I
tit \
THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
BARO 1 & 2 HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
Including Genji Diversion Scheme
FEASIBILITY STUDY
Final Report
Volume 5 - Environmental Impact Assessment
September 2006
NORPIAN Q® Norconsult «£♦THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
BARO 1 & 2 HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
Including Genji Diversion Scheme
FEASIBILITY STUDY
Final Report*i I
T"THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE BARO MULTIPURPOSE
PROJECT
VOLUME 5 - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
FINAL REPORT
Date of issue Checked by Approved by
14 09 2006
NORPLAN ffl]       Norconsult «£♦     Zl Ns ATMfcHMH-FYA Tf HMJNJUIr ederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry o* Water Resources Feasjbility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project___________  _________
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page 4-30
No.
Family
Species
Local name
Frequency
43
Mochotodae
Cfidog/anjs rofoteus
++
44
Mocbocus nj/oftcus
++
45
Andorsoma teptura
+
46
Synodontis nigrita
Ukok
++
47
S cuptervs
w
+
48
S. cauotowftafus
4
H
+
49
S frontosus
+
50
S scbaii
M
*
+
51
S fitamentosus
+
52
S sore*
■
+
53
S c/anas
+
54
Srachysynodbnf/5 batensoda
4-
55
ScMbefdae
Schifbe mystus
+
56
Eutrnpius mioticus
+
57
Siiuranodon auritus
+
5B
C/andae
Ctanas gariepinus
Agwella
44
59
C. abguillaris
4
60
Heterobranchus iongifilis
4
61
H bidorsafts
+
62
Maiapteruntfae
Maiapterufus etectricus
+
63
Cypnn<xfontfd$e
Mapiochtlus mam
4
64
Haplochilus sp
♦
65
Ctchlidae
Ttiapta ztttu
Urwedo
II
♦4
66
Oreochromis rulotrcus
H
44
67
Sarotherodon gaftiaeus
4
68
Anabarttkfee
Anabas pethenci
4
69
A murici
+
70
Tetraodontidae
Tetrapdon fahaka
+
71
ContropQfrndde
Lates nilobcus
Gur
+7
Chapter4 Final Report
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FIA Repod Vol 5
_______ Page 4-31
Annex 4.2
Key to the reference soil groups of the world reference base for soil resources HISTOSOLS (HS)
Other soils having one or more cryic horizons within 100 cm from the soil surface CRYOSOLS (CR)
Other soils having either
1  a hortic. irragric. plaggic or terric horizon 50 cm or more thick or
2  an anthraquic horizon and an underlying hydragnc horizon with a combined thickness of 50 cm or more
ANTHROSOLS (AT)
Other soils, which are either
1  Imitated in depth by continuous hard rock within 25 cm from the soil surface or
2  overlying material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent within 25 cm from the soil surface, or
3  containing less than 10 percent (by weight) fine earth to a depth of 75 cm or more from the soil surface and
4  having no diagnostic honzons other than a molhc. ochric umbric, yermic or vortic horizon
LEPTOSOLS (LP)
Other soils having
1  a vertic horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface and
2  after the upper 20 cm have been mixed. 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to a depth of 100 cm or more or to a contrasting layer (lithic or paralithic contact petrocalcic, petrodunc or petrogypsic horizons, sedimentary discontinuity etc ) between 50 and 100 cm and
3
2
cracks which open and close penodically
2 A crack is a separation between gross polyhedrons If the surface is strongly self mulching i e a mass of granules Cgrumic”), or if the soil is cultivated while cracks are open the cracks may be filled mainly by granular materials from the soil surface but
they are open in the sense that the polyhedrons are separated A crack is regarded as open if it controls the infiltration and percolation of water in dry, clayey soil (Soil Survey Staff. 1996) If the soil is irrigated the upper 50 cm has a coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of 0 06 or more throughout.
VERTISOLS (VR)
Other soils having
1            fluvic soil material starting within 25 cm from the soil surface and continuing to a depth of at least 50 cm from the soil surface and
Chapter 4 Final Reoo'i
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m Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democrat*: Republic of Ethiopia — Ministry ol Waler Resources Feasibdrfy Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
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it seems  safe to conclude, despite the fact that this  is  an approximation, limited by  the available data, that the Baro Hydropower Project will have no impact on navigability  of the Baro river downstream from Gambela
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Annex 4.1
List   of   fish   species   in   the   Baro/Gilo   Rivers   on   the   Gambeia   Plains,   according   to Selkhozpromexport (1989) Survey fishing 1996-87
+*+ prevailing commercial fishes
++ unimportant commercial fishes.
♦ local fishes.
+? : r>ot recorded in commercial catches (?),
No. Family
Species
Local name Frequency
1
2
3
PbJyptendae
4
Osfeogtossrdae
Udwelia
Ullawak
5
Lepjdosrrenjdae Prolog torus annectens
Pofypterus bichir
P sensgalus
Heterobs nrtofocus Mormyrus cashrve M hasse/qutefrr Mormyrops sp Mareusenws jsidon M barmgfoni Pefflocephahis bane Pe/rocephaFus sp Gnafhonemus njger G. cyprinofdes
G. p/ctus
Hyperop/sus bebe PoMmyrus pethebo
Mormyndao
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 Gymnarchidae Gymnarchus nrtofarus
18 Atesfrdae Hydrocyru/s forsIcaftM
Weet
Weiry
19
20
21
22
H vrtfahrs Brycwtrs nurse
fl macrofepWafus M/craJestes sp
23      Crthanmdae                Crthannus tefus
24
25
26
27
28
Dsfchodus engyeepha/us D. brewprnrt/s
Neofeb/as $p Nannocharax sp. fchfyobon/s besse
Ukaka Puro
29      Cyprrmdae                  Labeo forsfcah/u
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
L hone
L. nifoftcus
L neumannr
L coubre
Barbus bynn?
B penrnce
8 anoma
Barbus foaft
Cheteetiops frfre
Bagrus bayad
B docmac
Auchenog/ams occidenfa/is Cbrysjchfys aurajus______
Ukura/ Jary
Udwara
■I
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________ Page 4-32
2, no diagnostic Monzons other than a histic. mollic. ochric, lakync, umbne. yermic,
salic or sulfuric honzon
FLUVISOLS (FL)
Other soils having
1  a salic horizon starling within 50 cm from the soil surface: and
2  no diagnostic horizons other than a histic mollic, ochric, takyric, yeimic calcic,
cambic. dune gypstcor vertic horizon
SOLONCHAKS (SC)
Other soils having
1  gleyic properties within 50 cm from the soil surface, and
2  no diagnostic horizons other than a anthraquic. histic. mollic, ochric. takyric,
umbric, andic. calcic, cambic gypsic, plinthtc salic, sulfuric or vitric honzon within 100
cm from the soil surface
GLEYSOLS (GL)
Other soils having
1  cithara vitric or an andic horizon starting within 25 cm from the soil surface: and
2  having no diagnostic horizons (unless buried deeper than 50 cm) other than a
histic. lulvic melanic, mollic. umbne. ochric, duric or cambic horizon
ANDOSOLS (AN)
Other soils having a spodic horizon starling within 200 cm from the soil surface
underlying an albic histic. umbric or ochric horizon, or an anthropedogenic horizon
less than 50 cm thick
PODZOLS (PZ)
Other soils having either
1  a petroplinthic horizon starting within 50 cm from the soil surface: or
2  a plinihic horizon starting within 50 cm from the soil surface or
3, a ptinthic honzon starting wilhin 100 cm from the soil surface when underlying
either an albic horizon or a honzon with stagnic properties
PUNTHOSOLS (PT)
Other soils
1 having a ferraiic horizon at some depth between 25 and 200 cm from the soil
surface; and
2.  lacking a nitic horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface; and
3   lacking  a  layer  which  fulfils  the  requirements  of  an  argic  horizon  and  which  has  in the  upper  30  cm.  10  percent  or  more  water-dispersible  clay  (unless  the  soil  material has geric properties or more than 1 4 percent organic carbon).
FERRALSOLS (FR)
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Resources
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Other soils hawng a natric horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface
SOLONETZ (SN)
Other soils having
soil surface' bvTn^'^77 b°Undar* of whcch IS m^ed within 100 cm (rom (he
thal bounTar, and
2. no albeluvic tonguing PLANOSOLS (PL) Other soils having
a ”n9e as5”aM ™’h «W™=
above
Chapter 4 Final Rw>’T
1  a malltc honzon with a moist chrome of 2 or less if the texture is finer than sandy 
oam or less than 3 5 if the texture is sandy loam or coarser both to a depth of at
least 20 cm. or having these chromes directly below any plough layer and
2   concentrations  of  secondary  carbonates  starting  within  50  cm  of  the  lower  limit  of the Ah horizon but within 200 cm from lhe soil surface and
3  no petrocaicic horizon between 25 and 100 cm from lhe soil surface and
4  no secondary gypsum; and
5  no uncoated sill and sand grains on structural ped surfaces
CHERNOZEMS (CH)
Other soils having
1   a motiic honzon with a moist chrome of more than 2 to a depth of at least 20 cm. or having this chrome directly below any plough layer: and
2  concentrations of secondary carbonates within 100 cm from lhe soil surface, and
3  no diagnostic horizons other than an arg/c. catoc. camb/c, gyps/cor vert/c horizon KASTANOZEMS (KS)
Other soils having
1  a mo/hc honzon; and
2  a base saturation (by 1 M NH*OAc) of 50 percent or more and a calcium
carbonate-free soil matnx at least to a depth of 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a contrasting layer (lithic or paralithic contact, pefracafcfc honzon) between 25 and W0
cm and
3   no  diagnostic  horizons  other  than  an  albte.  argic.  cambic  or  vertic  horizon,  or  a petrocaicic horizon2 in the substratum
3    A petrocaicic honzon may be presenl locally (e g. tile "Tosca" in Argentina) Such
petrocaicic horizons are considered to be poiygenetic and may best be handled for classification purposes at phase level (e g Luvtc Phaeozem, Josca phase)
PHAEOZEMS (PH)
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r
EIA Repon - Vol 5 Page 4 34
1   either  a  gypsic  or  petrogypsic  horizon  within  100  cm  from  the  soil  surface,  or  15 percent   (by   volume)   or   more   gypsum   which   has   accumulated   under   hydromorphic conditions, averaged over a depth of 100 cm, and
2  no diagnostic horizons other than an ochnc or cambic horizon an argic horizon
permeated with gypsum or calcium carbonate, a vertic horizon, or a calcic or
petrocalcic honzon underlying the gypsic horizon.
GYPSISOLS (GY)
Other soils having a dune or petrodunc horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface
DU RISC LS (DU)
Other soils having
1 a calcic or petrocalcic horizon within 100 cm of the surface; and
2   no  diagnostic  horizons  other  than  an  ochnc  or  cambic  horizon,  an  argic  horizon which  is  calcareous,  a  vertic  horizon,  or  a  gypsic  horizon  underlying  a  petrocalcic honzon
CALCISOLS (CL)
Other  soils  having  an  argic  honzon  within  100  cm  from  the  soil  surface  with  an irregular upper boundary resulting from albeluvtc tonguing into the argic horizon ALBELUVISOLS (AB)
Other soils having
1  an argic horizon, which has a cation exchange capacity (by 1 M NHjOAc) of 24
cmolc kg ’ clay or more either starting within 100 cm from the soil surface, or within
200 cm from lhe soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser
textures throughout and
2  alic properties in the major part between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface: and
3    no  diagnostic  horizons  other  than  an  ochnc,  umbric.  albte.  andic.  ferric,  nitic, phnthiccr vertic horizon.
ALISOLS (AL)
Other soils having
1 a nitic honzon starting within 100 cm from the soil surface; and
2.  gradual  to  diffuse  honzon  boundaries  between  the  surface  and  the  underlying horizons; and
3  no ferric, phnthic or vertic horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface
NITISOLS (NT)
Other soils having
1  an  argic  honzon  which  has  a  cation  exchange  capacity  (by  1  M  NH^OAc)  of  less [han 24 cmolc kg clay in some part, either starting within 100 cm from the soil
Chapter 4
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______ _Paj® *-35
surface  or  within  200  cm  from  the  soil  surface  if  the  argic  horizon  is  overlain  by  loamy sand or coarser textures throughout, and
2  a  base  saturation  (by  1M  NH OAc)  of  less  than  50  percent  in  the  major  part
4
between 25 and 100 cm
ACRISOLS (AC)
Other  soils  having  an  argic  horizon  with  a  cation  exchange  capacity  (by  1  M  NH<OAc) equal to or more than 24 cmolc kg ‘ day throughout
LUVISOLS (LV)
Other soils having an argic horizon
LIXISOLS (LX)
Other soils having
1  an umbnc horizon; and
2   no  diagnostic  horizons  other  than  an  anthropedogenic  honzon  less  than  50  cm thick or an albic or cambic horizon
UMBRISOLS (UM)
Other soils having either
1  a cambic honzon. or
2   a moihc horizon overlying a subsoil which has a base saturation (by 1 M NH«OAc) of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or
3. one  of  the  following  diagnostic  horizons  within  the  specified  depth  from  the  soil surface
a an andic. vertic or vitnc honzon starting between 25 and 100 cm
b  a  phnthic,  petroplinthic  or  salic  horizon  starting  between  50  and  100  cm  in  the absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons
CAMBISOLS (CM)
Other soils having
1  a texture which is loamy sand or coarser either to a depth of at least 100 cm from
the soil surface, or to a phnthic. petroplinthic or salic horizon between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface, and
2   less  than  35  percent  (by  volume)  of  rock  fragments  or  other  coarse  fragments within 100 cm from the soil surface and
3  no diagnostic horizons other than an ochric, yermtc or albic horizon, or a phnthic, petroplinthic or salic horizon below 50 cm from the soil surface, or an argic or spodic honzon below 200 cm depth
ARENOSOLS (AR) Other soils
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REGOSOLS (RG)
tlA Repod - Vol 5 Page 4-36
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of Water Resources
EIA Repod Vol 5 ________ Page 51
5                             DIRECT IMPACT ZONE (DIZ) BASELINE
CONDITIONS
The  DIZ  comprises  the  inundation  areas  behind  the  dams  and  the associated works, broadly it consists of
•         a  core  area  always  under  water  and  the  drawdown  zone  around the permanently flooded area.
•       An altered nver reach between dam and tailrace outlet,
•       sites of ancillary works, access roads and transmission lines
Therefore, the DIZ assumes  the general shape of the main and subsidiary  reservoirs, with its  main trunk  along the Baro River on both banks  and along tributaries  with a side-branch penetrating into the Genp River to include the reservoir and downstream river reach In addition wayleaves  for roads  and transmission lines  add a latticework of extensions to the DIZ
5.1
511
Bio-Physical Environment
Landscape
Geology  and relief are important in shaping the landscape Above the river valley  on the escarpment is  an undulating surface underpinned by  olivine basalt, tuffs  and dolonte sills  This  area is  fertile and largely converted to arable agnculture. In the upper reaches  of the Baro river east of the project area is  a large wetland system (Weldo Swamp) which sits  on the plateau at about 1700m The swamp and surrounding land is  under intense pressure from agncultural development At the edge of the plateau the river drops  quickly  from 1700m to 1420m (Baro 1 dam site) in a senes of rapids and two water falls
The Baro and Genji river valleys cut down through the basalt into the undifferentiated lower basement complex  of course granites, shallow soils  and in places  underpinned by  basalt which creates  a waterlogged nverme dominated forest The Baro river valley  in this section is  a wide, densely  forested, rugged valley  with few protruding elements  The nver them cuts  deeper ( to 1280m m at the Baro 2 dam site) into the basement complex  exposing hills  and rock  faces The Genji nver has cut to a similar depth but has a different structure forming a steep sided valley  along a north - south fault line Around the Baro 2 site and reservoir, the soil is  often very  shallow with granitic  (amphibolite schist and quartz) rock  becoming exposed When this occurs the vegetation, on the uplands, is made up of a tall wooded grassland while in valleys the grassland is shorter and free of woody  elements  (due to waterlogged conditions) All three proposed reservoirs  fall within the moist - wet Upper Kolla agri-ecological zone Generalised land systems are indicated m Figure 5-1
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Page 5-2
F/gure 5-1 Major habitats of the Baro reservoir area
El A Fw IM
HT«j< CtX>W«h
PtMPy
Traditlgnil
BUn w--«
*•-4 i
5. J 2
5 13
Eco/ogy
Hydro/ogy and C//mafe
The annual nver flow pattern in the Bare River demonstrates  low flows  from November to May, and high flows  from June to October. The rainy  season tn this  area lasts  from May  to October. The rivers are fast flowing, with pools, riffles  and waterfalls  Water flow varies greatly  among years  Over the period 1967-2003. mean annual
3
discharge has varied between 51.2 and 107 8 m /sec
The estimated design flood, however, demonstrates  that the system is  adapted to rather extreme events. The flood with a ten year return period (i e that statistically  occurs  at len year intervals) has  a maximum daily  discharge al 250-290 rn’/sec. while the 100-year flood
3
reaches a daily maximum at 720-780 m /sec
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Figure 5-2 Annual water flow pattern of Baro River at the Baro 1 site Mean annual flow is 74 7 m3/sec Incremental flow between Baro 1 and Baro 2 varies between 0 3 (February) and 6 0 m3/sec (August)
Water Quality
Water quality  at Baro was  sampled at four locations  during February of 2005. at Genji river, the proposed Baro-1 and Baro-2 dam sites and in a nearby  wetland area Water samples  were analysed in Addis Ababa by the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authonty
It is important to bear in mind that the sampling has been conducted dunng the height of the low flow season and that the results consequently  reflect the resulting interactions  between waler and the surrounding environment at this  time with higher proportion of the total flow originating from groundwater seepage and springs  than in the flood season
The analyses results are shown in Table 5-1 below, and are grouped into physical and chemical parameters  The chemical parameters  are further broken down into cations and anions
Comparing the results  with those from the neighbouring Geba catchment (in conjunction with the feasibility  study  of Geba Hydropower Project), earlier measurements  of White Nile waters (Smada and Kanm. 1984) as well as the WHO standards for dnnking water quality  the analysed water samples  display  good quality  with no indication of anthropogenic pollution or excessive nutrient loading
Some comments  regarding the accuracy  of the analyses, the parameters  and inherent processes  that determine the observed chemical composition and evolution in the samples, follow
f
f
rj
Chaplet 5
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Chapw 5 Fiflil Report
Accuracy and Reliability of the Chemical Analyses
To examine the accuracy  of the chemical analyses  the percent deviation from electro neutrality  as  the ratio of the difference of cations and anions to the total ion amounts were calculated
Calculating   the   percent   deviation   from   electro   neutrality   from   the   ratio
of the difference of the amounts  of cations  and anions  to the total ion amounts, the results  show that the Genji and Baro samples  taken as part of the current assessment as  well as  the White Nile sample all display  less  than 5% deviation, indicating the high accuracy  of these analyses.
The   net   surplus   of   cations   in   the   Geba   samples   most   likely   resuHs from     degassing     of     CO2        between     collection     in     the     field     and transport/storage     before     analyses     in     the     laboratory     To     achieve charge  balance  enors  on  the  order  of  less  than  5%.  it  is  necessary  to increase   the   alkalinities   in   the   Geba   samples   to   about   40-50   mg/l This   is   probably   the   correct   range   of   values,   considering   the   higher proportton  of  soil  water  reflected  in  these  samples  with  increased  CO? due to oxidation of organic matter and carbonate dissolution
Colour, turbidity and solid content:
Before describing the results, it is  helpful to define these parameters Whereas  colour is  measured on filtered samples  and therefore only includes  dissolved substances, turbidity  refers  to the opacity  of the sample and as  such is  also a function of colouration, but usually  more significantly  to the amount of solids  (both suspended particulate and colloidal)
With the above in mind the colour in the Geba samples  are mosl likely  caused by  dissolved organics  (such as  humins) Dilution may explain the lower colouration in the river sample Similarly, the turbidity  and solid contents  mosl likely  reflect varying degree of particle erosion and accumulation (i e with increasing accumulation causing the higher solid content in the White Nile sample)
Colour was  not analysed in the the Genji and Baro samples. However, considering the low turbidity  in these samples, any colouration is  likely  to be slight From the perspective of hydropower development this  is  advantageous  as  this  indicates  moderate to low rates  of erosion upstream and thus  lower risk  of reservoir sedimentation
That Baro catcment is relatively undisturbed with low erosion rates is 
evident from the joining of clear black colour of the Baro water with
the reddish Birbir waler at Baro-Kell a (Baro turns red).
pH and carbonate eftsso/uffon
The moderate to low amounts  of calcium and magnesium indicate that carbonate dissolution is  limited most likely  due to the limited groundwater flow through the crystalline rock  Nevertheless carbonate dissolution still dominate the control of pH and alkalinity
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being    most    likely    result    of    soil    water    seepage    and    concomitant dissolution of soil minerals
The slightly  acidic  pH in the wetland and Geba river samples  suggest that that these walers  are affected by  varying degree of oxidation of organic  material through the consumption of oxygen and nitrate (NO3 ) with consequent releases of CO and NH/ (ammonia)
2
As  water is  exposed to sunlight and moves  into more gentle flowing lowlands  the ammonia and nitrate are gradually  consumed through primary  production by  algae and phytoplankton This  process releases  oxygen thus  the generally  higher and slightly  alkaline pH in the remaining riverine and White Nile samples
WandP
The    concentrations    of    nutrients    in    the    form    of    nitrogen    and phosphorous is low indicating the absence of agricultural run-off
The sources  of these substances  are through the reduction of organic matter (ammonia) Additionally  nitrate and phosphate are likely  to dissolve from soil particles being washed into the river.
Fe and Mn
Fe   and   Mn   concentrations   are   well   below   the   WHO   drinking   water standards
Considering these species  are largely  only  soluble in the absence of oxygen Being released through the anaerobic  oxidation of organic malenal. they  quickly  precipitate out of solution upon contact with the atmosphere.
This   probably   explains   the   absence   and   lower   concentrations   in   the Geba and While Nile samples
Additionally. It is  suggested that the solubilization of Fe and Mn at low amounts  is  facilitated by  complex  formation with organic  material (Smada and Karim, 1984)
SO/ and CF
Sulfate   (SO/j   is  usually  released  by  the   oxidation  of  sulfide   bearing minerals such as pynte and or through atmospheric depositions
Pyrite (FeS ) or iron sulfides, just as dissolved Fe and Mn are also
2
formed as a result of the anaerobic oxidation of organic material
However usually after consumption of available Fe and Mn oxides as 
sulfate has a lower reduction potential
In soil and unconsolidated deposits  the presence of sulfide bearing minerals  is  often mdicaled by  a transition from rust coloured upper horizon to deeper darker grey
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ElA Report - Vol. 5
_________ Page 5-6
Na and K
With the exception of the higher concentrations  in the While Nile sample, which probably  results  from enrichment due to evaporation, the concentrations of Na and K are very low
These      most      likely      originate      from      the      physical      and      chemical weathering of rock minerals such as feldspars
Table 5-1 Water Quality Analyses, February 2005
Parameter
Date of Collection
Physical
Gnnjl
River
Baro
Barp - 1   Baro - 2     Geba    Geba old
Wetland  dam Bite dam site   Wetland
bridge
White
Nile1
WHO
Stds
Reason
05.C3 05 06.03. 05 03.03 05       05 03.05 02.04 04       30.03 04 01 04 69
Colour iapp}
-
-
-
588
77
1 (5)
mean
Turbidity (NTU)
5
5
3
2
102
9
-
(single)
Suspended solids (mgl)
9
a
0
8
52
Nil
-
Tol al Solids 105C (mg/T)
60
60
59
58
27
64
152
Total Dissolved Solids
1000
taste
105C (mg/l)
51
52
51
50
86
31
-
Electrical Conductivity
(u&cm)
78
81
70
77
58 3
646
8
Cl
PH
7.57
6.6
73
7.27
6 67
6 89
82
disinfection
Total Hardness
CaCO3
31.1
333
35.5
33.3
19
21
Catons
Calcium (mg/T) Ca+2
89
89
98
8.9
11
13
11 5
Magnesium (mg/ty Mg* 2
22
27
22
27
8
8
10 9
Sodium (nng/l) Na+
47
43
4
39
26
12
24 6
200
taste
Potassium (mg/1) K+
18
22
IB
1a
16
18
9.5
Ammonia (mg/Ti NH4 +
0.257
15
0513
0 294
odour/
0.331
□ 376
0.011
nit
taste
Total Iron (mg/l) Fe
fl. 142
0.133
0 159
0 109
nil
nil
0.04
03
stammg
Total Manganese (mg/l)
01
Mn
Trace
0.1
0.1
stammg
0.1
nil
nil
-
(0 5)
(health)
SiasSiO2 {mg.1l
•
-
-
•
nil
nil
18
Anions
Aka unity (mg/I) as CaCO3
37
37 2
39 1
37 2
20
23
147 3
Bicarbooate (mg/T| HCO3-
45 4
45 4
47 6
45 4
24
28
Carbonate (mgfl) CO3-2
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
T race
Trace
-
Chtoride(mg/1) C(-
2
3
250
1
1
taste
3.5
2
-
corrosion
Fluonde (mgAl F
Trace
Trace
004
0.11
-
*
' S/nada and Karim, 7970
ChKHB* 5
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EIA Report - Vol 5 Page 5-7
Parameter
Gonji
River
Baro
Welland
Baro - 1
dam silo
Baro - 2
dam site
Geba Welland
Goba old
bridge
White
Nile1
WHO
Stds
Reason
Sulphate (mg/l) SO4-2                    1 6            1.9            1 6            1.9            1 7            04             37         250         lasle
Phosphate (mg/T) PO4-
0 112
0 123
□ 15
0 11
0 372
0 132
0 028
<1
Nilnle (mg/l) as N
0 02
□3
0 02
0 01
Nil
Nil
nil
Nilrale (mg/Tl as N
□1
0.1
01
01
0.17
0 08
0 060
<1
Sum Cations
0 90
□ 95
0 92
0 91
1 39
1 41
278
Sum Antons
0.04
0 92
0 86
0.83
0 55
0 53
3 02
Charge   Balance   (cations 
3.39
1 92
3 61
4 99
4326
45 15
anionsyfcHtions+anions)* 1
-4,11
DO
These values  indicate that water quality  is  goad and that nutrient loading is  restricted The chemical and limnological conditions  in the Baro reservoirs  will therefore be determined by  local conditions  m the reservoir itself in particular the amount of inundated organic  matter, and primary  aquatic  production in the reservoir Sediment load rn the Baro River is  not dramatic, due to the good condition of the terrestrial vegetation in this  watershed However, sediment transport increases during the rainy season and may influence biota in the reservoirs
The   riparian   vegetation   is   intact   and   diverse   and   worth   conserving The   intact   vegetation   is   a   major   reason   that   there   is   no   sign   of pollution   of   the   river   The   destruction   of   this   forest   during   reservoir clearing   etc   will   obviously   create   negative   effects   on   the   water   body and the biota within.
Vegefaton
Ethiopia has  a diverse and nch flora of between 6500 —  7000 species of which approximately  15% are endemic  In 2000 there were about 3 9 million ha of forest in Ethiopia (Woody  Biomass  Inventory  and Strategic  Planning Project 2001) About 2 6 million ha were located in Oromia Region (2,562,587 ha out of a total land area of Oromia of 35,961,984haj Although much of the forest areas  are isolated into small stands  and degraded through disturbance, the Baro-Akobo basin contains more than half of Ethiopia's remaining forests
Woldu 1999 revised the vegetation types  of Ethiopia into nine broad categories  The forest of the study  area fall into category  3, the moist evergreen monlane forest These forests  are dominated by  emergent species  such as  Pouteria adolfi-friederici, Olea capensis, Prunts africana, Albizia shimp&nana and M/m/sops  kummet Woldu identifies nine associates  within this  vegetation type of which the Mandara bufug; - Coflea arrtrica association falls  within the study  area between 1050m and 1500m amsl and the Celtis  africana - Dracaena afromontana association occurs  in the higher reaches  (1460-1960m amsl) The low lying areas  near Baro 2 reservoir are composed of Manilkara butugi - Coffea aribica association and Combretum - Terminalra (broad-leaved) deciduous woodland
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EIA Report - Vol 5
Page 5 8
The details  of the plant species  in the reservoir area are appended (Appendix  D) Baro 1 is  characterised by  four different plant communities, one of which (Syzygrum guineese —  Schefflera abyssimca community) forms  the nverine vegetation. The remaining three comprises  the forest vegetation of Baro 1 The riverine vegetation is  well developed, encompasses  specialized niches {microhabitats} and houses  rare moisl-loving orchid species  These species  are locally  rare and could be easily  lost with the nsing water level The forest vegetation al Baro 1 contains  national priority species  which are usually  represented by  very  few mature individuals owing to their uncontrolled exploitation by  local inhabitants  for limber and construction Some of the national pnonty  species  are Poutena adoffi-fnderict. Cordta africana. Albizia schimperiana. Olea welwitschii and Prunus africana
Baro 2 has  the same species  composition as  Baro 1. although the types  of communities  are different, There are seasonally  flooded wetlands  in the reservoir area These wetlands  expenence extensive fire and agricultural encroachment on a yearly  basis  Although they are disturbed, they  will be completely  flooded when this  project is realized The riverine vegetation at Genji River is  less  developed due to the rocky  nature of its  banks  The forest vegetation at this  site is well developed although it is  under intense anthropogenic  impact There are also national priority  species  and rare species  at the Genji River site of the project
The forests  investigated have distinct species  which are confined to these areas  Furthermore, this  forest type has  distinct storey, i.e . upper storey  dominated by  emergent such as  Pouteria adolfidriderici, middle storey  by  Albizia schimperiana. Croton macrostachyus, etc  , a poorly  developed lower storey  by  various  shrub species, some of which are endemic  e g Vepris  datnellii, and herb layers  poor owing to limited sunlight. The epiphyte vegetation is  welt represented and comprised of various  species  of mosses  ferns, vascular plants  and rare orchids  There are also several species  of lianas  in the forest e g Landolphia buchanann and Pauthnia pinnata Wild useful plants such as  Coffea arabica and Afromomum corronma are common at the project sites  as  shrub and herbaceous  layers  respectively  The transition zone between the high forest and settlement is characterised by  species  such as  Vernonia amygaldina. Myrica saiictfoiia, Maesa lanceoiata. Acanthus  sennit and Bersama
abyssinica
Woody  biomass  was  estimated by  collecting transect data on tree diameters  and using the regression developed by  the Woody Biomass  Inventory  and Strategic  Planning Project (Parent, 2000). A total of nine transects  were undertaken in the key  forest areas  The results compare favourably with the national biomass inventory
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P9 & S'9
Table 5-2 Average woody biomass estimates for the major plant
communities of the proposed reservoirs
Sample Transect
Tons oven dryrtia
01 S1 Swamp
218 3
01. LB. Forest
429 9
Bl RB, Forest
258 9
02 RB upper reservoir
384 4
02 RB at dam srte, fire damage
180
B2 RB just upstream of site
81 5
Gerty bottom of slope
164 8
Genji mid of slope
998
Genji upper slope
91 1
Bl ■ Ba’o 1 B2 = Bare 2 LB = lef! bank R0 = bank
Figure 5-3 Baro 1 Vegetation Map
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Figure 5-4 Baro 2 Vegetation Map
ELA Report - Vol 5
_______ Page 5-10
Figure 5-5 Genji Vegetation Map
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Threats to Forest Areas
Major national causes for the depletion of forest resources were identified in the SOER (EPA 2003) as
•     Increase in population and demands for agricultural land
fuelwood construction and industnal use
•
Settlement around forest areas and associated forest Tires
•
Expansion of commercial farms into forest areas.
•
Absence of forest protection and conservation policy,
•
Absence of a strong forestry authonty;
•
Lack of community participation and benefit shanng m
forest management.
•
Failure to demark and enforce forest boundaries
5.1 5
Cnapter 5 Final Repor
Major  threats  creating  biodiversity  loss  were  identified  by  the  EPA  to be:
•     Alien invasive species (including the aquatic macrophyte
Eichomia crassipes).
•     Government decisions overriding local organisations and management systems
•     Settlement and investment activities;
•     Degradation of forests and land cover
•     Inappropriate use of natural resources often linked to
poverty and drought
•     Lack of commitment to protection of resources, land use
policy and land use planning;
The botanical species survey took into consideration the biological status of the plant species (whether threatened or not, local and
national endemic or not)
Fauna
Out  of  the  total  wildlife  resource  there  are  31  mammal  16  bird  10 reptile 34 amphibian and 3 fish species known to be endemic.
Duckworth (1972) and later corroborated by the Baro-Akobo Basin Master Plan (1997), and supported in the Important Bird Areas of
Ethiopia, indicate that the south west forests are important areas for
fauna
In the forest areas  all the eastern African highland mammals  from elephant though to duiker coIobus  monkey  and galago used to occur in the zone Although some of the larger mammals  have become locally  extinct, there remains  a sizable mammal population within the forest areas
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Birds
Ethiopia has  over 800 recorded species  of birds  of which 16 are endemic  Eleven of lhe endemic  species  and a further 20 species are recognised as globally Ihreatened (EPA, 2003}
The Southern Ethiopian Highlands  have been identified as  one of the 42 endemic  bird area sites  in Africa The area falls  between 1000' 2300m in altitude and contains  five endemic  and range-restricted species, these are
•      Prince Ruspoli's Touraco (globally threatened)
•      Srdamo Long-clawed Lark (globally threatened)
, White-tailed Swallow (globally threatened)
> Abyssinian Bush Crow (globally threatened)
•      Nechisar Nightjar
These species  are vulnerable to habitat change through land conversion for agriculture, forest fires  and commercial fuelwood harvesting Out of Ethiopia's  16 endemic  bird species, three are directly dependent on wetlands These are
•      Blue-winged goose (Cyanochen cyanopterus}- a near
threatened species
•
Rougets rail (Rougetius rougettii}- a near-threatened
species
•
Spot-breasted plover (Vanetlus melanocephatus) - not
threatened.
Rial
The Blue-winged goose prefers  habitats  above 1,800m and is  unlikely to be threatened Rougets  rail is  usually  found in forest habitats above 1,500m and is  likely  to occur within the Baro 1 reservoir wetland area The spot-breasted plover occurs  in open marshes above 1,800m and is unlikely to be threatened by this project
The Important Bird Areas of Ethiopia (EWNHS in Fishpool and Evans,
2001) identified the Metu-Gore-Tepi forests (ET046) wilhin which the
project falls an important bird area
Due to the relative isolation of the Metu-Gore-Tepi forests  the avifauna is  relatively  depauperate but contains  populations  of Grus carunculalus and Abyssinian longdaw (Macronyx  flavtcollts). The area also has  populations  of lhe Ethiopian endemics  Yellow-fronted parrot (Potcephalus  fiawfrvns) and Abyssinian woodpecker (Dcndropicos  abyssitvcus) Four other species, rarely  recorded in Ethiopia, occur in this  IBA, these are: African finfoot (Podica senegalensis), Snowy-crowned robin-chat (Cossypba n/vercap/Ma). Olive-be Hied sun bird (Neclarinta ahloropygia) and Black  bishop (Eup/actes grerowit) (EWNHS in Fishpocl and Evans, 2001).
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A    significant    portion    of    habitat    used    by    Rougets    rail    (a    near threatened     species),     White-cheeked     turaco     (endemic).     Ruspolis turaco   (globally   threatened)   Yellow-fronted   Parrot   (endemic)   and   the Abyssinian   woodpecker   (endemic)   will   be   in   the   proposed   reservoir area
Larger Vertebrates
Wildlife densities  in the forests  are low and animals  secretive With the settlements  in the forest movement of people and the use of the forest for honey  production it is  certain that there is  reasonably  high use of bushmeat There is  little commercial hunting except for problem animal control of species  such as  leopard, baboon, and monkey  because of the damage they  inflict on domestic  animals  and crops
The  species,  as  reported  from  the  Geba  forest  area,  are  presented  in Table 5-3 following
Table 5-3 Wildlife species known to occur in the llababor forests
Common Name
Lion
Leopard Buffalo
Serval cat Hyena Ethiopian wolf Greater kudu Bushbuck
Fox
Warthog Aartvark
Civet cat Anubis baboon Verve! monkey Patas Monkey CoIobus Monkey Cheno Porcupine Duiker
Hyrax
Honey badger Bush pig
Kore
Crocodile Mangrove Common Jackie Abyssinian Hare Otter
Tortoise
Comment
Low numbers
f racks seen at Baro 2 Faeces seen
Observed
Sign of otter presence
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The SOER for Ethiopia (2003) identified 3 species  of targe mammals as  critically  threatened, 5 as  endangered, 2 as  vulnerable and 1 as threned None of these species occur within the project area.
Smaller Vertebrates and Invertebrates
The stocktaking of biological resources  (National Biodiversity Strategy  and Action Plan), identified 63 species  of amphibian of which 24 are endemic  There was  no mention of conservation concerns  although three endemic  species  occur in the area i.e. Sylvacaecilia grandisonae. Leptoelis  vannutellii and Afrixalus  clarki No amphibians were recorded dunng the field visits
There are presently  204 recorded reptile species  (87 snakes. 101 lizards  and 13 species  of tortoise) There are four known endemic species  of chameleon, and nine endemic  snakes  (Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Office. 2001).
Wetlands
A large wetland (Weldo Swamp) lies on the plateau where the
headwaters of the Baro River rise The wetland is composed of a
wide slow flowing nver, open fields of grass and herbaceous plants 
(Description in Appendix D). This wetland plays an important role in
stabilising Baro nver flows and maintains water quality The status 
and health of this wetland is important to the functioning of the
downstream river
The plant composition of Weldo swamp is  described in detail in Appendix  D The main plant woody  plant community  is  composed of Syzygium guineese - Phoenix  reclinata community, the remaining herbacious  communities  are less  species  rich and characterized by the dominance of one of two species.
This  swamp is  packed with various  species  of Lichens  although the conservation status  of these species  is  unknown Generally, this wetland is  sensitive and is  being under constant agricultural encroachment from all over its surroundings
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Figure 5-6 Weldo Swamp at the headwaters of the Baro River
El A Report - Vol 5 Page 5-15
5 17
Protected or Conservation Worthy Areas
Forestry in the Baro/Genti Area
The forests  are part of the 58 National Forest Priority  Areas  (NPFAj to be primarily  protected and conserved All but lhe left bank  of the Genji reservoir fall within the Sibo Tale Kobo NFPA a demarcated forest with agreed boundaries  in place The forest contains  28,000ha of relatively  undisturbed forest. 50 OOOha of heavily  disturbed,
1,900ha   man-made   and   20,100ha   of   other"   The   reservoirs   and   most of the access routes fall in the undisturbed forest
The Oromia five year development plan adopted forest conservation as  one of its  main objectives  llababor has  large areas  of forest The three wereda, into which lhe project area falls, have a number of demarcated prionty  forest areas  These are forests  for which lhe boundaries  have been documented and the local peasant committees have signed acknowledging the boundanes  and their support for protecting the forest areas  Demarcated forests  allow for traditional resource use nghts  All three reservoirs  fall entirely  within demarcated forest areas  as  indicated in figure •• which shows  the approximate boundaries of pnority forests near the project area
Demarcated forests  are managed by  the forestry  officers  for the wereda but due to limited resources  management relies  largely  on the peasant committees  Sustainable forest product use is  permitted in the demarcated areas but wood extraction, settlement and
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conversion    to    agriculture    is    not    permitted    Fire    and    hunting    are    also illegal in these areas although in practice there is little real control
There is  pressure from the authorities  for small communities  within lhe forests  to move to larger centres  (for schooling and health facilities) The attempt to move small communities  out of the forests  is also lo improve forest protection and reduce settlement into the designated forests  There is  some conflict between the objectives  of the Regional Government and NGOs  such as  Menschen fur Menschen who are assisting the nomadic  Majangir lo settle and develop permanent arable lands areas within the forest.
A    number    of    management    requirements    for    forest    areas    such    as Setema    Forest    and    recommendations    for    future    implementation    of    the management    have    been    outlined    in    the    Ethio-German    Forest    Project (GTZ, 1994)
Figure 5-7: Forest areas adjacent lo the reservoirs with management agreements in place
Sibo Talokobo Forest
Proposed
tra remission
lines
Giray Forest
Tag© la
Sirbirsa Forest
Status
uncertain
ieche Forest
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Proj
ect
Pa
ge 5 17
5.1.8
A quatic Habitat
The  Baro  River
tn
the  Project
area,
as  well
as  the
Genji
River
5.1 9
tributary,  is  generally  a  swift  flowing  river  with  pools,  riffles  and waterfalls on a substratum of rocks and bedrock Some sections of the river have a very high gradient (more than 4% on the section from Baro 2 Io the Fani River confluence) The nver runs through forest and terrestrial organic material is an important input Io the productivity of the aquatic ecosystem
Biological (Biodiversity) and Fisheries Status
Almost no information was  available on the fish fauna of the DIZ Therefore a survey was done in the context of this feasibility study yielding 157 fish of 4 species from the Baro 1 and Baro 2 sites (Table 5^1)
The catches during the survey fishing were high, reflecting high fish density in the nver. The low number of species belonging to only two genera.  Labeo  (45  fish)  and  Barbus  (112  fish),  within  one  family (Cypnmdae),  is  somewhat  surprising  However,  it  probably  reflects the  steep  gradient  of  the  river  going  upstream  from  the  Gambela Plains This gradient will be a barrier to most of the species found in the  livers  on  the  Plains  and  in  the  White  Nile  Two  of  the  recorded species   from   the   Baro   HPP   area   (i   e   Barbus   nedgia   and   B. intermedius) are not found in the Gambela Plains
The  fish  fauna  recorded  during  the  field  survey  is  quite  depauperate with   only   four   species   (Abebe   Getahun   2005).   However   it   is remarkable   that   the   species   are   quite   different   from   that   of   the Gambela  plains  While  Labeo  forskaln  does  occur  in  the  plains,  none of  the  Barbus  species  recorded  at  Baro  1  and  2  have  so  far  been recorded  on  the  Gambella  plains  These  Barbus  species  are  similar to  those  found  in  the  highland  streams  and  rivers  of  the  Abay  and Tekeze  basins  One  might  say  that  they  seem  to  be  associated  with high-altitude streams
Table 5-4 Fish species caught in gill nets and with baited multiple
hooks dunng survey Fishing at Baro 1 and Baro 2 sites. 24 February
to 6 March, 2005
Species
Baro 1
Baro 2
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Aftituoe (mas IJ
1421
1298
1297
1360
Labeo forskaln
8
18
18
1
Barbus nedgia Barbus intermedius
33
67
9
3
Barbus sp (unidentified)
Sum
41
85
27
4
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5.1.10
5 111
Occurrence of Non-fish Aquatic Biodiversity
According to focal informants, crocodiles  do occur in lhe low-gradient sections  of Baro River e g upstream of the Bare 2 dam site The momlor lizard probably  also occurs  along the river Locals  also refer to an animal called "hoia brshani'1 (meaning literally  "sheep of the water" in the Oromigna language). It is  said to feed on the head of fish in nets  set overnight. This  would probably  be the African clawless otter (Aonyx  capensis), which also fits  with the observation of remains from mussel meals left by some mammal on the river bank.
Hippos  are not recorded in the Baro River in the DIZ. The possible occurrence of smaller mammals  associated with water is  not known. During the fish survey  tadpoles  of amphibians, as  well as  shells  of bivalves and snails were observed
Enderrusms Rare/Threatened Species
There   is   no   information   indicating   the   presence   of   rare   or   threatened aquatic species in the Baro and Genji rivers in the project area
Ecology of the Recorded Fish Species
None of the four fish species  recorded at Baro 1 and 2 are endemic or threatened. However, these cyprimds  are sensitive to impounded water They  need well-oxygenated running water for spawning That is  why  cyprinids  inhabiting lacustrine habitats  migrate to riverine habitats for spawning
The fact that the fishes  inhabiting Baro 1 and Baro 2 sites  are exclusively  cyprinids  (genera Barbus and Labeo) creates  a potential problem. The impoundments  may  create barriers  for spawning in fast flowing parts of the river
Utilisation of Fish Species
Fisheries  in the fast-flowing river: Fishing on the upper Baro is restricted to subsistence fishing with hook  and line and traditional traps  (Figure 5-8) The fish is  consumed locally  This  is  due to a combination of low catches, poor communication and long distances to markets, and an almost complete absence of a money  based economy. No data are available on the annual fish yields  in the upper Baro
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Figure  5-8  Traditional  fish  trap  used  by  local  fishermen  in  the  Baro River
Socio-Economic Setting
The proposed hydropower project is  located in the llababor administrative zone of Oromia Regional Government There are three Weredas  which will be directly  affected, or may  effect the project these are
•          Halu  Bure  which  is  located  to  the  south  of  the  Baro  river  and within   which   the   Genji   dam   option   falls   The   Wereda   capital   is Bure   together   wrth   two   other   urban   settlements   of   Sibbo   and Uka    This    Wereda    dominates    the    social    linkages    with    all settlements  adjacent  Io  Genji  site  and  lower  Baro  2  using  Sibbo while  people  in  the  upper  Baro  2  reservoir  and  adjacent  to  Baro
1 tend to use Uka
•          Nonno   Sele   which   is   located   to   the   south   of   the   Baro   nver Linkages   between   the   Wereda   capital   and   settlements   within   the project area are limited due to poor infrastructure and distances
•          Alle  Didu  which  falls  to  the  east  of  the  project  area  north  of  the Baro  nver  The  northern  half  of  Baro  1  reservoir  falls  within  this wereda
More    details    concerning    the    socio-economic   baseline   conditions   are include in Appendix G
Cnaptc' 5 Final Report
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_
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Figure 5-9 Administrative Setting of the DIZ
Cnapter 5 Final Report
A   large   majority   in   the   Project   Area   are   Oromo   people   Alongside local    minorities    of    Amhara    and    Tigray    people    (there    have    been government     resettlement     schemes     in     the     area)     Oromo     people occupy   compact   farming   villages   on   the   upland   slopes   and   plateaux of   Halu   Bure   wereda,   Alledidu   wereda   and   Sale   Nono   wereda   all   in lllubabor   zone   of   Oromia   State   Their   way   of   life   revolves   around subsistence    agriculture,    trading    in    the    local    markets,    some    animal husbandry   (mainly   keeping   draught   oxen),   and   the   harvest   of   wild coffee   from   the   forest   They   are   poor   in   terms   of   cash   income   but almost   self-sufficient   in   food,   fuel   and   building   materials   They   have   to trade   in   the   market   to   sell   occasional   crop   surpluses   and   to   buy essential   items   such   as   salt,   sugar,   matches,   nails,   corrugated   iron tools   and   batteries   Upland   farmers   are   indifferent   to   the   use   of   the Baro    River    and.    according    to    their    spokesmen    at    focus    group discussions   in   Uka   and   Sibo   villages,   not   much   concerned   about   the fate of the rain forest
In contrast, the much smaller group of Majangir people, who are ethnically  distinct from the Oromo people, do inhabit the Baro valley rain-forest, from which they  gam their livelihood They  cross  the Baro river by  boat and (unlike the upland people who do not even eat fish) the Majangir people do fish in the river Their pnncipal source of livelihood, and the distinguishing feature of their culture, is  bee keeping Majangir families  tend numerous  hives, often more than fifty Selling honey  and clay  pots  provides  their main (almost their only) cash income They  take a modest harvest of wild fruits  from the
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___ Page 5-21
Chapter 5 Frnal Repo fl1
forest    but    their    staple    diet    Is    based    on    the    maize    and    sorghum (mainly) that they grow in forest clearings
There is  little formal employment in the project vicinity  A few people are employed as  teachers  and health workers  Everyone else is  self- reliant through subsistence farming and (when they  are old or sick) on the support of their families and neighbours
NGOs Active in the Protect Area
The Menschen fur Menschen NGO has  designed and has  recently commenced implementing a three year programme which aims  to assist the Majangir community  of Jejebe area in their struggle to reduce vulnerability  due to traditional farming styles  and poor access to resources" (MfM project document 2004). The main themes  of the project are to
1.   Enable   the   community   to   be   self   sufficient   in   food   crop   production and reduce vulnerability due to natural factors.
2        Improve   the   social   and   physical   infrastructure   of   the   area   and thereby facilitate access to resources, services and information;
3        Improve    and    diversify    household    income    of    the    community    in order     to     raise     their     purchasing     capability     for     improved     living standards;
4       Rehabilitate   the   natural   resources   of   both   Jejebe   and   Sinin   areas and   prevent   further   loses   due   to   poor   and   backward   means   of farming.
5          Reduce      the      ongoing      socio-cultural      marginalisation      of      the community      through      facilitated     access      and      exposure     In     the process language barriers will also decline
In summary  the project is  intended to improve social status  of the marginalized Majangir community  and to reduce their vulnerability  to natural factors
The  presence  of  the  project  in  the  Baro  2  area  has  both  negative  and positive aspects:
•        Negative   aspects   includes   the   increased   permanent   settlement   of Majangir   peoples   into   the   reservoir   basin   and   the   establishment   of arable    lands    areas    This    settlement    pattern    within    a    demarcated forest    may    have    potential    to    conflict    with    long    term    sustainable use of the forest resources
•        Positive   aspects   is   the   presence   of   an   effective   NGO   to   help reduce    the    impacts    of    the    project    on    nomadic    peoples    Wage labour,      alcoholism      social      conflict      and      sexually      transmitted diseases    will    increase    unless    there    is    strong    educational    and institutional support to prevent these.
The   NGO   has   only   just   started   its   programme   with   the   Majangir   and appears to be feeling its way and open to change The programme
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521
could be developed in the natural resources  sector by  identifying less destructive (fire based) land clearing techniques, more emphasis  on rehabilitation of forest resources and sustainable forest resource use
Sites ofRehaious, Historical or Archaeological Importance
Review of available publications  by  an Ethiopian archaeologist'1 reveals  no evidence of archaeological heritage having been located in the Baro direct impact zone The publications  examined are listed in Appendix A
Churches  and burial grounds  are important elements  of local culture and heritage Being located on the tops  of ndges. they  would be unaffected by the project
Land Use
Settlement Within the Reservoir Areas
No   settlement   or   sign   of   settlement   was   found   within   the   Baro   1
reservoir    The    first    settlement    is    found    upstream    just    below    the escarpment and above the reservoir flood level.
There were about 25 households  identified near the upper Baro 2 reservoir at "Baro Village" and a number of scattered settlements  just upstream (19 households  of which about 7 fall into the reservoir) and dunng the field visit settlers  felt that there were in the order of 120- 130 households  using the Baro village area Details  of settlement are provided in Figure 5-10 and Tables 5-5 • 5-9
Table  5-5.  Overview  of  location  and  type  of  settlements  in  or  very near to Baro 2 reservoir
Survey
Date
East
UTM
North
UTM
Name
Languago
Homos
Occupants
Lands Ha
04/10/05
752831
897026
Alo  Hable
Majangir
1
5
45
Regassa
04/10/05
752871
896987
Alo  Esraii
Majangir
1
3
3
Abdtsa
03/10/05
752612
895793
Alo
Majangir
1
4
45
Ayrose
Kerato
03/10/05
752826
895773
W/O
Alemag
Majangir
1
3
0.8
Mamo
03/10/05
752743
895749
W/O Sara
Majangir
1
4
048
Kerato
03/10/05
752714
895794
Ato
Karalu
Raga
Majangir
1
1
0 25
03/10/05
752786
895526
Alo
Majangir
1
3
0.9
Copier 5
»• Will Repot
review of the cultural and archaeological status of the Baro project area, Bantalem Tadesse 2004-2005
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Fl A Report Vol. 5 Page 5-23
Survey
Date
East
UTM
North
UTM
Name
Deretu
Selen
Language
Homes
Occupants
Lands Ha
Totals
7
23
14.43
Figure 5-10 Settlement in the Baro 2 reservoir
Table 5-6 Household Identification
house
number
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
date of survey 
(m October
4r
4”
3'a
3 ra
3°
3 ,a
3'a
2005)
photograph numbers'
24 to
20 to
2 to 8
18 ♦
9 to 11
16 ♦
14 ♦
30
23
19
17
15
nHUouLJbsets O InIUumIHbUeVreICd W3.9   and   10— *(-id--e- ntified   from   satellite   imagery)   nad been destroyed House numbers cited in the tables are those that
been   destroyed   House   numbers   cited   in   the   tables   are   those   that
1
were marked on the map produced for use by the surveyor
.              ■ 4___ U..
eimjounf
All   of   the   houses   are   within   close   proximity   Their   location   is   within Kalu Kebele
’ Refers to photographic eco<d produced by surveyor
r
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-
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Table 5-7 Household Details
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page 5-24
house number
1
2
4
5
family name
Ato Habte
Regassa
Ato Esrail Abdisa Ma|ang if
Alo Aynose                W/o Alemaz
household language               Majangir
Kerato Majangir
place of ongm dale house built (Eth Cal)
Shuwa Obo               Shuwa Obo             Jejebe
1988 EC
1990 EC
1984 EC
Mamo Majangir Shuwa Obo 1993 FC
number people m                    5                                3                              4                                 3 household
where children go to school
kebele
from whom they got me
land
no school Kahi
no school Kalu
no school Kahi
from no one               from no one             from no-one
no school Kalu
from no one
house number
6
7
8
'amity name
W/o Sara
Alo Karatu
Ato Derelu
Kerato
Baga
Selen
household language
Mezenger
Mezenger
Mezenger
place of ongr
Jejebe
Gambela
Shuwa Obo
date house built (Eth Cal)
1988 EC
1990 EC
1989 EC
number people in
household
4
1 (?)
3
where children go to school
no school
no school
Halu
kebele
Kalu
Kalu
Kalu
from whom they got the
land
from no-one
from no-one
from no-one
The households  are similar and the people are all Majangir. They came to this  area from Jejebe, Gambela or Shuwa or Obo and have been settled here for 13-20 years
Households  are fairly  small With one exception, children do not attend school Of households  in the survey  40% were female headed
Land   had   not   been   allocated   to   the   people   in   any   way   They   had simply occupied it, within the forest area
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Table 5-8 Building Characteristics
house number
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
house dimensions
9m * 4m
6m ‘ 4m
6m * 4m
9m * 3 4m
5m ’ 3m
8m ’ 3m
round house
radius
27m
numbers of rooms
one
one
one
one
wall materials
wood
wood
wood
wood
wood
wood
wood
roof materials
grass
grass
grass
grass
grass
grass
grass
outbuildings
none
none
none
none
none
Houses are small (average 26 m ). and built of wood and grass 
?
None has outbuildings
Table 5-9 Household Cultivation
house number
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
cultivated area
(metres)
150 •
300
100m*
300'r
150’
300
80’
100
60*
80
50*
50
150*
60
maize
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
bananas
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
sugarcane
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
potatoes
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
other features
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
All of the households  cultivated maize, bananas, sugarcane and potatoes. Cultivated areas  are typically  100 by  180 metres  (1 8 hectares)
Chapter 5 Final Repon
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Figure 5^11 Context of Baro 2 reservoir settlement
Mia «try of WiWr
Rhmkmi
/V
* Oh u fcn aumyri
BriBt
rn urtafe
Roidt **wf br*eta
=~1 Arabb *grlc ufeiF*
B«<« I ft ««r*oIf
1
♦
« Ki^mvbrg
Extensive burning to open up land within the valley  is  occurring Many of the hill sides  are cleared of forest and ready  for planting. The community  has  no road link  to major towns  Uka village is  used for market produce The settlement is  being formalised and accelerated by  the Menschen fur Menschen programme to assist lhe Majangir people
Chipw' 5
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______ Page 5-27
Ftguro 5-12 Settlement tn and around the Barn 2 Area
Forest Products
Most  of  the  upland  Oromia  communities  living  adjacent  to  forests make some use of forest products Use is generally limited to building materials,  wild  coffee  collection  and  honey  production  The  Majangir who are living in closer association with the forests tend to rely more on  its  products  In  their  case  honey  production  is  their  primary  cash crop and proof of ones ability to collect honey is required of males as a prerequisite to marnage
The   average   Ma/angir   household   owns   between   30-75   beehives (MfM  2004)  The  Majangir obtain  most  of  their household goods from the forest, make some use of forest products for traditional medicines and rely on wild cassava as a famine food Fishing through use of fish traps and hunting also occur
Timber there is no legal extraction of timber from the designated forest areas
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Honey
A  major  forest  product.  Most  households  have  between  30-75  hives which   are   harvested   twice   yearly   around   April   and   October   An estimated  20  kg  of  honey  is  produced  by  the  hives  each  year  and sold to traders at about Birr7 per kilogram and sold on at Birrr 12/kg
There is high local use of honey in the production of Tedg beer
Plants important in honey production are Cordia afncana from which
the hives are carved and Vernonia sp. Cordia afncana. Croton macrostachyus and Syzgium guineense which are the primary honey 
plants
The  Vernonia  is  found  in  disturbed  areas  while  the  other  species  are found in the forest and forest riverine
Wild coffee
This  is  only  harvested by  the Majangir for household consumption Wild coffee collection is  an important additional cash crop for the Oromia households  settled in the forests  An important collecting area was shown on the left bank hills upstream of Baro 2 reservoir
Building materials
Almost   all   construction   materials   for   homes   and   storage   containers are collected from the forests
Fruits and medicines
Few medicinal uses  of forest products  were identified. Some plants such as  wild cassava (Bun) are used to sustain Majangirb households during the annual famine period
Fishing and hunting
Fishing was earned out by all Majangir communites visited The mosl common approach is the use of reed fish traps baited with sorghum
There is local shanng of fish catches but no sale to the surrounding
Oromia communities
Hunting was  denied by  all people contacted although people acknowledge some 'use' of bush pig. In reality  hunting does  take place
5
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Figure 5-13: Photograph of the Majangir village called Baro
22
Transport and Communications
At present there is a single dry season access road from Sibo Village to the Baro 2 dam site The road services  a small community  of Majangir and a clinic called Jebjebe-Mora in the Baro valley near the confluence of the Baro and Genji nvers From this point there are foot paths  to communities  to the south of the baro river These are regularly used for the weekly market at Sibo
A dug out canoe provides  a paying ferry  service across  the Baro River at the proposed Baro 2 dam wall site There is a regularly used path from the community south of the Baro through Baro Village to Uka village. A further path crosses  the Genji reservoir joining communities with settlement to the west of the Genji These area all important and regularly used routes
Chapter 5 Final Report
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Figure 5-14 Regularly used access paths in the study area
5.3
Ch«P»f 5
Final
Social Survey: Community Issues
Social surveys  are undertaken so that the project proponents  and designers  may  command certain socio-economic  information, which may  prove to be relevant to project design and management The following three topics are important
•     local people s use of natural resources within the DIZ.
•     how local people are likely to interact with the project and
•       how   the   socio-economic   profile   is   changing   and   is   likely   to change
Local people's  use of natural resources  within the DIZ is  self- explanatory  as  an issue If the project pre-empts  the use of certain land, water and biomass, how will people's  livelihoods  be affected9 Would greater or reduced access  make a difference? If so, to whom and what ways?
How local people are likely  to interact with the project is  a function of their skills  and their capability  to deal with new situations  which, in turn, is  dependant on their social organisation and cohesion Would they  be able to take advantage of employment opportunities? Would they  cope with potentially  adverse social and health impacts9 Would
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the  advent  of  the  project  exacerbate  local  disputes  about  land  and water?
If the socio-economic  character of local society  is  changing, that will make it more difficult but more necessary  for the project to establish its  own capability  to deal with the social impacts  likely  to ensue from its  construction and operation A major engineering project must have regard for its  own role as  a social cultural and economic  actor in local society  and the local market Fulfilling its  social role effectively  and efficiently  results  from acquinng good information in good time, understanding it and putting it to good use Making that possible is the purpose of this survey and analysis
Two types of consultation were employed:4
1    key informant interview (KII)
2    focus group discussion (FGD).
Key  informant interviews  were held in a variety  of venues  such as  a school, a village hall or any  convenient shady  spot Meetings  for FGD were conducted in people's  own customary  venues  - typically  in or by  a village hall or other familiar meeting place Usually  eight people attended though the number varied between five and twelve and of course not everyone attended the whole duration of the meeting
Membership of focus  groups  was  structured so that possible divergence of knowledge and/or opinion could be detected between different sectors  of society  To enable gender differences  to be expressed some groups  were convened with all women, some with all men plus some mixed groups
Similarly  groups  were differentiated by  vocation Some groups contained farmers  and housewives  only, figures  of authority  were excluded to pre-empt possible dominance of the discussion On other occasions, focus  groups  of village leaders  were convened These groups were chaired by the kebele chairman or vice chairman; and often they  contained one or more teacher health assistant agricultural extension officer or other local person distinguished by having any  sort of higher education Of course, the group chaired by the kebele chairman might include farmers  and housewives, but it is counted and analysed as  a village leaders  FGD if any  figure of authority was present
Groups  always  reflected residence in a particular village Residents from different villages  were never mixed, even when they  happened to be present together as on market days
Chapter 5 F.naf Repeat
4 See Appendix B for detail
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53 1
Natural Resources
Water
Little use seems to be made of the Baro River by most residents of the area To the upland dwellers, it is  more of an obstacle than an asset In contrast, the lowland Mejangir people fish in it and boat across it.
No-one needs  the Baro for domestic  water supply  For almost everyone it is at an inconveniently low elevation (whereas houses are well up-slope) and in any  case it is  dirty  and dangerous  compared with springs  and small streams  This  is  a high rainfall area Surface water is  plentiful Domestic  water can readily  be taken from local sources
Wetlands  (swamps  and seasonal pools) are used by  the upland villagers  mainly  for grazing and imgated cultivation Wetlands  with spnngs  are sources  of domestic  water and used for cattle watering Most respondents  also noted the utilisation of wetlands  by  wild birds Many birds congregate there for feeding and possibly for breeding
Almost all respondents  report that wetlands  in their home areas  have become smaller and drier within living memory  No-one claimed that any wetland has become larger or wetter
Fwesl
Individual key  informants  on forest products  were all young male agricultural advisers, with some higher education, whereas  FGD involved a cross-section of local society  That notwithstanding, they were in agreement about forest values  Members  of the all-female FGDs provided the same information as the men
Local people extract a wide range of products  from the forest Most products  are taken from forested land within the home kebele. not from remote forest places
Wiki coffee is  harvested for sale Other commodities  taken mainly  for household use are honey, spices, firewood and building poles  One key  informant mentioned people taking wild fruit and nuts, that seems to be an opportunistic  rather than systematic  activity  whereas  the offtake of honey, spices, firewood and building wood was  mentioned by every group without exception
Bar one respondent who claimed that timber is  indeed cut for sale near Halu village, every  other informant and every  FGD answered that logging was  not permitted and was  not practised Certainly  it would quickly become widely known if power tools were being used in the forest or if logs  were being taken to a saw mill. Small scale pit sawing in the deep forest, far from villages, and removal of timber by boat down the river could, however, be done without being noticed by most people. Maybe it is  though no evidence to that effect has  been adduced
Chapte’ 5 Final RbP0*1
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Chapter 5 Final Report
Much disagreement ensued when informants  were asked about governance of the forest All said that government regulations  and local customs  both do exist Some informants  held that government regulations  were observed, others  that they  were disregarded Some said that the regulations  were coming more into use. others  that their observance was  declining Some felt that tradition was  a spent force, others  that customary  control of forest use remained the primary means of forest management
Most informants  are loo young to have any  useful memories  of long term change Questions  about changes  to the forest had to remain unanswered No folk  memory  of the old days’ was  tapped Those few who did answer the question thought that the forest was becoming smaller, thinner and drier Not a single person thought that it was larger thicker or wetter than before
About half of respondents replied that fire does not occur in the
forest The other 50% thought that it did When ram forest burns, it is 
a sure sign that something has gone catastrophically wrong That
does not seem to be the case here A few small fires may have been
set, probably to create pasture No-one mentioned charcoal-making
or large fires
Pasture and Livestock
Most families  in the upland villages  have cattle, sheep and goats They  graze and browse around the homestead and in the forest The cattle move between the trees  grazing in small clearings  Almost every  respondent mentioned this  use of the forest It seems  unlikely that anyone would graze their cattle so far from the homestead that they  would be in the projected reservoir areas  Most grazing is  done in the forest within the kebele not far down the valley  The Majangir people, who do live in the forest, have very few cattle
Many Oromo respondents mentioned the high value that they place
on cattle Livestock are kept for their contribution to the domestic economy, not for commerce They receive little or no veterinary care,
due its unavailability locally
Wildlife
No commercial hunting occurs  Everyone agreed on that point Unanimous agreement (by Majangir respondents and upland villagers alike) also exists that the Majangir people hunt for subsistence in the forest. Preferred prey is bushbuck, wild pig and buffalo.
Half of the respondents in the upland villagers deny that they ever go hunting The other half admit that they  do. sometimes  though it is forbidden That it is  illegal was  stressed during many  focus  group meetings. They  are. however, permitted to protect their farms  from raiding animals  - wiki pigs  and baboons  mainly  Crop raiding is greatly resented by the farmers of whom 90% specifically mentioned it as a wildlife-related problem
In   relation   to   wildlife   the   question   about   changes   during   the respondent s lifetime and memory elicited no standard response
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Most respondents admitted that they did not know or asserted that no change had occurred One respondent, only, thought that one species  - wild pig - had increased in number That would be remarkable, given that it is a preferred animal for hunting What may have happened is  that the number of encounters  with the pigs  has increased rather than the porcine population
All respondents  agreed that lions  and wild pigs  live in the project area Buffalo, bushbuck  hyaena, leopard and monkeys  are said Io be common There are. in fact, several species  of monkey  in the forest but the respondents  made no distinctions  despite (he great differences of appearance between vervet monkeys and coIobus
Baboons are abundant in the area but were not reported as often as lions  and wild pigs  Maybe some respondents  classify  them as monkeys  Similarly  some respondents  mention apes  and many  do not. Between large conspicuous  monkeys  (notably  the black-and- white coIobus), baboons  and genuine apes, much scope for confusion exists among unscientifically-minded villagers.
In the “also mentioned, but not often" category of wild animal were foxes (which could be jackals and are very unlikely to be foxes or Ethiopian wolves in this area), wild cat, civet, crocodile, forest pig (distinguished as such from wild pig or just ‘pig’). gorilla (very unlikely and probably refers to baboons) and tiger (impossible, probably leopard) In the category “spoken by a few but considered by most respondents to be far too obvious to be worth mentioning ’ were
unspecified sorts of bird, unspecified types of antelope and the small rodents - mice, rat. shrew
Arable Farming
Maize is  the most popular crop Farmers  also grow barley, sorghum, wheat and teff. plus  a range of vegetables  including peas, beans  and onions  Oil seeds, sugarcane banana and other (unspecified) fruit make up the cultivated crop range of peasant farmers  On the commercial plantations, tea and soft wood (pine, gum and wattle) are grown extensively.
Many  farmers  grumbled that their land has  lost its  fertility, having been continuously  cultivated for generations. Seemingly  what they have in mind but are not mentioning is  that some people from elsewhere have been allocated forest land to clear and cultivate whereas  their land has  been cropped and exposed to sun wind and rain for so long that the fertility found in forest soils is no longer there
Some respondents  mentioned that extension officers  and other staff of the agricultural centres  are helping the farmers  to improve their land husbandry
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5.3.2
533
534
Minerals
Every  respondent said that no mining takes  places  anywhere locally Observably, though, clay  is  taken from the ground as  a building and pottery material.
Local Society
That respondents  are sociable and co-operative was  slated universally. ‘We share the same history  and culture" was  asserted many times in the upland villages
Differences  of opinion arose, though, about whether this  sociable attitude extended to the pooling of labour: some said that group was the norm among the upland people (Oromo. Amhara and Tigray people) while others  slated that it was  the exception and that households mainly worked for their own livelihood individually
Majangir people stated that they  lived and worked together in household groups, not communally  They  are also conscious  of being a minority  as  well as  being perceived as  different in their behaviour “We are few* and “We live by  ourselves" were remarked by Majangir respondents several times.
Ail  respondents  agreed  that  no  NGO  operates  in  the  upland  villages Menschen fur Menschen helps the Majangir people
Local Government
Government - in the sense of local decision-making, at least - is perceived to be exercised by  the kebele No respondent even mentioned the higher levels  of government wereda, zone, region and federal
Kebele chairman all had valid ambitions  to develop their areas Mostly  they  were physical developments  needing funding road improvement, development of a better waler supply, electrification, construction of a health centre and/or a school, and construction of a farm training centre and a farmers  association centre Only  one kebele had a management objective (to organise coffee producers) as well as physical plans
Several respondents  at FGD meetings  mentioned the survival of the geda’ system whereby  decisions  are taken by  the village elders  All
cautioned that this system is used only for minor matters nowadays
Social Services and Welfare
Health and Health Care Provision
Few health workers  were available to take part in key  informant interviews (KII) of health workers because (as the villagers mentioned many  times) health care is  almost non-existent in the Baro project area Staff at three under-equipped and poorly  resourced clinics  (or clinical outposts) attempt to service the whole area The staff
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themselves are experienced, each having served in their positions for
ten to fifteen years They endeavour to provide a general medical service including (in one case) immunization, family planning and treatment of ill health (whether from infection, injury or malnutrition) Another health worker agreed that such service was desirable, but
not possible She said that there is no family planning, and no
maternity or mother-and-child care
The service area of the few clinics  found during the survey  is  the whole of the stretch of land north of the Baro River, from west of Sibo to east of Uka - a huge zone with a large population They depend for funding partly  on the Government of Ethiopia and partly  on the German NGO. Menschen fur Menschen ( People for People ) Their facilities  are short of everything - funds, medicine, equipment, transport, even storage and record-keeping facilities
Treatment records  in this  situation can be only  a poor guide to the health (or illness) of the local population While it is  interesting that intestinal parasites, rheumatism, and skin diseases  including onchocerciasis  were specified as  conditions  most commonly  treated at one clinic, it cannot safely  be concluded that those are the main health problems  - especially  as  another clinic  claimed to treat (or to see at least) numerous  communicable and waterborne diseases. Malana is reported to occur locally
All of the health workers  agreed that poor nutntion exacerbates  ill health in the local communities  Similarly  they  agree that hygiene awareness is poor - either non-existent or at a very low level due to poor education
All of the health workers were conscious of the nsks of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS in particular. Such
infections do occur locally, they said However they have no way 
either to diagnose or to treat them Their role is limited to offenng
advice
Unsurpnsingly  the last question of the KU. inviting other comment’ induced a storm of requests  for assistance and support Their clinics need just about everything and the health workers would like the Baro project to help That understandable request raises  some important issues
A  question  to  be  debated  by  the  stakeholders  before  the  project reaches  the  stage  of  detailed  design  is  whether  or  not  the  project would seek to cater for the health  needs of its own workers privately Would  there  be  a  private  clinic  exclusively  for  construction  workers9 Subsequently  how  would  workers  at  the  Baro-1  and  -2  schemes  be provided  with  health  care?  Would  the  contractor  s  clinic  be  sustained for the use of workers at the hydropower schemes9
Would (and should and could) the services  of such a clinic  be extended to the families  of workers, including the families  of locally- hired unskilled labourers9 Who would define family? It is  possible that (by  blood or marriage) almost the entire local population could claim to belong to family of one or more local labourer on the project
CMoter 5
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5 3.5
That being so, would the services  of the clinic  be open to all and, if so. would it not be better to support existing facilities  through Government and/or Menschen fur Menschen rather than to establish competing and/or exclusive facilities?
Before such questions  can be raised, it has  to be decided in what forum they  will be discussed - and what role the project will have in their resolution
Education
Universally, respondents  in this  survey  lament the poor quality  of available education Most children live far from schools  and education is available only up to grade four for most, and to grade six at one school, at Halu Many  children are kept out of school because their parents prefer them to look for coffee in the forest
Business and Livelihood
The Local Economy
Residents  of the upland villages  combine cultivation and keeping livestock  as  their mam subsistence strategies  supplemented by harvesting of forest products  (wild coffee in particular) for cash This diversity provides them with a buffer against failure in one sector.
Majangir people also have a diversity  of subsistence sources, combining cultivation with harvest of forest products, hunting and a modest amount of livestock rearing
Marketing
The Sunday  market at Uka is  the mam commercial event in the project area The market does  also open on Wednesdays  but is  not so busy on that day Rival markets, at Gore for example, are too far away to compete with Uka for most residents of the project area Uka has  few shops  and other villages  even fewer Rather what happens is  that women from the surrounding kebeles  buy  goods  at Uka on Sunday, take them home and sell them in their home villages over the following week
While it may  happen that other commercial outlets  open during the project period, for now the baseline of commercial activity  is  set by what happens  m Uka on Sundays  Two tables  (5-10 and 5-11) set out the first market profile, from Sunday 21st November 2004
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Table 5-10 Prices of goods sold by the kilogram (mainly) at Uka market
item
birr* per kg
local maize (advised at Halu in November)
050
sorghum grown by local farmers
0 50
maize al Uka market m November
060
local maize (advised at Uka in October)
0 75
cabbage at Uka market in November
1 00
wheat at Uka market in November
1 00
peanuts (groundnuts) at Uka market in November
1.35
salt sold by merchants
1 50
barley at Uka market in November
2.00
beans at Uka market in November
200
peas at Uka market in November
2.00
potatoes from Gambela. at Uka market in November
2.00
salt from Afar region, sold at Uka market
200
teff grown by local farmers
250
teff from Bedele
260
red onions at Uka market in November
3.00
sugar al Uka market in November
800
sugar sold by merchants
800
honey from local farmers
10 00
local honey
10.00
red pepper at Uka market in November
1500
butter sold by merchants
20 00
local butter
25 00
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F trial Repod
5 USD 1 = Birr 8.5 at date
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Table 5-11: Prices of goods not sold by the kilogram, at Uka market
item
birr
quantity
three eggs at Uka market
1
3 eggs
soap at Uka market, from Addis Ababa
1
bar
dry cell batteries, from Addis Ababa
3
pair
chicken
12
one
cooking od sold by merchants
14
per litre
hen at Uka market in November
15
one
sheep
120
one
sheep at Uka market
120
one
ox at Uka market
600
one
53 6
Cnapler 5 Final Report
Access
Many  respondents  claimed that there is  no infrastructure other than lhe road made by  the project and this  is  substantially  true in villages such as  Halu which are off the main highway  from Jimma through Metu and Gore to Gambela, passing through both Uka and Sibo. Telephone services  are also available in Uka and Sibo but were not considered worth mentioning
Goods  are moved around the project area by  a variety  of means  as head-loads, in push-carts  as  packs  tied onto donkeys  and in pick ups  and trucks  either as  the main freight being carried or as  extra burdens  piled and tied onto the vehicles  Most of these goods  are commodities being moved to or from Uka market
Perceptions of the Project
Three things were sought during analysis of the social survey
1. statements supported by a majonty of respondents.
2    strongly held contrary views - divergent from popular opinion; and 3    differentiation by group (however groups might be defined)
In fact, only  one major difference emerged that between lowland and upland communities  Lowlanders  live in small scattered settlements near the Baro River, they  are mainly  Majangir people People who in this  context, we may  describe as  upland villagers  live in the vanous settlements  of the project area, notably  Sibo and Uka which are well above the elevation of the river and are served by  the Gore-to- Gambela highway, or side roads off it in the cases of Halu and
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Didibbee. which are really  satellites  of Uka for most purposes  The inhabitants of these settlements are mainly people of Oromia. with a mmonty of Amhara and Tigray people
Unlike the Majangir people, who are conscious  of having a different lifestyle, the people of the upland villages claim unanimously to have
to have a single homogenous  culture, history  and life-style Their answers  to questions  seem to bear out that claim. No significant distinction anses  between the different villages  nor between identifiable groups within Ihose upland settlements
As previously indicated, focus group discussions were held by groups of men groups  of women, and mixed-gender groups  of villagers  No significant differences  arose in their responses  Similarly, there is remarkably  little difference of opinion on the topics  discussed between the people of different upland villages, whether male or female, young or old, educated and uneducated, leaders or not
If such convergence of views  is  genuine, no differences  would arise between focus  group discussions  and key  informant interviews  The same opinions  would be offered by  groups  and by  individuals  - and. on the whole, that was  the case The only  notable exception concerned hunting: in groups  everyone in the upland villages explained that hunting is  forbidden and therefore it is  not done Individual respondents  admitted that people (other people, not themselves) do hunt sometimes, and Majangir people claimed that some villagers  from the upland villages  sometimes  join them on their hunting trips  in the forest It would be surprising if it were not so With that exception, though, similar responses  were forthcoming at FGDs and Klls on every subject debated.
Peoples Viewpoints
Lowland   people   are   very   wary   about   the   project.   Probably   they actually oppose rt but are reluctant to seem so negative
Upland village people welcome the project They  claim to have only positive views  about it and are keen for it to start Possibly  they  do not realise how little employment is  actually  involved in a river barrage project, and how the intended project beneficianes  are not themselves  but a much broader constituency  of electricity  consumers and, to a lesser extent, beneficiaries  of silt entrapment, river regulation and realisation of downstream irrigation potential. The area is  so lacking in development that it seems  unimaginable that a development project could occur without actually  addressing their main needs
Those  needs  and  aspirations,  constantly  reiterated  during  the  social survey, are as follows:
•     improved infrastructure.
•       better   health   care   especially   at   more   and   better   local   health facilities;
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• better education for their children, at more and better schools,
and;
• employment opportunities
In  a  few  cases,  respondents  called  for  electrification,  believing  this  to be a natural result of the Baro projects
Agricultural Potential and Irrigation
There is  little arable agricultural potential within the reservoir areas due to poor soils  and steep slopes  in the reservoirs  There are no irngation schemes  in the DIZ or project area and terrain makes  the area unsuitable for any future development
Small Scale Irrigation Systems in the Project Area
For identification of existing and potential small scale irrigation schemes  that might be impacted in the project area by  the Baro Hydropower Project consultations  have been made to the Irrigation Department of the Ministry  of Water Resources, and the Waler Resources Department of the Oromia Regional Government
Together with the staff of the Oromia Regional Bureau 76 small scale irngation schemes, constructed by  the Regional Bureau since 1999, were identified in the Regional State and located on the maps  Out of these 76 three were located in the Baro catchment These are Borto and Bondo schemes, located near Dembi Dolo. and Goji. located close to Bure None of these schemes  is  situated in the vicinity  of the Baro Project itself.
Dunng the social survey  and dunng the field work  for the land use survey  no existing or potential irngation areas  have been identified A survey  of the satellite imagery  has  not indicated the presence of irrigation areas in the vicinity of the project area
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6                           ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Environmental impacts  are identified and assessed in terms  of their likely  occurrence and significance II is  important to note that the impacts  are assessed prior to any  mitigation, management or compensation being applied, Chapter 7 identifies any such measures
The area of influence of the Baro scheme (with its  dam and reservoir) extends  from the upper limits  of the reservoir to downstream al Gambela and beyond, and includes  the reservoir, dam, river valley 
below the dam and lowland plains 
While there are direct
6.1
6 1.1
frapte’ & Final Report
environmental impacts  associated with construction (e g habitat disturbance, dust, erosion, borrow and disposal problems), the greatest impacts  result from the impoundment of water, flooding of land to form the reservoir and alteration of the water flow characteristics  downstream These effects  have direct impacts  on soils, vegetation, wildlife, biodiversity  and human populations  in the wider project area
Construction Phase Changes/lmpacts
Land & Wafer Resources
LW/1 Chanqes in water quality
Clearing of vegetation in all three impoundments Ihrough abstraction
and burning will result in deterioration of water quality on the short
term Initial runoff during the first few years will be high in sediments,
phosphates, nitrates and organic matter resulting in reduced water
quality and lower oxygen levels particularly dunng the low flow penod
The large numbers of bivalves and species dependent on lhem such
as otters will be lost due to high silt loads
There will be a localised increase in turbidity  due to construction activities  Accidental spillages  of pollutants  may  also impose a short term negative smpacl on water quality
LW/2 Chanqes in crazing areas
During the filling of the Baro 2 reservoir approximately  280 ha of lightly  grazed Hyparrhenia grassland will be submerged resulting in minimal loss  of livestock  production There will be no loss  in grazing areas in the Baro 1 and Genji sites
LVW3 Chanqes in area of irrigation agriculture
No changes anticipated in area
LW/4 Chanqes m rates of erosiorVsiltation
High rales  of siltation will occur from forest clearing in the reservoir areas  and from the development of access  tracks  Tracks  developed on sleep slopes  i e to the powerhouses  and the tail races, will be developed as  cuts  into the hillside The cut material will be excavated over the down slope side resulting in a large volume of loose material on the forest slopes This material will be washed into lhe river
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drainage and increase silt loads  for a number of years  It is  estimated that between 5-600.000m3 of soil will be excavated onto steep slopes, most of which will eventually reach the nver
In addition, a large volume of tunnel spoil will be generated that will cause malenal to be deposited in water courses  before stabilisation occurs
LW/5 Changes involving permanent flooding or inundation
No changes anticipated until reservoir filling
LW/6 Changes to river flow regime
There will be a modification of the downstream river regime for Baro and Genji once dam closure occurs  This  change will serve to reduce the annual flood and give rise to higher flows  in the natural low flow period.
LW/7 Changes to reservoir area microclimate
No changes/impacts anticipated
LW/B  Changes  to  downstream  water  users  nationally  and internationally
No changes anticipated
Aquatic Ecological
AE/1 Chanqes to nver continuum (barrier & desiccation effects)
The construction phase will create barriers  and desiccation on all three sites  Diversion tunnels  will desiccate nver sections, and construction work  will cause increased sediment load in the nver water
AE/2 Chanqes in fish and fisheries
No fishing will be possible at dam sites  after construction is commenced. Fish populations  on these sites  will be destroyed or chased away
AE/3 Chanqes in aquatic biota
During construction, the aquatic  biota will be removed at the dam sites  Increased sediment transport downstream of the dam site is also to be expected, and hence affecting the biota there
AE/4 Chanqes at the water/land interface
During construction, water diversion will create immediate desiccation of lhe river bed below the dam sites  In the reservoir, forest vegetation should be removed, in order to reduce the amount of standing drowned forest which will hamper fishing operations  in the reservoir and increase the risk  of floating debris  interfenng with hydropower operations
AE/5 Chanqes to reservoir limnoloqv
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There is  some risk  that pollution in the form of oil spills  etc  may influence the reservoir in the vicinity  of the construction site Possible oil spills  etc  during logging in the reservoir area may  pollute the reservoir waters during the filling phase.
AE/6 Changes to aquatic biodiversity
During construction, the aquatic  biodiversity  will be destroyed at the dam sites  Increased sediment transport downstream of the dam site is  also to be expected, and hence affecting the biota there However, there are no species survival issues
Terrestrial Ecological
TE/1 Changes to areas of natural habitat
Significant areas of undisturbed forest will be flooded The area of
forest (including areas cleared for access) is approximately 4,588ha
The construction of routes and associated high human and motor
movements will enhance soil acidity due to high level of leaching
which is a typical outcome after inducing disturbances to the
Afromontane rainforesls
TE/2 Changes to Protected Areas
The area of forest (including areas  cleared for access) is approximately  4,588ha This  represents  0.12% of the remaining national forest. At lhe regional level this  represents  0 3% of the total Oromia high forests  or more than 1 percent of the slightly  disturbed high forests  of Oromia At the local level this  represents  4.6% of lhe 100.000 ha of Sibo Tale Kono NPFA or 16% of its  remaining lightly disturbed areas. The Barot and Baro 2 reservoirs  will nearly  bisect the largest remaining forestry block in Ethiopia
TE/3 Changes in disease vector populations
Temporary  increase in disease vectors  due lo breeding of mosquiloes in standing water on disturbed ground and also parasites  etc. associated with domestic waste from labour camps
TEZ4 Changes to land cover
Vegetation   in   the   reservoir   area   will   be   largely   removed   to   prevent eutrophication and safeguard turbine operation.
TE/5 Changes at the land/water interface
Existing nvenne vegelation will be lost
TEZ6 Changes in terrestrial wildlife populations
In   the   DIZ   there   will   be   displacement   of   wildlife   populations   and   an absence of replacement habitat
TE/7 Changes to wetlands
Loss  of  a  total  of  222  ha  of  wetlands  in  Genii  (6  ha),  Barol  (129  ha) and Baro 2 (87 ha).
TE/8 Changes in terrestrial biodiversity
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The herbaceous  layer has  a variable composition and contains Afromomum corrorima, a species  which is  important from a biodiversity and conservation viewpoint
Although little data are available concerning their conservation status and distribution of epiphytic  mosses  and ptendophytes. the Afromontane rainforests  have high densites  of them The epiphytic vegetation of this  environment harbours  vulnerable and rare species which increases  the biodiversity  value of these forests  These rare species  have very  localized and specialised niches  in the nverine vegetation
Local extinction of endemic species e g Scadoxus nutans is 
expected due to high water level
Loss of a significant number of national priority plant species
Loss of a wild gene pool of Coffea arabica, Ensete ventncosum and Afromomum corrorima
Socio-Economic/Cultural
SE/1 Chanqes involvinq loss of housinq. shops, public buildmqs etc
There are 7 permanent housing units  and another 5 structures recorded m the Baro 2 reservoir area There are no public  service or commercial structures in the reservoir areas
SE/2 Chanaes to infrastructure (roads bndqes etc)
No infrastructure will be at risk during the construction phase
SE/3  Chanqes  to  patterns  of  mobilHv  and  naviqalion  -  roads  and  river crossinqs
Local impact of access  road alignment and construction will be great and durable. So little infrastructure exists  that the rehabilitation of tracks  has  a great effect The two roads  in question are the one to Baro-1 through Uka, Halu and Didibbee and that from the turn-off near Sibo to Baro-2. Residents  of Halu and Didibbee were unanimous  in praising the roadwork  through their villages  The Majengir people along the Baro 2 road were less  vocal about it but appeared to be putting it to use The forest is  already  being opened up for firewood collection and cultivation along the improved track
SE/4 Chanaes involvinq resettlement of people
There  are  23  persons  confirmed  as  living  permanently  in  the  reservoir area of Baro 2
SE/5 Chanqes involvinq access to natural resources
Significant   areas   of   forest   used   for  honey   production   will   be   lost Reservoir for forest products will be depleted
SE/6  Changes  in  availability  of  water  for  domestic/industrial consumption
No significant change would occur
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SE/7 Changes to aesthetic landscapes
HA Report Vol. 5 Page 6 5
The appearance of the valley will begin to change as the reservoir
fills Loss of well developed forest will be a negative visual impact
There will also be localised negative visual impact of construction
works and construction of transmission lines
SE/8 Changes to sites of archaeological or historical importance
No  effects  on  sites  of  archaeological  or  historical  importance  are foreseen
SE/9 Changes lo health status
Exchange of communicable diseases  such as  HIV between the workforce and local communities is a risk during this phase Increase in incidence of Malana
SE/WChanqes in access to social services
No major problems foreseen
SE/11 Changes to sites of cultural significance including graveyards
No such changes are foreseen
SE/12 Changes in social structure
It is  possible that some cultural conflict might arise during construction and that this could undermine social stability This is not a large risk  - more of a slight possibility  Construction crews  might include some men with a careless attitude to local sensitivities
SE/13Changes to employment opportunities
Opportunities for temporary unskilled employment are likely to anse
SE/14Changes, in commercial and trade opportunities
The workforce will obtain food and fuelwood locally and opportunities for supplying manufactured goods on a small scale will also exist
SE/15Changes in energy use
No major change is  foreseen The contractor will meet his  own energy  needs  for the works  Charcoal/fuelwood will likely  be used in construction camps  unless  an alternative is  provided by  the contractor
SE/WChanges in tourism
No tourism development is anticipated during construction.
Chiplcr 6 Final
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6-2 6.2.1
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Operational Phase Changes/lmpacts
Land & Water Resources
LW/1 Changes in water quality
Turbidity downstream of the dam will be influenced by flushing and the tendency of the reservoir to act as a silt trap
The vegetation biomass  in the proposed inundation area is  high Unless it is removed there will be problems The effect of flooding will vary according to species Some species decay rapidly when dead, others are very resistant
Overall, the potential impacts of flooding the woody vegetation can be summansed as follows
1)       a risk that floating debris will interfere with the operation of gates blocking of outlets or tunnels, etc
2)       a loss of wood resources (timber, firewood or raw material for charcoal manufacture, etc)
3)       a hazard Io the navigation of vessels on the reservoir
4)       a decrease in the possibilities for fishing
5)       a deoxygenation of the water
6)       an indirect health hazards (disease organisms)
7)       loss of visual amenity i e view of dead trees on the shores or in the waler etc
8)     an increased surface for benthic organisms
If the biomass  is  not removed from the reservoir area prior to inundation then negative environmental impacts  associated with excessive nutrient loadings and eutrophication will also occur
For large water bodies  depending on the climatic  regime, the altitude the nature of the inflow, rate of through-flow and the physical dimensions  of a reservoir, thermal stratification is  possible This manifests itself as a boundary at the thermocline between a warmer surface layer (epilimnion) and a cooler deeper layer (hypolimnion). Reservoir stratification can have serious  ecological consequences related to water release from the dam The water from the hypolimnion is cooler than surface waters and is also depleted in dissolved oxygen as  replenishment by  photosynthesis  and conlact with the atmosphere is prevented
A dam release from the hypolimnion in a stratified reservoir will result in oxygen-depletea water reaching the downstream nver reach with a consequent negative impact on much aquatic biota Additionally, the
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temperature differential of lhe released water compared lo the natural regime may  well impact negatively  on some aquatic  species  in absolute terms  but may  also remove important thermal cues necessary for lhe breeding cycle
Stratification is possible to some degree in the Baro 1 reservoir but is not likely  lo be a significant problem given the relatively  shallow reservoir, low residence period and fairly  temperate climate The gradient and channel characlenslics  below the main dam outlet are also fairly conducive to reaeration of lhe water
Overall nutrient levels  in the water body  behind the reservoir will increase but given the relatively  short residence times  and intention to clear vegetation eutrophication is unlikely.
LW/2 Changes in grazing areas
When full lhe Baro 2reservoir will submerge approximately 2B0 ha of lightly  grazed Hyparrfienia grassland resulting in a small loss  of livestock  production There will be no loss  in grazing areas  in the Baro one and Genji sites.
LW/3 Changes in area of irrigation agriculture
There are two small scale irrigation systems  in the SIZ: Bonga and Itang irrigation schemes  The scheme at Bonga derives  water from Bonga river, a small tributary  of Baro river and is  not influenced by any  changes  in discharges  in the Baro river The scheme at Itang pumps  water from the Baro river Its  water requirements  are very small, compared to the discharge in the Baro river, even during low flows It will not be affected by changes in the discharge in the river.
The Bonga scheme is out of reach of high floods in lhe Baro River, but the Hang scheme may be affected by high floods
Medium and large scale irrigation, previous studies have indicated an irrigation potential of 630000 ha in the Gambela plain and along lhe
Baro over Most of the proposed schemes consist of multipurpose
dams and irrigation development The TAMS-UGL study identified the Baro Right Bank Scheme and the Itang dam as the economically 
most viable project The cropping pattern for the imgation scheme consists of 21 000 ha of sugar cane and 32,150 ha under a
diversified cropping pattern of cotton, maize, sorghum soy beans,
green manure groundnut and vegetables
The regulation at Baro HPP may  have a positive impact the development of the Itang dam and Baro Right Bank  Irrigation Scheme, as  it will reduce the risk  of water shortage during the dry season and improve lhe operation of the multipurpose reservoir
Water requirements from irrigation along the White Nile in Sudan are considerable, but can be met adequately from the present discharge in the White Nile An impact from the Baro Project, if noticeable al all, will be limited to the low flow season between January and May This is  also the time when water demands, both current and existing, along the White Nile are low Hence there will be only minimal impact of the Baro Project on the irrigated agriculture along the White Nile
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LW/4 Changes in rates of erosion/siltation
Once the reservoirs have been filled silt and bedload will be caught by  the reservoirs  Although the erosive power of the river would increase due to the removal of bedload, the river downstream of the outlet has no major floodplains or fluvial soils. Significant increase in erosion downstream of the tailrace is not expected to occur
LW/5 Changes involving permanent flooding or inundation
Significant areas of undisturbed forest will be flooded The area of forest (including areas cleared for access) is approximately 4.588ha This represents 0.12% of the remaining national forest At the regional level this represents 0.3% of the total Oromia high forests or more than 1 percent of the slightly disturbed high forests of Oromia At the local level this represents 4.6% of the 100.000 ha of Sibo Tale Kono NPFA or 16% of its remaining lightly disturbed areas
River and wetlands make up 26% of the Genji reservoir due to its run- of-the-nver nature while Baro 1 (1520masl) is a storage reservoir so that river and wetlands make up only 9% Barol reservoirs and Genji are similar in vegetation cover while Baro 2 contains a proportion of grasslands and fire damaged forest (30%)
Table 6-1 Inundation Baro 1 at FSL 1.520 masl, Land use and
vegetation categones
Land Use Category
Area (ha) Cultivate
d (ha)
Grazing (ha)
Dense forest
1246 20
0
0
Dense forest and riverine
21500
0
0
Forest
1137 34
0
0
Forest to open forest
776 17
0
0
Open forest
320 38
0
0
Wetland and river
128 56
0
0
Total
3823 65
0
0
Table 6-2 Inundation Baro 2 at FSL 1,320 masl, Land use and
vegetation categones
Land Use Category
Area (ha) <C
ultivated (ha)
Grazing (ha)
Dense forest
183 66
0
0
Forest
268 39
0
0
Forest and grassland
40 66
0
Partially used
Forest disturbed
97 84
0-10
0
Chapter 6
Final Report
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Land Use Category
Are» (h«) Cultivat
ed (ha)        Grazing (ha)
Forest exposed to fire
57 32
00
Grassland forest edge
36 54
00
Hypharrhema grassland
204 45
0                Partially used
WelJand and rrver
87 06
00
Totals
975 92
0-10                     Ca 50
Table 6-3 Inundation Genji at FSL 1.200 mast, Land use and
vegetation categones
Land Use Category
Area (ha) (Cultivat
ed (ha)
Grazing (ha)
Dense and rivenne forest
1 25
0
0
Dense forest
6 73
0
0
Dry forest and grassland
021
0
0
Forest
7 20
0
0
Open forest
1 78
0
0
Wetlands and rrver
6 10
0
0
LW/6 Changes to river flow regime
During operation the section of the river between the tail race and the dam walls (22 7 km of river channel) will be dry except for when the dams are overtopped (Baro 1 is expected to flood annually but will remain dry some years and will be on average dry for 6 months of the year, similarly Baro 2 will be dry for 6 months per year Genji will be overtopped on a more regular basis). The implications are that the section of the river between the tail race and the dam walls will be dead zones wrth stagnant silted pools most periods of the year
Table 4 River lengths between the dam walls and tail race outlets
Section
Length
(km)
Comment
Baro 1 to Baro 2 upper flood level
63
Receive some flow for 6
months a year on an
average rainfall year
Baro 2 to confluence with Genji
38
Receive some flow for 6
months a year on an
average rainfall year
Genji to confluence with Baro
2
As above
Confluence to tail race
106
As above although flows will
be higher and more regular
CMP<er 6
Final Repod
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Downstream,  when  the  river  meets  the  Gambela  floodplains  the impacts from changes to flow regime will be
• Marginal increase in low f flows;
• Marginal decrease in average annual flooding,
• No change to maximum flood levels
Given the fact that the Baro-1 and Baro-2 dams only form a small part of the total catchment of the Baro-Sobat catchment area the impact of the regulation by the Baro Hydropower Project is limited Impact on downstream discharge, in particular below the confluence with Birbir river and further downstream toward the Gambela plain and beyond, is limited to the penod of low discharges between January and April Discharges dunng the period of higher discharges. May till December, are reduced by  the Baro Hydropower project but the reduction is small compared to the variation in discharges at Gambela over the years
Comparison of the peak  discharges  at Gambela with effect of regulation shows that regulation may lead to a 0 2 m reduction m water level Considering the limitations  of the available data this should be taken as the upper limit of the possible impact of regulation at Baro-2 Most probably  flood peaks  will be slightly  reduced, but there will be no recognisable effect during high floods  further downstream Hence there will be no or only very limited impact on the flood risk There will also be no adverse impact on recession agriculture and wetland development in the Gambela flood plain.
LW/7 Changes to reservoir area microclimate
The replacement of forest cover with reservoir will have little effect on wet season microclimate but may lead to reduced overall moisture during the late dry  season (when reservoir levels  are low) as transpiration from forest trees will be replaced by a non vegetated draw down zone
In a wider context, the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) from reservoirs  due to rotting vegetation and carbon inflows  from the catchment is a recently identified ecosystem impact (on climate) of storage dams
Chapter 6 Final Repol
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Figure 6- f Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Reservoirs
SnuraiWCD Thsnanc Rri*w ff.2GWmI C&mjp
Aferr ? Aver rnwoj rM #nisa&fB of p
pt* t from J5 iMmin to bared
wi<f ifnpnil reports Vh’w wfotfem Vritbai counirt-i arid Iw n*i<ii mfh»rH T
»<r«r* rmafc <rpnjj mini srri ■Hmnih’arf«fcrta.“
However, establishing that a reservoir emits  GHGs  is  not enough to assess  the impact of a dam on climate change. Natural habitats (undisturbed by  dams) may  also emit GHGs  Alternatively  they  may store carbon or act as  a net carbon sink  For example, a floodplain tropical forest in Ama2onia may emit methane from soils and, at the same time, absorb carbon dioxide in leaves The balance of all these potentially  counteracting effects  would determine the profile of GHG emissions from the natural habitat without the dam
A   further   complication   is   that   the   land   use   change   induced   by displacement   of   people,   resource   extraction   and   other   economic activities may also form part of the net contnbution to GHG emissions associated  wrth  the  construction  of  the  dam,  Calculations  of  the contribution   of   new   reservoirs   to   climate   change   must   therefore include  an  assessment  of  the  natural  pre-dam  emission  or  sink  in order to determine the net impacl of the dam
Chaplet 6 Final Report
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Figure 6-2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Natural Habitats
• InOonewr
Neural IAh
•
1
Foimt *c<nyttrrm
• Amaaon
• frtplcal
• flcraal forms
• North*™ pcvXJ anefc
...............................
WO Ttanm* || 2 (C'luni*
Naw Nair al tabJua may hr s*ir<n (ptatrh r (Ft 1 I) am a Wndiu IrtvA II ratiiaJ kiri
ar ank’ InrjMir xdueO fat cartxn. UmMaii from dam rrjtrxMri ti Carwdi vnf Friarf
62 2
Chapter 6
Fifiji Report
Overall. The potential GHG emissions from the Baro HPP reservoirs are likely to be significantly less than the emissions from a thermal power alternative
LW/8 Changes to downstream water users nationally and internationally
The change in flow regime will be small by the time the Baro reaches the Gambela floodplains  Some minor benefit may  accrue for irrigation development of the Gambela area
After the dampening effect of the Gambela floodplains, when the Baro waters exit to Sudan, there will be only minor effects
Aquatic Ecological
AE/1 Chanqes to river continuum (barner & desiccation effects)
A river section of more than 20 km (from the Baro 1 dam Io the end of the Baro 1 tailrace, from the Baro 2 dam to the end of the Baro 2 tailrace, and from the Genji A dam to the Baro/Genji confluence) will be left almost dry during the dry season in the operational phase A compensation flow of 0 3-10 m3/sec has been indicated in the pre- feasibilrty study This would correspond to between 0 8 and 10% of natural flow
To maintain the nvenne ecosystem, annual penods  of senous flooding are necessary  With the Baro 1 reservoir alternative, a monthly mean of up to 16 4 m3/sec will spill over the dam during the rainy season The cntical period will be the dry season when water flow is kept at minimum compensation level. According to the
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Emil Repon
hydrological models, this will be for a period of up to six months every year The river biota will change in lhe direction of a generally smaller river, adapted to prolonged annual periods of very low water flow
AE/2 Changes in fish and fisheries
During low flow periods, fishing will probably  be easier and more efficient in lhe remaining river pools As this becomes known among local fishermen, they will probably more or less remove all fish from lhe pools, but there will be new Tish coming in with the next flood from upstream areas
In the SIZ, Similar to other floodplain systems lhe fish production on the Gambela Plains  will depend on the annual variation in water levels  To maintain aquatic  production rt is necessary thal areas left dry in the dry season are flooded in the wet season. This provides shallow habitat for breeding of many fish species, and lhe terrestrial plant material that is flooded provides important nutrient supply to the aquatic  system. The restricted impact on water flow from the Baro scheme will however, have very  limited impact on these aspects  of floodplain dynamics
Fish species  composition is  expected to change in the reservoir areas  In Baro 2 permanent new populations  would likely  establish from existing stock  or from introductions. In Baro 1 reservoir the existing species will be displaced by species suited to lhe new water conditions  It is  expected that species  that have already  been Introduced in the surrounding area will establish in the reservoir i e Oreochroms ntfofr'cos and Tifapia zilli
During the first years  of submergence, reservoirs  undergo an increase in aquatic  productivity  following the decomposition of plant biomass. The species of colonising fish capable of rapidly using this new and abundant food will tend to dominate until biomass decomposition has  stabilised. Submerged vegetalion provides habitats favourable to some invertebrates, which attract in their wake fish capable of deriving benefit from them, followed by  predatory species that feed off these fish. Fish catch undergoes an ‘evolution* in terms of quantity during the first 10 years after dam closure Typically (and assuming there is  sufficient fishing effort), catch rises  very quickly to a peak level 3-5 years after dam closure and then declines to a more-stable level thereafter.1
AE/3 Changes in aquatic biota
In the reservoirs, some aquatic vegetation will develop, with species that are able to tolerate the waler level fluctuations. The invertebrate fauna will change from river specialists to species that are tolerant of
still  waters  The  pronounced  water  level  fluctuations  in  the  Baro  1
reservoir will, however, mean that the nearshore areas  will be inhospitable to most zoobenthos  species. With the run-of-river alternative at Baro 1, and the Baro 2 and Genji A reservoirs, the daily
1 World Commission on Dams Report 2000
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Chapter 6
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water   level   changes   will   also   create  problems   for   any   stable nearshore biota to develop
The fish community  will also change even though the restricted number of river specialist species present in this section of the river will all depend on available running and well oxygenated waler for spawning The presence of a significant waterfall at the upper end of the Bare 1 reservoir may be a cause for concern in this respect This may deny upstream access Io adequate spawning areas for fish in the reservoir
AE/4 Changes at the water/land interface
The operational phase starts when the reservoir has been filled, and the reservoir enters the patterns of waler level variation determined by the operation of the hydropower plant (or other operational rules)
Over a total river section of more than 20 km, reduced waler flow for most of the year will cause terrestrial vegetation to grow on the river bed The amount of overflow during the wet season may determine the extent of this development
AE/5 Changes to reservoir limnology
The decomposing inundated terrestrial vegetation will increase the contents of particulate and dissolved organic matter in the reservoir waters, but the high throughflow will wash most of this downstream and in general the reservoir waters will correspond to the inflowing river water.
AE/6 Changes to aquatic biodiversity
The aquatic biodiversity in the desiccated river sections will be changed as waler flow is reduced Flooding during the wet season as the dams overflow will contnbute to maintain a nverine biodiversity but the reduced dry season flow will reduce populations and possibly extirpate some of the swift current specialist species
Terrestrial Ecological
TE/1 Changes to areas of natural habitat
4319  ha  of  forest.  282  ha  grasslands  and  222  ha  of  river  and wetlands will be inundated annually A further minimum of 48 ha of forest will be lost to construction of access tracks Of concern are the loss of riverine forests of Siztgium/Mimisops which are important for honey production This represents a loss of 0 12% of the remaining national natural forests
TE/2 Changes to Protected Areas
The loss of 16% of the remaining undisturbed forests of Sibo Tale Kobo NPFA together with access roads will seriously undermine the mtegnty of the forest area
Will significantly contribute to the bisection of the largest block of forest remaining in Ethiopia
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6.2 4
Increase in illegal logging due to improved vehicle access (82 km of new, high quality tracks.
No impact is expected to occur to Gambela National Park
TE/3 Chanqes in disease vector populations
No major changes foreseen
TE/4 Chanqes to land cover
I Total loss of land cover in the drawdown zone which will be annually exposed resulting in erosion of the slopes of lhe reservoir
TE/5 Chanqes at the land/water interface
The lancVwater interface of the reservoirs  is  expected to vary  daily (except when flooding) and annually. Daily  variations  will be small while annual variation will be extreme. There will be no colonisation of the drawdown zone
TE/6 Chanaes in terrestrial wildlife populations
Permanent reduction in otter populations (loss of rivenne habitat with freshwater shellfish) Reduction in bushbuck and bushpig habitat
TE/7 Chanaes to wetlands
Permanent loss of 222 ha of wetland (composed of river herbaceous areas and flood tolerant forest).
TE/8 Chanqes in terrestrial biodiversity
Permanent barrier to animal movement across the forest system
Soc/o-EconomZc/Cu//ura/
SE/1 Chanqes involving loss of hausinq, shoos, public buildings etc There  will  be  a  loss  of  7  permanent  dwellings  and  5  occasional dwellings/storehouses in lhe Baro 2 reservoir area No other losses.
3E/2 Chanaes to infrastructure (roads, bridges etc!
Project-driven road improvements will benefit the local economy
SE/3 Changes to patterns of mobility and navigation • roads and river crossings
Flooding of river crossing points  across  Baro 2 and Genji reservoir areas These routes are used on a regular basis to allow access to weekly markets and to key facilities such as clinics
Dam walls may provide new bridging points
SE/4 Chanqes involving resettlement of people
7  households  comprising  23  persons  are  confirmed  in  the  Baro  2 reservoir area,
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Approximately another 25 households live close to the proposed Baro
2 reservoir They and a further approximately 100 households have been recently settled in the Baro River basin, but above the proposed reservoir flood levels These people will not directly loose lands nor homes but the reservoirs will submerge habitat that is integral in their livelihoods (fishing, honey production, (illegal) hunting and harvesting of forest plant products)
SE/5 Changes involving access to natural resources
Honey Most households have between 30-75 hives these hives are situated throughout the forest but mainly along the river systems At an estimated 50 hives per km of river frontage for Baro 2 (densities on Genji and Baro 1 are low) For 13 7 km of river this represents 13,700 kg of honey or Birr 95,900 to people living in the area and adjacent farming communities. Although honey production would continue after the reservoirs are constructed, the returns would be lower as the Syzigium and rivenne forests would have been flooded) Wild coffee This is only harvested by the Majangir for household consumption Wild coffee collection is an important additional cash crop for the Oromia households settled in the forests An important collecting area was shown on the left bank hills upstream of Baro 2 reservoir Very  few wild coffee harvesting areas  exist in the reservoirs
Wild cassava (Bun) occurs in the reservoirs and are used to sustain Majangir households during the annual famine period (Wild foods probably make up Io a third of a households food supply)
Fishing and hunting Fishing was  carried out by  all Majangir communities visited The most common approach is the use of reed fish traps baited with sorghum Two species of fish were sought after, one is a •• while the other is a catfish There is local shanng of fish catches but no sale to the surrounding Oromia communities (Value probably 120hh x 1 fish per day x 1kg x value kg meat).
SE/6 Changes in availability of water for domestic/mdustrial consumption
No changes foreseen
SE/7 Changes to aesthetic landscapes
The appearance of the valley will be permanently transformed by the reservoir and drawdown zone Given the high visual amenity associated with the existing well developed forest cover the overall visual impact is likely to be negative
Transmission lines will create a negative visual impact where they leave the River valley.
SE/8 Changes to sites of archaeological or histoneal importance Sites of archaeological or histoneal importance will not be affected during operation.
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SE/9 Changes to health status
No changes anticipated
SE/IOChanqes in access to social services
ElA Report - Vol 5 Page 6-i7
No  negative  changes  anticipated  Access  to  social  services  might even improve
SE/11 Changes to sites of cultural significance including graveyards
No changes anticipated during operation
SE/12 Changes in social structure
Social problems are unlikely during operation because the small staff running the plant would become part of the local community.
SE/13Chanqes to employment opportunities
Few long-term employment opportunities  are likely  to be sustained directly  through the operational phase Indirect employment opportunities e g m a reservoir fishery may be created
SE/14Chanqes in commercial and trade opportunities
No  additional  long-term  trading  opportunities  are  likely  other  than small scale sale of goods to the permanent operational staff
SE/l5Chanqes m enerov use
The presence of large quantities  of low cost power in the Project Area if made available, could greatly  reduce dependence on charcoal as an energy source This would have the effect of reducing rates of deforestation
SE/16Chanqes in tourism No changes anticipated
Chjprer fi
Finii Report
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ofw*,er Resou ,ces
Environmental Impact Summary Matrix
Key
EIA Report Vol 5
______ Page 6-18
1     Nature of the impact - reviews the type of effect that the proposed activity will have on the environment
2     Extent - indicates whether the impact will be locally in the DIZ or extending as far as the site and its immediate surroundings, or whether the impacts may be realised in the SIZ regionally, nationally or even internationally
3     Duration - reviews the irfetime of the impact, as being short term (0-5 years), medium lerm (5-15 years) long term for the operational life of
the project and perhaps beyond
4      Intensity establishes whether the impacl is destructive or innocuous and described as cither low (where no environmental functions and processes are affected), medium (where the environment continues to function but in a modified manner) or high (where environmental functions and processes are altered such that they temporarily or permanently ceased and possible irreversible)
5     Probability - considers the likelihood of an impact occurring
Components
Potential
Impacts 
(positive or
negative)
Nature of Impact
1
Impact Qualitative / Quantitative
Assessment
Extant
2
Duration
3
Intensity
4
Probability
5
Land  &  Water Resources
LW/1
Changes in waler quality
Clearing of vegetation in all three reservoirs  through abstraction and burning will result in deterioration of waler quality on the short term
Nitnftcabon ol reservoir walor for the first lew years
DIZ
short
low
negative
high
LW/2
Changes m grazing aieas
228 ha of low potential grazing land flooded «n the Baro 2 reservoir Approx 50 ha from other area ol works
Low  impact  as  the  area  has  very  low stocking at present
DIZ
long
medium
negative
high
IW/3
Changes in area of irngation
agriculture
No large changes anticipated
No impacl in lhe construction phase In the operational phase higher low flows  may provide greater irrigation potential in the future.
SIZ
long
low
positive
high
LW/4
Changes in rates of erosron/sdtation
I
H»gh rates  of siltalion will occur from forest clearing in the reservoir areas and from the development of access tracks
Clearing of approximately  47 ha of forest and oxcavalion dunng development of the 82 km of access  roads  will result In approximately  5-600 000m of soil being excavated onto steep sided slopes This
DIZ
medium
medium
negative
high
1-
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_______ Page 6-19
1
Components Potential
Impacts
(positive or
negative)
Nature of Impact
1
Impact Qualitative! Quantitative
Assessment
Extent
2
Duration
3
Intensity       Probability
15
will have an impact on water quality (or a number of years  and reduce the macroinvertibrale population downstream of the dams
No  signrficani  erosion  downstream  of  the tailrace is expected
I IW/5                       Changes involving permanent
flooding or
inundation
1
Flooding of foresl
The area of forest that will be flooded and cleared (including areas cleared for access) is  approximately  4 S68ha This  represents 0 12% of the remaining national forest At the regional level this  represents  0 3% of the total Oromia high forests or more than 1 percent of the slightly disturbed high forests of Oromia
DIZ
long
high
negative
high
LW/6
1 Changes to river flow regime
Loss  of dry  season flows  in the downstream sections  between lhe dam walls and the tailraces
•ong
low
LW/7
LW/8
Changes to reservoir area microclimate
long
low
Changes Io downstream waler users nationally and internationally
There will be more water available m the natural low flow season for consumptive and non consumptive water users downstream of Bare However flood peaks in the natural high flow season may be reduced
Stagnant and dry sections of the nver for an average 6 months per year In low ramfaM years this could be for the entire year
Result in loss of aquatic launa and flora and loss of fresh water supply for people living downstream of Baro 2
The impact will be localised and of minimal Significance
In Ethiopia ihere is limited use made of lhe River downstream of Baro HPP at present so impacts would be minimal
Sudan  may  receive  some  small  benefit  to vngalion agriculture from lhe \Mvte Nile
SIZ
high
DIZ
SIZ
long
low
positive
medium
high
J
Aquatic 
Ecological
AE/1                       Changes to fiver
cxjnltnuum (barrier
4L desiccation             c
€•fleets)                       •”
onstrucbon         phase          Increased
•edimenl load al and below three
jonstruebon sites  (Baro 1 & 2, Genji).
Extensive water diversion tunnels  and
cSinstruction work
The barner to upstream migration will be
present from the start of construction
Desiccation from lhe opening of the
diversion tunnel Measures should be taken
o minimize sediment load in lhe river from
DIZ
long
medium
negative
high
Chapter 6 Final Repud
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Components ( Potential
Nature of Impact
Impact Qualitative / Quantitative
Extent
2
Duration
Intensity
Impacts
1
Assessment
3
4
Probability
5
(positive or
negative)
I
Operational phase In the Baro River two dams and a substantial section of dry river bed will act as a complete barrier to upstream migration Downstream migration only m periods of spillway overflow The Genji dam and
downstream dry river section will have
similar impacts in the Genji River
construction     work     Avoid     dumping     ol material from tunnel excavation in the nver
All upstream fish migration will be barred Downstream migration will also be barred, except perhaps  in penod ol spillway 
overflow Over the desiccated nver stretch,
most aquatic  life will be eradicated, or at
least
restricted
to
or
ganisms 
associated
i
I
with
pools  and  low
flow  volumes  The
'
I
barrier
impact cannot
be mitigated Aquatic 
.
life in
desiccated nver
sections will benefit
I
AE/2
Changes in fish and fisheries
Construction phase Construction activity at dam and tunnel sites Increased sediment load downstream Operational phase. Inundation of three reservoir areas Fluctuating water levels (annually and for peaking) Modification of annual flow variation downstream of Baro 2 tailrace In the more than 20 km of dry river aquatic life will change | completely and depend almost exclusively on remaining pools of standing waler
from  higher  environmental  flows  including flash floods al appropriate times during the year Dam overspill during high walers may be   sufficient   to   mime   flash   floods   in particular with the run-of-river alternative at Baro 1________________________________ At   dam   sites,   fish   production   will   be terminated     by     construction     Increased sediment  load  will  temporarily  reduce  fish production    and   conditions   lor   fisheries downslream.  Minimize  additional  sediment load
Changes in fish fauna and fish production in reservoirs will depend on access to adequate running water spawning areas for the few fish species present in this river
| section. Production and fishenes in reservoirs depends on the extent of
| inundated forest vegetation and water level fluctuations Fish fauna in desiccated river
| sections will depend on fish coming from
' upstream during flooding events Fishing in I remaining pools will be highly efficient, but I potential yield unknown As much lores!
I vegetation as possible should be removed I from the areas to be inundated
DIZ
long
medium
Cnapter 6
Fr'H Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV tn Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFeasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Ployed_________ __________
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - MinrS^TWjaler Rresour~ces 
1 Components
Potential
Impacts 
(positive or
negative)
Nature of Impact
1
Impact Qualitative / Quantitative
Aeeeeemonl
Extent
2
Duration
3
Intensity
4
Probability
5
Environmental  flows  should  include  flash floods to mimic natural pa Hern
AE/3
Changes in aquatic biota
Construction phase:             Construction activity    at    dam    and    tunnel    sites Increased sediment load downstream. Operational  phase:  Inundation  of  three reservoir areas. Fluctuating waler levels (annually and tor peaking). Modification of annual flow variation downstream of Baro 2 tailrace in the more than 20 km of   dry   river   aquatic   life   will   change completely       and depend almost exclusively    on    remaining    pools    of standing waler
At dam sites, aquatic  biota will be extinguished by  construction Increased sediment load will impact negatively  on aquatic  biota downstream Minimize additional sediment load
Changes In aquatic b»ola In reservoirs will depend on the extent of inundated forest vegetation and waler level fluctuations  but generally change from rivenne to lake-livrng species. In desiccated river sections aquatic biota will be restricted to organisms surviving in remaining pools, and also by the environmental flows  As  much forest vegetation as  possible should be removed from the areas  to be inundated Dam overspill during high waters  may  be sufficient to mimic Rash floods, in particular with the run-of-river alternative at Baro 1 A monitoring programme should be initiated Io document the development of fish stocks and aquatic biota in the rcservor
DIZ
•ong
low
negative
high
I
AE/4
Changes at the water/land
interface
Construction phase: Water will be diverted through tunnels  during construction
Operational phase: Reservoirs  with wide watei level amplitude will impact biota. Extensive rrver sections with vary little flow
----------------------1
Serious  disturbance al dam sites  and adjacent river sections. No mitigation possible.
In reservoir water level variation will create a wide erosional zone al land-waler interface Short-term drawdowns  for peak production negative for aquatic  biota Assess  reservoir operations  with a view to minimize erosion m drawdown zone Dam overspill during high waters  may  be sufficient to mimic flash floods, in particular with the run-of-nver alternative al Baro 1
SIZ. DIZ
long
medium
negative
high
AE/5
Changes to              | Construction phase No impact during
DIZ
long
low
medium
Chapter B
Fifil Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE'•X ™_BWitySludy of 8afQ Multipurpose Dam Projec,
f
Republic or Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources
HA Report - Vol 5
Page 6-24_________________________
Com ponents
H—
Potential
Impacts 
(positive or
negativo)
Nature of Impact
1
Impact Qualitative t Quantitative
Assessment
Extent
2
Duration
3
Intensity 4
Probability
5
____
focalized  and  specialised  niches  m  lhe riverine vegetation
Local extinction of the endemic species Scado^us  nutans. Loss  of a significant number of national priority plant species Loss  of a wild gene pool of Co/fea aratea. Fnsefe vontncusurn and Afrcwnomt/m comonma
Socio-
Economic/
Cultural
SE/1
changes involving loss of housing, shops, public buildings e1c
There will be a loss  of ft permanent dwellings and 5 occasional dwellings m the 0aro 2 reservoir area No other fosses.
Number of houses  rn the reservoir area small and physically  dwellings  could be moved oul of the reservoir area
DIZ
short
medium
negative
_
high
—1
SE/2
changes to infrastr ucl ure (roads, bridges
etc)
No civil infrastructure attested
No impact
DIZ
short
low
low
sera
changes to
patterns of
mobility and navigation roads and river
crossings
Inundation of lhe valleyfsj above the proposed dams. Development of access roads and use of lhe dams as a bridging point will occur.
River crossing by  swimming (human and livestock) would become impossible otherwise mobility 15 likely to be erinanced by  the project because improvements  will be made to local roads and more traffic will enter the proved area A benefit wifi be the establishment of a budging point at 8aro.
DIZ
long
low
positive
high
SE/4
changes involving resettlement of
people
1
Approximately  125 households  Irve close to the proposed Ba<o 2 reservoir Although homes  and lands  areas  will not De flooded, habit al lhat is integral m their livelihoods  (fishing, honey production illegal hunting and harvesting of forest plant productsi will
do flooded
Reduction  in  forest  and  wetland  resources used   by   approximately   125   households This will impact on lhe poorest segment of society  in  the  Baro  area  Approximately  6 ha of arable lands of which 4 5 ha will be isolated  on  an  island  and  1  5  will  be submerged
DIZ
short
medium
high
SE/5
Changes involving access to natural resources
Flooding of honey habitat (riverine fewest) over fish resources and reduced access 10 forest food, nvedicines and ,
13.7 km of km ol rivenne forest and river habitat presently  used by  surrounding communities This refers to toe nver in Bate
DIZ
1
long
Jr-
medium
negative
high
1
Chapter 6
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
FJttql Repent
in As^iation with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSE -I
•••
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources
F easibitity Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam project ________ _________
F Components
Potential
Impacts
(positive or
negative)
Impact Qualitative / Quantitative
Assessment
Extent
2
Duration
3
Intensity
4
Probability
5
1
—
Nature of Impact
1
building materials           Although fish production may be replaced by stocking the  reservoirs  fishing  methods  would require now skills and more equipment
■  boats  and  nets)  which  would  likely preclude  1he  present  residents  horn benefiting from the reservoir
2   only   as   Baro   1   and   Genp   are   less accessible  and  used  Reduction  of  honey production    by    a    third    (loss    of    Birr 32.000/annum)  The  Majanger  rely  almost entirely  on  forest  resources  for  all  aspects 
□f their lives, impact difficult to quantify
23 people live permanently inside the Baro 2 reservoir area
SL/6
changes m
availability of
waler For
domesltc/industria
I consumption
No change
No significant impact
DIZ. SIZ
long
low                  low
"§e7F             changes to
Visual    impact    of    inundation    and
aesthetic transmission lines
landscapes
Establishment of a permanent water body may  be attractive Some negative visual impacts  associated with the transmission line and area of works
DIZ
long
SE/8                    changes to sites of archaeological
or historical
importance
No impact anticipated
DIZ
1 SE/9 SE/10
changes to health status
changes m access to social services
None identified
Increase in STDs  etc  during the construction phase Possible increase in malaria short term during the construct ion ph ase
No     change.     or     possibly     slight improvement as access improves
This  will oe a negative impact and potentially significantly so at a local level in the DIZ
Possible positive Impact in the DIZ
DIZ
long
medium
low high low low
medium high
negative
DIZ
medium              low
medium
SE/11
No impact anticipated
DI7
long
k>w
OE/lc
changes Io tries of cultural significance including graveyards Changes in soaal structure
No change to any known relics or sites 
of cultural significance
Contractor  activity  in  the  area  could affect local communities.
low
L____________ I
There are already  dynamic  processes affecting social structure in the project area and with the exception of the Majengir there are substantial links  Io wider society Raising awareness of the communities prior to on site activities would be the best
DIZ
medium
low
negative
medium
-
_____________
Chapie- 5
F «nal Repan
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and VVWDSEo Repub,lc E’hiopia - Ministry of Water Resources ^bilitySjudy of Bare Multipurpose Darr Prp,^
EIA Report - Vol 5
_______ Page 6-26______________
•
Components
I
t—- -
Potential
Impacts 
(positive or
negative)
Nature of Impact
1
Impact Qualitative / Quantitative
Assessment
Extent
2
Duration
3
Intanaity
4
Probability
5
SE/13
mitigation method, plus  a sharply-focussed programme of equipping them with skills useful to deal with the evoiv.rg situation
changes to employment opportunities
Unskilled employment possibilities  in the DIZ would open up during construction
The impact m likely to be beneficial but only temporarily
DIZ
short
medium
positive
high
SE/14
Changes in commercial and
trade
opportunities
The short-term impact would be economically  beneficial but the long-term effect would be minimal, as  the opportunities  created would not be sustained
I
Local    trade    and    commerce    would increase           substantially         during construction  particularly  in  the  case  of local   procurement   of   food   etc   and temporary     accommodation     by     lhe contractors workforce etc
SE/15
Changes in
energy use
The presence of large quantities of low cost power in the area, if made available. could greatly  reduce dependence on charcoal and cow dung as energy sources
Potentially   positive   mpact   depending   on rural electrification plans
DIZ
long
low
low
SF/16
Changes In
tourism
Tourism in the area is  not developed and the situation is not likely to change with project construction.
Minimal impacl anticipated
DIZ, SIZ
long
low
low
Chsptc' 6
F Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in As^Qiation witn Shebetie Engineering and WWDSEFederal Demccralic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project___________________
EfA Report - Vol 5 Page 6-27
6.4
Impacts Associated With Baro 1 Low Dam Alternative
Although a lower dam and reduced reservoir area as an alternative at Baro 1 would reduce the absolute area of forest inundated, many  of the negative impacts  of development would remain at a similar magnitude The reason for this  is  that construction phase impacts associated with access  routes  and construction labour remain the same irrespective of selected dam height.
With regard to lhe foresis, fragmentation of habitat has  been identified as  a very  significant impact and although a reduced inundation area will theoretically  preserve a greater area of forest, in practice the fragmentation effect will lead to degradation through human population pressure in a relatively short time
Certainly  the remaining forest in Lhe whole project area is  currently threatened any  dam and reservoir development will greatly exacerbate this  trend and reduction in reservoir area could not be considered a realistic mitigation in this context.
Tab/e  6-5  Inundation  Barol  Low  Dam  at  FSL  1,460  mast  Land  use
and vegetation categories
Land Use Category
Area (ha)
Cultivated (ha)
Grazing (ha)
Dense forest
175.19
0
0
Forest
161 07
0
0
Forest and riverine
27.11
0
0
Forest !o open forest
108.68
0
0
Open forest
39.B2
0
0
Wetland and river
60.99
0
0
Tote/s
57285
0
0
ChaptsrS
Final KWh
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelfe Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of 'Waler Resoutces Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
ElA Report-Vol 5 ____ Page 7-1
7 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION, MANAGEMENT
AND BENEFIT ENHANCEMENT
7.1
7.1.1
Chapter 7 Final ReooT
Construction Phase
Land & Water Resources
LW/1 Changes in waler quality
Ensure control of construction camp sewerage and waste
Ensure toxic compounds are not located at water accumulation
points Chemically contaminated run-off should be intercepted and discharged where it will not leak to and contaminate surface and groundwater
Clear biomass in the inundation zone to avoid risk of nutrient loading problems  1 local communities  should be allowed free access  to remove trees and undergrowth for fuel wood building materials etc.
To maintain water quality of the inflow, concerted effort to manage and protect Woldo Swamp should be integrated into management plans
Provide, implement and enforce an environmental management plan (Box 7 1 and Appendix F)
Box 7.1: The environmental management plan (EMP)
Reducing potential negative impacts to a tolerable level dunng the
I construction phase especially is the purpose of having ar. environmental imanagement plan (EMP) The EMP sets out what should be done (and
what should not be done) and how those actions should be performed lo
avert environmental harm or to keep it to an acceptable minimum
I The main responsibility for producing the EMP tails on the project proponent
This responsibility is fulfilled •
• by ensuring that social and environmental aspects are integrated with
project planning and design
I • through regulation and supervision of the contractors during the tender
and construction and
• by observing approved measures throughout the operational period
I   The   EMP   enables   environmental   mitigation   measures   to   be  effectively (integrated   into   project   planning   and   implementation   As   compliance   with [provisions ot the EMP is ultimately the responsibility of the proponent of the (project he must extend this to bind contractors and sub-contractors (see
1 Appendix?)____________  _________ __ _______________________________ 1 eutrophication possible with high biomass >n reservoir area if un cleared
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Lngineenng and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic ol Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
E’A Report - Vol 5 Page 7-2
7 1.2
LW/2 Changes in grazing areas
Compensation  should  be  considered  for  the  small  amount  of  grazing that occurs at the Baro 2 site
LW/3 Changes in area of irrigation agriculture
No specific mitigation necessary
LW/4 Changes in rates of erosion/siltation
The high rates  of siltation that will occur from forest cleanng in the reservoir areas  and from the development of access  tracks  cannot be directly  mitigated against within the reservoirs  Clearing of forest outside of the reservoirs  should be kept to a minimum and access tracks planned for minimum distance and grade
Tunnel   spoil   should   be   stabilised   at   designated   sites   to   avoid excessive loading of water courses
All  areas  disturbed  by  construction  should  be  re-planted  Adherence to the EMP at all times
LW/5 Changes involving permanent flooding or inundation
Prepare  a  participatory  plan  for  maintenance  of  livelihoods  for  project affected peoples at Baro 2 prior to construction beginning
Flooding  of  forest  areas  can  only  be  mitigated  by  minimising  reservoir volumes
Organised limber extraction should be permitted throughout the construction phase to remove valuable timber Proper management of the harvesting will be necessary  to ensure the logging of timber does not extend outside of the proposed reservoir area
LW/6 Changes to river flow regime
Dunng   reservoir   filling   environmental   flow   requirement   (EFR)   will need to be met
LW/7 Changes to reservoir area microclimate
No mitigation interventions necessary
LW/8  Changes  to  downstream  water  users  nationally  and internationally
Maintain EFR requirements for reservoir filling
Aquatic Ecological
AE/1 Changes to river continuum (barner & desiccation effects)
Measures    should    be    taken    to    minimize    sediment    load    from construction
Chipta 7
r
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association wnn Shebelie Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
ElA Report Vol. 5 Page 7-3
7.1.3
Tunnel spoil should be disposed of in such a way that water courses are not completely blocked
AE/2 Changes in fish and fisheries
Minimize sediment load from construction
Ensure adherence to the EFR
AE/3 Changes in aquatic biota
Minimize sediment load from construction
A  monitoring  programme  should  be  initiated  to  document  changes and  the  development  of  fish stocks and aquatic  biota in the Baro 1 reservoir as filling begins
AE/4 Changes at the water/land interface
Consider  a  protected  buffer  zone  around  the  reservoir  penphery  to minimise erosion.
During and after filling of the reservoirs, the erosional impact of waler level fluctuations should be closely monitored in order to. if possible, implement measures to reduce sediment load
AE/5 Changes to reservoir limnology
Removal of vegetation in the reservoir area pnor to filling to maintain the natural waler chemistry as far as possible
Control of possible point source pollution in the upstream catchment
AE/6 Changes to aouatic biodiversity
Minimize sediment load from construction Ensure control of potential contaminates to water courses through implementation of an effective EMP
Terrestnal Ecological
TE/1 Changes to areas of natural habitat
Limit  construction  access  to  approved  routes  and  site  construction compounds etc away from more vegetated areas if possible
Rare and vulnerable species  should be collected and conserved in sit u, i e they should be transplanted to a green house. This entails a construction of a small-sized green house meant to conserve the gene pools of rare orchids identified dunng the ElA
TE/2 Changes to Protected Areas
An approach to improved management of the remaining forests  will need to be agreed with the Oromia Forestry Authorities pnor to filling of the reservoirs
Chaplet 7
Fmal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engmeenng ana VVWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Elh>op<a - Ministry of Water Resources
Feasjbllity Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project _ _______________________
E1A Report ■ Vol 5
_______ Page 7-4
714
TE/3 Changes in disease vector populations
Minimise   standing   water   around   workers   camps   and   construction areas
Ensure a proper system for waste collection and disposal/removal
TE/4 Changes to land cover
Limit construction access  to approved routes  Ensure fuel is  supplied by  the contractor to construction camps  to avoid excessive off-take for fuelwood and charcoal
Control  access  to  remaining  areas  of  forest  in  collaboration  with  the Forestry Department
TE/5 Changes at the land/water interface
No mitigation possible
TE/6 Changes in terrestrial wildlife populations
Strictly enforce an ant-hunhng/poaching reg □ ike in the DIZ.
Strengthen  the  capability  of  the  Forestry  Department  to  control  offtake of wild animals in the remaining forest areas
TE/7 Changes to wetlands
Allow  annual  short  duration  (10  days)  compensation  flood  releases  in the natural high flow season
TE/9 Changes in terrestrial biodiversity
Limit construction access  to approved routes  Prevent poachrng by construction workforce Put in a place a programme for propagation of rare plant species identifies in the E1A
Socto-Econornic/Cultural
SE71 Changes involving loss of housing, shoos, public buildings etc
No direct mitigation required
SE/2 Changes to infrastructure (roads, bridges etc)
No mitigation required
§E/3  Qhannes  to  patterns  of  mobility  and  navigation  -  roads  and  river crossings
No mitigation required
SE/4 Changes involving resettlement of people
The  proponent   will   need   to  work  closely  with  Woreda  and  Kebele officials as well as the traditional authority to produce resettlement
Ch>ptef7
Fin Al Repeal
norplan - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association w<lh Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study ol Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report Vol 5 Page 7-5
action plans (RAPs) where appropriate in the detailed design phase
RRAZ and PRA? techniques should be employed as applicable
The RAP should be done immediately prior to the construction phase Given the highly dynamic social environment in the Project Area any resettlement plan produced with the EIA will be redundant after the lead time to construction (typically  5-10 years) However, for feasibility purposes the EIA does give unit costs and totals to aid in the assessment of the project and in future planning
A   vital   part   of   effective   resettlement   planning   will   be  a   gender sensitive approach There are three major areas where differences in roles between men and women within and outside the household may have   a   significant   impact   on   the   design   and   implementation arrangements for the RAP
1) First there are often significant differences in the allocation of time and  work  performed  both  within  the  household  and  in  relation  Io economic   activities   which   may   have   an   important   influence   in targeting the delivery of compensation
2) Second, there may be significant differences in the control over the use and disposition of assets and money Most particularly,
compensation paid in cash is usually controlled by the male head of household (or in the case of female headed households by male relatives)
3) Third there may be differences in roles with respect to decisions which influence the allocation of time and resources
The RAP will apply equally to:
(a) those who have formal legal rights to land (including customary 
and traditional nghts recognized under the laws of the country)
(b)  those who do nol have formal legal rights to land at the time the RAP  census  begins  but  have  a  claim  to  such  land  or  assets  - provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of Ethiopia or    become    recognized    through    a    process    identified    in    the resettlement planning
(c) those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying.
Special care will be needed to ensure the maintenance of the livelihoods and lifestyle of the indigenous Majengir people.
Chapter 7
Final Report
‘ Rap»d Rural Appraisal
1 Participatory Rural Appraisal
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
•n Association with Shebelie Engineering and WVVDSEFnderal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project____________ ________
EIA Report - vol 5 Page 7 6
SE/5 Changes involving access to natural resources
Formulate a strategy  to safeguard mcomes/livelihoods  tn the DIZ through a process  of consultations  and participation of project affected peoples
SE/6  Changes  in  availability  of  water  (or  domestic/industrial consumption
No mrligation required.
SE/7 Changes to aesthetic landscapes
Ensure transmission lines  are constructed to clear the River valley  as soon as  practicable and avoid extended routing on the skyline or exposed ridges.
Ensure tunnel spoil is stabilised and re vegetated at designated sites
SE/fl Changes to sites of archaeological or historical importance
No mitigation required though the EMP would make provision for a procedure to be followed in the unexpected event that ancient remains  or other evidence of early  man or cultural heritage are uncovered during excavation for the project
SE/9 Changes to health status
An AIDS awareness  programme should be initiated well before construction begins  Project health facilities  should be made available to worker's  and dependents  Project clinic  should be available for local people (or separate clinic  sei up) as  part of general compensation to directly affected comm unities
SE/10Changes in access to social services
No mitigation required Education facilities, agricultural outreach etc should be established as  part of a general compensation plan for directly affected communities
SE/11 Changes to sites of cultural significance including graveyards
No  mitigation  required  other  than  a  "chance  find”  procedure  in  lhe EMP.
SE/12Changes in social structure
The contractor should undertake to use local labour where possible and to site construction camps  in areas  approved by  community leaders.
SE/13Chanqes to employment opportunities
Contractors    guidelines    should    specify    local    preference    to    be exercised in respect of the recruitment of unskilled labour
Chapler  7
Rtpo’l
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelie Engmeenng and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study o* Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report • Vol. 5 Page 7-7
7.2 7.2.7
Chapter 7
Final Report
SE/14 Changes in commercial and trade opportunities
No mitigation required other than to source goods as close to site as possible providing price is competitive
SE/15Chanqes in energy use
Provide energy for construction labour camps (electricity or
kerosene/gas) to avoid illegal cutting of the forest
SE/16Chanqes in tourism
No mitigation required
Operational Phase
Land & Water Resources
LW/1 Changes in water quality
Ensure  operational  facilities  do  not  to  discharge  effluent  directly  into the Baro River
Develop  catchment  management  measures  in  the  upstream  area  to reduce turbidity and sedimentation of the reservoir
LW/2 Changes in grazing areas
No    mitigation    necessary    beyond    compensation    agreed    in    the construction phase.
LW/3 Changes in area of irrigation agriculture
No mitigation necessary beyond adherence to the EFR
LW/4 Changes in rates of erosion/siltation
Catchment    management    measures    should    be    applied    in    the watershed upstream
The  remaining  NFPA  should  be  strictly  controlled  to  prevent  erosion as a result of limber offtake
LW/5 Chanoes involving permanent flooding or inundation
A    comprehensive    package    will    need    to    be    introduced    that compensates  for  physical  and  financial  losses  and  develops  viable alterative  opportunities  for  livelihood/income  generation  for  affected peoples in the Baro 2 reservoir area
LW/6 Changes to river flow regime
The  Baro  HPP  should  provide  for  an  environmental  flow  release  to meet specific downstream ecosystem objectives identified by the EIA
Several approaches  are available for assessing environmental flow requirements  (EFR). ranging from ‘instream flows’, which refer to within-bank flows, to managed flood releases designed to overtop
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAH MEYER JV in Association with Shebeite Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Elhiopia - Ministry ol Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Mullipurpose Dam Project
ELA Report Vol 5
Page 7-6
and Supply  the affected areas. Environmental flow includes  all of these and stresses  the need to meet clear downstream social and ecosystem objectives rather than simply releasing a quantity of water
For the ElA the Consultant has  selected the Tennant (or Montana) Method for the determination of environmental flow The results compare relatively well with those from data-in tensive techniques.
Figure 7-1 The Tennant Method
TtwiANi Meihod: Percentage of Avtn*G£ Annual Flow (AAF) D ro achieve dtffeoeni qukuvu
(AAF EMIWD M IIWUMUMEQUS How) _____________________________________________________
D(K«nnwfKl*d puicenlage o< AAF
Autumn-Winter F uirfig 04 marirnum IJowt                                                                     200
cc ^jTi •onge o*
r
to
Sprlng-lunrunei
?C0
40-100
Psrcar’'age AAF required '□ ma'r'an a raqi>i*KJ nVFrf COndWon
Ou" standing
40
AC
Ejccoltorl
JU
tU
Good
20
40
far a aagfaa^
ID
30
Or ‘nrrr jti
ID
TQ
S3V&-S oegiodallon
1 0-20*0 tow
10-/OK5 HcW
Utilising experience gained in this  river basin and elsewhere in Africa and taking into account the particular flow conditions  found in the Baro River the Consultant has  modified the standard Tennant Method to produce a project specific model
The extended low flows  and limited but intensive high flows  that occur under an un-regulated regime have led to an aquatic  system that is robust and tolerant of change episodes  within a temporal cycle Further, the low intensity  use of the river and riverine area by  people downstream before the Gambela plains  results  in a reduced necessity of maintaining higher flows  for an extended time period in this  reach The absence of a developed floodplain or bell of rivenne vegetation immediately  downstream of the dam means  that seasonal refreshment is  not such an issue Additionally  there is  no existing or planned large-scale irngation downstream on the Baro before Gambela - and there is  significant inflow to Baro downstream of the scheme.
However, a flood peak  is  required for a period of approximately  10 days  simultaneously  with the natural highest flows  in the Baro River downstream of the dam. This  volume of water is  required for flushing and maintenance of ecological systems  downstream Releasing this amount of water from Baro HPP, in combination with inflow into the Baro from other rivers/streams  in Ethiopia should allow a sufficient flood peak to be generated
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High flows  in the river also serve to keep the channel clear, an important function which requires  a short duration high volume release that is captured in the model (when combined with inflow from the downstream catchment)
lable 7-1 Tennant methodology as applied to Baro HPP
Month
Seasonal Low Flows
% AAF
Seasonal High Flows
% AAF
January
10
February
10
March
10
Apnl
10
May
10
June
30
July
30
August
150*
September
30
October
30
November
10
December
10
'short duration 10 days at 150*4
Table 7-2 Preliminary  Environmental Flow Requirement downstream
of Baro 2 tailrace4
Baro 2
recommended environmental flow:
cumecs
January
7 67
February
767
March
7 67
Apnl
7 67
May
7 67
June
23 00
July
23 00
August
11500
September
23 00
October
23 00
November
7 67
December
767
mean
21 72
Chapre' 7
F»ra« Report
4 during reservoir filling this is also the minimum release from the dam
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Figure   7-2   Comparison   of   natural   River   discharge   with   suggested Environmental Flow Requirements downstream of Baro 2 tailrace
Biro HPP Compand |v« Hydrograph*
Compensahon How defease /ntefce Dam fo Taflrace Out/et
A  compensation  How  release  will  be  required  between  Baro  1  dam and  Baro  2  and  also  from  the  Genji  diversion  A  systematic  approach has   been   applied   to   determine   the   need   for   and   volume   of   a compensation  flow  release  into  the  stretch  between  the  intake  dam and the tailrace outlet
The following aspects were considered
•       Occurrence of unique habitats and/or sensitive aquatic species
•       Importance of the river water to the terrestrial fauna
•       Importance of the river water to people and their livelihood
•        Importance of the nver water from an amenity point of view
•       Physical consequences of a zero release alternative
The   objectives   of   lhe   compensation   flow   release,   together   with estimates of discharge are examined below
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Table 7-3 Objectives of Compensation Flow Releases
Objective: to provide
water for:
Estimated
discharges
required
(cumecs)
Achievement
Man       and       domestic animals
Terrestrial fauna
A  wide  array  of  aquatic and   semi-aquatic   plants and animals
0 5-10 m3/s              A sustainable and reliable surface waler resource
0 5-10 m3/s              A sustainable and reliable surface water resource
10-15 m3/s
A permanent although minute, aquatic system of running surface water and poolsfwith through-flow) behind sandbars  and rocks  It will be disrupted irregularly  when spilling occurs
Disease vector control 10-15 m’/s Sufficient water flow to prevent the creation of stagnant standing pools/ponds  that may facilitate the breeding of disease vectors
Amenity
10-25 m3/s The appearance of running water in the river landscape
The estimates for minimum compensation flows associated with the Baro HPP appear in the table below
Table 7-4 Compensation flows for Baro HPP
Compensation flow release from:
cumecs
Baro 1 dam
10
Baro 2 dam
Genji dam
10
0.5-1
To ensure compensation flows achieve their objective they should be monitored during the operational phase and optimised as appropriate.
LW/7 Changes to reservoir area microclimate
No mitigation necessary.
LW/8 Changes to downstream water users nationally and internationally
No mitigation necessary beyond adherence to the EFR
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Chapter 1
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Aquatic Ecological
AE/1 Changes to river continuum (barrier & desiccation effects)
No mitigation possible for the barrier effect
Desiccation issues should be addressed with an EFR set
AE/2 Changes in fish and fisheries
There will likely  be a change in fish species  composition as  the system al Baro changes  from a lotic  to a more lentic  state. Efforts should be made to assist the development of a fishery in the reservoir (if culturally  appropriate), based or stock  assessment and a monitoring programme to adjust investment and effort to the actual resource base Assistance may  also be needed in relation to fishery operations under the fluctuating operational water levels.
AE/3 Changes in aquatic biota
Maintain  an  environmental  flow  regime  including  a  flood  release  in  the natural high flow season
AE/4 Changes at the watgr/land interface
Maintain  an  environmental  flow  regime  including  a  flood  release  in  the natural high flow season
AE/5 Changes to reservoir limnoloov
No    mitigation    necessary    assuming    reservoir    clearance    prior    to construction and limited residence time of water in the reservoir
AE/6 Changes tg aquatic biodiversity
Maintain  an  environmental  flow  regime  including  a  flood  release  in  the natural high flow season
Terresfnaf Eco/ogrcaf
TE/1_ Changes to areas of natural habitat
No mitigation possible in the reservoir areas
TE/2 Changes to Protected Areas
The flooding of forest within NFPAs. particularly  Baro 1 reservoir, will have an impact on the integrity of the forest system and the status of the NFPA It would be necessary  for the proponent to ensure that the remaining surrounding forest areas  are demarcated and sustainably managed This  would require political support, financial and human resources and monitoring.
Without strong support for the forests, decline in forest cover will continue at an increased rate due to the area being opened up Working and realistic  mechanisms  should be devised to strengthen the financial capacity  of Zonal and Wereda Natural Resource and Forestry  Departments  to enforce and implement conservation measures  of the remaining part of the forests  and similar forests  in their constituencies.
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The implementation of the project should ensure effective conservation of the remaining patches  through enrichment forestry  of the impacted plant communities  by  helping establish efficient nurseries This entails the propagation of the national priority species
Forest monitoring will be crucial in this  regard Cost effective momtonng of the entire remaining Tepi Forest block  using satellite imagery on an annual or biannual basis will allow the identification of hot spots  where unplanned expansion into the forest areas  is occurnng The monitoring will allow the forestry services to focus their management and educational resources most efficiently
TE/3 Changes in disease vector populations
No mitigation necessary
TE/4 Changes to land cover
Consider controls on the off-take of woody biomass on the reservoir periphery (a gazetted buffer zone)
TE/5 Changes at the land/water interface
Consider the use of a buffer zone around the reservoirs
TE/6 Changes in terrestrial wildlife populations
No mitigation possible
TE/7 Changes to wetlands
Maintain an environmental flow regime including a flood release in the natural high flow season
TE/8 Changes in terrestrial biodiversity
The implementation of a forest management plan will be necessary to maintain biodiversity on the periphery of the site
SocfO-EconomfC/Cu/tura/
SE/1 Changes involving loss of housing, shops, public buildings etc No requirement for mitigation anticipated
SE/2 Changes to infrastructure (roads, bridges etc)
No requirement for mitigation anticipated
SE/3 Changes to patterns of mobility and navigation ■ roads and river crossings
No  mitigation  required  (assuming  Baro and Genji dams become bridging points)
SE/4 Changes involving resettlement of people
Mitigation through adhering to the pnnciples  of the resettlement action plan Monitor the effectiveness of resettlement plan and the ability of those people moved to establish sustainable livelihood strategies In addition the success ol the RAP should be monitored
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with  regard  to  the  status,  role,  physical  and  material  well-being  of women
SE/5 Changes involving access to natural resources
There are no direct mitigation activates  that can address  loss  of access  to natural resources  The socio-economic  compensation programme must consider the impact on poorer households and the Majengir at Baro 2
Honey  harvesting of about 200 families  will be affected by submergence of lhe riverine habitat and loss of hives Families need to be informed of the reservoir filling schedule al least six months in advance of filling so that they  can harvest and move hives  These families must be made aware of the location of lhe maximum flood level of the reservoir so that they can re-establish hives along the new floodline
SE/6 Changes in availability of water for domestic/induslnal consumption
No requirement for mitigation anticipated
SE/7 Changes to aesthetic landscapes
No mitigation possible.
SE/8 Changes tp sites of archaeological or historical importance
No requirement for mitigation anticipated
SE/9 Changes to health status
Mitigation might not be required during the operational phase, but health risks  should be monitored Any  increase in waterborne illness would have to be countered by  investment by  the project in risk awareness hygiene and clinic measures through local health centres
Ensure that continued support is given to the established local health clinic. Minimise lhe conditions  that may  encourage the breeding of disease vectors
SE/WChanges in access to social services
Ensure that the project gives support to local institutions and health, education, agricultural extension services etc.
The main beneficiaries  of the Project are not those living in the immediate Project Area For example, few people in these areas have access  to electricity  or running water Some people will get construction jobs for a limited penod of time, the rest will have to live with increased noise and dust, increased insecurity  as  a result of heavy  traffic  increased pressure on existing social services  and reduced access to the natural resource base etc To a certain degree the local population bears the brunt of lhe costs for the enhancement of the well-being of people in the urban centres of the country
To   help   offset   these   unintended,   yet   tangible,   adverse   impacts, proposals for "community gain" are common for hydropower schemes
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Chapter 7
Final Report
in developed countries5 The pnnciple is  that local people should not have to effectively  subsidise a project through a detenoration in their material, social and cultural quality  of life On the contrary, the implementation of a large and expensive infrastructure project should bring positive benefits  to those that are within its  direct zone of influence Provision is  made in the indicative environmental costs section (or a small capital expenditure and a two phase annual recurrent financial support mechanism (construction and operational phase), to offset general negative impacts  associated with implementation and promote community involvement with the project
One possibility  for mitigating these localised adverse impacts  could be the upgrading and the maintenance of existing roads/tracks utilised by local communities (and the project), Another, could be the construction of wells  for dnnking water in the villages  closest to the site, support to local schools  and health centres, a malana control programme etc. Often an effective way  to distribute funds  allocated to community  gain is  through support to NGOs  and ongoing development programmes already established in the project area and its surrounds
These community  gam initiatives  are fairly  low cost but they  will enable the affected people in the direct impact zone to feel that they are benefiting from having the project on their doorstep If people are alienated from a project and have no sense of ownership or belief in its  ability  to benefit them then they  will react to it in a negative or hostile manner.
SE/11 Changes to sites of cultural significance including graveyards No requirement for mitigation anticipated
SE/12Chanqes in social structure
No requirement for mitigation anticipated
SE/13Chanqes to employment opportunities
No  requirement  for  mitigation  anticipated  beyond  encouraging  lhe owner to hire locally for low-skill permanent positions
SE/14Changes in commercial and trade opportunities
No    requirement    for    mitigation    anticipated    beyond    encouraging procurement of goods as close to the project as possible.
SE/15Chanqes in energy use
Encourage  the  introduction  of  electrification  in  the  project  area  - perhaps by subsidising the necessary infrastructure
SE716Chanqes in tounsm
5   For  example  a  percentage  of  power  sales  tc  be  invested  with  local communities to help negate any long-term impacts
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No  Mitigation  necessary  other  than  protection  of  remaining  forest areas
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Fnal Repcr
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8
8.1
ENVIRONMENTAL COST ESTIMATES AND CONCLUSIONS
Following in this  chapter is  a cost estimate for environmental mitigation, compensation and management measures  However given the way  costs  are calculated for dam and reservoir development at the present time a major flaw is  inherent in the final environmental costs  arrived at using standard production estimates, market values  etc  This  flaw is  a significant under-estimation of the true environmental costs  as  there is  no reliable and accepted methodology  for calculating factors  such as  maintenance of ecosystems conservation of biodiversity, existence value etc
In the case of the Baro HPP, the loss of significant areas of highland rainforest is not capable of being captured m the environmental cost estimates appearing here A reduction m area and fragmentation of
this valuable and shnnking habitat in Ethiopia is of very major
concern However, such a negative impact can not be reliably costed
into the final equation so what must suffice is a qualifying statement
to Table 8 2, i.e..
The loss of NPFA and other rainforest to make way for the reservoirs, access  roads  and areas  of works  associated with the Baro HPP scheme is an extremely significant negative impact that is not capable of direct mitigation
The environmental costs  in Table 8-2 provide for the compensation and mitigation of direct impacts not managed under the mam design concept
The guiding principle is  that people or communities  directly  affected by  the construction of the Baro HPP should be no worse off (and preferably better off) after project implementation
Environmental Cost Items
The explication of the cost items in Figure 8-2 is as follows.
1     cost  of  removing  most  biomass  (vegetation)  from  the  reservoir inundation  area  The  cost  is  estimated  here  but  does  not  appear in  the  total  for  environmental  cost  as  it  will  come  under  the contract for civil works (assumed)
2     additional cost that may be necessary to cater for environmental concerns in detailed design
3    compensation for lost production1
compensabon  for  agricultural  land  is  estimated  as  value  of  3  years production and fixed assets eg water tanks fences etc plus acquisition of replacement land
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Chapter 0
Final Report
4    compensation for lost production
5    compensation for lost production
6    compensation for lost production
7      Cost  of  producing  and  enforcing  a  management  plan  for  forest areas surrounding the project
8    cost of replacing physical assets lost as a result of construction
9      cost   of   studying   the   likelihood   of   benefits   from   new   fishing opportunities and providing oulreach support
10    cost   of   establishing   and   maintaining  health  facilities   for   project employees  and  iocal  people  in  the  direct  impact  zone,  pad  of  this responsibility  will  be  allocated  to  the  construction  contractor  -  to help   counteract   the   likely   health   problems   associated   with   the construction   workforce   a   health   awareness   campaign   (focussing on  STD's)  should  be  also  be  initiated  free  condom  distribution  to workers would be part of the cost
11    cost   of   replanting   areas   disturbed   and   ensuring   that   woody biomass is replaced where possible
12      cost     of     remediation     of     areas     disturbed/contammated     by construction   activities,   including   locations   exposed   to   increased risk of erosion
13   cost  of  further  research  into  the  flora  and  fauna  of  the  direct Impact zone plus funds for propagation etc if applicable
14   cost  of  checking  water  quality  in  the  reservoir  and  downstream  of lhe tailrace outlet
15.   cost   of   monitormg/auditing   construction   and   adherence   to   the EMP
16 cost of ensunng effective implementation of the livelihood
safeguard programme and providing services to redress 
grievances; cost of monitoring disbursements under the
compensation/mitigation programme and the health status of lhe
local community etc
17.  institutional  capacity  building  for  local  institutions  to  cape  with  the modalities   of   a   large   construction   project   in   their   locality   and support   to   national   agencies   responsible   for   advising   on   and inspecting aspects of implementation
18      contribution    to    water    supply,     schools/educalion,     veterinary services  etc  to  be  decided  by  the  local  people  in  the  direct  impact zone
19   cost  of  ensuring  that  directly  affected  peoples  and  communrties are  no!  disadvantaged  by  the  project  and  have  access  to  viable income generating opportunities
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Pa ^
20 one time cost of checking the construction site remediation after the contractor has left (final payment of contractor should be tied to a successful audit inspection)
Figure 8-1 Environmental costs by project phase
Provmional Environmental Cotti
3 000000 —
J 592 525
2 500 DOC
2 000 COD
§ ’500000
1,0X000
■ C«p<4l Coil
■ Recarnvnl Co»l
Conwcour Phisc
■ Annu^ PeozTwnl Cott
MiCXMt PMm
500 0«
Fn>)«c1
Chapter B
Ftna’ Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelie Engineering and WWDSEFigure 8-2: Consolidated environmental cost estimate
Mo.
Bare: Main Reservoir FSL 1520 masl Environ Item
mental Cost Estimate (USD)
Cost and Units Capital Colt
Annual Recurrent Cent ConiIruc Uon Phaei
Annual Racurrenl Cwt Operational Phaar
i
2
3
4
S
8
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1G
17
19
20
iOMrvoIr clemng (coiled ■■ dw workl)
locPwitGai enwonmanlal DpIirnnHiDon cofTpeoMlwn far cufllvaled land (market garden. compnnullon lor cultivated land (catcall GomponiHlIon lor                land
coiiipoiiieiiDn <or Dee IWM/ptodudlon
impiemintaton ol toroftbry protection programme uimpenwtipn tor nouieB/MMts
Wm UudytoultBlch progumme
heath centre (ptojucl ompsjywi 5 kocahl
»epian ling
genenc BMP For disturbed areas cnnservaton initiatives' (praviscnai su«n)
waler quality momtonrg
mor.iuxing qi ax^tructon work
wm*jp econome morwlofing
mieultond capacity building programme
community grain
in ptementauon □< ie»e4uer<rM •' iwehfood iafeguardi post consirudon enrfonmentai audit
450Mu (forest)
pfovijjonal
250<Mxa
ww-m
350*a
i ZDO/houiehod *"
BOO/ha
150D/ha
2MOOD
1 WOzper eprwde
-'year
50000
250000
2D(K.'W£'
120000
10 093.600
300 000
12,500
27,000
105,000
93,750
500,000
12,000
100,000
350,000
60 000
167 500
200,000
250,000
250,000
46.000
120 000
60 000
10000
200 000
80,000
6.QD0
80 000
50.000
75.000
100.000
5.000
25.000
5 000
15,000
4 500
10 ooo
25000
25.000
Sub-Total*
2 447 750
626 000
109 500
r‘3r*tMTg<!ncy aL 10%
244,775
52 500
10 950
Totals (USD)
2,692,525
688,600
120,450
Total for Ccrstrudton Phase (assumed at 4 years)
5.446,925
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8.11
Environmental Impact Overview
Socio-Economic
The project will cause involuntary  resettlement on a small scale (23 persons) and affect directly  at least 100 households  living close to the reservoir area Downstream impacts  will be negligible on human activities at this time
Project benefits will exist for many people in the upland villages 
Principally they relate to the improvement of transport links contingent
upon the project needing improved road access dunng construction
Prospects of improved infrastructure led to a majority of upland
villagers welcoming the project when consulted at local meetings
Those transport links  and the proximity  of a work-force from outside the area dunng construction will however, (end to induce some social disruption due to the different ways  of the life of the villagers  and the labourers  The latter will work  for wages  and may  not be governed by local customs  Some may  spread communicable diseases  to the local population
Conversely, the project would be prejudicial to continuance of Majangir people s  way-of-life They  are already  endangered by  their own success  as  a community  As  they  grow in number, so their impact on the forest by  shifting cultivation grows  and becomes  less reversible by lhe passage of time
The locally  active NGO, Menschen fur Menschen, seeks  to improve their welfare by  stabilizing their settlement, (as  well as  developing health programmes  and building schools) Settled Majangir people sustain their traditional way-of-life through shifting agriculture, but they  travel more extensively  through the forest seeking undamaged land to clear Large stnps  of the forest area have already  been irreversibly  converted from rain-forest to grassland Periodic  fires  in the grassland inhibits  the emergence of tree saplings  while doing nothing to check  the regrowth of tough grasses  Majangir people grow in number (through sponsored health and hygiene awareness) while depending on a diminishing forest area
The project would dimmish the forest even faster than at present and
would facilitate access to it by other people who could exploit its 
resources without being concerned about sustainability since they 
would not actually live there
Bio-Physical
Significant areas of undisturbed forest will be flooded The area of forest (including areas cleared for access) is approximately 4.588ha
This represents a very serious and significant negative environmental
impact that can not be directly mitioated or compensated
Downstream  impacts  will  affect  the  ecology  of  the  Gambela  wetlands to a limited degree terrestrial biodiversity though is unlikely to suffer
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The Baro dam will constitute a complete barrier to fish migration both upslream and downstream However, from what is  known of the fish fauna in the Baro al this  time this  impact is  of concern only  It is unlikely  that there will be any  threat to aquatic  biodiversity  with the implementation of the scheme There will be a change in species composition in the reservoir as  fish more adapted to still waters establish themselves; this  may  have some advantages  socio economically if a reservoir fishery is developed
Conclusion
The implementation of lhe Baro HPP would bong about significant but manageable changes  to (he socio-economic  environment in the Project Area In terms  of direct resettlement, the following will need to be addressed
•         7 dwellings
•          Approximately 23 people requmng resettlement.
Compensation for productive land will need to account for
•     Approximately 260 ha of existing gracing land
•     Approximately 30 ha of arable (cultivated) land
The most serious  impacts, however, are on the natural environment This  fact was  highlighted in the pre-feasibility  study  IEA (MOWR.1998) which concluded that on the terrestrial environment - "very  significant toss  of forest areas  and wetlands  that can not be directly compensated for "
This  conclusion stands  in the EIA too as  slaled, though now with even greater emphasis  in the light of more information, The inundation area of the reservoirs  and works/access  activities  in the powerhouse and ancillaries  locations  will result in very  significant loss of wetland and forest areas ie:
•     Approximately 222 ha of wetland
-   Approximately   4,588ha   of   forest.   This   represents   0.12%   of   the remaining   national   forest   At   the   regional   level   this   represents 0.3%  of  the  total  Oromia  high  forests  or  more  than  1  percent of   the   slightly   disturbed   high   forests   of   Oromia   At   the   local level   this   represents   4   6%   of   the   100,000   ha   of   Sibc   Tale Kono    NFPA    (note:    these    are    already    fragmented    remnant forests)
Overall, these impacls  Io the forest and wetland are not fully  capable of mitigation or compensation in a conventional sense as  they  result in a net loss of very valuable habitat as well as a productive resource
Any  decision  to  implement  the  Baro  HPP  will  need  to  be  made  in  the knowledge that the impacts on the natural environment are serious
Ch«*r8 Final Report
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negative   and   effectively  non-reversible  This  applies  to  both  a  high and low dam option at Baro 1.
Given  the  above:  the  recommendation  from  the  EIA  study  would  be not to proceed with the Baro HPP scheme at this time
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EIA Report Vol. 5 PageA-1
APPENDIX
A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
EIA Appeal* A
Final Report
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A.1
Aquatic Ecology
Abebe   Getahun   2005   A   field   report   on   Baro   River   Mimeographed report, Dept of Biology. Addis Ababa University 6 pp
Selkhozpromexport 1989 Annex  14 Fishery  Pp 160-264 in: Baro- Akobo Basin master plan study  of water and land resources  of the Gambela Plain Final Report Draft Volume IX All Union Foreign Economic Corporation Soyuzgiprovodhhoz Institute Moscow USSR
359 pp
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Feasibly Study of Baro Muttipurpose Dam Project_______________ _________
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Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project__________________
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page A-11
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Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project________________
El A Report • Vol 5
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Final Repot
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
,n Association with Sbebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Elbiopia - Ministry of Water Resources
Fea&rbility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project__________________ ___
EIA Repod Vol 5 Page A 13
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EIA Apoendix A
Final Repori
NORPLAIM - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shetefle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry ol Water Resources
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project ________________________
EIA Report - Vol 5 Paje B*1
APPENDIX
B                      RECORD OF PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONS CONTACTED
EIA Append* H Anal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Haro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page B-2
B.1
Persons/Agencies Consulted in Addis Ababa
Name of Contacted
Person
Organization
Position
tel.
Mt Ababu Anage          Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
46 45 69
Mr Sheway Derebe
li                                        11
■!
Dr Girma Balcha           Institute of Biodiversity Conservation
Dr Fasil Kebebew ■ I
Mr Zenebe woldu «|
il
1’
il
»i
Mr Amare Worku          Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development
Mr Solomon Abebe M
Mr Leyekun B reh any M
11
IB
M
l<
Dep Head. Ecosystems
II                 Team Leader, Biodiversity G Manager
Head. Ethinobioiogy Dep Head, Horticultre Dep
Head Forest Landuse & Soil Dep
Team Leader Land use Team leader Forestry Consvtn
General Director G. Manager
GIS Expert
15 14 26
15 14 26
15 1426
II
Mr Ge be remed bin      Energy Access - Biomass Suply
Hadera
Mgl Project
Mr G eb re med bm      Energy Access Biomass Supply
Adera
Management Project
Mrs Meieshachew        MOWR, GIS & Metadata Base
46 11 47
62 70 32
Woreda
Service
Mr 1egaye
■n
Bl
Bl
|i
Acting Head
62 70 32
B.2
B.2 1
Persons Consulted During the Social Survey Key Informants
Table 1 respondents at key informant interviews in Oct. and Nov 2004
name of respondent
respondent's role
where
Adisu Wasie
agricultural student
Didibbee
Kamil Dino
agricultural worker
Gore Gidi
Admasu Abdisa
agricultural worker
Halu Kototo
Shibippuu Mikikkuu
agricultural worker
Jejebe
MuzamiL Dine
agncultural worker
Kersa
Aiemayehu Gizaw
agricultural worker
Lalisa
Habtamu Andarge
agnculturaJ worker
Site
Abate Gizaw
agricultural worker
Wolkitesa
Mersha Mekonen
agronomic
Megersa
Adrsir Ayete
chairman of the kebele
Didibbee
Jemal Terete
chairman of the kebele
Gore Gidi
Shenkoru Esho
chairman of the kebele
Megersa
Girma Arfasa
chairman of the kebele
Uka
Er A Appendix B
NOR
PLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Final Report
in Association with
Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEfederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project__________________________
EfA Report - Vol 5 Page B-3
name of respondent
respondents role
where
Takers Yadessa
chairman of the kebele
Wolkrtesa
Nega Darge
farmers centre instructor
Halu Kirtoto
Habtamu Emamu
group leader
Lalisa
Asegedech Haite Manam
head of the clime
Didibbee
Gela Geme:sa
head of the clinic
Sibo kebele
TekalegnDeme
health assistant
Belactew Mekonen
kebele chairman
Halu Kutoto
□ebaike Gezahegn
kebete vice chairman
Sibo kebele
Kebede Bedeken
vice chairman of the kebele
Jejebe
Dula Gizaw
Economy social worker
Gemecbu Abdisa
Chairman of kebete
11 KA
Fekade Burayu
Chairman of Kebele
Si bo
Dereje Legese
V/ Chairman of Kebete
UKA
B.2.2
Attendance At Focus Group Discussions
Table 2 first mens FGD at Halu Kototo kebele
name of respondent         respondent's role
Belachew Mekonen       kebele chairman Belachew Shigute          Farmer
Eshetu Mekonen Tesefaye Gudeta Engidawork Abate Admasu Abdisa Hega Darge
Tesefaye Daba
Farmer
Farmer
Halu school director |
instructor at farmers’ centre instructor at farmers’ cenfre
school officer
Adisu Mamo                  Teacher
Men  listed  above  participated  in  a  lengthy  focus  group  discussion  (FGD)  at  Halu  Kulolo  on Friday 19th November 2004 under the chairmanship of Belachew Mekonen
Table 3 first women s FGD at Halu Kotalo kebele
name of respondent
Mam it u Abale
Asnekeoh Waga
1 KibetuArega
. Mulunesh Mamo Senayet Endale Shitaye Alemu Tsetiay Abera
respondent's rote
chairperson          of         this meeting
Housewife
Housewife
Housewife
Housewife
Housewife
Housewife
Yedek Lemma                      Housewife
Yadele Lem a
Housewife
All of the women listed above formed a focus  group which dealt with the same questions  as the men but provided their own perspectives  on the issues  Of the eight participants  six signed the minutes but two were unable to write
Table 4 men's FGD number 2 al Halu Kototo village
name of respondent
Respondents role 1
Jesefaye Gebre               1
Farmer
!
EIA Appandw 0
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebeile Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Protect
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page B-4
name of respondent
Respondent’s role
Abera Shigute
Farmer
Befikadu Gutenma
Farmer
I Debela Chorcha
Farmer
I Adisu Ayele Desalegn Alemu
Farmer
Farmer
Gizaw Gudeta
Farmer
| Solomon Adisu
Farmer
These farmers, listed above, had their own FGD separate from that chaired by the kebele chairman It was convened to ensure that farmers’ views would be heard in the absence of any government official This group expressed uneasiness about any forest destruction They went on. however, to welcome the project
Table 5 women's FGD number 2 at Halu Kototo village
name of respondent
respondent’s role
Mulu Afkera
chairperson of
the women s
association
Workwoha Genbere
farmer and housewife
Dibabe Tadese
farmer  and  housewife
Fikade Debesa
farmer  and  housewife
Terefech Gebreab
farmer and housewife
Mentwab Abe be
farmer and housewife
Birhane Gizaw
' farmer and housewife
I Adanech Asfaw
farmer and housewife
Among  other  interesting  observations  this  group  disclosed  that  -We  utilise  the  forest  around our village - not that down by lhe Baro River-for lumber, firewood and coffee production”.
Table 6 women’s FGD number 3 at Halu Kototo village
i
name of responde
nt] I respondent’s role ]
Shitaye Mekonen
small merchant and housewife
Worknesh Ayele
farmer and housewife
Dinknesh Tadese
local merchant and housewife
| Aselefech Tadele | | fanner and housewife Table 7 mixed gender FGD at Wokitesa kebele
. name of respondent
I Ambisa Kenisa
Fans Gemta
Ahmed Ollmer Mehamud Yesuf
| Mehamud Mekonen Belachew Eresu Sadiya Mengesha Trgist Alemayehu
respondent's role
L
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer
Farmer Farmer housewife
housewife
These   farmers   welcomed   the   project   but   expressed  concern  about  the  forest  area  to   be occupied by the project They asked what would be done about this issue
Table 8 men's FGD-1 at Didibbee village
| name
of
respondent’s role
| respondent _____ ]
EIA Appendix B
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebeiie Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry ot Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page B-5
name               of
respondent’s role
respondent
Mulunesh Dega farmer
Bekeie Deboch
farmer
Sirhanu Gemto
farmer
Teka Gonfa
farmer
Ta m e ne Dereje
farmer
Ayana Gelela
farmer
Workenah Lenso
farmer
Mange Gobena
farmer
Table 9 men’s FGD-2 at Didibbeevillage
name of respondent [ respondent’s role ]
Mebrate A be be
farmer
| Mu luge la Abebe farmer
Yasen Gurmesa farmer
Dog ale Zeleke
Tam i rat Tadele
farmer
farmer
Adisu Wase
agricultural
student
Deboch Temesgen
farmer
Table 10 FGD with 5 women and one man. at Didibbee village
name of respondent
Asegedech                Haile Mariam
female
respondent’s role
health assistant
Senayil Tamiru
Etagen Tamire
Tewabech Tjlahun
Desie Tola
Fekadu Gutema
female     housewife
female
women's        association        secretary,        and housewife
female housewife
female housewife
male        farmer
EEA Appenfli* S Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibly Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Pro eci
EIA Report -Vol 5 Page B-6
f
Table 11 FGD with village leaders and farmers in Didibbee village
name of respondent
' Adisu Ayele
m
respondents role
kebele chairman
Asegedech Haile Mariam       f      health assistant [ Endalew Arega                       m    farmer
Kebede Gutema m farmer Geletu Beyene m farmer
i Getachew Wedajo                  m    farmer
Habib Weyesa                       m   farmer
Birhanu Daba
Table 12 FGD with farmers
and
m   farmer
in Gore Gidi
name of respondent         I respondent’s role Naser Tesefaye             ' m  I farmer
Tafese Degago                m   farmer
I Fikade Gemte                  f      house wrfe Arega Debela                   m   farmer
| Mersha Belayneh             m    farmer
I Shake Ahmed                  f      housewife Belachew Tolosa             m    farmer
|
Teshome Desalegn m
Berhane Tamiru m
farmer
farmer
Interviewed at Halt) primary  school on 20th November, Gore Gidi kebele chairman Jemal Terefe was  a key  informant on many  local issues  He also took  part in the focus  group discussions  Similarly  Kamil Dino provided information on the use of forests  and wetlands  as well as being in a FGD
Table 13 FGD of village leaders at Gore Gidi kebele
name of respondent  ]   respondent’s role
I Aster Tamiru ! Kamil Dino
I women’s chairperson agricultural worker
association
Belachew Tolosa            i ' farmer
Teshome Desalegn village leader, farmer
| Jemal Terefe
Melkitu Kole
Berhane Tamiru Nequse Seid
I kebele chairman
housewife
housewife farmer
This group expressed fear of losing land to the project
EIA Appendix 0
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Final Repod
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEfederal Democralc Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry ol Water Resources Feasibility Study ol Baro Multipurpose Dam Protect__________
ElA Report Vot 5 Page B-7
Table 14 male farmers FGD at Gore Gidi ?
I name ol respondent | respondent s role (
Admasu SMeraw ' farmer
Adisu Birhanu
farmer
1 Abdisa Sbiteraw
Ej»gu Tekalegn
I’abtamu Ne-ga
farmer
farmer
farmer
i Tesema Mekonen         !      farmer
i Birtiamu Mamud
farmer
1 Mulugeta Mekonen              farmer
T aciku Wedaje
farmer
Tilahun WoMrrfraw              farmer
Table 15 men s FGD at Uka on Sunday 21” Nov 2004 name              of respondent’s role 1 respondent
Belay Zegeye           farmer Fantaw Arhiccp        farmer Habtamu Sapa           farmer Abebe Berihun           farmer
| Tamesgen Mola | | farmer
Tesefaye Alemu farmer
Habtamu Geleta Muzemil Dino
Table 16 men s F GD al Kersa
teacher
agricultural worker |
name of respondent j ; respondents role *
Adame Assefa Girma Arega
Abera Arega
Girma Supa
farmers group leader
farmers' worker farmer
I farmer
social
I
Teshome Gutema farmer Abebe Arega
i Moreda Mekonen
I Girma Didabba ~] | farmer
student
farmer
Table 17 FGD by Kersa kebele villagers (men and women)
name of
1 respondent j
respondent’s role
Girama  Arfasa  m  i  chairman  of  the  kebele
Hada* iAHhapdrhaas Aberha f women s association chair-person |
(
Bayush Dibaba i f women's association vice chair-
_________
r Takele Zegeye
I
I
person
H women's asso ,    ciation secretary
DibabaFikadu if womie, nnvsa'iicsso u o ci asaawtioaunuumueiemmbueeir
'
Mangesha
Ambaw II
II
i mm 'farmer
farmer
I
I
I
i
i Digaga Disasa ’ m j fanner
Fikadu Kareso m farmer
Table 18 Jejebe villagers (men and women) FGD L name of respondent j| respondent's rots'"
EIA Appendix 0
____________
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Final Report
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page B 8
name of respondent Dengelu Gigesa
J farmer
respondent's role
Gebriel I idumke                     m     farmer
Gelahun Gojt
m     farmer
Malatu Sonesa                       m     farmer
Letda Peleshen Degigo Banjaw Semetyas Abdtsa
i Tejitu Demise
I Ehelenesh Moulugeta
Table 19 men’s FGD at Jejebe j name of respondent
' Eskiel Medhin Gelachew Guiume
! Mogarias Obashmo
f
housewife
f
housewife
f
housewife
1
housewife
f
housewife
respondent’s rote student
farmer farmer
• T emsae Alemayehu                  farmer
' Lepta Blacker
■ Gonje Weger
• Wedyanos Solomor
. Yeweket Alemayehu | Shibiru Metiku
farmer
j farmer
1 farmer
farmer
Agricultural Worker j
In addition to the above mentioned people, two other residents of Jejebe provided information in key informant interviews (KII) The vice chairman of the kebele was one because he signed his name in the Amharic alphabet it has not yet been transcribed into this report. The other was an agncultural extension officer who signature appears to read Shibippurn Mitikkun.
Table 20 women s FGD at Jejebe | name of respondent ? Teyora W/Michaei
1 Rejia Elias
• 1 ongor Hunde
respondent s role housewile housewife housewife
J 1 ejrtu Abakeftw                          housewife
Meseiel Dula
Asher Asefaw Gekla Seyoum
| Tmga leagel_______
housewife
housewife
housewife
housewife
Table 21    illage leaders FGD at Ji name of respondent Kebede Bedeken
ejebe kebele
m
respondent's role
kebele vice chairman
Daniel Lemuma                  m      translator Taruekeya Bamjar             m    farmer Girma Bekele                     m    farmer Belete Sharew                   m    farmer Michael Tadesse               m    farmer
| Kibide Elina
Deneb Zeleke
Table 22 village leaders FGD at M
name of reeponden t
Shenkoru Esho Birhanu Dmba Admasu Niguse Befiredu Muleta
i 1 Reta Bekele
1
f
housewife
housewife
egersa kebele ______
. respondent’s role chairman of (hejcebele vice chairman of the kebele farmer
farmer farmer
EIA Append,* B
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Final Report
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Cemocrabc RepuDlc ol Ethiopia - Minulry of Waler Resources
Feasibtlity Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project ________ ________
name of respondent      respondent’s role
BA Repod - Vol. 5 _____ Page 6 9
Endale Negatu Afrasa Roba
Roba Jima
farmer
farmer
i farmer
I I
Table 23 male farmers FGD Jal Megersa kebele
[_name of respondent | Obesa Abate____
i Kebede Degefa
respondent's role j farmer
farmer
Bogale Muluneh              farmer
Eshete Abera
farmer
Getachew Gicho
farmer
| Tanku Gizaw
i farmer
1 Endale Negatu
farmer
Gadisa Kebede
farmer
Tamene Teferra ____ j     farmer
Tab«e 24 male farmers' FGD-2 at Megersa kebele namejof respondent | respondent's role
Abera Demise
Teka Gircho
farmer
farmer                   1
I Tariku Mamo                 1 farmer
| Husien Arega Taye Worku Hasen Abdu
Mekonen Muno
| farmer | farmer
farmer
farmer                   n
“1 (
i
Tariku Kejela               1 1 farmer Table 25 male farmers FGD-3 at Megersa kebele
1 name of respondent Tamirat Taye
respondent's role 1
farmer
I Fekade Tadese           i 1 farmer Mersha Demisse              i farmer
i Chanyalew Gezahen         farmer Tesemma Legese              farmer
Asefu Digo
| 1 farmer
Abate Obese               1 ’ farmer
i Gemechu Mecha farmer
[ Teshome Debela 1 farmer
1
□ ’■.I "—1
1
n
Megersa is a new kebele, recently designated for resettlement and located off the track, to the left between Sibo turn-off and the Baro River at Jejebe Its  co-ordinates  are around 8° 11’ North and 35° 15’ East More important than its exact location is the fact of its existence if government is resettling people from elsewhere into the Argisa Forest, it is unlikely to be overly concerned about forest loss  to a government-sponsored multi-purpose nver management scheme This becomes a major issue to be investigated
Table 26 local leaders FGD at Lalisa
name of respondent       respondent’s role
Tafese Gamta Berehe Madigo Ahmed Ibrahim
local leader
1 local leader
local leader
j
Adisu Toiosa                 ■ ^Farmer
EIA Appendix B
Final Repo fl
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT -LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engmeenng and WWDSEFedcfal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam projecl
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page 0 1C
Ayale Kenea Ambisa Bekele
Wondimu Gabbisa I Nasir Said
Table 27 men's FGD-1 at Lalisa
| name of respondent       L respondent's role
• H . --------------------------
ll ■ il
....
■ u ■
name of respondent
respondent’s role
Eshetu Gtzaw
youth association
Kassahun Talese
leader
Farmer
i Tesefaye Bekele
l^farekegne Mekonnen
| Desta Disassa Beraligne Hagos______
| Getawe Tegene
| Kebede Zeleke
Table 28 men's FGD-2 at Lalisa
1 name of respondent | respondent's role
Tekalegn Mekonen              Farmer
Adane Belay
Said Abdu
Sisay Mengesha Tsegaye Degefa Gudeta Gezahegn
1 Arega Molla Mengistu Finsa
Table 29 men’s FGD-3 at Lalisa
|MM•
UM*
H • M
• II II
1 “ “ •
name of respondent
Chanyalew Aberra Tiruneh Gebbisa
L
respondent’s role
farmer
Dabba Merga
1 Bireha Nigussie Alemu Kebede
Geremu Kadir
• —
• MU
II U U
M • W
M H U
Tsegeye Gudete
Getachew Mamo 1
• M •
...
B.3
Key Informants from Social Administration Survey
Ato Bahiru Ashme lllubabor Zone Vice administrator,
Ato Tilahum Kameto Masha wereda administrator
Ato Girma Mamo Halu Bure wereda administrator
Ato Tegegn Kassaye Alledido wereda representative
Ato  Dagnachew  shiferaw  Justice  and  security  affairs  head  lllubabor Zone
Ato Dereje Eticha head Documentation lllubabor zone
Ato Abera Amanta -planning division head, lllubabor
Zone
Ato Faisa Tefera planning expert lllubabor Zone Finance and
EIA Appends 0
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Final Report
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democrats Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report • Vol. 5 Page B 11
Economic development planning
Ato Eshetu Fromnssa Allidido wereda council speaker
Ato Tadelle Gellana head, Allidid wereda mass organization
Ato Addisu Kenea Vice administrator Halu-Bure wereda
w/o Tenegne Girma HaluBure wereda women s affairs head
Ato shewa Arega HaluBure wereda head.information and public 
relation
Ato Tamiru Mekuria Halu Bure wereda council speaker
Ato Fekadu Zewdie Halu-Bure wereda head, capacity building
W/o Aster Zeleke Allidido wereda women’s association member
Mizgebu Jebessa Allidido werada Vice speaker
Ato Aschenaki Mosissa head Allidido wereda Mass organization
Ato Meredd Mamo Masha wareda Vice administrator and
Information office head
Ato Tesfaye Haile Masha wareda Information expert
AtoWoddo ATTo Sheka zone chief administrator
’ Shalaka Basha'Seifu Dadi sale Nono wereda police commander
W/ro Asegash Faysa Masha wereda women's association chair
lady
W/ro     Yeshemebef     Teferi-     Managing     director     Menschen     Fur Menrschen to lllubabor zone
EIA Appendim B Fmil Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebel’e Engineenng and WWDSEO
Federal   Democratic   Republic   af   Ethiopia   ■   Ministry   at   Waler   Resources 
feasibility Study oF Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
______
ElA Report - Vol. 5 __________  Page 0-1
APPENDIX
C
IRRIGATION AGRICULTURE AND WATER
RESOURCES ISSUES
Ela Appendix C
Final Rep*fl
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
n Association with Shebelfe Engineering and WWDSLFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources
Ki3 Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
TABLE OF CONTENTS
___________
EIA Report Vol 5 Page C-2
1
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BARO RIVER FOR THE WATER RESOURCES
IN THE NILE BASIN
1.1
1 ne mne rxive* ossiri
. ..
................
4
111 The Equatonal Lake Plateau
.......................
.....................................
6
7
112 The Bahr pI Iplph and Sudd region
...........
8
114 Thp Whilp Nile
®
9
I i r
inuflyp
............................
9
1.2     Water resources m the Sobat - Baro river basin 1.21            Climate            in            the            Sobal 1.2.2 Hydro’ogy in the Sobal - Baro river basin
-            Baro            river            basin
2      EFFECTS OF THE BARO HYDROPOWER PROJECT
3       IMPACT IN THE SUDAN21
3   1  Irrigated agriculture along the White Nile m Sudan
3 2 Crop calendar and water requirements 
3 3 Impact of the Baro Hydropower Project............................................................................... 23
4      SECONDARY IMPACT ZONE
4 1     Introduction 42      Flood issues 
18
42
1
Floods 
downstream
of
Gambela
21
22
25
25
27
27
...
29
43
4 2 2 Low flows and navigability at Gambela Irrigation 30
4    3.1 lntroduct»on
.30
4 3 2 Irrigation development in Ethiopia
30
4 33 The Irrigation Development Program
4 3.4 Existing small scale imgaiion schemes m the Secondary Impact Zone
................................................................. 31
32
4 35 Potential for medium and large scale imgabon in the Secondary Impact Zone
35
5         THE DIRECT IMPACT ZONE.......................... ............................................ 38
5                1 1 Small scale imgation systems in lhe Direct Impact Zone 5.1 2 Impact of the Baro Hydropower Project on lhe Direct Impact Zone
38
39
6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
39
61
Summary of the major conclusions.....................
................ 3
9
6 1 1 Introduction
...........................
39
6 12 Impact on Sudan
..........................
..... 39
6 1 3 Secondary Impact Zone 6 1 4 Direct impact Zone
40
......................... ~........ „..............       ................................... 41
EIA Append™ C Fina* Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFedeia! Democratic Republic o1 Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project_______________
CIA Report -Vol 5
Page C-3
List of Figures
Figure 1 The Nile River Basin
Figure 2 Repartition of the monthly discharge to the Main Nile
Figure 3 Climate data for Metu, Gore Gambeia. P'bor. Akobo and Malakal
Figure 4 Schematic plan of the Sobat • Baro basn
Figure 5 Discharges in the White Nile and Sobat
Figure 6 Discharge at Baro-2 in Mm3                      ■ •
Figure 7 Monthly discharge at Gambeia and Baro-2
Figure 8 White Nile water requirements and discharges . ................................................................... 24
Figure 9 Baro rrver upstream from Bonga Figure 10 Baro river at Gambeia
............................................................. 25
-............................................................... --26
Figure 11 Maximum discharges at Gambeia between 1967 and 2003
28
Figure 12 Main canal of the Itang irrigation project Figure 13 Diversion weir at Bonga river
...................................................... 33
........ 34
Figure 14 Water requirement and discharges at Gambeia and Baro-2
38
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Nile Basin repartition     ....................................................................... .. ........................ ............ 5
Table 2 Annual discharges m the Nile Basin      ..._ .............................................................................. 11
Table 3 Present and potential irngation areas in the Nile Basin
...........................................12
Table 4 Present and potential irrigation in the Nile basin in Ethiopia ..................................................... 12
Table 5 Discharges in the White Nile and Sobat in Mm3 ..............................................................................17
Table 6 Natural and regulated discharges at Baro-2
Table 7 Comparison of discharges at Gambeia and Baro-2                  20
Table 8 Present and future irngation schemes on the White Nile Table 9 Crop calendar for irrigated agnculture in Sudan ..
Table 10 Total water requirements by project in Mm5
Table 11 Impact of regulation at Baro-2 on flood levels 28
TatHe 12 Regulated discharge and water level change at Gambeia
18
22
22
23
29
Table 13 Targets for small scale irngation development..
31
Table 14 Potential irrigated areas in Baro. Atwero and Gilo river
Table 15 Potential large scale irngation along Baro river
Table 16 percentage of area for the diversified cropping system
Tab* 17 Water requirement for the Baro Right Bank Scheme ............................ Table 18 Total water requirements for the Baro Right Bank Scheme
Table 19 Water requirement and discharges at Gambeia and Baro-2
EIA Appendix C
Final Rwrt
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with ShebeBe Engineenng and WWDSEfederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report Vol 5 Page C-4
1
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BARO RIVER FOR THE
WATER RESOURCES IN THE NILE BASIN
1.1
The Nile River Basin
The Nile River is one of the largest rivers in the world with a length of
about 6850 km Its basin area covers approximately 3 1 million km2
The basin has a soulh-North orientation, originating in the Equatorial
c1
Lake area at 2° N and flowing towards the Mediterranean at 31  N
Figure 1 The Nile River Basin
1 Unless slated otherwise the infor
mation in this chapter is derived from Shihin, 1905 and Said 1993
EIA Appends C Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources
Feasibility Sludy of Bare Multipurpose Dam Project______________________ _____
EIA Report Vol 5
_________ Page C5
The two main sources  of the Nile are the areas  with abundant rainfall in the Equatorial Lake Plateau and the Ethiopian Highlands, where annual rainfall varies  between 1200 - 1400 mm and 1400 - 1/50 mm respectively  Rainfall tn the Equatorial Lake Plateau is  fairly  evenly distributed throughout the year while rainfall over the Ethiopian Highlands  is  concentrated in the period between June and September, when 75% of the annual rainfall occurs  In the Sudanese area the annual rainfall decreases  rapidly  towards  the North, from 1200 mm in the southern Sudan to virtually  zero in the Sudan-Egypt border area In Egypt rainfall remains  low and increases  towards  the Nile delta, with an annual rainfall of 100 mm, towards  150 - 200 mm al the Mediterranean coast (Nicol. 2003) Only  a small part of the rain falling on the watershed is  channeled through lhe nver to its downstream part A large part is  lost through seepage, evapotranspiration and overbank  flows  to the swampy  lands  that fnnge the basin in many  parts  It is  difficult at the present state of knowledge to quantify  the water balance of the total basin of the Nile. Large quantities  of water are lost in both the Bahr el Ghazal and lhe Sobat basins  In addition to those losses, increased agricultural use. in particular in Sudan and Egypt have further reduced lhe flows  in the nver As  a result the discharge is  relatively  low, when compared to other great rivers, such as  the Amazons, lhe Congo or the Zambezi Variations  in rainfall over the years  can cause considerable variations in discharges and lake levels
The    basin    is    shared    by    ten    countries,    indicated    in    Table    1
(Karyabwite 2000)
Table 1 Nile Basin repartition
Country
Cpunlry Area
Country area within lhe Nile basm i
%  of  total  Nile basin area
% of the country 
in th-e Nile Basin
J
(km )
<km’)
Burundi
1 27.835
----------------
13.260
04
47 6
DR Congo
2.345.410
22143
07
09
Egypi
1.001 450
326,751
10 5
32 6
Eritrea
121,320
24 921
08
205
Ethiopia
1.127127
365.117
117
32 4
Kenya
582.650
46.229
15
7.9
Rwanda
26.340
19,876
—-------------------------- 07
75.5
Sudan
2.505.810
1 978 506
636
790
Tanzania
945.090
84.200
27
8.9
Uganda
236.040
231,366
7.4
98.0
Total
8,919.072
. 3,112 369
100,0
349
ElA Appendix C Final Report
The basin can be divided in several distinct regions  These regions ®re’*h® Equa,onal Lake Plateau, the Sar-el-Jeleb and Sudd region the Sobat region, the White Nile, the Blue Nite. Mam Nile in Sudan and the Nile in Egypt from Aswan to the Nile delta The Baro river forms part of the Sobat basin
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EIA Report Voi 5 Page C-6
1.1.1
The Equatorial Lake Plateau
The Equatorial or Lake Plateau in the southern part of the Nile basin is  situated between the two branches  of the Great Rift is  at a level of 1,000 to 2.000 metres  and has  peaks  of 5,100 and 4 300 metres This  plateau contains  Lakes  Victona. George Edward (Mobutu Sese Seko) and Albert The lakes  are connected by  nvers  which fall at an average rate of one meter every  kilometre of length (Karyabwile 2000)
The most important source is  the catchment around the Kagera nver and Lake Victoria This  basin is  mountainous  country, most of it situated between 1.200 and 1,600 metres, but rising to 2500 to 4 500 metres  in the Mufumbiro Range Lake Victoria the largest lake in Africa, is  a depression with a surface of about 69 000 km2 at a level of 1,134 metres  The Upper Victoria Nile is  the only  outlet of Lake Victona The annual discharge from Lake Victoria is  27 2 km3 Since 1952 the Nile has  been leaving Lake Victoria through the turbines  of the Owen Dam, built at the foot of the Owen Falls
The Upper Victoria Nile flows  towards  Lake Kyoga which is  a shallow depression with an area of 6.270 km7 The lake is  filled with swamp vegetation and lhe drainage basin consists  of low hills  and flat valleys  with impeded drainage As  a result the evaporation loss from the basin and lhe lake is  very  high and despite high annual rainfall lhe lake’s  contribution to the Nile flow is  low The Lower Victoria Nile leaves  Lake Kyoga and after passing through a series  of rapids  descends  the Murchison (Kabalega) Falls  and enters  Lake Albert
On the western part of the Equatonal Lake Plateau lhe chain formed by  Lakes  George. Edward and Albert forms  part of the Great Rift Valley  Lake Edward and Lake George are fed by  a number of streams  from the mountain ranges  in Burundi, Rwanda and the Ruwenzon Mountains  tnbutary  The Semliki River connects  Lake Edward to Lake Albert
Lake Albert (Mobutu-Sese Seko) has  a surface area of 5.300 km2 and an elevation of 617 metres  The depth of the water reaches  50 metres  at some places  in the lake The Nile flows  out of Lake Albert at lhe extreme north comer of the lake under the name of the Upper White Nile or Bahr el Jebel The long-term annual flow from Lake Albert is 31 4 km3
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1.1.2
The Bahr el Jeleb and Sudd region
From lhe outlet of Lake Albert down to (he Sudanese-Ugandan border the river meanders  through a narrow flood plain between hilly country. A number of small streams  join the Bahr el Jebel from both sides  After the border the river is  a narrow and fast stream over a distance of about 150 km, but as  the slope of the river decreases  lhe river changes  gradually  to a wide and flat valley  In the reach from the border to Mongalla the Bahr el Jebel receives  a number of small but torrential streams  which run full after heavy  rams  They  carry some flow even in the dry  season At Mongalla lhe annual flow is estimated at 33 2 km1
Downstream of Mongalla the valley  widens  and becomes  more swampy  while the sides  are less  defined Extensive swamps  spread out on either side of the river and continue down to Lake No This region is  known as  the Sudd The nver flows  northwards  between walls  of papyrus  and tall grasses  reaching 4 or 5 m in height. These plants  have their roots  in water and the nver bank  is  partially  formed of masses  of roots  of former vegetation Some 140 km from Bor, the swamps  are wide and the plain is  full of vegetation and lagoons Depending on the flow the size of the Sudd varies  between greatly, as  it is  controlled by  seasonal flooding, but its  mean annual size is estimated at 17000 km’ (Howell & Allen, 1907) Because of the high rate of loss  of water from the Sudd region and the vast area from which this  loss  takes  place, the total loss  in average year amounts  to approximately half of the total flow at Mongalla
At Lake No lhe Bahr el Ghazal joins  the Bahr el Jebel The Bahr el Ghazal comes  from lhe west and its  basin, although with 526000 km2 the largest sub-basin of lhe Nite contributes  only  between 0 3 - 0 6 kmJ annually  to the Nile at Lake No. Most of the flow is  lost in the swamps  on the lower courses  of all the tributaries  of the Bahr el Ghazal and along the Ghazal itself
Lake No itself is  a large shallow lagoon, and the combined streams turns  abruptly  to lhe east, and from here onwards  the river is  named the White Nile Here the swamps  end Al 60 km downstream from Lake No (he Bahr el Zaraf joins  the White Nile Like the Bahr el Jebel the Bahr el Zaraf flows  through the swamps  of the Sudd, winding about and forming lagoons in its bends
The Jonglei Canal was  planned to bypass  the Sudd, thus considerably  reducing the evapotranspiration losses  in the Sudd It should connect the Bahr el Jebel at Bor straight lo the White Nile above Malakal Phase 1 was  planned to make 4 4 km3 water available annually  for downstream use, to be shared equally  between Sudan and Egypt Phase 2, which included additional storage at La*e Albert, was  to make an additional 7 6 km3 available The construction work of the canal for Phase 1 began in 1978, with a total
P,annert 3t 360 km, but after 240 km the works stopped in 1983 after lhe start of ihe civil war in Southern Sudan (Nicol 2003).
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114
The   Sobat   River   joins   the   White   Nile   some   30   km   upstream   from Malakal  The  Sobat  River  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  its  two  mam tributaries  the  Baro  and  the  Pibor  The  Sobat  basin  includes  most  of the  plain  east  of  the  Bahr  el  Jebel  and  Bahr  el  Zaraf  and  parts  of Ethiopian   Highlands   The   total   area   of   the   basin   is   225000   km Rainfall  in  the  basin  vanes  from  about  650  mm  near  the  mouth  of  the Sobat.   to   about   2000   mm   in   the   Ethiopian   Highlands   The   annual flow of the Sobat river is 13 5 km3.
The White Nile
The stretch of the Nile from Lake No down to its  junction with the Blue Nile is  known as  the White Nile This  river has  an extremely  flat slope and is  not joined by  any  large tributaries  till the confluence with the Blue Nile In the upper 120 km from Lake No to the mouth of the Sobat River, there are several swamps, khors  and lagoons  forming an undefined vegetated course through a plain with a width of 1 km at Malakal Annual flow at Malakal is  estimated at 29 5 km3 With an annual flow of 33 2 km3 at Mongalla and the contnbution of the Sobat nver of 13.5 km3, the impact of the loss  in the Sudd becomes  quite clear From Malakal downstream the flow in the river also becomes more influenced by the seasonal rainfall in the Ethiopian Highlands
In  lhe  remaining  800  km.  from  Malakal  to  just  upstream  Khartoum the   channel   of   the   White   Nile   is   almost   free   of   swamps.   North   of Malakal  up  to  its  junction  with  the  Blue  Nile  ,  the  river  flows  in  a  well- defined    channel    or    channels    Upstream    from    the    confluence    the Jebel   Aulia   Dam.   with   a   capacity   of   3   km3,   was   built   in   1937   to provide   seasonal   storage   for   the   irrigated   agnculture   in   Egypt   After the  construction  of  the  Aswan  High  dam  this  was  no  longer  needed The  dam  creates  a  backwater  effect  which  reaches  600  km  upstream and  is  used  solely  for  raising  the  water  level  for  the  pumped  irrigation schemes    along    this    part    of    the    White    Nile    and    for    recession agnculture   and   grazing   by   its   fluctuating   water   levels   (Sutcliffe   & Widgery.  1997)  It  is  estimated  that  the  evaporation  losses  along  lhe
1
White  Nile  are  3.9  km , Jebel Aulia reservoir
The Blue Nile
out  of  which  2  -  2  5  km3   are  losses  from  lhe
1.1 5
The Blue Nile and its  tributaries  all nse on the Ethiopian Highlands that form the eastern part of the basin Much of the highlands  is above 2600 m with peaks  exceeding 4000 meters  The headwaters of the Blue Nile are formed by  the basin of Lake Tana Lake Tana is a broad shallow lake located at an elevation of 1780 m with an area of 3000 km2 (Conway. 1997) Because of its  size in relation to the catchment area and its  large storage capacity  the outflow of the lake peaks  in September, two months  after July, the month of the highest rainfall From then on lhe outflow declines  slowly  into the dry  season The nver leaves  Lake Tane in the southeast, where it reaches  the Tissisat falls  after 30 km Here the over drops  50 m and enters  in a gorge that progressively deepens
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1 1.7
The   plateau   is   hilly,   with   grassy   downs   swamp   valleys,   intersected
by  the  deep  ravines  and  valleys  that  have  been  formed  by  the  Blue Nile   and   its   numerous   tributaries   The   Blue   Nile   itself   flows   in   a canyon  that  reaches  depths  of  1100  -  1500  m  below  the  level  of  the country  on  either  side  II  is  only  after  the  confluence  with  the  Didessa that  the  valley  opens  up  and  the  Blue  Nile  emerges  from  the  plateau The   landscape   surrounding   lhe   river   declines   towards   500   -   1000   m altitude    Shortly    before    crossing    the    frontier,    the    river    enters    the Gezira   plain   through   which   it   flows   to   Khartoum   In   the   Sudanese territory   the   Blue   Nile   receives   little   additional   runoff   apart   from   the Rahad  and  Dindir  river,  which  have  lheir  headwaters  in  lhe  Ethiopian Highlands   north   of   the   Blue   Nile   basin   They   join   lhe   Blue   Nile downstream from Sennar dam
The Blue Nile coniributes most of the water to the Nile Annually its 
share is 60% of the total flow al Khartoum, while in the flood season
between July and October its share is as high as 78% The Blue Nile
is a strongly seasonal river, with 85% of the flow occurring in the
penod between July and October, during the rainfall season in the
Ethiopian Highlands
The Main Nite in Sudan
Al Khartoum lhe Blue Nile joins  the White Nile and the combined waters  flow for 1.885 km to Aswan The nver is  narrow and in places the river cuts  its  way  through the rocky  rapids  where lhe slope is greater and lhe flow more turbulent The rapids  themselves  are
caused  by  bars  of  hard  rock  crossing  the  course  of  the  river  At  320
km downstream of Khartoum the Atbara River enters  the Mam Nile. It is  the last tributary  of lhe Nile and is  a strongly  seasonal river It is 880 km long and the greater part of its  112400 km2 catchment is situated in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Atbara is  strongly  seasonal in its flow and carries  an excessive sediment load in proportion to its  flow volume. The annual sediment load of lhe Albara is  estimated at 14
million   ton   (Williams   &   Adamson.   1902).   The   total   annual   discharge of the Atbara is 10 7 krr?
The Nile in Egypt
The Nile in Egypt is  dominated by  the Aswan High Dam. The first storage work  in the Nile Valley, the old Aswan Dam, was  build in 1902. at the foot of the Aswan Cataract. It was  heightened twice, once in 1912 and the second time in 1934 This  dam, together with the other storage works  on the Blue and White Niles, have changed the Nile from Aswan to the sea from a naturally  flowing river into a partially  regulated one Before the construction of these works  lhe inundation level of the Nile used to pass  through a regular cycle. After the beginning of lhe rainy  season in Ethiopia, the river started rising early  in June and gradually  swelled to its  maximum by  the end of September The country  was  then submerged and presented the appearance of a sea of lurbid water from which the towns  and villages  built on higher ground, rose like islands. For about one month the flood remained nearly  stationary, then subsided more and more rapidly  till, by  December or January, the river returned to its ordinary bed
ElA Appendix c Fira* Report
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EIA Report - Vol 5 PageC-10
11d
With the construction of the Aswan High Dam and its huge reservoir
full regulation has become possible for the downstream area in
Egypt, Lake Nasser extends from Aswan upstream over a length ot
From Cairo to a little south of Luxor the cultivated land is usually 
several kilometers wide but towards Aswan it narrows to about one
kilometer and in places the desert hills are close to the river With the
dam perennial irrigation has become possible
The Nile north of Cairo bifurcates  into the Rosetta and Damietta branches  that encompass  the Nile Delta almost 200 km before discharging into the sea Here barrages  have been constructed to direct irrigation water in the branches  of the delta The old Delta barrages were completed in 1861 and the new ones in 1939
The water resources in the Nite
With the contribution of the Albara and in particular of the Blue Nile the Mam Nile becomes  a strongly  seasonal nver. dominated in the months  July  till October by  the flow from in the Ethiopian Highlands, as  can be seen in Figure 2 The White Nile without the contnbution by  the Sobal river represents  the outflow from the Sudd which shows  little seasonal variation, due to the rainfall distribution in the Equalonal Lake Plateau and the attenuation of the flow by  the equatorial lakes and the Sudd
Figure 2 Repartition of (he monthly discharge to the Mam Nile
L
month
White Nle excUding Sobnt Sobal U Mara River ■ Blue
EIA Appends C Final Report
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Table 2 gives an overview of the annual flows from the different Nile sources'1 Based on these data the contribution to the Main Nile flow is that 18 % comes from the White Nile, 15 % comes from the Sobat fiver. 55 % from the Blue Nile and 12 % from the Albara river.
Table 2 Annual discharges tn the Nile Basin
| Location
Average annual discharges in kmJ
Penod
Lake Victoria exit
27 2
1912-1982
Lake Albert exit
31 4
1912-1982
Mongalla (Whrle Nile)
33.2
1912-1983
Outflow form lhe Sudd
15.9
1912-1983
Sofcat river
13.5
1905-1983
Matakal (While Niie}
29 5
1912 1992
Khartoum (Blue Nite)
433
1900 ’.995
Albara
10.7
1912 1992
( Aswan
B2.9
1912 1990
1.1.9
Irrigation water use in the Nile Basin
The use of irrigation water in the Nile Basin is practically limited to Sudan and Egypt where controlled irrigation has been developed in an extensive way In Egypt Ihis has been the result of a development that goes  back  for numerous  centuries, but which has  increased considerably  in the 20,r’ century  with the construction of the infrastructural works  along the Nile, m particular the Aswan High dam In Sudan irrigation development has started in the beginning of the 20Tl century with the pumped schemes along the Blue Nile and with the development of the Gezua scheme Table 3 shows  the present and potential areas  for irrigation in the Nile Basin The estimates  of lhe potential area for irrigation have been adjusted Io the available amount of water (FAO. 1993)
From Table 3 it is  clear that Egypt and Sudan have realized the largest part of their potential area for irngalion, with 66 and 70 % respectively  As  a consequence Egypl and Sudan use most of lhe waler in lhe Nile Basin as compared to the other nparian countries, using a total of 70 and 27 % respectively  In comparison Ethiopia despite its large potential for irrigation, has realized only 1.4 % of its potential imgated area, using less  than 1 % of the total available water in the Nile Basin,
'   rhe   dn»*re   based   Cfl   Lahe    Vldtlaand   l*k«   AlbertlSad   1993),   Mongolia,   outflow   from   the   Sudd   Ma^al   Altura   and Aswan <Su1d-ffe 4 Widgrnr *597), Sobal and Blue Nile al Khartoum I Sutcliffe A Parks, 1999'.
£ LA Append II C
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Tabla 3 Present and potential irrigation areas in the Nile Basin
irrigated areas                                                                        % of potential realized
Country        In Nile-basin’      In Nile Basin4       Potential      %
-------- -------- ---------------- ■---- Waler used for imgation
(10* n?)             %
Burundi        1^400          50                       0                        80000          01                     0
D R Congo
10500          ao
0
1OO0O       00                       1
Enlrea Ethiopia
! Egypt I Kenya
28124 160785 3245700-
5800 32100
15124              *150000         3.9                    58
23160 2220000 1 4 321
2323200            3070000            4420000       66 1
42690
0.0 00
0.1
0.5 70 2
66600          9800                  6000
iaoooo      54                      231                    04
Rwanda        4000
Sudan 1946200
3300                  2000                   150000        2 2
594                     1 0
-930300
193520G           2750000       70 2                    16663                27 4
Tanzania       150000         141Q0
Uganda        9100            9100
5635409      4927830
10000                30000          47 0                   98
02
9120 202000 4.5
5078604             10192000
120 0.2
60776 100
The irrigation potential tn the Nile basin in Ethiopia has  been estimated at more than 2 2 million hectares  (FAO 1993) The irrigated area in the basin has  been estimated at about 23000 ha in 1989 and at 32100 ha in 2000 Large potential areas  exist within the basin, as  has  been identified in several water resource studies conducted in the Ethiopian part of the Nile Basin
Table 4 Present and potential irrigation in the Nile basin in Ethiopia
Nile sub-basin
Imgation potential (ha)
Irrigated area in 1989 (ha)
Haro-Akobo
905500
350
Slue Nile {Abbey)
1001500
21010
Selit Tekeze/Albara
312700
1000
Total Nile basin
2219700
23160
oh Appelgren, 2000 FAO, 1993
E1A Appendix C Final Report
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1.2 Water resources in the Sobat - Baro river basin
T.2 1                            Climate in the Sobat - Baro fiver basin
Rainfall in the eastern basin of the Nile is  controlled by  the Inlertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the rainbelt to the south of it The ITCZ moves  from south of the equator during January  to 23,i N in July and back, with the rainfall being longest over the Sobat basin and decreasing in length towards  the North. The rainfall season over the Sobat - Baro catchment has  with 5.5 months  the longest duration, compared with a duration of 4 months over the Blue Nile catchment and 3 months  for the Dinder Rahad and Atbara Rainfall and temperature are strongly  affected by  the elevaiion as can be seen from the climatic data in Figure 3.
Rainfall is  highest in the Ethiopian Highlands, with a single rainy season from May  till September when 70 - 75 % of the total annual rainfall falls  Annual rainfall in the Ethiopian highlands  ranges  from 1500 - 2400 mm Further to the west the rainfall decreases  to 1000 - 1400 in the plains in Ethiopia and to 700 - 900 mm in Sudan
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Figure 3 Climate data for Metu, Gore, Gambela, Pibor, Akobo and
Malakal
Mvtu Etfwopta
8 N. 35.3S E. aft 1M0
Gor» Ethiopia
L wapccr ar spinor       RaWar a— T ma* —•— I mn
Canto* la. Ethiopia
B IflN. MME, aft 4M
Pibor, Sudan
i 41 E. 33 MN. BL 410
I 1 E*ao«ran*p*wjor mb Aanfail a 1 ma« • T r-r
AJtonth
E^potranspiraDon MM R aerial -a- - 7 naa —•— T mm
--------- ---------------------------------- _
Aftobe Sudan
7 47N3301EBI 400
Malahal. Sudan
• 33*. 31 ME. a* 141
'(ZZDEvaprtr^npaabon ■^Rainfal a 7 ma* • T rn
l^—1 r vapofra-iapgypon ^M R nntaii a - T m a* -a— T mm
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2
Hydrology in the Sobat - 0aro fiver basin
The Sobat basin has  a diverse topography  Its  two main tributaries, Pibor and Baro river originate in the Ethiopian Highlands  at 2500 m and higher, but descend rapidly  to an altitude of 400 - 500 m. Here they  form a plain that stretches  from the Gambela Plains  in Ethiopia to the plain east of the Bahr el Jebel and Bahr el Zara! The Sobat basin forms  a complex  hydrological system, and is  one of lhe lesser studies  areas  within the Nile Basin The plain area is  characterised by  a large number of rivers, in the western part often of a seasonal nature, interspersed with large swamp areas, created by  overbank spilt from the larger perennial rivers and impeded drainage
With 109000 km' lhe Pibor has  lhe largest catchment of lhe two tributaries. It flows  from soulh to north The Pibor draws  the major part of its  supply  from Ethiopia through lhe Gila. Akobo and Mokwai river. The remainder comes  from the northern slopes  of the Lake Plateau and from the plains to lhe east of the Bahr el Jebel in Sudan. Rainfall on this  part is  low and most water will be lost in the depressions  and swamps  in this  area The average annual flow from the Pinor to the Sobat is  estimated at T .95 km3 (Sutcliffe & Parks, 1999)
The Baro river has a total catchment size of 41400 km  and forms the
s
mam source of the water in the Sobal catchment Most of this water
3
onginates in the 23500 km  catchment of the Upper Baro above
Gam bet a The Upper Baro catchment area is formed by a large
number of streams which flow through deep gorges in their descent
from the Ethiopian Highlands The large differences between the
rainy season between May and September and the dry season
cause the strong seasonality in the Baro and Sobal river flows At
Gambela the annual flow is 11 9 km3
Below Gambela the Baro loses  a significant part of lhe high flows though channel or overbank  spilling into the plains  The spill towards lhe south partly  returns  to the river system further downstream, The spill to the north flows for a considerable part to lhe Machar marshes and does not return to either lhe Sobat or the While Nile The Machar marshes  have an estimated area of 6500 km2. The total annual spill to the Machar marshes  from the Baro river between Gambela and lhe confluence with the Sobat nver is  estimated at 2 8 km1 (Sutcliffe & Parks, 1999)
From the Baro-Pibor junction the Sobat is a winding river of 100 -200 m wide flowing through a grass plain intersected by swampy depressions of temporary streams, known as khors, which run only during and after rainfall, often of a torrential nature. The annual flow at lhe confluence with the White Nile is 13 7 km3
Figure 4 gives a schematic representation of the Sobat - Baro catchment (adapted from Sutcliffe 4 Parks. 1999 and TAMS & ULG 1997).
£LA AppfrfM « C Final Hepofl
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelte Engineering and WWDSEfederal  Democratic  Republic 
Feasibility Study of Baco Multi
of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources 
purpose Dam Proved
Figure 4 Schematic plan of the Sobat - Baro Basin
ElA Report Vol 5
Page C-W_______________________
Dow nmuids Machar Manhct
While N-.lc
29 4 to* j.' faM
♦
MeUi
___________
Sobol
IJ 7 Un1 M fWrtf Hill
__________
I
T Wttl»H
Bern
1
9.5 Im at c cvjflbeni
)
k
l*|tWM
2.0 tor
-<•
I
I
I
I
I
9 3U*' ]
Rirb»r
(J 4m*
Gcha
4 5 kmJ
Aduri bifurcation
Bare
II 9 km' utl Iambi to
(.xmbdx
f S<ii
/ 7Un}
Ram-2 Han>-1
—f-
“*■ — — -
1
1
Mokwt, y
i I <U»i1
lie’ll!
i •* km'
Gilo
/ / b-i*
Al were          r.vcr name
I. J km' annual divihar^r
river vcawnal Ito*
<-------
DI Uw'
ElA Appendix C
F»na’ Report
m Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE
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Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Projed________________
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3
Table 5 and Figure 5 show the monthly discharges in the White Nile at Malakal Sobat at Doleib Hill and Baro at Gambela and at lhe Baro- 2 dam site
Table 5 Discharges in the White Nite and Sobat in Mm3
Figure 4 (above) shows the relative importance of lhe upper part of the Baro catchment and the catchment above the Bare 1 and 2 dam sites  With 23500 km3 approximately  10 % of the total catchment area of the Sobat, the Baro upstream from Gambela provides 87 % of lhe total flow in the Sobat The catchment upslream of the Baro-2 site is 2300 km and provides 18 % of the total annual flow of lhe Sobat
Staton*
Jao
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
Matakai
2446
1735
17Q4
1484
1650
2015
2505
2871
3080
3402
3310
3158
29360 i
Sobat at Doleib
Hill
1020
454
289
251
431
962
1290
1590
1770
H990
1980
1760
13687
Baro at Gambela
233
129
119
137
399
996
1836
2387
2627
1869
804
378
11914
Baro at Baro-2 dam u He
35
2a
47
75
151
282
^419
530
433
294
114
58
2464
Figure 5 Discharges tn the White Nile and Sobat
—♦—Malaki Sofia! *1 Cttec HI Barn al Gambela Bare al Baro-2 darriule
Figure 5 shows the shift and reduction of the monthly peak flow from August at Baro-2 to September al Gambela and to October • November at the Sobat - White Nile confluence This is caused by the attenuating effect of the flood plains and overbank spillage
1 Data Oom Mtirtal and Sstrat alter SjcWte 4 Parn», iss? Gjmdei* and Bxo-2 aftef mwr
EIA Append^ C
final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with She belle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report Vol 5 Page C-18
2                           POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE BARO HYDROPOWER PROJECT
The Baro Hydropower Project is located in the upper catchment of the Baro river It has a catchment area of 2300 kmJ The project has firm power generation as  a primary  objective, complimented by  a regulation function for flood retention and flow regulation for downstream uses  The Project will influence the water resources aspects relevant to downstream users on two issues the loss through evaporation from the reservoir area and the regulation of flow downstream of the Project location
Evaporation  at  both  Baro-1  and  Baro-2  has  been  determined  at  19
Mm  per  annum,  which  is  negligible  compared  to  the  total  annual discharge of 2464 Mm'
For the impact of the project on the discharges  downstream in the Baro river only  the flow at Baro-2 is  relevant Figure 6 shows  the mean monthly  discharges  at Baro-2 in the natural and the regulated situation The figure shows  a reduction of the peak  discharges  in the period between June and October, a minor shift of the peak discharge from August to September and an increased discharge in the period between November and May
Table 6 Natural and regulated discharges at Baro-2
3
discharge at Baro 2 in m /s
discharge at Baro 2 in Mm3
natural
regulated
natural
regulated
Jan
129
58 2
346
1559
Feb
106
58.5
28 3
156.7
Mar
174
59 1
465
158 3
Apr
27 9
62 0
74 8
166 1
May
Jun
564
65 7
151.0
175 9
105 3
70 0
281 9
1874
Jul
156 4
734
4190
1966
Aug
197 8
118.5
529 7
3175
Sep
161 5
123 0
432 5
329 5
Oct
1096
101 5
293 6
271 8
Nov
42 5
63 4
1138
169.7
Dec
21 8
580
58 3
155 4
ElA App<»ndor C Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebeiie Engineering and WWDSEc ederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Haro Multipurpose Dam Project__________________
EIA Report - Vol 5 ___  PageC-19
Figure 6 Discharge af Baro-2 in Mm2
Figure 7 Monthly discharge at Gambela and Baro-2
■“ E*««r» J Him
ova J Ipguwad 5—
1
"iinf nnnRum
—*— ZmialH ~nr-r#j. rrw--v
EEA Appeal* C
Final Rapofl
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV <n Association with Shebeile Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol. 5 Page C-20
The first hydrometric  station downstream with a reliable ration curve is  Gambela The impact of the regulation a Baro-1 and Baro-2 on the downstream flow can be seen in the comparison with the monthly discharges  at Gambela Figure 7 shows  the natural and regulated discharge at Baro-2, compared with the average, maximum and minimum monthly  discharge at Gambela Table 7 gives  the same data and compares  the change in monthly  discharge at Baro-2 with the discharge at Gambela
Table 7 Comparison of discharges at Gambela and Baro-2
The impact of the regulation at Baro-2 has only a small impact on the discharges  at Gambela during the penod of higher discharges between May  and December, when the change in discharge at Baro- 2 remains  less  than the standard deviation Only  dunng the penod of low discharges, from January  till Apnl does  the regulated discharge have a sizeable impact on the discharge at Gambela exceeding the standard deviation with a factor of 1 2 to 2.6. Evidently impact further downstream of Gambela will be further reduced.
EIA Appendix C Fina Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT -LAHMEYERJV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE3
3.1
Fedeol Democratic Republic of Ettnopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
IMPACT IN THE SUDAN
Irrigated agriculture along the White Nile in Sudan
EIA Report Vol 5 _____ Page C-21
The impact on water resources  downstream of the Ethiopian - Sudanese border concerns the irrigated agriculture along the White Nile in Sudan downstream from the confluence of the Soba!
Irrigation along the White Nile downstream of the Sobat is limited to the area on the banks of the White Nile and the Jebel Auha reservoir The dam is located at approximately 760 km downstream from the Sobat confluence and forms a reservoir with a maximum volume of
3
3.5 Mm  and a length of 314 km The dam creates a backwater effect that influences the water level up to 600 km upstream of the dam The Jebel Aulia is operated to supplement the demand at Aswan The reservoir is emptied from February till May The reservoir is filled in two stages in July and August, till the level reaches 376 50. and from September  onwards,  till  the  reservoir  level  reached  377  20  The difference corresponds to approximately 1 Mm  and was meant to act
3
as a safety valve for high floods in the Blue Nile. If these occurred, lhe sluices in the dam were fully opened and part of the Blue Nile flood flowed backwards into the Jebel Aulia reservoir (Shahin, 1985)
All imgation schemes  along the Jebel Aulia reservoir are pumped irrigation schemes There are no gravity irngation systems Pumped irrigation along the west bank of the reservoir started on a small scale before 1930 Most were constructed after the completion of the dam in 1937. Including a number of government schemes to compensate farmers for land inundated by the reservoir During the 1950 s more pnvate schemes were constructed, most of which were nationalised in lhe 1960's  Presently  most schemes  are administrated by  the parastatal Dueim and Kosti/Renk  Agricultural Production Corporations  (APC) Together these schemes  have a total area of 190000 ha. out of which 102000 is cropped. The schemes generally operate on a three course cropping system of cotton, dura/groundnuts  wheat and fallow In addition there are three schemes that grow sugarcane These are. Kenana. Hagar Assalaya and Melut and are located on the east bank  of the White Nile upstream from the Jebel Aulia dam and are run by the Kenana sugar company There combined area is 54800 ha The total annual water requirement for these schemes is approximately 1900 Mm3
The Nile Waters  Study  (Ministry  of Irrigation. Sudan, 1979) has identified two potential irrigation schemes The Jebelem-Renk and the Renk - Gelhak scheme as well as an extension of the Dueim and Kosti/Renk  schemes  Together this  will lead to an increase of the irrigated area with 380000 ha The study  further proposes  an intensification of the cropping pattern through a reduction of the area left for fallow in the existing irngation schemes  The crop intensification and extension would cause the total annual water requirement to rise to 5900 Mm A survey of Landsat imagery from
3
1999 and 2000 indicates that these potential irrigated areas have only been developed to a minor extent An overview of present and potential imgation schemes is given in Table 8
EIA Appends C Fmal Repo*
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFedera' Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Darr Project
FIA Report-Vol 5 Page C22
Table 9 Present and future irrigation schemes on the White Nile.
imgation scheme
Total area
Cropped area
Irngaton scheme
Cropped area
KostVRenk APC
119600
46200
Kosti/Renk APC
119600
Dumm APC
59200
49000
Dueim APC
59200
Private pump schemes
11200
6700
Private pump schemes
11200
Kosti/Renk and Dueim extension
114000
Dueim west bank extension
24000
—------------------
KostVRenk west bank extension
426001
Renk/Gelhak
120000
Jebelein Renk
80000
Metut
11200
Melut
11200
Kenana
32400
Kenana
32400
Hagar Asalaya
11200
Hagar Asalaya
11200
| T otat
244000
101900
625400
3.2
Crop calendar and water requirements
A general cropping calendar is given in the Nile Waters Study Table 9 Crop calendar for irrigated agriculture in Sudan
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec I
Cotton
Groundnuts
Wheal
Sorghum
Sugar cane yearl
Sugar cane year2
Sugar cane ratoon
E1A Appendnr C F rat Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineenng and WWDSEFederal Democratic Rep-uMc ol EtnicpLa - Minrstry ot Waler Resources I easibility Study af Baro Multipurpose Dam Project__________ _
EIA Report - Vol 5 _      _ Page C-23
Wheat is planted in November at the beginning of winter and after the summer crops  (sorghum and groundnuts) are harvested Cotton is  a long duration summer crop with a production cycle that overlaps  with wheat in winter Cotton, sorghum and groundnuts  are sown at the early  period of the growing season (June - August) Sugar cane is planted in July and is kepi on the field till harvest in November of the following year It is  then followed by  one or two ratoons  with the second ratoon half the area of the first ratoon (Ministry  of Irrigation, Sudan, 1979) Based on the crop calendar and the crop water requirements  as  given in the Nile Waters  Study  the total crop water requirements are summarised in Table 10.
Tabte 10 Total water requirements by project tn Mm1
3-3
Impact of the Baro Hydropower Project
Figure  8  compares  the  water  requirements  along  the  White  Nile  with the discharges al Malakal and Baro-2.
ELA Appe’YJ'i C
Final Hepod
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWOSEFederal Democratic Republic ol Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report Vol 5 Page G-24
Figure 8 White Nile water requirements and discharges *»
Water demands  along the White Nile are considerable, especially  if the existing potential is  developed Yet even with the potential fully developed the demand can be met from the existing discharge in the White Nile
As  noticed above the change in the discharge at Baro-2 is  relevant predominantly  in the penod between January  and April If noticeable at al this  is  the period when the Baro-2 regulated discharge could have a positive impact This  period coincides  with the period of low water requirements  in the irngated areas  along the White Nile As such the impact of the Baro Project will be negligible on the operation and further development of these schemes. Water availability  for these schemes  will depend mainly  on the water level in the White Nile, in relation to the lift of the pumps  Hence water availability  will mostly depend on the operation of the Jebel Aulia dam
EIA Append!* C Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFede<al Democratic Republic ol Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Barg Multipurpose Dam Projed_______________
EIA Report Vot 5
_______________ Page 025
4                           SECONDARY IMPACT ZONE
4,1
Introduction
The general flow direction of rivers in the Baro catchment is from east to west, originating in the Ethiopian high lands  and descending to the Gambela plain The high mountain ranges  in the east form the major surface water catchments  for the nvers  in the Secondary  Impact Zone (SIZ) project area All rivers  in the Baro-Akobo basin such as  the Baro. Alwero, Gilo and Akobo rivers  originate in the eastern highlands at elevation of 1150 to 3000 mas  I The Baro Hydropower Project is located in the gorges  m the upper catchment Further to lhe west, the Bare is  joined by  its  major tnbutary, the Birbir river From thereon the Baro flows  through broader and shallower valleys, till it reaches  the Gambela pfain, at approximately  500 m as  I From Gambela and further downstream the Gambella plain inclines  gently  westwards from around 440 to 440 m a s.l. at the border with Sudan. The Gambela plain is  the prone to inundation and water logging during the wet season of June to September. In the plain the over becomes  a broad meandering stream with low gradients  Along its  course the river is  joined by  a number of small rivers  These small rivers generally dry out during the dry season
Figure 9 Bare river upstream from Bong#
EIA Appendix C Final Report
m Association with Shekel le Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page C-26
In the Gambela plain the settlement pattern and land use are strongly related to the river system The settlements  are concentrated along the banks  of the major rivers  There is  a marked difference between the land use practices  between the different ethnical groups  in the region In general farmers  usually  grow two crops  in a year, the first dunng the mam season (from mid Apnl to August) and the second through recession type farming when the floods  recede from October to February  There exists  food deficit from April to July  when most staple crops  are at vegetative stages  Crop failure or poor harvest is prevalent mostly  due to erratic  rainfall in June Flood and water logging problems also cause significant crop losses
The Anuak  cultivate the banks  and levees  of the mam rivers  and practice rainfed and flood recession agnculture The main crops  are sorghum maize and millet supplemented by  a large variety  of vegetable such as  yams, beans  pumpkins, oil crops  and fruit crops such as  mango, banana and papaya The first maize and bean crops are grown after the floods on the wetter soils where there is residual moisture The second crop is  grown during the rainy  season on the high and better-drained levees  Fishing is  an important source of food Hunting on the plain and forest edge is  earned out in the dry season (TAMS-ULG. 1997, GPRS. 2003)
Figure 10 Baro river at Gambela
EIA Append™ C F/naf Repod
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT -LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WVVDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Protect        _______
EIA Report - Vol 5 ____ Page C-27
4.2 42f
The Nuer are agropastoralists and inhabit the wide treeless grassy and seasonally flooded plains of Jikawo. Akobo and Itang weredas The Nuer move with their herds following the nse and fall of the flooding of the mam rivers  In the rainy  season from June to November lhe river overflows the banks and floods wide expanses of the plain Dunng this time the Nuer live in their permanent village on lhe upland areas and graze their livestock on these upland plains Here they also practice ramfed farming, with maize and sorghum being the main crops In November the Nuer move toward the main riverbanks of Baro and Gilo river following the recession of the floods for grazing areas  for their cattle From December to May  they established temporary settlements as the herds are moved around to take advantage of lhe pastures  along the rivers  In the temporary settlements  recession agnculture is  practised As  the river nse in May-June the herds are moved back to the permanent village on the uplands areas. (TAMS-ULG. 1997 GPRS 2003)
On the southern bank of the Baro river the Gambela National Park is located The park  has  neither demarcated nor legally  established boundaries The park is situated within Baro and Gilo nvers, with its northern and southern boundaries running along the major channels of the two rivers. The importance of the park came to the attention of the government in the early  1960s  when the first national wildlife survey was conducted The survey has revealed that the region is endowed with a vanety of wild animals The area was established as Gambela National Park  in 1973 The park  was  set-aside as  a protected area by having attained the basic guidelines for category II of lhe IUCN categones of conservation area management With this category, a national park  is  a protected area managed mainly  for ecosystem protection and recreation The Gambela plain and National Park  consists  of extensive areas  of swamp habitats, grassland and savanna woodlands  that support large numbers  of birds and mamals, such as the White-eared kob (Kobus kob), Nile Lechwe (Kobus  megaceros). Nile Buffalo (Syncerus  catter). Elephants  (Loxodonta afncana). and Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus) (GPRS. 2004)
Flood issues
Floods downstream of Gambela
The Gambela Region experiences  2-4 months  of flooding between the months of June and November, covering about 3500 km2 This area increases to 9700 km' during lhe 1 50 year flood Periodically damages occur in Gambela town and other villages along the nver side At Gambela the peak of lhe flood usually occurs in the second half of August and September but may be as early as July or as late as the end of October
E'A Appendix C F/’il Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebeile Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
FIA Report-Vol 5 Page C-28
Flooding of the Gambela plain occurs due to the overflow of the river
bank and the excess of rainfall and poor drainage At Gambe a an
further downstream the river bankfull capacity is too sma o
accommodate the high discharges This is further increased y e
backwater effect from the Pibor and Sobat river The riverban s wi
overflow and inundate the area The high waler level in the Baro nver
will create a backwater effect in its smaller tributanes, impeding the drainage within the flood plain
The nver bankfull capacity  is  estimated at 880 m3/s  (TAMS-ULG, 1997), far below the discharges  dunng the flood period which range between 900 and 1600 Mm , as can be seen in Figure 11
3
Figure 11 Maximum discharges at Gambela between 1967 and 2003
'BOO —
500 -----------
•
“1|—                     ——
1965            1970           1975            •9B0            1905           1990            •995            2000           2005
J
Both master plan studies  of the Gambela region (Selkhozpromexport, 1990. TAMS-ULG. 1997) have indicated flood frequencies  Table 11 gives  the discharges  for the different frequencies  and gives  the effect of the reduced discharge through regulation at Baro-2. The impact is calculated by  reducing the flood discharges  with the maximum change in discharge at Baro-2, as  given in Table 6 With the reduced discharge the change in water level is calculated
Table 111mpact of regulation at Baro-2 on flood levels
frequency
discharge
waler level
change in discharge
discharge
waler level
water level
year
m^/s
m
m’/s
m3/$
m
m
2
1260
550
80
1180
527
^23
10
1520
6 22
80
'1440
600
0 22
100
1770
687
80
1690
6.66
0 20
500
1920
7 24
80
1840
'7 04
—■■
0 20
EiA Appendix C Fmal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democrats; Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources
feasibility Study of Bare Multipurpose Dam Project________________
El A Recon - Vol 5 PageC29
422
From it appears that the water level al Gambela will be reduced with approximately 0.2 m However, two issues have to be considered In this  calculation no account has  been taken for the effect of the attenuation of the peak  discharge between Baro-2 and Gambela Secondly, both previous  studies  (Selkhozpromexport, 1990. TAMS- LILG. 1997) reported the unreliability of the rating cuive at Gambela during floods, when small variations  in waler level lead to large variations  rn discharge The difficulties  of making discharge observations during high floods, when part of the flow occurs outside the river bed makes the data unreliable The 0 2m reduction in water level should therefor be taken as  the upper limit of the possible impact of regulation at Baro-2 Most probably  flood peaks  will be slightly reduced, but there will be no recognisable effect during high floods further downstream
Low flows afld nav/gab rWy af Gambela
Within the Gambella plain navigable rivers are only Baro, Akobo and Pibor rivers. The Baro River began to serve for transportation in 1907 The town of Gambela was  the first river port in the country Riverboats  were sailed from Gambela to Khartoum in Sudan Since 1964 goods  have been carried through the route Gambela-Jikawo- Akobo Under the existing conditions  the rivers  in the plain are navigabte only  for four rainy  months  (July  through October) All the year round navigation is possible only if the Baro River flood flow is regulated upstream of Gambela town. (GPRS, 2003)
In order to judge whether the regulated flow at Baro 2 will have lead to an increased navigability average monthly water levels at Gambela are compared for the situation with and without regulation. The change in walerlevel has  been approximated through the following procedure The average waterlevels  are converted into discharges with the rating curve at Gambela The change in discharge as a result of the regulation is added to the discharge al Gambela for that month and converted in a new waterlevel. The rating curve has  been calculated as q = 92.598 ’ h 531; based on the water levels and daily discharge for 1997 - 2003, provided by  the Ministry  of Waler Resources  The results  are shown in Table 12 The walerfevels  are given m gauge readings
Table 12 Regulated discharge and water level change at Gambela
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
average walelevcl (m)
095
074
067
0 72
1 28
243
356
4 33
4 76
3 62
2.01
1.24
standard deviation (mJ
0 16
0 16
0.15
0.21
044
0.57
0 57
0 57
0 52
i 0 85
054
0.27
discharge
B6
58
50
56
136
360
647
873
1008
665
271
129
discharge a1 Baro-2 (m'/s)
13
11
17
28
56
105
156
198
161
110
43
22
mgutated discharge al Baro 2 (n?/s)
58
59
59
62
66
70
73
119
123
102
63
58
change
45
46
42
34
9
-35
-83
*79
-38
-8
21
36
discharge al Gambela
3
(m /s)
131
106
91
91
145
324
564
794
970
657
292
166
resulting waterlever (m)
1 26
1 09
0 99
0 99
1.34
2.27
3 26
4.07
464
3 60
2.11
1 46
EIA Append.* C Fmai Rep^
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelte Engineering ana WWDSEElA Report - Vol. 5
Page_C-30
•
Federal Democratic Republic of E1h»Dp«a - Ministry of Waler Resources
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project_____________
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Ju*
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
change in water level (m)
0 30
0 36
0 33
026
006
0 16
031
-0 26
-0 12
Ho 03]
0 10
0.22
4.3
431
4 32
ElA Appendix C Hnal Recxxt
The river is currently navigable between July and October, when the
water levels exceed 3 m These levels will not be achieved in I e
period between November and June by the regulated flow at Baro-2
With the 0 2 - 0.3 increase the se levels remain at 1 0-2.2 m
Therefor it seems safe to conclude, despite the fact that this is an approximation, limited by the available data, that the Baro
Hydropower Project will have no impact on navigability of the Baro
river downstream from Gambela
Irrigation
Introduction
The Baro reservoir will imply  increased flow in the low flow season and would be expected to improve supply  of drinking water and irrigation water for the downstream population
Irrigation development in Ethiopia
Informal   irrigation   has   a   history   of   several   centunes   in   Ethiopia Farmers  have  traditionally  used  water  from  springs  and  rivers  for irrigation  The  intake  structures  are  simple  constructions  of  stones and   wood   and   have   a   temporary   character,   as   they   are   often destroyed  by  floods  Modern  and  large  scale  irngation  started  in  the 1960s with the construction of irrigation schemes in the Awash valley mainly  for  the  production  of  sugar,  fruit  and  cotton  The  total  irrigated area  in  Ethiopia  has  been  estimated  at  190000  ha  (FAO.  1997,  FAO AQUASTAT)
In Ethiopia irngation schemes  are classified according to their size. Previously  a distinction was made between small scale projects up to 200 ha. medium scale projects  up to 3000 ha. and large scale projects  of over 3000 ha In recent years  the Ministry  of water resources  has  adopted a modified subdivision in four categories (FORE, 2002)
•     Small-scale traditional schemes smallholder farmer built and managed projects, with technical and material support by the Government, ranging from 50 to 100 ha in size, mainly used for subsistence and small scale market production of cereals (predominantly maize), pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane and
vegetables such as onion, tomato, pepper and cabbage In 1992
a total of 1300 of these schemes existed, covering an estimated 60000 ha.
•     Modem communal schemes ranging from 20 to 200 ha. which
were build after the 1973 drought by the Government with farmer participation There are 288 of these schemes with atotal acreage
of approximately 30000 ha
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebeile Engineering and WWDSEp ederal Democratic Republic of tlh»op»a Ministry ol Wafer Resources
-Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project____ _________
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page C-31
433
•     Medium-scale (45000 ha) schemes between 200 and 3 000 ha,
often pnvate or government schemes for commercial production
of coffee, sugar or cotton
•     Large-scale (81000 ha): centrally managed state farms covering
3000 ha or more for commercial production mainly sugar and
cotton
Construction and development of small scale irrigation schemes rests with the Regional Authorities  predominantly  in the regions  of Amhara. the Southern Nations  Nationalities  and Peoples  Region (SNNPR). Oromia and Tigray The development of medium and large scale imgation schemes is the responsibility of the Ministry of Water Resources  At present most of these schemes  are found in the Awash basin
It is difficult to assess the area actually irrigated in Ethiopia Not all constructed schemes  are fully  operational For the small scale schemes  under the regional authonties no central inventory exists, while the regional inventones are not always up to date
The total imgation potential of Ethiopia is estimated to be between 1 8 and 3.7 million ha The potential for medium- and large-scale irrigation projects was  identified as  3.3 million ha Separate studies have indicated a potential for small-scale imgation of between 165000 and 400000 ha. although it is  probable that there was  a degree of double-counting A recent study  gives  the total irrigation potential on a river basin basis, with a total of 3637000 ha
The Irrigation Development Program
In 2002 the Ministry  of Waler Resources  has  adopted the Water Sector Development Programme is  the planning instrument for imgation and hydropower development It includes  an ambitious target for irrigation development (FDRE. 2002). which has  been based on the results of a number of master plan studies, including the Abay  Master Plan Study. The aim of the Irrigation Development Program (IDP) is Io increase the irngated area with 274000 ha in the period between 2002 and 2016
Small scale irrigation development
Out of these projects the highest pnority is given to the small-scale irrigation development These projects  are implemented through the regional programs The major part of over 80% of the total area is located in the four regions  of Amhara, the Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Oromia and Tigray The targets for Oromia and Gambela are given in Table 13.
Table 13 Targets for smalt scale irrigation development
Region
Number of schemes
Area
% of total area
Oromia
376
30572
24 0
Gambeta
15
1500
12
EIA AppenanC
Final Rtporf
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in Association with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study ol Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page C-32
4 3.4
Medium and large scale irrigation development
The project selection for large and medium schemes  has  been based on an inventory  of 98 projects  studied at pre-feasibility  and feasibility level in master plans  From these projects  a shortlist of 36 projects has been selected using the following prionty cntena
•       all  previously  suspended  irrigation  schemes  (Omo-Ratti  Alwero- Abobo. Gode)
•     all Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) schemes
•     all schemes with a benefil/cost ratio greater than 1. an internal
rate of return greater than 10% or an investment cost of USS
9500 or less per hectare
•      all  multipurpose  projects  in  the  Hydropower  Development
Program
Out of the 36 schemes  a selection has  been made giving priority  to the implementation of the three suspended schemes, 12 schemes under the NBI and 7 other schemes  as  well as  the study  of two multipurpose schemes  Most of these projects  are located in the Abay basin In the Baro-Akobo basin the Baro Right Bank  project has  been indicated for further study, planned for 2012 and 2013.
Existing small scale irrigation schemes in the Secondary Impact Zone
Itanq Irnqation Project
The Hang Irngation project is  located some 30 km west of Gambela on the right bank north of the Baro River at an elevation of 415 - 430 m above sea level The project area is  located in the Itang and Jikawo Weredas The scheme was constructed in 1993
The project area is  a flat open plain Most of the area is  covered by open woodland and grass  land, including mostly  bushes  and shrubs The area is  located close to the nver at short distance west from Hang town The projects’ command area is  about 75 ha large Water is  pumped from Baro River through three pumps  and is distributed to the field by  gravity  through a distribution system of mam and secondary  canals  According to the prefeasability  study  the cropping pattern for the project included cereals, pulses, oil crops  vegetables cotton, sugar cane and fodder
EiA Appendix C
F»nai Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV «n Association with Shebeile Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic ol Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study ol Barn Multipurpose Dam Project^
ELA Report - Vol. 5 Page €?33
f/gtrre 12 Main canat of the ttang irrigation project
Currently  the project is  not in use The reasons  for this  are the defects  at the pumping station and the apparent tack  o( interest by the people in the area in irrigation The main defect at the time of visit was  lhe state of disrepair of the pumping station, where none of the pumps  was  in working order The canals  and distribution structures were in a good condition, albert overgrown with weeds  and shrubs The scheme had apparently  never been used, as  after construction no succes  was  achieved in introducing the potential beneficiaries  to the use of irrigated crop production
Bong a Irrigation Project
The Bonga irrigation project is  located some 35 km east of Gambela
□n  the  left  bank  of  the  Baro  River  m  Gambela  woreda  The  project was   constructed   in   1993   The   project   area   is   about   100   ha   The project  area  is  a  flat  plain  Its  average  slope  is  0  5’2%  and  most  of lhe  area  is  covered  by  open  wood  land,  grass  land,  including  mostly bushes and shrubs
EIA Appeal’ c
F.nal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic ol Ethiopia - Ministry ol Water Resources Feasibility Study ol Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
ElA Report - Vol. 5
Page C-34
The Bonga irrigation project takes  waler from the Bonga river ya diversion weir The Bonga river has  a small catchment and ows north towards the Baro The mam canal of approximately 7 km takes the water to the command area The command area is  located between the main road and the Baro nver Here the mam canal crosses  the road through an inverted siphon and delivers  it to a system of main and secondary canals The diversion weir is in good order with the exception of the gate used for diverting water to the main canal and the first meters of the mam canal The gale has been opened Water flows through the gate back to the river and is mainly used for catching small fish The canals  and distribution structures are in good order, as are the structures in the main canal for crossing gullies Most are overgrown with weeds and small shrubs
Figure 13 Diversion wetr at Bonga nver
At present there is no irrigated crops production nor. it seems, has this ever been the case in the past Due to the damage at the inlet gate the scheme cannot be used There has  been no adequate introduction of the intended beneficiaries to the use of irrigation for crop production and no sense of ownership of the system has developed In the case of Bonga this  seems  to have been complicated by the presence of the nearby refugee camp, which has locally led to disputes over land use
Both   irrigation  projects   have   been  taken  up  by  the  Regional Department of Water Resources as pilot projects, with the objective of introducing the beneficiaries to the possibilities of irrigated agriculture Neither ot the two projects will be influenced by the Baro Hydropower Project The Itang project is small, with water requirements that can be  met  from  Baro  nver  without  any  limitation  The  Bonga  project derives water from Bonga nver and is located out of reach of the floods in the Baro nver
ElA Appendix C
Fiml Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia — Ministry of Water Resources Feasibl ty Study of Bare Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Repcwt - Vol. 5 Page C-35
435
Potential for medium and large scale irrigation in the Secondary
Impact Zone
The Gambela plain area offers  a large potential for the development of irrigation, mostly  above the seasonal flooded area, between elevations  425 and 550 m above sea level The study  of Selkhozpromexport (1990) reported that the gross  irrigation potential of the Gambela Plain is  about 600,000 hectares  and the net irrigable area that can ultimately be developed is about 480,000 hectares
The Integrated Development Master Plan Study  of lhe whole Baro Akobo River Basin was  undertaken by  TAMS-ULG in 1997 The scope of task  encompassed all development sectors  including irrigation The study  reviews  and summarises  the previous  studies undertaken in the region The study  reviews  18 smaller schemes  with a total irrigated area of 27000 ha, ranging from 17 to 6000 ha Within the Baro catchment only  lhe Bonga irrigation scheme is  considered This  is  a scheme of 2000 ha on both banks  of the Baro river, using pumps  to provide irrigation water from lhe river The project is  not taken up for further study as it will be flooded by the proposed dam al Gambela.
Large   potential   irrigation   schemes   are   reviewed   and   lead   to   the potential imgated areas as given in Table 14
Table 14 Potential imgated areas in Baro. Afwero and Gi/o river
Rwer
gros& potential irrigated area
net poienlial imgated area
Baro river
326566
249623
Al were nver
48265
36923
Gilo over
256178
195976
Total
631009
462722
For the Baro river the study identifies a number of different projects gives an overview of these projects, in conjunction with multi-purpose reservoirs
Table 15 Pofenfra/ large scale irrigation along Baro river
location
type of intake
irrigable area
gross
ha
1
right bank, Hang
gravity From Hang dam
66561
2
right bank, Hang
pumping from river or Hang dam
41267
2A
right bank. Hang
2 plus relifl station and addiltonal canal
57495
3
right bank. Gambela
gravity from Gambela dam
17338
3A
right bank. Gambela
3 with low relift station and additiunal canal
41016
36
right bank, Gambela
3A with high rel h stations plus additional canals
67740
4
right bank, Gambela    1 3 with river pumping instead of Gambela dam
17338
EIA Appendix C
Final Repod
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHM6YER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
ElA Report Vol 5
Page C-36
4A
right bank, Gambela
3A with river pumping instead of Gambela dam
41016
4B
right bank Gambela
3B with river pumping instead of Gambela dam
^67740
5
left bank, Itang
gravity from Hang dam
61900
6
left bank. Itang
pumping from river or Itang dam
15832
7
left bank Gambela
gravity from Gambela dam
5701B
8
left bank Gambela
7 with river pumping instead of Gambela dam
57018
Based on a cost ranking the Baro Right Bank project at Rang Dam, under gravity irrigation has been selected for pre-feasibility study
For this  project a calculation of the water requirements  The crop consist of sugar cane and a diversified group of crops, shown in Table 16 It is assumed that 21000 ha will be under sugar cane and 32150 ha is under the diversified cropping pattern
Table 16 percentage of area for the diversified cropping system
wet season
dry season
cotton
25
15
maize
40
15
sorghum
19
10
soya beans
10
10
vegetables
1
1
green manure (fodder)
5
0
groundnuts
0
15
total
*00
66
The combined cropping pattern of the diversified rotation and sugar cane leads  to the water requirements  given in Table 17 For the diversified rotation an irrigation efficiency  of 50 % is  assumed For sugar cane an irrigation efficiency of 60 % is used
Table 17 Water requirement for the Baro Right Bank Scheme
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
ETo
136
140
176
161
130
113
107
113
116
124
120
125
Eff rainfall
0
0
8
25
100
118
145
166
110
55
15
0
wet season
cotion
25
43
88
45
13
maize
40
100
128
40
12
sorghum
17
49
19
13
8
2
soy beans
5
15
20
15
vegetables
0
1
2
1
green manure (fodder)
5
9
11
7
total
93
216
267
121
33
2
ElA Appendix C
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Final Rcpo't
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEfederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources 
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Oam Project
ElA Report - Vol. 5
Page C-37
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun | Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
dry season
cotton
30
8
17
28
58
maize
46
20
8
17
41
sorghum
8
10
22
18
groundnuts
25
18
13
7
23
vegetables
1
1
0
1
1
soy bean
17
9
2
6
17
22
126
56
24
32
90
163
subtotal
126
56
24
0
93
216
267
121
33
34
90
163
net irrigation
126
56
16
0
0
98
122
0
0
0
75
163
gross irrigation
251
111
31
0
0
196
244
0
0
0
151
326
2512
1114
314
0
0
1960
2440
0
0
0
1506
3260
suger cane
120
120
110
110
100
100
100
100
110
120
130
140
net irrigation
120
120
102
85
0
□
0
0
0
65
115
140
gross imgalion
200
200
170
142
0
0
0
0
0
108
192
233
mJ/ha
2000
2000
1700
1417
0
0
0
0
0
1083
1917
2333
J
Table 18 gives the total water requirements tn Mm  for the Baro Right Bank scheme
Table 18 Total water requirements for the Baro Right Bank Scheme
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
diversified rotation
808
35 8
10 1
00
00
63 0
78 4
00
0.0
00
484
104 8
sugar cane
42 0
42 0
357     298
00
00
00
00
0.0
22 8
40 3
49 0
total
1228
778
45 8
29 8
00
63.0
78 4
0.0
00
22 8
88 7
153 8
Water requirements at the Baro Right Bank Scheme are lower than minimum monthly discharges that may occur in the Baro river. The scheme is  proposed in combination with the multipurpose dam at Itang Although the dam will retain an adequate supply  of water regulated flow at Baro-2 will have a positive impact on possible shortages during the dry season and contnbute to a more effective operation of the Hang reservoir.
ElA Appends C
F<ial Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Oam Project
FlA Report - Vol 5 Page C-38
Table 19 Water requirement and discharges at Gambela and Baro-2
Jan
Feb   jMar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov    Dec
Discharge al Gambela
Average
233
129
119
137
399
996
1836
2387
2627
1B69
804
370
Maximum
417
240
209
328
945
1737
2475
3205
3381
2955
1785
6191
Minimum
131
22
11
5
Waler requirement
122.8
778
45 8
29 8
93
00
215
831
1638
2075
782
197
35
63 0
78 4
00
0.0
22 8
88 7
1538
Discharge a! Baro-2
Baro-2 natural flow
35
28
47
75
151
282
419
530
433
294
114
58
Baro 2 reguialed flow
156
121
157
158
166
176
187
197
317
329
272
170
155
Change
128
112
91
25
95
222
-212
103
22
56
97
c
Figure 14 Water requirement and discharges at Gambela and Baro-2
t
5
THE DIRECT IMPACT ZONE
511
Smal1 scale irrigation systems tn the Direct Impact Zone
For   identification   of   existing   and   potential   small   scale   irrigation schemes  that  might  be  impacted  in  the  Direct  Impact  Zone  by  the Baro   Hydropower   Project   consultations   have   been   made   to   the Irrigation  Departmenl  of  the  Ministry  of  Water  Resources,  and  the Water Resources Department of the Oromia Regional Government
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering ana WWDSE
T
EIA Appendix C
Final ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Elhlopia Ministry ol Water Resources Feasi bi lily Study ol Ba ro M u111p urpose Dam Project______ _______
ElA Report Vol. 5 Page C 39
5 1.2
Together with the staff of the Orimia Regional Bureau 76 small scale
irrigation  schemes,  constructed  by  the  Regional  Bureau  since  1999
were identified in the Regional State and located on the maps, Out of these 76 three were located in the Baro catchment These are Borto and Bondo schemes, located near Dombi Dolo and Goji, located dose to Bure None of these schemes is situated in the vicinity of the Baro Project ilself
During the social survey  and during the field work  for the land use survey  no existing or potential irrigation areas  have been identified A survey  of the satellite imagery  has  not indicated the presence of irrigation areas in the vicinity of the project area
Impact of the Baro Hydropower Project on the Direct impact Zone
As  has  been seen above in, no small scale irrigation schemes  have been identified in the proposed reservoir area and no negative impact is expected from the Baro Hydropower Project
6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1
Summary of the major conclusions
6f1
Introduction
Given the fact that the 0aro-1 and Baro-2 dams only form a small part
of the total catchment of the Baro-Sobat catchment area the impact of
the  regulation  by  the  Baro  Hydropower  Project  is  limited  Impact  on
downstream  discharge,  in  particular  below  the  confluence  with  Birbir
nver  and  further  downstream  toward  the  Gambela  plain  and  beyond,
is  limited  to the period of low discharges between January and April
Discharges dunng the period of higher discharges, May till December
are  reduced  by  the  Baro  Hydropower  project,  but  the  reduction  is 
small
compared
to
the  vanation
in  discharges 
at
Gambela  over
the
years
6.1.2
Impact on Sudan
Water requirements from irrigation along the Whrte Nile in Sudan are
considerable,  but  can  be  met  adequately  from  the  present  discharge
in the White Nile An impact from the Baro Project, if noticeable at all.
will be limited to the low flow season between January and May This 
is  also  the  time  when  water  demands,  both  current  and  existing,
along  the  White  Nile  are  low  Hence  there  will  be  no  impact  of  lhe
Baro Project on the irrigated agriculture along the White Nile
ElA Appendix C
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Fin*' rtegort
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam pro]ecl
Secondary /mpacf Zone Floods
EIA Report -Vol 5 Page C 40
6 1.3
EIA Aopendci C
Final Report
Comparison of the peak  discharges  at Gambela with effect of regulation shows  that regulation may  lead to a 0.2 m reduction in water level Considering the limitations  of the available data this should be taken as the upper limit of the possible impact of regulation at Baro-2 Most probably  flood peaks  will be slightly  reduced, but there will be no recognisable effect during high floods  further downstream Hence, there will be no or only  very  limited impact on the flood risk  There will also be no adverse impact on recession agriculture and wetland development in the Gambela flood plain
Navigation
Regulation of the flow at Baro-2 will result in an increase of the water level at Gambela of approximately  0 2 - 0 3 m during the penod between December and Apnl However, the resulting water levels remain far below the levels of 3 2 - 4.6 m reached between July and October, when the Baro is  navigable Therefor it can be concluded that the Baro Hydropower Project has no decidedly positive impact on the navigability of the Baro River
Small scale irrigation
There are two small scale irngation systems in the SIZ Bonga and Itang irrigation scheme. The scheme at Bonga derives  waler from Bonga river a small tributary of Baro river and is not influenced by any  changes  in discharges  in the Baro river The scheme at Itang pumps  water from the Baro river Its  water requirements  are very small, compared to the discharge in the Baro nver, even during low flows It will not be affected by changes in the discharge in the river
The Bonga scheme is out of reach of high floods in the Baro over, but the Itang scheme may  be affected by  high floods  The impact of theBaro Hydropower Project on floods is described above
Medium and large scale irngation
Previous studies have indicated an irrigation potential of 630.000 ha in the Gambela plain, with ha along the Baro nver Most of the proposed schemes  consist of multipurpose dams  and irrigation development The TAMS-UGL study  identified the Baro Right Bank Scheme and the Itang dam as the economically most viable project The cropping pattern for the irngation scheme consist of 21000 ha of sugar cane and 32150 ha under a diversified cropping pattern of cotton maize, sorghum, soy  beans, green manure, groundnut and vegetables
The regulation al Baro-2 has a positive impact the development of the Itang dam and Baro Right Bank Irngation Scheme, as it will reduce the risk  of water shortage during the dry  season and improve the operation of the multipurpose reservoir
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelie Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of ElNop a - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of B.iro Multipurpose Darr pro/e<1
FIA Report Vol 5 Page 041
6 1.4                            Direct Impact Zone
No small scale irrigation schemes  have been constructed or are planned in or near the reservoir area, hence there will be no negative impact on small scale irngation development
ElA Appendix C
Fra< Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democracc Republic cf Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources
Feasibility Study Df Baro Mull purpose Dam Project
APPENDIX
D BOTANICAL REPORT
_
El A Report • Vcl 5 Page D-1
FIA Appendix D
Fin s*l Rapod
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Bare Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page D 2
Summary
The pro/eef area faIla In the been of mo/st evergreen re/nforesti of Ethiopia. This study describes the vegetation and flora of the project sites. I c Baro 1 and 2, and Gonji reservoir Baro 1 is characterized by four different plant communities, one of which (Syzygium guineese - Schefflers abyssinica community) forms the nverine rrgrtition The remaining three comprises the forest vegetation of Baro 1. The riverine vegetation ts rrdl developed, encompasses specialized niches (microhabltats) and houses rare moist-loving orchid species. These species are locally rare and could be easily lost with the rising water level
The forest vegetabon at Baro 1 is composed of national priority species wh«ch are usually represented by very few mature individuals owing to their uncontrolled exploitation by focal inhabitants for bmber and construction Some of the national priority species are Poutena adoffi-fridenci, Cord*a africana. Afbtzia schimpenana, Olea welwttschh and Prunus africana Baro 2 has also the same species composition as Baro 1 although the types of communities are different- There are seasonally flooded wetlands in the reservoir area These wetlands experience extensive fire and agricultural encroachment on a yearly basis. Although they arc disturbed, they will be completely flooded if this project Is realized
The riverine vegetation at Genjt River is less developed due to the rocky nature of its banks The forest vegetation at this site is well developed although it is under intense anthropogenic impact. There are also national pnorrty species and rare species at the Genjt River s»te of the project.
The entire areas, which are explored from plant biodiversity viewpoints in the course of the current study, are sensitive to disturbance owing to their low residence to impacts There will be significant loss of ecosystem and plant biodiversity due to this development project At the ecosystem level, the natural rainforest as a system will be significantly reduced in size due to the rising water level At the biodrvers/fy level, rare species and a significant proportion of national prionty species, some of which are already endangered and vulnerable, will be /ost Some of the rare species include Angraecopsls macrophylla. Bulbophyllum intertextum. Bulbophyllum lupulmum and Diaphananthe adoxa. Therefore, the project has a significant impact on the ecosystem in general and contributes to the loss of gene pools of rare and vulnerable species from a biodivorsity viewpoint
EIA Append s 0
Final Reporr
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Repufr-C Of E'.hiOCia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Saro Multipurpose Dam P o|ect__________________
r
El A Report - Vol. 5 Page D-3
Introduction
The Afromonlane rainforests  are the Iasi remaining patches  of the once extensive and continuous pristine forests of Ethiopia Agricultural encroachment and explosive population growth have led to a significant reduction in the coverage of this environment and have significantly  modified it. The uniquely  straight boles  of its  species, some of which are currently defined as national priority species (EFAP, 1994) have attracted exploitation
The vegetation at this  site falls  in the National Forest Priority  Areas  (NFPA) of Ethiopia (Ftg 1). The vegetation can be generally categorized as the moist Afromontane rainforests and transitional Evergreen Forest type (Friis  1982 & 1986), montane moist evergreen forest (Pichi-Sermoli 1957) and is  an extension of the moist evergreen forests  of the Southwest Ethiopia It. however, has  distinct species  which are confined to it Furthermore this forest type has distinct storey i e , upper storey dominated by emergent such as  Pouteria adolfi-friderid, middle storey  by  Albizia schimpenana. Croton macroslachyus and etc . a poorly developed lower storey by various shrub species, some of which are endemic e g Vepris damellii, and herb layers poor owing Io limited sunlight
The epiphyte vegetation is well represented and comprised of various species of mosses, fems, vascular plants  and rare orchids  There are also several species  of lianas  in the forest e g Landolphra buchanann and Paullina ptnnata Wild useful plants such as Coffea arabica and Afrorrornum corronma are common at the project sites  as  shrub and herbaceous layers respectively
The transition zone between the high forest and settlement (Fig 4) is  characterized by species  such as  Vernonia amygaldma. Mynca sakcifolia, Maesa lanceolafa. Acanthus senna. Bersama abyssintca. etc All of lhese species are indicators of forest disturbances. As is the case for all of lhe NFPAs of Ethiopia, no inventory has been made of the forests nor has  a management plan been developed Nonetheless  lhe llubabor Zone of Agriculture Department has mentioned the forests were demarcated for conservation wilh the local inhabitants
The riverine vegetation is well developed and rich in species composition
The  vegetation  and  associated  flora  at  Baro  1  &  2.  reservoir  and  Genji  are  separately treated below
ElA Appendix D
= mai Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Associalion wrlh Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiop«a - Ministry c< Water Resources Feafrfri ty Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
ElA Report-Vol 5 Page 0-4
Fig 1 Map of Ethiopia showing Nation*! Forml Priority Areas (indicated in green)
0 = project area
Approaches 
Plant communities  were defined based on cover abundance and named after the dominant species  Identification of plant species  were conducted in the field with the expertise of the botanist, after consultation of herbarium material and using various volumes  Flora of Ethiopia Information on the conservation status  of the species  was collected from http//www fao org/DOCREO/004/AB387E/ab387e04 htm
EfA Append* D
Final Repod
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelie Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page D-5
I. Baro 1.
The schematic representation of the sampling sites and plant communities at Baro 1 is given in Fig 2 accordingly. Four plant communities (associations) were identified al this project site
Each  of  the  plant  communities  will  be  dealt  with  separately  to  provide  a  clear understanding of their flonstic (species) composition.
Pouteria adolfi-friderici - Olea welwitschii community
This plant community occurs on the left bank of the nver and is entirety undisturbed This plant community also has microclimates which favour growths of particular species e g rocky outposts 9specialized microhabitat) inhabited by species such as Scadox us nutans, various species of mosses, fems and Selaginelia This microhabital will be lost by the nsmg water level when the Dam is constructed The species of this plant community are given below along with their conservation status  and local distribution This  pant community is composed of 6 species of trees which were categorized as National Priority Species (NPS). A significant proportion of these NPS will be affected due to the rise in the water level following the construction of the Dam Further, there are wild coffee and Afromomum corronma plants which will be affected due to this project
FlA Append n D
Final Repo*
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with. Shebelle Engineering and WWDSED
Federal Democ'atK, Republic of Ethiop-a - Ministry of Water Resources Feas frlrty Sludy of Baro Multipurpose Darr P^ect —
EIA RepOR • vo«
p age D 6
Table 1 Species  composition of Pouteria adolfi-friderici - Olea welwitschii plant
community. NPS ® National Priority Species
Species
Family
Endemic
Conservation
status
Ramarks
Acanthus sen/w
Acantnaceae
No
Common
Afromomum corrorima
Zingrberaceae
Yes
Vulnerable
Wild gene pool
Anthoi lei st a
scbweinfurthu
Logan aceae
No
Vulnerable
—
Few             mature ndividuais
Bersama abyssmica
Mehanihaceae
No
Common
Mature   individuals are very rare
Catpunma auera
F abaceae
No
Common
Coffea arabica
Rubtaceae
Yes
Locally common
Wid gene poc«
Croton macrostacbyus
Euphorbiaceae
No
NPS common
Dracaena fragfans
Dracaenaceae
Yes
Common
Eheft'a cymosa
Boragmaceac
No
Common
Fkebergta capersis
Meliaceae
No
NPS vulnerable
f
Very    few    matu e individuals
Ficus
Moraceae
G ahniera sa> rfraga
Rubiaceae
No
Locally common
Landolphta
buchananu
Apocynaceae
No
Common
Maesa fanceGJaia
Mynsinaceae
No
common
Manitkara Butugi
Sapotaceae
No
NPS vulnerable
Very   few   mature individuals
Milletia ferrugmea
Fabaceae
Yes
Locally common
Olea wewifschn
Oieaceae
No
NPS. vulnerable
F ew            mature individuals
PauUrrva pmnata
Sapmdaceae
No
Common
Pa vert a oiivenana
Rubiaceae
No
Common
Piper umbellatum
Prperaceae
No
Locally common
Potyscias fluva
Araliaceae
No
NPS vulnerable
Poufena       MoM- fndenci
Sapolacea?
No
NPS endangered
Very few mature ndrviduals and no
seedlings
Scadox us nutans
Amary ilidaceae
Yes
Locally common
Serena megaphyila
Poaceae
No
Common
Teciea simpirfoiia
Rutaceae
No
Common
Vepns damelhi           Rutaceae
Yes
Loca'ty common
1. Pouteria adolfi-friderici - Ficus exasperata community
This community is located on the nght bank of the Baro River There are wild gene pools of species such as coffee and Enset plants which could be a useful reservoir in the course of crop improvement
Table  2  Species  composition  of  Pouteria  adolfi-friderici  —  Ficus  exasperata  s  plant community NPS = National Priority Species
I___
f Species
Family
Zing»beraceae
Endemic
Yes
Conservation
status
Vulnerable
Remarks
Afromomum corrorima
Aibma grandibracfea
Bersama abysstnics
Wild gene pool
Fabaceae
No
NPS Vulnerable
Meiiantnaceae
No
common
-   -  -  - - - - -- -- —-  -------------------------------- 1
ElA Appendix D
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Final Report
in Association with Shebeile Engmeenng and VWVDSEF«ie<a< Democratic RetwBC o< Etniocw - Ministry of Waler Resources 
EIA Report - Vol 5
Feasibility Study of Bare Muiwoose Oa^ Project ____________________ __        ____________ rage
Species
Family
Endemic
Coniorvation
sl>lus
Remark*
Cr'rJUh'&Ca dLHr’Sdl'
ilRulaceae
No
Common
Coffthi arafrca
Rubiaceae
Yes
Locally common
Wrld oene poo
Cordte afrieana
Borasmaceae
No
NPS Vulre'abie
Crofon macrosfach/us
EuphortHdceae
No
NPS. common
Dracaena fragraws
Dracaenaceae
Yes
Locally common
Dracaena sfeudheri
Dracaenaceae
No
common
—-——----------------- J
EMrtta cymos.)
Boragtnaceae
No
common
Eknbnrtjia capensrs
Mehaceae
No
NPS. vulnerable
Very  Few  mature indivrduais
Ensete veofncosum
Musaceao
Yot
Not common
Wild gene pool
FfCUS BX9S
Moraceae
Gabntera sar-fraija
Rufraceae
No
Common
Lancfc/phia
fm*chan anir
Apocynaceae
No
Common
Mrjflsa /anceotara
NtyrsiHBceae
NO
common
Mitfetia fenugivwa
Fabaceae
Yes
Locally common
^operomia refusa
Piperaceae
No
LoeaHy common on spec-ahzed niche
Riverine Forest
Feperomin
Jafraphyfta
Piperaceae
No
Locally common on specialized niche
Rivenne foresi on moss  covered branches
Phoeor* red^oafa
Arecaceae
NO
Localy common
Poufena        adoffi- fridencr
Sapolacea?
No
NPS endangered
Very  few mature individuals  and no seedling
PfejoJabfLrJTT sfeJa
, Fabaceae
No
Common
Rubus steudnen
Rosaceae
Na
Common
Seftrra rnegapfiyfla
|
Poaceae
No
Common
Tectea noMs
Ruiaceae
No
Common
Vepr?s
Rulaceae
Yes
Locally common
2. Ponte ria adolfi-friderici - Atlophylus abyssinicus community
This community is located on the right bank of the river This community is comprised of national priority  species  There are also economically  useful species  such as  coffee and enset plants which have their wild gene pool in this vegetation Further there are endemic species which have generally wider distribution
Table 3 Species  composition of Pouteria adolfi-friderici - AHophylus  abyssinicus 
plant community. NPS = National Priority Species
Specie*
Afronwm
cwronma
Family
Endemic Conservation
statu*
Zmgiberaceae
Yes
Vulnerable
Remarks Wild gene pool
Mapfiyfas abyssjniCL'S Asparagus afrfcana Sorsgmo ab/ -> •anta
No
Satxndaceae
. Asperagaceae Molianthaceae Simaroubace^e Orchidiaceae                 No
Common
No
Not common
Brucea
anPfl/senfoca
No
No
Common
Common
fiu/bopfiylYum
i /nferfejftjm________
Rare
Orchiriiacnae                 No
Vary       rare       irT riverine forest
Rare
! Very rare m
EIA Ap&erxJ'ix D
F»nai Krton
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHWEYER JV ,n Association with Shebehe Engineering and VWTOSEFederal Democratic Repub'ic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Protect
Species
tupuhnum
Family
Endemic
Conservation
status
EIA Report Vol 5 Page D 8
Remarks
nvennejorest
Calpumea
i
Clausen a anisata
Fabaceae
--------
Common
Common
Coffea arabica
Rutaceae
LocaKy common
Croton
i Rubiaceae
Fuphorbiaceae
NPS. common
-
macrostachyus
Diaphananthe
Orchid laceac
Vulnerable
Locally rare
ado* a
Dracaena fragrans
Dracaenaceae
Local y common J
Dracaena steudnen
Dracaenaceae
Common
Ebema .ymosa____
Ekebergia capon sis
Doraginaceae
Meliaceae
Common
NPS. vulnerable
L -------------------------
t Ensete ventncosum
Musaceae
Not common
Ficus exs ________
Mor aceae
Ftcus sycomorus
Mor ace ae
~'~iera saxifrugu
Rubiaceae
kara butugi
Sapotaceae
Fabaceae
CNoPmSm, vuonlnerable
Mi/teflraa fenug-nea
Locally common
Olea we Iwt! set™
NPS. vulnerable
Very  few  mature individuals
Very few mature individuals
Few mature individuals
Pavetta sctu____
Rubaceae
Common
Peperomia
Piper aceae
Locally common
abyssintca _____
Phoenix rechnata
Arecaceae
Pip*” umbetlatum
P peraceae
Locally common
Locally common
Prttosponum
Poutena adotfi-
Pittosporaceae
Sapoiaceae
Common
vrndrfokv um _____
NPS, endangered
fndeno__________
Prunus afncana
Pterolobium stell.
Rubus steudnen
Rosaceae
F abaceae Rosa_ce__a_e__
NPS vulnerable
Common common Locally common Vulnerable
Common Common Locally common
F ew malure individuals
Scadoxus nutans ___ Amaryllidaceae
Schefflera
abyssmtca
Senec/o g/gas 
Teclea nobhs___ Vepris damettn
Araliaceae
Asteraceae Rutaceae
x----------------------
k Boragmaceae
Soft              wood
suitable
curving
for
4 Riverine vegetation
The rivenne vegetation is  well formed and species  rich The major plant community  is Syzygium guineense - Scheflera abyssimca This  plant community  is  rich in floristic composition namely  there are numerous  species  of moist-loving epiphytic  species  There were four species  of Peperomia a variety  of fem species  and 4 rare species  of Orchids (Fig 2). Although Phoenix  reclinata typical of a riverine vegetation is  well represented upstream, it is absent at the point of the sampling site
EIA Appendix D
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebeile Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feas billty Study cf Bare Multipurpose Oam Project
EIA Report - Vai 5 Page D-9
Table 4 Species  composition of the Riverine vegetation of Baro 1. NPS = National
Priority Species
Species
Family
Endemic
Conservation
status
Remarks
L „----------------------------
Afromomum axrDrjma
Zingiberaceae
Yes
Vulnerable
_
WHd useM spice
plant
Angraectpsrs
Tiacropfryji'a
Orchidiaceae
No
Rare
Very       rare       m riverine forest
Sulboph/Wurn
■Aferfexfum
Orchid; aceae
NO
Rare
____
Very       rare       tn rivenne forest
Crchtdiaceae
Nd
Rare
'upi/Jinum
Very       rare       m riverine fewest
Draphananfrie
adaxa
Ofchrdiaceac
No
Vulnerable
Locally rare
Ficus
Moraceae
Apocynaceae
No
Common
touch an an.
.MarwNrara butugv
Sapci aceae
No
NPS. Vulnerable
Very  few mature
■ndividuals
Ataytrnus
Cetasteraceae
AAMw fa/ri/giflea
Fabacs ae
Yes
Locally common
Myrsme Africans
Mynsmaceae
No
Common
Ofyra
Pauflinia pinnate
Sapindaceae
No
Common
Paveffa sen
Rubiaceae
No
Common
Peperorpia
aby&srnjca
Piperaceae
No
Locally common
^pernrnra refusa
Piperaceae
No
Locally common
PEperomia
tefraphytfa
Piperaceae
No
Locally common
PFJOfln/x redrnara
Ajecaceae
No
Locally common
Po/ystechya
autfinfarmrs
Orchidiaceae
No
Vulnerable
Locally rare
JWiflmnus pr.'ncwdf
fsRhamnaceae
No
mucronate Scadojus nutens Setefftewr
Safari© megaphy/te Syzyg^m
guinense
Not common
Sail
No
Wild gene pool
ac
Common
— -------  ------------
1
Ama^Hiaaceae Anaiiaceae
Yes
Locally common
No
Vulnerable
PDaceae
No
Son 'wood sui!ablo for curving
Sfye/rnos mrtfs
common
Logan .geeae
NO
Common
Myniaceae
No
NPS, Vulnerable
Fcci'ea -smoMbfre
Rulaceae
No
Common
FA Appendix
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiop*a Ministry
Feas b lity Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
Of Water Resources
FIA Repo t • Vol 5
r
Page D-10
Fig  3  Vagotatron  at  Baro  1  A,  Rivarm*  vogatabon,  B,  Poutena  adolh  fridenci  dominated  plant  community,  C-F, locally raro orchid spec las (bob Tabla 4)
CIA Appendix D
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water ResouTes Feasibility Study of 0aro Multiuurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page D-11
II. Baro 2
This  project site is  generally  characterized by  natural vegetation which is  partially disturbed The sampled transects are given below. The sampling was taken on the right bank  of the river owing to the uniformity  of the community  types  on both sides  of the banks Four plant communities were recognized some of this communities (e g. Pouferra adolfi-friderici - O/ea welwiischti was  described under Baro 1 of the project site (see above) The riverine vegetation at Baro 2 is  however dominated by  Syzygium guineese and Phoenix  redmata unlike at Baro 1. There is  also an edaphic  formation, i e . Hyparrhenta grassland inside the natural forest This grassland is highly disturbed due to human influence The fourth plant community at this site is the Phoenix rec/mafa -
ferruginea type which is  unique to the Baro 2 site in the course of this  study  The sensitivity  of these communities  in increasing order of sensitivity, is: Hyparrhenia < Phoenix  reclinata —  Milletia ferruginea < Syzygium gumeese - Phoenix  reclinata < Pouteha adotfhfndehci - Olea wehmtschii A comprehensive list of the most useful and indicator species are given below
This  project srte also has  specialized microhabitals  which house vulnerable and rare species  of orchids  Furthermore, the Baro 2 project site houses  several national pnonty species and a significant amount of these species wilt be lost due to a high water level
Table 5. Comprehensive list of Species  of the Baro 2 project. NPS = National Priority 
Species
Species Family
Afromomum corronma____
Albmn scftimpnnana__
4/taphy/us
teaf
Endemic
Conservation status
Remarks
Zingioeraceaa -Fabaceae
Yes
NO
Vulnerable
Wild  useful  spice plant
Sapindacuae               No
NPS. Vulnerable
CorriFTion
Arrfhodeista scfrrt-ewfurtM
Logan laceae              No
Vulnerable
EtA Apcw-ndiM O F.nai
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT-LAHMEYERJV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
FIA Report ■ Vol 5
Page
D 12
Species
flu/bophy/fum mfertexum
dulbophyilum lupuhnum_____
Ctxdra afncana
Croton
mac/osfachyus 
Diaphananthe ado* a Diospyros abys&nrca Dracoena sfeudnen
—SJZ—LT ------------
Family Orcbidiaceae Orcfi Boragmaceac Euphorboceae
Endemic
Conservation status
Rare
Remar
ks
Very 
r are
'n
Eherfia yn < sa
Ekebergia capensis Manilkara butugi Miltefta  ferruginea
Dracaenaceae Bo rag m aceae Meliaceae
_O/ea wetwrfschrj
Pauinnta i trinata Peperofnia
I abyssm/ca_____
Phoent t rechnafa
Sapotaceae F abaceae Oieaceae Sap ndaceac Piper aceae
Po/ysaas fluva______ Poufeno ado/ff-
fndenci
Prunus afncana
Schefftera abyssinica Syzygium guineese
[ Vepris darne/Ai III. Reservoir
J--------------- Arecaceae
Arahaceae Sapotaceae
Rosaceae A/ahaceae
Rare
NPS. Vulnerable NPS com mor
Vulnerab'e
NFS Vulnerable Common Common
NPS Vulnerable NPS Vulnerable Local y common NPS Vulnerable
Common
Locally common
Common
NPS Vulnerable NPS Endangered
NPS Vulnerable Vulnerable
NPS Vulnerable Common
#  nverine forest ____ _ * very      r«ve      in
river me forest T ' Very few mature
md'v-duals
Very few mature individuals 
Very few mature individuals______
Myntaceae
Rutaceae
Most parts of the reservoir area experience yearly fire set by the local inhabitant partly to prepare new cultivation fields  (Fig 4) Due to this  anthropogenic  impact this  environment is  highly  disturbed There are also settlements  in this  area Their agricultural field will be affected by the rise of the water level and the settlement itself will be nonviable in view of this  development The local people make use of forest products  eg bark  of Poutena ado/fr-fndenci is used as a substitute to cloth and mattress or blanket
The vegetation has well developed storey and is characterized as Poutena adolfi-fndenci - Croton macrostachyus community  (described above) Emergent species  include Poutena adotfpfridenci Olea weleitschii. Prunus  afncana and small trees  are Croton macroatachyus. Milletia ferrugmea, Albizia schimpenana Euphorbia ovalrfolia Shrubs  are also well represented Although the project has no direct impact on Weldo swamp (Fig 4 F). which is upstream of Baro 2, the latter is subject to various degrees of disturbances from its  surroundings  (see below) In fact, the periphery  of this  wetland, which is  a high forest, is under intensive encroachment from all sides
EIA Appendix D Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Repub'ic nr Ethiopia - Mimslry of Water Resources
Feasib'lrty Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project ______ __________
ElA Report ■ Vol 5 Page D-13
Fig 5. Vegetation and flor* &f Bare ? A,
vegetation [Fdoenrr- Syzygtam community6. Riverine epiphyte
vegetation (mabibtovmg «pecios|, C, endemic Scadoiuj flytans on tree trunk at riverine vegetalion. 0. locally rare orchid spfrCbas ■! riwnno vegetation, E, Prtslirw forest dornlnntod by r’&uierJa *£foi*fl-/n'der?ej mote Pracewa tfeudneo In foreground; F proposed Dam alia, down stream jrlghl elde af the picture).
El A Apprixnr D final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Stiebelle Engineering and VWVOSEFederal Democrat c Republic ol Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Bare Multipurpose Dam Project _________  _
£iA Report - Vol 5 Page D-14
Fig 6 Vegetation al the reservoir and upstream aroat A - B, reservoir areas which is under immediate effect of rise in water level end the areas <s also under intensive lire on a yearly basis, C - D, upstream reservoir area which will be under immodlate impact through the rise of water level, noto the pristine forest of D; E, settlement upstream the reservoir; F, upstream pristine wetland area.
ElA Append)* D F ma I Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebeile Engineering and WWDSEFederal Derrocratrc Republcof Et*ep<a ^iristry of Water ReML,rce5 Feasbility Sti/tfy of Baro Mult purpose Darn Project___ _____
EIA Report-Vo 5 Pa;e D-15
IV. Weldo Swamp
Phoen/x Rinata community. F.g 7 dep.cts this siluat.cn schemat.cally
guineeM
Fig. 7. Schematic repiat^ntation ol Mmpl« nits* end moun plint cpmmijriltl« al Wrldo swamp
The Weldo swamp is  a mosaic  system supporting various  plant communities  due to its specialized ecological niches  Four plant communities  were recorded within a radius  of about 10C metres  (Fig 8) Except for Syzygium gihneese - Phoenix  rec/inafa community, the remaining four communities are less species rich and characterized by the dominance of one or two species  The list of species  recorded on the small 'islands' of Syzyg/um gurneese - Phoenix nec/rnafa are given in Table 6 This community is packed with various species of Lichens although the conservation status of these species is unknown owing to the absence of any  published data Generally, this  wetland is  sensitive and is  under constant agricultural encroachment from all over its surroundings The project as such has no immediate impact on Weklo swamp and its  plant communities  although the swamp is important to the maintenance □( water quality.
A short description of the plant communities are given below.
1             Pure   stand   of   Penscana   senegalensis   This   community:   it   predominantly composed   of   a   single   species   i   e,   Penscana   senega/ens/s   and   very   few individuals  of  Cyperus  d/g^afus  There  is  no  species  of  special  conservation  and biodiversity concern
Fix Appendix D Ftn*l Report
NORPLAN ’ NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shefcelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of 0aro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report-Vol 5 Page D-16
2      Pure  stand  of  Alchemilia  fischen  community  the  major  dominant  species  is Alchemila  fischen  In  fact,  there  are  very  few  grass  plants  No  biodiversity  and conservation concern of the species of this community were identified.
3      Cyperus  digitatus  -  Alchemilia  fischen  community:  This  community  is  mainly dominated  by  Cyperus  digitatus  Alchemilia  fischeri  is  well  represented  as  well  It was noted that there is no conservation and biodiversity concern due to the project
4      Syzygium   guineese   -   Phoenix   rechnata   community   this   plant   community   is relatively  species  rich  and  comprises  vulnerable  and  national  priority  species (Table 6)
Fig. 8 Waldo Swamp vogotation A. over view of IM swamp with islands’ of Syzygium guirwrse - Phoanlx rechnata community /arrows!. B. purs stand of Penscana wwgalentis farrow). C, Cyperus digitatue* Alchomilla fiscMri community (arrow), D. Ale Mm ilia fischeri dominated community (arrow).
ElA Appe^x D
F naJ Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of F ihiopia Ministry of Waler Resources
FMobility Study of Ba^o Multipurpose Dam Project _________________
ELA Report - Vol 5 Page D-17
Table  6  Some  species  of  Syzygium  guloeese  —  Phoenix  recHnata  community  at
Weldo swamp NPS = National Priority Species_______
Family                    Endemic Species
__________  ____
,_
Conservation status
______________
Remarks
Myrilacese No Rhoemx rec/ina/a Arecaceae No Wdytews gracr// Ceiaste'aceae
NFS Vulnerable
common
Rasaceae                    No
common
Peperomra
abyss/nrea
Pipe races e
No
Locally common
EXinhanantti" aefoxa
Orchidia ceae Arahaceae
No
Vutnerafra
Locally rare
Scrie/Wera
ab/sjNhcca
No
Vulnerable
V. Genji River and its vicinity
Both  rivenne  and  forest  vegetations  were  sampled  for  the  Genji  project  site  Detailed descriptions of each of these vegetations are provided below
1.          Rivenne vegetation. The river banks are rocky and do not support a typical nverine community Forest species extend their distribution to the banks of the river
Species such as Phoenix recitnata and Schefflers abyssinrea are absent. However the rivenne vegetation of Genji River encompasses specialized niche or
microhabital which supports rare Orchid species and limited national priority species (Table 7)
Table 7 Species  composition of the Riverine vegetation of Baro 1. NPS = National
Priority Species
Specioa
Family
Endemic
Conservation
»talus
Remarks
Acgraecopsis
macrcghy/fa
Orchid! aceae
No
Rare
in
BuJboprtyttum untartexftjm
OrchiOaceae
No
Very  rare
riverine forest
Rare
Very  rare
nverine forest
in
SuibopflyWum
■upuiTnum
Orchtdiaceae
No
Rare
Very  rare
nvenne forest
vs
Orchkdiaceae
No
adord
Vulnerable
Locally rare
Ckospyros 
atyssmica
Ebenaceae
No
NPS
Dracaena fragrans Ehertia cymosa FiCirj
□racaenaceae
Yes
Lcoaily common
Boraginaceae
No
Moraceae
Common
Maniikara butugi
Sapolaceaa
No
Syzygium
^uireese
Myntaceae
No
Vulnerable
NPS
Tia Appendix 
F-ajI Rep-on
NORPLjAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering arc WWDSFFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Pam Project
EiA Report Vol 5 Page D-18
2 Pouteria adolfi-friderici - Chionanthus mildbraedii community
This  forest community  is  Honstically  rich although there are signs  of anthropogenic disturbances  It has  a well developed forest strata where the emergent includes Pouteria adolfi-friderici. Small trees  include Cordia africana. Albizia gradtbraectea. Chionanthus  mildbraedii and Prunus  africana. The shrub layer is  composed of Vernonia amygaldina, Ehertia cymosa and Draceana steudnen The epiphyte vegetation is  less  diverse compared to the riverine vegetation descnbed above for Genjl River Table 8 depicts list of species of this community
Table 8. Species  composition of the Riverine vegetation of Baro 1. NPS = National
Priority Species
Species
Family
Endemic
Conservation status
Remarks
Cbionan/hrjs
mildbraedii
Oleaceae
No
Locally common
Cordia afncana
Boragmaceae
No
NPS Vulnerable
Very   few   mature individuals
Croton
macrosfachyus
Euphorbiaceae
No
NPS, Common
Dracaena fragrans
Oracaenaceae
Yes
Locally common
Dracaena
steudnen
Dracaenaceae
No
Common
Ehertia cymosa
Boraginaceae
NO
Common
Ekebergta
cape n sis
Mehaceae
No
NPS Vulnerable
Very few mature individuals
Landolphta
buchananit
Apocynaceae
No
Common
Mamik era butugi
Sapotaceae
No
NPS, Vulnerable
Paverta sen
Rub.aceae
No
Common
Peperomia
abyssimca
Piperaceae
No
Locally common
Phoenix recJmata
Arecaceae
No
Common
Pouteria        adolfi- fndenci
Sapotaceae
No
NPS enaangered
Prunus  afncana
Rubus sfeudnon
Very few mature individuals
Rosace ac
No
NPS,
Rosaceae
No
Common
Sy2ygium
guineese
Myrtaceae
No
NPS. Vulnerable
Vepns datneUn
Rut ace ae
Yes
common
Vemioma
amygaldina
Asteraceae
No
Common
VI. Potential Environmental impact
a. Ecosystem level
1. The project area lies in the Afromontane rainforests of Ethiopia This environment supports the remaining lush and pnstine forests owing to its topography and direction of rain-bearing wind The present range of the Afromontane rainforests has been shrinking from time to time due to agricultural encroachment and unchecked population growth This environment has a well developed vegetation strata where the emergent includes Pouteria adolfi-fridenci. Olea welwitschii, and Prunus afncana The second stratum is
EIA Append** D Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
•n Association with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSEFeders I Democrats Republic o? Ethiopia Ministry h of Water Resources 
EIA Repo-n Vol 5
Feasibility Study of Ba<o Multipurpose Dam Project_______ ___________________________ Page D-1g
composed of smaller tree species  such as  Cortfra africana, Mf/letia ferrugrnea, Croton macrostachyus. Po/yscias  fluva. S/zygium gurneese and Mamikara butugi The shrub layer includes  Coffea rab/ca, Tecfea simpt/Mia, Vepns  daine/hf, Clausena arwsafa. and Gaflniera sax/fraga The herbaceous  layer has  a variable composition and contains Afromomum corrunma a species which is important from a biodiversity and conservation viewpoint Although little data are available concerning their conservation status  and distribution of epiphytic mosses and ptendophytes, the Afromontane rainforests have high densites  of them The epiphytic  vegetation of this  environment harbours  vulnerable and rare species  which increases  the biodiversity  value of these forests. These rare species have very localized and specialised niches in the riverine vegetation.
The construction of routes and associated high human and motor movements will enhance soil acidity  due to high level of leaching which is  a typical outcome after inducing disturbances Io the Afromontane rainforests
Generally,  therefore  a  significant  proportion  of  this  environment  will  be  lost  due  to  lhe project.
2.  The  grassland  pockets  (Fig  4  A  -  0)  will  be  over  flooded  Upstream  (in  reservoir area)   lhere   is   an   island*   of   Poufena   adolfi-fndenci   -   Croton   macrostachyus   plant community  surrounded  by  grassland  on  one  side  and  a  water  body  on  the  other  This plant community will be under constant threat due to the flooding. The settlement in this area  (Fig  4  E)  will  become  less  viable  because  part  of  the  cultivated  fields  will  be permanently flooded Residents in the area have already exerted pressure on the natural forests  through  burning  for  expansion  of  cultivation  In  view  of  these  anthropogenic activities, the size of the natural forests is shrinking
3. Although minimal, the loss of a significant proportion of the forests could reduce CO? sink The impact on local weather of replacing forest areas with reservoirs is not known
b Biodiversity level
1.   Local extinction of endemic species e g. Scadoxus nufans is expected due to high water level.
2.   Loss of vulnerable and rare species of orchids (refer to Figures and tables above). 3.   Loss of a significant proportion of national priority species {see to tables).
4.   Loss of a wild gene pool of Cottea arabfea Ensefe ventocosLrm and Afromomum corronma.
5           The down stream riverine species diversrty may also be significantly reduced due to decrease in vanability of river Tow Such impart may lead to a loss of habitat specific species as described in point 2 (above)
VIL Mitigation
Mitigation of the lost habitats  and plant biodiversity  could assume two different approaches  See also Table 9 for summary of the impacts on ecosystem and botanical diversity
1, Habitats and niches of Riverine vegetation
Proposing mitigation measures  for lost habrlats  and niches  especially  in lhe rivenne vegetation of the project area is  unrealistic  because they  will be all flooded and their occurrence elsewhere in Ethiopia is quite uncertain.
2. Forest communities
EIA Appends D Pr.nal Repon
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHM EVER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and VVWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
FIA Reoort - Vo1 5 Page D 20
The types of forest communities recorded at the project site occur elsewhere at a nationa
level It is obvious, however, that a significant proportion of them will be completely lost
Working and realistic mechanisms should be devised to strengthen the financial capacity 
of Zonal and Wereda Natural Resource and forestry Departments to enforce and
implement conservation measures of the reaming part of the forests and similar forests in
their constituencies It is to be noted that some of these forests lie in the NFPAs and have
been demarcated by the Government in consultation with the local communities The implementation of the project should ensure effective conservation of the remaining
patches through enrichment forestry the impacted plant communities by helping establish efficient nurseries. This entails the propagation of the national priority species
3.          Botanical diversity
Rare  and  vulnerable  species  should  be  collected  and  conserved  in-situ,  i  e  they  should be transplanted in a green house This entails a construction of a small-sized green house meant to conserve the gene pools of rare orchids identified dunng the course of this study Table 9. The relationships between impact and environment
Impact
Riverine habitats
and niches
Plant communities
Botanical diversity
Status  | Negative Negative but less Negative
severe
Extent
(Geographical)
All areas (ca 50 - 60 km) occupied along the banks of lhe river will be flooded
Through  proper  site  i management and help ' of environment expert, the  various  routes  in the  forest  during  the construction     phases and    after    can    be minimized  to  a  width of few metres
Duration
Permanent
Permanent but less severe
All  species  restricted to specialized habitats and  niches  along  the impacted  river  banks (ca  50  -  60  km)  will be permanently lost Permanent
Intensity
High
High but less severe        High
Probability  of  impact realization
Certain
Certain
Certain
Mitigation
Unsatisfactory
Satisfactory  if the proposed mitigation measures  are fully implemented
Overall     significance on decision making
1__________________
High
1
Moderate if the conditions  of the proposed mitigation measures  are implemented
Unsatisfactory
Moderate if the conditions  of the proposed mitigation measures  are implemented
tiA Appendix D Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study ol Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EiAq^por ■ vm 5
______Page E-1
APPENDIX
E                            ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE
EIA Append* E Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
•n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Byo Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page E 2
CONTENTS
E1
E2
E.3
INTRODUCTION E 1.1 Background E 1.2 SoopeofWork E.1.3 Methodology
4
....
E4
PROJECT AND ROUTE DESCRIPTIONS
E2 1 Project Descnption ....
E 2 2 Geographical Context and Routing Alternatives 
E 2.3 Construction Standards .................................... THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
E.3 t Climate
E32 Topography 
E 3 3 Geology and Soils 
E 3.4 Erosion Hazard................... —..        ..         ----- F.3 5 Hydrology
THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
14
15
17
Vegetation
Western Route ....................
Faxtum Rnirfp
.........................
F auna
.....................
.............................................
Birds..
...
.................................
..........................................
E5
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
E 5 1 Affected DistncIs ......................................................................... ................. ................. 30
4
.4 5
.7
.7
7
13 14 14 17 19 19 20
23
26 27
30
E 5 2 Socio-Economic Services and Infrastructures.
....
33
31
E 6 IMPACTS 33
E 6 1 Introduction - Cnteria For Assessing Imparts 
E62 Vegetation and Natural Habitat
E6 3 Summary of the EIA of the vegetation types E64 Soils and Hydrology 
.             34
............................. 36
E6 5 Sooo-economic impacts 
41
E 6 6 Impacts dunng the Operation and Maintenance Phase E                    6                 7                    Conclusions 
.
38
44
46
E 7 References Tables
48
Table  E-1  Species  of  conservation  concern  observed  for  Zone  A.  Types  A,  B
vegetationvegetation Mapping Units 
Table E-2     Wildlife species known to occur in the llubabor forests 
Table E-3 The occurrence biome-restricted species of the Afrotropical Highlands
....................... 22
27
at the ET046 Important Bird Area site in Ethiopia
29
Table          E-4          Towns          and          districts          along          the          routes 
3q
Table E-5 Habitat Loss 
Table E-6 Biodiversity Loss. Killing and Trapping of Animals Table E- 7 Habitat Loss 
Table E-fl Biodiversity Loss Killing and Trapping of Animals Table E-9 Summary of the impacts 
ta
EIA Appendix E Fmal RepO't
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHNIEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Mmi^try at Watpr Resources
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project ______ __ __ _
EIA Report - Vol. 5 ______ Page E3
Figures:
Figure E-1 Proposed line routes and land use
.......... ....... 3
Figure  E-2  View  toward  Birtnr  valley  and  plateau  south  of  Dembtdolo  with  66KV
tower (line to Gambela)........... .      ................ ........ ............. .............................................9
Figure 3. NPFA north of Dembidolo with surrounding agriculture ...................................... 9
Figure E-4 View of Geba river valley with waterfall (tooking north)
..................
10
F sgute E- 5 View North of forest around Dembi over al Alge ......................... .. ............................ .... 11
Frgure E* 6 Typical landscape between Haro Junisa and Nejo...................... -............... ......................... 11
Figure E-7 The new road from Addis Ababa to Asosa under construcbon Picture from
west of Nejo.......
...... ........................... -.....................................-..... 12
Figure E-fl Landscape at the high plateau north of Komosha with typical peak 
.
12
Figure E-9. Landscapes within the project area................... .............................................. ..................... 15
Figure E-10 General geology of the proved area......................................... ............................................ 16
Figure E-11 General soil map of the project area
.............. .................... 17
Figure E-12 Vegetation types along the proposed transmission line routes with zones
A-0 (from field survey Sept 2005)................. .................. .......... ...... .. .
. . ......... 19
Figure E- 13 Vegetation types of Zone A.............................. ......................................... .................... 21
Figure E-14 Vegetation types of Zone C. eastern route ........... ........... ........... .......................................24
Figure E-15 Vegetation types of Zone O A Combretum - Termlnalia woodland B.
Boswelha - Bamboo thicket C, Boswellia - Cussonia woodland, note
that  the  reddish  leaves  of  Boswellia  papy  D  Bamboo  thicket  15
sometimes doled with Cussonia. t.................... ....................... .................. ,,......... r26
EIA Appends E
fmal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
»n Association with SheLelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Elh»op«a - Mimslry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Bare Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page E-4
E.1
E.1 1
E12
INTRODUCTION
Background
The power will be routed to Gilgel Gibe, to supplement the national demand most of the generated power is  planned for export via connection to the Eastern Nile Gnd at Roseires  in Sudan Power export is  thus  and essential aspect influencing the economic  viability of the proposed development
This  report has  consequently  been prepared to comment on the likely impacts  arising from the construction of such a high voltage transmission line (400 KV)
Scope of Work
Forming part of the Environmental Assessment (EIA)1 report for the Feasibility  study  of Baro Hydropower Project (HPP), this  report mainly focuses  on the environmental aspects  in relation to the vegetation and habitat types  along the proposed routes  (i.e as  surveyed in September 2005)
Detailed socio-economic  assessments  comprising community consultations  were not conducted Considering that the proposed routes  largely  bypass  any  major settlements, the associated socio economic  charactenstics  are instead described at reconnaissance level from the observations made en-route during the field survey
In both instances  available secondary  data (collected in conjunction with the larger ElA-study of the Baro HPP) as well as the Consultant s experience and published literature from similar projects  in the region are used to complement the information gathered in the field
More  specifically  the  following  environmental  and  social  aspects  were covered
•      The  nature  of  vegetation  and  present  degree  of  disturbance
including   conditions 
conducive
to
the
presence
of
rare
or
endangered species
•
River crossings
•
Wetlands
•
Erodibility of soils
•
The  likelihood  of  structures  constituting  a  hazard  to  migratory 
birds
EIA Appendix E Final Repod
' The term EIA as used m this report includes both environmental and social impact assessment
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of Water Resources
EIA Report ’ Vol 5
________ PageE-6
Ef.3
•       Characterisation   of   the   land   use,   ownership   and   tenure systems  along  the  route  corridors  in  relation  to  the  local  rural economy
Further    the    assessment    of    environmental    and    socio-economic impacts included'
•    Effects on ecologically sensitive areas
•    Effects on local economy and society
•    Effects on the physical environment and land use
•      Sites  of  cultural  and/or  archaeological  significance  along  the proposed routes
•    Resettlement
For each of the above categories mitigation measures are suggested
for potential negative environmental impacts and any residual
negative impacts that cannot be mitigated are identified
Opportunities for environmental enhancement are explored
Methodology
The methodology  adopted for this  study  conforms  Io conventional approaches  to conducting ElAs  for transmission lines  including statutory  guidelines  of the Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority (e g see Main report), and comprises the following:
•  Description  of  each  of  the  proposed  routes  according  to  an appropriate   set   of   criteria,   e   g   vegetation   type,   landscape character topography land use etc
•  A  framework  of  impact  determinants  identified  as  specific  to transmission  line  projects.  The  key  impact  determinants  are as follows
Biophysical factors
Fauna
Collision/eiectrocution
Rare/endangered species 
Nesting/roosting/movement
Loss of electricity supply
Benefil/decremenl of changed habitat
Flora
Vegetation removal
Conservation status
Presence/threat of alien species 
EIA Final
p
Economic value
Debns disposal
Wind damage
Herbicide use
Physical factors          Sail/bedrock exposure, erosion
Terrain soil stability/slope
NORPLAN -- NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV >n Association wtih Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEEIA Report - Vol 5
Federal Democratic Republic of Eltuopia - Ministry of Water Resources
Page E-6
Feasibility Study of Baio Multipurpose Dani Project—
Wetlands/dramage lines
Weather conditions 
Geotechnical aspects 
River crossings
Socio-economic factors
Land use                   Existing land use Future land use Tenure
Visual
Homo/heterogeneous landscape
Stakeholders
Consumer - Economic development
Landowner - Property value
Community
Consumer behaviour
Cultural resources/amemties
Resettlement
Labour
Public services
Electro technical factors
Servitude
Compensation
Configuration of line/poles 
Dimensions
Clearances
Honzontal/vertical Security/public safety
Electncal effects
Electromagnetic fields
Audible noise
Radio interference
Constraints
Episodic events
Pollution
Access 
Costs
•       The   typical   impact   evaluation   criteria   (extent,   duration, intensity,   probability,   mitigation   potential   and   significance/ conservation    status),    to    compile    summary    assessment matnces for each of the proposed routes
•     Reporting  on  the  above  actions,  with  recommendations  that emphasise  specific  controls  and  mitigatory  measures  for  the construction   and   operation   (including   routine   maintenance) phases of the project
Field surveys were carried out in August and September 2005, first by the transmission line engineer followed by  the environmental specialists  The results  of the fieldwork  are described as  part of the impacts in Chapter E-2 to follow
EIA Appendix E
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Final Report
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Demnc atic Republic of Ethiopia - Minisliy of Water Resources
r
Feasitxirfy S1udy of Bare Multipurpose Dam Project_________
EtA Report - Vol 5 Page E 7
E.2
E21
PROJECT AND ROUTE DESCRIPTIONS
Project Description
The project entail construction of a double circuit 400 KV line from the
Baro 2 power house to Roseires in Sudan with connection to the
national grid via a sub-station with 400/230 KV Iransfomer at Melu
To minimize line routes m the high forest Baro 1 is connected as a T-
off from Baro 2
The connection to the national grid from Metu will consist of a double circuit 230 KV line to Geba-2 and a single circuit 230 KV line onwards to Gilgel Gibe (Detailed assessment of this route is. however, outside the scope of this  report and will therefore not be described further herein
E.2.2                              Geographfca/ Context and Routing Aftematrves
For 400 KV line to Roseires  two routing options  have been suggested. These are termed Ra and Rb and follow a western and eastern alignment respectively  These are indicated in green and blue lines in Figure E-1 together with the inferred dominant land-uses (from rnterpretations  of satellite imagery) and I he locations  of main towns  and roads  and existing transmission lines  The hatched areas mark National Priority Forest Areas (NFPA)
On initial glance most of the areas along the proposed routes appear to consist of varying combinations  of agriculture and woodland, indicating that major adverse environmental impacts  may  be limited, this  more so. for the eastern route as  it does  not seem to intersect any  dense forested areas  However, the western route is  significantly shorter an aspect that may  prove both environmentally  and economically advantageous
Consequently, a critical task  for the assessments  as  reported herein is  la determine the nature of the inferred vegetation patterns  and land-uses  to enable accurate conclusions  on environmental sensitivities and mitigation potentials
A  more  detailed  description  of  the  routes  with  pictures  of  landscape and  features  follow  below  (taken  from  Annex  3E  Power  System  and Transmission and Field Survey in September 2005)
ElANxwndiX E Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study ol Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report • Vol 5 Page E-B
NFPA
100 K4o«w«W<»
Figure E-1 Proposed line routes and land use
Western Route (Ra)
Baro-Dembidolo-Ashi -The line route from Baro 2 goes  north and crosses  the main road as  well as  the 66 kV-line to Gambela (not shown). From this  point the line is  planned to be in parallel with the 66 kV-line westwards  to Birbir nver valley  Further the line route will cross  the river valley  and enter the high plateau south of Dembidolo The crossing of Birbir valley  includes  2 long spans  in an area with difficult access
Entering the high plateau at Beshengo, the line is  planned in a straightest possible direction towards  Ashi, passing approximately  3 km southwest of Dembidolo
EiA Appendix E Anal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebeile Engineering and WWDSETedera  DemocraK Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources
1
Feasihiity Study of Baco Multipurpose Dam Project
El A Report Vol 5 Page E 9
Figure E-2 View toward Birbir valley and plateau south of Dembidolo with 66KV tower (line to Gambela)
Figure 3 NPFA north of Dembidolo with surrounding agriculture
Ashi-Gidama-Bambezi-Asosa - Between Ashi and Gidama the line route is planned along an existing path, which should be replaced by a new road for construction and maintenance purposes.
Between Gidama and Bambezi the line route is planned close to the newly constructed road, and kept very close to the road south of Bambezi due to the mountains to east and west
From Bambezi the line route is planned straight northwards and will meet the line route alternative Rb between Asosa and Komosha.
Except for Birbir river valley crossing and the mountainous area between Ashi and Gidama, the landscape is relatively smooth and well suited for transmission line construction
EIA Appendix E F<nil aw*
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelie Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
Alternative Rb1
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page E- W
Alternative Rb1 is crossing the Sudanese Border at Gizen instead of
at Kurmuk This route can be combined both with the eastern (
)
and the western alternative (Ra) A decision regarding which route to choose depends on findings on later site visits inside Sudan.
Eastern Route (Rb)
The line route starts at Baro 2 substation in the flat area above and north of the river valley, at elevation approximately 1400 masl From Baro 2 the double circuit line is aligned north of the high forest and rain forest near the river and passing south of Halu village
The new Metu substation is planned at the flat area north of the road between Metu and Tulube
From Metu substation the planned line route is aligned in the high land west of the road to Suppe crossing the Geba nver valley with a long span (to reduce forest cleaning in this beautiful landscape)
Figure E- 4 View of Geba nver valley with waterfall (looking north)
The planned route have a deviation 4 km west of Alge and from this point in a straight line to the north, passing 1 5 km west of both Olabado and Haro Jumsa The road from Gimbi to Nole is  newly reconstructed and in good condition, but a new road is  needed between Nole and Alge for construction and maintenance of the line This new road will include a bridge for the Dembi nver crossing
ElA Appendix E Ema/ Report
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EIA Rcpocl ■ Vol 5 Page E-11
F/gure E* 5 V7ew North of fores? around Dembi river at Alge
From Haro Junisa the line route passes  a cultivated, densely populated and hilly landscape all along the route to the road crossing west of Nejo.
Agure E- 6 Typical landscape between Haro Junisa and Nejo
The 400 kV-lme will cross the new 132 kV-line Gimbi-MendhAsosa as well as the new road from Addis Ababa just west of Nejo. Both the
132 kV-line and the road were under construction during the site visit Crossing of the 132 kV-line requires at least one very high 400 kV- lower From this point the 400 kV-line will be partly in parallel with the 132 kV-line The line has to pass north of Mendi to avoid conflicts 
with existing buildings.
EIA A^per-iii E Final RepcC
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHME YER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Wale' Resources
Feasibility Study o( Baro Multipurpose Dam Project___________________________
El A Report - Vo' 5 Page E-l 2
Figure  E-7  The  new  road  from  Addis  Ababa  to  Asosa  under construction Picture from west of Neio
The line route passes smooth, cultivated landscape between 132 kV- crossing and Tenke switching station
From Tenke to Basha Buda, the line passes a hilly landscape which requires a new access road and several bridges North of Basha Buda the landscape is smoother The line route has to keep close to the road Komosha due to mountain ranges both east and west of the road
North of Komosha the landscape is dryer relatively flat but with some peaks
Figure E-8. Landscape at the high plateau north of Komosha with typical peak
From Famatsere the line route has to be kept close to the road due to the steep mountainside down to the lower plateau around Kurmuk It is proposed to cross the border approximately 8 km north of Kurmuk to keep a straight direction towards Roseires
fciA Appendix E Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineenng and WWDSEFedpral Democralic Repubte of Ethiopia Ministry of Waler Resources
feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project____________________________
EIA Report - Vol. 5 Page E-13
E.2 3                            Construction Standards
The line will be constructed according to international standards and best practice (e g see Annex 3 Power System and transmission).
The main technical details are summarized as follows
T owers
Assumed  optimal  span  length  is  390  m,  average  height  to  lower crossarm 28 m, and average total height for suspension towers 48 m Due to the foreseen longevity of  the hydropower plant, importance and relatively ease of access to the line routes concrete foundations are recommended
All towers shall be permanently grounded The grounding has to be designed to avoid dangerous  step and touch voltages  near the lowers
Conductors Recommended vertical conductor clearances vary from 9 3 meters for roads/public areas Io 8 3 and 4.2 meters for normal land and other transmission lines
Similarly using very large conductors will reduce the noise from the corona effect.
ElA Appendix E Fnil Repoil
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
tlA Report Vol 5
E.3
E3.1
E 32
EIA Appendix E Final Report
THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Climate
Rainfall tn the eastern basin of the Nile is controlled by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the rambelt to the soul
of it The ITCZ moves from south of the equator dunng January to 23
N in July and back, with the rainfall being longest over the Sobat
basin southeast of the project area and decreasing in length towards 
the North
The rainfall season over the Sobat - Baro catchment has with 5.5 months the longest duration, compared with a duration of 4 months over the Blue Nile catchment and 3 months for the Dtnder, Rahad and Atbara catchments  further north Rainfall and temperature are strongly  affected by  the elevation being highest and lowest (respectively) in the Ethiopian Highlands  with the reverse trend toward the lowlands
Annual rainfall in the Ethiopian highlands ranges from 1500 - 2400 mm Further to the west the rainfall decreases to 1000 - 1400 mm in the plains  in Ethiopia and to 700 - 900 mm in Sudan Similarly temperature records for Metu which lie at about 1700 meters at the start of the proposed line routes show highs and lows ranging from 25-30°C and 7-12°C, whereas Gambela in the lowlands at about 500 m show ranges from 32-37°C and 18-25°C Moving north along the proposed line routes temperatures are expected to be similar to those at Metu and increasing with lower elevation at Asosa
In conjunction with field survey that was undertaken in mid-september of 2005, thunderstorms  with heavy  ram and hail was  encountered upon entering Asosa Although intermittent, the rains  persisted throughout the evening and night causing the roads  to become extremely  slippery  When enquiring with the locals  when they expected the rams to stop and the roads would be passable again, we were informed that these storms are quite common towards the end of the rainy season They are mostly caused by orographic effect as wetter air is being pushed up the plateau and then hits the higher mountains to the southwest Leaving Asosa driving south again, the weather gradually improved as soon as we drove further east
Topography
As  previously  mentioned in chapter 2 2 the topography  along the proposed routes  largely  consist of undulating hilly  terrain with cultivated field and patches  of forest The latter generally  becoming denser along the streams and nver valleys with the main obstacles to line construction being the crossing of the Birbir and Geba nver valleys  as  well as  the mountainous  areas  around Dembidolo (along the western route)
This general picture is shown in more detail in Figure E-9 Here the different landscape types within the area traversed by the line routes (stippled lines) have been classified using the FAO Soil and Terrain Database
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Elhrcpia - Ministry of Waler Resources
Feasibly Study ol Bare Multipurpose Dam Project________________ __________ ___
EIA Report-Vol 5
_____ Page E l 5
Moving east from the lowlands  in Gambela, the rising of the escarpment and highlands can be seen as the transition from yellow and orange to shades of red The crossing of the mountains around Dembidolo is clearly shown by the intersection of the stipple line and the red and purple areas  Similarly, after crossing the Geba river valley indicated by the olive green area near Melu, the eastern line largely follows the plateaus before descending into Asosa
533
Figure E-9 Landscapes within the project area
Geo/ogy and Soils
The general geology  of the area traversed by  the line roules  is illustrated in Figure E-10, and can be classified into the following main groups  acidic  (dark  green) intrusive (brownish) and ultrabasic rocks {light green), The former is mostly metamorphic and consists of gneisses that are derived from granites and various undifferentiated basement system rocks  The ultrabasic  rocks  are the basafV ferromagmsium nch rocks  that cover the deeper basement rocks (undifferentiated gneisses).
Unconsolidated sediments are mainly found In the floodplains to the west (i.e Gambela), but also where the line crosses  the border to Sudan near Kurmuk).
ElAApponau. e Fir al RtOOrt
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engm-eenng and WWDSEFedefal Democratic Republic o1 EthKjp.a - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose 3am Project
----------
EiA Report • Vol 5 Page E- 16
Figure E-10. General geology of the project area
Among other factors such as rainfall, slope and organic content etc, the composition of soils  can largely  be understood from the underlying geology  (as  shown in Figure E-10) with the deposition of fines in the floodplains giving rise to the deep vertisols in this area These are soils  nch in clay  and organic  content that crack  upon drying With proper management (tilling) their fertility  is  considered good
Moving further to the east along the escarpments and steeper slopes soils  are termed leptosols  These soils  are very  shallow They  are mainly  composed of weathered rock  debris  (collovium) and have a coarse to clayey/loamy texture
The mtosols  are the main type of soils  along the plateau Being formed collovium and residual rock  debris  that has  collected along valley  sides  and depressions, they  are characteristic  feature of the undulating terrain This  is  evident from road cuttings  along the new road that is under construction to Asosa (e g see Figure E-7). Here the soils, which are clayey and red extending several tens of meters below ground level Upon contact with water these soils  swell and easily flow
EIA Appendix E F-nal Repod
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Figure E-11. General soil map of the project area
E34
Erosion Hazard
In tropical areas with ample rainfall and forest vegetation such as mostly is the case along the traversed line routes (albeit with vanous degress of human disturbance) most of the biomass collects in the vegetation Any organic matenal left in the soil is quickly leached Consequently, it is the plants and roots that maintain the integrity of the  soil.  Removing  vegetation  in  these  types  of  environments immediately renders soils susceptible to erosion, a feature that is clearly evident along road embankments and from the sediment content in rivers draining cultivated versus undisturbed catchments With removal of vegetation soil erosion rates in the project area will therefore mainly depend on slope and the duration and intensity of rainfall Differences in soil structure are probably of less significance, as most soils traversed by the proposed transmission line routes are similar
E3.5
Hydrology
From south to north the major nvers within the project area are the
Baro. Ge ba Birbir and Dabus rivers Whereas the former three all
dram into the Baro nver and eventually the White Nile at Malakal in
Sudan, the latter is a tributary of the Abay (Blue Nile) It is crossed at
Bambesi just north of Mendi on the way to Asosa
Hydrologically these nvers are highly seasonal with most of the water
originating m upper catchments in the rainy season from June until
September On their descent from the Ethiopian Highlands the
EIA Append* E
Finn Report
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of Water Resources
E1A Report - Vol 5 Page E-18
streams  flow  through  deep  gorges.  It  is  in  these  areas  that  most  of the remaining rainforests can be found
Below  Gambela  the  Baro  loses  a  significant  part  of  the  high  flows though channel or overbank spilling into the plains
Flowing northwards the Dabus river abruptly descends into the Abay gorge about and joins the Abay some east of Roseires
ElA Append/* E
Final Report
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EIA Report - Vol 5 _______ Page E-19
E.4
THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
E 4.1
Vegetation
The distribution of habitats crossed by the power
lines is given in
Figure E-12. The definition of the boundaries of the habitats was made after a field survey and based on expertise of the specialists The habitats are clearly separable under mosl circumstances tn fact, there are very  limited cases  where one habitat blends  with the other(s) because they form a fine mosaic of patches on a scale that is too small to be presented in a large-scale map. In general the power lines traverse various agro-ecological zones and vegetation types of Ethiopia The transmission line was broadly divided into zones (Zone A - D) and different plant communities  characterize each zone A description of each of these plant communities in the context of the broad zone classes is given below and each plant community has been labelled as Type A. Type B, Type C, etc to minimize repetition
Ethiopia
NFPA
ft/
Figure E-12. Vegetation types along the proposed fransmtssion tine routes with zones A-D (from field survey Sept. 2005).
EIA Appends F Foal Report
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FIA Re
port - Vol 5
Page E-20
E42
Western Route
Zone A
The   head   of   the   power   transmission
line
is 
situated
in   the
Afromonlane rainforest, which was design
ated
as a
National
Priority 
Forest Area (EFAP 1994) and lies in zone
A It t
raver
ses vano
us plant
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
communities,  which  are  described  (eg  Figure  E-  13)  Species  of conservation concern for this Zone are given in Table H-1
Pouteria adolfi-fnderici - Olea weiwttschii (Type A vegetation) This plant community  encompasses  rich epiphyte vegetation such as orchids  vanous  species  of ferns, mosses  and lichens  Mosses and lichens are very charactenstics of the epiphyte vegetation growing on barks, logs and leaves of plants Mosses and lichens m Ethiopia are generally  poorly  known This  vegetation is  dominated by  national priority species such as Poutena adotfi-fndenci. Albizia schimperiana, Cordta afncana. Prunus Afncana. Syzygium guineese. etc and is part of the last remaining rainforests of Ethiopia
Pouteria adolfi-fnderici - Allophyllus abyss/nicus (Type B vegetation) This plant community is composed of species, which have been categorized as national prionty species and wild gene pools of Coffea arabica and Afromomum corronma. Some of these national pnonty species are endangered e g Pouteria adolfi-friderici (Table E-1)
Some orchid species and others are rare and have very restricted distribution even within the plant community itself and are considered vulnerable to human disturbances
Combretum - Hyparrhema woodland (Type C) The plant community along streams is dominated by Ficus species and Phoenix reclinata (Figure E- 13, E). The surround vegetation is highly disturbed (mainly used for grazing) The open Combretum - Hyparrtienia woodland is less species diverse from botanical viewpoint But it is mainly used as a wildlife corridor It has been said that big mammals such as Buffalo Elephant and various antelopes use this corridor Although the reptile diversity of Ethiopia is unknown to qualify endemic and rare species, this vegetation type is an ideal habitat for their high diversity Highly disturbed Poutena adotfi-fndenci forest (Type D) This forest type  is  highly  disturbed  and  converted  into  cultivation  field  and managed coffee forest (Figure E- 13. A - D) It is characterized by the presence of isolated national priority species such as Cordia afncana, Poutena    adotfi-fndenci    (under    very    rare    occasions)    around homestead  and  cultivation  fields  and  Albizia  schimperiana  and  A grandibractea as coffee shade trees
The vegetation types of type A representing highly disturbed Poutena adolfi-fnderici forest around Metu and the Combretum - Hypanhema woodland towards Gambela are shown in Figure E- 13 Pictures A -
8 denotes highly disturbed Poutena adolfi-fridenci dominated forest The arrows indicate Albizia schimperiana This is a favoured coffee shade tree and was consequently left uncut Picture C shows solitary Albizia schimperiana and cultivated fields in the background and picture D. a cleared forest with Pouteria adolfi-friderici sapling Rivenne vegetation within Combretum - Hyparrhema woodland is
ElA Appendix E
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Fmai Report
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal DeiTMB©ra1jc Reput-lc of Ethiopia - Ministry ot Water Resources
reasic l.ty Study of Haro Multipurpose Dam Project ______ _____________
LIA Report - Vol. 5 Page E-21
shown  in  picture  E  and  Combrelum  -  Hyparrhema  woodland  in picture F
Figure E- 13 Vegetation types of Zone A
EIA Appendix E Finn Report
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o? Waler Resources
EIA Report Vol 5 Page E-22
Table E-1 Species of conservation concern observed for Zone A.
Types A, B vegetationVegelation Mapping Units
Species
Family
Endemic
Conservation
Ramarks
status
Afromomum corronma
Zmgiberaceae
Yes
Vulnerable
Wild useful
spice plant
Albizia
Fabaceae
No
NPS.
grandibractea
Vulnerable
Angraecopsis macrophylta
Orchidiaceae
No
Rare
Very rare in
rivenne forest
Bulbophytlum
Orchidiaceae
NO
Rare
Very rare in
mtertextum
rivenne loresl
Bulba phyllum
Orchidiaceae
No
Rare
Very rare in
lupulinum
rivenne forest
Coffea arabica
Rubiaceae
Yes
Locally
Wilde
common
NPS
genepool
Cordia afneana           Boraginaceae               No
Diaphananthe adoxa
Orchidiaceae
No
Vulnerable
Locally rare
Dracaena
Dracaenaceae
Yes
Locally
fragrans
common
Manilkara
Sapotaceae
No
NPS.
Very few
butugi
Vulnerable
mature
individuals
Manilkara
Sapotaceae
No
NPS.
Very few
butugi
vulnerable
mature
individuals
Olea welwitschii
Oleaceae
No
NPS.
Few mature
vulnerable
individuals
Polyslachya
cultinformis
Orchidiaceae
No
Vulnerable
Locally rare
Poutena adoffi-           Sapotaceae fnderia
No
Rhamnus
Rhamnaceae               No
NPS.
endangered
Nol common Wild gene
prmotdes
pool
Scadoxus
Amaryllidaceae             Yes
Locally
nutans
common
Schefllera                   Araliaceae                    No                    Vulnerable
Soft wood
abyssmica
suitable for
Curving
Syzygium                    Myritaceae                   No
NPS
guinense
Vulnerable
Vepens dainellii          Rut ace ae               Yes
locally
common
Type E
Zone B
Zone  B  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  Types  A,  D  and moderately disturbed Poutena adolfi-fnderici forest (Type E).
Type E vegetation is mainly charactenzed by solitary national forest species standing in agricultural fields and managed coffee forest with Albina schimpanana and A grandibractea
EIA Append'* E
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El A Report Vol 5 Page E-23
£43
Eastern Route
Zone C
The vegetation types of Zone C Eastern route is s
hown in Figure E-
14. A-F.
This route traverses a national forest priority area, i
.e.. Sigmo - Geba
priority  forest  area  (e  g,  Figure  E12)  and  is  charactensed  by vegetation Types A. D and managed Coffee Forest (Type F).
Type F The latter Type F vegetation is characterized by the presence of the two aforementioned Albizia species and Acacia abyssinica in some areas (Figure E-14. A)
Type G This  vegetation is  the proper Acacia abyssinica woodland It was recorded along the eastern route (Figure E-14 D - E), However, this woodland is under intensive human disturbances such as clearing for cultivation (Figure E-14. E).
ELA ApptfUtf'* E
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Final Repcn
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ElA Report - Vo! 5 Page E-24
----------
FIA Appendix E Fina' Report
Figure E-14 Vegetation types of Zone C, eastern route
The pictures in Figure 4-3 above show A Managed Coffee forest with Albizia schimperiana and Acacia abyssmica B, Remnant of Pouteria adolfi-fnderici forest (arrow) C, Part of the Geba - Setema national
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Type H
Type I
priority forest area with like waterfall Acacia abyssimca woodland (D. less  disturbed: E. cleared for teff cultivation) F. highly  disturbed Pouteria adolfi-fndenci forest with solitary national priority species
Zone D
Zone D is charactenzed by various environmental conditions, which were identified as ‘undifferentiated woodland of Ethiopian type (White
1903) These are descnbed in greater detail below as well as shown in pictures a-d m Figure E-'5.
Boswellia papyrifera- Cussonia woodland (Type H) This  is dominated by  B Papyrifera (source of frankincense) and Cussonia ostenii
Combretum - Terminalia broad leaved deciduous woodland (Type I) This  woodland encompasses  trees  and shrubs  and some of the species of this vegetation are deciduous. The dominant tree species are Combretum. Terminalia and Anogeissus  Boswellia papyrifera is also represented in this vegetation An endemic Protea gaguedi was recorded in this  vegetation However it presents  no conservation
issue
Type J
Bamboo thicket (Type J) This thicket is dominated entirely by lowland
Bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica)
Type K
Boswellia papyrifera - Bamboo thicket (Type K) This is dominated by 
Boswellia papyrifera and Bamboo thicket
Type C
Combretum   -   Hyparrhema   wooded   grassland   (Type   C)   The
vegetation forms a rather open canopy and discontinuous The most
important    grass    species    are    Hyparrhenia    confines.    Loudetia arundinacea, Andropogon gayanus and Hyperthelia dissoluta.
ElA  Apirtr^gti  E Anal Repor
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E. 4 4
Figure E-15. Vegetation types of Zone D A. Combretum -
Termmalia woodland B, Boswellia - Bamboo thicket C Boswellia - Cussonia woodland, note that the reddish leaves of Boswellia papy.
D Bamboo thicket is sometimes doted with Cussonia
Fauna
Wildlife densities  in the forests  are low and animals  secretive With the settlements in the forest, movement of people and the use of the forest for honey production it is certain that there is reasonably high use of bushmeat There is  little commercial hunting except for problem animal control of species such as leopard baboon, and
ElA Appendix E
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Page E-27
monkey because of the damage they inflict on domestic animals and crops
The species as reported from the forest area, are presented below Table E-2 Wildlife species known to occur in the tlubabor forests
Common Ntme
Comment
Lion
Leopard
Buffalo
Low numbers
Tracks seen al 0aro 2 (survey Feb 04)
Server   cat
Hyena
Greater kudu
Observed    (reconnaissance    trip    Oct    04).    Faeces 
seen (survey, Feb 04)
Ethiopian    well
Bushbuck 
Fox 
Warthcq
Observed. (Bare forest survey. Feb CM)
Aartvark
Civet cat
Anubis baboon
Observed (survey. Oct 04 Feb 05 and Sept 05)
Verve! monkey 
Patas Monkey Colobus Monkey
Cheno
Observed (survey, Oct 04 Feb 05 and Sept 05)
Porcupine
Duiker
Hyrax 
Honey badger Bush pig
Kore
Crocodile Mangrove Common     Jackie Abyssinian Hare Otter
Tortoise
Sign of otter t^esence (survey Feb 04}
EIA Appendi* E Finn Report
he SOER for Ethiopia (2003) identified 3 species of large mammals as  critically  threatened,  5  as  endangered,  2  as  vulnerable  and  i  as Ihrened None of these species occur within the project area.
Birds
Ethiopia has  over BOO-recorded species  of birds  of which 16 are endemic  Eleven of ihe endemic  species  and a further 20 species are recognised as globally threatened (EPA, 2003)
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species These are
•    Prince Ruspoli s Touraco (globally threatened)
•    Sidamo Long-clawed Lark (globally threatened)
•    While-tailed Swallow (globally threatened)
•    Abyssinian Bush Crow (globally threatened)
•    Nechisar Nightjar
These species  are vulnerable to habitat change through land conversion for agriculture, forest fires  and commercial fuelwood harvesting Out of Ethiopia's  16 endemic  bird species  three are directly dependent on wetlands These are
•  Blue-winged goose (Cyanochen cyanopterus)- a near
threatened species
•  Rouget s rail (Rougetius rougettu)- a near-threatened species
•  Spot-breasted plover (Vanellus melanocephalus) - not
threatened
The Blue-winged goose prefers habitats above 1 600m and is unlikely to  be  threatened  Rougets  rail  is  usually  found  in  forest  habitats above  1,500m  and  is  likely  to  occur  within  the  Baro  1  reservoir wetland  area  The  spot-breasted  plover  occurs  in  open  marshes above 1,800m and is unlikely to be threatened by this project The Important Bird Areas of Ethiopia (EWNHS in Fishpool and Evans. 2001) identified the Metu-Gore-Tepi forests (ET046) within which the project falls an important bird area
Due to the relative isolation of the Metu-Gore-Tepi forests  the avifauna is relatively depauperate but contains populations of Grus carunculatus and Abyssinian longclaw (Macronyx fiavicollis) The area also has populations of the Ethiopian endemics Yellow-fronted parrot (Poicephalus  flavrfrons) and Abyssinian woodpecker (Dendropicos abyssinicus) Four other species, rarely  recorded in Ethiopia, occur in this  IBA, these are African finfoot (Podica senegalensis),Snowy- crowned robin-chat (Cossypha mveicapilla). Olive-bellied sunbird (Nectarinia chloropygia) and Black  bishop (Euplectes  gierowii) (EWNHS in Fishpool and Evans. 2001)
A  list  of  bird  species  that  would  be  found  in  the  forest  areas  are shown in Table E-3
EIA Appendix E Final Report
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Table E-3 The occurrence biome-restricted species of the Afrotropical Highlands at the ET046 Important Bird Area site m Ethiopia
Species of global conservation concern are highlighted m bold blue (ex bold 4 mentioned above i Any other species with a restricted range are Nghbghted <i blue.______________________ ____________________________________________
Roslrychta Caruncutata
Cyanochen cyanopterus (Blue winged goose)
Francohnus ecckeln
Fcancdinus castaneicolks
Rougetius rougetii (rou gat’s rail)
Agaporrws tar anta
Tauraco leucotns
Schoutedenapus myoptilus
Apus niansa
lydus undatus
Dendropicos abysslnicus (Abyssinian woodpecker) Macronyx flavicoUis (Abyssinian longclaw)
Zoolhera piaggiae
Cossypha semxufa
Cercometa sordida
Myrmecoochia me’.aena
Thamnoiaea semtrufa
Pseudoalappe abyssima
Parophasma gatenien
Ddioplromis chocoiatinus
Serious citnnelkxdes
Sennus tnslnatus
Serious stndatus
E A Appendix E
Fnal Report
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EIA Report - Vol 5
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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
E. 5 1
Affected Districts
The   proposed   transmission   routes   are   located   within   the   regional state  of  Oromia  in  the  zones  of  llubabor  and  Welega  Moving  no the  western  and  eastern  routes  enter  the  zone  of  Welega  at  the crossing  of  Birbir  nver  valley  and  the  town  of  Alge  respectively,  he locations  of  the  nearest  towns  and  the  corresponding  distncts  and zones  traversed  by  the  routes  are  shown  from  the  start  at  Baro  HPP to the Sudan border in Table E-4.
Table E-4 Towns and distncts along the routes
kVasfwm route
Chainage (Km)             Nearest towns      District               Zone
0. Baro HPP                          Gore
Birbir River
valley
Dembidolo
Gore
llubabor
Kelem                      Welega
Gidami
Bambesi
Asosa
Asosa
Gizen'
Eastern Route
Chainage (Km)
Nearest towns
District
Zone
0. Baro HPP
Gore
Gore
llubabor
Melu
Geba river valley
Sor A Geba
Alge
Ghimbi
Welega
Nejo
Mendi
Bambesi
Asosa
Kurmuk
Asosa
* Border crossing Rb1
Demographics
The population along the proposed transmission line routes  are mostly  composed of Oromo people They  occupy  compact farming villages  on the upland slopes  and plateau and their way  of life revolves  around subsistence agnculture, trading in the local markets, some animal husbandry  (mainly  keeping draught oxen), and the harvest of wild coffee from the forest.
In   addition   to   farming   they   augment   their   cash   income   by   tending numerous beehives Several such hives suspended high up in the
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ElA Report - Voi 5
PageE-31
Health
ElA Appends E
Final Report
trees   were   observed   while   conducting   the   environmental   survey reported herein
Moving into the dense forest areas, the lowlands  toward Gambeia and along the Sudan border north of Asosa people are of different ethnic origin and visibly different from the Oromo people
The Majangir people occupy the dense rainforest in the planned Baro reservoir area In addition to their principal source of livelihood, which is  beekeeping their staple diet is  based on the maize and sorghum (mainly) that they  grow in forest cleanngs  in combination with a modest supply of fish from the Baro nver and fruits collected m the forest.
It is not known whether similar hunter and gatherer type people as the Majangir also occupy  the NF PA forested areas  north of Dembidolo It is  nevertheless  assumed that these forests  by  nature of their increased biodiversity  also provide habitat for bees and plants, which are harvested by the local farmers
The people living in the lowlands  around Gambeia and the frontier toward Sudan although ethnically  distinct, are mainly  hunter and gatherer/ shifting cultivators  and cattle semi nomadic  pastoralists These areas  have also experienced a significant influx  of refugees seeking shelter from the civil war in Sudan
The increased prevalence of disease (pnmanly malana and tse-tse)
have contributed to the significantly lower population densities ( about
10 persons per sq km) in the Gambeia and lowland regions compared to (100-150 persons per sq km) in the upland areas
Despite the lower population densities, food shortages continue to be major obstacle to development and economic  growth However, the latter is  only  partly  to blame as  the settling of refugees  and large swampy areas in the Gambeia plains cause much of this region to be unsuitable for agriculture
Commercial and Industnal Development
Apart from the growing of coffee, the Gumara Tea Estate near Gore and the Bedele Brewery, there are few other industnal developments of any  size in lubabor Similarly  with the exception of the ongoing construction of the road from Addis Ababa to Asosa and establisment of new vetennary  university  in Asosa, the same picture is  largely applicable for Welega with communally  operated gram and sawmills, some textile manufacturing and retail shops being the most prominent businesses,
Socio-Economic Services and Infrastructures
Coverage in the region is poor both in relation to number of facilities, availability  of equipment and medicines  and capacity  of hearth workers In the project area the most commonly treated diseases are reported to be diarrhoea followed by  various  upper airway  and respiratory illnesses (i.e predominantly pneumonia)
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Education
Most children do. however, attend school up to grade 8
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page E-32
Te
NGO's
availability  of  subsequent  education  both  secondary  up  to  grade  12
as  well as  university  level is  limited to the larger towns  In addition higher education is  also an economic  issue both with respect to school fees and loss of labour for faming.
The main NGO operating in the area is  the German organization "Menschen fur Menschen" (MFM) This  organization started its operations  during the famine in 1984 concentrating then on emergency  relief. Now their activities  encompass  health education, promotion of gender awareness  and the role of women as  well as education on improving farming practices  and conservation of the natural resource base
In addition to MFM. missionanes  operate health posts  and associated schools  in some of the larger towns. The Adventist Hospital in Ghimbi is one such facility.
In the area along the Sudan border north of Asosa Save the Children and the Red Cross  operate refugee camps  with associated schools and health facilities  including education of health workers  The WFP provide food relief in the same area
Communications            Apart from the main roads most towns have a post office Telecommunications and electricity is however, only available in the
larger towns listed in Table E-4.
Ethiopian Airlines  operates  flights  to Gore, Dembidolo, Asosa and Gambela Asosa and Gambela are served twice a week  on Sundays and Thursdays, whereas Gore and Dembidolo once a week
EiA Appends E
Final Report
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E.6
IMPACTS
E6.1
Introduction - Criteria For Assessing Impacts
Two alternative options were provided for the power transmission line
of  Baro  HPP  The  alternatives  have  their  heads  in  the  National
Priority  Forest  and  head  to  Sudan  Border  via  Benshangul-Gumuz 
Regional State One line follows western and the other eastern routes 
(Figure E-12) This ElA first provides the feasibility of the two routing
options  with  regards  to  their  impacts  on  vegetation  and  natural
habitat   Having   compared   and   made   recommendations   on   the
proposed  alternatives  the  assessment  continues  with  descnpbons 
and   evaluations   of   remaining   biophysical   and   socio-economic 
impacts (i.e with the latter applying to either of the proposed routes)
The  current  study  is  based  on  fieldwork  conducted  in  September
2005
It was found vital to set cntena to assess the impacts due to the
proposed  transmission  lines  The  meaning  of  each  of  the  impact
details is given below.
Nature  of  impact  This  signifies  the  type  of  effects  due  to  the
proposed activity. It is usually a narration of the impact
Extent  (Geographic  area):  This  entails  whether  the  impact  will  be
within a limited area (LIM), Regional at national level (RNL)
Duration.  Whether  the  impact  will  be  temporary  and  only  during
implementation (Tl). Short-term (ST), Medium-term (MT). Long-term
(LT), permanent (P) or transient (TR)
Intensity  Whether  the  impact  is  destructive  or  harmless  This  was 
rated as Low (no concern to environmental function and processes),
Moderate (environment continues to function modified though), high
(environment significantly altered and ceases to function)
Probability Whether certain impacts will realize or not.
Mitigation  Whether  it  is  possible  to  mitigate  the  impact  and  was 
rated as satisfactory, unsatisfactory and none (no mitigation required)
Overall  Significance  (for  decision  making  processes):  Low  if  the
impact  will  not  have  an  influence  on  decision  but  need  to  be
incorporated,  moderate  if  it  has  influence  on  decision  and  may require project modification and high if the impact could have a no- go implication regardless of any possible mitigation measures Conservation rating Five broad zones were assigned. Each zone is composed of mosaic plant communities, which were identified, based on dominant species, agricultural fields and managed coffee forests Each plant community and zone in its broad context were assigned a conservation rating from 1 (least sensitive) to 5 (highly sensitive)
i             ElA Appendix E FiM' Repo*
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineenng and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project__________________________
ElA Report - Vol 5
Page E-3*
E62
ElA Ordinance
This ElA conforms Io the concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights, which are entrenched in the na io
constitution through articles 43 & 44 and guiding pnnctples o
Ethiopia
Vegetation and Natural Habitat
The  construction  and  routine  maintenance  of  the  transmission  line requires  that  vegetation  (trees)  that  can  either  fall  on  the  overhead wires  (conductors)  or  otherwise  interfere  with  line  construction  and maintenance  be  removed  and  or  pruned.  The  nght  of  way  (ROW)  for 400  KV  line  typically  extends  25  metres  on  either  side  of  the  poles The  associated  impacts  relates  to  the  loss  of  high  ecological  value forest and inherent habitats              This is described for the different vegetation types below
Zone A
Types A and B
Type C
(Poutena adolfnfndenci - Olea welwitschit and Allophyilus abyssinicus) Impacts  on these vegetations  are expected during the construction and operational phases  because it will be traversed by the power transmission line and several service tracks  Impacts  may lead to felling of national pnonty species and complete loss  of certain specialized ecological niches, which are known to house rare and vulnerable species  It is  to be noted that once human disturbances are incurred onto Type A & B vegetations, the damaged area will be re-colonized by  pioneers  and cosmopolitan weedy  shrubs  Further reclamation of the original status  of the vegetation could take a very long period of time even under stnet forestry  management. Therefore Type A and B are very  sensitive to disturbances  Conservation rating 5
(Combretum - Hyparrtienia woodland) Type C. Zone A serves  as  a wildlife comdor and could be affected during construction phases During the latter phase, a large amount of reptiles  could be killed by the worker on a mere pre text that they  may  be dangerous  Some of these reptiles  are harmless  but may  display  defensive gesture if charged by  high human traffic  during construction phase Therefore, this  environment along the western route is  very  sensitive. Conservation rating 4 Type D. Zone A is  less  sensitive to disturbances Conservation rating 1
Zone A (in entirety): Conservation rating: 4 Zone B
Type A
Type E
The  impacts  and  its  conservation  rating  of  this  vegetation  type  are described above (conservation rating 5)
(Moderately disturbed Poutena adolfi-fnderici forest) Impacts on this
6XpeCted t0 take place dur* 9 construction phase
n
Some of the managed coffee forests could be traversed and some national pnonty species may be cut down Conservation rating: 1 Zone B (in entirety) Conservation rating 4
ElA Appendix E
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelle Engmeenng and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources
ElA Reood - Vol 5
®
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project__________________________________________ _____ Pa^e ^-35
Eastern Route Zone C
Type A
In addition to isolated patches of remnant rainforest this type of vegetation mainly comprises the dense forests in the Geba river valley. Its conservation rating is similar to that described above (i e 5).
Type D and Type F (Highly  disturbed Poutena adoifi-fnderici forest Type D and managed coffee forest Type F) Having already  been largely  removed by agriculture. further encroachment by  powerline construction is expected to be limited and can in most instances  where there are isolated forest patches be avoided Conservation rating: 1
Type G
(Acac/a abyssmrca woodland) This type forms local mosaics and has limited distribution There is  no apparent impact on Type G plant community  because the transmission line may  traverse its insignificant portion Conservation rating 1
Zone C (in entirety): Conservation rating 1 Zone D
Type H
Type 1
Type J
Type K
Type C
(Soswe//ra papynfera- Cussonia woodland) Impacts on this 
vegetation are expected during the construction phase, which may 
result in felling of Boswellia papynfera, which is an economically 
useful plant In order to minimize disturbances, routes and turning
points should be identified and demarcated before the
commencement of construction activities in order to avoid
destructions to Boswellia papynfera and making of new tracks and
any excuses attached lo it should be stnctly prohibited Conservation
rating: 3
(Combrefum - Terminatta broad leaved deciduous woodland) This vegetation is less sensitive to disturbance owing to their open nature Nevertheless, attention should be paid to isolated and scattered trees 
of Boswellia Identification of routes and turns should be identified
before the construction activities Conservation rating: 2
(Bamboo  fh/ckefj  Impacts  on  this  vegetation  entail  cleanng  because the  Bamboo  thicket  is  inaccessible  in  places  This  species  is  qurte common and less sensitive to disturbance Conservation rating: 1 (Bosweflia    papynfera    —    Bamboo    thicket)    This    vegetation    is inaccessible   in   places   and   clearing   is   mandatory   dunng   the construction  phase.  Prior  to  construction  activities,  proper  planning  is essential  to  minimize  damage  to  Boswellia  papynfera  Conservation rating: 3
Combre/um  -  Hypantienia  woodland  Conservation  rating  4  by  virtue of it being a wildlife corridor with potentially high diversity of reptiles.
El*- Appendix E
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratc Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources
EIA
Report • Vol 5 Page E-36
Feasibility Study of Bare Multipurpose Dam Project__________________ ____ ____
E6 3
Summary of the EIA of the vegetation types
This summary is based on assessment criteria and provides 
references to the EIA of the transmission line options in terms or
construction activities and impacts before and after mitigation
Disturbances  and  their  impacts  from  two  perspectives  are
presented
below habitat loss and biodiversity loss
Western Route
Table E-5 Habitat Loss
Disturbances
(Habitat
loss,
Construction
spoiling the wilderness)
Before Mitigation
After Mitigation
Extent
Duration
Intensity
Probability Mitigation
Overall significance
If the construction activities are
managed pooriy. the area
deared will be wider than
needed and beyond the
transmission line corridor
Semi permanent because the wide gap created due Io this disturbance necessitates the spread of weedy shrubs within
the natural forest
High because construction
activities result m significant disturbances to wildlife traffic
Certain
Unsatisfactory
High
Disturbance could be minimized to few
meters which are unavoidable and
required through proper site management
Semi permanent, the created small gap
could be filled either with surrounding
forest trees or opportunistic weedy
shrubs
Medium
Probable
± Satisfactory
Medium
Table E-6 Biodiversity Loss. Killing and Trapping of Animals
Disturbances (Biodiversity
loss, killing and trapping of
animals)
Extent
Construction
Before Mitigation
Local within the power
transmission line but it has national implications because it causes loss of speoes occupying specialized niches and loss ol
national priority speoes. unnecessary killing of animals Semi permanent with durable impacts on less known reptile species, some of them could be
rare and very local and fragmented in their distnbutions
High
Certain
Unsatisfactory
High
After Mitigation
Local through proper site management and help of environmentalist dunng the
construction phase
Duration
Semi-permanent
Intensity
Probability Mitigation
Overall significance
Medium
Probable
± Unsatisfactory
High
EiA Appendix F
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratc Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page E-37
Eastern Route
Table E- 7 Habitat Loss
Disturbances (Habdal loss,
Construction
spoiling the wilderness)
Before Mitigation
After Mitigation
Extent
Duration
intensity
Probability
Mitigation
Overall s^mficance
Local; mostly in cultivated fields          Local
Temporary, during construction
phase only
Low
Certain
Satisfactory
Low
Temporary
Low
Certain
Satisfactory
Low
Table E-fl Biodiversity Loss. Killing and Trapping of Animals
Disturbances (biodiversity
loss killing and trapping of
animals)
Extent
Duration
Intensity
Probability
Mitigation
Overall significance
Construction
Before Mitigation
After Mitigation
Local with no negative impacts           Local with no negative impacts
Temporary during construction
phase only
Low
Certain
Satisfactory
Low
Temporary
Low
Certain
Satisfactory
Low
ElA Appendix E
Foiai Report
Recommendations
•     The  western  route  should  be  ruled  out  in  view  of  sensitive national    priority    forest    areas,    specialized    niches    and significant  impacts  on  wildlife  and  other  animals,  which  are little known e g reptiles.
•     The eastern route is preferred because it does not cause any observable  impacts  both  to  habitat  and  biodiversity  or  could be  fully  mitigated  under  limited  cases  These  cases  are  the area where the Transmission line crosses the Sigmo - Geba priority forest area This area could be avoided by moving the transmission  line  few  meters  westward,  which  is  mainly  a disturbed and cultivated area There are also areas in Zone D where    attention    should    be    paid    though    proper    site management to minimize the impacts of the transmission fine on  Boswellia  papyrifera.  It  is  advisable  to  inspect  the  areas rigorously  and  design  routes  and  tracks  in  Zone  D  before commencing construction
•       Raising   the   awareness   of   the   construction   workers   is mandatory concerning the importance of unspoiled landscape and seemingly useless animals of vanous types that certainly
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFodoral Democratic Republic ol Ethiopia - Ministry
Feasibility Study ol Baro Multipmposo Dam Project
of Waler Resources
EIA Repod • Vol 5
Page E-38
E64
So,ls
EIA Appendix E
Final Report
have significant roles in the ecosystem functioning
workers should be told to keep the landscape and rts 
biodiversity the way they are as much as possible Precise
instructions such as keeping vehicle tracks and confining
activities to pre-assigned areas should be given to the workers before hand
Mitigation Measures
Although vegetation can be removed mechanically, it is  preferable to use manual labour, especially  near the riverbanks  and steep slope areas
On no account should herbicides  or fires  be used This  should be reinforced with awareness  education regarding the environmental impacts associated with different methods of vegetation clearance
Trees  located near the corndor, and considered potentially hazardous  for the construction and/or operation of the power line, must be identified Each tree must be assessed to determine the level of removal required (pruning to total removal)
In areas where the line crosses ripanan forests on the banks of rivers particular care must be taken Along the eastern route this  applies to the crossing of Geba, Birbir and Dabus  nvers  In these areas  no clearance of vegetation will be permitted within a minimum distance ol 15 m from the highest level reached by  the waters  in rivers  and other watercourses
Existing  swamps  and  temporary  lagoons  must  be  avoided  When  this is not possible, special care must be taken regarding:
•    The use of non-pollutant and corrosion proof materials for pole foundations.
•    Spillage of fuels and lubricant oils: and
•    Abandoning or depositing any other products in sensitive
habitats
Wetland  habitats  are  likely  to  be  encountered  along  the  banks  of  the Birbir and Dabus.
Soils and Hydrology
Potential Impact - Increase in erosion dunng the construction of
access roads and pole foundations
Nature of Impact - Negative, increased nsk  of erosion may  result from the changing of natural drainage patterns  through removal of surface vegetation and exposure of the soil honzon to increasinq rate of physical and chemical weathenng.
Extenf - Localized to locat.ons of poles and access roads but with
^ ,n9 *h€re ve9e,ation to be cleared for the right of
way (ROW) along the transmission line corridor.
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE•
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page E-39
Duration - ST (Short Term) during construction
Intensity - Low
Probability • High
Mitigation - Satisfactory provided that any bare patches are re-planted
with soil binding vegetation Every effort should be made to separate
and remove or maintain the integrity of the topsoil (A honzon) to at
least   a   depth   of   20   cm.   The   separate   removal,   storage,   and
replacement  of  the  topsoil  and  subsoil  (lower  horizons)  ensure  the
preservation  of  the  edaphic  charactenstics  of  the  soil  profile,  and
hence continued soil productivity
Overall significance (for decision making) - Low
Potential Impact - Increased erosion along slope areas
Nature  of  Impact  -  Negative,  this  potential  impact  is  most  likely  to
occur  where  the  line  crosses  areas  of  deep  clay  nitosoils.  With
removal  of  surface  vegetation  and  exposure  to  precipitation  these
soils swell and become vulnerable to sliding
Extent - The surrounding area along the plateau
Duration - Short term
Intensity High
Probability - Highly probable
Mitigation - Satisfactory, the volume and speed of run-off should be
decreased     by     constructing     intercepting     culverts     on     road
embankments.   Ground   cover   plants   (e   g   creepers   and   the
herbaceous stratum) with soil binding properties should be preserved
and replanted, where necessary
Whenever   poles   need   to  be   erected  on  sloping  sites   or   near
watercourses,  special  attention  must  be  paid  to  re-vegetation  using
appropriate    species,    eg.    Cynodon    dactylon.    Crysanthemoides 
monifiora   and   Carpobrotus   sp   Nevertheless   the   most   practical
solution would be to leave intact the herbaceous stratum of creepers 
and shrubs
Revegetation with slow growth-rate shrubs or with small stature and
slow growth rate timber species will also contnbute to water retention
and subsequent decrease in erosion nsk.
Significance - Low
Potential Impact - Comoacting of thp Mil
Nature  of  Impact  -  Negative,  typically  caused  by  the  repetitive
operation   of   mainly   heavy   construction   equipment   (especially 
vehicles)  Compacting  of  the  soil  results  in  a  decrease  of  available
space for water and air in the soil, making it difficult for roots to
EIA Appendix E Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelte Engineenng and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Bato Multipurpose Dam Project____________________ _____
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page E_-4jO
Hydrology
EIA Appendix E
Final Report
develop  and  affecting  the  growth  of  plants  The  more  malleable  so
of a clay loam to clayish texture, are most prone to compaction. Extent   Surrounding   Area   (regional)   along   transmission   route   and access roads and where vegetation is cleared for the RO
Duration Short term
Intensity Medium
Probability Definite
Mitigation - Satisfactory, after completion of the construction phase, affected soils, (especially  those used for agriculture) should be ploughed and npped (i.e. tilled to a depth of 60 - 100 cm)
Significance - Medium
Potential   Impact   —   Pollution   caused   by   waste   produced   during construction
Nature of Impact • Negative, during the construction phase consumables  such as  fuels, lubricant oils, detergents, cement, and other chemicals  will be used At base camps  domestic  refuse will also be generated
Extent - Surrounding area
Duration - Short term
Intensity - Medium
Probability - Definite
Mitigation • Satisfactory, construction sites, warehouses  and temporary  base camps  should be kept clean, in order to avoid possible fires  The burying and abandoning of waste in temporary landfill sites  requires  that the soil's  upper horizon must be stockpiled and replaced on decommissioning the landfill site
Pollutant  matenals,  such  as  fuels  lubricants,  detergents,  cement  and others must be handled with special care, in order to avoid spillage
Concrete residues  with no further use should not be arbitrarily disposed but broken down into small pieces  and disposed in appropriate landfill sites
Biodegradable   packages   (paper,   cardboard,   wood)   can   be   either disposed  in  landfills  or  incinerated.  Plastic  bags  and  packages  that were  used  as  toxic  waste  containers  (fuels,  lubricants,  etc)  should  be rendered  useless  (torn  or  perforated)  and  deposited  in  landfills;  any re-usable containers etc can be made available to local populations Significance - Low
Poten/Za/ Impact — Interference with perennial and seasonal rivers
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democrats Republc of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project______________________
ElA Report Vol 5
Page E-41
£6 5
Population
Nature of Impact - Negative, alterations  in nver flows  or riverbed morphology  caused by  the accumulation of sediments  and other debris from construction-related activities
Extent - Surrounding area
Duration - Short term
Intensity - Medium
Probability - Probable
Significance - Medium
Mitigation - Satisfactory, the placement of poles or support structures dunng construction should not be within a minimum distance of ‘50 metres measured from the highest water level reached during periods of intense precipitation* Any  exception must be previously  notified and property reasoned
Cut down tree trunks should not be deposited on riverbeds, even if temporarily dry (whenever tree trunks fall into the river, these should be removed immediately) Any  removed vegetation should be disposed far from rivers  or streams  Whenever possible, these remains should be collected manually and never incinerated
No   matenals   originating   from   excavations   shall   be   thrown   into watercourses
Trees  situated on the banks  of rivers  and streams  must not be uprooted, it is recommended that they are pruned in order to adjust their shape or. if absolutely  necessary, cutting the trunk  at ground level.
Whenever possible, the construction of access roads over watercourses should be avoided When this is not possible, the crossing must be done at an acute angle (as tight as possible) but never perpendicular.
When the construction of bridges (even temporary ones) cannot be avoided, special attention must be paid to the stability of the nver or creek margins and to the need to preserve the nparian vegetation. Interference with the physical conditions, that allow the movement of fish, must also be kept to the minimum possible.
Socio-economic impacts
Potential  Impact  -  Resettlement/  relocation  of  residents  and  their dwellings and loss of arable land and harvests
Nature of Impact - Negative and Positive, arable land will be lost where line construction and access roads cross these At the same time new access  roads  will facilitate the transport of people and goods and thus increased economic activity.
ElA
E
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Final Repo^
m Association with Shebelte Engineering and WWDSEEIA Report • Vol 5
Page E-42
Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
Duration ■ Short and Long term
Intensity ■ Medium
Probability - Probable
Significance - Low to Medium
Resettlement or the moving people and their livelihoods  to a different geographic  location will probably  not be necessary  as  the proposed routes  largely  bypass  any  settlement centres  and land-take for pole
?
foundations is small (on the order of 8 m )
On the contrary  limited relocation of residents  and their dwellings where these lie within the ROW and access  roads  for the line construction and maintenance will most likely be necessary
This latter issue is only relevant along two sections of the eastern
route between Alge and Nole (30 km) south of Ghimbi and from
Tenke near Mendi to Basha Buda east of Asosa (50 km) Along the
western route new access roads will follow existing tracks and should therefore not generate a significant compensation issue
Mitigation - Satisfactory. It will be necessary  to negotiate compensation for the affected families  In case resettlement is necessary, as  far as  possible, the resettlement of people their dwellings  and possessions  to other localities, should not affect their social organisation Importantly, all families  cultivate small farms around their dwellings  The re-location/ resettlement process  must take this  into account In case of re-location of people and their dwellings  50 - 100 m to avoid the ROW or pole emplacements, compensation should include construction materials
Dunng  negotiations  with  families  requiring  resettlement  the  following
considerations are applicable:
•
Establishment of financial compensation for the loss of
dwellings, agncultural land and crops,
•
Availability of new land for agriculture the area should meet
family needs,
•
Zero or positive impact on household incomes derived from
the sale of products and services - teff, honey, crafts etc
•
Existence of or proximity to employment opportunities,
•
Access to communications and transport routes,
•
Ensure harvesting of affected crop fields
EfA Appendix E
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Final Report
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democrat re RepuMc of Etfuopio - Ministry cf Waler Revxrces Feasibly Study of Barp MuFttpurpose Dan Proved___________________ _____
For |he purpose of this project Relocation - moving dwellings 50 - 100 m
ELA Report Vol 5
PageE^j
Resettlement = moving people to a different geographic location
Entails issues such as cultural assimilation in host areas, access to natural resources livelihoods and services, etc
Potenfra/   Impact   -   Presence   of   non-resident   labour   and   lheir temporary camps
Nefure of impact - Negative, dunng the construction phase, base camps  will be established along the line, where workers  invoked in the project will be accommodated Due to the workers interaction with local populations  the possibility  exists  for conflicts  to anse (social conflicts  or disputes  over access  to scarce natural resources), and possibly the spread of socially transmissible diseases
Extent - Surrounding area
Duraffon - Short term
/ntensjfy - Medium
Probability - Definite
Significance - Low
Mitigation - Create awareness among workers in order to foster good relationships with local communities, ensure that mechanisms exist for effective negotiation mediation and conflict resolution
The workers must participate in special health care and sanitary education, particularly regarding the spread of STD's and AIDS Condoms should be available in public places and at worker camps Mitigation measures Reaching agreement with land users, regarding financial compensation and/or resettlement on new lands This process requires the participation of the Provincial Services for Geography and Cadastre
Historical, archaeo/ogicaf and holy sites
Potential Impact — Interference with any discovered sites of archaeological or cultural value
EtA Appeal'* E
Fmal Report
A/afure of impact - Negative and positive, dunng fieldwork, no sites of interest were identified and also there is  no available information about the occurrence of any sites with archaeological or cultural value along the course of the transmission routes  However, such sites could be found during the excavation work  or during the opening of roads  or trails  The nature of impact would depend on whether the discovery of such sites would logger appreciation of cultural hentage and consequent conservation measures or not
Extent - Localised
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebetle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Wnlor Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
Duration - Permanent Intensity - Medium Probability - Probable Significance - Low
EIA Report-Vd. 5
Page E-4*
E66
Mitigation - The discovery  of any  material, believed to be of cultural and/or archaeological value must be reported to the relevant competent authonty  (e g Department of History  at the University  in Addis  Ababa) Specific  training and information on this  material should be provided to the technicians that will be working in loco
When   in   doubt   about   a   potential   discovery,   the   work   must   be interrupted until the competent authorities assess the situation
Potential Impact - Interference with holy sites
Nature of Impact - Negative, no holy forests or lakes, that serve large communities  or family  groups, were found However, in its  final course, the line might run over traditional family cemetenes
Extent - Localised
Duration - Permanent
Intensity - Medium
Probability - Probable
Significance Low
Mitigation - Where this  kind of impact is  unavoidable, traditional procedures  should be respected, through negotiations  with the local authonties and local chiefs in order to find the appropriate site for re interment of graves, and assuming financial responsibility  for any associated rituals
Impacts during the Operation and Maintenance Phase
Biophysical
Potential Impact - Accelerated propagation of invasive plants
Nature of Impact - Negative, the clearing of a RoW creates  the right conditions  for the propagation of invasive plants  Species  such as exotic  cacti Puntia sp . the woody  pioneer Dichrostachys  cinerea and the exotic  weed Lantana camara are particularly  detrimental to agriculture and cattle breeding because they  are very  difficult to combat A successful invasion by  exotic  species  can be devastating for ecosystems because in most cases it is impossible to eradicate or even effectively limit their numbers
Extent - Surrounding area
EIA Appendix E
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederaI Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry ot Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project____________________
Duration - Long term Intensity • Low Probability - Probable Significance - Low
EiA Report - Vol 5
Page E-45
Mitigation - The line maintenance crews must be trained to recognize alien invasives and must systematically carry out their elimination These crews  must also create awareness  among subsistence farmers m the vicinity of the line about the need to fight these invasive plants
Potential Impact - Bird interference
Nature of Impact - Negative and positive, interference may have a positive impact, e g. the use of poles as nesting sites and the use of the lines as roosts, and also a negative impact, e g injuries caused by collisions, death by electrocution, and corrosion of the insulating matenals due to the residues left by the birds
Extent - Surrounding area
Duration - Long term
Intensity • Medium
Probability - Highly probable
Significance - Medium
Mitigation Measures - A set of conventional technical solutions can be applied, including the reonentation of poles, deflection devices that make the lines more visible, and insulation against residues
Socio-economic impacts
Potential Impact - Negative, possibility of accidents and the safety of local populations
Nature of Impact - Lack  of care or lack of information can cause accidents, almost always with severe consequences and commonly result from people either directly or indirectly coming into contact with the overhead wires and or falling off the poles
Extent - Surrounding area Duration - Long term Intensity - Low Probability - Probable Significance - Low
EIA Append < E
Final Repon
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineenng and WWDSEFederal Dcmooabc Republic of Elhopia - Ministry ol Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project_______________ _____ —
Mitigation - People living in the area under direc t -hould distribution network and people moving in the victni y informed regarding appropriate secunly precautions, for e P
•    Not allowing children to climb the poles
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page E-46
the be
•    Warn children not to play with kites and slingshots near the power lines
•    Avoid trimming high trees located near the energy cables
• Avoid handling broken cables Table E-9 Summary of the impacts
IMPACT
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Vegetation and Natural Habitat
Loss of high ecological value forests and inherent habitats
(Eastern  route  is  preferred  due  lo  least  interference  wilh  pristine forest vegelation)
✓
increase  in  erosion  dunng  the  construction  of  access  roads  and pole foundations
•
Increased erosion along slope areas
•
Compacting of the soil
-
Pollution caused by waste produced dunng construction
✓
Interference with perennial and seasonal rivers
✓
Socio-economic
Resettlement/  relocation  of  residents  and  their  dwellings  and  toss of arable land and harvests
✓
Presence of non-resident labour and lheir temporary camps
✓
Interference  wilh  any  discovered  sites  of  archaeological  or cultural value
•
✓
Interference with holy sites
✓
OPERATIOMMAINTENANCE PHASE
Biophysical
Accelerated propagation of invasive plants
✓
Bird interference
✓
✓
Sdcio-economic
Possibility of accidents and safety of local population
✓
Improved commerce and industry conditions
✓
improved conditions for overall development
✓
E67
EIA Appendix E
Final Report
Conclusions
The   project   is   feasible   from   the   environmental   and   socio-economic viewpoints
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHM EYE R JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry o< Water Resources Feasibility Study of Bare Multipurpose Dam Project
E1A Report ■ Vol. 5
Page E-47
The project will have some negative impacts, but these are mostly localised and of low to medium significance The most significant negative impacts  are the loss  sensitive/ecologically  important habitats and loss  of access  to land and natural resources  However, all the impacts  are susceptible to mitigation and most of the mitigation measures can be easily applied
The major positive impact is the construction of access roads, which in turn should stimulate economic development
EIA Append E
Fmil Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHM EYE R JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Demoaatc Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
E1A Report-Vol 5
Page E-48
E.7
References
Chaffey. DR 1979 Southwest Ethiopia forest inventory project a reconnaissance inventory of forest in southwest Ethiopia Ministry o Overseas Development Land resource development centre Project
report 31
Edwards.  S..  Metin  Tadesse.  Hedberg  I  1995  Flora  of  Ethiopia  and Eritrea Volume 2 part 2
Edwards,  S.,  Sebsebe  Demissew  Hedberg,  I  1995  Flora  of  Ethiopia and Eritrea Volume 6
Edwards,  S  ,  Metin  Tadesse,  Hedberg.  I.  1995  Flora  of  Ethiopia  and Entrea. Volume 2 part 2
Edwards,  S  .  Mefm  Tadesse,  Sebsebe  Demissew.  Hedberg,  I  2000 Flora of Ethiopia and Entrea Volume 2 part 1
EFAP 1994 Ethiopian Forestry Action Program EFAP. Addis Ababa.
FDRE 2000 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document
Friis. I. 1982 Forests  and Forest trees  of Northeast tropical Africa: their natural habitats  and distnbution patterns  in Ethiopia. Djibouti and Somalia
Fms,  I.  1986  The  forest  Vegetation  of  Ethiopia  Symb  Bot  Ups  26 (2): 31 -47
Friis,  I  Rasmussen  F  N  ,  Voilesen  K  1982  Studies  in  the  flora  and vegetation of southwest Ethiopia Opera Bot 63 70pp
Fms,   I   ,   Mesfin   Tadess   1990   The   evergreen   forests   of   tropical Northeast Africa Mitt. Inst Altg Bot Hamburg 23 a: 249 - 263
Hedberg,  I  Edwards.  S.,  Sileshi  Nemomissa  2003  Flora  of  Ethiopia and Entrea Volume 4 part 1
Hedberg. I, Edwards S 1997. Flora of Ethiopia and Entrea Volume 7
Pichi-Semoli,     REG     1957.     Una     carta     geobotanica     dell/Africa Orientale (Eritrea. Etiopia, Somalia) Webbia 12: 15 - 132
ElA Appendix E
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV ' n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project_________
EIA Report Vol 5
P ^LL
APPENDIX
F                          ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING
EIA Appeln F
f mH Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democrat*: Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page F-2
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
cc
Construction Contractor
CE
Consulting Engineer
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EMO
Environmental Management Officer
EMP
Environmental Management Plan
ESO GoE HazMat MM NC OH&S PPE RoW SP
Environmental Site Officer/ Contractor Environmental Coordinator Government of Ethiopia
Hazardous Matenals
Mitigation Measure
Non-Compliance
Occupational Health and Safety Proper Protective Equipment Right of Way
Sub-Plan Guide
EIA Appendix F
Final Report
NORPLAN NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
m Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources
Feasifatrty Study ol Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol S Page F-3
F.1
ENVIRO
NMENTA
LP
OLIC
Y
In
the
context
of
the
project
the
proponent
and
Construction
F.2
Contractors must commit to respect the following principles dunng the whole period of the construction activities
•     To  manage  construction  activities  with  diligence  and  with  the awareness   that   an   important   abjective   is   to   protect   the environment and to minimize construction impacts, by employing the best control mechanisms, procedures and processes with in the limits of their economic feasibility
•    To comply with GoE. and donor requirements and to provide self- monitonng to ensure compliance
•     To respect internationally recognized good practices in the fields of concern
•    To provide effective environmental briefing to construction staff.
•     To  ensure  adherence  to  the  EIA  throughout  the  construction stage
•     To  efficiently  implement  measures  outlined  in  this  EMP  and submit to regular monilonng and auditing
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
The Environmental Management Programme suggested to constitute the EMP during the construction stage of the project is described in 12 Sub-guides listed
SP1 Erosion and Sediment Control Guide
SP2 Waler Quality Monitoring Guide
SP3 Chemical Waste/ Spillage Management Guide SP4 Emissions and Dust Control Guide
SP5 Noise Control Guide
SP6: Archaeological/Cultural Chance Finds SP7 Land Remediation Guide
SP8 Vegetation Clearing Guide
SP9i Waste Management Guide
SP10
Environmental Briefing for Construction Workers Guide
E1A Appendix F
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Final Report
in Association with Shebelte Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Democratic Republc ol Elhop«a - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study ol Bare Multipurpose Dam Project__________________________
EIA Report Vol 5
Page F-4
F.3
F 3 1
F 32
SP11             On-site Traffic and Access Management Guide
SP12             Temporary Construction Work Camps (if applicable)
IMPLEMENTATION
All contractual and legal obligations relating to the EMP should apply to both the Construction Contractors  and their Sub-Contractors  it is the responsibility of the Construction Contractors to provide adequate resources to ensure effective implementation and control of the EMP Each Sub-Contractor should be responsible to its  respective Contractor for compliance with the measures presented in the EMP Construction Contractors  and their Sub-Contractors  should ensure that all project staff are briefed and procedures are understood and followed
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
Each CC must ensure that its employees are adequately made aware
of the EMP; environmental legal requirements and other obligations 
All employees should have an induction presentation on
environmental awareness, to be conducted in the language relevant
to the employee
Three levels of training should be implemented
•      General  Environmental  Awareness  programme  to  all  workers employed  by  the  Construction  Contractor  or  its  Sub-contractors, raising   environmental   issues   related   to   general   issues   as environmental  conservation,  waste  management  health,  hygiene and safety (suggested 2 hour presentation on site);
•      Health  and  Safety  Awareness,  including  particularly  AIDS/HIV and  STD  awareness  programme  (suggested  2  hour  presentation on site).
•    Job Specific Environmental Training of workers on particularly sensitive environmental activities such as vehicle maintenance, waste management, refuelling operations etc (time and venue as required)
Briefing should be conducted through short, focussed and systematic site seminars/meetings
HEAL TH & SAFETY AWARENESS PROGRAMME
General Occupational Health and Safety issues should be addressed under the implementation of the CC's OH&S Code (to be outlined in CCs  bid document) The issues  addressed under the present awareness programme should complement those in the OH&S Code and should focus  particularly  on basic  hygiene practices, vector control and AIDS/STD The CC is  expected to abide by  all GoE regulations on health and safety as a minimum requirement
EIA Appendix F
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYERlv
Final Report
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WVVDSEFederal Democralfc RepuWc. of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Bare Multipurpose Darn Project___________________ ___
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page F-5
F.4
F4 1
Personal protective equipment, or PPE. is  designed to protect employees from serious workplace mjunes or illnesses resulting from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical. mechanical, or other workplace hazards Besides face shields, safety glasses, hard hats, and safety  shoes. PPE Includes  a variety  of devices  and garments such as goggles, coveralls, gloves, vests, earplugs, and respirators It is incumbent on the CC to make available PPE to all employees as appropriate and enforce usage
Environmental Organization
The proponent will appoint an environmental management officer (EMO) while the construction contractor will nominate and environmental site officer (ESO)
The ESO will be the CD's focal point for all environmental matters and is routinely on-site for the duration of the construction works ESOs are appropriately briefed technical officers (often the CC site engineer)  The  ESO  carries  out  regular  inspections  of  lhe  CC activities in relation to environmental issues, and provides day-to-day advice to Contractor personnel about environmental issues
EMO ROLES & RESPO/VS/6/L/HES
The EMO should be responsible for monitoring, reviewing and verifying compliance with the EMP by lhe Construction Contractor In addition the EMO should be responsible for ensuring that mitigation and compensation measures developed in the EIA and in the RAP at Detailed Design stage are implemented where applicable Monitonng these measures  writ also be the responsibility  of the EMO, supplemented by additional staff if required
The ESO should also ensure compliance (as per the construction contract} The EMO's duties in this regard, and working with the CE who will have day-to-day interaction through supervisory staff, should include the following.
checking    CC    equipment    complies    with    the    contract specifications regarding environmental standards;
issuing   or   refusing   the   final   Environmental   Compliance Certificate (post construction-audit) to the Construction Contractor
taking decisions in case of severe non-compliances to the EMP are detected.
providing input for ongoing internal review of the EMP; stopping   works   in   case   of   emergency   or   if   significant
environmental impacts are apparent or imminent
The EMO ensures the CC has all plans, procedures, approvals, and documentation in place to ensure EMP compliance prior to
EIA Append tx. F
Find HcpcKt
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEEl A Report - Vol 5
Page F-6
©
Federal Democrat*: Republic of Eth«op«o - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasib'hty Study of Baro Multipurpose Da™ Proyeg_______ ______________ —
F.4 2
commencement o< an, work The EMO'S dukes here include the
following:
•         supervising preparation and maintenance of the EMP.
.  monilonng  and  ventymg  that  the  EMP.  RAP  and
guidelines  are  adhered  to  at  all  times  and  taking
specifications are not followed
•         monitoring and verifying that environmental impacts are kept to
a minimum;
•         sampling sites and surrounding areas regularly with regard to compliance with the EMP;
•         reporting on the environmental issues.
•         recommending the issuing of penalties (via the proponent and CE) for contraventions of the EMP,
•          recommending  to  stop  work  in  emergencies  or  if  significant environmental impacts are apparent or imminent
completing post-construction audit;
•          preparing  the  background  information  for  the  Quarterly  EMP Report.
•          participating,  upon  request  in  meetings  with  interested  or affected parties as requested by the proponent
ESO Roles & Responsibilities
The ESO(s) has the responsibility of observing construction activities and ensuring that those activities are in compliance with the EMP requirements from the CCs side To accomplish this, each ESO should be familiar with the EMP and contract specifications
The specific responsibilities of the ESO are to:
*
FLA Appendix F
Final Report
•          Monitor  implementation  of  environmental  measures  by  CC construction staff against contractual obligations by:
-   detecting  non-conformance  and  approving  corrective  action  (with advice from EMO if necessary); and
-     identifying   circumstances   requiring   management   decisions   to evaluate vanance or compliance issues
•           Interface   with   EMO   to   assist   in   field   interpretation   of environmental    requirements    provide    advice    regarding    corrective actions  and  resolving  non-compliance  situations  and  issue  snenfir formal instructions to the CC workforce
Interface with CC manager to help communicate requirements obtain a hands-on view of special problems so that implementation
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWOSEFederal Desecrate Republic of Ethrop<a - Mm«stry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Proved
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page F-7
F.5 1
difficulties can be communicated to the EMO to aid in problem resolution especially in situations where adjustment of compliance requirements may be necessary.
Regular communicate to EMO by monthly reports
FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTATION
Following is a list of sub-guides for the guidance of the CC Despile the wide diversity  of the component guidelines, their common objectives are:
•    To address in a comprehensive manner the environmental issues which may anse dunng the construction stage of the project,
•    To present feasible and effective control measures applicable in the geographical and social context of the Project
List of Component Guidelines
SP1 Erosion and Sediment Control Guide SP2 Water Quality Monrtonng Guide
SP3 Spillage Management Guide
SP4: Emissions and Dust Control Guide
SP5 Noise Control Guide
SP6: Archaeological/Cultural Chance Finds SP7 Land Remediation Guide
SP8: Vegetation Cleanng Guide
SP9 Waste Management Guide
SP10 Environmental Bnefmg for Construction
SP11 On-site Traffic and Access Management Guide SP12 Temporary Construction Work Camps
EIA Appe<*3'« F
F*nii Repeat
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEO
of Water Resources
EIA Repod Vol 5
Page F-8
Sub-Guide 1:
Erosion and Sediment Control Management Guide
No.
Description of Measure
Monitoring
1
Erosion and sediment works will be implemented prior to the commencement of any construction works on previously undisturbed ground Tunnel spoil will be place in designated areas and stabilised
EMO/CE to verify implementation of erosion and sediment works prior to the commencement of
construction
' 2
The extent of any areas to be cleared for reservoir/works will be minimised as far as practical
Visual observation by EMO/CE during site inspection
I3
The use of existing cleared areas will be maximised
Visual observation by EMO/CE during site inspection
4
All forest areas required to be disturbed will be clearly identified and the boundaries marked on the ground
Visual observation by EMO/CE during site inspection
I
Areas not required to be disturbed will be retained in their original condition
Visual  observation  by  EMO/CE dunng site inspection
The location of works in sensitive erosion areas will be minimised
I6
L
Visual  observation  by  EMO/CE dunng site inspection
EiAA'^eMixF
NORPLAN NORCONSULT -LAHMEYERJV
Fma^>on
in Associa^V with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEu—.....
casib,l,'v s*udy °* Bar0 Multipurpose Dam P*o|c
EIA Report ■ Vol. 5 Page F-9
No.
Description of Measure
Monitoring
7
Access will be limited Io designated access roads
EMO/CE during site inspection
8
In any cooslruciion areas where equipment or vehicle maintenance or refuelling lakes place measures to prevent harmful spillages will be put in place
EMO/CE during site inspection
EIA   Append*   f
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMGYER JV
F.n>i Report
in Association with She be He Engineering and WWOSE•
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report • Vol 5
Page F-10
Sub-Guide 2:
WaterQuauty Monitoring Guide
NO.
description of measure
MONITORING
1
No waste water from camps, workshops etc to be discharged untreated to water courses
EMO/CE visual inspection
— —---------------- -
2
No vehicles Io be washed in water courses
EMO/CE visual inspection
3
Erosion control effective in preventing siltation in streams
EMO/CE visual inspection s
4
Potable water supplied to construction work force
EMO/CE review
E'A A''"end ix F
NORPLAN NORCONSULT -LAHMEYER JV
in Associa with Shebelle Engineer ng and WWDSEDemocratic Republic of Eth»op<a - Minltul ^^^peas»bihly Study ol Baro Multi purpose Dam Project!
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page F-11
Sub-Guide 3:
__ Spillage Management Guide_
No.
DESCRIPTION OF MEASURE
MONITORING
1
Chemicals (e g paints preservatives, cleaners etc) to be stored should t>e selected as much as possible in accordance with general good practice recommendations for environmental conservation.
EMO/CE review
2
Storage of HazMat;
All areas concerned by the storage or the use of HazMat (Workshops. Garages & storage areas) should have their storm water drained and collected in hydrocarbon separator basins/pds before discharge
EMO/CE visual inspection
3
Labelling of HazMat
Containers of hazardous chemical or waste must be labelled in English and Amnanc with the words ’Hazardous Waste’
EMO/CE visual inspection
4
Handling Safely Procedures and Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment will be provided to concerned workers and their use will be enforced
EMO/CE visual inspection
Concerns all construction activities
EIA Apoend ■ F
Fmai Repon
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT -LAHMEYERJV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWOSEFpl^ ?L^J
r
rn0Crit,c RePub*«c of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources
®
tgasibihty_Siudy of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5 Pape FJ2.
No.      DESCRIPTION OF MEASURE
MONITORING
EMO/kzt vlSUdl liiapcMiwii
5
Refuelling procedures
Fuel should be stored in a secure area
Fuel tanks are protected from accidental dislodgement by plant vehicles or natural causesFederal Democratic Reputfic of Ettsopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report. Vol 5
Pay F-13
Annexes to Sub-Guide 03
£IA Appendix F
ml Report
NORPLAN -NORCONSULT -LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFeders’ Democratic Republic ot Ethiopia - Ministry
Feasibility Study of Barp Multipurpose Dam Proved
of Water Resources
EIA Report-Vol 5 Page F-1*
Annex SP03-1
List of substances to avoid or WITH RESTRICTED USE ON
CONSTRUCTION SITES _
Substance to Avoid or Reslnct R
Usage
eason for Reslncton                             A llernatrves
Polychlorinated Biphenyis(PCBs) Fluman carcinogen.
niicones esters cast resin
.S
fc
^accumulative
Enable asbestos                                      1nhalation  of  fibers  causes  lung clamage Regarded by World                    1
tank   as   hazardous   substance,
jse to be avoided
Ulematrves are readily available or Insulation and roofing uses rhere are no clearly superior alternatives for some uses such as brake pads for trucks
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and formaldehyde (biocides)
Human carcinogens, eco-toxms May meet World Bank definition of hazardous waste when
discarded
Glutaraldehyde isothiazolin (or other low toxicity bioode)
Leaded paints
Toxic at relatively low levels, bio
accumulative May meet World
Bank definition of hazardous
waste when discarded
May have toxic effects (vary
depending on the compounds)
Unleaded paints Also, waler based or low volatility solvent formulations can reduce potential health effects of oil based paints
Chlonnated solvents (eg.,
carbon tetrachloride,
trichloroethylene)
Non-chlonnated hydrocarbon based solvents, steam cleaning
L
Heavy  metals  (reverse  emulsion
breakers)
1------------------------------------------------------
Mercury  (in  pressure  measuring
devices and instrumentation)
Various adverse effects May
meet World Bank definition of
hazardous waste when
discarded
Neurotoxic effects May meet
World Bank definition of
hazardous waste when
discarded
Neurotoxic effects May meet
World  Bank  definition  of
hazardous   waste   when
discarded.
Toxic at relatively low levels,
bioaccumulative May meet
World Bank definition of
hazardous waste when
discarded
__
Polymer (non-latex) based
formulations
Lead naphlhenale (lubneant)
Differential pressure
cells/transmitiers. pneumatic or
1 electric instrumentation
Lead-free lubricants
Leaded thread compound
Lead-free thread compounds
such as Bestolife 2000 (for
tubing and casing)
Chromate corrosion inhibitors
Hexavalent form of chromium is
toxic lo humans and many
animals
1_
Sulfite or organic phosphale corrosion inhibitors, especially those with reduced toxicity amine function
EtA Appendix F
NORPLAN NORCONSULT - LAHMEYERjV
F 'nal Report
Assoc.at.on with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Mmstry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Oam Project
E)A Repod • Vol 5
p *9e F '15
Annex SP03-2
Handler PPE for Hazardous
Products
HANDLER PPE FOR HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS
Toxcrty Category by Route of Exposure of End-Use Product
Route of Exposure
DANGER
II
WARNING
III
CAUTION
IV
CAUTION
Dermal Toxicity or Skin Irntation
t'olenital1
Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants
Socks
C hemical-resistant footwear
Chemical-resistant Gloves3
Coveralls worn over short sleeved shirt and short pants
Socks
C he m «ca F r esrstant footwear
Chemical resistant
Gloves*'
Long-sleeved shirt and Icing pants
Socks
Shoes
Chemical-resistant
Gloves-
Long sleeved shirt and long pants
Socks
Shoes
No minimum*
inhalation Toxioty
Respiratory protection
01
Respiratory   protection device2
No mmtmum2
No minimum2
Eye Irntation
Potential
Protective eyewear’
Protective eyewearJ
No rmmmum2
No minimum*
li
If dermal toxicity and skin irntation toxicity categories are different, PPE shall be determined by the more severe toxicity category of the two.
2  Although no minimum PPE is required for these toxicity categories and routes of exposure, the Agency may require PPE on a product-specific basis
*Protective eyewear" is to be used instead of "goggles’ and/or “face shield* and/or "shielded safety glasses" and similar terms to descnbe eye protection
■ .------------------- --  ~
ElA Appendix F
F.nal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT -LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineenng and WWDSE^e’dof Water Resou,ces
EIA Report - Vo* 5
_______ Page F-16______________
Sub-Guide 4:
Dust and Emissions Control Guide
No.
DESCRIPTION OF MEASURE
MONITORING
1
Vehicle movements should be confined to designated access routes
EMO/CE inspection
I2
I
I[
Watering of any exposed surfaces will be implemented in the following situations
Dunng windy conditions when ground is dry
When visual inspection indicates excessive dust generation
When dust generating activities are being earned out within 100m of a village or temporary construction work camp
EMO/CE inspection
ElA Appendix F
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
F””»l Repod
£_
in AssociAtion with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSElater Resources
i
Federal Democratic Republic □< Ethiopia - Feasibdity Study of Ba*o Multipurpose Dam Pro^t.^
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page F-17
*1
Sub-Guide 5:
Noise Control Guide
No.
DESCRIPTION OF MEASURE
MONITORING
p
For any particular construction activity, the quietest vehicles and/or equipment, which are suitable for use for the construction activity, should be selected for use
EMO/CE      to       inspect equipment used on site
2
All equipment and vehicles will be maintained in good mechanical condition and will be fitted with appropriate silencers, mufflers or acoustic covers
EMO/CE      to       inspect equipment used on site
3
All construction personnel working in the vicinity of noisy construction activities (defined as those activities generating noise levels greater than 80dB(A)) will be provided with hearing protection
EMO/CE      to monitor availability and use of PPE
4
The movement of vehicles to and from the construction site and within the construction site will take place in daylight in residential areas
EMO/CE to verify compliance with construction hours
EIA Appendim F
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelie Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Repubbc of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources
EIA Report - Vol 5
•
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
PageFIfl
Sub-Guide 6:
Archaeological/Cultural Chance Finds
No.
DESCRIPTION OF MEASURE
MONITORING
■ 1
The  followinq  steps  will  be  implemented  to  protect  anv  previously  unidentified  sites  of  potential archaeological/cultural significance
If a construction worker identifies a potential site or item of significance, he/she will immediately notify the ESO
The ESO will notify the relevant authonties in Ethiopia of the "chance find" and await their instruction which should come inside 1 week
EMO review
2
Temporary fencing or similar will be used to mark a 5 m radius from the site
EMO/CE site inspection
LIA Appendix F
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT -LAHMEYER JV
Fi%?i Report
m Assor'^tion with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEf9
l pTWater Resources F
EIA Report- Vol 5 V
Page F-19
F ederal Democrats Republic ol Eth*op«a - Mn\J Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Pfop™
DESCRIPTION OF MEASURE
Sub-Guide 7:
LandRemediation Guide
MONITORING
1
NO.
Land that was used for agricultural activities prior to disturbance from construction activities will be restore to a condition that will allow the agricultural land use to continue This will include, as necessary;
Re-spreading of topsoil
Installation of drains, channels etc
dEMO/CE visual inspection at completion of works in relevant areas
2
Forest areas disturbed outside the reservoir will be re-planled and subject to management protection
EMO/CE visual inspection at completion of works In relevant areas
EIA Appandiir F
Fnal Repod
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
In Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE® Resources
EIA Report Vol 5
Page F-20
Sub-Guide 8:
Vegetation Clearing Guide
NO.
DESCRIPTION OF MEASURE
MONITORING
1
No clearing of vegetation outside of those areas identified for the reservoir/works will take place
EMO/CE to inspect extent of
clearing
2
Construction  works,  storage  of  materials/equipment  etc  should  be  minimised  in  areas  of  undisturbed vegetation
EMO/CE visual inspection
3
Burning will not be used as a clearing method unless sanctioned by the EMO
EMO/CE to monitor use of cleanng methods  and ensure fire-fighting capability
4
All  construction  activity  will  be  implemented  in  a  manner  that  minimises  the  impact  on  forest  areas, agricultural land use and residential property
EMO/CE visual inspection
EIA Appendix F
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
FiwUReport
in Association with Shebeile Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Elhiopta - Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Proj^g
Waler Resources
EIA Report -Vol 5
___ Pb^oF-21
Sub-Guide 9:
Waste Management and Disposal Guide
No.
DESCRIPTION OF MEASURE
MONITORING
1
Non-hazardous wastes will be collected and disposed of at controlled disposal areas as designated by local authorities
EMO/CE inspection
2
Any hazardous wastes will be stored at a single, central hazardous waste storage area
EMO/CE inspection
3
All  construction  activities  will  be  undertaken  in  a  manner  that  minimises  the  generation  of  waste  as  far  as practical. This concept will be incorporated into all construction site planning and activities
EMO/CE inspection
EIA Append;« F
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEEIA Report - Vol 5
Page F-22
Sub-Guide 10:
Environmentai^Briefing for Workers Guide
NO.
DESCRIPTION OF MEASURE
MONITORING
1
All  workers  should  attend  the  basic  environmental  briefing  and  the  Health  4  Safety  briefing  which  should  be delivered in the language relevant to the workforce
EMO review
2
During  audits  of  the  construction  areas,  workers  knowledge  of  environmental,  health  and  safety  issues  will  be checked
EMO 6 monthly review
I
3
The   key   messages   from   the   bnefing   sessions   will   be   produced   in   poster   and   leaflet   form   in   the   relevant language
EMO review
L
X____
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT -LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopiap-<Mah - Midv’ T^Waler Reiourcei
F eavbdrty Study of Ba<o Multipurpose I _Dam ProjffT____________________
EIA Report - Vol 5 .
Page F-23
______
Sub-Guide 11:
Traffic and Access Guide
No.
DESCRIPTION OF MEASURE
MONITORING
1
All   roads   within   the   construction   area   and   residential   zones   will   be   signposted   with   the   following information
-Speed limit
-Any applicable load limit
EMO/CE visual inspection
2
A    maintenance    programme    for    the    construction    vehicles    will    be    implemented    which    will    include consideration of the following issues
-General condition and safety of vehicles
-Check of vehicle brakes and tyres
-Vehicle exhaust emissions; Vehicle noi6e emissions and noise control measures
EMO/CE visual Inspection
3
Off-road   parking   areas   will   be   provided   at   each   construction   site   Parking   areas   will   be   marked   with temporary fencing or the like No on-road parking will be permitted
EMO/CE visual inspection
Traffic safety issues and traffic regulations will be included in lhe briefing for construction personnel
EMO review
4
I
EIA Appends F
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
Fmal Report
In Association with Sheoeiie Engineering and WWDSEFeasibility^studv^f
Of E,hiop,a " Ministry of Waler Resources
©
-
of_Barp Mult,purpose Dam Project
El A Repod Vol. 5
Page F-24
Sub-Guide 12:
TemporaryConstructionWork Camps Guide
NO.
DESCRIPTION OF MEASURE
MONITORING
Construction work camps will include the following components 
-Potable water and effective sanitation
-Waste collection and management facilities
Suitable lighting for secunty and amenity
EMO visual inspection
Waste   generated   at   the   construction   camps   will   be   managed   in   accordance   with   the   Waste   Management Guide
EMO/CE inspection
The camp sites and surrounds will be kept in a tidy and clean manner
EMO/CE visual inspection
Construction workers will be briefed on health and safety issues relating to the camps
EMO review
In general access to the camps will be restricted to construction workers and authorised visitors
EMO/CE visual inspection
A set of rules and regulations applicable to camps will be displayed in the relevant language
EMO review
I
EIA Appendn F
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
F^l Repod
in Asser tion with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Dernocxatc Republic of Etf »oc>a - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Barn Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Repod • Vol 5
PapeG-1
APPENDIX
G SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE DATA
EIA Appends G
Final Repod
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelte Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic RepuW»C of Etn»op«a - Ministry Feasibility Study of Baro Muftipurpose Dam Project
of Water Resources
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page G- 2
General
Sustainable energy development is essential and inevitable for the socioeconomic development
of a country Satisfying the energy needs of the population through a sustainable energy a
approach helps to avoid deforestation, and improves the standard of living in the deve oping
countries
Thanks  to the availability  of substantial river flows  and suitable topography  for heads hydropower has  been found to be the cheapest energy  source in Ethiopia to provide sustainable energy  for the increasing population and energy  consumption However the country  suffers  from serious  environmental degradation caused by  the effects  of population pressure, the expansion of crop lands  and dependence on fuel wood as  a major source of rural energy  supply. This  leads to the conclusion of the sustainable energy  management has  to gam prominence in the field of energy development to satisfy the country's energy needs, without damaging the environment
Location and Description of Ethiopia
Ethiopia is in the horn of Africa, extending from latitude 33° E to 48°E and longitude 3°N Io 14 5 NThe country’s total area is about 1104000km  The topography is rugged and the
c
2
landscape is traversed a rift valley running from north east to south west A large number of
nvers flowing from 110 m below sea level in the Dallol depression to more than 4600 m above
sea level on the semien Mountains
The climate is characterized by a high rainfall availability and is influenced by two moist wind
systems from the Atlantic and Indian oceans The highest mean annual rainfall is greater than
2500mm. It is expenenced in the south weastern highlands, and the lowest is less than 100mm
which prevail in northeast part of the country With in the high land zone rainfall reliability has 
decreased very significantly Recent analysis of rain fall patterns that there has been marked
decline in rainfall in the northern hemisphere tropics during the past 30 years. Patterns of rainfall
have ranged over the past ten years in many part of the country.
The small rainfalls  have frequently  occurred much later than expected times  The highest mean maximum temperalure occurs  in the Dena kill depression and exceeds  46°c  In the most populated zones  between 1500 to 2500 altitude the annual average temperature is  close to 25°c relatively  low or monthly  ranges  In the high land zones  up to altitude 3500m average temperature of 12°-16°C are normal
Population and Economy.
The   first   ever   population   and   Housing   Census   of   may   1984   put   the   population   of   Ethiopia excluding  Eritrea  at  40  2  million  persons  The  rale  of  population  growth  increases  from  2%  in 1960  to  2  9%  at  the  time  of  the  1984  census  The  2nd   population  and  Housing  census  of  1994 recorded  the  total  population  of  53  5  million,  which  is  an  increase  of  33%(13.3  million  persons)  in ten  years  This  shows  that  the  population  of  Ethiopia  has  been  increasing  at  2  9%  per  annual through   the   years   in   between   (1984   to   1994)   The   year   2000   welfare   monitoring   survey   of central   census   Authonty   (CSA)   estimates   the   population   at   about   55   6   million   The   Population projection  at  an  average  annual  growth  rate  of  3  07%  for  year  2025  is  117  6  million  (92  4  Million rular   and   25   2   million   persons   urban)   The  country  is  characterized  by  a  small  portion  of  its population   living   in   urban   area   and   at   the   small   time   by   a   rapid   rate   of   urban   growth   The urbanization   rate   in   1994   13.65   and   this   is   projected   to   reach   21.39%   by   the   year   2025 According to 1994 census the rate of fertility rate per woman is 6 74 children due to many
EIA Appendix G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYERJV n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democrat*: Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
□f Water Resources
E1A Report - Vo* 5
________ Page G-3
reasons expected to reduce Io 3 7 in 2025 Life expectancy at the birth in 1994 was 50 95 (or mates  and 52 96 females  The projected life expectancy  for 2025 will be 63.13 for males  and 65 34 for females  Infant mortality  rate 1994 was  116 per 1000 live birth and the projected for 2025 will be 51 per 1000 live births
Agnculture is  the backbone of the country's  economy  and the performance of the agriculture sector has  largely  influenced overall real GDP growth rates  The country  s  economy  is dominated by  subsistence small holding agriculture, which accounts  for 46% of the GDP and 8 5% of employment This  sector is  at most dependent on rain fed cultivation, with only  63170ha (0 7%) under traditional irrigation of the total cultivated area of 8 92 million ha under small holding agriculture in 1999 over the period of 1992-1997 Ethiopia achieved an average real annual GDP growth rate of about 7% with agricultural output growth at about 6 4% dunng the period thus contributing significantly to this overall growth performance
The overage real GDP growth rate fell to 3.1% during the period 1997 to 2000 as the agricultural output growth declined to 1.6% in June 2000 the economy recorded a real GDP growth rate of 7 5% m 2001 and the inflation rale substantially to the economy as agncultural became negative 2.7% The agricultural sector contnbuted with growth in the agricultural output increased by 13 2% as a result of the good harvest achieved during the year
The overall economic  growth is  closely  correlated with growth in the agncultural sector On overage, agnculture since 1991 has  contributed about 85% of total employment. 90% of export earning and 70% of raw matenals  equipments  for agro-based industries  as  spelled out by Agricultural Lead Industry of the National Policy. The land tenure policy gives only the use nght to the farmers the land to belong to lhe government
Water, health, electricity, services & primary Education
Lack  of safe drinking water is  major problem In the country  Most of the rural population use waler from unprotected wells, springs, rivers, lakes and ponds. Based on the CSA 1994 survey, only 24% of the housing units in the country used safe sources of water The remaining 76% of
the  population  used  unsafe  sources  The  situation  in  towns  is  much  better  according  to  1998
survey with 84% of lhe population the housing units used safe water In the year 2001 23%rulal population and 74% the urban population used safe water supply  which shows  down ward growth
Ethiopia’s  health status  is  lhe lowest among the world Country's. At national level, the ratio of health stations to population, health centers to population and hospitals to population ratio were 1 21173.1:272356 and 1 158414 respectively  in 1995. The country  suffers  normally  from the poor coverage of health facilities  but also from an uneven distribution More than 60 % of all facilities are in urban centers whereas rural population accounts about 85% The potential health coverage in Ethiopia was 51% m the year 2000 and projected to be 90% in 2017.
Concerning the energy at the end of 2001 the ICS (inter connected system) had a total installed generation capacity  of about 2000 GWh/year The per capital electric  energy  consumption in Ethiopia was  below lhe world average The population with direct access  to electricity  was 13%in2001
Estimates of average per day water consumption vary between 10 and 20 liters per day in urban areas The rular area depending on many factors the consumption was 3-4liters per capital per day Indigenous energy sources about 94.5% of the total energy demand with the remamdenng
EIA Append* ■ G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV n Association with Shebelle Engineering and VVWOSEEIA Report-Vol 5
Federa
l Denx>crabc RepuWc of Ethiopia
- Ministry of W
ater Resources
e
P
age G- *
Feasi
bility Study of Baro Multipurpose
Dam Project
covered
from    impoled    oil    and
electricity 
from
hydro
and
geothermal
The
bulk 
energy 
consumpt
ion  comes  from  biomass 
which  was 
76  6%
of  the
total
energy  suppl
ies  Th
e  per
capi
consumption of electricity  was  only  22kwh in 2001 and this  is  estimated to have reached attw kwh as targeted scenano by 2025 almost all of the major nvers basins in Ethiopia originate in me high land areas  above 2000 meters  The country  forms  the divide between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean basin One can believe that the waler resource of Democratic  Congo to be greater than Ethiopia's  but for the hydropower generation Ethiopia will be the first due to the power generation ’head" Most of the nvers  are international or transboundary  Rivers  The total
water  resources  of  Ethiopia  coming  from  the  country's12  nver  basins  are  estimated  to  be  122
billion meter cube for a normal year of which 70% of the water flows  into the Nile nvers  system Ground water resources  roughly  estimated to be 2 6 billion M3 Like its  neighboring countries Ethiopia has  expenenced apparent long-term changes  in climate with an average decrease of rainfall of 5% every  year since 1912 More than 85% of the Ethiopians  livelihood is  based on farming and livestock  agnculture. This  has  resulted in a substance level of economic  life and thinly  spread out settlements, so that providing reliable and safe water at minimum cost is  very difficult Considering the per capita domestic  water demand of 36-60 liters  for urban area and 25 liters  for rural area the waler demand including water losses, was  estimated as  698 million m3 in 2000 and it is projected to reach 1.5 billion m3 in 2025
The imgation potential of the country is 3 5 million ha From this land 6000ha is imgated Taking
water and land resources into account their contribution to socio economic development is very insignificant hence the ill effect of drought and unreliable of rainfall have seriously hindered
agncultural development Then the projected irrigation water need for the year 2016 will be 18 8
billion meter cube
Ethiopian Energy  sector is  sharply  split into traditional and modern ones  For the great majority people traditional fuels  are the sole sources  of energy  The total biomass  energy  consumed In the rural households is equivalent to 181 7 TWh/year
If   efforts   are   made   to   introduce   electrical   technology   which   can   convert   the   local   biomass resources into electrical energy the gain in term energy saving
Environmental protection and health of the rural environment and population would be significant Studies  conducted assess  hydropower potential of the country  indicates  that the grass  root hydropower potential is  in the order of 650 TWh/year The Blue Nile and Omo basins taken together contributes dose to 400TWh/year
The power sector reform
The power sector is  currently  facing major problems  such as  high system losses, low quality  of services, shortage of skilled manpower and inadequate finance The government having recognized the role of energy  plays  m the successful improvement of the standard of living of the nation has  enacted an energy  policy  and subsequently  launched a power sector reform with the objective of addressing the main sector issues and encouraging sustainable development
The specific  changes  that have been made recently  are delineation of the operation and regulatory  function and liberalization of the sector to promote private investment EEPCO establishment proclamation no. 86/1997 takes  care of the sector policy  The EEPCO (Power
Utility  as  a  Public,  Commercial  Enterprise  established  there  is  also  another  proclamation  no  49
May 1999 which empower public private sector involvement to privatize the sector
EIA ApoendiM G
Fina’ Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
•n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFe<lefal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project___________________ __
EtA Report Vol 5
Page G-5
Ethiopia's  economically  exploitable hydropower resources  Potential is  equivalent to around 30,000 mw of capacity However, less than 2% of the total potential «s known to have been so far developed The Aba Samuel hydro plant in Awash basin was the first hydroelectric type, with a generating capacity  6 6 MW which was  commissioned in 1939 Since 1939 number of hydropower generating plants  were set in the country  Recently  many  such hydropower projects are in their feasibility  and prefeasibility  study  phases  for example Geba and Baro are under feasibility  study  and Karradobi under prefeasibility  study  by  the Ethiopian Government by Norwegian Government help and Nor plan and Nor consult being Consultants  Hydropower development has  been accorded due recognition and priority  in both the water and energy sector development policies  and proclamations  The current policy  of Ethiopia in Water Resources  Management has  set the overall objective of hydropower development as  being to enhance the efficient and sustainable development of the water resources  and meet national energy  demands  as  well as  catering for external markets  to earn foreign exchange The policy was endorsed in 1994
Objective
To  indicate  National  background  about  water  resources,  hydropower,  policy  Issues  on  water use. hydropower generation, Environment and social Issues
To assess the  Oromia regional background information. ILLubabor zonal background and Sheka zonal background information.
To  generate  socioeconomic  information  from  the  direct  and  indirect  impact  zones  of  Baro hydropower project
To show the weredas socioeconomic status before the project implemented
To  discuss  about  the  project  with  the  zonal  and  wereda  stakeholders  for  their  acceptance  and full participation to implement the project
Methodology
Secondary data collection and analysis from National level, from Oromia region. ILLubabor zone and sheka zone
Secondary data from Allidido wereda Halu Bure wereda. Sele nono wereda and Masha wereda were collected Amharic and Oromifa versions reports were translated into English equivalent.
Checklists  were prepare and key  informats  participated in RRA group discussion for the acceptance of the project and to understand their good will to play their roles to implement the project
Physical  observation  and  field  visits  were  made  to  understand  the  social  environment  of  the project area
EtA Appendix G
Firji Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democrats: Repubic of Ethiopia - Ministry
of Water Resources
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page G- 6
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
OROMIA REGIONAL STATE
Article 3 of the Federal constitution Self government establishment proclamation No 7/1992 the Oromiya Regional state was  formed Oromia in its  physical position in Ethiopia, the Region occupies  the central position Its  territorial surface extentdes  from the south-eastern national border with Kenya across  center extending to the border Sudan Having a total border line of 5672 kms  Oromia region has  contacts  with all the regional states  of the country  except Tigray Regional state It has  the longest boundary  of 1860 km and peoples  of Southern Nations, Nationalities  and peoples  southern Ethiopia 1400Km boarder length with Somale Regional state Oromia occupies  rather central position in the country  and the industrial commercial and cultural center of Ethiopia
Oromia slate is confined by the astronomic gnds of 3° 40’N to 10° 35° N and 34 1TE the Capital City is Adama/Nathreth/
1TE lo 43J
Based   on    1994   population   and   Housing    census   of   CsA   are   estimated   population   was 19,,670 000 and its area is 353690Km  and accounts for about 32% the country
2
Oromia
Oromia is  divided into 12 administrative zones. 180 weredas  Minerals  deposites  of Oromia are iron coal, chromium copper, molybdenum, lead, titanium, uranium and others  Oromia Relife ranges  from less  than 500 m a s  i. to 4607 mas  I the highest peak  Ml Batu. Drainage of Oromia-Westem drainage system includes  Abay  river with its  left- Flank  tributaries  which include Dabus, Didesa Muger Jama etc  dram to Meditranean sea Small portion drains  to south western and south eastern extremes  are Baro. Upper Gibe (Omo system) and their tributaries Mean annual temperature of Oromia is  less  than 10°c  in the Bale massif and other high Mts  30°c average in tropical low lands  of Oromia Annual rainfall ranges  from 400 mmto 2400mm average Its  climate zone includes  the Dry  climate. Tropical rainy  climate and the temperate ram dimate zones  with their data/ sub divisions  In some specific  places  the rainfall reaches  2800 mm peak
Oromia vegetation types  are Afro and sub Afro Alpine, the coniferous  forests. Broad leafed forests  wood land and savannah, the Grassland, the steppe, the Semi Desert, wet land. Rivenne forest and alophytic vegetations.
Itswildlife include Oryx  deferssa water buck. Soemmering's  gazelle, Guenther s  dikdik. aardvark  numerious  birds, hippopotamus  corocodiles. Grant s  gazelle and swayne s  harlebeest are common, klipspringer, beveral car. stnped hyena. Abysmia Genet. Graves  zebra. Bale mountain and Erer Menelik's bushbuck and mountain nyala and Simen fox, giraffe etc
EIA Appendix G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
•n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Repubfc of Ethiopia - Ministry ot Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project________ _________ ___
EIA Report - Vol 5
PageG- 7
lllubabor Zone
ILLubabore zone has  15 administrative Weredas  The zone has  two special weredas  which are created very  recently  They  are the newly  settled wereda named as  Chewaka and Metu town with its extended area is the second special wereda as are Urban center These 15 weredas are accountable to Metu zone Metu is  the capital town of ILLubabor zone Metu is  550 km from Addis Ababa Metu is 540 kms away from Oromia its Regional Capital city Adama through Addrs Ababa
Ethnic groups, language and Religion
All  ethnic  groups,  in  the  year  2000  were  979836  Among  the  Ethnic  groups  Oromo  accounts 872348 in percentage 89 03
Amhara total population was 71528 which is 7 3%
Tograwi were 12051 in percentage 1.23. Others compnse 23908 and account for 2 44%
Language ‘Afaan Oromoo* Amharic ‘Ttgrawi’
Others"
91% 6.26% 1.1% 1 64%
Mineral  Resources  -Gold,  mineral  water,  coal,  phosphate  day  soil  for  ceramic  exploitation different types of quarry etc are classified by detail study
Industry  -  there  are  big  industries  such  as  Badele  Brewery  and  Gumera  tea  factory  and plantation
Small  industries  include  such  as  coffee  washing  factories,  grinding  mills,  workshop,  gold  and silver smiths, saw mills
Education
There are 4 technical vocational Training Colleges (T V T C) There are two teachers training
colleges one being the government, the other belongs to pnvate company There are 372 1-8
grade schools in ILLubabor The male student participation is 101 25% because under aged less 
than 7 years and more than 15 years of male are schooled with the age brackets of 7 to 15
according to Federal government Education policy of schooling children to complete elementary school level The male counterpart participation is 78 09 % (female specific 1-8 grades)
Health status
There is one hospital in Metu town, there are 11 health centers, there are 60 clinics. 58 being government, 2 are of private owned There are 39 health posts one being private and 38 belong to government Health coverage in the year 2001 was 71%
The ten top diseases of ILLubabor zone were in the mentioned year All diagnosis of 2001 were 28887
1             Infection of skin and subcutaneous patients 2         All other diseases of Genital urinary system 3.       All other infective and parasitic disease
EIA Appendix G
Fnal Report
2126
1788
171 a
NOR PLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYERJV in Association with Shebelte Engmeenng and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Miostry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Bare Multipurpose Pam Project
4          Acute upper respiratory infection
5          Gastritis and Tendonitis
6           All other diseases of gum and tooth
7         Muscular rheumatism and rheumatics and unspecified
8.           Bronchopneumonia
9.          All accidental causes
10.       Tuberculosis of respiratory system
Total ten top diseases account 14104 among the diagnosis of 28887
Water supply 2003
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page G- 8
1696
1257
1250
1124
1098
1071
976
The  water  supply  coverage  of  the  zone  was  25  52%  whereas  in  2004  is  29  07%.  Planned  for  the year 2005 will be 47 03%
lllubabor Zone Extension Service.
There   are   478   farmers   associations   in   ILLubabor   zone   and   18   urban   kebeles.   together   496 urban and rural kebeles are organized
Area  of  ILLubabor  that  is  15870  km2  The  zone  is  4  5%  wide  compared  to  Oromia  Regional state
Population of the zone was  1078838 according to 1994 census  of CsA Male population accounts  529958 whereas  female population accounts  548880 Active population (15-64) 50% and inactive (45 and 65 and have 50% House hold heads  of the zone were 197720 Rural population was  956301 and the urban population was  122537 dunng the census  period. The
population  density  was  68  persons  per  km2  Projected  population  of  the  zone  for  the  year  2006
will be 999420 male 492167 and female 507253
Zonal   population   livehood   depends   90%   on   agricultural   activities   whereas   10%   depends   on employment of government public and informal sector activities
Climate  condition  of  the  zone  is  67%  temperature  locally  called  ‘winadega’  23%  dry  climate  or “kola or hot zone" and 10% is cool climate called “Dega“
Rainfall-ranges 1600 to 2004 mm Annual rainfall average is 2000 mm
Land usage Land be urban or rural belongs  to the government and the people has  use right only  Cultivated area of the zone is  33.27% forest land is  24 17% grazing land size is  11 74% uncultivated land 21 76 % wetland area 1.23% and others  such as  construction waste land etc is 7 83%
There were 389 PAs  There were 160576 households  There were 208 DA houses. The development agent service coverage was  64% of all farmers  or households  The DA farmers ratio was 1:500.
Number of DAs with pack animals and bicycle were 84% in the zone
Maize and teff were the mam crop production item for food security and in the year 2000 18270 88 ha area of land covered by the extension package 50253 or 30% of the peasant households were served with agricultural technology inputs of the package The productivity rate per hectare was very much improved
Fl A Appendix G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYERJV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project_____________________ .
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page G-9
During the mentioned year the zone produced 458108.6 quintals of washed unwashed coffee to the central market ILLubabor zone is  the first zone for its  coffee production among all Oromia zones European union gives financial and technical support to coffee production activity
The zone is also famous for its livestock and poultry production In the year 2001
There were 680622 cattle
There  were  37900
There were 183839
goats
sheep
There  were  30378
Mules accounted
horses 6794
Donkeys  numbered  401742
Poultry accounted 401742
Among  all  these  domestic  animals.  81  01%  animals  got  health  service  of  all  types  About 147561 skins of sheep and goats and Hides inspected were sent to the central market
Transportation and communication
The road distnbution in ILLubabor zone in 2001 was
Asphalt road 50km
Grovel road 413km
Rural gravel road 369 95 km
Communication postal, Telephone and Telegram service
There were 12 regular Department and agent postal offices in the zone
Telecommunication services
There 17 total stations, one manual, 13 semi-automatic, 3 digital, employees 76 and subscribers were 150
Electnfication among 27 urban centers 9 urban centers were electrified about 65935 households supplied with electnc supply and account 64.5% among total urban population
EIA AppeixJlx G
Frol Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE
---------- T
’ • ------- --Federal Democrats Republic ol Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5
Pago G-10
THE   SOCIO   ECONOMIC   PROFILES   OF   THE   WEREDAS   OF   BARO   HYDROPOWER PROJECT
HALU-BURE WEREDA SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE
Halu and Bure were separately  weredas  dunng the" derge" regime they  were combined to be one Awraja or province Now the “Awaraga" down graded and Halu and Bure remained to be Halu-Bure wereda
The farmer Gambella settlers evacuated from Gambella and resettled in Halu Bure by their own will.
Administration
Halu-Bure wereda is  one of among 15 weredas  of ILLubabor zone The wereda is  accountable to the zone The wereda administration is subdivided into 34 kebeles, which are the lowest unit of administration Among the 34 kebeles  are peasant associations, whereas  3 are urban settings
Population
According to ILLubabor zone Planning and Economic  Development Department report of
December. 2001 Halu Buro Wereda population:
Total population
63712
Male population
31187
Female population
32525
Urban population
6822
Urban male size 3135 and female 3687
Rural population
56890
Male rural population size 28052
Female rural population size 28052
According to the year 2003 population report active population 34148 and inactive population was  32700 Halubure wereda settlement Density  was  46 persons  per square kilometer Settlements are two types traditional scattered types and modern villagized.
EIA Appendix G
Hnal Report
NORPLAN -NORCONSULT -LAHMEYERJV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic oF Ethiopia - Ministry oF Water Resources Fea&briity Study of Baro Multipurpose Oam Protect______________________
ElA Report - Vol 5
Page G 11
Projected population o( Halu Bure wereda 20006
projected population of Halu Bure wereda
2006
Urban
Io
Total
Age Group Both
Rural
Male            Female            Both          Male        Female           Both             Male          Femal
1
2
0-1
9-May
10484
12066
5352
6037
5132
6029
1145
1340
545
683
600
657
9339
10726
4807
5354
4532
5372
3
4
9813
7262
4976
3657
4837
3605
1179
926
543
423
636
503
8634
6336
4433
3234
4201
3102
5
6
5079
4682
2424
2213
2655
2469
670
708
287
342
383
366
4409
3974
2137
1871
2272
2103
7
3
3891
3901
1799
1709
2092
2192
535
446
272
216
263
230
3356
3455
1527
1493
1029
1962
9
10
3498
2566
1581
1304
1917
1262
367
232
143
94
224
138
3131
2334
1438
1210
1693
1124
11
12
2819
1645
1257
786
1562
059
315
186
133
81
182
105
2504
1459
1124
705
1380
754
13
14
2277
1090
1074
593
1203
497
251
131
97
47
154
84
2026
959
977
546
1049
413
15
16
106S
477
500
259
565
218
104
52
34
23
70
29
961
425
466
236
495
189
17
16
631
127
293
66
330
61
63
13
19
3
44
10
568
114
274
63
294
51
19
Total
246
73619
131
36011
115
37608
22
8685
6
3991
16
4694
224
64934
125
32020
99
32914
El A. Appendix G
Firm! Repoi
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV ,n Association with Shebeiie Engineering and WWDSE
- , ——Federal Democrat*: Republic ol Ethiopia - Ministry or Water Resources Feasibility Study o* Baro Multipurpose Darn Project__________ __ ______ _
ElA Report-Vol 5
Page G-12
Extent of Urbanization.
There are 3 urban centers in the wereda
Bure  urban  center  is  the  capital  of  the  wereda  and  it  has  3182  people  male  being  1814  and women 1368 in 2003 The average family size was 4
Sibo urban center
Total sibo population
Male population
Female population
Average family size was 
Average household of the urban was Ukka urban center
Total population was 
Male population
Female population
Average family size
Average household number was 
1769
784
485
4 28
413
1170
573
497
4
289
Extent of urbanization of the wereda is 10%
Physical setting of Halu Bure
The wereda bounds. In the northwest Welega zone and Metu special wereda in south Sele- Nono wereda. in the east Aledido wereda and in the west by  Gambella regional state Its astronomical location is 8° 3’ - 8° 3TN and 34° 56’ - 35° 26' E the wereda area is 1489 2 km2
The  Geology  of  the  wereda  has  not  been  surveyed  The  highest  mountain  in  the  wereda  is Didibe and it has 1897 m above the sea level Being this the highest altitude, the lowest is 880m
The Halu Bure wereda has  the following nvers  which drain into Baro river, Ukka River. Tato. Ofa. Siba and Wenges  are the mam and there are many  streams  and springs  which drain to the main rivers  The nvers  and their tnbutary  are not used for modern and traditional irrigation which extend from 880-1500 mas.I. Woinadega extends  from 1500 to 1897 m as.I. There is  no dega or cool zone in the wereda
Vegetation and Wildlife
The major type of natural vegetations  are high forest, woodlands  and rivennes  The high forest occupy  23789ha wood land 53110ha riverine 1804 ha There is  man made state forest called ToIkKobo which occupies 743 876ha according to 2003 report of the wereda.
There are different types  of wild animals  in the wereda. The major wild animals  included Buffalo. Lion. Menelik  bush, black  wolf fox. pig. leopard, hyena, ape. warthog etc. The rural population complain the existence of these animals  because they  attack  against their animals  and crops There is no protected area for these animals
El A Appendix G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LA H MEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of JJaroMuit’piXDCse Dam Project____________________
ELARwrt -Vd 5
Page a 13
Agriculture
Agriculture is  the main activity  and mam livelihood of the wereda About 90% of the wereda population depend on agricultural activity  The agricultural activity  include crop production and animal breading
Farmers are organized in their farmers associations and in their farmers service cooperatives 
There are 12 farmers’ service cooperative in the wareda Their members are 6984 male being
6719 and female members account 265
Land  use  the  land  covered  by  annual,  perennial  crops  and  pastoral  land  and  natural  and  man made forests
Land under annual crops 16735 15ha
Land under perennial coverage 1609 5ha
pasture land coverage 2218 2 ha
natural forest 25589.4 ha
shrub land no data
artificial forest 793 876 ha
wood land savanna 53109 5 ha
Swampy and marsh land 2281 27 ha
Arable land 30551 344 ha
Others such as water bodies barren land, road and dwelling areas account about 656 ha.
Major crop production
Crops are produced main in ” Belg ” or major rainy season in lhe wereda The major crops are cereals pulses, oil seeds and fruits
Under  cereals  there  are  different  crops  such  as  leff,  wheat,  barely,  sorghum,  maize,  millet,  oat site they occupy 122135.2 ha of land in the wereda
Under pulse there are lentils, horse beans, chickpeas, haricot beans, field beans and other beins about 14523.8 ha
Under  oil  seeds  production  Neug,  linseed  rapeseed,  sea  same,  field  beans  and  other  occupy 117 16ha
Under fruit production vegetables, spices, beverage and root crops account 21456 15 ha
Their total production area is 158232 175 ha
Technology input in agriculture.
Inorder to increase croproduction and productivity  of agricultural out. the use of technological inputs  like fertilizers  improved seeds, pesticides  and improved agricultural tools  are very important But their application in the wereda is very low In the year 2003
Fertilizers Dap 91.53 Quintal and area 89 31 Quintals were given to 493 farmers Improved seeds maize (BH660) 18.38 Quintal for 493 farmers used
Pesticides and improved farm tools were not distnbuted
EIA Appendix G
FlruM Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFedora* Democratic Repute of Eth’Op»a - Ministry ot Water Resources
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project__________________.
E1A Report-Vo’ 5
Page G-
To maintain soil fertility the farmers use traditional and
' ^^^tJJa^esrOcfebeTTo
agricultural calendar, they plant (sow) March through August and y
Oxen are the only source of traction power to prepare land in the wereda In the year 2003 there were only 419 oxen in he wereda
Land Holding
Land is natural resource and the only asset of the farmers but they have only the use right according to the government land ownership policy
In the year 2003 1452 households have no land. 1822 households had one hectare of land, 1246 households  own 1.5 ha 1345 households  2ha. 829 households  owned 2.5 ha. 649 households had 3 ha and 1108 house holds owned above 3 ha. of land
Major crop Diseases and pests.
Apes. African bollworm, ladybirds, beetle, nematodes, grasshoppers, weevil and termites attack the crops in the wereda However the farmers apply the traditional protection methods such as animal urine to control apes smoke to control weevils and use ash pepper and salt to protect other pests. According to the year 2003 information threare 202 farmers  who use traditional irrigation on 11.5 ha of land and produced 656 quintals  of crop yield. There is  no modern irrigation system introduction in the wereda
Major agncultural constrains in the wereda are
•    Uneven distribution of services to all kebeles
•    Lack of draug ht a ni mal s
•    Marketing services problem or market out let for fair price.
•    Shortage of agriculture in puts and their high cost.
•    Land use problem
Livestock.
The other important subject or of agricultural activity  is  livestock  breeding The livestock  plays important roles  such traction power, transportation service manure service, nutrition service (meat, milk, egg, chicken etc) and when sold sources of cash
Livestock Population
No             Type of livestock        Year         Number Year              Number Year Number
1
Catlie (cattle)
2001
14273
2002
41274
2003      40056
2
Sheep
2001
11326
2291
159
528
2002
11619
3
Goats
2001
2003     9966
2002
4
2128
Mules
2001
2003      2217
2002
164
5
Horses
2001
2003      160
2002
587
6
Donkeys
2001
2003      620
488
488
31437
2002
7
453
Camels
2001
2003      520
2002
453
8
Poultry
2001
2003      520
2002
30583
2003      29128
FIA Appendii G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYERJV m Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWOSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Protect____________________
EIA Report-Vol 5
Page G-15
Major   livestock   feed   sources   are   natural   pasture   crop   residual,   maize   cobs,   straw   and roughages
Livestock  diseases are Try panomiasis internal parasites, infection  diseases, anthrax black leg. past versos and external parasites.
Animal  health  services  are  very  small  compared  to  livestock  population  of  the  wereda  The small  services  rendered  are  vaccination  treatment  and  supervision  Animal  health  personals  in the year 2001. 2002. 2003 were the same animal health assistants are 2 and technicians are 6 in total for the wereda 8 Total animal clinic are 3. they are Type 1B and type 2C in numbers Beekeeping activity.
Honey is very important cash earning source of the wereda in the year 2003 there were 17820 beehives of traditional and modern in very small number.
Constraints for livestock, poultry and beekeeping production are
Disease prevalence
Climate change - drought
High prevalence of tsetse fly in the valley of Baro and Birbir rivers 
Grazing land shortage
The danger posed by chemicals to bee colony when applied for pests and warms control Unexpected disease out break, which occurs during the small rainy season, eradicates the
traditional poultry farming
Mineral and Industry
In the wereda there is no study of mineral exploitation but sand stone and gravel are traditionally exploited No survey has made to estimate the deposits and existence of different minerals 
There is no different type of small scale industry except 15 flour mills owned by the cooperatives 
in the wereda
Infrastructure and Social Service.
Transport and communication Addis Ababa Gambella Conventional road cross Bure town and
mam transport network to the wereda There is 89 km gravel rural road in the wereda There are
3 semi automatic telecommunication stations in 3 urban centers There are one postal agent and
1 postal department service in the wereda
Water and Energy Supply.
Water is life Water supply is very adequate to the wereda from two deep wells, one shallow well 21hand dug well and 53 developed springs nvers and streams in the wereda The portable water supply coverage m rural area is 30.78% and in the urban centers it is 100%
ELA Appendix G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHM EVER JV m Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE
’—
•V*- -           --
-----
... .Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project_________________ ____
ElA Report-Vol 5
Page G-16
Energy
The main energy source is the biomass usage, which devastates the ^ ® ^
or   s
environmental degradation in the wereda There is no electnc energy supply m the wereaa. i ne
energy supplies are fire wood, charcoal, crop residual and kerosene.
Education
Poverty,  low  social  and  economic  development  and  high  population  density  status  implies  low level of educational status in the society.
The educational status of the Bure Halu wereda: -
Pre-school-there are two kindergartens
There are 161 students 77 male and 84 females
There are also two teachers, for formal education
Primary  school grades  1-4 there are 161 schools  in the wereda The students  population is 9154 The teachers who teach in the lower elementary schools are 174. Student to the teacher ratio in the elementary 1-4 grades is 1 52
Higher pnmary schools grades 5-8 are 2 in the wereda There are 3971 students, Teachers are 107
Senior  secondary  School  There  is  one  senior  secondary  school  (grade  9-10),  there  are  540 students
Adult Education
In the year 2003 there were 52 adult education centers in the wereda
There were 1283 adults. 709
being male and 574 females
Major education problems
Shortage of Budget
Communication Facility
Transport means no car no moter cycle and bicycle to the educational institutions 
Lack of trained manpower according to the educational policy 
Shortage of educational materials.etc
Health
Poverty  reduction depends  up on human resources  with adequate knowlages  educatin, heath, experience and conscious. In the order to make the society  healthy adequate health care and health service is necessary
Health Institutions in the Wereda.
In Halu Bure wereda in the year 2003. there are one health center 7 clinics 3 private rural drug vendors to give health service
health posts. 3
ElA Appendix G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFede*at Democratic ReputMc c< Ethropa - Ministry
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
of Water Resources
EIA Report-Vol 5
Page G-17
Health professionals
Nurses of all kinds Health Assistants 
12
14
Health Officer
Laboratory Technician                  1
1
Samtanans 
1
Malana Laboratory Technician
1
First Line Health Workers 
4
Administrative Staffs 
31
The first ten mam diseases.
No
Types of Diseases
Patients Treated
%
1
Diarrhea
759
18 9
2
All lung diseases
751
187
3
Intestinal Parasites
430
107
4
Skin Infection
351
8.7
5
Malaria
238
5.9
6
Rheumatic pain
235
58
7
Acute Fever illness
160
4
8
Gastritis
159
3.9
9
Anemia
151
3.7
10
Common cold
120
3
Total
3350
83 3
Major health problems of the wereda
Poor environmental satiation due to poor water supply, bad handling of liquid and solid waste disposal, and low awareness of the society to understand personal hygiene
The  wereda  location  to  be  the  center  of  malana  breeding  and  tsetse  fly  Logistic  shortage Institutional Capacity
Courts
In the year 2003 there were 110 civil case among which 160 were decided in the courts and 50 are pending for the year 2004.
There were 435 criminal cases brought to the court and 336 were deeded and 98 are pending for the same year
Finance.
The wereda financial institution handles revenues collecting and financial expense according to the accounting system
Revenue collected in the wereda in the year 2003 was Birr 89014 45
E(A Aopendix G
F inal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Snebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic ol Eth«op<a - Ministry ol Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project____________________
EIA Report-voi o
Page G-18
The wereda expenditure  for  the year was 6386215 60 Birr and the exceeding amount was subsides from the government
Trade, Tourism and Sport
The landscape and natural science are tounsm attractive, many tourist pass to Gambells via
Bure town of this wereda Concerning the tourist facilities the wereda have five restaurants and
14 beds There is some sport game activities in the schools played by school boys and girls Development activities
School building
Health facilities expansion
Water supply schemed Constriction
Bure Hydropower Project Study and Small scale imgation activities are Carried in the wereda Problems of the Wereda.
Shortage of farm land
Shortage of agncultural technology in puts
58% the wereda is kolla which is malaria and livestock disease center
Shortages of grazing land in the 42%the woniadega region of the wereda
Shortage of trained manpower for all sectoral offices
Inaccessibility of kebeles to connect to all weather road and transportation shortage.
Rainfall scarcity, soil erosion, deforestaton etc
Potentialities of Halu-Bure.
Land  forest,imgation,waterresources.Livestock,breeding,beekeeping,  fishing,  mining,  tourist attraction, cash crops human resources etc Arable land for investors wet land 2281 ha
Gender Issues.
There is women s association organized at wereda level There are 34 kebele level basic women's  organization There are 4773 members  since 1994 but reorganized in 1999 The women s organization few members has started saving money even if there is no credit and saving service in the wereda There is  horticulture activity  which has  been started some womens  by  Menschen fur Menschen (MFM) in the wereda to generate incomes There is nursery site run by women to participate in forestation programme. Recently the women s organization is active for the coming election Since the establishment the women s organization has been playing a great role to make women aware of political social and economical affairs which affect their live
There  are  many  backward  traditional  practices  exercised  among  the  women  tattooing polygamy, rage kidnap, early marriage etc
Women's decision making participation is very low, among the wereda council members who are 102 only 19 are women Among 34 kebele in one kebele a women is a chairperson Women are also bitten by their husbands The society give top priority for boys education than girls since 2004 when the family law came into implement there is improvement
EIA Appendix G
Roa! Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV----------------------
»n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEJ
r
Federal Democratc Republic of Ethiopia - M«nrstry
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Oam Proved
of Waler Resources
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page G- 19
Menschen Pur1 Menschen NGO
This NGO started its charity duty during the Ethiopians 1984 famine in ILLubabor zone and Expanded its rehabilitation and development activities thorough the zone and also extended health education service and environmental protection and agricultural extention services
In Halu Bure wereda Menschen fur1 Menschen maintained many schools for example Bure high school was maintained 8 extra classrooms were built. For girls in this high school who come from distant rural areas 88 bed rooms were built
1-8 grade one new school was built
For another complete primary school additional 3 Blocks were built
1-4 grade lower elementary 2 schools were built and fully equipped
For 12 teachers living quarter were built
In health sector the NGO also contributes a lot in the wereda
Three clinic and two health posts were built
In agricultural sector 11ha land prepared to irrigated for some poor families in the wereda
DA housed and office were built in two PAs
One chemical store was built for the wereda
Water supply about 19 springs and hand dug well were constructed
Problems of the Wereda
No electric light or energy it is hard Io continue the Itc operation by fuel energy in the wereda In rural and urban are no safe water supply
No private investment in the wereda
No technical and vocational (raining center of the wereda There is dangerous livestock and human diseases etc
EiA AppenC i G
F«n*i Mepcrt
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT"- LAHMEYER JV
»n Association with Shebelle Engineenng and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Proved
El A Report - Vol 5
Page G- 20
ALLE DIDU WEREDA
Introduction
This wereda is one of 15m weredas of ILLubabor zone ILLubabor zone is one of the 12 zones of OROMIA National Regional State under the Fedreral Government of Ethiopia ILLubabor zone is located at the south western part of the Oromia state
Alle is the name of the local Oromo clan widely settled in the wereda many years back When this wereda formed at the distinct past there were five distncts namely. Alle, Bure. Didu. Saylem and Halu had been administered under the Gore “Awraja’ After 1992 when the new government came to the power there has  been structural change Five peasant associations  joined the southern Nations Nationality state, some of the kebeles were given to Halu Bure wereda and AlleDidu became separate wereda since 1995. which is accountable to ILLubabor zone The wereda has 42 kebeles among which 38 are PAs. and 4 are urban kebeles The wereda capital city is the old town called Gore town which is 625 km away from Addis Ababa The Federal capital and 715 km away from the Regional Capital Adama or Natherth
Gore is an Affan Oromoo given by the clan Lord Serbo Aredo who was passing through the site and he was hungry and found honey He ate honey and satisfied and blessed the place named the place Gore meaning ’ let me not miss you when I came back’ since then the place is called Gore.
Drying Minilik II time Ras Tesema Nadew decided the area to be called “Gore Genet’ during the 19^ century since then Gore has been the area of trade, military center to control the area up to the Sudan boarder which served as port before the opening of Assab in 1930 Gore became the ILLubabor capital times, the Italians, the Greeks. Arabs. Syrians and other foreigners dwelled in Gore performing many activities, hence the wereda is very historical
Administration
Alledidu has 42 kbeles and 4 urban center. The urban centers are Gore town. Gordomu. Onga and Lalo The other 38 are the rural peasant settings  There are 15 sectoral office who are administered by the wereda council elected every five years and the council elects the wereda administration head and 15 sectoral office heads
Population
According to the year 2004 report of the wereda
The urban population
Male
5149
Female
7641
Total
12790
The Rural Population Male
Female Total
41286
37096
78936
ElA Appendix G
Final Repod
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER^JV ~
,n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Mult.purpose Dam Project _____________ __ _____
ElA Repod • Vd 5
PageG-21
Among the total population 44% are under 0-15year whereas 15 years above and below 65 (15- 64) years account 44.3%. They are economically active and population between 0-14 and above 65 accounts 55.7 This shows the dependency ratio is higher than active population.
Ethnic groups
The Oromo Ethnic will be
Oromo
55%
Amhara                     15%
Kaff. Gurage. Wolayta and Kembata 5%
Religion
Chnstians of Orthodox church Protestant church and Catholic church from 35% Islam religion eposes about 65%
Language as mother tongue
Oromiffa
Amhanc 
70%
25%
Kaffa Gurage. Wolayta and Kembata share 5%
Protected Population of Aledido Wereda
No Ago Group
2006
Both
Male
Female
Both
Male
Femala
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0-4
14195
7180
7015
1539
767
772
Both
12656
Male
6413
5-9
15804
7833
7971
1855
932
932
13949
10-14
6910
13081
6707
6374
2350
1082
1268
15-19
20-24
10731
7144
5625
9149
4621
4528
2005
880
1125
3741
7157
3411
3746
1181
511
670
5976
5361
2900
25-29
6444
3289
Female 6243
7039
5106
3403
3076
3155
1083
574
509
30-34
4901
2715
2286
2646
2615
786
410
376
35-39
4954
4115
1876
2239
2282
2672
747
9
363
384
40-44
4207
4197
1890
2307
1919
530
277
253
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Source:
45-49 3400 1599 1801 50-54 3626 1592 2034 55 59 2338 1179 1159 60-64 3137 1442 1695 65-69 1678 923 755 70-74 1612 703 909 75-79 795 469 326 80-84 1067 492 575
85-89           256           144              112
90*           456           270              186
Total      98247      48312           49935
3667
1613
2288
2054
485        193              292
2915
545        217               328        3081
331         143              188
368        169              199
263        109              154
193          71               122
125          60                65
92          37                55
43          24                19
34          19                15
14555     6829              7726
2007
2769
1415
1419
670
975
213
422
1406
1375
1036
1273
814
632
409
455
120
251
Social and Economic Development team ILLubabor
83692       41463
zone
1509
1706
971
1496
601
787
261
520
93
171
42209
ELA Appendix G
Fnal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHM EY ER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democrat*: RepuWc of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feas»thbty Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
ElA Report -vol
Page
2
Physical Setting of Alle Didu
The area of the wereda is 1427km The boundary of the wereda Sele Nono wereda in the west. Halu Bure wereda in the north west Mettu special wereda m the north. Southern Nalionns Regional state The weredas astronomical location is 35° 20 54’ 30‘ east longitude and 7 47 ♦08s 16‘ W North latitude
Geology of the wereda is not studied. Altitude of the wereda the highest is above 2300 m a s.I and the lowest is In Baro river valley is about 1500 m a s I The wereda has heavy rain fall and dense forest zone Major nvers are Baro, Sor, Keber. Wanges and Dalleadyubi There many tributanes and streams of these major nvers are found in the wereda and the rivers are the main drainage systems of Alle Didu wereda
The  distnct  gets  above  1500m  to  2800mm  annual  average  The  annual  average  rainfall temperature is 21°c
Agroecological zonation of the wereda is Dega or cool zone accounts 21% of the area the woinadega the temprate zone compnses the area about 79% there is no kola or very low land below 1500 m.a.s.l
The two type of soil classes dominate the wereda soil formation, namely Red basaltic soil and black soil These soils are good for cereal crop production and fruits and good for grazing grass types in the area and for dense forest also specially the blacksoil.
Vegetation types and their area are
•    High forest covers 6293ha
•    Wood land occupies no data
•    Rivenne forest area is 5024ha
•    Shrubs, bush lands and savanna -
According to the year 2003 data from the distnct. There is man made forest or state forest occupying 1176ha
Saylem government forest also occupies 86ha and Gumero Tea Plantation covers an area of 1103ha with high expansion plan.
Wildlife is also important but there are only limited types such as ’Defferssa' water buck lion (?) and small animals such as pig. bushbuck, bush duiker, civet cat. rabbit African tiger, most of these animals are found in the protected forest and some reside in the scattered areas The wild life  is  in  problem  because  of  deforestation  for  villization,  clearing  for  crop  and  cash  crop production by investors, hunting and the negative attitude of the community towards the pigs, monkeys. Apes and warthogs which destroy their crops, some small domestic animals Agriculture
Agncultural sector provides an employment for 95% of wereda population The rest 5% are government, public and private employees Some are supported by small trade Most of the government and private company such as Medroc, Gumero tea factory and tea plantation
ElA Append'x G
rinaf Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYERJV n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republc 0/ Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page G-23
employee from outside the wereda The farming system is traditional and produce crops, cash crops and livestock breeding and beekeeping in the wereda
Agricultural cooperatives since 1999 there have been 2 cooperatives with 288 members 271 being male and 17 are female Their total capital in 2003 was 168904 Birr
Land size and usage
Land under annual crop
Land under pemmal crops 
Land under pasture organizing
Land under natural forest
Wetland
Arable land
Others such as (house, road and water baty)
Crop production
13017 89 25527 74ha 22893ha 68061 6ha 5239 75ha 4770 95ha 1168ha
Cereals occupy the area of 1667 35ha and the production of the year 2003 was 16079 405 quintal The cereals were teff, wheat, barely, sorghum, maize and millet
Pulses total area was 577 125 quintals The pulses were horse beans. Hancot beans, oil seeds Neug, Linseed and repe seed
Technology inputs to improve productivity fertilizers, improved farm tools and pesticides and improved seeds are applied in the wereda
Fertilizers Dap 261-32 quintals. Urea 7 4.9 quintals 707 quintals were used
Pesticides powder type 415 quintals were applied Herbicides 140 liters were used Traditional techniques are used to fertilize the soil (such as manuring, compost application fallowing, crop rotation, grass stripping, revegelation system and cut off drains etc).
Agricultural calendar shows land
Preparation January to June, harvesting time is from October to December and plantation time is from may to September December is for short time harvesting preparation (Meher) and January is for long time (belg) season production preparation. There are two production seasons 'Meher' and 'Belg" in the area depending on natural rainfall
The wereda farmers only use oxen phloghing power, no tractor, but 37% of the farmer own Oxen.
Oxen ownership
No ox
37%
One ox
10 83%
Two oxen
16 02%
four oxen
363%
five and above 0.46% (2003 all calendar)
Average land holding size by each household was 20 78% own 0 5ha. 17 68% one hectar, 10,07% hold 1.5ha, 6 83% own 2ha. 21.14% holding 2 5ha and 23.5% hold more than 3 hectare and they are rich, according to the wereda companson and also they own more than five oxen The problems are caused by birds, apes, monkeys aphides stalk boren to the farmer. The common crop disease are leaf blight, strick uiral. C B D and C W D
ElA Appends G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHM EVER JV m Association with Shebeile Engineering and WWDSEFedctai Democratic Republic of Eth»op«a - Ministry o! Water Resources
EIA Report • Vol 5
Page G- 2*
feasibility Study of Bare Mutt-purpose Dam Project
Livestock. Poultry and Beekeeping
NO
Type
No
5.1
Cattle
69929
52
Sheep
15115
5.3
Goats
3452
54
Mules
589
55
Hourses
7685
5.6
Donkeys
127
5.7
Poulaty
47113
58
Beekeeping
35564
There were 11883 farmers  who produce honey  traditional Average yield from each traditional beehive is  6kg of honey  but since 1996 34 farmers  introduced for modern beehives  and 147 were distnbuted and annual honey production has been 30 kg and more from each beehive
The source of feed for cattle is  natural grazing and crop residual The livestock  problem is animal diseases  of different types  Livestock  is  the source of milk  and milk  products  meat, draught power and their hides  and skins  are sources  of income for the farmers  The livestock diseases  include Bovine pasteare, Hasis  black  lege, facielosis. external parasites, internal parasites. Mastitis. Tryps. LOS. African horse diseases, GIP. Lym phongitis  and Coccsdiosis Fool chleara affects poultry.
Animal health activities
In 2003 there were five animals health institutions 1B type clinic, 1C type clinic. 1D type clinic 
and two animal health posts There were 7 animal health professionals Two of them animal
health assistants. 4 were animal health assistant technicians and one is animal meat inspector
Animal health professions ratio is to the livestock population is 1 38,842
In the year 2003 about 120468 livestocks were given different vaccination, about 18801
livestocks were got different treatments for different diseases
Mining and Industry
There has been no scientific survey conducted in the wereda but there is traditional indication for different mineral resources  in the wereda But sand, stone and gravel are under exploitation in the wereda
According ILLubabor zone trade, industry  and transport Department information there are only gram mills, saw mills and chinga location small scale industries exist in the wereda No data for their number and employment but they  are owned by  private individuals  We have Gumero tea factory  and tea plantation for which we have employed permanently  2000 workers, temporary employees 540 with fixed asset 44710370 Birr and with investment capital 60020568 Birr exist in Aile Didu wereda
EIA Appendix G
rma* Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV~
»n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Repvbi»c of EthfCp»a - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Proyeg
E'A Report • Vol 5
Page G- 25
Infrastructure and Social facilities
Despite of the Alle Didu historical background and Gore town formation the sector would be developed but due to different historical, political, geographical, economical and other reason the infrastructure and social facilities development is very minimal
There is Addis Ababa Gambelia conventional road exists there is no asphalt road inside the wereda gravel road 70 km. rural gravel road 73km total 143 km road volume is available There is 200 dry weather read in Alle D>du wereda Road desk report of 2003 There is air strip of land in Gore town and there twice weekly flight is available if the weather condition permits to do so The two most common means of communication systems in the wereda are telephone and postal services There are total 8 telephone pay stations with 20 employees and 328 subscribers in the wereda
There are one regular post office, one postal agent, one post boy and one departmental postal service exist in the wereda
Water Supply
It is very poor in the wereda Only 14% of the population is served since 2001 There are two deep bore wells, 9 hand dug wells, 20 developed springs these water supply is 14 1% but the rural population of the wereda
The wereda water supply is 14 1% but the rural population gets very small amount of potable water supply whereas the 4 urban centers get 100% potable desk report of 2003 to the wereda
Energy
The sources of Energy to the wereda population are firewood, kerosene, crop residual, charcoal, and electricity in their hierarchy order Other urban Centers do not get electricity The source of electricity is from sor ... hydropower generating station
Education
Kindergarten
In the year 2003 there were 6 kindergarten schools in the wereda Their student enrollment was 756, among whom 149 male and 116 female Teachers were 6 and all of them were female the schools are private student teacher ratio is 1 44
ELA Appeal G
F nil Repc>H
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebeile Engineering and VWVDSFFederal Demoaabc Republic of Ethiopia - M«n<siry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project_______________________
Schoo/s. their status location and penod in the Alle Didu wereda
Year Location
Number of schools by levels /grades
Rural or Urban
1-4
5-8
18
1 -8
1999    Rural
19
37
9-1
0
11-12
0
Urban
2
3
5
1
0
Total
21
21
42
1
0
2000    Rural
20
17
37
0
-
Urban
2
A
6
1
-
Total
22
21
43
1
-
2001    Rural
20
17
37
0
-
Urban
2
4
6
1
-
Total
22
21
43
1
-
2002    Rural
2
17
37
0
1
Urban
22
4
6
1
1
Total
21
21
43
1
1
2003    Rural
21
17
38
0
0
Urban
2
4
6
1
1
Total
23
21
44
1
1
Source Alle Didu wereda Educational office - 2003.AII are government schools
Number of classrooms 101 for grade 1-4,216 for grade 5-8, 317 for grade 1-8, 19 for grade 9-10 and 2 classrooms for pre college or grade 11-12.
Student enrollment only for the year 2003
No
Level of school
Male
Female
Total
1
1-4
6533
5383
11916
2
5-8
3693
2316
6054
3
1-8
10226
7744
4
17970
9-10
1011
512
1532
Two rural doing vendors and one pharmacy are found in the wereda in the year 2003
Health Status
There is one health center six clinics and three health posts
In the above mentioned year there were 33 medical institutional workers Among them 10 were nurses. 15 were health assistants. 2 health officers. 2 laboratory technicians. 2 sanitarians and 2 pharmacists Also there were 43 community health agents
EIA Appendix G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER^JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Denioaabc Repute of Etr»oo»a - M»ristry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page G-27
The ten main diseases in the wereda
No
1
Types of diseases
Upper respiratory infection
Number of patients treated
6002
%
21 39
2
Helminthiasis
4588
16 35
3
Rheumatism
4157
14 82
4
Skin infection
2997
1068
5
Diarrheas of all types
2249
8 02
6
Gastns
2110
7 52
7
Actute teberial illness
1915
6 83
8
Anemia
1869
6 66
9
Eye diseases
1229
4 38
10
Unspecified malaria
942
3 35
Total
28058
No
Source Alledidu wereda health office. 2003
Major health sector problems are
ARC infection and HIV/AIDS prevalence in the urban centers
Communicable diseases
Lack of safe water supply
Sanitation problem/environmental hygiene
Competent health institution medical workers and lack of institutional capacity
Low coverage of vaccination adequate budget transport, low family planning activities etc
Courts
Social security goes beyond civil case and cnminal case but here the report dealt only with the two concepts
In the year 2003. 2036 criminal cases under longed in all courts in the wereda and 1844 were decided and 192 were pended to the year 2004 On the other hand 625 to the year 2004 On the other hand 625 civil cases were lodged and 478 were decided and 147 were pended in all courts of the wereda There were 39 prisoners among whom 16 were women
Finance
Revenue collected 1.878,157 Birr (2003)
Expenditure Birr 8.262.368 (2003) The wereda collected the revenue and use the expenditure according to the governmental fiscal law The government subsidizes about 80%
There is one commercial Bank in Gore. Since 1998 there is one saving and credit association with 306 members (male 26 and female 44) In the year 2003 the member grew to 400 (333 male and 67 female) There is wereda finance office but there is no other financial institution in the wereda
E (A Appends G
fr.il Repol
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelie Engineering and WWDSEI
Feocmi Democratic Republic of Elh»op«a - Ministry
Feasibility Study of Boro Multipurpose Dam Proved
o( Water Resources
EIA Report Vol 5
Page G 28
Trade, Tourism and Sport
Major local cash earning item coffee, oil crops, fruits, livestock products and livestock, hide skin etc
Tourism has not be studied and used
Potentials
Investment  more  land  irrigation  water  resources  coffee,  tea  plantation,  beekeeping,  livestock breeding, spices etc
Constraints of the wereda
Trained   manpower,   rural   urban   accessibility,   poverty,   and   HIV/AIDS   and   associated   social problems
Menschen F’u'r Menschen
Its activity in Alltdido wereda since 1986 has been identified as follows
•    During all the drought times there is a continuous rehabilitation activities.
•      side  by  side  to  the  rehabilitation  work  there  is  development  activities  mainly  on water  supply,  small  scale  irrigation,  environmental  rehabilitation,  elementary  school construction and provision of school materials
•      Innovation  of  high  school.  Gore  high  school  was  maintained  and  some  additional buildings were constructed.
•    installation of flour mills to the rural women
•    construction of one health post in the wereda
•      HIV/AIDS  prevention  and  heath  care  service  Gore  town  community  all  in  all  has been covered
•    November 30, 2004 hard top one ambulance car is given to Gore town municipality
•    Credit and saving service is given
•    There is periodical training in income generating
•    Literacy campaign is always rendered to the wereda
•    The above mentioned activities are also given in other weredas of ILLubabor Zone Gender Issues
Since  1996  women  have  been  organized  in  45  kebeles  in  rural  and  urban  They  have  7938 members There is polygamy practice in the wereda, among the muslims who marry about 2 and more  Some  Christians  also  marry  more  than  one  in  rural  areas  There  is  rape  and  kidnapping rare  cases  are  in  practice  Unwanted  marriage  and  pregnancy  also  exist  Women  work  more than  16  hrs  in  a  day  Now  a  days  there  is  good  atmosphere  for  women  participation  in  all sphores  of  life  but  they  are  still  not  the  users  The  backward  traditional  culture  do  not  enabled them  to  compete  There  is  no  (WID)  Women  in  development  activities  or  GAD  (gender  and Developments   projects  There  is  no   gender   aggregate  data  except  Educational  office  data There are still backward practices such as tattooing and circumcision etc
EIA Appendix G
Ftnai Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Der-ocratc Republic of Ethiocxa - Ministry of Wafer Resources Feasibility SlixSy of Baro Multipurpose Dam Protect____________________
ElA Repot-Vol 5
Page G-29
SELE NONO WEREDA
The Name of the district 'Sele-Nono' was drived from the name of the former two districts 'Sele and Nono* which were merged together in 1996 where as the capital birbirsa was named by the name of the big tree called ’Birbirsa* around the town by the time This town was established in 1965 However, there are no data regarding the historical administrative powers of the district
The district has an area of 2707 km2 and this area shares 17%of the Zonal land area
Sele Nono district is bordred by Sheka Zone and Ale-Didu district in the East. Gambela Regional stale in the West Halu Bure district in the North and Gambela Regional state and Sheka Zone in the Southern direction
Astronomically the district extands from 7°46 to 8°60'Latrtude North and 35 to35°28East
0
The geology of district is not yet studied.
The altitude ranges from 2.522 meters Taffi Mountain to 809 meters river vallay However, data is not available regarding temperature and rainfall
The known Peak in the district is Taffi which is 2.522 meters above sea level. Where as the major valleys with unknown elevation are Genjii. Guracha, 8aro. Senjar and Wesa Also, the district is characterized by plain such as kombolcha and yakema with the elevation of 2.090 and 1.680 meters above sea level respectively
The district is endowed with numerous permant nvers such as Genji,Guracha,Sanja.Wesa & Barasha though there is no reliable data regarding their length and depth However, the existing nvers are not put in to use yet Lakes are not found in Sele Nono district
In the rainy season ranges from March to October
As  regards  the traditional terminal Zone, tropical (kola), subtropical (Weyna Dega) and Temperate (Daga) agro-climatic zones accounting for 15%,50%and35%of the total area of the district respectively
Soil:-  Data  could  not  be  obtained  from  the district regarding the existing soil units and its coverage
Vegetation and wild life
Vegetation.Sele Nono district is one of the richest localities in vegetation coverage in llubabor zone It is endowed with high natural forest which covers approximately around 50%area of the district
Wild life The district is home for different wild animals too Some of the prominent existing wild animals are lion (?). wolf Leopard. Hayena cheetah, Fox. Carcal. Rater, golden jackal, anubis baboon, wartho. rabbit Monkey bush buck, bush pig and thick billed raven which are found dispresely in the distnct However, there are no parks, resaved areas or sanctuanes for wild life conservation in the distnct
ElA Appendix G
Frial Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association wrth Shebelle Engmeenng and WWDSEFederal Democrat*: Republic ol Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page G- 30
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
_______
Socio-Economic Condition.
Population.
The population of Sele Nono district according to the 1994 population and housing census was 22.800 in 2003 G C which constituted 20 of Zonal population out of this  148(6 5%) was urban&21323(93 5%) was  rural dwellers  Females  accounted for 49 96% of urban& 51 09% of rural The sex ratio of the district is (96females to 100 males). The crude population density of Sele Nono was about 11 person per Km2 in 2003,where as agricultural population density was 
2
around 63 person perkm .on The other hand,
the age groups 0-14 15-64 and 65 years & above
accounted for 44 5%,49 96% and the total population of the district in 2003 Likewise, the ratio economically  people to economically  active people makes  the dependency  ratio 103. That is every  100 economically  active person feeds  extra 103 in active persons  in the year under consideration
As  to the rural settlement pattern of the district, the people reside here and there in side the forest, which in turn makes difficult to implement or introduce modern technological innovation in rural areas
Due to inaccuracy of population data obtained from the district, the projected population data of the distnct at zonal was summarized by the next table
-Religion majority Christina 70% and 30% muslims -Ethnics 60% Oromo and 40% Sheka
Population of Sele Nono-Distnct in 1999
1999
Age
Group
Total
No
Both
Male
Female
Both
Urban
Male
Female
Both
Male
1
0-4
3056
1530
1526
190
87
103
2866
1443
2
5-9
3485
1688
1797
222
111
111
3263
1577
Female 1423 1686
3
10-14
2710
1400
1310
191
93
93
2519
1302
4
1217
15-19
1768
932
836
85
42
43
1683
890
5
20-24
1354
724
630
86
48
38
1268
676
6
25-29
1127
598
529
107
37
46
1020
537
7
30-34
899
400
499
83
48
35
816
352
8
35-39
1034
441
593
86
37
49
948
404
9
40-44
926
369
557
38
18
16
888
10
45-49
347
836
398
438
33
5
15
803
11
50-54
380
82
356
467
42
18
24
781
12
55-59
617
338
293
324
16
5
11
601
13
60-64
288
810
371
439
31
7
24
14
65-69
779
422
237
364
185
19
15
4
403
15
70-74
365
167
222
198
17
7
10
16
75-79
167
348
99
160
68
5
4
1
17
80-84
263
162
118
95
145
6
2
4
18
85-89
52
28
257
24
116
2
1
1
19
90*
72
50
29
27
43
4
0
4
Total
20786
68
10178
10608
1263
631
632
19523
29
9547
Source - Zona Finance & Economic Dev't Dept
793
592
483
464
544
541
423
443
313
415
181
188
67
141
23
39
9976
EIA Appendix G
F trial Repod
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYERlv
• Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic ot Ettxwa - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Oam  rc;ect
D
ElA Report - Vol 5
Page G- 31
Population of Sele Nono-District in 2003
2003
No
Age
Group
Both
Total
Male
Femal Bot
h
Urban
Male
Femal
Rural
Both
Male
Femal
1
0-4
3353
1678
1675
223
102
121
3130
1576
1554
2
5-9
3826
1853
1973
262
131
131
3564
1722
1342
3
10-14
2975
1537
438
224
115
109
2751
1422
1329
4
15-19
1937
1021
916
99
49
50
1838
972
866
5
20-24
I486
794
692
101
56
45
1385
738
547
6
25 29
1242
659
583
127
72
55
1115
587
528
7
30-34
989
440
549
98
56
42
891
384
507
8
35-39
1135
484
651
100
43
57
1035
4419
594
9
40-44
1015
405
610
45
26
19
970
379
591
10
45-49
916
437
479
39
22
17
877
415
462
11
50-54
905
392
513
51
22
29
854
370
434
12
55-59
676
321
355
19
6
13
657
315
342
13
60 64
889
407
482
38
9
29
851
398
453
14
6569
461
260
201
21
17
4
440
243
197
15
70-74
399
183
216
20
9
11
379
174
205
16
75-79
182
108
74
5
4
1
177
104
73
17
80-84
288
130
158
7
3
4
281
127
154
18
85 89
56
30
26
2
1
1
54
29
19
15
90*
78
32
46
4
0
4
74
32
Total
42
22808
11171
11637
1485
743
742
21323
10428
10895
Source - Zona Finance & Economic Dev't Dept
Projected Population of Sele Nono Wereda for the year 2006
2006
Ago
Total
Urban
Rural
NO         Group       Both       Male        Female        Both
Male        Female         Both        Male        Female
1
04
3594
1796
1796
251
155
136
3343
1683
1660
5-9
4104
1988
2116
296
148
148
3808
1840
1*56
3
10-14
3192
1649
1543
253
130
123
2939
4
1519
1420
15-19
2075
1093
982
112
55
57
1963
1038
925
5
20-24
159?
851
741
133
53
50
1479
■88
6
25-29
691
1334
708
626
143
81
62
1191
627
7
30-34
164
1061
473
588
110
63
47
951
410
541
8
35-39
1220
521
699
144
49
65
1106
472
9
4044
634
1067
433
653
50
29
21
1037
405
10
4549
980
632
467
513
43
24
19
937
443
11
50-54
969
393
419
550
56
24
32
913
395
12
5559
518
722
342
380
21
6
15
701
336
13
60-64
951
365
435
516
42
10
32
909
425
484
EIA Appends G
Finil Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
»n Association with Shebelle Engmeenng and WWDSEFederal Democratic RepuWc of Etmep<a - Mmistry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report - Vol 5
Page G- 32
Ho
Age
Group Both
Total
Mala Fomale
2006
Both
Urban
Rural
Malo       Female         Both        Malo
Female
14
6S69
494
278
216
24
19
5
470
259
211
15
70-74
428
196
232
23
10
13
405
186
219
16
75-79
196
166
80
7
5
2
189
11
78
17
80- 84
309
139
170
8
3
5
301
136
165
18
85-89
62
33
29
4
2
2
58
31
27
19
90*
84
34
50
5
0
5
79
34
45
Total
24454
11974
12480
1675
836
839
22779
11138
11641
Source -Social & Economic team - lllubabur Zone
Agricuture
In Sele Nono distnct there were 20 farmers' association with 17.151(58 5%females) member farmers in 2003 The number of total member of farmers increased by 12 9%(112.8%for female & 135for male) from 1999 to 2003 And on average this  number had been grown yearly  by 2 6%for the distnct However, there was no service cooperative m the years under consideration Number of farmers Associations and member of Farmers in the Wereda There are 20 farmers associations  in Sele Nono Wereda There are 3432 members  in the association male being 3049 and 383 female headed households as farmers This report was in the year 1999 and in 2003 the members 421 male and 436 Female in the 20 rural kebele
Land use
According to data from Sele Nono district Agricultural office, in the district, arable land accounted for 17%. pasture land was  14% while forest covers  around 68% the wood land, swampy  & marshy land and others constituted 0 5% of the total area of the district
In this distnct cereals such as sorgum, maize, teff, barley (in descending order) and pulses such as horse bean & hancot bean) are the major annual crops grown in Sele Nono district Private peasants only due to the fact state farms produce these crops and large scale private farms do not exist in the district In this  district, production takes  place during Meher season only  and there is no irrigation practice as well
More over, though data regarding the production of each PA were not available, from aggregate data obtained we can mention as major constraints in the district Such as apes hand out of 20 PAS in the distnct 10 of them are without DAS the other 10 have one each Almost all DAS have DA houses
In this district, traditional methods such as contour plowing, grass bund, fencing by cactus had been used to conserve soil where as  manure, crop rotation, mixed-cropping and fallowinq are the maintaining soil fertility  The farmers  rarely  use the powder type of pesticides  and horticultural seeds Moreover, maize is only improved seed sown
According  to data from the district Agricultural office, apes were the common crop pests where as leaf blight & gray leaf spot were known crop diseases found in the district
EIA Append s G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT -LAHMEYERJV n Association w.lh Shebelfe Engineeiing and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
ElA Report Vol 5
Page G 33
Concerning Possession of plots. Farm-ox and farm land, on average there has been 1 farm plot 1 farm ox as well a 1 hectare farm land per house hold. The farmers of the district posses 1-3 farm plots & 0 5 to 2 5 hectares of farm land 16% of the farming population m 2003
As to the agncultural calendar m this distnct production takes place only during meher Season and the agncultural activities and its time during this season are as follows
•    Land preparation------------- —February to July
•    Planting (sowing)--------------- March to September
•    Weeding------------------ —March to June
•    Harvesting----------------------- September to December
Estimate of Area (he) and production (qt) of major crops in Maher season for Private peasant
Types         of             1999                               2000                       2001                                      2002                            2003
land use
Area
5597
Prodn
Area
5971
Prodn
Area
Prodn
Area
6003
Prodn
A/ea
Crealst total)
69155 25
15711 5
5361 78
36193 1
38701 7
684 7
Prodn
42445
Teff
Wheat
195
243 75
247
617 5
340
850
350
700
376
760 4
Barely
89
445
90
360
330
1320
179
587
too
637.7
Sorghum
1286
10588 5
1410
0460
986
5044
1021
6126
1516
6655 2
Maize
4027
57878
4224
5274
3705 78
30979 1
4453
31288 7
4855
33995 7
Pluses
(total)
644
2725
732
1928
975
4685
874
3247 6
661
3529
Lentils
Horse
495
1980
567
2268
785
3925
609
26926
591
2925
beans
Hancot beans
194
745
165
660
190
760
185
555
70
603 8
Source - Nono-sale Distnct Agricultural office
Agricultural Inputs
NO
1
Typesof
■999
2000
land use
Amount
No of
Amount
No Of
2001 Amount
No of
2002 Amount
farmers
No of
2OC3 Amount
No of
farmers
Fertilizers
farmer
farmer
farmer
(in quintal)
DAP
UREA
50
182
150
498
111 25
426
50
182
426
150
498
24 125
8
40
- Others
111 25
•
8
40
2
improved
seeds (quo)
12 5
182
37 50
498
- Omers
27 80
426
603
96
2
40
3
4
5
Pesticides
Powder(k g)
-
Omers Herbicides
48
49
•
•
-
7 20
74
-
Horticultural
seeds
- carrot
•
11
HA Append* G Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
No Typcsof                  1999
land use            Amount
• beet root
• Orion
• Cabage
• pepper
■Others             -
2000
No of Amount No of
farmers
farmers
2001 2002
Amount No of Amount No of
farmer
farmer
EIA Report ■ Vol 5
PagcG 34
2003
Amount No of
farmer
26
33
22
59
Source - Nono-sale District Agricultural office
Plot, farm oxen and farm land possession in the District
A     Average no of farm plol per hh
1999       2000       2001       2002       2003
1      Average no of farm plol per house hold                                                          1             1             1             1             1 2      Percentage of farmers with
A      1 farm plol                                                                                                         65           70           75           70           70
B     2 " plots                                                                                                              25           20            15          25           25
C     3” -                                                                                                                      5             10           10           5             5
D     > 3 farm plots                                                                                                     0             0             0             0             0
B     Average no of farm oxen
1      Average no of farm oxen per household                                                         1             1             1             1             1 2      Percentage of farmers with
A     0 farm ox                                                                                                            23           20           22           18           16
B      1/2 - "
26
22
20
27
22
C      1 farm ox
25
28
26
25
28
D     >2*”
13
14
16
16
18
E      3      " ox
8
9
9
8
10
F     A-
-
5
7
7
6
6
G     >4 -
“
0
0
0
0
0
C     Average farm Land
1 Average farm land holding size per household in hectares 1 1 1 1 1
2      Percentage of farmers with
A 0 5 hectares 40 43 42 45 45
B      1o-
32
30
31
33
C      1.5
-
33
17
18
17
D     20H
15
15
8
7
8
5
E      25
”
5
3
F      3.0
2
2
*
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
Source - Nono-sale Distnct Agricultural office
EIA Appendix G
Hnai Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Mtrustry of Water Resources Feasifrity Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project______________________
Population and productions of peasant Association in the district
EIA Report-Vol 5
Page G>35
No     Name of
Total population of the P As
Annual production in quintal
1
PAS
Yakama
1999
1724
2000
1772
2001
1032
2002
1889
2003
1947
2000
2001 2002
2
Arbee
798
823
848
874
901
7819 87
2003
5863 53
3
Kuphi
990
1021
1053
1066
1120
4
Kombofcha
1132
1167
1203
1240
1278
5
Salale
897
925
954
983
1013
6
Tupi
1565
1615
1665
1716
1769
7
Sechasa
250
258
266
274
282
16083 29
115106
12059 62
8        Waka                       397           409           422           435           448
9
Decha
188
194
200
206
212
10
Hara
259
782
806
831
857
11
Derbata
740
763
787
811
636
6578 92
4708 47
12
Gammachtsa
696
717
739
762
785
13
Walkittessa
605
624
643
663
684
5369 39
3842 82
14
Assendaboo
1176
1212
1248
1287
1327
15
Kofi
852
879
906
934
963
763 67
5126 97
16
Deba
877
905
933
962
992
17
Kmmo
711
733
756
779
803
5123 7
3666 98
18
Keto
1093
1127
1162
1198
1235
3844 7
2751 6
19
Noon nobrtxsa
1482
1527
1574
1623
1674
20
Annose
1682
1734
1788
1843
1900
12510 96
8954 14
Total
18617
19192
19785
20396
21026
54494 5
46158
4933 04
4026 11
5371.5
3841 88
2882 84
9381.2
483598
___________________________________________________ ____________________________ 18
Source - Nono-sale District Agricultural office
Livestock, poultry and Beekeeping
Livestock  In 2003 there were about 21,002 cattle, 3764 sheep, 1 135 goats  85 mules 129,horses 4 11 514 poultry in the forest As the data shows, next to cattle, there are large numbers of sheep in the distnct Mainly, the livestock feeds grass, different leaves and crop residuals The next table summarizes these data
Number of livestock and poultry (for pnvate holding) in the district
No type Number
1999
1
2
3
Cattle
12903
Sheep
2000
12924
3768
2001
21846
3726
2002 18747
3304              3614             3764
2003
21002
Goats 
Mules
Horses
Poultry
1870
4
52
1870
53
56                  62                 85
1167              1159             1135
5
6
1181
6870
1175
6870
1036              1020             1129
1998/99
1990/00
2001/02         2001/02        2002/03
10973            11430          11514
Source - Sele-Nono District Agncuttural Office
------------------------- -
EIA Appendix G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
•n Association with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Democfatx: Republic of Etn»op*a - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Pro»ect
ElA Report - Vol 5
Page G- 36
As  to  the  diseases  affecting  live  stocks  internal  parasites,  typansonmoiasis.  external  parasites (blackeg. bovine, pasteurellasis ) are the major ones that can be mentioned
In general terms, different types of diseases, lack of medicine, poor management, lack attention, relying on traditional methods  are the major factors  that limits  livestock, poultry  & beekeeping production
As  it can be seen from the table below, 14,686 animals  were vaccinated against different
diseases  while  9.743  animals  were  treated  This  service  had  been  earned  out  only  in  2
veterinary  clinics  by  6  assistant  technicians  From  this,  one  can  deduce  that  the  animal  health service was poor (see the next table)
Table - Veterinary service & veterinary person
No Type of services and type of Number
personnel
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1
Vaccina bon (total)
14 686
Black leg
Mae mortiaric
2600
5438
4252
septicemia
1484
3866
5640
Anthrax
3720
568
2894
Others
1280
1220
1900
Treatment (total)
9743
Tryponasomiasis
769
584
489
609
1641
Internal parasite
827
1286
4333
External "
295
630
1554
Othersinfection disease)
1291
997
2215
3
Health infrastructures (total)
2
-Non-standard clinics
2
2
2
6
6
2
2
4
Veterinary personnel (total)
5
- Assistant technicians
5
5
5
2
2
4
4
2
2
6
6
Source - Sele-Nono District Agricultural Office
Mining and Industry
In Sele Nono district there were no minerals  identified and industnes  of anv  tvoe m tho
aforementioned years 
y yp n ine
ElA Appends G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYERJV
m Association with Shebelle Engineering ana WWDSEFederal Derrocratic Republic ot Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Mufcpurpose Dam Project___________________ .
ElA Report - Vol 5 Page O 37
Infrastructure and social facilities.
As to transport and communication according to the data from the district there are no roads of any type, telephone services and postal services in the years mentioned in the district
Water and Energy supply
Spring is the first and river is the second source of drinking water in the district in the five years (1999 - 2003) Where as  4 wells  were dug & became the 3rd source in 2002 and 2003 More over, there had not been other sources  other than the mentioned above Generally  speaking, there is no supply of potable water in the distnct in the years under consideration
In rural areas  firewood was  the first, crop residue the second and kerosene was  the third sources  of energy  where as  m urban areas  fire wood was  the first, kerosene the second and charcoal was  the third sources  of energy  since 1999 Sele Nono is  one of the four districts without electncity  services  in ILLubabor Zone Excluding the newly  established Chewaka district Moreover, fuel stations do not exist
Education
Sele Nono had 2(1-8) schools, with 24 total no of class rooms. 3(1-4)schools with 27 total no of class  rooms, and 9(1-6)schools  with 28 total number of class  rooms  Totally, all these schools had been teaching 3 955 students (43% females) in 2003. with 251 teachers
Drop outs accounted for about 13% of the total student population in 2003 This figure was 31% in 1999 It seems  that on average it decreased by  almost 4% yearly  where as  enrollment increased by  47% from 1999 to 20003 On the other hand, kindergarten was  not found in this district in the years under consideration The following tables summarize these
Number of Enrollments, promoters, repeaters & Drop outs
1999
2000
2001
1-4
1325
5-8
352
2002
2003
1-4
1148
5-8
378
1-4
Enrollment
M
1299
- *v
5-8 424
1-4
1446
5-3
497
F
884
1-4
1613
129
827
S-B
645
175
994
202
1120
284
Promoters
M
F
754
506
1326
265
102
335
719
547
277
120
911
675
282
139
1134
951
396
Repeaters
M
98
I tUnOci 1
1304
492
13
79
22
107
61
F
88
138
15
45
85
55
63
23
85
37
Drop outs
M
476
102
49
66
349
80
276
80
F
288
162
54
12
95
224
45
97
218
32
228
16
142
34
170
37
Source Sale Nono district Educational Office
ElA Appendix G
Anal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelle Engmeenng and WWDSE•
Federal Democratic Republic of Eth»op<a - Ministry ol Waler Resources Feasibility Study pl Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
El A Report ■ Vol 5 Page G- 36
Students Participation
As it can be seen from the table below, students participation rate increase for both cycles (1
4S5-8) from 1999 for both male and female in Sele-Nono distnct
See the following table for more information
Table students participation rate by level of schools & sex
No     Level                       1999                                  2000                                  2001                                  2002                                  2003
of
Students
Students
Students
Students
Students
school      participation         rate     participation        rate     participation        rate     participation        rate     participation        rate
(GER)
(GE.R)
(GE.R)
(GER)
(GE.R)
Male     Fem      Total     Male     Fem     Total     Male     Fem     Total     Male Fem          Total     Male     Fem      Total
1
1^
U25
882
2209
1148
827
1975
1295
990
2285
1446    1120
2561
1613
1326
1939
2
5-6
352
129
481
378
175
553
424
202
626
494      284
781
645
335
980
3
1-8
1677
1013
2690
1526
1002
2528
1718
1192
2911
1943    1404
3347
2255
1661
3919
Source- Nono-Saie District Educational office
Literacy
Literacy Centers -This was started in 2003 in one center only in rural area and that year 54
enrollees (30 male and 24 female) enrolled
Grade 8 Examination result -As  the table below clearly  shows  on average number of candidates together with the number of students  passed slightly  increased from 1999 to 2003 While the number of students  failed shows  the fluctuating figure For instance in 2003 The students  failed accounted for 19%(3%female) of the total candidate This  figure was  22% in 1999 The year
2000  was  in  which  many  students  failed  (39%of  total  candidates)  out  of  this  15%  were  female (see  the  next  table  for  the  detail)  In  this  district  for  there  is  no  schools  above  grade  8,all  data above grade 8 was not mentioned
FIA Appendix G
F mal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
•n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFecial Defr.QQaLIc Republic of Efr.oiH, Feasibility Study of Bare Mullipirpo^
„  ,,ilrY of Wa’er Resources
|F reject
ELA Repc<'
*1 5
PagflB- 39
Sfucfenfs participation rate by level of schools & sex
Types of school
Candidate and
pass in sex               Rural    Urban
1999
g
Candidate Male Female
E                 Pasted
E
i o
Male Female
OJ rt
>
E
0                  Failed Male Female Candidates Male Female
Passed Male
a                            Female
Failed
Male
Female________
70
53
17
42
33
9
15
8
7
70
53
17
42
33
9
15
8
_7_____
Source- Nono-Sele District Educational office
El A Appeal m G F<ru»| Raporj
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project __________ ___________
ElA Report -Vo! 5 Page G- 40
Adult Education
As to adult Education though it had been earned out even in 1999, the participation was highest
in 2001 (308 participants in 9 centers (8 in rural & 1 in urban). But in 2003,only 8 rura
remained and the participants become 204
Regarding number of teachers, totally, there were 130 teachers  (20 grade 12 & below grade
12.204 TTI graduates and 6 Diploma graduates) in the district who teach both first cycle (
)
and second cycle (5-8) in 2003 This  shows  that 80% of them were TTI graduates  This  total figure of teacher was  96(95% TTI graduates) in 1999.never the less, there are no Diploma teachers can be mentioned as the major educational in the distnet
Finally,   absence   of   senior   secondary   school,   shortage   of   textbooks   as   well   as   shortage   of Diploma teachers can be mentioned as the major educational problems in the district.
Health Services
In  Nono  Sele  district  there  were  4  clinics  owned  by  government,  with  6  nurses  and  2  health assistants   in   2003   This   indicates   the   average   number   of   2850   people   per   health   personnel Based  on  the  standard  that  one  clinic  can  serve  10,000  people,  the  theoretical  health  service coverage  of  the  district  Health  office  one  clinic  is  serving  around  3,750  people  which  makes  the actual health service coverage of the distnet around 65% in 2003.
The  first  ten  top  diseases  only  one  years  data  could  be  obtained  from  the  district  and  these  are shown by the table below
No
2002
Type of Diseases
No of
%
No
people
treated
1
Internal parasites
1120
117
1
2
Dihareal diseases
1115
11 6
2
3
Malnutrition
1010
4
10.5
3
pneumonia
1006
10.4
4
5
Animia
985
6
103
5
Rehumatism
970
7
10 1
6
Gastrites
962
8
10.0
7
Skin infection
9
860
Urll
8.9
8
816
10
85
UTS
9
718
Total
7.5
10
9562
67 5
According to data from the distnet Health office, poor environmental hygiene Malnutrition lack of potable water absence of means of communication to facilitate sen/ia Lack of transoortaboS service, Shortage of medical equipments, poor Infrastructure (especially roads & naccessib l?tC
to health institutions and absence of means of communicat.on were major heaHh sXce
constraints in the distnet)
ma,or neal'h service
ElA Appendix G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV ,n soc»ation with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic RepuWc of Ethcpa Mratry of Wafer Resources Feapfrhty Study o< Byo Multipurpose Dam Project
ElAReport • Vol 5
Page G-41
Social Security
In Sele Nono district, there are two courts (in Sele and Nono) towns However, due to abcence of data from Nono court, only Sele Court’s data was used in this document simply to indicate rather than showing the totality the legal condition
According to this data, few cases had been presented yearly and almost all cases had been decided in the same year For instance in 2003 91% of the cases were decided in the same year (See the following table.)
Number of criminal and civil cases 1999 - 2003
Year No of cases  loged
dun ng the year
Decided cases
Pending cases
Cnmmal
Civil
Cnmmal
Civil
Cnminal
Civil
1999
95
72
95
72
-
-
2000
76
72
76
71
-
1
2001
67
49
63
43
4
6
2002
82
98
64
90
18
8
2003
98
76
93
66
5
10
Source - Nono court
Finance
The district collected 237.93.237 244.58.288 73 and 522 91 thousand Birr total revenue in 1999,2000.2001.2002 4 2003 respectively This shows that, on average revenue increased by 119.8% from 1999 to 2003 which means, averagely, it grew by 23 9% yearly
About 66% of the district revenue was from tax while the other 34% was from non tax income
The distnct incurred the total recurrent expenditure (salary & operating expenses) of 341 73. 859 95. 976 07. 1102 98 and 2.341 07 thousand Birr in 1999. 2000. 2001. 2002 & 2003 in the order mentioned In this district salary expenses had been greater than operating expenses by more than three folds
Averagely the expense of the district had been 2.8 times greater than the revenue collected from the district during the year under consideration in which case the difference is  covered by subsidy from the regional government
Banks and insurance organizations were not available in the district
Trade, Tourism and Sport
The major local cash crops in the district are coffee, chat and ’korenma’ type of spice Coffee is an exportable item also Accordingly. 8. 10 and 25 tones of coffee were supplied to the central market in 2001. 2002.2003 respectively
There  were  no  identify  tourism  attraction  centers,  known  hotels  restaurants  bars  beds  etc  in Sele-Nono district
EiA Appendix G
f Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEEIA Report-Vol 5
Federal Democratic Republic or Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources FewfrMy Study of Bare Multipurpose Dam Project
Page G-
Football  volleyball  table  tennis  and  athletics  are  the  common  sport  activities  in  this 
2003  There  were  no  certified  referees  and  coaches  Moreover,  the  existing  sport  facii
very poor
Development Activities.
Though there were no non-govemment & private mvestorsfprojects and programs in the districts,
the following government projects can be mentioned as developed activity in the distnet
Constructions of farmers training centers (FTC)- Objectively, it is to tram farmers modern
agncultural systems and to improve farmers awareness which, in turn, increase their
productivity A production so as to improve their living standards
Construction of woreda's administrative office to solve office problems
Spnng development projects-to solve dnnking water problem
Problems   of   on   going   projects   The   on   going   government   projects   are   facing   the   following difficulties •
Problem  of  road  to  transport  construction  materials  and  the  distnet  s  remoteness  from  the  center Shortage of skilled & unskilled manpower & construction matenals in the locality
Problem of vehicles for transportation are the major ones
Problems and potentialities
Problems  Shortage  of  farm  &  grazing  land  due  to  un  even  allocation  of  land,  in  accessibility  to agricultural  in  puts  and  market  due  to  road  difficulties  back  ward  method  of  production,  absence of  social  services  such  as  secondary  schools  colleges  animal  clinics  human  health  institutions potable  water  services,  electnc  supply,  library,  transportation,  and  enough  grinding  mills  means of  communication,  lack  of  job  opportunity,  deforestation,  presence  of  wild  animals  that  attack domestic  animals  &  crops  and  unfavorable  to  topography  of  the  distnet  are  major  problems,  No bndge on Genji nver in rain season Sele and Nono people are cut off
Potentialities
There is  ample cultivable, irrigable & grazing land suitable soil and conductive weather conditions  (for instance long season rain fall), the existence of natural forest of different species which covers  more than 50% the district together with different wild animals  that can attract tourists  the presence of large number of big rivers, streams, springs, construction minerals, even gold which is  expected to be found in the district shows  that the that the district highly endowed with different resources even if it is not exploited much
Conclusively  we can say  that Sele-Nono is  the largest district, the most endowed with natural resources  but the least developed district in lllubabor zone m comparison with 15 districts  of the zone.
Gender Issues
In the Sele Nono Wereda there is  no women centered specific  projects  be WID or GAD No income generating activities  There is  no any  NGO activity  for women to be benefited The wereda is  inaccessible because there is  no bndge on Genji and Baro Rivers  hence the wereda is  isolated Sele and Nono parts  of the wereda are cut off. making the women problem very  high during the rainy  seasons  they  do not get medical help dunng the prenatal postnatal and delivery penods The wereda is very back ward wereda among all lllbabor weredas All backward
EIA Appendix G
F nal Repod
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
;
fH Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources
Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project______________ __
EIA Report Vol 5
______ Page G43
traditional practices are exercise on women There are polygamy marriage rape, women abuse, work load girls are not given priority to be put in school even they complete grade 3. then they go nowhere Womens  political, social and economical awareness  is  very  little The only women’s  marketing center is  in Masha town 36km from the wereda and they  walk  these distances on foot carrying about 50kg of materials to be sold or bought from market for home use
SHEKA ZONE
Sheka zone is one of the 13 zone in SNNPRS It is bounded by ILLubabor zone to the North and Northwest Keffa zone to the East, Gambella Regional slate to southwest and Bench Map zone in south There are 3 weredass (Masha. Andiracha and Yekki There are 56 rural kebeles in Sheka zone, which are lhe smallest unit of administration Masha town is  the capital of
administration Masha town is the capital of Sheka zone as well as Masha wereda
Total population
191950
Total area of the zone
2175 26sqkm
Rainfall
Attitude
1000 - 2200mm
900-2200masl
Agro ecological zonation
55 67% Dega or cool climate 24% Woinadega temprate climate 20 33% Kolla or dry zone
Agriculture, Land use
cultivated land forest land
30557.62ha 102661.22ha
Grazing land             2944 73ha
Bush and Shrubs land          10177 85ha Arable land                34932 84ha
Non-arable land
1691 5ha
Others (constructed body of water etc land) 33615 76ha Livestock population
Cattle 104304
Sheep 39855
Goat
36665
Equines 
7354
Chicken
115164
Social Services
Health institution Health centers Clinics 
Health posts
3
13
6
EIA Append ■ G
Foal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT -LAHMEYERJV----
•n Association with Shebelle Engineenng and WWDSEFederal Democratic Repubic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Barp Multipurpose Darn Project______________________
EIA Report - Vol. 5 Page G- 44
Educational Institutions
Kindergarten
3
Elementary schools 
53
Junior secondary schools 
7
Senior secondary schools 
2
Communication and transportation
Road network 156km gravel all weather road
Feeder road all weather 34km
Air transport Addis Ababa -Teppi
Telecommunication  semi  Automatic  Masha  and  Automatic  Teppi
Postal service
sub branch Masha
Regular postal agent - Teppi
Water Supply
Two towns Teppi and Gecha have potable water supply systems
Energy Sources
Diesel Generator in Masha and Teppi towns Other energy sources are biomass and kerosene
Financial Institutions
Commercial  Bank  in  Teppi  town  only  Masha  wereda  sue  Gore  commercial  bank  about  60kms away from Masha wereda
Investments
Agriculture 13 projects starting capital Birr 76.399,417 00
Agro-industry
Ethio-coffee Birr 30.441,500 00
East Africa Birr 100.641,331 00
Industry 27 projects coffee pulping and hulling
Total capital Birr 30.863.939 64
Available    land    for    private    investment    more    then    25.000ha    possibilities    in    agricultural development
Forestry  - coffee plantation tea plantation, spices  production, cereal crop production, vegetables and fruits  production, oil crops  production Livestock  development, beef and sheep production fattening. Dairy farming. Poultry farming and apiculture etc
FIA Appendu G
Final Repod
NORPLAN- NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE
IFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project______ _____________
ElA Report • Vol 5 Page G-45
Industry
Commercial forest and paper industry 
Vegetable and fruit processing
Meat factory
Bamboo tree product factory
Spices processing factory
Coffee pulpier and holler
Oil factory etc
MASHA WEREDA
Masha wereda is  found in SNNPRS under Sheka zonal administration and one of the three weredas  in Sheka zone Its  boundaries  are Keffa zone in the east. Andiracha wereda in the south. Oromia National Regional state in the North and in the west
The wereda s ecological zonations are 75% Dega or cool climate. 22% Winadega and temprate climate and 3% Kolla or hot climate Its average temperature is 21°c Its Altitude Average is 
1800-2200 m a s i Its rainfall is 2000 to 2800mm.
Land use The wereda has total area of 90 954ha
36642ha  is  cultivated,  used  for  construction  and  investment  area  37357  is  covered  by  dense forest
16955ha is arable land existing idle
Mahsa wereda has 19 rural kebeies and 2 urban kebeles Kebeles be rural or urban the lowest unit of administration accountable to wereda and wereda is  accountable to zone administration The estimated population in 2004 is  60236 The livelihood of the people is  90% based on agriculture. Masha town is  the wereda capital as  well as  zonal Sheka capital It is  60km away from Gore town and 635km from Addis Ababa the Federal capital.
Concerning land use all urban and rural land belong to the government, but the citizens  only have the use right according to the Federal and Regional governments  land tenure system policy
Mam  nvers  are  Baro  and  Gneji  Baro  have  Gehamaye.  But  a  mass.  Menabena  and  Wenar
■tributary nvers where Genji river have Gengi and Wanji over Inbutanes.
Administrative structures
Masha wereda has  19 rural kebeles  and 2 urban kebeles. There are seven secretanal coordinating offices  of these kebeles  The kebeies  and the executive committee. The wereda executive committee is also accountable to the wereda council
Population according to the 1994 population and housing census  is  60236 Male 32126 and female being 28108 The rural population according to projected population of the year 2004 is 47199 male 25972 and female 6765 Accordingly the urban population is 13037 male 6272 and female 6765
ElA Appendix G
Fnal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV tn Association with ShebeHe Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic ol Eth*op»a - Ministry Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
of Water Resources
EIA Report Vol 5
______ Page G- 46
Ethnic groups
In  rural  area  all  in  all  are  Sheka  ethnic  groups  live  but  in  urban  area  the  majorities  are  Sheka ethnics and the next majonties are Oromoo and the third majorities are Amhara and o ers
Religion
The   majority   groups   are   protestant   and   the   second   religion   is   Orthodox   there   are   only   ten household Muslims in Masha town, there is no other religious group
The wereda economy and Infrastructure
In  the  rural  area  the  economic  of  the  activities  namely  crop  production  .breeding  and  apiculture In urban area trading and employment and pnvate investment.
Agnculture from the wereda communities 90% depend on agriculture activities
The main crop produced in the wereda are "Enset" the false banana, maize, peas, beans barely, and the oil seeds  of highlands  and the low lands  The stable food is  ’Kocho” produced from ’Ensel"
Crop production in the year 2004 is 123158 quintals from 6309 5ha of land Livestock breeding
Cattle population
Equines
84006
3054
Sheep
22388
Goats
14923
Poultry 
42035
Apiculture is  the mostly  associated activity  with the life of the people They  live in the dense forest where they  hang their traditional beehives  In the year 2004 there are 149720 traditional lives  and 565 beehives  are the modem ones  The total product from apiculture in the year was 598.892kg of honey
To encourage the farmers  there are 3 farmers  training centers  and there are 20 DA’s  the development agents  they  are assigned to each PA There are also 28 coordinating or assistant DAs employed on contract bases in the wereda
There  are  7  farmers  cooperative  association  in  Masha  The  member  farmers  are  1889  male  and 765 women and totally 2654 Their capital sum is 167849 15 Birr
Education
Senior secondary school 1-12 grades is one
Upper elementary schools 5-8 grades or second cycle schools are 7
The first cycle or lower elementary schools are 13 in the wereda
Kindergarten school is one
Teachers
Who teach in senior secondary school are 6 and they hold BA and BSC degrees The Diploma holders are 58
ElA Appendix G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
•n Association with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Democratic Repub’c al EtNcpa - Mirwstry of Water Resoxces Feasibility Study of 8a ro Multipurpose Dam Project
E1A Report - Vol 5 Page G-<7
Kindergarten teachers are 2
For special education there are also 2 teachers
Students enrollment
Kindergarten total 152
Lower elementary 6688
Upper elementary school students 2880
9- 10 grade 1231
11-12 grades preparatory school 89
The school data is not gender aggregate Grade ten or National school leaving examination who faced the examination in 2004 were 127 and the passed with two points  and above were 70 students which is far better than Mettu zone who attend up to grade 8 in the local language and where as the Sheka zone attend up to grade 6 in National and the local language Amharic and grade 7 and above m English language as a media of instruction Grade 8 national examination passes were about 90% There is extension or night school education and literacy education
Health status in the wereda
Health institutions are
One health center
6 dimes
One health post
One rural drug vender
One private clinic
Hearth personnels
One hearth officer
14  nurses (senior)
6  Junior nurses
One hearth assistant
2  laboratory technicians
2 samlanans are m the wereda in this year
Ten mam diseases_______________________
No Male
specific Patients treated
diseases
Female specific           Patients
Total
%
1
Rheumatisms
711
16 8
2
Intestinal parasite
Rheumatism
413
Total         %
667 137
3
98
Pneumonia
347
Intestinal  parasite
4
Gastntis
82
346
7.1
313
74
Pneumonia
Dihedral
260
53
5
UTI
188
247
5.1
6
45
Diarrhea disease
154
Skin disease
233
7
Skin disease
36
UT1
4.8
102
8
U.RT.I
24
158
32
93
Gastritis
9
Soft tissue injury
2.2
153
3.1
78
Eye diseases
10
Eye disease
18
142
23
49
U R.T.I
11
All others
1.2
54
A.F.I
1.1
1769
42
46
All others
0.9
Source Masha wereda Health office 2004
2582
53
EIA Appends G
Final Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT-LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Democratic RepuWc of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project______________ ________
El A Report • Vol 5 Page G- 48
There   is   family   planning   service   There   is   continuous   vaccination   service   For   family   planning 12280 infants were vaccinated full dosage anti six diseases
Social services
Roads All weather gravel road from Gore passes through Masha to Teppi
Masha to Sele Nono wereda Orima all weather gravel road now under construction
Telecommunication there is newly constructed digital tele station in giving service and clients 
houses and office connections are under construction.
Postal service there is one postal agent
Electnc  light there is  no electnc  power connection from national grid for 24 hrs  service but 4 hrs service from municipality  generator. There is  promise from EEPCO to install in 2005 from national gnd.
Water   supply   -   there   is   no   water   supply   even   to   Masha   town   but   1   4   million   Birr   water supply project is under construction All water sources are rivers spnngs and hand dug wells
Gender Issues
The wereda women’s  association has  been established in 1997 at the wereda level The grassroots  level rural women's  basic  organizations  are 19 and in the urban area there are two basic  organizations  and in their totality  there are 21 basic  women's  organizations  which are accountable to the wereda women’s association
The total numbers  of members  are 9800 The organization has  created awareness  among the women and in the rural area is  very  low because of male resistance to accept the women's equality  In the urban area the situation is  better than rural area Still there is  backward out look among the officials  and male members  of the community  But after the family  law proclamation there are changes, the women officials  are giving seminars  and workshops  to make the officials better understand the women's legal and constitutional rights
There is  workload to rural women, they  work  from 16 to 18 hrs. in a day  There is  polygamy, some rape cases  and traditional backward practices  such as  hitting women, tattooing, circumsecion. forcing not to use family planning to give birth to many children etc
There are 28 women who are participating in income generating activities  in the wereda. About 57 women are attending adult education Among 100 wereda council members  there is  only  a woman There are 150 women who are saving some money  even if there is  no credit and saving association in the wereda There is  no banking institution in the wereda The Masha wereda people use Gore commercial bank  which is  60 km away  from the wereda There is  no equal chance for women in all walk of life.
ElA Appendix 6
Fina* Report
NORPLAN NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER J V
>n Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Demoaabc Repobln: of Ethtopa - Ministry of Water Resources Feasabrlrty Study cf Baro Multipurpose Dam Project______________ ___
EIA Report - Vol 5 Page G-49
Annex -1
Key Informants
1        Ato Bahiru Ashine lllubabor Zone Viceadmmstrator
2         Ato Tilahum Kameto Masha wereda adminstrator
3          Ato Girma Mamo Halu Bure wereda adminstrator
4                       AtoTegegn Kassaye Alle Didu wereda representative
5         Ato Dagnachew shiferaw Justice and security affairs head lllubabor Zone
6         Ato Dereje Eticha head. Documentation lllubabor zone
7         Ato Abera Amanta -planning division head, lllubabor Zone
8         Ato Faisa Tefera planning expert lllubabor Zone Finance and Economic development planning
9         Ato Eshetu Fromnssa Allidido wereda council speaker
10       Ato Tadeile Gellana head. Allidid wereda mass organization
11       Ato Addisu Kenea Vice administrator Halu-Bure wereda
12       w/o Tenegne Girma HaluBure wereda women’s affairs head
13       Ato shewa Arega HaluBure wereda head,information and public relation
14       Ato Tamiru Mekuna Halu Bure wereda council speaker.
15       Ato Fekadu Zewdie Halu-Bure wereda head, capacity building
16       W/o Aster Zeleke Allidido wereda women s association member
17       Mizgebu Jebessa Allidido werada Vice speaker
18       18 Ato Aschenaki Mosissa head Allidido wereda Mass organization
19       Ato Meredd Mamo Masha wareda Vice administrator and Information office head
20       Ato Tesfaye Haile Masha wareda Information expert
21       Ato Woddo ATTo Sheka zone chief administrator
22       "Shalaka Basha"Seifu Dadi Sele Nono wereda police commander.
23. W/ro Asegash Faysa Masha wereda women’s association chair lady
W/ro Yeshemebef Tefen- Managing director Menschen F u r Menrschen to lllubabor zone
ELA Appendix G
I mal Report
NORPLAN NORCONSULT - LAHM EYE R JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report ■ Vol 5 Page G- 50
Annex 2
References
I     Environmental pollution control proclamation No 300/2002
2.   Environmental Impact Assessment proclamation 299/2002
3.   Halubure wereda Agncultural Development office Anuuall Report on July, 2004
4.   Illubabor zone Finance and Economic Development planning report December 2001
5.   HaluBure wereda Farmers Association office Report of 2003
6 Sele Nono wereda socio economic profile July 4. 2004
7. Allidido wereda socioeconomic profile July 4, 2004
8    Central statistical Authority, welfare Monitoring survey 2000, key findings, Addis Ababa Ethiopia. 2001.
9    WWDSE/Ministry of Water Resources. Water Sector Development program (project ETH/98/00/,volume Executive summery . Final A A Ethiopia, 2002
10  MEDAC.Survey of the Ethiopian Economy Review of post Feform Development
(1992/3-1997/98 AA Ethiopia, 1999
II    Forum for social studies (Fss) Interim poverty Reduction strategy paper AA Ethiopia, 2000
12  Ethiopian Electnc Agency (EEA) Rural electrification symposium, proceedings A.A Ethiopia. 2002
13  UNDP, Human Development Report New York Oxford university, 2001
14  Ministry of mines and Energy policy of Ethiopia (Amhanc version) Addis Ababa Ethiopia 1994
15. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources-Ethiopian water Resources Management Policy
£IA Appendix G
Ftnal Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYERJV"
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and VWVDSEFederal Democratic Repubbc of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources FeanbUity Study of Bam Multipurpose Dam Project___________________
ElA Report - Vol 5
Page G- 51
Annex - 3
Information Requested
1 Baro Hydropower Project Feasibility Study secondary data collection
1 1        Name of Zone
No Of Weredas
13         No Of PAS.________________________________
Agro Climates___________________________________
Administrative structures
Accountabi I ity
Administration policies
The extent of urbanization in the zone % _________________________
Zonal population totalby sex Male
F em ale
BirthratePopulation policypopulation density
Education and health facilities
Accessibility and communication
Water supply and other social services______________________
Economic development and planning
Agricultural Activities
Magi or crops, area and average yield of zone
Major constraint s of crop production
Existing potential irrigated and imgable area
Input distribution (improved seed, fertilizer, and agro chemicals in the zone for the last 3 years) Major pests that cause crop damage
The extent of pre and post harvest loss
No Of NGO’s and government organization, projects and achievements. Any intended development plans
Investment plan practice
No Of qualified staff in different sectors of the zone Check list for Wereda level
2.1 RegionZoneWereda
ElA Appendix G
FmilRcpcn
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelie Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Barg Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report-Vol 5 Page G- 52
2.2    Socio Cultural aspect
2.3    Demography
24    Ethnic groups                          %                              % Languages % %
Communication Systems facilities 
Tele service PostaService
2 7 Road and network ________________________________________________ Affordability and accessibility
Tourist attraction and facilities
Natural
Man made
Cultural heritages 
2 10     Religion% OrthodoxNo Of churches
% Protestants% Moslems%
Traditional belief% others ( No Of churches, mosques and followers) Gender issues
Access to resources ___________ __________________
Decision making power and social status
Sex    onented    or    assigned    activities    Traditional    WID    and    GAD Access to educational and work position
Back ward traditional practices Problems
Leadership and Organization
Political leadership by gender
Traditional leader ship by gender
Is there any leadership conflict? By sex or tnbal?
Community  based  Development  Organization  and  self  help Groups, who are they9
Women groups cultural groups and social groups Population Dynamics and Settlement pattern
El a Appendix G
Fm«l Reporl
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal OetnocratM: Republic ot Ethiopia - Minrstxy of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project_________
Is there seasonal migration of people to and from Wereda9
Any refugees9
Any "settler** Communities bnef account --------- -------------------------- Urban and urban development
Special charactenstics Facilities. (Commerce, industries. Residence) etc Total PopulationMaleFemaleAge structure,
Urban infrastructure
3                      Commerce
Descnbe major commercial activities in the Wereda
ElA Report -Vol 5 Page G-53
Main income generation activities (food crop farming, types cash crop farming types fishing other commercial venture of importance
Any industrial facilities or mam activities
Traditional  ones  such  as  boat  making  crafts  etc  and  formal  ones  such  as  textile  factories, ceramics, poultry farms etc
Level of skill in the Werde
Range of technical skills
No of masons of carpenters Mechanics
No of electrician's financial skills, bankers. Accountants. Treasurers
Development experiences
Protect initiated an d organized by the community without outside help
Community participation with NGO’s and government program9
Individual work sprit
Human power recourse
How does (he community mobilize its labor power and material resources for development
What happens if one person refuses to give labor power and money contnbution? Is there any problem with organizing labour in the community?
Current water supply in community
Perception of quality, cost water scarcity availability, affordability etc
Mam watre source, dry and rain season
How is water supply being delivered to homes9
State the queuing waiting and walking time to get water
Who fetches water? Who controls the water scheme9
Does the community know bad and good water  What does contaminated water cause? Current sanitation facilities in the community?
Main source of waste disposal Types of latrines (house hold, communal)
9
ElA Appendix G
Frai Report
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV m Association with Shebelle Engmeenng and WWDSEFederal Democrats Republic of Ethiopia - Ministry of Waler Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
ElA Report - Vol 5 Page G-
Rubbish  collection  and  disposal  in  town  and  Rural
Value of appropnate Hygiene
Energy Sources and Utility
4. Educational Facilities
4 1. What type of schools Informal and formal Education
Enumerate their enrolment (student, teachers, and their ration, school facilities, accessibility 
application of educational policy and acceptability, is educational affordable to the lower cass 
are there pnvate missionary or church school?
Health facilities
Hospitals, health centers  Clinic  MCH EPI program, family  planning TBA, TTBA For hospital state No of bed staff and facilities, for TBA and TTBAS No In community  Are there private health institutions  or of missionary? Or Religious? What service do they  render? List the ten top diseases  in the Wereda Problems  of the medical institutions  No of health institutions  and health professionals in the Wereda
Land use
Land Policy
Land distnbution and usage right or ownership
Total
area               of
the               WorkedHa
Individual ownership ha.
Annual cropsha Yield in Qt
Perennial cropsha Yield in Qt
Crop production by types
Product yield /ha. Pnce/qumtal
Forest coverage __________________ ha privateha
Social forest Bush
Land pnvate Governmentha
hagovemmentha
ha Wastelandgraying
_ha communal____________________ ha
Irrigated areaha investor
Individual areaha Cooperatives
Waste Landha
Potential irrigable area________________________ ha Food shortage time________________________
Food (available time)_________________
ElA Appendix G
Fmal Reptxl
in A^n?^PLAN JJMORCONSULT “ LAHMEYER JV~
sociation with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSEFederal Democrabc RepublfC of Ethiopia - Minrstry of Water Resources Feasibility Study of Baro Multipurpose Dam Project
EIA Report-Vol 5 Page G-55
Copying mechanism in food shortage time
Extent of poverty and pattern (Discuss)
Agncullural input supply for the last 3 years
FertilizeTypes_____________________________________ _____________
FungicideK
Pesticide_________________ ______ It
Improved seedqt by type------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
Major supplierspace____________________________________ Distnbution System,
How do the poor farmers get the inputs'? Any problems and solution'?
Methods of Agriculture and means of ploughing
Tractor  usage  Oxen.  Donkey.  Camel  or  other  animals  Availabilities  of  draft  animals  (oxen holding)
Extension activities (Credit System)
Marketing prospects
Constraints in the marketing of agncullural products and animal products Livestock inventory
8 1   Types of Livestock                     Population
Holding per hh
1  Oxen
2 Other cattle
3      Sheep
4      Got
5      Horse
6.     Mule
7.   Donkey
8   Poultry
9 Commerce
Socio-economic impacts of the project conskienng all economic sectors
Positive
Negative
Possible mitigation measures for socio- economic Negative impacts 
All solution proposals by the Wereda officials
RRA meeting to give conclusion and recommendation about the project (Consider all sites in a project) at wereda level
How will lhe Wereda deal with public acceptance of the project and resettlement rf any Compensation ideas
EIA Appenda G
F in*l Repod
NORPLAN - NORCONSULT - LAHMEYER JV
•n Association with Shebelle Engmeenng and WWDSE

Summery

Summary of Baro Hydropower Projects EIA

Baro 1 & 2 Hydropower Projects Environmental Impact Assessment Summary

Project Name: Baro 1 & 2 Hydropower Projects including Genji Diversion Scheme

Location: Baro River, Ethiopia (Ilababor Zone of Oromia Region)

Report Date: September 2006

Prepared by: NORPLAN, Noreonsult, LAHMEYER JV in Association with Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE

1. Project Overview

The Baro Multipurpose Project involves two hydropower dams (Baro 1 and Baro 2) and the Genji Diversion Scheme along the Baro River in southwestern Ethiopia. The project aims to generate electricity while considering environmental and social impacts.

Key Project Components:

Baro 1 Dam (storage reservoir at 1,520m elevation)
Baro 2 Dam (run-of-river at 1,320m elevation)
Genji Diversion Scheme (run-of-river at 1,200m elevation)
Associated infrastructure (access roads, transmission lines)

2. Environmental Baseline Conditions

2.1 Physical Environment

The project area features diverse landscapes including undulating plateaus, steep river valleys, and wetlands. The Weldo Swamp at the headwaters plays a crucial role in stabilizing river flows.

2.2 Water Quality

Water quality analyses show good conditions with no signs of pollution. Key findings:

Low turbidity and suspended solids
Moderate to low calcium and magnesium levels
Low nutrient concentrations (N and P)
Fe and Mn concentrations below WHO standards

2.3 Biological Environment

Vegetation:

The area contains moist evergreen montane forest with:

Emergent species like Pouteria adolfi-friederici, Olea capensis
National priority species (Cordia africana, Albizia schimperiana)
Wild coffee (Coffea arabica) and spices (Afromomum corrorima)
Estimated woody biomass of 91-430 oven dry tons/ha

Wildlife:

Documented species include:

Mammals: leopard, buffalo, bushbuck, colobus monkey
Birds: Rouget's rail (near-threatened), White-cheeked turaco
Fish: 4 species recorded in project area (Labeo forskalii, Barbus spp.)

2.4 Socio-Economic Setting

The project affects three weredas (Halu Bure, Nonno Sele, Alle Didu) with:

23 people in 7 households directly in Baro 2 reservoir area
Majangir people relying on forest products (honey, wild foods)
Limited infrastructure and social services
Subsistence agriculture and forest product harvesting as main livelihoods

3. Key Environmental Impacts

3.1 Construction Phase Impacts

Impact Category	Key Impacts
Land & Water	Increased erosion and sedimentation (500,000-600,000m³ soil) Temporary water quality deterioration
Aquatic Ecology	Barrier effects from dams Loss of fish populations at construction sites
Terrestrial Ecology	Disturbance of 4,588ha forest (0.12% of Ethiopia's forests) Loss of 222ha wetlands
Socio-Economic	Displacement of 23 people Temporary employment opportunities Potential health impacts (malaria, STDs)

3.2 Operational Phase Impacts

Impact Category	Key Impacts
Land & Water	Permanent flooding of 4,588ha forest Modified flow regime downstream Potential reservoir stratification
Aquatic Ecology	20km of river with reduced dry season flows Changes in fish communities
Terrestrial Ecology	Habitat fragmentation of Sibo Tale Kobo NPFA Loss of riverine vegetation important for honey production
Socio-Economic	Loss of access to forest resources for ~125 households Potential reservoir fisheries development Improved road access

4. Mitigation Measures

4.1 Construction Phase

Implement Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
Control sediment from construction activities
Allow community access to remove forest products before flooding
Develop Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for affected households
Health programs for workers and communities

4.2 Operational Phase

Maintain environmental flows (7.67-115 m³/s depending on season)
Implement catchment management to reduce erosion
Develop compensation/livelihood programs for affected communities
Monitor reservoir water quality and ecology
Strengthen forest protection in remaining areas

5. Conclusion

The Baro Hydropower Project will provide significant energy benefits while causing moderate environmental impacts, primarily through forest inundation and flow regime changes. Key concerns include:

Loss of 4,588ha of forest (including priority species)
Impacts on 23 directly affected people and ~125 households using forest resources
Changes to aquatic ecosystems from modified flows

With proper implementation of mitigation measures (EMP, RAP, environmental flows), these impacts can be managed to acceptable levels while realizing the project's development benefits.