the proposed irrigation development project This subproject will pnmanh rwgei assutince Co the poor (i.e. landless and households with very small land holdings) and vubierabic (for example women headed households or households with disabili ties.) and is juirihed for all-tnidhisTve inoil development.
f’4 SR0J.\ pj ] Summary RqxMt (I)
3 May 2011JI
W //faglM
«r W «->~ «W4T /
1 QK2:!mp<mvd I Irahh Conditsom
pt«w beabh alfcxts the praduclmft of bcweboMt and their ibdffy tn earn rraarro,^^ f\wx heahh of wsdmdual* fn*m p *»f and vukseraMe brxrceboids who ctmt lack
r
hubpn w*
Ra’^tfudr
p»i fiu treatment t* of particular concern and mra<urrc to improve bea.th cnraArre., targeted at these group* Improved health wn3 rtvuh tn increased p^nibtaon actrrry a» mcD a* ^^po^ved cjjalrty of life.___________________________ _
To impone the health conditsons caused by arrf honx drseatea and tfjndmg trutr r -
z
Xjbpn^cxt
Aerrvor*
Sul^xTjjca Implemenranon
bexnefedd* in and an mind the pr«je< ’ >m __________________________ ______
lHc po-pnex! wmim« of the cub project me hade
• Rjvung iaumn» and krvmirdgr anonj the rural ppibraon about appr^orare prevent and control rrubni. including the promotion of the use of rrmpregrarrrf
at of typhoid, durrh«a and/or internal parasites and dun do rates
• PmTYitkxi of standing water by rncurmg effective dra.magt and flood prorecnon n :>>,
am.
• ImpfrnTTDm! of access to clean and cafe potable water through rhe prxrcrxi otc&n-, pots Nr water source*. such at ahaDow well* and unprotected spnngs (see nibproen CD;
• Promotion of construction and use of (pt) toilets to improve canfrarjnn around the Irani tnudr the village* see tultprojexf CD I).
• Introduction and promotion of improved. energy efficient stoves with exhausfs and cr An cleaner merge sources. such a* (bsojgat (arc subproject CD 5);
• Promotion of the use of shells to keep Inrrtfock outside the house during the wghr.
• Provision of regular tn service training for the Health Asststanit and Health f jtrn«r«Tai krliclc levrl m order to enhance and update their technical and eatrnuon ikiH*. and
• Implementation of comprehensive health extension programme to enhance the knowlnitt
mm and women about the j>rrtvntMHi am! treatment of <«<nmon health problem*________________________ The sub proved will I* implemented over 9 years in the protect am I he main implrmcr.ua*
modalities include (i) awareness campaigns, and (u) drmomtracxm* and training Pnorttv
will be
Io the (landless) and female lieadrd households
The expected benefits include
. Healthier population dur «° reduce tn nuUm. ., h.-d .nd .-her »,t,r home hed-
P
Mam Benefits and Beneficiaries
a. urll a. unprmvd h?1Pene md «r Muabn mode homeK md
. Reduction oflo.t bl«uc da?. cauwd by (-rrr
health problems
The main bencfkianes of the sub project utU tie p"»r and vulncratUc households bving m the •*’
arra___________________ — 
The estimated subproject cost is ETB JJCIO.(MX)
 _____ 
Sulpcoject Com
----------------------- - ---------------- in^ved »> lh
Tlx- num implcmcnimg .grocxi m
< ««««• of the lubp.O'eCt mt:
• 
Health office. »i urrcdi k'fl.
• 
ARD office. >! «rrd> Ir'1’1'
Irr.plrmrnting
Agencies
• 
Kebcle CrAincib;
• 
U>Mkrn. and
• 
Health Awtunts and Health l
• 
NGOt.
1 >' IM SR6VA l»t I Summiry Rrp<( f |)
2
IS May 20!IO** 
N-* >-^* **f rv**<r
*’£>***«* 
v VFjtr F *p-*-
T*g_____ ____ -—-—
I Ct> L (njpmrrd Health Oodiftatm
Fbe foOcnrirtg wdcitnn *tU hr w! nt rnnmrnr dw performance • if die rdrprartf gjteriTrrnreT*
• Number/ pcvpfjmnn of br«*eh<ddi unrig t imprepMmE bed netw;
k
• Prevalence nrrt «f mahimi. frphnid and ether ’infer btttw tliseaier.
• N umber/propoffkm &f r*<xne*wild’i u.tmg ;rnprtrred rtrrro* ■v *’h »h*w* t*wh "•*• ii#em* rv*.
T
F
Subpcojert
prrfomwi^
Xfoflifucrit
tlewwr tourers of rnerny
• Number 'proportion of hrusrfwkfe hrnrg convroctcd a »hed foe crernrg lr^rrt»*ii mitwdu *hr
tottte during rhe rughr.
• Number of Hedrh Atiotunts and HEWN hawwg mrrred troiwg
• Number proporrwei of tavjehidkh hanrrg arrmded bed th e.«w«X’fl rnrewcT. and
■ Quid riujctilKT rare*.
SWo and
I tKerfittilhrs
• Households jut nol mien-ircd to use mpugiiuml bed nett. tmpnrred iftn**. cta&er wurcr* of energy and/or sheds for thru liratodtt and
• Improved IWtl with ethaiitr and/or cleaner energy sources are fK*t avaiUidr vdAv -r*«
ccprmtve
1 W I <hRlJi
' A|*1 1 ^rnrruxy Kcp-nft)
’ Hii.Ptdfra. 
if Irfhtopu, Mi turfy ^ff'afrr Jtui Etttrp
Erfwpt<K \’ib and Dnaajgt Ptytrf-^ru/ nr*0*^*' R^*Wr‘f
r .ft^> !m^' "x p'™*' pwt
u "j'w «4
CD»3:_ Improved Accede tn Energy Source*
Tht project area for the Upper Belt, scheme covered I3BJ5' ha and extended ever M kebefe tn 6 wcredas in Awl Zone of ANRS and Metckel Zone of Benmshangui-Gumin NRS The total net treble area tS 6MH hi, of which 31,509 ha is located on the n«Jit t*nk and 32,362 ha or. the left
U
bank-
"The major concentrations of setrfetnicnis within the Study arts are around the towns of Feridiki,
Pawe and %erk Mcdl. Both Fcndika and Pawe art surrounded by settlement kebciei established
under government reictttemenr prognmitic* from: (i) 1999 2000; and fu) 1985 early 1990s. The latter
programme was part of the imbtnous Tina-Helu project where serdement esrahhshmcnt was
actnrnpamed Lay cxTcnirve construction of ill-weather roads, (two) large piped potable waler tupph*
sy items (now Largely defunct), supper for nun fed crop and livrsiock development, and also about
400 hi of irrigation development in SDA Hl
The population density in the study (and pro|ed) area is highly ^T-nalile. varying from just 15
persona/km- to over 200 perrons/kin . The lowest population density occur* in stage arras I-A &
TV-A. C Ivcrall. for the whole project area the population density is about 46 pennm/kmA
Based un rhe data, provided by the wered-a office*,, the Land use in the 14 keljeks is as follows: (i) 37% to 43% of all Land is culnvable; fu) fl% io 35% of all land is grazing land; (iii) 12* » to 41* • of ill land is forest; (iv) 1% ro 5% is waste land; (v) 1% or 2* ■ i» u*cd by bouses and roads; and (vi) land use is not
clear lor 4% to 13% of all land
Wereda information indicates that only 12 of the 34 kebeles are connected to the electricity grid, including the towns of Fendika, Pawe and Work Meda.
In eight of rhe 16 surveyed kebdei, 4% to 84F » of sun-eyed households reported basing access Io electricity to light their houses. oil lamps arc used by 10% to 96% of surveyed house holds; and battery powered Lights provide light in 7% to Hn* of surveyed households,
2
Subproject
Background
P
WlkhJ is the main source of energy for cocking, and is usually fetched ar distances of 1 to 8 km from the homestead. (inly 5% of surveyed hnuieholds ira twu of the 16 surveyed kebetrs (both un Pawe
’’•Xered-ij reported using dung as a source ot energy due to limited access/shortage rat fuel wood. A limited number of surveyed households also use crop residues for cooking.
Fur I-saving Stove i are used by: fa} 5% to 25% of surveyed households in the three surveyed kebdw in Dangur. (u) 65% lo 100% of surveyed households in the right surveyed kebelcs in Jawi Wcredi; and (in) by 5% to 15% of the surveyed households in three of the four surveyed Irebeles in Pawe Wcrtda Fuel saving stoves are not used in Ankaihj Munget Kcbrie (South A ch tier’Sereda | and District 1 Village 4 Kcbclc (Pawe Wmda).
The fuel-saving stove * were introduced and promoted by the local HFWsXi> hv** ** 1>*W
Tiir 1 C
M Impontd Access to EnergvSource»
u
T
u
d
1 sj^nr^t h Krivuk *
! <
ith the ptvpmed project the population of the Upper Belcj valley nil tncrra^J^? hcxifh fud wd r» currently available and fetched from durances of | 8
f0
W future shortages will increase the time taken to collect fuel wood and ma- laj
rendition a« remaining natural woodlands arc chopped down The increared denuaj ghnng and cooking would be provided other by rural electrification and / or by fee .
hoet term run) eketnfiauon u not expected to ugruficantly alleviate local demand of r,<s oofcng and therefore improved household access to sustainable nearby source of 5rn-z<c non efficient uic of wood u necessary This will avoid land degradation and use of dta-gm, and therefore ni non-ivailabtliry as an organic fertiliser), as well as time taken by boariac» io coDec firrwvxxi
Subprwcct
Obcvmrfv
To imprmt household icceti to nearby and imuunable. non dung tources of energr fccbe,E abo the use of meip efficient wood alow.
)
Subprefect
.tann
The proposed aermnet of the subproject are.
• Promooon of the development of community managed tree plantation with fan grvrq r
ii veil it the planting of trees in homestead areas as well a< along the gullies. streams t-
the project area (tee abo land & waienhed management subprojects);
• lntroducuon of promotion of ihe uk of fuel saving/cnergy -efficient stoves made of W mnemb. include# the training of local manufacturers.
• Introduction and promotion of alternative energy source*, such as biogas, solar and '
w appropriate;
• Svppor for nwro-crrdu allowing households to procure fuel saving stoves tnd fot w ' aktmatjvt energy sources; and
Subproject
Implement! non
The aubpmjea m-iD be implemented over 9 yean in the project area. The main impl^ ®^
3
modalaet mck^Jr twsreness campaign*; and fu) (hah, demonstrations and training
i —------- - I"** uindicsn Households and female"
r
MK
Mun Bene fns ux Bencfioanes
1 The expected benefits irci
• Productxxi of tuffw-irnt furl
households rnukm tn the pr^cci
iZX’T’4-« 
... 
■ood it mionabh* distance* to meet the rnj
l.
&d fc, .«*.«»
• nc reused use of su»n ruf,l , deaner >
J c ^K) sources by households.
1
Them^herxfia^ofthesul;^^,^^-.
T\ r.nms.rj sybfxo^, c«a .
Subproject Costs
The unpknwnring involved ,), ~----------------------------------------------- -- ’ ' ’ '
mc
■ ubP«ieci include
Implementing
S proc jo
• ARD urrrds offices;
• Kebeie Councils,
• DAs;
• NGOi; and
• Banks and/or MFI.
L’B 1-4 SROJ * n J Summary Rq«f (I)
2
«3.\h<?on■ _ -———-—
Sobpr^ <
PerWffEince
Moartttting
—
CD V Improved Accra* io Energy Sources
cf
Pte performance of the nibproicxE tnlrrrenanni be mrxwtortd Ere uatng the MZowmg indeiftor?
• Area of community managed (itnp) plannnores;
• Extent o f hommtead plantation i;
• Number of houschddi adopting energy efEernt jrovci (retih exhaust; and / or aJterre*cr*t sourc.es of energy,.
Risks and
t’flcHtainDe*
• Corrunumries/households ire ant interested in developing tree plintarson' and/or pfameng tm*
• Households are not tntrmred tn using improved, energy effioent ttove>;
• Altcmaure energy source*. luch bso^xt, sobr and annd energy, are oof avails Mr and/nr too expensive tor most households; and
• Lack of access to micro-credit.
1 4 sftOlA Pt i Summary Report (1)
3
BMn XI1Mmifn
UtMn .\'dr Imf&H Mti Drart^ff PnyfrfF 4^ £*■*’**'
Subproject Background
CD-4: Development of Off-farm Income Genemtinjg Activities and Credit Provision
The profctr area for rhe Upper Heirs ichemc covered 138.157 hi and attended over M kebelcs in & wertdas in Awi Zone of AMRS And Alctekri Zone of Iknuishangul Gumui MRS- The total net
imgjhlr Area is 63.871 ha, of which 31.509 ha is located on the right bink and 32,302 hi is on the left
trank
Hie major concent rations of scttkrnents within the Study area arr around the towns of bendika.
Pawc and Work Mrda Both l-endika and Pawr are surrounded by set dement kclidn eitabhshcd under government resettlement programmes from: (i) 1999-2000; and (ii) 1985 ™h 1990i, The latter programme was parr of the ambitious Tana Belts project where settlement esrabhshmenr was accompanied by extensive conitrocnon of all weather roads, (two) large piped potable water supply mterru (now largely defunct), support for rain fed crop and livestock development. and ah-' about
•W*) ha of irrigation development m SDA HL
The popularmn dcnsirv in the studs- 'and project) area u highly vajxiblr. varying from just 15
persons/km ■ to over 200 persons/km*. The lowest population density occurs in stage area* 1 A At
IV-A. < R’eraH, for the whole project area the population dewtv is about 46 persons /km-.
Based on die data provided by rhe were-da officer, ihc land use in the 34 krbeles U at follows: (i) 37*/* to 43% □ ( all land is cultivable; (if) 8% to 35" • of all Lind L9 grazing Lind; (tri) 12% to 41% of all land is furor; frvj 1% to 5% B waste land; (v) I* * or 2% is used by houses and roads; and (vi) land use ls not clear for 4% to 13% of all land.
Rain fed crop production ls the main economic ictiviry for 80% io IUO% of households, followed by livestock rearing- Ixss important art dailv wage labour, handicrafts, small businesses, transportation and government employment
Additional caih incomes are obtained from: (i) brewing idfa/amfa {1 ■ » Io 17* • of households in 15 of the 16 surveyed kebdes); (ii) weaving (1% to 25% of household* in 6 kelielri); (nt) tadonng (<1% to 21% of households in 8 kebclcs); (tv) pottery (<1% to 32% of households in 7 kebeles); (v) basket making (3% and ll%of houieboids in two kcbeles); (vi) trail / shop ownership f< 1% to 5% of huuschulds in 8 krbeles); (vu) iramporanon (<1% to 12% of households in 6 kt belts), (vui) government employment (<1% to 5% of households in 6 kebeks).
Average annual cash incomes from sale of crops for surveyed households ranges from just ETB
1.484 to ETB 21.542. Total average annual cash incomes Viry from ETB 3,070 to ETB 24,OH2_ These data indicate the importance of livelihood activities. other than tale of crops. for cash incomes. Three are from the sale of Livestock and livestock product^ handicrafts and various off-farm aettvnies Mon Crap sjilt incomes are particulariv important for BirjJkv. and small Landowning households. Ifie proportion of iiKocnc num other activities (i.c- non-crup sales), vanes from 9% to S6* ♦,
Off farm and Livestock income generating acnvwcs ire parncularh important for landless and small landholding households and support for these would to an extent addms the lower incomes of those with little ur no access to land for crop produedon.
’ Summary Report (I)
1
13 Mat 2011hW Dfwomtfn pjpwW?.' if Efhipw. Afauty y F«tfr jtii !:m£.
H4npw« Niir Imjafioi and Drtnqt
'i CD-A bmkpnifii' of Ofl-f»nn income Orxratmg ActmOen and Crrdit Provj. ' Btwwwn I pmpammo nlwcd for both men and women are rquwd,
i lOk women p«T « »ndb'’tS,OckP™^’’00- uirludlnR wd ’dcf h,)". P^ng. I sv.npindnurketir.fi
In 15 of the 16 surveyed kebekt. 15% to 85% of surveyed households reported obiwnma • 1 hw. over the last 10 yon, nuinly from a savings & credit association (which have been
’ of the M kebcles). The short term loans were mainly used for. (i) purchase of oxen and cows '
•? >* hi’
s
t
3
Subproject
Rationale
I procurement of ignculmral inputs; (iii) trade; and/or (hr) renting land Annua) interest ntes
i from 12% to Ma
According to the female participants of the thematic focus group meetings on gender issues
I surveyed kebelcs. women do not have access to credit in three of the 16 surveyed kcbcles.
I
Reportedly, indebtedness is a problem in five of the 16 surveyed kcbcles, particularly tn Piwelt®
Foot ire cbaractemed by households with no oe restneted access to arable land (i.e. less dun 05a,
I uwrung less thar. two cattle, and freqjcntlv women headed households. The poor predommar.tr e
1 incomes as shirecroppcn ,' tenants and through manual Labour, supplemented by livestock, vinca I handicnfu. brewing fjj’b / jhtAj and / or trade based livelihoods. Increased cropping mtensitan
I livestock production will improve on farm and off farm livelihood opportunities for poor aodot
1 so poor alike Allocation of a minimal Gmgated) land holding to all farmers will address rxirnre
1 poverty, but 11 is expected that the poor will continue to rely on off farm income generating
rhis subproject will support ttamanj^ micro-credit, demonstrations and provision of equipment tf
•aahues to indmduah and groups who wish to take up off farm income-generating activities
{subproject
Objective \i
4
To pronde alternative livelihood upponunmea Cot (p<ior; households / groups through the development of off-bcm income generation activities tndudmg their access to micro credit
The sub project icuvmet include the following
. Awu*»m -o nfnan <poo,} n hcxr^ld. of ,,-uhbk pr0)ttl lupp<,n for off.finn irxoow I • Awutnns to nloon fitxxx> houicbnW. r.
generating actrvines,
. Trxntng »nd .echoed .upper (uxludog demon,,o
„ d /of fem*
'. headed! hou«hoJd. to develop vubk 11>d llnUm4hl( off.ctonW* * | . Supper, foe torero eredn for poor HouxhoW, , * 
o of[
Subprocf.
AcWW
' saving & credit associations
Off
(um
u^xtod under ,be robpro^ eoub petty), br™ .nuU buune.r .bop., 
fo , 
fl ,
K
rtpitpmmi. anum) fattening, ipx.Jtuje, fe.chcD gMderuq^ | implement* rte blacksmiths;; and crop pmeccung
~
[
| Subprojea
---------- triKsub pn^’-'* vdl * ■ P
n
krnrn’cd l’vn 9 * 
* lbC ?"*ca
lalmei include (1) ■*•*•*" campaign'. (u, vcKatxmal taming and suits; (iii) technical >' PF
mnuaiunn i jmnipplIecminecnntw1*noP
I <1
Implementation
I
* (iv' Jppofl for micro credit to vulnenble groups (mm UMng ± uvjM
!
 u»ari«i»«
UB V4 SRMA TH 1 Summary 0)
1J May 2011CD-4: Development of Off-farm Income Generating Activism and Credit Provision
T!!t_ - — --
| >fun Benefits *nd Beneficiaries
The expected benefits include
• Reducoon in extreme poverty and improved livelihood* due to new opportumriei for poor (landless and/ or fcmalc-headed'i households to earn additional income from off- farm economic
acrivides;
« Improved supply of services (lc. shops, repair of farm implement s transport} in the kebete*
k
'Die main beneficiaries will lie the pour (LtrtdJeu. and /or female headed) huuuchalds in the project
area.
Subp*niecr Co*[S
The rinitiated sub-project cost is ETB OjOOOJXIO including kJ H 7,200,001) of credit provision for “poor" households.
Implementing
Agencies
Thr sub project will be implemented fry the foUnwing agencies:
• Trade and industry office ar zone level
• Social and women's affairs offices ar regional, zone and wcreda level;
• ARD offices at wereda. level;
• DAs;
• Banks and/or MFIs fur. ACS I and B-G MFC);
• NCiOs;
• Saving & credit associations; and
• Coopeiatives-
■ ------------------------
1
Subproject
Performance Mbflrturirtg
The performance of sub-project interventions will be moiuinrcd using the following indicators:
• Penetration (iwircnos) of subproject opportunities among project area household!, as de I ermine d
by sufvcts;
• Number of saving & credit aisociaOMs tn project area keljcJes.
• Number, proportion of "'poor” households laving fsuccess fully.'i started up off-farm income-
generating activity and
• Average inmid incomes genera red bv off-farm economic actrvihei
Rjsky ind
I ^Cerlamtici
• Poor hosisehnJds. are not interested to the develripment of off farm econDnuc actmrics;
• Lack of support / interest from MFh (Lt ACSI and B-G MFC) in famunon of saving A credir assucuuocit and in lending to them;
• Lack of access 10 micro-credit for the '*poar*’.
UMi) 20tl
■ary Report (1)
3tflitinpA Mtrarfi) tflF<ftrra*i Entr#' ii/hupiM AYjt IrrifiifiM Drattfagf P/VMtf
L’B F4SR03.A Pi 1 Sjmmin Report fl)
4n;* P/w"*
CD^5: Original Inhabitant* / Indigcoou* People* Support
The project area for the Upper Bries ’cherne covered 13S.157 ha and extended over 34 kcbelcs in 6 weredas tn Awl Zone or ANRS ind -Melekel Zone of BcnLnshajigul-GujTiuz NILS. The rofal art
__ ____________ __
irrigable area is 63 B”l ha. of which 31,509 ha is located on the right bank and 32,362 ha is on the left
r
bank.
The major concentrations or’settlements within the Study area are around the towns of Frndika,
Pawe and Wcrk Mcda_ Both bendita and Pawr ire surrounded by settlement kebdes eilabljshed under government reset! temcni programmes from: (r) 1999-2000; and (u) 1985-early 199<K. The latter programme wis part of the unbinoui Taiw - Belta project where settlement establishment was accompanied bv extensive tinstruction of all-weather roods, (two) large piped potable waler supply systems (now largely defunct), support for rairtfed crop and livestock dcvdopmeri", and also alxxir 400 ha of irrigation development tn SDA III.
The population drruity in the study (and project) area is highly va ruble. varying from just 15 persons/km to over 200 persons/km The lowest population density occurs in stage arras 1-A A
;
:
SubprujcxT
Background
IV A < JvcraJl, for the whole proper area the population density is about 46 penonl/knr.
Based on the data provided by the urttdi offices, the land use in rhe 34 kebeles is as follows: (i) J7% TO 43% of all land is culnvablr; fit) 8* ♦ to 35* ? of all land u grazing land; (iii) 12% to 41% of ill land ;s forest; (iv) 1% ro 5% is waste land; (v) 1* ■ or 2* ? is used bv houses and roads, and (vi) land use U nor clear for 4% to 13% of all land.
The population m the Upper Bries area falls into two nuiri groups: fs) long enihUshcd ethnic groups (i.c. Gumuz and Agew), who are engaged tn shifting agneuirure with limited herding as well ai hunting and gathering; and (ii) settlers from other regions of Ethiopia whose principal activity is small-scale rainfed farming and herding using largelr the same traditional methods that they employed before migration. In large part due to the resettlement into the area the grral mijoriry of the population are now Amharic (30-100% hv kebete).
The zone of Melekel. comprising Pawe and Dangur and other werrdas hrgdy to the west of the project area in Benins hanguJ-Gumuz nanonal regional stale, used to be largely populated by I hr agro pastoralist Gumuz people whose Traditional bnd tenure system combined individual poi session wnh group ownership ensuring equal access to land,
Gumuz bvelihoods ire traditionally based on primitive and extremely low productive agriculture, producing for home consumpnon, and nn hunting, wild honey, rooh and fruits gathering and charcoal production. Cultivation is a shifting hoc culture, locally known as 4Jtuhba" and “Rancha*, where different areas art cultivated each voir They keep relatively few (large ruminanr) livestock
The Gumuz, heed with settlements tn Pawr and surrounding areas under the Tana-Belex project gradually retreated into remote areas where they do not have access to services and they remain relatively isolated. Currently the Gumuz now form a minority in thr three langur kebeles (partially) in the project area, where they- make up 4-20% of rhe population. Their rorsd population in / near the itudv area is probable about 370 households.
LF,F*SftO3A
Pt 1 Uwnnuqr Report 1)
1
15 .Mav 2011Fdmr/
E/rrtfm. Mi wiry of FJtfir ami EjKfQ
/irws*« hWr and Dra^^r PrwtT
1'ills
] C D-5: Original Inhabitants / Indigenous People* Support
Phc Tana Bries had 2 rather negative effect on the lives of the Gumuz by deparin h [ □ traditXMul hunnng grounds and fishing. Deforestation ako took its 'nil and „ r
F groups led sometimes iu loss of life and property,
nu conn^u
The Agrw penpks ire the other long-established ethnic group m the area, but they hast
rwwubly and benefit from grtvemmeni development projects and programmes. The
livestock cropping farming practices similar to those practiced by the Amhun people,
remain reasonably numerous tn ihr Jawi and Dangur kebeks
Ai they are indigenous tn the im sorrw of (he Agew and Gumuz people still "own / dunf
relatively Large tracts ol land, and a recently some hast starred leasing /' sharecropping kind tnti-
widen
W omen ire responsible foe all domestic tasks and most agricultural field work. Transport^of
-ig;fnrL. iiitUrJ produce from field to (be homestead as well as to market' places is also the res-pwidr
of women
\Jndti the proposal project those households with relative targe land holding* within deupwd
imgaWe arras will has-e them [lubjumtially) reduced. Also deUncaiion of land use within the ?™
>ra to. for uampk. (rawwuh manned) gnomfl. to preserve environmental habitat! i«L*»=
flora nnd buna, fa, «e phntadoni. etc. „ „ „ 
udl r
af?ricu]fuIe by 1mjUi
 s.nallM^
Subprofcrr
K3t3-.-HTj|c
Ctimmefcul hums, will adversely affeot peoples traditional wav of earning livtUhc"
[bc
4
pameuhrk h,mtm sed food
e
Uc
>ffc
l^tock - croppmK^KuJmre. hnuU, to the Amfe peopies. To assist the Gumuz tran^ Irom ndam-dv porn^e, unp™^
impted agoculture „-2l ^ meases
*
dfjrainaflt }
]
rrl{u
Subproject
< )b|cctive(s.)
? 
faelthood predominant based
*" ™“"“ *“ r«-i. -r-durt"
’
Subproject
Actrvuis
Subproject acnvinrs utU include
• FinniDgupofAcnurabmofaffet^
- i i c. 
prac^ra. and fouiT idm^noa of wupp^
• Ensuring that Gunmz are allocaird n-ilal Ja-
• Awareness and loauaj of indigenous pe™^, to
imgauon pracnces, as well as support („ aj[emi
modern apiculture); and
■ Support for measures tc alleviate women i cLinrr^..
---------------------- -—‘—
f?rj|01ui peoples (Guimiz) And r heir existing.
J
'
_
*" '*•* 
.. |»« ..f dK
,
‘ f!l *doPtlor'd mcxlem crtT
B^datsng schemes (inch 1
The tub project will be implemented <act 9 vein in «k- ~~ — ^
nf
1
Subproject
i niptemrrt laticto
modalities include, (i) ■wurnCM and cor»ultanon&; (if) intcrvc^
lm ?^rnCrlt?l1
technical training and support including drmcMuiraiijfii. P^’-mr.g j budgeting
an<
LFB F4 SR03A Pt 1 Suroman Report fl/
2
13 May 201 ’AGwfH' ffflT^frranff Ef>t^
Sift
aatJ &****&
CD-5’ Original Inhabitants f Irydigcnoui Peoples Support
Tjtfc __ ___—--------- —
Mun Benefits
[Jenetonc^
The expected tune tits include:
• Inclusive social development whereby indigenous people? benefit from the irrigated agriculture
development project;
» Few conflicts between setdm And indigenous peoples trialed to kind boundaries, etc.
The estimated tub protect cost is ETB 4,000,000.
Suhpro|«» ”
fo s
lrnpl«nBni™E
Agenc«s
The sub-project will be implemented by rhe foHcwing agencies
* BoWRD, B-oARD. EPLAUA, CPA at reponal level;
* ARD offices atwereda level;
* DArt
* Kehele council and land administration committees ar Icebelc level.
Subproject
Performance
i M^ni toting
The performance of sub-project intervention* will he monitored using the following indicators: v Allocation of irrigable Land to indigenous peoples;
1 • Adoption of irrigated agriculture by indigenous peoples; and
• Conflicts between. indigenous peoples and settlers / commercial farms
Rjslu and
| Vncrrtuntics
• Lack of interest by tndigrnous people*; and
• I. jack of support from gcivtnimcT.T insurutitm.?.
a
!
1 SuinjB|«y Report (1)
3
U May 2011Miiurtr> oflFafrr and Entfe) Ejhn&an Nik Imiafiii ud I >r»M^ PrtjtaCD-6: Supjx^1 for LocaI Insmuriofw
lite project itea for rhe Upper Beks scheme covered 138J57 ha and extended over 3*1 kcbcles in 6 weredas in Awi Zone of ANILS and Metekd Zone nfBeninriungul GumuzNILS. The tend net irngablc area is 63,8" 1 ha, of which 31,509 ha is iotaicd cm rhe right bunk and 32,362 ha is pn the left bank.
The major concentrations of scrtlrmcnis within (he Study area are around the town* of Fendika, Pawr and Week Meek. Buch Fendika and Pawr are surrounded by settlement hebclet established under government resenkmeni programmes from: (i) 1999-2000; and fu) 1985 early 1990s. The latter programme was part of the amhitiouj Tana Beks project where settlement establishment was accompanied by extensive construction of all weather mads, (two) Large piped potxhlc water supply svs terns (now iargc-hr defunct), support for ramfed crop and livestock development, and alm about 401 ha of trngauon development ui Sl>A III.
The population density in Lhe studv :,and protect) arra ls highly variable, varvmg from just 15 persons /km ro over 200 persons/km . The lowest population density occurs m stage areas I-A &
1
2
IV-A Overall, for the whole project area rhe population dowry ts about 46 penons/krn .
!
Based on the data provided hy the wereda offices, the land use in the 34 kebdes :s M follows: (i) 37% to 43% of all land is cultivable; (u) 8% to 35% of all bind is grazing Land; (jjf) I Z% to 41% of all land is forest; (iv) 1% to 5% il waste land; (v) 1% or 2" * is used by houses and roads; and (vt) bnd use is not clear tor 4% to 13% of all Lund.
Subproject Background
budgetary’ funding id function effectively, f urther there are no separate either Pawe or I langur wrecks.
werrda offices in
in the Jawi, Pawe and Dangur wereda ARD offtces crop, livestock and cooperative development, wnfer and natural resources management including SWC, and food security arc core sections. The main constraints to effective functioning of these utficcs includes |J.I A shortage oi vehicles and equipment including computers and printers, (ii) A high number ul vacancies and high staff turnover; I.ui; tnsuifioent operating budgets; (iv) limited access io improved technologies; (v) lack of access mads to many kebrles; and (nJ lack of regular m service tmLning.
kcbcles, and community forests are poorly managed in at feast 9 of lhe 16 surveyed kelteles. adnunutracun, water management, forest protection and watershed management committees
tavc been formed Ln about half or more of the project kcbelcs.
llnarY Hep^ (1)
I
13 -Mir 203 1Ffdrrai Dnwmm; fynar of Eibtopia, Miwh ojWat/r and Etrrg, Erhtopun Nile and Draw# Nrtf
CD*. Sapport fix Loot laititmioM________
I existing in W of tbt M kebclcs.
____ _
Suhpmject
Rationale
Subpt U|€U
()bjecnvr(s)
I Constraint to functioning and csrabbshment of effective service cooperatives include lid,.,.- i foalnr. (ix. warehouses) and equipment, skilled operatives, start-up capital and busing p^,
I Al focal instttutioni concerned with implementation of the project and achievement ofexp?^- I benefits will need strengthening to have well equipped and motivated staff with adequate buc^ ' wtdi, kcbelt and scheme level Support for institutions is included in the vinous cmp. kvtst^
1 land & watershed management. resettlement / land consolidation and irrigation system 0fc\|
I components of the project This subproject ts primarily concerned with providing generic tuppu for institutions, particularly of Service Cooperatives, to improve then effectiveness in achirmtij
i inclusive vooil development
To improve effectiveness of wereda. kebelc and scheme level institutions, and parriculady acre
cooperatives
Crop.bvestock and vinous off farm production activities will largely lie faalitared / earned cefh
the service cooperatives established at kebdc level Service cooperatives ate typically parhcultf concerned wnh: (i) provision of agricultural inputs and farm equipment; (i? marketing of agflOJK produce including provision of pace information to farmers, (ui) processing of agricultural [ •XJ-
I such as flour rralb ck bagging / packing facilities, and (nr) provision of micro credit Current* I 3 I the M kebdes m the project area have established service cooperatives Constraints to ^nctW
Subpmjeci
Acnviiiei
and estibbshmm of effective cooperatives include: ( • lack of bdbnes fie. warehouses; and equipment,
i • 
I.
Subproject
Implementation
lack of skilled operatives 1 rrurugrrs
.......................
inadequate capital,
poor ut no business plans tor cooperative Functioning
Om uibpm^, «0l idd^n th«e coratnmn (0 tooprntlw p,rfoOTWXf lnd functtoninR >"d support formation of effective cooperatives tn all 34 kebele*
The sub pretext will be xmplemrr.trC <wrr 9 yean m project area The main unplenienw’*’0 , modabur* include (>) busincv and vociDncnl turning mduding luppon for development of 1 plana. fii) rechmol support, and Cm] (credit) proven foe equipment and facilities.
The expected benefit! include.
- -- ---------------- - _ - —— ~
• Improved funcnomng of L>al (krhele) govenunent
Main Benefit* and
organisations. and of service coopenuva particular Ulinruflo
m
n * and cummuiun
Bene fkianes
♦ Improved / increased partxipanon of the -p^..
,<
generating activities.
* AcVf*k and off fan?1
The esnnutrd tub-project coat n FTB 6,000.000, including [•’
[’R
Subproject Com
improve / provide fauline* and equipment fo« cnoperaijvrv
0M
■^W.Ono of credit ptovittO '
t
t
l.'B MSROJA Pt 1 Swnm*n Rrpon I)
2
13 Mi) 2D11■>/ Abwrm / Faflrr .»w Err?!
Ti<t
Support for Uscal Insnrutiom________
The sub protect will be implemented by the following agencies.
ARD offices at wercda level;
Imploring
AT***
Subprof^ Performance
MonjtonnfL __
Rulo and Uncertainties
• DAs;
• Banks and/or MFIs;
• NG()s;*nd
• s?rv1ce cooperatives. _ ______________
The performance of sub-project interventions wifi be monitored using the following indicators:
• Cooperative membership;
• Cixiperalive activities and p< itomuncc (i.c. member Mtafa ”.on. et£
• I jick of interest by households m becoming members of serviced cooperatives,
Difficulty in forming linkages with development partners, such a* NGOi and micro-hnince ,
institutions______________________________________________________________________________ I
UMipMU
J
Summ"y Report (1)Federal Democratic Rep Ethiopia
Ministry of Water and Energy
World Bank Financed Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project Feasibility Studies of about 80,000 ha net irrigation and Drainage Schemes Feasibility Study Final Report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME
- fff
SR-03A: Resource Users and Socio Sy Economics
Jsfor
Part 2 of 5: Stage Development Areas I and III on Right Bank
May 2011
Halcrow
\
In association with
Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Consultants
err**Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water and Energy
World Bank Financed Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project Feasibility Studies of about 80,000 ha net irrigation and Drainage Schemes Feasibility Study Final Report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME
SR-03A: Resource Users and Socio- Economics
Part 2 of 5: Stage Development Areas I and III on Right Bank
May 2011
Haler cw Group Limited and
Generation Integrated Rural Developwnt (GIRO) Contultenti PO Box 102175. Comet Building (Mi F«xx)
Ha*e GebnsseUHfcC Road. Addks AMtw EtfwpO
Tel *215-1 (0) lie 63 09 92 Fax *251-1 (°) 116 63 09 91
**** hdcrow com
Report has been prepared in accordance Government o( Ethiopia. Ministry of Waler and
LJt*- Any other persons who use any inkymatior «x^'ne<3
rtak.
« H*«.Croup u*. .„p cn.,.™ I™.-- ** 
2011
a|
<®"DIHalcruw Group Limited and
Generation kitaflratad Rural Development (GIRD) Coniuhanta POBox 102174. Comet Buik*no(Mh Floor)
Half Gobr^'a.*- Ro-- *** E,h*)p,a
T., <215-1 (0) 116 63 W 9? Fax -251-1 (0) 116 6309 91
www Miaow com
T «R.P<X’h#iP MwrtlryolW»'* •«,E’*W
Govammem ■»’ ElNopl*
io(orma*«' «xM»n*>
’*'«*«'« K-crtta
*>» »l 9>w M
Any of* P*™ "* ***°
0U
ri*k
q Halerc*
2011
-oration lnteQ’a'*d Rurtl0*v^opnwrrt (GYRO) Con»uW3nt>
i «nd
Group LlrnWt/fthio/**. Miw/trji 1EtltfV
;> 7 ■rrt^ <>**Dn"^
feasibility study final report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME
SR-03A: RESOURCE USERS AND SOCIO ECONOMICS
PART 2 OF 5= STAGE DEVELOPMENT AREAS I AND III ON RIGHT BANK CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION
f I Project Location
/J Project Goalt and Study Objectives
/) Stage Deitbpment Areas on Right Boni
1.4 Adattniitrutrne Boundanei
f,$ Report Structure
I SURVEY METHODOLOGY
21 Introduction
22 Survey Approach and Mtthodoiogy
2.2 1 Dita (loUcction Techniques
222 Survey Database and Dita Processing
3 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY
3. / Population and I louttbold St*t
3.1.1 Kebcle Populations and Household Sues
3.1.2 Non-Resident Households with Land I sc Rights 3.1.3 Kebelc Population Density
3.1.4 Estimated Population in SDA I and III 3.2 Ethnic and Rehgtouj Composition
3-2.1 Ethnic Composition
3 2 2 Religious Composition
■3J Migration and Population Growth
Historic Events
4
land tenure
1 Household I-and Use Rights
^■2-2 Landless Households
•^ 2.3 Average Size of 1 foldings with Land L sc Rights
4 2.4 Estimated Area Cultivated by Households in SDA I jnd III
*^ 3. | Status
^ 32 Recommendation
11
11
11
12
13
14
H
15
16
17
18
19
19
19
2B
22
22
24
24
24
25FrtM ftwufc Jfyf *a£r 0} E/4ripa Ah«r/»y $ Water and E trig
r
Er.Arepjfl Xfj!r JJl4 DntMtf Pnjtd
4 33 Lind Use Right Security
4 4 J jW FraprwtofrM and \ tod for Consolidation
4.4 1 Land Fragtnrntatiofl
4.4,2 Need for Lind Consolidation
43 InbrnMr.i
4.6 Tenant) and Sbannvpptn£
4.6.1 Prevalence of Tenancy and Sharecropping
4.6 2 Truancy and Sharecropping Arrangements
4.7 Communal Gra^m Land
t
4.8 Fcrrjif and /1 fortJlry
4.8.1 Naninl Forest
4.8.2 Tree Plantation*
4.8.3 Planting of Trees
4.9 li aftrfoginx and F boding
4 9.1 Waterlogging
4 9 2 Flooding
4 10 5Gji and U Jijffr CiffJrntfjfjflj:
4.11 Irrigation
5 LIVELIHOODS AND POVERTY
J 1 .M air. E^noMte 3 dwittti
5.11 Off-I •arm Income Generation
5.2 f hufthold Iwwikj and I itynditim
5.2.1 Source* of Cash Inc onx
52.2 Expenditures
5 2.3 Taxes
53 jwut/ Indiinton
5 31 Level of Education
5.3 2 Health Status
5.33 Food Security and J leasehold Nntnoon
5A ( rffidrr lijnei
5.4.1 Domestic Labour Division
5.4.2 Agricultural Labour Division
5.4.3 Asset Ownership
5 .4 .4 Dea* Km Making
5.4.5 Control over Asieta and Financial Resom
5.4 6 Membership of Local lnautudont
5.43 Female-Headed Households
5 5 Ijinfifawh
55.1 Main Livelihood Strategic*
5.5 2 Profiles of Typical Farming Households 5.6 P«rr/> and WtM
5 6.1 Proportion of Poor Household*
5.6.2 Proportion of Wealthy Households
5.6.3 Asset C Jwnenhsp and I lousing Condi tin!)^o.nK>. RpfHf ofEt/nfu. Mnmp
a v/> 7ms^oo "** r> *r Fnyett
4*# 1 '
w
V
SCHEME LEVEL INSTITUTIONS
6 6 j C'roremment Institutions
55
55
61.1 W ater Resources IJcvclopmcnt Wereda Office 55
6.1.2 
Apiculture and Rural Development Wercda Office
6 
| .3 Environmental Protection. land Administration md I se Authority
6.1.4 
I leaJth Weredt Office
6 
1.5 Research Institutes
6. J 6 Wercda Council
6.J.7 Kcbele Council
2 ( ommunth-hasrd ()f$an nations
6.2.1 
Land Administration Committee
6.2 
2 Water Management Committee
6 
2.3 Forest Protection Committee
6 
2.4 SavuigsAc Credit Association
6 2 5 Cooperative Societies
56
60
61
63
65
65
67
67
67
68
68
68
6.2 6 Village Leaders 69
6.2.” Non-Governmental Orgamsanons
6.2.8 Dispute Resolution
6.3 Religions 1 njMuttons
6.4 Commtmal Farms
6.5 Development Projects and Programme t
6.5.1 ’Lana Bcles Project
6.6 I casting Forms of Cooperation and Mutual Aasistana 6.6.1 Existing Solidarity Mechanisms
6.6.2 Mutual labour Exchange
6.6.3 Communal labour
6.64 Idir
6-6.5 Ilcub
7 AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES
7.1 Road and Tran sport
7.2 Education
7.3 Health Facilities
7.4 ] 'tiecommunication and Postal Servicrs
7.5 Flour Mills
7
6 Potable IFdter Supply and Sanitation
7.6.1 Potable Water Supply 
7.6.2 Potable Water Supply Provuled under Tana
7.6.3 Sanitation
n i < Pmirct
z9
■ z Markets
f arm Suppliers and Retail Shops
7-8.1 Farm Supply Enterprises
‘ Marketing Enterprises
7 sfyv Prvcusinx Enterprises
Nonenes
70
70
70
71
72
72
74
74
74
74
74
74
77
77
78
79
80
81
81
81
84
85
85
85
86
86
86
86FtM
>fF.rtn<pu.
nd E*r
Elfapa* Nit Imfatice ana Dnena^t Prvecf
7.12 Contmenial and Dtinloputent Ba/rkr
7.13 Mijro-Fiiwwit Institution
7.13.1 Amhara Credit & Saving Institution
7 13.2 Bcmnshangul-Gumu7 Micro Finance Company
7.13.3 Use of Credit among Surveyed Households
7.13 4 Recommendation
7.14 Agricultural Extension and I ‘ttennary Srrruts
7.14 1 Availability of Agricultural Extension Services
7.14.2 Veterinary Services
7.14.3 Recommendations
7.15 founts of Entry
8 MAIN FINDINGS AND IDENTIFIED CONSTRAINTS RELATED TO COMMUNITY AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
8.1 Main Findings
Al 1 Population
81.2 Land Tenure
8.1.3 Livelihoods and Poverty
8.1 4 Scheme Level Institutions
8.1.5 Availability of Services
8.2 ( MJtrainti hntu and Opportiaititi nlaltd to Commnnih Dtinlopmtnt
8.2 1 Education and Ilealth
8.2.2 Land Use Rights
8.2 3 Waterlogging and Hooding
8 2.4 Potable Water Supply and Sanitation
8.2.5 Farm Inputs. Marketing and Credit
8 2.6 Poverty and I livelihoods
8.2.7 Original Inhabitants (Indigenous People;
8.3 C onstratnts, Issues and (IpportumhtJ with ngard to Institutional Dtiehpment
9 SUBPROJECT INTERVENTIONS
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Improved/laxst to Potable IV'ater and Sanitation (CD-1)
9.3 Improved / It alth Conditions (CD -2)
9.4 Improved.' lew si to I inery Sonnes (CD-3)
9.5 Development of Off farm Income Generating Activities and Credit Pnsrutor (CD4)
9.6 (Ingina/ Inhabitants / Indigenous People (CD 5)
9.7 Supportfor Local Irestitutions (Ct>4)
IV*r OF TA®EES
U5T Stage Development Areas on Right Bank........................................................................................
A
^ i p Salient features of kebeles in SDA I & III on Right Bank of Upper Belcs protect
f
Tib!C * r trria for classification of landholding household* 
„ kl> "^-2- Un ten
‘ aP •> 3 Number of selected households for household surveys
Tlbk 3 ] Number of villages and households by kebdc_...................................................
T bit Tol>1 P ’P
,
ullUon ln
".............................................................. ..........
r’ble 3 3 Non-resident households with land use rights
;
f|b]e 34: Population density ............... -.............................................. -........................ ............
f ble 3 5 Estimated number of households and population tn SDA I and III
fable 5-6: Ethnic composition-.................................................................................................
Table 5-7: Religious composition.................................................... ........................................
Tibk 5-8 Seasonal and permanent migration
Tibk 4-1 Distribution of land use rights
Tibk 4-1’ Household land use nghts tn Jam Wercda——........
Table 4-5: Household land use nghts tn Bangui Wercda 
Tibk 4-4:1 lousehold land use rights tn Pawc Wcreda..........................................................
Table 4-5: Distribution of land use nghts in seven surveyed kebeles ——
Tibk 4-6: landless households..................................................................................................
Tibk 4-7. Average size of holding with land use nghts ..———
Tibk 4-8: Average holding size of surveyed households-
Tibk 4-9: Estimated area cultivated by households in SDA I and HI
I able 4 10: Land registration in seven surveyed kebeles ...................................................
Table 4-11: Average number of plots for surveyed households
Tibk 4-12 .Area cultivated by tenants and/or sharecroppers--27
Tabk 4-13 Proportion of surveyed households cultivating additional land as tenant/ sharecropper---------------------- 28
Tabk 4-14: Most common tenancy and sharecropping arrangements ...-—.................................................. —•———29
T4bk 4-15: Condition and management of communal grazing End——29
fsbk
4-16:
Size
and management
of
forest—--~30
Table 4-1Number and type of trees planted— —...................................................--——
^^^HiKXaurlogginR’..................................................................................... ..... .. ........ ....... ............................... ~....... ........ 52
Ufe4-19: blooding..................................... .... ....... ................... ..... ~....................................... .............. ............ -.....................33
T ku a™* watcr conservation.................. ....... ........................ -................. ............. ....... .............. .........................
.............................................. 34
Table 5*1* M
c
..................... *........••••—*
TaKL - n Econor^c Activities of Households................................................................... ......................................................... . ^Jble 5 3 nrnl*t of households involved in off farm income generation ——*
T »b| t 5 4 
Tibk 5 5 P°
c
income generation ............................................. —
nc d average cash income for surveyed households--....................................................................
T ‘b) c $45, Utchasc °f Msets during last 5 years........................ .......................................... .................................. .......... “ Sj?. i aXtS ty surveyed households..-—
5 o /Cr’9'ntc ln surveyed kebeles..................................................... —............................................ .. .....................
5.9. .
cndancc rate for children aged 6 to 13 years-
MO: of health facilities and staff. 5.11 t ' P^ uing. vaccination and natal care
n
__ -—
p
VNdf li***»*
Pzwr.i
Table 512 f ood shortage among surveyed households
Table 5-13: Household diet of surveyed households.................................................................................................. Table 5-14 Main economic activities of female headed households
Table 5-15: Typical Firming Households: Alu Kurand
Table 5-16 Typical Fanning Households Adis Woyn_
Table 5-17: Typical Farming Households: lyma Gabreal
Table 518: Typical Fanning Households: Ankaslu Burgi
Table 5-19: Typical Farming Household Aypapu Kebele....................................................................................... Table 5-20: Typical Fanning Household Dimtsatsie Heirs Kebele
Table 5-21 • Typical Farming Household: District 1, Village 4 Kebele ....
Table 5-22: Poverty Critena ——..............................................................................................................................
Table 5 23: Well-off Critena— ~................................................................................................................................ Table 5-24 Ownership of non-agricultural assets for surveyed households
’fable 5-25: Housing condition for surveyed households
l able 6-1. Structure, staffing and mam tasks of WRD wereda office in Jawi Wereda .
Table 6-2. Structure, stiffing and
mam
tasks of ARD wereda office injawi Wereda
'I able 6-3: Structure, staffing and
mam
tasks of ARD wereda office in Dangur Wereda 
Table 6-4: Structure, staffing and
main
tasks of .ARD wereda office in Pawc Wereda
Table 6-5: Number of DAs and FTCs......................................... ........ .. ..................... Table 6-6 Existing community based organisations
Tablr 6-7: Number of service cooperatives...
Table 6-8: Main aspects of village leaders.................................................................
1 able 6-9: Number of churches and mosques .....
Table 6-10 Commercial farms.._................................................................................ 1 able 1: Provision of pnnian and secondary’ schools...
1 able -2: Availability of tciccommunKanons and postal services .. 1 able 7-3 Type and numba of sources for potable waler
I able -4: Mam sources of potable water fox surveyed households
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 l ocation of Upper Bries Scheme........................................- Figure 1-2: Stage Development Areas
Figure 1-3: Administrative and Kebele —. K^W.' Afiertn *' V*r? ** &T
^nONS AND ACRONYMS
acsi ada
AN** ARAW
ard
B-G DA ETB FTC GCA H> HEW flH kg
bn UB
m MLH NCA NGO NRS
□AM
Amhan Credit and Saving* Institute
Amhara Development Association
Amhara National Regional State
Amhara Regional Agricultural Research institute Agriculture and Rural Development
Benin shangul-Gumuz Development Agent
Ethiopian Birr
Farmers’ Teaming Centre Gross command area
Hectare
Health extension worker
I lousehold
Kilogram
Kilometre
Larger landholding household
Metre
Medium landholding households Net command area
Non Government organisation National Regional State
Operation and maintenance
ORDA
Organisation for Recons miction and Development of Amhan
m
Qd
SDA
SLH
Potable water supply
Quintal (100 kg)
Stage Development Area
Small landholding households
swc
WMC
Soil and water conservation
Water management committeeDtmttrrt; RffM'
Afrm/ft) efW’tttcr and Enrrg
Ethnf^aa Mi /'Tfjftrc and Dran^t Prnttd/ JJM* !>'3"afr P'*,it
f .^x A'<* '^
INTRODUCTION
Project LocAtion
TV Ipper Belcs ung.non protect j, Jocated
abou(
within the Amhara and BeiunshanxulGnnw Regions of F.l; , completely within the catchment of the Belo Rjver. which
Blue Nile through the middle of the scheme area.
Prtf/ecf Gouls ant/ Study Objectives
The goals of the Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Protect arc to:
lnd a
T
*" 'Waru'vd’ 'o*vds the
 , JI‘
**”
• Promote the development of sustainable, smallholder based irrigated agriculture;
• Reduce poverty in the protect area and to contribute to rural economic activities and livelihoods by providing opportunities to grew high value crops,
• Promote food security through increased production of staple crops;
• Promote the involvement of the private sector in large scale commercial irrigation development; and
• Contribute to rural employment and hence wealth and well bang
To achieve the project goals. the objectives of the present study include preparation of a full feasibility study to identify’ and design an irrigated agriculture development project for I’ppcr Beks The specific objectives of the resource users and socio-economic studies are to:
• Obtain a sound understanding of the resource users, their incomes, concerns, activities and practices in order to: (i) guide project design (including scheme
opera non and maintenance), and fii) create a baseline enabling the likely impact of the project on incomes, welfare and poverty of resource users io be assessed; and
• Disseminate information, reb ted to the proposed project components and options for irrigated agriculture, to potential beneficiaries in order to seek community cooperation, support and agreement
Fhis report is primarily concerned with the lust ot these two objectives This report also
identifies subprojects to address community development constraints identified by the study.
The approach and methodology’ as well as compiled data arc given in SR-03A- Part 4 (for t Bight Bank) and Part 5 (for the Left Bank)
H- p. 2).
- die
® . bi»r iKopOon of fb< W™>ch .nd m.d>«l..loF “
agm-cconomic information and data in the projec k )
md land tenure anangements, (til) discussion ot livelihoods. ««• protect area, (iv) details of institutions and organisations t ■* available public and private services as well as marketing 
d«hp«» of .pp.opo.ic ,»b p^.. » 
l>1 an irrigated agriculture development project
^formation dissemination with stakeholders was an ongoing ^change of views taking place in the Development
nnYrrtv within (he
outline of
tacdiucs. and (vi)
within the context
dedopn-m "
with the mam formal
2010) where results
°P
IMli (I)
!3 May 2011
1E&ifw Niir D™* P^1
of technical studio were presented along with preliminary project designs, including implementation and O&M arrangements for discussions and feedback. Thcsc lta^h consultation’ formed the basis for an agreement on the proposed development pro ' 07 Stakeholder Consultations).
L3 Stage Development Areas on Right Bank
Due lo the large size of the Upper Belts irrigation development project with highly
,Cr
physical (social and demographic) characteristics, it was divided into five Stage Develop^
Areas (SDA) according to physical (re. river) boundaries (sec Figure 1-2).
Note Stage II for Upper Hyma (Dindir) does not form pan of the feasibility study area, bu*u
included as irrigation development of this area is envisaged by diverting water from the M>ti
Canal at Fcndika town. ITic assumed net irrigable area for Stage IT is about 10-12.000 ha.
Some of rhe SDAs were further divided up into difference sub stages. It is envisaged that project implementation will be phased around these SDAs, starting on the right hank and proceeding io the left bank
The total size of the SDAs on the nghi hank as well as the net irrigable area and irrigation intensity arc shown in Table 1-1.
Table bl
: Stage Development Areas on Ri
ght Bank
_ __ —,
SDA
Sub-
Sugc
Total
Area
(ha)
Net
Irrigable
Area (ha)
Irrigation
Intensity (%)
Remarks
1
u
13.082
7.879
60.2%
1
----- ——
__________ —
IB E
8.667
6.853
79.1%
re-w
9,035
6,966
77.1%
__ — — — —
IBS
2,593
1.410
54-4%
---
B
-
Hyma (Dindir) u not in the P"^' or fea5ibibty_study_4re?_—-- ----- —
III
12.686
8.400
662%
_________ —-]
Total Right Bank
l_ JW.063
31309
68.4%
Excluding Hyma (SD_A 1 _-------
Administratrix Boundaries
The study area extends over parts of two wrredas in the Benishangul-Gumuz region I and Pa we), and puts of four wereda in the Amhara region (North-Ache fa. Jawi, J* Dabub Achcfa) However there arc only three wrredas having a large proportion of filling within the Study area. These arc: ® Jawi. (ii) Dcbub Ache fa; and (w) P*wi. Adm regional, wereda and kcbelc boundaries are shown on Figuic 1 -3
Th 1*4 SrO3a Pl 2 Right sda l&Ju (1)
2Ub l'4 Sri)3i |*t 2 K»gh« Bank Sda Ifldu (1)
3
13 .Muy 2011L’h H-l SrOla Pt 2 Hi^ht Hink Sda l&la (1)
5
J J +\|w 2011
A
I
*IPtdrvl Drm-rviU’ RrfM; cf Es^tp.r. Minify t’UjIfr andEtt^
ElhnfJMt A7i ImtutMH J"d Drahntf Pnfyt
1.5 Report Structure
Hollowing the present introductory chapter, the structure of this report is as fo|] Chapter 2 provides a bnef description of the approach and methodology U5ecj collection of all nccessan socio and agro-rconomic data and information. Chapter 3 gives a description of the main issues with regard to population and demography of SDA 1 and 111,
^Jows:
Chapter 4 provides information on land tenure, including land fragmentation and the need for land consolidation;
Chapter 5 desenbes the livelihoods of the rural households in SDA 1 and III
as wdl» gender issues and levels of poverty;
Chapter 6 gives short description of the dif’ferent institutions at wereda and kebdr fcvd that will be involved in the implementation of the project;
Chapter 7 provides information on the access co services for rural households in SD?. [ and III;
• Chapter 8 desenbes the num findings and idenuried constraints to community development and institutional development; and
• Chapter 9 presents recommended subproject interventions aimed at improving tlx welfare and livelihoods of the rural households.
I h I 4 Sr05i Pt 2 Kight Burk Sda lAclii (1)
6E NiJr
&'****
"i
survey METHODOLOGY
fofrod tr*do economic baseline surveys for SDA 1 and III were conducted tn October
i*fe i ** j r ~ * *
jsj ’Hitxr '’(MX)- Based on available maps, a total of 14 kebeles in four wercdas were antl r i that are (partially) situated within the boundanes of these two SDA. The sahrai
1 C r.k^<r 14 kcbcles are summarised in Table 2-1 Many of the Jawi kcbdcs were
futures ol
•
, WK) when Alu Kurand kcbcle was sub-divided and large numbers of people fbrrneu in *-
fW etfJcd in ™d around lendlU from East Wellega1
Table 2-1; Salient features of kebelen in SDA I 4 111 on Right Bank of Upper Belew
project
dourer yX'crrdh offices and GLS
Krlxk when* bjsrfaic jeurveyj; were ctwticlI rent arc marked in bold
Nutr Tula! number n! kebeks m ihe prefect »rra is 34 Lkcium* UistnCf 2 V ilbgc i •' Kebek b l*<alcd Rl . in ind V^.n in SDA IV. and tTutnet 2 X I t> located 25% in SDA til and 25%m SDA V.
B...d torton colltod pnm l» .he to ol <K to ™*
top dtoto »dr to* offi-K « ~ dtod „ •-«**• *7^X-
ecMome b.to
(or rhn SDA 1 r»d [II «. (to kto »J.~ «°ed., to
in Bangui \X errda and one kebek in Pawc Vt'ereda as follow*-
• Air, Kuruid Kto toed » dre to »d tod. n(
less populated areas of SDA I and 11IA,
• Adis W oyn Kebek: located largely to the west and north of of LX as well as II (Hvma).
• l>™ C.bod tored jto Io d» to of toU >"d to- — « *• toto.
pan of IA and the northern pan of IB;
• Arto. Kto. A.Tto Koto .nd ” 
of Fendika, in the south-western parr ol IB.rcP IB, as well is Til
hid KL-nkxI m
.nd "JKtoto
M|jn!
. v „ c
™. hem
t
d f uth
-- P« »f
to Wdto Ju B ltaw
„
 to to to (to -I to to - — 
*
m 1099 as a result ill cr.nlbcl between the native P ‘-1’*
c
r 4r,L' 'K *
1;u'* Xd» lilu (|)
13 May 2mFflAw/ RjpMi vf Ethiopia, Mtititfiy Wattr u/i Harry
FWliflpftrt ftfjf JfTOJ/.’M PrWr^f Paj*.T
District 1 Village 4 Kcbcle: located entirely in Ill and representatiy 
part of the nghi bank project area.
22 Survey Approach and Methodology
2.2.1 Data Coliniron hdviiqttfJ
In order to collect the required socio-cconoinic/agro economic data and inforinafi
*’1t
I
level, die consultants used the following data collection techniques: n *
• Secondary data collection from weredas and kcbeles;
• Thematic focus group discussions using structured questionnaires, and
• Agro- and socio economic surveys at household lev el using structured qursdonn^
(a) Secondary Da 11 Collection from Weredas and Rebel cs
Al wexcdilevel, the consultants collected data and information tor all 16 kcbclcs. Speciftcifc- the convultanls visited the Agriculture and Rural Development (ARI J) wereda offices, as well i mv. other relevant wereda offices, tn collect daia and information related to; (i) population structure and demographic characteristics (ii) Ixnd area, land use and land use rights, (m; cultivated urea and crop yields. (tv) livestock populanon. (v) local institutions. and (vt) access in public services.
(b) Thematic Focus Group Discussions
Four ihcrnanc focus group meetings with male and female participants were held covering the following topics, (yi population, social indicator* and liisiodc events; (ii) Land use, land rights/tenure, communal grazing and forests; (ui) crop production, livestock and off-farm income genera non. and fiv) 1<kiI institutions, social infrastructure and services.
One thematic focus group meeting was also held just with female participants to discuss gcrul<* issue*, Eight to ten persons attended each thematic locus group discu>s»ri. 7 he participant were selected in cnllaborauon with the Kcbele Councils and Development Agents (DAs).
fr) Agro and Socio-Economic Households Surveys
Poor to conducting The agro- and socio-economic household surveys a stratified sample “f 1
.cprcscncim e number of households to be interviewed was prepared usmg dart and
mfonnat™ related to population and land themnbe focus group discumions.
toUcc(ed dunng wcrrda ufQrt vlsIt(
tn cumulate wtth the concerned DA, and kebek councd members. the «W.^ determined, for each kcMr, the erttcru ro be med for auhdhidmg houachokfc wuh nghls .mo small, medium and larger lwadhclding households Die criteria for lhe daasifc^ of SmA medium and larger landholding households for the seven selected krtbeta at* in Table 2-2
£
13
I'b li4 SrOJU J'r 2 Rj^hr H.wJs Sd> MHu :'‘"“V ’t'a
■'^L <itw‘"'”tpn’ ' *p*J
,,
i~
_
VCcr«f» _
Jawi
i_i ? 2- Criteria for classification of landholding households
Kebelc
SLH MLH
LLH
\lu Kurand
Cha 2-2.9 ha
\dis \X nvn
<2hi
2-3.9 ha
3 ha
>4ha
It ma < Jabrcal
< 1 ha
I-19 ha
>3 ha
Pingur
Ankas ha Burgi
<2ha 2.1-4 ha
Avpapu
< 2 ha 2.1-3 ha
Dimrsamc Heirs
< 1.5 ha
1.5-4 ha
>4 ha
>3ha
> 4 ha
Pawc
_
Landless household* cultivating other households' lands as tenants or sharecroppers have been included in the sample of households to lx surveyed In addition, female-headed landholding households were also purposelv sampled to more fully represent rhe women's perspective in the stratified sample.
The number of landless farming, small, medium and larger landholding households, as well as female-headed landholding households, selected to be interviewed in the household surveys is presented in 1 able 2-3.
Table 2-3: Number of selected households for household surveys
O,| Village 4
< 1 ha
1.1 -29 ha
>3ha
Kebrle
Landless
farming
households
(U-H)
SmaD landholding households
(SLH)
Medium
landholding
households
(MLH)
L»r r
r
landholding
households
(LLH)
FemaJe-headed
landholding households
(FLH)
Alu Kura nd
9
3
13
1
Adii \X oyn
LL
.
17
2
3
lyma Gabrral
5
14
5
5
Antosha Burgi
2
«
3
Avpapu
Ti
8
6
4
T
-DuniwMnc Bdei
1
8
8
3
1
D l Village 4
2
9
7
2
1
Total
13
64
48
36
15
ITc DA /enumerators conducted the agro- and sooo-cconomic household interviews. In order
s
rc
af
10 P P c them for this task, the consultants reviewed the household questionnaires with the
LMs/ enumerators and then conducted rhe first household interview in each kebclc with the ^/enumerators participating as observer.
1 he DAs/enumerators conducted no more than two household interviews per day. As soon as c DAs/enumerators had completed the interviews, the consultants cheeked the completed
ehold questionnaires in order to determine whether all questions were answered s ^factonjy
K, Hht Hank.Sda (1>
13 Mw 2011
9W
F
Iitfapa* Mt hr*#" a*d Dm**?
During the household intenw, data and information was gathered on the follow
• Household size and structure as well as ethnic/religious group;
• Ijind user rights and land tenure.
• Cultivated area, cropping patterns and crop yields;
• Existing implied area, irrigation systems and number of irrigators;
• Crop husbandry practices, labour inputs and equipment/tends,
• Crop storagc/marketing, input supply and agricultural extension/training.
• Livestock population, animal husbandry practices, livestock diseases and access r0 veterinary services, as well as livestock marketing.
• Off farm income and social indicators (lc. education, health, food security, household income and poverty);
• l^ocal institutions (tc. church, mosque, sendee cooperatives, watershed committees land administration committees, saving/crcdit associations, AW;, A/zr and water management committees);
• Access to services (eg. education, health, mads/transport, Telecommunications, markets, potable water supply, markets, cxtcnsion/training and credit); and
• Gender issues including household division of labour, asset ownership/contml decision making, membership of local institutions and female headed households
2.2.2 Azznyy Database an/i Data Pnajjin^
All the collected data and information of the agro- and socio-economic household surveys *crc assembled and then entered into MS Excel datasheets before being analysed. Data analysis primanlv focused on the derivation of descriptive statistics and the survey results were then assembled tn a tabular format presentation lor inclusion in this report.
3he data and information collected during the thematic focus group discussions were available from die structured i|ucstionnaire form.
r °P*
t'b b’4 SrOa Pt 2 Righr Hank Sda Udii (t)
10POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY
3
/qrfw **d
Size
3.f
!.l 1
Kfix/e P^’1 aitJ I 3oKfM/S&
•]1u- Ltfial number of households and population of the 14 kcbdes located (penally; wlun
<pA | and III are presented in Table 3 1 and Table 3-2.
Table 3-1: Number, of villages *°d houachoJds hv kebclc
I anic — Wcredrf
Ak fa
Jawi
Kcbelc
Number of
yi Hagen
Number of botMchcldu
Male
Female
Total
SDA
MftigrLi Gignlv
na
1.449
242
1.691
IA
Ahi Kurand
23
2,419
321
2,740
LA
Adis Worn
10
313
35
350
IB
Argabo
5
501
96
597
LA
Irma GabrcaJ
14
574
148
722
IA, IB
Anka situ BufgJ
18
653
67
'■20
IB. Ill
Danglir
Avpapu
7
337
14
358
ib, ni
Dimisarsie Fklrs
6
404
57
461
in
Dis trie i 1 Village 4-6
4
476
54
530
i’ll
District 1 Village 49
4
711
205
916
in
District 1 Village 104
7
Pawe
448
85
553
in
District 1 Village 127
2
284
54
338
in
District 2 Village 1
3
232
121
353
in
___________
Total
Distnci 2 Village 17
4
332
73
405
IB, III
107
9.133
1,572
10.734
Source. Mtreda nfficts
Nuje; (inly htnjH’haild.* paving iax bascil on land size arc included m the W'rfrda Office lun’ico
C
The proportion of female-headed households ranges from 4 o in Aypapu Kebclc to 34* » in D-2
\ illage ] Kcbclc.
A total of 10,734 households are living tn the 14 kebeks with a total population ol about 48,928
persons. The average household size for the 14 kcbcles is 4.6 persons, ranging ftum 3,7 persons 
in District I Village 49 Krbelc to 5 6 persons m Mengeb Gitgnvc Krbcle.
I he average age of the head of the surveyed households vanes t mm 34-8 years in Adis Vtoyn Krbrlc to 42.4 years in Aypapu Krbete for ilic 181 surveyed households in Jawi Wereda, langur \Xercda and Pawe Wmda.
I&lu 1)
11
bumXHx-
r
xX'.’M l^if;^ Prxv^t Ptyrf
TaAblUe t3C-2: Total population in kchelcs
Number of population
Wereda
Kebclc
Male
Fccniale
Total
Alcfa
Mcngcla Gigriv
4.752
4.708
9,460
Alu Kurand
6.798
5,586
12384
-----------56 j*
Adis Wovn
863
774
Jau 1
1.637
—72
47
zv
Argabo
1,28?
1.376
2,663
.
4.5
Ivma Gabreal
1.540
1,411
2.951
41
Ankasha Burgi
1.706
1,894
3,600
5.0
Dangur
Aypapu
722
699
1.421
4.0
ii
Dimtaatsie Bclcs
1,100
1.014
2.114
44
rf
District 1 Village 4-6
1.267
1,172
2.439
46
iFi
District 1 Village 49
1,778
1.645
3.423
3.7
1 awe
District 1 Village 104
1,008
1,243
2.251
4.1
n
Distort I Village 127
500
850
1350
4.0
"IF
DvMnct 2 Village 1
897
590
1.487
4.2
in
| District 2 Village 17
889
861)
1,749
4.3
3,ir"
Total
25,107
23,821
48.928 |
4.6
Some* Weirds office?
According to die participants of the thematic focus group discussions, die population in Ah Kurand Krbelc and Adis Woyn Kebclc in |awi Wereda increased by 20° n and 100% respectively over the last 20 years In Ankasha Burp Kebclc in Dangur Wereda. the p pubn n for arable land
\ diages in Ahi Kurand Kchelc (kfi) and District 2 Village 17 Kchclr (right)
X f.2 Aoe-Keirdlfe/ / lo*ffhM iw/A I I he Rifhff
Based on information collected during the thematic focus group discussions, the number households cultivating land in the seven surveyed kebeks but living outside the kclx-ks afJ non resident households having land use nghts in the kebclc is shown in Table 3 3.
t’b I 4 >rO5a Pt 2 Rif hr Bank Sib fd In I)a^M. tf M"1'1? '■' Uj"r
i-w**>s* -
T«We
n-residcnt household* with land use rights
We red
Kcbek
HH living otiiBidc
kebelc with land use
rights
Nonresident
HH« With land
use rights
hwi
.du Kura nJ
No
No
Adis Wbyn
200
1$
Ivrrta GabrcaJ
126
na
Artkasha Burg?
About 100
No
Avpapu
Abdul 50
66
Dimtsatsic Bries
W
71
Pau-e
Sirnrr^: fhemanc fucus group dhcusunn*
fabt/e Popidj/torf Dtnufy
The population density for the 14 kebdcs situated (partially) in SDA I and 111 on ihr right bank of the Upper Bclrb project is presented in Table 3-4
The population density ranges Lrom 13 persons per km’tn Aypapu Kcbelc T^angur Wrrrda) to 214 persons per km' in District I Village 104 Krbdr (Pawn VC'rrcda). 'l"he overall population
2
density for all 14 kcheirs is 28 persons per km . Table 3*4; Population density
District 1 Village 4
None
10 1
Wcicda
Krbclc
Area (km2)
Total
population
Population density
{persona/km2)
SDA
Alela
AlengeLa Gigrih
576.91
9,460
16
LA
.Uu Kur.md
511.48
123»4
r
24
IA
Jawi
Adis W ovti
4238
1,637
p
38
IB
Argaho
7100
2,663
36
LA
lyma Gabreal
50.02
1951
59
LA, IB
Ankasha Burgi
120.00
3,600
30
IB, III
D.Lngur
Aypapu
11362
1,421
13
ib, in
Dimtsatsic Heirs
44.30
2,114
48
in
District 1 Village 4-6
1565
2,439
156
II!
District 1 Village 49
75.49
3,423
45
Ill
Pawc
DKtrici I V dlagr 104
10.50
2,25!
214
III
Distix-i 1 Vtltige 127
10.00
1,350
B5
UI
DiAtnci 2 Village 1
41.85
1.487
36
III
_____
District 2 Village 17
4730
1>49
37
IB JII
----------------------- Total_____________ ,
1.732.70
48,928 ] 28
‘ S<-’urre: GIS a?Hi WltciU office
- Bank \Li
t*!u J)
13 MJ’- 30! 1
13\l
oflitbiyu. Sbiwrri tfW'aterafiti Hwy' ptteopm Stir Imffito* Jftd DnsttJ^t Profit
I j' ttmaftii Popttij'ion in 5D/1 / and HI
Based on the population data for the 14 kcbeles, and from estimates of the proportion ofeach kcbcle situated in SDA I and III, the numbers of households and population in SDA I and II! have been estimated and presented in fable 5-5
Table 3 5.
Weredi
and population in SDA J and II!
Aiefa
Jawi
Kebelc
Xtcngela Gignh du Kuranj
Adis Worn Afgibo
hma Gabtcal Ankaiha Bonn
Aypapu_________
Dtmtsatsr Hcks
D«nct 1 Vahge 4-6
Distnct 1 Vilhg 49
Area (ha)
57,691 51.148
Etcimarcd
population in SDA
Ellina*
boiaehddia I
49"
5.636
1J98
3.099
1.512
'JO'7
c
2.561
Dtsmcr I \Hhg 104
C
4,430
1365
2349
1.050
Dotnct 1 V
District 2 Vilbgt ]
Dutpct 2 Village 17
ToraJ
Area in SDA
I and III
2,258 I 4.931 2,494
2,857
<888
5,642
683
533
J.8K2
4,539
_ 379
1,082
6,13O
40.655
1276
780
1,700
22.121
Based on a pro-rata area rsumacr, it xs rsunuted that 5n?i l
.,<22..21 ......................... , m SDA 1 „J UI th.. *
.
h '"'h"“' "!• ■ ■■■“'
Jasvi Vfcreda with 2.502 households (49% of total number of k hoto*choW!’tU 15 rcM<ienr 1,1
„.b a,boo,.bold. (42%)
<^„
*'“*
projection* subsequent optimisation modelling
* ^h project popidaaou
tU> f-4 Sf6.3a Pr 2 Right Hank Sda J&lii (1)
14
B Ma>. ?0U. tff-pM/xJ. **!*** P’V',f
f w'Mrr W r
b lfiaK snd Religion' Composition
}J pjb^Co^-""^
rhe popular" “> ,hc Up?" BdeS replon u’to ,wo ™ P«*p* © long «ubbshed ethnic 
,n
rtoupj (i e Gumuz and Agcw). who arc engaged tn shifting agriculture with limited herdmg is wr U as hunting and gathering; and (u) settlers from other regions of Ethiopu whose pnncipal jCtlVltv is small-scale ram fed farming and herding using largely the same tndmoml methods (ha, they employed before migration
In the N kebcles in SD-A I and 111. 42% to 100% of the population belong to the Arnhara erhnic group, whereas Oromo arc resident in the kebek in Dangur Wereda In Ahi Kurand Kcbelc and Siwatamp Kcbclc in Jam \X creda, 50% and 15% of the population belong fo the Agcu tribal group respectively. I ladya, Kembata. Wobvta and Agrw are resident in two of the five kcbclc* in Pawe VC creda
the ethnic composition oi the kcbclcs situated in (or near tn) SDA I and III is shown in Tabic 3-6’
Table 3-6: Ethnic composkion
Wcrvda
Kcbclc
Ethnic groups
SDA
Am hart
Gumuz
Agrw
Oromo
Otben
'.Alda
Mengda (Jirgirse
Yes
-
Yes
LA
Jw
Alu Kurand
50%
50* •
IA
Adis Wow
100%
IB
Anu bo
100%
-
IA
(you Gabrcal
100%
LA. IB
Wobelaidc
100*.
((hi ts»dcj
I—u
Siwatwnp
85%
15%
;Oursidcj
Dangur
AnJasha Burp
Yes
Yea
Yes
IB. Ill
A»P’Pu
42%
-------------— Yes
Yes
58%
IB. Ill
—- ______
DimtMtne Beks
95%
1%
111
Past
Dittrici 2 Vilbpc 1?
65%
-
35%
IB. Ill
District 2 Vilbgc 1
100%
-
in
J>Mnct 1 VtJfoge 4
80%
20*/.
in
Jfetoct I Village 49
100%
in
P»tnct 1 Vdhgr l()4
100%
-
in
Dwncr 1 Village 127
96%
4%
HI
° offices and (hematic fi
xus group d
hscussioris
- --------------
££"o 
...„..K™.>.»df ■»)"»**>
Jlcxted arc however retained in this reportVttovl Dtm9,Yj!i» a! Ejtwtia, Minu^ nt' II j/rr I:mq
Ethafwi Nile ImttitKn u kJ Draiwge P^r
(a) Gumuz Peoples
The region of Mctckcl is largely populated by the agro pastoralist Gumuz peop]
uadibonil land tenure system combined individual possession
*
with omnr. '
K UP owncrshin Cnt
equal access to land The Gunnrz faced various attempts by governments to er
J*c
'
and gradually retreated into remote areas, where they did not have access to sr
they became increasingly isolated, In 1985, a large number of people were resettled in |
r
Metckel region by the government The Tana Bcles project in some ways had a negaQvt f
on the lives of rhe Gumuz by depriving them of access to arable land, traditional hunting
grounds and fishing. Deforestation also took its toll and conflicts between groups led
sometimes to loss of life and property
1.2.2 
C^ftpofilivn
The religious composition of the kebeks located in /adjacent Io SDA I and Hl is presented in
Table 3-7.
Table 3-7: ReUgiouy composi t i o n
1 WcTtda
T"
Kebek
Religion
SDA
Ethiopian
Orthodox
Roman
Catholic
Protestant
Islam
Other*
Alcfa
Mengda Giiprsc
1(MJ% 1
Li
Alii Kurd nd
95%
5%
lA_
Adis Worn
ioor.1
1
Arg-abn
99.9%
0.1%
wj
[vpti-g Gabital
100%
-
IA.jg_
Wobdawie’
100%
4 )ursde_
Siwatamp*
10D%
C JuliKk_
Dangur
Ankldu Hurgi
75%
25%
-
Aypajuj
60%
40%
Jjt.JlL !
DimitatSlC Heirs
55%
4V.
JIL_J
Piwe
Dialect 2 Villi rc 17
50-B
yi*.
19%
1%
nt. HL-.
District 2 Vilbgr 1
100%
District 2 Village P
JTJ_ -
Dual ne t 1 Village 4
»u%
10%
io%
nr__.
Dm tact 1 Village 49
90%
J(j%
iiy _
Du met I Vdhgr 104
-
iou" .j
DisiricT L V ilia^e J2J_
97%
--------- .
3%
___
1
S-MJ res- Wcrvdr office and ihrnuiic tocui Rroup diNeuiMHi*
• Kebek i* l<*it«J ihc North Jc VI efl of jawi, ju»t initaidr the I’rnjrci Aiea
\K creda and J«wi VCcrnla. 95% to 100% of »be households are members of rhe pun Orthodox Chinch, where*' 5* . of the population in Ah. K.ir.nd Kebele
WcreiW are Muslims
In ,he three e k belts in Dangur W eird*. *5* • ,o 75*Z“ bcl"np t,’c E,hi°P'*n Orthodox ChiU<h and 25% to 45 « are . i
L b I'-* T>e 2
r
Kighr Bank Sd-i MeW (1,:
S May 201 rJfl Pawe U'crcda, mwt households scon to belong io the Ethiopia Orthodox Church. In patriot 2 Village 1" Kebde (Pawe Wereda), 50*/. of the households belong to the Ethtopun Ort hodnx Church, 30% arc Roma" Catholic, 19% are Protestant, and 1% uc Muslims In
Qistnct 1 Village KM Kebdc, all households are Muslims, whereas Muslims are also resident in w0 other kebelcs in Pawe Wereda.
Migration and Population Growth
}J \ccordmg to the thematic focus group discussions. 100 to 500 persons migrate temporanly 
from other weredis into the seven surveyed kcbeJcs in search of employment, mainly caused by shortage of arable land in their home villages. In addition, 20 to 30 persons migrate seasonally from Iyma Gabrcal Kebcle (Jawi Wereda) and Dimtsatsic lie les Krbelc (Dangur Wereda) due to shortage of cultivable land
In Iym> Gabrcal Kebcle, 7% of the survey ed households were invoked in seasonal migration to other wrredas in ANRS tn search of employment Only 5% of surveyed households in Aypapu Kcbelc were involved in seasonal migration to other weredas in search of employment
Table 3*8: Seasonal and permanent migration
Sounn Thematic focuK group discussions and household surveys
Hie population in the Upper Bclcs region and in particular tn and around Pawe Wereda is tncrcasing rapidly, with non-controlled (spontaneous} immigration of landless youth into the
I and III in search of jobs and other livelihoods means The Pawe resettlement villages formed by settlement under the Tana [Wes protect, 1985-carly 1990s) have grown into small
•owns, rhe more recent resettlement around Fendika tn SDA 1 and III (1999-2000) are also
cx P»nding fast n,
f
c town o Wcfk Mcda hjs
during the last few years
rhc L'pper Beles vallev is now also attracting private investors Since the resettlement oflargt nu tnber of people in the Metekel region during the 1980s, (minor) conflicts over resource use ' Uf1Cd bctUc«i the indigenous people and settlers It is expected that these conflicts couldhrdrj.1
<V E/Artjr/d. Afrvrft) rfHjfrr wd Evtfg>
Ejhofui .\/k jcd Dwjqt Pn^r
intensify with the migration of more people ro the private investors'.
region and the aiJocatlOn
Foe of seven surveyed kebdes were esublished 9 to 20 year, ago. bo. Aypap. Kebek * Btkl Kebek werereportedly established sonte «> ye." >6" n» m™ onm
. wese (food, io lentaf.abred Kebek » 200» Outbreaks of cholera have
Td» Worn Kebek. whereas an on,break of malwa ocetnred during rhe W.. 1 Vdlape 4 Kebelc.
1 F.urncon«uh Mort MmF Jonaki Draft F oul Rcp<<T \ t>n*rlnpmmr Project (Mm JttMT). p.45-46.
t lb 14 SrOJa Pl 2 R»3»t Hank S.li FA Fit (1)
I
Water RcMK*n'e*
11 Mr» ?ar ’LAND TENURE
^nd U" p*"™
4 t Ba,cd on the da<* provided by the wereda office,. 43% of d] hod ln SDA I is considered to be Movable, whereas 35% « p«>ng land and 1% is taken up by houses and roads Forest land compose about 12%, about 4% is waste land and 6% is classified as “other use”.
In SDA HI. 36% of all land is cultivable. 8% is grazing land. 41% b forest, 5% is waste land and 20 315 used by houses and roads A total of 3.550 ha of land (13%) is used for other purposes
Uod Ute Right*
fhe distribution of holdings with land use rights for the kebeles located parnaJJy) tn SDA I and III on the right hank project SDA I and Ills shown in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1: Distribution of land use rights
Wercda
Kebclc
Area
(ha)
Land and land use right (hi
i
SDA
Individual
Communal
Church
Stile
Akfi
Mcngela Girgine
5",691
-
1A
JlWl
Alu Kuran d
45.000
6.798
25340
15
12,6*7
IA
Adis Woyn
4.258
1.278
2.968
8
4
IB
Argabo
7.300
2303
10
10
4377
IA
Irma Gabrcal
5.002
3.067
1.932
3
Lvra
Wobclasse*
3.19!
2.892
290
2
65
(>ur«dc
Stwatamp*
2,957
2,902
47
2
55
(hitsidc
Sub-iota!
67.708
19340
30.787
40
17,640
% of Sub-Total
100V.
28%
45%
<1%
26%
Dangur
Ankas ha Hurgi
12,000
1,230
6,500
12
4,250
IB. Ill
------ ---------------
Aypapu
11362
1.63-
1300
25
8.630
IB. Ill
Dimriatsic Bcles
4.430
3.644
430
1
3O5j
HI
Sub-TotaJ
27,792
6,511
8,480
16
13,185
% of Sub-Total
100%
23%
31%
<1%
47%
_pi«tnct 2 Village 17
5.984
-
IB. Ill
^utner 2 Village 1
8,369
6.75“
330
2
i^o
m
Dutnct 1 Vdliye 4
1.565
958
190
3
414
ni
DutnctJ Villige 49
7.549
1.702
842
5
5.000
in
PL’ ™ L^llagc KM
1
1.050
650
200
5
195
HI 1
P*«na 1 Vfljge 127
1.000
500
123
7
370 _ n ■ 1-1
III 1
——____ _ Sub-Total
19,533
10,5671
1,685
22
7^W
2—|
——._ 34 of Sub-Total
100*/.
54%
9%
<1%
37%
—--------- -------- Total
115,033
36318
40,952
78 J
38.084
—1
—of Total
i - -
32%
36%
<1%
33%
1
v We^h 0^
office
"
’ Kchde h
GtfR’rM: Kcbdc and 02 Vdhgc 17 Kebclc arc not ivaihbk md have bcm riduded C & West of |awi, juit outside the Project Area
Mr Ranh
13 May 2011
Sda l&hi (1
19Dau coveting the whole kebcle area arc not available for Mcngcla Girguse Kfbe)c Village 17 Kebcle For the sk kebclcs in Jaui Wcrcda, 28% of the land have md.ndtu! U' nghts belonging to households, 45% are communally managed, less than 1". belong, to ( hutch and 26% are State-owned In the three kebclcs in Dangur Wcrcda. 23% f th ^,
oe
individual land use rights, 31 % are communally managed and 47» arc Statc-ouncd
0
proportion of individual land use rights (54%) in tlie six kclielcs m Pawe W ereda i, higher, whereas the communally managrd land is relatively low with only 9%.
Cultivated land (left' and communal grazing land (nghr) along Pawc-Matnbuk nud
Overall, the mapoty of the land (69%) is currcnilv communally managed or Sratc-ouncd, though the proportion allocated to household* is tncrcaMiig
4.2.1 Hottitho/d Land Ujt Rj^t/.r
ITic number of household* with land use rights in the seven surveyed kebclcs is presented Table 4-2. *1 able 4-3 and Table 4-4
Table 4-2: Household land use rights in Jam Wcrcda
Size of land Ahi Kurand Kebcle
Adia Winn Kebcle
u<e right Mak-
headed
Female
headed
HHa
Total Mile- Female Total
number
of HHa
headed
headed
HHa
ti umber
of HHa
<0.5 ha
0.5-I ha 1.1-1 5 ha
1.6-20 ha
21-15 ha
169
719
70
71
490
> 2-5 ha
Total
[Ti 1*4 SrV3a 17 2 Right Hank Sda Mil (I)
13 Muy 201:..
3 fZw/*> of ITrfrr tnd Himr,
T»ble Hogg*!10** land uae righ ts in Dangur Wcrcda
Aypapu Kcbele
Dimtaiitie Beka Kcbck
Ankawlu Buren Krh-u
M*Je- headed
HH- J
Fetiiak- headed
HH<
Total
number
of HHa
Male-
headed
HHi
Male*
beaded
HHi
hridtfl
HHa
Mak
headed
HHi
Mak-
beaded
HH.
Fem*k-
beaded
HHi
9
1
10
33
I
34
145
3
148
184’
13 |
193
242
52
294
4
0
4
60
10
79
115
15
130 '
403 I
6
409 I
2S8
24
282
390
..«
458 |
552 ]
?
Ml
Lind use ri
in Pawe Wereda
Sac ofU“d
ine right
District 1 Village 4 Kcbrk
Male
headed
HHa
Female- beaded
HHi
Total
number
of HHi
< 1,0 Ju
229
30
259 i
1,1-20 ha
104
27
131
> 2-0 ha
36
2
38 :
Total
369
59
428
vkitce: rhmuhr fcjcu«t gtrwp meetings
The distnbubon of land use rights in the seven sun*eyed kebeta is summarised in Table 4-5 Table 4-5; Distribution ofland use rights in seven surveyed kebelcw
Wertda
Kcbele
Size of land u»c ri
g bc
<1.0 ha
LI-2,0 ha
>2.0 ba
Jawi
Alu Kurand
41%
7%
52%
Adis Wtjyn
38%
39%
23%
Iyma GabrcaJ
49%
33%
18%
Dangur
Ankisha Burg]
26%
1%
73% '
Aypupu
4%
68%
28%
Dimtsatsie Beks
7%
65%
28%
J\we
Ohtnci 1 Viihgr. 4
61%
31% ,
8%
Snurct! thematic kxzut group meeting*
The proportion of households having land use nght Kcbele to 61% m District 1 Village 4 Kcbele settled un
fof
Jew
vans to«n 1,1 AH’4pu Tim pek* prOjcci The
1% m Ankl,ha
proportion of households with land use rights of l- TO households with land use rights ot
Uurgi Kcbele to 68% in Avpapu Kcbele the pmpornon more than 2.0 ha varies from 8% in 1X1 Village
On average, the surveyed households in the seven kc c from 6.3 years in Adis Woyn Kebele to 12.4
Wcicda, the surveyed households in three survey to 16.1 years against 13.7 years in the surveyed kc
^kash* Burg1 Kebele
shave used (firmed) P
lot5
rf j^bclc- In Dangur
, hflI plm, of land for 11 1 years p^ Werola-
T
Hank lif
u
n Miy 3*11
21Kfrkf af
CJ^Vt .\ f' O Ir^pO" M£ Dw^t Pt**1
ofV~JfraifiLir’p
I
(„ Female l-and L’$e Right I loldcrs
| n |1W Wertda, the proportion of female land use right holders ranges from 8% m
Kebele to 18’. in lvnu Kabreal Kebcle In Dangur Wereda, the proportion of ftmilt nght holders is 9% in Aypapu Kebele, 15% tn Dimtsa.sie Bde< Kebcle and 2% m Burgi Kebele. In D.l Village 4 Kebele, 14% of the land use right holders arc female
422 LmdJtjj HomtbM
1'hc number of landless households in the seven surveyed kebeles is shown in Table -U Table 4*6: Landless households
Wereda
Kebek
Total
HHi
Landkas HHs
Number
•/.ofTotal HH«
Jaw
.Mu Kunnd
1,701
111
7%
Adis Woyn
410
60
15%
lynu Gabreal
824
102
12%
Dangur
Ankaiha Burp
879
159
18%
.Ajpapu
384
26
’%
Dimnatuc Belo
711
250
35%
Piwe
Dinner 1 Village 4
675
145
21%
Totalj_ 5.5M
853
15%
Source. Wnr.b otficn. rhnwrc f.<u. poop dlml,„ms
The proportion of landless households vanes from '% in Alu Kurand Kebele and Aypapu Kebele to 35% in Dimtsatnc Belts Kebele of the total number of households. The overall average proportion of landless households is 15% of die total number of households in the seven sun ned kebeles
To ensure tint the landless households will directly benefit from irrigation devek P
>
mC^
respective kebcle*. n is suggested that a minimal irrigated landholding u allocated to a households resident in SDA I and III.
4.2. i .'lirngt .fr-r of I lokiw>j with Land U/t tyhti
The average size of holdings with land use rights for die seven surveyed kcbclcs is * Table 4-7. As expected the average landholdings per household arc much less tn the i t new) settlement kebclcs of Adis VC’oyn Kebele and Ivma Gabreal Kebcle than m Alu Kcbck and Ankasha Burgi Kebcle
jn
According to data collected dunng the thematic focus group discussions, die overall aver*?
land use right per household is 2.6 ha. Aypapu Kebcle
ranging from 1.2 ha in Jyma Gabreal Kebele to 6 0 h*|n
(Jb F4 SrOJa Pi 2 Right Bank Nda J Alii (I)
22
13 Mn 201 •r ^. pnf,‘'
Table/Z-’ Wereda
--------
Kcbcle
—-
Size of
cultivable
area (ha)
Number of HH with land
use rights
Average
per HH
(ha)
Alu Kurand
6.798
Jawi
2238
3.0
Adis Wuyn
958
549
1.7
lyma Gabrcal
1.018
824
U
j)angur_
Ankas ha Burgi
U50
561
22
Avpapu
1.699
282
6.0
Dinifsarsie Beles
1.644
458
3.6 |
Pawv
District 1 Village 4
691
530
13
Total / Average
10.024
4.172
“J
Source Thematic Incus group mccnnp
The average size of holding with land use rights for the surveyed households according to rhe household surveys in rhe seven kebcles paints a similar picture and they arc summarised in Table 4-8
Table 4-8: Average holding size of sun ey ed households
Wereda
Kebele
Average land holdings for surveyed households (ha)
SLH
MLH 8c
LLH
OveraD
average
Jawi
Alu Kurand
1.3
4.7
3.5
Adis Worn
1.0
25
1.6
Ivma Gabrral
1.0
2.3
20
Dangur
Ankasha Burgi
1.6
5.3
3.6
Avpapu
■ •»
i-1
4.0
3.0
Dimtsatric Beles
0.9
3.5
24
Piwt
Dutncr 1 Village 4
0.9
23
16
[.Total / Average
U
3.5
25
Source household survey
"Hie overall average land use right for the surveyed households in the seven kebcles is 25 ha, nn png from 1.6 ha in Adis Worn Kebdc and D I Village 4 Kebclc to 3.6 ha tn .Ankasha Buxgi Kebelc.
<S ^h2k u
13 May 20t1
-MtBjnkSdilAchd)
23i
ledma' Dtvinidr ItyMi nj Efhiafu. Mntuft) of ITk'r and Enrrp 
Eftapara Nwr Irr^acit and Dwagt Pttpi
4.2.4 Faftn/aicJ /Ihtj Gt/fnv/td b) I iotut holds tn SDA 1 and III
Biwd on the esttmited number of households in SDA I and III (see Section 3 find use nghts (sec Section 4.2.3), the estimated area that may be cultivated bv h the right bank project area is shown in Table 4-9.
Table 4-9: Estimated area cultivated by househo! Ids in SDA I and 111
1
' °u$ek)ldis
VCercda
Kebele
HHs with
land uie rights
in SDA I and
Average
land use
right (ha)
Estimated
cultivated
are in SDA I
and Illfha)
Mengcla Girginc
Alu Kurand
Ada Wovn
IB 111
Ihmtiatue Bela
4.3 Land Use Certification 4 J. I Status
Bwed on data collected dunng the thematic focus pnup discussions and household «m<y» t>“ situaoon with tegard to the reputation of land use rights in the seven surveyed kebcles is presented in Table 4-10.
In Jaw Weteda, the rep,nation of land use nghts ls almost completed as 94% to 100" • of ,h< surveyed household, tn the three kebcles reported!, reversed thru land use certificates. nvufk tn the name of the husband It u expected that dte land use repsuanon process wll be completed in 2010
According to information colkaed from the ARD Wereife Ofr right* has not started in Pawe U'ercda and Bangui Wcrtda as th^^' rCRUUa0°n
u*r
administration tn both wcredas However, respectively 11% llxj
°^,cc *°r
household* tn Aypapu Kcbcle and Anka.ha Burgj Kebck reponed thMthX'l^d ^
have been registered According to die participants of the thematic ™ *" *** 
Lb M StOU Pt 2 Right Hank Sda l*1w (1)
24
*
locu* P’Jup discusuofl* tf»
15 Ma) 20!1Minify tfW‘atrr nJEirp
pxngur Worda. ir is expected that the entire land m, ,
2012/2013.
P'°V™ uaU fompklfd *
LIO: Land
in aeven surveyed kebeles
tfctcd*
Kebele
Registration of land use rights
completed
Thematic focus group meetings
HH survey
J»U1
Alu Kura nd
80-.
ino%
Adis VC’ovn
< Agoing
94%
Iyma Gabreal
Ongoing
100%
Dangur
Ankasha Burgi___
OH
28%
Avpapu
0%
11%
Dimrsattie Boles
0%
0%
Pawe
District 1 Village 4
0%
0%
Source them stir f«<u* group
and housrhold iurvn
4J2
rhe concerned government agency (i.e ARD/EPLAUA) should complete consobdaunn and resettlement activities associated with the proposed project, and registration of all existing, consolidated and new land use lights and issue of land use certificates before the construction
□f 'field level) irrigation and drainage infrastructure
■f-J I / Mnd Use Rn>hr Stinrity
The Federal Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation No.456/2005 provides among others that farmers have a perpetual use nght on their agricultural holdings and that dus right is strengthened by the issue of land use certificates and maintaining land use nght registers The forma) registration of land use rights in the rural areas started in 2003 in ANRS, but it has not suned in B-GNRS.
arguable that for the successful development of the L'pprr Belos irrigation project that tncrciaJ fanning will have to be introduced. However due consideration has nor (yet) been
to land use rights of farmers resident in the project area. This practice mdxares char gyration of individual land use rights and the issuance of land use certificates does not
4
n y security' of the land use right holders to the nght to cultivate the land .
' a' Recommendation
ilong Conuncrc>al and smallholder irrigation development needs careful consideration,
Pnvat * re5c element implications and modabnes. During the allocation of arable land to
c 'T°rs, the land use rights of the indigenous people and settlers should be taken into
Mot, MaclXmald (May 2009). p.100
2 R **" •W SJi l*|» ;|)
13 May 2011
25FfOrni l)v9*rufi< of Elfyu. Miwtrf q Water anti E ifry Ettnfui Site /rn^joti and Dwft Ptyrrf
44
Lind Fn^meofsaon and Need for Consolidation
4.4 J LmJ Fn^nmtdit9n
The avenge number of plots pci household with land use rights m the is shown in Table 4-11
Table 4-lt Average number of plots for surveyed households
’«en survey ^
fd
1 Wereda
Kebele
Average number of plot! for
surveyed households
SLH
MLH &
Ll.H
Overall
average
Alu Kurand
18
21
2.0 1
Adis Woyn
1.8
3.1
2.3
lynu Gibrcal
12
23
20
| Dangur
Ankxshi Burgj
20
3.4
2.8
Aypapu
21
3.1
2.7
Diimsatsie Belcs
26
29
28
\ Paw
District I Village 4
1.1
1.8
1.4
Average
1.8
27
2.3
Sourer household survp
The overall average number of plots for the seven surveyed kebeles is 23, ranging from 1.8 plots for small landholding households to 27 plots for medium and larger landholding households.
Reportedly, there have been no attempts to consolidate the fragmented land use right* in’ plot in any of the seven surveyed kebeles
442 ^•d.f»rlMiG>Ml L „„
u Jt
to ibe eate^cep Jbk t! ''“"k"*"',CUV,°"' Und “"“’Manon should be earned out
«oung fragmented hndhoXp^X’h’ ^1^h^’ hou«hold to one; and (ri) maxima 
to be set out to facilitate
r
1 Kirca IUTn opentJoru.
P lors OU7,cd b’ ,
* ,c*ncy and enable optimum field bounds5
To ensure that the entire land aerpusmon and c.msobdatxm proees, is earned out in »
transpuent and accountable mannet, a proceM 4ppinleh Io hnd consolldatJon mvolvV>g xB
stakeholders would include d»e following itrps
. Awareness campaign to inform aD household, withm (and near lo) SDA I and IK all important aspect, of the hnd accjuismon and eon^Oon process, mclodmg needs, expected benefits and condition*;
. Signing of a land con.oWs.Kx> agreement by (U))„ M% of
use right holders.
. Detailed cada.trd .tuvey of the all land u« nght, withm SDA I and II! ^lodmg the registration of the names of all land me right holder „ _ii ,,
U „d
. rt x 
. .. , .
location of all their plots nt land;
w
vu 38exact sue and
i:b A S«03a Pt 2 Right Sda lArlo (F
26
13 Slav 2011. 
< Waft? aid
pfrd***
gcgistrxrion of ill land use nghts within SDA I and III and the issue of land use right ccrtifiaites to all concerned households.
Pfepration of list of all landless households, who are resident within SDA I and III;
|defidfkat,on of new consolidated plots of tmgable land by area ind household's name for all existing households with land use rights within SDA I and III as well as for
h useholds whose land has to be acquired and for the landless households.
Presentation of the new consolidated plots of lmgahle land lo all concerned households detailed maps indicating the location and size of each consobdated plot of land as
W<J| » the names of all households;
• Signing of agreement by all concerned households; and
Registration of the new consobdated plots of irrigable land, including the issue of new land use right certificates.
45 Inheritance
In all seven surveyed kebeles, both sons and daughters arc entitled to inhent an equal share of the land use right that belonged to a decciscd parent. If j land use right holder does not have inv children, the land is either inherited by relatives and/or returned to the Government for redistribution among (landless) households.
4 6 Tenancy and Sharecropping
4.6.1 Prmik/fir ofTtnatK) and. fhanempping
Based on data collected during the thematic focus group discussions, the area cultivated by tenants and/or sharecroppers in the seven surveyed kebcJes is presented tn Table 4-12
Table 4-12: Area cultivated by tenants and/or abarecroppers
Wereda
Kebele
Total
cultivated
area (ha)
Area cultivated by
tenants/
sharecroppers (ha)
%of total
cultivated
area
Jawi
Alu Kurand
6,798
210
3%
Adis Worn
958
150
16%
lyma Gabrral
1018
80
8%
Dangur
Ankas ha Hurgi
1.250
500
40%
Aypapu
1.699
800
47%
Dtmtsarsie Beks
1.644
nx
•
Piwc
Outnct 1 VilW 4
919
300
J3%
.Total
14.286
2,040 |
16%J
Thematic focus eruup mccnnp
* 
dfeta refer to the whole Vebrk. not ju»t the portton .
.
In the three surveyed kebeles in J»«i ered*. 3 • to cultivated by tenants and sharecropper* Thf fnaul
.k^ CD \ I IB
16 . . Of the culm
n gjlt holder* to
_ . of Qjen or too po°r 10
h »'e their land culrivtted by tenints and/or sharea° ’^r
,
purchase agricultural inputs, illness and being non
UMiy20tl
B «ikSda l&|u (j)
27ftJra. R/pti. it Afitwm •'ITtier mH Eerfji
fyfafut Nib jd Dm tar Pmr.f
In Anbshi Buryi Kcbcle and Aypapu Kcbdc. respectively 40% to 47® p
o
cultnitrd by tenants and sharecropper* as land use right holders arc either too lick oxen, non-resident and/or the}* do not have adult males In D 1
of the farm land is cropped by tenants and sharecroppers 
In Jawi Wereda, 4% to 33% of the surveyed households have (pan of) their land cul tenants and sharecroppers due to the following reasons: (i) the farm land is too far * r adult mile, to) non-resident; and (iv) need for cash. In Dangux and Pawc Wereda,
^°°f °r
4^
of the surveyed households in three of the four kebcles have their land cultivated by teni ' and sharecroppers due to (>) lack of oxen, (ii) no adult male, (iii) lack of labour, and (iv) poverty. In Dimtsatsic Kcbelc. however, all surveyed households reportedly cultivated the:
lands themselves
The proportion of surveyed households culuvanng (additional) land as a tenant or sharecn^w for the seven surveyed kebcles is summarised in Table 4-13.
lablc 4-13: Proportion of surveyed households cultivating additional land as tenant/
sharecropper
W errda
Kcbelc
Landless and small
landholding HHi
Medium and larger
landholding HHs
Overall
%of
total
Average
size (ha)
%of
total
Average
size (ha)
% of total
Avoir
Ahi Kurand
91%
?_?
44'.-.
1.1
63%
1—
Adis Woyn
72%
1.3
56%
0.7
67%
1.1
Ivma Gabreaj
75%
1.3
58%
1.2
63%_
Dangur
Ankas ha Bmp
.Aypipu
30%
2.1
30*.
3 3
50%
3.8
30%
08
Dtmtsatiic Hclcs.
W%
5.5
73%
43
30%
40%
75%
Pawc
Duran 1 Vilhgc 4
27*.
13
44%
2-0
35%_
Jj]
~__ nJ 25.
____ii
Tool. 61%
2.5
48%
1.9 _
53%.
Sourer. hnuiehoid turvo
In the seven kebdes. 61% f the $UVcved
o
wd
hoincholds a***
"’.’7“*' of 15 hi of sddmond Isnd « tensnts o, ,hiwcroppcr,j ranpnf! f,.>m H h> m
m D,raIS’U‘C Kcbck Al» '
u
‘urvn ed medniw and
n h',^h<> ^old'<ul n t
u
[ 1 c>nivcr
^ofl.9hiof1dd.tio.ulhnd ( hersll. 5V♦
*“
.rnveyed household, culirv.ted in .vcrlgt of 2 t of (addlbomd) hlld „ IeflMl5 or
sharecroppen. The num rcisons f ,
o
secure. « to hive . h^he, mconse; „d (|ij) (0 for red sod land which is easier to cidovilt
bnd «, be
b]>ck vcfll5oh
l*b 1*4 StO.U I*t 2 Ri^r Sda (1
2R
n Mm 2l'1Ji^'C/A^x V/w/Zn ir^jrrJ f-:,f^.
‘ 1^'
l^J,>
'
nr m
wf ,cn:inC V a d shjrccft
- " TP K ^rangemenrs id the seven surveyed kebde, are
,n
5U mn»r«ed m Tabtc 4-14.
Tabffjt'lt
VTereda
Jjwt
common tenancy and sharem
Kcbele
Tenancy
(ETB/ha)
Sharecropping (% of ham at)
Alu Kura nd
640 to 1,800
Adis Wuvn
400 to IJ00
67’-
Irnta Gabreal
500 to 1,130
Qangtif
Ankaxha Burgi
500 to 1.400
Aipapu
100 h» 1,000
75%
Dimtsdrsrc Belts
J00 to 1500
|Uwr
Dinner 1 VdLigr 4
2 ro 4 qnr 900 to 1.000
50%
Source: hraurtiolJ survey
Tn six of the seven surveyed kebdes. tenants usually have to pay ETB 100 tn ETB !,8W prr lu tn the land use right holder for die right ro cultivate his/her land for one cropping season. In D.1 Village 4 Kcbclc, a tenant pays either 2 ro 4 quintal of the harvested crop or E’lU 900 to
1,000.
lhe most common sharecropping aningcment in rhe three surveyed kebdes tn jawi \Xercda is that the sharecropper receives 6’’® o of die harvested crops, whereby the nharrcwppcr has to provide the oxen and all inputs In Dangur Wcrcda, the sharecropper usually recch'cs 5° a of the harvested crops, whereby rhe sharecropper has tn provide the oxen and all inputs In District I Village 4 Kebelr, die sharre ruppers reportedly receive 30% of the harvested crop.
4.7
Command Gn.zm^L»nd
The patCTirul size oi the communal grazing lands of
f pk, , 6 kebcl« situated
Table 4 1 The
ni™ k
y
a. m—-* «—1
condition Mid management of die communal grazing land in the «wn ^umman^cd in Table 4 15.
T »ble 4-15;
Sereda
Ke belt
Potential
aixe (ha)
-1 LULU UIJJ
Condition
- —— MuugcmcBK
reipotuibdicv
Quality of
managemcm
JauT
AJu Kura nd
25.540
Good
Nobody
Poor
L Adis W< ,yn
2.968
Fair
Krbeie CoundJi
Poor
L—_____ i Dangur
_ krna Gabreal
1,932
Prior
Kcbele Council
Poor
Inkasha Burg:
Aypapu
65OO
Good
Kebelr Council
Good
130
Fair
Kcbele Council
Good
h
■PinitWiig Beks
180
Poor
Kebclc Council
Poor
.Pawe
Jjntncr 1 VSHagc 4
170 l
Fair
Krbelr Council
Poor
ni -lttc foc £ g Hjp
U fi
29
1 5 May 3011FrdraZ1Wrun.' Kf M Mrwrn ef ITi/r M/j E*ff£,
[■JtMfun Nik Imp*" Jtd DnBUpt Prwit
n, of the rommuml P,n"» tac m Al" K«««l K,.
„d Utah Bun, Ktbele. pr»l»bly **»
tont! wd ta or poor in rhe rermininp five surveyed krtdos
■«< low pop*,,,
livestock <wncB from outside the kcbcle ire allowed to graze their animals on the
grazing land in sut of the seven surveyed kebcles, but this is not allowed in Ankashj
Kebclc.
Eicept in Alu Kurand Kebclc which extends fax to the north of Fcndika, the Kcbcle G>Jnc. responsible for managing the use of the communal grazing land in the other six sun-eyed
kebeks According to the participants of the thematic focus group discussions, the con-*mum: grazing land is managed properly only in Ankasha Burgi Kebclc and Aypapu Kebclc 
Overgrazing and encroachment by farmers were mentioned as rhe main problems
4.S Forcsra and Agro-forestry
4.8 1 Natural ForrH
The estimated areas and management of forest in the seven surveyed kebcles in SDA I and l.i arc shown in Table 4-16.
Table 446: Size and management of forest
U’ereda , Kebele
Alu Kurand
AdaWoyn
hnu Gibrex
u
Estimated
425
630
5.000 9.002 2356
61S
Management
retpontibilitv
Quality- of
management
_____ _—
State-own^/ protected
na._
No
Nobod v
Kebele Council
Poor
4b
Kcbcle Council
Poor
1>u * ‘ Anka*, 
hlJa?
Kebelc Council
Good
_Ajp3»u
Hdci
A2j«55a vju^c 4
____________ -
No Nt
n°_
^Kebele Council
Poor
Ya.
Sourrc. OwnutK f<«w poup diKUiixitii
TTk th.ee kun.'eyed kcbelts m J.w W„eda hlve commun)t>, forclt „„ covering >bo* »' *
h*. According to the piraapants of the thematic focus group discusaion*. managcmctit of the foteat areas u not good Ankasha Burgi Kcbdc 'Bangui Wereda) has fntesu covering .bout S.CXX) ha, largely extend^ over the slopes around Ml Bda«. •" reportedly propedy manned by the Kebele Council The management of die Stated1 fottM by the Kebele Council m Distract y Vllhp. 4 Kebclc is poor due to lack of control
irb I'4 SvO'i C*i 2 Ri/hr Bank Sd» l&lii (I)
SO
H Mir 201’Ki!t ItrfJtMfi a'4 Pyra
Forest jl< »ng Pawc Fendika road
Fuel wood and fruits are the main forest products. None of the wen sun eyed kcbcles has employed guards to protect the existing forest.
4./J Trrr VlMtattonj
In the three surveyed kcbelrs in Jawi XX’ereda, only 4% of the surveyed households reported having dr\ eloped small tree plantations ranging in size from 0 25 to 0.5 ha None of the sunned households in the four kebcles in Dangur Kcbcle and Pawc Werrda stated to have developed tree plantations on their lands
4./J Planh^Qf Trits
llie proportion of surveyed households as well as the number and rvpe of trees planted around
7
homesteads and fields are presented in Table 4-1 .
able 447; Number and
Wercda
of trees
Kcbcle
•/.Of
HH«
Average
number of
irecu planted
Types of tree planted
AJu Kurand
"8%
53
Eucalyptus, fruit, indigenous
Adis \Xovn
^8%
29
Fruit, indigenous
_ lynu Gabreal
85%
140
Eucalrprus, tnut indigenous
Ankas ha Bur#
str.
13
Fruit indigenous
Aypapu
75%
23
Fruit, indigenous
-Dintfiatiie Belts
70%
25
Fruit, indigenous
-Dinnct 1 \'ilu 4
KC
65%
7
Fruit, indigenous
survey <
an
^n the seven k Kri
4Vc ^bdcs, 65% to 85% of the surveyed households have planted trees, ranging from
indigCno^f &CCS :n 1 Village 4 Kebele to 140 trees in lyma Gabreal Kcbcle Fruit and
’ c ficus, cordial) tree species arc usually planted, whereas eucalyptus have also been
•'‘da Idelii (1)
13 Mat 2011
31l tdtri Dr**rjX
:
E*/wfU« M
'/ 1'jlwfU. MlWfT) fl/ II 'oltruwf hr/fij;
Pnjffd
planted in two of die seven surveyed kebeks l*hc households have fniil fodder, timber and fuel wood
an,Cc* trccs for
Mango trees and papaya in Alu Kumnd Kebclc
4.9 Waterlogging and Flooding
4.9 J U'tf/rrjG^irj
Thr problem of waterlogging in the seven surveyed kclxJcs is summarised m I able -I
Table 4-18: Waterlogging
Wereda 1 Ke belt
Area
affected
(ha)
7. of
sunned
HHs
Month*
Main causc(s)
Miuganng
actiooi
J.W1
.Mu Kunnd
184
535.
Ada Worn
Poor drainage
5
63%
field draini ___
Ivma GabreaJ
•63
Jul Sep
637.
Poor drainage,
hi ph croundwater _
Prams
Lhngur
AnU.h.3^
None
20%
Jul Aug
Poor drainage, high groundwater
None
■Minpu
None
3%
lun-Sep
Poor drainage
None ------ ----- ■—
Dimtsauic Beks
tfJO
25%
Jul Aug
Poor drainage
Drains
Pawe
Distort 1 Village 4
550
10”.
Jul Aug
Hooding/poor drainage ___
Yes
SMirer: IKmanc h«vi group ih*cu„u>ns aid hmachold wnrvi W.terlogging in the wet >0100 u , probit fl( cd
.
mi)<)nn of M|nTvcd h0u«lio«s
Ad« Worn Kcbclc |yTO Cubed Kebek. mamh- united by hriw soils. poor (n.rurdl
dtanage .nd hgb pounder \\ .icrl^ng u „ pr<)Wcn m
,
Dunum,re Bdw Kebek
Duinci 1 Village 4 Kebek with n^ccuvck 800 h. , d 350 lu of land affected. mimh «»»’
n
by poor drainage- and flooding
Affected fanner, h.vc constructed (field) drum t„ mn,^ wll„|()KKlnR ptoblrm, on thek fields or grow rice on the uatet logged fields.
I'b b’4 SrOfc It 2 Right Hank Sdl IMn I.
12wlt t
| floods in the seven surveyed kebcles is presented in Table 4-19.
TabJeJJ* tfered*
Flooding
Kebclc
Area
affected
(ha)
%of
surveyed
HHi
Annual occurrence
Caauakics
Mitigating
actioos
Vlu Kunuid
54
37%
Yes
No
None
|au*
Kdis Wov n
50
33%
Yes
Yes
Nunc
knu Gabrcal
100
19% |
Yes
No/Y«
None
Ankasha Burgt
None
15%
No
No
None
Dangur
^tpjpU
None
10*.
Yes/No
No
n.a.
l_hmrsatsir Beks
None
20%
Yes
No
None
Disrnct 1 Village 4 .
None
10%
Yes
_________
No
Pawe
Stxwce ’I’hrm^nc ft<w gn«q» <I«cu<*mkv joJ hi .up hold uirent
In the seven kebdes, 10% to 37% of the sun eyed households reported that floods have caused damage to their lands and standing crop as well as their houses, furthermore. animals and/or people have been killed by floods in Irma Gabrcal Kebclc and Adis \X’nvn Krbde
In six of the seven of the surveyed kebcles, floods arc an annual occurrence The Government or local communities have not undertaken any actions to prevent flood damage to then lands, crops and houses
Soil tnd Ifafer Conservation
The execution of soil and water conservation (SWC) interventions in the seven surveyed kcbcles is summarised tn Table 4-20
aoie 4-zu:
Wcreda
Sou and water con Kebclc
serration SWC
intervention
bv NGO
%of
surveyed
HH.
Type of SWC
Jawt
Alu Kurand
No
30%
Terracing. bunds
Adis Wr >vn
Yes (500 ha
52%
Tcrraang. bunds, re fores ta toe
L
Ivma Gabrcal
No
46%
Temong, bunds, tc forestanon
l^angur
Ankasha Burin
No
25%
ponds, reforestation
Avpapu
No
10%
Bundi, counter ploughing
Dimrsatsie Bclcs
No
20%
Bunds, reforestation
Distnci 1 Village 4
No
35%
Temriflg. bunds -----------
Cl IX-mauc focus group discussions and household surveys
h dnu ^mcn,f,r°' >ng the sunrese I
tn ’008 covering 5°°
In Adis Woyn Kebclc, a NGO executed»;Vnf
lu > including terracing, construction of bunds in « households, 10% to 52° • carried out SWC mtervenDWi- c °nstnicbon of bunds.
* tbetnsc^5’ including terne
1 J.Mir SMI
Sda l&|ii fl)
33Fflfrrj/DtfWyWT. KtfM& ofE'htyM'
# Jffr d^Ew#
Ett"fW9 Xllt Ir^tltor, mJ Drxnjgf Profit
4.11 irrigation
.
~ ..
Developments with regard to irrigation arc presented in I able 4-21.
I
Table 4-21: Irrigation
1 Wereda
Kebek
I
Gravity scheme
Lift
scheme
Irrigated
area (ha)
Number
of
irrigators
Number of 1
irrigation cooperatives
Akfo
Mrngela Gitgine
Yes
Yes
53
91
hui
Alu Kun nd
4
16
21
na
Adis Worn
Argabo
1
-
9
2
13
Ivma Gjbml
3
1
10
11
Wobclasue
SraTHamp
4
10
2
8
42
55
58
53
10
8
n.n
n.a.
L«
1
Dingur
na.
n-a.
L
(
(
Ankasha Burp
Arpapu
Dininatsic Bries
5
12
Yes
3
43
t
Yes
3
25
43
1°
1
°
L
1
J
Piwe
District 2 Village 17
2
19
. th
| Ihst net 2 Village 1 ■
1
— * 2
0
Distnci 1 Village 4
Distoci 1 Village 49
District ) Village 104
2
1
1
14
-3
1
1
32 0
60
50
_
Distnet 1 Village 127
0
0
0
___ _____ _ Tou
45
37
2U
4 ?_l
S< <m <•: VK emJa offxo
Nfflr Thee dM»ref« to the »h.ac krtxk.not jmt the p<o.« SDA I nd III
• KHrek u twated «. <b< N.flh & Jni (.IJawt,^ outwit thr Project Arc,
According to provided wcreda data, 12 of the 16 kebdw tn / near to the project area M'C<J or more traditional gravity irrigation syMem*. and there are one or more lift (pumped) irr»F‘ schemes in nine kebdes A total of 211 ha of land ,s tmgated tn the 16 kcbcles bv 471 imp"
l b IM $«<*> •** 2 Rjchr Hank S,b (l
M
13 May 2^11liVELIHOOOS AND POVERTY
5 y^Econ^icAc^^
S.' I1lf main economic activittcc of the households in the seven sun-eyed kebdes ire presented in Tabled
CiC. VIIUII1I
Alu
Kuraod
Kebde
fable S-l:
^ofEcno^m'*
Activiiy
Adit
Woyn
Kcbele
lyma
Gabreal
Kebde
Aypspu Kcbek
1L
Dimtsatsie
Beks
Kcbek
Anlf««ha
Burgi
Kcbek
District 1
Village 4
Kcbek
io<r ;>
95%
87%
98%
95%
99%
100%
CnP pr°V - ——--- -----
IJCU
30%
5%
1k
-
1%
98%
UvcstpdL _-------------
7%
2%
--
2%
5%
■
•
3%
-
lunuicrai __ —-------------
1
’-I
3%
-
•
__
J
-
(iotrfTimcnr job . J_
-
L
-
Stiifcc thematic rouP rcccfinp
7
Crop production is the main economic activity for 8 % to 100% of the households in the seven sun n ed kebdes. Livestock rearing is a main economic activity for 1% to 30* 9 of households in the six surveyed kebdes in Jawi Wereda and Dangur Wereda In D 1 Village 4 Krbck, however, livestock rearing is a main economic activity for 98% of the households.
Daily labour is a main economic activity for respectn eh 2% to 7% of the households in four of the seven surveyed kebdes, whereas 3% of the households in Dimtsatsie Beks Kebcle are involved in handicrafts Business is a main economic activity for 3% of the households in lyma Gabreil Kebde.
Off-Farm Incomt Gcatrulion
The number of households engaged in off firm income generating activines acco thematic focus group meetings is show’ll in Table 5-2-
In ike seven lueveyed kebekr, the proportion of househokrt invoked in Ion
r.nper 4% m Antal. Burp
ro «% » Ad. 
W* *»
Ktivmcs include retail (shop), transport and a government fob
13 May Ml I
‘^MuB^Sda
‘Alii (1)
35/‘ftfrtuZ /
«/ E/httpta. Mw/n o' II dirt j*<i
krfw^itn Impt™ ata Dnrttdff P'wrJ
Tabic 5-2: Number households involved in off-farm income gcncraii™,
—------ ■
I
___ __ a a*
Adis Woyn Kebele
__ a/ a i
•
Type of Off-farm Income
Generation
Ahi Kurand Kebele
1 
Gabreal
Kebele
No.
425
1(10
% of total
HH«
25% 6%
% of (oral
HHs
Z
* » Of (OKI
‘ caving
_ Tailoring
Pncrerv
1 Brewing lc• talk, grab. _ [_________
Sub-Total
Shop
Transport
Government job
32%
Type of Off-farm
Income Generation
Dist. 1 Village 4
Avpapu
Dimtsatsic Deles
AnkMluBmj
Nr
% of total
HHs
Nr
% of total
HHs
Nr
% of total
HHs
Nr
%ofai
HHt
Handicraft and home industry
X
[ A.
1%
0
(J
T-uJonn.;
1
r <1%
0
0
0
Potter,
1)
0
0
(1
Brewing (i.e. i.ilb. anth'\
1(1
1%
35
9%
50
-%
«
A
Sub-Total
lb
2%
35
9%
50
7% |
33
C
Shop
6
0
0
1
J
0
Transport
0
0
2
<1%
0
—
Government tob
1
L.
0
-
o 1
0
Source; rhmum torus p>»up meetings
The proportion of surveyed households involved in off farm income-generating activities according to the household surveys is presented in Table 5-3.
Table 5-3: Off-farm income^ generation
f Wcrrda
Kebele Handicraft
and borne
industry
Shop/
buBtncth
Transport Government
Jaun
Alu Kurand
Adw Wove
Ivnu Gabreal
4%
11%
U*
0%
070
0%
-%
Dangue
Ankas ha Burgi
20“ •
15%
0%j
O*/o
5%
Aypapu _
15%
15%
0%
5%J
Dimtsarsie Belc*_
35-.
10%
5%
5% • %
Piue
Pisloci I Village 4
5%
0%
0%
Source
HHVrVJ
’ «.T
Uh H SriJa Pr 2 Rif hr Bank Sda Ific In (I)
*6
HMi) 2011'I'"*' * K”-""
, ,■ rtfWth'P*'1' ■
flousehold Incomes snd Expendimees
BflS«d on rhe data collected dunng rhe household survey the reported average annual cash income for surveyed households in (he seven kcbelet is presented in Table 5-1
fable
Tqjc of L’ash
Jocomt
[\rpniiau
' ---- ..
lu*. .auivvTVU 1JUI3.SCC
icicia
AJu Kurand Kcbde
Adis Worn Kebele
lyma Gabtral Kebele
U‘H
&
SLH
MLH
&
1XH
Total
average
LFH
&
SLH
MLH
&
LLH
Total
average
LFH
A
SLH
MLH
&
LLH
Total
average
Avc^g* *-tQPP ^
r
3.3
£2
4.6
10
2-8
23
1.9
3.0
2.8
arrJI
Cilr of rroj»5
----- -------
7.383
11.550
9,947
2.213
s.»5
4,461
3.003
£875
5,217
1.790
1.763
1,774 I
386
1,101
«£i
381
1.767
1.409
ToiaJ
9.173
U413
11.721
2.599
10.056
5,085
3J84
7,642
6,626
Tvpe of Ca»h Income
District 1 Village 4 Kebele
Avpapu Kebele
LFH &
SLH
MLH A
LLH
Total
average
LFH It
SLH
MLH 4
LLH
Total
average
tveoge cropped area ill J)
1.3
3.2
2 1
3.4
4.3
3 -7
Sale of crop*
1.436
8.122
4.445
3,890
9,670
6.78D
Uthrr sources
1,091
1111
1.1 DO
1.150
700
925
Total
2,527
9,233
5,545
5.044)
10370
7,705
Type of Cash Income
Dimtsatsie B. Kebele
Ankas ba Burgi Kebele
LI H &
SLH
MLHi
LLH
Total
average
LFH A
SLH
MLH A
LLH
Total
average
Average cropped area ru
52
6.6
6.0
23
63
4.7
(if Cftapi
M.301
27.400
21,542
3.999
14.860
11303
. Otherjowes
3378
1,855
2.5441
200
1,780
IJ99
Total
17,759
29,255
24,082
4,199
16,640
12.502
StHlfc houiehold .ursvy
rhe reported overall average annual cash incomes tor the surveyed households in the seven kcbclcs range from ETB 5,085 in Adis \X oyn Kcbde to ETB 24,082 in Duntsatsie Beles Kebele. Ihe repotted average annual cash income from the sale of crops vanes front ETR
■M61 in Adis Worn Kcbde to ETB 21,542 in Dimtsatue Belts Kebele.
1 hr main reason for die large difference in average annual cash incomes is that the surveyed households in Adis Woyn Kebele cultivate an average am of 23 ha (1 6 ha owned and 0. ha
*' tenant/,liarccroppcr), whereas the average area cultivated by the surveyed households in D^tsatStt Belts Kebele is 6 .0 ha (2.4 ha owned and 3.6 ha as tenant/share cropper
1) Mar 2011
’’’^RbrBankSdU*!,.^}iaM D/wruf}. 
M/nt’trj U j' trr a*rt Erffi,
Uthtaftjt .\% ImgrtM wf DtJithtf Pryrtt
5,2.2 Expt ndituns
In all seven sun n ed kcbdcs, the large majority of surveyed households make regular cash expenditures for purchase of food, health care, education of cluldrrn and clothes. A smaller proportion of surveyed households spent money on the purchase of agricultural inputs and equipment, household utensils and/or live animals The purchase of assets by the surveyed households in the seven kcbcles is shown in Table 5-5
Table 5-5: Purchase of assets dun nt? last 5 scars
i--------------r Wereda
—-------------- --------
Kchclr
1 - ---- -------
a
Livestock
e------ - Agric.
equipment
Vehicle
Radio
Other
items
J*«n
Alu Kurand
52%
30%
4%
48%
11%
Adis Worn
59*.
11%
26%
knu Gabrral
56%
10%
19%
7%
Dangur
Ankas ha Burp
60%
25%
40%
Aypapu
55%
10%
10%
45%
Dimtsatne Bdcs
50%
30%
0%
20%
0%
10%
Pawc
District 1 Village 4
25%
0%
0%
25% |
5%
Source Household «urvcy»
In the seven kcbdcs. 25% to 60% of the surveyed households purchased one or more oxen dunng the last 5 years. 0% to 30% procured agncdtural ^.rpmem (i.e. plough) and 19% to
•48° • purchased a radio
5.25 Tart/
The taxes paid by the surveyed household* arc presented in Table 5 6
In the seven krbdcs. all surveyed households wtth land use nghls pay 
ln w
l-TB 220 as land tax to the Kebdc ( ound In four of the seven kebeles. 1 r „ yof the
. „e of ETU 61 «<>
6
surveyed households also reported the payment of other toxr* l> » .
e l. I UL IL I I.
construction of a school and health clinic, the Church, sports dub m I /
C
keb'l<= CounoJ for rhe
nG
z
o r trading ta>-
t 'b IM SfOJa - Ibght Hank Sda JMii (1
18
rjKfcyjotr.T**‘
K-Xww -v'* /'’’S'”" Dr***' !‘^.f
J id hv surveyed houacholda
f Vfanrd* |
Kebefc
%Df
HHa
Land tax
Average
amount
(ETBL
Other_caxcf
Purpoec(i)
Lhngur
I Pawr
Adis Woyn___________ fymJ Cjahreal_______ _
knkasha Burgi.
jfo»FiL---------------------- — DimtMtH? Bde*
I Village*.
School, y<<n, church., guard
Schooi, iporr. church, hajih School, Eport, road health
House and rradinfi rax
Source; HrnachM <urvcv<
5J
Social Indicators
LmiofEtteafo*
llie reported literacy rare in rhe seven surveyed
kcbclcs is showri tn Table 5 “
T
abalbe l5-e 7: 5-/L: ite Wereda
rJacICy EriatHte Win surveyeIMd kebe
Krbek
te*__________________ Literacy rate
Mile
population
Female
pop till tin n
%of
HH
bead
Jawi
.'du Kumnd
55%
3B-25*n
+4%
Adis Woyn
75* •
25-30%
55%
Itttu Gabrral
60%
20 30%
63* *
Dangur
Ankas ha Bur#
20%
5%
40%
Avpapu
50%
10-30%
55%
Dim Oat uc Bclcs
40%
10 25%
75%
Piwc
District 1 Village 4
35-40%
20-30%
85% ,
ixxjsrc- Thematic focus group mcrtinp and htHifehokJ surv^*
_ mrrnn^ in Wcreda, 55% m According co the panimpanu of the thematic focus group 
nnnuhuon n literate In
—-
Dangur Wcreda. the reported literacy rate is 20%
to 30% for the adult female population In 0.1 population and 20% to 30% of the female population report c
-
-—--
o f Qulc
titrate,
-
i k i dfl% to 85% of household heads Among the surveyed households in the seven kebc es,
wcre reported to be literate
The reported rate of children aged 6 to 13 years attending sc m shown in T able 5-8,
. I tor the seven surveyed kebcles
t3Mw 2011
^ hT Sdn. I&hi {])
39Ft&rj. Df+ecrjfi. PjfM; * Efhttpta Mntufr) fiftra/fratd}^^ ErhnfitJl Stif a*i Dnatjft Prvucf
Table S-8: School attendance rate for children Aged 6 to 13 years
Wertda
Ke belt
All children sent to
school
Boys
Giris
%of
surveyed
HH.
Jawi
1
,Uu Kurand
71%
Adis Woyn
(Ya)
(Ya)
67%
Ivnu Gibreal
89%
Dangur
.Vniusha Burgi
No (60%}
No (60%)
93%
Avpapu
No (30%)
No (30%)
100%
Dimtsatwe Beics
No (10%)
N o (10%)
100%
Pawc
District 1 Village 4
Yes
Yes
100%
S*»un:c Thcmanc fucui gnnip meeting* and household survey*
According to the participants of the thematic focus group discussions on gender issues m Irr Wereda. all households send their sons and daughters aged 6 to 13 years to primin’ school According to the household surveys, however, 11% to 33% of the surveyed households reported that they do not send (all) their children aged 6 to 13 years to school due to domejtx tasks and lack of interest
During the thematic focus group meeting on gender issues in the three surveyed kcbeles in Dangur XVereda, the female participants reported that 10% to 60® •> of the households do out send (all) their children aged 6 to 13 years to school due to domestic tasks, lack of awirencu and/or the school is too far away. 93% to 100% of the surveyed households in the dure
kcbeles tn Bangui Wcreda reported that they send all their children aged 6 to 13 years to
■ /-iwvr-kl
In District 1 Village 4 Kcbelc (Pawc Wereda),
school
£ 1.2 Health Status
(a) Man Health Problems
all children aged 6 to 13 years reportedly go to
Malaria is reported as the most unportant health ui standing water. Other major health problem, ated^T *" “T
. _l m
T
drinking waler. 
^rhoea and typhoid caused by polluted
(b) Availability ot Health Facilities and Staff
Based on data provided by the wneda offices, the availabtbty of health faalmes and staff tn «h‘ 16 kebrles is presented in Table 5-9
I 'b IM .SrOJa l*t 2 Right Hank Sda J&lu (I)
40
!1 20’1s/7ofV’af'r wt EttHQ
hl 5-9: AvaiUbilirv of health facilities and staff
* —--~~~
Kebek
I » » • I r*L • • _ ! w •
Health
Physician
Nurae
Health
iitiaunr
Trained
midwife
AkO
Jl*
I
P*ngur
jjuKunnd _
Adi 5 Woyti _
fvnij Gabrea^
WoM^'5/-
Sneatanip*
Sub-total
Antoha Burg
Aje^I'E ______ ______
Outside (>j»Mdc
IB . ni IB. Ill
Dtfiitiatste Bdcs
Sub-total
D2 Village 17
p
'pj Village 1
_DJ rdUg J
c
DI Village 49
D.l Village 104
I
0
0
0
0
1
2
III
D.l Village 127
1
0
0
1
0
1
2
111
Sub-total
7
0
6 i
2
i
2
12
Total
16
J
7 1
u.
d
10
Source: Wcrcib officn
T3A ~ tndmoed hra onendanr, HEW - health cifcmwn uutkcr
• Kcklr » Incited to the North 6c West <»f Jiui, just ourndc the Project Area
Fourteen of the kebeles located (partulh'.i tn (14 Nr), or neat (2 Nr), the right bank project area have at least one health post- A total of seven nurses. 13 health assistants, three train
midwives and lOTBAs arc working in these 16 kebeks
-Mme. J! nuvmd toehold,in «ta* 
"" ** *>,0
k<1 P
' °'',”
dKkebdtind/o, io <be dm. u. Fcndd.. >“»■"-In lhl d«<kAdei“,I^“ “
surveyed households stated that they go to the clinic ui the roun ot. <
treatment, although a number of surveyed households m Antoha Burgi e C
they visit the local health post as weD as health facilities in 1 awe. The sun
District 1 Village Kcbele have medical treatment in the local health post, mic tn \ llhge 4 Kcbele or the hospital in Pawc town.
According to contacted staff of the Health wereda offices tn Dangur
q(
0 1000
^tabeles have two health extension workers (HE^Xr)-1^ ™ 11E\X$ m the six kebeles in Jawi Wercda is not available.
P’
13 May 2011
BankSda |&hi
(1)
41l-tdtn: Oat** RipaWr.' tffrlnpM. Mnurtn ofW j' lrrj^Eor^
l:th^an Sid Irri^e* and Dranjft Pn*r.r
(c) Family Planning and Natal Care
'rhe situation with regard to the acceptance of family planning, vaccination a^j «. diseases and natal care in the seven surveyed kcbelcs is summarised in Table =i C
Table 5-10: Famih
, vaccination and natal care
Wereda
Kebele
•AofHH
practicing family planning
%of
children vaccinated
Location of child delivery
lawn
.Mu Kura nd
50%
100%
Home
Adis W’oyn
50%
100%
1 lomc
lyma Gabrral
75%
100%
Home ,
Dangur
Ankas ha Burp
No
100%
Home
Aypapu
No
50%
Home
Dimtsatsie Bcles
No
90%
1 Tome
._ Y«HE\
Sourer 1*hcmitK freu* gn»up meetings and household survey*
According to die female parncipanis of the thematic focus group meetings on grnder issues it
the three surveyed kcbelcs in J awn Wereda, 50% to 75% of rhe household practice family
planning, all children are vac anal cd and pregnant women have access to pre and poM-nuil care provided by the (local) health assistant. Family planning is reportedly practiced by 30*cof
the households in District 1 Village 4 Kebele, but not in the three surveyed kebele s tn Dingu-' Wereda
Furthermore, 50/nto 100% of all children are vaccinated against childhood diseases and (JoaTi health extension workers (HF.Ws) provide pre- and post natal care to pregnant women AO
surveyed households m the seven kebcles reported that their children have been vaccinated
In all seven survey ed household, women give birth at home where they are assisted by fen^ relatives and/or neighbours.
(d) Alcoholism and Illicit Drugs
Pawe
District I Village 4
30%
90%
1 tome
Alcoholism and the use of illicit drugs is only reported
| u, JynU Gab^
K , tornmon prob ffn
Kebele
f. f.J l'oad SMtnfy and I intut hold Nutrition
The catena for food insecurity and the reported proportion of households with food shortage in the seven surveyed kebcles are shown in Table 5-11
According to the nuJc participants of the thematic focus group discussions in the seven kebcles. households are considered to be food insecure if they fs« morr , or 4 mondu <>*' food shortage Reportedly, 15% to 40% of die households tn the seven surveyed kebcles are
considered to be food insecure Insufficient arable land and watering^ „
u e mcnQonetl
 as d*
main reasons for food insecurity
LTv p4 SfOfa Ft 2 R’tf*r Kan* McI” (1'
42
UMar 201*-V/^. y rif/r^rw^
I
»rrt-^* V/jk !r^/J‘"r
Wercdn
Level oi — Kcbek
Food ini ecu rr
Criteria
(months with
food shortage)
%of
HHa
Reaaon(t)
\]u Ku rand
> 3 months
15%
Iruufficicnr hod
Adis Wivn
> 4 months
15%
----------------------- ——■ VC at?f\oggtrig
Ivina GabrtaJ
> 3 months
20%
—
Shortage of land,, wareriamsirLg
Lhnguf
^nkishi Hurgi
> 5 months
20%
---------------
JnS Li'fflcjCTit arable land
Avptpu
> 4 months
35%
Iniuftxirnf amble land
Pimrsatsie Bclec
> 3 months
30%
IniulikKTiT land, no employment
Pawc
Punier I Village 4
> 3 months
40%
Landkjft.ncss, small landholding,, Ermale
J.
headed
Sourrc ihoTunc fncu< pn)Up metitng*
Title 5-12: Food shortage among surveyed households
Wc-reda
Kehclc
Food shortage (% of HHi)
Coping strategy
Year with
normal
rainfall
Year with leas
than normal
rainfall
[iwi
Alu Kuraitd
7%
22* B
Sale of arunnah, knas
Adh Woyn
0%
22%
Sale of arumJs
Erma CrabreaJ
0%
7%
DJ-
l>*flgur
Ankasha Hurgi
10%
10%
Iawi,dalh labour
Avptpu
0%
0%
Dimtsatrir Beles
0%
0%
.7 ■ ■ —
Pawr
Dim net 1 Village 4
0%
0%
Sourer household surveys
v«. 
7% ~a <0-.
„d 
»..., Kebd. — 
rami< and 22% oi the sune)cd house o 
and 10% of the surveyed households in Ankasha Burgl i
m.lw *«* £ 1(™rtedk suffer food shortages,
The sale of animals and obtaining loans for purchasing r^rl rhe most common strategics to
cope with food shortages.
(a) Food Relief
^rivtlv~8% and 89% of the
Only in Adis Woyn Kcbclc and lyma Kebdc Kebcles, rcspec
bc[wccn 2001 and 2005,
hn
’unejed households reported that food rebel « P"* 
j[atfd [hlt
In addition 7" 0 of the surveyed households in Adis \Veyn P«iiclpillcd m food-for work projects during the last 10 years-
' Ibghr HiLfik Sda
l&Iii (I]
13 May 2Wl
45UtntiM N«> /"»«*• 
P'V''1
(b)
I lousehold Diet
The household diet of the sun-eyed households in the seven kebeles is presented
Table 5-13: f
lounehold diet of
surveyed
houschok
a
Wercda
Kebele
Meat
Milk &
dairy 
products
F -gg
Pulses
Fruit
(awi
Alu Kurand
33%
75%
41
100%
40%
V, ^»ablh
-- ‘ ;
•u«.
Adis Woyn
25%
20%
P
r
100%
50%
Ivnu (rtbrra!
55%
10%
30%
100%
45%
— —i
_____ 65*
Dangur
.Ankas ha Burg
25%
25%
33%
ioq%
50%l
. 75%
Avpapu
30%
30%
15%
95%
60%
Duntsatsic Beles
40%
65%
40%
100%
20%
%%
Pawe
District 1 \ illagc 4
10%
15%
35% j
100° . [
10%
Sourer household surveys
Reportedly, 10% to 55% of the surveyed households in the seven kebeles consume meat at lor once a week, 10% to 50% eat fruit at least once a week, 50% to 100% consume vegetables at least once a week, and 15% to 40% have an egg at least oner a week. Almost all sunned households consume pulses at least once every week Milk and dairy products arc reportedly amsumed at least once a week by 10% to 75% of the surveyed households.
5.4 Gender Isrues
54.1 I )onKJfir 1 jibour Dtrtnon
Based on information collected during the thematic focus group meetings on gender issues, it a apparent that most domestic tasks are earned out by female household members, although nulr household members dean the house, wash and repair clothes, fetch water and/or fuel wood, take care of elder and sick household members, shop and/or repair of house and household
items.
54.2 Afficuituroi J jibour Dmmit
(a) Crop Production
Male household members ire responsible for ill crop production icmincs. whereas female household members arc also invoked in seed selection. weerling ind hi nesting as well is transport, cleaning, storage anil marketing of the harvested crops.
(b) 1 Jves lock A curines
Almost ill livestock related acmnOes are executed by the mile household members. except preparation ind marketing of dairy products, poultry keeping, and marketing of eggs Female household members ire mainly responsible for livestock milking, caring for young and sick animals, cleaning of livestock sheds /pern. collection of manure, poultry keepmg as well as marketing of small five animals, eggs and dairy products
L'b J-4 SrtHa H 2 Rjfhr Hank S<U l&ta fl)
44fJ "' -■•'
’■4J l tut Ot
Assti
n ,hc S°'Cf' SUtVCyed kcbck5‘ houschold *«CS *rr owned by the husband and wife
t "gerher. In Ankasha Burgi Kebcle (Dwigur Weredi), however, ihe husband is therm™ of all asset®
In JI seven surveyed kelyeles. all decisions ire taken jointly by the husband and wife. In Ivma liabreal Krbde, rhe husband takes the decision with regard to the purchase of xsscis, such is agnculiural Equipment In Aiikasha Burgi Kcbele, the wife lakes the decisions related in the
urchasc of fe>od items and utrnsik In Dimtsacsie Belcs Kebclc, the husband takes the decisions related to the liming of seeding/planting and harvesting.
4»d Fmwid Rftounrj
Reportedly, the husband and wife have jointly control over the use of all users and (financial) resources of (hr households, The wife controls income from the sale of inimaJ products in Aypapu Kcbck and Duntsarsie Belcs Kcbde
>.4 6 Membtribip rfL&a/ IxrtiMfau
Female household members Are usually members of the Kebdc Lnunol, women's groups, savings & credit association and Idrr. In addition, they could also be members- of the water management rummitter for die local potable water supply (PWS) scheme and I he local sporu/cultural/youth club.
5.4.7 Fr/ffj// / kadtd Htwjfbokfc
In all seven surveyed kebeles, households are female-headed when I he wife has become a widow or she is divorced
(a) Mam Economic Activities
The predominant involvement of femde headed households in economic activities is shown in Table 5 i 4
——T*bk 5-14: Main economic activities of female-headed households
Ec On cun it
Activity
■--il^duTncui hmjock _
^.hbour
Aim
Kurand
^ehcle
Adis
Wtryn
Kcbclc
lyma Ga bread Kebele
Aypapu
Kebele
Dim !*■ laic
Belei
Kebck
Ankas ha
Burgi
Kebck
District I
Village 4
Kebck
90%
90%
95%
90%
70%
50%
75%
5%
3%
-
30%
4%
,,,
1%
5%
5% ,
20%
40%
6%
5%
1%
5%
25%
30%
5%
_
-
-
__
-
-
____
-;
-
' ' -----------------------------------
group meetings
to J’t l m » „
-
R *l B
lnk ]&Jji
OJ
4S
B Mir 30110-.-
Eta** NH> "d D'*"*r
|„ dx to .uvqcd kto. »I«* «’"«'>■** "' M% <**« f™* tofej h
b,,oW . to pfoduclxm. «to» (be renwto 5% «• W- «. a,*, 
hmtofc. towck >*«l «emto (nd/oi to hbour.
In the three surveyed kcbclcs in Dangur Wereda. 50% to 90° 0 of the female I arc primarily involved in crop production ()thcr important activities are h I ** ° 30%) and daily labour (5 to 40%). 
"4.
h UseMt
^fts to
In D.l Village 4 Kcbcle. respectively 75% and 30% of the female-headed households aic
involved in crop production and livestock. whereas daily labour is a main economic
ac tlViri trr
40% of the female-headed households.
(b) Food Insecurity
According to the female participants of the thematic focus group meetings on gender iswcl about 10” & to 2(l c of the female-headed households in the three surveyed kebclcs tn Jau:
p
Wereda arc considered to be food insecure. In the four surveyed kebclcs in Dangur Wereda ri! Pawc Wereda, about 20° o to 65° o of die female-headed households arc considered to be food insecure, of which 5% to 10% ate seriously fcxxl insecure.
(c) Poverty
It is estimated that about 15% to 20% of the female-headed households in the three sun eyed kcbcles in Jawi Wereda are “poor” In the four surveyed kebdes in Dangur Wereda and Pi*c Wereda. about 8* © to 30% of the female headed households arc considered to be poor. <* 
which 3% to 1(1% arc considered to be extremely poor.
5.5 
UveHhoodf
Mi/in lJvc/ibood SfHkgti
culm-anon of rainfedX^andkeepm
J°USdM>ld’ *" *" >CVC” kcbclc5
households can, an add*,nd uko™ 15
^'7 5%
handicrafts. In su of
thc scvvn krbdej 4a
whereas 4% Io 20% are mvohed w
f
bde. respectively 15% and 5 « 
shop/business. In Alu Kurand Kebclr an t'n * *UrVc*‘ed households run a
of the sun eyed households are involved m J"*’"'* K<?
Kebclc and D 1 Village 4 Kcbelc 5%ft»2(P nSP°ltab°n In AVPpu KebeJe, Dimrsatsie Bck>
he surveyed households have govcmmeni
threshing of turghum deft) and cattle u
nd hnuie
nght>
l lb I-I SrtUa 2 Righr Hank -S<L IMii '!)7 f fff fypiM/ / Wtf f fowrWrft
. , pn>f/f'
m forma tx>n collected during household surveys ind focus group leased * profile* of a typical small landholding household and medium /larger landholding
n
hous J^cuse ’hol ^ed t veotn kcbdcs have been prepared and they arc presented in Table 5-15 to Table 5-21-
Tubk — ’ Salim* feature — 
_
SLH
MLH & LLH
-^5^“bk hnd
13 ha as land use right and 2.0 ha at tenant /s harec rapper
4.7 ha xs land ute nght md 0.5 bu aj 1 enan r /1 hare crop nr r
HbjOfCrup
Fmger mil let, sorghum,, maize, sesame and gruundnur
Finger milter. sorghum, mane, sesame mid gruUndnuT
20-0 for finger mi lid. I“.2 for sorghum, 11-3 for mai2e. 7,6 for sesame, 6.5 for groundnut
11 U for linger millet, 173 fur sorghum, 185 for maize, 5.5 for sesame, 8 ] foe groundnut
M«r rif improved seeds
0%
19%
T'jc of fertiliser
0%
15%
t.V of x«rc■• chemicals
w*J
63%
Home consairnptfon of harvested
ctctm
96*® of finger millet. 85% of sorghum. 84% of maize, 26% rsf ^nundnuii
71 % of finger rruilcc, 60* a of sorghum, 6U% 11 f maize, 33* p of grou ndnut
t JwnfiiTshjp ot lives! ocik
2.2 oxen. 2-2 rows, 0.6 sheep. 0,4 go®!. 0,1 donkrv, 3.1 poultry. 0.5 beehive
4.3 oxen. H.l am, 1 1 sheep, 0.9 goat.
03 donkey, 7, | poultry, 3.6 beehives
‘J'utiJ annual cash income i E’l’B)
9J73
13.313
iaJc nF crops
7JB3
11.550 '
Table 5-16: Typical Farming Households: Adis W»y-n
Salient feature
SLH
MLH & LLH
Avenge size of arable land (ha)
1.0 as land use nghr and 1.0 as tenant / s harec roppe r
2.5 ha xs tend use right and 03 ha xs tcnini /sharrer i ippte
Major crops
Sorghum, sesame and groundnut
Finger millet, sorghum. sesame and groundnut
Average yields (quin i al flu.
14.6 for sorghum, 4.6 for sesame, 8.4 fur groundnut
4.5 for finger millet, 20.4 for sorghum, 5.9 for sesame. 7.1 for groundnut
J-2«?fj r " «'d wds
rn r v
0%
23%
Lk«2! fertiliser
0%
22%
* hemicak
227.
66*.
Hor* Consumption of harvtvcd
100% for finger unite t, 79% foe sexphum, 30“« for groundnut
100% for finger milter, 64% for
■Ai«irghum. IF ii for gruundnut
> ^r,*uP c>f Irvruodc
1.1 oxen, 0,1 cow*. 0-2 goat, 1,4 cfonkc\ . and 12 poultry
2.1 oxen. 0.6 cow, 0.! sheep, 1.3 gam. 0 4 donkey. 2.0 poultry. 0.2 beehive
'^^« ^c , Tr
i t TO( TB
2.599
10.056
------ '
2.213
8.^5
13 May 2*111
4'I fitrjj Dmrjfi. Kc'uMi ofEihiofxa. Mnafi) of IT'ater ndEtrrg Efhiofttn .X.’Jr .’mgunfliT nd Dnavgr Pnjtif
Tabic 5-17: Typical Farming Households: Ivma Gabreal
Salient feature
SLH
Average size of arable land (ha)
1.0 land use right and 0.9 as
tenant/ sharecropper
- 3 ha as land
* «ht mdn<X
n
tenant sharer%
Major crops
Sorghum, sesame and groundnut
19.0 for sorghum, 5 5 for sesame and
10.7 for groundnut
13%
_ &borghum
sesame and
Avenge yields (quinta)/ha)
Use of improved seeds
16 3 for sorghum. 4.o for ,^ - 8 5 for sroundnut
37%
Use of fertiliser
0%
1 26% ~
Use of agio-chemicals
88% 
1 84% 
------- -------
1 iomc consumption of harvested
crops
n a.
n.a.
( hvnrrship of livestock
0.9 ox. 0.3 cow, 0.9 sheep. 0.1 goat. 0.1 donkey and 1.6 poultry
1 8 oxen, 0.4 cow, 0.1 m and 1.1 poultry
Total annual cash income fETRj
3.384
’...
sale of crops
3.003
---------------------------------- -- _ jn
1 able 5-18: Typical Farming Households: Ankasha Burpi
Salient feature
SLH
MUI 4 LLH
Average size of arable land (ha)
1.6 ha as land use right and 1.2 ha as
^tenant/sharecropper
Pinger millet, sorghum, maize, sesame
andjzroundnut
5.3 ha as land use right and l.iJhan
Major crops
tenant/ sharre rc >ppcr —• ------- X4 
■ — — i
Finger millet, sorghum, maize, scuat and groundnut
Average yields (quintai/hi)
6.7 for finger miUet, 6.9 tor sorghum, 22.9 for mai2e, 5.5 for wsime and ’1 for groundnut
9 1 for finger millet. 12 5 for wrghjx. 16.2 for maize, 5 ' fur sesame and
Use of improved seeds
20%
40%
Use of fertiliser
20%
30% —
Use of agro chemicals
30%
7Q%
-
_
1 lome consumption of harvested
1 crops
90% for finger miller, 90% for sorghum, ?3% for maize
90*o for finger millet, 31% ft*
Ownership of livestock
L0 » 1 '3 cows, 0.6 donkey, 3 5
O5t
poultry and 0.6 beehive
Tata! annual cash income ETB)
15 oxen, 2.0 cows, 0.4 sheep. 1— ~------- -—— -igg.5.5poultry xnd -------------------
,
—4 199
- sale ol crops
-------- ---------- ----------- _ _3.99v ------------------------ "hM
Ub F4 SrOh J*r 2 High: Hank S<k 14d<i (I)
IJMw X'H, , nWw. ' tlfiJfF u"Jf,r
1<F Tvpi^Al Farming Household: Aypapu Krbele
SLH
■ SMbrpJ^^-—
-■’’nf^abk hnd (M
].“ ha a* Und use ngh: and L7 ha as ten an t/share cropper_________________
Finger millet, sorghum, maize, ^oundnul1
5.5 for Brage f oulkr, 17.5 for sor^ium,
Wfrag* V
22.8 for maize, 9.6 for
T2 for
---------------- - ^-Ylc_rus=r_------------- ------- ----------
-------------
■^conrnmp^nuth^.ed crop
ttofrthiporlivesTtKk
gn-iundnul__________________________ 30%
50%
*1% ______________
90% of finger miller, 100% of sorghum, 50* <j of maize, 30*-□ of
jgTn mndrllLlt
J s oxen, 2.0 cows. 0.8 sheep, 1.0 goal, 0.2 donkey, 2.6 poultry
MUI Sc LLH
4 0 ha as land use ught 03 ha u teriaiy t / share ernppe r
Finger millet, maize, sesame.
gj~r -i mndnut
| 7.’ for finger millet, !&4 for sorghum, 31-1 for rtmze, 6.0 for kwh, 5.6 for groundnut
4fl%
60%
50%______________________ %% of finger miller 81% of MMghuen,
53* • of maize, 4* ■ or groundnut
2.1 oxen. 1,5 cowi, 1.5s heep, 4 4 gratl, 0.3 donkey, 6.2 poultry. (1.8 beehive
H’ Vfo
9.670
5,040 _
3,890
Table 5-20. Typical Farming Households Dimisatsie Be let Kcbelc
Salient feature
SLH
MLH&LLH
Average ire.i nt arable land (ha)
0.9 ha as land use right and 4.3 hn u tenant/sharecropper
15 ha as Land use right and 3.1 ha as rerun t Aha reizroppcr
Major crops
Finger millet, sesame, groundnut
lunger miller, maize. vcsamc.
groundnut
■ irtragr tieJda (qiuntil/ha)
10.5 for finger miBrr, 30 7 for maize. 4.9 for sesame, 9.5 for grraundniJE
9.4 for finger millet, 42.0 foe inane, 5-3 for scume, 9 1 for groundnut
3 of improved Seeds
,e
67%
*3%
. the of lerralMPf
78%
7J%
p ( ^fflO-ghrmir jJs
?8%
91%
f!on* loiMump,^ nf hirvesied
90° <■ of finger miller, 65“ • of maize,
lU0%ofteff
|<JO%of finger millet, 36% cf maize, HJ%ofteff
r ^cnfop ofHvcs,™* T i "'
, — —
income I TR i
2.9 oxen, 1 6 ccwti. 1.0 sheep, D_3 donkcv, 3."" poultry
3 5 oxen. 1 9 cows, 0-4 donkey, 5 fl
pDultrv
17,759
29,255
14381
2",-fof)
J MrHiul|,
Sdq 1S: U|.|,
|
13 M«>- 2l>11
4'JhtJfrui DtfOMUlh’ Rtpablh of Ethiopia. Miwfr) # Water Eor^, Ethiopia* Nik Imfatre* aad Druruay Pryerf
Table 5-21: Typical Farming Household: District 1, Village! Kcbele
Salient feature
SLH
l 4i
Ml u
Average area of arable land (ha)
0.9 as land use right and 0.4 ha as tenant/sharecropper
r------------ — 144 j
2 3 ha as . ,.
bS( n
n Eh* ?'-
Jr<jri
rcnani/shan-
rrn
h 'ii
Major crops
Groundnut, sorghum and finger miller
sesame and mao,.
Average yields (quintal/ha)
4.8 for groundnut, 9.0 for finger millet, 5.4 for sorghum
5.3 for gro-ndnut, Ki -
.
nullet, 11,6 for sorghum, M.0^ maize, 4.3 for sesame
Use of unproved seeds
18%
33" o i maize) ~
Use of fertiliser
27% (maize;
53% (maize)
Use of agro chemicals
45%
78% 
’
1 lomr consumption of harvested
crops
100“ • for finger millet, 75% for sorghum, 100® • for maize, 0% for
-groundnut
9 5® ® for tinge r millet, 60*»for " sorghum, 62% for maize, ll®.^ sesame, ft® □ tor groundnut
(tarnership of livestock
0.7 ox, 0.5 cow, 0.1 sheep, 0.5 poultry,
0.5 beehive
------------- “---------- ~
2.4 oxen, 5.2 cows. 0.4 ih«p Q j
(
muic, 7.0 jHiultn. 0.4 beehtw
Total annual cash income 1 TH
23?7
92P
sale of crops
1,436
_______________________
Sowc (left) »nd swghum (nght)
5.6 Poverty and Wealth
5.6 I Proportion of Poor I lout holds
According to the paractpmts uf |h focus g,,,^ niecIlnRS m (h<_ kcbcJe$ , household i’
c
considered to lie poor if it meets the criteria tabulated in Table 5 22
Based on these poverty catena, the panic .pahb of the thcmaoc focus g,(H1p mffUIlgs asscs^ that W . to 30"/, of the households m the seven surveyed kehdes «e po„ „
r fwhldl 5% «°
20% are considered to be extremely poor .Among the surveyed households, the pn.port.on of pxw households is as follows
• Onlv the landless farming households in Alu Kurand
households);
• 15% of the surveyed households tn Adis AX’oyn Kebcle;
r*0 r ..
^ocie {. t ay surveyed
• Only one landless farming household tn lyma Gabrrai Kcbcle (4<*/'
• 10% <>t the surveyed households in Ankasha Burp Krbclc ha* 1 h, I ib 1-4 SfOJa I’r 2 Right Sb t&lii (I)
4 4 >® and no oxen.
B Mar 20’. I£X‘
. 25°'» ”f ,hr 5,lne>ed hou'eh°l‘i’ in Ayptpu Keltic do not oun oxen
. None of the
household, has Im than 0.5 ha .nd In, th»n 2 oxen and
, 5% of the surveyed homeholds in Dtstnet 1 V,Ulgc 4 Kcbele hive |c„ than 1 ha and
no oxen
Table 5-22: P<l£fl' Cn,cr,a T)F«eda T Kehelc
.Mu Kurand
Adis Worn
Ivmd Gabreal
Ankasha Burgi
Poverty criteria
Less than 1 ha
lx» dun 2 cattle
- less than I ha
- .No cattle_________
- less than 1 ha
- No catcJc
Izss than 1 ha
Aipap^
Dimtsatsie Bclcs
• No oxen___________ No oxen___________ Less than 0.5 ha
less than 2 cardr
Dinner I Village 4
Less (han 1 ha
PlUT
No oxen
Sourer: thcmanc focus group meeting’
16.2 Proportion of Wtaltby 1lomthokb
\ household is considered to be relatively wealthy tf it mcers dir entena presented in 'fable 5-23
Table 5-23: Well-off Criteria
Wered,
Kebek
Wealth criteria
-Mu Kurand
- More than 4 ha
- More than 6 oxen and 5 cows
Jawi
Adis Wwn
- More than 4 ha
- More than 3 catik
lyma Gabml
- More than 3 ha
Mort than 2 oxen
Ankasha Burgi
- More than 10 ha
- .Mort than 2 oxen
Dangut
Avpipu
- More than 3 ha
More than 2 oxen
Dimtsatsie Bcles
More than 2 ha
More than 2 oxen
I’aut
Distinct 1 Village 4
- More rhan 3 ha
• More than 2 oxen
■ ’^f«u,BKWpmcrtlnip
d
f< S
‘ KiJcip
■ Mt Rink
-Sda |4dji (J)
11 Mm 2011
51FrtM K/rn^i. E.'hnpta, Wiirtn of Water attrfEwi,
Ethiopia* Xdt ImgaM* Dr^ejft Pr**t
Based on these wealth criteria, the participants of the thematic focus gn,Up . about 7% to 35% of households in the seven surveyed kcbeles arc considered to 1,^ ’lu'
I hc proportion of surveyed household considered to be wealthy is as follows
• 11% of tlw sun eyed households in Alu Kurand Kelxle;
• 4° o of the surveyed households in Adis W’ovn Kcbcle;
• 15% of the surveyed households in Iyma (iabreal Kcbcle;
• 5% of the surveyed household' in Ankasha Burgi Kebelc;
• 10° <i of the surveyed households in Aypapu Kcbcle.
• 25% of the siuvcycd households in Dinstsatsic Bclcs Kebelc; and
• 5% of the sun ned households in District I Village 4 Kebelc
5 6 J Atset Ointrrjhtp and I lowing Conditions
The ownership of non-agricultural assets and the housing conditions for the sunned households in the seven kcbeles is shown in Table 5 24 and Table 5 25.
Tabic 5-24:
lip of non-agri< as seta for surveyed households
Wcreda
Kcbcle
Radio
Electric
appliances
Vehicle
Oihcr
items
Jawi
Alu Kurand
74%
4%
4%
19®.
Adis Wovn
41%
0%
0%
4%
hma Gabreaj
26%
0%
0%
0%
Dangur
Ankatha Burp
35%
0%
0%
5%
Aypapu
55%
0%
0%
0%
Dimtsatsic Bcles
85%
10*/.
IP.
5%
Pawe
District 1 Village 4
]^2.
0%
0%
5%
Source household survey.
In the seven kcbeles, 26% tn 74% nf .k- .. 
10% of the Mirv Ik i
ot the surveyed households in Alu k' i , to have electric appWces One sllrVcvc 11 
of. flout null
..
ne^rd households own a radio, whereas 4C <j and
, '
Dun,si"s,c Holes Kcbeles reported
«™«hold5lnD15trial V.lhge 4 Kebelc isthc
L'b 1-4 SrtlJs i*r 2 Ki^hr Bank bda lArlu (1
52
IJ Mav 21>V,ble 5 25iHou’TK
;
<ered*
- , r_..«inu condition for surveyed households
T
----- ------------------------------
Kcbele
Corrugated
iron ahceti
used ai roof
material
Separaie
bedrooms
Jawi
Dingo*
-Pawr
Jju Ku rand________ Adts U’oyn ______ _ IvjnaGab*e«L—-
4 Vnk^ha_BuQ2__
.— Dimtsatiie Beks District 1 Village 1
71%
n%
65%
30%
60%
80%
35%
Snurtc hou<cMd <urvcp
he seven kcbclcs. K*%ro r>0°0 ol ^1C Min household* have a house with a roof made <,f cormgired iron sheets and .30% to 80% have a separate bedroom
13 Mas 2011
• R,8hTBankSdal&lu{|)
53t>>
P^<VUff P^r
6
SCHEME LEVEL INSTITUTIONS
^otrrafficnf Institutions
^aftr Rtfowves
The structure.
Table 6-1 •
prfrfofwftf ITerrd/j Q/faf
sra ffing and ma. cask, of the WRD wexeda ofGee mj.ua Wcredl w shown m
J -r^
3T „
T.blnjiJmici Si<d
lire. SiaJOWK
Staffing
u t-r- ■■
UJ JI d»l WCICUa
on_____ potable water
5uppb*
Main tetka
. 2 staff
] 2 vacancies
cr-MiSTfucUon of new PVCS schemes fl04), includingpruimcd springs and wells with hand pumps
monironng n( water quality
hygiene Around I’WS schemes
formation of WAIC per kclielc (26 in total
Wflicr
no staff
- collection and Analysis of water resource date
resources
- 2 vacancies
coHrCtion Of information on irrigation (pcucntud)
licensing and control of use of water resources
pfenning arid
no staff
tolkcrton and analvus of dan for all lattices rcbrrd to PWS
m forma nun
- 2 vacancies
and watrr resources rnana^rmrHt
Snurcc Wilt'd J office
The \VRD werrda office in Jawi Wcrrda has three sections with only 2 staff and 16 vacancies. It has one functional motorbike and two non-functional computers. The existing staff members
do nor receive regular training. The main constraints include
• 
Shortage of vehicles;
• 
Lack of skilled staff due to hardship and no incentives; and
• 
Insufficient budget.
There is no separatr \X7tD Wcrcda Office in Dartgur Weredx
ARL1 and WK1J wered* office! in Fendflw r<™nEtl^oi X'tJt l^jtwr Mli Draw# Pn*1
6 1.2 Afriatltart anti fr/nil Dtvefopuftl It'err^ia O/i.r
(a) JauiWcrcda
The structure, staffing and main tasks of the ARD wereda ofGcc in Jawi Wcrcda Table 6-2.
i?
^Wereda
Section
Staffing
Main tasks
Extension
5 staff
livestock and crop production
27 vacant ic*
horticulture development
• problems identification and asses*ment
Irrigation
1
Cooperative
development
4 staff
4 vac ancies
irrigation crop production and horticulture irrigation dcvckipment (no activities yet)
■ ',Jpph’ of new technologies. such as pumps
- 3 staff
- promotion and establishment of cooperatives (8 input and
4 vacancies marketing cooperatives
Natural resources management
- 4 staff
9 vacancies
forest protection
soil and water conservation
Input supply and marketing
4 staff
6 vacancies
organisation of input supply
- market srudics
Mining
Faiergv
1 staff
-3 vacancies
3 staff
- 4 vacancies
- licensing
exploration
promotion of fuel saving stoves alternative energy sources 'studv)
Quarantine
1 staff
2 vaianciet
- urop and livestock quarantine
- supply of veterinary drugs and agro chemicals
cualr\ tonirol of supplied druizs and -ero-chcmicals —
Food tecunrv
1 staff
1 vacancy
settlement programme
assessment of food securin’ situation —-—-
Early warning
1 staff
1 vacancy
assessment of impact of natural disasters
dissemination of information to higher levels ——
Source: Uerrda tiffcr
The ARD wereda office in J»wi Wereda has 10 technical sections with a iota] of 27 staff Mid 6> vacancies. It has one operaiiorul car, two nun operational motorbikes and -I computers, of which two arc fiinctional. The existing staff do not receive regular training The main constraints include:
• I-ack of accrss roads Io many kebelrs.
• Shortage of vehicles;
• 
1 hgli staff turnover due Io hardship and lack of incentives/allowances
• 
Insufficient budget;
• 
] jek of access io improved technologies; and
• 
J ack of Farmers’ Training Centres (I’TCs).
lib J-4 SrflJa Pt 2 Kight Hank xL Mel" 1J
56
tJ Mat*.r'H/AmjTw. Mtri/n Water o*J Ea^
(b) I langur Wereda
] ne structure. staffing and main tasks of the ARI3 
„
EuinrCff
~
oincr in Werrria
c £tioD
Si A Ilin#
C
Main tasks
Coopcmfive
- 4 staff
no vacancy
establishment ofcooperarim (8)
- supporting actniUcs of coopcntivea
Crop
produrwn and jrnJECtinn
- 3 staff
2 vacancies
crop husbandry
- plant protection
- irrigation advice to farmers on small gnvirv irritation ichem«
production 1
livestock
- 6 staff
3 vacancies
feed supply
animal health service
- fattening
- advice on animal husbandry
Natural
resource
ntarijgemenr
- 2 staff
- 1 vacancy’
- protection of na rural resources
rod and water conservation
- forest protection
- nursenec
Water
resources
9 staff
no vacancy
- development of schemes i wells with hand pump, protected
spring*
maintenance of existing PWS schemes
formation of W\(C per krbeie (20 of 29 kebelet)
sanitation, including appkeadon oi chlorine to existing PWS schemes
Extension and
home
economics
no staff
3 vacancies
- mobdiudofi of farmer pajucipatjon (coordinadnn) improved numden and child care
promotion of fuel-saving stoves
Small-‘scale
industry
’ 1 staff
- 1 vacancy
- organising vouch for rrucms-enierprise development {lc tailnctngj wood and me 11! world through vocational training
hood security
2 staff
- 1 *aca.ncy
- preparedness through monitoring and assessroenr of impact of nacurd disasters
Sourer Wnnla olfke
j I ARD wtreda office in Dangui Wereda has 8 technical sections with a rotal of 27 staff and hav 110005 5CA^have to use public transport or walk to the kebdcs is the office doc* not
ant \e ides. 1 here are three computers, of which two arc opcrarjomd No regular training exiting staff. The main constraints arc as
I jek of vehicles;
^sufficient budget;
Lack of access roads to many kcbclcs,
e Lligh turnover of staff due to hardship and lack of incentives;
staff training; and
Lack of awareness among the indigenous people about development opportunities.
15 May 2011
I&lii J)
57/Wni/DfArctflrti
af MiwJri Mr jxi l:wf±.
fj’/ripiiw Xf/r foyjurw# jml Drxrjff pnyr.f
(c) Ptwe Wcreda
Jlic structure, staffing and tasks of the ARD wcrcda office in Pawc Vi’rrcda 6-4.
Add main tasks of ARD
Section
Staffing
------------------------------------ - »u i-awc \ Main Iuka
£!<Ma
Crop
production
4 staff
I vacancy
agranotru
inpul utiliaaiion
crop protection
Nutiral
resources
man Age-men t Live si nek
1 stuff
- 3 vacancies
- soil and uiier rawrvalfon
- hodivenitv
- fores m
- X siuff
1 veterinary doctor 2 vacancies.
- anima] husbandry 
• animal health
fodder dcvckfprncnr
-
Extension
- 1 staff
- 3 vacancies
input supply/dtscnhui ion
marketing
prumuTson of new technologies and crops
-1 ruining
Water
mtMifces
10 naff
- 3 vacancies
I JAM of existing (piped) FXX S wherries
- devclnpinrrtt ot new PWS schemes
formation of water management committee* XV'MC*) identification of irrigation poicntial
introduction of fori-saving stoves
- energy and mining
Cooperative
dcvelnpmmt
3 traff
- 2 vacancies
- supporting establishment of input and markrttng coopetanves supprifiing formation of savings Ai credit assocMUforw
capacity building
■ nudii
—-—
Mjcto-
- 2 staff
1 vacancy
of|^Aniiung and tniming of unemployed yuiurh with foci- on
4
1 enterprise development Food sccunh
supply, bock nuking, smaD business and fattening
- 2 Miff
- 2 vacancies
muni taring food Kcuaih'
- data analysis to inform lugfitr levels
assessment ol impact of nanjint hmuuth fhail storms. jL -
drought)
momionnj; of crop marketing {murker pnen)
J
- du rni Ku iron of food re bel _______ ___ ____ —- '
Source V. CTi di nffirr
The ARP wrreda office in I’awc Werrda ha* fi technical section* with * torn! of 2 d* vacancies. The office has the following vehicles and equipment
• Tun cars, oi which one is opcratiunid,
■ Eight motorbike*, of which there air operational, and
• Three computers, ni which two are functional
r.j p
t h F4 SrfHa l*r 2 Righr Punk Sda I delta (Tlv> 1^"
geporrcai^.
!,nvf'!
tJ K r>f the ARD wercda office and DAs receives training for 3 tn 4 day, twice a
year from the Pawc Research Centre The nui„ cn
■dl'->ta r. 
carc|i Centre-TTie main cons tnunrs include
• Shot from’h<iagt :P”*' ' of 7 , , . vehicles; <ho(Iagc of vehicles.
n ^lfitnrs include:
L
’ k of qualified staff due to high staff turnover as Pawe is not in atuactnr dun ’ , “Lon and there are no hardship allowances;
Insufficient budget, in particular for transport; and ’ ; inl|tcrf access to improved technology
KRD wereda office in Mambuk town fDangur Wcrcda)
(d) Development Agents
Ihc DAs arc (hr main irnpkmcnrers of development activities related 10 Agriculture, lives l nek and natural resources management (NRM) at kebdc level As they sue Living in (he kebdc, thev have a very good understanding of thr local condiuons, constraints, opportunities and other
■Mues. Die DAs usually have developed a good relationship with most farmers through (he provision of training and advice in rhe fields during the cropping scison.
number of DAs, Kl’Cs and vetennarv staff in the 16 kebclcs situated (partially) within SDA 1 and III is listed m Table 6 5.
According to data provided by the wereda offices and c
group meetings, all 16 kcbeles have at least two or three I Gjrgusc Kebdc (Alefa Weredi). Ankasha Burgi Kebdc an ^’
j-TCs in Mcngcla iDaneuf Wereda)
A pU
y
«d 1) I Village 49 Kcbclc and D.l Village 104 Kcbde (Pa«c “
t2K,Bt,[H^kSd,ia |
J y,> [IT 2011
( ll tl]
59FrJfrMDtnKrjn; Rfftttix tfEtfapil. Miujff) ofWttrr atd hn'T, ,\'ik Mrpjtau mJ PrvtH
Table 6-5: Number of DA* and FTCs
Wereda
Kebele
1 Number ofDAi
Number
of FTC
Number of
veterinary
staff
SDA
Akfa
Mcngcla Girginr
2
1
L\
Jawi
Ahi Kurand
3
-
IA
Adis Wove.
3
-
IB
Argibo
3
-
IA
Irma Gabreal
2
-
L\ ir
Wobelassie
3
•
I V IB
Siwaump
3
-
IB
Dangur
Ankaiha Burgi
3
1
1
iB.ni
Aypapu
jja
fflL
L’L
IB. Ill
Dimtsatne Beks
KJL
ILL
111
Pawe
D.2 Village 17
3
2
IB. Ill
D.2 Village 1
3
-
1
HI
D.l Village 4
-
1
III
D.l Village 49
3
1
1
III
D.l Village 104
3
1
1
in
D.l Village 127
3
-
i 1 in
6.1. 3 
Source. Wereda office
(e) Veterinary Staff
Bated on data provided by the wereda offices and collected during the thematic focus group meetings, an animal health technician is operational in tile three kebeks in Dingur Wereda and die six kebeks in Pawe Wereda, but in none oi the six kcbclcs in Jawi Wereda or in Meiigda Girgtrsc Kebele However, a number of surveyed households in Adis Woyn Kebele and lynu Gabreal Kebelc reported that they visit veterinary staff ar kebele level if their livestock needs treatment
Pnttrtwfi, Admixfratnn axd I'// Aufhonh
(a) Jawi Wereda
There is a separate office of the Environmental Protection, Land Administration and fsc Authority (EPEAUA) in Jawi W ereda. Die main responsibilities of EPLAUA concern: ffl environmental protection fi e. surveys. resettlement and environmental impact assessments). («) land administration (i.e. land measurement and registration, issue of land use certificates, acquisition), and fin) land use (i.c. assessment of existing land use and potential, preparation an execution of resettlement plans).
Reportedly, the registration of land use rights is H0% complete, but land use certificate^ not been issued yet. This is expected to be completed in 2010/2011 .
(b) Dingur and Pawr Wereda
As there is no office for land administration in Dangur Wereda and Pawe Wereda, rhe registration of individual land use nghts has not started yet.
trb F4 Sr03a Pt 2 Right Hank Sda I&lu : I)
60C'
Conclusions and Recommendihon
** wcreda level will be concerned with the land acquisition and
I and adndfli?:|ratlCjn $ ^rc<j to the proposed project including: fi) reservoir and infrastructure
(CS<
dcvdopnient; (u) «
tTteI’’cnt ’tnV,°frnrnercial farm development; and (iii) land consolidation including 
landless and to eligible smallholders living near the command area
jli<x’no0 of 130
f.M ll'
(a j JlWiWcreda
tasks of ihc Health wcreda office arc concerned with fi) supporting health centres
h Jtebcles;( ii) planning and organisation ot the supply of drugs and equipment;
111
 - fi r
c
and evaluation. The main health problems tn the wereda include malaria and (iu; Ttrnnitoring at
typhoid and internal parasites.
One Of rhe core actnnnes is preventton ot malaria thrnugh improved samtatton and dr«naK pmmouon ot bed nets and spraying Reportedly, three health centres have equipment to teo’ blood samples F ffect.ve malaria prophylaxes are reported), available, but there arc some problems wirli regular supply.
Spraying of house against malaria
ch tebcle and their main tasks concern; 1 heir mc two health extension workers (HEWs) in ea timing; Ot immunisation /
(i) prevention of diseases through awareness campaign vaccinations, (iii) family planning, (iv) attending deliven na <»l cure.
- iovtsion of pee an^ PoSl
11 May 2011
61b-*x.^<JT N/jir
Jflrf PftMflf* Prvtif
b.i Dangui VCeieda
The main tasks of die Health wcreda office are concerned with: (i) malax^
spraying. environmental sanitation, promotion of bed nets and lsirvac Cf)ntly|C''nn° ’
t
hygiene and sanitation (ie latrines, solid waste disposal pits) tlirough healdf^
campaigns; (iii) supply of drugs and medicines; (hr) family planning; ( ) , ^
v n ul
,1,d
monitoring and assessment of health conditions; (vii) Onchocarcuris (rive, through distribution of medicines; (viii) HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment
health facilities; and (x) capacity building of health staff. 
" ’ c’Plt,skinOf
The main health problems in the wereda malaria, typhoid, internal parasite, 
Mc
rhcumatLsm
' flnrnrr’°r.u
There are two HEWs per kcbcles and then tasks are focused on: (i) household compoLlrd sanitation; (u) family planning; (iii) natal care; (ft- immunisation; (v) malaria control; and fVJ improved domestic hygiene.
(<:) Pane Wereda
Tlw main tasks of the Health wereda office are concerned with: (i) prevention of (water-borne) diseases; (11) immunisation/vaccination; (iii) mother and child healthcare, (tv) dc-worming; (v supplementary food supply to prevent deficiencies; (vi) construction of health facilities., and fai] staff training, The main health problems in the wettda include malaria, tvphoid, internal parasites, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.
One of the core activities is the prevention of malaria through improved samranon and drainage, promotion of bed nets and spraying. Testing ofblood samples is only possible in one health clinic and the hospital Effective malaria prophylaxes are not available
There arc two HF.Ws in each kcbelc and their main tasks concern: (i) raising awareness on sanitation; (iT| hygiene promotion; (iii) malaria prevention; (iv) vaccination; (v) atirndinR deliveries; and (vi) pre and post-natal tare
(d) Conclusion and Recommcndatioii
One of the negative impacts of the development of the imgadon system could be an “,fr^ the incidence of nulani and other water-borne diseases Ii is envisaged that the JIcalth offices through their HEWs at kcbele level would contribute to the prevention and rontm malaria and other water-borne diseases tluough the provision of training. awareness camp f spraying and distribution of (impregnated) bed nets.
l ib 1-4 Vt ? Kig.+If Hank StU IWii (Vf
**-* "* ‘
r
Rf ^n* I*'"'"'" ArnhA« Region** Agnculturd Research Institute
3 rial Agricultural Research Institute (ARARJ) is an independent tnscituiion ilcural research operating under the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural
rcS ponsibk f"r pevd<’PrnfIlT ln ^search centra
Andes’ I ivestoc
to head office in Bahir Dar, it also has five regional agricultural
the Adet Agricultural Research Centre. ARARJ also manages the
Ccn|fC Agricultural Mechanisation Centre and the Fishery Centre located 
l]Cir
 Bahir Da<-
The maU1 acn '
tivitv of \RARJ is conducting research in a large number of fields, including;
r
. .
«
S\V < including Area closure with planting of fast-growing trees and grasses feut-and-
n . svstem for livestock). terracing, gully treatment and planting of productive trees. Crop production improvement, including horticulture (fruit and vegetables}, cereals, pulses as well as potato with 5 vane lies that arc resistant to local diseases and having significant higher production:
Drought-resistant crops* including drought tolerant crops and hue-maturing crops. Ap*culturcfc including improved beehives;
hive stuck improvement, including breeding of cows with higher milk production; Water harvesting (roof and runoff for suppkmentarv imgaoon^
• Composting and green manure;
• Fodder crops, such as fast growing grasses for midlands and leguminous crops for highlands;
• Agricultural mechanisation, including thresher and pumps (it pedal and washer pumps);
• Fishery for lake, streams and ponds, and
• Irrigation and irrigated crops, including crop water requirements, different irrigation practices (i.e. dap) and mulching.
ARARI's research approach is m test and screen new technologies at its rc5carc c^,fr Inals and demons nations are conducted ar fanner level AKAR1 h»> develop^ rt
in formation rcdtnology, in particular new or improved practices, and mat t
as new varieties and equipment, which can be easily integrated into extent n p gra
fu, ’X) new varieties have been registered in the name oi ARARL
According to the ARI) wered* office, the Adet Agncultural Research < cntie » eunenth establishing ‘’farmer-research linkage centre” in Tawi Wereda
|0Ff+rvlDtf—rttictopM* tf F.fhtrtta. Minify ofU 'Mtr Eftt^ EtbnptM .Xtk Irrr^jItOK ml Drawp I’nftrf
1 nal silr of Pawc Research Centre near Mambuk town
(b) Pawe Research Centre
The Pawe Research Centre was established in 1985 on a small land area and in 1986 the area was increased to 77 ha The main objectives for the establishment of the Pawc Research Cenut was to select high yielding varieties of different crops under the agro-climatic conditions in the area to be used by settlers and io generate packagrs of recommendations with improved cultural practices and other modem production technologies.
Hie Pawc Research Centre has established different divisions doing research on agronomy and physiology, crop improvement crop protection and animal teed. The major tvpcs of crops on winch the centre is doing research are sorghum, maize, finger millet, nee, teff. I>cans, noog, sesame, groundnut, cotton, kenaf and forage legumes. The centre is operating under die supervision at the federal Institute for Agricultural Research (I AR).
(c) Conclusion and Recommendation
Both ARARI through its Adet Agricultural Research Centre and the Pawr Research Centre could contribute to the irrigated crop and livestock sectors in the scheme area through the implementation of Inals and demonstrations of improved seeds, new crop varieties. comp*' ^ and use of green manure, cultivation of fodder crops, farm mechanisation, improved OFXXN and improved rattle breeds Both institutes could provide training to subicct matter special”n and extension staff of the ARD wereda offices and the DAs at kebele level.
1
l‘b 14 Sr03a I’l 2 Right Bink Sda l&lu (1)
64- Airman
I”1**
( lUPf“
" ^eda <'<’l,ncil cr,rnPrisC!S r*’° °r tlU" <1CfWd ICf,TC5ent’UVe5 frrXn ach kcbck’who
The " Cr^,,
crCt a
| Administrator and Deputy Wcrcda Administrator for a period of five years
ject the t < lUflC1| has. quarterly meetings to review the performances of wcredi offices based
Th« " €tc J
pt°b
.ff'"'"’ d“ • ■
^ .l*» pl,n'
k
rcpori?’
eiibmincd bv rhe heads of each wcrcda office The Weredi Council also
nn of budgets to each wereda office Used on a review and approval of its
w
(*) Conclusion and Recommcndatmn
rhe Wrtcda Council is the institution at wcrcda level responsible for overseeing devclopmem KKviiics executed through the wereda offices The Wcrcda CounaJ should be involved in the oversight of the implementation of the project adjusting budgets for crop. community development and livestock development
KfM Cwn/
The Kebele Council is rhe lowest administrative unit established bv the <iovemment wnfi formal rules and regulations. Juries and responsibles. In general, the members of the Kebele Counal arc elected democratically by community members. The number of elected Kebele Council members in rhe seven surveyed kcbdcs is ajs follow*
« Alu Kura nd Kcbclc:
• Adi* VCovn Kebele:
•
lyma Gab real Kebele
•
Ankasha Burgi Kcbclc
•
Aypapu Kelxrle:
•
Dirntsatsic Belcs Kebele.'
•
District 1 Village I Kcbclci
203 members
268 members
281 members
205 members
18" members,
135 members; and
7 members.
The specific responsibilities of the Kcbck Counal are: fij administrative and judicial services (ii) implementation <>f government pobdcs and strategics;• iii.i collection or taxes and registration of population; (iv) conflict resolution; and (v) awareness crcaiuio. ibr Kcbde
( ouncil takes decisions related to political, social, economic and secunty issues at locil level.
(Itficc of Kcbclc Council an .Mu Kurdrid Ke heirErt ^. '"*’
tovc implcmcnting capacity or budpt for execut,^
Mthough the Kebek Council docs
lhc xW^“eUn>
jnd m((blllsc
.. oonsibk for the management of communal land,
The Kebelc Council ts formalk r P" •
|he communal grazing land, an
1lK m.„ i«—“'“‘XX" («> >«*uf '«■*» -a
aUofate bnd fot cnmrouna)
, the Kcbelc Council arc: (i) inadequate capacity;
"*•*
(/>
lib V« Pi • K‘RhtI
„ t „bl
,^ .
^■/v*** W*t> <^U'
a/fr „d £
Comiouturf
EPN^,)ang comrnuakv-b^ed otg^^ ,
J J m iJ4 <f .
d a Tabfc
Kcbck
k^k, M„wd
r0 ^5‘LnKy-Fbo«rest
scdo . 
Savings 4
trend*
Land
jdm ioi aeration
com mince
protection
~
~ ^™* ‘ri<>n
r
w «*to
management
^tcr ’
committee
9
committee
credit
SMIOCtttioO
jn'
A?u Kuw"1!—-- Adi»_Wovn__- Arg _!5L-^—
a
Dinj^ur
ttnjgiastic __
Sjyacarnp _ _____
Antal™
IA IB
(Xalsidc
< kitside
ip. m
Aypjpu_______
DtrnisaBicJMrt
iF.ni
in
D2_Vilhge 17 
IB, ii£
D 2 Village J
D. I Village 4
D.t Village 49
No
No
ICT
in
D.l Village l(M
Y«L
No
II!
D 1 VilUge 127
x« ill
No
JI!
Siuiti Wcredj office
• krhrk iskcMtd io ihv Norrh & West r»r Jjwi. tint nur^idc rhr Pricer Aren
s!d*riffij/ration Cvnrmif/rr
Reportedly, bnd administration committees have been organised in rhe *cvcn kcbrles tn ANIL, wheios onlv one of the nine kcbclcs in B-GNRS reportedly has K land adminrsirauoo
commuter.
The land administration committee is * formal institution
regulations. It has the mandate, (i) to control lan u • for resolution of land-related conflicts, (n) to regts relocation and redistribution of land. 1 he member.
directly' elected bv the community members.
II altr MundgrrntHt Catumittu
According to information provided by the vvereda o comtnmecs (WMCs) have been formed in all seven
I" Kebelc and D.l Village 4 Kcbclc have two md one • — 
-i bv government
nervation; ‘m
rules and
lan j u« nghts; *"d (VJ tor
a dmini',,HtK”1 committee*,C
(Jf more water management
\f4RS whereas mJ' D-2 V <JJR
“ J mdy. TV WNlC is usually
Qf water resources
formed whh the support of die VCRD wereda office in .1cfeda m order to operate
^tcuon within the ARD wcreda office in Dangur Were »n< and Maintain one or more PWS schemes. A \XM(nQlTna •
„ { lem c
u
67
1.1 M j)' 2IU1Fnkrut DtitnWt. RsfMt 0/ Ethiopia. MintJtn of Water jhJ Eatery &twpuin Nik Im&fM ami Drantate Pwf
„™b«. *«* '!“■“>b "*' 
res «h«~W.K ™c »■•® “fc'
' lK res w;
"“ pmpt- <*m «*
re s «ta«W; (»)
>"d sup"'™'h'p,npc' 
'"',’t«m «,
Based on information collected during the household surveys, none of the s
in Alu Kurand Krbclr are a member of the WMC, whereas 4° o
to 45% f
o
,u, Mi
households in the other six kcbclcs reportedly arc members of a WMC.
6.2.) l‘orfi/ Protection Committee
surveyed
According to the information provided by the wcreda offices there are l-orcsi Protection Committees in all 14 (16 including the two just to the North / West of Jawi) kebclcs
6.2A Saitn&Kr Credit / \jjoiiafion
According to information obtained from the wcreda offices, there is only one savings A credr associations in 1)2 Village 1 Kcbcle. According to the participants of the thematic focu* group meeting*, (here is also one savings & credit association in Adis Woyn Kcbelc
Among the surveyed households, 52% in Alu Kurand Kcbelc, 48” o in Adis Woyn Kcbek, 59%
in lyma Gabrcal Kcbelc, 20% in Ankasha Burgi Kcbcle and 50% in D.1 Village 4 Kebclr
reported to have obtained a loan from the savings & credit association.
6.2.5 Cooperative Societies
Ihe number of service cooperative in the 16 kcbeles is presented below in I able 6-
Accordmg to information provided by the wcreda offices, , service cooperative exist, in snm of the kcbclcs located (partially) tn (14 Nr) or ncacr (2 Nr) the right bank proiect area
Participants of the thematic focus group meetings reported that there is service cooperative
only in Ankasha Burgi Kcbcle and Avpapu Kebclr as well as in D.l Village 4 Kcbelc
Hie surveyed households in Jawi \X errda stated that they purchase improved seeds and/or
fertiliser from the service ccxipcradvr tn Frndika town. The surveyed households in District.
Village 4 Kcbelc stated that they obtained improved seeds from rhe Pawc Research Centre,
whereas fertiliser and agro chemicals arc mainly purchased from private dealers. The surveyed households in the three kcbeles in Dangur Wcreda obtain their agnculmral input* from government-managed and private suppliers tn Mambuk (own, whereas the surveyed housch<»kb
in Dimisatsic Heirs Kcbelr also stated that they got improved seeds and fertiliser from inc
ARI) wcreda office.
According to the household surveys, 15% to 22ca of the surveyed households in the three kcbeles tn Jawi Wcreda arc members of a service cooperative against 10% of the surveu^ households in Ankasha Burgi Kcbelc. None of the surveyed household* in the other three kcbelc* are apparently members of a service c«x>pera(ivc.
1 lb F4 Srti3a Pt ? Kight Hank Sda lAclii (V
68%7> Aqj*»* ^J/mv
-
of service cooperative*
Tj^Ic
f ^ cda
cr
Kebele
Number of
Service
Cooperatives
SDA
Mcngcla Girginc
1
LA
Ain Kur.md
1
IA
-\di-s W n n
No
IB
Arfribo
No
IA
Iitc*
No
LLIB
WobeUs sir
1
()u rtete
Siwacamp
1
Out y dr
Dingu*
Antosha Purge
1
IB. Ill
Avpnpu
(1)
IB. Ill .
DrmtsatMe Belts
-
Ill
few*
D2 Village r
No
IB. Ill
D.2 Village 1
-
JU
r>. 1 VflLi^c 4
1
in
D. 1 Village 49
in
D.1 Village 104
in
D 1 Village 12”
-
in
Si turn.*: VitTL-ilii office
’ Krhvk i> IrfMjfcJ io ihc North A: West of Jawi. just outride the Protect Am
6 I /Zjjyr / Zddtrn
Hie num tasks of the vilbgr leaders in (he seven surveyed kcbclcs arc sununariu-d tn I able 6-H
r ■ ———
Wcredi
T1*JJJ Ul VIII
Krbrle
age rear
Nr
icrs
Local
Name
Main fasto
Jiwi
Alu Kurand
52
Irad and coordinate devdopmen:
Adis Worn
30
Tftti
- lead and coordinate development
lyma GabreaJ
26
- coordinate development activities conflict resolution
Dirjgur
Ankas ha Biirpi
5
Dnw-slrttrt
- con flic i moiiibon
_ Atpjpy
5
Ptw .-Idflrht
- conflict rewilutiofl
^pimtsaisae Belts
5
E/t/m
- confjet resolution
I'ttUf
Dlitcci i ViJkge 4
B
y^r
- conflict resolution
group meetings
” 1' V'II’K are diitaly d««d bv communin' memben Xlbmen cm
» bu„ luIV cd kcW„ „ Jwi «md, mJ ,W V*p » ***• •-J*’- „
in the Ihree surveyed kebelcs inDangur'Xctni*-RcSPec,’^“1
tnon'ibk iof
*' * 
rK|ulIcmcnls for fa ckctcd „ viUlgc
^coordfa^ dweM m ,
A le.de.- e PO b the kcbclc .nd/«Ptiltml Dsancntth •fElhopu. Mnufry Valer and Esf^y lji*f*j* .\/ir ImptiH Mti Druwqgt Pnfrrt
6.2.7
Ncif’GwwHtntal Organisations
According to information obtained from the wereda office in Pawr Wereda C/Jp
non governmental organisation (NGO), supports the establishment and stre ’
,
nlta,l’n
The provided wereda data for Dangur Wereda suggest dial a NGO (7’GPF) is a *
Burgi Kebele. but the participants of the thematic focus group meeting reported
is operational in their kebele.
6.2.8 Disputi Rmlutnn
The stealing of an ox reportedly caused a serious dispute between lyma Gabreal Kcbdc md another kebcle. During the last 10 years, conflicts related to grazing land and land boundary Zurred in Aypapu Kebelc, which have no! fret) been successfully resolved In Dimt«iMc Bcles Kebele, theft and land border issues caused conflicts within the kebelc. Border issues were also the cause of disputes in Ankasha Burgi Kebele. No conflicts reported in the other surveyed kcbelcs.
Community leaders/elders, political leaders and/or Kebele Council arc considered to be the most effective institutions to resolve conflicts as they arc considered to he honest and respected.
6.3 Religious: Institutions
The number of churches and mosques in the kcbdcs is presented in I able 6-9. Table 6-9: Number of churches and mosques
30 ^Gfj
Wereda
Kebcle
Number of
churches
Number of
mosques
SDA
.Meh
Mcngcla Girgme
3
0
IA
Jawi
Alu Kurand
13
0
IA
Adis Woyn
3
0
IK
Argabo
5
0
IA
Ivtna Gabreal
2
0
IA, IB
Wobelassic
2
0
Outside
Siwatamp
1
0
()urudc
Dangur
Ankasha Burgi
6
0
**
IB. Ill
Aypapu
6
2
IB. Ill
l>mi$atsie Bcles
3(3
III
Pawe
D.2 Village 17
5
0
IB. Ill
D.2 Village 1
3
3
III
D. 1 Village 4
3(3
2
HI
D. 1 Village 49
3
4
m__
D.l Village UM
1
111
D.l Village 12’
1
1
BI I
Source. Wereda offices and thematic fi*u» group meeting*
• Kcbck o located tn the North & West of )awi. jum outside the Pnucct Area
I Jh 1*4 Sr03a Pt 2 Right Bink Nb l&clh (1)
70J^’-
p
.\ Ccordu^ to information provided by the wcreda off ^< >»«!. .re. .ndone ,o d„,
«
„« P,„ «end.,»« no 
.D
IZthtopian < Arthodox Church in .Ahi Kura»d Krtick
iA Commerced Farm*
Ihc number mid total area of commercial farm* as urll a* rhcir num crops arc listed tn Table
6-10.
Table 6-10: Commercial farms
[ Verrda
Kcbelr
I Number
| Total
| area (ha)
Main crop#
1 SDA
A leu
Mengcta Girgine
0
i
LA
Jawi
' Alu Kuurand
1
600
Maize s«d
LA
Adis Worn
0
1
10
L-3r£ikj
0
-
IA
h-ma GabreaJ
0
LA. 10
obcLosic
0
_
T
I A, IB
SiwaLamp
0
_
IB
IJangur 1
-Ankasha Burp
1
3.509
Afai/c, sesame. sorghum
IB. Ill
jVpapu
0
,
ib, in
Faux
Dtrnimtsie Bel«
1
200
Maize, sesame, imfchum
III
Jj-2 Vllbgr 17
J
4(1
Vegetable*, fruiri
JB, III
D-ZVilLge J
2
4.500
Mauc, sesame
in
j-f 1 A sLLi^r 4
1
160
Mw. sesame, groundnut, sorghum
in
lj. 1 V ilkigc 49
0
in
Hivni-igc km
(1
in |
------■—-Jj
\l Villa gr 127
0
-
in
'•'urc. \ . , . ’
- -_______ Total
8
9,000
t
1J May 2011l-tatidDrwtt' Kfpuifih ofF.thttpj.Mitarr, of Waltf and Enfi^t Etfapm Mr Im^tivn and Dnutagf I’ropt
Eight commercial farms arc operational tn six of rhe 16 kcbeles with a lou, producing maize (seed), sesame, sorghum, groundnut, vegetables and fruits. ’ **' *“
( ommcrcud farm in Alu Kurand Kebele
5 
Development Project* and Pro^nmmct
According to information collected at Zone level the World Bank-funded Rural Capacity
Building Protect is currently being implemented in the Aui Zone and Metekcl Zone It? mufl
scope is to facilitate and support the provision of framing to farmers bv equipping l’TC« and
supporting the ARD wereda offices with training and equipment, such as computers and
photocopiers For instance, the ARD wereda office in Mambuk Thngur Wereda) has recent
equipment and training.
According to provided wereda information, a water and sanitation project funded by the
Government of Finland is being implemented in Pawc Wereda.
6.5. /
/ J/w Rtks Pnprf
In the mid 198O». the Ethiopian government decided to relocate about 600.000 people in the
country in order to alleviate famine One of the resettlement schemes was the Metekcl
resettlement scheme, also known as the Pawe or Belcs resettlement scheme The aun of this
resettlement scheme was to resettle 82,000 persons from the highlands in northern Ethiopu »
48 villages on both sides of the Beles River on the land of the former Heirs State farm. which
was established by the government in two locations in the 19" Os Upon arrival, the settlers
found the reality to be different from that expected ftom promises made by the authoring
Ub V4 Si* 3a Pi 2 Rip.h- Bank S<1> l&lii (tz
72^X******
' ■■’^
the so* 10
(a physie*lly harsh (hot and humid) and milana ridden environment, d,o- found that
d din** *rrd umm,ablc for tyP“ °f crop5 w1Ke ,teed to g«wnng. such as
jnd pcas, Furthermore, at least to start with, there were no decent houses,
tri * Jdi facilities. toads and clear! drinking water. Ihc settlers also tound that thrr were ’ C,,tXlbded by hostile hosts, namely the Grnnuz people, who were opposed to ihe resettlement
SUrt c they considered that it adversely affected their livelihood. As the cultivated land
P^1 vjc]c(s and the settlers did not have the elementary inputs and equipment to start basic
#flVC «v>ries the settiers experienced Severe famine and many suffered from malnutrition fatinWi; aCtI
Mirch 19^» fralian agcncic? initiated emergency- rebel programmes in the Metckd
hl rrJement atr« by providing the settlers with food, clothing, blankets, household utensils and lical jssistarite In addition, the Ethiopian and Italian governments also agreed to implement Tana Beles Project in Region 6 in the Pa we Special Vtercda over a local land area of 122,000
lu The b3SK objective of the kalian assistance was io deeVEiftop a self- sustained economy for the ihe investment budget was US J 267 million, out of which 57% was dlocared for
culmral development, 35% for infra structure and 12° a for workshops and construction. On ihe basis of hydrological and geological investigations as well as topographic and soil surveys, a Master Plan was prepared, which included three dis drier phases for implementation (i) emergency phase (1986-1987); (ii) consolidation of the works (198” 1990); and (in) self managemcDi and self-sufficiency (1990-1993). The drvclopmeni actrnnes focused on two sectors: (i) production (i.r. mechanised agriculture, forestation, fishery and agro-industry); and (ii) general infrastructure Lc, water supply. roads and badges, housing, stores, health and education).
Between 1086 and 1990, the achievements of the Tana Bclcs Project included; ii) construction of 25.000 new houses: (ii) construction of a small dam on rhe Gigd Belts River to supply rhe villages with drinking water; fiii) construction and operation of a dee null, a soya milk factory, a seed selection ph nt, a bakery and a pipe factory; (iy) construction of one hospital and i health clime in each village, (v) construction of 49 kindergartens and primary schools in each of the 6 districts, Dunng the 1988 campaign. 23.000 ha of land were cleared of which 18.000 ha was planted with maize, sorghum, groundnut, soybean, chickpea and rice
The settlers were forced to form cooperatives and work on the communal land as daily
^bejuren for bi-weekly food rations They did not have control over production decisions, productive resources and the product of their labour. The settlers did not have private farm
d other (han 0.1 or 0.2 ha of garden (homestead) fields.
Thc a5S|st^« of the kalian government to rhe Tana Beks Project suddenly lcunimted in early
4 Dc lo ihc change in government in Ethiopia and die projecr was taken over and
indt b) Rthi°pian authorities With the fall of rhe Derg regime, the Giimua and other
* £CI1OL1S Peoples started to attack the settlers and they also claimed mote rights and
tt.in n,alI“n •I’e administration and political affairs of the wereda- Due to violent clashes,
hrm lTttlCr5 licclded to (hc area. In 1993, rhe remaining settlers were given 0.7o ha of
”‘1 and 0.1 m Q 2 ha of garde,, p« household. In 1995. the project constructed two small
I y'JOn i
**Frarral fapabb. Efhiopu. Mwfo ofW'attr and Entry
Etlntpan Piilt Imfar^n Dncnaft Prytef
dams for hydroelectric pourr and irrigation. bur die canals and irrigation
6.6 Existing Forms of Co-operation and Mutual A ssistance
6.6.1 I ixutin& Solidarity M rchanum
According to the participants of the thematic focus group meetings, traditional solidarity mechanisms do not exist, except for the Mir (see 6.6 4).
6.6.2 
Mutual Labour Extbanp
A traditional form of mutual exchange of labour still exists in the seven surveyed kcbelcs
locally known as II 'oirfe/or U'obtni, whereby individual persons provide labour for agnculiunj
field activities, in particular weeding and harvesting. About 54% to 85% of the sunned
households in the seven kcbelcs reported that (hev mutually exchange labour with other
household during the cropping season.
6.6.3 
Communal 1 ^bour
In the three sun ned kcbelcs in Dangur \X rreda, it is compulsory for all resident household* to
contribute unpaid labour for the construction and/oi repair of church and school In District 1
Village 4 Kebclc, households provide free labour voluntarily for (he construction of a road or
school. N<> form of communal labour reported m the three surveyed kcbcles in Jam Wcrcda
6.6.4 Idrr
Idins an indigenous insurance scheme and its functions are primarily to help defray the cost|J|
be a member of an Id/r.
6.6.6
Ub 1’’4 SrCAa I*T 2 Rtghl Bank Sth Ifcla (!)
’4!;n^IJ“
^■oh-'d <n the infoonl economic sectors of acmite, It u lceWiwt". An ivrrage M may involve 20 womcn ancJ,.
f-TB 2 to 5 ETB per person per session.
An tn kind is often a weekly session .-(bout 10 w
u-oman reaves all the products on a rotation.]
' ' **7 "> ^e a "saving
mount may tui&
P rt>d*'«. tog^ _
etc.) and » ->o„ . a °f/h,i COn’no „f
n
woman m turn, rhe addthonal income raised bv lny of
improving the food intake of the family.
According to information obtained from the wereda officcs , situated (partially) in the right bank prefect area. Ja four of
surveyed households reported to be a member of an fok * " ” ketdr,‘ 5° ’ to 20% of the
has Poured Io „ ,
f °Dasof/'t^is used fof
*" °f tht 16 kcb'h-5rA VA»LA0’LITY of services
d^tnd Tnmspo*1
,cli
Kcbdf (A'CfS W'etcda) * n<K accK5'blc ro>d, hm only by finn-mirkrt
MC" ths Fiw of tlle si’ kl‘hdCS ‘n W<?rCdl ifC 2ccpIMb,c hv ^thcr road, whaejj
In4 ’^! Kel«[c hai abouT 3 oi all weather road. In Dangur W'eredi. Atpapu Kebclc and
Vgi ’ha Burgl Kcbclc .ire connected to Mimbuk town by a dry -weather road, whereas
311 Bries Kcbcle is accessible bv an all-weather road In Pawr W’ereda. three kebdes arc l5l, °sible by an all-weather road, but District 1 Village 104 Kcbdeud District 1 Village 127
^only »«
cssiblc b V
- ' dr>-'VCath,:r rMJ-
Ru-d between Pawe VTcfeda and fendr'ka town (left) and all-weatherin D.I Village 104 Kebdc ■ r^nt}
The nearest urban centre tar the three surveyed kebdes in Jawi Wcied* is Fmdika town. The nearest urban centre for the ihrec surveyed kebdes in Daogur Wereda is Mimbuk lown ar a distance of 5 to 15 km. The nearest urban centre for hoiLsehulds in District 1 Village 4 Kebdc is J’awe town at a distance of 15 km.
fhcre is regular (public! trmsport service from these towns to major urban centre*, but first households living m the kebdes have to reach them by foot, bicycle and/or donkey
Reportedly, Ju households own a bicycle and one household has a truck in Ahi Kurand KebcJe, Ocreas there arc no vehicles in the two nthrr surveyed kebclcs tn Jawi Wcteda. In die three swvej ed kebdcs in Dangur Wrrcda and DI Village 4 Kcbelr, i number of households own a bicycle.
W Recommendation
weather road access to and within the right bank project area is crucial for successlul and s ^tamable development of irrigated agriculture The editing dry-weather roads need to be
-Pgradcd to all-weather roads and new all-weather roads constructed to facilitate purchase of npLits and marketing. The new all-weather roads should connect both rusting and
new settlements as well as commercial farm areas
2 K'tthr
|&|jj (1)
13M*1 20H
77bfjtru. 
ofEthiopia, Mtautr^ of ITafrr aod Eorrp
F.rhofwtt Stif lmpiM and Dnanagr Prynf
72 Education
Within the kebcles located (partially} in (14 Nr) or dost to (2 Nr) SD A I Jncj
of 1 “ cycle primary schools Is relatively good, but inadequate for 2~» evrl ' P^vuir, shown in Table 7-1.
Pomary
rable 7-1: P
revision of primary
and secondary schools
Wereda
Kebele
Primar
y school
Secondary school
1" cycle
2^ cycle
SDa
1” cycle
Ale fa
Mengela Girgirse
1
1
No
x
JlWI
Alu Kurand
6
No
No
. _ * v No
Adis Wovn
No
No
No
Argabo
No
No
No
No
--Q _ u ’
IB
ia
Iyma Gabreal
1
No
No
No
Wobclassie
1
1
No
No
1A
1A. IB
Ou trade
Siwatamp
1
No
No
No
Dangur
Ankasha Burgi
2
No
No
No
IB 111
Aypapu
1
IB Ill
Dimisat sic Belos
1
-
.
III
Pawc
D.2 Village 17
2
No
No
No
ib. in
D.2 Village 1
1
-
1
1
m
D.l Village 4
1
1
TH
D.l Village 49
1
2
III
D.l Village 104
1
1
III
D.l Village 127
1
1
■
-
III
Source: U’cfrda offices
• Kcbdc is located to the North Ac Wnf of lawi, |ust "utxide the Proper Am
According to the information provided by the wereda office, there is only one secondary Mib<x?l in the 16 kebcles situated (partially) in / adjacent to SDA I and 111, namely tn D.2 Village 1 Kebele (Pawc \X err da). 1 he nearest secondary* school for the three surveyed kebcles in Jaui \X creda is in Fendika town In Dangur Wereda, the nearest secondary’ school is in Mambuk town at a distance of 5 to 15 ktn from the three surveyed kebcles. For households in D 1 Village 4 Kebele, the nearest secondary school is in Pawc town at a distance of 15 kin.
13 MJ*
Ub 1*4 SrOJa IH 2 Right Hank Sda lAclu (1)
^8Schoo) building in D 1 Village 4” Krbrle
Facilities
According tr» data provided by the I lealth wereda offices, 14 of the 16 kebdn fociied (paroilly) tn / near to in the right hank project area have a health post Reported!) , there arc no hospitals in |awi Vi creek and T langur Wereda and the ncarc&r hospital is located in Pawe Were da
In jawi Wereda, there ire 5 health centre*. .According to rhe parodpanrs of ihe thematic focus group meetings in the three surveyed kcbdcs in Jaivi W credit csscctul drugs and medicines arc only available m the health post in Adis Woyn Kcbdc.
According to the Health wexeda office in Pawe Wrreda, die existing health faciline* comprise one hospital, one clinic and 12 health posts, including at least three of the six kebclcs located (partially) in the right bank project arex The surveyed households m District 1 Village 4 reported that they visit the local health post, the clime in District I Village 4 Krbekand the hci'.pnal Ln Pawe town.
SfponcJlv.ihe health faalioes DanPir'Xeinl" . ..jVwha
■».», i^uthnh . hcakh in W f
Sholds in DimUW* Belts Kebek reported that town for medical treatment. whereas the suneye
I1,e
t
„Z
^ey
R Hlnl1 IMu (1}
79
iJMiyXMlI'JtHpM SW lmiu/>M aM Drai^f P'^-.t
kebdcs in Dangur Wereda visit the local health post, the health centre in Mambuk
the hospital in Pawc town According to the participants of the thematic focus '”%
in the three kebeles in Dangur XX'ereda, essential drugs and medicines are not 8^^
As there is no pharmacy in the seven surveyed kebeles, households usually have nearest urban centre to purchase medicines
7./ Telecommunication and Postal Services
The availability of telecommunication and postal services is presented in Table 7 2
Table 7-2: Availability of telecommunications and postal services
Wercda
Kebele
Tekphooc
Post office
SDA
Ale fa
McngcLi Girgirsc
Yes
No
LA
Jaun
Alu Kura nd
No
No
LA
Adis W’oyn
No
No
IB
Argabo
No
No
LA
lyma Gabreal
Yes
No
I A. IB
Wohclassic*
Yes
No
Siwatamp*
Yes
No
< Xitside
( hitsidc
Dangur
Ankasha Burp
Yes
Yes
IB. Ill
Avpapu
Yes
No
IB. HI
Dimtsattic Beles
No
No
in
Paw
D2 Village 17
No
No
IB. Ill
D.2 Village 1
Yes
No
III
D.l Village 4
Yes/No
No
III
D I Village 49
Yes
No
III
D.l Village 104
Yes
No
III
D.1 Village 127
Yes
No
III
Sourer Wen-da offices
' Kebele is located to the North Ac Wert of Jawi, just outside the Project Area
According to wereda office data, 14 of the kebeles located in (14 Nr) or near to (2 Nr and III have telecommunication services I lowrver, the participants of the thematic focu group meetings in lyma Gabreal Kebele, Ankasha Burgi Kebele and O 1 A dlagc
that there is no telephone connection. Only Ankasha Burgi Kebele reported!) has a p
o ff>ce
I lb F4 StOSa Pt 2 Kight Kink Sih lfcld (1}
W)7J
Alu Ku rand Kcbclc (left) and electric dour null in Distocl 1 Village 49 Kehelr (right)
JTJpUC mill III -■
data provided by the wereda offices. 11 of the 16 kebdcs in / near to the project area
Based on
nU ]l^ ranging from only one flour null in D.2 Village 1 Kebdc to 22
flour riruLLs- in -si
j^otKTB t5 to 30 per bag.
hlVC ' n Alu Kuiand Kcbrle The
reported pace for milling cereals is F.TB 0.40 to 0.50 per
7 f Rouble Water Supply and Sanitation
PoM Water
Based on data provided by the wcreda offices, (hr number of springs and wells in the 16
kcbclcj situated in / near tolhe right bank Project Area is presented in fable 7-3. Table 7-3: Type and number of sources for potable waicr_
Wend*
Kcbelr
MciLgda Girgir^c Alu Kurai id Adis Wuvn
A rgil bo_____
tynui. Gabml
JKobriassie1 Siwaump*
Unpfotrclcd
Protected
spring
Well with
hand pumps
Deep
fhtipuf
-\nkaiha Bur^i Aspapu
Jjwsatsic Beks
T ]jut
17
LI. IB
t hi rude
i hi rude
ibjii
IB, III
III
IB. Ill ,
-Oj.yjDn^cJtj [J 1
lEM Jj±l VlUj^c [n*
Kahdt”
!(1
le Nnrth & \Xc»( of Jawi. ju«t tiutsnic rhe I’r'ijwr Area
! 'U Rs^i Rant Sda
B May 2011
SiMm! VfWJfr fafatWh Mwfr) »f Wafer and Ennp Effapaa !W Irn^ihoft and Dranap Pnftd
Bv far rhe most common source of waler, particularly in the settlement kcbclcs near lend’
town, is Eton shallow (bored) wdk with small hand pumps. In addition to water fetched fe
local streams, (protected) springs ate also a source of potable water for households mt]
kcbclcs. mainly in Jawi Wereda and Dangur Wereda. In Ankasha Burg! Kebde, there are d,0
two deep mbcwells supplying potable water. Except in D 2 Village 1~ Kebde. the number of
sources for potable water is rather limited in the other Gee kcbclcs in 1’awe Wereda, Indian^
that many households fetch water from local streams
According to surveyed households rhe main sources of potable water in the seven surveyed kcbeles is as tabulated in Table 7-4.
Table 7-4: Main sources of potable water for surveyed households
Wereda
Kebefc
Stream/
pond
Unprotected span*
Protected
spring
Open
well
Well with
hand
pumps
PWS scheme
1
Jawi
Aid Kurand
4%
ip.
IP.
“4%
22® •
_ _______ ir.J
Adis Wovn
11%
4%
48%
26%
11%
o%j
Ivnu Gabrral
7%
0%
7%
"8®©
7®.
u%J
l>angur
Ankasha Burgi
30%
5%
10%
tP'o
60%
_____
Avpapu
5®A
15%
5%
U%
35®.
25%-
Dimtsatsic Beks
0%
0%
65®.
(P©
35®-
0%.
Pawe
DI X’illage 4
5%
10%
30%
0%
65®.
0%
Source, household curves*
In the seven kcbclcs, 4® □ to 30° © of the surveyed households fetch potable water from sttcams/ponds, whereas 7% to 65% have access io wells with hand pumps In fo^kf
to 15% of the surveyed households use water from unprotected springs, whereas w the surveyed households in six kebeJes fetch water from protected springs Contran t information provided by the wereda offices, 26% to "’8% of the surveyed household, kcbclcs in Jawi Wereda fetch drinking water from open wells.
In the three surveyed kcbclcs in Jawi Wereda, the wells with hand pump* det cl individual households and government agcnocs. In the direr surveyed kcbclcs ui
I b 1-4 ScO3a Pt ? Right Bank Sda l&lii {1‘
H2e,,t JftrJ,ldbnf^
i.' P^**1 f*
V( j|, wirli han J p'« P
n
s uerc consttuct«i by the Government between 2000 and 2009
fl frCd^(h hind pumps >" DlscrIcl 1 VjUi*c J Kcbclc wm: inMlJlcd « 2005 with luppair of the
'Tn NGO.
lcsib*
n
f
managed by the ARD wereda office, hi District 1 Village 4 Reticle, the users pay ETB 23 pct month as a water charge
According to rhe participants of the thematic focus group meetings tn Alu Kurand KebeJc. Adis Wnyn Reticle and Dimtsatsic Bele* Kcbclc, the quality of fetched water is fair/poor, whereas its u reported to be* good in the other four surveyed kc belts. Among the surveyed households in six of the seven kcbelirs. 85q •-. to 100% reported that the quality of the fetched water is good against only 4fi% in Iyma Gabrcal Reticle
Phe I female) members of the surveyed households have to fetch water two to three tunr per eta) and the average distance to rhe water source ranges from only 20 metres in Alu Kuran d Kebdc to 828 metres m Dimtsatsic Belts Kcbclc
jnd well with hand pump in D I Milage 4? Kchele (right)
Tn AvpaptL KrbeJc and Dimtsatsic Bedes Rrhelc, the wrik rind hand pumps arc managed by the Kcbcfc Council and households pay ETB 2 and ETB 10 per month respectively as wafer
charge In Ankasha Hurgi Reticle and District I Village 4 Krh<le the wells with hand pump arc
Sdn lAlii(|
tw ionfrfM Dtmavft* tf'EfhiepM. .\luturr, zfWjttr and Energy
F.thiotw* Site jni Drawee J'r*ta
Lining for fetching water (left) and earning water home (right) in D 1 yat
The reported depth of the ground water vanes from 7 (O 18 metres in Alu Kur j tn 18 metres in Adis Woyn Kebelc. 7 to 15 metres tn Iyma Gabreal Kebelc 5 Ankasha Burgi Kebelc, 20 to 40 metres in Aypapu Kebcle. 7 to 10 metres m Dt Kebele, and 8 to 12 metres in D.l Village 4 Kebelc
According to the participants of the thematic focus group meetings in six of the s kebcles, there is never a shortage of potable water In Ankasha Burgi Kebelc it
Y
*^*^12
ntsats*
there is in annual water shortage in April, May and June. Among the surveyed hous h.,y
n ’ U 15 spotted ik
r
in Alu Kurand Kebelc and 26% in Iyma Gabreal reported water shortage in years wuhle normal rainfall In Ankasha Burgi Kebelc, 5% and 10° 0 of the surveyed households
water shortage in years with normal and less than normal rainfall respectively.
".6.2 Potable Water Suppfy Provided under Tana Beles Project
Under the Tana Bries Project (1985-early 1990s). a buried pipe water supply system was installed supplying water to cylindrical header / reservoir tanks in each village in Pane Weredi A small dam was constructed on a tributary of the Bries ris er to the east of the project area ensure year round supply, and a slow fillet and chlorination treatment works constructed downsneam of the reservoir. Pipes for the potable water supply pipelines, as well as storage tanks, were of glass fibre reinforced polyester resin and were produced at an on site pipe factory established tn 1987
Fibreglass water tank in District 2 Village 1" Kebelc
Currently it is understood that the potable water supply system is largely defunct dur to
to set up ami implement effective operation and maintenance arrangements Some of the p P have apparently been removed while others are blocked with sediment
I b 14 Si03a 1*1 2 K»ght Rank Sth I&ln (I)
84rhc h)CU5 group meetings, (almost) all households use a toilet In Ac seven
’ A* yidicowd bv '1
r „j kebek*' 9:1 ’ (nifct
1 (X)’, n of the surveyed households reported the use of > (sanitary)
^ cCOf^n .
weck v
obtained wcreda data and collected during (he thematic focus group meetings, | j markets in only four of the 16 kcbelcs located (partially) in SDA I and 111,
lbcrC f the <cvcn surveyed kebrles has a weekly market The surveyed households in the three
S(,n* n |awi Werrda reported that they sell their crops, livestock products and live animak tn
^^
e
CS
niar cc[ on
j Saturday in Fendika town. The surveyed bomehnkh in the three kcbeles
rlu uc ,
in
aeeJdv market on I
< iz^lr visit rhe weekly market on Saturday in Dis trier 2 Village 7 Krbdr (Pawe town}. Village -»
Load retailers, middlemen and/or wholesalers usually are the purchaser* of agricultural produce jn all seven surveyed kebdes Consumers and local retailers are the main purchaser of livestock
whereas other livestock owners* consumers and middlemen are die main purchasers uf live animals.
reported that they sell their crops, livestock products and In c animals in the i » » hvidav and Saturday in Mambuk town. The sunned households in District 1
Daily marker in .Mambuk town in Dan^ttf VCcrrdj
Farm Suppbers *n<7 Jtrtai/ SAopf
The service cooperative and a government agency in Fendika town arc the main suppliers of improved Aeeds. chemical fertiliser and agro-chcrnicab for Ac households in rhe three kcbdc tnjawi \X rrrda.
injiged and private siipp^ * 
1 111
In Ac three surveyed kebeles in Danffu W ereds, Mambuk town ate the main suppliers ot unpros In Dimtsaisie Belts Kebde, the ARD
households as supplier of farm inputs
fertilises and ipO cbemicds
m eniH>ned by the surveyed
□«*« *
-rd s«d varieties from the In District 1 Village 4 Kcbclc. surveyed households obt!U^^ ^purchased fron> go«nunen
I’awc Research Centre, whereas IciuLbcrs and agt< ^uvr. ^naged and private suppliers as well as the service P
13 May 2011Ftdrm/Dtsnavtii Hthtipa. Mnuttn afWate Ettftg\
Ethiopia* Stk Irrigation aadDnssagf PwJ
Reportedly, there is a blacksmith in lyma Gab real Kcbcle and D.1 Village Kehr] no blacksmiths and repair workshops in the other five sunned kebclcs where fa have their tools and equipment repaired. The nearest repair workshops are Seated nearest urban centres, such as lendika, Mambuk and Pawc.
According to the thematic focus group meetings, there is at least one grocery sh Duntsatsre Belts Kcbele and District I Village 4 Kebelc, but no shops exist in the surveyed kebelcs and households have to visit the nearest urban centres to buv tk
» 
consumption items, such as flour, edible oil, sugar, tea and salt
7.£/ Farm Sttppfy Ettfnprur/
tn r^c
• ncu essentui
Reportedly, there is one enterprise (zlW>) anti the Union of Service Cooperative
arc involved tn the supply of farm inputs and equipment in Awi Zone In Mctckcl Zone AISCO and Mama Union of Cooperatives supply fertiliser and improved seeds
7.9 Marketing En ferp rises
In Awi Zone, the zlJ/vd/ I mon of Service Cooperatives reportedly is ihe only markchng enrerpnse Commercial farms in Dangur VC’crcda and Pawc Were da arc also involved in aop marketing
7.10 Agro-Processing Enterprises
According to information collected at Zone level, there arc no agro-processing enterprises in Awi Zone or in Mctckel Zone.
7.11 Nurseries
.According fo information provided by the wereda offices, there arc private nurseries ui Adis Woyn Kebelc (3). Argabo Kcbcle (14) and Ivma Gabreal Kebelc (11). but no government- managed or private nurseries exist in the other 13 kebclcs situated (partially) within ihe nghi bank project area
7.12 Commcrcial and Development Banks
There are no branch offices of commercial or development banks in the 16 kebeles ipardaUy located in SDA I and 111. The nearest branch office of a bank is in rhe town of Chagni an distance of more than 90 km for the households in the seven surveyed kebeles
7.13 Micro-Finance Institution
There is a branch office of the micro finance institution ylrsikinj (. ndit jnd 5*trtn^j ImliM
(ACSI) in 1’cndika town. Ihe
Pawc town and Mambuk town.
7.1 1.1 .4mhtini (rrdit & Sannt ImttMion
kliirv-Fisastr C.owpan) has branch officc
ACSI was formally established in I‘>95 as a non-bank financial share companx f holds 20% of the shares and the remaining WP o of rhe shares arc owned by local NG development organisations, including the Amhara Development Association (ADA) a Organisation for Rchabibtanon and Development of Amhara 'ORD .A) flic primal}
. Thr uovcnlflwrn
i b 1-4 SfO3a It 2 Righr Hank Sth l&lu (1)f
r(jVC the economic situation of low-uicome, productive poor people in the ,\CSl * fUrrtunh increased access to lending and saving services
, Xinhara Tn
AC’S! h»5
rural P°P
obt^’
very success fid m providing small loans tor ificoiTic-genera ting activities to the thereby groups usually arc formed to guarantee the repaymrnt of loan*
group members. ACSI has 183 branch offices and about 2,350
t
u 'cl ,y “ 1 ANRS and it provides financial sen ices to H60.000 clients, of whom lovees rntoug
emp* benefiting from credit services, 300*000 clients have saving accounts and the 500.<X)0 at clients receive pension service. About 50% of the total clientele consists of gaining
vnDtnen.
ACSI offers shnrMerm loans (1 to 2 yean) and long 
Ierm wm
l ,3 (o 5 
,.
xmnunts range from ETB 1.000 to F/1B 5.000 The nu|Or form gturaotee u „ ' '
consisting of 5 to 7 group members from the same kebde and prefer^ from ,?P '
who arc jointly responsible for the repayment of the loan ob.amcd by one of IU 'T
More than W . of the outstanding loans is provided with ‘group coLeral” 
“
The ACSI branch office in Frndika town is active in all 26 kebeies of Jawi Word a. A total of 4400 savings accounts have been opened with a total deposit of ETB 6.4 rmlhrin. At the end of December 2009, 4,106 persons had obtained 1 loan and rhe tutal amount of ouBiandtng loan was ETB tfi.6 million. ACSI provides die following [hire types of loans for farmers: i) one yew loan for purchase of oxen with a maximum of ETB 3,000 and an annual interest rare of 18%; iij dfle-year loan for sheep fattening with a maximum amount of E1B 3JMMI and in annual interesr rate of 18%; and hi) two-year loan for rhe purchase of motor pump with a maximum amount of ETB 4.21 K) and an annual interest rate of 13%. There arc no medium' and long-term loans available for farmer*. Reportedly, less (han 1% of the lenders defaulted
ACS] branch office in Eendika town
]3Mjy 2C4IMnii Drwwn//!?.
MhhOt] of IT'aftr awl litter^'
FJtvcfiao .X/> I melton a*<i Unseat* Pvnjfrt
7.13.2 3fmnfh(tn^NlGnmu^Mi(vo-¥tnanct Company
(a) Pa we Wcrcda
There is a branch office of the Benins h a ngul-Gumu2 Micro-Finance C
and it is operational in 19 of the 20 kebcles of Pawc Wcrcda. A total of ” m l>aw' k*
opened a voluntary saving account, including 51 women, and the total s PCrW>n’ h‘v'
1.85 million I’here are 3,486 lenders, including 667 women, and the totd^ ’’
outstanding loans is F.TB 4.99 million at the end of December 2009 " am0Unt °f
In addition to input loans, fanners also have access to loans for purchasing oxen s
maximum amount of F.TB 5,000 and an annual interest is 12.5% I oans »
" «ic proxnded rm | basis of group collateral with 3 to 7 persons per group. 12% compulsory saving and a
1.5% as insurance, lire branch office also provides petty trade loans and asset loan, kT * construction The reported default rate is 30° o,
(b) 1 langur W’ereda
The branch office of (he B-G Micro-Finance Company in Mambuk town is active m 20 of the
29 kebcles of Bangui W crcda. At tlw end of December 2009 it had 134 voluntary savwg accounts and 1,622 lenders, including 209 women.
In addition to an assets loan, there arc short-term agricultural loans for a maximum of ETB
5,000 for the purchase of oxen, goat and sheep fattening and labour hue TTic annual tnirrniij 12.5%. Loans are provided on the basis of group collateral with 3 to 7 persons per group, 12% compulsory’ saving and payment of 1.5% as insurance
Reportedly, the defaulting rate is 50% The mam reason for this high defaulting rale is that ’Nr > of all loans arc provided to fanners and mainly used for the purchase of oxen and they often (he due to trvpo
Branch office of B G Micro
Finance Company in Mambuk town (Pangur
. 73. J ( of ( „Jit Simtyrd I luffhoti/
In the seven kebelcs, 25% to 63% of the surveyed households have taken out at least one b*n during the last 10 years, mainly from the savings A credit association and/or the micro fin»*c institution. The surveyed households got short- and medium term loans, which were m»'nI’ used for (i) purchase of oxen, goals and/or donkeys, (u) procurement of agricultural mpu,‘ ""
;
111 1-4 Sf*i3a It 2 Right Bank SJa l&lii (I)
B8PjWfT
d and (iv) tr,tle’ Jn -’aW1 Wcrcd“',he sufVemi households paid 18% ki 19"»per year rearing lsU1 ’ pangur Wertda and Ptwr VFercda, the inteiest rate is about 12%per rear.
the female participants of the thematic focus group meenngs on gender issues,
\ccordmg <
. have access
suriT C
y j kebeles in Jaws Wrrrdi and the obtuned
'*rr,nl used l« buV oxen' lc*iC ,:Cld °r “nancr pcny Lt,de Women in Avpapu Kebek,
[ei*fls
l^imtsai^' ^dfs * .
kvbele and District 1 Village 4 Kebcle also have access tn access to aedn, but
^HiAnkashaBurKiKebelc
sr is reported to be a problem in Adis Woyn Kcbclc, Inna Gabreil Kcbck. and
QisErict I Milage
hide re
v |. < Kcbdc, where 25% of the household? reportedly ire mdebicd
7JV
, rr+n [O short-. medium and long-term credit will support agricultural development. PajmcJn
Tq soppott farmers’ access to credit, it is suggested:
• Formation and capacity building of savings Ac credit associations m each kebde with the support of both micro-finance institutions.
• Supply ofljTm machinery and equipment as well as improved bleeding slock to farmers on credit basis through rhe service cooperatives; and
• Provision of wed capital to both micro-finance institutions for the supply of medium and long-term loans for farmers (settled) tn the scheme area
?,W A^cu/rura/Extension
'.14 J Atwiabiiify
Vefrriri ary Services
Exff/r/wif Stmcr/
All 16 kebeles located in or near to SDA I and III have at least one tu three DAs, bur H kebelex lack a FTC. Tn the seven surveyed kebdes, 96% lo 100% ol the surveyed households have frequent contact (more than 5 times) with the DAs throughout die year The fenulr parocipant? of the thematic focus group meetings on gender issues stated that women have access tn extension services as well.
.Almost all surveyed households consider thr services provided by the DAs to be good. Jn general, the DAs do not have access to reference books and they have insufficient budget and
•raining materials to undertake all necessary extension and training activities within their respective kebdes.
h» the seven kcbdcs. 88% to 100% of thr surveyed households stated lhai extension services [ production are available, mainly horn the DAs but also from ARD wcreda staff.
R, ^thailk
Sd « lAdii i;
15 May 20! IFedtrjf Rep art.
of Water artd
Ei j' npf.i* A7lr ImgaMNi and Dminqjtf Prwe, f
7. 14.2 I 'tterinan Stnicu
According to data prodded by the wereda offices and collected during the th
group meetings, there arc veterinary staff in at least seven of the 16 kcbcles Wereda and Pawc Wereda. in the seven sun-eyed kcbcles, 85% to |(MP 0 of t, * ln households reported having access to veterinary services, which arc either C Mlrv<?y d
^ C1”
e
veterinary staff at wereda level or the animal health technician at kcbelc levc^ '
Veterinary cbniL m D.1 Village 49 Kcbelc
In the seven kcbcles, 77% to 100° o ot the surveyed households staled that veterinary drugs ,ur available, mainly from private supplier' in the urban centres and/or veterinary clinic it wetedi les-el.
In all seven surveyed kcbcles, 5pc to 33% of the surveyed households reportedly have acre*’ to improved breeding stock for poultry, which were provided by the ARI) wereda offices
7.14 J Recommeftdalton r
(a) Agricultural Extension
To ensure that the fanners in the nght bank project area have access to adequate and effective agricultural extension services required for rhe development of productive and sustainable irrigated agriculture, the capacity of the existing agncultural extension services should Ik strengthened by:
• Provision of regular in service training for all subject matter specialists and extension staff at wereda and kebele level (lc. DAs) in order Co enhance and update their neers^n technical and extension skills and knowledge, in particular with regard to irrigated agriculture.
• Provision ot essential facilities (lc reference books, training materials, tools and equipment) and sufficient budget to the I ) As to ensure the execution of all nrce*** )
-
1
training courses, tnals and demonstrations; and
• Establishment of effective linkages between thr Adct Agncultural Research Centre- Pawc Research Centre and the extension staff at wereda and kebele level lor the
Vb 1-1 Si03a 1*T 2 Right Hank Sda IAda (1)
90^cctssfi'1 introduction ol new seed vineties for outing crops as u U is new
T
commercial and/or industrial crops.
Veienniuy Services
.crock production 45 an intpotTanT economic arrivin' for most fanning households At 1 "sLn lh«todt owners use the extensive communal grazing land, to graze their animals, One P fdic unpaets of the development of the irrigation scheme may be a signibcinf tedumuc of jic communal grazing land To ensure that livestock owners wd] have access to sufficient
nwl feed and to maximise pruduebvily improved nunagrment of the grazing land,
rOC
)ii noEi of (irrigated) fodder, support for improved breeds and improved animd husbandry
C
practice* Miu "
*;<-« and health issues must be addressed II u important tbar livestock owners havr
,
.
(improved) *<x*ss to adequate and effective veterinary service and the following is suggested « Provision of regular in-service training for all concerned veterinary staff at werrda and
kebclc level in order to enhance and update their tcchrucai and extension skills and knowledge;
» Provision of sufficient budget, necessary tools and equipment as well as appropriate training and extension materials to the DAs required for the provirion of effective farmers’ training courses in feed production and improved livestock husbandry,
• Development of appropriate Training and extension packages related to improved livestock husbandry; and
« Promotion of the cultivauon of Lrngarrd fodder crops and planting of fodder decs
around the fields.
(c) Fisheries
Construction of a storage and balancing reservoirs provides opportunities for development of aquaculture. One hectare of low technology aquaculture in earthen ponds can produce 30 tonnes of fish per annum By-products of the agriculture sector could be used as feed for the fish. Algae produced with chicken manurr can be used to teed Blue Nile I Jipia. It is estimated that a total of BOO to 1,000 ton of fish could be produced per year ,
Source^ of Energy
Hie provided werccla information suggests that six ol the 16 kebeles located tn / near to SDA I ^d III are connected to the dcctudty grid According to the participants ot the thematic focus group meetings, however, Ankas ha Burgi Kebde reportedly does not have electricity, whereas Dtttnct 1 Village 4 Kebde is connected to the electuary gnd
ExccPt m Axqjapu Kebde and Dimtsatrie Bdet Kebde. the large twenty of surveyed households use od lamps for lightening their houses at light, whenw HJ% to 40° - ol the
^cyed households also use battery light.
4
13 May 201J
91
1Vtrkml Dwrurt.R/pnbb •/ Ethtfia. Ministr\ tt/Wafer and
t
litiMptjt A'/£ Imgifion <iftd Dnrifiqge Pnyta
I
Wood is the main source of energy for cooking. which is usually fetched from arras around tk villages. According to information collected during the thematic focus group meetings, household members walk 2 to 7 km to fetch furl wood A limited number of surveyed households also use crop residue for cooking Dung is not much used as a source of cncrp
Furl-saving stove' used in Jaw: Wereda
According to the female participants of the thematic focus group meetings, fuel-saving stove* arc used by the households tn rhe seven surveyed kebclcs In the three kebcJes in |awi Wereda.
ft o to 89% of the surveyed households use fuel-saving stoves, which are mainly introduced br the I lEWs. In the three surveyed kebcles in Dangur Wereda, howev er, 5% to 25% of the surv eyed households repined the use of fuel saving stoves, which mainlv were provided by d* local I (EWs. None of the surveyed households in District 1 Village 4 Kebele reported the u* of a fad-saving stove.
lib F4 StOSa Pt 2 Right Bink Sdn Ifitlii (I)
92. bindings and identified constraints related to
* AlN COMMUNITY AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
lJUl finding? related to resource users and socio-economics relating tn SDA I aDd III ire
X^sed bdnw
About 22.121 people (5,071 households) ire resident in SDA 1 and Ill However
significant numbers live just outside the scheme area, particularly tn and wound
Prndika town, and will need to be considered when allocating irtigiblr land.
» The majority of rhe population arc Amhara mostly settled in the area over the last 9-20
years;
• There arc substantial proportions of indigenous peoples, parucuhrly Agrw in Alu Kuran cl Kcbde and Siwatamp Kebeles in Jam Wercda, and also in Ankas ha Burgi Kchde in Dangur Wercda.
• 4% rn 34% of all households are female - headed;
• Average population density is 28 persons per km-, varying from 13 persons per km2 in Aypayu Kcbde to 214 persons per km- in Distnct I, Village 10-4; and
• Average household size is 4 6 persons
La/td Ttwr
• In SDA I, 43% nf all land is considered to be cultivable. 35% is grazing land, 12% is forest. 4% is waste land and & is used for r*other purposes",
• In SDA III. 36® □ of all land is considered to be cultivable, 8% is grazing land, 41% is forcM 5% is waste laud and I 5% is used for "other purposes’*;
(
• 32° o of all land has individual land use rights. 36% is communal land and 33% is Sttue owned.
4% to 61% of households have land use rights of 1 ha or less. 1% to 68% have 1.1 to 2.0 ha, and 8% to 73% have access to more than 2.0 ha;
2* a to 18% of the all land use righl holders are female;
■*"%■ to ,35% of all households ar e la nd less-
Overall average land use nghi is 2.6 ha, ranging from 1.2 ha to 6.0 ha.
Surveyed households in the seven krbclc^ have cultivated their land for 6 to 16 years; Estimated cultivated tn SDA I and III is 6,335 ha bv 3.747 households
^4 o to 100% of land use tights in Jiwi Werrda arc registered against 11% ind 28* a of the surveyed households m two surveyed kebclcs in Dangur Weird a;
Overall average number of plots of land is 23, ranging from I 4 to 2.8 plots in die
& =ven surveyed kebdcs;
a to 4. /□ f>f all cultivated land is cropped by tenanis /sharecroppers m six surveyed >teb*lt5. whereas all land is cultivated bv the households themselves in DiinOJt^ Belrs Kcbelc;
to 75% f (he surveyed households in the sev en kebeles cultivate an average area
o
*
^-1 ha of (additional) land as tenant/sharecropper*
mmunil grazing land in five of the seven surveyed kebdcs is poorly managed by rhe Kcbc^ Council;
13 May 2011Dwn/A. cfEthi^ Minuty if IVat" J*d Enty
EfhtopM Niir Dn»**< P***
Forest areas are poorly managed by the Kcbelc Council in at least thr surveyed kcbeles;
<*ofth
Households have planted an average number of
and/or fields;
to 140 trees around
h»Ult5
o
10% to 63® 0 of surveyed households reported water logging problems*
10% to 37% of surveyed households reported problems with floods
10% to 52% of surveyed households reported the execution of SWC mt
mainlv lenaang and construction of bunds; and
*'• Twelve of the 16 kebcles have one or more gravity and/or lift irrigation systems commanding a total area of 211 ha with 471 irrigators.
X. / J I jvtliboods and Poirrf)
• Crop production is the main economic activity for 87% to 100% f the household* the seven sun ned kebcles,
• Livestock rearing is the mam economic activity for 1 % to 30% of all households m $u surveyed kebcles, but for 98% of all households in District 1 Village 4 Kebck,
• Daily labour is the main source of cash income for 2% to 7% of the households m •*. of the seven suncyed kebcles,
• 1% to 64% of households in seven sun eyed kebcles arc involved in handicraft ind home industry', mainly weaving, tailoring. potten and brewing;
• Reported average cash incomes for suncyed households in the seven kebcles rang? from ETB 5,085 to ETB 24.082.
• Reported average cash incomes for suncyed households from sale of crops range from ETB 4.445 to ETB 21,542.
• Malaria is the main health problem followed by diarrhoea and typhoid caused by standing and polluted drinking water,
• 15% io 40% of all households in the seven sun cyed kcbeles are considered to be insecure (more than 3 or 4 months with food shortage);
• 7% co 22% of surveyed households in five of thr seven kcbeles reported food shortages in years with less than normal rainfall.
• 10% to 30% of all households in seven sun-eyed kcbeles are considered io be poor, of which 5° c to 20% arc extremely poor
• 7% to 35% of all households in the seven suncyed households are considered to be wealthy; and
• 8% co 30% of female headed households are considered to be poor.
X. 1.4 Ltvrl IiutiMioru
• WKD wexeda office in Jawi W’creda is seriously understaffed, lacks vehicles an insufficient budget;
• ARD wereda office in Jawi Wereda has a lack of staff, shortage of vehicles, ujsu budget, lack of access tn improved technologies as well as lack of IT Cs.
• ARD wereda office in Dangur W ereda has a lack vehicles and insufficient budgt^
• ARD wereda office in Pawc W ereda has shortage of vehicles. lack of qualify sl insufficient budget and limited access to improved technologies.
ffjcicfl1
Ub 14 Srfrta Pt 2 Right Hank Sda I&ln (1)
94, Sub|CCl matter specialist and extension staff ar w«eda level « 
level do not receive regular in-service training,
\'o land adnunisnatian staff in Dangur VC’ereda and Pawe Weredi; All kcbcles have at least one to three DAs;
l^t 9 kebeles has e animal health technician; [ffAX's ate stationed in all kcbcles;
L < j3A$ ,t fef
. A RAR1 15 establishing a '■farmer-research linkage centre" in Jawi Weteda.
pawr Research Centre is active in Pawe Wercda and Dangur Wcreda,
4 Land admiiustratrnn committees have been formed at kebek level in |arn Wcreda but not in P»»-e Wen-da and Dangur Wcreda;
• Nine kehclcs have one or more WMCs as well as forest protection committees;
, -\ll 16 kcbelr* have a forest protection committee;
• Savings & credit associations have been fanned in feu- kebeles;
• Senicc cooperatives do not exist in seven kebeles;
• One Italian NGOs supports FTCs; and
• Eight commercial farms with a total area of 9,000 ha are operanona] in six kebek^
.‘Inii/abi/ify ofStruts
• Most kcbcles arc only accessible by a dry-weather road and MengcU Girgirse Kfbek* is not accessible! by road.
• Households fetch potable water from streams/ponds, protected and unprotected springs, open wells and/or wells with hand pump;
• 26% to 78% of surv eyed households in three surveyed kebdes tn Jawi Wereda fetch dunking water from open weD$;
■ 4% to 15 <i of surveyed households in four kcbdcs fetch potable waiter from
r
unprotected springs;
• 85% to 100% of surveyed households in sm kebeles reported that quality of fetched water is good compared with 48% in lyma Gabreal Kebclc;
• 85% to 100% of all households use toiler.
• Households in Ankas ha Burgi Kcbele face witer shortage for 3 mondu every year, whereas 11% and 26% of surveyed households in two other kebeks have water shortage in years with less than normal rainfall;
• Reported depth of ground water ranges from 5 to 40 metres;
Four of rhe 16 kebeles do not have a weekly market;
1fausch.tjlds m Jawi Wercda purchase farm inputs fronri service coopcrtiTve and govcrniucfit agency in, Fm di lira town, whereas farmers in Dangur creda obtain Lann inputs from gysvernment-managed and private suppliers ui Mambuk town;
Farmers in Faux ft ereda obtain farm inputs from Pawr Research Centre, government fnauaged and private suppliers and service cooperatives,
^n|y two of the 16 kebeles have a blacksmith.
Only two marketing cntMpQ«s inJ no lgro. processing mterpn^s in Awi Zone ind Metdud Zone;
1 here wc private nursenes tn only- three of the 16 kebeles;
t *y anil B-G Micro Finance Company arc opcrihoMl in all 16 kcbeJr-. 950/8 to ,00% of surveyed households reported fretjuenr contact with DAs;
2 ‘Mi bank Sda I
4hi (]J
13 May 3011Ffdtrj/ DtuHMlfrii KfpnbiiC of Ethtapfj. .\faufn 9f' II j/rr and Entfp
h/2wrw< >7> Imgatrnn and Dnanaff Prvtt.i
DAs lack access to reference books, sufficient budget and training nurcn j 85% to 100% of surveyed households reported access to veterinary < 77% to 100% of surveyed households stated that veterinary drugs are 5% to 33% of surveyed households have accessed to improved breed provided by ARD wereda offices;
25.0 to 90% of the surveyed households in s« kebeles have elcctncity; Wood is num source of energy for cooking, whereas dung is not used; and 78% to 89*/. «f ^eyed households in three kebeles in Jawi ereda use fuelt.^ stoves against 5% to 25% in the three surveyed kebeles in Bangui Wereda,
*'
^Mtij
noXf die surveyed households >n D.l Village 4 Kebele uses fuel-saving stoves.
£2 Constm/rirs Issues nod Opportunities related to Community Development
Based on the data and information collected during the thematic focus group meetings and household sunns as well as the data and information obtained from die wereda offices, a number of constraints and issues and opportunities arc identified relating to community development
8.2.1 Ednai/ton and / lealtb
The following issues and constraints have been identified
• Literacy rate among adult male populanon in the seven sun eyed kebeles ranges (roe 20% to 5% against 5% to 30% for thr adult female population; and
• Major health problems are ma I an a, typhoid and internal parasites.
While provision of education and improved health facilities to large numbers of households b beyond the scope of the project, support targeted al the poor (ie. landless and households with ven small land holdings) and vulnerable (for example women headed households and affectrd indigenous people), would be justified for all inclusive social development.
8.2.2 I Mrtd t bf Rights
With regard to land use rights, the following issues and constraints have l»een identified;
• Proportion of landless households in the seven surveyed kebeles ranges from ?»
35%;
• Household have fragmented landholdings with 1.7 to 2.8 plots for small and mcdium/larger landholding households respectively, and
• Registration of land use rights has not started in Pawe W ereda and Dangur W ere is m progress injawi W ereda.
For inclusive social development as well as for effioent irrigation, resettlement addressing size of (irrigated and rarnfed) land holding and fragmentation of (irrigated) plots is requited
|?M‘J
2C11
lib 1*4 S<03a Tr 2 Right Hank Sda lActa (I)
96S-vrW^
'"
aft d pto<uif*£
&
cropping constraints have been identified:
The
6W of (he surveyed households in the seven kebelcs reported problems with
ratcrlogg^E’ ^
fln
t !0% * tio-o of die surveyed households in the seven kebdcs reported problem* with
flooding-
[.Jooding »"<i w3 ter lugging within the scheme uea will be addressed by the prupewd
(rl ginceriiig infrastructure works
. ., Pttabif V'aterSffpfy and SamMo*
XK^ith regard to access to dean and safe potable water, rhe following miies and constraints have been identified;
• 26* * to 78Q ■> of the surveyed household* in three kebdcs in Jawi Wereda use open wells to fetch drinking water.
• 4% to 15% of surveyed households in four kebeles fetch potable water from unprotected springs:
• Quality of fetched water is considered to be fair in rhe three kebdcs in Jam W'ereJa and it is poor in Duntsatsic Belts Kcbele;
• 15% and 52% of thr surveyed households in Adis Woyn KebeJe arid Iyma Gabreal Kcbele respectively reported poor quality of fetched water.
• 11 % and 26% of the surveyed household in two kebdcs in Jawi Wrrcda reported to experience water shortage in years with less than normal rainfall, whereas there is a water shortage for direr months in Ankasha Burp Kcbele every year, and
• The Tana-Bdrs constructed water supply system is largely ddiinct.
While provision of improved potable water supply and sanitation to large numbers of households is beyond the scope of the proposed project, support argrted at rhe poor and vulnerable would be justified for all-inclusive social development
fixing Inputs, Marhiutg aud Credit
The following constraints concerning the supple of farm inputs, markrung and access to credit been identified;
Lack of all-weather roads to most kebdcs;
Eleven of the 16 kebdes do not have a weekly market.
• Eight of the 16 kebdcs located ' partially) in SDA I ind 111 have their own service cooperative,
1 rivatc and government-managed suppliers of firm inpurs and equipment are only located in the urban centres, such as Fcndika town tn Jawi Wereda and Mambuk Town tn ^ngur \X crcda;
Tack of private and government-managed marketing agencies; and
^lost kebdcs do not have a savings & credit assoaation.
Thes
constraints will be addressed by the crop and livestock components of the protect
15 MiySOlt
97Ft<M Df^atruri. tytK, a Eibtopa, Ministry of Vater ndE-tig
Ethapan Nile Imtaftcn J«t Denude Pevyed
82.6 Poverty and Livelihoods
The poverty situation in (he seven surveyed kcbclcs is as follows:
• 10% to 30% of all households arc considered to be poor, of which extremely poor; and
8% of 30% of die female-headed households to 10% are extremely poor
are considered to be
Provision of adequate land for a reasonable livelihood would be proposed under
redistribution and consolidation component for the project. In addition to the
support aimed at increased crop and livestock production in the area, as well u
°
°
sodil development, support for a range of off-farm livelihoods will be provided b
as well
> P^cq
fhc
82.7 
(ty/etal Inhabitants (Indigenous People)
The long established ethnic groups or indigenous peoples in the SB A I and III include thoje who traditionally engaged in shifting agriculture with limited herding, in particular the Gunan and Agcw. The newer settlers in and around Fcndika are predominantly from the Amhan ethnic group. Interventions to support livelihoods of the Agcw, particularly in die face oflikdy loss of lind to irrigation development, and to engage them in the project arc required
8.3 Constraints, Issues and Opportunities with regard to Institutional Development The following institutional constraints and issue have been identified:
• The \X RD wereda office in Jawi VC’creda is seriously understaffed, has a shortly of vehicles and insufficient budget,
• Ihc ARD wereda office in Jawi Wereda has manv staff vacancies and a shortage of vehicles and budget as well as lack io access to improved technologies,
• l*he ARD wereda office in Dangur Wereda lacks vehicles and has insufficient
budget;
• The ARD wereda office in Pawe Wereda lacks qualified staff and if has a shortigr of vehicles and budget as well as a lack to access to improved technologies;
• Subject matter specialists in the wereda offices and ihc DAs at kebele level do Di rective regular training aimed al enhancing their skilk and capacity;
• DAs do not have access to reference books and they have insufficient budget, tool
equipment and training materials to undertake all necessary extension and tramug
activities in their kebelcs,
Wertd*
•
There is an EPLAUA in Jawi Wereda but not in Dangur W’crcda and
a
•
Most kebelcs do not have a ETC;
•
Communal grazing land is poorly managed by the Kebele Council in (at lost,,
of the seven surveyed kebeles. and
•
Forests are poorly managed by the Kebele Council in (at least) tuo survey
kebelcs.
Support to (scheme) loci implementing institutions is required for successful impin’*^1 of the proposed pro cct. Support for institutions will be part of many components <>
t
proposed project
13 M**2011
l?b F4 Sr03a Pt 2 R.«ht Bank Sdi Iflclu (!)
98SUBPROJECT INTERVENTIONS
9
fl
. ____ A.* from irrigated agriculture development projects tend to be Drooortion*! to «oe of
k iL . ------ ------------ j
artmen headed households and indigenous peoples.
The recommended community development and ifisriruriond strengthening subpro^u therefore
credit provision, i v) livelihood support for original inhabitants (indigenous peoples), and (v) development of local insniunons.
following discussions with the communities The main purpose of packaging interventions as subprefects is to provide structure and cost estimates to this aspect of project design
Cost estimates and detailed descriptions of the proposed subprojects arc given in the SR4B
Resource Users and Socio-Economics Summary Report
Improved Access to Potibk Witct undSinitrtion (CD-I)
To improve access to clean and safe potable water and sanitation, it is recommended thic rhe billowing subproject interventions should be implemented
• Assessment of condition and works required to restore rhe potable water supp system built under the Tana Belrs project to operational conditMW and, d restoration of (all / part) of the system was technically viable, assessment of the institution
OdcM arrangements;
• Protection of existing potable water sources, such as open wells and unpr springs, including the provision of fences to keep animals away;
Introduction and promotion of the use of low-cost water treatment technologies at household level, such as (sand/ceramic) filters and solar water punficatjon using pUstic water bottles,
niprov ement of the ( J&M of existing PWS schemes, including the formation and filing of \VMCs;
Introduction and promotion of the construction of water harvesting (roof-tup) ^chares at household level; and
• p ^romotion of the construction of toilets through awareness campaigns, hl on st radons and health extension programmes
Sch I&Ju
miay son
f1)Fufavl ftpekh •/Ethiopia, Mnutr) of ITaftrsid
Etfapun Nik Im&fioo Dnuft^t Pry tit
9.3 Improved HeMt Co^ooas (CD~2)
M £u » prevalent due to mosquitoes breeding in standing water as well „
mlLirtt control and use of preventive measures, such as bed nets Other major health plolj ''' such as typhoid and diarrhoea, are mainly due to lack of access to dean potable water M ‘ sanitation
'rhe reported water-borne health problems will Ik addressed by a range of tnuninp/ building and infrastructure construction support measures. Improved health will resu/^
increased productivity and improved quality of life.
To address water-borne health problems for rural households
suggested:
m
inSDAIandlllthcfo^^
• Raising awareness and knowledge among die rural population about appropmie methods to prevent and control malaria, including the promotion of the use of (impregnated) bed nets.
• Prevention of standing water by improving drainage in- and outside the nlhgn
• Improvement of access Io clean and safe potable water through the protection of existing open potable water sources, such as shallow wells and unprotected span?-
• Provision of regular in-service training for the HEWs at kcbclc level in order to enhance and update their technical and extension skills; and
• Implementation of comprehensive health extension programme to enhance the knowledge of men and women about the prevention and treatment of mostconiarr. health problems
9.4 Improved Access to Energy Sources (CD-3)
At present households have sufficient access to fuel wood which can he fetched at distances of 2 to km I lowevcr access to fuel wood may reduce due tn the development of the irrigation project as land is cleared for trngated agriculture There arc no government-managed or ptmte nurseries in most of the kcbelcs situated (partially) in the right bank project area.
10 ensure that households in SDA 1 and III have sufficient access to energy sources, subpn’icc* interventions will include:
• Promotion of the development of tree plantation with fast-growing speaes is well« the planting of trees around houses and fields as well as along the major img*fr,r' canals and drains;
• Promotion of the establishment of private nurseries,
• Introduction and promotion of the use of improved, energy-efficient stoves smoke chimneys, and
• Introduction and promotion of alternative energy sources, such as biogas, solar and/or wand energy.
l!b IM StO3s Pt 2 Right Hank bda l&lii I)
100-■
"" E”V'
■' ^JrnP^
P '*"!F F"T'rf
ffjrDf ofOff-fi"” Jncr
1
tmc GeaenangActhirie* *nd Ctedit Pmiaiao (CD-4)
pfUC^jP'
00
Atp^
n
7 to 35° p orhouwh
olds arc landless and 4 to 60% of hotuelioWs have »ccrts to kss
linn 1
of land
VC V
1 <niall proportion
of mosth poor households in the project area enpage in off !*rm
A ftIaU' enerating activities, such as handicrafts (ic. weaving, tnlonng and pottery), home
UVClJf
n L „ brewing (alia), transport and petty trade.
jndu* *
tr C5 1 R
households predominantly earn incomes as tenants (sharecropper?) or through provision of 1 * ual labour Increased cropping intensities and livestock produenun will improve on farm and
’ farm livelihood opportunities for poor and not-so-ponc alike This sub-project u-dl support
t fining *nct demonstrations ■$ well 35 provision of equipment and facilities through nucro-
cdii facilities io individuals and groups who wish to take up off farm income-generating activinev
Ihd sub-project will
• Budd awareness to inform poor households of available project support for off-farm income-generating activities;
• Provide training and technical support to poor (Le. landless and femaleheaded households) r« develop viable and sustainable off-farm income -generating activities; and
• Provide micro-credit to poor households to invest in sustainable off-farm economic act i vines.
Off-farm activities supported under the sub-project could include, for example handicrafts (i.e. weaving and pan cry;, small business (Lc. retail shop, trading!. iranspon senxes, fuhing, apsculrure, repair of farm implements (Lc blacksmith), carpentry and crop processing
Origin*! inhabitants / indigenous Pcopje (CD-5)
The Gumuz people arc indigenous to rhe Bries Valley but Slave already been largely displaced in the project area by settlements of Amhara and Oromo peoples over the last few decades. Thr Gumuz arc predominantly found in and around Ankasha Burgi Kcbde, Aypapu Krbcle and
f^iroisatsjc Holes Kcbclc in Oangur VC’ereda, and District I Village 12 Kcbclc of Pawe Werrdi Thor toraJ population is about 1,660 and their livelihoods are based on primitive and extremely ^ 1W productive agriculture, producing for home ccmsumption, and un hunting, wild bonry roots
t
^d fruits gathering and charcoal production. Cultivation U a shifting hoc culture, locally known ind where different areas arc cultivated each year. They keep few (large
Rwiinint) livestock
cri arc responsible for all domr^nr tasks and mont igricultund field wnrk 1 ram porting of tural produce from held to the homestead as well at Io market places is also the
fe4 poniibiliry of women,
rncj^ WC *nd*geno'US to the area, thr Gumuz people own relatively large tracts of land, typically Parted ha/HH, bur cultivate only a tiny portion themselves each year. Recently they have
w
r
lv IC1'lnR todA> shaiccmppmg land to nearby settlers and some ram a good income in thisFearw KrpubbcofEthtopa. Mimrtn V afer axfi E^
Efhtofwi Xi* Irniafwn Dru/UW Pnrrrrf
However, the envisaged irrigation project will affect the traditional livelihoods of ( live in (and near) the project area. Those with land within designated irrigable *
large holdings substantially reduced. Further delineation of land use within the proi example, (communally managed) grazing, to preserve environmental habitats and **** and fauna, for tree plantations, etc, as well as for irrigated agriculture by both smaHk?11^ commercial fams, will adversely affect their traditional way of earning livelihoods ** hunting and food gathering 
llus subproject will support affected indigenous peoples, particularly the (Jumuz to d encouraging their adoption of modrrn crop and irrigation practices, as well as sunno alternative income generating schemes (such as m<Mlcm apiculture) as well as scheme* • women’s disproportionate hard work load.
9.7 Support for Loci! Institutions (CD-6)
w1lculvJr
All local institutions concerned with implementation of the project and achievement of expected benefits will need strengthening to have well equipped and motivated staff with adequate budget, at wrrrda and kchelc level. Support for agricultural and livestock (veterinary) services arc presided under (he crop and livestock subprojects, and support for institutions concerned wick resettlement and compensation will be provided under the resettlement and land consolidator, component of the project
Hiis subproject is therefore concerned with the strengthening of other important institutxxB, particularly the service cooperatives.
Other than (he operation and maintenance of the irrigation system, which will be earned out by water user groups / associations organised by hvdraubc units, crop and livestock production activities will largely be facilitated / earned out by the service cooperanves established at kebek level. Service cooperatives are typically particularly concerned with: (i) provision of agricultural inputs and farm equipment, (li) marketing of agricultural produce including provision of pnet information to farmers, (in) processing of agricultural produce, such as flour mills or bagging packing facilities, and (iv) provision of credit. Currently only some of the kcbeles in the cgh. project area have established effective service cooperatives Constraints to functioning and establishment of effective cooperatives indude lack of facilities (Lc. warehouses) and equips skilled operatives, capital and business plans. This subproject will address these constraints cooperative performance and functioning and support formation of new effective coopm
all kebeies in the right bank project area.
tJb H SrO3a Pt 2 Right Hank Sda l*hi (1)
102lEFERENCES
Arrifb Sugar Investment PLC(20M) BCEOMQuoe 1<MF}
Preliminary Assessment of Upper Bries Area for Sugars !nTMtnl<I1t
Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Proifct PJuw 1 Reconnaissance. Section II - Sectoral Studies, Volume I - Natural Resources, Energy and Power
Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan pm)cct
_ p „ j
he
jCHOM
gCROM (June 1997)
pCEOM (lune WO
RCEOM {November 190S)
Reconnaissance, Section III - Sectoral Studies, Volume I! - Water
Resources, Part 4 Irrigation and Drainage
Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Protect - Phase I Reconnaissance. Section III - Sectoral Studies, Volume HI Agriculture,
Parr 3 Agriculture
Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Section 111 - Sectoral Studies, Volume TV -
EnsTrniimcnT / Soao-Economy, Part 2 Dem<igraphy - Socinlngy
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Pha*e 1 Reconnaissance, Section TI - Sectoral Studies, Volume V - Water Resources Development, Pan 1 - I rogation & Drainage
BCEOM (November 1998) Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Section II - Sectoral Studies, Volume X - Land Resources Development, Pan 3 — I-and Cover / Land Use
BU’FOM (November 1998)
(November 1998)
(November igggj
' Cfnbcr 1998)
Abbav River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase I RcwmiJiissancc, Section TT — Sectoral Studies, Volume X — l-and Resources Development, Pan 5 —
Agro-Ecology
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase I Reconnaissance, Section
II — Sectoral Studies, Volume XJ — Land Resources Development, Part 6 —
Agriculture
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project — Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Section Il - Sectoral Studies, Volume XII -1-and Resources Development, Part 7
- livestock
Abbav River Basin Master Dm Project - Phase 1 ReconwusMnee. Section
II - Sectoral Studies. Volume XIII - Environment. Pan 2 - Health and
Epidemiology
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project-Phue 1 Reconnaissance, Section II - Sectoral Studies, Volume XTV- Demography* Soaology
R1 «hl Ibrk
I4kFii (li
13 Shy 2011
1Frdtntf Krtaui. Elhettf. Mnutrf ef IT'afrr Ejtfrgi
Nii .’rnrjffffn Md Drtiitatf Proifrt
BCEOM (November 1998) -Abbay River Basin Master Plan Protect - Phase 1 Rc
11 - Sectoral Stucbes. Volume XV - Apo-Sodo-Ec"^^ X
Analysis
BCEOM (November 1998) Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase I RCCo
Purvey >rz.
11 - Sectoral Studies, Volume XV] - Infrastructure. Pan 3^ w""’
* ”Sup^
BCEOM (November 1998)
& Sanitation
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase l Reconnaiss^
BCEOM (November 1998)
BCEOM (April 1999)
Gebre Y (2002)
Euroconsult Mott
Mai Donald (2009)
11 - Sectoral Studies. Volume XVI - Infrastructure. Part 4 _ t>
Oads
Transport
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Pro,ect - Phase 1 Rcconnussancc
11 - Sectoral Studies, Volume XVI - Infrastructure. Part 5 - I.T”"
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 3, Volume - Mun Rep„r
Differential Re-establishment of Voluntary and Involuntary Migrants, the Case of Metckel Settlers in Ethiopia. In African Study Monographs3 (1)
I ana Belos Integrated Waler Resources Development Project, Drift Fa£ Report Volume I - Main Report
Salim Construtton (1989) Tana Boles Project
Tahal (t insulting Engineers, Consultancy for Identification of Irrigation and Drainage Projects in the
a.o. (2006)
Nile Basin in Ethiopia; Revised Final Report
t)^'
Ub H4 Sr03a Pt 2 Right Bank Sd> iSchi (1)
27Federal Democratic Re
Ethiopia
Ministry of Water and Energy
World Bank Financed Ethiopian Nile
Irrigation and Drainage Project
Feasibility Studies of about 80,000 ha net Irrigation and Drainage Schemes Feasibility Study Final Report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DDRRAAIINNAAGGEE SSCCHHEEMMEE
' SR-03A; Resource Users and Socio-
r
p Economics
•r"
Erf . '
r/
Part 3 of 5: Stage Development Areas IV and V on Left Bank
May 2011
Halcrow
In association with
Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) ConsultantsFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water and Energy
World Bank Financed Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project Feasibility Studies of about 80,000 ha net Irrigation and Drainage Schemes Feasibility Study Final Report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME
SR-03A: Resource Users and Socio- Economics
Part 3 of 5: Stage Development Areas IV and V on Left Bank
May 2011
Htlcrow Group Limited and
Generation Integrated Rural Davakspment (GIRD) Consu POBox 1Q2175. Cornet Buildirg (5lh Floor)
GftbrBMlassie Read. Addis Ababa. Ediiopra
T«l *215-1 (0)116 6309 92 Fax *251-1 (0) 11663M*1
hakfow com
This. Re pan has been prepared in accordance wi
Go*erninenl of Ethiopia. Ministry ol Water and Ene«V¥ far
11
Any other persons swtio use any mtocmaiwX conia*
rt^L
® Haicrow Group Limited and Gerwratlon Integrated
2011
specific
so at thaifHalcrow Group Limited and
Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Consultants PO Box 102175. Comet Building (Sth Floor)
Haile Gebresetessic Road, Addis Abobo. Ethiopia
Tel *215-1 (0) 116 83 09 92 Fax *251-1 (0) 116 63 09 91
www haicrow com
Ths Report has been prepared in accordance with the instructions of the Federal Government of Ethiopia Ministry of Water ano Energy fcx their sole and specrflc use Any other persons who um any ^formation contained herein do so at their own risk.
2011feasibility study final report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE
SR-03A: RESOURCE USERS AND SOCIO-ECONOM1CS
P.KRT 3 OF * STAGE DEVELOPMENT AREAS IV AND V ON LEFT BANK
contents
] [XTRODUCTION
f 2 
***$ Objectors
f J Sta# Detrlopmtnf Anas on I ift bank.
f4 Administrator Roundaritr
1.5 Report 5 tnxfun
I SURVEY METHODOJX3GY
2. t Intodurtion
2.2 Sunt) Approach and Methodofog 2.2.1 Data Collection lechruqucs 2-2 2 Survey Data and Data Processing
J POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY
51 Population and Household Jr^r
11
//
3.1.1 Kcbele Populations and Household Sizes
3.1.2 Kebdc PopJadon Density
3.1.3 Estimated Number of Households in SDA IV and V
11
13
14
12 Ejhnte and Religious Composition
3.2.1 Ethnic Composition
3 2 2 Religious Composition
U Migration
Historic Events
** Sites of Cultural \ 'aiue
< LAND TENURE
U Land Use Pa/tem
42 Land Ust Rights
4.2.1 Household l and Use Rights 4.22 Landless Households
Rjohvs
4 2.3 Average Size of Holdings with Lind Use Rig> V 4.2.4 Estimated Area Cultxvited by Households in . -
* Load Lje Certification
^^ 2 Land Use Rights Security
"* Land Lra^mntation and Nttd for Consolidation
17 17
18
19
20 20
21
21
22
23
26 27
29
30
31
31IR/fMi fcjlryw. MilUJfn ff ITefrrtadEnerp Ejfatun Xt* lrr^:»e a»d Dr* tap Pnjtrf
4.4.1 Land Fragmentation
4.4.2 Need for Land Consolidation
45 Inbentana
4.6 TtnMg and
4.6.1 Prevalence of Tenancy and Sharecropping 4.6.2 Tenancy and Sharecropping Arrangements
4.7 Cunnmal Gru^nt* Land
4. S Fowls and s [jnhforutiy
4.8.1 Natural Forest
4.8.2 Tree Plantations
4.83 Planting of Trees
4.9 IT*afrrtbgjjrp and Flooding
4.9.1 Waterlogging
4.9.2 Hocxling
4.10 Sod and Water Conserruttor.
4. It Im^aiJOK
5 LIVELIHOODS AND POVERTY
5.1 Main EconomicAdmties
5.1.1 Off-Farm Income Generation
52 Honor hold Incomes and Expenditures
5.2.1 Sources of Cash Income
5X2 Expenditures
5X3 Faxes
5. J Social mdicaton
53.1 Level of Education
53.2 Health Status
533 Food Security and I lousehold Num non
>.4 Gender Lunes
5.4.1 Domestic Labour Division
5.4.2 Agncultural I about Division
5 4 3 Asset Ownership
5.4 4 Decision Making
5 4.5 Control over Assets and Financial Resources 5.4.6 Membership of Local Institutions
5.4.7 Female Headed Households
5.5 Livelihood}
5 5 1 Main Livelihood Strategies
5.5.2 Typical Farming Households
5.6 Poverty and Wealth
5 6 1 Proportion of Poor Households
5 6 2 Proportion of Wealthy Households
5.63 Asset Ownership and Housing Conditions 6 SCHEME LEVEL INSTITUTIONS,
IT'a/rr nod
'i;&
Dfm*f P'Wr
ftfl t- -
6J
6 LI
6.L2
6.13
6.L4
6.L5
6 16
Water Resources Development Wereda Office Agriculture and Rural Development Wereda Office Health Wereda Office
Research Institutes
Wereda Council
Kebde Council
Cwwunrtr-Ba.fed Or^aarjafwaj
*7
6,2.1 ’ '
6.2.2
623
6.24
6.25
6.2.6
62.7
62.8
L4and Administration Committee Water Management Committee
Forest Protection Committee
Savingsdt Credit Association
Cooperative Soar Des
Village leaders
Non'Governmental Organisations
Dispute Resolution
63
6.4
tfJ
6.6
Hjtyow IfUftNittMf
Conru/frrfjJ l‘arrt/j
[}tw foprtf Mt Proftrfs art d Prv^rumwfj
6.5.1 Tana Beks Project
Exirtoffi Vonns af Co-openrttan and Mutual slsnrtafKr 6.6.1 Existing Solidarity Mechanisms
6.6.2
Murual Labour Exchange
63
63
67
68
69
70
77
72
72
72
72
72
74
74
74
75
75
74
76
78
78
6.6.3
6.6.4
6.6.5
6.6.6
Communal Labour
Idir
Msduber
Ikub
78
78
79
79
? AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES
7 / Rdwd and Transport
72 Edmufrott
’ • J Hta/tb Fati/ities
4 TfJfiunrmxfnti-aJion and Porta/ Sennes
’ Potabk Water Supply and Sanitation
' *5.1 Potable Water Supply
-5-2 Potable Water Supply Provided under the Tana Heirs Project
■'•5.3 Sanitation
76 Ffour Mfr
7 Markr/j
7 8 J j
Supply and Rrtai/ Shops
harm Supply Enterprises
7. FG ^*** *X E*/opir/rj
7.ft
7
^^^dCrrdrt
81
si
X2
S3
X4
S3
85
87
88
&r
89
911
W
4 A 90
90
9f
91
ILIFfdmd 
ot Elhr^ia, Miaiifry of Water and Energy
Elhofa* A’/Jr lmgifnn aad Doum* Pmpt
7.12.1 Commercial and Development Banks
7.12 2 Micro-Financing Institutions
7.123 Use of Credit among Surveyed I louscholds
7.12.4 Recommendation
7. / J Agricultural Extension and Veterinary Services
7.13.1 Availability of Agricultural Extension Services
7.13.2 Veterinary Services
7.13.3 Training
7.134 Recommendations
7. / 4 Souths of Energy
7.14.1 Use of Fuel-Saving Stoves
8 MAIN FINDINGS AND IDENTIFIED CONSTRAINT’S RELATED TO COMMUNITY AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
8.1 Man Endings
81.1 Population
8.1.2 Ijind Tenure
8.1.3 livelihoods and Poverty
8.1.4 Scheme Ixvel Institutions
815 A vailability of Services
8.2 Constraints. Issues and Opportunities related io Community Development
8.2.1 Education and I lealth
8.2.2 Land Tenure
8.2 3 Waterlogging and Hooding
8 2.4 Pot able Water Supply
8.2.5 Farm Input Supplies, Marketing and Credit
8.2 6 Poverty and Food Security
8.3 Constraints, Issues and Opportunities with regard to Institutional Development
9 SUBPROJECT INTERVENTIONS
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Improved Access to Potable Wafer and Sanitation (CD-I)
9.3 Improved / lealth Conditions (CD 2)
9.4 Improved Access to Energy Sources (CD-3)
9.5 Development of Off-farm Income Generating Activities and Credit Provision (CDA)
9.6 Original Inhabitant! / Indigenous Peoples (CD-5)
9.7 Support for laual InstitutionsUST°F ^'pevdopoxm Am. on Lrf. Bank. _............................................ ..................................._......... .......
0k 1 ’/X
f,hk - ’ \
J icf|a fot deification of landholding households.-.........................................._.................... ....
“ SDA 'V“"i V...-....-.... -... -... —. ZI Zt
fibk ~-2'
o f selected households for household surveys-........................... .. ............... ........ Q
cn
ghls
Td>le Z V ^ilinbf r of villages and households in project krbeJes............................ ... .......................... .......................... n
Total P°P^ri°n “ P"’^' kfbei“................................................................... -........... -.......................... -~Zl2
t,Wf y y Non-rc^en■t shjoudmstehhol oudssewhol ithd land use rightsu..*.....................-.................... ........ ............_.............. ... ...............
T
*^ V4- Populatt " density 
3
H
Tlb *' 5 proportion of kebclc and estimated pop uh non in SDA IV & V..----------------------- ------- ----------------- ] s
Tl5lC j & proportion of krbclc and estimated number of households in SDA IV and V......................... ................. ] 6
T^bfc 3 " Ethnic comP°filElon.................. ................ . ......................... .... ......
Tibk 3-B: KcllPoU5 c°|TlPqdliofl.................. ........ . ..............................................
Tlbk V) Seasonal and permanent migration (persons)................... ............
Tlbk 4-1 Land w pattern............ ...........~........................................-.............
Table 4-2 Distribution of Land use rights......... ........................................
Tibk 4_5 Household land use rights in nine surveyed kebeles
Tibie 4-J: Distribution of land use rights in rune surveyed kebeles
Table 4-5: t Juidkss households..................... . ............................. .............
Tibte 4-6: Average size <>f holding with land use rights
TibW-7: Average holding size of surveyed households............................
Tiblf 4-8 Estimated area cultivated by households in SDA IV & V _ 
Table4-9; l-and registration in rune surveyed kebeks.—~............................................................
Table 4-10: Average number of plots for surveyed households.................................................. Table 4-11: Area cultivated by tenants and/or sharecroppers
Table 4-12: Proportion of surveyed households cultiva ting land as remit!/sharecropper
jibk 4-13: Most common tenancy and sharecropping amngemrnis...,,.................. ............ .......
Table 4-14: Condition and management of communal grazing land—«.«. ..............................
Table 4-15: Size and management of forests .......
Table 4 16; Number of type of planted trees.................
Tihlr 4.]. Waterlogging................... ....... ............ ........ ~......
T "to 4-18: blooding............................................................... Tibk 4-19: Soil and water conservation
^^Ozlrrig.^............................................... ............. "hbk 5 □ ^lln ^ConOrT“ Activities of Households.
c
5 3 dumber of households involved in off-farm income generation...
5-4- farm lnCOme g“«»tx>n .................... ......... ... ................... ............ -................
S-5- CaS^ mconx fQt surveyed households ............... ................ -....... —
Tible 5^. -
r assets during last 5 years.................. ............................... -*-
Tibfe 5,T by EUrveycd households ...... ........... .............—
’ib]e SrfaJtiOn^ adult population in surs’eyed kebdes ............................................ 5_ry . ’tendance rate for children aged 6 to 13 years ——
5-10-
°f health facilities and staff.................. .............
5-11 t Panning, vaccination and natal care.......................... -...... -................
of food insccuaty........... .............................. ............ —-......-.... -■
vFtde-rvi Dtavratri HffMt of Ethiopia, Mimitrt ofWatrr and Entfgy
Ethiopian A'/> Irrigation and OrutMgf Priori
Table 5-12: Food shortage among surveyed households
Table 5-13: Household diet of surveyed households
Table 5-14‘ Main economic activities of female-headed households
Tabic 5-15: Typical Farming Households: Ankasha Munget Kebelc
Table 5-16: Typical Fanning Households: Asech Melaken Kebelc
Table 5-17: Typical Fanning Households: Kava Abo Kebelc
Table 5-18: Typical Fanning Households: Simida Flint Kebelc
Table 5-19: Typical Farming Households: Wobo Mariam Kcbele
Table 5-20: Typical Farming Households: Buni-Jira Kebelc ....
Table 5 21: Typical Fanning Households: D2. Village 21 Kebelc
Table 5-22: 'Typical Farming Households: D2. Village 30 Kebcle
Table 5-23: Typical Fanning Households: D2. Village 23/45 Kebelc
Table 5-24: Poverty criteria and proportion of poor households
Tabic 5-25: Wealth criteria and proportion of wealthy households
Tabic 5-26: Ownership of non-agncultural assets for surveyed households
Table 5-27 Housing condition for surveyed households
Table 6-1 Structure, staffing and main tasks of WRD wereda office mjawi Wereda
Table 6-2: Structure, staffing and main tasks of ARD wereda office in Jawi Wereda 
Table 6-3: Structure, staffing and main tasks of ARD wereda office in Pawe Wereda 
Table 6-4: Number of DAs and FTCs.......................................................
Table 6-5: Existing community-based organisations
Table 6-6: Number of service cooperatives^~...
Table 6-7: Main aspects of village leaders..
Table 6-8: Number of churches and mosques ..........................................................
Table 6-9: Commercial farms
Table 7-1: Road accessibility---............................................................... —
Table 7-2: Nearest urban centre, public transport and owned vehicles...
'Fable ”-3: Provision of prunin' and secondary schools—~
Table 7-4: Availability of telecommunications and postal services..—
Table 7-5: Number of wells with hand pumps............................... --
Table 7-6: Main sources of potable water for surveyed households
Table 7-7: Frequency of water fetching, distance to water source and water quality
Table 7-8: Availability of flour nulls, market and police.............................................................. Table 7-9: Main markets for selling crops, livestock products and live animals
Table 7-10: Nurseries-—•*--“
Table 7-11: Credit-..................................................... ■—*.................................. Table 7-12: Main sources of energy for Lightening-
STApt* 
Ao ^ tjg.
^ , AW Ztf***
v
fl^z
'^•nD
I
I
Ll <rr OFFICII RES
f^urt 11 lotion of uppcr
figuK S-2: Suge O«^e/opmeni Areas
/■Vtur ? 3 admmiwntn-e mJ K^l
n
...................................
* *W<hne,
-J
-5FrJrrw
ErtwpM AWr Im&fwt
tfW^rr^E^
P^d
abbreviations and acronyms
ARD
B-G
DA
ETB
FTC
GCA
Hi
HEW
Agriculture and Rural Development Benmshangul-Gumuz Development Agent
Ethiopian Birr
Farmers* Training Centre Gross command area
Hectare
1 lealth extension worker
HH Household
Kg
Km
Kilogram
Kilometre
LLH
larger landholding household
M
Metre
MLH
Medium landholding household
NCA
Net command area
NGO
Non Government organisation
NRS
National Regional State
O&M
Operation and maintenance
PWS
Potable water supply
Qtl
Quintal (100 kg)
SDA
SLH
SWC
WMC
Stage Development .Area Small landholding household Soil and water conservation Water management committee
viuM'™'” 4MTj/'r jW KlW^r
(, ^}"'*
.ntroouction
1
r
ccr is locked *bou' 30 km sou,h‘west nf 1 jkc 1 w; and falls uiihm ihc Amham and
,hfprRegions of Ethiopia f-i« Figure 1 1). fl lies completely withm the
• / LvCiit***0
Benin’ ’n
. jrchnicni *■» 
0rfes
w>hxh flow- south-wc4twirds towards the Blue Nile through the
t,
^ddleof^ scheme ai«
Proje*'1
Hie g * *
01
V
of chr Ethiopian Nik Irrigation and Drainage Project ire to:
Promote- Lhc development of sustainable, smallholder-based irrigated agnculrurc, Reduce poverty in the project area and tn contribute To rural economic activities and livelihoods by providing opportunities to grow high value crops;
Promote food security through increased production of staple crops;
Promote ihc involvement of rhe private sector in large scale commercial imgauon develop ment and
Con tabu te to rural employment and hence wealth and well being
To achieve the prefect goals, the objectives of the present study include preparation of a hill ftasibilitv study to identify and design an irrigated agriculture development project for Upper Udes. The specific objectives of the resource users and socio-economic studies nr to
• Obtain a sound underslanding of rhe resource users, their incomes, concerns, activities and practice* in order to: (i) guide project design iincluding scheme operation and maintenance}, and (ii) create a baseline enabling the likely impact of the project on incomes, welfare and poverty of resource users to be assessed, and
• Disseminate information, related to the proposed project components and options for irrigated ignculturr, to potential bcncficunes in order to seta community cooperation, support and agreement.
Hus report is primarily concerned with the first of these two objectives. This report also identifies subprojects to address community’ development constraints identified by the study.
Uic approach and methodology as well as compiled data are given tn SR-OJA; Parr 4 (for rhe Rj^lu Bank and Part S (for the Left Bank)
us report [Parr 3) K concerned with the Upper Bcles Left Bank project area and comprises: (i) Ascription of the approach and methodology used ro collect ill nrtcssaryr soao and
c 'COTlotiric information and data in the project area, (u) description of existing population tenure arrangements, fiii’i discussion of livelihoods, incomes and jxjverty within the
a s’aiJab]lrta' ^Ct3^5 institutions and orgarusatlOfls located in the area, (v) outline of
deM: PUl>l’C an^ Priwc services as well as marketing and agro-proccasing radii ties, and (vi}
of a^U >n Ol apP P
ra
riate *ub-pro jects to enhance communin’ development within the coniext
R led agriculture development project.
F *ch^"0'- diMen“n>tton With stakeholder was an ongoing aednn’, with the main formal DgC °f '»kinR plaee m the Development Workshop (December 2010) where re’ulK
I
13 May 2011Wtrri DtMocratic RjpttM; if Effaps. Af/«r//*> •< IT'm nd Eangp
EtbioptM Nik Imf&fa nd Diafagt Pmtrf
of technical studies were presented along will) preliminary project designs implementation and O&M arrangements for discussions and feedback These M v consultations formed the basis for an agreement on the proposed development ° 07: Stakeholder Consultations)
1.3 Stage Development Areas on Left Bank
Due to the large size of the I Jpper Beks irrigation development project with highly v
P rn*ct
physical (social and demographic) characteristics, it was divided into five Stage Dev 1^
.Areas (SDA) according to physical (Lc. river) boundaries (see Figure 1-2).
^ nicnr
Note: Stage 11 for Upper Hyma (Dindir) does not form part of the feasibility study h included as imgation development of this area is envisaged by diverting water from the M Canal at Fcndika town The assumed net irrigable area for Stage II is about 10-12 (XX) ha
Some of the SDAs were further divided up into difference sub stages. It is envisaged that projeci implementation will be phased around these SDAs. starting on the right bank and proceeding to the left bank.
The total size of the SDAs on the left bank as well as the net irrigable area and imgation intensity’ arc shown m Table 1-1.
Table 1-1:
SDA
Sub-Stage
Total Area
. CM
Net Irrigable
Area (ha)
Irrigation
Intensity (•/•)
IV
IV-A
9.731
2,909
29.9%
1VB E(N)
9,356
1VB E(S)
4..850
•
-
IVB-W Phase 1
4.355
2,139
49.1%
IVB W Phase 2
3.180
1.746
54.9%
IVB-W-Phaic 3
6.035
2.746
45.5%
1VC-N
23.056
13.984
60.7%
IVC-E
8.187
-
-
IVC-S
10,524
5,361
50.9%
V
VN
7.018
2.457
35.0%
V-W
2,242
1.018
45 4%
V-S
3,560
-
Total Left Bank
92,094
32362
35.t%_
1.4 Administrative Boundaries
The study area extends over pans of two weredas in the Bcmshangul-Gumuz region t and Pawc), and parts of four we red a in the Amhara region (North-Achcfa. Jaw*. AJe J Dabub Ache fa). I lowever there are only three wrredas having a large proportion o* falling within the Study area. These are; (i) Jawi; (ii) Debub Achefa; and (iii) Pawi Adm1 regional, werrda and kebde boundaries are shown on 1'igurr I 3.
Ub 1-4 SfOSi Pt 3 Left Bank Sd* 1v Al V (1)
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5
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1.5 Report Structure
Following die present introductory chapter, the structure of this report is
. .♦ -
as follow.
Chapter 2 provides a brief description of the approach and methodology collection of all necessary- socio and agro-economic data and information^ *f Chapter 3 gives a description of the main issues with regard to n<>DU],,, demography of the SDA IV and V;
Chapter 4 presides information on land tenure, including land fragmentati and the need for land consolidation;
• Chapter 5 desenbes the livelihoods of the rural households in SDA IV and V well as gender issues and levels of poverty;
• Chapter 6 go es short description of the different institutions at wereda and kebclc In el that will be invoked in the implementation of the Project,
• Chapter 7 provides information on the access to services for rural households in SDA IV and V;
"" ***
• Chapter 8 describes the mam findings and identified constraints to community development and institutional development; and
• Chapter 9 presents recommended subproject interventions aimed at improving the welfare and livelihoods of the rural households.
I H b1 SRC3 \ Pi 3 l < h Bank SDA IV & V (I)
6
13 W 20,12
tfE/tiopM. Mwtry 0/ fT^r
SURVEY METHODOLOGY
JptfoCfadMM
The apo wd soao-economic basebne surveys for SD , Ippcr Bdes prr>jcct were conducted from nccc^ map*. • 'oraI °f 22 fcchefcs m four werevijv > boLto of SDA IV .nA V. n<
tm 2.1.
V un thf fcft
i
*•** teW
to March 2010 n. . hr
or tec i k,^
K
" «**
«<■ sumnunsed m
"»
—__ ____
Kcfrclc
of krbelts in SPA IV and V
Area ha
RurJ
Papulaikon
Rural PdptiJrtlifH in pr□ieci bjh-
HH
HJ4.bc
IVA
rvs | JVC pr
.
Toi«l
~ Aicch Melckcn
10, 860
3367
769
4.4
t.Oel
1,061
KLi-vj Ah-t.'
6,185
5 054
Utt
43
-
5,134
-
.MM
ShtihJa Frmi
14389
2369
548
4.7
2,6*7
.
2,6*7
Wnbo Manam
4,074
3,980
573
4.6
-
£179
4,179
Dsr Mn-irarrt
7^4
3,434
555
40
T 793
793
J! th n«J ira
4.133
4427
824
53
*
1.153
171
1,731
Zen-Vcra-'l
3J33
3352
620
62
1.416
401
r i.fm
N AebrA-
f Vriabt^i /uh Am tlx**
5,395
0,540
1,4*9
65
XD03
■
2J3O3
~IxibilittMl
24.700
1 |,l 100
1,049
56
2,888
-
5,775
Anluuha Munget
19,340
10,029
1,655
63
3,6M
1,580
-
5365
Unmet 2 Viftige 1
8,369
’T?J
7M
4.2
-
7BO
“80 |
Uund 2 Vjlkpx 4
13M
7,078
1383
53
-
7.432
7 432
Dwrrii 7 Vttlagi; I-
V»3
2.CM2
672
30
-
7.144
2.144
1 JicitwI 2 ViUflfL 14
4323
2,750
761
19
1004
3 «J98
UtfiraJ 2 VslEq/r 1?
5.340
2,159 j
sen |
43
567
567
Dili nd 2 Village 21
3,654
957
287
33
-
iros
-
1,605
Dirtrict 2 Viili^r -4
3,435
2,21*.'
527
43
2J94
*
2354
UwrnLt 2 \ Jhge 2f«
43 SB
822
297
28
516
MS
K3
Diftrici 2 Village J4>
1.980
33«5
1413
17
-
2376
I.WM
1,680
Distort 2 ViUbgy 26-29
2,000
1302
383
3.9
*
w*
1377
Disliicl 2 Village 23—45
2633
3,W*
1,150
33 |
-
-
1,767
119
4.LR5
DisEriEi 2 Vtlfagc 134
705
2X6
585
40
-
-
2,416
2.416
Total
146.447
«93M
L
Source; Vt 'crrtla r.ifficrs
Krbcic selected tor batc-linc hnuschuld and focu* group dlacuwsioo* marinl Nutes:
19,192
47
4 Wl
r
*738
29,661 ] 1431®
54,450
ffi Kcbele art-js
 are wertilt office quoted arca ■ Xebrk*'
I-—1®I
— 
. SDA IV ,„.l D.,„
. v , |. W....I » -«M » .-IS— » V > ><-** W— 
W
...........................................................
...................
.................... ......
kcbele irca has been adjusted accurdingly
Based on information collected prior io the start o t c
f . ^o^dwdo^conomicbiseJiflc
surveys and discussions with wcrcdi officials- it was dca
un denake ’Be agro ° '
3fltl 5 a<>
economic baseline surveys tn the following rune kcbelcs
Etuit KcWc i*111**
• Anlusha Munget Kebele tn South Achefe Wo a
Wereda leprcsenting SDA IVB; and
* j< bele and Buni-Jua Kebck
e
• Wobo Mariam Kcbele, Ascch Mebkcn Kcbclc, Ka jy.Q. md injawi Wcrcda representing the eastern part
DMirZOII
7I r&ntf Dr**vu/: 'Ethiipt, Mnuty Wafer jnfi Eft ff^,
Etferw Nile Irr^pf^ft a*l Dnatagt Pwi
. District 2 Villages 21 Kebele. District 2 Village 30 Kebele and Distnct 2 y
Kebele in Pawe Wereda representing the western and southern part of Sl)A dfe northern pan of SDA V. settled under iheTana-Beles project (1985^tlv
llicsc selected nine kebclcs represent particularly well the important SD \ TV
2.2
2.2.1
• '1' B and iy.c
Survey Approach and Methodology
Data Colkrfan Ttdmiqmr
In order to collect the required socio- and agro-economic data and information at k k.
the consultants used the following data collection techniques:
• Secondary data collection from wcredas and kebclcs;
• Thematic focus group discussions using structured questionnaires. and
• Agro and socio economic surveys at household level using structured quesuonnm
(a) Secondary Data Collection from Wcredas and Kcheles
Al wereda level, the consultants collected data and information for all 22 kebele*. winch ire (partially) located within the left bank project area For this purpose, the consultants visited the Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD) wereda offices, as well as any other relevant wcrah offices, in order to collect the information related to: (i) population structure and demographic characteristics, (li) land area, land use and land use rights; (til) cultivated area and crop yidds; (rv) livestock population; (v) local institutions; and (vi) access to public services.
(b) Thematic I ’ocus Ciroup 1 discussions
Four thematic focus group meetings with male and female participant* covering the followtaz topics: (i) population, social indicators and histone events; (ii) land use, land rights/tenure, communal grazing and forests; (in) crop production, livestock and off-farm income grnrraiirr and (iv) local institutions, social infrastructure and services
One thematic focus group meeting was also held with female participants to discuss gender issues. Eight to ten persons attended each thematic focus group discussion. The participant were selected in collaboration with the kebele councils and Development Agents (DAs).
(c) Agro- and Socio-Economic Households Surveys
Prior to conducting the agro- and socio economic household surveys. > stratified sampk ,>r representative number of households to be interviewed was prepared using data and information rclaird to population and land rights collected dunng the wvreda other* ar thematic focus group discussions
In consultation with the concerned DAs and Kebele Council members, die consul determined, for each kebele, the criteria to be used for sub dividing households *viih rights into small, medium and larger landholding households. l*hc criteria tor the c a of small, medium and larger landholding households for the nine selected kebele Table 2 2.
CH I'4 SR03 \ Pt Alxfi Hank SDA IV A: V (1)L »s~- _. 
Ke belt
MLH LLH
I Sou th .\chefcr
Ankasha Mungrt Vscch Mtlaken____
Kava Abo _ Simjda b r«n*i _
SLH
< 2.0 ha
< 10 ha
 3.0 ha >10 ha > 3 U ha ? 4 I) ha
Pawc
Wuhv Marum
_
Bum Jim____________ i. 02 Village 21_____ 02 Vdhiy -3 2-1 Pg, Village 3fi_
< 1.40 Ju *S 1.5 h* 
f l_0h < 1 hi
< 1 ha
5-2 99 ha > 3.0 ha
> 15 ha
> 3.0 ha
1.1 -2.0 ha
1.1-2.0 ha
>2-0 ha
> 2.0 ha
Landless households cillttvating other households’ lands as tenant .. ,k
included m rhe sample of household, lo be surveyed. In addZ f 1^7?“
households were also purposely sampled to more fully represent theT.Ln’s pcr^Xt'h strjhijrcl sample.
r
in inc
The number of landless farming, small, medium and larger landholdtng households, as well as female headed landholding households, selected to be interviewed in the household surveys is prewneed in Tabic 2-3.
Table 2-3: Number of selected households for household surveys
Kebek
Landless
farming
households
(LFH)
Small
landholding households
(SLH)
Medium
landholding
household*
(MUI)
larger
landholding households
(LLH)
Female-headed landholding bousebnlik
(FUI)
South Acbefer We red*
Anluuha IMunget
ri
2
Jawi Werrd*
8t
4
-Uecli Mehkcn
2
10
4
4
2 1
Kava Abo
3
9
4
4
2
Simidji l ‘rijLi
,
1
7
9
3
2
^ ubo -MiEiini
2
9
5
4
1
-J^'ujlra
1
8
fl
3
1
/■WeWereda
_IJ2 VdUye 23/24
1
14
4
I
I
P_?_Vdlage30
1
16
3
1
1
__P_2 V^tlLt^e 21
3
1
0 1
Toi*J
2
14
14
47
25
. . j£
rhe DAs/enumerators conducted the agro- an
*° prepare (hem for (his task, the consultants
< lucSl^0<in’Ue4 T i
mterview in «ch kebdc <
As/enumerators and then conducted the firs'
enumerators participating as observer.
U "" “.SDA|v.v0)
,
9
P.Mn-2011Ftdrrjj
.Mifo'fri tWjfrr jttti Jiwrg-,
E/tapfe* .V/> l^fanoK jvi Drjrijtt Prytrf
„ conducted no more than two household mtetviews p„ j,v
The DAs/enumer
thhoue DseAhol s/ednquumeseDrat onornau. e mor |
satisfactorily
teted the interviews, the consultants checked lhc o *‘15 determine whether all questions were answered
I
During the household interviews, data and information was gathered on the
• I lousehold size and structure as well as ethnic/religious group,
• Land user rights and land tenure,
• Cultivated area, cropping patterns and crop yields;
• Existing irrigated area, irrigation systems and number of tmgators;
• Crop husbandry practices, labour inputs and equipment/tools;
• Crop storage/marketing, input supply and agricultural extension/training.
• Livestock population, animal husbandry practices, livestock diseases and access t< veterinary services, as well as livestock markrtmg.
topic
• Off farm income and social indicators (Lc education, health, food security, household income and poverty);
• Local institutions (i.e church, mosque, service cooperatives, watershed committco, land administration committees, saving/credit associations, ika/b, ////rand water management committees);
• Access to services (e.g. education, health, roads /transport, telecommunication*, markets, potable water supply, markets, extension/training and credit), and
• (lender issues including household division of labour, asset ownership/control, decision making, membership of local institutions and tcmale headed household*
? ?.2 Survey Da/a ami Data Processing
.All the collected data and information of the agro and sooo economic household survey* assembled and then entered into MS Excel datasheets before being analysed Data analysis primarily focused on the derivation of descriptive statistics and the survey results were then assembled in a tabular format presentation for inclusion in tins report
The data and information collected dun ng the thematic focus group discussions were from the structured questionnaire form.
UH F4 SH03A Vl 3 I Hink SDA TV Ac V (1)
103
V
pOPULAT'ON AND DEMOGRAPHY
, Mh„ Houfeh^td Sat
Md l
h d number of households and population of the 22 kebclcs (parually) located wnhm and V arc presented in Tabic 3-J and Table 3-2
TableJi^
tfereda
Number uf households
Kebelc
—— *j
Number of
village*
Male
Female
Total
MJA.
Ascch Meteken
12
63ft
81
769
IVC
Kava Abo
12
1.033
130
1,163
IVC
Sun id a Hull
t
f
4fi4
64
548
IVB.C
Jawi
Wnbo Mariam
6
693
180
873
IVC
Dir Mariam
9
50
858
IVC
Blltu lira
ft
714
110
824
IVC
10
550
70
620
IVC, v
N Ache far
An>be*a Quia Amibo
3
1346
123
1,469
IVA
Zibihfeii
3
1.555
394
1.949
IVA, B
S Ache ter
A nk a sha Munget
4
1.421
234
1.655
IVA. B* C
Distnci 2 Milage 1
3
232
121
353
V
Distnd 2 Village 4
3
1.102
181
1.283
IVC
District 2 Village 12
3
470
202
672
IVC
District 2 Village 14
2
604
157
761
IVC
District 2 Village 17
3
78
17
95
IVC
Pawc
District 2 Village 21
3
190
97
287 i
rvc
District 2 Village 24
2
401
126
527 .
IVC
District 2 VilLige 26
1
240
57
297
IVB.C
District 2 Village 30
4
1,068
245
1313 I
IVC.V
District 2 Village 28-29
2
283
100
383
V
District 2 Village 23-45
4
860
290
1.150
IVC. V
District 2 Village I34
3
517
68
585
V
--------- Total
107
13337 j
3,097
18.434
0
■'Hiufcc: M neJn nffirn
The propone of female headed household* ranges from 6°. in Dir Marram Kebele Ijaui Sereda) to 3 % in D.2 Village 12 Kebde Tiuc VC'creda). The average is 17%.
N
n
*-
__Ftdffn/ l)r*Hnrurt R/f Mc'o/EftioM Mimtrr) afWjtrr a*ti Etrrg,
t
/•••AhjCwhNatIm^jrton j<f Dnaaqr Profit
Table 3-2: Total population in project kebclcs
Wereda
Kcbcle
A&cch Mclcken_______
Kava Abo
Simida Font___________
Wobo Mariam________
Dtr Mariam__________
Bum I tra____________
Illi rise
4,38
4.35
469
4.56
4.00
5.B
N Achefcr
Zctrgrnct____________ 621
lAnabesa Oola Amibo
Male
L637
23
1.421
2,169
1,667
2,229
2,589
4500
L2Lirwaii< female
1.730
kl48
181] ]5£
1.998
1.263
5,040
S Achefcr
Zibuusit_______
|Ankasha Munget
5,641
6.06
5,189
5.307
5,811
4722
Distnct 2 Village 1
Distnct 2 Village 4
District 2 Village 12
Distnct 2 Village 14
1,063
1.576
1,374
District 2 Village 1"*
Pawe
District 2 Village 21
Distnct 2 Village 24
4.:
1,084)
J,200
District 2 Village 26
277
District 2 Village 30
District 2 Village 28 29
__ 766
Distnct 2 Village 23-45
267
3,92
A47
40?
2,000
*36
1,916
415
1,54)5
2,O7()
District 2 Village 134
I.P8
Total
4.01
4 69
14392
41,82"
86 419
Sources: Wrrcda office*
The total number of households Using m the 22 kebclcs is 18.434 households with a total population ot 86,419 persons. The average household size is 4.69 persons. The household mzo arc smaller in the resettlement kcbeles making up Pawe Wereda (3.8 average) than in law*
\X ereda (4.7 average) and North and South Achefcr W ereda (6.0).
The average age of the head of the surveyed households vanes from 33.5 years ui
21 Kcbclc to 40 9 years in Wobo Muum Kebcle for the 120 surveyed household, in South Achefcr, Jawi and Pawe Weredas.
According co the participants of thr thematic focus group discussions, the populate increasing rapidly in the left bank project area, resulting in deforestation, enhanced co for arable land, more cropping under tenancy and sharecropping agreements and t c
I’H H4 SR03A Pt 3 Ixft Hank SDA IV Ac V (1
12r>^’
x Non-Resident I households with Land L’sc Rights *5
1 a i a
formation collected during rhe Thematic focus group discussions, 0 th number of
c
Bls ed °n II’^|]d¥atlfT
g | ud in the nine sun eyed kebeles hut living outside the kebeks; (ui)
a
huU*1**3* Cl‘ rho|ds basing land use rights in the kcbclc is shown tn Table 3-3
O on^’dtnril°
pjtln rr-ident hmmchoHe with land use right!
\j>r<-da
JCebele
HH living outside
kebde with land use
rights
Non-residcm
HHfl with land
use rights
SDA
South AjM—-
Ankashi Munget Audi Mriaken
> 100 50
No
5
rvB, c
JVC
Kava Abo
3(1
VJ
nc
JjWt
SLrrdda l*rint
250
10
B B, C
VX obo Maritin
10
20
I VC
Bum lira
None
30
1VC, V
- ------------
D2 Village 21
No
10 1
JVC
P*WE
0.2 Village 30
60
25
JVC, V
D 2 Village 23/45
ii :
23
IVC. V
Smircvs- Th*™** pn P d*cu!’«j«»*
,u
The proportion of households living outside lhe kebek but with land use rights inside is pimculirlv high for Simidl print Kebele at 463 *.
112 KMe Papr/lifiM Dew/>
The population density' for the 22 kebdes (partially) situated within rhe left bank project area, according to wcred a data, is presented m Table 3 4.
The average population density is about 59 per ions/kmbut vanes from about 66
persons /km far the kebdes in Pawc W'ereda to about 50 person? / km-for the kebdes in Jmi Sereda and South Achefer Wereda. T"hc population density for Anebcsa Qola Arrubo Kcbclc * North Achcfer Wereda at 177 persons/knr is surprisingly high.
2
nof Efbtofna. Mimitry ofWatrv and Eitfr^ [•f/vafirjo N/if bri^/f/oft and Druniqr Profit
1
Sourer Wereda offices
1
3.1.3 Estimated Nwabtr of I loajcbo/dj in SD/1 B' and I '
The gross area and population and estimated population in each of the (sub-stage)
development areas arc summarised in Table 5-5 for each of the 22 kehelcs. Data forhouiehoW* arc summarised in Fable 3-6.
It is estimated that a total of about 10,251 households are resident in SDA IV, mostly in.13- 1V-C (74%) and about 5.171 households are living in SDA V. In total, an estimated number 15,421 households with a total population of about 58,650 persons arc resident in the pmK area on the left bank
1 WcvrtLi area estimates
IIH 1-4 SR03A Pt ' lxh Bank SDA IV & V (1
UM*’2*'"
Hof far be le *»<« eatoate^ population in SPA IV
Population
Are* IVA
Are* IVB
Ke be Jr
A tech Meleken Kava Abo SimaJa Frint VE'obo Mintm Dtr Marram Bum Im
Pop
3,18"
3,631
13.311
3,986
13^0
2.524
1,061
3.184
2,697
4,179
793
1,731
1.820
Ate* WC
?B 1
1,061
3,184
4,179 793
1,553 1,416
10CP/«1
UHF/a
CH W SHOW 1-, ,
M ,A (V fc v t|)
1 3 May 2011Mfu/ DtwufK 9fEtbi9fMa, Minty cfWnranJ
EthiopJH Nik ind Dnanag Prcjtit
Table 3-6: Proponion of kebele and estimated number of household! in SPA IV and V
Propmrtion of kebele & number of HHi in project area
Wereda
Kebele
HH
Area IVA
Aresi ivb
Area IVC
Area V
HH
%
%
HH
Ascch McJeken
%
Kava Abo
HH
•
-
575
-
Stmida Font
Jawi
Wobo Manam
Du Madam
Bum lira
GIS area
(ha)
3,187
3.63!
13,311
3.986
1.570
2,524
1.665
1.447
13,917
9,247
6.130
2,356
5,169
4.229
6,569
3.575
3,361
4.279
X382
3,455
2.773
-
Zcregenct
N Achcfer
o zicnciei
Anabesa Qola Amibo
Ztbihisic
242
733
575
917
198
337
293
308
1.023
869
185
1347
308
512
Ankasha M unget
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
50° o
r-------------
0%
512
608
HH
242
733
917
198
303
228
-
-
261
District 2 Village 1
District 2 Village 4
35
65
-
•
-
185
1,347
District 2 Village 12
706
----------- --
f
District 2 Village 14
—
0%
0%
0%
—
—
District 2 Village 17
Pawc
District 2 ViUagc 21
District 2 Village 24
799
131
301
553
312
—
District 2 Village 26
0°
o%
100*
□°
o%
o%
o%
0%
50%
70%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
60%
0%
0%
0%
%
100%
100%
0%
100%
100%
90%
78%
0%
0%
30%
0%
0%
100%
100° a
100%
100%
100%
40%
70%
0%
90? o
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
10%
22%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
30%
District 2 Village 23-45
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
187
District 2 Village 30
1,379
—
Dutnct 2 Village 28-29
402
1,208
—
—
—
-
706
799
131
301
553
125
965
1.087
414
402
100%
_
1--------------------
L
Dutnct 2 Village 134
1.193
602
F
F
0%
0%
0%
Total
99,956
13.421
820
6%
1.882
14%
7.348 [ 56* •
121 1 10°J
602 I 100°.
3.17! J'■21
. a «• a^ovs ComP°siti0tt
’ ■.'*
opulntt^ in the Upper Bries region fall mtn two group,. (l) tong-estsbbshed ethiuc
llK P, (i e. Gumuz and Age*'). who ire engaged in shifting agriculture with limited herding as hunting and gathering; and fil) settlers from other regions of Ethiopia whose principal
’ * , jmaJl scale rainfed farming and herding using hrgdv rhe same traditional methods X<l^hev employ ed before migration The ethnic composition of the 22 kebeles (pamailyl
d ,<atcd in the left bank project area is shown in Table 1-7.
.. i 7- Fihnic composition
jauicj
Ethnic grou
P*
SDA
Wcred*
Scheie
Amhara
Gumaux
Age*
Oromo
Others
Vnrbcs* Qola Amibo
100%
-
•
-
-
IVA
^otjth. Achelrr
Zilrthisit Tmfa Ankasha Munger’
90% —
80%
----- --------
—
10%
20%
IV .4,0
IVA&C
------ ---------
llltPo
Yes
-
IVC
1
■Ktcch McLaken'"
Kava Abo*
(50%
40%
IVC
Simula Flint*
100%
Yei
TVB£
jwi
Wcbo Mariam’
45%
-
55%
IVC
Dir Mtnam
90%
-
to%
IVC
Bum-lira’
95%
-
3%
IVC, V
1 )eq Zcregrnct
30*/.
..
70%
IVC.V
1
D.2 Village 1
100%
Y.
D.2 Village 4
60*.
.
-
40%
V
------ -----------
1
D-2 Villagr 12
99%
i%
-
IVC
1
1
D22 Vdhgc 14
100%
_
-
-
IVC
D.2 Village 17
100%
_
*
-
-
IVC
Pm
D.2 Village 21’
100%
-
Ye
JVC
D.2 Village 24
100%
-
-
IVC
1 D-2 Village 26
100%
*
-
1VB.C
1
0.2 Villas 2B/29
75%
_
1%
24%
V
1
D.2 Village SO*
100%
Ye
Ye
Yes
rvq v
_D-2 Village 23/45*
50%
_
Ye
20*4
30%
IYC.V
JD.2 Village 1J4
100%
V
* K hr|
lhemj.tie fptui grrmp dfecusanc *■
C surveys were carried nut
peoples from the Amhara group who have settled in the area, particularly m the settlement
b^Jcs m lnj
p awc dominair the cihmc composition, with rhe Agrw being reasonibty
Populous ln t}^ jawi kcbe|ci m Area uoyad W«k Meda and io ihc e«t ot the left bank
,
P r(J]ect are Mote 5pcafKaU> m Abo
.
Kcbde, ft nbo Mariam Kcbde and Dct| Zcicgcoct
1c. 40%, $5% and 7Q% of Lhc
jxfcjog to the Agcw ethnic group respectively.
gCVV W craident in Ascch Mdlken Kebck md Sinuda Font Kebde
R Ank SDA IX A V (1)
17
13 Moy 2011I fjrrvJ Dtfwufi. 
frfcqpw A>* jfdDrjr.jv Pry*r
fn ofn'afrrj^li^,
In addition to households belonging to the Amhara ethnic group a < the households in 0.2 Village 21 Kcbclc also belong to the Kaml,at >Rn,f c
' ^ prop,
t
The region of Metekel, comprising Pawe Wcrcda and Dangur Wcreda
to the west of rhe project area in Beninshangul-Gumuz \RS. is largely pastoralist Gumuz people, whose traditional land tenure system combm jPUh,ed
Wctcd»i
with group ownership ensuring equal access to land. The Gumuz fac^ ‘nd’V’du
*l po< ,.’
k
Pawe Wcrcda and surrounding areas under the Tana Beles project
gradually retreated into remote areas where they did not have access to s
remained relatively isolated Hie Tana-Beles had a rather negative effect '"T
Z'
,99 °S:’
Cumu, b, dcpm mp .hem of seem, ,„dm„nll hun.,^ R,.,„„ ,
d
also took its loll and conflicts between groups led sometimes to loss of |,f
" 1"; "< fc
.
and property.
Rt/igwus Competition
•n>. rekgiovs compos,„„„ „f ,l, 22 kehclc, (p,„*) loc.,«l ,„ 
e
,|, f, „
ck
pmscmcd „ Table M. Mos, household. adhcc du l,l,..p„ , ........................................
..... .. ,
J" Choke, sod Muslim, „ some of .he „ 
ktbdes |jw]
Tabic 3-8: Religious composition
Wcrcda
------ --
Kebclc
Religion
SDA
Ethiopian
Orthodox
Protestant
Islam
Others
North
Achefer
Anebesa Qola A mi bo
Yes (100%)
-
IVA
South
Achefer
Zibihitit
Yes 111X1%)
IVA.B
Anka&ha Munger*
Yes (100%}
IV.A.B.C
Asech Melaken*
100%
ivc
Kava Abo*
100%
IVC ,
Simida Fnnr*
100%
JVB.C_
Jaun
Wobo Madam*
95%
5%
-
IVC
Dir Minam
100*.
___ j_
Bum lira*
95%
-
5%
97%
3%
_jyc_
iycj IVC.V_
D.2 Village 1
100%
__
D.2 Village 4
65%
1%
30%
4%
D.2 Village 12
75%
-
1%
24%_
D.2 Village 14
Yes (100%}
_____ -■
D.2 Village 17
Yes
Yes
___ _——-
Pawe
D-2 Village 21*
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
( athol*
vj
jyc_ JVC —
nc
r
D 2 Village 24
Yes
-
--- -- --------
D.2 Village 26
Yes
•
-
D.2 Village 28/29
60%
-
j D.2 Village 30*
60%
5%
10%
40%-
25’%
jvgi-
jvcX-
I H IM SR03A H 3 U1i Bank SDA IV N V (1)
18.r. fnr^-W M* ^r.7
Kcbek
Religion
SDA
Ethiopian
Orthodox
Proteatam
It bra
Othen
I Lpjl I LP-
•dyi^r^/45’_______
40%
to%
15%
35%
IVC V
4
2
rjvlIaKT 114
B5%
—--------------
------- J
15%
V
_jj
Snur€« Wrrrdj nf6re< lad thrmanc facial group ducusnmi
, Ktlwk wherr Iai ^line surveys were nmrd out
The major resettlement in Pawe Wercdn occurred under (be Tana B
iWs), and brought large numbers of settlers io the axei Pri<> ""j ' / pr°lfn (,lw5-ettfr settlement project, gradual mtgrarton f
o
h^hbinds to rhe east of the project area n search of eray^ .
(
C morf P°P^ird
settled in the Wrrk Meda plain, with rhe town of \Vetk Med/" /" ,/
centre.
doping lnto »
pcu Plc
Seasonal and permanent migrations over thr last 10 yean are tabulared tn Table 3-9 (X-f rah there is considerably more "inward” than outward rrugMHun. Seascrulh migration from the nine surveyed kcbeles totals more than 1,052 persons, about Gvc times more than seasonal inward migration
Permanent inward migration to the rune kebeles over the hut 10 years ts estimated at more chan 1.650 persons, rhe majority into Ankasha Muogct Kebele situated in Area IV B A I VC. It is understood that the scnlement into this kcbclr was planned and earned out tn 2004.
Tabic 3-9: S
easonal and permanent migration (persons)
Wered*
Kebele
Seasonal Migration
From
Kebelc
Into
Mb de
Permanent
inward migraden
over Iwt 10 year*
SDA
South
/bikasha Munget
No
>100
> 1.0UO
IVBX
Achrftr
Sub-total
0
>100
>1.000
As«h Me taken
>100
>100
>100
JVC
Kava Aho
20
250
No
IVC
Jswi
Simida Fnnr
No
250
No
rv»,c
V^obo Mariam
No
250
Noj
IVC
Bum-lira
Y«
Yes (80)
No
rvc, v
- ------- -------- -
____ Sllb-IOLal
>120
>950
>100
^2 Village 21
50
No
150
JVC
DTVJligc W
Piur
V«
(50)
Yes (2)
Ya (250)
ivqv
P‘ly^_23/<5
Y«
Y«
Yes * 150)
ivqv
__ r _
— _ , Sub-tocad
>100
>2
>550
•lx,.
--------- ---- Totals
>220
>1.052
>1,650
5 K*ovp ducuuiem and houxeh<4d tunw
UMfwaniiYr&rvl Demwruhc »f Elhifxa. Miwtry of \Taffraud fatty F.lhuptd* Xut lrrvatmn and Drwtaf Prvf^f
3.4
Hi,"**
The rune kebcles whe« 
yean ago Man? households ungr
Kebck.
survevs were earned out -re reportedly establnbed w /92 due to food shortage m D 2 2l
Other reported histone events include:
• Serious drought in Bum Jira Kebck in 2008 causing livestock feed ho
and infrastructure. particularly in Kava Abo ReWc
s
^ _* 
• Storm in 2007/08 damaging crops ana inu«*u
Wr
• Outbreaks of armyworm and animal diseases (Le. trypo); and
• Major outbreak of malaria in earh 1990s.
»_ 
’
3.5
Sites of Cultural Value
'rhe following sites of cultural value arc mentioned by the participants of the thematic f
group meetings.
• Hot spring in A sech Melakcn Kebelc; and
• Ankasha Georgis Monastery tn Ankasha Mungct Krbclr
20(I-w*
* ,r-*r-w3’H*»
l^nd tenure
4
X- " J
| a(c pattern lor the 22 kcbrltt looted (pirtiaUy) within the left bank project area
Ta ble±!U-el2-£^ -
• Ajtch
Kcbelr
(ha)
Grating
land
Fotrsi I
Wane
HottBC*
flt roads
Achrfer
South
A<±ei«
A nebw QobiAmibo I 5,395
Sub-ioiah _J495
% , 100%
24,7O0
10J44
6.871
_ 7J40
1M13
17,4W
37%
2.350
39%
2..W
6.550
Jiwi
Zibihiitf Tan&_________ _
.^nloi5ha_SIungec"____ _
Sub-wtiis
%
Aicgh Mclaken *_______
Kava Aho*
Simida Font*
Vt'obo Mirjm*
Ehi Miriam
Buni-Jira
Peg ZeregEper____
19.840
44,540
100%
10,860
6,185
1±5®2L
1326
7,294
6.133
3.233
49,820
100%
H,369
1.364
5,283
2,501)
1,553
1.833
2.160
840
2.000
1,980
2,633
Cultivable
I anil
3.UW
3,000
56%
4.614
5.692
10306
2J%
3.450 2.117
2,773
1.189
1,628
L711
2.432
15300
1.429
310
2,919
4”6
Sub-(Olili
14,135
 ________ %
D-2 Village 1
13,981
28%
02 Yillagr 4
Eh2 VsRage 12
_b-2 Village 14
1.246
2366
1.050
1031
2.3 50
1.305
122 Village 17
D-2 Village 21*
Pm
b.2 Villag£24
D;2y^ _J_
c6
-b2 Village 28/29
JX2 Village 3Q
23/45 __
J>4VilJjgc 134
—
-—____ Sub-toiab
— - JHxal
\r T~—— y* of Total
1,800
U46
l.OflO
_ 70S
30.22(1
% 100%
129,975
50
18
19.312
64%
47,918
6J89J 21%
418
1%
50 4531 1%
________ 2_
1,OM
4%
100% 37%
M,86J
30%
1,307
1%]
24»l 5.093
4%
k 1Urv<-7" Were earned out
IJh l .
^'^WSLIAIVJ, V(i;
21
11 May 2HIof Fjtop* Misuty of ITafrr and Ewrgy NA Irr^jnor. and Dna»tf$f Profit
The total area of the 22 kcbdcs is about 129,975 ha, rather higher than the left ba area of 92,213 hx 
According to the wereda data, the overall land use is as follows:
• Cultivable land: 37%;
• Grazing land: 26%;
• Forest areas: 30%; and
• Waste land, infrastructure and other land use: 7%.
The kcbelcs in Pawe Wereda have the highest proportion of cultivable land at 64% two kebeles in South Achefcr Wereda in SDA IVA and I\T3 the lowest at 23%
P^Wtt
uiththe
4.2 Land Use Rights
The distribution of holdings with land use nghts for the 22 kebeles is shown in Table 4-2 ft data are available on land use rights for Ancbesa Qola Amibo Kebelc in North Achefcr Wereda
Tabic 4-2: Distribution of land use nghts
Wereda
Kebclc
Area
(ha)
Land and Land use right (ha)
SDA
Individual
Communal
Church
State
North Achefcr
Anebcsa Qola Amibo
5495
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a
IVA
Sub-total*
5495
•
1
%
-
Zibihin:
24,700
4,614
9.642
564
9,880
IVA.B
South Achefcr
Anka s ha Munger*
19.840
5.692
6.871
88
7,189
IVB.C
Sub-totala
44,540
10406
16,513
652
17,069
%
100%
23%
37%
2%
38%
Ascch Mclaken*
10.860
3.450
2.350
11
5.049
DC
Kava Abo*
6,185
2.117
2.300
8
1.760
Simida Fnnt'
14.589
2.773
6.550
30
5,236
_jvc_ DBJ_.
Wobo Minim*
1426
1189
90
4
243
JVC J
Jawi
Dir Miriam
7.294
1 628
2.970
8
J688
JVC_
Buni-lira*
6,133
1.711
1.429
8
2,985
IVC.V
Dcq Zcregenet
3.233
2,432
310
6
4'9
ryoy_
Sub-totals
49,820
15.300
15.999
75
%
100*.
31%
32%
-
18,440 37%_
D 2 Village 1
8.369
6.757
330
2
1.2W_
V_.
D.2 Village 4
1,364
1,246
40
10
D2 Village 12
5.283
2,566
300
18
D.2 Village 14
2.500
1.050
75
5
D.2 Village 17
1.553
1.031
60
14
68
24?9
1,370
448
Pawr
D 2 Village 21*
1.833
1.050
730
2
51
v___
ivc_.
JVC.. JVC,-
iyc—
D.2 Village 24
1.160
550
500
5
105
D.2 Village 26
840
40Ti
200
15
D.2 Village 28/29
2.000
1,800
100
5
225
95
!0_
590 £
rye.
ivB.e
y _ jvcyJ
1
D.2 Village 30*
1.980
1,246
136
13 Mr
UK 1*4 SR03A Pt 11xfr Bank SDA IV & V (!)
22Afr»/m «/ ^'r j-iri bwp
W*1
Area
ngm (ba]
L hJl
Individual
Communal
Church
State
2,633
J,031
D.2 -~4~ ~ "
Ba
R
384 ivqy
D.2 -----------
70.5
585
_ ______ 40
1
V
Sub-tot*!* _____ %
Total*
2,641
9%
95
27%
3x153 
822
~%
30,220
100%
129,975
100%
19412
64%
44,918
36%
43,681 35%
4 +c<c tartfixc
[n the J’»we settlement kebelcs, 64°« of the Imd has been allocated to wdivuhnli, compared to
JJ% for the left bank kebcles in Jawi Wcredi and 23% for the concerned kebdcs in South Achcfcr Wcreda- There is only 9% of communal (grazing} land in [he Pure reset dement
kcbcles, compared to 32-37% for the kcbelcs in Jaw We red a and South Achefer Wereda
further north. On average the State owns 27-38* » of the land.
The household land use rights for the nine kebcle* where the biseJinc surveys were carried ou! art presented in 1 able 4-3
Table 4-3: Household land use rights in nine surveyed kcbclcs
Size of land
aic righi
Ankas ha M unget Kebete
Aaech Melaken Krbele
Mak
beaded
HH.
i ■------ 16
Female
headed
HHi
Total number ofHHi
Mair-
beaded
HH»
Female-
beaded
HHs
Total number ofHHi
< 0.5 ha
32
48
10
8
18
0.5- 1.0 ha
385
80
465
140
46
186
_1J-15 ha
257
19
276
108
19
127
!.6-2.Oh
a
225 |
15
240
78
15
93
2-1- 2-5 ha
225
10
235
47
10
57
_ 2.5 ha
257
2]
278
128
21
149
LT™*!
13H1 j
161
1442
511
119
630
Size of land
right
Kava Abo Kebcle
Sioiida Flint Kchrie
Male-
beaded
HHb
Femak- bcaded
HHi
Total number ofHHi
Male-
beaded
HHb
Fcmale-
bcaded
Total number ofHHi
^th5ha
1
3
*T
1
3
JL5~I.0ba
247
120
367
194
26
220_
-Ll-U ha
121
43
164
102
14
116
741
20
94
45
4
49
h>
39
H
50
25
5
30
-±2-5 ha
149
37
186
116
14
130
Apta] i
631
233
864
484
64
548
Wst)ArvAV(i)
23Ftdrnt!DrBMTufh- of Ethiopia. Minutn ofW'aHr aid Entity Ethopian Niit Irruption and Drtnia^t Prvrrrf
Size of land
use right
Wobo Mariam Kebek
Buni-Jira - V
Mak
headed
HHb
Mak
headed
HHb
Female
headed
HHb
Male-
beaded
HHb
Femak- headed
HHb
< 0.5 ha
2
58
7
65
•
Tot*) "umber
^fHRs
2
OS - 10 ha
254
294
32
326
144
1.1- 1.5 hi
109
100
11
111
65
1.6 - 2.0 h»
49
90
10
100
—4
-__398^
r<
9
21 -2.5 ha
15
76
9
85
4
k___ >8
_____ 19
> 2.5 ha
138
122
14
136
28
Total
567
740
83
823
252
_ _ *06 819
Size of land use
right
D.2 Village 21 Kebek
D.2 Village 30 Kebek
Mak
headed
HHb
Female
headed
HHb
Total
number
of HHb
Total
number
of HHb
Female-
beaded
HHb
Total
number
of HHb
< 0.5 ha
1
12
I
13
0
1
0.5 - 1.0 ha
74
268
55
323
10
M
1.1-1.5 ha
73
10
3
13
-1 15
88
1.6-20 ha
15
38
6
44
0
15
2.1 -2.5 ha
9
0
0
0
0
9
>25 ba
38
9
0
9
1
39
Total
210
337
65
402
*!
236
Size of land use
right
D.2V
illagc 23/45 Kebek
Mak
headed
HHb
Female
headed
HHb
Total
number
of HHs
< 03 ha
2
1
3
0.5- 1.0 ha
93
14
107
1.1-15 ha
0
0
0
1.6-20 ha
70
4
74
2.1 -25 ha
0
0
0
> 25 ha
70
1
71
Total
235
20
255 |
Source, thematic focui group meetings
UH F4 SR03A Pt 3 l-rft Hank SDA IV & V (I)
24distribuwn of land use rights in the ntne surveyed kebclo is summarised in
4^4*
IIBe ri
-g
ht B ip ninc
- surveyed kebeks
T»bk
Land uu rights
1.6- 2,0 hi
Acheici__
A sect Melaken
3%
30%
20%
15%
*
24%
IVC
Kao Abo
< 1%
42%
19%
11%
------— 22%
IVC
Stmida Fnnt
40%
21%
9%
"—1
5%
24%
IVB.C
|iwi
Wdba Madam
STU
49%
21%
7%
2%
20%
IVC
Burn-lira
49%
26%
27%
IVC. 5’
Sub-ioul/ r»g*
43%
30%
^*
112 Village 21
< 1%
36%
,F <
6%
4% | 17%
____
JVC
D2 Village 30*
84%
14%
2%
rvc. v
Piwt
D2 Village 23/45*
43%
29%
28%
rvc, v |
Sub-tolaLa/avg*
54%
29%
17%
Totals/avg»
43% | 31%
26%
Source; thrmjnc focu* group meetings
The data indicate that (he land use rights are the smallest in the Pawc settlement kebelc*. with >4% of households having rights to less than 1 ha. 29% to 1.1-2.0 ha and 1?% to more than 2.1 ha. Households in the surveyed kebeles in Jawi Wereda and South Achefer Wereda have rights to rather largrr holdings.
A significant proportion of households hive right to more than 2 5 ha. lbout 17% oi households for the kebeles in Pawe Wereda. 27% for the kebeles ifl Jawi Wereda and 33% in Ankuha Munget Kcbele in South Acbefer Wereda.
On average, the surveyed households in ninr surveyed kebeles use their plots of land tor 8 6 years in Ankasha Mungcl Kcbcle to 17.9 years in D.2 Village 21 Kcbclc
(a) Female Land Use Right Holden
^he proportion of female land use right holders vanes trom 10^ o in Ankasha M unget Kebcle to m Wobo Marianb RcbeJc.
Jb
= 'W [> j
f
U Mt.' -0T1
S A Vi(V(l)Fttkra! Dfwrufu Rrptfbit: »/ Ethiopia. Mt Hurry of ff'atrr attti Entry
hfhropurt Sth Imgatwt and Dratnatt Pnytrf
4.2.2 Land/css bi oust ho Ids
The number of landless households in the nine surveyed kcbeles is show
Perhaps as expected (he proportion of landless households is greater for settlement kebeles in Pawc Wcreda (13-29%), than for those in Jawi W * ,UTVnfd
Wercda (0-26%).
There are high proportions of landless in two of the five surveyed kcbcl < Kava Abo Kcbcle (26%) and A sech Melaken Kcbclc (18%), lying immediate east of Werk Meda 
Table 4-5£Landless households
or
ire
Wereda
Kebele
Total
HHa
Landless HHs
SDA
Number
% of Total
HHi
South Achrfer
Ankas ha Mungci
1,655
113
7%
IVB.C
Asech Melaken
767
139
18%
IVC
Kava Abo
1,163
299
26%
JVC
Jawi
Simida Print
548
0
0%
IVB.C
W'obo Mariam
873
54
6%
IVC
Buru-lira
834
51
6%
IVC, V
D2 Village 21
(287)
X5>L
is’iL
IVC
Pawc
D.2 Village 30
1,313
376
20*.
IVC, V
D.2 Village 23/45
1.150
145
13%
ivc.v
Total
8,590
1,228
14%
l
Sources: Wercdi offices, thematic focus group discussions
Note: Total number of households in Kava Abo as reported by participants of thenutic locus group meeting is much higher than the wcreda data (803 households)
UR F4 SROJA Pt 4 Ixft Hank SDA IV &. V (I)
26rff-WdW
Vlf W*
, /li*<
' f holdings With land
o
use nghts for the nine suffered krbelet i, ,bown in
*- The ‘
Table 4-6.
*120 of hol
ding with land use rights
Kcbcle
tfcrtd*
Size of
cultivable
area (ha)
Number of
HH with land
use right*
Average land
holding per
HH (ha)
SDA
Ankasha Mu^get
_
Sub-totil
5.692
1,542
3.7
IVB.C
3.7
Ascch Mclakm
3.450
630
_ __
| 55
IVC
Kava Abo
2.117
864
23
IVC
Sirrudi Fant
2,773
548
11
IVB.C
Jaui
Wobo Mariani
1.189
819
1-5
IVC
Buni.- lira
1.711 |
007
2.1
I VC, V
Sub’Cert*!
33
D2 Village 21
1.050
1?^L
44
J-)
IVC
D.2 Village 30
1,246 ,
937
1.3
IVC. V
D.2 Vdhgc 23/45
1.031
1,005 |
1.0
IVC, V
Sub-total
!
2
o- ) 1
SourCE Thematic fcicu® group meetings
Note: The calculated average registered land holding for D 2 Village 21 Kcbcte at 4.4 hi/HH Jppran far
too high. given (hit each houachnld sctiled in the Pawr kebeies received 1)75 ha in the 1990s following
the Tana-Belts Project It is thought dur Lhe number of homehoJih reported with user rights 256) ii a
gross underestimate. The average Landholding for the 20 surveyed households tn this kebele wii I 2 ha,
ind this value is considered rcprcKnladvr (ice below}
The average land holdings for the Paw kcbeles it about 10-11 ha/HH ts considerably Irss
than for the surveyed kcbeles in Jiwi. Wereda (3.3 ha/HH) and South Achefer Wotdi (3.7
ha/HH)r
Average registered land holdings from the household surveys m lhe nine kebeks for small and medium / larger landholding households are shown in Table 4-7.
W SDAIX'*V 1)
{
27
]j Maw 2011Ftdrrd Dffwmtnc tfEfbitfitd, Miwfn tfV'dtrravl Ew® Etfafta* Nile Im&twt and Dnanaft Prvjtef
Table 4-7: Average bolding size of surveyed householdr
Wercda
Kebele
Average land holding! for
surveyed households (ha)
SDa
SLH
MLH&
LLH
Overall
average
South
Achcfer
Ankasha Munget
1.0
2.5
18
.
1.8
L'Jc
Sub-total
1.0
2.5
Asech Melaken
0.7
2.6
1.5
Kava Abo
1.0
2.6
1.8
Simida Frint
1.4
|awi
3.8
2.9
JVC
JVC 1VH r
W'oho Man am
1.0
2.4
1.7
— A? IVC
Buni-Jira
1.0
2.3
1.8
JVC V
Sub-total
1.0
2.7
1.9
D2 Village 21
0.9
2.2
1.2
rvr
D.2 Village 30
Pawe
0.9
2.1
1.3
IVC V
_D 2 Village 23/45
0.9
3.3
1.3
IVC V
Sub-total
0.9
2.5
13
Source: household survey
Average registered holdings varied from 1.3 ha/HH in Pawc Wcrcda, to 1.8-1 9 in JiwWeta and South Achcfer Wereda. Average holdings for small landholding households is about 1.0 ha/HH and about 2.5-2." ha for medium and larger landholding households.
L*B F4 SR03A Pt 1 Left Hank SDA IV A V (I)
28‘ f pnt^
f ^N^'
'^J ^Lwit<l l,ovsfhet‘b '*SDA ;I Mjv
number of households in SDA I\ Ac \ and the average land use rights nfl rttimircd (maximum; area cultivated by households in rhe protect area on the
hj-; approach, it» estimated that (up to) about 22.496 ha arc being cultivated by 11 O65
t
L5l ^hoM5 m the left bank project area, in SDA IV Ac V. The lord left bank project area is hi tndtenng » cultivation intensity of .bout 24%.
j a. r Bfimated area cultivated In households in SDA fV fle V_____________
------
Kcbdc
fl’rrtd*
Total
estimated
number of
hh«
Estimated
□umber of HHi with land use
DfilU
Average land use
fha)
Estimated ctftltrraled
area (ha)
SDA
Vnrbr$a Qoh Amitxi
404
347
(M)
799
IVA
Achcltf
Soistti
Adxfcr
Sub-totals
404
347
799
^blhuil
1,045
899
£3.
2,426
IVA. B
Ankasha Munger'
843
784
3.7
2,901
IVB.C
Sub-iulal*
1,889
1,683
5427
i------------------- ..
Aiech Me laker*
230
189
5,5
1.037
JVC
Kava Abo'
482
357
23
892
rvc
Simula Flint*
548
548
5 1
2795
IVB.C
Wobo Minim*
873
821
1.5
1,231
KC
Dir Miriam
189
163
(2-2)
358
IVC
Buni-j in"
292
274
2.1
576
rv c. v
Dcq Zerrgenc i
279
240
1.104
ivc. v
Sub-tauh
2393
2,591
7,992
13.2 V lUjLgc 1
376
323
420
V
[ D2 Village 4
1,283
1.103
1,434
V
. P-2 Village 12
672
578
751
rvc
JUVilhge 14
761 ,
654
851
tve
D.2 Village 17
95
82
106
IVC
.£:?_>• dLigr 21
287
235
306
IVC
. J>2 VuLcur 24
1.3
527
453
589
IVC
-Payuiagc 26
297
255
332
IVB.C
Village 2B/29
383
329
428
V
j&jVdagc 30
1.313
932
1,212
IVC. V
-Ijj Villjgr 23/45
1.150
1.001
1,301
ive.v
-P' ychgt 134
2
578
497
6+6
V
— — Sub»toi*k
7.724
6,444
8J77
"------- ----------------- ----
12.907
11.065
2.0
22,496
29
13 May 2011Mml
fyM' d'Etinpu. 
4 V
p.tteafM* N<> Imfutitt J»rf DnnifUg' Pryr.1
4.3 Land Ute Ortifictrion
Biscd on data coDected during the thematic focus group discussions situation with regard to the registration of land use rights tn the nine presented in Table 4-9.
Tabic 4-9: Land regiitration in nine surveyed kebeles
Wcrcda
Kcbek
Land administration
Thematic focus group discussion
SDa
Registration of
land use right
completed
Issue of land
use certificate
completed
Registration
of land use
n«ht (HH
survey}
South Achefer
Ankasha Munget
Yes
70%
53%
Asech Mclakrn
Yes
31%
100%
Kava Abo
Yes
55%
100%
Jvb/T
I VC JVC
Jawi
Simula Frint
Yes
35%
100%
IVB
Wobo Manam
Yes
60%
100%
 c IVC
Bum-lira
Yes
50%
95%
IVC V
D2 Village 21
No
-
0%
IVC
Pawc
D.2 Village 30
No
No
0%
IVC V
D.2 Village 23/45 No
No
0%
1VC,V
Source, thematic focus group meetings, household survey
Although household* were settled in the Pawe settlement kebeles under the Tana Belc< project m the Derg era, land use nghts were not accorded to the settlers formal land registration sad issue of land use certificates in accordance with current (government) regulations within the Pawe kebeles has not yet started, and there is no office for land administration tn tbewertih
In Jawi Wcrcda and South Achefcr Wcrcda, registration of land use nghrs and issue of certificates is in progress, varying from 51% to 70® o completion according tn the focus discussions.
Land use nghts are usually registered in the names of the husband and wife.
(t) Conclusions and Recommendation
I*he concerned government agency (i.c. ARD/EPI-AUA) should complete con so resettlement activities associated with the proposed project, and registration 0 1 c^on^ consolidated and new land use nghts and issue of land use certificates before c
(field level; irrigation and drainage infrastructure
IK P4SR03A Pt 3 left Bink SDA IV A V (1)
30‘ \~ii IrrwW"'iO w
' *&
Dntr*** P v PrWtf
' *-'
Lj»d (Zff
Stivrit)
J J*
The Federal Und Administration and Land V
p
others that farmers have a perpetual use ngh J ' * »
t
Dd m
»»n ^M/SOOS „ 
.
strengthened by the issue of land u cerates 7 
sc
,nw>nK
rbntud regt^auon of land u ng| , „ 
W lt
m ^’«ntng 
' * ** nght 1?
bt
<uned in B- GN RS.
* ’toted j
rcas
n 20fH
re &to*
j t is arguable that for rhe successful development of commerc&l fanning will have to he introduced, and thousands of Bdes valley svdl be allocated ro a commercial sugar estate Howcv (yet) been given to the Lrnd use rights of farmers resident in Z""
,hat
indiettes that the regtstratioa of individual land use rwH j
of *, w
I „ x“
s
d
of! «nd m the Upp<r
CC,ns,dcranon *>« not
lbt! practice
(a) Recommendation
The mu of commercial and smallholder irrigation development needs carefid consKkratton along Ulth resettlement implications and modalmes. Durmg the allocation of arable land tv
pm ate mvestors, the land use rights of the indigenous people and senlers must
KCOUrtt
La/id Fragment mon and Need for ConfoIidmoD
Ltrtfrf FnJi’ra'fW/ij/reiff
Mto
The average number of plots (farmed; per household with Land use righu ui die nine surveyed krbeks is shown in Table 4-10,
Table 4-10: Average number of
dots for surveyed households
Wertda
Krbek
Average number of plots far
iunn ed households
SDA
SLH
MLH&
LLH
Ovmll
average
SliLLth
_Ankasha Munger
LI
11
1.7
JVB. C
Acbefer
Average^
1.1
2.1
1.7
Airch N(e Liken
1.7
29
22
JVC
Kava Abo
21
14
27
rvc
hwi
>!nudj Font
2.1
13
29
IVB, C
Wnbo NljLnam
20
22
21 |
JVC
Buni-jira
2.1
24
23
R’CV
___ Averages
20
ZB
24
D2 VJ^ 21
Lt
20 |
1.3
JVC
-Pc? Village 30
1J
20
1-3
rvc. v
_P-2Village 23/45
1.1
20
I3
ryc.v
___ Avtrajjei
LI
20
13
’ a,
survey
■wt MarCXwuM (May 2009). r 1W. ’ StWlA ft J Ijrft BankSDA IV & V p)
31DuMcnti: RepiM. ofEthiopia. Minitfn of Water and hnerp Ertnopaa >\'dr lotion and D ruinate Pntfert
1
The data indicate that fragmentation of holdings is extensive and particularly
bank Jawi kebeles Households; in the five surveyed kebeles, in Jawi Wereda far^* **^ 2.0 plots (small landholding households) and 2 8 (medium and large landhold’
In the three surveyed kebeles in Pawc Wereda, the average number of plots farn*^*^^ small landholding households) and 2 0 for medium and larger landholding hou
Reportedly, there have been no attempts to consolidate the fragmented land use '
plot in any of the nine surveyed kebeles
lnto°ne
44.2
AW for l^ind (onsolidation
With the project, as part of the resettlement activities, land consolidation should h
• 
M
hiit
to the extent acceptable to existing households with land use rights and aim to: (i. add^, rh existing fragmented landholdings, reducing the number of separate plots owned bv each household to one; and (ii) maximise water use efficiency and enable optimum field boundaries
to be set out to facilitate irrigated farm operations.
To ensure that the entire land acquisition and consolidation process is carried out in a transparent and accountable manner, a process approach to land consolidation involving D stakeholders would include the following steps
• Awareness campaign to inform all households within SDA IV & V about all important aspects of the land acquisition and consolidation process, including the needs, expected benefits and conditions.
• Signing of a land consobdation agreement by (say) at least 80% of the concerned land use right holders;
• Detailed cadastral survey of the all land use rights within SDA IV & V. including the registration of the names of all land use right holders as well as rhe exact size and location of all their plots of land;
• Registration of all (existing) land use rights within SDA IV & V (and the issue of hrd use nght certificates to all concerned households);
• Preparation of list of all landless households, who arc resident within SDA A &
• Identification of new consolidated plots of irngable land by area and household 5 run* for all rxisting households with land use nghts within SDA IV A V as well as t°r households whose land has to be acquired and for the landless households.
• Presentation of the new consolidated plots of irngable land to all concerned h< u. using detailed maps mcbcating the location and size of each consolidated plot well as the names of all households,
• Signing of agreement by all concerned households; and
• Registration of the new consobdatrd plots of irngable land, including the is land use right certificates
13 Mar 2&11
UB IM SR03A !*r 3 Lch Hank SDA IV fit V (f
32•
gf * J" "4 Z-*T’
^’^'’’^rvcyed kebclcs, both sons Mid daughters are entitled to inherit an e uaJ share of
4
1,1 *11 'j me ri^hr fhj“ lGngcd to a deceased parent. If a land use nght holder does not have
the land is either inherited by relatives and/or returned to the Government for ^bJnon among (Imdlas) households.
4.6.1
R&SCU °0 u*li v
lots collecred during the thematic focus group discn«H?as, rhe area cull reared bv
-
^js and/or sharecroppers in rhe nine surveyed kebclcs ts presented in Table 4-11.
j
T*bkl-i.k Wereda
Area euinvww Rebel?
Total
cultivated area (ha)
Area cultivated
by tenaott/
Sharecr oppen
(h*)
% of total cultivated
area
SDA |
%0Utlh
Ankasha xMunget
5.692
150
3%
IVB.C
Acheler
Sub-Cottl*
5.692
150
3%
Asech Me Liken
3,450
200
6%
IVC
Kava Abo
iir
•MX)
19%
IVC
Simida Font
2,773
250
9%
IVB.C
J 1*1
Wobo Mariam
1.189
5tKJ
42%
rvc
Burn’ lira
1,711
170
10%
IVG.V
Sub-totals
11.240
1.520
14%
1
D2 Village 21
1.050
350
33%
rvc
D.2 Village 30
1246
150
12%
IVC. v
Pauv
13.2 Village 23/45
1,031
330
32%
rvc, v
Sub-totali
I
3327
830
25%
To tab
20.259
2,500
12%
Suufce: \Xcrrda rifficcs jnd tbenunc focus group meeting*
ibc proportion of land being cultivated by tenants and/or sharecroppers is pirticularh targe in the Pawe settlement kebdes (25%), but also in Wobo Mariam Krbck (42%) and Kava Abo Kebclc (19%} near to VTerk Meda in Jawi Wereda,
c is a broad positive correlation, bcrwetai smaller plots and higher population density and Cadence of sharecropping / tenancy
group discussions the main reasons for land use right holders ro cur er uno tenancy * r ’harecropping agreements are:
,q ° cultivate the land themselves; *Oo poor to cultivate the land themselves;
* illness;
* no adult nudes; or
no oxen,
M sda rv a
33
I3.Mit2D11•fEOufu. ofrattr^E^ Elhnfftan >Mt 1 motion anti Drandp Prytri
According to the household surveys, 10% to 28% of the surveyed household krbeles have then land cultivated by tenants and sharecroppers due to: (i) J ^
ac
adult male; and (iii) too old.
The propornon of sun n ed households cultivating additional land under tenan sharecropping agreements gives a similar picture to that obtained from the and is summarised in Table 4-12.
Table 4-12: Proportion of suneyed household* cultivating land as tenant/sh
° (it;
P
Wereda
Ke be It
Landless and small
landholding HHs
Medium and
larger landholding
HHs
Overall
Latecfnp.^ SDA
South Achefer
Ankasha M unget
___ Sub-totals Ascch Mclaken
%of
total
63%
63%
58%
17%
50%
27%
78%
46%
Average
size (ha)
1.3
%of
total
0%
Average
size (ha)
%of
total
Average
size (ha)
1.3 0%
25%
25%
13
U
1.2
25%
Kava Abo
Simidi hnnt
Jawi
Wobc Manam_
Bum-Jira
Sub-totals
1.5 50%
1.1 25%
1.3 ____ 33%
1.3 55%
1.3 38%
1 4
1.9
1.7
1.0
II
1.4
45%
30%
35%
30%
65%
41%
13
1.8
1.4
1.3
12
1.4
m”
IVC
133.:
rvc
IVC.V
Pawc
D.2 Village 30
D 2 Village 23/45
Sub-totals
____ L£ IVC
17 IVC.V
Al
1.6
Source household survey
Among the landless and smaller landholding household group, 53-63% arc engaged in renr* / sharecropping arrangements cultivating an additional 1.3-1.7 ha on average For the mcduz and larger landholding group, the proportion is significantly less. 0-38% but the additional average area cultivated is slightly larger.
The stated mam reasons for cultivating additional land were: (l) lack of land, (ii? in«-utf to be food secure; (iii) to generate higher incomes, and (rv) co get access to
hr Pas*r By kebclc, the data indicate that sharecropping / tenancy is particularly common * settlement kebeles (50%), followed by the kebeles in Jawi (41%) and in Ankashar-r*^**’
r ,^^^^'’Xy,'TiW^''/r
,
The moMtcnan^
aD j sharecropping arrangement ui the nine <urvevcd Iccbdes are
The rate
ad by tenants to the land use right holder to cultivate additional Land varies hugely eTB 5 ^qq / ha per season. The usual amount is about ETB BOO to
Z W0/hJi per season
sr common sharecropping arrangement in the nine surveyed kcbdcs is that the 01 pper receives 50% t<> 75% of the harrared crops, and also provides the oxen and ill
inputs-
Table 4-13. Most common tenancy and sharecropping artaagementa
Wcrcd*
Kebcle
Tenancy
(ETB/ha)
Sb Jrecr Dppin^ (%of barvcfi)
SDA
South Achcfcr
AnJcasha Munget
400
67% to 75%
IVB.C
Ascch Melakrn
313 to 400
75%
IVC
Kava Abo
1,200 to 2,000
67%
JVC
Jawi
Sinuda Font
133 to 2,000
"5%
iVB.C
Wobo Mariam
1,200 to 5.600
50’ '• to 67’ <
IVC
Bum-Fira
500 to l 400
t
67% to 75%
IVC, V
D2 Village 21
200 to 1,600
50* * to 75%
IVC I
Pawe
D.2 Village 30 300 to 800
50% co 75%
nr. v
1
D.2 Village 23 45 J 330 to R50
50% to 67% j
IVC. V
Source bou>icl)4hld survey and rbemme focus group meeting*
In Simjda F-nnt Kebrle and Wobo Mariam Kcbelc, a icnincy-cum-sharccropping arrangement almj exists, whereby the lessee obtains 50% to 75% of harvested crops but he also pays a fixed amount of money (E13 250 io 1,600) to the household having the land use right
!| R
I,c h Bink
boa IV <Sc V (J)
15
BMiv 2011l-ttitfiil Deno:vrt> Pjpabhc 9/Ethiopia. Mtniitn dWaffr aid fititrp
Ethiopian Ntk Imfptio* aia Druitt Pryrt
4.7 Comm nmd Grazing Land
The area of the communal grazing lands for the 22 kebeles in the left hank
in Table 4-1. and indicates an average varying from just 9% for the Pawr P V'’ *« fc- 28% for the Jaw. kebeles.
The condition and management of the communal grazing land in the nine
summarised in Table 4 14.
Table 4-14: Condition and management of communal grazing Land
^^cd kebeles
Wereda
Kcbcle
Estimated Condition
Management
area (ha)
South Achefcr Ankabha Munget Asech .Mclaken
6.871
Good
responsibility
Nobody
2,350
Fm
Nobody
Kava Abo
2,300
Poor
Kebclc Council
Good
Jawi
Simula Flint
6,550
90
Fair
5X’obo Minim
Kcbcle Council
Kebclc Counc il
1,429
75
Kcbcle Council
D2 Village 21 Pawc D.2 Village 30
Good
Good
Fair
 136/700
Poor
D.2 Village 25/45
130
Poor
Nobody
Kebclc Council Kcbcle Council
Source Wcrcda data and thematic fneu* group discussions
The condition of the communal grazing in four of the nine surveyed kebeles is considered to be fair/poor Except for Ankasha Munget Kebclc and Bum-Jira Krbelc, livestock owners from outside the kcbele are allowed to graze their animals on the communal grazing land'
In six of the nine surveyed kebeles, the Kebclc Council is responsible for managing the useot
the communal grazing land In the other kebeles no institution is responsible for its
management
According to the participants of the thematic focus group meetings, management ot gra^K lands by the Kebclc Councils is good for only two of the nine kebeles.
Prior to conversion to communal grazing, the land was under forest in six of the rune^ but had been cleared and planted to crops for several year in the three kebeles tn •®c
L’B V4 SRO3A Pt 3 Ixfi Bank SDA IV A V (1)
36£wrjj-
j^rr^*
Xatxfii/Fw*
The eslim^d area and management of forwl in die project area arc show^n in Table 4-15.
of foresie
° °,nC sun’cM Mbeles in foe feft b
SDA
Ankisha Mtwg«
Ajrch Mc*J^cn_ _
Kava Abo 
Area of
forts t (hi)
7,149
3,086 1.069
4,579 65
Management
fetpdiiatbility
Quality' of
management
Sra to-owned/
protected
fame
Kebek Council
Poor
No
IV B. C
Kcbdr Council
Good
No
IVC
Krbck Council
Poor
No
IVC
SifTiidA Fnn!
^nbo^Udam
guni-Jtn _
D2 Village 21
D.2 ViUagc 30
D.2 Vilijgc 23/45
_ _
Kebek Council
Poor
No
IVB.C
_
Nobody
H——1
Nu
IVC
2,919 / 1.800
Kebde Council
Yes
No
IVC.V
[____-
Kebek Council
Poor
No
IVC
565/450
Nobody
No
No
IVC. V |
536/474
Kebde Council j
No
Yrt C6.5 fo)
IVC. V
Source: Ilicrtuoc t'ocuj group diMCu-istofu
According to the participants of the thematic focus group discussions, the Krbele Council is responsible for rhe management of the existing community forest in seven of the rune surveyed kebeles. Reportedly, the forest is only properly managed by the Krbele Council iri Asech
Meh ken Kebele situated east of VC’erk Mcda In Wobo Mariam Kcbdr ind D2 ViUage 30
Kebde, rhe forest areas are apparently not min aged
Where forests arc '‘managed” ihere ire forest protection committees However nunc employ forest guards.
bud wood and timber are the main forest produces, which ire exploited cither by the Kebek Council, Wereda ARD office or community members. Any revenues arc used for the development of rhe Kebele.
r™
None
of the Mirveyed
I
household, in the nine kebeks have developed
DplaflI
»nom on ther
lands.
*83
Pfa
1 *"he'<proportion of surveyed households as u 4S |hc flumb
cr «*l n c «' «« P ^
T
1 ar°Und
their house* and fields is presented in I able I
ln toe nine surveyed kebdes, 30% to 100% of the surveyed households have planted trees, ranging frOrn average of 7 to 107 trees. Fruit (mango . indigenous tree species and cur dypm
toe commonly planted trees, to provide shade, fruit, fodder, umber and foci u
Uft ^nk SDA rV&V(l)
37
13 May 3011I'ttM Dtwth
of&tupa, Mimtfi) of Water and V.notgf
1
i:7.*wptaw Ndr I friction and Drwtap Pwrf
Table 4-16; Number of type of planted trees
Wereda
Kebele
% of
HHi
Average
number of
Type* of tree planted
trees planted
South Ac he t er
Ankaiha Mungrt
30%
7 lndigyn* Ai^.Jnilt
Asech Mehken
107 Eucalyptus, indigenous, fruit
Kava Abo_
100 I Eucalyptus, indigenous, fruit
Jawi
Simida Frint
Wo bo Mariam
80%
94%
50%
90%
40 I Indigenous, fruit
37 I Indigenous, fruit____
Bum lira
Pawe
50%
85%
90%
19 J Indigenous and fnutjrees
D2 Village 21
7 I Indigenous, fruit
D.2 Village 30 D.2 Village 23/45
26 I Eucalyptus, indigenous, fruit
100%
20 ( Eucalyptus, indigenous, fruit
Source: Household Htfvry*
4.9
IFa to flogging and Flooding
4.9.1 
W 'attrk)gin&
The problem of waterlogging in the nine surveyed kcbclcs is summarised in Table 4-P
Waterlogging in the wet season principally in July and August is a major problem in five of the
nine surveyed kebeles affecting 20% to 70% of the surveyed households. Fanners have constructed (field) drains to mitigate the waterlogging problems, while others cultivate (paddy;
rice.
1 able 4-17: Waterlogging
Wereda
Kebele
Area
affected O'*) .
%of
surveyed
HHi
Mouths
Main
South
Achefer
Ankasha Mungct
> 2.000
40%
Jul-Aug
Asech Mclakcn
195
45%
Jul Aug
F'*
Kava Abo
414
0%
Jul Aug
Simida Font
>1,000
45%
Jul Aug
Jawi
1*
Wobo Mariam
n.a.
5%
|ul-Aug
Buni-Jira
30%
5%
Jul Aug
D2 Village 21
n.a.
70%
Jun Aug
Yes (100-4 of
affected HHi j.
Drains (BBM
| Drain* uyng BBM
Rice culavitF*'-
use of BBM
Rkc culuvaDOH-
use of BBM —,—-
Yes —'
Ycs(57%of
jfieaedl’l'i
Pawc
D.2 Village 30
362
20%
Jul-Aug
D 2 Vdlagc 23/45
200
0%
lui Sep
Poor drainage
No/poor
drainage
Poor drainage
No/poor
drainage, black
cotton sod
No drainage
Poor drainage
No drainage
No/poor
drainage
Poor drama
Source: I'hcmatic tucun group discussion* ami hoiuchdd surveys CH F4 SR03A Pt 3 Left Bank SDA IV &: V (1)
381 v,. //r^uW* ^•V P^
ffarfiftt.
p«tbicm
^-irh floods in rhe nine surveyed kcbeles is presented tn Table + IB,
j48: Flo»^!n
Area
affected
1,200
%of
Annul] Canukks
surveyed
HHi
Mitigating
actions
Vika'ha Mungel
Achcfe
As^chMclak^n
Kiva Abo ____ ____
J**
Sirnida Ejnrit______ _
Wobo Madam _ _
Huni lira
I nrViLLagr 21_________ |
D.2 VillagcdO_
40%
45%
30%
20%
1VB.C
IVC
JVC. v
D.2 Village 23/45
1
ftiirrr: Tliiiwnc fom £t™P dhcturiorti and hotudinid rorvey*
In eight of the nine surveyed Ice belts, 20% to 45% of surveyed households reported that
seasonal floods damage their lands and standing crops. In 2OOA/09, twn persons and some
animals were killed by floods in Kava Abo KebcJc.
The Government or local communities have not implemented anv measures to prevent flood damage.
*10 Stitt and Wafer Consrrvanoo
The Execution of soil and water conservation (SWQ mtervrnnons in the rune suncs is summarised tn 'Table 4-19.
— ab!e4-19: Soil and water con»ervation
Sereda
Kcbcle
SWC
%of
Type of SWC
SDA
intervention by
■urveyed
NGQ/ARD
HH»
^Achcfer
Anluuha Mungrt
Aicch
Kava Abu
No
Soil bunch
ivb.c
Yes [19 ha. 2008)
Tcrradfig^ bundt, check dam
:*uc
Yes (23 ha, 2008,i
Trrradfg, sod bundt __________ _
IVC
Simida Knot
No
Terracing. sod/slone bunds
^f>bc Alxciani
No
Terracing, sod bund I
JVC
No
No
Sod bunds, rerraupg
iv r. v
Pi
Terracing____________
IVC
No
No
1at >c focus group dLxTiswins and household wrwy»
45% Terracing
65% Terracing
39
•J May 20115
ErfafnM Niit ImgjfM* and Dranagc Prt*rf
In eight of die nine kebeles, SWC interventions were undertaken by 25% tn
sunned households, including terracing and construction of soil /stone bunds
works have been earned out by the ARD or any external agency, though m 200R earned out on about 42 ha in two kebeles in Jawi with support from external age^^ ^
4.11 Irrigation
According to provided wercda data, there arc about 54 gravity and 11 lift irngatio the 22 kebeles (partially) located in the left bank project area, irrigating a total of
*
about I 0% of the cultivable land area of 47,918 ha (see Table 4-1). r
rh schemes ’
c
an average area of about 6 ha The number of irrigators involved is about 2,635 and tl^ about 75 irrigation cooperatives formed for scheme O&M.
Table 4-20; I rogation
Cllc
Wercda
Kebelc
Gravity
ache me
Lift
scheme
Irrigated
area (ba)
Numbet
of
irrigators
Number of
irrigation
cooperatives
MH
North
Ancbcsa < ^ola Amibo
Yes
Yes
98
236
’Vi
»v.
Achcfcr
Sub-totals
98
236
Zibihisit
6
>outn
1
68
118
TaB
.Vnkasha Mungct*
3
40
223
-
IM i
Sub-totals
9
1
108
341
Atech Mclaken*
2
6
36
IVC
Kava Abo*
1
1
66
205
4
(VC
Simula Frint*
1
3
12
IVB
Wobo Manam*
3
32
185
1
IVC
Jowi
l>tr Minam
2
-
22
33
Bum lira*
8
16
39
jvcj.
I3cq Zercgcnct
4
5
97
3
|\<L
Sub-total*
20
2
150
607
B
D.2 Village 1
1
1
3
v^.
-
2
2
34
1
D.2 Village 12
7
1
IB
200
________
D.2 Village 14
1
13
55
VI
JVC,. (VC^
JV>-
D 2 Village 17
2
19
30
4
I\S--
D.2 Village 21
Pawc
n *> VilUrr^
A
1
26
174
D.2 Village 26
1
24
in
_________ 125^ 50
1
1
JVPJ>
□ 2 v illage 28/29 D.2 Village SO
4
1
2
1
1U
16
[3L^
7L
700
10
D.2 Village 23/45
1
1
23
D.2 Village 134
1
5
2
50
67
Sub-total*
25
8
157
M51
Totals
54
11
513
2,635
75_
Source Wercda office*
VB 14 SR03A Pi 3 Ixti Bink SDA IV i V (I)
40
13 Mn
U
J*'U jfrr Mi
|V gLlHOODSANDPOVERTY
. EcOnom* Acd^ti^
^ ftn ' cror]omic acnvitics of rhe households in the nine surveyed kcbcles arc presented tn
Tjble 5-1
r" Economo •rttvity
■
**
?
s 
J
i
1
Xs
1
i
>
£
g
<
1
rSl
--------- -
1
<
s
I
9
T’’
1
a
i
o
3
i
*N
Q
5
a
6
Q
■ r-rr-dijction Ll rilling
$0%
100%
90%
100%
80"-
100*-
100%
80%
fej%
25%
8%
100%
3U%
LjiVTii truck _ —--------- —=——
95%
8U%
65%
15%
5*.
-
1%
-
-
10%
5%
70%
1%
-
2%
-
1%
-
15%
1%
6%
5%
5%
2% '
T eane uct
p Government ?ob
-
-
-
-
2%
—I
1”’
-
-
-1
-
5%
.SriUfCC thematic Incuh gruup nwclirig*
Crop production ii rhe main economic activity for 80% to 1CNT u of the households in the nine surveyed kcbcles Livestock rearing « considered (almost) cqualiv important in just four kcbclcs Dwlv labour is particularly important in D.2 Village 30 KrbeJc in Pawr Wrrrda , where handicraft ba^cd livelihoods arc also significant.
Crop production fie ft) and Livestock rearing (fight)
, cll Ka^^OA & V(l_.
IV
II
n May soilFaW Drmo.nt,: tfEltocpu, Mnufty nd E«nj>
UliatfiJit Stlt ImptM* J^d Drvtap Pwrf
5.1.1 Off-V arm Iiwome Generation
Based on information collected during the thematic focus group meetings the households engaged in handicrafts and home industries is shown in Table 5 £ ^^of
According to the participants of the thematic focus gToup discussions in each kcbcl and home industry’ is particularly significant in just two of the nine surveyed kcbelc Abo Kcbelc and Simida Font Kcbelc in Jawi Wcrcda were 21% and 14% ofhou$ involved Activities include brewing talla araka and basket making.
Table 5-2: Number of households involved in off-farm income generation
Type of off-farm
income generation
Ankatha M unget
Kcbelc
Asech Munget
Kcbelc
K»va Abo Kebtit ’
Nr
% of total
HHt
Nr
% of tout
HHb
Nr
% of tout
HHi
Handicraft Sc home industry
- Weaving
20
1%
15
“ --
—
- Tailoring
10
<1%
3
<1%
20
1%
2%
Pottery
30
2%
10
1%
- Brewing (i.c. talla. arafa)
50
3%
30
4%
200
—---------------- 17%
Sub-Total
no
7%
33
4%
245
21%
st >°P
2
<1%
5
<!%’
Transport
-
1
<1%
2
<1%1
Government job
-
2
<1% 1
Type of off-farm
income generation
Simida Print
Kcbele
Wobo Mariam
Kebelc
Buni-Jira Kebek
Nr
•/• of total
HHi
Nr
% of total
HHs
Nr
•/• of total
HHi
Handicraft & borne indus
tn
Weaving
—
20
F ________2SJ
Tailoring
5
l%_
Ponerv
-
6
1%^
Brewing (i.c. talla, aruki
15
3%
10
1%
8
_ 1%
- Basket making
60
11%
30
3%
__ 2_
Sub-Total
75
14%
40
5%
39
A—
Shop
-
8
Transport
2
<1%
-
-
■
Government job
-
-
___ J
UB F4 SR05A Pt 3 Left Hank SDA IV & V (1)
42ijM
m .X'li J*f f>nurw P^r
‘ *"l’
Tr peofoiT-f««1
^comr gei>crtrio°
HiodicrAft And home industry
--- ----- - ----
D.2 Village 21
Kebek
D2 Village 30
Kcbcle
0^ Village a/45
Kcbclc
Nr
% of ratal
HH»
Nr
% of total
HHs
Nr
% of total
HH.
. Weaving______
Tailoring
Pottery
- Brewing l i e-Zj/&.
f
---
20
2%
-
-
-
5
1%
5
<1%
6
1%
30
2%
.
jraAs.
8
1%
50 I
4%
w
vToulI
39
5% ,
85
6%
»
1%
B
30
- -----
1%
2%
1
<1%
-
-
-
-
Tnj^psiTL. —
Government pk
frHrtcr thcuiiTK- focus g<nup meeting
Off farm income generation m reported by sun eyed households is summarised in Table 53, and indicates that daily labour and handicrafts are significant in many of rhe kcbelcs, but pirtkulirly in the Pawc settlement kebdes.
Tabic 5-3: Off-farm income ^encracion
-
-
—J
- *■w.- D_
2
<1%
Wcredi
Kebclc
Handicraft
Shop/
business
Transport
Gvl. job
Daily
Labour
SDA
South Achefrr
Ankas hi Munger
5%
0%
0%
0%
10%
IVB.C
A»ch Mrlakcn
10%
0%
0%
0%
5%
IVC
Kava Abu
15%
20%
0%
5%
15%
[VC
Jtwi
Simidn b’nnl
10%
5%
IJ%
(FA ,
5%
IVH,C
Wobo Mariam
15%
5%
5%
0%
10%
IVC
Buru-[ua
10%
0%
0%
0%
20%
rvc. v
D2 Village 21
5%
5%
0% I
5%
35% J
A’C
Pa-r
D.2 Village 30
30*/.
0%
5%
20%
10% j
IVQV
D 2 Village 23/45
io%
5% ,
15%
0%
!5%
ivqv
kurre !toui«ha|d
1| *ft Bank sqa tv & v (1)
13 Mir 2011
43Etdcru! DtmrStu ofEfhtnfna. Mtaufn oftTalrr anti Earrji Etktphi* Nx> Impair and Dtmnagt Prx*t>‘
5.2
5.2.1
Household Incomes and Expenditures
Sourtts of Cash blew*
Based on the data collected during the household surveys, the
households in the nine kcbclrs is presented in Table 5-4
Average annual cash income for the surveyed households ranges from abo
Village 21 Kebele to over ETB 12.000 m Simida Flint Kebele and D 2 V.li
- u»gt 23/45 KeUle Sale of crops dominates cash incomes tn seven of the nine kebelc*>, the excepting heir
z\bo Kebele and D.2 Village 23/45 Kebcle
Table S-4: Average cash income for surveyed households
*“
Source of cash
income
Ankaaha Munget Kebele
Aaech Munget Kebele
LFH
A
SLH
MLH
&
LLH
Total
average
LFH
&
SLH
MLH
&
LLH
Total
averagr
LFH
8c
SLH
MLH
a
*bel< Total
•ver^
LLH
Avg cropped area (ha;
1 8
25
21
1.4
2.9
21
13
35
Sale of c t • s
8.978
9.589
9,314
1,650
2.956
2.P3
1,968
2.596
1 tta
Other sources
1.439
2,905
2,245
308
2,901
1.720
5.747
4 628
51«
Total
10,417
12,494
11,559
1,958
_ 6.794
3,893
7,715
.
_7j224
Source of cash
income
Simida Frint Kebcle
Wobo Mariam Kebele
D2 Village 21 Kebde
LFH
&
SLH
MLH
&
1-LH
Total
average
LFH
&
SLH
MLH
&
LLH
Total
average
LFH
8c
SLH
MLH
&
LLH
Tool average
Avg cropped area iha)
2.0
4.2
3.4
1.4
2.7
21
12
27 '
1.6
Sale of crops
3.23K
12.025
8,510
2.345
9.291
5.471
1.355
2.000
!.4H
Other sources
1.080
6,017
4.041
1,110
1.443 1260
1.528
1.820
ISM
Total
4318 18,042
12.552
3.455
10.734 6,731
2,883
3320
wl!
Source of cash
B uni-liraKebcle
D.2 Village 30 Kebele
D.2VU
Lage 23/4
income
LFH
&
SLH
MLH
&
LLH
Total
average
LFH
Sc
SLH
MLH
&
LLH
Total
average
LFH
Sc
SLH
MLH
&
LLH
5Krb<k.
Too*
avmc*
st
Avg cropped area ha)
2.0
2.9
26
1.7
3.3
1.8
25 _
LT
j.K3<L
Sale of crop*
3.574
6.075
4.949
1.635
13.903
3,476
4.22L
(Xhcr sources
Total
1,600
5,174
4,406
10.481
3.144
8,093
2.943
4,578
5.334
19,237
3,301
6,777
4.890
9,117
21310J
12-**
Sourer. hoUKh«4d survey
Note: Cash income of ETB 462,000 for oue larger hndh.ddmg house h«4d with 9 ki of cropped land, iruluding land, in Kava Abo Kcbdr has been excluded
Incomes reported by medium and Larger landholding households arc for small landholding households
UM*?20”
L’B 1-4 SR03A Pi 3 Lett Hank SDA IV & V (1)
AI $5 «X\ t-„ jX j' Jf J'*&&** P™"*? Rafter Differences in cultivated crop Wea V)j/
"*’ ./to ...^ „d
««<M w„. „
c v «Mht»n m h„
t
• Mh Wfome, ft
a*
Jfl JI nine wed keheles the Urge majority of suneyed households
^ditu- for purchase of food, health care, educate of chddren and
\ Jailer propo^n of surveyed ^usc old. also .pent money on purchase (jf
equipment (i.e. plough;, household utensils, radios and/or hvC arum^
The purchase of assets by rhe surveyed households tn the nine Lehde, is shoun w Table 5 5
Table
UFcitd*
^-5- Pureiiaire ni »< Kcbcle
ifttIB uwiiumg
Livestock
— - — —
Agric.
equipment
Vehicle
Radio
Other
iceitki
SDA
Ankjisha M unget
20%
20%
0%
10%
0%
IVB, C
yjuti^Ad^Ef—
Vsech McJaken
55%
0%
0%
5%
0%
nc
50%
nr.
0%
25%
30%
n‘C
.Suiilda 1‘rmt
20%
20%
0%
30%
10%
JVB.C
Wobo Miriam
50%
10%
0%
5%
10%
IVC
Bmu lira
30%
0%
0%
15%
0%
fVC. v
D2 Village 21
25%
5%
0%
15%
5%
IVC _
Pfcvr
D.2 Village 30
45%
0%
0% 1
25%
15%
IVC, V
D 2 V illage 23/45
37%
21%
11%
26%
21%
[VC, V I
SrtMtC f I nuuhaild Burveys
111 the nine kebclcs. 20% to 55% of the surveyed households purchased one or more oxen during the last 5 years and 5% to 30% purchased a radio In srx of the nine kebeks 5 . a to 21. o of surveyed household procured agricultural equipment |lc plough). A radm was purchased by 5% to 30% of surveyed households.
^SDAlVi vp;
45
13 May 2011Ari
Dnul“^
5.2.3 TtfMf/
Taxes paid by the sun eyed households are presented in Table 5-6 Table 5-6: Taxes paid by suncyed households
Wereda
Kebele
Land tax
Oth«. .... ——
%of
HHs
Average
amount
(ETB)
--
% of
HHi
Purposc(B)
sth
South Achefer
Ankasha Munger
100%
123
0%
Ascch Mclakcn
89
Kava Abo
JlWl
Simula Font
100%
100%^
100*.
108
158
Wobo Marram
113
Bum-Jira
113
15%
0%
60%
0%
0%
Church guard,Jport
Church and .chool
100%
100%
100%
- ----------------
51
35%
PPiaw,.v e
D2 Village 21
1)2 Village 30
D 2 Village 23/45
-
-jf4
■
r.’Br' ..nt
nt
63%
48
25%
Kelicle development, school
guard
Church development. 5p t
or
100%
42
0%
nc_,
JV(.v
Source Household juaw
All surveyed households with land use rights in the nine kebeks pay an average of ETB 42 to ETB 158 as land tax to the Kebele Council. The smaller average amounts paid in the serdemr- kebelcs in Pawe Wereda reflect the smaller landholdings there.
In four kebelcs, 15° o to 60% of surveyed households also reported payment of other tun so the Kebele Council for. for example, the church, school guards, and sport and kebdc development
5. J Social indicators
5.3.1 Lrvtl of I'.dtKalwa
The reported literacy rate in the rune surveyed kcbcles is shown in 1 able 5- • Table 5-7: Literao rate among adult population in surveyed kebelet
Wereda
Kebele
Adult male
population
Adult female
population
South Achefer
-Ankasha Munger
40 to 45%
10 to 20%
Asrch Me Liken
25 to 75%
10 ro 25%
Kava Abo
60%
50 to 70%
SimulaFnnt Wobo Manam
20 to 35%
30 to 60%
20 to 25%
50 to 70°.
15 to2j%
10 to 20%
Bunijira
DZVdhgrJ^
_I17>.2 x Vs iulliaage gr JH30J
L^-SViiuge 23/45
50 to 65%
35 to 40* e
45 to 50%
20%
fi<us group mccungw ind household survey*
UH F4 SR03A Pr 3 Leri Bink SDA IV Ac V (t)
46I-/***'
TabreJi2£flO
Sereda
IO participant* of rhe thrmatrc focus group meeting. in the nine surveyed kebr]«d uct)cdjng ineracy r*re » 20°'° *° ?5% Fpr the lnltc P'-’pub’wn and 5% to ’O-, for the
the KP° nondation Among ihe surveyed households m the nine kebelw, 35’i to 90% of
r.Jt fcrrtaJL F t
^\o.»ch=W te-fe «™
. rate of children aged 6 tn J 3 years attending school for the rune surveyed kebeks Ihe reported m
in shown tn Tabled
JL
(
Kebclc
All children «ent to
school
%«f
Bunreved
SDA
Bo>s
Gida
HHs
Ankasha Murtgrt
No (TO* n]
No (90%)
100%
TVS. C
Asech Melakrn
Yes
Yes
100%
IVC
KjLva Abo
Yes
Yes
B9%
IVC
Jaui
Simida Frtnl
Yr*
Ye*
92%
1V0,C
Wobo Madam
Yes
Yes
100%
IVC
Buni- lira
Yes
Ye.
100%
IVC, 3’
D2 Village 21
Yes
Ye*
100%
IVC
Pawe
El 2 Village 30
Y“
Yc
,4
100%
IVC. v
D.2 Village 23/45
Y«
FT%
IVGV
Stnurtc: Thematic group meeongs and houscbcdd survey
During the thematic focus group mcectng on gender issues in the mnr surveyed kebeks, the female participants reported that 90% to 1 (XF* o of the households send all their children aged 6 io 13 years to school. Similarly 89° a to 100% of the surveyed households in the nine kebrks reportrd that they send all ihcir children aged 6 to 13 to school- Ihe main reasons for not sending children to school arc: (i) the school is too far away; fii) assisting household with
livestock related activitiesFrdmil
f' ElNofia. SUmm tf IT’d/rr anit E «T
Erlwfut y>Jf lrr^iM’ ->orf Dn»miv JW-.-r
5J.2 HrMSfatur
(a) Main ) lealth Problems
Malaria and typhoid are reported as the most important health problem in all kebeles due to standing water (i.c. waterlogging. lack of sanitation and puUut Other reported health problems arc diarrhoea and cold/flu
°
(b) Availability of I lealth Facilities and Staff
Based on data provided by the wereda offices, the availability of health facili 22 kebeles is presented in Table 5-9.
Table 5-9: Availability of health facilities and staff
* 
in
Wereda
Kebelc
Health
post
Phys
ician
Nurae
Health aaaiatant
Trained
midwife
tba
hev
North Achefcr
Ancbcsa Qola
Amibo
-
-
•
Yes
2
StH
IVA
South
Zjbihisit
1
-
Ache for
Ankasha Munget*
1
2
jKsech Mclaken*
-
1
-
3
3
Kava Abo*
1
-
IVB.r.
wt
4
2
1
2
Sinuda Print *
1
-
-
2
1
—
|awi
Wobo Mariam*
1
-
1
2
JV(/
ivc
Dir Minam
1
3
Yet
IM
Buni Jira’
1
-
3
Ya
JVC.V
Drq Zerr genet
1
8
1
4
Ya
ivqv
D.2 Village 1
1
1
2
V
D.2 Village 4
1
1
8
1
6
V
D.2 Village 12
1
2
2
2
JK-
D.2 Village 14
1
3
1
1
3
nQ
D.2 Village 17
1
2
2
D.2 Village 21 ♦
1
2
1
1
2
Pawe
D.2 Village 24
1
1
2
jvc_
ryc_
JM.
D.2 Village 26
1
1
2j
vb.L
D.2 Village 28/29
1
4
2
D.2 Village 30*
1
1
-
1
2
1)2 \ 23/4S"
1
1
2
4
D.2 Village 134
1
-
1
-
2
2
2
V,
Source: Wereda offices (TBA = tradinoni) birth attendant; HEW - health extcnuim wtwltrr)
• Kebelc where hawlinc surveys were earned out
Except in Ancbcsa Qola Amibo Kebelc. al) the kebeles have a health post °*
the health posts are pooriv staffed, particularly those in South Acbefcr Wereda *h only health extension workers (HEWs).
The surveyed households in Ankasha M unget Kebelc and Zibihisit Kebelc stat $ to Eendika or Maksegnit for medical treatment. The surveyed households in ke
i •^ver
UH 14 SR03A Pt 3 Left Hank SDA IV & V (1;
48JI**''**" . Pnwny
j jw[ they mainly visit the health facility' in Work Meda foe medical treilment, a o go to the hospital in Piwe Surveyed households lc the P1Wc settlement
S ereda rr'^
.k
[nj(x r
(Vehleersce*i5th* er g»’o me , , health post or to the hospital in Pawe town.
r~
Fimdv PUnning and Natal Care
regard m rhe acceptance of family planning, vaccination against childhood
kcb
7~hc 5jruat1c n
dbea^ nfl
^2 left bank kebeles is summarised in Table S-10.
Table
^fereda
5 10- F*mnvp«“'“
Kebck
%ofHH
practicing
family
planning
% of
children vaccinaied
Lncatinn ' o f child
delivery
Pre- and
pent natal
care
SDA
1
AnUsh* Munget
40%
60%
Home
YcsiHEW
IVB.C
Ascyh MeJakcc
25%
100%
Home
Yei (HEW)
JVC
Kava Abo
73%
100%
Home
Ya (HEW)
1VC
Simida Fnnr
None
100%
Home
Ya HEW}
jvb.c
Wobo Minxm
10%
100% I
Home
YcsPiEW)
JVC j
Bum lira
73%
100%
Home
Ya (HEW)
JVC.V !
-
D2 Viliafle 21
B%
80%
Home
YcsIHEW)
rvc
?l*w
D.2 Village 30
75%
100%
Home
Ye* (HEW)
rvc, v
1-
D.2 Vilhgr 23/45
30%
90% [
Home
Ya HEW)
JVC, V
Sourer: Thematic (oral grrwp meeting*
According to the female participants of the thematic focus group meetings on gender issues, family planning is reportedly practiced by up to 75% of the households tn fust two of ibe nine kebdes. In the other seven surveyed kebdrs, it is not practiced by the majority of households,
Most children (60% to 100% depending on the kebde) ire vaccinated agunat childhood diseases and 1 lEWs provide pre- and post natal care to pregnant women Almost all surveyed households reported chat their child rrn have been vacant ed. In Anlusha Muuget Ke belt, however, 58% of rhe surveyed households reported that their children ire nor vaccinated due to tack of health post in the krbelc.
In all nine surveyed kebeles, women give birth at relatives and/or neighbours, although a TBA also assists in
(d) Alcoholism and Ilbor Drug? 
Alcoholism and rhe use of illicit drugs are reported Rrbclc, and in two of the three Pa we settlement kebclrs.
where thev iff asscsted by female
vilaac 21 Rebels
Fn)][
U May 2011
49I
ofElh-pia. Mwtry tffTMr and Em®
Ethupum Nrif ImgaOsn amt Drwn^f Pryttf
£ 3. 3 Food Security and Household XulntsoK
l*he reported proportion of food insecure households is shown in Table 5-| ] Table 5-11: Level of food insecurity
Were da
Ke belt
Food insecure
'
Criteria
(months with
food shortage)
%of
HHt
Reaton(a)
so?
South Acbcfer
Ankasha .Munget
> 3 months
20%
Nor enough arable land
Asech Afclakcn
> 3 months
15%
Not enough arable land
Kava Abo
> 2 month*
30%
Not enough land, poor |
SO1
Simida Font
> 2 months
20%
iyc
Jiwi
Not enough land, pour 5ot| fcml,-.
Wobo Mariam
> 3 months
to*.
No land and/or oxen
Buni-Jira
> 2 months
15%
Landlessness, small landholdings, female-headed
_rvc" IVC.V
D2 Village 21
> 3 months
70%
Not enough land, waredogging
JVC
D 2 V illage 30
> 2 months
80%
Pawr
Landlessness, small landholdings, female headed
ivc,v
D.2 Village 23/45
> 2 months
50%
1
Landlessness, small landholdings, ferrule headed
IV*C.V |
Source: fhcrnafic focus group meettngs
According to the male participants of (he thematic focus group discussions tn the nine sunned kcbeJes, households are considered to be food insecure if they face more than 2 or 3 month of food shortage.
T*he proportion of food insecure households is particularly high in the Pawe settlement kebdes (50-80%), compared with those further north in Jawi We red a and South Achcfer Weirds 1'- 30%).
Insufficient arable land, poor sod fertility, waterlogging, lack of oxen and female headed households are mentioned as the main reasons for food insecurity. Food shortages typicaDy occur prior to harvest of the wet season crop from June/July to September.
Among surveyed households, food shortages arc particularly acute in I) - Village -I K Pawe VXcrcda (50% of households) Daily labour, sale of animals and other assets, han tcnancy/sharccropping and obtaining loans for purchasing food arc the most commo strategies to cope with foot! shortages.
UH 1-4 SROU Pi 3 Ufl Hank SDA IV \ (1)
Ml„d^
,,-^^t jW MpM?* Ofjr^r A^n/
5-12: Food ghortag^
iCebelc
£rcrCd*
Artkaih* Mung**
A<x<hNtebkcn
Simula J'nnL _
^■'nbuJdaham _
Burn-1 in
D2 Vdbge 21
D.2_Village 30
| ) 2 Vilhgr 23/45
*”&
among surveyed household a
Snortt bcu^lv.ld
(a} Food Relief
In D.2 Village 21 Kebele, 45% of the surveyed households reported having received food relief one to three times over the last 10 io 20 years. None of (he surveyed households tn the rune kcbeles stated that they had participated in food-fot-work piojcrls over the lasi 10 years.
(b) Household Diet
Tlie household diet of the surveyed households tn the nine krbetrs u presented in Table 5-13 Tabic 5-13: Household diet of surveyed household*
Wereda
Kcbek
Meat
Milk 4c
dairy
products
E
wc
Puhes
Fnrit
Vegetables
SDA
JouLh Achefer
Ankasha Munpjcl
40%
70%
B5%
95%
5%
65%
IVB. C
Alrch Mrbken
30%
55%
65%
1OT%
20%
100“/.
IVC
Kiva Abo
45%
35%
65%
100%
40%
100-/.
IVC
Ji«i
Simula Flint
40%
70%
40%
too%
15%
95%
IVB.C
Nfjn-flfn
25%
50%
50%
100%
25%
95%
IVC
---------- _
Hum lira
20% ,
55%
45%
uw%
35%
85%
rvt v
Village 21
25%
50%
70%
100%
30%
65%
IVC
_D 2 VdUne jo
25%
50%
MJ*. '
100%
40-/.
80%
n’< :.v
bDuu L i.
23/45
30%
45%
70%J
100% |
30%
80%
IVC. v
r
Reponedlv, 25% io 45% of the surveyed household*coO1umc veget*^’ ’’
5 W. « >w.k- “»• w"k
««. -ck. %„
k»st once a week, 40% TO 85% have an egg al le*«v- pulses at least once every week- Milk and dairy PrL Wkby 35% to 70% of the surveyed households.
„a. 5s%. >«*• “■‘7™ ,
ri edly consumed at '
! *h Hank
SI)A IV & V (1)
51
13 May 20J1HtM Dti-tnUr of Minrfry of W Mfr and F.wy Ertetwt M* Imptton and Drotnw PtyM
5.4
5.4.1
Gender Issues
Dowtir labour Dmswft
Based on information collected during the thematic focus group meetings on apparent that most domestic tasks arc earned out by female household mcmh^^ household members also dean the house, wash and repair clothes, fetch fuel ” elder and sick household members, shop and/or repair of house and houv>k i i
nold utoujj
of
5.4.2 Affwdhmd l^boftr Dim
(a) Crop Production
Male household members arc responsible for all crop production activities wher household members arc invoked in seed selection. seeding, weeding and harvesting transport, cleaning, storage and marketing of the harvested crops.
(b) Livestock Activities
Almost all livestock-related activities arc executed by the male household members cxccpi preparation and marketing of dairy products, poultry keeping, and marketing of eggs, household members arc mainly responsible for milking, caring for young and sick animals
*" *dlii
cleaning of livestock sheds, collection of manure, poultry keeping as well as marketing of small live animals, eggs and dairy products
5.4.5 Asset Ownership
In all nine surveyed kebclcs, all household assets arc reportedly owned by the husband and wife together, although jewellery is owned by the wife some of the kebclcs In Wobo Shrum
Kcbclc, the husband is the owner of the radio.
5.4.4 Deasion Making
In five of the rune surveyed kebelcs, most decis ions are taken jointly by the husband and wile, although (lie husband takes decisions related to crop production and the wife takes decision1 related to the sale of animal products.
5.4.5 Control over Arrets and Etnanaal Rrsonrrts
In six of the nine surveyed kebelcs, the husband and wife reportedly have jointly control o\e the use of all assets and (financial) resources of the households. In the three other kebeleM wife controls the income from the sale of animal products, whereas the husband contro incomes from the sale of crops
5.4.6 Membership of Local InjtiMionj
Female household members are usually members of the Kcbele Council, women $ g11 savings Ik credit association, Ikub and/or /Errand work group/bngadc. In three $ kebelcs, women are also members of a water management committee responsible of rhe potable water supply (PVTS) scheme. In two surveyed kebclcs, women repo members of the land administration committee, and sports/cultural/youth ckb-
VH H SR03A Pl 3 l^ft Bank SDA TV & V (!)
52;J^
..7 
?f ** .urveved kebde
s. households are ternate-headed when the wife h« beeorrw a wxkiw
Ifl ail ni' ■
lC u
(■)
Mun Economic Activities
Th= predomin-" lablc 5-t4
1 involvement of female-headed households in eronotruc activities 15 shown in
Table 5-MLM’ln-cc“ Type o{‘cnaomic
activity
s
J
1
’v
I
■5
1
i
u-
fll
s
Oft
1
1
S
J
£
B
i
>
a
£
*M
d
s?
u
Q
*•ft
a
.y
M
J
>
IM
Q
90%
95%
70%
70%
BU%
95%
4U%
70%
75%
Livstuck
—
10%
-
50*.
30%
Pidv labour
5%
10%
5%
5%
30*.
-
60%
25%
40%
1 lindicran
5%
5%
25%
25%
10%
5*.
-
5%
5%
Huts Hies a
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tffciaspotr
-
-
-
■
Government job
-
-
-
-
-Suiifccj ihcmaUc fhras ^tr»up meeting
In the nine surveyed kebdes. 40" □ to 95% of the female-headed households arc invoked in crop production, 5% to 60% work as daily labourers, and 5° 0 to 25% arc engaged mi handicrafts. Female-headed households are rarely involved with livestock rearing, with the exception of Vt'obo Miriam Kcbcle (50%), D2 village 23/45 Kebde (30%) and Asrch Mclakcn Kebdc (10%).
(b) Food Insecurity
According to rhe female participants of lhe thematic focus group meetings on gender issues,
ibout 30% to 0% of th
c
female headed households are considered to be food insecure, with
to 30.n. fonpidered scnously food insecure
j
C! ‘l*
Tn te
f c) Poverty
’ d that about 15% to 50% of female headed households are poor, of which 5% to
3 ‘rr considered to be extremely poor.
53
13 Mm 2011M<t F'”V
ElbKUK I'”*-'”" Dn"'9’
1
5.5
5.5./
Livelihoods
Maia Straf^iri
Livelihood strategics of 80% to 100% of ill surveyed households
in ill
on the cultivation of ramfed crops. Livestock is of (almost) equal tmo.,
kd *** Wt b
kebele? (ice Table 5 1).
cc 1,1 four
0(
5.5.’
Typhal Farting I loMeholdi
Based on data and information collected during household surveys j f
an( Oc
discussions, profiles of a typical small landholding household and medium/],
household fot all nine kebelcs have been prepared and are tabulated below
Table 5-15: Tvpica) Fanning Households: Ankasha Mun^cc KeheU
Salient feature
SLH
Ml j-t *. 111. -— ------------- ia LLH
Avenge size of arable Lind ha
1.0 ha as land usc right and 0.8 ha as tenant / sharecropper
2.5 h» M End Ule tenant/sharecropper
u-
Major crops
Sorghum, maize. finger millet, nee, sesame, groundnut, vegetables
-------------- ---------
Sorghum, maize, finger millet, nee sesame, groundnut
Average yields
{quintal/ha)
18.4 for finger millet, 36.0 for sorghum,
7
28.3 for maize, 26." far rice, .8 for sesame. 10.0 for groundnut. 12.3 for vegetables
18 6 for finger millet, 37.9 for 32.0 for maize. 28.0 for nee. 94) kx sesame. 9.3 for groundnut
Usc of improved
seeds
0%
0%
Use of tcmliser
0%
0%
Use of agro chenucils
33%
36%
Home consumption of harvested crops
7
86% of finger millet, 67% for sorghum, 3° o for maize. 50% for ncc, 0% for sesame. 0“ • for groundnut and vegetables
83° • of finger millet. 50* • for wqfm 70% for maize. 80% for nce,0% for sesame and groundnut -------------
Ownership of
Eves lock
16 oxen. 1.4 cows, 3.6 goats, 0.3 donkey-. 6.1 poultry and 5.1 beehives
1.9 oxen. 3.4 cows, 2.9 goart. 0.4 (knkp, 8.4 poultrv and 5.6 beehive^,----------- .---- -
Total annua] cash income J-.TB
—------------- -
10.417
------------
— —
sale of < rops
8.778
Table
Salient feature
SLH
Average size of arable
land ha
0.7 ha as land usc right and 0.7 ha as
tenant/ sharecropper
Major crops
Ftngrr miBct, sorghum, maize, sesame and other oil seeds
Avmge peldi
(quintal ha)
Use of improved
seeds _
I’ve of fertiliser
16.6 for finger millet, 9.7 for sorghum. 25.# for maize, 8.8 for icsame, 3.6 for other oil
seeds
33%
75%
ken Kebele _------------- —
2.6 ha ai l^d usc righ’ °
tenant / share v£2£££L^ Finger nullet. .ofghum. other <>il jj
13.0 for finger
> n for tes^’
23.9 for mai*c»4
other tnl»^
l B F4 SR03A Ft 3 Left Bank SDA IV & V (1)
T
54'
SLH
?9% for tinge r miller, 100% for sorghum, 82* o for maize, 0% for sesame and other oil
seeds
1.7 oscru 0 7 cow. 0.3 sheep, 1.6 gosTs, 29
u ]tn- and 2? beehives__________________ „ 
1.958
1,650 j
MLH&LLH
50%
i -WTX * P
f hl
i«5^—
Toq
J»nrw»,c"
nC o«nLtl2^-
.yfeoft?®---------- —----- L
6/94 | 2.956 1
e
Twbk_5-®ZL- ^enf feaW _—
VplCSU --- ---------—---------- — SLH
MLH & LLH
7^’“roflrtble
1.0 li a as land use right and 03 ha as 1 tenan t / shartcrvpper
26 hl as Lind use righr md 0.9 ha as Tenant/1 barer toppe r
jajiu! _ _-____—
Mipf P
Finger millet, maize, sesame, groundnut
cfO 5
Finger millet, maize, sesame, grrmndnu', ocher rd seeds
.Irtup: welds 
■quiiitlJ/ fo)
19,6 for foiger millet, 36.6 lor maize, 9.1 for sesame, 7.3 for groundnut
19,0 for finger miBei, 29 9 for mitzr, 4.2 1 for sesame. 5.5 for groundnut. 10.1 for
other otl seeds
LSe of improved j reds
33%
50%
Use of fertiliser
33%
50%
Use of agro cbemlra^
8%
75%
H-rmc consumphan
77% for finger millet, ”0% for maize. 0%
89% for finger cmllet, 62% far mai/t. tl* •
1 of harvested crops
for sesame
for seiame
Ownership of
1.1 oxen, 1,7 cows, 0.8 ihrep, 0,4 goat, 22
2.9 oxen, 1.5 ccm, 0.9 sheep, 0-3 p»t, 0.3
Jivestock
poultry and 3.3 beehive1
donkey. 5.U pouJtn and 0.4 beehive
Total annua] caih JMomc i'FTB)
7.715
7.224
_1 rale of crops
1,968
2,596
_Jjhlej-18: Typical Farming Households: Simida Frill t Kebck
-^bentfe
J(urc
r ~------------------------------------------------------- "----------- ------- ------
MLH & LLH
Mie Of arable
Ml l°» crup, ~
A ',crs8' fidd,
'■^id/ha)
SLH
1.4 ha us land use nght and 0.6 ha as tenant/ sharecropper____________________ Finger millet, sorghum, maize, sesame,
groundnut
16.0 for finger millet, 19.3 for lotghitfn. 24.0 for maizr, 7.2 for sesame, 17.0 for
undnur
J
1 Jjcft ’WstjA
55
5 5 hi is land w nghi arid 0.4 ha as
tenant / sharecropper_______ _________
Finger milkt, jorghum, maize, ncr,
-Ksudc, .-nModnut____________
14.1 for finger miDef, 18.4 for sorghum,
21.9 for maize, 14.9 for ncc„ 7.8 for
sesame, 9,4 for grriundnuc ___ _______
17%
25% 
75% 
13 Mav2C'T1FrtMDrwrttf tfEihtpw. Mtnutn oWmct and Ewp
Ethnftan Wk Imotion and Drmnap Prqt.1
Salient feature
SLH
- — WLH £ |. .
Home consumption
of harvested crops
<14% for finger millei. 76% for sorghum, 72% for maize. 0% for sesame and
groundnut
95% for fin Per mill
millet, on
■*-% for nuue, 56% fa.l
H sesame and groundnut
°r net q». . ?
*
Ownership of
livestock
2.1 oxen, 1.8 cow’s, 0.1 sheep. 0.3 donkey. 2.3 poultry and 0.6 beehive
5.8 oxen, 13.3 cowt |i >
0 5 donkey. ™ poultry
Total annual cash income i.'ETBj
4.318
sale □( crops
3.238
1_ ' 7-
Tabic 5-19: Typical Farming Household!: Wobo Mariam Kcbclc
Average sue of arable
land (ha)
>
Salient feature
SLH
MLH & LLH ;
-------- —----------------
Major crops
1.0 ha as land use nght and 0.4 ha as tenant/sharecropper
2 4 ha at land use nght and 0.3 luu tenant/ sharecropper
Finger millet, maize, sesame, groundnut, other od seeds
Finger millet, maize, sesame, groundn.- other oil seeds
Average yields
(quintal/ha)
21.1 for finger millet, 17.9 for maize, 8.0 for sesame. 10 5 for groundnut. 9.5 for other oil seeds
2"A for finger millet, 33.9 foe
for sesame, 9.2 for groundnut, IP 9 for other oil seeds
Use of improved
seeds
18%
0%
Use of fertiliser
18%
11%
Use of agro chemicals
18%
67%
Home consumption of harvested crops
943« for finger millet, 75% for maize, 0%
for sesame, groundnut and other od seeds
69% for finger millet. 68% for mane, W for sesame, groundnut and othn al
(>wnenhip of
livestock
1.6 oxen, 1.2 cows, 0.8 sheep, 0.1 donkey, 8.6 poultr, and 1.9 beehives
2.7 oxen. 1-9 cows. 0.4 sheep, 6.7 paihn and 3.4 Ixchn-es _ ---------—
Total annual cash income (ETB)
3.455
r--------------- ’
nW)-
sale of crops
2,345
---------------------------
___ Table 5-20: Typical Farming Households: Bunijira Kcbelc
Salient feature
Average size of arable
land ha_____________
.Major crops
Awragf yields
(quintal ha)
Vse of improved
seeds
SLH
1.0 ha as land use nght and 1 0 ha as tenant/srurevropper__________________ Finger millet, maize, sesame, groundnut,
other oilseeds
13.6 for finger millet, 38-2 for maize. 5.6 for sesame, 8.2 foe groundnut. 4 8 for other
oilseeds
11%
MLH jHjjl
2.3 ha as land use nght and 0-6 hi as
tenant/sharecropper-
Fingrr milJcf, maize. sesame, grounds,
rxher oilseeds
15.5 for finger miller. 50.9 for mmr>
for sesame. 8.6 for groundnut 5.4 fi*
other ouseedi
V%e of fertiliser ’8%
Ute of 4gr<.> chemicals
UB F4 SR03A Pi 3 lx-fr Hank SDA IV & V (I)
56
bm*2011SLH
95% for finger millet, 60% for maize. 0%
for «u-sarnc,_gnjundnut and other ndsecdi
MLH&LLH
W% for fin r nuflrt,
r 5 % Dr
-
f
'
_lnr Uijmc, pourkln utjjmI Mherobcrdi
sb ^ -^-
c
2.1 oxen, 1 -4 cou’s, 0.4 sheep. 0.1 donkey.
4 6 oxen. 3 4 „, A,5 
1(
Q -r
QJ
2.8 prxdtry, 0.6 beehive
dookq. '-3 poulirr, 2.7 beehive.
5.174
10,481
Jjqd irin
3,574
M75
5-2J‘ Typical Farming HousehoMr D2. ViUage21 Kr be le
F
ci o
SLH
'nlirtd hJ . - -r — ^bjor crops, —.
.Avrflge
_haj ___________ Use of improved
■«d-'__________
____ .
0.9 ha as land use nghi and 0.3 hi as tenmt/sharecropper __________________ Muzc, rice, sesame. groundnut
L^e of fertiliser
U»e of agrn-c hernjials
Home consumption
nTbaryrtEpd crops
Ownership of
9.0 for maize, 7.6 for rice, 18 for sesame, 6.6 for groundnut______________ _ __________
6 ■%
19%
] 9%
93% for maize, 1UO% for nee, ()% for
sesame and groundnut
LI oxen, 2.1 cows. 0.2 sheep. 0.5 goat, 4.1
livestock
Trail annual cash
L_yale of crops
pud J T tv and 03 beehive_________________
2.883
MLH & LLH
2.2 hi as land me right and 0 5 hi is
tenant/ sharecropper______________
Matte, groundnut_________________
10.7 few maize, 8.7 for gn.njndn'ji
25"*
25%
50%
77’ * for maize. 13" d for groundnut
----------- ----------------- — --------------
1.3 osrn, 10 row, 0-5 goat ind 35 poultry
3.8241
2,000 j
"-
.Table 5-22: Typical Farming House bolds: D2, Village 30 Kebete
e
SjLanf ,tu^
U
■ ™»geswc nfifibLc
'^l°t ftppi
SLH
0.9 ha as Land use right and 0.8 ha as
tenant / sharecropper
____
L’i
Finger millci, maize, sesame, groundnut,
other cnl seed 5
9,2 for finger millet. 233 for maize, 33 for sesame, 5.4 for groundnut. 5-9 for other
odsceds
1C 01 proved
E,
. ^’UfUptK ,n
92% fof fi g
n
Cf niillci, 99* • for maize, 2%
____________ MLH It LLH
33 ha IS hnd U-5< right *nd 0.0 ha as 
jenam/i hajccropper______________ .___
Pinger millet, sorghum, maize, wiame,
other oilseeds_______________________
13-2 foe finger nuBec. 24.5 for soeghum,
23-1 for maize, 9.2 for sesame, 18.5 for
other edteeck_____________ -
67%
67%
100*.
79* o lot finger milled 27% for nruxe, 0%
tuy Eroundnut. 0% fi» sesame and other
d
I forxrtjmcJfdothwplistc >________ ___
rAtinirtr, m<i E^rp
EthcpM NiJt Irriftthoa and Dump Pnwf.7
Salient feature
SLH
—------ —------ LI.H
oilseeds
Ownership of
livestock
0.8 ox, 0.5 cow, 0.1 sheep, 0.5 goat, 2.7 poultry, 0.1 beehive
Total annual cash income ETB;
4.578
sale of crops
1.635
'---------
Table 5-23: T
ypical Farming Households: D2. Village SI 14
23/45 Kcbelc
Salient feature Average size of arable land (ha)
0.9 ha as land use right and 1 6 ha as tenant/sharecropper
h
“* > “ land me right tlhT ^
u
tenant /s h arccri jpper
Major crops
Finger millet, sorghum, maize, sesame,
gr< lundnut
—-——* ■ - l-'inger millet, rorghum.
Average yields
(quintal/ha)
9.9 for finger millet, 14.2 for sorghum, 9.6 for maize, 4.8 for sesame, 6.3 for groundnut
O S for finger millet, 10.9 for lorghum.y' for sesame, 5.6 for groundnut
Use of improved
seeds
20%
40%
Use of fertiliser
40%
60%
Use of agro chemicals
67%
80%
Home consumpnon
of harvested crops
88* • for finger millet, 92% for sorghum. 75% for maize, 0% for sesame and
groundnut
75% for finger millet. "9% for soq’hin.C for sesame and groundnut
Ownership of
livestock
1.9 oxen, 1.7 cows, 0.3 sheep, 0.1 donkey, 4.8 poultry. 0.1 beehive
3.4 oxen, 1.8 cows. 0.6 g<»r, 9 6 policy
Total annual cash income (ETBj
9.1 P
2i;w
- sale of crops
4,227
8JjL
5.6 Poverty' and Wealth
5.6.1 Proportion of Poor i I oust ho Ids
According to the paniapantb of the focus group meetings in the nine surveyed kebcles. i household is considered to be poor if it meets the criteria presented in Table 5-24
Based on these poverty entena, the participants of the thematic focus group meeting5 krbcles in Jswi Wcreda and South Achcfcr Wcreda considered that 10-30% of house p<M)r and 7-20% were extremely poor. The percentage of surveyed households in the. that are poor varied from 0-25%.
Hie participants of the group discussions kebdes considered that a larger profxirtjoc households in the Pawe settlement kebelcs were poor, 15-80%, though this was not by the proportion of surveyed households (hat were poor (just 0-5%).
UH F4 SR03A Pt 3 lx ft Bank SDA IV A V (1;
58L^'
r cri tcria *nd proportion of pour bon sc holds
Vfcrcdi
Kebek
Poverty criteria
% of poor HHb
from FGDt
%f
o
5DA
Total 1L——
Extrenicb
p<M>(
lllfVtycd
HHa that
ajre poor
Arikwh* Munger
Less than 0.5 ha
- lx is rhar. 2 cattle
30%
10%
0%
South
tvb.c
AcM5L
Asech Mebken
- Ixss Thar ! ha
No cal tic
20%
5%
5%
1 IVC
Kava Abo
Less than 2 ha
No cattle
30%
20%
25%
I VC
Simu-2 Print
Less rhan 1 ha Less than 10 cattle
25%
15%
5%
1VB,C
JiWt
Wobn Manam
I^3i than H.?5 ha - No cixen
10%
"%
5%
TVC
Bum-1 in
-
-
-
-
IVC, V
D2 Village 21
Less than 0-5 ha
- [ess than 2 cattle
80%
30%
0%
IVC
D.2 VJUftc 30
L’awr
less than 0.5 ha
no cattle
15
50%
10-25%
5%
ivq V
D.2 Village 23/45
kss than ! ha
mi oxen
15-
50 .
s
10 25%
5%
IVC. V
J.
Source: thrmanc iricu* group mrtwigs and HI I surmfs
f £2 PntporlnM of Wtafthy I fowfMli
A household is considered ro be relatively wealthy i! it meets the criicrii presented in Tible
5 25
Based on these wealth oiicna, the paruetpanrs of the thematic focu* group mrr tings considered tliat IO o io 20% <_»! households were wealthy 'Hie proportion of surveyed household considered to be wealthy varied from 0-5%.
0
“mk.SD.A IViVO)
59
D May 2011Ftdtrol
of Efhio/w. Minufr) of W'atrr and E trijj
Efhiof*" Xt/e Irr^non t»d Drmtugf Pnoed
Table 5-25: Wealth criteria and proportion of wealthy Jtouaeholds
Wereda
Kebek
Wealth criteria % of wealthy
HHa from
FGDs
,/ ’or.
Urveytd
South Achefer
Ankasha Mungct
More than 4 ha
- More than 4 oxen
20%
HH» that art wealthy
0%
Asech Mclaken
More than 3 ha
More than 4 oxen
10%
0%
he
Kava Abo
More than 2.5 ha
.More than 20 cattle
n.a.
0%
nt”
Stmida Fnnt
Jawi
More than 3 ha More than 50 cattle
10%
5%
rVB.r
Wobo Manam
More than 3 ha More than 15 cattle
10%
0%
r
nc
Buni-Jira
more than 3 ha
more than 4 oxen
•
rvqv
D2 Village 21
- More than 2 ha
.More than 10 cattle
20%
0%
IVC
D.2 Village 30
Pawe
more than 3 ha
more than 10 head of cattle
-
IVC.V
D.2 Village 23/45
more than 3 ha
more than 4 oxen
-
IVQV
Source rhrmmc focus group meetings and huusrh«i»d sunw
5.6 3 And Ownership and i lousing Conditions
The ownership of non-agncultural assets and the housing conditions for the surveyed households in the six kebeks is shown in Table 5-26 and Table 5 27.
Table 5-26.
ip of non-;
Wereda
Kebek
Radio
assets for surveyed household^
Other
items
5% (flour
mill'
Electric
appliances
South Achefer
.Ankasha .Munget
65%
Asech Mclaken
60%
-
Kava Aho
Jawi
85%
5%
Simula Frini
80-/.
Wobo Manam
70%
-
Bum lira
60%
0%
D2 Village 21
50*4
-
Pawe
D.2 Village JO
75%
0%
D.2 Village 23/45
70%
30*#
Source hi Kiichdd surveys
pM* *”’
2
UB H SR03A Pt 3 left Hank SDA IV A V (I)
60nbk
M'*"™ W'^
- ■ -i"<» condition for surveyed houichoM.
-----------------------
VTerrd"
Corrugated iron sheets
uwd ai roof materii]
Separate
bedrooms
SDA
IVB C
Sourhj*^
Kebele
jnksjtha Munger A»«h Mehkcn
_
KLiva Aba ________
Sisnida brtpt_____
WofoJ^iariun
ivpj-
IVC
Buni-Jitd
IVC. V
D2 Vdlage_21_____
IVC
pau-e
D.2 Village 30 ______
IVC.V
L>2 Vjlhgc 23/45
IVC, V
In rhe nine kebdes 50% to 85° ° ol sun-eyed humehulds rrportedk own a rathe. Only a
f had elecTtical appliances, specifically only in Kava Abo Kebde (5° n) And D 2 Village 23/45 Kebele (30%)
Hume with gr>s% nwif (left) and house with roof made of corrugated iron sheers fright)
Tbc housing stock for the surveyed htnischolds in the Jawi kebdes was generally bencr than in 1 awe \\ ereda . except for Bum-Jtm Kcbele, with 35-65% ol’honaes having corrugated iron Mcel
beet roofs and 50 75% separate bedrooms This compares tn steel sheet roofing (0-30%) and separate bedrooms (35-40%) for the P>we kebdes.
61
13M» 3G11' I.
6
£/
scheme level institutions
-jwr*f^**/A"*****
R/jWW/
^ la
,r " h.re stiffing »nd mam tub of the WKD wcrcda office tn J™ Wereda nc ihwn tn [ he !Utueiu'•*■- *
^ructurc, staffing and main task* of WRD wereda office In Jawi Wereda
tmWe.
Section^
potabk water
supply
Staffing _
- 2 surf
- 12 vacancies
Waler resound
marage rncnt
planning and
infcrrTTuUCFfi___
Sourer- Wereda office
no staff
. 2 vacancies
no staff
- 2 vacancies
- construction of new PUS schemes {104}. indixhng protected springs and urlii with hind pump*
- monitoring of water qtuhry
- hygiene around PUS schemes
- forma non of WMC per kcbrlc (2b in n/taJ} collection and jnaiytii of water resource date
- collection of information on iragwon fpotennaf)
- Licensing and control of use of water rruMirce*
The U'RD wereda office in Jawi has three sections with only 2 staff and 16 vacancies It has one functional motorbike and two non-functional computers The ousting staff do not recent
regular Framing Main constraints to effective office operations include.
•
Shortage of vehicles,
•
Lack of skilled staff due to hardship and no incentives, and
•
Insufficient budget.
nitre is no separate WRD wereda office in Pawc Wereda.
6 AfTMtltun an J Rjto? f
ITrrrdi Offia
(a) 1 awi Wereda
Ihe structure, staffing and rnatn tasks of the ARD office in Jxvri Wereda are shown in l abk 6-2
ITc ARI) wereda office ui Jawi Wereda has 10 technical sections with a total of 27 staff and 61 fancies It has one operational car, two non-operational motorbikes and 4 computers, of hicL two are functional The existing staff do not receive regular training Main coruimms
ludc to effective office operations and supported programmes include.
1 -ack of access roads to and within the kebdes.
Shortage of vehicles-,
H’gh staff turnover due to hardship and lack of incentives/allowances Sufficient budget;
* Lack of access id improved lechiiofogio; and Lack of Farmers’ Training Centres (FTCs)
ftl
1.5 Miy^HNur hr^om aJD^f
Table 6-2: Structure
Section
Extension
staffing and main tasks of ARD wereda offi
’^"rriCT,
Imganon
Cooperative
development
Natural resources
management
Input supply and
marketing 
Mining
Encrgv
Quarantine
Staffing
-5 staff
- 27 vacancies
4 staff
4 vacancies
- 3 staff
4 vacancies
- 4 staff
- 9 vacancies
- 4 staff
- 6 vacancies
1 staff
3 vacancies
3 staff
4 vacancies
- 1 staff
- 2 vacancies
Mam u.h
•‘‘'•enock and crop product^
horticulture development
^problcfmjdenrificabonjnd r
.mutton crop pcducuonTn?^^
.rnpnon development {no
. _ tuEpiyofnew technologe,^ M
promotion and establishment ofcoo^7'_ - --
and marketing coo penmvTs
forest protection
- sod and water conservation
organisation of input supply
- market studies
- licensing 
- exploration
- promotion of fuel saving stoves
- alternative energy sources (study)
- crop and livestock quarantine
'----- —
— “ -
Food security
Early warning
Sourer Wereda office
1 staff
- 1 vacancy
1 staff
1 vacancy
supply ot veterinary drugs and igro-chemicds quality control of supplied drugs and agro chenaai
(regulation;
settlement programme
assessment of food securin situation____________
- assessment of impact of natural dnuten dissenunation of information to higher Icveh —
(b) Pa we Wereda
The structure, staffing and main tasks of the ARD wereda office in Pawe kX credi arc Table 6-3
The ARD wereda office in Pawc Wereda has 8 technical sections vacancies. The office has the following vehicles and equipment
Two cars, of which one is operational.
Eight motorbikes, of which two arc operational; and Three computers, of which two arc functional
with. w«»lOf 27««ff
Reportedly, staff of the ARD wereda office and DAs receives training year from (he Pawc Research Centre.
for 3 to 4^"*“
I
un 211 I'M*
UB IM SR03A Pt 3 Iztt Hank SDA IV & V (1)
64
/■&.****'■
5l
and main tasks of ARD wcrcdi office in Pawc Wcrcda
Staffing
Maio tasks
- 4 staff
t vacancy (icngaucNi
- agronomy
inpur u dilution
- crop prnlccUnfi
fc5<yuicrs
Livestock
- 1 staff
. 3 vat ancics
sod and water conscrva&on
btodivenity
forestry
J staff
1 .1 veterinary doctor - 2 vacancies
- animal husbandry
- ifumai health
fodder development
Eatensfon
1 yraff
J vacancies
- input suppfv/distnbuiKin
- marketing
promotion of new technologis and crops
- training
Water resources
10 staff
O&M of existing (piped) putibJr water supply (TOU 1
3 vacancies
Cooperative
devefopmenr
3 staff
2 vacancies
schemes
dcvrlopmrm of new PVt'S schemes formation of waler mmagvmen! committees (WMG)
- identification of imgaunn pocenru.1
introduction of foci saving stum
j energy and 11 LLmrLg_______ _________________
- supporting estaWishmenl of input and marketing
cooperatj™
- supporting formation of savings i credit ux<il trans
- capacity budding
audit
Mkro-cntcxpEHc dcvdnpmcnr
fond secuctv
2 staff
- 1 vacancy
- 2 staff
2 vacmac5
iirgankifijg and training of unempkiyed vonih with focus on sand supply. brick making, smalt busjnetl ind farrenirtg
- monitoring food security
-data anaJyu s Io .tn Foma higher levrii
- pMmmpnt of impact of natural hazards I had Eformi.
floods. drought)
monitoring of crop marketing (miiikrr pnccrl
distcbution of food redd_____
W
WttJj offct
M ’1T1 ««utnitMs include;
Shortage of vehicles;
Lack of qualified staff due to high staff turnover is Piwc is nor an attractive duty station and no hardship allowances,
k> MifI icient budget, in pamciilzr for tramport; and Limited access to improved lechnologirs
G5
I3M» 2jClir
rVr/kral
of Efbtopw. Mtnufn of ITgfrr &d Etoigy
Elhtopwo Nik Irrtpze?. nd Dnwwtf Prv/fJ
M Development Agents
, the main .mplcmenten of development acmnUes related to agneult^. k
s~o »”*”••“to*,,f ,hc
—*■’"• <N“<) ” kTA* ,h''
 '“•* “ r”' tt’ t* •*«.
• *•
’l“he number of DAs and FTCs in (hr 22 kcbeles situated within the listed in Table 6-4.
“ b”1 P”™, ,
a
Table 6-4: Number of DAs and FTCs
Wereda
Kebcle
Number
of DAi
Number
of FTC
Number of
veterinary
staff
SDA
North
Anebcsa Qola Amibo
3
1
IVA
Achefer
Sub-toials
3
1
Zihihisit
South
Achcfer
3
1
1
Ankasha Munget’
-
(1)
IVA, B BBC
Sub-lotala
3
(2)
Ascch Mclakcn*
P)
1
ivc
Kava Abo*
H_
e)
1
IVC
Sunida Font*
CD
1
1X3, C
Jawi
Wobo Manam’
(3)
IVC
Du Miriam
-
rvc
Bum-lira*
P)
1
ivc,v
Deq Zeregcnct
2
1
ivqv
Sub-totals
(13)
5
D.2 Village 1
3
1
V
D.2 Village 4
3
-
v _
D.2 Village 12
3
-
IVC
D.2 Village 14
8
1
1
IVC_
DJ Village 17
3
2
IVC
D.2 Village 21 ♦
1(3)
*
1
Pawc
D.2 Village 24
7
-
2
D.2 Village 26
3
1
D.2 Village 28/29
3
-
1_
D2 Village 30’
2_
D2 Village 23/45*
3(4)
1
_ L
ivc
IVC _ IVB.C_
V
1VL.V rvG?L
D.2 Village 134
3
1
^v___
Sub-totals
(55)
2
13
Total
___ (?<
L
19
Source: Sereda office, thematic focus group meeftnp mJ household surveys
Most of the 22 kcbeles hive 1 to 3 DAs, though two do not have an) Munget Kebelc and Du Manam Kebcle.
...JLrumely^
U nW3’1*
I'B F4 SR03A I’t 3 Ixtt Bink SDA IV & V (1)
66•. ft
eifff l’r
,i; '
wereda da‘» SUgg651 l!lat thcrc are ,n'
1,1 Atttbesa Qoia /Vwbo Nebcin,
The PtO*^
Mungrt Kebelr, D.2 Village 14 Kcbele and in D.2 Village 23/45
Zibthk'‘ ‘ ’ participants of the focus group meeting in Ankasha V on get Kcbcfc stated
K ebek
tfcat th^B1’thc r '
■ ' ■ has been built it is not vet functional
(d) Vcicnnary Staff
According to prodded wcreda data. 16 of the 'Uk,;
or mote vetennary staff
' " 1,1 left blnk pr,t|fvt
°
Jaui Sereda
t nf rhe ric-drh wrreda office ire concerned wilh (l) supporting health centres 7 he main tastes <-
jfit! pc
i the kebelcs; (lij planning and organisatma of rhe -.upph of Jrigs and equipment;
J nL monitoring and evaluation. The main health problems in the weteda irnlude malaria, uphold and internal parasites
One of lhe core activities is the prevention of nulana through improved saniuuon and drainage, promotion of bed nets and spraymg. Reportedly. three health centres have cquipmenl to test blood samples. Effective malaria prophylaxes arc reportedly available, but there arc some problem* with regular supply.
Spraying of house against malaria
througij 5 m each kcbele and thru main tasks concern: ® prevention of diseases Priming (, ■CflC SS ca,T5P:iJP15 ^d training, (ii) immunisation / vaccinations; 'Jul family
attending dclivencs; and (v) provision of pre- and post-natal cart
UMiy2tHFfdem/ Rjpttbhc of Eshiopta. Mimsfo of Water anti Eoerg)
Ethucan Ntit lfrifattoa art Dnaoaff Prwr.r
Pawe W’exeda
L of the Health wereda office are concerned with, (i) prevent o(
?E
immunisation/vaccinarion; (ui) mother and child healthcare. (tv) dt.w^ T arv food supply to prevent deficiencies, (vi) construction of health f^'*
sup pleme an
"X^sandHlV/ATDS.
i da include malaria, typhori^
pfob ems m WCK
One of the core activities is the prevention of malana through improved sanity drainage promotion of bed nets and spraymg Testing of bl.xxi samples is only po,,^ health clinic and the hospital Effective tnalana prophylaxes are not available.
There arc usually two HEWs in each kebele and their main tasks on sanitation; (ii) hygiene promotion; (lii) malana prevention, (tv) deliveries. and (vi) pre- and post natal care.
(c) Conclusion and Recommendation
concern: (i) raising mrenc..,
vac unity in. (v) amending
One of the negative impacts of the development of the irrigation system could be an inausc - rhe incidence of malana and other water-borne diseases. It is envisaged chat the Heakhwtredi offices through their HEWs at kcbcle level would contribute to the prevention and controlof malana and other water-borne diseases through the provision of training, awarencu canrupu spraying and distribution of (impregnated) bed nets.
6.1.4 Rfsearch lath Mrs
(a) Jawi \\ err da
Hie Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI) is an independent instmtxn responsible for agricultural research operating under the Bureau of Agriculture and Runl Development. In addition to its head office in Bahir Dar, it also has five regional agncultun. research centres, including the Adel Agricultural Research Centre, ARARI also manage the An dess a Livestock Centre. Agricultural Mechanisation Centre and the Fishery Centre koied r or around Bahir Dar
I*he main actn-in* of ARARI 1s .
• SWC, including area closure wi^ fC5cajcb 1,1 a kfgc number of fields, indixiinx
CJn)' system for UvestockTr
pl *ntlng °f fa«-«K>*ing trees and grasses cut Mid
Crop production im r * rra<‘in^’ treatment and planting of productive trto.
pulses as well as potato 
significant
^gner production;
,ncJu<ilng horticulture (fruit and vegetables), cereals 5 varieties that are resistant to local diseases and hrW
ANpouicghulttu-rreesiisntranh t
crops ' U driought-tolerant crops and fast-matunng crop^.
:mPrOVCd
Water hanest^lT11^1’ mdudin* Ceding of cows with higher milk product^
Composting and
Fodder
highlands
rUno^ ^or supplemenran’ irrigation;
* rccn manure;
Xt RruwinR grasses for midlands and legununous crop* 1°
pAugrmipcus)l;tural mechoni® - sa°on. including thresher and pumps (ic. pedal aD<* ***
UB 1-4 SR03A Pl 3 left Hank SDA IV A: V (1)
68Fls htn-for ***“’ itrC5UIli wd P "*^ “
0
d
jnigatjon and irrigated oops including crop wim ra^rcm<n,, differed imgauon pracnces (i-e drip) and mulchmg-
rcseardi approach is IO r«t and screen nm technologies it its rotirch centres before Aflj aud Jcmoiistrations arc conducted at farmer level ARARI has do doped both
* n'J \n()n technology, in particular new or improved practices, and mirrnal technology, such Ql varieties iru^ equipment. winch can be easily inrcgTared into extension programmes So
* ^0 new varieties have been registered in the name of ARARI.
\ cording to rhe .VRD wereda office, the A det Agricultural Research Centre is current!)' iublishing a tffarmer research linkage centre” in the werrda
0jj Pa we Wcrcda
The Pawr Rrseaich Centre was established in 1*585 on a small land area and in 1986 the area ulS increased ro 77 ha The main objectives for the establishment of the Piwe Research Centre was to select high yielding vineries of different crops under the agro climatic conditions in the area to be used by settlers and to generate packages of recommcndirions with improved cultural practices and other modem production technologies.
The Paur Research Centre has established different divisions doing research on agronomy and physiology, ciop improvement crop protection and animal feed. The major types of crops on which the centre is doing research arc sorghum, maize, finger millet rice ictf beans, r.oog. sesame, groundnut, cotton, kenaf and forage legumes The centre is operating under the jLiptnision of die federal Jnstirure for Agricultural Research fl AR)
(c) Conclusion and Rccommcndaaon
Both ARARI through its A det Agricultural Research Centre and the Pawr Research Centre could contribute to development of the imgared crop and livestock sectors in the project area through rhe implementation of trial? and demonstrations nf improved seeds, new crop varieties, com posting and use of green manure, cultivation of fodder crops, farm mcchanisaiioii, itnpmved OFWM and improved cattle breeds. Both institutes could provide training ro subject matter specialists and extension staff of the ARD wereda offices and the DAs at kebde leveL
trcc^ Council comprises two or three ckcred representatives from each kebek. who
a
l the \\ creda Administrator and Deputy Wcieda Administrator for i period of five years,
cre^da Couricd has quarterly meetings to review the pcifomrinces of wcreda offices based progress reports submitted by chr heads of each uxreda office. The Wrreda Office also
PP es the allocation of budgets to each weirdi office based on a review and approval nf its
Thr^r
Condusion and Recommendation
^dviti ^Qur|c^ i5 the institution at wereda level responsible for overseeing development executed through the wereda offices. The TCcreda Council should be involved in the
B *ik SDA iV fir V (1)
UM« 2011ofEthnfxo,.Minim »fVttrrEmp
Ertupun Kih F>minqgt PiyM
oversight of the implementation of the project adjusting budgets fOr development and livestock development.
Cf0P’ f,lri'mufllr„
6.1.6
Ktbtk CoMcil
The Kebele Council is the lowest administrative unit established by the C formal rules and regulations, dudes and responsibilities. In general
iwiiuMi lvmv , --------- --------------
b
-------------- - -------------------------- r----------------- -------- - ptiicrai, (h mcml)
c
.....
Council are elected democratically by community members The number f Council members in six of the nine surveyed kebeles is as follows
• Ankasha Munget Kebele
Asech Melaken Kebele
’ members
204 members
Kava Abo Kebele:
non-availablc
Simida Print Kebele:
Wobo Manam Kebele
D.2 Village 21 Kebele:
non-available
210 members
12 members
The specific responsibilities of the Kebele Councils arc: (i) planning, implementation md monitoring of development activities; (li) administration, and (iu) implementation of government policies
Although the Kebele Council does not itself have implementing capacity or budget for executing development activities, it forms an important channel to inform and mobile the population. If the village elders arc unable to resolve a local dispute, rhe case is referred to the Kebele Council. The Kebele Council is formally responsible for the management ofcocrrjEi. land, including communal grazing lands, and it also has the authority to allocate land for communal use.
According to the participants of the thcmaiic focus group meetings in the nine surveyed kebeles, the main weaknesses of the Kebele Councils are: (i) inadequate capacity and ticrx (ii) delayed decision making, and (in) low awareness.
1 ’B F4 SR03A l»i 3 Ixh Bank SDA A’ & V (1)
70>
2?
J
r
• W 1
n
f fi
?
1
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n
;r
n
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V>
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a-
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F 2.
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If
■£ ? 3- a*
§5
13
w
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f
f-■
£
Ip
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. £;
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NJ
< £ ♦
□
NJ
B
§
w
CD tJ 
•C
o
NJ
£
r
w
O
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0
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U-’
u S’ J
•3
05 
C
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J--------------------------------
n
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1
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F
rF
n
!£
F
0
r—
-
nj
1 U
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F
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2
3-
1A
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NS’
■f
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Lafld aduLUiifitnitiofi
commitTee
bi
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Water maufcfnefli
caamiirtce
S’
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L**
e
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t—•
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Foreif protec lion
committee
F
£
W*
1
-
*
T
-j
1—•
_
5
3
I—
V
*
•
■
Warenbed
Committee
■
•
i
•
►I
»—
■
I
i
M
Me
___
+I
■
'
■
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■
•
Saving & credit
atftociatioa
F
-C
-—
R
—
’=r
<
■
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<
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S’
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___
2
n
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a.
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____
w
h1Federal Democratic RepM; of Ethiopia, Minutn of IV'afer and Energy
Ethiopian Nth t mitten and Dnaaape Poyecl
6.2. f
■>< *' 22 k'^’ d°* ■>“""" “' to<1 ”“ ■*’ ’’” ““ ”
ad °“fl‘^
#forTTWl institution supported by
an
d .dmuusnanon cornm«uc » 
f<w cnwonmentll
THC 1 nns h has the mandate. () otta.d-'*"* 
6.2.2 W'ater Management Committee
and ccrtlfy land use nghts; md (,} of the tad ad™™™.™
According to information provided by the wereda offices, one or more wate committees (WMCs) have been formed in 15 of the 22 kebeles However informa&on during the household surveys suggests that a WMC also exists in Wobo Mamm Kebcic
The WMC is usually formed with the support of the WR1) were da office in Jaw Werdau water resources section within the ARD wereda office in Pawe Wereda to operate andmimir one or more PW S schemes. A WMC normally has five to sev en male and female member,
**er iTijnigtjjyj..
r
directly elected by the users of the PWS schemc(s). To ensure the proper O&M of the PUS
scheme(s), the WMC has to: (i) collect (monthly) user fees among all households using the Hh
schcme(s); (ii) arrange and supervise the proper O&M of PWS sdicme(s); (m) cany out
awareness creation; and (iv) mobilise community resources for O&M
Based on information collected during the household surveys, 0 - 15% of surveyed household! are members of a WMC.
6.23 I’ortjf Protection Committee
According to the information provided by the wereda offices, forest protection comnDncn exist in all 22 kebeles (partially) situated in the left bank project area
6,24
Credit Association
According to information obtained from (he wereda offices, only five of the 22 kebek*
savings & credit association. However, up to 85% of the suiveyed households report
obtained a loan from a savings & credit association
The participants of the thematic focus group meeting in D.2 Village 21 Kebele a the existence of a savings & credit association.
6.2.5 Cooperative Societies
l*he number of service cooperative in die 22 kebeles is presented in 1 *hle 6 According to information provided bv the wereda offices, there are rune s
^rJu-b*
the 22 kebeles. However, the participants of the thcmaoc focus group mectwg^^ o[ if* Mungct Kebele reported that a service cooperative does not exist The par
HR F4 SR03A Pr 3 Ixtt Hank SDA IV A V (1)
72lt OC ft*" P™? mcr',nR m KlVfl AbO Kcbd* P°
rc
ncd ,ha’ * cooperative is
TaWc — XTcrrd*
$ include rhe supply of agricultural mputs, pmvisicn of credit and market mg of Its ni®1*1 fC“V RrnnrfedlVn 75% of all households in the kebcle lie member of the jwvkc ^kulmrJp'«duceBCp
c oo(**aliv*’
5_6; Number of service cooperatives
Kebcle
Number of
service
cooperative!
SDA
1
Konh Achefer
South Achcfcr
.Anebwa Qoli Amibo
1
IVA
Zihihrsii
1
IVA. 0
Ankasha Munget
1
IVB.C
A Stell Mdaken
_
ivc
Kava Abo
1
IVC
SuiMch Flint
IVB.C
lW
| J *
Wobcj Mariam
_
ivc
Dir Miriam
ivc
Bunijira
1
IVC, v
Drq ZeregenrE
1
rvc, v
D.2 Village 1
v“1
D.2 Village 4
V
D.2 Village 12
1
IVC
D.2 Village 14
1
fVC
D.2 VtLlajX 17
...
ivc
Pa we
D.2 Village 21
-
IVC
D.2 Village 24
1
IVC
D.2 Village 26
-
BB.C
-
D.2 Village 28/29
_
V
D.2 Village ,W
JVC, v
D.2 Village 23/45*
IVC. V
L—---------- --------
D 2 Vi.||ja.ge 154
-
V
r UtTE[l] office and Thcmjnc fncm^oup mLCCulR According to the household surveys* farmers tn
.he l.wi Weeda k^cnW« ve iobnuWc ,n *'r*k Meda In Kava
improved seeds and chemical fertilisers from the sernc P ^holds are reported to he
Abo Kebde and Sinuda Font Kebele. 20% of the surve
nicmbcn of rhe service cooperative In ^ob« Marian c e coopcI3inve None nf the 5% of b smveyed households arc apparently mein cis
tc
Q
Village 21 Kebcle, uni}'
f a cooperative,
surveyed households in Ankasha Mungct Kcbclc arc n
Uft Msi)
A Vd(V (t)
|
75
[3 May 2L11Ftamti DemocrvfK Rap it tin •( latHpta. Mf/ujfn of Water aid F.orfg
Ethiopia* -X’/jr Imgatwt aid Dnaiaee Pryea
6.2 6 ViUaff leaders
Village leaders are directly elected by the community members W
leader in about half of the surveyed kcbeles. Respect, honesty and b"''7' bcco,»t < requirements for being elected as village leader A village leader is *CS*dcT’' ut th resolving local conflicts and to coordinate local development activT^
Table 6-7: Main aspects of village leaders
Wereda
Kebclc
Nr
Local name
M «in ta*k>
SDa
South
Achefer
Ankas ha Mungct
36
Development
Ixadcrs
Coordinate
development
Ascch Melaken
20
Development
Leaders
Coordinate
Kava Abo
20
Development < Ifficers
Coordinate development activities - Conflict resolution
IVB.C
ivc
IVC
Jawi
Stmida Frint
18
Development
(Ifficers
Coordinate development acbvttici - Con ilia resolution
1VB.C
Wobo Manam
n.a.
Dem Adraki
- Conflict resolution
IVC
Buni-Jira
32
Yaggr Shimag&t
- Coordinate development activities
Conflict resolution
NC.V
D2 Village 21
3
Yager Shtmaghe
Conflict resolution
IVC
Pawc
D.2 Village 30
24
K/iyr Shimaglie
Conflict resolution
IVC.V
D.2 Village 23/45
Yager Shi maglie
- Conflict resolution
IVC.V
Sourer: thematic f<<u» group mrrfing*
6.2.7 Non Goirmmental Organisattonj
According to information obtained from the wereda offices and the thematic focu ?
■ . • meetings, a limited number of NGOs arc operational in some ol the
r.kss 99 krbeks These
. . rtSTT> mPaweWw* (i) an Italian NGO; and (li) CISP supporting the establishment of r 1 -
VijfMt Re^flott
five
nine survey d k ^Cars’ con^crs related to land boundaries have occurred between h’oi
- c e <Jes and another kebclc, which have not yet been successfully frW
with an< k€^ In Wobo Mariam Kebclc, distribution of irrigation water caused a conflict wi
onS
m
Community leaders/elders arc considered to be the most cffccnse pc conflicts as they are considered to be honest and respected
UH 1-4 SR03A Pr 3 Left Hank SDA TV & \ (|;
74twf Onsirj^ Prw.?
0
The number of churches aOtJ mosques i tii >tl ,
nf
„„ church i„ 22 tab*.
.u
Table ^.g£ Number of churches and mosque
Number of Number of
f Wertda
Krbek
mowquci
North Ac_h£« /.
c
Ancbcsa t jola Amr bo
5cHith Ache fee
Zibthuit _ __
IV AB
Anka* ha .Munger*
TVB.C
Asech McWccn*
Kava .Abo*
Ju^i
Sinuda Frint-
Wnbo MuW
Du Miriam
Buni Jira*
Peg Zcrrgcner
DJ2 Village 21
Pa we
D.2 Village 24
| D-2 Villajje 26
D 2 Village 2S/29
KB C
V
D.2 Village 30'
D.2 Village 23/45^_
ivc. v
rvc, v
| D,2 Village 134
Source. Wctcdi tiiificc?; and thematic focus group mccnag
s
* Kctick where bjJcbiriL’ stnn. ru were earned nijil
Comment/Firms
fire number and gro^ «« of conwr«l farms m the 22
m tbc kl
. . looted (p«rti»Uy) '
bank project area as well is their main crops
®*41C
Reportedly, a total of 10 commercial fan*13 arC
.. ftvc
Mbeles with » total (k^c) Ichefcr Wercda product
area of about 6.573 ha. The set commercial fanm in -
17
& 2 village Krbck
groundnut. sesame, nee and sorghum The small conW yjbigr 30 K^b^lc cultrvMCS rice, produces fruii and vegetables, the medium size Urm 10 sesame
^d the larger farm in D.2 Village 1 Kebek crops mane an scsimc-MmlD""* 
if Vater ant Eiwp
6.5
• Kcbdc where baseline surveys were < arned out
Development Project* and Programmes
According to information collected at Zone level, the W orld Bank funded Rural QpMf
uilding Project is the only development project currently being implemented tn Awi an^
ekcl Zones. Its main scope is to facilitate and support the provision of training tu
bv equipping FTCs and supporting the ARD wereda offices with the provision of
equipment, such as computers and photocopiers
According to provided wcreda information, a water and sanitation project funded bvtf* Government of Finland is being implemented in Pawe Wereda
/n ,hcnud|98Os thc£d^
r «'ttlen^'Jh '° lUC''Ute fanuS'^,7hdCC'dCd *° rC,”C1,C ,bou' e,<J0-°W
Ks 'ttlemenl C,DC‘ *bo kiown as fj,c p" ’ ° Ksctdanent schemes was the .Wctekd
’cheme u,, fo rcswfe »wc or Bdes resettjement scheme The a®
persoos from the highlands in northern Eth^'
*
IIH 14 SR03A Pt 3 Ixft Bank SDA TV & V (1)
”*6.mi***'
I* ‘
flmWW
on both sides o( the Bdes River on the land of the former Beles Stale Firm, which
4ft v,,b^hcd by (hc government in two locations tn the 1970s Upon irnvil, the settkn
*** rcJjity to be different from that expected from promises made by the authorities. In
^°UI* ' to a physically harsh (hot and humid) and malana ridden environment, they found that J climate were unsuitable for the types of crops diev were used to growing, such as
t, C ^wheat barley and peas Furthermore, at least to start with, there were no deernt houses, ''h ols health facilities, roads and clean dnnking water The settlers also found that they were ’ untied by hostile hosts, namely the Gumuz people, who were opposed to the resettlement
iUrf°
prceTartlJ" * 
rhev considered that it adversely affected their livelihood. As the cultivated land
c
h e [ou yields and the settlers did not hive the elementary inputs and equipment to Mart baric tning activities, the settlers experienced severe famine and many suffered from malnutrition
In March 1986. Italian agencies initiated emergency relief programmes in the Mctckd resettlement area by providing the settlers with food, clothing, blankets, household utensils and nxdical assistance In addition, the Ethiopian and Italian governments also agreed to implement the Tana Beles Project in Region 6 tn rhe Pawe Special Werrda over a total land area of 122,000 ha. The basic objective of the Italian assistance was to develop a self-sustained economy for the region The investment budget was US J 267 million, out of which 37% was allocated for agricultural development, 35% for infrastructure and !2% for workshops ind crnistrurboa. On the basis of hydrological and geological investigations as well as topographic and sod surveys, a Master Plan was prepared, which included three distmet phases for implementation? J) cmrrgrncv phase (1986-1987); (ii) consolidation of the works (1987-1990). and (ui) self management and self-sufficiency (1990-1993). The development activities focused on two sectors: (i) production (le. mechanised agriculture, torestabon, fishery and agro-industry), and (it) general infrastructure Le water supply, roads and bridges, housing, stores, health and education).
Between 1986 and 1990, the achievements of the Tana bales Project included- (i) construction of 25,000 new houses; (ii) construction of a small dam to the north eisl of Pawe wereda to supply the settlements with drinking water; (ui) construction and opera bon of a dee miH l soya nulk factory, a seed selection plant, a bakers’ and a pipe factory, (tv) construction of one hospital ^ud a health clinic in each village. (v) cunstwenon of 49 kindergartens and primary schools in each of the 6 districts. During the 1988 campaign, 23,000 ha of land were cleared of which
18,000 ha was planted with maize, sorghum, groundnut, soybean, chickpea and ace.
~l
c settlers were forced to form cooperatives and work on rhe communal land as daily ers fo bi-weekly food rations They did not hive control over production decisions,
r
P Active resources and the product of their labour. Ibc settlers did not have private farm Jther than 0 I or 0.2 ha of garden (homestead) fields.
l
i
distance of the Italian
government to the Tana Beles Project suddenly terminated in early
dur
• to the change in government in Ethiopia and the project was taken over and by Ethiopian authorities.MiM* X*
!*•»*
The constructed water supply system also largely fell into disrepair According to the CSA survey, 77,847 seniors were living in 45 new Milage, tn
Existing Forms of Co-operation and Mutual Assistance
6.6. / Existing Solidarity Mt chant jm t
According to the participants of the thematic focus group meetings, traditional solidus mechanisms do not exist, except for the /dtr (sec Section 6 6.4 below)
6.62 Mutual Labour Exchange
A traditional form of mutual exchange of labour still exists in all nine surveyed kebcln, kcalh known as IFon/tlor \Fobrra, whereby individual persons provide labour for igncultunl fed activities, tn particular weeding and harvesting In the nine kebeles, "0% to 90% of the yjvrd households reported that they mutually exchange labour with other household during dz cropping season
6.6.3 Communal Labour
In some of the surveyed kebdcs, it is compulsory for all resident households to contrbutr unpaid labour for the construction and/or repair of church, health post and school
is voluntary in others, for example D.2 Village 21 Kcbelc A traditional form of tree n mnr labour reportedly does not exist tn A sech Melakcn Kcbelc
6.6.4
UH H SR03A Pt 3 I^rfr Bank SDA IV & V (1) ?8R^^ f' -r^a. A fate,
£
&*wr
JI,
t
~in, whtch co™
^enc Holy u™ D« member,oxnt together lt rhe houle of ,
,
^oon-1 b-** and fhf <
on mKl
«
h
» f° P«P«* to&md food The number of member,
ranges from U to 20 or ™rc The m» purpose of the
dunng a funeral or wedding by confuting mono In three )urveyed UWes one „
to iuppon Mf
0.6
[brf>
Aniswhich urekk or montkJ..
“ „d,a«pJ r.„ dK pn^ „f
f .J
,„ri™ ,
g kmp „„ „ , m<brai,
27
food and drink. JTm system is widely known md used ill over ,k_ 
.
tn West African country Among nadmonxl ,o«™ who« ^opk «
invoked m the informal economic sector, of sen,™, it is the onk w^ fo hav "
account" An avenge /Wmay invoke 20 women and the cash amount rm. ’
ETB 2 to 5 ETB per person per session
An lJtirb in kind is nfien a weekly session. About 10 n-vmcn gather theu products together and one woman receives all the products on a rotational basis. A third kind of Ifatb consists of women spinning rogclhcr (or making baskets, etc.) and giving what has been produced io each woman in turn. The additional income raised by any of these three forms of Ihtb is used for improving the food intake ol the family.
According to tnformadon obtained from the wereda offices, one nr morerost in all 22 kcbelcs situated (partially) within the left bank project area, Except for Ankasha Munger Kcbclc* 10% to 50° a of the survey rd households reported ro be a member of an
"
CCnFtriffuJ Dtnwttic R/fMc of EtbtaptJ. M rainy of ITtier arid Energy Erhaftatt Niit Imp!** aea Dntit^f Prw>1
CB 1-4 SR03A Pt 3 Ixft B^k SDA h & V (1)
80^lab-utvo^6™063
7 7.1
j fratfsport
NO** flfJ
hi 11IV tnc ■“■Aj
kcbdr* is indicated below m Table 7-1 The three kebeks in North and
A<****' Sereda art not accessible bv road at dl\ whereas Wobo Minim Kebele, Dir
£outh j
M'runi
Buni Jira Kcbck arc only accessible by dry-weather road The remaining
jCCf <5ib|c by al!-weather gravel roads. However, according to parricipanrs of the
Itfbcde!’group meetings rhe four surveyed kebeles injiwi Wcreda arc not accessible
S-ur the enure year.
the good quality all wcarher roads constructed under the Tana-Belts project (1985-carh’
DuC l .j
19905]* - * *,w’c
j nrur5 are rdativcly well connrcicd. with access to nuin markcls ?o ±e
qcTT cr
h aa Gdgd Belts and Chagni. J lowcvcr the link across the regional boarder from Piwe ro \V k Mcda is p°or and almost impassable in the nuns. Further the road from Pawe / Alton to Deq airhough recendr surfaced with gnvei-iock. remains difficult to pass in rhe runs ttl low king areas due to pour (earthen embankment) foundation*
T1ab«i>kic7-1: Road ac ~ cessibility
Wcffd*
Kebcle
Asphalt
road
All-weather
gravel road
Dry-weather
road
5DA
North Achcfer
Ancbesa Qok Amibo
No
No
No
IVA
Zibihi&it
No
(No;
(No)
IVA. B
South Achefcr
Ankas ha Munge f*
No
(No)
,
No
C*»)
IVBC
Asech MelaJcen ■
No
Yn 110 km
JVC
Kava Abo"
No
Yei 13 fan
No
rvc
Sumda Font"
No
Yes 15 km}
No
IVB.C
Jawi
Wobo -Manam'
No
No
| Yrs (10 fan':
JVC
Olt Mana Til
No
No
Yes
IVC
Bum- lira*
No
No
Yes " km )
rvc; v
Drq Zrrrgrnrt
No
Yes pO km)
Yei J 3 km)
IVC. V
D.2 Village 1
No
Yes (8 km)
Na
V
D 2 Villagr 4
No
Yes (9 km)
Yes [5 km
V
D.2 Villagr 12
No
Yei (8 km)
Ya 3 km i
IVC
D.2 Village 1 -1
No
Yes 8 km.
No
IVC
D-2 Village 17
No
Yei 10 km i
No
rvc
Pawe
D.2 VJhgc 21*
No
Yes (15 km
No
JVC
D.2 Village 24
No
Yei
No
IVC
D.2 Village 26
No
Yrs (9 km i
No
IVB.C
-P^_Villagr 28/29
No
Yes 110km)
Yei {10 km?
V
_P-2 Village 30*
No
Ya (fl km)
•
No
ivc V
+
P-2_ViUage 23/45*
No
Yw (W km;
No
l\T V
n
^mr .. hm. ............
^-2 Village 1M
V
Cc
No
Yes (10 fan:
No
u ct d
e
u rifficcs
r *dH gravel rnaj fn<n Weik Medi m FmtWia will irajwnmctrs#.
r
H,nlt sda JV * V fl)
HI
13 May 2011Fftaru/ Dt**rsn RffMi of Eitaofiu. Mitufn of IFarrr anti Eotrg,
t
l-.thupaa NUr ImpAt* avd Dnaoagt Pw
The nearest urba
. centres and the availably of public transport for the
_ 
ccnllcs „e ,.cndjka (<jn
rvq.
1 skm ‘° *' w‘ °f the pro,ec‘ “M) ind Plwe (on ,hc Wft
Reportedly, there is only a public transport sen-ice between Kav
town.
a Ab° Kebcle
and
Some households own bicycles and / or mule carts, and
Kava Abo Kcbele
one household has
Table 7-2: Nearest urban centre, public transport and owned vehicles
Nearest urban centre
Wercda
Kebcle
Name
Distance
Public
transport
O*wd
vehide,
South Achcfer
Ankatha Mungct
Fcndika
io
No
Asech .Mclaken
Dangda
Fcndika
IS
No
None
2 bicydn
Kava Abo
35
Yes
1 Cl bicycki
1 motorbike
Jawi
Simula Print
Femlika
35
No
2 hm des
Wobo Afanam
Dangila
35
No
jyr
Bt
Bum lira
Pawc
24
No
Bicycle, 1
nqv
mule can
D2 Village 21
Pawe
20
No
1 bicrcic
Pawc
D.2 Village 30 _
Pawc
6
No
Block
D 2 Village 23/45
Pawc
15
No
Bkvi k
JVG_
IVCV
Source ihrtninc focus group meeting*
(a) Recommendation
All-weather road access to and within the project area is crucial for die success sustainable development of irrigated agriculture. The exisnng road network l^tnpUJ with the dry weather roads upgraded to all-w-eather roads to facilitate pure
and marketing. Ihe new all-weather roads should connect both existing an P settlements as well as commercial farm areas.
7 Education
Withm the 22 kebdes (puddly) located within the left bank project area. the prosit>’ th 1 P sch<X)k te g°°d, but inadequate for 2nd cycle primary schools (except perfwp theJaunkcbelesJasshou-ninTablcM
There are 1" cycle secondary schools tn Kava Abo Kcbele as well as in ,tufC
Wercda.
The nearest secondary school for Ankasha Mungct Kebelc is ui ^ur p ngilJ
cc kebdcS in;
Bcue at a di'l>flCC °
a
km, whereas the nearest secondary school for Asech Mclaken Kebcle is
’pl I
15
L’H J-4 SR03A Pi 3 Lrfi Bink SDA IV & V (1)
R2* 
tty**" *'&*<&>' •
ir,^r Jr^
*
A&>
^*7)rar*^
o
f 15 
km- For household, ln Slmida
rown
a
t a distance of 10 km. ^
whc/f
the nearest
.. foc.ed W„1 Med.
<■«
rimii rv and secondary achoob
r TCcrrd*
Iff* ■ J-__ —■—1* Krbeic
Primary whool
Secondary school
SDA
1- cycle
2“* cydc
1* cycle
: 2"'* cycle
1
-
IVA
Sodh Achrfcr
South Achefer
Ancbes* Qala
Ami bo
Zibihisit Tania
1
TV A, B
Ankaiha Monger*
1
-
-
IVB, C
Asech Mclakcn*
6
2
rvc
K-iva Abo*
3
2
1
JVC
SifTuda Fruit*
4
1
-
1VBC
^'ubn Mariam’
1
1
-
IVC
Ihr Miriam
2
2
-
rvc
Bum [ira*
1
1
IVC, V
Deq Zrrrgmct
2
I
-
IVC. v
D.2 Village 1
1
1
1
V
D,2 Village 4
3
2
1
1
V
□ .2 Village 12
1
1
-
IVC
1 D.2 Village U
I
1
1
-
IVC
D.2 Village 17
2
-
IVC
Pl**
D.2 Village 21*
1
IVC
D.2 Village 24
1
IVC
D.2 V illage 26
1
IVB.C
D.2 Village 28/29
1
V
DJI Vdla^ MJ-
1
-
IVC. V
D-2 Village 23/45* 1
1
1
IVC, V
D.2 Village 134 i
i
-
ll
-
V
7J
Stmrrc Wertda ofbcM
' Ktbck where baxhne: surveys wctc earned out
Fdrflttttfs
Avidity of health finliucs for the 22 kebelcs is tabulated tn Table 5-9. For households in Aiikasha Munger KcbcJe and Asech M elakefl Kebele in the east of tbe left bank project area, die nearest hospital is in Danph town at a distance of 35 km and 15 km re^preu
kbele, in the south of the left bank project area, the nearest hospital is in P»*= K’»'n
According to die participants of the thematic focus gioup meetings m the nine
«’«itial drugs and medicines are not locally .variable As there is no pharmacy m C ' £***«■ households have to travel to one of the nearml urban centre such M ?awc. c
bendika mJ Mambuk iq puicha.se mcdicinc*-
^“"kSOAIVuvd)
83
BMjjt 2011f rtka
* iilhaCna. Mtmrrr, nf W aftr and Entr^,
1
H.’hitpMi Mr and Drurnagr PnjrfJ
7.4
Tclecotnmun/cadon and Postal Services
The availabihtv of telecommunication and postal sendees is nr
»T.bk 4 ,
Tabk 7-4: Availability of telecommunications and postal service
Wereda
Kebek
Telephone
Post
_ I office
North Ache fer
Anebcsa »la Amity?
Zjbihisit Tan fa
South Ache fer
Ankas ha Munget*
Asech Me taken *
Kaya Abo*
Sinudi Print*
Jawi
Wobo Manam*
Dir Miriam
Bum Jira*
Peg Zcrcgcnct
ivc.v
rvc.v
D.2 Village 1
D.2 Village 4
D 2 Village 12 
D.2 Village 14
D2 Village 17
No
No
—
IVC
Piwe
D.2 Village 21*
¥«•
No
IVC
D.2 Village 24
Yes
No
JVC
D.2 Village 26
Yes
No
IVB.C
D.2 Village 28/29
No
No
V
D.2 Village 30*
Yes
No
IVC, V
D.2 Village 23/45*
Yes
No
IVC, v
D.2 Village 134
No
No
V
Source Wrrcth nffiert mil thcmanc focus group meeting*
• Kebek where baseline surveys were carried out
According to collected wereda office data, ten of the 22 kebeles have a (wireksp^,. connection However, the participants of the thematic focus group meeting* Kebelc and D.2 Village 21 Kebele stated that their respective kebcle docs not connection Further, according to the participants of the thematic focus gt
Abo Kebcle, two households have a line telephone connection In the sun a telephone connection, the nearest telephone service is at a distance of None of the 12 kebcles has a post office.
^5^5 with-';I
UB F4 SR03A l*t 3 Ixfi Bink SDA IV & V (1)
84g*#* hte
^ Su^^S^o
f
a
1-1
tit
..ry
ta provided by the wcreda officer the number of spnng* and wells m the 22
of well* with hand pumps
Unprotected
spring
Deep
tubewcll
SDA
Kcbclc
River/ sire AD*
Protected
spring
Open
well
Well with
hand
pump
Yes
Yes
2
Yes
*
IVA
And*™ Qd*
Arnibo __---—
1
Y«
5
-
53
_
Zjfrinu * x*»i—— Antoha Munger*
TVA.B
Yes
4
16
-
IVB.C
k cn4
J V=ch2'ic>5 _ — - EOva Also"
Yes
8
-
IB
1
JVC
Yes
2
4
60
4
rvc
Yes
2
-
48
2
1VB
-
*
52
1
JVC
Jam
3Lobo Minim*
Yes
Dir Miriam
Y«
6
0
27
0
0
JVC
Burn-Jura*
Yes
2
4
122
1
0
JVC. V
Dtq ZertRenct
Ye
4
5
32
4
0
1VQV
D2 Village 1
Y«
0
0
0
0
D
V
□J Village 4
Yes
0
1
5
s
□
V
0.2 Village 12
Yes
I
;
2
0
0
0
IVC
D.2 Village 14
Y«
u
1
-
-
IVC
D.2 Village 17
Y«
4
3
4
..
IVC
Pl**
D-2 Village 21'
Y«
1
3
3
1
IVC
D.2 Village 24
Yea
_
1
6 1
11
. m
rvc
02 X’ilagc 26
Yes
6
.
5
HL
rvB.c
0 2 Village 28/29*
Yes
1
20
30
1
0
V
0.2 Vdla^ 30*
Yes
3
1
0
3 _
0 .
IVC, V
f>.2 Village 23/45
Yrs
2
1 ,
0
5
1
n'c v
YjUggr 114
YfS
3
0 j
o r
5
1
V
Wmxli nfivcei and huvicholiJB surveys Kibdr there lawbxic survtvi were Earned out
In addition to water fetched from local stream* /
collect watez from a variety of sources including protec
is well as wells with hand pumps Heep tube® ells also pros
Pawe settlement kebeles
main suurecs of potable water for the surveyed ou
tn Table 7-6.
. ■ _ tousehoHs m the left bank P'M'*
• unprotected spnngs, open we* 5
olable water tn about four the
holds in the nine kebelcs ue shown
MsciAivivqj
85
13 May 21111Minin tfW’Mr Mil
tawpuw Nii Jm^ew oni tfruup Pq/M
Table 7-6: Main sources of potable water for surv^.j
--------- ’
Kcbele
- t- • - ^ou^hold
t
g
Wereda
Stream/
pood
Unprotected
spring
Protected
spring
Open
well
We|]
*ith
hand
S
VMee,
SJn
South
Achefcr
Ankasha
Mungct
50%
0%
Asech Melaken Kava Abo
55%
15%
45%
2* • i
10%
0% ___ 0%
60%
5%
____ 0%
10%
Jaun
Simida Font
65%
15% 5%
15%
— 25*t
jo%
0%
0%
r;r
_.rvc
Wobo Mariam
65%
0%
?.ir, 0% 15%
Buni-lira
55%
25%
0% 0% 20%
D2 Village 21
5%
10%
20% 0% 65%
D.2 Village 30
0%
0%
Pawc 1
5% 35% 15%
D.2 Village 23/45
5%
0%
0%
’0%
15%
___ _<%
jyf
0%
nx
JV^
0%
■
Wo .jyo
5%
S< xirce: household surveys
For the kcbeles in Jawi Wereda and South Achefcr Wereda, the most important water lomu usually natural streams / ponds (except for Kava Abo Kcbele), followed by protected and unprotected springs
For the Pawc kebclcs protected springs and wells are most important and there is 1 P\VS
in D.2 Village 30 Kcbele, which was part of the gravity water supply svstem constructed caoer the Tana Bcles settlement project (1985-carly 1990$).
The wells with hand pumps were developed mainly by the (iovemment between 200 ir.u
and most are soil functional These wells and hand pumps are usually managed by d* Council, or in a few cases by the Wereda ARD Office. In Asech Melaken Kcbdc an
Mariam Kebele, households pay ETB 2 and ETB I per month respectively as * c
The frequency of water fetching, average distance to water source, the quality c as well as die sufficiency of access to water for the nine surveyed kebclcs is 5
In the nine kebclcs. the (female) members of the surveyed households etc
times per day and the average distance to the water source ranges trom - Village 21 Kebck to 1,250 metres in Kava Abo Kcbele.
The quality of fetched waler is considered good by the majority (65 nine kebclcs, except in Ankasha M ungel Kcbele. Overall the quality of f^
li water 2-3®^
qj
1
) u jterF **
p o|hjo*
kebclcs was considered better than for the Jawi kebclcs (except for B i\n-ater by animals was mentioned as the main reason for poor quality of fc< L<
Households reported sufficient water all year road, even in on , Asech Melaken Kcbele and Sumda Flint Kcbele in Jawi W crcda
UB F4 SR03A Pt 3 l^ft Hank SDA IX’ * V (1;
B6>•
di Man ce to
7_7: Frca^*^--
Kebcle
Average frequency
' of water fetching
__per day
Avenge
diaunre
to water
ftOUTCt
(metres)
Good
quality nf
fetched
water (%
Fili)
J---- ------ - ~ --------- 1 SuHiacni acceM
to water
SDA
Normal
year
D-y
year
23
1,120
3’%
100%
100°.
1VB. C
t -i* xirlalken
,\&ecn ___ — Kjvj Abo _____ ____ Simida Font
iY/nltri MaOiUD
28
583
60%
55%
55%
rvc
29
1250
90%
ino%
100%
ivc
3.3 J
697
65%
75%
65%
ivb.c
3.1
875
65%
95%
95% |
rvc
23
520
JOO* 0
100%
100%
IVC, v
r Villa e 21
p g
n 2 ViLLa^c 30
26
365
90%
95%
90%
ivc
25
242
80%
100%
100%
[VC, v
D.2 Village 23/45
2.5 ,
195
95%
1W.
100°/.
BC V
hnu«h.ild
lit reported deprh of the ground water in the nine surveyed icbeks tvpiedJr vaned from about 8 to 20 m, as follows
• Anka* ha Monger Kcbele.
10 to 20 m.
• Ascch Mchkcn Kebcle: 15 to 17 m;
« Kava Abo Kcbele: 1 to 20 m;
• Sinuda Font Kcbele: 8 ro 1 5 rn;
• VC’oba Mariam Kcbele
• Bum-lira Kcbele;
12 to 20 m,
15 to 20 m:
»
«
D 2 Village 21 Kcbele: 8 to 12 m;
D 2 Village 30 KchcJc: 12 to 17 m; and
«
D 2 Village 23/45 Kcbele: 8 to 12 m
Potabk JI z»/w J uppfy Provided under fbt I mu BeJtj Projrrf
Under the Tana Belts project 1985-rarly 1990$ a buned pipe waler supply system vis installed supplying water to above ground cylindrical header / reservoir tanks tn each village fin Pawr Sereda). A ^mall dam was constructed on a rnbuLarv of the Belts to the east ot ihr project area
J Ctt5UXc year round supply, and a slow niter and chlonnation trearmenr works constructed
^ustrcum o| rhe reservoir Pipes for the potable water supply pipelines, as well as storage
a . werC of gLaSS fibre reinforced polyester resin and were produced ar an on-site pipe
^on established in 198”.
to G 15 un^crsto°^ the potable water supply system is hfgehr defunct due to failure
lrn P^ nenr effective operation and maintenance lrrangrmcnts. Some of the pipe'
cr
PP' enth been removed while others arc blockrd with sediment-
Mcf1 8,nkSI>AJV*v )
tl
13 May 201JMrw
tffrfinpu. Miuw f ^atfr aid Entrg
Xi* /ht^j/nm twtf Dr»«ny Pr^AT
7.5.3
5^" v bele^*'01
to lOtf 'o of the surveyed households use, element snlUgckcbcles the mapnty of ihes^
in the fot» * In the P»^ '
the fct' 9 lo ’ , use of todet t5#/. of the
l2 - *»■* Y «'
e
households report
Uic o(» **»hk**
7.6 Flour Mills
households teported having * tn4el the lou- use of toilets in some kehri*.
The availability of flour mills, market and police station is presented m T bl
According to provided wereda data. 19 of the 22 kebeles have one to twelve flo nine surveyed kcbelcs, the flour mills arc owned by male individuals The milling cereals is ETB 25 to ETB 40 per 50 kg bag.
Table 7-8: Availability of flour mills, market and police
'8.
e POrtcd pq^
Wereda
Kebele
Flour
mill
(Weekly)
market
Police
SDA
North Achefer
Anebesa Qola Amibo
1
1
1
IVA
Zibihmt
South Achcfer
12
1
Anka5ha M unget*
10
2
2
JVAJ IVB.C
Ascch Melaken*
6
1
1
ivc
Kava Abo*
9
2
1
nc
Sirnida Font"
7
•
1
IVB.
Jawi
Wobo Manam*
7
1
AC
Dir Mirum
4
1
AC
Bum lira’
6
1
1
IVC.V
Dec Zcregenr!
0
♦
2
A’qv
D.2 Village 1
1
-
-
V
D 2 Village 4
8
1
2
y
D.2 Village 12
2
1
D.2 Village 14
1
Yes
D.2 Village 17
•
Pawe
D.2 Village 21’
D.2 Village 24
3
Ye,
D.2 Village 26
2
Yes_
D.2 Village 28/29
1
D.2 Village 30*
2
-—
L
D.2 Village 23/45’
6
1_
D.2 Village 134
JVC____ ivc_ _
AC .
_ iyc
tyjJL-
V
|VC,.V-
S--
Source Wered* uftkes And thematic focus grnup meetings
• Kcbcie where ba«chnc survey* were earned out
1 B 1*4 SR03A !‘t 3 1-cfi Hank SDA A' A. V (t)
88ovtded wereda data, there are (weekly) nuikeu in 12 of die 22 Irebcln.
1.1
^tcordinf <° P rtj jp
H0«*ver'r lC
c SU1ts of the thematic focus gtoup meeting ut Ascch Meklren Kcbclc nO weekly market tn their kebek.
sported that there
. t > for selling agricultural produce livestock products and live animal; for the '^^ed kXl« are tahdared in Table 7-9.
for selling crop*, livestock
And live animal*
Ttblc
Were ch
m ___ ___ .— RebeJc
Crop Market
Lrtrsrock product* and
lr»e unirnab Market
SDA
South
Achctcr
Anka*h» Mungrr
Makscgnit 10km) Fendika "• IOkm.»
Maksqput 110km) b'endika I5kmj
ivb.c
Asrth Mdaken
Wcrk Meda F 10km
Werfc Metta l^km:
JVC
Kava Aho
Wcxlt Mcda (2-8km)
VX crk M«b [2 8kmj
IVC
Simida Friiu
VCerk Mcda (10km)
D.2 Villas 24 Kd>ek
Week Meeh (10km)
IVB.C
Wabn Manam
Werk Meda (5km) L>.2 Village 24 (4kny
Wcrk Medi (5km)
IVC
Btini ‘U>
Pawc (13km fit 24km)
Pure 13km fit 24km
IVC, v
D2 Village 21
Pawr (10- 15km)
D_2 Village 7 (10-15 km)
Piwc (20km)
IVC
Paw
D.2 Village 30
Pawe (3km
Paw (3kmj
IVC, V
D.2 Village 23/45
Pawe (6km;
Pawc 6km <
IVC.V 1
SiuMirce: thecnatic tucua grnup meetings and household surveys
According to uiformanon collected during ihe thermae focus group meetings and household surveys, households sell theu crops, kvearock product? and/or live animals at the (daily) market? in the neatest urban centres, such as Eendika. VC’crk Medi and Pa we as well os M*k.scgnii and D.2 Village 7.
retailers and middlemen usually are the purchasers of agricultural produce in all nine
LiV
kebeles. Consumers, local retailers and middlemen arc the main purchasers of
o<k products, whereas other livestock owners, consumers and middlemen are the main
^^SbAlVfe
8*?
13 Mir 2011r
7.S
f ,„ w*"ir.. v aVebel«
c C 1£')’
■ *■ '“TT ” f""
O th« so««. of seed and chnwcH^
Weird* xRD OffMX *°
X "”Kh ‘"',r' “ 
“ w"''"
repaired, as well as m the urban centres.
Essential consumpnon items, such as flour, edible oil, sugar, tea and salt arc in the urban centres, though some kcbclcs also have a grocery’ store
7J.1 l m Srfp/) EntffpnM
l-Hrcrr
:
Reportedly. only the Admar Union of Sendee Cooperatives is involved m the slimI * inputs and equipment in Awi Zone In Mctckel Zone, AISCO and the Mm, loco of Cooperatives supply fertiliser and unproved seeds
7.9 Marketing Enterprises
In Awi Zone, the Admaj Union of Service Cooperatives reportedly is the only markceng enterprise for smallholders There arc also a number of commercial farms also invoked non? marketing
Awi or Ntaekcl Zone.
L’B F4SR03A Pt 3 left Bink SDA TV & V (1)
90Afriujrn rflTifrr attd Fun®-
***
j-J***"'
^ufnerie*
The number of government-managed and pmilc n v ,thin the left bank project area is shown ln Tabfc
** 22 kc^ shared
lpwi
^ ..
ifflCI
TabkJJ*-^-’
r Tfcrcd*
------------
Kcbck
Nr of Nurseries
SDA
Govemmcat
Private
Vnclx-ii Qoia Amibo
-
iva
Zihthiiie
-
-
IVA, B
$outh >Achcfer
^nkasha Munger
-
-
IVB.C
Asech Melakcn*
-
-
TVC
Kava Abo*
-
-
IVC
Sinuda Print*
-
TVB,C
Wobo Minam*
-
IVC
Jiwi
Dir .Mtrum
-
.
IVC
Burn-lira-
-
3
IVC. V
Deq /c i eg met
1
1
IVC, V
—■ "
D 2 Village 1
-
V
D.2 Vdhgr 4
-
I
V
D.2 Village 12
1
7
IVC
D.2 Village 14
IVC
D2 Village 17
rvc
D.2 Village 21*
IVC
Piw
D.2 Village 24
-
-
rvc
D.2 Village 26
-
-
IVBX
D.2 Village 28/29
-
1
V
D.2 Village 30*
15
ivc v
+
D.2 Village 23745”
_
rvc, v
D.2 Village 134
-
1
V
S<iurcc: Wrreda officer
Aurta^aijdGne^r
There ve no branch offices of conuncrctal or development banks in the 22 kebclei. The
at branch office of i bank is in the town of Clugni about 80 km south of Pawc, or in
lR£lla SLbnuT 35 hm cast of Weik Medi,
(ACXt branch office ot the micro finance instatuuons X*rAjra Crrdif m4 JtBWjCJ IffrtiMr C_. 1 ClK^k* town. The branch office of the Benins harigubGumuz Micro- Finance
^P^uinpawcto^
W Amhara Credit & Sasnng l^tunon
Amhara Cwdn & Saving Association (ACSI) fa«m*Uy published m
fmancu! sh , 
Kc corapan
hoWs 20% of
”*
t 'r<!iXrj3A >
1M
h t ^‘kSD M
J VflrV(1J
91
13 May 2011M MW *va,frM<t
80% of the shares *rc owncd b>'local NGO' and dc'’clopmrnt <>rganisaUo
Amhara Development Association (ADA; and the Organisation for Rch^?' Incl‘,d
*? |
lk
Development of Amhara (ORDA). The primary mission of ACSI is to ll'”tlrm ’nd * situation of low-income, productive poor people tn the Amhara region thro'^'
to lending and saving services
ACSI has been vers- successful in providing small loans for income -gcncrilln
rural population, whereby groups usually are formed to guarantee the repaymcn^ '*’ obtained bv individual group members. ACSI has 183 branch offices and abo," s f 1>lr' employees throughout ANRS and it provides financial services to 86() oqq
5(10.000 are benefiting from credit services. 300,000 clients have savino
("cre^
remaining 60.000 clients receive pension service About 50% of the total l, <
women.
8 ^counts and th-
mek
ACSI offers short-term loans (1 to 2 years) and long-term loans (3 to 5 years; ’rhe loan amounts range from ETB 1,000 to ETB 5,000. The major form guarantee is “group j. consisting of 5 to 7 group members from the same kcbelc and preferably from the same who are jointly responsible for the repayment of the loan obtained bv one of its member More than 90% of die outstanding loans is proxnded with “group collateral”
ACSI branch office in Fcndika town
The ACSI branch office in Fcndika town is active in all 26 kebeles of Jawi
4JU0 savings accounts have been opened with a total deposit of ElB 6.4 mill* December 2009, 4,106 persons had obtained a loan and the total amount oi was ETB 10 6 million. ACSI provides the following three types of loans tor year loan for purchase of oxen with a maximum of ETB 3,000 and an annu
- - rv•< rj-rjg A total o•
.
>t f>te<^
18 o; hi one year loan for sheep fattening with a maximum amount o -
annual interest rate of 18%; and (iii) two year loan for the purchase of motor p
maximum amount of E TO 4,200 and an annual interest rate oi 13 n ^,cr j^fjull^ long icnn loans avulable for fanners Reponcdh. less than 1% of the lenders
t
(h) Beninshangul-Gumuz Micro Finance Compart) There is a bunch office of the Benin shangul-Gumuz Micro-finance
p^t t
fl5 M'c
and it is operational in 19 of the 20 kebeles of Pawe Wcrcda. A total oi 11 P^
|noUll
t1
opened a voluntary saving account, including SI women, and the total a 8
l H 14 SR0JA I»T J U’fr Hank SIM IV Ac Vef Erf*#** of
Enfrrr
. s5 million. There are 3,4* lenders including 66" women, and Iut .
>— ■•riB«’ »"“■«*• <-. -r^, % '“■’
In .ddinon io input loans, farmer* aho have reee« to ](M0, for
n^imum amount of ETB 5,000 and an annual intereat B 125%. LoX w _ “T. ’ L
<
basis offfoup collateral with 3 to 7 persons per group. 12% comptlls lIV
,
1.5% J5 msurance. Inc branch office also provides petty fniJe construction. The reported default rate is 30%.
* on th*
** P’-™™ ‘lf
*“* for houic
, L rr tfOrdit
SwvtytJ HttuehtUt
The propomon of surveyed households who obtained a loan wef lhf |(J ( the main sources and purposes of the loans for the Mc Sluvc™d
Wow in Table 7-1!,
tn eight of the rune kebcles. 10* . to &5% of the surveyed households
during the last 10 years, mainly from a saving, * cred., association The surveyed households took out short-term loans mainly used to purchase antnub (U oxen and goat,) and ^cultural equipment The annual interest rates varied from 12°o ro 19%
U”
’«*
a,
.
According to rhe female participants of the thematic focus group meeting! on gender issues, women in about half of rhe krbclcs have access to credit
Reportedly, indebtedness, is not a problem in rhe tunc surveyed kcbcles exccpr tor two of the kebdcs in Pawc werrda, in D.2 Village 3D Kebcle and DJ2 Village 23/45 Kebele-
Table 7-11: Credit
Wereda
Kebele
%ofHH» with loan
Main FOttfCCI
of loan
Main purpose! rd
obtaioed low
SDA
. South Achefer
Ankasha Mungei
0%
-
[VB.C
A sech Melaken
85%
Purchase of aramals xnd aerainjituiraJ euuipcnest
IVC
Kav-rf, Abo
rf0%
Purchase of udrmrixasis jjid jLgnc .LiirumJ eqinpmeftt
JVC
Jwi
Simida Font
15%
Saving! &
credit
JL53CCia.tl.tMl
Pturlmc of farm equipment. handicnfu
TVB.C
Wobo Mariam
75%
Purchase of uumds and apcirutrural cy-jipmen?
IVC
Buni-jira
45%
IVC.V
02 X’sllagr 21
10%
Purchase of ,i^dkTL’.u-"il inputs
IVC
Paive
D.2 Vilhge jo
45%
Savings &
credit
atsociauon
Purchase of livestock & igncuJrun- mputi
ivc,v |
D.2 Village 23/45
28%
Purchase af agntulrunl inputs
FVC, V
group rnertaigs and household surveys
H ’«k SDA
IV V (1)
93
n May 2011Drw*ntf. tl'Fjhntu. Mitufry tf Tatrr ,nd E vy F.^ufun Elit iftyiM J* Dvt^fr hvmt
7.12.4 g/MflMUiM
Finren1 access to short-, medium and long-term credit will suppon To support farmers’ access to credit, it is suggested:
»P>cul ^
0 dn^
I
Vormat>°n ,n<* cap*° f nCC ms«^onSoK
Wdm of
8
fc CKd" *“°“,n
sjpp
on of bo^ nuao-
Supply of ^^'^^cccoopen^.^
ctcdll b«» through tn
Ptostson of seed «p« 
\ unproved bleeding,
„ wd w
£io f|nancc institutions for the supply ol
uhefflc M«
7.U Agricultural Extension and Veterinary Senices
mi
AwilaMty of Agiatlhtru! ExfrnnM Stmaj
f the 22 kebeles h»ve 1 to 3 DAs. though two do not have any at all, AnUha
° ,nd Di, Manam Kebele. Most of the sun n ed households repotted to have frer^,
than 5 times'! with the DAs throughout the year. The female paracipanB oftke
contact more a 
. issues stated dial women do not have acccu to
... .......
Most of the surveyed households in kebeles with DAs consider the services provided bv the DAs to be good. In general the DAs do not have access to reference books and they have insufficient budget and training materials to undertake all necessary extension and inning KBvides within their respective kebeles.
7.1).2 I ffrriMry Srnw
According to the parnapants of the thematic focus group meetings there is an ammil tieili technician in most of the kebeles. In seven of the nine surveyed kebeles. 95% to 100% of®* surveyed households reported to have access to veterinary services, which arc either. r
by veterinary staff at weteda level or the animal health technician at kebele les el
The surveyed households in Ankasha Mungci Kebele reported that they do n veterinary services as n »too far away. Similarly in Bum-Jira Kebele only -0°c reported having access to veterinary services.
The surveyed households in the three of the four kebeles in Jawi >X creda sta consult the animal health technician at kebele level as well as in Vi cfk M * Kebele, the surveyed households reported the provision of veterinary sen animal health technician, but they also visit the veterinary clinic in P*uC
j paving>cCCS
In Anlusht Munget Kebele, only 5° c of the surveyed households repo veterinary drugs. In the othei kebeles. 40% to 100% of the surveyed ho^c access to vetennarv drugs
LB F4 SR03A Pt 3 Lrh Hank SDA IV Ac V (1)
94., aa^ *
.. of surveyed households in Bunijira Krbele. Kavi Abo Krbelc, Stnuda Print Kebeie p nh 5 ° 21 Kcbelc reported Basing access to improved breeding nock for poultry,
p 2e provided by the ARD weed* offices
5U ncyed households in Ankashi Munger Kebetr received training rehred to
yfcoe °
I^seock as the kebek does not have DAs and the nearest FTC is too faraway,
other surveyed kcbeles, 10% to 40° » of the surveyed households reported having
,fl ^Vd (sotnc i training from DAs and/or ARD weredi staff. The main training topics
^I'ded crop and livestock husbandry, new crops, soil and water conservation, and trnganw
IIH
fa) Agricultural Extension
To ensure that farmers have access to adequate and effective agncuilural extension services
required for the development of productive and sustainable irrigated agriculture, the capacity of
the existing agricultural extension services in the project should be strengthened by:
« Provision of regular in-service training for all subject matter specialists md extension
siaff ar wcreda and kebele level (tr DAs) io order to enhance and update their
necessary technical and extension skills and knowledge, tn particular with regard to
irrigated agriculture;
• Provision of essential facilities (Le reference books, criming matcruls, loot and
equipment) and suffiacni budget to the DAs to ensure the execution of all necessary
mining courses, trials and demon Strattons; and
• Establishment of effective linkages between the Pawc Research Centre and die
extension staff ar wueda and krbclc level for the successful inrroducucm ot new seed
varieties for existing crops as well as new cummcrcul and/or industrial crops
(b} Veterinary Services
Livestock production is an important economic aermt}’ for most farming households- At
present livestock owners use the extensive communal grazing lands to graze their ammali. One
°f the impacts of the development of rhe irrigation scheme may be a significant reduction ot
the tcinununal grazing land To ensure that livestock owners will hive access to sufficient
immal feed and to maximise productivity improved managemeni of the grazing land,
production of (irrigated) fodder, support for improved breeds and improved ammil husbandry
Practices and health issues must be addressed. It is important that livestock owners have
proved) access to adequate and effective veterinary soviet and the foDowing u suggested:
1 revision of regular in-service training for all concerned vrtcnrtary staff at wtreda and
krbcle level in order to enhance and update their technical and Extension skulls and
* knowledge;
revision of suffiaent budget, necessary tools and equipment ■» well as appropriate
aining extension materials m the DAs required for the provision of cffccuve
anners training courses in feed production and improved livestock husbandry;
tvclnp of appropriate training and extension packages related to improved
mrn(
^motion of the cultivation of irrigated fodder crops and planting of fodder trees
ar ound the fields
'"if.
<f,i^SD
AlV4V;|)
95
13 Mar 3TH IFrAr*.' Drwtft; tfEtbitpu, A faufry of U’ofrr and I: n^- FlhtfMt Vir imptton nd Dwtfgt Pryt.t
Const**00" .
Fl5hCn'
\o* techno^
reservoirs provides opportunities for dwdop^
storage ^bll>nCvl aquaculture in earthen ponds can produce Y>^ .
ofo{
aquaculwrc c ioducts of the *g°
sector could be used as feed for the feh.
Nflc Tilapia h » estimated thn i
Blue
7.14 Source r of Energy
According to the provided wereda information, four kebdes in pau. w,
the electricity gnd including two of the surveyed kebclcs, namely 1) .2 VCOnnw'«t,
Village 23/45 Kebele (80% electricity connection according to househ 1 T
7-12 
In Kava Abo Kebele and Wobo Mariam Kebele. 15° » and 5% of the surveyed ho reported the use of electricity for lighting their houses Other households use oil fol batteries for lighting.
’"■‘B’
we
UrT^’ *“■
Reportedly, wood is the main source of energy for cooking in the nine surveyed kcbeles ix^ is apparently only used for fuel by about 5% of households in I).2 Village 30 Kebele and 02 Village 23/45 Kebele. Fuel wood is fetched at a distance of 1 to 8 km
Table 7-12: Main sources of energy for lightening
Wereda
Kebele
Electricity
Oil lamp
Battery
Fire
SDA
South Achcfer
Ankaiha Munget
0%
55%
45%
0%
IVB,C
Ascch Mclakrn
0%
60%
50%
0%_
rvc _
Kava Abo
15%
60%
35%
o%
IVC _
Jawi
Simula Frint
0%
55%
60%
0%
IVB.C .
Wobo Mariam
5%
50%
60%^
0%
IVC
Bumlira
0*/.
20%
80%
0%_
ivgJL,
D2 Village 21
0%
60%
40%
0%
Pawc
D.2 Village 30
80%
10%
15%
JVCJL- ^
D.2 Village 23/45
80%
10%
1(J%_
0%.
ivca .
Source: h< nnchtJJ survrva
4 Eucoconwtt Mon MtcDcaiaUJ May 2000); p. 149-150. UH F4 SR05A Pi 1 Left Hanlc SDA IV & V (1)
96,U* V*1 /rn^rfra/t Dwtoftf Pryfa
fiJ/nV*
. f j f I fa ?// 'W J JHrtg S/optr
Acc^dinf; to the f
arc used by households to Cnc nf,h, - ° "“WMic fc^,
crni
|c
q "m *** *CX'b"
Fud-savtng stove
97
1? May 7011
II
I
I
I
I I
I^.uniNGS AND IDENTIFIED CONSTRAINTS RELATED TO
MAIN F‘n COMMUNITY and institutional development
3
^foldings related to resource users and mmo economics tn the left bank project are*
pppt/tlftO*
\buur 13.400 households are resident in the left bank project area based on i simple
• 1 ■
prr^ra w by xrca of wereda data for the 22 kebdes (panullv) in the left bank project
area;
Majority of the households Amham ethnic group, particularly m the Pawr settlement kcbdcs with most of the others being Agrw,
g fl o to 30% of all households arc female headed.
» Average population density is about 59 pcrvon$ per km , but vanes ftow about 66
7
persons per km for the more populous Pawc settlement kcbclcs to about 50 persons per km for the Jnwi Wercda and South Achefcr Wrredi; and
2
:
Average household size is 4.7 persons
L&tdTfWr
• On average 37% of all land is considered to be culthablr, 26% is grazing land, 30% is
forest. 1% is waste land and 6% is used for “other purposes". However these data
mask geographic variations For example the proportion of cultivable land u higher in
the south, in rhe Pawe settlement kcbeles (64%), compared ro the Jiwi md South
Achcfor wereda kebcles (31% and 23% respectively);
• Depending on the wcreda^ 23-64% of all land has individual land use rights, 9-37% is
communal land and 27-38% is state owned,
• 33% to 49% of households have land use rights of I ha or less, 30% ro 34% have 11
to 2.0 ha and 17% to 33% have access to more than 2-0 ha I lousehulds in the kebcles
tn Ja wi WcredjL and South Achefer Wared a have larger hnd user rights than households m the Piwe sertlcmcnl kebeles;
10% to 31% of the all land use nghr holders are female,
0% Io 29% of all households art landless.
Intimated (maximum) cultivated area in the left bank project area based on avenge Und use rights and number of households is 22.496 ha by 11.065 households This is 24% of die hank p >ject area of 92,213 ha;
rt
Majority of households' land use rights in rhe surveyed kebeles in Jawi Wercda and
South Achefer XX ercdi arc registered, in contrast to those in the resrtilemcnr kcoelcs in
I awe Wercda where the land registration process his n« yet started;
Household plots ire fragmented. The overall avenge number of plots of Und farmed by households ranges from about IA to 2.4 plots;
25 % (South Achefer Vt'crcda) to 50% (Pawe Wcrrdi) of households edm-atr additional} Und under tenancy/sharecmppwg arrangements
•> to , 0% of 5Wvcycd households reported waterlogging problems; wd 45% of surveyed households reported problems with floods.
S| *«-4s»
An ,tv (1)
99
13 2011if.)
Xii I"**" !>'"•*' ’’’^
{jwhbnds &d Pturrf)
Crop production is main economic activity for 80% to loo f u
o
surveyed kebcles,
Livestock rearing is of (almost) equal importance as crop n rv)
.
surveyed kebcles;
Dailv labour is ma)or source ol cash income onlv in D 2 Vill m
hhouousseehhol olddss)).;
0-15% of the surveyed households arc involved in handicrafts and as weaving, tailoring, pottery and brewing;
Reported average cash incomes for the surveyed households m the from ETB 3,070 to E'I'B 12,596;
Sale of crops is the major source of cash incomes for seven of the tun
c
*"
,
*
Malaria and typhoid arc the main health problem followed by diarrhoea * polluted drinking water, and
0% to 50% of surveyed households in the nine surveyed kebcles ™ food insecure (more than 2 or 3 months with food shortage), wuh D 2 Village Kehclc most insecure.
8.1.4 S.'htmt Lfi*l Instil* from
l ’°Tne
* kel*k> rMp.
Uuscd bv
1,1 c'■onsidered «q
• WRD wereda office in Jawi Wereda is seriously understaffed, lacks vehicle and hr insufficient budget.
• ARD wereda office in Jawi Wereda has a lack of staff, shortage of vehidcs, inMjffioa; budget, lack of access to improved technologies as well as lack of Fl’Cs.
• ARD wereda office in Pawr Wereda has insufficient vehicles and budget, lido qualified staff due to high staff turnover, and has limited access Io improved technologies
• I .and administration committees have been formed in the kebeles in Jawi WercJi — North Achefer Wereda, but not in the Pawc wereda kebcles. the land rcgbtfio° -
r
process has not started in B-GNRS. I’here arc no land administration staff m faw
Wereda;
• Except for Ankasba Munger Kehclc, all kebeles have one to three DAs.
• Sixteen of the 22 kebcles have an animal health technician,
• HEW s are stationed in all kebeles,
• ARAR] is establishing a “farmer-research linkage centre in Jawi W
• Paux Research Centre is active in Pawc Wereda;
• Thirteen ol the 22 kebeles have one or more WMCr.
• All 22 kebeks have a forest protection commitice; and
• Savings A credit associations exist in ar least five of the 22 kebek-
L B F4 SR03A Pi 3 Left Hank SbA IV & V
100Af ^ -1
* 
jjjbflcs in North and South Acbefer Wcreda arc not accessible by road and three s m Jaw’ Wcred* are only accessible by a dr, weaker road;
holds fetch potable water from streams/ponds. protected ind unprotected
* 1 ° n n. open wells and/or wells with hand pump Rouble water facilities ire better in
h settlement kebelcs than in the kebdes in Jiwi Wcrcda as well as North rod
South Achrfer Wereda;
rted depth of ground water ranges from about B tn 20 m;
* Almost dl °f ^e Si,fVC?T^ households reported frequent contact with DAs;
* p V lack access to reference books, sufficient budget and training materials, and \X bod is the mam source of cnergi. for cooking, whereas dung is rarely used.
/^ues jo J 
rrZarecf to Coaunnaity Dmfcptnent
Hurtl on the d>t» and information collected during the thcmanc focus group meenngs rod
household surveys as well as the data and information obtained from rhe wrrctb offices, a
number of constraint* and issues have been identified
HdSwWw* *jrid HraJfh
lTic following issues have been identified:
• Literacy rate among adult male population in the four surveyed kebeJes ranges from
20% to 75% against 5% ro 70% for the adult female population, and
• Major health problems arc malaria and typhoid.
S.2.? LrW Terf/trr
With regard to land Lcnurc, the following issues and constraints have been idenoficil
• Proportion of landless households in the nine surveyed kebdes ranges from 0% tn
Simula. Print Kcbcle to 26% in Kava Abo Kcbde and 29° a in D.2 Village 30 Kcbde;
• Households havr fragmented landholdings with typically 1-3 to 2.7 plots per
landholding household; and
• Registration of land use nghrs has not started in the Pawc settlement kebdes. but is in
progress in the kebdes in Jawi VCcreda, North Achefcr Wereda and South Achefcr
Wereda. There arc no Land idmimstraDon committees in Pawe wereda.
following two cropping constraints have been identified.‘
a to . q% of survcved households in four of the nine kebdes reported problems with waterlogging; and
n to 45° o of the surveyed households tn eight of the nine kebdes reported problems
flooding
101
11 Mar 2008.2-4 Potable Water Sietyh
Potable water supply and sanitation facilities are generally bcncr
 in th p
c
than further north in the project area kebeles in Jawi Wereda as well ' ’'* *,tlen*nt
* n<1
Achefer Wereda In Pawe Wereda, protected springs and wells are m<'st '
are also some deep tubewells while the gravity potable water supply 5yn "npOrUnt. and -J*
Belcs settlement project (1985 to early 1990s) soil functions in some
bUl1' Undt> the *
Village 30 Kebcle. 
’ rCa5'
8.2.5
Ftfrw I*p*t StfpphtJ. Markt!tn£ and Cndit
The following constraints concerning the supply of farm
inputs,
marked
have been identified:
accc” to
• All weather road access is insufficient, particularly outside the
pW
awc
the 22 kebeles cannot be accessed by road at all, and several m
or
during the wet season.
001 accaiAJe
• Ten of the 22 kebeles do not have a weekly market;
• Nine of the 22 kebeles have their own service cooperative;
• Service cooperatives arc the main suppliers of (improved) seeds and chemical teml in Jawi W ereda. Other sources of seed and fertiliser are the wereda ARD offices me
die Pawe Research Centre;
•
Private suppliers in the urban centres arc the main supplier of agro-chemicals.
• There are few marketing agencies and no agro processing enterprises; and
r
• Micro credit is available from die Amhara Credit and Saving Institution in Fcndihin:
from the Benmshangul-Gumuz Micro-Finance Company in Pawe. In eight of the rant
surveyed kebeles 10-85% of households have taken nut a loan over the last ten yeei
8.2.6
Povrrty and Pood Scarify
'Hie poverty situation in the nine surveyed kebeles is as follows:
• 10% to 80% of all households arc considered to be poor, of which 5 /<■ to 30 1 axc
considered to be extremely poor; and
• 15% to 50% of the female-headed households arc considered to be poor,
to 30% is considered to be extremely poor.
Female-headed households arc particularly vulnerable, and 30-70® « arc con i insecure
8.3 Constraints, Issues and Opportunities with regard to Institution*
The following inshtutionaJ constraints and issue have been identified.
• VTRD office in Jawi XX’ercda is seriously understaffed and has a insufficient budget. There is no WR1) office in Pawe W ereda.
Q f veh^
• ARD wereda offices in both Pawe Wereda and Jawi W ereda also constrained by lack of vehicles and facilities. a low oper lack of access to improved technologies;
• DAs do not have (sufficient) access to reference books and budget, tools, equipment and training materials to undertak
budget >* **’’
msut[,c,cn
•*jl 1
pM* J
UB F4 SROJA n 3 Left B«k SDA IV A V fl)H**'
and training activities in their kebele, Also thev do
0
training aimed at enhancing their akilh and they lalk" ' Many of the 22 kcbeles do not have a FTC
Communal grazing land is considered to be m non
( re6«l>er;
P n,mooon opportunity.
sunned kebeles, including all three of the .unnj C”°d,0°n "> ’« of the nine managed by the Kebelc Council in three of the nine s C " ""
U d kc’*lc'- ud
Community forests are either not managed at *11 o * *^’* Councils in eight of the nine sun eved kebeles '
Oal ^ *«“
bv •** KebeJe
f
»
!03
B May 2011
I 4
II^bpro^ctintervenhons 9
fgaoif^001’ th<i commended subproject interventions related io crop production, livestock
In ,ddifK’n
^Kcrshcd management and forestry (sec SR-02B, SR-02C «d SR-02D),
produ00 ’ ^.^pjpjnr subprojects to improve the soon economic status and welfare of
contn*'10^
house if>
local/sc
around the scheme area as well as a subpiojecr for institutional strengthening , level stakeholders, such is 'rrv.cr coopentrm. have been identified
t, nefits from irrigated agriculture development projects tend to be proportional to the A! f oners’ land holding with the relanvek well off capturing most of thr benefits the
community devuopi
!.>mnent subprojects will be focussed on the landless, farmers with veer small
rt
(wi[1 holfiulf!s, women headed households and indigenous peoples
The recommended community development and tnidnitional strengthening subprojects therefore comprise: (i) unproved access to potable water and sanitirion; (uj improved health conditions; (rii) improved access to energy sources; (tv) development of off-farm income generanng activities and credit provision; (v i livelihood support for indigenous peoples; and (v) development of local institutions
During project implementation, these subprojects may be varied, mixed and male bed according to specific needs of rhe local instLtudons and households in SDA TV and V and following discussions with the communities The main purpose of packaging sniervcnnom as subprojects is to provide structure and cost csturmics to this aspect of project deiign-
Cost estimates and detiikd descriptions of the proposed subprojects are given in the SR-03 Resource Users and Socio-Economics Summary Report.
Improved Access fo Pouhk Water and Ssnitatfoo (CD-I)
To improve the access to clean and safe potable water and sanitation, ir is recommended that the following subproject interventions should be implemented
• Assessment of the condition and works required tu restore the potable u-aier supply system built under die Tana Belts project to (fully) operational condition and, if restoration of (all / part) of thr system was technically viable assessment of the required institutional O&M arrangements;
^rntectiun of existing potable water sources, such as open wells icd unprotected
s pnngs( including the provision of fences to keep animals away;
Introduction and promotion of the use of low-cost water treatment technologies at household level, such is (sand/ceramic^ filters ind solar water purification ussig plistk water bortks;
* Im
provcm^Qt of the OdkM of existing PWS schemes, including the formation in J
l raimnR of WMCs;
J °ductKjn and promotion of the cons tnjCDon of water barvestmg (roof-top) # p CTurci at household level; and
rn ^tnjri of cQnstrucntjn of toilets through aw'irenr?? campaigns, demonstrations health extension programmes
‘Xy,,, .
IDS
13 May 2011t-eaeru.
$ Lfhote Miiuftr, v W j' tr*
E/^CCWf Nd, Ir+iftoi Ovoy frvnt
93 Improved Hesith Conditions (CD-2)
Milana is prevalent dur to mosquitoes breeding m standing
To »dd«« wte-bome health problems for rural households the follouing »
SUBT C Raising awareness and knowledge among the rural population about methods to prevent and control malana, including the promotion of
• Provision of regular in-service training for (he 1 IF.Ws at kchrlc level tn order ir. * enhance and update their technical and extension skills; and
• Implementation of comprehensive health extension programme to enhance the knowledge of men and women about the prevention and treatment of mo$t cotwnoc health problems
9.4 Improved Access to Energy’ Sources (CD-J)
Al present households have sufficient access Io furl wood which is the main source ofenerr for cooking, and collected at a distance of 1-8 km from their homesteads Hown« iccnsto
To ensure that the households in SDA IV and V have sufficient access to energ)
• Promotion of the development of tree plantation with fast grown irngaO'',n the planting of trees around houses and fields as well as along th canals and drams
• Introduction and promotion of the use of improved, energy
oi wind energy.
LH F4 SR03A Pt 3 Ixrti Bmk St)A IV
i V (1)r, *“'pr
p i*AV'£r,r/,/
r
0
Income Generating Activities anti Credit Provision (CD-4) z households are landless, and 43% of household* have access to less
M pres^ P ° 7
ur
'^1.0 I*°fbo
small proportion of mostly poor households m rhe project area engage in off firm A reLiinvcK ™ artivines. such as hindimfe (ie. weiving, tailoring ind poticiy), hornc
ipdustncs te g « *
h useholds predominantly earn incomes as tenant (sharecroppers) oi through provision P”°r -d Labour Increased cropping intensities md livestock production will improve on-farm Ol ,nJff farm livelihood opportunities for poor and noi-su-poor alike. Thu nib-pro»ect util
° nine? and demonstrations as w ell as die provision of equipment and faolitJCE
;ir
r,c•***” uib’i. transport and petty trade
c
ri
through micro
credit facilities to individuals and gtnups who wish to lake up off-fam income
generating activities
Savings & credit associations have not been established in all kebdes tn the study area, Fanner* however have access to short term loans provided by ACSI and the B-G Micro-Finance
Compwiv m l-endika iad Pawc respectively
This sub-project will
• Build awareness to inform the 4,poor and vulnerable' (lc landless and female-headed) households of available project support for off-farm income-generating aenvines,
• Provide training and technical support to poor households to develop viable and sustainable off-farm income-generating acrmtics; and
• Provide micro credit to poor households to invest in sustainable off-farm economic activities.
Oft-farm activities supported under the sub-project could include, for example? handicrafts fie. weaving and pottery), small business (e g. retail shop, trading;, transport services, fishing, apiculture, repair ot farm implements fie. blacksmith], carpentry and crop proccssiiig.
Orfrimi/
/ Indigenous Peoples (CDS)
Hie Agew and Gumuz people are indigenous to the Belts Valiev Vlhrle the Agcw remain the dominant gyoup in Somc of the Jawi kc belts, the} ind the Gumuz have been mostly displaced
w e bj settlements of Amhara peoples over the last few decades.
land H arC Ua^ ^
,
cnoui lo l^IC afC1 £hc Agrw and Gumuz people 'own” relatively Urge tracfx of
^till ha ^'WCVCt the proposed project those with lands within designated imgabk areas projp. ’hen large holdings substantially reduced Further delineation of land use within the ajll j aiCa to* *°r example, (communally managed) grazing, to preserve environmental habitats
^allho] J 
lR d ^luna* f°r plantations, etc, is well as for irrigated agriculture by both
earning h CtS 4nJ cotnnivrod farms, will adversely affect the Gumwr peoples tradinanal way of lhe y tir^Clill00d5’ P^niculaily hunting and food gathering. The Agnv will be las affcaed as
Practice livestock — cropping agriculture, similar to the Amhara peoples,
10’
L3May 2011FtiW Rspaba. tfMinrfn tf Water and bwij
H/wOjw Nri Imfjoaa and Pwr.r
rncuhtly unlikely to benefit from the proposed project wh.^
The Gurouz •« P"
Hteasure' « then U* 
ue uadlnon»Hy based on primitive ind extreme k* 2*Th’ consumption, and on hunting, wild honey. tom, J?***<
^culture, pro**"* . c6on. Cultivation is a sh.fung hoe culture, locaUy kno^*
gathering 
.. tubba"*n‘ "
1
and
k,nchl '
chare t„c cultivated each year They keep f
w.,
otnunant)^*001
Ths subproject will support * 
ffected indigenous peoples, particularly the Gamut. 
and
practiccs. „ well as
t0
** “1OP“‘’"° KhOTe. (~ch - •»•’*•’
” ““ ” 
»
h.M '"■J
9.7
te«™ 
alleviate women I
Support for Local Institutions
All local institutions concerned with implementation of the project and achiev
expected benefits will need strengthening to have well equipped and motivated staff with adequate budgets at werrda and kebele level Support for agricultural and livestock vrtc^
senices arc provided under the crop and livestock subprojects, and support for imtitudrL concerned with resettlement and compensation will be provided under the resettlement and
land consolidation component of the project.
This subpro|cct is therefore concerned with the strengthening of other important mstituiaxb. particularly the service cooperatives.
Other than irrigation system operation and maintenance which will be earned out by waicase groups / associations organised by hydraulic units, crop and livestock production ictiviunwu largely be facilitated / earned out by the service cooperatives established at kebele lcvrL Senut cooperatives are typically particularly concerned with: (l) provision of agricultural inputs ir.<- farm equipment; (ii) marketing of agncultural produce including provision of price infonruD to farmers; (iii) processing of agncultural produce, such as flour mills or bagging / pidar facilities; and fiv) provision of credit. Currently onlv some of thr kcbcles in the
have established effective service cooperatives. Constraints to functioning an effective cooperatives include lack of facilities (i.e. warehouses) and equipment, ' operatives, capital and business plans. This subproject will address these c<>n ^pen^ cooperative performance and functioning and support formation ot nru
in ill kcbcles in the protect area
UH F4 SR01A I*r 3 Lch Bink SDA fV A V (1)
108jj£EOM'Juo? lW7}
BCFOM 'June 1M7)
Preliminary Assessment of Upper Belts Area for Sugarcane Investment
Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plxri Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Section [I - Sectoral Smdies. Volume I - Natural Resources. Energy and Power
Abbav Riv « Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Section III —Sectoral Studies, Volume 11 — Water Resources, P*rt 4 Irngauon and Drainage
Abbay Rivet Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Projecr - Phase ] Reconnaissance. Section III - Sectoral Studies. Volume 111 - Agriculture. Part 3 Agriculture
Abbav Rrvcr Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconnaissance, Section Ill - Sectoral Studies. Volume IV -
Environ meat/Socio -Economy, Pan 2 Demography Sociology
BCEON (November 1998) Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Recon mis since. Sectian II Sectoral Studies, Volume V - Water Resources Development. Part 1 — Irrigation & Drainage
0CEOM (NDVErnbei 1998}
BCEOM (November 1998}
hOM (November 1998}
(Movtuiber 199ft)
rxr.
■ Member 1998;
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Rcerwinaissanrc. Section
II - Sectoral Studies, Volume X - Land Resources Development, Pan 3
Land Cover / I-and L'se
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase I Retunnaissmcc, Secnon 11 — Sectoral Studies, Volume X - Land Rtsuurew Development, Part 5 -
Agro Ecology
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase ! RecornuBsanrc, Section
II - Sectoral Studies, Volume XI — Land Resources Development. Pan 6
Agriculture
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase [ Reconnaissance, Section JI — Sectoral Studies, Volume XII - Land Resources Development. Parr 7
— LtVCstnrlc
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase I Reconnaissance. Scenna 11 - Sectoral Studies. Volume XTI1 — Environment, Part 2 - I leaJch and
Epidemiology
1J MIT 2U11Friru/ Df^rvo.
Erhrtu. Miti/fr) J Vatn
P.tt9of»M \iif bn&t»* "d Dw^ Pnpf
BCEOM (November 1998)
_ Sec'o^ Su
uXbbty ***« 
BCEOM (November 1998}
_SectortiSwd*5’
UAbbay *>* 
Xnalvsii
u n M*St« VUn Pl°'eCt ~ Ph‘W ' RtC~'^
. Volumc XIV - Demography & Soootegy
Master Phm Pto*eCt " ?hlSe '
VoAumcXV - Agro Socio-Economic Sur^^
BCEOM (November 1998)
BCEOM (November 1998)
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Protect - Phase 1 Rcc Il - Sectoral Studies, Volume XVI - Infrastruaure
& Sanitation
Abbay River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase I R <
* >tcr Si^l
cc
11 - Seaoral Studies, Volume XVI - Infrastructure Pan l
TTrrananssnporortt
’
BCEOM (November 1998} Abb»y River Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 1 Reconn*iiJMW
11 - Sectoral Studies, \ olumc XVI — infrastructure. Part 5 - Energy BCEOM (April 1999) Abbay Riser Basin Master Plan Project - Phase 3, Volume MamRCp„
1,1(1
Gebre Y. (2002;
Euxoconsult Mott
MacDonald (2009)
Differential Re establishment of Voluntary and Involuntan Migrants, the Case of Metckel Settlers tn Ethiopia, In z\fnran Study Monographs 23(1
Tana Beles Integrated Water Resources Development Project, Drift Final Report Volume I - Main Report
Salim Constnittori (1989) Tana Beles Project
1 ahal Consulting Engineers,
a-o. (2006)
Consultancy for Identification of Irrigation and Drainage Project Nile Basin in Ethiopia, Revised Pinal Report-1 tiEthiopia
Ministry of Water and
World Bank Financed Nile Ethiopian Irrigation and Drainage Project Feasibility Studies of about 80,000 ha net Irrigation and Drainage Schemes Feasibility Study Final Report
IRRIGATION &
SCHEME
Halcrow
In association with
Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Consultants* muon lBieBrWcd RaraJ oCTr|opmen( (G(RDj
P °8’”02«7S.C«n „Bu*.o
< 9(5thFloor,
«-e
’“•^■™n ,
Roa<J
6 JWKF...2swroil6i
,
W **h*n*oom
««port Mas teen prepared m accordance wxh the inel/ucoora of the Federal M^of^andE^fortheexMe^depeofc
*ny Other 0^-,^ .
,.
u>e •W information conuinod harem do »o af the* owr'
Ow Group Limited and Generation Integrated Rural Develop'1’*"* (GIRDIFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water and Energy
World Bank Financed Nile Ethiopian Irrigation and Drainage Project Feasibility Studies of about 80,000 ha net Irrigation and Drainage Schemes Feasibility Study Final Report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME
SR-03B: Resettlement
Ifalcro*- Group I jmiled and
Goetatina integrated Rural Development (GIRD) CoMtiltani'
PO Box 102175 Cornel (5<h Ftocx)
HaH Gebraaeiaisje Road. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
Tel *215.1 (0) 115 63 09 02 Fax <251-1 (0) 115 63 09 91
***halcrow oom
TWa Report has been prepared in acoordance with 0* mm/W* *** Government ofEthiopia. M^stryal Water and Energy
0
Bt thrown
UBe Any other personi who use any information
n»k
d
®H*row
2011
Gr °up Umthd
■nd Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRO) ConeuttanteHilcrov Group Limited and
Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Consultants
PO Box 102175. Comet Budding (5th Floor)
Hade Gebreselass* Road Addis Ababa, Elhopia
Tel *215-1 (0> 11B 63 09 92 Fax *251-1 (0) 116 63 09 91
wwwhalcrow.com
Th*s Report hgj
Gove 0 PreParK 11 acoof(,arice with the nstajcbons of the Federal
UJe An> othj E,hl°P'a Mlf>l5lry 01 Wal* ind 6nc,9y for me* spCOf’C
5 use ^formation contained herein do so at their own
25,1 k*0* Gr<XlP U,nited Generatwi Integrated Rural Dtv»k>Pn*n‘ (°lRDIr^ yil'-^
fi*** 
FEASIBILITY study final report
r ppER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME SR-03B: RESETTLEMENT
contents
production
1 < t Pty*#
f2
f]
Arw
f 4 fUportStnKfm
RATIONALE FOR RESETTLEMENT IN UPPER BELES PROJECT
j? |i
22 Aqwawr ofl^Jor Dot Sat W Rrjmoir
2. J A^hidan of Land for JmpffM. Dnina^ and AjMaatod Ittfrxuf^nrf
2 4 Rtjttrfowrf ofSntdttMdrfJ and I^nd^Ji HowfMdffnMf Land A/hcattdjor Cnrntfud Farm Drmiopnunf
j LEGISLATION AND RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK
J.I Baric Prinripfa and Obfictitni of Rurfi/tnrftrt 3.1.1 Preferred Resettlement Strategy
3.1.2 Vulnerable Groups
7
&
12 Rd&ant
and
3.2.1 Development of Upper Belcs Irrigation Project as Federal Scheme 3.2.2 Landownership
10
ID
10
11
11
3 2.3 Private Property 12
3.2.4 !-and Use Rights
3-2.5 Lease of Land Use Right
3.2.6 Expr op nation of Landholdings
3,2 Provision of Rural Replacement
t
I-a nd
3.2.8 Payment of Compensation
3.^.9 Valuation of Property
^'npimon bft^ Fahtoptan Ltfjhfun and VffridBmk OP 4 f2
n
^stitlttIONal framework
P ^Lnr/W^^
4 4 FlfJd I-rtrZ f^fufnnj
'J ' Regional I^rvd
41 Federally
42
43 Sereda I.cveJ
12
13
13
14
15
16
16
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
21ft+rd
of &***. Mtftu/n of ITat? 0*d E • rr,
r
/ afnepua Sth IrqjtM* joJ Dnaoop P^i
4.4 4 Kcbclr Level
5 RESETTLEMENT IN ETHIOPIA: LESSONS LEARNT
5./ Resettlement before 1974
5.2 Resettlement between 1974 and 1991
5.2.1 Tana Bcles Project
522 Villagisation Programme
5.3 Resettlement after 1991
5.3.1 Voluntary Resettlement
5.3.2 Involuntary Resettlement
5 3.3 I-essons Learnt
6 EXISTING LAND TENURE AND SETTLEMENT
6.1 Ijtnd L’ar Pattern
62 Land lift Rsjfhts
6.2.1 Household I -and Use Rights
622 landless Households
6.2 3 Average Size of Holdings with Land Use Rights
6.2.4 land Fragmentation
6 2.5 Prevalence of Tenancy and Sharecropping
6.2 6 Estimated Area Cultivated by I louscholds in Scheme Development Areas
6.3 Land Use Certification
6.4 Existing Settlement Patterns
6 4 1 Right Bank of Upper Bcles Project
6.42 Left Bank of Upper Bcles Project
6 4.3 Main Characteristics of Settlements
6.4.4 Average Size of Existing Settlements
7 PROPOSED 1-AND ALLOCATION AND RE-SETTLEMENT
7.1 Imgaticn Development Stmtiff
7.2 Present Rural Population Distribution
7.3 I •jtimaied dumber of Displaced H oust holds
7.4 Proposed Resettlement Scheme Development Areas 7.3 Allocation of Land
ISA Proposed Land Use Planning Norms 7.5.2 Re settlement Impact
7.6 Basic Resettlement Principles
7.6.1 Proposed Modabnes for Resettlement of Displaced 11 7.6.2 Establishment of New Vlllagcs
? .63 Estimated Number of New Villages
7.7 ( omparuon between Irrigation Deielopmenf Options 7.7.1 Irrigation Development of Right and Ixft Bank 7.72 Imgauon Development only on Right Bank
7.8 l^and Consolidation
7.8.1 Existing Land Fragmentation
.fc
. *£*•**■
AW’ A^f^xr
7<2
r
Pnwir
Rsnonak- for L and Consolidation
Objectives of Land Cnnwlidanon
783 7.8.4 785 786
61
61
J^uid Consolidation Options
Modalities for 1 .and Consobdanoo
Number of Allocated Plots of Irrigable Lind
62
62
63
rMF^
RESi
E
,S?SX°N PROCEDURE5ro» ^*UXKAT1ONAND
J.f
PrrparvtiM ofKfffff/ro/f^r Po&y FrMfiwt 8.2.1 Public Consultation and Parrxjpation
f j PnpofutHM of RAP
83. J Emdronmentil and Social Screening
8,3 2 Sodo-Economic .Survey
65
65
65
66
66
66
67
8.3.3 J.and Asset Inventory
8.3.4 Selection of Potential Resettlement Sites
8 3.5 Preparation of RAP
8 3.6 Review and Approval of RAP
g r4 lurpfane ft falien of RAP
8 4.1 Notification of Expropriation Order
8.4.2 Preparation of Indnidual Compensation Dossiers
8.4.3 Preparation, Approval and Signing of Compensation Contract
8 4.4 Payment of Compensations
8.4.5 Preparation of Resettlement Sites
8.4 6 Rest tdemcn r o f A ffreted Households
8.4.7 Takeover of Expropriated land
£ 3 Alowj/omr^ and ErvZvu/w# ofGoab and bnpartr of K3P
8.5.1 Preparation of Momtonng Plan
8.5.2 Development and Use of Indicators
6"
67
67
68
68
68
68
68
69
69
69
69
70
70
70
8.5.3 Periodic Impact Evaluation
70
#6 Safa&ardj/or I 'xburMt Person and Gnupi
7f
8 6.1 Indigenous Peoples
71
COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT COSTS
75
I L’liZf CorCr
76
9.1.1 Proposed Unit Coats
78
Estimated Co/npenfateon and Resefdemtnf Cdtr
^g
9.2.1 Dam and Reservoir
9 2.2 Resettlement from Scheme Development Area IA 9.2.3 Resettlement from Scheme Development A^.
9 .14 Resettlement from Scheme Development Area 9.2.5 Resettlement from Scheme Development A: 9.2.6 Resettlement from Scheme Develop men1 9.2.. Resettlement from Scheme Development Afca 9 2.8 Resettlement from Scheme Development Am
inD"*"*
l-jhtfut NJt Imjaft*" Dnaugt Pistil
Eirrji
9.2.9 Relocation of Existing Settlements
9.2.10 Total Estimated Compensation and Resettlement Costs
9.3 ( onsultanQ Supped Cods
10 MAIN FINDINGS, ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
10 1 Rf/eiunt ljtgtlafan and Gutdehnts
10 2 Institutional Framework
10.3 Lessons I Jam tfrom Resettlement Programmes tn Ethiopia
10.3.1 Preparation and Implementation of Resettlement Programme
10.3.2 Land Allocation and Selection of Resettlement Sites
10.3.3 Provision of Support to Relocated Household*
10.3-4 Provision of Social Infrastructures
10.4 Iixvtini l^and 'I enurr and 5ettlement
10 41 Salient Features of Existing Land Tenure
10 4.2 Land Use Certification
10 4 3 Existing Settlement Patterns
10.5 AW /or Resettlement
10.5.1 Number of Displaced Households
10.5.2 Relocation of Existing Settlements
10 5.3 Proposed Modalities for Resettlement of Displaced I louseholds
10.6 Proposed l^and A dotation
10.6.1 Allocation of Irrigated Land
10 6.2 Allocation of 1-and for Settlements, Communal Grazing I-and and VTnodlor*
107 Companion between Irrigation Development Options 10.8 I and Consolidation
10 8.1 Existing Land Fragmentation
10 8.2 Rationale for Land (.on so lid a non
10.8.3 Land Consolidation Options
10.8.4 Number of Allocated Plots of Irrigable Land
10.9 Implementation Protedurts
10.9.1 Safeguards for Vulnerable Groups
10.10 Compensation and Resettlement Costs
1010.1 Consultancy Support
REFERENCES
ANNEXES
ANNEX A
ANNEX B
SATE1J JTE IMAGES OF SETTLEMENTS DETAILED RESETTLEMENT COST CALCULATIONS
rvJr
MW * w7frr
t^1*
. <<r of TABl^(«c Do-ctop"*"*Areas............................—......................... ...........................-
> ‘’v
1 I• l’r°leCt
,;
' , „ _,n World Bink »nd Ethiopun Resettlement Legislation _
nblr 6 1 P”'fl cd irca cultivx.cd by households tn SDA................................ ..........................
iblefr2 &“flU£fjCr«isu« of settlement pnems on nght bank--------------------------------------
r< bk 6-J: cChirJCtensoes of settlement patterns on left bank------------------------------
fhoU4eh°ld ',nd “* °ghB--- -- -- --
ysble64
of existing settlements.......................................
y,bfe 6*5 fQje-s Development Options............. ------------------- -----------------------
7J: nSon Development Option 2A (proposed)------------- ------- -------------------- -----
ri ble’* I,n^ t popuUnon and I-and Holdings tn the Project Area---------------- -------------------
” biC 3 r^mated Number of Affected and Displaced Households (Option 2)----------------- -----------------
^-1 ('sW^’rt) SDA, for ResettJcment of Displaced Households..........................................—............. . ... ....... r,Wf-7? EsXated Distribution of Household land Use Rights------------- -------------------------------------- : J* 7.7 Summary of Land Use Post Re-set dement (Option 2A)------------------------------------- ----------- !
- H Summary of Household Number? and Distribution (Option 2A)------ ----------------------------J T^k Advantages & Disadvantages of Sugar Estate with Smallholders-------------------- ------------------- f
T ible7-10: Advantages Ar Disadvantages of Sugar Estate with ( hitgroum----------- ....----- -—........... -5
^7-IT Average number of plots for surveyed households .............................. —......... ............ ......... —6
Tibk 9-1 Collected unit costs..........................-.............. —........-—- --------------------— ---------------——7
Title 9 2 Proposed unit costs for compensation of propertv/assets.------------------------------- -— ------- 7
Table 9-3: Proposed unit costs for displacement compensation —--- ---------- ---- -------- ---- ------ - ---- 7
Td>k 9-4: Proposed unit costs for resettlement and rehabilitation support .......... —..... ........... ......... -J?
Tibk 9-5: Proposed unit costs for new public/soaal infrastructures —.— ............... ..... -...... —......... — 7
Tiblc 9-6 Estimated compensation and resettlement costs for dam and reservoir—..,......... ....... ........... 7|
Table 9.7; Estimated compensation and resettlement costs for SDA LA—..—.— -—.................. — 71
Table 9-8: Esnmatrd compensation and resettlement costs for SDA IB-........... ...... —— .......................71
Table 9-9. Estimated compensation and resettlement costs for SDA III—......—............... —>•...... ...... 75
9-10. Estimated compcnsanon and resettlement costs for SDA IVA...............—...............................7$
7ible 9-|i, Estimated compensation and resettlement costs for SDA IVB-W—,—.............. —................. 79
- . Estimated compensation and resettlement costs for SDA IVC-N -................................ —-.............. — M
T ,, Estimated compensation and resettlement costs for SDA-VW....—..................... —......... .................. 80
Table 9 ’ estimated compensation and resettlement costs .......................—........... ............ ....... ——81
Estimated consultancy support costs related to resettlement..................... —...............—........83
^ ST OF FIGURES
^ Jtc 1-T i
hgurc 1.2 ^°
a
n I’PPcr ^clcs Irrigation Project.............................................. ....... -— --------------------------- 4
^fcure |.i. u Legation Project Stage Development Areas —---------- -- • ....... .......—......... - 5
p . Jna^ Arrangement for Project Implementation — ~— ......... -25
7.|. pf ,And Us< / L>nd Cover by SDA-............................... ........ .... ............................ -........... -................ 43
,r h-Project Commercial & Smallholder Irrigation Development —......... —.— 49
.:r
d w,h-,>n*“ l“«‘ .. ... ... -__ 6
vkcdiru.'RjtuHk V FJhofuA Mnutn of Vatrr atd F.nrvgy tz/hnfua Nik mJ Dm^t Pnyr.r
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AN RS
ARD
B-GNRS
Board
BoURD
DA
ESC
ETB
KPA
EPLAUA
FDR
FGD
ETC
Ha
HH
1PP
Kg
Km
M
MoFA
MoWE
NGO
PIO
PWS
QU
RAP
RPF
SDA
WRD
Amhara National Regional State
Agriculture ind Rural Development
Beninsh angul-G umuz
Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau of Water Resources Development Development Agent
Ethiopian Sugar Corporation
Ethiopian Bin
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Protection, 1-and Administration and Use \utho Federal Democratic Republic
Focus Group Discussions
Farmers’ Training Centre
Hectare
I louschold
Indigenous Peoples Plan
Kilogram
Kilometre
Metre
Ministry of Federal Affairs
Ministry of Water and Energy
Non-Govcmment Organisation Project Implementation Organisation Potiblc water supply
Quintal (100 kg)
Resettlement Action Plan Resettlement Policy Framework Stage Development Area Water Resources Development
vi''
(MTR
oouctiw
pro^cr j(KJlca flbout 30 km south w«l of Lake Tim and f,U, ^,th)n thc Amhin lnJ
propct
HCfii>ish,‘^
of the Bflc5 R’ ’
the ^n-c uca
Rc pOnS of Ethiopia rFigurr 1-1). It lies completely within the urchment flows south-westwards towards the Blue Nile through rhe middle of
of the Lipper Belts Irrigation Project is to enhance economic growth and reduce
_p^ project outcome — is e-xp- --epceteedretdo tbo ebeenehnanhancedcepdrpodroducuticvititviy tany and sduustbaitnaiabn iablitiy liof ty of ^°VC[ed agriculture. InIrnerspesepctecoft ofpove poverty rtry erdeudcuticontion, th, tehperpojreojcteclitashasthtehfeolflolowlowing inai g maism; s;
* PromPromoteotdieetdheevedelopvemlopenmteofntsofustsai usntabainleab, slme, al smlhalolldheolrdbe«er-bdasirerdigat irreidgatagnedcjdgnnioJr rr. urr. Reduce poverty in the project arras and !o contribute to rural economic activities and livelihoods by providing opportunities to grow high value crops;
Promote food security through increisrd production of staple crops;
*
Promote the involvement of the private sector in large scale commercial irrigation development; and
Contribute to rural employment and hence wealth and well-being.
The objectives of the present study include preparation of a hill feasibility study to identify and design an irrigated agriculture development project for Upper Udes. The specific objective* of the Resettlement Studies arc as follows
• Assessment of needs for land expropriation and resettlement;
• De^cnpoon of existing legal and institutional fritnework for land acquisition, compensation pijmenl and fcscrdrmcnt, including an assessment of any
shortcomings p
• Formulation of lessons leami from resettlement schemes tn Ethiopia;
• Drsenponn of existing land tenure and settlement patterns.
• formulation of proposed options for allocation of trngaird land and modalities tor resettlement of displaced households; and
• Estimation of resettlement costs
Pl <=pixation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is not part of the current feasibility study. and expected to follou-on from this Study.
Du^ 4DeVr**JMkt«1' Aecw
P^ysicaL^C 1**^ Slic °f tiic Upper licles irrigation devdopmrnt protect with highly varying Areac. (sd^ an<i ^eni°STaphic characteristics, it was divided into five Stage Dcvdopment
|_7 
St
1 ‘ ^'h'c SO As were divided according to physical (i.r river) boundafus, sec figure
^diHleti * ^ F
r
pcr • (Duuhi) docs not form part of the feasibility study area, but w
t-an ] at p R
a
ri zhf>n development of this area is envisaged by diverting water from the Mam
n dika town. The assumed net irogablt
lr irea for Stage U is 10-20,000 ha.
I
|2-Mir 11^vr**-*1"*
„ftheSDA»*ete
unpkfl*00000
the kft b>nk
a**
. to $ub-stage* It « envisaged that pmjw further dhnded uP sumng on ,he nght bank and p,^^.
^di^*** '
hi. P°» 
, ^th-p®^' '*nd aSC. 
* »"
Lind ukc Cot tmg 
,, lguIC V5. Within the Pm,ect Am
70 451 hi (51 <*'•)•and ,hc nel Un«lb,,n ««
drainige tnfnsttueture n 6.580 hi (4
t(j pK5etvc the environment «about r »
618-1'2k c*‘'un8 snT,7 (29 v-'«)for otbcr uses such “ se"Wn'enu’pv^
*' UCJ to fciv« »boU’
h . (19.8%)- k2 fofcsoy. Set txngible «ei
tf
f daopp«* *
nin e
®
Tibk W
Develop®?®1
Told
Sub-Sur
Are*
(ha)
L area md inigiuon «*«»«? bDA
Irrigation
Intend
lrrif*blc
7R79 6.966
go.?/-
9,356 4355
wf .M*tl W ^r t"'2'
t 4 ,Xwng ** P,"fm *ntrod°CtOrV chap'Cr'the ,tIucturc °< repon i, „ frtIlouv
, CMP«« d«
2 cobcd thc tlboo*Jc for «senfawnt tn rhe Upp^ Bclc, projcc;
’ Ch»P«« 3 P ™
r
dcs information about the existing legation and the poficy
related to land acquisition, compensation and payment and resettlement,
. Chapter 4 describes thc inatl™’onal *«~™rk for the prrpm^ and rniplememauon
of land expropriation, compensation payment and resettlement,
. Chapter 5 provides the lessons learnt from resettlement programmes m Eihnipta,
. Chapter 6 describes the existing land tenure and settlement patterns in the project area
. Chapter 7 presents the proposed options for allocation of irrigated land as htII as the proposed modalities for rhe resettlement of displaced households;
. Chapter 8 presents the implementation procedures tn k foiled throughout the enure f loranvud larneqruabisilne ongr,oucpoms; pensation payment and resettlement process, including safeguards
• Chapter 9 provides the estimated rrsctdcmmi costs, and
• Chapter 10 gives the main findings, issues wd recommendations
3
t2 M.y-11Eabt+fitj, Mi*,*) jlF^r Lwr^»
l±T^atl X/Zr Ing*"* Dnf,^ Pryr.ir
[Khm -cr
ifi iKBUHfuwH mips hlXi. tf M"*/**'
&{/•&'*
i ai P FOR RESETTLEMENT IN UPPER BELES PROJECT ^TlONALt rw
I
// ,frtX,t/rr,fj p
o meOt
of in irrigation scheme, Lind has to be acquired for fbc construction of
for the
lhe dlfn
f orn« 
rcservoff and/or irrigation, drainage- and associated infrastructure As a result, ^!] lose then property lie house) and access ro their farm land fa addition,
. 5c relocated from their ancestral homes through tnvoluntMT
r£?
[hcs ho
f
u3C^°
settlement
reset dement occurs when the migrants have the power to make informed and free \ nhinta jccJ5ioris Mid the willingness to leave their original place, whereas involuntary
rcl<<’n^cf|t jlLso known as compulsory resettlement or forced displacement, refers io the
fC5r blc upr< anting of propk from <>nPn"J P^ce of residence because of na rural and/or human induced disasters and/or forced
Aeqidrifo* °fL*nd fof °*m SkC R
\ total sue* of 681 hectares1 has to be acquired for the construction of the dam and the reservoir area Based on information collected, a total of 203 households cultivate about 310 hctTiees uf land, whereas the remaining 371 hectares is covered with bushes and trees The main crops grown within the reservoir area indude maize (50%), millet (30%), sorghum f 10%) jutd sesame (10%) A total of 65 households arc resident within the reservoir area and cultivating about 130 hectares of land The remaining 133 households, who culnvice land within the reservoir area, are living outside the area that will be flooded. Reportedly, 66 houses are located within the reservoir area Or dose to the 1400m contour line
On the basis of satellite imagery maps (1:10,000), about 165 cultivated plots with i iota! estimated area of 235 hectares arc identified as well as 42 houses situated within the reservoir area or dose tn the 1400m contour line
Acquhidon of La nd for Irrigation, P/ainAge And Af*O£JAtcd In/r*ttrwrurc
A few houses may have to be demolished for the construcnon of the imgaDon, drainage and Msuoated infrastructure. Given rhe low density of population in the project area, the total number is likely to be small. Damage to perennial trees, farm infrastructure, and other semi prrniancni features is likely to be greater, but it is enviragrd the costs will be absorbed through
c allocation, exchange and local negotiation-
i
-
3,
per,, dHini " El'v"on«lrotil and Social Safeguard Pnhew (Miy 20Q2J. reienltrornr u inrokmlary rhe J T-jr n<l1 ^aVc fcbe ijptjnti cu refuse inwrnlemeat/thc choice ent to traiwc
^^P.87
* ^’S^cmenr rvanufr refers co the huge
tlCrdernmt
j
n-Miy-nDtfWto of F/*"po Minify of Hafer and lintr^ EfUtpa* Kdt Imgrto* ood Drwugt Pn*J
24
Resettlement of Smallholders and Landless Households from /
CommercialF*m Dcielopmcnr
As it is proposed to allocate 36.225 ha for the development of a c
(Option 2A of the Land Allocation optimisation model, see Section 7 K * **1*1
..................... n 11 Willl^. c
$u a
resettle the foDoumg number of households allocated to the sugar estate
275 households within SDA LA.
• 1.927 households from SDA IB.
• 639 households within SDA III;
• 46" households within SDA IVA;
• 1.088 households from SDA 1VB-W;
• 1.105 households within IVC-N
• 570 households within V-VC.
which are at present *A ” 1j)c
0711 ln arc»s of
sn
c,c ^dtn
Al
This resettlement scenario includes the re -location of rural households presently reside northern part of SDA III and SDA V-W.
Development Option 2A anticipated that the northern part of SDA Ill and all of SDA V-W would be allocated to small/mrdium commercial farms (see Figure 7-1).
Development Opnon 3 (see report SR-02B section 5.5.4) envisages that these two areas mH become extensions to the sugar estate. In either case (Option 2A or Option 3) rural households in the V-W and die northern part of 111 would have to be re-located
The details of this estimate are shown in Section 7.1. A total esnmated number of 5/04 households need to be resettled from land allocated for commercial farm development, including 3,044 households on the right bank and 2,660 households on the left bank.
t'b F4 Sr03b Rescnlemern 2)
83
Jj
orld Baok'* ejtPtne
nCC "ldic,tes lhi’ inTO*«nt«y rr-ct.kmcnr undw development
unrmti^,<,d-
oftcn ivcs seveTe CCMnf
« “ ™c. ™ul uxi environmental nsks,
rSLAT»ON and resettlement policy framework
ctpfef »nd Objectives of Resettlemeat
project
“’^^□duction syitems w dismantled;
p pk fax impoverishment when then productive issets and income jcurcn ire lost.
cn
People sue relocated to environments where then productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources greater,
Communit)’ institutions and social networks arc weakened;
, Kin groups are dispersed; and
Cultural identity, traditional authority and the potmtiaJ lor mutual help arc dunuushed or lose
To address and mitigate there impoverishment risks, the tnvohmtiry rcrerikmou of protect* Jfected persons must be based on the following bask principles and objectives;
» In voluntary resctllemenl should be avoided or minimised where feasible by ciplomig all viable alternative project designs:
« \Xhcre it is nor feasible to avoid rcsenJemcnl, it should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programme by providing sufficient investment resources to enable the project-affected persons to share in project benefits, effectively tn forming and consulring the project-affected persons, and providing opportunities to rhe project-affected persons to participate in planning ind implementing the resettlement programme; and
* Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their kvehboodi and standards of living or at least io restore them, in real terms. to pre displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project unplementiuon^ whichever is higher.
I he resenlcment policy has to cover all the direct economic and social impacts rrsuhmg from the implementation of the irngaoon scheme and that are caused by involuntary taking of land resulting in
• Relocation of ]<>« of shelter,
Loss of assets or access to assets; and/or
Ix3ss of income sources or means of livelihood, whedicrornot the project affected persons must move to another location
“Ji
j- .. re?s ^csc dir ret economic ind social impacts, a rcsettlmjmt plan must cover the ^^45 nei5uics to ensure that:
r
displaced persons arc informed about their options and nghc pertaining ic resettlement,
^placed persons arc consulted on and provided with technically afid ccortomicallr
# edible rrsettlemenr alternatives;
15 placed persons arc provided prompt and effective compensation it full replacement
• r?SlS ^° ^
r
OSScs Qf assets attributable to the implcmennaon ot the prayed,
^placed persons ue provided assistance, such as moving illowinccs, Junng location;
c ^^ T{2j
9FtJrv.
yE/hgjpw.
tfW^rrr L^,
E:>r^tjit N/i IrrqptMt anJ Dna*^t Prvprtl
l
Displaced persons are provided with residential housing or y,
agricultural sites for which a combination of productive paten tad ' *'U ». advantages and other factors is at least equivalent to the advan Displaced persons arc offered support after displacement, for a Of.'hc “'e on a reasonable estimates of time likely to be needed to restore th '
S
standards of Imng,
Displaced persons are provided with development assistance in i compensation measures; and •
W bvclAood **
n ac«<uiir>n t0
• 1 Displaced persons are provided services, such as land preparation crcdii
trai trnaiinng inang and/ord/orjobjobopopporportuntuitnieitsi.es.
’ 1 Cities,
3.1.1
Pr^trnd Rtittlkmci jp
blscd ^settlement strategy. whereby the duphed
lire pre CH
Mc Und basc
.d
, are resettled on public land and/or onpnvttehni
PCnO“7r nurchased
for
resettlement.
If land ts not the preferred opnon for the dupbenj
acquire p
,s not availa
ble .the non-land-based resettlement strategy built i^c
addition to cash compensation for assets lost
3.1.2 I ’ulntrobit Grvf/pJ
During the planning and implementation of the resettlement programme, particular attention should be pud to the specific needs of vulnerable groups among the project-a fleeted penom, including persons living below the poverty line as well as landless households, the elderly, women and children, indigenous people, ethnic minorities and/or displaced persons who nuv not be protected through national legislation related to involuntary resettlement
s^rn,C7CDt °f ‘n<,*CnOUS P^P1" wth «»ditional land-based Uvdihoods may have
lire h.. * '''mpiCtS ,heM ’dentity and cultural survival. Therefore, all viable
rx- U IN C^CS1^n5 ’kotdd be explored to avoid the physical displacement of indigenes resettlej., ccmcnt cannot be avoided, preference must be given to a land-based
3.2
fc>r indigenous peoples that arc compatible with their cultural preference *nd prepared in consultation with these groups
^.pru^ of UnJ
ut in accordance with anv exi n Crnc,H of project-affected persons should be cimed
^deral Dcmocratjc Republic (FDR^ r vT*” and/° K
r
ujdchncs of the government of the
rei *ttiemcnt of the World Bank Tk ° (^1OPU as well as the guidelines for involuntar}
•
c relev ant legal documcnrs and guidelines arc the toilowf
bhc Purpose, and plvm^ Provide for rhe Expropriation of Landholding for
No . 456/^ ^-P-anon (15* Ju]y 2005);
PX
Un ' Und Admimstranon and Land LX (J5*M
P ^OeunnQyJ SlhofttteMdoninL^isonterNs R. 135/2007 _ P.^, ofCompea,.no. for
o
."
ng KxPropmt'd for Public Purposes (18* M»»
12 tad
B p 4.12 (December 2001);
rfB
1
ji-sfo ’
L’h F4 Sr03b Re*rnJrmcnt (2y
10following ™«> <1°™™^ h’ve bcm tl[1{lcr llupiccs of
In jJd,uo"tbf Ainh4rt NitioMl Rcponsd State (AMRS);
Count11 "^daniadon Nn \35/2WK, - Rcn-cd Rural Land Admuustranon and L’leof Arahin Msnonal Rtp°niJ Su,c-
g^ul>r<on No- 51/2007 — Implementation of Rural Land A dmmis nation and Use System in Amhara National Regional Sure; and
Directives for Implementation of Proclamation No 133/2006 and Regulation No. 51 /2OO7 issued in 2009.
Reportedly*
a Proclamation related to land administration and utibsaixm his been promulgated in 2010. but it has not been implemented.
m
B-GNRS
p^ty*** of I W" Ms Irrigate* Pnjrf as
Pollowing it5 establishment in October 2010, it is likely that the Ethiopian Sugar (.orpoanofi (ESC) will be the Executing Agency for the Upper Bries irtigauon project. In addition* both regional governments formerly agreed that the federal government is responsible for rhe development of the entire irrigation scheme, including the lease of land to the ncwlv formed
ESC
I’hcrefore, the concerned federal legislation related to land exproptiiuon and resettlement will
be applicable for the development of the Upper Beks irrigation project It is stipulated m
Article 15 of Regulation No, 135/2007 that where land used for growing cops is expropriated for public purpose, rhe possessor of such land shall, as much as possible, be provided with a
plot ot land capable of serving a similar purpose.
h h also specified in Arctic 9(4) of Proclamation No. 456/2005 thal where farmers are evicted from the landholdings for Lhc construction of an irrigation scheme, land dntnbuuon must be undertaken to make them ger equitable benefit from the irrigation development to be established. However, it is not stipulated that the evicted farmers must receive a plot of lmgablr bnd with rhe same size as the land expropriated for the consuucuon of the irrigation scheme
fh^l975 Proclamations of the Public Ownership of Rural Land (No. 31/1975) and Urban
(No. 4 / /1975) abolished the I960 Constitutional decree that recognised private
ctship of fond. The 1995 Cons tinman of the FDR of Ethjopta stipulates that (he tight to to & 1 Land is exclusively vested in the Slate (public property) and hud cannot be subject it ht Uf nl^cr rTKans of transfer of exchange. With regard to hndownenhip and holding tight,
^pulatcd in Attidc 40 (3, 4 and 5) of the 1995 Consdiutian that
^ht to ownership of rural and urban land is well ns til m rural resources is vested in * R°vtnimem and in the peoples of Ethiopia;
n d is recognised as a common property of lhc nation^ oitionalitjes and peoples ot
•
R an<l sak or any other exchange of land » prohibited ,
Rhr of farn^ to obtain land without payment and protection against eviction ttom
*' *M*k
n
Q
" R ^°5Scss*°n ls guaranteed; and
ii of pastoralists to free land for grazing and cdnvaoon as well as the right not to P^ccd &om their own lands is guaranteed.
*«ertieTSt
12-MffT 1!
11Mv' /*•*•** 
Mruffn ITjflr and Eurjp
£>wrtr» Xri py^S*t «/ P'-M* P**»f
W /5? T'rvtxrf)
The 1995 Constitution of the FDR of Ethiopia includes Icctad f
of Ethiopian citizen to private property and set the conditio r CWo'ks th,t
-
... .
'uons tor tc
p"*cct th.
property for state or public interest.
With regard to immovable property built on land, the 1995 Constitution of Ethtopia dearly states that "«vn Ethiopian ati~tn ihall bane the full r^ht to fa 
of
builds on the land and to tin imprvirenentj he briny about on the land b> hit labour ■‘’''V'*) h words, the arizen of the FRD of Ethiopia have full ownership over all j .T"^’ ,n oth« improvements built on the land owned by the State, including the right to ah"Pn*’Ml
them or to claim compensation ui case of expropriation for state or public un ' ,CnXn,f
5.2.4 Land Use Ri^hfj
It is stipulated in Article 40(4) of the 1995 Constitution of the FDR nf n u
t * • • *uiiopia that '*//» i
Ethiopian farmrn to fret allotment o f land and no! be meted then Jorm it guaranteed'
With regird to the (individual) right to use rural land, it is specified in Proclamation No.
456/2005 - Rural Land Administration and Land Use that:
Peasant fanners/pastoralist engaged or want to be engaged tn agriculture for a faring shill be given rural land free of charge, including women (Article 5(1));
Rural land use right of peasant fanners, (semi-) pastoralists shall have no time limit, whereas the duration of the rural land use right of other holders shall lie drtcrmmct! br the rural land administration laws of the regions (Article '*(1) and *’(2));
Any holder of rural land use right shall be given a holding certificate to be prepared by the competent authority and that indicates the size of the land, land use type and cover, level of feruliry and borders as well as the obligation and rights of the holder (Article 6(3));
Where land is jointly held by husband and wife or by other persons, the holding certificate shall be prepared tn the name of all the joint holders (Article 6.4)), Any holder shall have the right to transfer his/her rural land use nght through inheritance to members of his family (Article 8(5));
A holder may use his/her land use rights to undertake a development aCCS investor in accordance with the concluded contract (A ruck 8(3)).
A holder shall be obliged to use and protect his/her land and the user lose his/her use nght when land gels damaged (Article 10( 1)),
Any holder shall have the obligation to notify’ the competent audio
abandons at will his/her land use right (Article 10(4));
Any holder of rural land shall have the obligation to cooperate wi
meaM,Ifn*n1
^j^nclc
and survey of his/her land when requested by the competent ^
auf
The holder shall have the obligation to allow the construction <
other infrastructures if thev cross his/her landholding (Article 1 (
According to Article 17(1) f Proclamation No. 456/2005, each regional ^^^s n<^
o
c
Rural Land Administration and 1-and Use Law. which consists of det P
to implement the Proclamation.
I b F4 SiO3b Revnkmcnt 7)
12the ANRS issued Proclamation No. 135/2006 - Revised Rur»| Lind Adtninutration I« ’ of the Amh»“ Natinnul Region>1 State. 'ILc Bowihangul-Gumuz National Reg^j,]
«’,d 1 SC SRe has issued a proclamation related ro rural land idmi1UMrjtKm and me tn 2010.
■ J the lease of land use rights. Proclamation No 456/2005 sdpubin that
*
peasant farmers and ($«ni-)fwitora]»« who are given holding ccmficatu, an lease
r
land from their holding of 3 size js-ufficicnt for the aniendnl dc% rlopmair in a manner
?
«
*
that shall not displace them and for a period of tune to be determined by the rural lud ^jnunisnation law* of the regions b«*d on particular loa] conditions f Article 8(1)); Private investors, who are engaged in agricultural development aenvirjn, thill have the right co use ntral land in accordance with the investment policies and Laws at federal and regional levels, subject to giving priority ro peasant farmers and (sani-)pasciitahs[s (Article 5(4));
Duration of rural land use nght of other holders (than peasant farmers and (semj-J pastoralists) shall be determined by (be rural land idminmration laws of the region* (Article 7(2));
Any rural land that is held through lease or rental shall be registered by the eompewnt authority (Article 6(6});
Anv rural land lease agreement shall secure the consent of all the members, who have die right to use the land, and be approved and registered by the competent authonry (Article 8(2)); and
An investor,, who has leased rural land, mar present his use right as collateral (Arndt
8(4)).
According to Article 18 of the (Regional) Proclamation No. 133/2006 — Revised Rural Land Adminisiratjoii and Use of Aruhara National Regional State,, the relevant pcnviSKMii related io the transfer of land use right in rent are as follows:
• Any holder of rural land use right may transfer ht*/bcr using nghr in rent u> any (natural or legal) person;
• Any land rent agreement made for more than 3 years shall be made in writing;
• Maximum duration of rent time may be 25 years, but it shall not ban its rcnewabdity after the complcDon of the agreement period, and
• I-rssee shall not partially or fully rent the land io a third parry unless it is death indicated in thr rent agreement.
. legal basis fQr acquisition are formed by the 1995 Coosnturion of the FDR of
admuj.^ PrCMdamition No. 455/2005 issued by the Federal Govemnsent as well as rural hud aeration and use laws enacted by the regional states.
*11 land ip Rtbiopla E ownwJ bv S[atc k an be fcdunwd
dedandon Without
fin ' OD^nt of ^dt^dual hndhold^ According to Amdc 40(7) of the 1995 Cordon. the
nt may expropriate private property for public purpose with prior payment
,tc compensation.
n
C ^Tde^r(2)
12 Miy 11
D• rfn 91 a”'1
with A«ck 51(5) of the 1995 Constmmon, the F^,
10 d to enact laws regards the unbsat.on of land. .ndudtng the
*
cmp.nvtred to 
e5 In 2005. the Federal Government of Eth^
hndhokhngs or: p« ? Fjtptopnanon of Landholding for Public Purposes and Pl^'td
Prodan • /-°f lddressing aenous problems related to the expropruu^/
f Proclamation 455/2005. a wereda or urban adminutranon >M.
According to An>de 5(1) °
upon payment in advance o 
Undholdings for P^c
dcvdoptnent project to be
ot other organs, or where sue
* believes
htve the power to expropriate rural or urbir.
hnd sbouW 
f<w #
reponal or federal government orga
3.2.7 PrvnffO* of Patml Pjrplactmtnt Land
The provisions tn the 1995 Constitution upholds government obligations to provide Und
land compensation through the resettlement of affected households and communities with, adequate assistance from the government
It is stipulated in Article 15 of the Council of Ministers Regulations No. I35/2007 on Pivmtx: of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public Purposes thi where land used for growing crops or protected grass or pastoral land is expropriated fox pubk purpose, the possessor of such land shall, as much as possible, be provided with a pkx of and capable of serving a similar purpose
It is specified in Article 9(4) of Proclamation 456/2005 that where peasant firmen and (jcnn- pastoralists are evicted from their holdings for the construction of an irrigation scheme, land distribution shall be undertaken to make them get equitable benefit from the irrigation development to be established
In accordance with Article 11(1) of Proclamation 456/2005. the larm plot to be given future (i.e resettlement programme) shall not be less than the minimum size hoi
prqudice to the former holding or farm size of a family II is specified in Article ( Proclamation No. 133/2006 - Revised Rural Land Administration and Use of A
minimum area of plot of irainfed or irrigated) land io be provided to onc ^j^nanon determined by a regulation to be issued following the promulgation of (his
r d Ural 1 -and
oot bv pubbc enutics. private investors, cooperative Woc«s hM been decided by the apptopnate higfxr
SM ne purpose
According to Article 5 of Regulation No 51 /2007 - Implementation oi n Administration and Use System in ANRS. the size of a rural landholding <** person may not be less than 0.25 hectares where it refers to a plot of r j lo be 1 hectares where it refers to a plot of irrigated land The maximum size of household may not exceed ” hectares in (semi-) high land areas and 10 he j th* areas respccuvch In Article 7 of Regulation No 51/2007, however, H * P
to ao?
011
S
* Minimum wie h<4dtng means size of rural landh<4djng can ensure the food set only of J which suffice* foi firming of annual md perennial crops, grazing, house constnlCtiofl and garde
Ub F4 SHBb Resettlement (?.
14SIZC of » plo* bnd Fin,cd fot an> pCrSOf1 ln ANRS "“F not lew 02 hectares
I nini fr,urn
^^rainrcd^
n 06 hectares if it is irrigated land.
(l , Article 38-2.9 of the Directives for Implementation of Proclamation No
ACC
*’i ^and Regulation No 51/2007, each household, whose (oinfed) Und is taken for
d
133/2 development, is entitled to receive a plot of tmgibk land erjurvalmt to 80% of the deve. oP
sizc of the !a"d lak<_n
t] <■ federal government will be responsible for the development of the Upper Beks
'rigsnon proiect, it is expected that only the federal legislation telitrd to land expropriation and ieS ^denwnt art apptlcahk
... . ,
\ru<lc 44(2) ’he 1995 Constitution sOpulales that ah people. who have been displaced or whose livelihoods hive been adversely affected as a result of Stale programmes. shall have the nght to receive adequate monetary or other means of compensation, including rescttianmi/ rehabilitation options with adequate state assistance.
( a) Compensation for Lost Property
According to the 1995 Constitution, compensation will not be paid for land to be expropriated for public purposes as all land in Ethiopia is owned by the Stare. Tn accordance with Article 7(1 of Proclamation 455/2005. however, a landholder whose holding has been expropriated, shall be cn tided to payment of compensation for lus property situated on the land and for permanent improvements made to the land. It is specified tn Article " of Proclamation
455/2005 that the amount of compensation to be paid to the rural landholder whose landholding will be expropriated must be determined as follows:
• Amount of compensation for pxopertv situated on the expropriated land shall be determined on the basis of the replacement cost of the property;
• Compensation for permanent improvement to land shall be ccpial to the value of capital and labour expended on the land.
• Cost of removal, transportation and erection hall be paid as compensation for property that could be relocated and continue its service as before; and
aluation formula for determining compensation for vinous properties and detailed prescriptions applicable therr to shall be provided for by regulations.
mentioned in the Resettlement Policy brunework (RPF) for the Hthropu lmgxoon A
r Un lRC prO|ect (2007>
moneiarv _ •
(hat
cmnoi be e»uk valued or compenrared m
n terms (i.e. access to public services, grazing areas, water points, fishing ponds, etc.),
pt will |)C made to establish access to equivalent and culturally acceptable resources and
,trf
in addiri
Displacement Compensation
’Pacified ’ l^C P*'ment of compensation for property situated on the expropriated land, r n been pj ID Anitlc R of Proclamation 455/2005 that t rural Luxiboldcr whmc landholding his
^pbeem
cx Propnated and no substitute land » available, shall also be paid a
UndholdeCni COrnpCnsatK>n «pivaknt to 10 times the average annual income that the S) * Jb R 1 SCCUrcd dur,ng the last 5 yean preceding the expmpMnon of the land.d&fafa* Mmirr) tfVatr Enrtp
Eitorf*" W Irnj^dft^ a^ DrurMjr Prv^f
If substitute land is available for the landholder whose land ha be
be eaiilv ploughed ind generate comparable income, the duphc *" C*pr°POa'cd be ecjuiviknt to 1 time the average annual income thar the landT^™
vears preceding the expropriation of the land
r 5ccured du-u r^v
52.9
I jAm/Wm of Property
In 2007, the Council of Ministers issued Regulation No. 135/2007 on Paymen
Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public]^
----- «.>uC i‘urpoK.
the purpose of not only prong compensation but also to assist displaced persons to
tthheeiirr lliivevelliihhood oodss TThheessee RReegugullat atiiononss pprrovi oviddee sshhorortt ddeessccrriippttiiononss anandd fcor---r-n--u--L---f--"- < - reitOrc
amount of compensation payable for (lie categories of property in accordance w
provisions in Proclamation 455/2005: i) buildings; u) fences; iii) annual crops n
crops; v) trees; vi) protected grass; vii) permanent improvement on rural land
property, tx) mining license, and x) burial ground
According to Article 22 of Regulations 135/2007, any person claiming compensation in
accordance with Proclamation 455/2005 and these Regulations shall produce proof of
legitimate possession of the expropriated landholding and ownership of the property routing
compensation.
J.J 
Comparison bct^rcti Eduopuo Legitbtioa and World Bank OP 4.12
There are a number of differences between the World Bank Polio OP 4.12 related to
involuntary resettlement and the Ethiopian legislanon related to expropnanon of landholdings
for public purposes and payment of compensation
Table 3-1; Comparison between World Bank and Ethiopian Resettlement Legislation
Theme
, Involuntary
resettlement
Dissemination of
information and
consuhaoon ________
Cut off date to
establish eligibility for
compensation and
revetriemeny__ __
EUgitalitv foe
compensation and
resettlement
World Bank OP 4.12 Banc principle that involuntary resettlement should l»r avoided where feasible or minimised by exploring viable alternative project de signs Affected persons arc informed about their options and rights as well as
consulted
Cut-off date to he established by borrower and acceptable to W'orld
Bank
Three groups, including i) those with formal/legal right to land; ii) those without legal land right but with claim to land; and iii) those occupying land without legal rights or claims
Ethiopian Lcgt>hoop_
Expropnanon of land will be dune
when deemed necessary for pibk
purposes
Not specified
Not specified
1
Only landholders (individud,
gos’trnmcnt or private orgxv”riL*
having lawful possession entr the I* *
and propern- situated thereon' *h°|C
holdings have been expmp01^
be entjded to payment ot
compensation
11) F4 SrOlb Rc<enlemenr (2}
16Th
emg___-------
World Bink OP 4.12
Ethjopan Legiihtioo
lenofij occupytrig nr>d without legal rights nr c Luuu are not riagibte for compcfiiahon
S«i^nefi,bl<
p***
Pulicuhr itrention shall be paid to needs of vulnerable groups imong affected people, including those below poverty line. Undies and elderly, women and children, indigenous people and ethnic
minorities
Not de lined
Poisson nf support
J fieriW|kccmdTir rn
fotore Uvelthnods
fn addition to compensation pavmenr, provision of development assistance, such as land preparanon, credit facilities. training and iob opportunities, fora iramition pen rd needed to restore the livelihoods and standard of livings of displaced
people
Not included
RrscrrJrrnrnt support
Provision of moving allowances as well as residential housing/ housing site and/or agricultural sites equivalent to the old utr
In new rtserdement urcs or host communities, infraMiiuctLire and public services are provided as necessary to improve,, restore or maintain acccswhdity and levels of service for the displaced people and host CDCT1JTLUTL113CS-
Only payment of tost of rrniovi, transportation ird ereoxxi for property that could be rdoeiied.
No provision for uiditMjnll utppod for deveiopment of trscttJemcEi lilts, including public texYKCS
.Accej. gommuna]
s lo
^cirjuir e%
Allenutnr ar similar resources arc provided to compcniarc for rhe loss of access to community mounts,
such as fishing and grazing arras, fuel and/or fodder
No provisions included
J
r
12-Mr n—”*NST'TUT,ONAL frawewo'”<
The inions'
fcUosvinf
organisation setup for the L'pper Beier ungition projert needs to rccopiuc
7-hc"unport*ncc of the core irrigation sugar otate which it likely to extend ma jbout Jf, (X» h» (excluding I lyma) of the 61.S 11 hi net tmgsble irca in L’ppc Beks (it
dev elopment Option 2A>). Including fot Myrna the sugar estate is expected to extend n ver about 50,000 ha,
r fhc importance of the smallholder firms, some of which may become out-grower* to (he sugar estate, which extend over about 23,000 hi;
fhc resettlement implications of the proposed development, both to dear existing smallholder farmers from the sugar estate area, as well as to for cofisolrdaDon of smallhrddce managed irrigation holdings;
V The importance of the non-engineering project components co achieve aobapafaj
project benefits including:
O Formation & strengthening of appropriate farmer and professional insnruncww to take responsibility for O&M of the engineering infrastructure;
o Support for smallholder crop and livestock production and for community development.
o Support for land and watershed management (including SMC measures),
forestry and environmental enhancement measures.
The proposed institutional setup for the project is shown an Figure 4-1 It is considered likely that die newly formed Ethiopian Sugar Corporation will be the Executing .Agency, but with support from the Ministry of Water & Energy, and particularly the Abbay Rjvct Basin Authority,
Projird lenj £nstiruti&&5
Project level institutions would include the
• Upper Beks Sugar Estate, UBSE;
• Project Implementation Office. PIO. and
Metal Engineering Corporation, MFC I'particuLwh' for mechanical 4k electrical aspects of development, including the sugar factory and associated equipment).
^'C 1,ppCf Bcics Sugar Estate (UBSE) would pnmanJy be concerned with scheme development Th C5tatC arci as wc^ office, factory and staff actommodaiiOTi buildings and holmes.
i *■Uould be a permanent institution concerned not only with scheme development but also with « k
r eme operations following the completion of the project
f'lVcij Ik
‘ Tngatio C IITIPOmnCc °f *11 project components, including those associated with smallholder Propos elopment, the establishment of a Project Implementation Office (PK)) is
' f°r 1116 dur*tion of project. The PIO would manage all project coraponcnn
E
consultancy services, and liaise between the LB Sugar Estate. the Metal
CetSng Ct>rPontio
n
3|I *ni1 fr-'-
and others
'
Cu n**kreJ ir clctiulcJ 
t m SR—0207: mgattd Agiicdtuic & Apr>«unt«uc Dcvdopc**t
ft)
19
ISAtiyHI 'fJWStu Rtf *«. »f Mnufry sfVjtr- nd E wjj EtoHfu* Ntd IrvTtMtOH J*d PnruQf
The Metal Engineering Corporation would primarily be concern d
works including procurement of facilities and equipment f the
Or
f>cili,a
nnp
cthinol plant, water treatment works, etc
C *°e Proccssin®
43
Field Level Insatufinns
Field level msnrunons would include
Civil works contractors.
Contractors to construct (operate & transfer to the UBSFi »
k
f'-ac---t-or--y, ---e--th.--an---ol---p-l-an---t--, -w--at ---er. treatment works, etc; Main System Operator concerned with operation of the
4.4
4.4.1
44.2
well as the main irrigation system supphing both the sugar estate and
areas;
U tter User Associations concerned with irrigation management withm »k farm areas and
Kebek Offices, Service Cooperatives and Land Administration & L’se Committ concerned with implementation of non engineering aspects of project development
Institutions snd Resettlement
Vtdtnd Levtl
(a) Ministry of Water and Energy
In liaison with the Ethiopian Sugar Corporation (ESQ and the Ministry of Federal Affairs (MoFA), the MoWE will ensure that the implementation of the project is m compliance with legislation related to the expropriation of land for public purposes, payment of compensation and resettlement of affected persons
(b) Ministry of Federal Affairs
The MoFA is responsible for resettlement planning across Ethiopia. Hie MoFA will monitor and ensure that resettlement of affected persons is earned out in accordance with the provisions of national legislation, in particular Proclamation No. 455/2005. The °
provide technical and capacity building support to the regions in order to enable than develop and implement the individual Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs). H* • ° ’ monitor the review of the RAPs by the regional agencies to ensure that they comph provisions specified in national legislation
fypw/L*/
. ® ^plemenung Agenaes
, the Bureau of Water Resources Development (BoVCKD) wd b< thc ^PltlIKnnng «6°kv. "hcreas the Bureau of Agnculture and Rural Development (BoARD) be tmplementing agency tn B-GNRS
According io Article 5 of Proclamation No. 455/2005, the imp c
CanePr*«*«g^
^-r«Rcdan,flft
11
|
following responsibilities.
• Prepare detailed data pcnaining to the land needed for 11
t wofks and
,£)
least one year before the commencement of the works. tOp^
jC >nU
j tion
expropriate land in accordance with the provisions in the permission from than, and
11> F4 Sf03b Revnicnmi (2)
20PiV conipcnMOon in accordance with the provisions m the Proclamation to
* [p dhoJdrcs whose holdings have been expropriated
Competent Authority for I .and Administration md Utilisation rS the Environmental Protection, Land Adnunbtra&nn and Use Authority (EPLAUA)
competent authority that has been established in accordance with the constitution of a 15 ^lC C ensure that a system of rural land administrate and utilisation a realised in rhe
Cgl"n One of l** mail1 r P
cs
onslb,l,tics of EPLAUA IS the review and approval of the RAPs to
ensure m* ■
rCf,On .h,r thev comply Wth the provisions in national and regional legislation The EPLAUA
1
,
tU Jso he responsible for ensuring that compensation payments are included in the requcti
fr,r fund' a,,d 0111 thCy
allo ”Lf J 3i comr™tcd to the approved RAP’s.
|n B-GNRS. the Environmental Protection Agency (EP A) reported^ is responsible for the implement’11 of the land administration and utilisation system under the recently promulgated Proclamation, bill its implementsuon had not started al the time of preparing this report
ITfrrrda I St*/
(a) Implementing Agencies
At wereda level, the Water Resources Development (WRD) offices in ANRS ind the Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD) offices in B GNRS art the lmpkuiainng agvnocs and will be the major actors in the implementamn of the project, at least within the smallholder firm areas
Wuh regard to resettlement and compensation payment, the WRD office ind/nr ARD office will be responsible to support rhe weredi administration with the devdopmenl of the RAP by
• undertaking the screening and assessment of the project area in order to determine whether resettlement and payment of compensation will be required;
• carrying out an impact assessment, asset valuation ind deicrmmation nt compensation requirements;
• undertaking the identification, selection, distribution/alkxaoon and rehahdistiO'n of land for the resettlemen I of affected persons, and
providing support in terms of restoration of livelihoods and grraiR special inenuon id vulnerable members of the rural communities
(bj W ereda Administration
,T1 g rn Article 3(1) of Proclamation 455/2005, a wereda adnunutraliciu has the power to
bett
higher
landholdings for public purpose where it bebeves that it should be used for a project to be carried out by public cantos, private investors, cooperative
organs, or where such expropriation has been decided by the appropriate c Pf->naJ or federal government organ for the same purpose.
haVc thef1 *** Aniclt 4
Pr °^tm U
13 of ProclaraaCnn J 55/2005, the wmdi adnuiusuinnn shall
l llOWmR Te'P“nsibilitte.'. and dunes with tespect to the unplemaiutwn of the
of written notifiestion/eipropnitiMi order to the Luidboldee inflating the am w th the land has to be vacated and the amount of compensaunu to be paid.
12-Miy 11
21Pn "*'
* Pay or cause the payment of compensation to holders of e
accordance with the provisions tn the Proclamation and prov^ "'^ 'n
0
rehabilitation support to the extent possible, and
"* ' ^Crn ^th
•
Maintain data of properties removed from expropriated landh M
The wereda administration will also be responsible for the dcveln««™
PFl^O.r|f *1T1^ !■->. i the RAP With the administrative and technical support of the EPI.AU A fr P
and/or the ARI) office at wcreda level.
° *“• W) ofi^ '
(c) Wereda Office of Environmental Protection. Lanrf a a
LAe Authority 
’ Adm,ni^n^
In accordance with (he provision? in Proclamation No. 456/2005, i) wcreda level as (he competent authority for land administration and following responsibilities and duties:
«EPLAUA office,„
ouhaitton have the
• Measurement of rural lands under holding of private persons community governmental and non-governmental organisations (NGOs);
• Preparation and maintenance of cadastral maps showing the boundaries of all measured rural landholdings;
• Registration of land use and level of fertility of all rural landholdings,
• Preparation and issue of holding certificates to any holder of rural land,
• Registration of any rural land that is held through lease or rental.
• Approval and registration of rural land lease agreements and contracts between landholder and investor;
• Distribution of rural land and consolidation of fragmented landholdings, and
• Formulation of strategy for (re)settlement, villagisatmn and development of soari services tn order to achieve a better system of rural land utilisation-
According to Article 26 and 28 of Proclamation No. 133/2006 - Revised Rural land Administration and l se of Amhara National Regional State and Article 25 in Regulation No 51 /2OO7 - Implementation of Rural land Administration and Use System of ANRS, the EPLAUA office at wcreda level shall have the following dunes and responsibilities regu
the implementation of this proclamation: u)
• Establishment of land administration and use committees through pubb
!
kebdei and sub-kebeks,
Monitoring the functioning of the land administration and use conun at krbcle and sub-kebcle level;
Review of the sciru-annual reports submitted by the land administra romances.
Provision of appropriate training to the members of the csta s
and use committees concerning their duties and responsibilities, Recording and maintenance of data concerning land admirustra Monitoring of proper use of lands by the holders and users, an o|,bgati<’n5 measures against any holder or user, who fails to discharge hi.
regard to the use of the land,
Review’ of complunts submitted by holders or users of land ag*^ administrative decisions issued by the land administration an
rt ubbh^
jn j u5f
U-M*1'1
Uh Fa SrO3h ResenJcmcnt f2)o-cording <)f a11 Und* be,ng undcr Kovcmm«’' bolding within the wereda ird
R( co
.
rding of J1 rent’ «nong»« ’
c
df
»
nat ™ *"d anular agtecrneni, in tchbon to rural
Ifljldr
j
.. .
^.on making with regard to expropriation of rural land from any holder or user for ublrc service by paring proper compensation in advance;
Issue of written notification to the u ereda administration about the decision to eapropn^C land, ind
Investigation of lnv petition submitted by any holder or user of apropnaied land, who
According to Article 9 of Proclamation No. 455/2005. the valuation of property situated on
land to be expropriated shall be earned out by certified private or public institutions or individual consultants on the basis of valuation formula adopted it national level Until such time that the Ministry of Federal Affairs ascertains the crcaUoo of the required capaatr to make vahunon of property on the basis of valuation formula, such valuation shall be earned out by committees to lie established by the wereda administration in accordance with fVndc 10 of the Proclamation.
It is stipulated in Article 10 of Proclamation No. 455/2005 that where land to be eipropnared is located in a rural area, the property situated thereon shill be valued by a committee of not mote than five experts having the relevant qualification and to be designated by the wereda
1 jjrf
i
——inu use comir
C 'C - "Ilt ^dirional Teem of office.KT L
Hth*f** b* I*’* '
4 1 ** a '
tf«tf Pn»*Rr
™b« «P-*"8 
>■1™"“'”'’''" ,nd d™d°P~» ot
’*" k'b'k “!m''"""""" ,"d
«K«„ '
wereda level.
Facilitation of land distribution by processing demands and suPportlng participation;
• Registration and maintenance of all records related to issue of j k
to landholders,
• Maintenance of copies of rent, mortgage, donation and similar agrc
from the EPLAUA office at wereda level;
• Issue of oral and preliminary written warning to any holder or user of u not properly handle his/her land;
• Unless the holder or user has corrected the use of his/her land followin th
^ng cettjfi^
mCnti drived
’ doe*
the warning. report the improper use of land to the EPLUAU office at w r/
that administrative measures can be taken against the offender;
• Ensuring that any decision that suspends or deprives the right to hold or use Un<j supported by the participation of the kcbele population, unless it is for any
distnbuuon, holding certificate provision, villagisation, distribution of communal Und for private use, change of the service of land as well as public use;
• Preparation of semi annual reports, which shall be submitted to the kebdc populism and the EPLAUA office at wereda level; and
• Faalitanon of awareness campaigns to inform the kebcle population about their nghti and obligations related to land administration and use.
In BC.NRS, the formation of land adminisuanon and use committees it kebek level has not started yet
Ub F4 SrOib Rcscrtimu-nt (T
24F/jrurrc 4-1: /nnirudongi Arrtn/^rniral far Prefect Itnplcnimtrtian ORGANISATION CHART
[Prime M7nbrer's
/ Office
Federal Ereculing Agency Ethiopian Sugar Corporation
Ministry of Waler & liner©
Abbay Riva Basin Authority
I
Upper Beles Sugar Estate
(t) LfeD Divisinn. (ir) Factory Division, (iii) Staff • Accounts Division
Project hnptanenlalfon Office
Project Steering Committee
Repcc-senliiUvctj (totti (Q MdWAE, (it) Mo ARD. (ui) MoFED, (iv) Mol. (v) EEPCO, (v i) Ethiopian Sugar Corporation;
\
\
\
I
Project
Coordinator
&
Support Staff
(Secretary,
Driver,
Accointanl)
Project Consultants:
(i) Package I Consultancy (or Detailed Design, OAM Support & Cunstmctaui
.Supervision
(it) Package II Consultancy for Resettlement Activities
(iii) Package III Environmental Impact
Aitfiwent Studies
Metal Engineering Corporation
Facilitate engineering work* procurement, civil works crautrucuon, MXE equipment, etr
V ’> a Les cl 1iwtitutions
Amhira & B-G Bureaux of Water Resources Development (support for implementation. coordination, public relations)
Amhara 4b B-G Bureaux of Land & Environment Protection (support for land acquisition, consolidation, compensation A
resettle mem *
Small & Medium Commercial Fatales (upcral i ng under rev toed lease agre ements)
Woredaa (6 Nr) (crop, hveitock, community Jt loreatry SWC development, also land
acquisition, consolidation. compensation A reMrtlJemenl}
(v ii) EP A, (v) Arohara A Iknishagul-Guntuz ’
Regional Gvto; (vi) Zone / Wood* Offices
Amliara & B-G Bureaux of
Agri culture & Rural Devdopmrnl (agricultural support}
J
Amhara & B-G Burciux of Finance & FLconom ic Develo pm cut
ibudgets Jt expenditure control)
Cooperative Promotion Agency (support to WII As and to farmer
cooperatives)
Aiiihara & B-G Agricultural Research KnsXktutn
(technical support J
Contractors
Package I Storage Uum
Package 2 Right Main I AD System wdLand Development
Package 1: Left Main 1AD System
and Land Development
Package 4: Village & Access Roads Packmc $ Factory. etc
■
Main System
Operator
(Uoragc reservoir, diversion weir main
I AD aystcm operaucn A mainicnancc for 9- ywi)
KaMc Omen
(D At for crop, livestock A community do ve lop mail support)
Service
C oaper stives (agncvltunil input*, marketing mecharuawlion)
Field Level Implementing fmtituiionv
.
Laud Adm in Miration A L'ao Committee* (land acquisition, consolidation,
compensation A rrsciLiemcnl)
WUA*
i Tertiary syalcm LdfUinjCtKWl work*, Tertiary an J Secondary aystem OJtM. waler charges
L 1b l44 SrOlh Reteriicawnt
25
2-May-l Il<*
ELEMENT IN ETHIOPIA: LESSONS LEARNT
b
PE
5 'X 1 ent h»s become an is»ue tn Ethiopia since the hte 19* emturr duc tD
RCS<<1 Zr> p«ssure 111 'hC Eth,°'?Un h,?W:,nd5 A f,jrnuJ
P «7 of encotmpns voluntary
ol
a
527
P*’pU?^nt began ln 1958 Whe" thC Ethj°Pun ^ttnDM' implemented the fint resettlement
,e 'f " C in rhe former Stdimo province.
programme m
1 after the 1974 revolution, rhe Drrg rrgunc decided m accelerate die resettlement of
b ° f»nr farmers from the Ethiopian highland as part of its land reform policy The official
^cctivc of Ihc resettlement programme was to prevent famine nr attain food secunty by Having people from the drought-prone and overly crowded areas to sparsely populated regions 4fl d unoccupied virgin lands In addition, the Derg regime also promoted the accelerated
mplrmentanon of resettlement programmes in order to achieve the coUecfoisanoa and socialist nans formation of the agriculture sector in the countty.
In 1976, a total of SR rcsrTrlemcnt centres accommodating 38.818 households wrre already established and they were mainly concentrated in the southern and south -western pans of the country In 1984, the Derg regime announced its intention to resettle a total of 1.5 million people from the drought-affected regions in northern Ethiopia to areas in the south and southwest of the country, where arable land was available. By 1986, a total of 600,000 people were resettled with 250,000 persons m the Wellega region, 150.000 persons in the Gambcla area and just over HX\(MK) individuals to the Metekcl/Pawe area
Following a temporary halt of die resettlement programme from nud 1986. it was resumed in November 198“, In March 1988, the government expressed the need to relocate at least 7 million people in order to resolve ihr country's recurrent drought problrm ind to case the population pressure on the lands in the northern highlands
One of the resettlement schemes was the Mended resettlement scheme, also known as the Piwc r Belts resettlement scheme. The aim of this resettlement scheme was to rrscrtlr 82,000
P >ns [rnm ihc highlands in northern Ethiopia in 48 villages on bath sides of the Beles River Ji the ]2llti of the fotmer Bcles State barm, which was established by the government in two
ns in the 1980s. Upon arrival, the settlers found the reality ic be differed trem that liti^ -ft fr°m promises made by the authorities In addition to a physically hanh (hot and
ih aJ1^ rria*ajla ndden environment, they found that the sods and dunite were unswubk
Forth 2?*CS Cr<1
^ ^ ?‘ were used to growing, such as teff, wheat, barley and peas
Se
^nd
]
cc
na ttrdy 
1[ ^5t to s,art with, there were no decent houses, schools, health laohtses, roads water. The settlers also found that they were surrounded by hostile hosts,
that it ^UJnU2 P*°ple, who woe opposed to the resettlement pn>gramme they considered did not h' C”ely ltfcCUd dlclr ^elihood. As the cultivated land gave low pdds and the settlers ^P^hcnced* 'kH^ntarv inputs and equipment to suit basic fuming activities, the settlers
CVerr iamine and many suffered from malmimoon.
t2Mavl]
27Httupu* N<* m4 P™*’
In Much 1986, Italian agencies initiated emergency relief programmes
resettlement area by providing the settlers with food, clothing, blankets^'11'' M"cltc| medical assistance. In addition, the Ethiopian and lialun governments L °US'’hold Wen^ the Tana Beles Project in Region 6 in the Pawe Special \X ereda over a totd lg,f'd ^ple ha. The basic objective of the Italian assistance was to develop a self-su<'* Vc* 1^
region The investment budget was US$ 26“ million, out of which 37% '
X nr n
°
‘ >y fo, n"
agncultural development. 35% for infrastructure and 12° o for worksh * oc’ 'd for
t
°P& ted ^n tructi
S On
Between 1986 and 1990. the achievements of the Tana bales Project included
of 25.000 new houses, (li) construction of a small dam to the north cast of pav^ C°nirn,c’»n supply the settlements with dnnking water, fai) construction and operation of ° t0
milk factory, a seed selection plant, a bakery- and a pipe factory; (iv) construct!
and a health dime in each village; (v) construction of 49 kindergartens and ° °l
each of the 6 districts. Dunng the 1988 campaign. 23,000 ha of land were ckarcdof *
18.000 ha was planted with maize, sorghum, groundnut, soybean, chickpea and nee
The settlers were forced to form cooperatives and work on the communal land as duh labourers for bi weekly food rations. They did not have control over producnon decision, productive resources and the product of their labour The settlers did nor have private firm land other than 0.1 or 0.2 ha of garden (homestead) fields.
The assistance of the Italian government to the Tana Beles Project suddenly terminated in eirir 1990$ due to the change in government in Ethiopia and the project was taken over and managed by Ethiopian authorities.
With the fall of the Derg regime, the Gumuz and other indigenous peoples started to attack rhe settlers and they also claimed more rights and representation in the administration and politic* affairs of the wereda Due to violent clashes, many settlers decided to leave the area In 1993, the remaining settlers were given 0.75 ha of farm land and 0.1 to 0.2 ha of garden pci household. In 1995, the project constructed two small dams for hydro-electric pouer and irrigation. but the canals and irrigation systems were never built, lhr constructed waic
system also largely fell into disrepair
£2.2 I 'illafUiirwn Prvgra*wt
In 1985, the government also initiated a new relocation programme with the scattered living fanning communities into village clusters in order to promote and conservation of natural resources, strengthen security, and provide
well as health and education services. The government guidelines stipulated
.
JS
^jjagr
4
should be designed for 200 to 300 households and each household compound of 100 m . By Match 1986. about 4.6 million people were re oca
:
U °U.ld^dinn”nO,etbn
4.500 villages m the regions of Shewa, Arsi and 1 Iarargie By 1989. the govern relocated about 13 million people In early 1990s. the government aband<>r>< ^d a programme when it announced new economic policies based on free m
relaxation of centralised planning
L'b b'4 SrOtb Rricrtlrwent (2)
28" >"'w
m RrJ*/^***^
^voluntary ««»tle,,icnl Pr<>Plmmcs
« the government encouraged
10 20°5, o "move from les* productive to more producnve areas Under the Plan for Accelerated farwet5 Devciopm«>t to End Poverty (PASDEP), which is Ethiopia's gutdmg strategic
jfld
s
t 1 for (he five-year penod 2005/06 and 2009/10, voluntary resettlement out of food
• °' ^
^^^area* to more productive areas is supported by the government as part of its food msecurc a ^inc Resettlement is on a purely voluntary basis and each sealer household u
Se<U^tced a package of assistance that includes the provision of up to 2 hectares of fertile land. gWir* cn hand tools, utensils, and food rations for the first 8 months. Settlers are also
fWi ded with access to essential social infrastructures (te. clean water, health post, feeder road. ^ ctcIc elementary school) and logistical support. However, the settler households are not
nipen^tcd for improvements made on the lands (te. terracing), planted nees or their bandoned houses. At the resettlement site, the settler households have to undertake the
construction of a new house themselves, whereby they have to collect and/or purchase the necessary construction materials Ifie clearing of the allocated plot of land is also the responsibility of the settler The target is to resettle about 160,000 households during the five- year period, including 40.000 households in the Amhara region
Despite some problems encountered in its early implementation, the resettlement programme has proved itself as a crucial and reliable alternative that ensures food secunry in a very short penod of time. Recent assessments have shown that the majority of the settlers attained food self-sufficiency and their livelihoods improved considerably*
Inv/kHfary Rtsettltmtni
During the 1990s and the first decade of the 21" century, involuntary resettlement of people is mainly linked with the implementation of large infrastructure projects, including the construction of large dams and irrigation schemes. A number of these projects are briefly described below.
© bxneha’a Dam
<lncha a dam is located in the state of Oromiva and it was constructed during the 1960s-70s EthT 5,ak h°ldcr consultation, resettlement schemes or compensation was not yet part of
c
of th^ * development projects. The reservoir, which was crated by storing the run-off
11
Wat f lnC^a 1
Kiver, had a surface of 100 km , but increasingly extended to 149 km when
2
2
resets ncar Amam River was dammed up and diverted vu a tunnel to the Fine ha a
direcrl 10 198 to k°°st hydropower production. Due to this extension, 431 km2 of land were
^fectcd
by the project and another 331 km2 of grazing and agricultural lands were
• t]f which a large part was abandoned
people b ^ * 
c
’ Phn to 
the Ftncha’a Dam caused the involuntary dislocation of about 25,000 1986 WhUe thc Pr<’lccl engtneenng firm, US-based Haoa. suggested
ferric the majonty of the displaced populanon to a malana-infested downstteamPrWt.-
ErtnfiM Nir l^fatiM an Dnf^f Proffer
swamp which could be drained, lhe government undertook no known minimal compensation was paid to some landlords, but it’s unclear w)r the majority of those displaced .
7
recent assessment of stakeholder perspectives and further studies indicated s livelihood changes related to the dam*.
(ii) Gilgel Gibe 1 I lydropower Project
Wc ^an<^ ux i
people had to be resettled as their lands had to be acquired for the construction of die d reservoir. The value of all assets of the project-affected households, including then housed estimated and compensation wu pud at once by the project lire RAP was prepared in 199' ' and lhe resettlement programme was earned out m 1999 and 2000. lhe resettlement was completed wo years ahead of impounding and four years ahead of completion of civil works The total expropriation cost of immovable property was estimated at US$8,611,000 The hind, required were made available by the Government of the F DR of Ethiopia to the Govcmmer- ofONRS before credit approval by the World Bank lhe resettlement cost was estimated ar US$4,600 per household, which is below’ the international average for a 180 MW hvdropower
plant.
The protect-affected households were resettled in nine settlements In the resettlement irea,tfie settler households were provided with, (i) 2.5 ha of rainfed farm land, of which 20 ha war cleared and ploughed for the first season with tractors; (u) improved seeds and chemical
agricultural and health extension services, and v) medical check-up and treatment
resettlement programme-'
7 Inteminond Riven (2008); p H
• Irit I fuaviien (2009). p 8 ’ World Bank (2006). p S-6
I ’b 1*4 Sr03b Revcitlrmeni ,2)
30• requirements for the completion of resettlement implement™™. a soon-
dtK Resettlement programme was earned our according to the RAP and in hne with Wodd Bank Guidelines,
Compensation was paid in a timely way to all protect-affected households;
Project-affected households resettled in nine sites located tn Kena and Otno Nada in
religion and were from the same cultural background.
\rn >ng the 706 households displaced by the protect, 562 households were resettled dirough a government assisted resettlement scheme and 144 households resettled on their own;
f_and was equally distributed to all rescnled households and there was not a single household that did not have land in the resettlement sites, including those households who did not have land in lheir previous ^cttlenicnts;
• Quality of the new houses is superior to the old houses as they were constructed with wood and mud and all have corrugated iron sheet roofing;
• Walking distance to health centres as w cll as schools has been considerably reduced;
r
• Both in die prr resettlement sites and resettlement sites, the largest portion of farmland was used to grow mai^c followed by teff and sorghum;
• Average yield level for all types of crops has been reduced by 54% due to climatic factors, sn that a larger proportion of the harvested crops is used for household consumption,
• Number of livestock owned by the resettled household has been reduced by ’’^A due to a combination of disease (Le. trypanosomiasis) is well as reduced income which ha* forced the resettled households to sell their livestock to meet basic needs;
• 231,000 trees were planted in the resettlement sites with a survival rate of about 6(1%.
• Although certain resources and infrastructures were provided or constructed for the benefit of the resettled households, ihc host communities have also become one the bcncficianes of these services; and
Social infrastructure, such as schools, health clinics and water points, arc in poor condition and m need of immediate maintenance’41.
rTUnigemcnt of the reservoir is very important to; (i) facilitate the transter to the
51
12 Mar-Ilf 6*™' Powcnw.- •/ Etloipu. Mimtr, •fVtttroMlEfrp
Ejlt+f W t"**” "* 
Pw<
system in place; and (ii) create awareness among stakeholders about th
project12.
Based on data collected dunng a visit to two of the tune resettlement site the NGO International Ris ers made the following observations
Resettled and host communities arc experiencing ongoing negau
resettlement;
’ ^°V| ,cmb^20(r
e c tecta frotl)
9
Government has no effective means in place to monitor the
u ie impacts of »l
resettlement or to address related grievances of resettled household Families were resettled on mosquito infested swatnpy land of p<K
In many places, resettlers were moved onto lands which were ahcadT^^11 grazing by host communities, whereas the host communities were
lost grazing lands,
Some villagers reported that they were promised but did not receive resulting in water logged dirt floors dunng the rainy season, whereas others noted that latrines were poorly built or not built at all;
Electricity was not provided and provided wells have become drv, Villagers reported a decrease in their cattle and other livestock
f°r
on, Peniated frjT
““Ren
Villagers reported that they didn’t get the opportunity’ to visit the resettlement snc beforehand despite official claims that visits bad been made;
Major issue for the resettled community, w'hich has a ven* large youth population, is the lack of job opportunities, especially in light of reduced farmland for resettled communities
Based on the findings of the site as well as information collected from an academic study m 2001 and World Bank’s completion report, the NGO InternationalR/mtj has formulated the following conclusion with regard to the resettlement of households affected by the conftrucDoti of the Gilgel Gibe I Dam;
“5rrrwyears later, those displaced by the Gilgel Gibe I Dant continue to suffer the effects of a poor rerettm programme, Ijrutock wealth and crop productivity have declined, project infrastructure has not befit
resource conflicts between the host and resettled communities continue, and the traditional sharing of with rhe next generation has been impaired. Affected households had limited ability to influence
process beforehand, and bare found no effective means to have their ongoingproblems adders.
(“) Gilgel Gibe III Dam
The Gilgel Gibe III Dam will be Ethiopia’s largest infrastructure in' cstn complete It is expected to cost $1.7 billion and consist of the construcn Ethiopia (240 meters high) on the Omo River, one of the largest impoun and a powerhouse that will generate 1,8 0 MW. doubling the country P° Goj ^
uo date once
ingest B1,
coufl^'
7
c
capacity. The reservoir will reach about 155 km in length, including u the Gibe River, and have a capacity of 11,750 Mm'
« World Bant (2006); p 18
u International Rivers (2006); p21
Uh J-4 SrO3b Re»mJemrnt (2)
3241)0 families (»PProxlrna,clv 3,200 P P
co
l<: > involuntarily dislocated bv Gilgel
At,ca$' ' .,^nlcment cost is estimated at less than J1 mill™ or 12.500 oer faamk
'P*)d 'r ... <ize. In addition, it is estimated that the grazing lands of some 275 nomadic
. Ribb Irngatwn Scheme
v 1'1a.tai of 1«7 households »l cudl$ tivat culitniv;g 52 hectares of farm land are affected by the construction Ribb irrigation scheme A total of about ETB 4.43 million has been disbursed to the 107
° ' d households, including ETB 3.99 million for 52 hectares of farm land, ETB 285,834 for hectares of communal grazing land, ETB 126,215 for lost trees, and FTB 26.950 for 5
been identified14-
• Asset inventory and valuation of properties was not always earned out tn the presence of the owners;
• Absence of coordination between different stakeholders was one of the main reasons for delayed payment of compensation to affected households,
• Compensation process entangled with long burcaucraoc procedures within the various government bodies resulting in the payment of compensation to the affected households long after then lands were taken for construction purpose,
• Plots of land were expropnaled without proper notification in a number of occasions,
• Mandates and responsibilities of the vinous government agencies involved in thr compensation process axe not clear;
• Absence of effective grievance hearing committee at protect, wtreda and kebele level hampered the dealing of complaints submitted by affected households.
• Project-affected persons did not receive anv external advice and skill training from the appropriate agcnoes with the aim to invest their monetary compensation into some kind of productive venture;
• Ample opportunities for having additional claimants for compensaurxi payments due lo the absence of formally communicated cut-off date.
the i- ;
c eC' arc’ ,s located within the Mecha Wereda of the ANR.S. The Kogi River nses in heighten m°UnUln arca ’nd joins the Gilgel Abbay. The maw dim with a mrnmum
u, ater tea* ' ^aS ^*en construcl«i on the Koga River to impound 7 million m' ot
4CfVo,r Wi order to irrigate 6,000 ha of the command area. According to the appraisal
24 27
12 Miy-11
33Frimtl OtB-rtn. •fEtHtfit, Mniny tflTMrr M<t E«f>p
report for the Koga Irrigation and Watershed Management Project, th
be farmer driven and the stakeholders are aware of the outline plans PrOl'0s'd p*
land for resettlement, and arrived at agreement on how- compensat/' *** *'
Tc d
’y
managed. Transparent criteria for the necessary resettlement and
enshrine the rights of female-headed households and the less well off 1S1°n of
the beneficiaries in the design and management decisions will increase t 'nV°,Vcmcnt f ownership and responsibility and lead to more sustainable schemes A
* iU b«
°f
impact assessment (EIA), including a Land Resettlement Plan has bccnCTniIY'n,’ nt
,e
4|
identified, and mmgation measures integrated in project design inn, COndllned,
•fi pproach and ideas
Construction of the various components of the irrigation scheme will tak
and grazing land and some houses will need to be demolished. Reservoir 5On> fMtn displace 217 families, 40 households are located along the line of the
*lD
homesteads within the command area will need to be re-located Rr^ni ,ni'S 5,J”*
senicrneru will »
the same community within 3 km of the original location Resettlement will be
by the community and will be thoroughly discussed and agreed on as stipulated
current legal proclamations. A total of USJ 1.59 million or USJ 6J90 per affected
household will be used to meet compensation costs under the Land Resettlement Pbn including payment for houses, tukul homesteads and economic crops/trees of displaced households
According to a follow-up study of E)A-recommended mitigation measures in the Koga lmgation and watershed management project, 20 major plans identified in the Environment! Management Plan (EMP) had progressed satisfactorily. whereas the progress of three planned activities was unsatisfactorily, including resettlement and compensation payments *.
(vi) Megech Pump (Scraba) Project
The Megech Pump (Scraba) Project with a total command area of 5,254 hectares is situated on the northern shore of Lake Tina in the North Gonder Zone of AN RS. The R AP was prepare in 2009 in accordance with World Bank standards The result of (he impact analysis shows
the relocation of people outside the command area is not required if the option of re existing villages is selected. However, a limited number of households have to be rd within the command area and the)* will receive an equivalent plot of land within
as much as possible (land for land principle).
1
I jjl village* m the
Three resettlement options have been proposed. One option is to r oca 
tc
o
f the
command area to other sites outsxle the command area prior to the
j^dop^
irrigation scheme. Under the second option, a limited number of villages infrastructure would be relocated following the construction of the imga 
third option is to provide additional social infrastructure without reloc £
A total of 425 houses have to be demolished if die option ot restrict! chosen. If the option to relocate all villages within the command area.
1
vilUgc-
the exisw’f''111** '
5 0(W
“W B Abcbc (2007); p.2
I lb F4 Sr03b Resettlemeot (2)
34(cd lfld 97 public infrastructure* (l.e. primary schook, health post*, vetennary
* nl1
** ’ ^k offices. DA offices and FTC*, flour mills and potable water 5Upp|v u , have to be demobshed a* well
fl
and
)2
churches na
f pnn 25.1 milbon is proposed for the execution of the resettlement programme
A total 5“^ ^lBges ^thm the command areas have to be relocated, including ETB 2.95 nullum
thereby sgnoQ
private houses and fixtures. ETB 8 92 milbon for construction and
»' compeo^ sen-ices and infrastructures. ETB 4.3 million for loss of annual and
eXplfl^dcrops E'I’B 4 55 million for lost fruit trees, ETB 5.76 milbon for lost Eucalyptus and
perenlU1
£TB j 20 milbon for community mobilisation, capadtv building and
dlgen°us aCe--
programme supenn^".
0 cd on discussions held with protect affected people, the preferences of most ifTccled people
lO
u
follows:
Relocation within (he same village where they could retain their family, social and cultural networks;
• linanaai compensation for lost or damaged propern-/assets; and
• Land-for land compensation16.
OJ \jnwu kjtantt
Most resettlement schemes reportedly have failed to meet targets because of tnappropnate planning, hasty implementation, exclusion of the host (receiving) community, inappropriate selection of the resettlement and other multifaceted biophysical and socio economic
constraints ’Phis holds true in several parts of the world in general and in Ethiopia tn particular. As a result, rcsettlcrs usually face multidimensional risks in the new areas which eventually may lead to complete or partial failure of the scheme. In order to minimize, if not avoid, such risks, one requires conceptual frameworks which are capable of explaining how resettlement may lead to social and economic impovenshmen is17.
rhe mam lessons learnt from the described resettlement programme [dated io dam and
^Ration projects in Ethiopia are summarised below
»od lmpktmrniiUun of Resettlement Programme
Preparation of comprehensive and detailed RAP is crucial for the proper preparation * and implementation of the resettlement programme,
rcsc^dement programme, including asset inventory, valuation of property, ernnnation and payment of compensation, expropriation of land and relocation of ccted households, must be propeih- planned in accordance with the provisions of
B existing legislation at federal and regional level;
to J* effected households and host communities must be given the opportunity criv d\ involved tn the planning, preparation and execution of the resettlement
°Rt mmc as proper public consultabon will help to address any outstanding issues asJE/h-pa. MimjfT) •( V'attr m Eifrp F'.tu^n Sur Irrratr* l>ra**p P»wnr
resettlement process;
1X0
A multi-disaplinary team with sufficient qualified and experienced staff must b< appointed for the entire duration of the resettlement programme
Asset inventory and valuation of property must always be earned out m the present
the owner,
Formal cut-off date must be communicated to avoid additional claimants for compensation payments;
Land-for-land compensation must be the basic principle and applied as much as
possible,
Unit rates and average crop yields used to calculate compensation payments must br determined tn a transparent and accountable manner by the concerned stakeholders
(i.c wrreda administration. ARD and EPLALA);
Land can only expropriated following the issue of proper notification and the payment of compensation for lost property/assets,
Compensation for lost property/as sets must be paid fully and timely to all project- affccted households before the start of the construction works,
avoid soil erosion.
Lb F4 SrOJb Rewnlement (2)
36ffccted households must be re bored in the same village as much as possible,
projc^ * 
• i they couio
so tna -
. retain the famihr. social and cultural networks;
swnc communin' is not possible, project iffccterl households must
lf rel°C*^j host communities where they speak the same language, practice the h* rCSC antj have the same cultural background; and
same rtjfcc|ed household must not be resettled on mosquito-infested, swampy land
^^
pu£Ua
jj l icd Households
x gfa
hcemeni land must be cleared and properly prepared before allocation to relocated
h useholds so that the resettled households will be able to start farming in the first
yc ar of their displacement;
Access to (improved) seeds, chemical fertilisers and agm chemicals must be ensured in rhe first year following rhe relocation of project-affected households to ensure that the resettled household are able to grow crops in the first year following their relocation;
• Provision of adequate agricultural extension services in order to ensure that the
relocated farmers have access to advice and technical support required to develop their farming under different ecological conditions,
• Provision of adequate veterinary services and improved breeding stock to prevent that the number of livestock owned by reseeded household is reduced to (new) diseases
and/or different climatic conditions;
• Provision/distribution of tree seedlings to ensure that the resettled households and members of the host communities will have sufficient access to fuel and construction
wood as well as fodder, and
• Support to develop off-farm |ob opportunities, including skill training, technical advice and/or credit facilities.
IkQVislon of Social Infrastructures
• 1 o ensure that the relocated households and the members of the host communities have sufficient access to basic social services at walking distance, additional social infrastructures have to be provided, including health posts, primary schools, veterinary c hnics, potable water supply schemes (Le. wells), access roads is well as churches
*nd/or mosques; and
I’^crnmcni agencies at kebele and wcreda level must have sufficient budget to operate and maintain all social infrastructuresFrrtmi/ K/fiMc •(&*•*?** MhtuT^ofW'anrandEatrp frncufi** PmriM(r Pnj*.T
6
6.1
EXISTING LAND TENURE AND SETTLEMENT
Land Use Pattern
Based on the data provided by the wereda offices, the land ■„ u
.................................................................
ffol olllowowss
• 37% in SDA IX’ de V to 43% in SDA I of all land is cultivable
• 8% in SDA 1T1 to 35% m SDA 1 of all land is grazing land
12% in SDA 1 to 41% in SDA 111 of all land is forest
1% in SDA I to 5% in SDA 111 is waste land
1% to 2% is used by houses and roads; and
Land use is not clear for 4% of all land in SDA TV de V to 13% •
0 hDA III.
This is consistent with the land use / land cover survey earned out under thi f
partially or fully within the boundaries of
the four SDAs of the L’pp
P r°l*l K
ai
see map included as Figure 1-3,
6.2 Land Use Rights
nubility itudy,
/
In the 57 kebdes partially or fully located in the four SDA, the land use right, arc a, |oU u%
,,
• 34’/. of the land has individual land use nghts belonging to households rm™. q! 32’ o tn SDA 1 A III to 36% in SDA IV & V;
• 32% ts communally managed, varying from 28° o in SDA IV A V tn 36% in SD \ I &
III;
• less than 1% belongs to the Church; and
• 34% is state-owned. ranging from 33% in SDA I & 111 to 35% in SDA TV Ac V.
62.1 I io tut bold Land IZfir RjrgAx/
The distribution of household land use nghts for 16 surveyed kcbcles situated tn the four SDAs is shown in Table 6-1;
Table 6-1: Distribution of household land use rights
Size of household land use right
SDA
< 10 ha 11-2.0 ha
> 2.0 ha
I 4k 111
4* o to 61% 1% to 68* o
8% to 73%
IV & V
33% to 84%
14% to 43%
2% to 33%
Source: FGD
The proportion of female land use right holders vanes from 2% in two survey SDA I Ac III to 31% in one surveyed kcbele in SDA IV & V.
On average, the surveyed households in 16 surveyed kebeles use their plot
to 17.9 yean
62.2 Laadltjj Houjthoidj
j Ijcbclc?
the
According to the FGD, the overall average proportion of landless houU surveyed kebeles is 15% of the total number of households in the four -
Household Survey, about 8% of respondents are landless-
Ub P4 Sr<i3b Rr*cnJcmeor (2)
38<\ K*/"***
. i /-J Ui"ff *
t
l,h La"d 1
)(
. <ntf
i-' ’ Based on dil,i
co |]cCtcd during the thematic focus group meetings, the overall average sue of
f or the 16 suneyed kebeles varies from 2.6 ha in SDA 1 & III io 2.7
di'*lu’1 l,nt
in v
hi m SDA
on the household surveys. the overall average sue of individual land
•' vevcd kebeles ranges from 1.7 ha in SDA IV & V to 2.5 ha tn SDA 1 &
thc
5Ur
use ng^^ '
III
,;.f
number of plots for the 16 surveyed kebeles is 1.4 to 2 8 plots tn SDA I & III and
*'? ^plots in SDA IV & V. The average number of plots among small landholding
1 Id vanes from 1.1 to 2.6 plots in the four SDAs Medium and larger landholding
h "useholds have an average number of 1.8 to 3.4 plots of land
Prr^r ^1^7
U Ucording to the participants of the thematic focus group meetings, 3% to 42% of the
cultivable area is cultivated by tenants and sharecropper* in 15 of (he 16 surveyed kebeles as
land use right holders arc ill. too poor, too old. non-resident or they do not have adult males
halinaled Ana Cultivated by Households in Scheme Development Anas
Based on the estimated number of households with land use rights in the SDAs and the average land use nghts. chc estimated area cultivated by households in the SDAs is shown tn Table 6-2.
Table 6-2: Estimated area cultivated bv households in SDAs
SDA
HHb with land use
rights
Average land use
right (ha)
Estimated net
cultivated area (ha)
l-A _
1.241
1.2 to 3.0
2.419
J-B
1.773
1.2 to 2.2
2,856
1,1
_
1.617
1.3 to 3.6
1.938
_ Sub^uca]
4.632
6327
V
_L A__
1.024
23 and 2.7
2.402
JVB
2.049
2.7 to 5.1
7332
V
6.210
1.5 to 5.5
10.195
2.996
1.3 to 4.6
3.557
£ub-total
Tn* S*" ------ “-------
.. _£pcaj
^’«irc<- to,__ . ~
— arcia nfficen wd ihemntic focus group mettmp
u * 1 r" running purpwe., it 15 4>>umed (hJt g</. of ill households m Undless m all SDAs
SDa., 91W"d t,Ut 29,800 ha » held by 16,912 households with land use tights in the four
12.280
23.487
16.912
29,£14 1i:t!9tfM^ Ndr
of'ErArapin. Afaufry oflFatrr Jtd Entfgjf
Pno^ujr Pnw.f
63 Land Use Certification
Injawi Wereda. the registration of land use rights is almost completed whe South Achcfet Wereda. However, the land use right regulation Proc-' i
“ is
'* ’Ro- „
f
n
M n°’ starts ln
6.4
6.4. t
Dangur Wereda and Pawc Wereda yet.
Existing Settlement Psttcms
Rjjht o f Upper Btkj Project
The main characteristics of the settlement pattern* for the SDAs on the Upper Belcs project arc presented in Table 6-3.
1 an^ the
Table 6-3: Main characteristics of settlement
on
SDA
Number
of kebcle
Estimated
population
Average
population
density
2
(persons/km )
Exi.ting ^ttlcmen,
1-A
6
6.085
22
Fendika township
1 3» large, and smaller
scattered houses
’—
ms
1-B
7
8.083
44
- 8 very *mall villages in X kcbcles - scattered houses
ni
7
9,102
41
_ + 10 large t vilL£c * in 3 kebcle*
Source Mcrc-da office*, themarx focu* group meetings and vatelhtc image*
Note Imdika town is n«H included in calculation of population density for SDA I-A
6.4.2 Lffl bank, of I ’//*r btiti Projtd
The main charactensncs of the settlement patterns for the SDAs on the left bank of the Upper Belts project are presented tn Table 6-4.
on left bank
SDA
Number
of kebcle
Estimated
population
Average
population
density
2
(persons/km )
Existing settlement
-
IVA
3
5.400
61
L
TV-B
4
8.606
41
IX’C
14
35.226
69
V
9
13,250
111
- 1 larger village
- scattered houses______________________________
■t 15 larger and smaller villages in krheles
» scattered houses
Work Meda town and Pa we rewn
- -1 48 larger and smaller vihagcjjn,!!——
Almu town
- + r larg«
Source. \X cred* office*, thematic focu* group meeting* and sateHitr image*
Ub F4 Sr03b Reviilrment 2)
40A I'*"'
njfa-< of tf,/Je',,‘,,f*
^ c(Cnstics of the villages situated in Paw U’cxcdi arc
,1*
rhr "’^'ubbshed as P*« "f ,hr
* halfof the 1980s;
5chc™ «f the Derg regime dunng lhe second
MWnJy constructed along the various access roads that were also budt as part of the resettlement scheme;
Each resettlement village was provided with a potable water supply scheme, including; tlbregbss water rank that were installed by the Tana Holes Project dunng the second
half nf die 1000s; and
.\lmost all houses ate constructed on both sides of the access mad crossing the village with the cropped fields arc located directly behind the houses
u *e» within a small village and surrounded by cropped land in
I’ Mm t
41Repub/u fEfhhfw. Minufr)' »' Mr a.ti Entfjp
IztltcfitJn Mk Irvwfiw (f*<i Dr*"#
The main characteristics of the villages situated in Jaui Wereda axe
• Established during last 20 years as part of (voluntary) resettle m
• Small villages with low density of houses, which arc surrounded"' limited social infrastructure and poor access;
• Settlements with higher density of houses situated within a dist from Fendika town and most social infrastructures are available *
' CroPped
In Annex A. satellite images of five different villages illustrate the different physical characteristics of villages in Jawi Wereda and Pa we Wereda respectively.
6.4 4 Average Jr*r of Existing Settlements
The average size of existing settlements in seven wcredas situated within the four SDAs ot Uic Upper Beles project is presented in Table 6 5.
Table 6-5: Average size of existin g sc tilemen < r
Name of
Number
Number of
Average number of
wereda
of kebele
village*
HH per village
RighuBank
jawi
6
54
103
Dangur
3
31
50
Pawe
5
20
152
Total/Average
14
105
iol
IxfLfiank
North Achcfer
1
3
490
South Achefer
2
7
515
Jawi
7
57
93_
Pawe
12
33
256
Total/Average
22
100
339
Source: Wereda offices
Ub F4 Sr03b Rcicnlcment (2)
42Uh IM SrCAb Revctilemcni (2)
43 
I2-May-11I
■ii. stMn land allocation and re-settlement pR opocP
o
■ „ He vt l°Pm e at Sm
bfig^" Options considered and referred tn in this md other
t
pcvelop
below.
trpom are ,umnunsed
njX’f ncic* ~ —--------------------------------------------------- LA.
ion*
Description
Net Irrigation Areas (ha)
Option
Total
Sugar
«lAte
Sin all-
holder*
Commercial
Farm*
Option 0
N0 sugar estate
63.871
0
33.284
(521%)
30,587
■(47.9%)
Option 1
Minimum sugar csl ate
63,871
21.860
____
26,644
15J66
_ (244%)
(Tptiou ?A
Core sugar estate
63,871
36.225 (5C“%;
22372
(M-P-)
4,713
.
Option 2B
Core sugar estate (ic i* Option 2A) but with out
growers
63.871
36.225
(567%)
7
22,8 2 (35,8%)
4.773
(7.5%)
Opnnn 2C
Core sugar estate with pressure (sprinkler) in SDA
IVB W
65,161
37,515 (57.6%)
210
(35.1%)
4.773
C-3%)
Option .1
Core ?ugar estate plus
expansion ar ex
63.871
40,999
642%)
22.872 (358%)
0
Option 4
All sugar estate with only pumped left bank development & accelerated implc me n 1 a don
39*175
0
0
Option 5
All sugar estate
63,871
7
63,S !
(100%)
0
0
W itlun the Project Aid of 138,157 ha, the gross irrigation irea will be about 70,451 ha (51.0%), and the net irrigation area about 63,871 ha (46 2%). for most development options land take
r irrigation and drainage infrastructure would be about 6,580 ha (4 8%). and the area set aside I £ existing streams and rivers to preserve (he environment is about 27,290 hi (19 8*») This eiV 'S aboul 40 *12 ha (29,3%) for other uses such as settlements, grazing, rarnfed cropping and
1,,C,|*S s« Figure 1-3.
ab ' Whi<i roconun<"di * sugar estate of 36,225 ha and associated development of
5,074' h ’ °f Sman/m,‘dlum commercial farms, 22,B"2 ha of irrigating smallholders and Kco 1 °f stn*Hholder rain fed culnvauon was found to be an acceptable opooa which would bciu^T*’'0 prcsenl O8-382 households) and projected future rural popoboon (20,500 sugar ° °f Thr pro>Ctt including a number of m-migrants (1,563 households) Of the
bank. S,a e UC1 °f 36,223 ha, 19,343 ha will be 00 the nght bank and 16,882 ha on the left
K
lcTncni
45
g £
-1
-=------------------tfDnrocrnlK RrfMc ofEtbnpa. Minty of W'tttr and Ewrp F.ttoapiaa Nib Imptio* anti Druin^e Project
The commercial estate areas by SDA for this option arc given in Table 7 2 About 86% of the estate area will be on vertisols and the remainder i
. 
requiring special measures.
Besides the (core) sugar estate area of 36,225 ha, potential extension
ucr on luvisok inri
in the northern part of SDA III (3.755 ha) and the whole of SDA VW (i oj envisaged that these two areas will become extensions to the sugar estate 11 
2A, B & C anticipate that the two areas will be allocated to small/medium
see map included at reduced scale as Figure 7-1. 
In both cases (Options 2A, B or C or Option 3) rural households in VW ^d h
of III would have to be re-located.
There will be no irrigation development in four SDAs: TVB-E(N) md IVBTfS) |\c 1
1
on 'nierQal
S because the proportion of irngabic land is low, the irrigable area is fragmented and/or tbe supply of irrigation is uneconomic. However, soil conservation and watershed management required in these SDAs to protect tmgabon works downstream The intended land we m four SDAs is rainfed smallholder agriculture.
ihec
UM-!’'1
LFb F4 SiO3b Resettlement (2)
46,.^
P^ftf
2A
Sub-Swge
SpA
1
- -x
Total area
(ha)
Net
irrigable
area (ha)
Irrigation
mtenairy (%)
Commercial sugar nine
1A
13,082
________ 7.879
602%
4.113
1
1B-E
H.&6"
6.8 S3
79.1%
6.0S3
IB W
9,035
6,966
77J%
6.9L6 j
IB S
2493
1.410 - :-------------------
544%
1,410
12,686
8.400
662%
0.755)
m_
Tn-«*l Right Bank
46,063
31,509
68.4%
19043
[V
IV-A
9,731
2.909
29.9%
2.154 1
ivb-F(V
9,356
-
-
a.
IVB -E(S)
4,.850
-
-
j\13 U-Phase I
4J55
2.139
49.1%
2,139
IVB-W-Phwe 2
3.180
1,746
54.9%
1.746
JVB-W Phase 3
6.035
2,746
453%
2.746
TVC-N
23,056
13.984
60.7% t B 09”
IVC E
8,187
-
-
IVC-S
10324
5561
50.9%
-
V
V N
7,018
2,457
35.0%
-
V-W
2J42
1,018
454%
(MUK)
V-S
3,560
•
-
Total Left Bank
92,094
32062
35.1%
16,M2
Total
138,157
63^71 |
462%
36025
Ncrtc: Part rif ]] | anti all «>f V-W Aft pcjlcli tul 5U£3T CTtltt tatrasKWl im* (UpbOT Jj
In the remainder of the area (SDAs IVCS. VN and pans of IA, 111 and IVC N) irrigated
t
smallholder agriculture and irrigated small /medium commercial estates will be developed Srnalb medium commercial estates arc not favoured at present because of their poor
P formance in the study area in recent years This suggests that (as well is tbc sugar estate) the
Painty land U5C
,^5cjrr
lma llholdcLr agriculture.
Popu/toon Distnburjan
the 1 population and number of farm holdings 13 shown in Table 7-3 The denvitioo ol 5 2 j t^ral population of 80,772 is described in Supplementary Report SR-02B section household T° conducted focus group discussions. about 11% to 22% of (he ^°^schold resident in rhe Project area arc reported to be landless against 8%of the
n fl ti ^eCte^ f° household surveys. For planning purposes, it b inumcd that 8” o of populiricn h W Endless. Phe number of households is estimated by dividing present
the p<jp |
c
4c
cur
atc
* CcLirat 'fh
c
f he hebelc
e estimated SDA household size. Even* effort has been made to compile an Population in the project area, but the figures are unlikely 10 be very
° P^blans al kcbelc and wertda level, and in those cases where Cs the project area boundary the population has to be re-estimated
CStunan n
1
(2)
47
i:\hy nFfdera.' D'nwn. 
af Fjbtvpia. Miiuttv) oj Water and Energi
L.'frtc^jn NUr Im^anac J*1 Dnaitarr Erv/tef
Table 7-3: Present Population and Land Holdings in the Proi
landholding
population
Landless
Population
Population
IB E
IB W
5.455
3.328
1469
996
7,104
20352
4,500
3,033
5.929
3.617
3,770
IBS
III
Sub-Total
22,122
IVA_____
IVB-F.(N)
4.891
3.297
IVBW
4300
4^782
JX?±(2L
ivc-n
1,572
15,063
L’7w
TVC-E
5,349
JVC s
V-N
6,876
?307
16,373
5,814
7.473
7.834
3,428
1,217
1,565
1.640
VW
VS
Sub-Total
Total
3.656
53,958
74,310
318
4,692
6.462
3.973
58,650
80,772
832
12380_
16,912
72
1,068
1,471
'm
U44I
02
Ub b'4 SrO3b Rtwnlrmcnf f2)
48libM SrOJb kr»dlJcTncti< (3)
49
UMiy-HEtdrrd Drwaw/k Rpwafr of E/hcfua. Mniity of VFjtrr and I: wip Ethnfxai Nik lm&fto* aid Dnnagt Pnyt.i
7.3 
Estimated Num ber of Displaced Households Displacement (involuntary re-settlement) of the present ruml
• • • 
* 
u *ai population n
’thieve the irrigation strategy proposed for Options 2 and 3 desentx-d
distinguishes between "affected" households which can be te-locat d
'H*/'
11 1
their present place of residence, and "displaced" households, which t/ *' " **
tte SbA
place of residence in a different SDA. The distinction is important _X' settlement is based on the number of affecicd households. Changes between SDA will occur by displacing households
" ’'““'d to,”
°f
rcw>Ut,:e »UocatiOll ' '
___ a I 'T' i I 7^
Location/ SDA
The estimated number of households to be relocated due to the construction of the dam reservoir area), the development of the commercial sugar estate and the resettlement rt^ as a result of allocating the extension areas to either the sugar estate (Option 3) or ‘ mall/medtum commercial farms (Option 2) is presented in Table 7-4.
Table 7-4: Estimated Number of Affected and Displaced HoavluU.
Total
NIA(ba)
Commercial
"iI~
Small/ medium
commercial
farms OR
estate
extension (ha)
"—A —r---------------------- -----uujuj
sugar eat ate
area (ha)
Present
number of
HHb
Reeled HHe J?
Dam & reservoir
1A
IB-E
IBAX'
IBS
•’,879
6.853
6.966
1,410
4.113
6,853
6,966
1,410
m 8.400
Sub-total 31,508 19342
3,755
IVA IVBE-N IVBE-S 1VBW 1VC-N IVC-E IVC-S V-N
2,909
6,631
13,984
5361
2.457
2,154
6,631
8.097
3J26
7,323
Sub-total 32360
Total 63,868
16,882
36,224
133^
18,585
It is estimated that for Opdon, 2 and 3 a total number of 6.274 affected households ha« <0* resettled (within or between SDA,), mduding 3,044 households on the right bn* »nd V* households on the left bank
1Tb F4 Sr03b Resettlement (2)
50
» j m | beftk‘f”eat
Development Areas
Tbc plOP‘’SC *. lM 5T
,
for the resettlement of displaced households ai we|| „ the number of ^citlcment situidon arc shown in Table7-5.
scd SDAs for Resettlement of Displaced Households
SDA
Number of
a fleeted
HH«
Proposed
relocation
SDA
Number of HH
Pre-
retdemeot
Poit-
trtilemcni
203
1A
203
0
l>jiu aod - —
2-5
U
1J49
1393
IA —--------- ----- - -----------
JB-E
823
LA (50%j
III (50%)
823
0
R58
LA (50%)
111 (50%)
858
0
th ic
246
III
246
0
HT
111 _____ .------ - -----------
639
<yc
1.757
3.414
Sub-total
3.044
M37
5,107 '
IVA
46"
KA
1J13
1.113
IVBE X
750
KBE-S
1,088
389
[VW
1.008
IVC-N
389
0
TVC-X
1.105
! 1VC N (50%)
1VC S (50%)
3.726
4,262
' IVC-F
1323
1323
ivc s
1.701
2.253
V-N
1,783
1.783
v-w
570
III
570
0
v-s
904
904
—___ ______ Sub-total
3,230
1334*
12778
---- _Toial find dam / reservoir)
6.274
—1
18^85
IMSfJ
rdocaufln of existing setrlcmcnLs situated on land suitable for irrigation development is not
d in order icj avoid resettlement costs, as well 1$ for the Inlkitfiog reasons!
Existing senJemcnts do not occupy large areas of suitable land as the density of houses
^ 5u surrounded by farm fields or the}' ire constructed directly along the acces*
* ads with the field starring immediately behind the houses;
* It ^arn^f’ s°cinl and cultural networks are not disturbed; and
not necesiauy |O replace the existing sociaJ/pubbc intrasnucnirt, such as schools., facilities, offices and access roads.
SI
HAby-U
Ii' Sc
1
1 i
i
1rrtir^L' 1 hmtovurii RrtM; of Eltnofw. Mitutn of IT*cr and I: trijv
UrtfOpM* Ndr Jrrtfanon and Drainage frw>f
7.5 Allocation of Land
7.5.1 Proposed I Mnd Use Planning \orwj
I’he proposed allocation of land to individual smallholder househr I Supplementary Report SR-02B. 
8 H <^Scu>scd in
The principles behind calculating land allocations are stated in Proclamation B
Amhara National Regional SuiC-RuialLandLXdnunjsuation and Use Pr^lann '
these tie: In lh,^
• I'he area required for irrigation infrastructure in a scheme will be deduct d proportionally from the area of each holding as n stood prior to c
'■ n*iruction
u
• I'he minimum size of rural landholding that may be acquired is 0 25 ha 0.11 ha (irrigated). 
• The maximum allocations are ~ ha on high ground (taken to mean luvisob in th project area) and 10 ha on low ground (taken to mean vertisols in the pio)w J,
n *nfcd; lq<]
I rom this it is apparent that in order to apply the guidelines, the present land holding sire mat be known. Based on tnformanon collected dunng the themanc focus group meetings m U surveyed kebeles. the estimated distribution of land use rights in the SDAs is presented in Tib, 7-6 These figures were adjusted to include landless households as 8% of the total rural fnwo in each SDA.
Table 7-6: Estimated Distribution of Household l~and Use Ri
SDA
Small
landholding
HHi (< 1.0 ha)
Medium
landholding HHb
(1.1 — 2.0 ha)
Larger
landholding
HH» (> 2.0 ha)
I
40%
20%
40%
in
30%
40%
30%
IV
40%
30%
30%
V
55%
30%
15%
rhe method used to derive the irrigated farm size for each landholding group is desenbed “ Supplementary Report SR-02B Section 5 3. Basically it requires subtracting the (known}afc*ol lr hgati°n infrastructure allocated to smallholder land and deducting it pro rata from the lrea held within each farm size group. Following this calculation it is proposed that:
• Landless households receive 0.11 ha of irngablc land( “minimal allocation”);
• Existing small landholding household (2.0ha, average
imgiblc land
Rain fed holdings tn SDAs TVBE N and TVBE S. I VC
3.27 ha) receives
2.97 h>
I- and VS keep the« P^
(lb F4 Sr03b Resettlement (2)
52ia, 
of Wafer a** Ever#
tf"
_,rcd planning norms for allocation of other types of land use are also descnbed tn
The sugg*5
t*ry Rep<lrt SR 02B ” fnU°WS:
SupP
1
,le ”* ? ha Pcr household for housing and livestock tethering.
9
9
0 05 ha for public infrastructure
0 | ha per household on the right bank and 0.15 ha on the left bank for communal or pnvate grazing land
(M ha per household on the right bank and 0.15 ha on the left bank for communal or pm atc fuel wot>d •oM
Minimal allocation irrigated farms get thr same allowance for housing, public mfrastrucruie. grazing and fuel wood as other farm size allocations
Minimal allocation ram fed farms receive only the housing and public infrastructure allowance
In applying fhciC land U5C PbnfUn^ norm*, the following principles should be adopted:
• I-and allocations to preserve existing important environmental assets and maintain a reasonable biodiversity have the highest priority;
• To maximise the economic and financial return tn the project, land considered suitable for irrigation should be allocated for this use, minimising land use for other purposes, such as communal grazing; and
• It is necessary to meet the requirements of existing smallholders by allocating land for their short- and medium term needs for settlement/home steads and irrigation, whereas communal grazing and woodlots requirements will be considered but will not take priority over allocated land lor irrigation.
The prioritised approach seeks to promote industrial agneuiture led development balanced with sustainable smallholder development, whereby the latter being based on meeting the growth needs of the existing population
Hr Httlf/Htnt
The re-settlement proposals have to be checked for feasibility, and the easiest way to do this is nin the present and future population, disaggregated into farm size categories through the land
'dilation Optimisation Model. This model is described in Supplementary Report SR-02B
^cnon 5 5.
l"h II
tion process — land use to land classes — is done by optimisation- Relative valors are Usc of each cultivable land classes for smallholder and commercial cultivation
| Al]j
values for each SDA arc maximised under the constraints of (i) the area of each
Tc Wer2 *VaUablc and <“) that Mch sfnallholder cultivated hectare has associated am
an <i Lrn f°r
w °°d and house plots. Population is also an input io the model,
Can be tra ** starting population. An important feature of the model is that population av *dabiJi Crre^ and out of each SDA to achieve an optimum solution subject to
fcaiibili
h () / ot^ler ,and for associated non-irrigated land use For the purpose of testing the
equal to th* rC‘Scnlemcnt proposed, the final population distnbunon was constrained to be ’ 1 Shown * Table 7-5, allocating each household land as described in Section 7,5.1
53E^l
ofE/htofna. of U atrr and Enr^y
E/hto/varr Nik Imphon and Draw
The Land Allocation Model found a feasible solution which is reproduced
7-8. The numbers of households accommodated in die scheme are equal tc^h ? ’nd rd I
settlement distribution in Table 7-5, so all households arc accommodated impaling households and 3.367 households practising rainfcd agriculture 75^ smallholder households would be located on luvisols. The farm size distrib ' farms 27%. medium farms 27%, small farms 38° 0 and minimum allocation far the overall distribution derived from Table 7-6. 
About 0.9% of the irrigable land would be allocated to landless households u] of all households in the protect, whereas 16.3% of the irrigable land would be all landholding households (38% of all households). Medium and larger landholdin
*C’
^21^
®° 0» *hich u
*
(27% and 27% of all households) would be entitled to 22.6% and 60 2% oft! ^^hold,
land respectively. 
° ,rr:Pbic
It is estimated that a total area of 3.685 ha will be required for house plots whereas 416 h, needed as communal grazing land, and 2.303 ha has to be allocated for woodlots. Other land" uses are required which arc shown in Table -7. Hr model output shows that there is sutliacr.i non-imgahle land in all SDAs to allocate non-imgable land according to the suggested planning norms, though SDA JVC N is fully committed
Under these assumpnons the irnganon scheme can accomm<xlatc more smallholders than the present 18,584 households Although all the irrigable land is taken up. 12,535 ha arc allocated to small/medium commercial farms (rather than the envisaged 4,"“’3 ha for Option 2) some of this could lx transferred to smallholder agnculmre In terms of rhe non irrigable land requirement, only IVCN can be considered '’full” —4,262 smallholder families is the maximum that can be accommodated without making smaller non-irngable land use alkications because
’unallocated” land is only 3 ha
Table 7-7 and Table 7-8 do not show an optimum solution for scheme land use It may be preferable to relax the constraint on final population by SDA (as derived from the re se.demn.t requirements for the present population) to allow smallholders to migrate to irrigable SDA*. cultivating land presently occupied by small/medium commercial farms. Further, an optin “with-projcct” solution has to take into account population growth and possible in and migration in the period up to full scheme development. These issues arc addressed tn Supplementary Report SR-02B.
Ub I’4 SrOJb Rc*ctilcmrnt (2)
54I i.
Ub M StOAb Rr»ntkmcfii (Z)Efbiopiji XtJr Irr^aftm and Druinagr !*ry.1
Table 7-8: Summan of Household Numbers and Diitribution (Option 2A)
SDA
HH^in
projection
HH in
model
Imfartnf
HHIom
ano |f amcc
from
HH lUinfed HH mooeJ
Irrigated on
Ven tool.
Irrigated on
Luvtoola
Irrigated on
SpedJ
Meawrra
Rainfrd
% cultivated
•urtabte
% cultivated
N2
M.rwnum ABocalion
Farm.
Small Farm.
Medium
Parma
Farm.
1
2
5
4
5
6
87
10
11
12
11
14
15
U
23*5
2JW
2395
-
0
487
1,906
-
(F
• or
. 191
918
642
641
IB H
.
-
0
cr
(F
-
IB W
-
0
<r
IF
-
TBS
-
.
0
0*1
(Fi
•
•
III
mn
5,414
MH
0
64
1350
-
O’.
(F.
271
1310
916
915
IVA
1,115
MB
1,111
0
582
150
202
o%
0%
89
427
299
298
IVR E N
750
750
750
0
.
750
81".
O’.
64J
2A8
201
201
TVBW
.
.
0
o%
0%
-
-
-
1VR E S
119
589
.
189
0
*
189 1 19-.
0%
11
149
104
104
IVC N
4.262
4262
4.262
0
2JDI7
0*.
0%
541
1,615
1.144
1.142
IVC E
I3B
1321
0
1321
69%
ir.
106
508
555
555
IVCS
2^>
2251
2.255
0
7
2347
_
(F»
0%
180
864
605
MM
VN
1,781
1.781
1,781
0
158
1.402
225
o%
0%
141
684
478
478
VW
.
.
0
. i
-
-
o%
0%
-
VS
XM
904
-
904
0
904
110%
IF.
72
547
245
242
J
Tabb
18,584
1",$84
15.218
5367
0
MB
11,478
425
1367
42*.
0% T
'.“
7.150
4.988
4.980
Source
rrojeebon
Modd output
Modd output
Modd output
2-1 ] Model output| Modd output
Moddnuput N
lodd output J LU Table, 9/4 jl IT Table, 10/5 Pmjet non
Projection
Projection 1
¥0 section J
lk>«t»dt<4di arcaloihied fcr^ rhe popvtoo.
uim. thcPmpi Iks nvnpnf 4 59perwu per houirhi.ljnt principles
^^^rdocatK’n of project-affected households, the following principles should be
VC a th ro r^c
adopted:
i iiccordstice
v.irh World Bank OP 4 12, involuntary resettlement should be avoided
.
0 feasible or minimised by exploring all viable alternative project designs;
whcre
a
^ cctc(j households and host communities must be fully informed and
PrO'Jted throughout the entire resettlement process;
CO0$ ffected households must be relocated in the same village as much as possible. Pf °hat they could retain the family, social and cultural networks,
jf dotation m the same community is not possible, project-affected households must
lx resettled in host communities where they speak the same language, practice the same religion and have the same cultural background;
Selected resettlement sites must be suitable for residential use,
KX'hcrc households have to relocated for the construction of an irngaiinn scheme, they must obtain equitable benefit from the irrigation development through the allocation
of a plot of irrigated land unthin the command area of the planned irrigation scheme. Displaced households must be assisted in their efforts to reestablish their livelihoods ar the resettlement sites through the provision of farm inputs, advice and technical support, including agricultural and veterinary extension, skill training and credit facilities; and
Sufficient access to public/social services (i-e. health, education, potable water, agricultural and veterinary extension services, access roads) must be ensured at the resettlement sites for the displaced households and host communities
I Pnpojtd Modalities for Rr.icftki*f*t of Displaced I io use holds
(a) Relocation tn Existing Settlements
In line with the aforementioned principles for resettlement, the first pnonty is to relocate project-affect d households as much as possible in and around existing settlements located m
c
the selected settlement sites. To facilitate the relocation of displaced households in existing lenlemcnts, it will be required to; (i) select and prepare sites for the construction of houses by
C rcscrTlcd households; and (ii) rehabilitate and upgrade existing social infrastructure and to additional social infrastructures to ensure sufficient access to basic social services for
settled households and members of the host communities
W Relocation in New Villages
If the relocation of project-affected households m
m sefccted reserdement
village will be »
sixes ts not possible, new villages h.ve to be cswbh4he" "; , 
ni
possible be sited on land unsuitable for imgaied
llOTn an access road, whereas fanners must be wi
Gelds.
l^oMuAwm/ o/Nea, VtUagfS
Accoiding to data provided by the wereda offices for
n^unum d^« of 15
distance (■* 3 ktn
^redas situated m >DA 1
household x _
have an average number of 101 households. *‘J
r
D »ngui Wereda to 152 households per sillage ® PaWC “
np SDAIV »nd V. *v
57
12-Miy-HF,^u/ DaMtntit RipM. tjEthwfw. Mmu*> tfW'ttrr m<1 limi#
Ettririuu Silt I Ration anti Dnsnagt Prvjfrf
size of villages is 339 households, varying from 93 households households per village in South Achefer Wereda
For planning purposes, it is proposed that each new village will have 1 OfMi
which is significantly larger than the average size of existing settlements Based ^aU'cJlr,1ds
household size of 5.0 persons, the total population of a new village will), t " *" avn»«t
c 3,000 to 7 er.,
persons
To ensure that the resettled households have sufficient access to ha^r , required to construct the following public infrastructures in each new village ’
• 1" cycle primary school;
• Health post;
• Potable water supply scheme (i.e. wells with hand pump);
• Church and/or mosque; and
• Flour null
7.6.5 Eififnaled NHmbtrofNtB' 1 iiiatfs
lu social services n
**
7.7
7.7.1
If all 5.704 displaced households have to be resettled in new- villages, a total of 4 to 6 new villages have to be established in proposed relocation sites.
The provision of adequate housing and basic social services, such as potable water, to the hired labourers on the sugar estate small/medium scale commercial farms will be the responsibility of the private investors.
Comparison between Irrigation Development Options
Irrt^afion Drvtlopmtnl of Right and I Jfft Rank.
With regard to lmgadon development on the nght and left bank, the following two development options could be considered.
• Option A: Sugar estate with smallholder farms; or
• Option B: Sugar estate with out growers.
The envisaged advantages and disadvantages of both irrigation developments at full pro|c^ development - not based on the post re-sertlemcnt of the population as shown in fab
and Fable 7-8) are summarised below
Table 7-9: Advantages & Disadvantages of Sugar Eata<£ with Smallholder^ Option A: Sugar Estate with Smallholders
• Irrigation development of nght and left bank
• About 40,000 ha for sugar estate development
• About 23,000 ha for smaUholder farms
Advantage* for Smallholders
• Smallholders have choice to grow their own irrigated crops and/or become out grower*
• Improved food secun rv due to higher yields for irrigated food crops grown by smallholders and cultivation of two food
I hsadvanfagO-UlL^n*^^^5
| 209 for the extens^n
2 the exten^-
5r tfcv4
«,
- ------
12 M>’
Ub 1**4 SrO.'b Rc'cttlcmcnf (2)
58KxT***' * * *
° frj,rr tWr5
X*
—-------------
aop*P"!*“
p^^cum^d «gn.fi«m
vetnent in socio economic iituauon of “^ ill houwbolds due 11> higher yield*
r
impdeJ crops and cduvned crops
per y«£_ _—---------------------------- ------------------------- --------
, F,lffl] items for hbourers could be putchued locsdlv from smallholders ar
fowCf prices
Study jouro; ELiugactuaij
No dirm control owe O*m of Cliul ivifcm as it u managrd by Jtun sp!em
Open tor
• AvaiUhlr cant ,mi| llured
_____ ynailhoidcr firms
Tf Me 7-10; Advantage Be Dinadvanrages of Sugar Estate with Owgwwcrs
Omron B: SuEar E»Ute wilh Oul-grower»
• hngaton development on right and left bank
• About 40,000 ha for sugar eitale development
• About 23.000 ha for smallholder farms
• All households have to grow sugarcane on about 70* of their consolidated hndhoHngs within
n
secondary units close to their settlement ■>
Advantages for Smallholders
• No/limned resettlement of households u required (other than any rrscttJcmetii required id accommodate small/ medium commercial farms, Option 2)
• Input supply, provuiom of extension services md purchase of crop is responiibiliEy of sugar estate
• Food secunrv among snuWioldrrs mar drtenoate il they become folly dependent
on buying all food items, whjch have to be imported from outside the Project area
■ Improvement of sooo economic utuatiDn
of imaUhnWcrs would be itgmficandr less as the finanoil returns for irmliholdcrs
from only growing lugutanc is lower thin for other imgaied (commercial) crops
• Potential to produce high value crops I for export}, such H sesame.»Jolt
• Smallholders become folk dependent on sugar estate for supply of inputs, osensuon service and mai-kenrer of Crap, including th price paid for ihe delivered sugarcane
• If sugar estate will be responsible for operation of entire canal system, farmers ix'ill be folly dependmr on sugar estate for supply af imgation water to their fickw-----
e
5PCn,:l>U‘ty fOr O&M °f M"n tlnal
- _ need r ' tXatl,fctred ,o SJK*r «tale, no
Mifo Sptcro
• All foud items for Jabo'arcrs muft be brought in from other areas « fogher ptk«
,ewJe®*eiit (2)
59
U-Mayll1 vifnil
ofElhafna. Minify •fV'atrr and Enrrg
Ethiopian Silt Imfiifw* and Dns/tap Pnyr.7
Operator and WUAs
• Sugar estate would have full control over
water distribution
• Water distribution would be easier as all available canal water is used for growing
sugarcane
• larger supply of sugarcane allowing installation of sugar factory with larger
capacity
• ETRR for irrigation system and other investments likely to be higher
In both cases, a large number of labourers (in the order of 7 000
, J Pcr annuni) must hr k in from outside the Project area to plant and cut the sugarcane on the land
sugar estate as the smallholding households need all their labour force (dep^X ^ holding) for the cultivation of their own irngablr plots of land
Preferred Irrigation Development Option
In terms of poverty reduction, food security and socio-economic development. Option \ u preferred for the following reasons:
8
** o(
• Significant reduction in poverty and improvement of socio-economic status of most c not all smallholders as their incomes wall increase considerably due to the cdttvatxmof two crops pcr year and higher yields for the irrigated crops,
• Due to higher yields and the possibility to cultivate two crops per year, food security will improve significantly for the smallholding households themselves as wcD as for other households living in or near the Project area, and
• Creation of off-farm employment opportunities by locally processing cultivated food and non-food crops.
In addition, it is preferred that the O&M of the Main canal system, including the distnbut»not water, is the responsibility of an impartial, professional ennty, such as the proposed Mi® System Operator, to ensure that all smallholders receive their share of irrigation water ta ® adequate, timely and equitable manner.
7.7.2 ! motion On* fopmen! onfy on Bjght Bank
In case that irrigation development on the left bank is not justified, the following
-LtfLatbn
development options arc possible on the nght bank: esWic
• Option A-RB About 23,100 ha (including extension area in SDA 11 ) and about 8,400 ha for smallholder farms having a choice to ^^Jd* crops and/or sugarcane, including the resettlement of 2,841 hous dam site re-settlement which would not be required)
• Option B-RB AU 31,500 ha arc used for growing sugarcane on the sugar estate and 8,400 ha cultivated by out-growers, the households presently on land allocated to the estate is snil rcS
of
Ub F4 SfO3b Resettlement (2)
60C Rtf: -Ml 31.500 ha are uscd for
cutavinon of sugucine by the sugu
• (Jpn°n
u{ s
estate *
 yn households (the present population) must be resettled
nd
elsewhere.
ed advantages and disadvantages for Option A and B are also applicable for
disadvantage of Option C-RB is the resettlement of about
!S
■rfac jfotcrricntio 
„ vR-B a"*1 n
^ndCon^bd^don
Laid K™#**1*1*1**
urn ber of pk>< P
j^hown m Table -11-
.
5 cr household with land use rights m the 16 survqrd kcbeles is
Tibk 741: Average number 01
Number
of
surveyed
kebelcs
for surveyed households
Average number of plots for a urveyed households
SLH
MLH &
LUI
Overall
average
1 & III
IV & V
Snuace. Household Sunry
1.1 to 2.6
1.8 to 2.7
1.4 to 28
2
1.1 to 2.1
2.0 to 3.4
13 to 2.9
The overall average number of plots ranges from 1.4 to 2-9 plots The avenge number of plots among small landholding households vanes from 1 1 to 2.6 plots. Medium anti larger landholding households have an average number of 1.8 to 14 plots of land.
far I jjrtd Consohdation
Efficient irrigation will require land consolidation to address issues related to fragmented landholdings, landlessness, irregular field layouts and non-optimum field sizes
J land consolidation is neglected, the potential agricultural and livelihood benefits associated shift from rainfed to irrigated agriculture are unlikek to be realised, and inequities in
household income are likely to increase
7 93
< u„d
cornm^j
f~n
folfotyj-
consolxiahon should be
- ***‘ earned out to the extent acceptable to fanners within the
1
01
PP Beles irrigation project. ‘Hie objectives of land consobdatioo ire is
°Wn d S1Ug CX1Stin^ fragmentation of landholdings by reducing the number of plots ^’urdm' CaC^ h°uschold to one and exceptionally two;
^uitahl a^nSI an
(mini
in inequitable farmer income by achieving a more of (lrngable) landholdings, including the aUocadon of a small
a,e
Adop UT1K d holding to landless households, and
C, fiac k rC£tail^u^r layouts and optimum field sizes to enable high water use ^ith simple system operation and to facilitate mechirusanoti-
**“**(2)
61Ftdnal Repaid of'Efhiopta. Mtnisfr) of \Tatcr and Bring Ethiopia* Ndr Irr^fwn and Drainap Frofttt
7.8.4
Land Consolidation Options
The following two land consolidation options could be considered
• Option 1: minimal land consolidation & acquisition activities
• Option 2: address landlessness, fragmentation of holdings s and land acquisition for irrigation infrastructure. 
Given the intent to maximise water use efficiency through land levellin
w ^blc irrig^^
boundaries as well as to facilitate effective and efficient operation of the d °PtmiUni ^Id
( Jption 2 is proposed
7.8.5 Modalities for Land Consolidation
The modalities for the implementation of land consolidation are as follows
’tabuticn
• f ragmented smallholder landholdings are consolidated into one (maximu irrigated holdings within a single tertiary unit, if possible,
• Ijind consolidation would be earned out pnor to on-farm infrastructure work ,d land development;
To the extent possible, consolidation of fragmented landholdin
voluntary exchange of land between households;
g* is being adding by
In principle, no compensation is paid during the land consolidation process
With regard to the allocanon of irrigable land, it is proposed that
• Landless households receive Oil ha of irrigable land( “minimal allocation”);
• Existing small landholding household (<lha, average 0.61 ha) receives 0 55 ha of irngable land;
• Existing medium landholding household (1 I to 2.0 ha, average 1 16 ha) receives 1 06 ha of irrigable land; and
• Existing larger landholding household (>2 Oha, average 3.27 ha) receives 2.9 ha of irngable land.
A process approach to land consolidation involving the stakeholders is essential and « include the following steps:
• AwAarwe^nyy ** ess camoaian t* o inform all households within the project area about ill “’’Portant ispect?tflhc ™ .hoUSeho,d' u,,h"’ the project ura about all
needs, expected benefits and JC<,U1SIhOn ”ld c',ns
°bdaaon process, including the
Bons, in particular the reduction of existing land use
existing hnd use right hdda s C°nSO,J<koon agreement by at least 80% of the
names of all land
of land;
cn bre project area, including the registration of the
1 ^°^crs as
the exact size and location of all that pk#
drainape infra , " °
toentificario ° ** 
' ?' liU,dJCSS hoUschok,s. "ho arc recent unthin the prefect W l hf iC^UUed for 'h' development of the imgaoon wd
f
D '->«
15
° f •*“ “““It
protection works and access roads.
of land t» «4umd.
12 M.’11
L’b H SfO3b RcscnJcmcnt (2)
62ailed inventory of all assets (Le. houses, trees, wells) on the lands to be acquired; r>et j anon and payment of the compensation for lost assets and crops,
td^nnbcanon of new consolidated plots of nngable land by art, and household’s name for *11 «‘son« housch°lds W’th knd US< nghB WUh,n 'hc Pto^ «« »s f«r
au
•M
f Sholds whose land had to be acquired and the landless households.
XXtanon °f lhe °CW consolidated plots of imgable land to all concerned
households using detailed maps indicating (he location and size of each consolidated
t of land as well as the names of all households;
Signing of agreement by all concerned households; and
Registration of the new consolidated plots of irrigable land, including the issue of new land use right certificates
Phlf of Im^abir Land
I general the following two types of soils can be found in die project area
• Vertisols (black soils), which arc fertile but have a timeliness problem and restricted cropping pattern; and
• Luvisols (red brown soils), which are less fertile but easily workable and with a broad choice of crops.
With regard to the number of allocated plots per household, the following two options ire considered:
• Option 1: each household is allocated one consolidated plot of irrigable land within one tertiary unit irrespective of the type of soil;
• Opuon 2i each household is allocated two plots of irrigable land with one plot having vertisols and die other plot having luvisob.
I*he main disadvantages of Option 1 are that: (i) smallholders with an allocated plot of imgable land on vertisols are restricted in his/her choice of crops that could be grown, and fa) smallholders with an allocated plot on vertisols will only have a short time penod to
prepare/plough the land Due to its heavy structure, access to tractors for preparing and ploughing the vertisols would be essential
m ain disadvantages of Option 2 are that (l) smallholders would have plots in two separate Omc Un*tS’ which arc managrd by two different water users’ groups (WL’Gs); and (ii) travel
a nd Irom smallholder’s plots of imgable land would be longer
^thin °Pt*°n ,S l° a^oca,r onc consolidated plot of imgable land to each household
caic> the
umt as close as possible to the settlement where the household is living. In that
traveling nU^IO^cr Wl^ he member of on!}’ one WUG and (s)bc will not lose much time
to ,rans
CQtnpr^li^ • 
the end,
^ forn his/her plot of irrigable Land. Furthermore, each smallholder will be able
produce to the nearest markets due to the development of a
c network of all-weather roads within the project area.
’he illocatjoU’d’'ldua* household should be given the opportumtv to dcadc it (s)hc prefers °f only one consolidated plot within one tertiary unit irrespective of the soil type
63
UMay 11Ftderu Dtoootratit Rtpitbh; of Ethiopia. Miwfry of W'afrr and Eaerp Ethooptan Niit Irrigation nod I>nnnagf Pnfoa
qi the allocation of two plots of irrigable bind with one plot havm having iuvisols.
8 Vcniso)
Ub 1*4 Sr03b Resettlement (2)
64I**
^nta^ment
- w PROCEDURES for land allocation and
PoHcy Fnmcwotk
t operations that may involve involuntary resettlement, the World Bink
, sector inve»nncnt
Ethiopian government', submits a resettlement polio- framework
^lites that the b°n°^isal purposc of the RPF is to clarify resettlement principles,
KPf) P°°r ,O ,hC emenLA and design criteria to be applied to subpr ects to be prepared dunng
0|
i mnSs°ow000*1 an’ngC™ n The RP’pFhceove RPrPs tchove e fol rslow(heinfol g leowlemineg ntcslement?
•■T ■
project ‘'B’’rPie'^f ’dretspcnroniptiofon,hof c antth* ecopmrPot°neCcTt’anJ f<dX withsxhcom’"** pon,cHenu‘tslf0oron lnwd hich land acquisuxm and resettlement are required.
Principles and objectives governing resettlement preparation and implementation. Description of the process for preparing and approving resettlement plans;
Estimated population displacement and likeh- categories of displaced persons; Eligibility criteria for defining various categories of affected and displaced persons. Legal framework comparing if national legislation and regulations fit World Bank s policy requirements and measurrs proposed to bridge any gaps;
Methods of asset valuation;
Organisational procedures for delivery of enDtlemenb;
Description of the impicmcntaoon process linking resettlement to cml works; Description of grievance redress mechanisms;
Description of the arrangements for funding resettlement, including rhe preparation and review of cost estimates, flow of funds and contingency arrangements;
Description of mechanisms for public consultation ind participation of affected and displaced persons in planning, implementation and monitoring; and Arrangements for monitoring and evaluation by the implementing agency and, if required, by independent evaluators’8
A RPF for the Ethiopian Nik Irrigation and Dramage Protect, which will finance: up U>20 h. of new irrigated agriculture (U R>bb Dam Protect and Megtch Pump
complete detailed feasibility studies of up to 80.000 ha, was prepared m 200, by Emit Resources Management Ltd.
S ‘cp9 "f Land Acquisition, Compensation and Resetdemcnt Process
foil nUlC ac^u,sibon’ compensation and resettlement process can be sub divided mto the
Ou mg three phases:
Preparation of RAP;
* nplenientauon of RAP; and
storing and evaluation of goals and impacts of RAP
Hie different
COD,pcnsatjOn tO un<^crtlken dunng each phase of the enure land acquisition.
lr
C
^ pter.
1
CScnlemcnr process are bnelly described in the following section! of th»Fbirtl Dfwrvth Rfpubb. tfEfhupj. Mtnirfr) tf Water anH Eirerg
Erttupia* Nile Irr^ahoa mJ Dnautf Pvojert
8 2.1 Public Consultation and Participation
In line with existing legislation and World Bank OP 4.12. consultation individuals, households and communities affected bv the construct!
irrigation scheme as well as any host communities for the rescttl
is an essentia) component of the land acquisition, compensation and
ensure that the entire process is carried out in a transparent, accountablj^^ ” essential that the affected individuals, households and communities arc * 
ParnQP’bon ((
P r°P^cd
Spl *Ccd
01
..
To'
mann*. it js
consulted about the following issues: Properly inform^
• Main concepts and aspects of the planned irrigation development
• Options and rights pertaining to compensation for expropriated land
well as resettlement;
• Scope of land expropriation required for the construction of ih
an ^ PTQpcrty
• Modalities for determination of compensation rates at full replaccme t ™nic;
of assets and services as well as displacement compensation;
• Technically and economically feasible resettlement alternatives-
” f°T
• Modalities and schedule for expropriation of land, compensation payment And resettlement;
• Proposed measures to restore and improve the livelihoods and standard of bvm f
o
8.3
8.3.1
the affected individuals and households; and
• Mechanisms for conflict resolution and grievance redress.
Public consultation and participation must be undertaken through regular meetings at kebric and village level, distribution of leaflets and posters, public announcements and radio programmes Relevant public and project documents have to be made available in appropriate languages at all levels, including the offices of the kebelc administration The low literacy rites, especially among women and indigenous peoples, must be taken into account during the planning and execution of the public consultation and participation activities.
Preparation of RAP
linrtronmrntal and Social Screening
The land acquisition, compensation and resettlement process starts with the environn.e.ni social screening of the proposed irrigation project in order to assess/identify the environ and social impacts r eh ted to the construction of the proposed irrigation scheme, in^ area of land to be expropriated and the number of households and commuruue
The concerned government agencies at wereda level will be responsible 1111 environmental and social screening in collaboration with the DA*. land a min committees and kebele administrations, and in consultation with the ect
households and communities.
md
t
special atteflnon
During the execution of the social screening (and socio-economic surv 
| ebokh-
ious
must be given to vulnerable persons and groups, including female
ct kfllC
households, elderly persons, ill and disabled persons, orphans, tndigrn
minonnes.
U-M” ”
Ub 14 SfO3b Resettlement (2)
66&
i itt*-frv',‘"’"‘ Mid social screening has rescaled that land expropriation and resettlement I, the eflV*r°"ecle<i mdmdual, households and communities is required, a socio-economic
O fpro|«t alout in order to collect detailed data and information with regard to: (i)
survey ®nuSt iis( ho
,
|as affected by the expropriation of land; and (ii) number of households to
nurnbet xeCUtion of the socio-economic survey will be the responsibibiy of the
be resettled
cr nrnent agency at wereda level in collaboration with the DAi, land
^neeroed g°vcr committecs and kebele administration,
.dnunistraaon and
which the socio economic survey is completed is considered to be the cut off date d bb-h eligibility to payment of compensation for propertv situated on the land to be
nated and for permanent improvements made to such land The eligibility cut off date
must be c°n
imuiucatcd to all affected communities through the wereda and kebele
adnurustranons
Following the completion of the soaoeconomic survey, the concerned government agency at wereda lo ci has to carry’ out a land asset inventory with the support of the concerned agencies al kebele level in order to determine the types and number of assets that need to be compensated due to the expropriation of land and resettlement, including.
• structures (i.e. houses, latnne, fences, animal shelters) constructed on the land to he expropriated;
• annual and perennial crops as well as grass grown on the land to be expropriated;
• trees planted on the land to be expropriated; and
• permanent improvements (i.c. terraces, sod/stone bunds) made to the land to be expropriated.
IM Selection of Potential Resettleneent Sites
ItResettlement of affected households and communities is required, the concerned government Agencies at wereda level have to identify’ and select one or more potential sites for (be relocation
f affected households and communities During the entire process of selecting potential (dement sites, the affected households and communities as well as the host communities
he informed and consulted continuously, so that their concerns and preferences arc P dy taken into account during the decision-making process
mui|
SOc*xconomic survey and land asset inventory have been completed, the RAP
lh
c co P PUcd by a private party’ commissioned for this particular task in consultation with
kuic d ^
a
cnc,es at wereda and kebele level As outlined in World Bank OP 4 12, the
.^^^APtsasfoUows
• Lc I r Cab°n and Project impacts and affected populations,
• f- ework for land acquisition and compensation;
e >CnSat’On fr^cwork;
• D^
• r\ Pdon of resettlement assistance and restoration of livelihood activities; Dc ^ed budget.
67
12Miy41i'tdmti Drwinrftr of Elhttpta. Mina fry nf W'aftr jnd Energy
Ethiopian Nik IrritpftH and Dnartagt Pryea
9 Implementation schedule;
• Description of organisational/institutional responsibilities
• Framework for public consultation, participation and devcloprncnt
• Desenption of provisions for grievance redress; and
• Framework for monitoring, evaluation and reporting
Pining;
Regular public consultition with affected households and communities as u y communities is paramount dunng the preparation of the RAP, particularly *' proposed cut-off date for eligibility, methods for asset valuation, unit costs f 1 compensation payments, proposed/selected resettlement sites, measures to * Crm,n^
and implementation schedule.
8.16 Raw and Appro ra/ of RAP
Following its completion, the completed RAP must be submitted to the
tOre ^ehher^
“•* concerned authorit*
8.4
8.4 1
at regional lex-el for review and approval Subsequently, the approved RAP b
MoFA to ensure compliance with the RPF prepared for the proposed project as well ' ' federal legislation.
Implementation of RAP
Notification of Expropriation Order
Immediately after the approval of the RAP by the regional authorities and MoFA. the iwcda administration has to issue a written notification to all holders whose land has to be expropriated, indicating the time when the land has tn be vacated and the amount of compensation to be paid. In addition to the issue of written notifications, the wereda administration in collaboration with the kcbcle administrations must also organise meetings it kebcle level, during which all affected households arc verbally notified as well.
8.4.2 Preparation of Individual Compensation Dossiers
The concerned agency at wereda level with the support of the land administration and use committee and kcbcle administration has to prepare a compensation dossier for each indmdual affected households, which shall contain all necessary personal information of the affected household as well as detailed information with regard to the total landholding and the invent of all assets that wall be lost due to the land expropriation and resettlement All informal
(he compensation dossier has to be confirmed and witnessed by the kebcle admimstr*0 land administration and use committee Each affected household will receive a cop) completed compensation dossier.
8.4.3 Preparation, Approval and Signing of Compensation Contract
Using the completed compensation dossiers, the concerned agency it uCf a
prepare a compensation contract for each affected household, in which all proipctp be expropriated arc listed as well as the selected options and types of compel
and/or in-kind). The cash amount of compensation to be paid to the a ec specified in the compensation contract, including any displacement comp
the presence of the concerned agency at wereda level, kcbcle administrate n administration and use committee, the compensation contract has to be
i k $ to
p»d j(1
PimCS
Ub F4 SrO3b Resettlement (2)
68'K”
I"
. 9tG>i"Pe,,jaM"s
'Cng 
° f COmPCnSa"On COn^ *'
F ° Tp.vmen' of compensation to holders of the expropriated land ConanunibM mu},
u
^wanon U t0 P>v or
£lU$f <ud compensation for the expropriation of communal graamg land tf ir B
of the irrigation scheme and/or the resettlement of displaced household. The Cnn’S .nv related assets can only be taken by the government after the compensate u fully
the affected households and communities
t l ’ PoorIO ^*e relocation of affected households, the concerned government agencies at wtreda
fo|
(e^d h«« to select resettlement sites, including the deanng of plots of land for the construction o f houses, construction of (additional) social/public infrastructures (Le. school/classrooms. health post, access road) as well as the clearing and ploughing of the plots of irrigated land to he dilated to the resettled households.
As soon as the preparation of the resettlement sites is completed, the displaced households must be given the opportunity’ to visit the resettlement sites before they arc relocated, *o that they can check if all facilities arc in place
14 i K//rttltmtnt ofAfftdeJ I iowehokh
‘Die concerned government agencies at wereda level should only proceed with the relocation of the displaced households after the compensation has been paid fully, the preparannn of the resettlement sites is completed and rhe displaced households had the opportunity to visit the resettlement sites.
Immediately after the arrival of the displaced households on the resettlement sites, the concerned government agencies at regional, wereda and kcbelc level hive to undertake the necessary’ measures needed to restore and develop their livelihoods and standard of Irvings through the provision of development assistance, such as (i) improved seeds, chemical fertilisers and agro-chemicals in the first year following the relocation; iu) agricultural extension and Veterinary services, including improved breeding stock; (in) tree seedlings, (iv) skill training, technical advice and/or credit facilities required for development (off-finn, job opportunities
T ^oirr o/ Expropriat'd
c government can only take over the expropriated land after all compensation is paid fully to f ^ Cctcd households and communities and the displaced households ire successfully
lc d at the selected resettlement sites. The construction of the irrigation, drainage and ted infrastructure can onh’ start after all expropriated lands have been taken over.
11
69I edtrn/ DcfVirvfti Rfptb&c o' Ejhtofxa. Mimifiy of iFa/tr and Enrrg pjhwptM Niir Ini/ptM* and Druinagt Prorrs
85
8.5.1
Monitoring and Evaluation of Goals and Impacts of RAP
Preparation of Monitoring Plan
In order to assess if the goals of the RAP have been achieved, thc
plan is required, which will indicate the parameters to be monitored, instil milestones and provide the necessary human and financial resources need d monitoring activities The monitoring of the project activities related to land compensation payment and resettlement must fit tn the overall monitoring f CX^ °P
* ’^tori^
r
tUb<,n,
programme for the entire project.
ramc^’ork and
The main objective of the monitoring plan is to provide all concerned stakch Id
and updated information and data with regard to the execution of the R AP
*
progress with regard to payment of compensation and resettlement In this wav aU
stakeholders will be able to assess if: (i) the RAP is implemented in accordance■ withT*^
implementation schedule, (ii) the RAP has to lie adjusted due to changes that hav
the ground; (ill) conflicts/disputes and grievances are properly and effective redress^^
urgent decisions have to be made to resolve problems encountered during the im lcmc
of the RAP.
000
8.5.2
Development and Ure of Indicators
To facilitate die monitoring of the goals and impacts of the RAP in a structured manner, a
number of indicators must be used, which have to be developed for the specific conditions of
the project. In the first place, a number of indicators has to be developed to measure the
progress and performance of the RAP Another set of indicators is needed to assess the impact
of land expropriation on the affected households as well as rcscttlemeni on displaced
households and any host communities.
8.5.3
Periodic Impact Evaluation
Al least once a year, the impacts of the implementation of the RAP on the lffecicd and
displaced households as well as any host communities must be assessed by using a set of unpan
indicators. The main objective of the periodic impact evaluation is to determine whethrr the
livelihoods of the project-affected and displaces households arc fully restored or even improve,
and whether their standard of living is the same or higher than before the implementation o
the RAP.
It is envisaged that a government agency at regional level will be given the mandate t
undertake an independent evaluation of the impacts of the execution of the RAP *
intervals during the implementation of the project and at least 5 years after e co
(he project. The government agency for periodic impact evaluation may contra
consultants or NGOs for this purpose
Ub F4 &03b Rcwrtlcmeni (2)
”0fr'fCtCO.1 — •
* • persons/household* below the poverty line;
e Landless persons/households;
• Elderly;
• Women and children;
• Indigenous people.
• Ethnic minorities; and
• Other displaced persons who may not be protected through natxxul hud
compensation legislation19
In the RPF for the Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project, female headed households, tnfirm nr ill person* and orphans are also identified as vulnerable groups*
/£/ Indifrnoiu Pttpitf
(a) Indigenous Peoples in Upper Heirs
In addition to settlers from other regions of Ethiopia, the population in the Upper Heirs region also consist of long-established groups, such as Gumuz and Agew
(i) GumuzWtr*' Dvoranc
o^Efhr^ MMt) ITattr mJ E*ti&
Eth^an Nik Jn^M mJ Dnatagt Pryrf
Orthodox Church, as well as the same cultural practices.
(b) World Bank Policies
According to World Bank OP 4.10- Indigenous Peoples, all projects that
’ nan*ly
levels of impact from development projects, including the loss of identity, culture and '
customary livelihoods as well as exposure to diseases. As social groups with identities that
often distinct from dominant groups in the national societies, indigenous peoples are ofteT'
among the most marginalised and vulnerable segments of the population As a result, then economic, social and legal status often limits their capacity to defend their interests tn and then rights to lands and other productive resources (l.e, grazing land and water) and/or restricts thar ability to participate in and benefit from development programmes22.
In case that a project proposed for World Bank financing may affects indigenous peoples, it is required to undertake the following steps:
• Screening to determine whether indigenous peoples are living or using natural resources (Le. land, water, grazing land) in the project area.
• If the screening has revealed that indigenous peoples are present in the project arei, a social assessment must be earned out to assess die potential positive and negative
effects and impacts of the proposed project on the indigenous peoples as well as to examine project alternatives where adverse effects may be significant;
Preparation of detailed report documenting the findings of the social assessment and the consultation of indigenous peoples, project design alternatives and other mca.ur that may be required to address adverse effects on the indigenous peoples an pr them with culturally appropriate benefits, recommendations for effective cons
1;______ - ~____„i« 
nknnirur implementation.
« World Bank OP 4 10. para I
» World Bank OP 4/10. pari 2
I ’b F4 Sr03b Resettlement (2)
72tf**' ‘
• Integration of the IPP in the overall project d ’
As indigenous peoples usually are closely tied to land f resources, it ts important to give particular attention to 
rights pertamtn* to land/temtones and where access t sustainability of their cultures and livelihoods; (u) need" *“°St illegal intrusion or encroachment; cultural^’“Sources
«d other
* nd »Uecbv cu,
c
lDd
nautnabibty. If the project involves actm « aimed at e^Tu
" arUraJ re,OUre" ma^m- PnaX
re?OUr«, is v>u| (o ,h
^-term
such Und
Q
rights, the IPP must include an action plan to legally J 
r
Cognised land
tenure systems of the indigenous peoples or m conven communal and/or individual ownership rights^.
.As physKil relocation of indigenous peoples m k idenciry. culture and customary livchhcxxh ,, ,< 7 
CUM°man- Ullgr
***”' Spaces (yn
10 avmd resettlement of md^nous peoples If,, "’^^^^P^ectde "
of indigenous peoples should only bf carr, , aftected communities of met.
fn *,hlc “> avoid relocation T”
out u’hen broad supnort. k ’ ^ment
, pubk „„ ~r""™ *
p
c
uuon and pamapanon
i
73
12Miy 11# of &***?*' ShfUJfn tf Water and Etfrg
f
c o^p£NSATION and resettl^nt COSTS f)tut Costs
The uni« costs for property and assets as well
paint r’°™ Mm, „„„
u Piv
^'«<» T.blm^ , come, f
"°P
_ unit costs
■abk^L^’-'—-----------------------------------
Item
Unit Rate* (ETB)
Unit
RPI
EIDP
2007
Ribb
Scheme
2009
Mcgech
(Seraba)
2009
----------- is «-.fh thatched roof
m:
250
200 to 350
161
Housc_(w^i
m:
350
700
213
jjnn^of wooa
~—---------- -------------------
m2
434
House (U* J *'---------------------------- —“
m
it uirh thatched roof (21.9 mJ)
1
3.499
pr»:S.«Cw Wi ithl** V CIS **** * roof (35_Xm- — *—~ J) — «tofMC facility (eo/ra)
I
7,472
1
G2L
Fence*
thorny plants. live plants
- stone
- tarbed wire
bamboo
4
nr
1596
692
48.0
Eucalyptus (compensation value)
• small (<8m)
- medium (8-15m)
• hxge(>15m)
Tree
6.5
22.1
2934
120
16.1
25.2
86.8
Indigenous trees (compensation value)
- small (<8m)
• medium (8-15m)
J targe (>15m)
Tree
20 - 200
85- 280
240-450
53 to
198.4
fnut trees (compensation value)
mango
papaya
- banana
- kmon
.^.onnge _
Tree
9.600
400
1.000
2,063
7,000
~ ^^^!Lf (rainfed) farmland or annual crops
Or
Ha
76,819
'^ 5p£^^tion Jor grazing land or pasture
f
Ha
17,865
27.475
. d income from annual crops (teff, barkv.
4nnu
Ha
9.419
(13>4O)
29,036
- hav k** R told based average yield
of
11 gncun
- ^AdJes/ha^ rarker price (ETB 25)
Ha
5.125
2,748
75
12-Miy 11Pebm/ Dent^rufic VjfutbUc of Efhiofaa. Mimitry of Wafrr aid Ejirrg, E/hofwi Nib lrrifotior, aad Drutoaft Pnyrrt
In the RAP for Megcch Pump (Scraba) Scheme (2009), the reported public infrastructure are as follows:
• Primary school
ETB 300,000
fr Jf
• Health post
ETB 150.000
• Veterinary dime
ETB 100,000
• Fanners’ training centre
ETB 50.000
• DA office
ETB 35,000
• Kebde administration office
ETB 40,000
• Flour mill
ETB 60.000
• Church/mosque
ETB 100,000
91.1
• Potable water supply scheme ETB 50,000
Proposed Unit Corts
Based on the aforementioned unit costs used for Ribb irrigation scheme and Megech Pump (Seraba) Project as well as unit costs used to calculate the resettlement costs for Megech Pump (Robit) Project and collected agro economic data, the proposed unit costs for calculating the resettlement costs for the Upper Belts project are presented in Table 9 2 to Table 9-5
Table 9-2: unit coats for
iroi
Item
Unit
Proponed Unit
Coat (ETB)
House with thatched roof (20 m )
2
mobilisation and transport cost (10%)
1
3.000
3U0
House with CIS roof (35 m )
2
1
mobilisation and transport cost (10%
7,500
750
Traditional storage facility (j&Sera)
1
50
Fences (thorny plants, live plants)
m2
5
Trees (compensation value)
• Eucalyptus
- Indigenous trees
tree
65
100
Fruit trees (compensation value)
mango
papaya
banana
tree
550
50
50
Land improvement (terracing)
ha
4.800
tJ-NW"
L’b F4 Sr03b Resettlement (2)
76scd uni! coats for displacement compcnsaaon
Item
Proposed Unit
\vrnge annuJ^ u1c<*nc rf,>m annual crops
(faUXe, millet sorghum, groundnut, sesame)
. Jiui Sereda
Dangur Sereda
Piwt S ereda
Ayrrige income from gazing land_________
7,275
7,017
6,600
?50)
pnic - ---------- ---- --------------------------------------------------------_ Item
unit cost, for resrttJemrnt and rehabilitatio— n ,—1 upp<)
Unit
n
»uppon
Proposed Unit 1 Coat (ETB)
Jjp-parjuon of settlement site (0.2 ha per ITU)
0.2 ha
AfM i
(’tearing and preparation of allocated irrigated land
1.0 ha
~ 3 000
.
Provision of package of (improved) seeds (25kg). chemical fertiliser (200kg) and agro » hemicals for one cropping season
1.0 hl
2.000
Provision of agricultural and veterinary extension services
HIT
500
Provision of technical assistance for development of off-farm
•ob opportunities (Le. skill training, advice)
HH
1,000
Establishment of revolving credit fund
HH
2.000
Table 9-5: Propo*cd unit costs for new public/socinJ mfraatnicfures
hem
Unit
1 Public/social infrastructures
- Primary school
- Health post
Veterinary clinic
Fanners’ training centre
• DA office
1
- Kebek admimsi
• Flour null
- Church/mosque
itration office
j Potable water K1W
Proposed Unit
Cost (ETB)
300.000
150.000
100.000
50,000
35.000
40,000
60,000
100.000
50,01X1Federal Df»KHTuric Republic of Esbtofita. Minutry of Water anti Enrrg) Ethiopian Nth Imjafion anti Drainage Project
9.2
9.2.1
Estimated Compensation and Resettlement Costs
Dam and Reservoir
The estimated costs for the payment of compensation and resettlement f -> cultivating 310 hectares of land, who will be affected by the construction reservoir, arc listed in Table 9-6.
c and
Tabic 9-6: Estimated
and
Type of establishment cost
and r
Estimated
Cost (ETB)
eittvojf
Compensation for lost property/assets
2,135,053
Displacement compensation
2^15 339
Resettlement and rehabilitation support
,
1 339.800
Public/social infrastructure
, 66(> (MX)
Total
,
6 350 192
Total estimated coat per displaced household
,,
31,282
9.2.2 Resettlement from Scheme Development Area IA
The estimated costs for compensation payment and resettlement of 275 households mdudm 22 landless households, from SDA 1A arc listed m Table 9-7.
Table 9-7: Estimated compensation and resettlement costs for SDA LA
Type of establishment cost
Estimated
Cost (ETB)
Compensation for lost property/as sets
4.106,993
Displacement compensation
3.640.657
Resettlement and rehabilitation support
1.815.000
Public/social infrastructure
660,000
Total
10,222,650
Total estimated cost per displaced household
37,173
9.2.3 Resettlement from Scheme Development A ft a IB
l*hc estimated costs for compensation payment and resettlement of 1,927 households, including 154 landless households, from SDA IB are listed in Table 9-8
Table 9-8: Estimated compensation and resettlement costs for SDA IB
Type of establishment cost
Compensation for lost property/assets
Displacement compensation
Resettlement and rehabilitation support___________________ Public/social infrastructure
Total
__________ _______ ____
Estimated
Cost (ETB)__
28,803365 25,018,872
12.7183<^
2.030,0000
^M,>70J»37
Total estimated coat per displaced household
Ub 1*4 StO3b Rc<cttlcment (2)
78
*1^^S^Dn^ntAnaUl
, tA costs for compensation and resettlement of 639 households, mdud™ si Th<c5tirn’ ho]d from SDA HI are listed in Table 9-9.
s
Undk** ho°SC
9 r --tj.^»-d compensation and resettlement costa for SDA III
9^
vp
^ 7fT a^'hm«-
8l
nt coat
Estimated
Cott (ETB)
■^7T~p7foc l«t property/***"
md rehabilitation support
ResenkmSlL
8,696,853
6,959.818
4,217.400
1
£bjjc/s^------------------------------------------------------
To«L-- -------- ------- -----------
Total t^mated cot< d»PUccd household
20,854,071
32,635
^aknntfi»" Scbtmt D'V'tywnt Ana 1\ A
Tlx estimated costs for compensation and resettlement of 46? households, including 37 hndlcss households, from SDA IVA are fasted in Table 9-10.
Table 9-10: Estimated compensation and resettlement costs 1
Type of establishment cost
Estimated
Cost (ETB)
Compensation for lost property’/assets
4,564,925
Displacement compensation
4.657,964
Resenlemeni and rehabilitation support
3,082,200
Public/ social infrastructure
770.000
Total
13,075,089
Total estimated coat per displaced household
27,998
L<
Scbemt Dtvtiopmc*t Ana H B-B"
The estimated costs for compensation and resettlement of 1,088 households, including 87 ^ess households, from SD/\ IVB-W are listed in Table 9 11.
p-^jjj^^gtifnated compensation and resettlement costs for SDA IVB-W
Type of establishment cost
Estimated
Cost (ETB)
i5sc„
compensanon_______________
'^~-^5$nt and refaabilit.5Uppon
^5®«led cost
r displaced household
15,598,880
10,204,191
7,180,800
1,090,000
34,073,871
31318
79Prdrrv/ DfMocrunc R/f-nMf 9f I'dbiapia. Mmutr) ofWatrr and Enrr^ IMaptan Xttf Irr^aHon and Dnanj^r Pnyert
9.2.7
Resettlement from Scheme Development Ana 1 IT/X
The estimated costs for compensation and resettlement of 1 105 hou. landless households, from SDA 1VC-N are listed in Table 9-12. U* h°Ms,
c
lnc MnR^
9-12: Estimated com
and resettlement costa
soA-rvc-N
Type of establishment cost
Estimated
Coat (ETB)
Compensation for lost propertv/as sc is
I 7.168.043
Displacement compensation
6,389,404
Resettlement and rehabilitation support
7,293.000
Public/social infrastructure
1.090,000
Total
32,140,447
Total estimated cost per displaced household
29,086
9.2.X Resettlement from Scheme Development Ana I *U"
The estimated costs for compensation and resettlement of 570 households, including 46 landless households, from SDA VW are listed in Table 912.
Table 9-13: Estimated
and resettlement costs SDA-VW
Type of establishment cost
Estimated
Cost (ETB)
Compensation for lost property/assets
8,853,585
Displacement compensation
3.385.145
Resettlement and rehabilitation support
3,762.000
Public/social infrastructure
870
Total
16,870,730
Total estimated cost per displaced household
29,598 |
9.2.9
Relocation of Existing Settlements
To avoid resettlement as much as possible, the relocation of any existing settlement k
land suitable for irrigation is not considered for the following reasons.
• Less expensive as it is not required to replace existing public/soaal in
• Existing family, social and cultural networks are not disturbed, and ^rcn-di h*'T 1
• Limited amount of suitable farmland is lost as the settlements in JlW1 low density of houses with fields surrounding the houses, where** thc^ Wereda are mainly built along both sides of the access roads with the immediately behind the houses.
p >5kV
I'b F4 Sc03b Resettlement (2)
80^uir 1™ Ir^alKt <nJ Dnm.gr P^-,
Total EitiMOtid Cwyriwfait mJ Rm/tlrtiftit/ Com
The total estimated compensation ,nd „rt
I T cmcn[ CO(Cs fo(
]
.
summarised in Table 9-14.
Table 9-14; Total estimated compensation and resettlement errns
' proictt are
Number of
rr-aecdcd
HH
Total eitxmaied
co«t (El B)
Estimated coil per
affected houiebold
(ETB)
Dam and reservoir area
203
6450,192
313*2
SDA LA
275
10,223650
37.173
SDA IB
1927
68370.637
35.584
SDA III
639
20.854.tri
32.635
Sub-Total (including da)
3.044
105.997,550
34,822
SDA IVA
467
! 3,075,089
27.998
SDA IVB-W
1098
34.073,871
31318
SDA 1VC-N
1105
32,140,44’’
29,086
SDA VTX
570
16,870,730
29,598
Sub-Total
3330
96,160,137
29 jn
Re-lociUiDn of existing village i
Ska! considered
Internal Mfldt
1,500.000
Total
6274
202,157,687
32321
Contingcntx" 10%
203*5,769
Grand total
6374
222373,455
35.444
Note. Colts related lo illucirion vf (ewKiiobdaitd) irrigable plot* ol Ln J »ao< included
The total compensation and resettlement costs for the Upper Belts irngation project, including 10% contingency. is estimated at ETB 222,373.45$ t»r about L’S$ 1332 million* excluding the costs related to the allocation of (consolidated) imgabk land to the relocated households. Based on a local number of 6374 households to be resettled (within or between SDAs), rhe c.tttmated compensation and resettlement cost per displaced household « ETB 35.444 (US J 2,122).
More detailed calculations of the compensation and resettlement costs for the Upper Beks pro|<?ct cm be found in Annex B of this report
* USS 1 - ETB 16.7 (December 2010} Uh M SrOJb Rrscnlcrncrw -)
$1
12 Mar-111‘tdfrul Dtf9*rufit fapMt tfErhtofita. Mtautry ir'a/rr anti Ewr/p Ethiopian NUt ! motion ana Druin^gr Prytrf
,3
To ouuie
P'““* “ “”"1 p,”p"'y
„ „™^ea <h.. <te eoo.uk™. ut» be
b
suorairt
“ "ta7.oZ«“p^.« O< ee (P.O). oaoeb would be .e.^.bb „,
r
S
f
;X7tX» -■* •* ”
Corporation and others.
,h rac- VJpp“ Sup* F"Km'™’
The main tasks and responsibilities of the consultants arc as follows:
Capacity building of concerned government agencies responsible for land administration and resettlement at national, regional, wercda and kcbele lev 1 Supporting the development of appropriate modalities for effective public cor and participation throughout the entire resettlement process,
Assisting the development of appropriate mechanisms for the valuation of pr Supporting the preparation of the RAPs, including environmental and soail
u ^Hr«n
sodo economic surveys, land asset inventory’ and selection of potential resettlement
sites.
Supporting the implementation of the RAPs. including the notification of
expropriation order as well as the preparation of individual compensation dossiers md compensation contracts;
Supervision of compensation payments, preparation of relocation sites and
resettlement of displaced households, including the provision of rehabilitation supp«i
to resettled households;
• Assisting the preparation of monitoring plan, including the development of (propesi) indicators, that will provide all concerned stakeholders with timely and accural e information related to the execution of the RAPs; and
• Participating in the periodic evaluation of the impacts of the implementation of the RAPs. in particular for vulnerable groups.
It is envisaged that the PIO would require support from consultants for a period of 9 \on The estimated costs of the consultancy support related to resettlement are summarised in
9-15.
lib b’4 SrOM? Romlcxncru (2)
82.\'rJe fffWfr* <nd p^^.
* 1 d.15- Estimated consultancy support costa related to resettlement
Poaiboti
Number
Total
input («m)
Estimated Cosi
USS
ETB
r«iirrnirion.al
HMSttlerncnt Specialist
1
50
1.200000
ms & Mapping Specialist
1
30
"’20,000
Sub-Total
2
80
1.920.000
32,064.000
pj^rional
Sni Resettlement Specialty/Tram l eader
1
90
Resettlement Specialists
2
Ito
-
G1S & Mapping Specialist
2
ISO
-
Gender & Vulnerable Group Specialist
1
90
Communitv Development Specular
3
270
-
public Consdauon Specialist
I
90
Geodetic Specialist
1
90
Morurrmutt 8c Evaluation Specialist
1
90
Sub-Total
UJ
1,080
2,069.461
54,460,00(1
Total
J
-
3.989 461
66,624.000
Expenses related to accomiTKidancjn, vehicles, ofhee fJCibnei. support staff, pee diems and transport (30* o of taffing con J
1,196,838
19.987,200
Grand Total
5,186.299
146.61 UDO
Nate; 10 staff months (am) input per year aaiumcd for full-time input
Note: USf 1 - ETB 16J
The total estimated cost for rhe consultancy support related to resettlement ts ETB Ito 61 million or USS 5.19 million.
Kesenlcmcnt {2}
12-Afir-llPr****. KfM Mnutn *
 W !***>" Dnn^ P^
kfMtltta
1O MAIN FINDINGS, ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
J0 { Refevtnt Legitdation Mad Guideline*
, n addition to World Bank Policy OP 4.12 and the 1995 Constitution. the FDR of Ethiopia has promulgated the followtng relevant legislate to faobtate land exportation, compensation
payment and resettlement
. r«l™ o. No «
0 S/M5.
Pavment of Compensation.
p ,ibk
mj
' r
456/””5 - Rm" w ■“-»«-» J I*.; ■'"!
' C7rf/“”“m N° "’ 'M'-
Pnjprnv Sinuied
on Landholding Expropriated for Public Purposes
There are a number of differences between the World Bank Policy OP 4 12 and the Ethiopian legislation related to land expropriation, compensation payment and resettlement
RriBM/jrewdti/wff-f
The following issues should be specified and/or clanbed in federal and regional legislation:
• Guidelines and procedures for public consultation and participation of affected individuals, households and communities with particular attention for vulnerable
groups.
• Determination and communication of cut off date to establish eligibility for compensation and resettlement;
• Definition of vulnerable group requiring special attention dunng land expropriation and resettlement;
• Provision of resettlement support, including the construction of new public/social infrastructure at the selected resettlement sites;
• Provision of support to relocated persons and households after resettlement in order to restore then livelihoods; and
• Payment of compensation to communities for the loss of community resources, such as grazing land, fishing, fuel and fodder.
At the level of ANRS, the following legal documents were issued.
• Proclamation No 133/2006 - Revised I .and Administration and L'sc of \NKS-
■ Regulation No. 51/200’ - Implementation of Rural Land Administration System in ANRS; and
• Directives for Implementation of Proclamation No 133/2006 and Regulation NJ 51/2007 issued in 2009.
Reportedly, a proclamation related to land administration and utilisation is
tiNRS in 2010 but it is not implemented yet
T he regional government of B GNRS should take all neerssary measures to i latently promulgated legislation related to land administration and utilisation With birther delay, so that all existing land use oghts will be properly registered ^d 1
certificates will be issued to all households with land use rights
hiding
Obp
* i*03b Retrrtlcmenr (2)
85Federal Denrorrafi. Repabde of E.thinfiia, .Mrniifn oj Waler and Energy
Llhtcfttan NtJe Irrigation and Drainagt Ptvje^
10.2 Inrdtudonnl Fnmework
In ANRS and B-GNRS, the VCRD and ARD offices at rcgwnal and implementing agency of the project respectively. 
erc da |CV(j
1 ANRS the competent authority for land admuustrauon and utdtsanon is the EPUU> <,
..'.epo«al >»J 
*'
»■“ U
lmptw,
land administration and utilisation system m B-GNRS, but it has not started at the </
preparing this report
Recommendations
The regional government of B-GNRS should establish the competent authority for land administration and utilisation as soon as possible with offices established m all wereda snuatcd uithin the project areas to facilitate the registration of land use rights and the issue of landholding certificates.
In ANRS, Land Administration and Use Committees have been established in all kcbclr< accordance with Proclamation No. 133/2006 and Regulation No. 51/2007. No such
committees have been formed in B-GNRS vet.
Recommendations
Immediately after the establishment of the competent authority for land administration inc utilisanon at wereda level, land administration and use committees should be formed ind trained in all kebelcs of B GNRS situated within the project area.
10.3 Lessons Learnt from Resettlement Programmes in Ethiopia
The main lessons learnt from resettlement programme related to dam and irrigation project* a Ethiopia are summarised below.
Preparation and Implementation of Resettlement Programme
With regard to the preparation and implementation of a resettlement programm lessons learnt are:
• Preparation of comprehensive and detailed RAP is crucial for the proper p cp
and implementation of the resettlement programme;
r^nncrtY,
Entire resettlement programme, including asset inventory, valuation
determination and payment of compensation, expropriation o 
^vis**35
affected households, must be properly planned in accordance with
the existing legislation ai federal and regional level;
o pportu^
All project-affected households and host communities must be gn
to be actively involved in the planning, preparation and cxecutio 
1
programme as proper public consultation will help to address
Jrt d
well as to create trust between the affected households, host co
government agencies involved in the resettlement programme. esettlem
e^
Sufficient dme must be allowed for the implementation o 
11 0
^yoh* * '
in an adequate, transparent and accountable manner and
with
the affected households and host communities;
I Hi F4 Sr03b Resettlement (2)
H6Ethiopia. Miniftry nfVTater and Entry
and Drutnap P^r
• Projcct-affectcd households must he given the opportunity to visit the proposed resettlement site beforehand;
• Mandates and responsibilities of the different government agencies involved in asset inventory, valuation of property, compensation payment and relocation of affected households must be clearly defined and communicated to avoid unnecessary delays in
the resettlement process.
• Proper coordination between the vinous government agencies involved in the
resettlement process must be in place in order to avoid unnecessary delays in the resettlement process,
• A multi-disciplinary team with sufficient qualified and experienced staff must be appointed for the entire duration of the resettlement programme;
• Asset inventory and valuation of property must always be earned out in the presence of the owner.
• Formal cut off date must be communicated to avoid additional claimants for compensation payments,
• Land-for-land compensation must be the basic principle and applied as much as possible;
• Unit rates and average crop yields used to calculate compensation payments must be determined in a transparent and accountable manner by the concerned stakeholders (te. wereda administration, ARD and EPI-AU A);
• I-and can only expropriated following the issue of proper notification and the payment of compensation for lost properry/as sets,
• Compensation for lost property/assets must be paid fully and timely to all project- affected households before the start of the construction works;
• Selection of relocation sites for displaced households must be completed pnor to the expropnation of land required for the construction of the dam and/or irrigation infrastructure;
• Host communities and/or nomadic households must be compensated for the loss of (communal) grazing land that is used to resettle project-affected households,
• Effective mechanisms must be in place to monitor the impacts of the resettlement of project-affected households and to address any grievances related to the relocation of affected people, and
• Sufficient budget must be allocated for all components of the resettlement programme-
I Mnd Allocation and Stltctjon of Rrjttfkntrnl Situ
The main lessons learnt related to land allocation and selection of resettlement site include
• Land must be equally distributed to all resettled households, including those households who were landless in their previous settlements;
• Allocation of farm land on steeper slopes io relocated households must be avoided t avoid soil erosion.
• Project-affected households must be relocated in the same village as much as oq ui so that they could retain the family, social and cultural networks;
• If relocation tn the same community is not possible, project*affected households be resettled in host communities where they speak the same language, practice th same religion and have the same cultural background; and
RrM-ti)CTDcnt (2)
8"
,2 “May.nFedm' Dtf9*rufu RtfMr of Ethiopia. btimrfn o' IT afrr nri Eerrg,
Eihrapta* Ntlr Irr^noa mJ Dnsnofe Pnyea
• Project-affected household must not be resettled on mosqunn.
,
CMcd- **mp> ^ld
10.3.3
ProtTjwn of Support to Relocated i loutt holds
Concerning the provision of support to relocated households, the main lessons
• Replacement land must be cleared and properly prepared before all
households, so that the resettled households will be able to start f, °C”Wn ,n rci<
*a’t
11
 •arming m dir r
c
year of their displacement;
• Access to (improved) seeds, chemical fertilisers and agro chemicals must I the first year following the relocation of project affected households
•v** ensure tl l
Cn$ur<d
resettled household are able to grow crops in the first year following then ]
• Provision of adequate agricultural extension sendees in order tn
i
»u unsure that the
relocated farmers have access to advice and technical support required to dr farming under different ecological conditions;
Provision of adequate veterinary services and improved breeding stork » the number of livestock owned by resettled household is reduced to (new) diso and/or different climatic conditions;
01
o to prevent (hat
Provision/distribution of tree seedlings to ensure that the resettled households and members of the host communities will have sufficient access to fuel and constructjoo wood as well as fodder, and
Support to develop off-farm job opportunities, including skill training, technical adnee and/or credit facilities.
10.3.4 Protiston o f Social Infrastructure i
l*he main lessons learnt regarding the provision of social infrastructures are
• To ensure that the relocated households and lhe members of die host communities have sufficient access to basic social services at walking distance, additional socni infrastructures have to be provided, including health posts, primary schools, verenniry clinics, potable water supply schemes (Le. wells), access roads as well as churches and/or mosques; and
• Government agencies at kcbcle and wereda level must have sufficient budget to operate and maintain all social infrastructures.
10.4
10.4.1
Existing- Land Tenure andScnlcmcnt
Salient Pea turn of Exutinp laind Tenure
_ , The most salient features of the existing land tenure in the four main SDAs oi < IP project arc as follows: •
J 1 9® n tO *d
• 37% to 43% of all land is cultivable, 8% to 35% is used for grazing ano
f °rCSt;
• 34% of all land has individual land use rights, 32% is communally managed
state-owned;
• At kebele level, households having 1 ha of land or less vanes from 4 « 1% to 68% has 1.1 to 2.0 ha, and 2% to 73% have access to more than .
• At kebele level, 2% to 31% of aD households with land use rights arc e
• 11 o to 22% of all households are landless with an overall a'cra^ households for al] four SDAs;
Ub F4 S«03b Resettlement (2)
88Mtniftry of Water md Enogf
, .W anti Dra,^ j
• According to data collected during the thematjc focus
size of individual land use nghts 26 ha in SDA I & HI (1.2 loT^nd^T* 
SDA IV & V (1.0 to 5.5 ha);
. CXo.U .v„.p number of plor. of lend pe, horredmH, „tll k„d
1 d 1 ha «
from 1.4 to 28 plots in SDA I & III and 1.3 to 29 plots in SDA IV & V
. 3% to 42% of the farm land ts cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers in 15 of the 16 surveyed kebelcs;
^2 LaJU^Cer^ica^ff
In Jawi Wereda, the registration of land use nghts is almost completed, whereas it is ongoing in South Achefer Wereda. However, the land use right registration process has not started in Dangur Wereda and Pawe Wereda yet.
(0.4 J Existn^ Settlement Patterns
In three wcredas situated within the project area on the right bank of the Beles River, the average size of existing settlements ranges from 50 to 152 households. In four wereda* located on the left bank, the average size of existing settlement vanes from 93 to 515 households.
The main characteristics of the villages situated in Pawe Wcreda are:
• Established as part of the resettlement scheme of the Derg regime dunng the second half of the 1980s;
• Mainly constructed along the vinous access roads that were also built as part of the resettlement scheme;
• Each resettlement village was provided with a potable water supply scheme, including a fibreglass water tank that were instaDed by the Tana Beles Project dunng the second half of the 1990$. and
• Almost all houses are constructed on both sides of the access road crossing the village with the cropped fields are located directly behind the houses.
lhe main char act ensues of the villages situated in J awn Wereda are:
• Established dunng Lui 20 yean as pan of (voluntary) rcw-rtlemcnt piogiamme,
• Small villages with low density of houses, which arc surrounded by cropped fields, wilh limited social infrastructure and poor access;
• Settlemenls with higher denary of bouses situated wrthin a durance of feu- kilometres from Fendika town and most social infrastructures are available
1 b H4 StOSb Rrtcnletnmt (2j
89
12 May 11Wrol Demo-mo.- lUpMc ofRlhmpm. Mitufn ef *’«*■ Eanjf, Etiatpian Wh Irrigation and Drmnaft Pnfftt
10.5
10.5.1
Need for Resettlement
Number of Displaced Households
For the construction of the Upper Bclcs imganon project and the development commercial farming within the command area (Options 2A.B.C & 3). the involj^
resettlement (within or between SDAs) of the following number of affected / d
households is required:
• 203 households cultivating 371 ha from the site of the dam and reservoir
’ PUccd
Limited number of households, whose houses have to be demolished du
construction of irrigation, drainage and associated infrastructure
* *°
2.841 households on the right bank, including SDA I A, 1B-E 1R\X m <*
* 
”, »o-o and III-
3.230 households on the left bank, including SDA IVA, 1 VB\X IVC-N and V\\
10.5.2 Relocation o] Existing Settlements
The relocation of existing settlements situated on land suitable for irrigation development’ considered in order to avoid resettlement as much as possible as well as for (he foUcruin reasons:
• Existing settlements do not occupy large areas of suitable land as the density of houses is low and surrounded by farm Gelds or they are constructed directly along the Keen
roads with the Geld starting immediately behind the houses;
• 
• 
Existing family, social and cultural networks are not disturbed; and
Ixss expensive as it is not required to replace the existing soaal/pubbc infranroaurr,
such as schools, health facilities, ofGccs and access roads.
10.5.3
Propos
ed Modalitiesfor Resettlement of Displaced Households
The pr
oposed modalities for the resettlement of displaced households arc as follows:
• 
Relocation of affected households in existing settlements is Grst prionty; and
• 
Resettlement of displaced households in new settlements if relocation in existing
settlements is not possible.
Each
new settlement must be provided with a primary school, health post, potable wj,er supph
scheme and church/mosque.
If all 6,274 displaced households have to be relocated in new villages, a total of 4 to 6 settlements have to be established. However it anticipated that this would not be the of the households resettled within SDAs may continue to live within their current
areas
The provision of housing to the hired labourers on the large-scale comtnerc responsibility of the private investors, particularly the sugar estate-
Ub 1*4 Sd)3b Resettlement (2)
90•fEfatf". Miniitn
of trawl Earrp
yW Dr***' Pnf'd
If), b 
Proposed Land Al/ocaUoo
/9i
 i .Albwtio* •JIfn aled l^d
S
With regard to the allocation of imgatcd land, it is proposed that
• I endless households receive 0.11 ha of irngable land( “minimal allocation");
. Existing small landholding household (<lha, average 0.61 ha) receives 0 55 ha of
irngable land,
. Existing medium landholding household (1.1 to 2.0 ha, average 1.16 ha) receives 1 06
ha of irngable land, and
• Existing larger landholding household (>2.0ha, average 3.27 ha) receives 2.9' ha ol irngable land.
. Rainfcd holdings in SDAs IVBE N and 1VBE S, IVC E and VS keep their present size.
The suggested planning norms for allocation of other types of land use are as follows:
• Landless households receive 0.11 ha of irngable land( “minimal allocation”);
• Existing small landholding household (<1ha, average 0.61 ha) receives 0.55 ha of irngable land;
• Existing medium landholding household (1.1 to 2.0 ha, average 1.16 ha) receives 1.06 ha of irrigable land, and
• Existing larger landholding household (>2.0ha, average 3.27 ha) receives 2.97 ha of irngable land.
• Rainfed holdings in SDAs IVBE N and IVBE S, IVC’. E and VS keep their present size.
In applying these land use planning norms, the following principles should be adopted:
• Land allocations to preserve existing important environmental assets and maintain a reasonable biodiversity have the highest priority;
• To maximise the economic and financial return to the project, land considered suitable for irrigation should be allocated for this use, minimising land use for other purposes, such as communal grazing, and
• Meet the requirements of existing smallholders by allocating land to meet their short- and medium term needs for settlement /homesleads and irrigation, whereas communal grazing and woodlots requirements will be considered but will not take priority over allocated land for irrigation.
The prioritised approach seeks to promote industrial sgnculture led development balanced with sustainable smallholder development, whereby the latter being based on meeting the growth needs of the existing population-
About 0.9% of the irrigable land would be allocated to landless households, who consnmie 8% of all households in the pro|ect, whereas 16 3% of the irngable land would be allocated to small landholding households (38% of all households). Medium and larger landholding households (27% and 27% of all households) would be entitled tn 2Z6’ • and 60.2% of the area of irngable lxnd respectively
KesrnJcmmt (2)
91
.J |Federal Denomfti; RepMr of F.fhtcpta, Mmufry vf Water anti Energy F./h/apun Nik Imgatior. and Drutnage Prvfta
10.6.2 Al/ocalton °'
n for Stttk^. Co^al Gru^ nd Woodlot,
(otal ir„ of 3>685 ha will be required for house plots, whcrej5 2
10.7
h * T” mmunal grazing land, and 2,303 ha has to be allocated for woodlots The w J' "endues that there is sufficient non-irngable land tn all SDAs to allocate non-^ according to the suggested planning norms.
Comparison between Irrigation Development Options
With regard to irrigation development the option of out-growers cronpin considered (ie Option 2B - see Table 7-1). 
* u^Uc^nchai betn
effirs of poverty reduction, food security and soao-economtc development. Option A („ Kl
om-growers) is preferred for the following reasons. 
Significant reduction tn poverty and improvement of socio-economic of most tf nol smlUioldcrs as their incomes will increase considerably due to the cultivation of w
'crops per year and higher yield, for the irrigated crops.
• - ,
Due to higher yields and the possibility to cultivate two crops per year, food secunty improve sigmfic.ndy for the smallholding households themselves as well u («
oilier households Using in or near the Project area, and
. Creation of off-farm employment opportune by locally processing cultured food
and non-food crops.
In addition, it is preferred that the O&M of the Main canal system, including the distribution of water, is the responsibility of an impartial, professional entity, such as the proposed Main System Operator, to ensure that all smallholders receive their share of irngation water in in adequate, time and equitable manner.
10.8 Land Consolidation
10.8.1 Existing 1 Mnd Frogmen ration
lire overall average number of plots ranges from 1.4 to 2.9 plots. The average number oi pjots among small landholding households varies from 1.1 to 2.6 plots. Medium and larger landholding households have an average number of 1 K to 3.4 plots of land
10.8.2 Rationale for I .and Consolidation
Efficient irrigation will require land consolidation to address issues re landholdings, landlessness, irregular field layouts and noo-opuna®1
10.8.) l^nd Consolidation Options
The following two land consolidation options could be considered
• Option 1 minimal land consolidation & acquisition activities.or
• Option 2: address landlessness, fragmentation of holdings, sui and land acquisition for irrigation infrastructure.
Given the intent to maximise water use efficiency through land lcse
fragmented
'tfC’
boundaries as well as to facilitate effective and efficient operation Option 2 is proposed
opumiun
-un0on system
ryf the di>trlD
Ub F4 SrC3b Resettlement (2)
92.
Mrerfty of ITafrr mi E*rrp
lrn ^ ,)rJ>^ P^
» Kimber of Allocattd Plots of Imgabk l^nd
In general, the following two types of soils can be found in the Project axex
• Vertisols (black soils), which ire ferule but have a timeliness problem and restricted cropping pattern; and
• Luvisols (red-brown soils), which arc less ferule but easily workable and broad choice
of crops.
With regard to the number of allocated plots per household, the following two options arc
considered:
• Opuon 1: each household is allocated one consolidated plot of irrigable land within one tertian' unit irrespective of the type of soil;
• Opuon 2: each household is allocated two plots of irngable land with one plot having vertisols and the other plot having luvisols
The preferred option is to allocate one consolidated plot of imgable land to each household within a tertiary unit as close as possible to the settlement where the household is living. In that case, the smallholder will be member of only one WUG and (*)he will not lose much time travelling to and from his/her plot of imgable land. Furthermore, each smaUholdcr will be able to transport any surplus produce to the nearest markets due to the development of a comprehensive network of all-weaiher roads within the project area.
10.9 lmplem cn la tioo Pr&ccdurrs
A RPF for the Ethiopian Nile irrigation and Drainage Project was prepared in 2007. The enure land acquisition, compensation payment and resettlement process can be sub-divided into the following three steps. ® preparation of RAP; (li) implementation of RAP; and fin) monitoring and evaluation of goals and impact of RAP. These activities arc not pan of this feasibility study.
^0.9.1 Safeguards for I ’ubierubk Groups
It is stipulated in World Bank 4.12 that particular attention must be paid to the needs of vulnerable group among the (project-affected) and displaced, especially households below die poverty line, landless households, elderly, women and children, indigenous people, ethnic minorities, and other displaced persons who may not be protected through national land compensation legislation In the RPF for the Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project female-headed households, infirm or ill persons and orphans arc also identified as vulnerable
groups.
or . ,o -
r~P*. ■» f>'"• “
urC..- P* "»• 
,„d^Z«. «—'• W «*“ •™d“' “
.dAnon.edlo, fomoto f o'““f-»T" “d
” ® ”'7* T r
~ b' ,
„„ taX
.?p~p™" ■"-> -‘•—j«" • ’-“-"s »d
.o~l .«If ”»■ K P'T"'’1 wl,h
® B'"“” P“P‘"
k 4 Sc03b Resettlement (2)
12-May. 1Jredeni
RfM. ,fElb,^a. Mtnufrr .f V alrr E«®
Izihafwn lotion a*<i Pru»fur Pnyrrf
affected by the project receive culturally appropriate social and economic beneG
potential adverse effects and impacts on indigenous peoples are avoided
d
or compensated The IPP must be integrated in the overall project design * ’
During consultations, it was remarked by some stakeholders that the i$sUc nf
Peoples” is not applicable in Ethiopian as all Ethiopian are constitutionally i d
this is a reasonable comment it was noted that if World Band funding was sou h development further discussion (with the Bank) would he required to clarify 1
long established groups in the Study Area (ic Agew and Gumuz), and how the Bank^ Indigenous peoples safeguard policies may be applied.
10.10 Compensation and Resettlement Costs
The total estimated compensation and resettlement costs for the Upper Bcles arc as follows:
ungauon pmrrt
Number of
rc-scttled
HH
Total estimated
cost (ETB)
Estimated cost per
affected household
(ETB)
Dam and reservoir area
203
6350,192
31 02
SDA 1A
275
10222,650
,
37.173
SDA IB
1927
68,570.637
35,SM
SDA 111
639
20.854,071
32,635
Sub-Total (including da)
3,044
105,997,550
34,822
SDA IVA
467
13.075.089
27,998
SDA IV B W
1088
34.073.871
31,318
SDA IVC N
1105
32.140.447
29.086 .
SDA
570
16.870,730
29,598 1
Sub-Total
3,230
96,160,137
29,771
Re-location of existing villages
Not considered
Interna) M&E
1.500,000
______
Total
6,274
202,157,6X7
Contingency 10%
20.215,769
Grand total
6.274
222373,455
35,444
Note: (,mts related to allocation of (consolidated) irrigable plots of land is no< included
The total compensation and resettlement cost, including 10% contmgenci, is esunw HTB 222.4 million (US$ 13.32 million), excluding the costs related to allocation ^ (consolidated) irrigable land to the resettled households. Based on a total of 6.2
to be resettled, the estimated compensation and resettlement cost per displace ETB 35,444 (L’S$ 2,122).
10.10.1 Com flamy Support
Ehc total estimated cost for the consultancy' support rclaicd to resettlement million or US$ 5.19 million
tcil *o
gTB 66.61
Ub F4 StO3b RcscrdcmenT (2)
941
> R4wtfr r' E/Awpib.
"** D™.«v Pnyni’
of W Eatr#
bEFERENGES
^I.aM Driven, j- ^^(zoo )
Environmental Impact Assessment Follow up in the Koga Irrigation Project. Ethiopia; UNESCXMHE Institute for Water Education; Paper
7
presented on U’W/Atf C
nw* PruMtw IoAmr. IWMJ/CGIAR
Afrit*" DeveM” «’
n
t Fund
(2001)
fjczji Consulting Engineers Pic (2<*»)
Environmental Resource
7
Management Ltd (200" ) Gcbm Y (2002)
Government of Amhira National Regional State (3006)
Government of Amhara National Regional State (2007)
Government of FDR of Inhiopu (2005)
kavenunent of FDR nf Ethiopia (2005)
^“Vtrnmcnt of I DR of H.iluopu (2007)
ltllrn^hona] Rivers (2008) lnt kfpwvticn (2009)
Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa. June 4-5, 200"
Ethiopia - Koga Irrigation ind Watershed Management Project, Appraisal Report (EH/PAA 1/2001/01), February 2001
Ethiopian Nite Irrigation and Drainage Project-Task One Report (RP526 VoL 2), April 2009
Resettlement Policy Framework Ethiopia Irrigation & Drainage Project, February 2007
Differentia! Rc-cstablishmml of Voluntary and Involuntary Migrants, lhe Case of Metefcd Settlers in Ethiopia; In: African Study Monographs 23 (1)
Proclamation No 133/2006 - Revised Rural Land Administration and Use of Amhara National Regional Stale
Regulation No. 51/2007 - ImplenieiiLiiKm of Rural Lind Administration and Use System tn Amhara National Regional State
Proclamation No 455/2005 - Expropriation of landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensatirm
Pin-w4aima.riri.rL No. 456/2005 — Rural Land Admuustratioii and Land Use
Cnundl of Ministers Regulation No. 135/2007 _ Payment of
Compensation for Property Situated on Landholding Expropriated for Public Purposes
What Cost Ethiopia's Dun Boom? A Look inside the Expansion of Ethiopia i Energy Sector, February 2008
r Ilic Acquisition of Water Stonge Facilities tn the Abay River BasinT Ethiopia; ZEF Working Paper Sene?. 3&, 2009
S*03b ReiettJwnent (2)
!
12Ffderul Demo.r-jn. R/pMs tfEjhtopta. Mifurtry of VTaitr anti Lnrrr. I‘.fh"ptaff I\'Ut lmfarton and Ortanaff Prvjtit
Messay MulugcU Tefera
(2009)
^°nn°
m Af«ca
Ministry of Finance and
Economic Development
(2006)
Challenges and Opportunities of Voluntary Resettlement ' Ethiopia: a Case from Jiru Gamachu Resettlement VdlacL Central Ethiopia; In: Journal of Sustainable Develop^ (Volume 11, No 3. 2009)
Ethiopia: Building on Progress - Plan for Accelerated and S Development to End Poverty (PASDEP), Volume I- Main UsUjM
September 2006 
^ CX!'
Salini Construttori (1989) Tana Beles Project
Water Works Design
Supervision Enterprise &
Tahal Group (2009)
World Bank (2001)
World Bank (2001)
World Bank (2001)
World Bank (2005)
World Bank (2005)
World Bank (2006)
Mcgech Draft Final feasibility Study & Draft Detail Design Rc
Volume 16 - Resettlement Planning, June 2009
OP 4.12 — Involuntary Resettlement, December 2001
OP 4.12 - Annex A: Involuntary Resettlement Instruments. December
2001
BP 4.12 — Involuntary Resettlement
OP 4.10 — Indigenous Peoples, July 2005
BP 4.10— Indigenous Peoples
Implementation Completion Report (IDA-30190 PPF1-P9880) on i Credit in the Amount of US$ 200 million to the Federal Republic of Ethiopia fa an Energy II Project, Report No. 35573, June 2006
Ub F4 ScO3b Resettlement (2)KrfuwM.- af Ethio/ua. StimOn & V j' fer art J Ewr^.
frfiraf I** '™ ‘
0f
t
^ L Jrrtfjtioir Pwa# Pw.7
•*
ANNEXES
ANNEX Ai SATEL1JTE IMAGES OF SETTLEMENTS
ANNEX B; DETAILED CALCUIATIONS OF COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT COSTS
11 1 '* &OJb Iltw^luTIcnr (2)
1Ffdfrai Dtmoivufh
lithttyia. Alwtn ofW Jtrr and l intrip
litht9fna* NiJr Im^afron aid Drainage Profittf EUm^ Mwtrj < mJ ElhtC^ Mr Irr&tiM mJ Dr*Mgt hpr
ANNEX A:
SATELLITE IMAGES OF SETTLEMENTS
Ub F4 StOJb Resettlement p)
Il'uierui Dtnrotrvfu H/pMc of Elhtofna. Mt num of IF’ittr and E w^p Efbtofnan NA irritation anti Drainage Prop JFte'-rM'’ •'* Aff-n/.V} rflFfrrrdWEw’g
. ,. Jr \7> Irnfjf/P - M<? 
'f,?4
/’/W
Small Settlement with Scattered Houses
East of Fcndikj Town in SDA 1-A
1
-** 1-* SrfIJb Rrsertlemetaf J2)
®r n^"'0 of ,r‘"fr a'rf E"*>
Ethupim Sib Mf/tMX a»J Dmt«Jgt Pmf.1
Small Settlement with Scattered House r Southeast of Fendika Tou-n in SDA I-A
Bales village
I'b b4 SrOlb Resettlement (2).
^ AVrJH rTfll r
AlWtftn o/ST
w
V»A .-nrrf Drarrf^ *
Srctlcmeni with Clustered Houses alcmg Main and Secondary Road* Southwest Comer of SDA 1V-B
Belen village
.aBKT*
?
■U
/I .J A"
’
-r Kt
%J
*7<
• Jr-r
' h !‘4 Nfi. ib Rctcttlcrncn I 2
3
I2-Mav 11I £**•*♦*>• *'?•**■ H,^. X,* Hv— ■“'1'—^ '^'
Village with llowaca Conainictcd along Main Road 10km Ea»< of Pawc Town in SDA 1V-C
Boles village
L’b f 4 Sr03b Kcsrttlcnicn? (2)
?
4** J j/** 4* f /: ♦**•
Small Village* with Home* Con*tructed along Main and Secondary Road* 7.5km Ea*t of Almu Town in SDA V
Belos village
Lb IM SrOJb RrtUtlmK.it (2)
5
nFedmd Dnmrtc R/paHc of Efbtapta. Miiu/try of Waftr and Effwjy Efhiofnan NiJf Irrrgafion and Dnditart Propel£>¥»**1 '
ajEtinF* Mmtirj rf Wafer j/rfEvrg Pnf “~
ANNEX B:
detailed CALCULATIONS OF COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT COSTS
11 4 StOJ|> H ’‘-Lnl<.TfLni: (2)
L
3
nFtdend Dtnooavrii RtpMc of Ethiopia. .M/ntftn of ITatfr and Energy Ethiopian Nth Im^afton and Drmna^r Pnyrrfitfu Vt”*™ ** 
11
of I‘ Mi™ fry W'lTaffr tfW E»rrp
/. *Mpj« X»* l'WMn Jf,d 1 prW
BaMttlewnt from Dam and RKcroir Araa_____________________
Item
Unit
Unit Coat
(ETB)
UnRCocUHH 1 (CTB1
Number
Toll! Cort
(HB) -
-
MftAP wt' foatT-ed rod (85% ol HHs
1
3000
3,000
173
517.650
j
'• nrOiteaton and tan$poHpO%)__
300
300
173
51 765
Ho-rtt* wti CIS roof (15% of HHsj
1
7500
7,500
30
228.375
/^ottea*yi and t anspcf J 0%
750
750
30
22 838
litoral storage fac*ty (2HHj
1
50
100
203
20.300
7^s_lOOn?'HH7
nf
5
500
203
101,500
ExatYPtrt (25 tees/HH)
tee
65
1625
203
329 875
htoe'xpjs tees 25tee&HH)
tee
100
2.500
203
507.500
FruUtees (3 mango tees and 2 pacayataanana taes/HH)
5 tees
1.750
1.750
203
355,250
Sub-Total
2,135.053
tiplKj.nxn!
Average annual roome tom annual crops oer ha 1 5 hWHHl
ha
7275
10.913
203
2 215 339
Sub-Total
2,215.339
RtwttKmtnt A Reh*bllltM>on Support
Prepa'aton o* seienett vte (0.2 haUH
ha
3.000
600
203
121800
Seeds cternca forbeer and agroeternals for 1 aopprg seasen
ha
2,000
2500
203
507.500
AgrcuiLra eiienson and veterinary services
lumpsum
500
500
203
101,500
Oltarmjoo opporturtes (sW tarnng advee)
fompaum
1000
1000
203
203,000
Revtfvrg forxj
lumpsum
2 000
2000
203
406 000
Sub-Total
,
1.339,800
PMbllU»Wl infmtnicturw
denary sax»l
1
300.000
Heati post
300 000
1
150.000
ChurcfVnosqje
1
, 150000
100.000
Pootte waler suppry (250hrts?wel|
1
100000
50.000
Flour rrii25OI-Hv<!
Sub-Total
1
60 000
50 000
total
Total coat per displaced HH
60 000 660 000
6.350.192
31.282
t-’b F4 Srt}3b Retctilcmcnt (2)
1FnW
K*M‘ o. Er^o. Miiutrr * «’*" ** Pm*>
Ftfapw Irrigate* and DnaMgf Pnf*1 BwHtemtnl from Schew Development Area IA
Unit Cost Unit
,11
l ’b F4 SrO3b Rctcttlcmcnt (2)
2f
Erhtopa. Miwft) tflTatt? jtd
f-Wp/a# Irngflil™ PrutHap Prvf,t
Qqetttemant from Schema Develop meet Ami IB
Item
Unit
Unit Cost
(ETB1
UnR CoaUHH
(ETB)
Nuntier
Total Cost
(ETB}
Propeittitettfi
House w<i Tatfied roof .60% of all HHs
1
3000
3.00c
1.156
3.468 630
^pisaion and ranspoc . 10% j
300
30C
1 156
346.860
House wti CIS roof (40% crfalHHs]
1
7 500
7.500
771
5.781.000
• moNBaton and Tansport (10%)
750
750
771
570.100
Tradifcrai storage taoMy (2/HH)
1
50
100
1927
192700
Fences lOOmTHH'
nf
5
500
1927
963,500
Eucalyptos Tee (25 freest m)
tee
65
1625
1927
3,131 375
rdcenous tees (25 toes/HH
tee
too
2500
1,927
4.817 500
Fruittees (3 mango tees and 2 papaya/banana reesHHi
5 Tees
1.750
1.750
1927
3 372.250
Lxxl rrprovemenl i terraang 40% of all HHs and 1 8 KaiMHs
ha
4800
8.640
712
6 151.680
Sub-Total
28,803.565
DiioiK«m»ni
Average annual ncone tom annual crops oe* ha 0 63 hafSLH)
ha
7275
4583
712
3 263.274
1
Average annual incor® tom annual crops pe ha 23 ha/MlH;
ha
7 275
7276
356
2590,338
Average annual rcorte tom annual crops pet ha i 3 70 ta'LHH}
ha
7 275
26.918
712
19 165 260
Sub-Total
25,018,872
RtielttamtU. & Rehabilitation §yjBcrt
Preparaton of setemenl s* (0 2
ha
3000
600
1.927
1,156.200
Seeds chemcai farther and njro-chemaais tn 1 cropprg season
ha
2.000
2,500
1927
4.817 500
Agtculbral extensor and veternary servees
VTpSjrr
500
500
1927
963.500
OHarmjob coportonaes sli srring, advcei
umpsum
1.000
1000
1 927
1 927,000
Revolvng fjrd
lumpsum
2.000
2.000
1927
3,854.006
Sub-Total
12,718.200
Publidsocial ^mtructua
Prmary stfiool
2
300 000
600.000
Neat’ post
1
150 000
150.000
Ch urav mosque
4
100,000
400.000
Poobfa water supply (250HH‘we4i
8
50.000
400.000
Flour nti250HH/rriM)
8
60000
480,000
Sub-Total
2,030,000
TOTAL
68,570,637
Total coit per displaced HH
35,584
Ub 1-4 StO3b Rcscitlcrncnt (2)
3
12 May.) |Ptxkrui Drmaauht R/pM. of Efhioftia. Mroufn of It alff and Eon# Ethiopia* Nt if Irnfdtron and Drain ape Proftrf
Resettlement from Schema Development Atm IH
PropcnvJAsset.________
House witi friatohed rot/(60% of al HHs)
‘ moMsaton and r * spor* 110% :
House wito CIS roof (40% of al HHsj
* mobfcaton and y anspoct (10%)
Tradiional story; n bo*ty (2/HH,
Fences JOOrrf/HH/____________
E jcalypLs tee (25 frees/HH
Indgenous tees [25 tees/HH)
FruQees i,3 mango rees and 2 papaya/banana Vees/HH
Land improvement (terracrg) (25% dal HHs and 1 68 ha/HHs)
Sub-Total
Unit Cost Unit Cost/HH
1 750
4.800
1.625
2500
1.750
8.064
1^375
LUlg
ijeu-j,
PiMtorani
- * frfrB Uj
Average annual income from annual crops per ha (0.56 ha^SLH;
ha
7,275
4 074
1
Average annual income from annual crops pe' ha 1.15 h^MLH)
ha
176
7.275
8.366
235
Average annual mcome from annual crops pe» ha (333 ha/LHH)
ha
7.275
24 226
Sub-Total
_
175
• 0, .4 _ 1 967,742
4773422
Resettlement & Rehabilitation Support
Preparation of sefement site i0.2 ha/HH)
ha
3.000
600
639
Seeds, chemical teriiser and agrochemoals br 1 cropping season
ha
2000
2 500
639
AgrxuHjral extension and veternary services
1 5975M
lumpsum
500
500
639
04-tarmjob opportonnes (ski farming, advice)
lumpsum
119 SX
1000
1.000
639
Revolvng frjnd
639000
kjmpsum
2.000
2 000
639
Sub-Total
1 27800*
,
4^17 400
,
Publidtoclal infrastructure
Primary school
1 300.000
3OC3OC
Healfri post
1 150.000
15001
Church/mosque
2 i 100.000
200.0CC
Potabte water supply (250HH‘Mvefl)
3 50.000
15000.
Fbur rra(250HWweli)
3
60 000
180,005
Sub-Total
M0 00(
TOTAL
20,854.07
Total cost per displaced HH
3261
Ub IM Sr03b Resettlement (2)
4liftoff. Minurn tf IFWrr ata E*tr& frfapjfi N* l^Mo* and Dn»«jjfr Prwr»f
ccrftlemirl from Scheme Development Am IVA
Item
Unit
Unit Coat
(ETBI
I Unit CotfJHH
ffiTBl
| Number
Total Cost
I (CT1
PTODCftY/AlKli
House wfti batted roof 1100% of el HHii
1
3.000
___________ 3,000
______ , 467
— ----------------------- 1,401.000
■ rrobteafon and tartsport(10%)
300
300
467
140 100
House w*i CIS rod (0% oi ai HHs
1
7,500
7.500
0
0
• mobteaion and rarsport 10%)
750
750
0
0
^Tradfcnai storage tasty (2/HH)
1
50
100
467
46.700
Fences 1100 m’/HH
m*
5
500
467
233 500
Eucdypts tee (25 tees/HH)
tee
65
1.625
467
758875
hddenous tees 125 teeteHHi
tee
100
2500
467
1 167,500
Fruit tees (3 mange tees and 2 papayatonana tees/HH)
5 tees
1750
1750
467
817.250
Sub-Total
4.564,925
Dliotecemsni
Average annual rooms tom annual crops per ha (0 61 h^SLH)
ha
7.275
4 438
172
763.293
Average annual rooms tom arnual crops per ha (119 hWMLH)
ha
7275
8 657
129
1 116.765
Average annua roome tom annual Jops per ha (2 96 ha/LHH |
ha
7,275
21.5341
129
2.777 886
Sub-Total
4,857,964
RtMHImml 1 RttiibllitMion Support
P’epa’aton ofseHementse (0.2 ha/HH)
ha
3,000
600
467
280200
Seeds chemral terteer and agrcxhemote far 1 cropprg Mason
ha
2000
2.500
467
1,167 500
1
Agriculljra extenwn and veterinary mkvces
lurrpsum
500
500
467
233 500
CAtermyt opport, nites (ted tarrrg, advesj
hjrrpjum
1.000
1,000
467
467 000
RsvoIviihj Lind
lumpsum
2,000
2,000
467
934.000
Sub-Total
3.082.200
Publicrtoclal infrwtrvctur*
Ptmary school
1
300 000
300 000
Heath poM
1
150.000
150.000
Church/mosque
1
100,000
100,000
Pott* wafer ibpp7 i250HK*w«l)
2
50,000
100,000
Flour nil (250HH/rnl)
2
60,000
120 00C
Sub-Total
770.000
TOTAL
13.075.0W
[Total coat per d up laced HH
27,998
- F4 StO3b Resettlement 12}
5
12-Mly.llEfderui Drmocrutic Rffxbtic of ElbtOfaa. .Mintftri of Wafer and Ethiopian Nth Irrigation and Drainage Pnytit
Resettlement from Scheme Development Area IVB-W ------
---------- f
Item
Unit
InU I unit Lost
(ETB) ,
Unit Cost/HH ------- 1ETB) I
NumbtrJ
To <iic^'
1 Property Assets------------------------------------------------------------ Hoose wfi thathed roof 75% of al HHs)_____________________________ _
1
3.000
3 000
016*
• mobdtsaion and tanspen (10% ■
300
300
House wti CIS roof (25% of all HHsi
1
7.500
7,500
______816 277
• mobitsaton and tanspoct (10%
750
750
272
Tradfcxial stxage faaWy (2/HH
1
50
100
Ponoes lOOm’.'HH)
m*
1 088
5
500
1 088
Eucalyptes tee 25 frees/HH
tee
65
1.625
1 088
indgenous rees 25 tees/HH,
free
•oo
2 500
■ 1 088
Fruit tees 3 mangotees and 2 papaya/banana frees/HH)
5 tees
1.750
1.750
Land mprovemenl (terraang 50% of all HHs and 1.6 ha/HHs
ha
Toae
4 800
7.680
471
Sub-Total
F
—ItoOCfi
__544K( 1 .-27
— MOC.UJTi
1 904 *i'.'
u*1 Al 7 Oftr
— w 1 f
Displacement
Average annual income from annual crops per ha (0 61 ha/SLH i
ha
7 275
Average annual income from annual crops per ha (1 19 ha/MLH
ha
7 275
__ 1.572,*44
8 657
377
283
Average annual ncome tom annual crops po ha (2 96 ha/LHH
r
ha
7.275
21 534
28Z
Sub-Total
6 285 v?
Resettlement & Rehabilitation Support
10.204 14
1
Prep a'a Hoc ol setement ste (0.2 ha'HH i
ha
3000
600
1 088
Seeds, chemca' terttee* and agro-chemoals tor 1 cropprig season
652 MT
ha
2.000
2 500
1088
Agriculljral extension and veterinary se vces
r
2 720 OX
lumpsum
500
SOO
1088
04-farmjob opportumtes (skil tarring advioe)
.
544 30Q
lumpsum
1.000
1.000
Revolving tona
1 088
1 388 OM
lumpsum
2.000
2000
1 088
Sub-Total
2 1 76 300
7 1B0.B0C
PubllCtocial Intrortnicturt
Pimary school
1
300.000
300,ca
Healti post
1
150.000
150 oot
Church/rrosque
2
100.000
2X0X
Potabte water supply (250HH/weH;
4
50.000
2oooo:
Flour mil 1250HH/mi]
4
60.000
2<ocn:
Sub-Total
1.090 001
TOTAL
------------------------ —
34.0D.IT
Total cost per displaced HH
31311
l*b F4 SrO3b Resettlement (2)
6Mrtriwy / W b/rr Enw^ E/AwpWW rffJ Pw^r Proftif
RgfrtttfcfTwflt Inom Deveioprrwnt Area IVC-N
Item
Uni
Uni Coi
(ETBj
UnltCoH/HH IHB)
Nuniwr
Tote Coil
(ETBi
Prpc«ftWAtWte
Tkxise #* tiattied rod155% dd hhj
1
3 cot
3,000
600
1623.250
* TObfeflttn and franspcct [10%,i
33C
300
608
182,325
House iwfi CFS rod 45% OfaUHHs:
1
7 50C
7,500
497
3729,375
•TnoOfcafcri and tar spot 110% ,i
750
750
497
377.938
fradional wagefaoiij ’Z'HH}
1
50
100
1 IK
110.500
Fences 1100 rf.'HH; __
nf
5
500
1 105
552.500
Eucah*p*J5t« 25 lreesi’H' i
u
tee
65
1.625
1 t05
1 795,625
iTdctenous frees 25 frees/MH 'J
-- --- ------- r------------ - ------------------------------------—------- - Frurt frees 13 mangru frees and 2 pacaj.a'banana
tn
100
2.500
1 106
2 762,500
5 tees
1 750
1.750
1 105
1 933.750
l^id irnprwemwM tefraongi 50% d al HHs and 1 6 ha/HHsj
ha
4 BOO
7.680
509
3.906 280
Sub Total
171M.D43
DlwHcerrwnj
Averse inccm* from annual irops ar M '.0 61 ha/SLHj
ha
7,275
4438
4te
1810,602
Avww annual inoomefrom annual crops per ha 1.19 ha/MLHl
ha
7 ,275
9.657
306
2 649 119
Average annud income tom annual crops pe* ha 7 96 ha/LHHl
ha
7,275
21.534
306
G 589.404
Sub-Total
6.580,404
R«dt’?^n.LlBflhabjiiii^n Supocm
Pr^&arak/* dsefefrenlsite 0.2 ha/HHi
ha
3,000
600
1105
663.000
Seeds, rhemcal iwteser and agrtbctemoafa tor 1 cropping season
Aa
2,000
2.500
1,1 (fe
2762 500
AgrcULira exfenscn and veerrory services
lumcsLTi
500
500
1 105
552.500
Qff-temjoo -fpcfljnlas isWIfifnrg advcej
fcjTpsum
1.000
1,000
1 IK
1 105 co:
Revdv rg fund
iljinipSsjm
2,000
2000
1 105
2 210.000
Sub-Totel
7793.000
f^blipwdal infrastructure
PitfteK school
1
300.000
300.000
Heafi posf
1
150,000
150,000,
Churchi'ncsque
2
100.000
200 >300
Patebte water suppy (25OHWeiJ
l
50.000
200‘300
Flour rrili250HH.|rnT|
4
60.000
240 000
Sub-Totel
1,090 000
TOTAL
32,140.447
Total coat par displaced HH
29,086
Lb 1*4 SrOJb RrwrdcmcnT (2)
7
12 Mjt-11Mimtr, sf II ’jiff «»rf Ew^r t-fhiopwn Niit lrmpfion and Dno»^ Prvftd
RteMriement from Development Ar— VW
Item
ProoertvlAssets ——
House wb tatiied roof (55% d al HHs)
1
3000
3.000
314
• mobfaJtxi and tarsport 110% )
300
300
314'
House wifri CIS roof (45% of al HHs)
1
7 500
7.500
-----------
257
• mebfcafor and franspori (10%)
750
750
—
257
1c-) 1-,-
Tradfcnal str age fadbty (2JHH)
1
50
100
570
Fences (100 nflHHi
mF
5
500
570
---- 13* 3?5
—
8
2R ; lYvi
Eucaryotes tee (25 frees/HH)
tee
65
1625
570
RX XT
indgenous tees (25 tee&’HH)
tee
100
2 500
570
1 42^77
Fruit tees (3 mango tees and 2 oapaya/banana tees/HH)
5 frees
1750
1750
570
99 My
Land rvovement (terracing) (50% d al HHs and 1 6 ha/KHs1
ha
4 800
7680
262
2 012 tin
Sub-Total
.
MS3 5H
PltBUHEKlV
Average annual ncome tom annual crops per ha (0.61 hafSLH)
ha
7.275
4 438
210
Average annua! noxne from annual crops per ha (1 19 hafMLH)
ha
7.275
8.657
157
930 152
.
1 360 92C
Average annual ncome from annual crops per ha 12.96 ha/LHH)
ha
7.275
21.534
157
.
33fiTiv
Sub-Total
3.315,14!
wtiK^nt & ReMb.lrtrt.on Support
P-eoaratoc d setement site (0.2 ha/HH)
ha
3.000
600
570
342OX
Seeds, chemca! farther and aaro-chemoat ter 1 a opping season
ha
2,000
2500
570
1 425,0m
Agnoutewai extension and veterinary sendees
lumpsum
500
500
570
28$ OOC
Of-farmjoboppottentes <ikl farcing, advice)
lumpsum
1.000
1,000
570
57009:
Rev ofc ng tend
lumpsum
2.000
2.000
570
1 140.000
Sub-Total
,
3.762.000
hibldiodal infraetmcturi
Primary school
1
300 000
300002
Kealti post
1
150 000
150 OOC
CburdVmosque
2
100.00C
200000
Potable wata supply (250HH/wel)
2
50.00C
100.000
Flour mi (250HH/ml)
2
60,OOC
120.000
Sub-Total
I70.MO
TOTAL
16.870 730
Total cost per displaced HH
29.598
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Summery

Summary of Upper Beles Irrigation Project Feasibility Study

Upper Beles Irrigation and Drainage Project Feasibility Study

Project Overview

The Upper Beles Irrigation Project is located in Ethiopia, spanning both Amhara and Benishangul-Gumuz regions. The World Bank-funded project aims to develop about 30,000 hectares of net irrigation and drainage schemes.

Key Project Goals:

Promote sustainable smallholder-based irrigated agriculture
Reduce poverty and improve food security
Contribute to rural employment and economic activities
Involve private sector in commercial irrigation development

Project Area Details

Stage Development Area	Total Area (ha)	Net Irrigable Area (ha)	Irrigation Intensity
Right Bank (I & III)	46,063	31,509	68.4%
Left Bank (IV & V)	92,094	32,362	35.1%
Total	138,157	63,871	46.2%

Key Findings

Population and Demographics

Total population in project area: ~80,771 people in 18,382 households
Average household size: 4.6 persons
Population density: 42 persons/km² (ranging 28-59 across areas)
Ethnic composition: Amhara (42-100%), Gumuz (4%), Agew (5-70%)

Land Tenure

34% of land has individual use rights, 32% communal, 34% state-owned
Average land holding: 1.7-2.7 ha per household
15% of households are landless
Land fragmentation: 1.3-2.9 plots per household

Livelihoods and Poverty

Main economic activities: crop production (80-100% households), livestock (1-100%)
Average annual cash income: ETB 3,070-24,082 per household
10-80% of households considered poor (5-20% extremely poor)
10-80% of households face food insecurity

Infrastructure and Services

Water sources: streams (4-65% households), unprotected springs (4-45%), open wells (5-78%)
Health: Malaria and typhoid are major health concerns
Education: Literacy rates 20-75% for men, 5-70% for women
Energy: Wood is primary fuel source (collected 1-8 km from homes)

Proposed Subprojects

Subproject	Description	Estimated Cost (ETB)
CD-1	Improved Access to Potable Water and Sanitation	9,600,000
CD-2	Improved Health Conditions	3,300,000
CD-3	Improved Access to Energy Sources	3,300,000
CD-4	Off-farm Income Generating Activities	9,000,000
CD-5	Indigenous Peoples Support	4,000,000
CD-6	Support for Local Institutions	6,000,000
Total		35,200,000

Implementation Challenges

Land tenure issues and need for consolidation
Waterlogging (10-70% households affected) and flooding (10-45%)
Limited access to clean water and sanitation
Poor road infrastructure (15 kebeles without all-weather roads)
Institutional capacity constraints