Baro Hydropower Projects Pre-feasibility Study Summary

Fl DERAI DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OI WATER RESOURCES
MEDIUM SCAI E HYDRO POWER STUDY PROJECT
Baro Hydropower Projects Pre-feasibility Study
Volume 5
- •’*Genale Guder Baro & Geba Pre-feasibility Study
ETHIOPIA
Location of project Areas, April 1999* I
I
I
ITABLE OE CONTENT
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
.4
*♦1
LI ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES....... ............ ---------------- - ------------------------------------- -------- 1
1.2  RATIONALE....,.^ ......................................................................................................................I
+
13 THE SCOPE OF THIS STUDY1
I  4 GEOGRAPHICAL BREAKDOWN OF THE STUDY AREA FOR 1EA2
747
jjro/w/jef
..................... ............... ........................................... ................ 2
( II APTER 2.
LEGAL. ADMINISTRATIVE AND SPATIAL CONTEXT OF THE STUDYI
2.1  EIA GUIDELINES IN ETHIOPIAI
22.7 The EIA proem in Ethiopia............................................................. ...
2             J. 2 EiA cm3 the international context ...     ................... .........-..
2.2 ADMINISTRATIVE AND SPATIAL CONTEXT ........................................................ 3
.2
....... .... 3
2.3 SPATIAL CONTEXT -......................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER                      3....™-
PROJECT DESCRIPTION.......................... .
11 HARO I - PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3             11 Geology and Geotechnics.............. 3.1 2 Project size am/ Capability ....
3.1.3       Dam and Reservoir.     ... . 3 7.4 H'arrr IE* a J and Powerhouse
3 2 BAKO2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.2.1 Geology and Geotechnics...... 3.2.2 Project size and Capability
3 2.3 Dam and Reservoir.........
3 2 4 ISiifeF JFlii.lt ftwtouvr.
CHAPTER 4:
BIO PHYSICAL BASELINE CONDITION
4   I CLIMATE
1
-I 2 HYDROLOGY ......................................
4 2 I Distribution of monthly flows 
4.3   GEOLOGY.................................................................................. 4 4 TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
4 4 I BARO I ...................... .................................................
4 4.1.1 Flora................................. „.................. ....
4.4. /. 2 Fauna....................................
4.4          2 BARO 2 ...................... 4 42 / Flora. ...
4 4,2 2 Fauna...
. . ...................................
■•
4.4.3       Main Dam and Rcscrvon .  ............................
4.4 3 1 Flora.
4.4.3,2 Fauna ,
4 5 AQl AI IC ENVIRONMENT ............................... ...........................
..... 1
/ .. ,2
...... J 
4
..... 4
5
.....6
6
..... 7
• •
........ if
...
4 5 ! Flora.. . ........................................................................
... £
4 5 2 ftfiffla............................................... ...........................
4 5.3 IlVjfer ipraJ/ry t/a/d/cir BarraJ/FF................................
.....6' H)
4 5.3.1 Sample collect ion di- /rea/m^nf 4.5 3 2 F/t>‘jjlj7 et cArfflical Cftaracf£n.Wc.f
• •
10 .... 10I
II
IIt HARTER 5:
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE CONDITIONS
5.1  ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE .
5.i.i     Land Tenwv...
.I
52 CULTURAL HERL I AGE-
53 HARO I.......
5. .1 Z Ethnic Grrtupings
7
5 J. 2 (miitf Data............
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.1 J. 3 Scjc/tf/ Srracas..
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5 3 4 Income Generation and Subsistence.......
-J
5.3.5 Commercial Service Provider r
J
5 5 6 Local Issue*
5.4 HARO 2...
J J I Ethnic Groupings
5 * 2 Crraur Du/a
5 4 3 Sfic; j/ .Services.
544 Income Gcnerjfiun and Subsistence. J. 5 Commercial Sen ice Providers 
5.4 6 Local /jyyt-’h......
5.5  MAIN RESERVOIR \RkA
J. J./ /.'(tame Group mg)
J ?. 2 ( Vh.i ru Dafu 5. .5. 3 Social Sen. im
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4
. ...5
5
5
.7
7
f■f44 s
4-
•....... .
5 5.4 Income Generation and Subsistence...
5.3.6 Local Ixiurv 
5.6   I HE BARO IIPP SECONDARY IMPACT ZONE
CHAPTER 6:
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS
6,1 BIO-PHYSICAL IMPACTS
6.1. J Aesthetic/! andseupe impacts......
6.1.1 I Generation of Ruck Spoil ......._
61.2 Terrestrial Environment............
d.L 2 1 I 05!wDti£TiMla1k>n i>fl labitii. . .....
ft. I 2 2 Loss of Rurc/Lndcmic Species., ....... .....ttl
6.1 2 1 Soil Erosion....
6 124 Air and C'limaie .... .....................................
6 /.J .4i/ju4dL- £tfvircwfHiW.......................... .........................
6.13.1 WoierQuikP.iy ........ ......... . ...... .
6 1 i 2 AKcraiion to River Regime ...
ft. 13 5 I r%h iind Fisheries,................. ............... ...............
6 114 Rcsctvo:t(s)Chanute ri Mies..
62 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS ...
6. 2.1 Baro I A umber of People Affected
6 2,2 Barn 2 dumber of People Affected...........
6 2.3 Main Reservoir Area Number of People Affected.
6.2.4 Potential Conflicts fBarn I and 2 Including Mam Reservoir)..........
6.2.43 Non-InJigcnous Labour and 1 oral Cooununilici.     ....-....... .
6.2.42 Saciad Cohesion_....... ................... . ............... .............
6.2.43 Pressure on Social Services           ........ ,,,....... ................... 6.2.5 Opportunities and Constraints
63 HARO 1: SUMMARY OF RELOCATION AND RESETH.1 MT NT.
b-i i i.......
if
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......... /a /a
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............. 1
.7
l.ihk ul t (intents
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6J / Land Take............................ .........................................................................................................................../J
6.4 BARO 2: SUMMARY OF RELOCATION AND RESETTLEMEN I................ ........................................................ 14
6. 4 I Land Take
irHm       . 14
6 5 MAIN RESERVOIR AREA: SUMMARY OF RELOCATION AND RESETTLEMENT........................................... 15
6.5 I land Take ............................ ................................................. ....... .............................. .............. ........ /5
6 6 SYNOPSIS OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS FROM CIVIL WORKS AND ACCESS ROAD
CONSTBUC riON................................................................... —«>..................................... . ...................... .. ...... .................. 16
6.7 POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
...... .................... ................. 17
6 I       specific ben eh i s Accruing from the Baro i ipp................ .... ............... *   — ■ —-*1 s
CHAPTER 7:.................. ............. — ................—.............. ...................... ............. ................. ......... .......... — —■1
ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT
7 J BLO PHYSICAL Mm GA HON AND MANAGEMENT MEASURES
7,1,J Landscape.. .............................. ...........................................
7,1,2 Terrestrial Environment ........... ........ .        .... ................... ...........
7.1 2.1 Soil Erosion.^.... . ....... ,..... -............ ............ ........ ..................... , 7. ] .2.2 Waler and I JminogE.  .......—.............. .... ......... -........-     -
7. J .2,3 Air Quality. ................. .............. ......................... ........ .         .....
7 1,2.4 Noise.................................................. .... ....................... ................
r
.................................................-...... 4
7
I 2 5 WivdC Product* and Pollution .............. ....................... ..
.......
....,.... ............ -4
7 12.6 Etcilng) ]43-niLn.r _..^._. ........................ ...................... ............... ...............-.......
s
............... -
..6
7 2.3             £nvrrn/imenl ....... .................. ........ . .......... —........... ........ .............. ....... ..................... ..............?
7J J J Compensation Fkw Release; Intake Dam to Tnllrace Out        .      ...... ........................... ..... M
7 1. 1 2 InsLreujTi Flow Requirement. ............ . .................... ..... ....................... ............................... ............................ 8
7.1 D Technical Solutions to Advene EnvirtrnmentaJ Impacts..—-................... .................... ................... -....... 9
7.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT MEASURES ............................................................. 12
”?./ Design FAa.fr..................... ...................... ..... - . ............................. ........ . ........ ............... ........................ . / J
72 LI Dissent 1 nation of Information iind Public Awareness..       ..... .................................................. 12
7.2.2 Cnnj/rucftOH/W----------------
------- «----------------------- -------------- ------- - ..........................-............ &
7 2 2 1 Employment Opportunities.-.................. ........ ............................ -......... — ■..... .......... ...................... --I2
“22.2 Social Services...............—     . . ..................... -........ ......... ............... -....... ................. ......................
72 2.3 Physicd Compensation .............. . ......... ........... .................. ...... .......... * •
..... ........... —■ I-
7.2.2.4 Culturj] and Arcturtufojiical I [criluye ...... ... ,........... .............. .................—<.. -......-......
7.2.3 Rejewteoiewi Frincijp/ei arrJ (JiMipemorran
................... -............................. .............. /4
72 3 I Experience pf Resettlement Programmes-........... .................. ......      ...... .................. ........... ..... .... •      14
7 2 5 2 Envimnincniiii Impact* 411
....... ....... ...........................—     •,  15
7 2.3.3 Resettlement Option* for the Haro Project......... .............................. ....... .................................. — ..... lb
“2 4 Ojwrrfjrartfij/ F/ia.vi1................. ............................................... .................................... ..................................... ........ .................. .. ..........................-............. . 77
7.2 4 I (.icnerat t‘i>rnpen^auun tc Local Comm unities: Community Gain........... ......................... —,...,17
7.2 5 Gender Issues..................... ......................... .......... . ......................... . .... ........................ ,
.,,.... ....^,17
7.3 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE: ACCESS ROADS............................... .............. ................................................18
’ 3 1 Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ............ ..................................................... Id
7 4 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE: TRANSMISSION LINES........................................ ......................................... 20
7. / I Prmcip/es u/ .Siting cinJ Roaring........................ .. ............................................ .......... ........................ 20
7 4.2 /*okTnfrcii E7rvrrunrm.fenr«i/ fmptitdx and KfiUgtiiiun Metixuret ............................. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... . ............ ............... 2/
7.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT...................................................................... ............................................... 22
" 5 / Xfc^Tranwng..................... . .......... ............................ ............................................... ....................................23
7.5.2 (IccvpaHona! Heciith and Safety   ...................... ............................... .. . ..................... ....... ............... . 23
7.5. J Emirnnmenral Management of the Catchment /I rea ...  ...................... ................... .................................. 23
7 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING..................... . ................................................................................................ 24
7 6/ Terrestrial Environment.................... .......................................... . ............... .
"62 5r)cio- Econtwn itr Monitoring  .............................................. . ....
. . ..................................2-/
.............
76.3 Capacity Building................. ................................................................. .. .         ................
7.6.4 River and Reservoir Water Quality Meniinring ..         ...............       ...
7 6.5 Aquatic Ecology Monitoring Programme.________ ________________  .    .........
7 7 ENVmONMENTAl .AUDIT....................................................................... .............. ..........
24
25
25
26
27
7." / OwpMjnce uif/t the Environmental Audit Adjudication.
.................... . ................................. .......... 27
7.7.2 Special h^ues. .. ...
........................ .................................................... . .................... 2,^
7.R PROVISIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS..
29
tahk 111 '.’gjiienii
2 Dcv'c’nHer 199R8 Z Boro ! ...
" 5 J  Reservoir....
2--*
..- ....................................................................................................
CHAPTER
1EA CONCLUSIONS-................................................ -
8.1   St MMARY OF IMPACTS AND ISSUES........... ............ ...................... ......... ............................
w
........
-V / /
Environmental impacts 
8 1.2 Environmental <'r iter in .        ......
8.1.3 Environmental ('omponents........................... ....... . ......................, —
8.1.4 Range I'cr^wrx for Environmental Assessment............ ...................... .
5 1.5 Assumptions Made for rhe RfAM for Bara HPP......... ....... . ....
8.2 RIAM ASSESSMENT OF BARO I...............................................................
8.3 RIAM ASSESSMENT OF BARO 2............................................................. 8.4 RIAM ASSESSMENT OF BARO HPP WITHOUTMAIN RESERVOIR
8 5 ENVIRONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITY................................................
■V 5 1 Barn I
85.2 Barn 2     .............................................................................................
8.5.3 Mam Reservoir.................................. ....................
8 6 SUMMARY OF PROVISIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION COSTS
UN L cf W 111 c n 12.
? Iktmkr IV
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Z/.W of Report Preparers
Appendix B
Bibliography and References
Appendix C
Recommendation for Further Study
Appendix D
Zwf of People and tJpgcinisafiun Contac red os Part of the FEA
Appendix E
World Bank Sample Outline of a Project-Specific Environmental Assessment (EAJ Report Appendix F
/bwta n/A/ferwfh't* Energy Technologies
Appendix G
/{ CV /ft* J Zjj/ f>/dwo/ A'pecie.v for Ethiopia
r
Appendix H
Bara UPP: Sample socio-economic Questionnaire sheet
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Chapter 1 :
INTRODUCTION TO THE INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
1.1
14
HOI I S AND RESPONSIBILITIES
The terms of reference for the (ieoafe, Gutter. Bare and Geba Hydropower Projects Pre Feasibility Studies state that: “Il will be the responsibility of the client to carry out Initial Environmental Assessment (IEA)" [Section  2.1.9  - Environmental Aspects],  hi the proposal submitted by Norplan/Norconsult nn undertaking was made to provide advice to die Client the Ministry  of Water Resources (MWR) lo  ensure that lhe study  complied with  the requirements of the main  international funding  agencies.  To  this end  the Consultant has supplied nn IEA Team Leader and an Environmental Planner to assist the Environmental Co-ordinator from the MWR placed  in  charge of Lhe study.  Fieldwork pertaining  In  the projects and  collection  of primary  data lias been  carried  out by  lhe environmental team from MWR,  methodological advice has been  suggested  by  die Consultant
lhe reporting format for the Genalc, Guder, Bnro and Geba Hydropower Projects Pre Feasibility Studies dictate that lhe Consultant will produce a <a?para!c Technical Report for each  of the lour projects,  A separate IE  A study  by  MWR will accompany  the Technical Report for each  project This report is a stand-alone IEA for lhe Baro Hydropower Project.
RATIONALE
The purpose of conducting an initial environ men! a I assessment (lEAi is to assess the significant issues that are likely  id arise if a project is implemented and thus to give a guide as to the overall environmental acceptability uf a project carly-nn in the nclivities cycle,  lhe results obtained  from the IEA may  also  be used  to  focus the subsequent detailed  or full environmental assessment (FA) that will he a requirement for n  major infrastructure project
1.3                    THE SCOPE OF THIS STUDY
In this study, or IEA, it is rhe intention to broadly determine the extent, magnitude and significance of likely  environmental impacts associated  with  lhe project.  From Ibis lhe major negative environmental issues or problems can  he inferred  and  an  initial assessment made as to the environmental acceptability of the Project.
It is not within the scope or resources of this study to establish in exhaustive detail the baseline or existing eculogical, cultural and socio-economic status of lhe overall study area, Furthermore, the development of detailed mitigation strategies also falls outside the scope of ILA
Suggestions arc made as hi lhe possible future strategies or ways forward, but precise quantification and analysis of the ecological and social components of Hie study and the formulation of detailed mitigation and monitoring functions arc lhe tasks of a full EA However, in the early stages of project development there are certain basic mitigation
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Imeasures thm should be considered, nor least because some minor changes in the initial design  concept can  often  make for a significantly  more environmentally  acceptable project.  Where it is appropriate to  make suggestions regarding  possible mitigation measures, the LEA includes such details.
1.4 
GEOGRAPHICAL BREAKDOWN OF THE STUDY AREA FOR IEA
lie nature nf the proposed project and the prioritisation necessary al IF. A stage combine
to  require  a  break-down of the  study  area  into manageable units. This partitioning is
essential to obtain the correct focus and to ensure that resources are not wasted oil non* 
relevant  issues  and  locations.  For  the  Baro  HPP  there  arc  two  possible  powerhouse
locations (Rural and Baro 2) and a main reservoir area significantly upstream of both 
sites. The study area for I HA is. therefore, broken down into a number of constituent
parts
Project Area
This includes the powerhouse, intake structure, tailrace outlet, operational compound and 
contractor’s construction compound. For Baro I it also includes (he proposed reservoir
area at that location.
Main Reservoir Area
This includes the main reservoir dam area, inundation wren and contractor's construction 
compound for die civil works.
Project Infrastructure
this refers to the Project Area and Reservoir Area access roads
Direct Impact Zone
The  direct  impact  zone  (DIZ)  is  that  area  where  implementation  will  definitely  bring 
about measurable. and sometimes significant change, to (he physical environment and 
ecology as well  as the social and economic circumstances of people and communities
currently inhabiting lhe project environs. /The Project Aren and the Mam Reservoir Area
w ill each have a distinct and separate D17. for the purposes of this study.
Secondary Impact Zane
This area is much more extensive than lhe previously listed areas 1 he secondary impact
zone is that area where slight but noticeable changes might be anticipated upon project
implementation. For lhe purposes of this study it will include the Wcreda(s) that lhe
project is located in and will be described from secondary data where appropriate.
1.4.1 
1 ocatiorml Priori ires
During the study the focus will be on the DlZ*s incorporating the Project Area(s), Main 
Reservoir Area and Project Infrastructure. The secondary Impact Zone will be dealt with 
at a level commensurate with the degree of environmental impacts nnlicipnlcd therein
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Chapter 2:
LEGAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND SPATIAL CONTEXT OF THE STUDY
2.1                       EIA GUIDELINES IN ETHIOPIA
TTitr National Environmental Protection  Authority  (EPA) has introduced  procedural guidelines for El A to  aid  development planning  and  natural resource management in Ethiopia The long-term objectives of the E1A system as set out by the EPA are:
1  Conserv ation and sustainable use of natural resources.
2    Integration of env ironmental considerations in development plaiming processes. 
V Protection and enhancement of the quality of all life forms
4 Attainment of environmentally and socially sound and sustainable development.
Competent Agency
This may be the EPA or other regional agencies mandated to screen, review, decide and follow up the existing and proposed development projects in the I IA process
Jurisdiction of Competent Agencies
The Competent Agency has jurisdiction over the following projects:
•    Projects directly undertaken by federal agencies.
•     Projects  supported  in  whole  or  in  part  through  federal  contracts,  grants,  subsidies, loans or oilier forms of funding, except where there is no federal agency control over subsequent use of such funds.
•    Projects involving a federal lease, permit, licence, certificate or other entitlements for use;  and  in  accordance  with  other  criterion  to  he  determined  by  the  relevant  laws; evaluation of environmental impact assessment shall be carried out by the authority.
In cases other than the above, evaluation of the EIA process shall be carried out by the Competent Agencies in each Regional Stale,
Project Schedule*
Alter  an  Initial  Environmental  Examination  (IEE)  projects  arc  assigned  to  one  of  two categories.
•     Schedule  I  ~  projects  which  may  have  significant  environment  nt  impacts  and therefore require detailed field review and a full Environmental Impact Study,
•     Schedule  2  -  These  arc  projects  whose  type,  scale  or  other  relevant  characteristics have potential to cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant an Environmental Impact Study.
Hydropower projects are not specifically mentioned in the list of scheduled projects; but the activities to  be carried  out in  order for a hydropower project to  he commissioned would result in n designation as Schedule / (except for a very small-scale scheme).
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2.1J                   The ElA Process in Ethiopia
Hie EP A guidelines an Fl A call for a systematic approach to project evaluation The sequential steps are:
1. Screening - carried out by the project proponent.
2.   Scoping  -  io  determine  the  extent,  magnitude  and  likely  significance  of  adverse impacts and possible mitigation measures.
I.  Environmental  Impact  Study  with  full  public  participation  to  determine  in  more detail and quantify the extent magnitude and likely significance of adverse impacts; cosl  adverse  impacts  where  appropriate.  Provide  detailed  mitigation  measures  with costs; recommend a monitoring programme; discuss alternative interventions.
4  Review  of  Environmental  Impact  Statement  -  to  he  undertaken  by  (he  Competent Agency and other interested parties.
5,  Dech  ion-Ma king  Process the Competent Agency  provides a clear statement of rejection  or conditions attached  with  the granting  of an  environmental clearance certificate.
6,   Grievance - lhe proponent may make grievance with the I lend ol the Competent Agency within 14 days of receipt of decision.
7,  Environmental Audit and  Surveillance - if deemed  necessary  the Competent Agency nmy conduct an audit or surveillance of the project to assess the effectiveness ut environmental management measures decreed for the development.
2. L 2              KIA and 1 lie Intemnlional Context
i’hc specific guidelines for ElA in Ethiopia have been developed from World Bank guidelines, In this study; therefore, the principles applied by lhe World Bank have been selected ns representing a consensus concerning the international standards and criteria upon which a project should be judged. A projccl meeting lhe criteria for World Rank environmental clearance or acceptability will normally also meet lhe demands of all
tHher internationally recognised doner or funding agencies and the National
Environmental Prolection Authority of the Federal Democratic Republic oft thtopia.
As a hydropower project {HPP) involving lhe construction of a high dam and associated inundation of land to form the reserv oir, lhe proposed Bare- Hydropower Project (HPPi qualifies as a World Bank CofegorM project (World Bank, [991In the Environmental Assessment Sourcebook 1 pdatc (World Bank, 1993) a Category .4 project is defined as having  one or mure of the following  attributes that make the potential impacts "significant”; direct pollution discharges dial arc large enough to cause degradation ol nir,  water or soil; large-scale disturbance of the site and/or surroundings; extraction, consumption or conversion of substantial amounts of forest and other natural resources; measurable modification  of hydrologic cycle; hazardous materials in  more than incidental quantities; and involuntary displacement of people anti other significant social
disturbances. 1 he CViA-gory -1 designation may be equated to the in Ethiopia.
/ designation
By  virtue nt requiring  the compulsory  relocation  of people and  appropriating  lheir associated natural resource base (in terms of agricultural land), destroying forest and modifyi tg the river regime significantly, the project meets the specifics of both World Bank Cotegor J criteria and ScArrt/Ze / under Ethiopian guidelines.
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2.2                    ADMINISTRATIVE AND SPA HAT. CONTEXT
The administrative and spatial context of the project is illustrated throng' i the thematic map coverages follow ing-
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DIVISIONS
Zone Name
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 3.1.1
3.1.2
BA RO 1- PROJECT DESCRIPTION
(ienloEv and Geotechnics
The Project Area
The geolog) of lhe project area is divided  into  two  major rock  types.  These arc the Precambrian crystalline basement and the Oligoccne-Miocene pre-rifl volcanic rocks, i c flood basalts.
lhe Precambrian  basement complex  comprises undivided  gneiss,  predominantly  biotite and  hornblende gneiss,  granitic gneisses,  and  migmatites,  with  minor inclasedimentary gneisses.  IT.c tertiary  volcanics arc basalts,  which  are found  directly  overlying  the crystalline basement. These are known and mapped as Makonnen basalts. I hc Makonncn basalts, which in ail likelihood had once covered the Precambrian rocks arc now eroded and  do  not outcrop  within  the proper proposed  structure vicinities al BAI However, basalt is present along higher sections of the access road to the project, mid might be present within the reservoir area
Reservoir
flic topography of the area is characterised by a rugged landscape formed by many small hills, and covered with forest Slope of the river course al lhe reservoir site is about 2%. 
The river gorge forming the reservoir follows a major NW-SE structure in the granitic gneiss. Basalt might be present within the reservoir area No indications of zones with 
open joints or of water-soluble components in lhe rock have been observed. The soil in 
the reservoir is anticipated to be residual silt with vary ing content of sand and clay.
Dam Site and Intake
The profile at the dam site is w ide V-shaped. with a slope of approx. IV 311 in the upper part. The dnm crosses the river where a number of rock outcrops forms a relatively wide
flat part in lhe riverbed, lhe terrain rises to an elevation of approximately 1,550 m.as 1 
and falls thereafter to around 1.510 m a,s I in saddle areas in small valleys parallel to the river. A typical depth of soil and weathered rock in the order of 10 m can be expected at the dam foundation The rock in the dam site area is hornblende - biotite granitic gneiss, which at some places outcrops as fresh, solid rock in the riverbed.
Waterway s and Powerhouse
The waterway tunnels and the powerhouse orc located in a ridge on the left side of the river, where the rock is anticipated to be granodioritic gneiss. The geological conditions arc expected to be favourable for uni incd tunnels and caverns along the major part of the waterway stretch.
Project Sizeand,Capability
A simplified optimisation has been undertaken in this prc-fcasibility study The optimum size has been calculated with twelve size variables, three plant factors (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) and tour dam heights / reservoir sizes (HRWl. at El. 1,515. 1.505. 1,495 and 1,485),
a chtCiJba
20 Jjinii ury 19993 - 2
3.1.3 
The optimum plant factor estimated  in  this prc-fcasibility  study  arrived  at 0.4, corresponding  co  a design  turbine discharge of 113  m3's.  This must be seen  as a preliminary  indication  of optimum size,  as the final optimisation  will be carried  out in the next stage of feasibility study.
Based on this preliminary optimisation and the maximum gross head of 187 meter, the
Barn I project yields:
Installed Capacity:                                     194 MW
Annual firm energy production:                647 GWh
|)am and Reservoir
Four different dam heighls/reservoir sizes combined  with  two  dam types have been analysed  in  this study,  the preliminary  optimisation  concluded  with  the selection  of the concrete face rock fill dam for the optimum plant size and optimum HRWL at El 1.505. The dam height optimisation was carried out considering the combination of both Bare 1 and Haro 2 being, developed.
The dam site is characterised by a relative flat topography where the river has taken a dual course with an island in-between the river branches.
With the preliminary optimum HRWL at EL 1,505. the dam volumes arc approximately 239  mill.  m\ while the corresponding  dam heigh! and  crest length  arc Hl and  800  m respectively,  t wo  45  tunnels,  each  580  m long,  facilitate the river diversion  during construction.  These tunnels are permanently  turned  into  conduits for bottom outlet Sec Drawing BAI-04.
A free overflow spillway is placed on the terrain surface, between the dam and the power intake.
A dam at HRWL at El 1,505 establishes a reservoir w ith a total storage of 800 mill m-^ and inundates an area of 27 km^, stretching 20 km upstream of the dam. 480 milfnP of the storage volume makes up the live storage with a regulation height of 20 in below HRWL.
3.14                  Waterways and Powerhouse
Hie 185 m gross head of the Bare I project is developed with a 1,5 kin waterway conduit and  an  underground  powerhouse The powerhouse has been  placed  on  the downstream purl of the waterway where a suitable adit area for the access tunnel can be found
Ihe submerged power intake is located at El. 1,480 on the left riverside, around 500 rn south-west of the overflow spillway.
Ihe headrace tunnel is descending  1:33  in  downstream direction,  towards a vertical breakpoint around I km upstream of the powerhouse From this breakpoint the headrace tunnel dips 1:7 towards the penstock inlet just upstream of the powerhouse. A surge shaft is driven from EL 1,525 to the vertical breakpoint of the headrace tunnel. See Drawing BA 1-02  The headrace tunnel is designed  as un  lined  tunnel with  a cross-sect ion  of 68 m2, equivalent to a diameter of 93 m
dkhii03bn he
lOJinum iWi3 - 3
The maximum turbine discharge of 113  nP/s together with  the gross head  of 385  m yields an installation of 194 MW. Two generating units with vertical Francis turbines are arranged in an underground powerhouse, with step-up transformers local cd in a cavern adjacent to the powerhouse cavern. Sec Drawings BAI -10 to -13. The power station is linked to the surface with a 600 m long access tunnel. which also pros ides routing for the high voltage cables to the surface switchyard.
The  tailrace  tunnel  is  about  0.9  km  long  with  the  same  cross-section  as  the  headrace tunnel
3.2
HARO 2- PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3,2.1
Geology and Geotechnics
The Project Area
The geology  of the project area is divided  into  two  major rock  types.  These are the Precambrian crystalline basement and the Oligocene-Miocene pre-rift volcanic rocks, i.c. flood basalts.
The Precambrian  basement complex  comprises undivided  gneiss,  predominantly  biotite and  hornblende gneiss,  granitic gneisses,  and  migmatites,  with  minor metasediment ary gneisses The ternary  volcanics arc basalts,  which  are found  directly  overlying  lhe crystalline basement, These arc known and mapped as Mokonnen basalts. The Makonnen basalts, which in all likelihood had once covered the Precambrian rocks are now eroded, and exist only along higher sections of the project area.
Dam Site and Intake
The soil iti the area is generally  residual sandy,  silty  clay  or sandy  clayey  silt, decomposed from the Precambrian rock. In the upper part of lhe dam foundation area on lhe left hank, the residual soil may be decomposed from volcanic rock.
Upstream of the proposed dum site some alluvial deposit in the form of clayey silt may be prescnl close to the river The soil cover is generally thin, mostly up to 3 m
The dam site area occupies a low topography and gentle sloped region rising from the river bed  level at El.  1,280  up  to  El.  1,300.  The investigations have not revealed  any potentials of hazardous landslides in the dam site and pond areas.
Wate rw n ys and Pow erhouse
t he waterway tunnels and lhe powerhouse arc located in a ridge on lhe right side of the river, where the rock is anticipated to be granodioritk gneiss. The geological conditions are expected to be favourable for Lin lined tunnels and caverns along the major part of die w aterway stretch,
Project Size and Capability
A simplified optimisation has been undertaken in this pre-feasibility study. The optimum size has been calculated with twelve size variables, three plant factors (6.4, 0,6 mid 0.8) of BA2  and  four darn  heights / reservoir sizes (HRWL  at El.  1,515,  1.505,  1.495  and 
1,485) ol the RAI regulation dam. The level uf the BA2 intake pond, and consequently also the BA2 head, have been kepi as constants in this optimisation.
a chaUJbii det
ItlJiirtmn 1Wfhe optimum plant factor estimated  in  this pre-feasibility  study  arrived  al 0.4, corresponding  io  a design  turbine discharge of 113  m3/s> This must be seen  as a preliminary indication of optimum size, as the final optimisation will be carried out in the next stage of feasibility study
Rased  on  this  preliminary  optimisation  and  (he  gross  head  of  505  meter,  the  Haro  2 project yields
Installed Capacity:                                    475 MW
Annual firm energy production:                2.094 GWh
[he BAI dam and reservoir will provide regulated How to BA2. For a brief description of lhe BAI dam and reservoir, see Chapter 2,34.3.
The HRWL elevation of die HA2 diversion dam has been set to 1,320, corresponding to the tailwaler level of BA 1.
The dam site is characterised by a relative flat topography The diversion dam will he a
RCC type of dam w ith a maximum height of 30 m and a crest length of around 790 in 
Only a smaller pond will be established at the BA2 intake, sufficient io regulate the BA2 turbine flow in co-operation with the release from the BAI reservoir One 45 m- tunnel. 
170 m long, facilitate llic river diversion during construction. The tunnel is permanently turned into conduit for bottom outlet. See Drawing BA2-03.
A free overflow spillway is placed on die dam crest.
Waierways and_Powerbpnse
The 505  m gross head  of the Bare? 2  project is developed  with  a 114  km waterway conduit and  an  underground  powerhouse.  The powerhouse bos been  placed  on  the downstream part of the waterway where a suitable adit area for the access tunnel can be found
The submerged power intake is located at F.l 1.305 on the right riverside, see Drawings BA2-02 and-06
A short circular dropshaft is placed downstream of the intake, and establishes the start of the headrace runnel nt El. 1,278. From this point, the headrace tunnel is descending 1:126 in  downstream direction,  towards a vertical breakpoint around  3  km upslrenm of tlic powerhouse.  From this breakpoint the headrace tunnel dips 1:7  towards the penstock inlet just upstream of the powerhouse A surge tunnel is driven from rhe surface to the vertical breakpoint of the headrace tunnel al EL  1.252.  Sec Drawing  BA2-02.  The headrace tunnel is designed as unlined tunnel with n cross-section of 68 m-. equivalent Io a diameter of 9.3 m.
Hie maximum turbine discharge of 113 m /s together with the gross head of 505 m yield an installation of 475 MW. Five generating units with vertical Francis turbines are arranged in an underground powerhouse, with step-up transformers located in a cavern adjacent to the powerhouse cavern. Sec Drawings BA2 -07 to -10 The power station is linked io the surface with a 1,500 in long access tunnel sloping 1:10. The access tunnel pros ides routing for the high voltage cables to the surface switchyard.
3
20 JfifluuriI
I
I
I
I
I3 - 5
The tailrace funnel is about 4.8 km long wiLh the same crosS’Secticn as the headrace tunnel. An intermediate excavation and tailwatcr surge adit is planned at lhe mid-point of the tailrace stretch, see Drawing BA2-0!
dui03hi.dcc
-H Junwary ‘999I.
'JII
J
■
■
I-1 - 1
Chapter 4:
BIO-PHYSICAL BASELINE CONDITIONS
4.1                      CLIMATE
Ihe climate of the Bare basin is shaped through the influence of the monsoon circulation from the Indian Ocean. A single monsoon wet season lasts from Idle May or early June to  the  end  of  September  or  beginning  of  October  Spatial  distribution  of  rainfall  is strongly  dependent  on  elevation,  orography  and  position  of  mountain  ranges  with reaped lo the moisture laden winds (mainly easterlies},
Ihe ureas located above 20(H) m a s i arc receiving more than 2000 mm precipitation a year There are no  meteorological stations within  Ihe upper Barn  basin.  There are, however, more than 20 rainfall stations in the vicinity of Ihe project basin.
Preliminary  study  of rainfall data from more than  20  stations and  particularly  rainfall pairrnis estimated  from Meleosal images indicate a slight decrease at the areal precipitation from die upper Boro basin in the cast toward ihe upper Gcbn basin.
Figure 4-1: The Baro Basin; Monthly Distribution of Precipdatinn
4.2
4.2.1
HYDROLOGY
11istrihirtion of Monthly Flows
[“he sensorial distribution of monthly discharge for the Bare River reflects the uni mod a I
character  of  the  annual  precipitation  pattern  with  a  single  rainfall  period.  There  is  a
considerable difference between magnitude of flows during the dry and wet seasons. Ihe
rainy season lasts in Baro basin from May to October The high flow season is delayed 
with respect to rainy season and lasts from July to October For 1920-1093, the average
accumulated flow during July-October period was about 80% of the annual loud flow s
. 
I he month of minimum flow is March with an average flow of 0.6 % of the annual total
How.
,
G:\prn|e» I- *vi'-.lr'U 'nKbfci'buru,Jvp-L!r: diapi u4 due
2 December IQ9S4
Figure 4-2 Mean Monthly Discharge at Ihiro HPP Dam Sire (1020-1993)
The respective numerical values for mean monthly flows in i rn-^'s) for all sires are given below.
Table 4-1: Average Monthly Discharge for Different Sites in l!ie Barn
Month
Burn Main Dam
Barn 1
Barn II
In nu ury
EebnJary
March
April
Mny
June
July
August
September
< ictober
November December
8.9
4.4
3.0
4.7
U II
115
85 6
117.3
BQ. 5
80.8
34.9
12.0
13.7                    B.K
6.8                      6.9
4.7                      4.7
7.2                      7.3 20.2                   20..3
51.9                  .52.1
112.6                  133.3
18! X                  182.7
202.3                   2033
125.1                  125 x 38 6                    38.8 18.6                    18.7
4.3                     GEOLOGY
Hie basement in  Ethiopia consists of Precambrian  granites and  various types of metamorphic rocks, which are folded and faulted and later eroded and pcneplained in the Palaeozoic.  Marine transgressions and  regressions during  the Mesozoic and  Early 
Tertiary with the incursion of the sea from die South-east to the North-west followed Pencplanization.  Transgression  started  in  the Triassic period and this deposited various sediments such as sandstone will; interbeded shales, followed by limestone mid gypsum in the Jurassic period in all eastern mid much of the central part of the country. In (he
G^pfljjcc^'.eihLDpiA ggbp Satd reran chapt-DA ik»c
2 December WS4 - 3
Cenozoic era, there was a regional uplift of the land and fissuring that led to the out pouring of large quantities of volcanic material, mostly basalt This activity formed l lie high basaltic plateau in Ethiopia. Updoming was later followed by rifting in the tertiary leading to the formation olThe main Ethiopian Rift and the Afar Depression, which are marked by post rifting volcanism and tectonism.
The Baro DPP (Bare I & Bare 2) is located in an area where volcanic ruck flood basalt commonly  has covered  the basement rock  directly.  The basement rock  consists of various types of granitic gneisses or granites. Al the project sites ihr Bare River has cut through  the basalts and  found  its present riverbed  in  the basement materials Basalt blocks of considerable size have been found in the project area, which indicate that basalt might be present in The reservoir area.
I’he soil in the urea is generally residual soil. i.e. silt with variable content of clay and fine sand. The soil is decomposed from basalt in the higher elevated arcus, and may here have a thickness up to >15 m on the hilltops In the basement areas, the residual soil has generally a thickness of < 7 m In the reservoir urea nlluvial soil, sift and clay deposits may occur, 1 he granitic gneiss is suitable for the construction of underground tunnels and caverns. I he reservoir area is considered practically imperv ious.
4.4                    TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
The Baro HPP is mainly located in the remaining high-forest of Southwestern Ethiopia, ft is situated in the Scle Mesengo National Forest Priority Area (NEPAL The Baro I and Baro  2  sites largely  fall into  the same ecological zones as tar as classification  by terrestrial flora and fauna goes. The main Reservoir urea also exhibits many of the same characteristics, though there arc sonic significant variations.
lhe distribution of larger m umma Is in llic study area is uncertain. Field observations, interview information and documented studies arc utilised io build-up a basic picture As for avifauna. it has not been exhaustively and consecutively studied in Ethiopia as a whole since the late 1960's. .Among (he 147 species of birds directly observed' in (he Upper Baro-Akobo Busin, only 6 arc endemic to the region. Other than these endemics, there still occur bird species endemic to the country.
I able 4-2: Significant Bird Species of the Basin
Cum mon Name
Scientific Name
Wall led Ibis* 
Rougcls' Rail*
Abyssinian Lungclaw*
ClifTchat
Thick-billed Raven*
Wooly-necked stork
Secretary Bird
Crowned crane
Smaller J a ca n a
Bosfrychta turuncu/ara
Bougeltnv rnwgerii
.tfacron v.t fle rvicrMs
Olive Pigeon
White-checked Vuraco TAMS A Ul li Consultants Lid 19(J7
Afyremect )t rcftci r cwnanwn ref veop'/.v Corvu-t c?ravrir<M/rrv
Crcoma epwoo/nw
Sag/flari u.\ rerpenfc trim
Bafearica pavonina
Aficroparva capensh
(ulomba guinea
Tauraet) /cucofis
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,
2 Dvcrfiiiljicr4 - 4
Common Name
Scientific1 Name
African-Pied Wagtail Paradise Fly-catcher Singing cislicola Tawny flanked Prinia
Xfotocilfa aguimp
Terps ip ho me viridis
Wattled Plover
Hlack-hcadcd Forest oriole* African Fish Eagle
Cis/ico/a canfans
Prinia sub flaw
Hoploptents senega Hits
Or talus fiianacha
Hal nice tus weifer
Standard-wing Nightjar White-hacked Black Til*
Maerodipfery r A mgipenn is
Pants lenconafus
• Specie* arc end cam to Ethiopia.
4.4.1 4.4.1.1
Daro 1:
Flora
The Project and Reservoir Areas of the Haro I site arc situated in the upper part of the
t ransilioiiiil Evergreen Forests of South-wcslcm Ethiopia I lie forest of this area is an 
extension nf lhe Moist Evergreen Forests (Rninforesis) of South-western Ethiopia, As a
result it has an almost similar floristic composition to that of the Moist Evergreen Forest;
hut it can he differentiated by the presence of some distinctive species of the I ransitional
Evergreen Forest.
I he forest along lhe Haro river is dense and most of it is undisturbed. The extent of
riverine forest is relatively wide and on average extends for about 2 - 1 kms on both 
sides.  However,  the  coverage  of  riverine  forest  becomes  narrower  downstream  as
elevation gets lower, lhe vegetation in and around the project area is diverse comprising 
large,  medium  sized  and  small  trees;  shrubs;  lianas  and  pseudo  Sian  as,  as  well  as
pachycauls  and  herbaceous  plants.  It  is  also  rich  in  species  composition.  Most species
of forest pfants/trees arc evergreen.
In  most  cases  a  continues  stratum  at  l0-30rn  above the  forest floor  is  formed  by  tree
species  including  Scheffler  a  abyss  inica   Folyscias  fitha  Sapium  eflipficum,  Miilefia
t
ferrnginca, slb/i-ta schrnipurfanu, and A. grandibracttMto. Species like manilkara butugi
and Fnchdia sp | T 
which are large trees and JSyzygj|/w
arc mostly
restricted to the riverine forest and the former two species are usually emergent frees. 
.-ImT/gma a/r&rima is the most common emergent tree, reaching a height of more than JOm. The other tree species thai are frequent in the forest are Cardia qfriccma, Craton macrvxtachy^ Cellis ajneana, Ficus spp., Ehretia cyntOM. Fygeum qfidcanus and Olea sp ((). capensisf.
The understorey is dominated by small trees and shrubs. Some of the prominent species include Tectea nobilis, Veprti dainei/ii. Mdesa lunceoslata. Cqffeu arabica find species with a local name (Oromifa) Ulmayc. The shrub layer is usually dense especially on 
river hanks and forest edges.
Some pacliycuul seed planis including Dracaena sp. (D. xZcwcAirri), P/rwnt.r reelinala, Ensete ventricose and Senec/o £Fg£N' are present in the forest, but their distribution is limited except Dracaena sp. which are frequent.
g. pr-iren ethu’ipln^v.bg b4rr trpwt apt-04 doe
2 r^cttnhcF4 - 5
Linnas rtc abundant in the forest; these arc plants that usually climb on the trees Five dominant liana species arc recorded  from the IF,  A field  survey  flic local names (Oromifh) for the species include Gebo, fiycx Kawo. Bikili and Bngc. Liarins arc used by the local people to construct crossings on rivers, houses mid fences.
[he presence of coffee,  t'o/fee «irdWca*  and  spices like korerirmi,  Afrunwfnunt ccrrarinuL and long pepper, Piptfr foritfum, is ail important feature of I he forest in and around the Baro I Project Area and Reservoir. The forest coffee is one of the dominant shrub  species that form the lower stratum of the forest h  is wild  and  has no  kind  of mana gem ent but (he ripe berries are collected by die local people in accessible places, In addition to coffee, Korcrima and Inng pepper are important plants that form lhe lowest stratum These species arc economically  important.  as they  art valuable spices used  in Ethiopia.
The Scrubland which is n buffer zone between die forest and cultivated land/sell lenient is dominated  by  shrubs,  small and  medium sized  trees.  Ihe major species in  this vegetation  zone include Prrnomii amyfidtd/na,  Myrtca  sn/iej/o/fa, ■Wr^.vti Mjat’ukrM
Muylrnw .trnegtrfenxis, R/no sp , 
sp. (Sckoru-OromifaA iiersama abyssimca.
4.L2
Acacia  abyss tnicar Prrmna  xchimperi,  Albi~ia  schimperiuna,  Croton  macrostachyx. Cardia africa/ia, Saptunr Mphcrtm and ScTn fflera abyssinica. The Scrubland is used for crazing  by  cattle but a significant section  of this land  is covered  by  dense vegelation which can not be penetrated by the animals.
Currently  the Ilu  Ababor Zane Agriculture Development Department is demarcating forest lands along  die Bare River.  The objective of this programme is to  establish priority  areas for forest and  wildlife conservation,  and  to  have suitable land  for dcvelopmcni of forest plantation. It is also intended to develop the sustainable utilisation of forest products (eg. timber).
Access Road
For lhe majority’ of its route the proposed access road traverses areas of cultivation and grazing,  IT.is then  grades into  open  woodland  approaching  the river*  and  finally  into forest as the road descends down towards lhe Baro River.
Fauna
The Baro 1 Site including Project Area, Reservoir Area and section of the Access Road is mainly situated in a closed natural high foresL Although this area is not designated as u \\ ildlife Conservation Area, it is an ideal habitat for some wildlife species especially the primates Primates such  as the Anubis baboon  (Pfjyw wfim/ut),  Grivei monkey 
(C'm.’fY’ttht’t in 
and Colohus monkey (Cafofatf grerrar) arc the dominant
species in the forest ecosystem.
fhc other larger mammal species present in  the area include Bushbuck  C/jvzgefa/tfjirs wjp/tw). Bushduikcr (ty/vica/w griwmo), Dcfarsa Waterbuck (ACoZuxv t'/Z/jwpnwjnrj.v)' Gazelle (Gaze/Ai Bushpig  (Pofamochaerus lurvatus). Warthog  (p/wcoc/zoeros tf/facfmwv), Haeyna, Civet (hverro Gretfa), Jackal (Cem* jt/a), Porcupine and Bat-cared Fox (D/<Jcyow wregfl/o/iy). In addition, wild animals including Buffalo (SivrcerM caffcr). Lion (Paathera tea) and Leopard (Patifhera pardus) are known to exist in (lie area but their distribution  and  population  is limited,  flic area also  contains a diversity  of bird species but their species composition has not been studied in any detail,
''prrijreh'elhiopia
report,<hfipl-04.dDU
2 Ikccifihcr 19934 • 6
4.4.2
4.4X1
Baro 2
Flora
I ||L. B;irn  2 Project Site is situated in the Scle Me sen go National Forest Priority Area (NFPA). Although the Area ls  designated as a NFPA, currently it has no management plan.
The proposed  Haro  2  Project Area is located  mainly  in  the Transitional Evergreen Forests of Southwest Ethiopia. The forest at and around the proposed diversion (intake) sites is dense and most of it is relatively undisturbed this forest is riverine and covers areas on  both  sides of the Haro  River I he extent of the riverine forest decreases downstream as elevation gels lower, to be replaced hy more woodland vegetation. At the proposed powerhouse site the riverine forest becomes very narrow especially on the right side of the river.
Most specie-s of the plants in the forest arc evergreen, flic major tree species in this vegetation  zone are JwtMgcr/d  aftissima (emergent tree),  (rids sp.  (C.  philippcnsis).
fdaspyrr* ahyssinka. Sycygfam guineense, Ficus Sycomunw, F r sax pc rata. F. vasftr, 
llbizia  grandihracteata.  A.  xchimpcrianar Croton  macros tach  Primus ajricanus, < 'ordia ufricana mid \ fillet ia ferruginea. Pachycaul plants such as /Vjoenu: rrclinufa and Dracaena sp are frequent in die forest around the diversion sites Small trees and shrubs that form the understorey are also present In addition lianas which are woody climbing plants lire abundant, In general species composition or diversity decreases downstream.
Longitudinally  the vegetation  zone next to  the riverine forest is woodland,  1  his vegetation  zone is categorised  as Combretwn-Trrminalia (Broad  Leafed  Deciducms) Woodland, h is characterised by Combretwn and Termftwfto species. The major species in  the woodland  are small trees with  fairly  large deciduous leaves.  U.  malic and  T. browni are the dominant tree species,  The other frequent species include Pi/iostigma fhonningii, 5/en’f >\pcrmum kunfhumum,  Grcwia  bicolor,  PrtNra  gagvedi and 
TomdriJirfiM             The understorey is dominated by tall grasses (Savannah grasses); herbs and shrubs are also present.
In Lite Woodland there are also strips of riverine vegetation along the streams that flow through  the  woodland  and  feed  the  Baro  River  The  major  tree  species  in  this  habitat include A lb tela grandibr^efratm Phoenix rec/inufu, Ficus aycoxr^rus, / vcisra Croton WcJorrotjA       Mt I fa f hi ferruginea. Cordia afrtcana, Aningeria altissima. Primus cifricunus, Albizia schimpcnamj and Ficus sp. (F rottfpemftj),
I he woodland vegetation is also characterised hy the lowland bamboo, 
frijpASHjrt’ti. lhe bamboo forest covers a significant urea between the diversion site and powerhouse, on the right side of Bare River. In this area the woodland vegetation, 
including the bamboo forest, extends to the river gorge where the extent of the riverine forest is s cry narrow .
Access Hoad
lhe access road  leading  to  the proposed  diversion  sites runs through  cultivated  and grazing  lands that extend  for about 7kms; forest plantation  for about 1.6  km and woodland area for about 5 km, Similnrly die route lending to the proposed Powerhouse runs through cultivated land and grazing areas for about 3.7km, forest plantation (2 km) and woodland. Large sections of the alignment runs through the woodland vegetation.
. jrru Lits'eil ..pc L'chc- hant rvpon'ieh^pt-O-t.dj.
2 December !l»S■
1
I
■4 - 7
4.4.2.2               Fauna
The area of the proposed  Baro  2  site (diversion  site,  powerhouse and  sections of the access routes) mid  its surroundings is characterised  by  riverine forest and  woodland vegetation.  Like the Barn  I Site,  this area is not designated  as Wildlife Conservation Area hut it s located  in  the Sele Mesengo  National Forest Priority  Area.  However,  it provides ideal habitats for a variety of wildlife species. Species composition is similar to that of the Bam 1: but the woodland area is a more suitable habitat for larger mammal species With  (he exception  of the primates,  the diversity  and  abundance of wildlife species is greater in the Bnro 2 area, particularly tn the woodland habitat.
M3                    Main Dam and Reservoir
The proposed Main Dam and Reservoir Area of the Baro Hydropower Project is located ill the Moist F.vergTeen Forests of South-west Ethiopia. The forest of this urea is one of the few remaining rainforests in the country and is part of the Snyleni Wangus National Forest Priority Area (NFPA).
4.433                 Flora
Although  the forest of the studs area and  its surroundings is considered  as National Forest Priority  Area,  currently  it has no  management plan  and  there is no  large-scale commercial utilisation of the forest products. The flora of this site is characterised by evergreen and broad-leaved plants, particularly tree species. The forest along the Haro River and  the major tributaries such  as Dibi\ Sowa and  Ditch  i Rivers is dense and relatively undisturbed. The riverine forest is mostly continuous but its extent (width) is usually  narrow.  The remaining  forest,  the sections further away  from the rivers,  is largely  encroached,  and  cumulatively  large areas of forest land  his been  lost to settlement,  cultivation  and  grazing  lands.  Tn  addition*  coffee cultivation  is being expanded by clearing mainly the understorey plants, leaving the larger trees to serve as shade for the coffee plants. However, there arc still large areas of high forest and (here is a strong willingness among the local people to preserve the forest; mainly to use for bee- keeping (honey production) which is the major economic activity of (he people living in the forest
The forests at the dam and reservoir areas, and along the existing access route arc rich in species and  also  in  most places have The best developed  stratification.  The dominant emergent tree is ^mnjprai tidolfi-jridericii which reaches a height of J 0-4 Um. It forms the highest non-continuous stratum of the forest. A continuous stratum at 10-30m above the forest floor consists of n large number of tree species. The dominant ones arc Albizia
schimperiana, 3. 
Croton macrcMtoc/rw. Cortfiu africanu, Ekvbergia
capcrMTv.  Euphorbia  obovaft/ofttj,  Eicus sp,  AfH/eriti /errng/nea,  Po^ektv fiilva, Schefflera  abyxsinica.  Sapiuni elitpticum,  Syzygium guinecmie and  PrwJitf africapus. Scheffler a abyss inica is the major honey tree.
Small trees form a discontinuous stratum at 5 10m above the forest floor. The frequent species in  this stratum include AUuphy/fux obysmiaa, .4/tor/>f.v  (fmuJiuto,  fferjtanjo
□hv.v.'itofou, Erucea wifidyienterica, Ehretia lymnsa. Teclea nobili.v, Vepris diatu ltit. and Vernonia amygdaliiitj. Pachycauls arc also present in this stratum, particularly Dracaena
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afromontana.  The  Paths  cauls  Pharwiv  rccfrnufa  and  Cya/ftea  mannianu  Eire  usually associated with streams and wetlands such as swamp and marshy areas.
Lianas  (Climbers)  and  pseudolianas  arc  common  in  the  forest.  Friis.  et  til  (t982) reported 11 liana species and 5 pseudoliana species that were present in the forest.
The herbaceous stratum on the forest floor is rich in species, but mostly discontinuous in the mature forest.  Several species of large,  often  turgid  herbs,  e g  the fems D/c/vwwt’Afaeflfl intncatitlu and  Atrrutth/ fraxinea, or the seed  plants Ajramumum korarima and  AmarphapflMtn  grim^orioniit occur but not frequently  Broad-leaved grasses»  c.g  Olvru  latifolia,  Panic unt moniicolum. and  Cbo/uchne fjp/i.vmefJoiJes, art frequent in  most places.  Of the higher plants,  epiphytes are frequent and  the trees are usually festooned with mosses, orchids, fems and club-mosses
Unlike the Haro  1  site,  this area has little wild  coffer,  C'qffeu  arabica. However,  the important spice Aframamum korurima is naturally  common  hi the forest Another spice long pepper (Tiper ZflflgWtf) is also present in the forest
4.4.3.2
Fauna
1  he  area  of  the  Main  Ihm
and  Reservoir  is  not  designated  us  Wildlife  Conservation 
Area.  However,  the forest and  wetland  areas provide important habitats for some wildlife species.  Species composition  is almost similar to  the Haro  1  Site.  I'lie forest habitat is more suited  to  primate species Thus the primates such  as the Cotobus monkey.  Grivct monkey  and  Anubis baboon  are dominant in  the forest*  The other mammal species include Biislihuck.  Bush  duiker.  Gazelle,  Bushpig.  Cheetah.  Jackal, porcupine and  Hyena.  Lhe wetland  areas are an  important feeding  ground,  especially during the dry season for the grazing wild animals. 1 hey arc also important habitats for a variety of bird species.
45
4.5.1
AQUATIC’ ENVIRONMENT
Thum
The aquatic flora of the Bare River and of the hnsin as a whole is link studied. As a
general rule aquatic rmicrophyies prosper best in slow current and nutrient rich waters
Given the water velocity and nutrient status of [he Haro River in the study area, a very 
wide diversity in Lhe macrophyte population would not perhaps be expected However, 
the extent to which existing species exhibit rarity, vulnerability or endemism can not he
determined willunit further detailed site-specific study.
4,5.2                  Fauna
The diversity of the fish and macroin vertebrate population of the project I)1Z is nut cam to  determine.  I hcrc have been  few recent biological or ichthyological studies in  this reach of the Bare River, or of the basin as a whole. Local people report three fish species that are regarded as edible and are fished on a regular basis. However, a lull inventory of fish luxon will need to be established at LA stage.
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For the Gam be la Region as a whole (of which the Rare River system is a pan) The fish species appearing in the table following have been identified as being present.*
Table 4-3; I hb Species Known from Hie Gnmbela Kegion
FUh Species
Protopterux r w fhiopit • rw
pttlypferus bichir
P< .>/vpferus senega/ia1 Heteralis nrhrticux
Bricnawn/s nrger
/fippopotitrnyrus harringtoni Hippopot l unyrux pictus
Hyper op isus hebc
Metre usen r m.v cypr int > ide s Mnrmyr ops tmgui/kfides
A/wrwmM corc&fvt?
Marmyrus hasselquistii Perrocephalus bane
Petrocephu/us bovei
PfrfHmyru* uidori
ptdlimyrus perhenci
( iyrnnarchus ndoticia
Cromer tn mint tea
Hydnscy nits brevis
Hydrocy n us forsfaM/i
Alestes buremuze
. (testes JfVJ/r c
Hr vein us macrcdepidoius Brycmux nurse
A ficra/rstes &c undent
Distii ■ M>dus brevipinrri i Disiichtidus engycephulus Dislicbodux frilaticia
Distichodus r<Htra/us
ic/rffnbonts besse
bftrnnoehanii nt fa ficus
,\ffnttacframie /F^ei’jmrfjicriitaltb A'frdr bias tre h i/vajae
Citharinta ci thana
Citharmus latus
Barb u.v ancma Barftitr frwflJ
Barbus perincc Barbus purnilis Barbus sfigmatopygux
t Vie laeihit >px b ib ie
Laheo cuubic
Lt then cylindricus Lube ft hurte
Lcptocypris nilutirus
Retinas loaii
X tie hi ’nogtar i fa biscuit ifw i XiirJwogfafffc oec/diWfciA * 
Bugrut bttjud
Bogna doewafc
Chry < ichth iw uura fits
Schdbe mystus
Sc hfibe intermti/n« 
Svhdbe warn Jscup us
Siiuranodon auritttx
Anders on io lepluru
(’Iorios  anguil/arix
t Varias gariepfnux
J/eten/bronchus bi■ fors tifis Hetcrubranchus fang iff Iis Mdhiptcrurus electric us Xfalupierunts minjiriya Brachysynwiontis balenstufa
C’hitog/afti v ndalicus
Hem isy n< h/< rn/u mehi brat tuceus Muchokus nihricus
Synodoiifix l\judovitlatus
Synodon fix ck trios Synodon(is euptems Synodantix JUamcntos us Synodontis fruntosus Synodonfis uigritet Svnudunfis xchail
Syru  a/o/jxe  mil  us Synodoritis sure v
Apluche iftcJil/i v.v 11 Ice ker Epiplutys Gill Nothobranchius Peters
Ptirachanna obscura
Latex  ndoticus
//emivhromix fuse lulus Hemichromis lelttumeauxi Oreochramis mtoftCHs Sarothrrodon gaMteus
Tilapia: ill ii
Ctennptima muriei Ctenopoma pekkolai
Clenopt >ma pethei • ji •/
’ Golubtsov e/d/ 1995
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4.5.3
45.3 J
Fhli Species
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Lubeo Hf/ofica’t
VV :itcr Quality Date for Burn UPP Sample Collection & Treatment
Telraudnn Iinfuhn
4.5.32
Samples were collected  from the selected  sampling  stations using  clean  polyethylene bottles for all physio-chemical analysis. Since there was no other possible alternative, the samples were taken from the bank side of (he river where the water is completely mixed, fast and deep
Except for turbidity, total solids. pH electrical conductivity and temperature, analyses of
nil parameters were conducted using filtered samples that passed through \\ batman Qualitative Filter Paper.
Physical & Chemical CharacloriMics
The Palintcsl Photometer 5000 supplied by Wagtcch International LU with wavelength ranges oT 300-660 and built in filters nt the operational wavelengths of 410. 49Dr 520. 570  & 640nm was used  at the field  for the analysis of nitrate,  phosphale,  sulplinte, ammonia, colour and turbidity. Temperature, pl I and EC were determined w .w/n ill each sampling  site.  The rest ol the parameters were analysed  nt the Ministry  ol Water Resources Laboratory in Addis Ababa.
To fully characterise the properties of a given water body one has tn have data of major components of hydrology, physio-chemistry and biology. Each freshwater body lias an individual pattern of physical, chemical and biologic til characteristics which arc largely determined  by  the climatic,  geomorphologic,  geo-cliemical nnd  land  use conditions prevailing in the drainage basin and the underlying aquifer
The selected parameters analysed for Baro River al lour different sampling sites arc shown in the table following. Based on this information most of I be sampled parameters yield results typical for fresh water bodies found in an area wilh no or little human intervention.
The electrical conductivity of Bare River, however, is very low and hence may not be suitable for irrigation as it may create severe problem of permeability due 1o very low electrolyte concentrate ns especially for heavy clay soils.
Baro River water is characterised by low turbidity and high apparent colour since moM
of the upper river catchment is located within a high forest area characterised by very high species composition ranging from large trees io very' small shrubs as undergrowth.
The nutrient statu*  of Bare River in  the Project and  Reservoir Areas may  be characterised as generally nutrient poor With regard to promoting eutrophication in the reservoirfs).  nitrogen  and  pliosphale levels are key  parameters.  The water quality sampling has determined that nitrogen levels are within die levels to be expected given the upstream catchment characteristics (limited nun-chemical intensive agriculture, no
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point-source organic polhuion  and  extensive tree cover).  Phosphine readings arc unexpectedly high; this may be due to a number of factors concerning sampling method and underlying ecology etc
As part of the full I A a sysiematsc water quality programme will need to be introduced as what is recorded  at IF A is merely  it “snapshLif'  and  subject to  random nnd/or temporal events that may give a misleading picture.
Tublc 4-4: Water Quality Data for Haro 1IPP
1
Sampling Poinls/Sitcs
Para meters
Bnro River nl lhe Bridge on Gorc-Mnslio
RohlI
(1)
Bart* River at the Bridge on
Gore-
Gam bele
Road 
(2>
Barn River al Haro II DiverMon
Site
(3)
Gcba
River at
1 lie Bridge on Bedck-
Metu Road
(4)
.Srim/tfmif Dale
29-06^/998
20 06/998
0/ 0~-1998
02-0^/998
1 emperaturc (°C)
15.5
17.4
16.6
16.0
PH
7.50
7.70
7.65
7.66
ECiMs/cm)
39
J6
31
26
1 nrbidity (NT 11)
p8
50
26
20
Colour fPl-'co)
90
90
80
90
TDs (mg/c)
64
44
68
54
I'otal           Solids i (rng-e)
104
74
88
64
Nitrate.          NOj img c)
0.352
0334
0 207
0.092
Phosphate/      PO4 (mg el
(1.26
0,26
0.18
0.28
Sulphate.        St )q 1 (gm el
3
3
3
3
Chloride,            Cl (mg'e)
0.40
0.30
0.25
0.25
Bicarbonate.
HCO3 (mg'c)
17.08
14.64
19.52
17.08
Carbonate.     CO3 (mg/e)
Trace
Trace
[race
Trace
Ammonia, NHj
Ungx)
0.072
0.112
<1 192
0,888
Potassium.
K(mg e)
0.80
0 80
1.10
2.00
Sodium.            Na (mg c)
2.25
1.75
2.25
2.00
Calcium,           (’a (mg. ei
5.20
3.20
5,20
4.40
Magnesium.     Mg (mgZe)
1.70
1 .95
1.70
2.19
High readings lur Phosphate may be due to sampling time of day, bank side sampling, recent heavs rain episode* and underlying geology; one or all factors in com bi nation to a greater ar lesser extent
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■   PU53
■   PU51
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Filename       SbiIwck
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Hll 1-16 Steep sideilopn litholw tkciesl Minly on foeiiifi, Schists.Graflltas t Ttrilarj Dmitv Slope W-SH,-
JL55ocliticn will- lithic Ltfltascli BCI Owaaic Lu* I sols 20X.
H12I-25  Lou  to  tcderrti  rtllfl  hills;  Ulholo^  (Facies]  Mini*  ci  Gneisses,  SthjsJly,    franitei  <  IrUary  fruits.  Si  ope  It m&dcIMIm soils Lithic itptmls 601 frolic £ .Chroiic Lu»|Qb JGL
HI3X-37 falling jideslopei, Lllrtalo^y llaCkfl? MaifiKy on Snekjfi. Sdiliti. Granites. faiaterr.arT C Tertiary flualti: Slope t :il. Cciviec veils or ^citric Killing <01 Hiplk Ui*iSfl]s 201 Maellc Mtlsaji l&T. ChrD(ic luvIsols WI
CiTNK CatfiMls H.pe.Hfl 10’. Cyitrlc £ Chroiic CiaUsali IDX.
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Ju sod at ion mils topiit Nit hols MI. Eulric Virliiols all Chroajc tmbiuh £ xolHc LiptMmls IDX.
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Cons social lor ibHe LltMc *"d Eirtrlt LeptcieU 10-JWI.
H2J-25  HJI1  sIdes  1  opes  £  Io*  relief  bills;  Lithology  (IkJcsI  toinly  on  Cnthiei  Schists.  G.-mH:s.  faatefftry  £  lertl^y  Esiall! Ilit!HI Co^lix soils ci Drctic LaaOiscli 401. Rhodit Nitlsok* 331, Chronic Lwfisok 291. Heplic C vtrllc Lurlsali £ toplsc Nillsok ]CX.
PUl-35  Emsir’al  rolliM  sites  lorn  £  lc«  relief  hlllr;  Lithology  [ficiesl  NAlnly  on  Heisses.  Schists,  IMierri*^  £  UrufHk’fkla''
of DlfftrtftE. origin slope 8-]Ei Association soils* topilc Nimols Got. O-romac lurhtli 3ox, OyitMc £ Eulric
IGI.
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LssociitIon inllr Haplic NiUss]! SCX. RhuOs: Ferrilaols 151  Chroolz lurisoh ]5J. Kualc NiUsob 101. Uystrjz 5 Eulrk
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Uthokgy I'FtziesI Or. Alluvial £ CoJIutIli ol dlflermT origin; Slope 0 21;
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Steep stdeskpes l^rfle-ulusi; Lithology                      Mainly cn Gneisses. Granites, SJite^ary fljsalts £ TertP Eiullr. Size.
cbvpJbi sails of llthjc Leptnmk aSl Dystric Cirtlsol- <01, Eutric lepthnsnis £ foodie Niliscls 15S.
55 RDi-35 Vmi fi Cjne rcienants (tow Mik): Lithology IFiclesI Matoly cn Schiitl foinitj, Qualrrna.-j C Tertiary !*:alkc; Slope I5-5C isiMlBtltei soils topilf Acrteis (stony ftosei 5flX, HipHc NihSOlS 2C1 Eulrlc taifcisels 241. fu«Pk Leptfwb 5 Chrcilz b^js:.
Wjl PU41-45 Hilly PlitHUAlteltiding gcrge-sleep use sloped;LithologytFecln) Mainly og Gneisses SctiisU. Eranllet £ uabrra-’y hrtltfi lhJ soils ol MapUc Liei5olsMLItoiic hitlsziiZSl,foodie N ijsnEsiSX. Wit.Chrqiic £ Eutric CirtisolilH Eutric ur isz j \ E’.^tzrl
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PUS!-S RolT-in P-Veiir ffochv.s *>yr
Asmciitioft will: topllc £ foodie Nillsoh JUL toptic Niti
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GEOLOGY
Legend
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Filename
Source
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LAND USE
AND
LAND COV ER
Legend
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Chapter 5:
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE CONDITIONS
5.1                    ADMINTSTHATIVE STRUCT! FRF
Hie administrative structure in  the project area and  direct impact zone of all the site alternatives assessed (Bam I. Bare 2 and the main reservoir) is essentially the same. At a local level this adininioriitivc structure may be broken down into two main components as follows:
State Ad mi n is t rat in
The Peasant Association  is the lowest unit of Slate Administration  in  the area It is accountable to die Wercda administration and tasked with administering land and natural resources, promoting agricultural development, and maintaining order and pence
Traditional Authority
The traditional authority {I AI exists in (he area at village level II is h’vally called Tulia. Tulia's appointment is through  election  by  farmers in  the village concerned  The TA serves to  arrange co-ordination  of the labour force during  agricultural activities,  funeral ceremonies and mediation of conflicts between villagers.
5.1J                   Land Ten u re
The system of land tenure is common to all the .site alternatives and has its origins in the historical and political events and processes that have shaped Ethiopia over Lime.
ljmd is the property of the slate and use rights have been granted to the peasants in the area.  Accordingly,  farmland  use rights have been  distributed  among  households and grazing  land  is communally  accessed.  Peasants can  also  lease land  and  pass it on through inheritance to their kin.
5.2                     CULTirRAL HERITAGE
Cultural resources are a part of the resource base, and it is, therefore, impoitmu that the development options under consideration  are screened  for potential ini pads on  cultural property  mid  archaeological heritage.  As part of the IEA study,  the social scientists involved hove looked fur sites in the project DIZ that are of cultural significance to local communities.
Such sites or features are important as perceived in the contemporary consciousness; the existence ot any sites of archaeological significance outside the realms of living tradition and  culture are sometimes more difficult to  identify  hut may  still be very  important. Preliminary  observations,  however,  indicate that there arc no  such  sites of cultural or archaeological heritage likely to be disturbed by the project in any location
l \prnjt rls rth. fu Kebg'.blin]Wqjnrr’' dnuH-l)S dm
2 ikftiiiK-? ;99g5 - 2
5.3
5.3.1
BARO 1
Elhnic Groupines
J  lie  direct  impact  zone
of  Bara  I  includes  parts  rd  Gebredima  Peasant  Association 
(Allcdldu  Wercdn),  Haiti
and  Didibe  Peasant  Associations  (Halu  bure  Wcreda)  Oratnia
Region.  Oromo  is  the  major  ethnic  group  in  the  area  comprising  about  92%  and  those remaining arc Amhara and Tigrav 6% and 2% respectively
5.3.2                  Crums Data
Ito use Ifold Size
the  total  number  of  households  of  in  the  DIZ  (Gebredima,  Halu  and  Didibe  Peasant Association*)  is  about  1139  and  the  average  si/e  of  a  household  is  4.2.  Of  the  total households  about  610  arc  belong  to  Gebredtma  Peasant  Association  and  the  remaining 3 11 and 2 IK house holds are the residents of Halu and Didibe Peasant Associalicuis. The Average family size of Gebredima and Didibe is 4 while that of Hulu is 4.7.
Age-Sei Structure
flic total population of the DIZ is about 4754. Of this 513% arc male and the remaining 48.7% are female From observations made during  the Held  survey; most of the inhabitants arc under 30 years of age
Pattern nF Im migration/E migration
During the Held survey the interview s revealed that in 1985 some people from Wcllo and Tigray  came io  the area but since then  there has been  no  significant immigration. Regarding  emigration,  some daily  labourers and  12^] grade completed  job  seekers leave the area to find w ork in different parts of the country.
5.3 3                   Social Serv ices
Edlicatiun
There are three elementary schools in llic DIZ (one within each PA) with 733 students Completion of elementary schools leads to enrolment in Gordomo (7-8 Chudes) and Gore
(9 - 12 Grades) for students from Gebredima Peasant Association and Lkn (7 - 8 Grades)
and Bure or Gore (9 - 12 Grades) for students from Halu and Didibe Peasant
Associations
Health
1  lie  major  diseases  reported  in  the  area  arc  intestinal  parasites,  upper  respiratory  tract infections   rheumatism,   diarrhoea,   skin   infection,   gastritis   and   anaemia   Malaria   and onchocerciasis are also prevalent in die area as arc STD s
There are two clinics in the DIZ operated by 3 health assistants.
4: iprojccl&'C'-htopn harotepcrt'-chnjtM^ doc
? Decern bvj L<>98I
I
II
HI5-3
Housing ■
Most houses arc of traditional construction  with  a I hatched  roof.  I he sizes of die thaldied  root huts are from 12m- to  42m3’ and  for steel roof houses 46iti3. The cost of (he tluiiched  roof houses is estimated  at Birr 500  to  1500,  depending  on  she Fcr steel roofs the estimate is Birr 9500.
Small Sole/Micro Credit Facilities
Micro  credit facilities arc limited  in  the area.  The available credit is mainly  for Lmproved  seeds and  fertilisers.  It is provided  by  Wereda Agricultural Offices through extension services
Out Reach Services
J  he  Wercda  Agricultural  Offices  provide  education  and  technical  assistance  to  the peasants   regarding   soil   and   water   conservation,   improved   farming   methods,   crop protection (including coffee), animal health care arid family planning. These services are channelled    through    Agricultural    Development   Agents.    Veterinary    service    is    also provided io the peasants directly from the Wereda agricultural offices.
5.3.4
Income (• t neral ion and Subsistence
Cultivation
The  residents  of  the  DIZ  largely  earn  their  livelihood*  from  crop  production.  The  loud 
cropped  area  is  about  3127  ha.  The  main  crops,  yield  and  the  sale  prices  of  crops  arc
shewn below.
Table 5-1: Crop Yield* kind Prices
Main Crops
Percentage
Yie[d(Qha>3
Sale Pricc(Bin7Qp
coffee
maize
sorghum
Icll
soybean
36
31
23
5
5
5
15
10
3
500
HO
90
300
75
Animal Husbandry
Livestock  is  also  a  source  of  income  in  the  DIZ.  A  household  from  n  middle  income
group keeps about 6 cattle, J sheep, a horse and 5 chickens.
For   the   purposes   of   compcnsahnn   each   household   is   assumed   in   have   one   main   house   upon   which   the
compensation  schedule  Is  based.  Compensation  for  the  main  house  will  include  an  clement  for  sundry  small  (often
temporal?) structures used by a household.
' 1 quintal (Q) is equal to 100kg
1 1 Birr is approximated to 0.15 USD
^prajccls'elhinpia'^gh ^.hwii'tq\iH\chspK5 dx
2 Ikrcmbe? IWXI
I
J
■
I
I5 - 4
5.3.5
Fishing
A  limited  amount  of  fishing  activity  Lakes  place  on  the  river  lor  subsistence  purposes only.
Commercial Service Providers
Commercial activities are not developed in the DIZ- There are only 3 shops in (he area (one for clothing  and  the rest for general grocery  items) A few individuals are also engaged in selling local drinks like Tej, Arekie and Tella in the v illages.
5.3.6
Local Issues
Skill Base
As the residents of the area are predominantly farmers* most ol them arc not acquainted 
with  technical  skills  such  as  masonry,  carpentry,  plumbing  etc.  However,  regarding 
manual  work,  many  individuals  would  be  suitable  for  project  employment,  especially 
during  construction  phase  when it is anticipated large quantities of unskilled/seini-skillcd 
manual labour will be required
Public Perception of the Project
In  both  the  formal  and  informal  meetings  and  interviews  that  look  place  in  the  DIZ  as
part  of  the  field  study  component  of  the  LEA  the  social  scientists  attempted  to  gauge
public   reactions   to   the   proposed   project.   From   local   communities   in   the   DIZ   the
consensus was that the project would be a positive thing
Households  in  the  areas  where  resettlement  would  be  necessary*  however,  were  more
cautious  and  qualified  in  their  approval.  Most  agreed  lhat  if  necessary  and  adequate
compensation  whs   made  lo  them  then  they  would  support  the  implementation  of  a
hydropower  project  on  their  land  To  prevent  approval*  or  al  least  neutrality,  to  the
project turning to hostility , significant effort and resources must be channelled towards an environmental mitigation programme.
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2 Dfcrmhcr F99FI
I
■I5 - 5
5.4
5,4.1
HARO 2
The direct impact zone of Bare 2  includes parts ol Megersa and  Leliso  Peasant Associations, (Halu hurt Wcredn, Orem in Region ) the major ethnic group in the area is Oromo (92%) and the remaining are Mcjcnger (4%). Tigrav (2%) and Am ham (2%).
5*4.2
< ’ensiyt Data
Household Size
The total number of households in the DT7 (Megersa and Ldisa Peasant Associations) is
about  906  and  the  average  size  oT  a  household  is  3.6  The  average  family  sizes  of
Megersa and I elisa Peasant Associations arc 4 and 3 4 respectively.
Age-Sex Structure
The total population of the DIZ is about 3230. Of this 49.1% arc male and the remaining 
50.9%  are  female.  From  observations  made  during  the  field  survey  about  65%  of  the
residents arc under 30 years of age.
Pattern <if rmmigmtion/E migration
During the field survey the interv iews revealed that in 1985 some people from Wcllo and 
5.43
Tigray  came to  the area but since then  there has been  no  significant immigration. Rcgnrding emigration, some daily labourers and IZ^1 grade completed job seekers leave the area to find work in different parts of the country.
Social Services
Education
I here are two elementary schools m the area (one within each Peasant Association) with 
a total ol 430 students. Completion of elementary' schools leads to enrolment in Sibo (7-
S Grades) and Bure (9-12 Grades).
Health
the  major  diseases  in  the  DIZ  are  anaemia,  intestinal  parasites,  malaria,  sexually transmitted discases(STD’s). tuberculosis, gas(ritis  common cold and onchocerciasis,
+
lucre  are  no health facilities within the area, however the local people use Siho clinic (up to 4 hours walking distance 1 located in Sibo town.
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3 Ltecnulier l<J?31
I
I5-4.4
Housing3
Most housing is traditional thatched roof. The sizes of the huts arc ’3m- to 33m - and their estimated cost is Birr SOO to 1000.
Small Scale.'Micro Credit Facilities
Micro  credit facilities arc limited  in  the area.  The available credit is mainly  tor improved seeds and fertilisers. It is provided by Wcreda Agricultural Offices through extension services.
Out Reach Services
Hie Wcrcda Agricultural Offices provide education  and  technical assistance to  the peasants regarding  soil and  water conservation.  improved  farming  methods,  crop protect inn (including coffee) anima! health care and family planning. I hese sendees arc channelled  through  Agricultural Development Agents.  Veterinary'  service is also provided to the peasants directly from the Wcrcda agricultural offices.
Income Generation and Suh.Mstcncc
C tilth fltion
The inhabitants of the DIZ,except Mcjcngcr, largely earn their livelihoods from grain production 1 he total cropped area is about 900 ha. I he main crops, yield and the Mile price arc given below.
Table 5-2: Crop Ylcldn and Price*
Main Crops
Percentage
Yield (Q/lm)
Side Prirc{Birr/Q)
maize
sorghum
soybean
beans
peas
65
15
JO
7
3
15
12
9
K
7
110
90
75
190
200
Animal Husbandry
Live stock is also a source of income in the area. A household from the middle income group keeps about 5 cattle. 2 sheep and 5 chickens.
Bee-keeping
Mejenger tarn their liselihcad from bee-keeping they do not ktep any livestock except chickens. During the field survey the interviewees claimed that n households may
For  the  purposes  of  compensation  each  household  is  assumed  to  have  one  main  house  upon  which  the compensation schedule is based. Compensation for the main house will include an element for sundry small (often temporary) structures used by a household
c^prcjciU^thidplii’^iiby'ihnr• • iqw. cliari«05z
2 iM-ember 3993manage 50 - 200 hives. The annual production of hone} per hive is about 5 kg and the current price of honey per kilogram is Birr 6.
Fishing
A  limited  amount  of  fishing  activity  takes  place  on  the  river  for  subsistence  purposes only.
.5                 Co m merci* I Sc rv i.ee Providers
Commercial  activities  are  not  well  developed  in  the  DIZ.  A  few  residents  sell  iocnl drinks like Arckie, Tej and Tell a in the villages.
-6 
Local Issues
Skill Base
As ihe residents of the area are predominantly farmers, most of them are not accpiaijitcd 
with  technical  skills  such  as  masonry,  carpentry,  plumbing  etc.  However,  regarding 
manual  work,  many  individuals  would  be  suitable  for  project  employment^  especially 
during  construction  phase  when it is anticipated large quantities of unskillcd/semi-skilkd 
manual labour will he required
Public Perception of the Project
In both the formal and informal meetings and interviews that took place in the DIZ as
part  of  the  field  study  component  of  the  IEA  the  social  scientists  attempted  to  gauge
public  reactions  to  (he  proposed  project.  From  local  communities  in  the  DIZ  the
consensus was that the project would be a positive thing
Fleets- cili l«pl. rtggbgto nra*. rcpnrlkh.%nc-fts jnc
2 Uccembtr I O'H■
I
I
I5 - S
5,5 5.5.1
MAIN RESERVOIR AREA
Ethnic Groupings
The reservoir area includes parts of Kelimetu,  Geniechu,  Babogimbo  and  Koreyaya Peasant Associations.  (Allcdidu  Wcrcda.  Oromia Region) and  Chago.  Abclo.  Gatinio, Wello  and  Keja Peasant Associations (Masha-Aiiderncha Wereda.  SXNPR).  Flic residents of these peasant associations are Shakicho (74.5%). Oromo (2 (.6%) and Mania (3.9%).
5.5.2
Census Pula
H«wmcIi old Size
The  total  number
of  households
of  the  DIZ  iv 
about
4073  and  the  average  size  of  a
SJJ
household is 4.5 Of the total households. 64 households arc female headed.
Age-Sex Structure
The total population of the DIZ is estimated at 18.480, Of this 51.7% are male and the remaining 48.3% are female. From the observ ations made during die field survey most of the residents arc below 30 years old.
Social Serv ices
Education
I here are 50 elementary schools in the DIZ. Of these 2 schools ore belong lo Ch ago 
Peasant Association and the remaining peasant associations have one school each
Schools attended  elsewhere are Mtishn  Junior and  Senior Seconditry  High  School tor students from Chago,  Abclo.  WcloT Keja and  Gatirno  Peasant Associations and  Lalo Junior Secondary  School and  Gore Senior Secondary  High  School for Students from Kchmctu. Gcmechu, Rabo gimbo and Koreyaya Peasant Associations.
Health
I  he  Major  diseases  in  the  area  are  upper  respiratory  infections,  intestinal  parasites, anaemia,   skin   infection,   diarrhoea,   gastritis   and   Onchocerciasis,   Malaria   is   also prevalent around swampy areas.
There is one clinic within  Chago  Peasant Association,  one health  station  built in  Keja Peasant Association but not yet functional; and one health station under construction in Gatimo  Peasant Association.  The remaining  Peasant Associations have no  health facilities w ithin (heir area
The residents of kelimetu,  Gamechu,  Babogimho  and  Knreyaya use Lalo  clinic 1  to  3 hours walk located in 1 -alp Peasant Association; and for higher mcdicnl treatment they go to Gore Health Centre and Mclu Hospital, 50km and 70km respectively Hie inhabitants of Chago, Abclo, Wein, Keja and Galimn Peasant Associations use Masha Health Centre 2 to 3 hours walk.
c 
rqwi\thnfpl-05
2 DectrfiSrr 190S5 - 9
Housing
The average number of huts per household is two and they arc (hatched roof The sizes of the huts are 12m- to 42m* uncl their estimated cost is Birr 500 to 1500
Small Scale/Micro Credit Facilities
Micro  credit facilities arc limited  in  the area.  The available credit is mainly  for improved  seeds and  fertilisers.  It is provided  by  Wcreda Agricultural Offices through extension services.
Oul Reach Services
The Wcreda Agricultural Offices provide cducutiun  and  technical assistance to  the peasants regarding  soil and  water conservation,  improved  farming  methods,  crop protection (including coffee) animal health care and family planning. These services are channelled  Lhrough  Agricultural Development Agents.  Veterinary  service is also  given io die peasants directly from the Wcreda agricultural offices,
Income Generation and Subsistence
Cultivation
The inhabitants of the DIZ largely earn their livelihood firurn cultivation,
The total cropped  area (excluding  enset) of Chago,  A be Io,  Gatimo,  Wclo.  and  Keja Peasant Associal ions is about 3030ha The main  crops,  annual yield  and  current sale prices nt Masha market are given below.
Tnhte 5-3: Crop Yields and Prices
Main Crops
Percentage
Yield(QZlin)
Sale PrirefBirr/Q)
maize
beans
peas
bark*y
left'
43.7
IS
14.1
13.1
9.1
12
6
6
8
J
100
20(1
200
150
300
wheat                          4                                 6                                    200
The total cropped  area (excluding  enset) of Kclimelu,  Gamechu,  habegimho  and Korcyaya is about 2971 ha. The major crops cultivated, yield and sale prices al Gordomn market arc shown below:
l ’ipsoj«ti c'hKjpjB\ggbg\bafoVt|MH .hnpt-'?5 J .
2 Dc«iiiibcr | WH,I
■5 - 10
Table 5-4: Crop Yields and Price*
Main Crops
Percentage
Viel<l(Q-lia)
Side PriccfBirr/Q)
maize
sorghum
lefT
coffee
63.5
19.7
11.2
3.6
(6
7
2
5
100
90
100
550
5.53
5.5.6
Fnsei is one of the major crops grown in all Peasant Associations mentioned above; however due to lack of reliable data it is not quantified in this report
Animal Husbandry'
Livestock is another source of income in the area. A middle income Household keeps about 5 cartie, 2 sheep, a horse and 5 chickens.
Bee-keeping
Bee-keeping is also a source of income in the area According to the key informants, currently 1026 households are engaged in bee-keeping, and each household rnnnnges about 75 hives. The annual production cd honey per hive is about 5kg and the price per kilogram is Birr 6.
Fishing
A limited amount of fishing activity takes place on the river for subsistence purposes only.
Com mere I :i I Sen ice Provider*
Commercial Service* arc not developed in the DIZ. A few residents sell local drinks like Arekie, Tej and Tel la in the villages.
Local Issues
Skill Base
As the residents of the area are predominantly formers, most of them arc no I acquainted with  technical skills such  as masonry,  carpentry,  plumbing  etc.  However,  regarding manual work, many individuals would be suitable for project employment, especially during construction phase when it is anticipated large quantities of imskilkd/srnd-skilkd manual labour will be required
Public Perception of the Project
In both lhc formal and informal meetings and interviews Ihnt took place in (he DIZ as part of the field study component of the IEA the social scientists attempted to gauge
ctyrtrccs CLhaipi«'.nghg\hjHo report'dlnpl-05 iJhv
2 December I ‘>*ft5
a
a
a
a
a
!■
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5,6
public  reactions  to  the  proposed  project  From  local  communities  in  the  DIZ  die consensus was that the project would be a positive thing.
Households in the areas where resettlement would be necessary, however, were more cautious and qualified in their approval. Most agreed that if necessary and adequate compensation  was made to  them then  they  would  support the implementation  of a hydropower project on their land, To prevent approval, or at least neutrality, to the project turning to hostility, significant effort and resources must be channelled towards an environmental mitigation programme.
THE HARO DPP SECONDARY IMPACT ZONE
Informatton on the distribution and dcnsily of human population in the Bare River Basin is shown overleaf This area is termed the secondary impact zone as it is likely that there will he some (though  slight) changes to  socio-economic dynamics and  natural ecosystems within its boundaries.
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T6-1
Chapter 6:
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL LMPACTS
6.1
BIO-PHYSICAL IMPACTS
6.1,1
Acsthedc/LiiiidscHpc Imjjactj
Visual aesthetic  and landscape impacts  arc  often overlooked or under-played in environmental assessments due to the intangible and/or subjective nature of many of the impacts  combined w ith the difficulty of quantifying changes in .1 meaningful way, The capacity of the landscape In accept and accommodate change is a function of:
•    topography;
•    rhe degree of visual containment offered by a sire and its surroundings,
•   the colour and variety of local landscape forms and elements;
•    seasonal variation in vegetation;
•    the nature of the proposed change i c. the attribute* of (he proposed development;
•     the  degree  of  iniervisibihty  between  the  development  and  public  viewing  points which in turn is conditioned by the amount of physical and visual containment offered by near and intermediate vegetation and structures;
•    the scope to enhance a site's capacity to accommodate change and reduce adverse perceptions through landscape treatment of the site and its surroundings.
Concerning the matter o^ 'sigIli^icrulce' :
,
,
in order to assess this more subjective element,
it is necessary to have regard to the nature and importance oT lhe view in which any change is perceived. Views will generally be regarded as important where public access is  available, frequently  used and where viewing points  embrace a landscape of high quality  or of grear interest This  will also be qualified by  lhe location, extent, character and qmiEtty of the area from wh ich and within which a proposed project w ill be seen as well as  the factors  that condition intervisibtlity  It is  wrong to always  assume that, because something can be seen, it will of necessity be intrusive or obtrusive or will harm die quality  and character of the surroundings  or the amenity  to be enjoyed at any particular viewpoint.
furthermore, there are several variables  which will influence whether or no! n development will be seen and to whal extent: for example, the diminishing effects  of distance and weather conditions  arc  Important influences  as  are div  character and composition ot the setting and backdrop in which and against which change is  to be v iewed.
Objects appear smaller and less distinct with increasing distance. Objects may be more prominent and discernible when seen against contrasting backdrops whether of land or
sky depending on angle of view; colour; reflectivity; presence and angle of light; and
general weather conditions including wind direction.
A  compact  development  will  be  perceived  as  a  block  m  lhe  landscape  but  of  limited extent  A  mure  dispersed  development  has  the  polentiid  advantage  of  being  more transparent with a reduced influence on perceptions exerted over n w ider area. A widely dispersed development could appear chaotic. Substantial planting between elements or
c. projects^Lhlap laVBEbfiXbnro^refiOf
- Dc«mbcr*
■
'■
■
■j6-2
6.1X1
in front of key viewing positions can create the impression of a more dispersed form of developnicnr
Objects that have elements of movement in their aspect are more drawn to the eye than objects which are static.
Finallv  significance will he heavily  conditioned by  the personal preferences  of the viewer This  is  rhe most subjective clement of all in terms  of landscape assessment There arc  many  who find hydropower developments  exciting, powerful statements  of clean energy generation which arc attractive in their own right and which can ndd to the interpretation, understanding, character and interest of an area. Equally, there are others who adopt negative views concerning the idea of such developments in the landscape The word "idea* is stressed since understanding and perceptions of hydropower projects can vary and adjust through lime.
By their nature the physical components of a hydropower scheme tend to be contained within a river valley, thus  their ability  to intrude upon the -iky  line is  limited. The exception Io this  may  be the transmission line system to link  a project to a local or national electricity grid.
The creation of a large body of water to form the reservoir for a hydroelectric project is perhaps  the most significant landscape alteration brought about by  development of this type Again, the effect of this  on visual amenity  is  often highly  subjective. There are likely  to be those who fee! an artificial lake (which may  to all intents  appear natural outwith the dam site area - depending cm operating procedures) is a positive visual asset. Equally  there will be those who hold that such an alteration to the river landscape is wholly unacceptable and considerably lowers the intrinsic value of the scenic feature in question
For local people there be more than a Aiew” at stake as  the existing landscape may harbour all sorts  of cultural connotations, rhe extent to which the existing river landscape is  important in the local consciousness  and to what extent its  alteration wilt draw negative or hostile reaction wall need to be established as part of a detailed study inin the proposed development.
Generation of Rock Spoil
Tunnelling and excavation activities  will generate n large quantity  of rock  spoil. This may  well precipitate unacceptable environmental impacts  if lhe disposal of material is not carefully  planned. Such impacts  will not only  he visual, but may  also negative tn terrestrial habitats if excess spoil is merely dumped nt the nearest convenient point.
It is to be hoped that some proportion of the material will be used in the construction phase of the project, depending on its  properties  and (he facilities  to utilise it. Some proportion may  also he dumped in the reservoir inundation area where its  visual and ecological impact will be minimised. Any  remainder will have to be integrated into the lindscnpe so as to form an acceptable part of with minimal adverse impact to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
l ^w|<!GtV.c:hjD?ii eths'h.ini’njMJfi’.cliiqrt-L'irj doc
2 Ikccmhcr 199.1I
I
I
I6-3
6.1.2 6.1.2.1
Terreal rial Environment
Low/Degradalion of Habitat
Haro I nnd Burn 2
I he most significant loss will he the forest areas, particularly in the river valley. Given
the scale on i which Ethiopia has been loosing areas of primary forest in historical and
recent times, this is a significantly negative impact.
The access roads to Haro 1 and Haro 2 traverse land that is used for agricultural purposes 
or sundry human activity, for the majority of their route The more serious impacts will
only occur where the roads descend the escarpment through the more pristine forest
1 he proposed Bare 1 and 2 sites are located in the Transitional Evergreen Forest of the
Baro Valley The distribution of Illis type of forest is limited to South-west Ethiopia and
now remains only in scattered areas This forest contains a rich diversity of flora with
some  distinct  species  that  are  unique  to  this  ecosystem,  and  some  economically 
important plants including              rn/jfer and spices like Korarima and long pepper.
Construction of the Haro 1 and Baro 2 dams lhe filling of the reservoir at Bare J und the back-up of water from Haro 2 dam will result In the loss  of forest habitat. The con st met ion of intake structures tunnels, powerhouse, tailrace, etc. of both Baro I and 2, as well as changing hydrologic regime between intake and tailrace, will adversely affect sections of forest: particularly the riverine forest In the case of Baro I, about 2.6(H) ha of forest land will need to be clewed for (he reservoirL In addition, the intake weir al Baro 2 will flood a section of the riverine belt, perhaps  as  much ns  1300 ha. Furthermore, a significant area of forest land will be lost or disturbed due to construction of intake structures, disposal of tunnel spoil, powerhouse, tailrace, access rouds, clc
In addition to the loss nf forest habitat, construction of Baro HPP will affect some areas of woodland vegetation. This impact is most relevant for the Baro 2 site, particularly oil the access roads that lead to the proposed diversion site and powerhouse. However, loss of this habitat is not expected to be significant ns lhe areas to be affected will not be large and this type of habitat is widely represented locally and regionally.
Main Reservoir
For the main reservoir area the most serious impacts will centra around the inundation of wetlands and the loss of valuable forest cover. Construction of the proposed dam and Hooding by reservoir will cause loss of about 4,500 ho of forest and w etland areas Of this  estimated area, about 3800 ha is  forestland and 700 ha is  wetland. Therefore, implementation ot the project would adversely affect part of the last remaining rainforest of the country, and the important wetland areas and associated habitats. The wetlands are important for the diversity of plant life they support and also for wildlife, particularly in drought periods.
In addition, the reservoir area has  great importance in terms  of conservation of biodiversity, It has  n rich flora and is  particularly  important for the conservation of forest genetic resources, mid coffee and spice germplasm. The forest contains potentially
1 At a reservoir clcvatwn of 1501m.
■ pfiijccn cihiupifl'iKjbt'b4ru\rcpwi uhijrt-Ofi.doc
? December I 99 RI
Ib - -I
6.1.2.2
6J.2J
useful species of multipurpose nets and shrubs; species for limber processing and species of potentially high’value hard wood.
I (us of Rarc'Kndcmic Species
Hie extent to which there arc any particularly rare or endemic specks of flora in the zones of disturbance for the Bare HPP is not certain. At the present time the working assumption is that losses will most likely be of numbers in individual species, not in species themselves Thus tlic loss is probably not one of biodiversity However. this must be subject to confirmation at full BA,
It must also be recoinised that though there rnay not be any species of plant endemic exclusively to the zones of disturbance; it is highly likely that there are locally endemic species. Therefore. any reduction in numbers within the species may be enough to push that species close to. or over. the threshold of extinction. In this way conservation of biodiversity becomes a factor in the evaluation of the project,
Previous studies on flora of the Haro 1 and 2 areas arc very limited. However, some past studies oh flora of the forests of the South-west Ethiopia in general identified these forests as one of the major centres of endemism in Ethiopia. The forest contains a number of endemic plant species, eg. Aframomum korurtonu (a valuable and expensive spice in Ethiopiak Cir.rhwFr denUer. Darsfenta ioerensenii and A/tryffrtujr Aurefleirrij, Of these X. htrurtma is abundant in the Bare 1 reservoir and Project Area as well as sections of the Access Road, as observed during the field survey. Also, the species />. .tderensew and AZ ftunmCTnrjj are classified as vulnerable and may be present in the DIZ.
There arc unlikely to be any biodiversity issues concerning the fauna in the disturbed areas. Both the larger and smaller mammal species arc likely to Ik: displaced to adjacent areas of similar or identical habitat. There max be u loss of relative abundance, but not of biodiversity. The entomology of the project and reservoir areas, though, is less certain and will require more study. Similarly, for avifauna little is known and further study will be required.
Soil Erosion
There will he increased soil erosion and physical impacts on soil structure associated with project construction Soil erosion is  a function of rainfall amount and intensity, topography, soil type but principally il is influenced by disturbance mid changes to land use by human activities. Destruction and clearance of the natural vegetation lor roads, civil works, construction compounds etc particularly on steeper slopes, will increase the potential tor erosion as the ground becomes more exposed and loses the soil binding properties associated with the rooting systems of the original plant growth.
Selective defoliation may  also bring about a shift in cover values  and species composition, in some cases stimulating and in others adversely affecting growth and the spread of particular species. Reduced cover values and increasing bare ground may exacerbate erosion together with physical changes in the soil adverse to plant growth. Heavy construction vehicles operating in the area can also lend to soil compaction and adverse structural changes.
rhe degree to which changes in rates of soil erosion and physical alterations to structure will be significantly negative will ultimately depend on the effectiveness of
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2 December IQQSi
n
11
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II II n
■
i
i
i
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I
i
i6 - 5
cnv  iron  menta  l  management  measures  and  rhe  corn  milm  ent  of  the  coni  mi  tor  to compliance.
6.1.2.4                  Air nnd Climult
Hie proposed  development will impact negatively  on  air quality  at a localised  level. These impacts will be noticeable but not significant,  except where people and  heavy iTansporL'construciion  machinery  are in  very  close proximity.  Currently  there are no major point-source polluters in  the study  area and  air quality  may  be characterised  as very good
Potential localised impacts to site workers and local communities centre around possible inhalation of dust and exhaust fumes that may sensitise the airways and lungs, for plants and  animals,  air pollution  problems can  be caused  by  a combination  of physical and 
chemical stresses that may affect the reccptor' s physiology . In practice it
,
is likely to be
dust  generation  that  is  lhe  major  problem,  particularly  for  crops  planted  close  to  road verges.
Table 6-1: Key Air Pollutants and Their Anlliropgenic Sources
Pollutant
Source
sulphur dioxide (SO2)
particulates (dusk \mokc PM|q)
nitrogen oxides (NOx. c.g. NO. NO2) carbon monoxide (CO)
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) e g. benzene loxic metals c.g. lead, cadmium
greenhouse gases eg carbon dioxide, methane ozone (Oj)
diesel vehicles
diesel       vehicles.       construction, quarry inp. biomass combustion combustion engines
combustion engines
petrol engine vehicle exhausts petrol engines
comhustion engines. biomass combustion
secondary' pollutant formed from VOCs and NOx
lhe creation  of a large body  of standing  waler for the reservoir and  alterations to  the river regime w ill affect the micro-climate of the study area. However, nny changes arc mibkely to be significant or to cause variations outside the parameters normally existent within the system.
t,\prt»jccu c hinp1a‘.gEhp iJtfi.i rcpuil'thiipL-M Jpc
2 Ik., ember 199?6 - 6
6J3                  Aquatic Environment
Tlie aquatic environment will be disturbed by project implementation in two distinct ways, directly associated with project phasing.
1  Construction phase Environmental impacts will centre around the changes to water quality a_s a result of lhe inevitable increase in sediment loadings from increases in rates of soil erosion. Additionally, there will be the risk of chemical and organic pollution  from  accidental  spillages  and  potential  failures  in  the  environmental management system.
2  Operational phase. Environmental impacts will centre around lhe changes to the river (low regime and the impoundment of water creating a new lentic ecosystem
6.13.1              Water Quality
The chemistry of natural waters varies considerably and this contributes to the diversity of species and habitats found in fresh waters. Damage tn a freshwater community is most likely to occur when human activities modify the chemical environment Io lhe extent that it strays outside the natural range for the river
Physical changes can also result in chemical impacts to the river system eg. destroying riparian  forest can  lead  to  an  increase tn  nitrate inputs.  Physical changes such  ns vegetation clearance leading to greater erosion will also impact on water quality through an increase in sediment loadings and turbidity
There will inevitably be a negative impact on waler quality downstream of the project, however the risk of excessive chemical contamination is low. The greatest cause for concern will be nti increase in sediment loadings and physical changes in the reservoir and dowtistream.
6.13.2              Alteration to River Regime
Flow Reduction
lhe  implementation  of  this  project  will  lead  to  a  change  in  the  river  flow  regime dow nstream of the dam such that:
•   Flows arc significantly reduced during lhe reservoir filling period
•   The river hydrograph is flattened in lhe operational phase; lowering flood peaks and maintaining a more constant annual flow pattern.
•   A stretch of river between rhe dam and tailrace outlet is at least partially desiccated
lhe above changes will he      significant.       Water How is one of the  main factors that distinguish freshwater ecosystems and is critical to both lheir functioning and ecology. 
The effects of How go far      beyond changes in water velocity      as    such changes are invariably accompanied by    changes in     other parameters, such as   dissolved oxygen concentration,  nutrient  fluxes  and  sediment  type  and  volume.  In  general,  still  water habitats such as reservoirs accumulate sediments, including organics, heavy metals and such absorbed nutrients as phosphates so the ecological effect of any pollutant inputs may   Intensify   with   time   Running   waters   generally   export   materials,   including pollutants, downstream. This means that the effect of pollutants on river and stream
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■ De w cm tier EQ^SI I I
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II6-7
fr.13.3
communities are more likely to he transitory bi  any one point, but may also affect far larger area's before becoming degraded or diluted.
Flood Modification
A*s outlined above, the project will influence ant! significantly alter the shape of the river hydrograph downstream of the dam. Changing the flow rate and natural flooding regime of the river can damage aquatic communities adapted to the prevailing (natural ) flow and may irreversibly modify the physical and biological environment. Implementation of the project will, for certain stretches of the river, drastically alter stream widths, flood regimes and bottom substrates with consequent knock-on effects for the channel and ftocdphlin communities. Many species also require more than one part of an aquatic habitat at different stages of their life-cycle. Removing any one habitat, therefore, may result in lhe loss of species exclusively associated with that habitat; but also removing any one habitat, or blocking the migration route between them, can lead to lhe loss of species that arc dependent on them part-time, seasonal h or temporally as part of their breeding or life-cycle.
In practice what will establish is a new equilibrium with plant and animal co ill in unities present that are adapted or able to tolerate lhe altered conditions. Whether (his will lead to a net increase in biodiversity through The creation of new habitats, or whether there will be a loss of species diversity to be replaced only by changes in relative abundance is not certain. Additionally, the potential for alien species to establish in competition to indigenous communities is also uncertain.
Fish and Fisheries
Construction Phase
Fish are sensitive io mechanical vibrations and it is therefore anticipated that noise may have an impact on the fish fauna in the vicinity of lhe construction site. Blasting will also have a short-term negative impact on the fish fauna in this area. The impact is considered not significant although information on the effect of noise on fish, generated by construction activities, is limited
lhe increased sih load, as a result of construction activities will affect fish fauna in a number of ways:
•    Reduced light penetration, thereby reduced photosynthesis which in turn results in lower primary production.
•   Reduced visibility of food for fish
•   Reduced breeding success.
Deposition of silt can cause great damage to die eggs and young of certain species of fish, especially those that spawn in redds and gravel, causing suLfocation, induce stress, reduces growth rate and resistance iu disease, afiect rocygen cnniumplion. haematology and social behaviour
However,  lite construction  impact on  fish  is not considered  significant,  given  the temporary character and lhe limited geographical extent of the impact rind the adaptat ion of the fish to .1 natural, seasonal occurrence of high silt amounts in the river.
c:'.ptt»Jecte zrhinpii iq!bgtba.T>\irj>a.n .hupbttf
2 December 1991II I Ib-8
6.13.4
Opr ration id Phase
During the operational phase there wilt he more significant impacts to fisheries with the impounding of w afer and alteration tn the river regime.
Changes to Specie* Composition
The alteration  of The river regime downstream of the reservoir will possibly  favour conditions for some fish and macro tn vertebrate species over others- The extent to which the competitive environment will he altered will require further study.
Changing one stretch of the river from 1 lotic Do a lentic environment will also favour existing  species of aquatic fauna Lhal arc better adapted  to  still water conditions. Additionally,  such  a profound  alteration  Io  lhe s/o/nv  may  give rise to  rhe prevalence of exotic species over indigenous varieties,  lhe establishment of commercial fishery will serve io alter species abundance if not composition
Barrier Effects
I'hc extent to  which  any  species of aquatic fauna requires free passage through  lhe potentially  dammed  stretch  of river in  not known  Given  the life-cycle characteristics of fish  known  from the basin  area it is unlikely  that their is a requirement for access to upstream areas for spawning.
Reservoirs) Characteristic*
Vegetation Considerations
I lie vegetation biomass in lhe proposed innundntion area is high. The effect of flooding will  vary  according  lo  species.  Some  species  decay  rapidly  when  dead,  others  are  very resistant
Overall,  the  potential  impacts  of  flooding  the  woody  vegetation  Can  be  summarised  as follows:
11 a risk that floating debris will interfere wilh the operation of gates, blocking of outlets or tunnels, etc.
2)   a  loss  ufwrod  resources  (timber,  firewood  or  raw  material  for  charcoal  manufacture, etc.)
3) a hazard to the navigation of vessels on the reservoir
4) a decrease in the possibilities for fishing
5) a. deoxygenation of the water
6)  an indirect health hazards (disease organisms)
7) loss ot visual amenity i.e. view of dead frees on the shores or in the water etc
8) an increased surface for benthic organisms
Il the biomass is nui removed  from the reservoir area prior to  inundation  then  negative environmental impacts associated  with  excessive nutrient loadings and  eutrophication will occur.
c 'iptiijccls c-hicpiiicbs'ttsro.rtpoTiXcliap^ Joi
2 December 199^II II I6 ’ 9
SI nt I ificu t ion
Depending on the climatic regime, the altitude, the nature of the inflow, rate of through* (low ami the physical dimensions of a reservoir,  thermal stratification  is possible.  This manifests itself as a boundary  at the thermocline between  a warmer surface layer (epilimnion) and  a cooler deeper layer (hypolimnion).  Reservoir stratification  can  have serious ecological consequences related  to  water release from tile dam Die water from the hypolimnion is cooler than surface waters and is also depleted in dissolved oxygen as replenishment by photosynthesis and contact with the atmosphere is prevented
A dam release from I lie hypolimnion  in  a stratified  reservoir will result in  oxygcit- depleted  water reaching  the downstream river reach  with  a consequent negative impact on  much  aquatic biota.  Additionally,  the temperature differential of the released  water compared to the natural regime may well impact negatively on some aquatic species in absolute terms; but may also remove important thermal cues necessary for the breeding cycle.
Die extent ro which the Bare 1 Reservoir or the Main Reservoir will be stratified is not yet certain  If modelling  determines that stratification  is likely  then  detailed limnological studies will be necessary  to  establish  the extent of adverse impacts generated.
Draw-down Zone
In  the reservoir water level fluctuation  within  a year and  between  different years is governed by inflow, regulation requirements for power production and also evaporation. Tile area laid  bare by  die annual draw-down  of the reservoir level is defined  as the ^draw-down zone". ITie shore areas influenced hy the draw-down will vary between the years depending on the reservoir level at the start of the draw down period and the extent of draw-down, [he reservoir level* prior to and during llic draw-down, is determined by the operating regime (release of water) and inflow.
Ihcrefore. an assessment of the impact on the shores by y early regulation of lite water becomes highly  speculative in  v  iew of the unpredictability  of inflow/ouiflow relations. However,  a set of different shoreline environments arc likely  to  develop  around  ihe reservoir in relation to the inundated landforms, slope and active processes
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6.2                   SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS
6.2.1                 Haro 1: Numlwr of People Affected
Project Area
] here are no people living in the project area to be n flee led.
Reservoir Area
No people are understood to reside in the urea Io be inundated.
Direct Impact Zone
In the direct impact zone. 40 households with a population of 176 will be dislocated by die construction nf the access road.
6.12                 Barn 2: Number of People ADected
Project Area
7 households with a population of 31 will be dislocated in Hie project area.
Di red Impact Zone
About 95 people will be relocated due to llic construction of the diversion dam and access mad.
6.2.3                Main Reservoir Aren: Number of People Affected
About 87 households with a population of 317 will be dislocated b) the reservoir and construction of the access road.
6,2.4
Potential Conflicts (Baro 1 und 2 Including Main Reservoir)
6.2.4.1
Nun-Indigenous labour and Local Communities
During the construction phase of the project, an influx of migrant workers will occur, 
and hence conflicts will arise between non-indigene us workers and local communities
due to transmission of communicable diseases, competition for project employment, use
of natural resources like fire wood etc. Overall, the socio-economic impacts of a large
construction labour force on communities nearby is likely to he negative.
6.34.2
Social Cohesion
1 he existing local communities social structure may be broken down due to an influx of migrant workers to the area with different social attitudes, beliefs, customs and habits
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6.2.4J
Pressure o
n Social Services
Health
As  there
.ire  few  health facilities in ihc area, lhe influx of a large number of workers
during the construction phase will create further pressure on the existing health facilities of the area.
Of particular concern will be Lhe greater prevalence of STD’s in Lhe project environs, particularly  HIV.  Such  an  increase is inevitable given  a large number of young  men working  on  the project (often  without their families) with  cash  incomes.  In  this environment prostitution will be fl prime causal agent of disease transmission.
Additionally,  construction  activities,  modifications io  natural conditions mid  greater pressure on the supply of potable waler will likely lead to an increase in water re luted diseases. Such potential hazards are outlined below.
Table 6-2: W ater Related and Associated Diseases-
Class
Vector
Disease
FPofer-Uurrttf
Bacterial
Salmonella (typhoid)
waler acts as passive vehicle for the infective agent.
IF uter- Washed
Infections th.it decrease as
a  result  of  increasing  rhe volume of available waler.
Viral Parasitic
Enteric
Skin
Hater'Based
A necessary pari of the life cycle of the infective agent lakes place in  an  aquatic organism.
Lcuse-Bonic Trepcnematoses Eye A; Ear Crustaceans
Enterobacteria (£, co//, Campylobacter), Cholera
Hepatitis A. Poliomyelitis. Rotaviruses. Enteroviruses Amoebiusis, Giardiasis, Intestinal protozoa^ Ba/aofiJinm
coli
Such as some diarrhoea’s and gastro-entcrilis
Scabies. Ringworm. Ulcers, Pyodermitis
Typhus and related fevers Yaws. Bejel. Pinta
Otitis, Conjunctivitis, Trachoma
Guinea worm, Paragonimiasis
Fish Shellfish
Diph>llobothrinsis. Anisnkinsis. Flukes
Flukes, Schistosomiasis
PTObt A. . 993. 1 he Management of Water Resources Development and Human Health in the Humid Tropics
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IClass
6 - 12
Vector
Disease
Hbrer fared
Infections spread by insects [hat breed in water or bile near it.
Mosquitoes
Tsetse Flics Blackflies
Malaria, Filariasis. Yellow fever. Dengue, I Incmorrhagic fever
Trypanosomiasis Onchocerciasis
<L2,5
Education
As there are limited number of schools in I he area, lhe influx oT migrant workers with their him i lies will create pressure on I he existing educational fiici lilies of the area.
Opdcj rtunities a nd Constraints
Ihc construction of the access road, of the base camp and of the dam itself will stimulate u demand for labour in ihc area. However, to the extent thai [hr construction work will be capital intensive,  [he demand  for unskilled  and  semi-skilled  workers is uncertain  at this singe. In view of Lhe low skills base among the local population, this would imply an  influx  of skilled  workers rather than  recruitment from the project environs Some unskilled employment opport unities will he created though.
Wage labour
During  ihc construction  phase,  therefore,  a number of people residing  in  the local area will have the opportunity  to  eel temporary  employment,  Some small number of local people will also likely gel permanent employment during the operational phase.
Trade and Commerce
The construction of the project and the presence of a labour force of around one thousand is likely  to  create a significant demand  for basic consumer goods.  It is for this reason ill at business people in the project area and surrounds face the prospect of the an upsurge m commercial activity.  A growth  in  retail trade,  in  particular,  might be anticipated  for ihc duration of the construe lion programme.
Commercial activity in the direct impact zone of the project is limited and the extent to which  lucid  people will have the necessary  skills and  resources to  benefit from the opportunities particularly in retail trade, is uncertain. What is certain, though, is that Lhe construction ph use of the project will act as a magnet for business people over a wide area. It local people arc unable Io establish themselves quickly in the new market then their position will quickly be usurped by outsiders intent on taking advantage of a large captive customer base.
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6 J                    RARO 1: SUMMARY OF RELOCATION AND RESETTLEMENT TnbJe 6-3; Approximate Numbers i>f AfTtcIril People
Area
Settlements
No of
Households
Total Niu tif
People
Access road
Project Aren
Reservoir inundation Area
Ilka Town, llnlu and Did j he P.A.'s
-
-
40
176
-
-
-
-
Table 6-4: Physical Structures and lnfr*«njcturc A Reeled
Area
Shop L
Ch u re ll us
Houses
River Crossing*
Sc book
Civic
Buildings
Access Road Project Area
Reservoir Inundntlon
Area
-
-
■
■
■
40
-
-
-
-
•
-
-
-
■
-
-
6.J.1                  Land Take
Following is an estimate of land lake by die project by type and/or ukc .
1
It deals with 
main  categories  only  thus  there  will  he  some  discrepancy  when  the  figures  below  are compared to total reservoir area plus land take for infrastructure.
Table 6-5: Lund Area Subsumed by Project
I .and Use/Typc
Cultivated land Grazing land
Wet land'marsh Forest
Woodland & bush
Total Area (ha|
28 2
-
2600
700
’ Note; some open woodland and bush may be used For rough grazing
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6.4                     BARO 2: SUMMARY OF RELOCATION AND RESETTLEMENT Tubk 6-6: Approximate Numbers of Affected People
Area
Settlements
No. of
Housc h oh I s
Total No. of
People
Access road
Project Area
Reservoir inundation Area
Megersa and I .c lisa Peasant Associations Jejebe mura village
16
7
-
64
11
Tnhle6-7t Physical Structures and Infrastructure Affected
Area
Shops
Churches
Houses
River CroNshte*
Schools
Civic
Buildings
Access
Road
Project
Area
Reservoir Inundation Area
-
-
is
13
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6.4J                      Lanil Take
Following  is an  estimate of land  lake by  the project hy  type and/or use.  It deal*  with main  categories only  ihus there will be some discrepancy  when  die figures K’hnv  tire compared to total affected urea.
f able 6-8: Lund Arm Subsumed by Project
Land Use/Typc
Cultivated land Grazing tend Wet land/marsh Forest
Wood'mid & bush
Total Area (ha)
17
-
1304
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2 netember ITOB6 - 15
MAIN      RESERVOIR      AREA:
RESETTLEMENT
Table 6-0: Approximate Numbers of Affected People
SUMMARY        OF RELOCATION               AND
Area
Settlements
No or House bold
s
Total No. of
People
Access road Project Area
Reservoir inundation .Area
Habit and Kore
Daehaknba, Gojc and Mctugoyna
20
-
67
76
*
241
Table 6-10; Physical Structures and Infrastructure Affected
Area
Shops
Churches
Houses
River Crossings
Schools
Civic
Buildings
Access
Road
Project
Area
Reservoir Inundation
Area
■
■
20
■
-
-
-
-
-
*
-
-
67
8
-
1
6.5.1
l-nnd Take
Following  is on  estimate of land  lake b\ the project by  type and/or use,  Lt deals with main  categories only  thus there will be some discrepancy  when  the figures below arc compared to total reservoir area plus land Lake for infrastructure.
Table 6-11: l and Area Subsumed by Project
Lund Use/Type
Total Area (lia)
Cultivated land Grazing land
Wet land marsh
Forest
Woodland & bush
m
100
700
3800
302
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Tabk 6-12:
SYNOPSIS  OF  POTENTIAL  IMPACTS  FROM  CIVIL  WORKS  AND  ACCESS ROAD CONSTRICTION
Summary nf Potential Fin J ro omen fa I Tmpaeli Fn*ironmenlnl Impacts
1 Alteration of topography
1 2. Vegetation removal,
2, Erosion, sedi menial ion and soil compaction from construction 
activities.
13.Marred landscape (scars from roads. works and quarries etc.).
3. Potential soil acidification, salinisation, warming and contaminant toxicity.
14 .Introduction of exotic species.
4. Noise and visual disturbance.
15.Ground and water conLim innlion by oil, grease, and fuel in equipment
yards.
5. Direct mortality of livestock and w!i Idlife from road kills.
16. Permanent destruction of buildings, vegetation and soil in the right of way, borrow pi! sites, works area, waste dumps, and equipment yards.
6. Creation of stagnant water bodies in borrow pits, quarries, etc. suited to mosquito breeding and other disease
sectors.
l7,AIteratfoiVdisruplion to the natural flow and flooding regime of die river.
7. Landslides, slumps, slips and other
nu» mu vein cuts in road cuts, disturbed 
areas.
18. [n voluntary resettle me nt and loss of access to natural resources for local
people.
H, Increased suspended sediment in streams affected by erosion, decline in water quality and increased 
sed i me ntation do w nstrea m.
1 ^.increase in pressure on local social
services.
9. HcalLh hazards and interference of plant growth adjacent to road by dust raided and blow n by vehicles or
chemicals.
20.Social disruption caused by the
const ruction camps and l he influx of migrant labour
IP Accident risks associated with vehicular truffle and transport thut may result in spills of loxic materials., injuries or loss of life.
21 .Pressure on local formal and informal institutions.
[ LDisrupticHi/dcstruction of wildlife through interruption of migratory routes, disturbance of wildlife habitats, and noise related problems.
22. Ad verse aesthetic: rm pacts from landscape alterations,
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i6-17
6.7                     POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
The obvious benefit of a hydroelectric project is electric power,  which  can  support economic development and improve the quality of life in the sendee area. Additionally. Hydroelectric projects .ire labour-intensive in  die construction  phase.  thus providing employment opportunities during this period. Roads and other infrastructure may provide local inhabitants with  better access to  markets for their crops,  educational facilities for their children,  health  care and  other social services.  Moreover,  the generation  oi hydropower provides an alternative to die burning of fossil fuels which allows the power demand lo be inc I without producing heated water, air emissions and ash It may also help to prevent deforestation to an extent and replace the unsustainable off-lake of woody biomass with electricity as a source of energy. The extent to which this is possible will be dependent on the future pricing structure, the progress of rural elec tri fie alien and the level of economic demand within Ethiopia.
Other benefits may include flood control and the provision of a more reliable and higher quality  water supply  for irrigatiorL  domestic and  industrial use.  Intensification  of agriculture locally  through  irrigation  can.  in  turn,  reduce pressure on  un  cleared  forest lands,  intact wildlife habitat and  areas unsuitable for agneuhurc elsewhere.  In  addition, dams create a reservoir fishery  and  the possibilities for agncidtural production  on  the reservoir draw down area, which in some cases can more than compensate for losses in these sectors due to dam construction.
6.7.1                   Specific Benefits Accruing from tile Bare I1PP
Employment
There will be a positive impact on local wage labour opportunities during the construction phase of the project Additionally,  a small number of permanent jobs for local people will be created during rhe operational phase, though these will he essentially low-skill e g. guards, maintenance etc.
Commerce
During  the construction  phase there will be commercial opportunities generated.  These may bene Lil local, regional and national construction companies in Ethiopia depending upon  contract awards.  Additionally,  there will be opportunities for shops and  trades people serv ing the construction workforce, as well as a continuing,, though much lower, level of demand during the operational phase of the project. Il is likely that die injection of comparatively large amounts of cash into the local economy will generate a significant multiplier effect that will spin off into more generalised benefits for the local population.
Irrigation
Irrigation  agriculture on  a large scale involves significant investment and  technical expertise in  ait operations] capacity,  When  combined  with  water storage facilities for hydroelectric installations in  areas of seasonal rainfall irrigation  usually  ends up competing  with  power generation  during  the djy/fow-flow season.  For these reasons, together with  the natural topography  of the project area and  traditional agricultural practices,  it is unlikely  that large-scale irrigation  will develop.  though  there mav  be opportunities for very localised artisanal development,
; winQ5Mnnp'<hnpt6-b*ro doc
25 Minus |iM96 - 18
Fisheries
l’hc creation  of a large body  of water where none existed  previously  will result in  a significant opportunity  for fisheries development The exact scale of the benefits will be determined by cultural responses to the fishing industry, the suitability of the reservoir lor stocking  with  commercin] fish  varieties and  tin? operating  pattern  of the reservoir. However, it is anticipated that the net benefits will lie significantly positive.
Mitigation and Compensation
The mitigation and compensation schemes (including community gain proposals) will be a positive benefit for the local people. Individuals and families that urr directly impacted and may he have to be resettled will be provided for such that they arc better off than before.  Communities in  the DIZ  will benefit from improved  infrastructure and  greater access to social serv ices such as health and education
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Chapter 7:
ENVIRONMENTAL mitigation and management
74                      Bio-PHVSICAL MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT MEASURES
As a genera! principle bio-physical mitigation measures should give priority io avoiding disturbance in areas of pristine terrestrial and aquatic hnbitats. Siting decisions regarding permanent features i,e,  reservoirs,  powerhouse and  ancillary  components should internalise this principle Location  should  reflect the need  to  combine technical requirements,  economic viability  arid  environmental protection  Ultimately  there will need to be some trade-off and compromise to ensure that the Final design gives some (if not equal} weight to the goal of environmental protection.
For the more transitory  elements the above principle should  also  apply.  Every  effort should  he made to  align  roads,  locate quarries,  sand  burrows and  the construction campfs) sensitively  and  to  minimise construction  land  take Examples of some specific mitigation  measures necessary  or desirable during  the design,  construction  and ope rational phases arc outlined  below under general category  headings,  but it must be recognised that mitigation should he built-in as an integrated package or process.
74.1                    Landscane
With  sensitive design,  responsible construction  techniques and  effective rehabilitation the overall Ioss of visual amenity associated with the project cart be lessened. There is a need  to  integrate the project components with  the inherent topography  of the area to maximise the potential for terrain masking and minimise v isual intrusion.
design phase
Construct ion phase
Operational phase
Vertical and horizontal alignment of any new roads should follow the natural relief as closely as possible.
Require sensitive siting of contractors’ compounds and materials sites.
Replant and maintain vegetation to restore the natural appearance of construction surrounds.
Where possible powerhouse should be located underground and tunnels used for water conveyance in preference to canals.
Remove all vegetation from the reservoir area which may protrude after filling.
Maintain water quality fn die reservoir to avoid 
eutrophication.
Buildings/works should be engineered to match the site*5 inherent topography.
Minimise vegetation clearance for project infrastructure.
Attempt to regulate reservoir levels to avoid an unsightly draw-dim n zone.
Choice of appropriate engineering designs and materials in minimise the
Utilise rock spoil as for as
possible in the works and 
consider dumping excess
Maintain  mining  water in  the dam to tailrace outlet re rich io preserve visual amenity.
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disturbance to the visual integrity and physical continuity of the landscape.
7.1.2                   Terrestrial Envirnnment
7 - 2
Construction phase Operational phase
into the reservoir inundation area.
The terrEstri.il environment composes of die natural habitats.  flora and  fauna ot the project area as well as the semi-natural habitats,  cultivation  and  settlement.  The parameters that impact on the terrestrial environment include the potential for increased sori erosion; air.  water and  ground  pollution  From toxic and  organic waste materials; noise pollution; alteration  to  the natural drainage pattern,  natural vegetation  clearance and the destruction of llora and fauna. Mitigation measures to minimise adverse impacts on the above parameters arc suggested in the following sections
7,1  J.l                Soil Erosion
Destruction  and  clearance of the natural vegetation  for roads,  civil works,  construction compounds etc will increase the potential for soil erosion as the ground becomes more exposed and loses die soil binding properties associated w ith the rooting systems of the
original plant growth. Soil erosion can be addressed in the following ways:
design phase
const ruction phase
operational phase
For any road construction side drains, longitudinal drains, culverts and appropriate angles of cut* and-fill should be incorporated to combat soil erosion and accommodate run-off.
Preserve top soil stripped from the road edges and cunvmiclion site for re-use on banks and elsewhere on exposed areas. Create □ stockpile of topsoil to be available as a resource in remedial or stabilisation work. Liaise with local communities over the disposal of any excess soil
Maintain i rc-vegetal ion programme and discourage lhe unsustainable offtake of woody biomass.
Make allowances for seasonal climatic variations (rainfall in particular) and adjust the pro cram me of work accordingly.
Layer borrow pi is w ith soil and plant trees within if they arc near habitation (unless required to provide materinl for maintenance).
Maintain erosion protection measures on access roads and Ji scourage off-road driving by project personnel.
Ensure that disturbance and vegetation clearance are minimised in erosion prone areas (sleep slopes!.
Discourage grazing in disturbed areas until rc vegetal ion has token place and new- growth is firmly established.
Erodible surfaces should be cut only during dry weather and re-planted ns soon ax
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possible. In vulnerable areas wheel tracks may be sufficient to initiate gullies, espec ially if infiltration has been impeded by soil compaction and run-ofl accelerated by de- vegetation.
npi'mtional phase
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Waler and Drainage
Alteration to the natural drainage pattern of the area can conflict with local peoples water requirements.  create unhealthy  pools of standing  water.  waler-logging.  increased sediment loadings and  negative water quality  impacts.  Amelioration  can  be tackled  in the following ways:
design phase
Align any new roads and buildings to avoid disturbance of the natural drainage pattern as far as possible.
Identify where
coni amination would be serious, lithological characteristics (notably porosity and permeability)
of die sub-surface rock should be determined. If
not impermeable, ii would certainly transport effluent
to the aquifers. Thus where it is porous and perm cab lc  no 
const rue lion phase
Provide adequate settling facilities for particulale matter held in suspension.
ope ration ul phase
Avoid conflicting with waler demands for domestic inid livestock consumption.
Ensure toxic compounds are not located at water accumulation points. Chemically contaminated run-off should he intercepted and discharged where it will not leak to and con Lam inale surface and groundwater.
Ensure that disturbed  waler courses are re-engineered  to prevent excessive erosion
T
discharge should be
permitted
7.1.13                Air Quality
Air pollution  in  rhe proposed  construction  area is nor currently  a problem.  The project will not knd  to  a significant deterioration  in  air quoliLy.  except in  very  localised instances (mainly  through  dust),  Ncver-the-less environmental best practice should  he employed els follows:
I
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design phase
Consider 1he use of vegetation screens in the design io filler particulate matter (subject to bio- phy sic al constrain is 1
construction phase
.Modem equipment should be used if possible and well maintained io minimise air pollution. Diesel engines should be subject tn regular checking mid cleaning oi the injectors In minimise
ope ration al phase
Access roads should he watered periodically to minimise dust ( if applicable).
emissions.
7.1.2.4                Noise
The ambient noise levels in  She proposed  construe lion  areas are low (unlikely  to  be above 40dS except close to  the river).  Construction  machinery  will create noise significantly  above background  levels.  Even  ft silenced  compressor typically  records 70dH while a poorly  silenced  bulldozer would  be expected  to  record  in  the region  of 94dB.  Negative impacts will be mitigated  by  the relative distance of existing  settlement from lhe construction  sile(s) but there are stilt the access roads to  consider. Environmental best practice would  propose that die following  recommendations are
considered
design phase
cons true rln n phase
operational phase
Make provision Tor the imposition of speed restrictions in areas where there are communities in close proximity to the road.
Consider  limiting  working hours in more environmentally sensitive
areas.
Ensure that ancillary machinery  is contained  and silenced as far as possible.
Ensure works vehicles are well main mined and noise suppression sy stems are operable.
Ensure works vehicles are well maintained  and  noise suppression  systems arc operable.
Minimise the use oT explosives and promote a systematic blasting 
schedule.
7.1.2.5 
Waste
Products and Pollut
ion
Sol.d 
ami   liquid   wwte
product, 
wiU
inevitably 
be
generated 
in
quilu
5flllle
quailh
tj( s
.
especi
ally during the con
struct ion 
phase
of the proj
ect
These wast
es
will a
rise
from
the
operation   mid   maintenance   of   heavy   machinery.   vehicular   move   menu   and   the accommodation of a large constniction workforce in tim.
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driigri phase
cgmlruclioH phase
operational Phase
Devise a plan far satisfactory disposal of waste A waste mtmagemcnt plan must he produced by the conrrnclor. and approved and overseen by the supervisory engineer. For example, it will not be acceptable for scrap metal and waste oil
to be dumped Elt or near the roadside or in the river.
All vehicles and machinery should be provided with drip-pans for catching oil. Oil spillage can be minimised during construction by vigilant supen ision of the contractor. Oil spillage during operation will he a function of the efficiency of the maintenance
procedures.
Regular inspection regime and continuation of best practice procedures developed for the construction phase.
Provision should be made Ibr non-hazardous waste to be compacted and entrenched in a proper landfill sited over impermeable sub-soil, well away from drainage
courses.
Waste oil. lubricants and chemicals should be removed to a waste management facility where they could be recycled, incinerated, decontaminated and/or decomposed safely. 1 f there is no such facility available, the contractor should propose, demonstrate and use an environmentally safe system of hazardous wiislc disposal.
Proper sanitary engineering for the permanent operational com pan nd (s).
Plan to locate temporary physical structures in areas conducive to
coiuamment/conirol of waste mm trials. Water courses, shallow ground waler areas etc. should he avoided.
Paint explosives and other chemicals should be registered in and out of the construction compound, the register made available lo the env iroruneulal inspection team, and the Contractor fined for losses other than trivial amounts.
As far as possible the project should prevail; and subsequently rectify, degradation and 
contain inaiion of sites used for rock and/or soil storage; fuel, oil, other chemicals and/or explosives; containers and temporary shelters for storage; and open-air storage of building materials.
1 ’
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2 r*e«,Tber I'm7 - 6
7.1.2.6                 Ecology /Habitat
Fxology is defined as the relationship between living organisms and Their environments or lishiLals.  Fcologs includes (he analysis of species populations (biotic communities) and  ecosystems It is important to  address the threats to  individual species populations; the loss of a single dominant or key species can drastically affect the whole community However,  the impact of development will most likely  nfTecl entire communities and ecosystems and llie loss of these can be a major threat to species.
The ecological component of the LEA looks at the poiential project impact on terrestrial habitats through  a number of factors previously  outlined.  In  addition,  mitigation measures should he also incorporated as follows;
design phti'ie
construction phase
operational phase
Ensure the zones of disturbance avoid as far as possible ecologically sensitive habitats and/or wildlife migratory routes
Minimise the ofT-takr of woody biomass for temporary buildings and fuel by the workforce. Prohibit workers from illegally exploiting the local natural resource base
Ensure Ihrii vegetation replanting programmes are completed.
Provide if
possible- necessary suitable animal crossing points.
Minimise surface disturbance which can promote the spread of invasive weeds. Bum. not simply discard, all pieces of invasive weed disturbed by construction. Monitor invasive weeds which linbiumlly spread along roadside verges
Minimise areas disturbed for operational purposes and employ formulated best practice guidelines.
Road cross-scction can be reduced or modified by using narrower widths, smaller cuts mid fills, flatter sideslopes. Vegetation should not be c Icarcd nccd Uc ssly.
Require the contractor not to discard organic waste carelessly as opportunistic pests, such as ran, often follow human activity.
Monitor for the spread of invasive alien species.
Provide fencing to prevent wildlife and livestock wandering onto the roads and/or construction site.
Construction 
si Ic/com pounds should undergo restoration after project completion
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I7 - 7
To obtain a guide as  to significance of the flora and fauna components  al the likely disturbed areas it is recommended that the full FA carry out detailed surveys. Hiese may use a ranking system to define significance ns follows:
Table 7-1: Species Conservation V’aluc Rating
Criteria 
CntcBoriw
in rental tonally
common
common
cowmen
comm, chi
rare
rare
rare
nationally
common
rare
common rare
ccmcnmi
common
rare
rare
rare
locally
comnwn     rare             common     rare        common     rurc             common      rare
Rating                0                1               2               3                4                5                6                7
Value
7.1J
Aq yatic E nyiron me nt
Most   rivers   are   characterised   by   three   interconnected
zones;   the   channel
the
subterranean   hyporhcic   zone   and   the   river   corridor   or
floodplain.   Protecting
river
ecosystems  involves  maintaining  the  wide  range  of  habitats 
associated  with  all  thr
ee  of
these zones. To preserve and protect the aquatic ecosystems
likely to be affected b
y the
project    and    to   maximise   efficiency   and   longevity   the
following    measures 
arc 
recommended
design pbiue
construction phase
operational phase
Lrisure ihc zones of disturbance arc minimised and avoid as far as possible ecologically sensitive
habitats.
Careful environmental management tn avoid polluting water courses.
Careful environmental management to avoid polluting water courses.
Attempt to minimise residence time for water in the reservoir to discourage aquatic weed growth.
Clear biomass in the inundation zone to avoid eutrophication problems.
Management of the reservoir to minimise residence lime.
Consider an integrated catchment rnanagmenl plan io  minimsc  sedimentation in the reservoir.
Rcplanl disturbed areas as 
soon ns possible to prevent
erosion. Erosion protect ion
and stabilisation measures.
Hydraulic removal of
sediments.
Allow for a compensation flow relcRse in the dam to tailrace outlet stretch Provide for the setting up of a fish hatchery in the reservoir if appropriate.
Avoid claiming construction materials, c.g. sand, from (he river bed.
Compensation flow release in the dam to tailrace outlet stretch.
Maintain minimum flow release during reservoir
filling.
M»kc provision tor staged release of water from the reservoir to maintain natural water temperatures downstream.
Operation of the reservoir to partially replicate the natural flooding regime.
Minimum flow release requirements downstream of the Main Dam/tai Irsee.
,
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7.1.3 J               Com pc nation Flaw Release: Intake Dam to Tailrace Outlet
Depending on the operating pattern of the Qaro power station, and the nature and flexibility  of the intake arrangements, a compensation How release may  he required between the intake and tailrace outlet. A systematic  approach should be applied to determine the need for and volume of n compensation flow release into the stretch between the intake dam and the tailrace outlet.
rhe follow ing aspects should be considered:
1. Occun-cncc of unique habitats and or sensitive aquatic species
2  Quantity  of  unique  habitats  and/or  sensitive  aquatic  species  in  relation  to  remaining quantities of the same elsewhere (estimates in % of total)
3. Importance of the river water to the terrestrial fauna
4 Importance of the river water to people and their livelihood
5.  Importance of the river water from an amenity point of v tew
6.  Physical consequences of a zero release alternative
7.  Rationale for, or against, n zero release alternative
8.  Objectives of mitigation (if needed) and minimum flows required
The  objectives  in  allowing  fora  compensation  flow  release,  together  with  preliminary estimates of discharge are examined below.
Table 7-2: Objectives of Compensation Flaw Releases
Objective: to provide
water for:
Estimated    discharges required (cumecs)
Achievement
Man and domestic animals
0.5 - l.Om^s
A sustainable and reliable surface water resource.
Terrestrial fauna
0.5 • 1.0 nr Vs
A sustainable and reliable surface water resource
A wide array of aquatic and semi-nqualk plants and
animals
2.0 - 3,5 m^/s
A permanent, although minute, aquatic system of running surface water find pools(wlth through- flow) behind sandbars and rocks. It will be disrupted irregularly when spilling occurs.
Disease vector control
2.0 - 3.5 m^/s
Sufficient waler flow to prevent the creation of stagnant standing poolv'ponds that may facilllate the breeding of disease vectors.
Amenity
2.0 - 3.5 m-/s
The appearance of running w ater in the river landscape.
7332                   Lmtreim Flow Requirement
I  he  determination  of  instream  flow  requirement  downstream of the  project is a difficult mid  complex  task,  and  one  for  which  there  Is  no  universally  acceptable  methodology. Work pioneered in the USA on river instream How requirements! suggests that 30% of
L'he Montana Method applied io cum:wing habitat quality for nqunkic IiTc-
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2 December |»Hji7 - 9
mean annual flow (MAF) is  sufficient to maintain a good basic  functioning of river ecosystems. In South Africa legislation demands  that 22.5% of mean annual runoff (MAR) be considered ns  minimum insiream flow requirement (applied proportionately so as to mimic the natural flood regime).
7
Menn annual flow al the intakes for Bam 1 and Bare 2 arc around 6 m ’/s; while at the regulating dam site it is  around 43m3 & Maintenance of a mean annual minimum flow of approximately 20.8m3 to downstream of Bare I and Baru 2 iuid I3.6m3/s for the main reservoir dam is  the preliminary  recommendation This  is  the tentative suggestion al JEA as  being sufficient to safeguard the main existing components  of n functioning aquatic  habitat in the river, but this  will need to be studied further at full EA- High inflow from tributaries  between the mam dam and the jntake(s) accounts  for the difference in the suggested mean annual discharges  for minimum inMrcam flow requirements.
Taking the figure of 30% of mean annual flow and breaking it down to obtain the mean monthly  flow suggested for insrream flow requirement results  in the figures  given ill the tablets) following. It must he noted, though, that absolute minimum discharge is  not recommended to fail bclowr 4.5m3/s  downstream of Bare I and Bar© 2 tailraces)
3
(3.5m /s release from main dam); even if 30% of natural flow is less than this during the normal  low  flow  period.  The  environmental  consequences  of  daily  variations  in  writer level  are  more  difficult  to  assess.  This  concerns  in  particular  the  fish  and  benihic  life forms Overall, it is proposed that:
•     A  detailed  mitigation  management  programme  be  formulated  during  the  full  EA  to further  lock  into  lhe  issues  of  minimum  flows  and  alteration  to  the  river  regime  and present means io mitigate or avoid unnecessary impacts.
•     The  full  EA  make  suggestions  for  monitoring  activities  during  the  operational  phase to   closely   follow  the  changes  and  if  necessary  propose   mitigation  steps  where relevant
•     The  volumes  needed  to  achieve  the  objective  of  a  surface  flow  should  be  finally determined by trial releases after the completion of the dam.
id  maintain  a  functioning  aquatic  habitat  in  die  river  below-  lhe  tailrace  outlet  the following arc suggested.
•   Maintenance of minimum flow.
•     Maintenance  of  a  good  quality  of  water  released  from  the  reservoir  including  water temperature and oxygen levels.
•     Maintenance  of  acceptable  hydrology  for  any  key  aquatic  species  and  important wetland areas downstream.
•     Provision  io  allow'  some  spilling  of  the  dam/highcr  release  during  the  natural  high flow period to partially replicate the natural flooding cycle.
Technical Sol u lions to Adverse Environ menial Impacts
Depending on lhe likelihood and degree of significance of adverse environmental impacts  associated with water release from the reservoir dam. die following technical solutions could be explored:
•   Selective w ithdrawal urTangemcnls
•    Spillway design optimisation
•   Compensation flow release valves
•    River-bed engineering to maximise rc-aernlion downstream of the dam
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I7-10
Tahir 7-3: Preliminary Insfream Flow Estimales Downstream of Haro I <St Haro 2 raiirace(s)
Month
iMean Monthly Suggested Minimum
Natural Flow 2             Release
January
February
March
April
137
4.5
68
4.5
4.7
4.5
7.2
4.5
May
June
20.2
6.1
51.9
15.6
July
August
September
October
November
December
132.6
39 X
181.8
54.5
202.3
60 7
125.1
37.5
38.6
11.6
18.6
5.6
Mean
67.0
20.8
Figure 7-1:          Ccimpnrlson of Natural River Discliargc With Suggested Minimum Flow Requirements Downstream of Haro I <8c Baro 2 Tailrnce(s)
Bara MRP Comparative Hydrographi
’ rhe Barn I site is taken for reference in format ion
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I7 - 11
Tnble 7-4: Preliminary Iiwtreaim Flow Estimates Downstream of Burn Main Dam
Month
Mean Monthly
Natural Flow
Suggested Minimum
Release
January February March April
May June
Ally
August September October November December
89 44 30 47
130 33 5 85.6
117.3
130 5
60 8
24 9
12.0
35 35 3.5 35 3.9
10.1 257
35.2
39 2
24 2
7.5
3.6
Menn
43.2
13.5
Figure 7-2:          Cam parison oF Natural River Discharge With Suggested Minim uni How Require men l s Downstream of Bara Main Dam
Biro HPP Main Dam Sila Comparatlvi Hydrograph*
a id 3M f !W <
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ITC . 'fia IN
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I7 - 12
7.2                     SOCIO-ECONOMIC MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT MEASURES
Socio-economic  mitigation measures  will centre around the need to deal with compulsory  resettlement in a sensitive and equitable way. Additionally, loss  of assets nnd productive reources needs to be addressed along with potential negative impacts on health and the ability of kcal social services to cope with increased demand.
7.2.1
7X1.1
Design Tliase
Dis
semination of Information
an
d Public A
wareness
To
avoid  false  and  potential
ly 
damaging
rumours  circula
ting
concerni
ng
the  Project  a
nd
to
promote   the   principle
of
communi
ty   participation
in
project
im
plementation.
a
targeted  and  comprehensive  public  awareness  campaign  should  be  initiated  as  soon  as possible by the project proponents.
Such a campaign needs to involve a combination of press and broadcast media, together with the briefing of local officials  and organised public  meetings  for those people who will perceive themselves  lo be directly  affected. Given the literacy  levels  in the project
environs, simply  publicising the project through the newspapers  and/or posters  and
pamphlets  will not in itself be adequate. It is  recommended, therefore, that a series  of
radio   broadcasts   may   be   appropriate,   aimed modalities of the projected and allaying any fears 
at   ccmmunicating   the   rationale   and
that may have been raised by false
or
misleading information.
722
Construction Phase
7X2.1
Employment Opportunities
To help stem any uncontrolled influx of people into the project DIZ nnd to maximise t
he
benefit   ol   the   Project   for   local   people   the   contractor   should   he   required   to   gi
ve
preference to the hiring of local people in the construction phase, this applies particula
rly 
to man uni labour.
In  addition,  consideration  must  be  given  to  providing  direct  employment  opportunities 
lo
women  and  the  contractor  should  be  obliged  not  to  discriminate  against  women  in  the hiring of certain categories of manual labour
7222                  Social Services
Health
Of the potential adverse social impacts, one of the most serious  is  the trnnsmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Preventative and curative measures arc available lo reduce transmission of some communicable diseases  between the workforce mid the local population An awareness  and hygiene campaign should he mounted in advance of the construction work. Workers  and local residents  alike should be sensitised to the risks, particularly  o( HIV. Workers  should receive periodic  medical checks  and be treated if possible.
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I7-13
Physical mitigation measures should ensure that works do not create, even temporarily, pools of water where insect vectors of disease, especially mosquitoes, may breed. Such pools should be drained as quickly as possible if near settlements, Care should be taken to avoid contamination of water courses supplying domestic water supplies.
As  part of the mitigation package provision is  made for the establishment ot a health centre in the project DIZ. This centre should be freely available to project workers and Incal people alike and be a permanent fixture even after the construction phase. The influx  of new migrants  (some of whom may  stay  on after the construction period) will put unacceptable strains on existing health infrastructure
Education
Assuming th Hl some migrant workers bring their families and there is an influx of people looking for work, pressure will accrue on local educational facilities. The extent to which this will be serious has not yet been determined. As part of the money allocated for resettlement it is  envisaged the a proportion will go towards  physical educational resources  (hut not teachers) frainingfacquisition of teaching personnel may  be through the institutional capacity  building programme. Overall* it will need to be established where local communities put education on their list of priorities.
7.2.2 J                Physical Compensation
Houses
People should receive compensation for houses  lost to make way  for the project The principle should be that replacement dwellings  should be better than the original Suggested costs appear in the compensation schedule for this project.
Land
Land in the project DIZ is not privately owned, therefore compensation can not be based on any market value of the land in question. In determining how to compensate for loss ot land it is assumed that the PA will allocate new plots of land lo Uio.se people displaced or disadvantaged. Therefore, compensation should be allocated on the basis  of lost income from the 'and and the time and labour necessary  lo bring new land into cultivation?1 use The compensation schedule for Baro HPP assigns three years of income lo cover the above; distinguishing between arable land and grazing land.
7i2k2.4               C ul Hural and Arch neo logical Heritage
Sites of archaeological significance that are not located by the I ILA or full EA may he discovered during the course of construction. Such unanticipated discoveries  of remains at an archaeological and/or historical nature, termed “archaeological chance finds”, arc frequently  round within 0-3 meters  of the present surface. Most often they  arc concentrations  of items  such as  pottery, worked stone, and human and animal bones, without commercial value, but of significance lo archaeologists, historians, anthropo legists and palaeontologists.
The  following  archaeological  chance  find  procedures  should  be  adopted  in  the  Project design and construction contract
- Oternher IW.7-14
•   notification of the find to rhe .1 Li then ties in Ethiopia;
•   request for a representative to make a site inspection;
•    cessation of work in the vicinity of the find until flic visit of a representative; and
•    a decision by the authorities on possible salvage or excavation (required within -IS-
hours of notification).
RwUtemclH: princitiles and Compel Hon procedures
World Bank  (1991) guidelines  dealing with resettlement espouse the principle that people should be at least as  well off, and pre t ern hl y  better alter reset dement. A social development programme needs  to be developed incorporating and applying internationally acceptable concepts of fairness and equity.
Developing  a  suitable  compensation  and  social  development  plan  lor  the  project  that addresses the problems inherent in any resettlement is likely to be a two stage pnxess.
I.   A  detailed  cultural  and  socio-economic  profile  of  the  potentially  affected  population needs to be obtained. In the normal course of events this would be a pari of the full EA of the project. To achieve this goal a competent social scienlist(s) will need to be deployed in the Study Area with the necessary lime to earn the trust of local people and  implement  a  programme  utilising  appropriate  participatory  rural  appraisal  (PRA) techniques.  The  social  scientists)  should  be  an  Ethiopian  familiar  with  the  local languages,   religion   and   culture   of   lhe   direct   impact   zone   To   ensure   the   full involvement of women in the process, and to deni sympathetically w ith gender issues, at least one of the social scientists deployed should be a woman.
2.   Following  from  the  baseline  cultural  and  socio-economic  survey,  the  views  of  die local  people  should  be  sought  concerning  the  possibility  of  resettlement  (in  practice there  will  be  considerable  overlap  between  this  element  and  Stage  I).  With  an appropriate  understanding  and  insight  into  the  community's  function  and  mind-set regarding resettlement, an equitable and acceptable programme can be implemented.
Any  resettlement plan that is  to be of value must not be a top-down solution; rather it should come about through a process of negotiation and consensus amongst the affected parties, the result will, in effect, be a compensation schedule that is  unique to the project and tailored to meet (he specific needs and concerns of the local people.
As well ns the physical aspects. people should also be compensated for intangibles such
os "sense of place", cultural identity, heritage and ancestral ties This need not involve
large sums of money bur should be dealt with through a process of consultation to
demonstrate sensitivity and an awareness of the more spiritual concerns of the local
community,
7.2.3.1               E xperienee of Resettle nte nt Prog rn m mes
Resettlement has  often been one of Lhe least satisfactory  components  of many hydropower projects  A major reason has  been failure to appraise lhe resettlement plan in the held Dus  has  often led to under-designed and underfinanced resettlement components, which have turned into relief rather than dcvelopmenVrchnbdittitioii
1 WinM Bunk 1991
2 Dcecmlier JWII I
■7-15
7JJ.2
operations. The most significant environmental impact of poor resettlement operations is impoverishment and lhe environmental degradation poverty produces.
The risk of impoverishment in any forced resettlement operation is high because of the loss  of a productive resource base and established coping mechanisms. In addition, unlike voluntary  resettlement which usually  involves  self-selected, younger families, compulsory resettlement dictates that everyone move.
For the above reasons a Resettlcmcnl Plan should be prepared as part ol the full EA. Where the number of people displaced is relatively small (tens or hundreds). a modest plan may  be adequate. where the displaced people number in the thousands, the resettlement plan should be comprehensive and part of wider or regional development strategies. In all cases resettlement planning should be started as early as possible in the project cycle
Amongst (he factors to be considered in a resettlement plan are:
•    Organisational  Capacity  for  Resettlement  and  Development,  Department  responsible; line agencies to assist; plan for organisational development, training.
•      Participation  of  Affected  People.  Strategies  for  direct  or  indirect  participation  in decision-making,   implementation,   operation,   and   evaluation   of   lhe   resettlement   of both settlers and host populations.
•    Baseline  Data  on  Affected  Area  and  Population,  Census  of  population;  property  and common   areas   inventory;   map   of   receiving   area;   environmental   constraints   in receiving area.
■  Resettlement  Policy  and  I  egal  Framework.  Definition  of  affected  lands,  structures; compensation and entitlement criteria; resettlement objectives: grievance procedures.
•    Development Plan for New Sties.                De Lai led engineering plans and layouts: agricultural development packages; non-agriculttirnl employment packages;
monitoring arrangements; environmental protection,
•      Transter   Arrangements   Information   campaign;   transition   monitoring;   maintenance arrangement; mobilisation schedule.
•     Cost  Estimate,  Financing  Plan  and  Implementation  Schedule.  Diagram  of  activities, cost and financing by year.
Environ mental Impact nf Resettlement
The lull EA ol the project should include analysis  of the impacts  of the Resettlement Plan on the natural, cultural and socio-economic  environments  lhe most significant environmental impacts  occur in the resettlement receiving areas  to which people are moved mid stem mainly  from new productive activities  they  engage in upon arrival. Assessment, therefore, should take place once development plans are detailed enough to specify alternative resettlement sites and proposed production systems
1
Resettlement will mean increased population density, with consequences for local people as  well as  natural resources  Increased population densities  may  call for special measures to address sanitary and public he al 111 conditions where none were needed
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2 I>ecTtmh<r IW7 - 16
7.233
I
I
I
before. More people usually  means  more livestock, which increases  competition with hosts  for pasture. Game, fish and bird species  may  be more heavily  exploited. Forests may  be damaged by  increased fuel and forest products  gathering unless  alternative sources  of building materials  and fuel can be obtained The information provided in the development plan for the new sites should encompass
Host Population
Census  of people already  residing in receiving area; social organisation of the host communities; ethnic, linguistic, religious  and other cultural features  of groups, population density and growl h rates.
Resource the Patterns
Customs  which regulate access  to land, waler, forest and other resources; uses  ol resources  in production systems, including farming, livestock  rearing, manufacturing, gathering systems.
Use of Area by Non-Residents
Seasonal  use  by  herdsmen,  fishermen,  collectors  of  forest  products,  logging  companies, suppliers of industrial materials etc.
Formnl I .egal and Customary Uie-Rights
Inventory  of  constitutional,  legislative,  administrative,  contractual  or  customary  rights  to use resourcev
Inventory oT Fauna and Flora
Surveys to take into account seasonality; uses by host population.
Social Infrastructure
Inventory     of     schools,     medical     facilities,     communientions     Transport     networks, marketplaces, information on water supply, drainage, and waste disposal systems.
Assessment of Public Health Conditions
Epidemiology of health risks and diseases in the area; environmental pollution problems; sanitary and hygienic conditions.
Institutional Assessment
C  apacity  of  local,  regional  and  national  organisations  to  participate  in  decision-making, implementation, operations nod maintenance, and evaluation of the resettlement
The economic viability of proposed production systems is a critical element of the
assessment. It new production systems fail lo restore or improve incomes, displaced
people may turn Io unsustainable extraction of natural resources in order to survive. The infrastructure requirements of new settlements demand special emphasis. Access roads 
may be needed to establish resettlement sites, which can be expected to induce resource extraction activities etc.
Resettlement Option'* for tile Haro Project
Preliminary  surveys  and Held information indicate chm there is  suitable residential and agricultural (or potential agricultural) land available in the Project vicinity. This  means that those individuals  and communities  that must undergo compulsory  resettlement wilt be able to find alternative residence in areas where they have at least peripheral links to their former socio-economic and cultural environment
,
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Additionnib, land allocation to replace like with like is possible according to discussions with  the relevant P.A.'s in  the project surrounds.  However,  thia will need  to  be firmly established by n further detailed survey.
7,2,4
Operational PIihsc
7.2.4.1
General Compensation Io Local Communities: Community Gitin
The main beneficiaries of the Project are not those living in the immediate Project Area
or  Reservoir  Area  DJZ’s  For  example,  few  people  in  these  areas  have  access  to 
electricity or running water, Some people will get construction jobs for a limited period 
of time. Ihe rest will have to live with increased noise and dust, increased insecurity as a
result of hcavv traffic, increased pressure on existing social services and reduced access
to the natural resource base etc. I'o a certain degree the local population bears the brunt
of the costs for the enhancement of the well-being of people in the urban centres of the
country.
To help offset these unintended. yet tangible, adverse impacts. proposals for "com in unity 
gam"  are  common  for  hydropower  schemes  in  developed  countries**.  The  principle  is
that   local   people   should   not   have   to   effectively   subsidise   a   project   through   a
deterioration  in  their  material,  social  and  cultural  quality  of  life.  On  liie  contrary,  the
implementation  of  a  large  and  expensive  infrastructure  project  should  bring  positive
benefits  to  those  that  are  within  Jis  direct  rone  of  influence  Provision  is  made  in  the
indicative  environmental  costs  section  for  a  small  capital  expenditure  and  a  two  phase
annua!  recurrent  financial  support  mecharmm  (construction  and  operational  phase),  to 
offset general negative impacts associated with implementation and promote community’
involvement with the project.
One possibility for imtigaimg these localised adverse impacts could be the upgrading and 
the maintenance of existing roadsAracks utilised by local comm unities (and the project). 
Another, could be the construction of wells for drinking water in the villages closest to 
the  site,  support  to  local  schools  nnd  health  centres,  a  tsetse  control  programme  etc
Often  an  effective  way  io  distribute  funds  allocaled  to  community  gain  is  through 
. 
support  io  NGO*s  and  ongoing  development  programmes  already  established  in  the project area and its surrounds.
These community gain initiatives arc Ihirly low cost but they will enable the affected 
people in the direct impact zone to tcel that they arc benefiting from having the project
on their doorstep. Il people arc alienated from a project and have no sense of ownership 
or belief in its ability to benefit them then they will react to it in a negative or hostile
manner.
7.2.5                  Gender taues
Equality in terms ci access to natural resources and equity in the distribution of benefits from their direct and  indirect consumption,  irrespective of gender,  is h fundamental principle that must be applied to the development of compensation nnd resettlement
* For example 41 percentage of power ales to be invested with local communities to help negntc any lont-tcm unpHCts. 2% of power sales is a commonly quoted figure - but arbitrary allotaiians are no substitute for proDcrk 
planned community ^ain schemes, 
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2 December WS73 73.1
plans. It is right that both sexes have equal access to sufficient resources to sustain their basic needs.
The IEA locks at the environmental impacts of the project on  local people and communities.  While the physical impacts w ill generally  fall uniformly,  the adverse social and  economic impacts associated  with  implementation  will offer fall disproportionately  upon  women  It is incumbent,  therefore,  on  environmental planners that they address these issues when designing prescriptive mitigation strategics
The IEA docs not specifically  differentiate by  gender as regards the degree to  which negative project effects impact.  In  some cases,  as with  activities that have an  adverse impact on  ecologically  sensitive habitats,  the net loss to  society  is essentially  borne equally by both men and women. However, it must be recognised that when situations of scarcity  or inaccessibility  arise rl is usually  women  that suffer disproportionately. Where there arc negative impacts identified  as arising  from implementation  it must he recognised that gender issues arc inherent in the final outcome As an illustration of this the case of water resources can be taken. Alterations to natural drainage patterns if not carefully considered can have very negative consequences, e g
•     In the rural societies that exist in the project DIZ supply of domestic water to the family  unit  is  the  responsibility  of  women.  Therefore,  any  constraints  as  regards water availability or quality w ill impinge on Lhe sphere of responsibility of w omen to a much greater degree; h is they who will largely be left to cope with the physical and/or economic burden of ensuring basic supplies
•      Health   risks   associated   with   contaminated   supplies   of   drinking   water   arc comparatively    much    greater    for    infants    and    young    children    Child    care   is traditionally  the  responsibility  of  women  in  rural  Ethiopian  societies,  This  means tliat,  again,  it  w  ill  largely  he  women  who  have  to  manage  the  physical  and  or economic burden of nursing sick children.
Overall then,  it needs to  be recognised  when  reviewing  the results of I lie impact assessment generated by this IEA that (here is an element of discrimination ns regards the distribution of adverse impacts. I lie activities analysed often do nut intentionally set out to  promote or exacerbate inequality  but social,  cultural and  political realities often dictate that there is a gender bias in actuality.
PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE: ACCESS ROADS
Potential EnviroDinenraJ Impact* and Mitigation Measure*
The siting ot a road is the most critical decision in relation to scale and significance of environmental impacts.  Alignments through  heavily  settled  areas,  sensitive ecological habitat,  productive agricultural land,  and  locations where there are potential natural hazards, should be avoided. Once the area for the road is chosen, core must be taken to avoid  constructing  it on  steep  slopes,  unstable soils mid  places where runoff and drainage will be problematic.
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Mitigaliuii Measures
1. Erosion from fresh road cute and fills and Icmpnritry sedimentation ot natural drainage ways.
Limitation of car th moving to dry per tods. Protection of most susceptible soil surfaces with mulch.
Protection of drainage channels w ith berms, straw or fabric barriers. Installation of sedimentation basins, seeding or planting of crod ibte surtaces as soon ns possible.
2 Ground and water contamination by oil, grease. and fuel in equipment yards.
Collection and recycling of lubricants
Precautions to avoid accidental spills.
3. Creation of stagnant water bodies in borrow pits, quarries, etc, suited to mosquito breeding and oilier disease vectors
Assessment of vector ecology in work areas and employment of measures (eg., improved landscaping, filling or drainage) to avoid
creating habitats.
4. Environmental and social disruption by conMnjclion camps
Careful siting, construction and management of construction camps
5. Destruction of buildings, vegetation and soil in the right of way, borrow pit sites, waste dumps, and equipment yards.
Harvest and utilisation of public domain forest resources prior to construction.. Compensation given to private
landowners.
Restoration of sites io original condition to extent possible through reclamation 
measures
6. interruption of subsoil and land drainage patterns in areas of cuts and fills.
Installation of adequate drainage works
7 Landslides, stumps, slips and other mass movements in road cute.
Route alignment to avoid inherently unstable areas.
Design of drainage works to minimise changes in surface flows and adequate to local conditions, according to prior
surveys
Stabilisation of road cuts w ith structures (concrete walk, dry wall masonry, 
gabions, etc.).
S. Erosion of lands below die road-bed receiving concentrated out flow carried by covered or open drains.
Increase in number of drain outlets.
Drain outlets placed so as to avoid cascade effect
Lining of receiving surface w uh stones, concrete.
M  Inc reused suspended sediment m streams
Establishment ot vegetative cover on
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Potential Impacts From Access Roads              1 Mitigation Measures
affected by road cut erosion, decline in water quality'and increased sedimentation down stream.
credible surfaces as soon as possible. Establishment of retention ponds to reduce sediment load before water enters stream.
10 Marred landscape (scars from road)
Possible tourist site access roads planned with regard for visual aesthetics. 
Grade limitations to avoid cutting and filling where scenery would be spoiled. Maintenance and'or restoration of roadside vegetation.
11.J kflltli hazards and interference of plant growth adjacent to road by dust raised mid blown by vehicles or chemicals.
Dust control by application of water or chemicals
12. Com Ami nation of ground and surface waters by herbicides for vegetation control and chemicals (eg.. calcium chloride) for dust control.
Reduction of use.
Alternative (non-chemrcaD methods for dust control
tl Accident risks associated with vehicular traffic and transport that may result in spills of toxic materials, injuries or loss of life
Regulation of transport ot toxic materials to minimise danger.
14. Creation of a new pathw ay for disease vectors affecting humans and animals.
Establishment of plant and animal sanitation service and related checkpoints.
15.Disrupt ion destruction of wild- life through interrupt inn of migratory routes, disturbance of wildlife habitats, and noise related problems.
Siling to minimise impacts,
7.4
7.4.1
PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE: TRANSMISSION LINES
Principles of Siling and Roulinj
One   of   the   most   important   considerations   in   the   environmental   assessment   of   the
transmission   line,   related   to   mitigation   of   adverse   environmental   impacts,   is   an 
evaluation  of  possible  alternative  transmission  line  routes.  Many  of  the  environmental
mip.icLs resulting from electric power transmission lines can be avoided or minimised bs
careful right-of-way (ROW I selection and micro-siting of pylon foundations.
tollowing principles:
The need to select of ROW to avoid habitats.
I    he   environmental   assessment   of   die   transmission   line   should   b     miide(|   lllc
e
important natural areas and ecologically sensitive
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•   The need to select ROW to avoid aesthetically sensitive areas, including touriM sites
and vistas,
•    The need to select ROW to avoid important social agricultural and cultural
resources.
•   The need to select ROW io avoid areas of human activity.
•   The need to select ROW to avoid important bird habitats and flight routes
•   The need to select topographically sensitive ROW
The preliminary  recommendation  of the environment:iI team is U> avoid  creating  an additional corridor of disturbance by following existing roads tracks and power lines as far as possible.  This is to  minimise the necessity  of breaking  new ground  during  the construction  phase arid  to  reduce the level of impacts during  the subsequent operation and maintenance phase.
Electro-Magnetic Fields
High  voltage electricity  supply  linos generate electro-magnetic fields Iherc is growing scientific evidence that such fields may be detrimental for human health For this reason it is recommended that the transmission line is not routed through populous residential areas.
7.4.2                Potential EnvlroximeDial Impacts and MiliEwlion Measures
impact - Vegetation damage, habitat loss and invasion by exotic species along the ROW rind access roads and around substation sites.
M i tigat ion/Managc meat
1.  Utilise appropriate clearing techniques.
2.  Maintain native ground cover beneath lines.
3   Replant disturbed sites.
4   Manage ROWs to maximise wild-life benefits.
Impact - Habitat fragmentation or disturbance.
M i tigat ion/M h nagc m en t
|. Select ROW to avoid important natural areas and sensitive habitats.
2.  Maintain habitat (i.c.. native vegetation) beneath lines
3.  Make provisions to avoid interfering with natural fire regimes.
Impact - Increased access to undkhirbed areas.
Mil i gat io n/Man Age me n 1
1  Sc led ROW to avoid sensitive undisturbed areas
2.  Use discontinuous maintenance roads.
Impact - Runoff and sedimentation From grading for access roads, tower pads, and substation facilities, and alteration of hydrolug it id patterns due to maintenance roads. 
M i 11 u a tio n/Ma ns gerac nt
L Select ROW io avoid impacts to water bodies, floodplains, and wetlands.
2   Install sediment traps or screens to control runoff and sedimentation.
3.  Minimise use of fill dirt
impnrt  Loss  of  land  use  and  population  relocation  due  to  placement  or  towers  and substations
M ill g u linn A Tan a genic nt
1 Select ROW to avoid important social, agricultural, and cultural resources,
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2 Utilise tower designs to reduce ROW width requirements and minimise land use
impacts
3.  Adjust the length ot the span to minimise impacts from lower pads
Impart - Chemical contamination from chemical maintenance techniques.
Ml t igal ion/Ma nage m e n t
1. Utilise mechanical clearing techniques* grazing and/or selective chemical
applications.
2   Select herbicides with minimal undcsired effects.
3. Do not apply herbicides with broadcast aerial spraying.
A Maintain naturally low-growing vegetation along ROW
Impact - Avian hazards from transmission lines and towers.
MHigation/ManngemcnC
L Select ROW to avoid important bird habitats and flight routes
2.  Install lowers and lines to minimise risk for avian hazards,
3   Install deflectors on lines in areas with potential for bird collisions
Impact - Aircraft hazards from transmission lines imd lowers.
M i tiga tion/M mi agemen t
1. Select ROW to avoid airport flight paths.
2 Install markers to minimise risk of low-flying aircraft
Impact - Induced effects from cIextro-magnetic fields.
M i tigafion/MaDUgcment
1. Select ROW to avoid areas of human activity
Impact - Impaired cultural or aesthetic resources because of visual impacts. 
Mitigation/Management
I Select ROW to avoid sensitive areas, including tourist sites and vistas,
2.  Select appropriate support structure design, materials, and finishes.
Impact    -    Possible    induced    secondary    development    during    constructton    in    the surrounding area.
M iti ga hon/Man age m cn t
1. Provide comprehensive plans for handling induced development.
Provide technical assistance in land use planning and control to local governments.
5                   environmental management
Al the time of construction,  supervisory  staff on-site should  be aware of the mitigation requirements,  trained  and  equipped  to  monitor impacts,  and  empowered  io  deal with infringements at the time and on the spot, in particular they would control -
•    materiak handling and storage;
•   waste disposal;
•    drainage;
■ management ol quarries and borrow pits;
•   clearance of vegetation;
•   vehicular traffic flows.
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7.5J                   SiafT Training
Training  in  methods of environmental assessment and  in  techniques of mitigation  ol adverse impacts is essential if there is to  be effective implementation  of environmental safeguards in  the construction  phase Training  should  encompass suitable programmes to target;
•    Management to ensure that the required environmental regulations are applied at the
highest levels
•     Technical  specialists,  resident  engineer  e/c.  who  should  be  aware  of  environmental
best  practice  and  effective.  acceptable
solutions  to  commonl
y  occurring  problems
or
issues.
• 
Site  supervisors,  to  provide  methodol
ogical.  technical  and 
practical  knowledge
on 
environmental impact mitigation covering
 all aspects of building 
construction
7.5.2                 Occupational Health and Safety
The specifics of occupational health  and  safety  requirements should  be the subject of detailed contract negotiation but should include, though not necessarily be limited lo. the following;
•   effective training and warning procedures to minimise risks;
•    limiting lime of exposure to dust particles, chemicals and noise;
•   use of protective clothing and eye-goggles where appropriate;
•     recognised  control  procedures  for  the  handling  and  containment  of  toxic  materials, explosives or other hazardous substances;
■  effective  traffic  management  where  road  users  and  construct  ion  staff  are  in  close proximity; and
•    a regutar and systematic regime of superv ision and inspection of works to ensure site and worker safely
7.5 J                 Envi ron men tai M a n axemen t of the Catchment Area
Reducing  land  degradation  and  the sediment load  reaching  Bare River depends on controlling  soil erosion  on  cultivated/grazing  land  and  stabilising  the catchment area.  It is important to control erosion to maintain the live storage capacity of the reservoir and to  protect die generating  machinery.  I he goals of project longevity  and  environmental sustainability arc mutually inclusive.
Possible   management   intervention   strategies   tu   safeguard   the   catchment   may   be summarised as follows:
•   Construction of gully control structures.
•    Re-vegclulion.'-reforcstaiion.
■  Slope stabilisation structures.
•   Protection of sensitive areas from grazing, woody biomass extraction and cultivation.
■  Flood plain zoning and management
•    Development of management programmes based on the suitability of land for specific
uses. 
’’
•    Fire control and management of forests in the catchment area.
•     Develop  community  based  schemes  to  involve  and  give  ownership  to  local  people thus ensuring long term sustainability.
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**•    Pn >m Die con to tir cull i v a I i on.
•   Construe! check dams and sediment traps on fribuiaries to reduce sediment loads
reaching I he river.
•   Control livestock numbers and promote sustainable grazing regimes
•     Increase  the  emphasis  on  agro-forestry  projects  with  fast-growing,  multi-purpose species.
•     Develop fuelwood plantations to take the pressure of the natural vegetation resource base
•    Promote  more  efficient  methods  of  cultivation,  crop  varieties  etc.  to  raise  yield  per hectare,  thereby  expanding  agricultural  production  through  intensification  rather  then expansion of nren.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
i.  1              Terrestrial Environment
Given  the logistical obstacles to monitoring programmes in developing countries, actual schedules should be realistically focused on those parameters that arc most relevant and readily  regulated  These would  include,  though  not necessarily  be limited  Io,  the following points'
•   Excavation should only occur in areas indicated prior to Project implementation.
•    Land lake for any construction/opcrationa! compounds should not exceed that which is catered for (and for which compensation ha.s been agreed) in the approved Project designs.
•     !"he routing of construction access roads should follow the alignment as agreed with the designers.
•     Traffic  management  measures  and  vehicle  operational  patterns  should  follow  the relevant guidelines.
•     Areas  of  waste  disposal  should  be  sited  and  regulated  according  to  procedures previously agreed with the contractor.
•   There should he no discharge of contaminated water into the river.
•     Building  materials  required  for  the  construetionopcratianal  compounds  should  not come from the illegal off-lake of local natural resources.
•    Agreed  programmes  of  land  restoration  and  re-vegetation  should  be  initiated  al  the earliest opportunity.
•   Additionally, any agreed mitigation measures should be phased with the Project and should not be allowed io become diluted or fall into disuse overtime.
Socio-Economic Monitoring
It is not enough to simply formulate socio-economic mitigation measures and then assume there will be timely and effective implementation. The complexities of dealing with individuals and communities al a fundamental economic, cultural and social level necessitates that there is constant feedback between those charged with administering die compensation schedule and the intended beneficiaries. Such monitoring should include, though nDt necessarily be limited io, the following points:
•   Disbursement ot compensation should be take place promptly and according to the agreed procedures.fales.
•   Community gain procedures arc implemented and are in harmony with the wishes of local communities.
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•    Local people orc hired wherever possible as per lhe contractors obligation (subject to limitations enforced by skill levels etc,),
. Access to health care facilities is provided and clinics are appropriately staffed and
.  Rates  of  disease  infection  arc  monitored  to  highlight  any  increases,  particularly  in STD’s  which  mas  indicate  dial  prevention  and  awareness  campaigns  need  to  be
stocked, 
.    . -
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•      Resettlement   programmes   are   effective   and   there   is   minimal   friction   between reseltScrs nnidl the ho si population-
In lhe provisional environmental costs assigned to the project allowance has been made to  fund  both  physical monitoring  of the contractor and  also  socio-economic monitoring of the compensation process and individuals and communities directly affected
7.63                  Capacity Building
The implementation  of a targe hydropower scheme will result in  complex  project modalities that local formal and informal institutions will find difficult to accommodate. To  this end  a programme for institutional capacity  building  has been  costed  into  the environmental mitigation and management proposal. Capacity building (CB) depends on tv.a related concepts:
Strengthening of local institutions so as to he able to formulate effective policy and apply  efficient management at all stages of project implementation.  Institutional development (ID) should  seek  to  define areas of responsibility'  and  prevent conflicTs/ovcrlaps of authority.  Additionally,  where resources are identified  as being inadequate to meet existing new demands then material and training solutions should be applied.
2. Human Resource Development (IFRD): education, training and encouraging 
community participation. A successful holistic CB policy should pay attention lo this factor Well trained and motivated key personnel are essential for the effective
operation of any inslituiiona] structure or system.
7.6.4                 River ■nd Hcurr-voir Water OualiQ, Monitoring
V/nler quality  monitoring  should  take place in the River, and Reservoir It is important that changes in  water quality  and/or pollution  incidents here,  and  in  the upstream,  are detected to enable prompt remedial action to be taken.
Construction Phase
During  construction  phase  the  of  the  Project  environmental  monitoring  efforts  with regard to water quality should focus on delecting and subsequently tracing and cnrrvinR out remedial action to negate the harmful effects of:                                                           ‘ *   Pollution   from   hydrocarbons   (oil.   grease,   petrol   and   diesel   leaking   into   waler
diff    1CS      V‘l      1      S fat;c
L  iision  and  may  directly  coat  plants  and  animals,  causing  injun  and  death.  Oils
j1
Wlter'    0,1      Can      causc      a      Hankct      cn‘ect’
inhibiting    oxygen 
comnm many caretnogens. such as polycyclic aromatics and phenols which mix w ! zx aq“"; ”• h“mmi if "■
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.  An  increase  in  suspended  solids  from  excessive  erosion  and/or  runoff  caused  by inappropriate construction techniques,
.    Organic    pollution    from   ineffective    sanitation   arrangements   ar   the   contractor's compound.
(Iperatinruil Phnir
Phoriry  parameters  for  inclusion  in  the  environmental  monitoring  programme  during  the operational phase should be
•   turbidity;
•   dissolved oxygen (IX)};
•    biological oxygen demand (BOD)
•    suspended solids;
•   phosphates;
•   chlorophyll a;
•   ammonia;
» nitrates
Additional parameters should he:
•   pH,
•   lempcrnmn:;
■ electricii I condi ic r i v Uy;
•   specific heavy metals;
•   stored water volume in the reservoirs.
Aquatic Ecology Monitoring Programme
Monitoring of the aquatic ecology of lhe reservoir(s) and river should he targeted al the upend ion al phase of the Project and should encompass the following:
•    Monitoring of the passage of fish from the upstream/reservoir to the downstream of the tailrace oullct
•     Monitoring  of  river  discharge  al  various  points  downstream  of  the  reservoir  in  the siretch between dam and tailrace outlet to verify that agreed compensation flows are being released
•   Monitoring of river discharges downstream of the tailrace outlet,
•    Limnological sampling ot microflora, microfauna, aquatic weeds and benthic organisms Lu assess the effectiveness of attempts to maintain the naiuml system and record any changes far future use in predictive exercises,
• fisheries assessment surveys (species, population size) in the river and reservoir.
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7.7                        environmental audit
failure occurs.
The term audit has been transferred Irani the language of finance to environmental impact assessment as it effectively  describes the process of cxanunntion  and  assessment of performance necessary  in  the analysis of overall efficiency  and  larger attainment,  whilst also helping to ensure that mistakes identified in the present an- not destined Io be repented
in The future.
The role of the environmental auditor, therefore, is lo identify environmental change arising from the Project and  to  assess the effectiveness of the mitigation  measures adopted, suggesting additional measures where appropriate In addition, auditing of the Project will indicate where initial predictive methods were weak or environmental knowledge lacking, thus indieiiting  areas where further research  or attention  to  detail may  be necessary. 
.Additionally, close liaison with the im piemen ling agency, will secure valuable insights into the EA process and strengthen the capacity' of the agency
Pic environmental auditor needs to  record  the nature and  scale of actual ehnnges to baseline conditions and  compare them with  the predicted  impacts.  Where mitigation measures hnvc been  adapted  some assessment of their effectiveness must he made. Where measures arc inadequate,  or impacts unforeseen,  a strategy  for restoration  needs to  he formulated  in  consultation  with  the relevant bodies.  It is also  essential lhal the effectiveness of mitigation measures he assessed over time to ensure that temporary stop gap  solutions are not employed  and  that any  gradual,  but potentially  serious, deterioration in environmental quality is delected. Special vigilance is required given the unique status of Lake Malawi and its environs in biodiversity terms and in the perception of the international ccutvctvavion community.
The function of the environmental audit may, therefore, be summarised as follows:
•   verify compliance with the stated mitigation performance targets;
•   verify* compliance with relevant environmental legislation;
•   ensure minimum human exposure to environmental risk;
•   adv ise on environmental improvements;
7.7 J                  Compliant H* Envinnmmilal Audit Adjudication
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The levying affine* is a less than satisfactory method of control as such forfeits lend to he difficult to impose and in practice are often insufficient to restore the damage caused An investigation should, therefore, be mode into the feasibility of withholding the refund nf   the   contractor’s   bond   payment   until   such   time   as   a   satisfactory   independent environmental  audit  report  has  been  released,  and/or  stipulated  and  effective  mitigation or restoration programmes have been completed.
7.7.2                  Special hsues
The functional importance of Baro River makes water quality an important issue in the construction and operational phases. Visual inspection for point source pollution will be an  essenlinl component of the monitoring  programme.  To  establish  a baseline from which to compare any changes over lime it is also recommended that a study to ascertain waler quality be commissioned prior to construction.
To  facilitate effective monitoring  it is proposed  that extensive use be made of photographic evidence to  record  construction  progress and  highlight any  possible infringements of environmental guidelines.  The officers) responsible for monitoring should  make regular site inspections during  which  photographs should  be taken  from predetermined fixed points and angles, this will enable effective site comparisons to be made over lime and help to give early warning of potential infractions/problems.
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1 December J >>95I I I I n
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7.8                     PROVISIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS
Bare 1 at Elevation 1501m: ProvatfofiBl Environmental Coat E« Li mate (USD)
I
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£ ■>*! and Jnte
|CH>nal ce»i
AfiptriJ     ItaE     urrortl     CdiE ConwITVClIOft FUW4
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: :<W1lpw m*:tt for
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fix '>*_-*-■-* UiMD
•nin rwe-w-f
IFT’I, t£FD
7.33ha.”
xm.-
(Main
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i'itroinci trpopua a iocah 1
70.000
35. cm
35o neo
4.000
*o«c
ZQfiD
20 000
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60S
?oooc
4Qdon
35.000
.■HOOCH
32. MO
25.IPU
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5Q000
1.500
JVX&VMT
■uti>-rrx*mmk incno1^
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£0.000
•0.006
250OC
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Totals |VSt»?
TnUllnr Cnnrtrjafi* PhMS fm-urnKS
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Total Brclvdlng Wain RMarvolfr
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'T clutHT!-gi Wil*!
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Toll V Dpr■•‘o’’u»l PbJiie
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Total Opintlonil iMMrtv ind
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IS - 1
Chapter 8:
IEA CONCLUSIONS
MJ
SUMMARY OF IMPACTS AND ISSUES
The  implementation  of a hydropower project will bring about many changes (impacts)
to 
the natural and  socioeconomic environment in  which  it is set Some changes will be negative,  others positive.  In  addition,  each  negative change will vary  ill the extent to which  it is capable of mitigation; and  each  positive change w ill vary  in  the extent to which it can be enhanced.
At It. A         What is of concern arc significant changes or impacts, The myriad of minor changes   and   modifications   that   will   inevitably   occur   with   construction   need   not necessarily  cause  concern  unless  they  become  cuiiiuilative  or  set  synergistically.  Major changes  are  more  important;  hut  it  d<ies  not  necessarily  follow  that  what  might  be superficially perve^ed as a large alteration to the status quo is in all respects significant, scored  against  a  biodiversity  or  human  welfare  index.  The  IEA,  therefore*  attempts  to screen  out  the  insignificant  and  only  bring  the  cmcinl  elements  to  the  attention  of decision makers.
MJ J                  SvalbetHimi Environmental Impacts
The methodology  selected  as most suitable for individual site II A and  comparative site assessment and analysis is the Rapid Impact /Assessment Matrix (KJAM)* The Rl AM is based on a standard definition of the important assessment criteria as well as the means by which sempquantatitive values for each of these criteria can be colhilrd to provide an accurate and  independent score for each  condition.  The impacts of project activities are evaluated  against ihc environmental components and  for each  component a score (using die defined  criteria) is determined.  This score then  provides h measure of the impact expected from the component
The important assessment criteria fall into 2 groups as shown below
•  (A)  Criteria  which  are  of  importance  to  the  condition  and  which  can  individually change the score obmined,
’ (R) Criteria ihut are of value to the situation but individually should not he capable of changing the score obtained
The value ascribed to each of these groups of criteria is determined by the use of a series of simple formulae. 1 h«e formulae allow die scores tbr the indiv  tdlja| components to be delermuwd  on  a defined  basis The scoring  system requires simple multiplication  of the scores gLVen to each of the criteria in group (A) The use of a multiplier for group < A Hs important us n  immediately  ensures that the weighl of each  score is expressed; simple summation scores may be misleading as they can provide identical results for different
Jenson. K, I«« Environmental Impact Assessment Using the Rapid
Ajscssmem MaTrix (RJAM)
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Scotts for the value cnteria. group {B). are added logether tn prflv ide ji single sum This ensures that the individual value see res cannot influence the overall score but that ihr co I let live i m pm an cc of all values i rt group (B) are fully uccnunied tor
Assessment resulls are achieved  by  multiplying  the group  (Bl scores by  the product cT [he group (A) scores. The final aswssment snort (ES) is, therefore, arrived nt through a process that may be expressed thus:
fa//rf«2/=aT
In (he above formulae die following arc represented
fulj and <£j2* are die individual criteria scores fro group (A)
ffc/X (b2) and tfdj are the individual criteria scores for group (B)
uT is the result of multiplicalion of all (A) scores
bl is the result of the summation of all (B) scores
AiV is the assessment store for the condition
8.1.2                   Environ me nud Criteria
The RIAM defines five criteria ns representing  the most important fiindanicnEul assessment conditions for scoping purposes. These key criteria are illustrated in Table 8- 1 following, together with their corresponding assessment scores for a range of possible circumstances.
Table 8-1: RIAM A.vntmcnl Criteria
Criteria
Definition
Score
Al - Importance           important to nahonal/inte mat ion a) interests Important to regional/national interests
Important  to  areas  immediately  outside  the  local condition
Important only to the local condition No importance
4
3
2
1
0
A2 - Magnitude
Bl - F*LTmaaence
112 - Reversibility
Major positive benefit
Significant improvement to the Matus quo Improvement in the status quo
No change
Negative change lo he status quo Significant negative dis-benefit or change Major dis-benefit or change
No changc/not applicable Temporary
Permanent
Nrt change/nQt applicable
+3
+2
HI
()
-1
-2
-3
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Definition
B5 - Cumulative
Temporary
Permanent
Na changc/noi applicable Non-cumulative/singlc Cumulative synergistic
Elaborating from Table 8-1 the criteria can be further explained <hus
(Al) Importance
rhe  importance  of  the  condition  it  assessed  against  die  spatial  boundaries  or  human 
4.t.r
.
8.13
interest it will affect
(A2) Magnitude
rhis  is  defined  as  the  a  measure  of  the  scale  of  benefit/d  is-benefit  ot  an  impact  or  a condition.
(HI) Permanence
This  defines  whether  it  condition  is  temporary  or  permanent  rind  should  be  seen  as  a measure of the temporal status of the condition.
(B2) Reversibility
This defines w hether the condition can be changed and is a measure of llic control over ihe effect of the condition. It should not be confused or equated w ith permanence.
(R3) Cumuhtive
This is a measure io define whether the effccl will have a single direct impact or whether there will be a cumulative effect over time, or a synergistic effect with other conditions. The cumulative criterion is a means of Judging the sustainability of a condition
F nviron me u t nI C» mponcn to
Hie environmental assessment components are divided into four categories as follows: Physical/Chentica!
Covering  all  physical  and  chemical  aspects  of  lhe  environmenl,  including  finite  (nan- biological) natural resources and degradation of tile physical environment by pollution.
Covering  all biological aspects of the environment including  renewable natural resources,  conservation  of biodiversity,  species interactions and  pollution  of the
biosphere. 
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To qualitatively identify the economic consequences
of  environ  mental  change,  both 
temporary and permanent, as well as the complexities n 
heritage and human development
Economic/Ope rational
context of project activities.
For this project the environmental components have been specifically developed an refined in the field to best address the most pertinent issues relevant to possible implementation. Table 8-2 lists the project specific environmental components.
Table 8-2: Key Components
I project management within the
Key Components
Tmpiicts/lssues
P h ysicaVC hem leal
PZCI
Changes in water quality
P/C2
Changes in crop and grazing areas (productive land)
PCS
Changes in rates of erosion
PC4
Changes   to   river   continuum   (barrier   &   desiccation effects)
PCS
Changes to river flow regime
Bio logicu L/E co logical
B/El
C hanges in fisheries
B''E2
Changes in biodiversity
0/E3
Changes in disease vector populations
B.-1S4
Changes in aquatic biota
BE 5
Changes in raliu nf indigeuous/exotic flora and fauna
H/E6
Changes in terrestrial wildlife populations
BE 7
Changes to wetlands
B/i.S
Changes to areas of natural habitat (including protec led areas)
Soc iological/Cu 11 iirnl
S/Cl
S/C3
Changes invok ing loss of housing
S/C2
Changes involving loss of shops/public buildings
Changes invok ing loss of cultural heritage
S/C4
S/C5
S/Cfi
Changes (o patterns of mobility
Changes involving resettlement of people
S/C7
s/cs
S/C9
vnanges to social Mability/cohcsion
Changes involving loss of access to natural resources Changes to downstream water users
Changes in health and disease status
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rIKey Components
8 - 5
ImpncH/Issues
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S/C10
Changes in access Io social services
S/CII
Changes to aesthetic landscapes
Econnmlc/O pc rational
E/OI
Changes in crop livestock generated incomes
FJO2
Changes in local wage labour incomes opportunities
E/O3
Changes in trade commercial incomci/opportunities
E/OI
Cost of resettlement for land loss (Io project)
E/O5
Cost of compensation for physical structures (to project)
EO6
Cost of safeguarding quality of life (io project)
E/07
Changes in tourism revenues (potential)
844
Ramie Value* for Environ menial Assessment
To  utilise the RIAM evaluation  system a matrix  is produced  comprising  of the criteria used  set against each  defined  environmental component Within  each  cell the criteria scores arc set down  and  from the formulae an  ES number is calculated.  This is then compared  against the numerical range bands in  Table 8-1  to  give a final Range Value (RV) that will in turn correspond to a level of significancc/change as described in T able 8-3
Table 8 3:
RIAM Range Hands
Environmental Score
(ES)
108 to 72 7] to 36 35 to 19
10 to IR 1 to 9
0
-1 to -U
-IOto-18
-19 to-35
’36 to’71
-72 to-108
Range Value
(RV)
5
4
3
2
] 0
’I
2
-3
-4
5
Description of Range Band
major positive change .impact significant positive change impact moderate positive changc/impact positive change/impact
slight positive chnngc/impact
no change
slight negative change/impact negative change/impact
moderate negative change/impact significant negative change impact major negative change impact
84.5
Assumption* Made for the RUM for Baro HPP
'-t* fc‘kjWi"8 nsilimPtions baVc b**n made when compiling the RIAM for the Barn I ||’R mHsBtio" mcftsures bei"S aPPb“l < e. fuming no
’ XZnZ?* 
environmental management interventions, 
Hoth Rare I and Haro 2 assessments include the Main Reservoir A assessment <s made for the Scheme with no large reservoir
• Econonuc/Opc ratiomil costs (D04^EA)6l ate re car........... . project which must he home by that project
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B
B
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8.2                    RF AM ASSESSMENT GF BA RO 1
Key Components
Al
A2
B1
B2
B3
ES
RV
P/C1
2
-1
3
3
2
-16
-2
P/C2
1
-2
3
3
2
-16
-2
PC/3
2
-1
3
3
2
-2
PC/4
3
-2
3
3
2
-16
-40
-48
-4
P/C5
2
-3
3
3
2
-4
B/E1
1
1
3
2
2
7
1
B/E2
4
-3
3
3
2
-96
-5
B/E3
1
-1
2
2
2
-6
-1
B/E4
3
-1
3
3
2
-24
-3
B7E5
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
BZE6
2
-1
3
2
2
-14
-2
B/E7
3
-2
3
2
2
-42
-4
B/E8
3
-3
3
3
2
-72
-5
S/C1
1
-2
3
3
1
-14
-2
S/C2
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
S/C3
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
S/C4
1
-2
3
2
1
-12
-2
S/C5
1
-2
3
3
2
-16
-2
S/C6
1
-2
2
2
2
-12
-2
S/C7
1
-2
3
3
2
-16
-2
S/C8
2
0
1
1
1
0
0
S/C9
1
-2
2
2
2
-12
-2
S/C10
1
-1
2
2
2
-6
-1
S/C11
3
-2
3
3
2
-48
-4
E/01
1
-2
3
3
2
-16
-2
E/02
1
2
2
2
2
12
2
E/O3
1
3
2
2
2
13
2
E/O4
3
-2
3
3
1
-42
-4
E/O5
3
-1
3
3
1
-21
-3
E/06
3
-1
3
3
1
-21
3
E/07
3
0
1
1
2
0
0
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4K-7
8 3                     ft JAM ASSESSMENT OF B.ARO 2
Key Components
A1
A2
B1
92
83 ES RV
P/C1
2
-1
3
3
2
P/C2
1
-2
3
3
2
-15
-16
PC/3
2
-1
3
3
-15
3
-2
3
3
-48
PCM
P/C5
2
-3
3
3
B/E1
1
1
3
2
B/E2
4
-3
3
3
-48
7
-96
B/E3
1
-1
2
2
-2
-2
-2
1
-5
-1
B/E4
3
-1
3
3
B/E5
2
0
1
1
B/E6
2
-1
3
2
B/E7
3
-2
3
2
-6
-24
0
-14
42
B/E8
3
-3
3
3
-72
-3
0
-2
-4
-5
S/C1
1
-1
3
3
S/C2
1
0
1
1
S/C3
1
0
1
1
-8
0
0
-1
0
0
S/C4
1
-2
3
2
-14
-2
S/C5
1
-2
3
3
-16
S/C6
1
-2
2
2
-12
-2
-2
S/C7
1
-2
3
3
S/C8
2
0
1
1
S/C9
1
-2
2
2
S/C10
1
-1
2
2
-16
0
-12
-6
S/C11
3
-2
3
3
E/O1
1
-2
3
3
E/02
1
2
2
2
E/O3
1
3
2
2
E/O4
3
-2
3
3
E/O5
3
-1
3
3
E/O6
3
-1
3
3
E/O7
3
0
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
■48
-2
0
-2
-1
-4
-16
12
18
-42
-2
2
2
-4
-21
-21
0
■3
-3
0
projctli cUimpia               boro^report. rhapt-OH.dih
2 December insjiI
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84 RJAM assessment OF HARO HTP WITHOUT MAIN RESER' (MR
A2
81
B2
B3
ES
RV
Key Components
A1
2
-1
3
3
2
-16
-2
P/C1
2
-8
-1
P/C2
1
-1
3
3
PC/3
PCM
P/C5
B/E1
B/E2
B/E3
B/E4
B/E5
B/E6
B/E7
B/E8
S/C1
S/C2
S/C3
S/C4
S/C5
S/C6
S/C7
2
-1
3
3
2
-16
-2
3
-2
3
3
2
-48
-4
2
-3
3
3
2
M8
-4
1
1
2
2
2
6
1
4
-2
3
3
2
-64
-4
1
-1
2
2
2
-6
-1
3
-1
3
3
2
-24
-3
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
2
-1
3
2
2
-14
-2
3
0
3
2
2
0
0
3
-3
3
3
2
-72
-5
1
-1
3
3
2
-8
-1
1
0
1
1
2
0
0
1
0
1
1
2
0
0
1
-1
3
2
2
-7
-1
1
-1
3
3
2
-8
-1
1
-2
2
2
2
-12
-2
1
-1
3
3
2
-8
-1
s/ca
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
SJC9
S/C10
1
-2
2
2
2
-12
-2
1
-1
2
2
2
-6
-1
S/C11
E/O1
3
-1
3
3
2
-24
-3
1
-1
3
3
2
-8
-1
E/02
E/O3
1
2
2
2
2
12
2
1
3
2
2
2
18
2
E/O4
E/O5
E/O6
E/O7
3
-1
3
3
2
-24
-3
3
-1
3
3
2
-24
-3
3
-1
3
3
2
24
-3
3
0
1
1
2
0
0
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rFigure 8-1: RlAM Chart for Hum I Showing Distribution of Impacts
Im               'I
Figure 8-2: RlAM Chart for Baro 2 Showing Distribution of Impacts
IM p HI 1 .If*'* < tflti Hlf«l
Figure 8-3: RlAM Chart for Baro HPP Without Main Reservoir Showing Distribution of Impacts
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■Range Value (RV)
8 - 111
Figure 8-4: RIAM Chart for Baro I Showing Impact Significance by Key Environ mental Component
Baro 1: RIAM Chart of Impacts by Key Environmental Component
5I
4 3-
Key Component
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Figure 8-5: R1AM Chari for Bare 2 Showing Impact Significance by Key Environmental Component
Baro 2: RIAM Chart of Impacts by Key Environmental Component
,1
Key Component
c                 cthinjni jet’ c;«.<»»•-repwi ch^pi-OX .doc
2 December 19^
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HRange Value (RV)
8 - 12
Figure RIAM Chari for Baro HPP Without Main Rcaervotr Showing Impact Significance by Key Environmental Component Baro HPP Without Main Reservoir: RIAM Chart by Key Environmental Component
5-
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environmental acceptability
From the IEA process irntfertnken the c" ™ ^^
v,     n
Lib
HPP is summarised for the two alternative site. - separately
Figure 8-7: Quantitative Comparison of Siir Alternatives
Baro HPP: QuarrtftaUra Compirl.oo o' Altsm#Ovo»
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• B*-n 2
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land (Mi
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w«r*w«d
Mr< i'ha>
8.5.1                  Harn 1
Natural Environment
Terrestrial Ecology- Significant adverse impacts; some capable of being  reduced  to  an acceptable level through  a combination  of ’best practice*’ techniques during  construction, sensitive micro-siting  of project components and  holistic environmental planning  Very significant lass of forest areas that can not be directly compensated for.
Aquatic Ecology.  Some significant adverse impacts,  particularly  associated  with changes to  the river regime in  the operational phase The degree to  which  mitigation  is possible will need  to  be determined  through  further study.  However,  given  that minimum release measures etc.  are implemented  it is likely  that negative impacts can  he held to an acceptable level
Hurnim Environmenl
Some localised  adverse socio-economic environmental impacts associated  with  the displacement and  involuntary  resettlement of people and  lhe loss of productive agricultural land  Mitigation  possible through  a resettlement and  compensation programme combined with community gain measures, all of which must be developed
t^cjcdVcilitapmtygbE. buo’repun\h*prOB.^:-u
2 r>c<xnbcr I9QKthrough community consultation and participation Adverse impacts will arise during the construct io J t phase associated with a targe migrant labour force.
8.5,2                  Rarv 2
Natural Environment
Terrestrial Ecology- Significant adverse impacts; some capable of being  reduced  lo  an acceptable level through a combination of‘best practice’* techniques during construction, sensitive micro-siting  of project components ind  holistic environmental planning. Significant loss of forest areas that can not be directly compensated for
Aquatic Ecology.  Some significant adverse impacts,  particularly  associated  with changes to the river regime in the operational phase. The degree lo which mitigation is possible will need  tn  be determined  through  further study.  However,  given  that mini mum release measures etc. arc implemented it is likely that negative impacts can be held to an acceptable level
Human Environment
Some localised  adverse socio-economic environmental impacts associated  with  the displacement and  involuntary  resettlement of people and  Lhc loss of productive agricultural land  Mitigation  possible through  a resettlement and  compensation programme combined  with  community  gain  measures,  all of which  must be developed through community consultation and participation Adverse impacts will arise during the construction phase associated with a large migrant labour force.
8.53
Maio Rese
rvoir
Natural En
vironment
Terrestrial
Ecology.
Significant  adverse  impacts;  some  capable  of  being  reduced  to  an 
acceptable level through a combination of "best practice techniques during construction, sensitive micro-siting  of project components and  holistic environmental planning.  Very significant loss oi forest areas and wetlands dint can not be directly compensated for.
Aquatk  Ecology.  Some significant adverse impacts,  particularly  associated  with change^ to the river regime in the operational phase. Hie degree to which mitigation is possible will need  to  be determined  through  further study  However,  given  that minimum release measures etc. arc implemented it is likely that negative impacts can be held to an acceptable level
Haman Envirunment
Sign  it leant adverse soeio-econccnic environmental impacts associated  with  I he displacement and  involuntary  resettlement of people and  the loss of productive agricultural land  Mitigation  possible through  a resettlement and  compensation programme combmed  with  community  gain  measures,  nil of which  must be developed through community consultation and participation. Adverse impacts will arise diirirtE dm construction phase associated with a large migrant labour force
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Appendix A
LIST OF REPORT PREPARERS
Name
Ata Tc-ihojne A.
Posidon
Environmental Co-ordinator
Institutional Affiliation
Ministry nf Wafer Resources. Government of Ethiopia
Mr K.C.R. Burton
I FA l earn Leader
Norconsuil International AN
Mr E. He I land-Ban sen
A to TadcSSc K.
Environmental Planner Sociologist
Ato Arcbo S
Biologist
Ato Mekuria PL
Environmental Chemist
Norconsuil International AS.
Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water Resources, Government nf Ethiopia
Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Ethiopia
Gjfirojeeu ^hinplB^Rb^.baro report jpfwkh* ,j
2 December I99HI
I
I
BB - 1
Appendix B
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES _____
Allan,   J   D   1906.   Stream   Ecology:   Structure   and   Function   of   Running   Waters Chapman & Hall. UK
Fkrhanc-Selassie  T.  (ccL)  1991,  Gender  Issues  in  Ethiopia.  Institute  of  Ethiopian Studies. Addis Ababa University Ethiopia
Enscrmu K. 1992. Some threatened Endemic Plants of Ethiopia. In; and Centra/Africa. NAPREC A Monograph 2: j5*5_
2000. hast
Environmental   Protection   Authority   1997.   Environment   Impact   Assessment Guideline. Volume 1, Procedural Guideline. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ethiopia  Forestry  Action  Programme  (EFAP)  1992.  Conservation  rd  Ecosystems  and Biodiversity. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Friis I. 1982. Studies in the flora and vegetation of South-west Ethiopia. In: Opera Botanica 63 IUCN. Gland Switzerland
Food  and  Agriculture  Organisation  of  (he  Uniled  Nations  (FAOI  |995>  Planning  for sustainable use of land resources. FAO, Rome, Italy
Golubtsov  A.S.,  Darkov  A  A  „  Dgcbuadzc  Y.Y.,  Mina  MV.  1995.  An  Artificial  Key  to Fish Spccich of the Ciambela Region. Artistic Printing Enterprise. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Gocdland R., Mercier J. A; Muntemba S. (eds) 1996. Environmental Assessment in Africa. Proceedings  of die Durban World Bank  W orkshop, June 25, 1995, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA
I  n  tc  mat  ion  nl  Union  for  the  Conservation  of  Nature  (IUCN)  1993.  Environmental Synopsis; Ethiopia IUCN. Gland. Switzerland
International   Union   for   the  Conservation  of  Nature  (IUCN)  1998,  Jl'CN  Red   list  of threatened animals IUCN, Gland. Switzerland and Cambridge, IJK
Jenson,    K.    1998.    Environmental    Impact    Assessment Assessment Matrix (RIAM) Olsen & Olsen, Denmark
YurtlS"'’™ ” '”7' Tr°PiC"' 
Using the Rapid Impact «««W. London, UK
Kovacs  M.  1992
I imiled. UK
Biological Indicators in Environmental Protection,             Ellis Norwood
XZ
Mekmin H, Ar,bn S„ Zeleke C. 1997. W«„ Q^ily Survey for Tckeze * Coir-b
" f **“'R““re“’
Kr-puti of
z: pniir.LVi'!hii‘ipili1“Et-E feuni’repDn'ini'rpnai h Jpc
2 December I99SI
I
I
I
IB - 2
Mesfin A. 191,6. Indigenous  Spices  in the South-west Forests  ol Ethiopia. In. 77ir Conservation and Utilisation of Ethiopian Germplasm-, Proceedings  of an International Symposium held in Addis Ababa. October 1986.
Mesfin  T.  1992.  A  survey  of  the  evergreen  forests  of  Ethiopia  In:  Ztorarty  2000:  East and Central Africa. NAPREC A Monograph 2: 1-18
Morris,   P   &   Thirivel.   K.   1995.   Methods   ^Environmental   Impact   Assessment.   UCL Press Limited. London, UK
NORAD.  1993.  Environmental  Assessment  of  Development  Aid  Projects.  NORAD, Norway
TAMS & ULG Consultants Ltd. 1997. Baro-Akubu River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Study. Ministry of Waler Resources. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Whittaker R H, 1973. Communities and Ecosystems. Macmillan. New York, USA
World Bank Technical Paper Number 140, 1991. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Volume 1. IBRD/World Bank, Washington DC, I SA
World Bank Technical Paper Number 140, 1991
Environmental Assessment
Sourcebook Volume 2. IBRD/World Bank, Washington D.C.. L SA
World Bank Technical Paper Number 140. 1991.
Environmental Assessment
Sourcebook Volume 3. IBRD/World Bank, Washington D.C„ 1 SA
World   Bank   Environ   mental   Sourcebook   I   pdntc,   1.993.   Environmental   Screening. IBRD/World Rank. Washington DC.. USA
•'.pruic 
i^bE'h.iii i'(repciiL jippndx b C .
2 tkrcoTiher 1993I I I I i i i
ic * i
Appendix C
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
________
1.1 
INTRODUCTION
The following programmes ;.re recommended for development within » full Environmental AssessnicntfEA). These programmes are designed lo cither gather mare information or to suggest ways in which mitigation measures mav be applied to address specific problems that have been identified front the IhA process.
SocioKyan&aik Programmes
A  full  socio-economic  survey  nl  the  directly  affected  areas  i.e,  the  direct  impact  zone (DIZ).  Throughout  it  will  he  necessary  to  work  in  partnership  and  co-operation  with local   communities   lo   ensure   thal   project   implementation   docs   not   result   in   loss   of amenity  for  the  local  population,  nor  should  they  feel  alienated  and  isolated  form  the decision  making  process  To  best  achieve  the  required  results  a  participatory  approach should  be  adopted  recognising  the  legitimate  concerns  of  local  people,  respecting  their views arid drawing Upon lheir experience of local conditions.
It must also be recognised that a participatory  approach involves  the empowerment of local comm unities and that Lhe project proponents must he prepared to take into account die issues and concerns raised by such an exercise
The  programme  of  study  should  include  (though  not  necessarily  be  limited  lo)  the following:
A Biudine Llrullh and Nutrition Study
lo assess ihc current health and nutritional status of the population within the project DIZ to be used as a basis for comparison with future studies after the construction phase, with the object of evaluating the health and nutritional changes that have occurred w ithin the affected population and which changes are nttrihulable to the projecl.
A Renctllrment Programme
lo be bascc  on further Socio-cultural work  so as  to accurately  establish lhe number of people thal will be affected and how they will be affected by the project. The programme will, together with the affected households, determine where the)' should be resettled and what new housing would be required. The programme would nlso determine compensation methods. Equity issues will need special attention lo ensure (hat die local people do not tee I that they arc “subsidising’' the project.
A Fishery Development an<| Management Prognimmc
T O    be   developed   for   the   reservoir   that   will   allow   the   resource   to   he    tx |
p oit
cd   on    a
sustainable basis for the benefit ot the local population within the project DI/
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2 IX-cc^her IWRC-2
1.1.2
143
A Community Equity Enhancement Pn<ramme(C (immunity Cain)
The programme designed to eitfure char the community  continues  to receive ^fits  from the projed so long as  it continues  to generate revenue Che programme would ^ck  i improve equity within the affected communities and establish systems for die comm unity Io receivefoese benefits. There should be lull communily  participated in the dwefopmept or this  programme, which may  he financed hy  an agreed peresitege of revenues  irum powct sales
Capacity lludding Programme
A study of the local instiTUtional capacity io manage and cope with the changes that will he inevitable if the project is  to be implemented. Recommendations  to rectify  any Weaknesses through training or allocation of financial or other resources.
Physical and Fcolngical and Management Programme*
A Forestry Study
To  establish  demands  and  constraints  in  the  area  with  the  objective  of  producing  a management plan for sustainable development
Flam and Fauna Slud io?
A fill I vegclrihnn survey of the anticipated zones of disturbance to explore the presence nr absence of rare or endemic species,
A Study of the Limmdogy
fn  determine  likely  impacts  of  the  reservoir  and  dam  release  patterns  on  the  aqthitk ecology' of the new reservoir and the do wnstream river reach.
Additional Environmental Optimisation Programmes
Intcg ruled Technical and Environ menial Design Programme
Feedback  mechanisms  should be systematically  incorporated into the feasibility  and design phase to entire fom engineering and technical solutions  are developed in response to and in phase with environmental assessment,
Environmental Management Finn
The development of an integrated and effective environmental for foe Construction and ope rat ion si I phases of foe project.
management plan (EMP)
Calchmcnt Management and Frolcctiun
A slud, toJktamin, the „to of.dosffltoUoe in lhe
cold,meet
| ikc!y e)feB
on list projeU of ehiinge und possible measures to stabilise die situslion.
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Appendix D
LIST OF PEOFLK AND ORGANISATIONS CONT ACTED AS PARI JJF HIE 1EA
1
Xarnc
Title
AITiliiilion
Ato Mateos Mekiso
dead of Ecosystems
Management
Naiionnl Environmental
Protection Authority
Aio Dagne Menghte
Department Head
nlubabor Zone Agricultural
Dcpartmcnl
A to Solomon Yilma
Land Use Planning Expert
ii                    •*                i»                                 «
II
n
|i                                 H
Ato Shibiru Wakuma
Soil Conservation Expert
Ato Admasu Regasa
Fnvirnmenlai Conservation and Land Use Team beader
Haluhure            Wcreda            Agricultural Depat merit
Ato Til aye Bites
Extension Team Lender
!■                                              R                                         H                                 «
W/ro Desi Ligaba
Secretary of die PA
Lelisa Pennant Association
Ato Habtamu Kcbedc
Farmer
n
*
«i
Ato Sisaye Mekonen
Agricultural Development Agent Supervisor
ip
«
1*
Ato bedndu Denu
Chairman of the P.A
Megersa Peasant Association
Ato Talese Befckadu
Secretary of the P_A
B*
»                                         FT
W/ro Sukirc Gezehngn
From Women of the P.A
wnm
A to Gctachcw Gurmc
Farmer
WH
Ato Berehanu Alemayehu
Chairman of the P.A
Didibe Peasant Asociation
Alo Tamiral Fiidale
Farmer
Bt
Mh
W/ro Aza l ech Endale
From Women of die P.A
R
rr
rl
Ato Aychu Mcbrate
Health .Assistant
Didibe Clinic
W/ro Ascgcdech
H/Mariam
Health Assistant
*t                             r»
Ate Tekalign Gudeta
Chairman of the P.A
Halu Peasant Association
W/ro Birkc Bcfckadu
From Women of die P A
«                        pi
Ato Knsahun
Agricultural Development Agent
nh
Ate Alemuyrhu Dejene
Department Head
Allcdidu Agricultural Department
Ato Tcmcsgen Oli
Planning Head
n                              Bl
( Ate Gezehagii Tescrria
Extension Expert
«UR
Ato BirukKcdir
Land Use and Environmental Protection Expert
R                              11                               H
Agricultural               Development Agents Superv isor
Gchredimn Peasant Association
! Ato Berkun li \ ero
Ato Adisu Tencho
Alo Abdn Asefa
A io Mohamed Kirmsa Alo Jemal Aliy AtoTckalign Deme
Socio-economic expert
” 
'I
.r
Agricultural Development Agent
Geinehu,   [labugjmbo   and   Korey   ay   a Peasant Assoc ini ion
Farmer
IT
Farmer
W                                      ||
“---------------------------- -------------------- -------
*' >1
•1
Health Assislant
Ato Tilahun Dinsa
Uka Clinic
Health Assistant
i
—-------------------- ’----------------- —
Ato Gimm Bcle
Education Programme Head
Allcdidu Wcrecia Lducmional Office
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2 beermber 3MHD-2
Name
Title
Affiliation
A Jo Endafknchew Debebe
DuprtrfTnent Head
S1 jisha- And rac ha Wc reda A gric u 1 turn 1 Department
Ain Jemcre Sharew
Agricultural Development Agent Supervisor
hi
M
m
ri
r»
Ato Mol a Gcscsse
Planning and            Programming Sen ice Head
r« m n i»
I*
Ato Berihanu Descno
Agricultural Development Agent
H
•I
ii
n                            ii
Ate Me s fin Manio
S Ln 1 ist icinri
Masha - Andnicha We reda EEdilca t ional Department
projtcUrlhulplB'.prbe-Elm'.report appndk J doc
2 DecemberWORLD BANK SAMPLE OUTLINE OF A ASSESSMENT (EA) REPORT
PROJECT-SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL
Li                     MAIN EA REPORT
Environment assessment reports  should be concise and limited to .sigiuffcnnl environmental issues. The deoil and sophistication of analysis  should be commensurate with the potential impacts. The target audience should be project designers, implementing agencies, and borrower and World Bank lor similar) staff.
The environmental assessment report should include-.
(a)  Executive  Summary.  Concise  discussion  of  significant  findings  and  recommended nclions.
(h)    Policy,    legal,    and    administrative    framework    within    which    the    environmental assessment  is  prepared  The  environmental  requirements  of  any  cofinanciers  should  be explained.
(c)   Project   description   in   a   geographic,   ecological.   social,   and   temporal   context, including  any  off-site  investments  ihiit  may  be  required  by  the  project  (e.g.  dedicated pipelines,  access  roads,  power  plants,  water  supply,  housing,  and  raw  material  and product storage facilities).
(dl Baseline Data Dimensions  of the study  area and description of relevant physical, biological, and socio-economic  conditions, including any  changes  anticipated before the project commences. Current and proposed development activities  within the project area (but not directly connected to lhe project) should also he taken into account.
(e)  Environmental  Impacts.  The  positive  and  negative  impacts  likely  to  result  from  the proposed project should be identified and assessed. Mitigation measures and the residual impacts  that  cannot  be  mitigated  should  be  identified.  Opportunities  for  environmental enhancement should be explored The extent and quality of available data., key data gaps, and  uncertainties  associated  with  predictions  should  be  identified/cstimated.  Topics  that do not require further attention should be specified
(fl Analysis  of Alternatives. Proposed investment design, site, technology, and opcraiional alternatives  should be compared systematically  in terms  of their potential environmental impacts; capital and recurrent costs; suitability  under local conditions; and institutional, training, and monitoring requirements  To the extent possible, for cadi of the alternatives, the environmental costs  and benefits  should be quantified, and economic values attached where feasible.
tg) Mitigation Plan. Feasible and cost-effective measures  which may  reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts  lo acceptable levels  should be proposed mi J llie potential environmental impacts, capital and recurrent costs, and institutional and
trammg  requirements  of  those  measures  estimated.  The
l
p an
(sometimes  known
as  an
action plan or environmental management plan") should provide details on proposed
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work programs and schedules, to ensure that the proposed environmental actions arc in phase with engineering activities  throughout preparation, fhe plan should consider compensatory measures if mitigation measures are not feasible or cost-effective.
(h)    Environmental  Management  and  Training.  The  existence,  role,  and  capability  of environmental  units  al  the  on-site,  agency,  and  ministry  level  should  be  assessed,  and recommendations  made  concerning  the  establishment  and/or  expansion  of  such  units, and  rhe  training  of  staff,  to  the  point  that  environmental  assessment  recommendations can be implemented,
(i)   Monitoring  Plan  regarding  environmental  impacts  and  perform  fince.  The  plan  should specify the type of monitoring, who would do it, how much it would cost, and what oilier inputs (eg., training) arc necessary.
Lt.I                  Appendices
I.  List of Environmental Assessment Preparers—individuals and organisations.
2.  References—written materials used in study preparation. This is especially important given the large amount of unpublished documentation often used.
3.  Record of Inter- Agency /Forum Mee ling, including list of both invitees and all endecs. Where die views of affected groups and local NGOs were obtained by other means, these should be specified.
c pnijECU e hi&pii^p^g.biiftj'jcpon jppndi-e doc
iDcetmlKr I99gI - 1
Appendix F:
ANALYSIS of alternative energy TECHNOLOGIES
COMPARISON          OF          HYDROPOWER          AND          RENEWABLE          ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AGAINST THERMAL (COAL) GENERATION
COST COMPETITIVENESS
TECHNOLOGY PROSPECTS AND RO
NEEDS
BIOMASS
(RESIDUES)
Favourable with coal in
:ombustion systems lor electricity and heating. Biogas from liquid wastes
Higher efficiency, lower cost and lower pollution prospects with gasifiers and combined cycles for electricity production Pyrolisis of cellulosic material for liquid fuels.
BIOMASS (CROPS)
Favourable for short rotation
forestry and certain grasses.
Acid hydrolysis and before all biological degradation of cellulose and starch into liquid fuels (alcohol). Thermochemical conversion for residues.
HYDRO
Very favourable
Improvement of environmental effects Efficiency and cost improvement of smaller hydropower systems.
WIND
Favourable with coal in wind regimes above 6m s annua! average
Larger turbines in the 1 - 3 MW range for lower cost and simpler O&M
SOLAR IN
BUILDINGS
Water heaters are cost effective ill climates with no frost. Passive systems for heating and day lighting are available.
Prospects for new types of passive solar components. Need for better architectural
integration,  Solar  cooling  needs more R & D,
SOLAR
PHOTO VOLTAICS (PVT
Cost effective for off-grid electricity needs Verv high reliability is achieved.
1 development of solar cells and systems of lower cost and higher efficiency.
OTHER
APPLICATIONS
Water pumping is available
More R & D needed for waler treatment, waler desalination, greenhouses for Agriculture, crop drying, ice making etc.
cthwphi’.rehf. bjni'reiMifuippndx-f.dcK:
- December J<WUIIF - 2
END-USE APPLICATIONS FOR RENEWABLE TE<”HNOLOGTES/SOUKCES
INSTALLATION CO$T COMPARISONS OF RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES
(USD)1
AVERAGE COST PER kW OF CAPACITY
fl fl DC
■OOC
□ 000 3000
S 4113,10 ”
«G00    - 1Q00 ■
D --
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wi-id
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Bin nt nn
RENtWA'BLE SOURCE
Source; WEC 1 995
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Appendix G
IUCN RED LIST OF ANIMAL SPECIES FOR ETHIOPIA1
IUCN Red LiM Categoric*
The text below gives summary definitions of the categories in the new IUCN system.
Extinct (EX) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died
Extinct tn  The Wild  (EW) A taxon  is Extinct in  the wild  when  it is known  only  to  survive in cultivation,  in  captivity  nr ns a naturalised  population  (or populations) well outside the pas! range,  A taxon  is presumed  extinct in  the wild  when  exhaustive surveys in  known  and/or expected  habitat,  at appropriate times (diurnal,  seasonal,  annual),  thrnughcwl its historic range have laded  to  record  an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon s life cycle and life form.
Critically Endnn^crcd (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when it fa facing ail extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as defined by any of the criteria A to E.
Endangered (F.N) A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing □ very high risk of extinction in the wild in (he near future, as defined by any of the criteria A to E,
Vulnerable (VII) A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but fa facing n high risk nf extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined by any of the criteria A to E,
Lower Rhk (LR) A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated, but docs not satisfy the criteria for any of the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa included in the Lower Risk category can he separated into three subcategories:
1,  Conservation  Dependent (c<l}- Taxa which are the focus of a continuing taxon-spccific or habitat specific conservation  programme targeted  towards the taxon  in  question,  the cessation  of which  would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories above within a period of five years.
2 Near Threatened (nth Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, hut which are close to qualifying lor Vulnerable
3. Lenar Concern (Ic). Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent or Near Threatened.
Datn Deficient (DD) Auxin is Dau Deficient when there is inadequate infomintion to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk, n! extinction based on its distribution and/or population status, A taxon in this category tuny be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution  are lacking  Data Deficient is therefore not a category  of threat or Louer Risk,  Listing  of taxa in  this category  indicates that more information  is required  and  acknowledges the possibility  that future research will show thatthreaicned classification is appropriate, It is important io make positive use of whatever data are available In  many  eases great care should  be exercised  in  choosing  between  DD and threatened status. It the range of a Uxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, if a considerable period Ot time lias elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified
Not Evaluated (NE) /\ taxon is Not Evaluated when it is lias not yet been assessed against the criteria. 1 Source World Conservation Mixiitvring Centre, 2!n Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, UK
t!\projK’J cthlo^h^gbii'Jwrn'rrpi.irt
4or
2 Dwcnihcf |W«CIslm: MAMMALIA
Order: TNSECTIVORA
Family: SORICIDAE
Specificroeidurabaileyi Red I istrVU Bl*2c (I nsec ti vote Specialist Group) Distrihution:E(hiopia
Species Crociduni bottegoides Red ListtVl Bl+2c tlnsectivore Specialist Group) DistribulionrEthlepm Spec ies:Croc idura gtassi Red Lisi: Vi: Hl+2c (Inscclivorc Specialist Group) Distribution: Ethiopia Spec ies:Cmc ill urn harenno Red ListCR B!+2c (Insect ivore Specialist Group) Distribution: Ethiopia Species: Croc idura lucina Red ListiVU Bl+2c (Inscctivorc Specialist Group) Distribution. Ethiopia Species:<Tric idura macmillani Red l.ist.CR R1 -2c (Insectivore Specialist Group) DistribuliuntEthiopia Specie tdu ra phactira Red l ist CR 0!+2c (Insectivore Specialist Crroup) Dislribution'Ethiopia Specie s:Croc id urn dialia Red LisCLRZnt (Insectivore Specialist Group} Distribution: Ethiopia
Order: CiHROPTERA
Family: RHLNOPOMATIDAE
Species :Rhinopoma macinncsi Red             List’ VI7 A2c. D2 (Chircptera Specialist Group)
Distribution: Ethiopia, Kenya. Somalia
Family; NYCTFRIDAE
SpcctcsiNyetens  auriia  Red  List:Lft‘nt  (Chimptcra  Specialist  Group)  Distribution:  Ethiopia.  Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania
Species: Ny tier is woodi Red ListiLRfnt (Chiroptern Specialist Group) Distribution:Cameroon, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Family: MEGADERMATIDAE
SpecicsrCardioderma  cor  Red  List:  IK  nt  (Chiroptern  Specialist  Group)  DistnbutkmlEthtupia,  Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda
Family: RH1NOLOPHIDAE
Species:  Asellia  patrizii  Red  List:  VC  A2c,  D2  (Chiroptern  Specialist  Group)  Distribution  Lritrea Ethiopia
Species;! iipposi de ros fiiliginosus Red List LR, nt (Chiroptern Specialist Group) Distribution C Congo, Equatorial Gumca, Ethiopia. Ghana, Liberia. Sierra Leone. Togo, Zaire
amcroon.
Spedcs^imolophus  bkMi  Comm  on:  Blasi  Us  Horseshoe  Bat  (E)Rcd  ListiLR/nt  (Chiroptera  Splint
Group)  DwlnbutinmAfghanisUii.  Alb™  a,  Algeria.  Bulgaria.  Cyprus.  Ethiopia,  Greece  Iran  Israel
Italy.    Jordan.    Morocco,    Pakistan,    Romania,    Somalia,    South    Africa,    Svria.    Tunisia    ’Tllrk7v 
Turkmenj£tnn> \ cmen,’’i ugosluvia, Zaire
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Species:  Rlii  no  loph  us  hipposideros  Common:Lcsser  Horseshoe  Hat (ElRed  List  AT A  2c  (Uuroptera Specialist Group) Distribution Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, osniti «.
Herzegovina.  Bulgarin.  Croaiia.  Czech  Republic.  Czechoslovakia.  Egypt,  Eritrea.  Hlwpin  i™a-. Georgia,  Germany.  Greece.  Hungary.  India.  Iran,  Iraq,  Ireland,  Israel.  Italy.  Jordan,  Kazakhstan. Kyrgyzstan,  Lebanon,  Luxembourg,  Macedonia,  Malta.  Morocco.  Netherlands.  Pakistan,  loland. Portugal,  Romania,  Russia,  Saudi Arabia,  Slovakia.  Slovenia,  Spam,  Sudan.  Switzerland,  Tajikistan, Turkey, lurkmcnistan. Ukraine, United Kingdom, Yugcisl.it ia
Family; VESPERTILIONIDAE
-Species.Lptesicus guinecnsis Red l.isl-LR/rrt (Uhiropirrn Spccialisr Group) Distribution. Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone. Zaire
Species; KerivouIn criuphora. Red List’VU D2 (Chiroptera Specialist Group) Distribution‘Ethiopia
Spec its :Laepholis wiutoni Red ListrLRTit (Chiroptcni Specialist Group) Distribution: Ethiopia, Kenya. South Africa
Species Min iopl erus schrcibcrsi Red Lisi.LFL'ni (Chiroptera Specialist Group) Distribution Afghanistan. Albania.  Algeria,  Angola.  Australia.  Austria,  Azerbaijan.  Bosnia & Herzegovina.  Botswana,  Bulgaria. Cameroon.  Central African  Republic,  China,  Croatia,  Ethiopia,  France.  Gambia,  Germany,  Ghana. Gibraltar, Greece, Guinea, Hong Kong. Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel. Italy, Japan. Jordan, Kenya,  Lebanon,  Macedonia,  Madagascar,  Malawi,  Malaysia,  Malta,  Morocco,  Mozambique,  Myanmar, Namibia,  Nepal.  Papua New Guinea,  Philippines,  Portugal,  Romania,  Rwanda,  Saudi Arabia,  Sierra Leone.  Slovakia,  Slovenia,  Solomon  islands,  Somalia.  South  Africa.  Spain.  Sri Lanka.  Sudan. Switzerland.  Syria,  laiwan.  Tajikistan,  Tanzania.  Thailand.  Tunisia.  Turkey,  Turkmenistan,  Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam. Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire. Zambia. Zimbabwe
Species:Myotis  morrisi  Red  Lisl:VU  D2  (Chiroptcra  Specialist  Group)  Distribution:  Ethiopia.  Nigeria, Zaire
Species Myotis scotti Red List:VI A2c. D2 (Chiroptem Specialist Group) Distribution Ethiopia Species PipistrellLis aero Red I ist DD (Chiroptera Specialist Group) Dislnbutidn.Ethiupia, Kenya
Family: MOLOSSIDAE
$pecies:Chucrephon chapiui Red ListLR/nt (Chiroptcra Specialist Group) Distribution: An sola,
Botswana, Ethiopia, Namibia, Uganda. Zaire, Zambia Zimbabwe
SpeciesMonnopieras       acctabdosus       Red       ListVU       B|+2c       (Chiroptera       Specialist       Group) Distribution: Ethiopia, Madagascar. Mauritius, Reunion. South Africa
SpcdesiOton.ops mnrtiensseni Red LisiVU A 2 c (Chiraplcrn Specialist Group) Distribution: Angola Djibouti. Ethiopia, Kenya. Madagascar. Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan. Tanzania, Uganda Zaire ZamKx 
Zimbabwe
* ’
SpcciesLiadarida  ventral  is  Red  List!  R/nt  (Chi«pteW   Specialist  Group)  DistrlbntioirEthiopia,  Kenya, 
Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa. Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire
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Order: PRIMATES
Family: GALAGONIDAE
Species: Galago galkinim Com mon :G6 Iago ctiope (S). Somali Galago (F.)Rcd Specialist Group) DisirihutiomEtliiopia, Kenvil, Somalia
Family: CERCOPITHEC1DAE
List;! K'nt (Pnfiiflltf
Species.’Ccrcopithecus acthiops Group) Distribution:Ethiopia
djarndjamenaHCummoniDjam-djarn tEjRcd LiscDD (Primate Specialist
Spec  ies:Cci!n bus  micrcza gallarum Comm  cm:Nciirn  son's Black-and-white < ulobus (E)Rcd List DD I Primate Specialist Group) DistributioniEthiopin
SpeciesrPapio hamadryas Com mon.Babeu in ami bis (F). Baboutn chacma (F), Babouin de Guincc (F), Babouin jaune (F). Chacma Baboon (EX Drogucra (F*h Guinea Baboon (E), llamadryas (F). Hamndryas Baboon  (E).  Olive Baboon  (EX Papion  de Guinea (S).  Papion  negro  (S),  Papion  oliva (S),  Yellow Baboon  <E)Rcd  List:LR/nt (Primate Specialist Group) Distribution: Djibouti,  Egypt (ex),  Eritrea, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia. Somalia, Sudan. Yemen
Species:Thcropithccus  gclad.i  Com  mon  Gel  ada  (F),  Gelada  Baboon  (F.)Rcd  Li*l:LR7nt  I  Primate Specialist Group) Distnbut ion:Eritrea. Ethiopia
Order: CARNIVORA
Family: CANTDAE
Specic&Canis simcnsis Common: Abyssinian Wolf (EX Ethiopian Wolf (EX Simian Jackal fE), Sim ten Fox(E)Rcd List:CR Alb+2bc, Cl , E (Canid Specialist Group) Distribution: Ethiopiu
Spec ies:Lyc non  pictu*  Common:African  Hunting  tXig  (E),  African  Wild  Dog  (E).  Wild  Dog  (E)Rcd Liil:EN Cl (Canid  Specialist Group! Distribution:Algeria (ex?).  Angola,  Benin  (ex?),  Botswana. Burkina Faso  (ex?).  Burundi (ex?),  Cameroon,  Central African  Republic.  Chad,  Congo  (ex?).  Cote d’Ivoire (ex?).  Djibouti (ex),  Eritrea (ex?),  Ethiopia,  Gabon  (cx?X Gambia (ex?),  Ghana (ex?),  Guinea (ex?).  Kenya,  Malawi.  Mali (ex?).  Mauritania (?X Mozambique,  Namibia,  Niger (ex?),  Nigeria (ex?). Rwanda (ex).  Senegal.  Sierra Leone (ex?),  Somalia,  South  Africa,  Sudan.  Swaziland  (ex?),  Tanzania. Togo (CX?X Uganda (ex?). Zaire (ex?), Zambia. Zimbabwe
Species:Vulpes pallida CommomPnlc Fox  (E)Rcd  List:DD (Canid  Specialist Group) Distribuiion:Bcnin, Burkina Fasti.  Cameroon.  Chad.  Eritrea.  Ethiopia.  Guinea.  Libya,  Mali.  Mauritania.  Niger.  Nigeria, Senegal. Sudan
Species :Vulpes rucppelli Common  Rucppell’s Fox  (EX Ruppclfs Fox  (Ex  Sand  Fox  (E)Red  ListzDD (Canid  Specialist Group) Distribution: Afghanistan,  Algeria,  Chad.  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  Iran.  Iraq,  Israel, Jordan. Libya. Malt Mauritania, Morocco, Niger. Saudi Arabia. Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia. Yemen
Family: FELIDAE
Species:Acinonyx jubatus Common:Cheetah (E). Chita (S), Guepardo (S). Guepard (I ). Hunting Leopard (E)Red ListAU Ald^2d, Cl (Cal Specialist Group? DistrihutTcnrAfghanistan (ex), Algeria (ex?). Angola, Benin. Botswana, Burkina Fiwo, Burundi (ex). Cameroon. Central African Republic Chud, Egypt (ex). Eritrea. Ethiopia, India (ex). Iran, Iraq (ex?). Israel (ex), Jordan (ex), Kazakhstan (ox) Kenya, Kuwait (ex), Kyrgyzstan (cx\ Libya, Malawi. Mali, Mauritania, Morocco (ex?). Mozambique Namibia. Niger. Nigeria. Pakistan tex), Saudi Arabia (ex). Senegal (ex?), Somalia, South Africa Sudan
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Swaziland,   Syria   (ex).   Tajikistan   (ex).   Tanzania.   Togo.   Tunisia   (ex),   lurkmemstan   (ex), Uzbekistan (ex). Western Suliarn (ex?). Yemen (ex). Zaire. Zambia. Zimbabwe
Lf can da.
Species. Panthem Ico Common 1 c6n (S). T ion (E). Lion cTAfrique (F)Rcd List \ U A led (Cat Specialist Group) Dis trihnt ion: Algeria (ex). Angola. Benin. Botswana, Burkina Faw, Burundi. Cameroon. Central African  Republic.  Chad,  Congo,  Cote d'Ivoire,  Egypt (ex).  Eritrea,  Ethiopia.  Gabon.  Gambia.  Ghana. Guinea,  Guinea-Bissau  (?).  Kenya,  Lesotho,  Malawi,  Mali,  Mauritania (?) (ex?).  Morocco  (ex). Mozambique,  Namibia,  Niger.  Nigeria,  Rwanda (?),  Senegal,  Sierra Leone.  Somalia.  South  Africa. Sudan.  Swaziland,  Tanzania,  Togo.  Tunisia (ex),  Uganda,  Western  Sahara (ex),  Zaire.  Zambia, Zimbabwe
Family: HYAENIDAE
SpceicrCrocuta cmcula Common  Spotted  Hyaena (E)Rcd  Li«:LR/cd  (Hyaena Specialist Group) DistribatiorvAngola.  Botswana.  Cameron.  Ethiopia.  Gabon,  Camb.  a.  Gutnea,  Kenya,  Malawi. Mauritania,  Mozambique.  Namibia,  Nigeria.  Senegal.  Sierra Leone,  Somalia.  South  Africa,  Sudan. Tanzania. Togo, I fganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Species:Pruteles cristatus SCummon: Aardwolf (E)Red  List DD (Hyaena Specialist Group) DistributioniBurundi.  Central African  Republic.  Egypt,  Eritrea.  Ethiopia.  Kenya,  Somalia.  Sudan, Tanzania^ Uganda
Family: VIVTRRIPAE
SpceicsGcnctUi   abyss   tnica   CommonzAbyssinian   Genet   (E)Rcd   List.DD   (Musidid   Specialist   Group) Distribution:Djibouti. Ethiopia, Somalia
Order: CETACEA
Family: DELPUINIDAE
Species Sousa chin  ens is Commcn:Bufeo  asiatico  (S),  Dauphin  a bosae de I'litdo-Pacifique (1),  Delfin bianco  de China (S)t Indo-pacific Humpback  Dolphin  (E)Rcd  List:DD (Cetacean  Specialist Ciroup) Distribution:Australia.  Bahrain.  Bangladesh.  Brunei,  Cambodia,  China,  Djibouti,  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  I long Kong.  India.  Indonesia,  Iran,  Iraq,  Israel.  Kenya.  Kuwait,  Madagascar.  Malaysia,  Mozambique, Myanmar,  Oman.  Pakistan,  Papua New Guinea.  Philippines.  Qatar.  Saudi Arabia.  Somalia,  South  Africa, Sri I anka,  Sudan.  Taiwan.  Tanzania,  I hailand,  United  Arab  Emirates.  Viet Nnm,  YemenMarine Distribution:Atlantic (southeast),  Indian  Ocean  (eastern,  western).  Pacific (northwest,  southwest,  western central)
Spec ies: Sic no bredanenxis Coni mon; De I fin de pico largo (S). Rough-toothed Dolphin (E), Stew (F)Red List:DD (Cetacenn  Specialist Group) Distribution.Argentina.  Bangladesh.  Belgium,  Brazil,  Cote d’Ivoire, Cuba.  Ecuador,  Ethiopia.  France,  Greece,  Honduras,  India.  Indonesia,  Israel,  Italy,  Japan.  Kenya, Mexico,  Mozambique,  Myanmar,  Netherlands,  New Zealand,  Peru,  Portugal.  Senegal,  Somalia,  South Africa,  Spain,  Sri l.anka.  St Helena,  St Vincent.  Tanzania,  Thailand,  USA.  YemenMarine DistributiomAtlanlic (eastern  central,  northeast,  southeast,  southwest,  western  central),  Indian  Ocean (eastern,  western).  Mediterranean  and  Black  Sea,  Pacific (eastern  central,  northeast,  northwest,  southeast, southwest, western central)
Order:   PROBOSCTDFA
Family: ELFPHANTIDAE
Species 1 oxodontB africana Conun on-African Elephant (E), Elcfanlc dfrkano Fl
,
Elephant  d’Afnque  (F)Red  ListzEN  Alb  (African  Elephant  SpcdaliM  Groimi  FY  .  ik  P   afrlcain    U  h Botswana, Burkma l-'nso, Burundi (ex), C ameroon, Central African R pub£ ChTdI ^“co’c’
C
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d'Ivoire,    Equaiorial    Guin®.    Eritrra.    ElhiopK    G.bon,    Gambta    (ex),    Ghana,    ^'"e\?UXBr    Xeria
Kenya,   Lesotho   (ex).   Liberia.   Malawi.   Malt.   Mauritania.   Mozambique,   Namibia.   Ntge
Nigena^
Rwanda. Senegal. Siena Leone, Somalia. South Africa. Sudan. Swoz.tond (ex). Umzanim Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia. Zimbabwe
Order: PEfUSSODACTYLA
Family: EQUIDAE
SpccicsEquus .ifricomis Com men: African Ass (E), African XV ild Ass (I.). Anc sausagi. d Airique (f k Asno  salvaje de Africa (S)Red  I iskCK Alb  (Equid  Specialist Group) Distribution:Australia [mt].  Chad, Ecuador,. Eg}pt (ex), Eritrea, Ethiopia* Somalia, Sudan. USA [rnt]
Species:Equus grevyi CommomCcbra  de  Grcvy (S), Grevy's Zebra (E), Zebre de Grdvy (F)Red List:EN Ala+2c (Equid Specialist Group) Distribution: Ethiopia. Kenya. Somalia (ex), Sudan (?)
Family: RHLSOCEROT1DAE
Species:Diceras bicornis Coni mon: Black  Rhinoceros (E),  Hook-lipped  Rhinoceros (E),  Rhinoceros noir (F).  Rinoceronte negro  (S)Rcd  ListzCR Alabc (African  Rhino  Specialist Group) Distribution:Angola, Botswana,  Burundi (ex),  Cameroon,  Cental African  Republic,  Chad.  Colt d'Ivoire lex).  Erilrca.  Ethiopia (ex?),  Kcnyn.  Malawi (ex?).  Mozambique.  Namibia,  Niger (ex),  Nigeria (ex),  Rwanda (ex?),  Somalia, South Africa. Sudan, Swaziland. Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire (ex). Zambia. Zimbabwe
Order: ARTIODACTYLA
Family: GrRAFFLDAE
Species GirafTa Camelopardalis Common:Giraffe (E)Rcd  ListrLRr'cd  (Antelope Specialist Group) Distrihutintu  Angola,  Botswana.  Cameroon,  Central African  Republic.  Chad,  Eritrea,  Ethiopia,  Kenya, Mali (ex?),  Mauritania (ex),  Mozambique (ex?),  Namibia.  Niger,  Nigeria,  Rwanda lint],  Senegal (ex), Somalia. South Africa, Sudan. Swaziland. Tanzania, Uganda. Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Family: BOVIDAE
Species; A lcelnphus busclnphtis CommomCornmnn  Hartebcest (EjRed  List:LR/cd  (Antelope Specialist Group) OistributiiiniAlgeri*  (ex).  Angola.  Benin.  Botswana,  Burkina l asn,  Cameroon,  Central African Republic,  Chad.  Cole d’Ivoire,  Egypt (ex).  Ethiopia.  Gambia (ex?),  Ghana.  Guinea,  Guinea-Bissau. Kenya, L esotho (ex). Mali, Morocco (ex). Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal. Somalia (ex), South Africa’ Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, logo. Tunisia (ex), Uganda, Zaire. Zimbabwe
Species:  Ake  tophus  husdaphus  lelwd  Com  mon:  Lx  I  wel  Hartebeest  (E)Red  List  LR/cd  (Antelope Specialui Group) DistnbutionrCentml African Republic. Chad, Ethiopm. Kenya, Sudan. Uganda. Zaire
Species;Aketophus    husdaphus    sway    net    Common:Swayne’s    Hartehcest    (E)Rcd    list'EN    Ala    Cl (Antelope Specialist Group i DistributioniEthiopia, Somalia (?) (cxi
Spccits:Alcelaphus  busdaphus  tora  Common:Tor>  Hartebecst  (E)Rcd  List:!  N  Cl Group) Distribution Egypt (ex), Eritrea. Ethiopia, Sudan
(Antelope Specialist
Species:Ammodoreas dnrkd  CcmniomCtorkc's
Specialist Group) DislribulioniEthiopia. Somalia
Gazelle (E). Dibmag (E)Red ListVU Cl
< Antelope
Species  ;Capra  nubiana  Common  ;Nubian  Ibex  (E)Red 
DistributionzEgvpU  Ethiopia,  Israel.  Jordan,  Lebanon  (e
Llsi.EN C2a (Cnprinac Specialist Group}
Ycmeu
X). Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sudan. Syria (ex).
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SpecicsCaprn    walin    CommonrWalia    Ibex    (E)Rcd    ListtCR    C2b    (Capri,uk     Special,st    Group) Distribution: Ethiopia
Specics.Ccphalophu,   harveyi   Common:Haney's   Red   Duiker   (EjRed   LhttLR/cd   (Antelope   Specialist Group) Distribution:Ethiopia. Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania
Species:Damalisciis  lunatus  Commoii.Damalisque  (F),  Hirula  (F).  Korrigum  (F).  Sntsaby  (1),  r°P*  <l‘1
Tscssebe (E)Red  Li$t:LIVcd  (Antelope Specialist Group) Distribution:Angola.  Denin, Botswana, Bur ina Fa.n>,  Burundi (ex).  Cameroon,  Central African  Republic.  Chad.  Ethiopia,  Gambia (ex),  Guinea («.). Guinea-Bissau (ex). Kenya. Malawi (ex). Malt (ex). Mauritania (ex). Mozambique (ex), Namibia, Niger, Nigeria (ex?).  Rwanda,  Senegal (ex).  Somalia,  South  Africa.  Sudan.  Swaziland  (ex),  lanznntn,  logo (ex?), Uganda, Zaire, Zambia. Zimbabwe
Species  DartMhulls  lunatus  hang  Common*  Tiding  (E)Rcd  l  ist  I  R/nl  (Antelope  Specialist  Group) Distributton:Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan. Uganda
Spec  ies:Dorca  tragus  megalotis  CommoniBeira  Antelope  (E)Rcd  ListA'II  Cl  (An  I  r  lope  Specialist Group) Distribution; Djibouti (7) (ex?), Ethiopia, Somalia
Species Gaze I la dorcas Common  Dorcas Gazelle (E)r Gazelle dorcas (F)Red  Lisl.l R/wt (Antelope Specialist Group I Distribution Algeria. Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti. Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia. Israel (?), Libya.  Mali.  Mauritania,  Morocco,  Niger.  Nigeria (ex?),  Senegal (ex),  Somalia.  Sudan,  logo,  Tunisia, Western Sahara, Yemen
SpcdeszGazdla   grant   i   Common   ^Grants   Gazelle   (E)Rcd   List:LR/cd   (Antelope   Specialist   Group) Distribution: Ethiopia. Kenya, Sa in nil a. Sudan, Tanzania. Uganda
Specie s:Gazel la nififrons Common: Red-fronted  Gazelle (E)Rcd  ListrVU Ale (Antelope Specialist Group) bislributioniBenin  (?).  Burkina Faso,  Cameroon,  Central African  Republic.  Chad.  Eritrea, Ethiopia (?),  Gambia (ex?),  Ghana (ex?),  Guinea-Bissau*  Mali,  Mauritania,  Niger.  Nigeria,  Senegal. Sudan, Togo
SptciesiCa/cIln rufifrons tilonura CommonrHcuglin's Gazelle (E)Red List VU Cl (Antelope Specialist Group) DixtrFbiiiion:Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan
SpccicsiGazella    soemmerringii    CuminomSocTnmemng's    Gazelle    (E)Rcd    ListzVC    Cl    (Antelope Specialist Group) Distribution: Djibouti. Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya. Somalia. Sudan
Species Gazclln  spekei CommomSpcke’s Gazelle (E)Rcd  List:VL.  Cl (Antelope Specialist Group)
Distribution:Ethiopia. Somalia
SpeckstGazclla thoffisenii Common Thomson's Guzel Ic (E)Red Lisl;LR/cd (Antelope Distribution Ethiopia. Kenya. Sudan. Tanzania
r
Specialist Group)
SpeciesiGazdla  thomsonii  albonouta  Com  mon:  Mon  gal  In  Gazelle  (E)Red  List’LR/nt Specialist Group) Distribution Ethiopia, Sudan
(Antelope
SpcdestHipf^us equinus Cmmon:Anrilcpe Rouane (F), Antilope chevalinc (F), Hippotra-uc (Ft Roan Antelope (E)Rcd UstLRred (Antelope Specialist Group) Distribute: Angola, Borin Botswana Burkina Faso. Burundi (ex), Cameroon, Central African Rcpuhfrc Chad Cote d'lvnir^ m Gambia. Ghana Ginnea. Guinea-Bissau. Kenya. Malawi. Mali, Mauntania. Mozambique' NamT? Niger. Nigeria, Rwanda. Senegal. Swaziland. Tanzania. Togo, Uganda. Zaire. Z.imhta, Zimbabwe
; prnjCiiH'clhv r ■ gf^glwru'frpQrVJ^ri^-j J.X
2 December 1095.*Species :Kn bus ellipsiprymnus Cam mon: Waterbuck (E)Red ListLR/cd (Antelope Spcviali
|)
Distribution:Angola.    Benin.    Botswana.    Burkina    Faso.    Burundi.    Cameroon.    eritra    nc    n    c      ' Chad, Congo, Cole d’Ivoire. Ethiopia, Gabon. Gambia (ex?). Ghana Guinea. Guinea
Malawi* Mali. Mozambique, Namibia. Niger. Nigeria. Rwanda.Senegal, Sierra Leone, .
AfricH. Sudan. Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda. Zaire. Zambia, Zimbabwe
SpectcsiKobus cllipsiprmnus defftSM Common:Dcfassa Walerbuck  (L.Red  List 1  Rjcd  r.lieope Specialist Group) Di.KribuliomAiigaU,  Benin.  Burkina Faso.  Burundi.  Cameroon,  Central All lean Republic, Chad, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia. Gabon. Gambia (ex?). Ghana, Guinea. Guinea J hssau. Kenya, Mali. Nigeria. Rwanda. Senegal. Sierra Leone, Sudan. Tanzania, Togo, I panda, Zaire, Zarubin
Specie-; Kuhns ellipsiprymnus etiipsiprymnus Com mon: El lipsen  Waterbuck.  (E)Rcd  LtsllR.cd (Antelope Spccialisl Group) Distribution  Botswana.  Ethiopia.  Kenya.  Malawi.  Mozambique,  Namibia, Somalia, Smith Africa. Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
SpecicszKobus kob  CommcniKob  (E)Ked  List;LR/cd  (Antelope Specialist Group) Distribution:Benin. Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic. Chad. Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia. Gambia (ex)* Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya (ex). Mali. Mauritania, Niger. Nigeria, Senegal. Sierra Leone (ex), Sudan, Tanzania (ex), Togo. Uganda* Zaire
Species:  Kohns  knb  kucotis Common: Whitcearcil Kob (E)Rcd ListzLR/nt (Antelope Specialist Group) Distribution: Ethiopia, Sudan. Uganda
SpccicsKobus   megaceros   UommonNilc   Lcchwe   (E)Red   List:LR/nl   (.Antelope   Specialist   Group) Distribution: EMlimpin, Sudan
Species:   I.   itocranius   walleri   CommonzGerenuk   (E)Red   LiMzLR/cd   (Antelope   Specialist   Group) Distribution: Djibouti. Ethiopia. Kenya, Somalin, Tanzania
Specks:Orcoiragus oreotragus Common:Klipspritiger (E)Red  List.l R/cd  (Antelope Specialist Group) Distribution.  Angola*  Botswana.  Burundi (ex),  Central African  Republic.  Djibouti,  Eritrea.  Ethiopia. Kenya,  I csottio.  Malawi.  Mozambique,  Namibia.  Nigeria,  Rwanda.  Somalia.  South  Africa.  Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
SpecicsrOiyx  8^1*  Common  ;Gemsbok  (E)Red  l.i«:LR/cd  (Antelope Specialist Group) Distribution: Angola.  Botswana,  Djibouti.  Eritrea,  Ethiopia.  Kenya,  Namibia.  Somalia,  South  Africa, Sudan. Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe
Specics;Oryx   giialh   bcisa   Common:Bcisa   Oryx   (E)Red   ListtLR/cd   (Antelope   Specialist   Group)
Distribution. Djibouti. Eritrea, Eihitipia. Kenya. Somalia, Sudan. Uganda
Species lOurcbia ourebi CommomOribi (E)Rcd LixtLR/cJ (Antelope Specialist
Distribution Angola, Rerun. Botswana. Burkina Faso. Burundi (ex). Cameroon Central
Republic Chad. Cote d’Ivoire, Eritrea. Ethiopia. Gambia Ghana, Guin™, Guinea Bissau Lesotho. Malawi Mali. Morambujue. Namibia, Niger. Nigeria, Rwanda. Senegal Sierra Leone
Group)
African
Kenya,
Somalia. South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland. Tanzania. Togo. Uganda. Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Spec its; Re di inc afulvorufuh. Common: Mountain Reedbuck (E)Red LisrLR/cd (Antelope Spcqwlfat Group) DistrdHUtonBotawjma, Cameroon. Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho. Mozambique. N^eria Souti
Africa. Sudan. Swaziland. Tanzania, Uganda
Species Rcdunca fulvorufula ehanlcri Common Chauler’s Mountain Reedbuck (Aniclopc Specialist Group) DistribulionJ-rhiopia, Kenya, Sudan. Tan/anm, Uganda
t>cria, =>ouui
i ■   . „
;jptnice^ ethi2|i'tt' ggbr hinireptifl'.Appthivtf doc
2 December |^n■I
■I
I
IG-o
Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, logo. Uganda. Zaire
Species: Syncerus offer Com mon  African  Buffalo  (K)Red  LiscLR/od  (Antelope Specialist Group) Distribution: Angola.  Benin,  Botswana,  Burkina Faso,  Burundi.  Cameroon,  Central African  Republic. Chad.  Congo,  Cote d'Ivoire,  Equatorial Guinea,  Ethiopia,.  Gabon,  Gambia (ex).  Ghana.  Guinea.  trumea- Bissnu,  Kenya,  Liberia,  Malawi,  Mali,  Mozambique.  Namibia,  Niger.  Nigeria,  Rwanda,  Senegal,  Sierra leone, Somalia. South Africa, Sudan. Swaziland. Tanzania, Togo. I Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Spec  ies'.Tragc  la  Phu's  huxtom  Common:  Mountain  Nyala  (E}Red  Lisi  EN  Ala,  Cl  (Antelope  Specialist Group) DiMnbution. Ethiopia
Species:Tragelaphus eiiryccrus Cammon:Bongo  (E)t Bongo  (F),  Bongo  (SjRed  ListrLFt/nl (Antelope Specialist Group) Distribution:Angola.  Benin  (ex?).  Burkina Faso  (?),  Cameroon.  Central African Republic.  Congo.  Cole d'Ivoire.  Equatorial Guinea.  Ethiopia (?)»  Gabon.  Ghana.  Guinea.  Guinea-Bissau (ex?). Kenya, Liberia. Mali (ex?), Niger (ex ?). Sierra Leone. Sudan. Togo (ex?). Uganda (?) (ex). Zaire
Specics  Tragclapliu-s  imberbis  Common  l  esser  Kudu  (E)Red  List:LR/cd  (Antelope  Specialist  Group) Distribution-Ethiopia. Kenya. Saudi Arabia (ex?), Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania. Uganda, Yemen (ex?)
Species Tragclaphus oryx Common Common Eland (E)Red ListiLR/cd (.Antelope Specialist Group) Distribution:Angola. Botswana. Burundi (ex), Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi. Mozambique. 
Namibia. Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland. Tanzania. Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Specie* I rngdaphus strepstccros Com mon: Greater Kudu (ElRed List; I .R/cd (Antelope Specialist Group) D tel ri bi it ion: Angola, Botswana, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi,  Mozambique,  Namibia,  Somalia,  South  Africa.  Sudan.  Swaziland.  Tanzania,  Uganda.  Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Order: PllOLIDOTA
Family: MANIDAE
Order: RODENTIA
Family: MURIDAE
Species: Uendrom us lovati Red Lisl:LR/nt (Baillie, J ) DisiributiuntEth.opia Spec^Gcrtilkix bdensis Red I.istCR Bl +2c. C2b (llnillie, jj DisirihutionzEthinpia Species Gramrnomys minnac Red LisuLR/m (Baillie, J ) Distribution:Ethiopia Species:! ophuromys mclanonv-x Red LislLR/nt (Bnillk. J.) DisinbUlion;Elhiop SpcciW-Megadcndromusnikohusi Red l.istVL B l+2c (Bailhe. J.) DisrributioniEthiopi
2 December*
*
I
IG-10
Species: Murk ulus imberbis Red LisItVU Ale (Baillie. J ) Oislribution .Ethiopia
Species: My nmys albipes Red LisrUVtil (Baillie. J.) DistribuiitimEthiopm
Species Myomys ruppi Red ListrVU Bl i2l-(Baillie. J.) Distribution iEthiupia
Species Genonm liypoxantlms Red Lisl:DD (Slraclen. E. van der) ................... ...........tion;Angola. Burmidi. Cameroon.   Congo.   Equatonal   Guinea.   Elhiopia,   Gabon.   Kenya,   Nigeria.   Rwanda,   Sudan.   Iwuania, Uganda. Zaire
SpcciesOtnmys  typus  Red  List!  IVnt  (Baillie.  J.)  Distribution:  Ethiopia.  Kenya.  Malawi,  Tanzania, Uganda. Zambia
Spccies:Stenoeeplt»)emys albocaudaln Red !.ist:LR/nl(Stracten, E. vander) Distribution ! lbkpia SpeciesrStennccphtdemys griseictiuda Red [ istLRAil (Straeien. E. van dcr) Dixlributiim Ethiopia
Family: 11YSTREC1DAE
Species:! lyftrix cristata Common:Crcstcd Porcupine (H). North African Crested Porcupine (H), Porc-dpic du  nord  de [’Afriquc (F)Rcd  ListLR/nt (Amoii G.) DistributioniAibania [int],  Algeria,  Angola.  Benin (?), Burkina Faso. Cameroon. Central African Republic. Chad. Cote d’Ivoire (?), Egypt (ex?), Equatorial Guinea (?),.  Eritrea.  Ethiopia,  Gabon  (?),  Gambia,  Ghana,  Greece.  Guinea (?),  Guinea-Bitsmu,  Italy, Kenji,  Liberia,  I.iby-a.  Mali {?),  Mauritania,  Morocco.  Niger,  Nigeria.  Rwanda.  Senegal,  Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo (?), Tunisia. Turkey, Uganda. Zaire
Order: LAGOMORPHA
Family: LFPOR1DAE
Species:Lcpus   fagani   Common   Ethiopian   Hare   (E)Rcd   List:DD   (Lagomnrph   Specialist   Group) Distri b ill ion; Ethiopia
Class: AVES
Order: C1CONUFORMFS
Family: BALAENTCIPITTDAE
Specks Balacniccps rex  CommcmBaknicep*  ruts (F),  Bcc-cn-sabot (F),  Picozapato  (S),  Shocbill (E) While-headed  Siork  (E)Red  Lisi 1  R nt (Bkdl.ifc International) Distribution  Burundi Central African Republic, Ethiopia ('?}. Malawi Rwanda. Sudan. Tajizanm (7). Uganda. Zaire. Zambia
Family: THRESK1ORN1THIDAE
Species Geronticus crenuta Common: Hernt it Ibts (E), Ibis chauve (F). Ibis eremita (S). Northent B .ld Ibis (F).  Waldripp  (E)Rcd  ListCR C2a (Birdl ife Inlcmaiional) Explanation  Notes for Red  list me lusmnDislnbulion: Algeria (ex).  Eritrea,  Ethiopia,  Greece (ex).  Mauritania.  Morocco  Sudm Syria. 
Turkey tex). Yemen 
Family: PEIOENICOPTERIDAE
1 yna.
SpecicsPhoemcopfcrus  minor  ConuncniFlamant  nam  (F),  Flamenco  cnann  (Si.  Lesser  Flam  in  no  fFi
L.^LK (Blrdt-ir. 
.... .................. ....  “
’
Cameroon, Dj.bouli (?). F.ntrea, Ethiopia, Gabon. Gambia. Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Keny^
.rirpnrl Apprti!fc.-|g (Jdc
2 DecemberI I I I
■
■G-t1
Lesotho,   Madagascar.   Malawi.   Mauritania,   Mozambique.   Namibia^   Pakistan,   Senegal.   Sierra   ixonc. South Africa, Sudan. Tanzania, Uganda. Yemen. Zaire. Zambia. Zimbabwe
Order: ANSERTFORMES
Family: ANATIDAF
Species  lAvthva  nyroca  Com  mon  Ferruginous  Duck  (EL  Ferruginous  Pochard  (E)  FuhBu  k  n>  I Porrdn     pardo     (S).     White-eyed     Pochard     (E)Red     LisEVU     Alacd     B.rdl.fe     Interndua     al) ExplanatiuntNotes   for   Red   List   inclusionDislributioniAfgh-nistan.   Albania.   A   gem,   Annona   Altm Azerbaijan.  Bangladesh,  Belarus.  Belgium,  Bhutan.  Bosnia &  Herzegovina. Bulgaria, Cameroon. Centra! African   Repuhlk.   Chad,   China.   Croatia,   Cyprus,   Czech   Republic.   Czechoslovakia.   Egypt.   Eritrea, Ethiopia.  France.  Gambia.  Georgia,  Germany,  Greece.  Hungary.  India.  Iran.  Iraq.  Israel,  Italy  Jor  an. Kazakhstan,  Kenya,  Latvia.  I^banoo.  Libya,  Lithuania,  Macedonia.  Mali,  Matin.  Mauntama,  Moldova. Mongolia,  Morocco.  Myanmar.  Nepal.  Netherlands.  Niger,  Nigeria,  Oman,  Pakistan.  Poland,  Romania. 
Russia,   Saudi   Arabia, 
B           Slovenia,   Spam.   Sudan,   Switzerland,   Tajikistan,   rhailand,   lunisia, Scne al. 
Turkey,  Turkmenistan.  Ukraine,  United  Arab  Emirates.  Uzbekistan,  Viet  Nam,  Western  Sahara  (?), Yemen, Yugoslavia
Order: FA1CONIFORMES
Family: ACCIPITRIDAE
SpeciesiAquila clanga Common; Aguila moteada (S), Aiglc criard (F). Greater Spotted Ragle (E), Spotted Eagle (E)Rcd  List:VU C2n  (BirdLife International) Explanation  Notes for Red  Lisi inclusionDistriburioivAtgiuifiNtan,  Albania (?),  Bangladesh,  Belarus.  Bhulan.  Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria,  Cambodia.  Cameroon.  China,  Croatia (ex),  Czech  Republic,  Czechoslovakia,  Djibouti,  Egypt, Eritrea.  Estonia.  Ethiopia.  Finland.  France.  Germany.  Greece.  Hong  Kong,  Hungary,  India,  Iran,  Iraq, Israel (ex),  Italy,  Knznkhsian,  Kenya,  Kuwait,  Laos.  L  atvia,  Lebanon,  Lithuania (ex),  Macedonia (ex), Malaysia.  Moldova,  Mcngulia.  Myanmar,  Nepal,  Oman,  Pakisian,  Poland.  Romania,  Russia,  Saudi Arabia,  Singapore,  Slovakia (ex),  Slovenia,  Sudan,  Sweden,  Taiwan,  Ihailand,  Turkey,  Ukraine,  United Arab Emirates, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia
Species:Aquila hcliaca Common:Aguila imperial (S).  Aguila imperial oriental (S),  Aiglc imperial (F), Imperial Eagle (E)Rcd  ListiVU C2a (BirdLife International j ExplunationrNolcs for Red  List Inclusion  Distribution  Afghanistan,  Albania (?),  Armenia,  Azerbaijan,  Bangladesh,  Bosnia & Herzegovina,  Bulgaria,  China,  Croatia,  Cyprus,  Czech  Republic,  Djibouti.  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  Georgia, Greece,  Hung  Kong,  Hungary,  India.  Iran,  Iraq,  Israel,  Jordan,  Kazakhstan,  Kenya,  Kuwait,  Laos^ Lebanon.  Macedonia.  Moldova,  Nepal.  Oman,  Pakistan,  Romania.  Russia,  Saudi Arabia,  Slovakia^ Slovenia,  Tanzania.  Turkey,  Turkmenistan,  Ukraine,  United  Arab  Emirates,  Uzbekistan,  Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia
Spccies:Circus  macrourus  Common  Aguilucho  pa  pud  bo  (S),  Husard  pale  (F),  Pale  Hamer  (E)  Pallid Harrier  (E)R«I  l.ist  LR  nr  (BirdLife  International)  Distribution:  Afghanistan,  Albania.  Algeria  Angola, Armenia,  Azerbaijan,  Bahram.  Bangladesh,  Belarus,  Benin.  Bhutan,  Bosnia  &  Herzegovina,  Botswana Rulgai-jn.  Burkina  Faso.  Burundi,  Cameroon,  Central  African  Republic.  Chnd,  Cluna  Cote  ci  Ivo,re Croatia,  Cyprus,  Dj.bouti,  Egypt,  Eritrea,  Ethiopia,  Fnace,  Gambia,  Georgia,  Ghana,  Greece,  Guinea’ Bissau,  India.  Iran  (?}Jraq.  Israel,  Italy.  Jordan,  Kazakhstan.  Kenya,  Kuwait,  Latvia  (ex),  Lebanon Liberia,   I   ibya,   Macedonia.   Malawi,   Maldives,   Mali,   Malta.   Mauritania.   Moldova,   Mongolia   (?)’ Morocco  Mozamb.que.  Myanmar.  Namibia.  Nepal,  Niger.  Nigeria,  Oman.  Pakistan.  Qatar,  Romania Russia.  Rwanda.  Saudi  Arabia,  Senegal,  Sierra  Leone,  Slovenia,  Somalia.  South  Africa  Sri  I  anl™ Sudan,  Swaziland  (?),  Syrm,  Tanzania.  Togo,  Tunisia,  Turkey,  Uganda,  Ukraine  United  Arab  Fmir^ Uzbekistan. Western Sahara. Yemen. Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
; pfiijrcb’ £lh k pi .T.KKh|*\hnn,' Trport Jippndw • i*
,
2 December | Q98G - 1 2
Family: FALCONtDAE
SpeciesiFalco  chkqucra Common  Akotan  cuellirrujo  (S).  AlcelAn  rarumli (S) I mJ con  d  wqusra < I - Faucon .i cou raux (F)h Halcdn de cnheza raja (S). Red-headed Falcon (E). Red-headed Mcr :n (L Red necked  Fakoti (E)Red  LisHR/nt (BirdLife Intentional) retribution: Angola,J*4™”’ Botswana,  Burundi,  Cameroon  f?>,  Central African  Republic.  Chad.  Cole dhoire (?).  EA p  (J. Gambia,  Ghana (?).  Guinea (?),  Guinea-Bissau  (?),  India,  Iran.  Kenya.  Malawi.  Mali,  Mauntanm, Mozambique (7).  Namibia.  Nepal.  Niger (?).  Nigeria,  Pakistan.  Rwanda.  Senegal.  Sierra Leone (.), South Africa. Sudan, Tanzania (?). Togo (?). I Uganda (?), Zaire (?), Zambia. Zimbabwe ( n
Species Falco fasciinucha C om mon: Ffl neon inrln (F)> Halcdn taitu (S), laila Falcon (1 J. Icita Falcon (E)Rcd  List VU Cl.  Di (BirdLife International) ExplanationtNotcs tor Red  List incl us wnDitmibulion; Botswana, Ethiopia (?). Kenya (7), Malawi. Mozambique (7), South Africa, Sudan (7), Tanzania. Zambia. Zimbabwe
Species;False naumanni Common-Cemtcalo  primilia (S)B Faucon  crecerellette i F),  Lesser Kestrel (E)Red  ListVU Alice (Bird  Life International) Explanation:Notcs for Red  List inclus ion Distribution: A fghanislarv Albania (?), Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan. Bahrain, Bangladesh,  Benin,  Bosnia A Herzegovina.  Botswana.  Bulgaria,  Burkina Faso,  Burundi.  Central African Republic,  Chad.  China.  Congo.  Cole d'Ivoire,  Croatia (ex),  Cyprus,  Czech  Republic (cxl Djibouti, Egypt,  Eritrea,  Ethiopia,  France,  Gabon.  Gambia,  Georgia,  Gibraltar,  Greece,  Guinea,  Guinea-Bissau, Hungary.  India.  Iran.  Iraq  (?k  Israel Jtaly.  Jordan,  Kazakhstan,  Kenya,  Kuwait.  Kyrgyzstan.  Ijos, Lebanon  (7),  Lesotho,  L.bcna,  Libya.  Macedonia.  Malawi,  Maldives,  Mali.  Malta,  Mauritania,  Moldova, Mongolia,  Morocco*  Mozambique.  Myanmar,  Namibia,  Nepal,  Niger.  Nigeria.  Oman.  Pakistan.  Poland (?k  Portugal.  Qatar,  Romania.  Russia,  Rwanda,  Saudi Arabia,  Senegal.  Sierra Leone (?),  Slovakia (ex), Slovenia,  Somalia,  South  Africa,  Spain.  Sudan,  Switzerland  (7),  Syria.  Tajikistan,  Tanzania,  Togo, Tunisia,  Turkey,  Turkmenistan,  Uganda,  Ukraine,  United  Arab  Emirates.  Uzbekistan,  Western  Sahara (?). Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire. Zambia. Zimbabwe
Order:      GALLIFORMES
Family: PH ASIA N't OAF.
Species:  Franco  I  in  us  harwnndi  Common;  Harwood's  Francolin  (E)Red  ListiVlJ  Bl+2c,  C2a  (BirdLife International) Explan al ioniNotes. for Red I ist tnclusionDistrihiition:Ellbtupia
Order: GRITFORMES
Family: GRUIDAE
Species  Grus  cnruncublus  Common.Gnjc  earoncultc  (F).  Grulla  carunculada  (S).  Grulln  znjrzu  (Si Walllcd  Crane  (F-)Rcd  LislAU  A2cd,  Cl  (BirdLife  International)  Exp  lunation  Notes  for  Red  List inclusionfbstnbuiion:   Angola.   Botswana,   Eritrea,   Ethiopia,   Malawi.   Mozambique   Namibia   South Africa. Swaziland (ex). Tanzania, Zaire. Zambia, Zimbabwe
Family: RALLLBaF
Spwies.Crex crex CominomCom Crake (E>, Corncrake (E)Rcd ListVU Alau (BirdLife Ini™,.™ n Exphimtion Notes for Red Lisi inclusionDistribution Albania, Algeria, Armenia P) Austria a/h
<«* Holarus. iw™. 
B „lgarm.
Denmark  Egypt.  L-Monia,  Ethiopia.  Faeroe Islands (ex) Finland  Fr.™ f ,  r> ^cpuntie. 
•**7- i™. lr? lre,„i ,T,
Luta™. Luxembourg. Macedonia, Malawi, Manrilanra. Moldova Morocco Mo,, k-
Neiterlands.   Norway.   Oman,   Roland,   Ponugal,   Romania,   Russia,   Saudi   Anl,„   sl     '   A,   "'""'’“I"'- Mk Africa. Spam. Sadaa. So^lmrd. Sriod™. Switterbnd, Syria, Taj ikiawi, Ta„„r, i ’£££
,. 'i^rujiccLs'-clhbtp  i2A!.b lull iifi i'.r' pwriLippnd.M-nJric
2 DcKcmbcE 199JII
■
I0-13
Turkey  (?).  Turkmenistan,  Ukraine.  United  Kingdom,  Uzbekismn,  Yemen.  Yugoslav  in.  Zaire.  Zaruba Zimbabwe
Srcfe «
s;   aus5
1,..  rousaii C«»mon:Rou «  Kall (Hiked LlMXK/nl (BirdLife Inrem............................................... al)
s
eS
Di *tri but ion; Eritrea,. Ethiopia
Species SarnthniGi ayresi Commen t hitc-w inged ( rake (E), White-w iuged FlufTtml H )Red List.EN BHJabc^ehe (RirdLife International) F x  plan  alien  :Notes for Red  Lisi mchisionDislribution;Ethiopia (ex?), South Africa
Family: OTTDIDAE
SpccicsiFupodotis  humilis  ComniorrLittle  Brown  Bustard  (Eh  OuUrdc  somaiicnne  (Fj.  Sison  somali (S)Red l.ist t R'nt (Birdl ife International) Distribution:Ethiopia (?), Somalia
Order: CHARADRI1FORMES
Family: GLAREOLIDAE
Spec ius: Glared  In  mirdmanni Com mon: Black-winged  Pratincole (E)Rcd  List ;L& nt (BirdLife International) Distribution;Angola,  Armenia,  Belarus.  Botswana*  Burundi,  (.ameruoii,  C had,  Cyprus. Egypt.  Ethiopia,  Greece.  Hungary  (?).  Iran.  Iraq  <7>.  Israel Jordan.  Kazakhstan,  Kuwait.  Libya.  Mali. Mauritania.  Moldova.  Morocco.  Namibia,  Nigeria.  Oman,  Romania.  Russia,  Rwanda,  Saudi Arabia. South Africa, Sudan, Syria, Turkey. Uganda, Ukraine, Zaire. Zambia, Zimbabwe
Family: CHARADR11DAF
Species: Vnnrilus grcgarius Comm on; Sociable Lapwing  (E).  Sociable Plover (E)Red  ListyVU A)m. Cl *2a (BirdLife International) ExplanatiomNotes for Red  List inclusionDistributionzEritrca.  Ethiopia. India.  Iran.  Iraq,  Israel.  Kazakhstan,  Kyrgyzstan,  Pakistan^ Russia,  Saudi Arabia,  Sri Lanka*  Sudan* Tajikistan, Turkey. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen
Family: SCOLOPACIDAE
Species: i ittllmago  media Comm cm Great Snipe (E)Red  List:LR/nt (BirdLife International) Distribution: Albania, Angola, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia & Herzegovina. Bulgarin, Bui kina Faso, Burundi, Lun croon. Chad, Con go, C ole divuire, Croatia, Cyprus* Czechoslovakia, Denmark (ex). Egypt. Estonia, Ethiopia.  Finland.  France.  Gabon,  Germany  (ex),  Ghana,  Greece,  Hungary,  Iran,  Iraq.  Israel.  Italy, Kenya.  L-atvia (ex  ).  Liberia,  Lithuania,  Macedonia,  Malawi,  Mali,  Malta,  Mauritania,  Mozambique, Namibia.  Nigeria.  Norway,  Poland,  Romania.  Russia,  Rwanda,  Sierra I cone.  Slovenia.  South  Africa Sudan,  Sweden,  Switzerland,  Tanzania,  Togo,  Turkey,  Uganda.  Ukraine.  Yemen,  Yugoslavia,  Zaire. Zambia. Zimbabwe
Family: LARTDAE
Species: Laws leucophihalmus Commcn.White-cyed  Dull (El Red  LisliVU C|  (BirdLife International) Explanation: Notes for Red  List indusionDistribulkmtDjibontj (?),  Egypt.  Eritrea.  Ethiopia Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan. Semen
Order: COLL'M BI FORMES
Family: COLUMHTDAE
Species.Strcptopdm   rcichcnowi   Common:   While-winged   Collared-love   (E)Rcd   LfctU.R/nl   (Hird!   ifr-
International) D istributiorr Ethiopia. Kenya. Somalia
lc
c-\fitnjerti cbViapia^gjfli'S’ihnraVeiKrtiVsppnd^-fl.dae
J D* ember 19'J1*
■
I
3*
«G - 14
Order: CUCCLfFORMES
Family: MUSOPHAGIDAE
Specics:TaurBcn Ruspoli (F)Red
ruspolii CorninotiFrincc Ruspolis Turaco (E), Riispolf' luraco
Ltst:EN C2a (BirdLife international) Explanation .Notes
tEL Towaco de for Red List
in c 1 us i u n Di $| ri but i on: Ethiopia
Order: PASSERIFORMES
Family: ALAUDIDAC
SpeciesiHcteromirnfra sidamocnxis CommonSitfamo  Btuhhrt (E),  Sidamo  lxrk  (EX Sidamo  l ong- Jawed  I-ark  (F)Red  ListiEN Bl+2ac,  C2b  (BirdLife Intemational) Explanation  Notes tor Red  List inclusionDislribiihonzElliiopia
Species  Mini  fra  degodicnsis  Common:Degodi  far*,  (E)Rcd  List  VU  Dl+2  (BirdLife  International) Explanation: Notes for Red List mclusionDistribulion Ethiopia
Spec   its   ;Minifra   pulpa   Common:   Friedmann's   Lark   (E}Red   LisULELnt   (BirdLife   International) Bistrlibiition:Ethiopia. Kenya
Family: HIRUNDlNfDAE
SpccicsHirundo  megaensis  Common:While-tailed  Swallow  (E)Red  l.isl.VLI  Bl<-2abc,  C2b  (BirdLife International) Explanation zNoics for Red List inclu,MonDistribution:Ethiopia
Family : MOTACILLIDAE
SpecicszMacronyx fl a vicol I is C'nin mom Abyssinian I ongclaw < E)Rrd Lksl:LR/nt (Bifdl.ifc International! Distribu t ton; Eth iopia
Family: MLJSCICAPIDAE
Species: Ac rocephjiius griseldis Common: Basra Reed-warbler (E)Rcd ListzLR/nt (Bird! ife International) Distribution: El hiopia> Iraq, Kenya, Malawi. Mozambique, Saudi Ambia. Somalia. Sudan, Tanzania
SpcelcszCerccinela   dub   in   Com   mon:   Sombre   Chat   (E)Rcd   LiscLR/nt   (BirdLife   Internal   ion   al) Distr ibutzvn. F thiop ta. Soma I i a
SpecieszSylvictla  philippae  Common:Short-billed  Crombcc  (E)Red  I  ist:LR  nt  (BirdLife  International) Distribution: Ethiopia, Somalia
Family: EMBERlZLDAE
SpeetaiEmberizn  cincmcca CotnnionzCiucrcous Burning  (EiRed  List ! RJnt (BirdLife Internal tonal) Distribution:Bahram.  Cyprus,  Eritrea,  Ethiopia,  Greece,  Iran,  Israel,  Kuwait.  Saudi Arabia.  Sudan Turkey, United Arab Emirates
Family: FRINGII LIDAF
SpceiesiScrinus  unkohertnsis  Common:Ankober  Senn  (EJRed  ListiEN  Bl+2c  fBirdl  tie  Initnw.ruwix 
Explaimiionthlotes for Red List inc hj si on Distribution; Ethiopia
Species; Sermus flavigula CoimnonYcllow-throated  Seedcuter (E),  Ye I low-th  routed 
ListzEN DI (BirdLife International) ExplanatiuntNotes for lU’d List incl us ion Distribution
c ,'.pn          LhKjc 
n.dLic
international)
Serin (E)Red zftlhiopia
2 December IQ-Jflr
7
4
4G-15
Species:  Scrinus  xantholucma  Com  mon:  Salvation's  Serin  (E)Red  ListVl  (  2b  (BirdLife  International) ExplanaliorcNoles for Red List inc I us ionDistribut ion: Ethiopia
Family: CORVIDAE
Spec its: Zavattariomis stresemanni Comm on: Ethiopian  Bush-Crow (E}»  ktliiopiau  Bush-crow (i ), Stresemunn’s Bush-Crow (I (Red  I.istVU Bl *2abc.  C2b  (BirdLife International) Explanation  Notes lor Red List i nc I us ion Distri Init ion: Ethiopia
Class: REPTTL1A
Order: TESTUDINES
Family: TESTUDINIDAE
SpeciesiGeochclonc sulcata Co  mm on; African  Spurred  Tortoise (E),  Grooved  tortoise (E).  Tortile sillounec (F).  Tortuga con  puas (S)Rcd  ListtVU Alcd  (Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group) DistributioniChad.  Egypt,  Eritrea (?),  Ethiopia.  Mali,  Mauritania,  Niger {?),  Nigeria.  Senegal Somalia (?). Sudan
Family: TRIONYCHTOAE
Spec  IcszCy  da  norh  iis  elegant  CommonzNubinn  Flaps  he  11  Turtle  (E)Red  Lisl:I.R.n|  (Tortoise  & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group) Distribution: Ben in. Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan, Togo
Species :Cy cl anorbis senegalensis Com mon: Senegal Flapshell Turtle (E)Red List:LR/nt (Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group) Distribution: Benin. Burkina Faso. Cameroon. Chad, Cole d'Ivoire. Ethiopia-Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mnuritanin, Nigeria, Senegal. Sudan, Togo
Class: INSECTA
Order: COLEOPTERA
Family: DYTISCIDAE
SpecieszAgnbus discicoJIis Red List:EN Bl*2c tToslcr. G.) Distributmn Ethiopia
Order: ODON ATA
Family: L1BELLULIDAE
SpMic^Urothcmis  Uwmasi  Red  Lis|;Dl)  (Odonrna  Specialist  Group)  Distributionrithicpia.  Oman,  Saudi Arabia, Soma I in
Clans: GASTROPODA
Order: BASOMMATOFHORA
Family: ANCYLIDAE
SpecieszAncylus ashangicnsis Red ListiEN Bl+2c (Brown, D.S.) Distribution Ethiopia SpcciestAncylus regularis Red i.ist:LR/ni (Brown, DS.) Distribution:Ethiopia
Family: PLANORHlDAE
Speci«:Biompiinlari« barthi Red ListtCR Bl+2c (Brown. D.S.) DistributioniEthiopia Specics:Bulinus hcxaploidus Red List:! R. nt (Brown, D.Sj Distri but ion Ethiopia
1 December »*>98t
■
■G - 1 6
Specics:Bulinus octnploiduf; Red List:LR/nt (Brown. D Sj Dislributicn:F.lhiopia
Order: MESOGASTROPODA
Family: AMPULLAJUDAE
Speci«:Pila spcciosa Red LisrVU H l+2bc (Brown. D.S.) Distribution: Ethiopia. Kenya, Somalia
2 hrrember 190R4
?
4R-I
Appendix H
HARO Hl’P: SAMPLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC' QUESTIONNAIRE SHEET _________
As port of the IEA The social survey team carried out a number of structured interviews based on the following questionnaire.
'Thank you for accepting this meeting"
Peasant Association (PA.):___________________ Date ; Location of meeting
Coordinates ; X Y approximate altitude : Interviews -
321—"
Name
Position
4
Discussion
The  Ministry  of  Water  Resources  is  considering  a  hydroelectric  project  in  this area
There may be up to 2 sites. Nothing is settled so far. MWR would be grateful far details about the P A. PA’s current problems :
Hopes and concerns about the project:
—
—
Population
ci'pnrecu
Aic
3 Iv-.-ftTibrr l'/»|t*
*
I I
011 - 2
Number of members  _—.---------- — Estimated average family size _------
Ethnic. Groups (with percentages)
Name
Percentage
1 
2
3~
4'
History
Origin of settlement (date) Geographical origins 
"
If resettlement needed, preferred location? (precise location):
Why9 ; availability of land?
relatives there?
i
Religion
1
2
3
r
Land
TTootatal laarereaaocrf PoApp(ehda)(h:a) .
NLoucambtieonoof fmaeremabcr eros pwpiethd allocated land . Main crops (with %) .
I
I
Yield of each crop (kilogram/yr/ha):
Sale price of crops (Birr/kilogram);
Average member cash income (Birr/annumj
i prnirctsxtt’.npta'.^h^ihnr: rt<niri'-4ppti4« h dacI
I
I
■
■
■
■"
■
■
HII - 3
Any grazing land in PA?
Surface area (ha)?
Do cattle come from outside of PA for grazing?
Is the land to be taken by the project used in any way?
Housing
Number of huts per family (and typical sizes) : Price of one hut (in Birr) : Small
Medium Large Steel roof
Any other important settlement in PA? :
Location?
For each of mam settlement (s) which would not be at the meeting location
Coordinates : X
Demography:
Hour for measurement of altitude .
Infrastru cturas
Tracks  to  nearby  villages  Type
Walking distance Km distance
Markets within PA : Market day
People come from
Y
Markets attended elsewhere t             Name              distance In which Day PA
' project s'-e ihkiji iahftpb       i'J tpurl'.iqi|nidx-l» doc
2 DecemberR
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
RSchools within PA Name
Type No. of_ Students come students from
Schools attended elsewhere.
Name                Type Number of students
Churches/mosques within PA : Type
Name
People come from Churches/mosques attended elsewhere:
Name
Distance
In which PA
Type _ ______________________ __________________________________ Walking   distance
Km distance
Nearest CrWossi  henreg doof eRs ivethris : crossing lead to?
Walking distance (on the other side) from crossing to above mentioned destination
Km distance (on the other side) from crossing to above mentioned destination
What  for  do  they  go  to  the  other  side  or  people  come  from  the  other side?
wtrS'hlfc'reponiMpniK-h Jr-e
11 December J ‘>9JR
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
I
I
I
I
I
IH-5
What   types   of   goods   are   available   from   the   shops   in   the   Processed   Food
area?
Y/N
Clothing Y/N Tools and Metal Hardware Items Y/N
Clarify above if necessary. ____________________________________________ Are the shopkeepers local people?
Water supply
Where do members get water for:
Drinking
Bathing Washing Livestock
Fishing in River
Any fishing ?
What fish?
How often do they eat fish?
1
Do they sell fish?
Health
At what prices?
Major health problems(diseases) of the people7
Is malaria prevalent in the area?
Is there any mosquito (anopheles) breeding site known? If yes. where?
Is bilha'zia prevalent in the area7
is onchocerciasis (river blindness) prevalent in the area?
What are the health facilities used for medical treatment?
t pmjtU-.Xlhippia ttutg'hilX'*t;v’l‘.ipiln<lx-ll Line
2 [>cccinhcr F  *9X
r■
■
■
I
I
I
■i
I
I
IH6
Name
Walking distance _Km distance
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
fl
fl
II
fl
1
2
3
Is there any NGO working with them?
Name
Address 
Name of contact person
Cultural Resources, Burial Grounds, Sacred Sites Anything la be protected near the river? or in the valley?
Type Description
___________________________ ____________
_____________________________________
History 
Where is it?
SuggestiAonnsy toothtehreinPfroorjmecattion?
Do  you  know  where  the  construction  compound  should  go  (500  men  +  50 vehicles)?
Where do you think is the best route to the dam site/Projecl Area? General Attitudes to the Project
ihsrarcpun'^ndk-h doc
- Tkcemhtr |998:;eservei

Summery

Project Title: Baro Hydropower Projects Pre-feasibility Study - Volume 5: Initial Environmental Assessment (IEA)

Location: Baro River Basin, Ethiopia

Prepared by: AQUATECH Ab/Prt. Ltd (Ethiopia) & Norplan A S./Norconsult Int. A.S. (Norway)

Date: December 1998

1. Project Overview

The Baro Hydropower Project (HPP) consists of two potential powerhouse locations (Baro 1 and Baro 2) and a main reservoir area upstream. The study area is divided into:

Project Area: Powerhouse, intake structure, tailrace outlet, operational compound
Main Reservoir Area: Dam area, inundation area, construction compound
Direct Impact Zone (DIZ): Area with measurable environmental and socio-economic changes
Secondary Impact Zone: Wider area with slight but noticeable changes

2. Project Components

Baro 1 Project

Installed Capacity: 194 MW
Annual firm energy production: 647 GWh
Dam type: Concrete face rock fill dam (height: 81m, crest length: 800m)
Reservoir size: 800 million m³ (inundation area: 27 km²)

Baro 2 Project

Installed Capacity: 475 MW
Annual firm energy production: 2,094 GWh
Dam type: RCC type dam (height: 30m, crest length: 790m)

3. Environmental Baseline Conditions

Bio-physical Environment

Climate: Monsoon wet season (May/June to September/October)
Hydrology: High flow season (July-October) accounts for 80% of annual flows
Terrestrial Environment: Transitional Evergreen Forests with rich biodiversity including endemic species
Aquatic Environment: Limited data on fish species but known diversity in Gambela Region

Socio-economic Environment

Area	Ethnic Groups	Population Affected	Main Livelihoods
Baro 1	Oromo (92%), Amhara (6%), Tigray (2%)	176 people (40 households)	Crop production (coffee, maize, sorghum)
Baro 2	Oromo (92%), Mejenger (4%), Tigray (2%), Amhara (2%)	95 people	Grain production, bee-keeping
Main Reservoir	Shakicho (74.5%), Oromo (21.6%), Manja (3.9%)	317 people (87 households)	Cultivation, bee-keeping, livestock

4. Potential Environmental Impacts

Bio-physical Impacts

Habitat loss: 2,600 ha forest at Baro 1, 1,304 ha at Baro 2, 3,800 ha at main reservoir
Aquatic impacts: Alteration to river regime, potential fish species composition changes
Soil erosion: Increased during construction phase
Water quality: Potential eutrophication in reservoirs

Socio-economic Impacts

Total of 588 people potentially affected by relocation
Pressure on social services (health, education)
Potential conflicts between migrant workers and local communities
Land take for project infrastructure

5. Mitigation Measures

Bio-physical Mitigation

Compensation flow releases (suggested minimum: 20.8 m³/s downstream of Baro 1 & 2, 13.6 m³/s from main dam)
Vegetation clearance prior to reservoir filling
Erosion control measures
Reservoir management to minimize stratification effects

Socio-economic Mitigation

Resettlement plan following World Bank guidelines
Compensation for lost assets and productive resources
Community gain initiatives (road upgrades, water supply improvements)
Public awareness campaigns
Preference for local employment during construction

6. Environmental Management and Monitoring

Environmental management plan for construction and operation phases
Staff training in environmental assessment and mitigation
Catchment area management to control erosion and sedimentation
Monitoring programs for terrestrial and aquatic environments

7. Conclusions

The Baro Hydropower Project has significant potential for electricity generation but will require careful environmental management to mitigate impacts on forest ecosystems, aquatic habitats, and local communities. The project is classified as a World Bank Category A project due to its potential significant environmental impacts, particularly regarding forest loss and population displacement. A full Environmental Assessment is recommended to further quantify impacts and refine mitigation measures.

Key Recommendations:

Proceed with full Environmental Assessment (EA) before implementation
Develop detailed resettlement and compensation plans
Implement comprehensive environmental monitoring program
Consider community gain initiatives to offset local impacts