FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES ■ 7_ di. BARO-AKOBO RIVER BASIN INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN STUDY r K FINAL REPORT ANNEX 4 ■<7- 'IC i|i ENVIRfJI'MEl T ■■■:.,< ■'■■■•/■£ !>?-V l ~rl YG 'K r- * 77,1 ■•(•"v ’■ ’’ r • I; *i 'IFF.DFRNL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPf \ MINISTRY OF U ATER RFSOT RUFS BARO-AKOBO RIVER BASIN INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN STUDY ANNEX 4 environmentr*DEX OF VOLUMES AND ANNEXES Volume I:_______________ ___ ___ EXECUTIVE SotMAJH Volume TL_______ ___ _______ ___ RESOURCE Base AND DEVELOPMENT Ophons Volume ni:____ ________________- Master Flan Development Volume IV:—-Project area Maps Volume V..........___.................. .......... Pre feasibility studies annexes 1. H4TER RESOURCES Annex IA .Annex IB Climatology Hydrology Annex IC Flood Studies Annex ID Ground Water Annex IE Reservoir Operation Studies .Annex IF Sediment Studies Annex IG Water Resources Cost Estimating Annex IF! Irrigation Projects Annex 11 Annex IJ Water Supply Projects Hydropower Projects 2. MTURAL RESOURCES Annex 2A Land Evaluation Annex 2B Soils and Soil Conservation .Annex 2C Annex 2D Geology Mineral Resources Annex 2E Annex 2F Annex 2G Annex 2H Annex 21 Annex 2J Annex 2K Annex 21 j socio-economics Annex 3A .Annex 3B Annex 3 C .Annex 3 D Annex 3 E .Annex 3F . .................... .......... ■T. K.VI7/J0.VA/EVT Annex 4 Forestry Wildlife Tourism Apiculture Agriculture Renewable Energy Fisheries Livestock Population Aspects Sccio-Elhnic Groups Analysis Economic Infrastructures Social Infrastructures Economic and Financial Analysis Institutional Support Environment TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Bavin Iniegratrd Doelopmc-nt Master PUaENVIRONMENT \\XFX I ANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT TAMS-l LG Biro-Akoto River Hjalq Integrated D-netopracirt Matter Plan-\>NEX 4 FVVIRON'MENT CONTENTS t. 1\TROD1 cnox SCOPE OF WORK- 3 METHODOLOGY AND CONSTRAINTS-------- --------------------- 3 ; Environmental Database 3 2 EnvironmoiEil Action Plan 33 C cns tramts ...I _ J 5 J 5 6 4. SECTOR SETTING AND BASELINE CONDITIONS-------------- 4 1 Landscape. Soils ir.d Minerals 4 2 Climate and Hydrology 4 2. 3 Ch mare. 4 2 2 Stream Discharge anti Water Quality 4 3 Natural \ egctation J4 Wildlife -I 5 Human Population 4 5 j /ruj£en<L»M5 popw/orrOT 4 3 2 AVtwgrr.* 4 n Human Health - ■ + F* h■f— • ■ ■ 4.0 / Ciwwrt Health Situation 40 2 4(5 3 J0 4 4dJ Vector-home Diseases Sanaarton Health Servicex Munnonttl Status 4 7 Land and Natural Resource Use 4 4 J ' / ■ii *4- I■ -■ • ■j vftfwci- ^grraJhirt* jTiwr one/ fot/cr Largescale Irrigation . Animal Husbandry and Beekeeping National Parks and Controlled Hunting Areas Mining rx + i?fc -..j 47J 4 4 75 Zd ■* ■ ■A 48 Land Degradation 4 J W ater-caused sml erosion 4 S 2 Other Forms of Soil Degradation * 4 ■» :. 12 H 74 /J IS /# // 23 2S 29 30 30 ...... 37 33 33 33 34 33 5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF BASIN DEVELOPMENT___________________ _______ 37 5 I kurodueban 5 2 Soil conservation 3.2. 7 /rt/roJurrron .................................. ..................... 5 2-2 Positive impacts , .................. 5 2 3 Potential negarrve impacts ? 3 Small-ho Ider agnculruir 5 3 / 7/i/roducrfort 5 J 2 Positive environmental impacts 5 3 3 Potential negative impacts 5.4 Forestry..................................... ............ 5 J J General ............ . .................... ........ 5 4 2 Positive environmental impacts 5.4.3 Potennal negati vt impac ts TAMS-V LG Burv-Akubo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-1WM X 4 5 ' Wiafefr ‘ 5 Gtw^af ‘ *.' Avtmr mivwu’ trnparrt ENVIRONMENT »<j < f. TiXifsrfl r wfcfhr ta^KXt* ........................ 43 * 41 Grw*^ * * • Asjiifiir mirrmwJrtsl impacts } 63 Fvemnal nrpjtnv impactt *> 7 Lnertcdk * 7 / General _• * 7 pGstrtiT mVwfflPtfsJ rorpucfi » * J fixcnrw* negative impacts J ? Fisheries 5 5 1 General -3 4j ................................................ ............................ 4J ................. ................................................ 45 .................................................................... — 46 ...... ........... _...... . ........ . ......................................... 46 5 ! .' Ftijimr environmental impact! ■ ...; -Ja-f -tth M>*4i < 4 J Fpinsuf negative impact* _______ .................. ........... *9 Apicuhurt .............. ............ ................. ............................ ......... } 4 I General........... ............ ................................ 5 9 2 Positive cnvtranmenial impacts .._.......... ....... 5 9 3 Potential negative impact! 5 10 Renewable Encrj-k -------------- ---- .... ......... .... ................ 5 I i Waler tupply 5111 Genera! 5112 Positive environmental impacts 5113 Potential negative impacts. .......................... 5 12 VVastcwaler collection. treatment, and disposal 5 121 General ................. ....................... ................., 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 43 48 5 12 2 Positive environmental impacti 5 12 3 Potential negative impacts 5 ] 3 Solid waste collection and disposal ...... 5131 Genera! .......... ............................. ................... 5Jj.2 Positive environmental impacts ........ 513 3 Potential negative impacts .................. ....... .. 5 14 Roods drvclopmec'. programme .......................... 5 14 J Genera.'........................................... ......... . 5 14 2 Impacts ................................... 5 15 Refugees .......... .................................... .............. 5 16 Conclusions ................................. ....................... 5 16 I Narura! resource development 5.16 2 Social infrastructure................................ .........................49 ........................ 49 ........................ 50 ........................ 51 ....... ................. 52 ......................... 52 ......................... 52 .......................... 52 ........................ 53 ........................ 53 56 56 .56 .58 6. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE MASTER PLAN: PROJECTS............................ ........ 60 6 1 l.-tiroducnon................ ..................... ...................... ..... .......... ................................ ........... ... 60 62 Dams and Resen otrs ............ .......... .................. .......... ........ ............................ .......................61 62 1 General................................,................................ .................. ............................. ......... . 61 6 2 2 Typical negative impacts....................... ....... .................. ......... ........................... ......... 61 623 Further actions............... ............................................. .............. ................................. .62 6 3 Gumero Dam. Gumero River ....................................... .................................... ........................ 63 6.31 Description...... .......... .............................................................. ............. ............. ....63 6 3.2 Positive impacts....................................................................„................................... .....63 6 3 3 Negartve environmental impacts and their mitigations ..... ........... ................................ 64 TAMS-ULC Hiro-Akobo River Basin Iniegnieil Development Master Plan 4-ilENVIRONMENT A.NNEN 4 4 J J Recommended Actions A 4 Geba-A Dam_ Geba Riw f </ Description .... 4-U d-M Pastmt impact!.................—.................... ......... jVrgamr impctctj and tfreir mmgGfltw /?ccorrrjTT^drc/ActTons ---- - ------ ---- ------— 6 5 Ran? Dam, Baro Rjxcr H+l*> ■■•■#+ + •■« * •**•-*• 45. I 6 5.2 4X3 454 e /JejurjCTon Fajifive (TTOoew ............ ——........ jVegnnvr *nv7Ftwmrnra/ impact and their mitigations Recommended Actions 6 6 leans Dani. Baw Rix^r <567 ’ 6 42 Description P. o. sitive impacts f 6 6 J Negative environmental impijcl? and their mitigations 66 Actions 6 7 Aboto Dam, Aiwero River ......... .................. 6 8 Dumbong Dam. Alwcro River............................ ...................... 6 5.7 Description............................................ -.................... * 652 Poj/trvv impacts .................................. .......... -.................... 6.5 5 jVrgtirt w environmtntal impacts and their mitigations............... .♦ 65 4 Recommended Actions................................» ................... *........ 6 9 Gilo-2 Dam. Gilo Rix er 69 1 Description ............ ........... ............... *. ..... ........ ............ -- - 6 9 2 Founw impacts...........................*♦♦.-.>♦«.. ...... .... 6 9 J rfVfgwtfvr tfrtv/rvn/wrtffl/ /mperew am/ t/ietr mitigations i ■ • r- i • ■ •■ • * -<•*•-■ I■4 6 94 flrctimmrrrat't/Actions ....................... ■- .. 6 10 Other dams and reservoirs ........................... ♦*............... 6 10 i General *................................................................................ 610.2 Positive impacts ................................................................. 6 10 J jVtgotfvr rirv/ronmezito/ jmpc?c.is and their mitigations 6 11 Electnc Power Transmission Svslcms..... ............. M....... . ....... . ■ F-r- 6/7 7 General rmi.i.r. .... I. ......ria...I... .............!ii...k.. - «4>. r-r- ■ r r. . . r r ■ 6 IL2 Positive environmental Impacts, 6113 Potential negative impacts........... i 6 6 72/ Large scale irrigation ............................... GfnengJ........................ ....................... . 6 12 2 6.123 6124 6125 612.6 I tang irrigation command area Abobo Irrigation Command Area Dumbong Irrigation Project......... Gtlo-2 Irrigation Project............... Other irrigation Projects. . ii !■« 6.13 Flood Prelection................. ....... . 6.131 General.................. 6.13 2 Positive Environmental Impacrs 6.13 3 Potential Negative Impacts 6. !4 Mining 6.24J General..... ................................... 614.2 Feastbdliyassessment.. ........... 6J4.3 Consfrucnon and operations......... *• • - -r ir+»i ■ - *4***4i >•*Ihiiriiia■■■■■■ h .. •+*i • TAMS4JLG Baro-Akobc River B wn Integrated Dorlopmeat Muter Plan 4-illENVIRONMEVf \NNEX 4 615 (mchtfxtrt 6 I ikw 6 /$ • .iwu*ew(*« ^"4* ASAl YSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 119 .119 12l 121 n • * ' • 7 3 74 75 IstrcdactKO Uarjc-Kik imptKr. Fkvd prctKtMO SmaBbcWct apvcukurc 76 FtCxno 77 Aprculturc 71 Fcmtn — 79 Wildlife 7 10 Tourism ......... ........... • *- 711 7 12 713 Mineral resource. Vi air: supph xid sanitation Solid waste disposal 7 14 Roads S. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS AND PLAN 8 1 Introduction 8 2 Environmental standards 8 3 Monitoring checklist ... 8 3.1 Climate and voter resources 8 3.2 Soil resources 8.3 3 Vegetation resources 8 34 Wildlife resources........... 833 Humor, resources........... 8 4 Specific monitoring programmes 8.41 Dams.................................... 84 2 Irrigation............... ................. 8.4 3 Genera! construction and roads 8.4 4 Harer supply and samtanon 8.4.5 Wildlife ..................~........... 846 Mineral resources 8 4.7 Upland agriculture ........... 8 4.8 Health 128 128 128 129 129 130 130 .130 130 .130 130 131 .131 .132 . H2 132 133 . 133 8 5 Monitoring pokes .......................................................................................................................... 8 6 Monitoring costs............................................................................................ 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING 9.1 Introduction 92 Design review 93 Construction review 94 Tracing______ 133 ..133 ..135 135 135 135 135 10. FURTHER STUDIES... 10 1 Archaeological Studies 10 2 Biological Studies 10 3 Sociological Studies TAMS-ULC Baro-Aknbo River Disin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-iv ...137 ... 137 137 .137ENVIRONMENT ANNEX J 10 4 Water qualrtv 11. C10O5NCVLeUgeStIaOtiNonS------------- H ] Existing Situation 112 Basin Development /£2J General ...................................-.......... 1 i 2 Natural rtsourct development li.2 j Developmerit o/f/rv social infostructure. 113 Projects— H 3 I General ......................... Il 3.2 Hydropower project 139 11.3 3 Irrigation ......*—•"•■ I1.3.J \6natg ................... *................ *...........—“*• 114 Conclusion . appendices - --- ..... .............................. ...... 137 133 139 139 139 139 NO 140 NO N! 14! N1 ... N1 142 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 TABLES Development Alternatives Slope classes by area ..................... ................... ................. ................................ ................ ? Basin instrumentation....................................... -— Average biomass of the project area Fuel wood consumption (kg/persorvyear) 12 ........... 12 Wildlife densities in the lower basin Ethnic groups by 1 ocaticn and occupation..................................................... 15 Morbidity statistics- Immunisation rates in 1992, in rural areas (per cent) ■■ Immunisation rates in 1995 (%) 26 26 Regional mortality indicator by type of residence in 1934........................................ .. 27 Nutritional Status among children age 6-59 months in 1992 (per cent) 23 Land use ......... ............................ ... 23 Table 14 Household number by region 29 Table 15 Table 16 Principal crops of the project area Livestock Population, (3000’s) Table 17 Manure N&P available to groundwater Table 18 Soil losses for different land uses ...... 31 34 Table 19 Soil losses for different treatments Table 20 Table 21 Table 22 Table 23 Table 24 Table 25 Table 26 Table 27 Table 28 30 .32 ............................. 33 4S 35 Land allocations (hectares) for soil conservation Water supply categories based on population Proposed roads„,....... Unit costs of road (US5/km)................................................... Road relocations .. ... II II a. hALtp, ..f,T ! ► - . - . rr H aa B.f.d Relocates from reservoirs Transmission lines..,................................. .. ....... Irrigation command areas................................. Project encroachment into Gambela National Park TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Buin Integrated Botloprocni Master Plan 54 ._ 54 „JO0 _.ioo ...102 105 105 4*v\WTX 4 ENVIRONMENT Figure 1 Figure: FIGURES Mean monthh discharge of Baro Rrver a: Gam be la Population of the Project Area, costing and forecast Refugee numbers. Project Area Kctrou Plan The design and application of mitigations (see below) to control an environmental impact BMP Best Management Practice A practice or combination of practices that are determined by a planning organisation or other group to be the most effective and practicable (including technological, economic, and institutional considerations means of controlling point and non point pollutants at levels compatible with environmental quality goals E1A Fjrvtronmcnuil Impact Assessment: a document detailing the environmental impact of a proposed la*. a construction project, or other major action that may significantly affect the quality of the environment In many countries an E1A is no* required by la* . Environment The sum total of all the external conditions that may1 act upon an organisation or community to influence its development or existence. Mitigation 1. A voiding an impact altogether by not taking a certain action or part of an action. 2 Minimising impacts by limiting (he magnitude of the action and its implementation 3. Recti fying an impact by repairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the affected environment, 4. Reducing or eliminating an impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations during the life of (he action. 5 Compensating for an impact by replacing or providing substitute resources or environments, 6. (wildlife) The reduction or elimination of damages to fish and wildlife resources. TAMS-ULG Biro-Akobo Rher Buin Integraicd Development Mailer PlanANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT 1, INTRODUCTION Achievins the intesirated development of the project area is not without enwocmenui nsk This document discusses the kinds and magnitudes of nsk likely to be encountered. it:mo □resents an indexed listing of environmental data important to formulating ar. ara.yw o. th*. • risk One objective of this Master Plan is to identify priority water resource and natural resource projects (Table I)' from within a gamut of previously defined investment opportunities A Jsious consideration in the selection and design of these projects is their effect upon the environment, and the effect of the environment upon them Table I Development Alternatives Hydropower Large-scale irrigation Flood protection Small-hoider agriculture Livestock Fisheries .Apiculture Forestry Wildlife Tourism Mineral resources Ru tai a oil. s w;ifl LiniiasiructuLC Water supply and sanitation Solid waste disposal Roads Health infrastructure Serious risk of environmental damage can often be successfully avoided or mitigated Two courses of alternative action are possible. (1) accept the risk and its consequences, usually by compensating (or not compensaitr. 'i for damages; or (2) modify the project or undertake precautions that reduce the risk to an acceptable level or chat avoid the risk altogether l The development altcnuaws luted m Table 1 are syoonytnoia to sectoral m'ntr-.c-.u thould he wua vestment Muvtues such as soil ccrjcnation that are cumponenu of the perent dewopme: aJte^acve TA51S-ULG Saro-Akobo Riser Basin Integrated Doelopment >U«cr PI ahENVIRONME^ S\M X 4 Ito document she difTcfmi project! that nuke up lhe Master Plan and assesses :he cnrtfcmmcflttl damage tbn might cause It then proposes actions that offer a response :o those risks The nuds «cup*d t«V project phases interim and final Because of the number and axrpkroty of the different development alternatives (22 dams were proposed for assessment fix example t. rl »i' impossible for the team to conduct a detailed quantitative environmental withm the roughJv two months allotted io the interim study In its stead, the team opted for a generic environmental impact assessment of types of development options, a procedure promoted by the World Bank foT complex projects that cover a large area The asMXsmert gave a general indication of the environmental impacts likely to result from implementation of the Master Plan and provided a guide for preliminary project design During the interim study, the Master Plan conducted a technical and financial screening to eliminate those projects that were obviously unfeasible This report expands upon the findings of the draft interim report by providing a detailed, quantitative environmental impact assessment of the remaining optimal projects and a somewhat less detailed assessment of the ncn-optmul projects The text of this report follow's the outline of an environmental impact assessment it describes the methodology, project setting and proposed project, it then assesses potential environmental impacts and proposes a set of actions to reduce the damage that could result it doses with a description of environmental management and training and a plan to implement environmental monitoring Small tables and figures arc contained in the text, larger ones arc presented is appendices al the close of the document f AMS-tLC Biro-Akobo Rher B«in luteEraicd Develop men r Miner Finn 42\S\EX 4 environment 2. SCOPE OF WORK The foEowing text reproduces the relevant deuses of the Terms of Reference from «c*jon ■i 4 4 Of the contract signed between the Ministry of Water Resources and the ccn^Hams TOR Requirement An initial environment appraisal would be carried out at an carb jtige of Master Planning process This ls required for The selection of sustainable developmcn; patterns from alternatives identified bv the master plan; ., The identification of cumulative impacts of different activities and devise measures o avoid or miuaate them The nfarttfemun of cmironmenwl interactions or conflicting demands on resources and of measures to ovoid such a result: The formulation of criteria for environmentally sustainable development in the basin including cjr^ironrriichliiliy sensitive areas and resources. The identification of monitoring dam needs and definition of data collection programmes. The identification of institutional and financial needs lo implement environmental .ivvessmeni recommendations Assessment of environmental situation tn the basin and mitigaton measures shall be indicated T Bus should include, but nol be limited Jo, The investigation and description or pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental qualm, health and safely, protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangered species, ecology, and water supply and waste disposal Protection of soil erosion land degradahon. The grouping of sectoral data mlo broadcr/nnrrowcr issues thai must be addressed try the Master Plan. The aiuJvsu and dtfermmatlon of the potential impacts of previous as well as new dcretopmenr proposals identified by rhe sectoral resource studies The narurc and magnitude cf the impacts should be analysed and described quantitatively in terms of environmental costs and benefus wherever possible Characicnsation of the extent and qualm of available data and data gap idcntiftcauon shall be made. The development of management plan to mitigate negative impacts Recommend feasible and cost -effective measures and the institutional and I raining requirements to implement them Prepare a management plan including proposed work programmes, budget esn males. schedule. staffing and other services required to implement the measures. The .review of capability of the Authority and of institutions al local, regional and national levels and recommendation of steps to strengthen them so that the management and monitoring plan in the environmental assessment can be implemented’, The preparation of a monitoring plan and the cost and ether inputs required. Recommendation on whether or not to continue with further evaluation of the development project or programme and if further environmental impact assessment studies may be required within the framework of the master plan Report Reference Volume Ill Chapter; 3 A 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 11 Chapter; S A'* Annex 3F Chapter 4 Section H 2 Section 5 Chapter a Chapters 3 A 6 Chapter 9 A Annex 3F Chapter 9 & Arsex 3F Chapter S Chapters 5 6. * ir.d !l TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Inicxnted Dndoptncm Matter Plan 4-3ANNEX 4 environ: The term of reference issued 10 this consultant varied from those listed above, and called for tuo tasks (I) estibhshmcnt of an environmental database, and (2) formulation of cmironmcntal action plan The first of these comprises the information gathered by Master Ptin consultants uorieng in their fields of expertise, the second stems from the mitigations and ahcrcatnts doeioped from an assessment of the project's environmental impacts TAMS-LLG BaroAkobo Rhcr Baiin Interfiled Development Mister Plan 4-4ANNEX4 ENVIRONMENT 3. METHODOLOGY AND CONSTRAINTS The methodology used to compile the environmental database is described in Secvoti _> 1. that used to conduct the environmental impact assessment is given in Section 3 2 Ths assessment of environmental impacts occurred tn two [avers (1) that of the overall assessment (Section 3 2) and (2) that of the technical components that compose the development alternatives (Table 1) The methodology used to assess technical components occurs in the sections devoted to each sector For example, the section on dams and reservoirs discusses the methodology used to assess the dissolved oxygen budget of proposed reserv oirs 3.1 Environ mental Database The environmental database contains information related to the baseline condition of water, climate, geomorphology, soils and land, fauna, vegetation, socio-economies. and sites o. archaeological or cultural significance Section 4 of this Report summarises baseline data reviewed and collected by consultant specialists employed by this Master Plan. Appendix C gives an indexed directory to the information that contributed to this study In cases of obvious data shortfalls we attempted to collect additional information from original sources The time and staff available to us. however, did not permit us to examine all fields of environmental inquiry The close of this report identifies areas of further study that require attention prior to infrastructural investment 3J Environmental Action Plan The Environmental Impact Assessment procedure followed by this Master Plan complies with guidelines contained in Operational Directive 4 01 dated 3 October 1991 by the World Bank Other directives arc available including one for irrigation prepared by the Ethiopian Valleys Development Studies Authority (EVDSA), which can be followed in Lhe preparation of component-specific project documents In an activity known as environmental scoping or screening, the Bank (and many other institutions) requires different categories of impact assessment according to the nature of the project These are Category A A full EA (environmental assessment) is required. Category B .Although a full EA is not required, environmental analysis is required, and Category C No EA or environmental analysis is required Category A projects include dams and reservoirs, imgauon, drainage, and flood control (large scale), land clearing and levelling, resettlement and all projects with potenriallv major impacts on people, and others. Such projects are likely to have significant adverse impacts that may be sensiuve, irreversible, and diverse The impacts are likely to be comprehensive broad sccto'- T AMS-(J LG BarfrAkobo River Basin Integrated Development Mister Plan 4-5A\\EX* EX\IRO\MFm o. «"» f'on a ™0' compo"e"'of,ht pra,ro «* iflctf the area as1 »ho!e tf nm an entire vector Catewn B m?«U include wnall scale imgation and drainage. niral water supply u- -:: cr. uitcnhcd projects (nunagemen: or rehabilitation) and others The environment*: sffl^cnofa Category B project arc less significant that those of Category A. Few if any of 13 --4/.X art amenable The impacts arc not as sensitise, numerous, major, or diverse 23 citegvis A impacts, icmcdial measures can be more easily designed Catcsen C projects are environmentally benign and include such matters as education, nutrmcn. etc Most development interventions of the Master Plan would be classed as Category A. others would be Category B or C For uniformity between work units and interventions. we follow the procedure required of a Category A assessment In order to focus the assessment, to classify impacts according to type of impact, direct or indirect, and to distinguish significant impacts from those that arc moderate or insignificant poKtnc or negative, the assessment provides a matrix of environmental impacts (Appendix B) This identifies the relative nsk of environmental impact resulting from development intervention phase (construction, operation, or in some cases decommissioning) for each project component (dams, canals, quarries, roads, watershed rehabilitation. ) of the Master Plan The majority of the assessment relates to proposals to develop the project area This entails projects that have not been initiated, yet in at least two instances the Master Plan has been requested to extend its analyses to ongoing activities One involves the presence of refugees from the Sudan, which is discussed in section 4 5 below, the other is Abobo Dam on the Al were River, which was completed in August of 1996 The refugees were settled without benefit of an environmental impact assessment, at Abobo Dam. its environmental assessment (see Sdkhozpromexport. 1988) was ignored 33 Constraints Despite the depth of analysis provided by this assessment, our work was hampered by an absence of expertise in some categories of evaluation (for example, the composition of the team did not include an archaeologist to examine the risk of damage to reported cave paintings), a general absence of quality, site-specific data, and time A further difficulty lay in the phasing of studies not all experts were on site during the penod of our assessment to answer queries about their findings Finally, the client’s decision to limit our investigation to existing information, principally to the earlier studies by Selkhozpromexport (1988 and 1990) and ARDCO-GEOSERV (1995), meant that obvious data gaps could not be filled These shortcomings will be reflected in the cost and duration of environmental assessment required during subsequent feasibility studies of these same project components TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Buin Intej-nted Development Muter PlanANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT -I. SECTOR SETTING AND BASELINE CONDITIONS The follow™ sections summarise the main features of the project area They develop from the information listed in Appendix C. which gives an indexed catalogue of enviromerul baselire data contained in specialist reports and original investigatfons 4.1 Landscape. Soil* and .Minerals The project area lies in southwestern Ethiopia between latitudes S’! I’M and i*?MN arc! longitudes 33°E and 36°E Made up of numerous westerly flowmg river, and their cortributins basins, rhe area is an important watershed of the White Nile Its drainage covers about 76.000 km Table 2 gives the composition of the topography of the project area bj slope class It shows that more than half the landscape is flat or undulating, about one-third is rolling or hillv. and the remainder is steep Tabic 2 Slope classes by ares Slope class (%) Description Area of slope (%) 0-2 Flat 25 6 2-8 315 8-16 197 16-30 Hilly 14 2 30-50 66 >50 Steep 24 Souruo Copeland, 1996 Aron “ 76,093 km: Viewed from its westernmost extent at Ethiopia's joint border with the Sudan, the landscape is flat and low-lying (elevations less than 450 m) Deep, cracking clays make up its soils and its vegetation is reminiscent of Guinean savannah (coarse grasses, Jcocw spp , Combretiim spp ) Further inland (about longitude 34°E) the terrain becomes slightly undulating and the soils, white remaining deep, become more variable with isolated areas of ironstone and leached surfaces from which the iron, alumina, and organic matter have been removed Chy illuviation becomes increasingly pronounced as does surface drainage, although the effects of the latter remain subject to large-scale flooding during the rainy season, an average of 3530 lorf inundates annually in the project area (Cowx. 1995) Channels, free from the controls imposed by the terrain of higher elevations, migrate, join with other channels, separate, and occasionally torm transient lakes, which supply an important part of the regions aquatic 5. Eruitalcs of totruae ena Vai? accordiEg Id lheir source Ansu takes bom the Ceches bv Selkbasnorocn 119901 end ARlX-’O-GEOSERV (1995) ar= not eddiUw because of oscrlan bdwwr. lher xmctz'.r TJk towt weurunly used estate is 74.000 Lm\ the higho! 77.000. thal used K ifc, Master Ph- 76.CSS. demrs faun j CIS vCNyiputatiori of land unit 010233 TAMS-L’LG BarthAkobo River Bajin Integrated Development Master Plin 4-7\\M\4 hibex Kopp** rank the town al irregular intervals and. in the project, could $ene * anchors and ^uames fix several of the dims East of Gambeia (about longitude 34’30’E) the terrain abruptly becomes first hilly and the. cccpb divcccd as one climbs the escarpment separating the eastern boundary- of the pl^ the western plateaus and mountains of central Ethiopia The leading edge of the plat^ ^mmi: ts about SOO m above the altitude of the plains, causing its climate to become both axsic and mere humid Although the topographs is rolling, the structure of the plateaux j$ dnided by the nvers that dissect its mass, so that wide valleys and ndees also dominate its surface Traveling eastward, the general sensation is one of continually rising elevation, occasionally bs climbing the leading edge of small escarpments, at other times by climbing ridges whose summit ts always higher than the one preceding By the time one reaches the divide of the ptuiecl catchment the elevation is over 2000 m The soils and vegetation of the plateaux reflect the change of topography and the drop in temperature and increased rainfall associated with higher altitude Soils developed on the steep lands of escarpments and along ridges arc thin, young, and susceptible to erosion once their protective vegetation is disturbed Rolling terrain at about 1500±300 m altitude favours the forraauon of deep, reddish, well-drained soils which, despite their favourable physical structure and excellent internal drainage, arc only moderately fertile At higher elevations clay illuviation becomes increasingly importani and the soils lose their reddish colour to become light brown or yellowish brown While the chemical fertility of these soils is moderate, their physical characteristics lend them increasingly to degradation Rainfed agriculture, mostly confined to subsistence production of cereals, becomes important, as do large coffee and tea estates Highland forests appear, often composed of planted species such as Eucalyptus spp . Pirns patula, and Cupressus lusitanica. at elevations above 2000 m highland bamboo, Arundinana alpina and A. donas, and tree fems arc also seen The geology of the plains is one of sediments deposited by millennia of floods Older rocks, often gneisses, form the Precambrian basement rock of the plateaux, over which erosion has exposed Tertiary basalts The subsurface weathering of upland gneisses, basalts, and granites is fairly rapid, so that rales of soil formation are high Once exposed to the air, however, these same basalts and granites break down much more slowly Exploitable minerals include gold, platinum, nickel, copper, zinc, chromite, iron, garnet, gypsum, kaolin, marble, beryl, clay, and sillimanite The extent of recoverable precious metals in the project area is believ ed to be 100,000 kg of gold and 12,500 kg of platinum Placer gold occurs in the Quaternary alluvium of the plains, primary gold is contained in the Tertiary volcanics of the project area near Ethiopia's north border with the Sudan (Tytherleigh. 1995) 4.2 Climate and Hydrology Table 3 gives the number and type of climatic and stream gauging stations located in and near the project area With the exception of a few stations, most provide periods of record that are TAMS-ULG Banv-Akobo River Bavin Integrated Devclopmenl Master Plan 4-8ENVIRONMENT ANNEX 4 considerations Table 3 Basin inMrumentalion Instrument Number Rain gauge 48 Max min thermometer Relative hygrometer Anemometer Stream gauge 26 22 20 16 4.2.1 Climate Monthly rainfall follows a pattern that is unimodal ( Appendix A)1 with greatest rainfall dur.ng May through September and lowest during October through Apnl ^Rainfall increases w«h altttude. so that annual rainfall measured at Gore (2130 m) is about 75 per cent greater than that measured at Gambela {480 mi The duration of the rainy season is also longer, although no station experiences sufficient rainfall to qualify as humid tropical The rainy season, nonetheless, is long The adiabatic lapse rate causes temperature to decline with altitude* During June, the maximum mean monthly temperature at Aijo (2565 m altitude) is about 12nC cooler than at Gambela (480 m) Maximum monthly temperatures arc about 10eC warmer than their corresponding monthly minimum, and maximum monthly temperatures are about 5-8’C cooler during May through October than dunng November through May (Appendix A) A major constraint to rainfed agriculture is that average sunshine hours during the growing season may be only 2-3 haurs/day throughout much of the project area During October through May, the same stations provide sunshine hours between 6-9 hourt'day (Appendix A) Reference evapotranspiration is only between 2 5 and 4 5 mm day during the crop growing season ( Appendix A), about 3-4 mm less than locations at the same latitude in savanna Africa Low rates of evapotranspiration can be an indicator of climatically-induced low crop productivity 4.2.2 Stream Discharge and Water Quality Discharge follows the pattern set by rainfall The annual hydrograph rises in response to runoff with a peak in September as shown in Figure 1 The high porosity of some uohnd sails contributes to flow attenuation, but this is counterbalanced pv the effects of soil deendation 4 Seme wnten describe a Micro that a v-enkiv binxxbl. bux -ha a wx supported fay ihx diu ' UNESCO clawfici numid tropical u l hmk raunv 6 Ahern 0 9*C/lC0m below 15Wm alutudc arJ abaci 0 6*0100m thereafter S-cxr.ihs dura-cat TAAIS-ULG Baro-Akobo Rher Basin Ulcerated D^dopmcnt Muter Plan 4-9EN’\ IROXWfjyj \XXEX 4 •nt •nt •»< •tt Ml Figure I Mean monthly discharge of Baro River at Gambela While water quality data are adequate to give an indication of mineral content, they contain no measure of physical and bacteriological quality and organic concentrations Appendix A summarises data collected in the lower basin by Selkhozpromexport between 1986 and 1988 (Annex 2C in the water resources volume gives these data in their entirety) Though very soft, the waters contain constituents that are corrosive to concrete (Selkhozpromexport, 1990) With conductivities less than 200 TS'cm and sodium adsorption ratios less than 3. these waters have a L’SDA irrigation classification of Cl-SI their salinity and alkalinity hazards are low Selkhozpromexport observes that surface water mineralization increases during the dry season The potability of these waters appears to be excellent in terms of their published constituent concentrations Grab samples taken in the lower basin by Selkhozpromexport (1990) give an analysis of sediment concentration, which has been developed into provisional sediment rating curves by this master plan (see Annex 1-F of the Water Resources Volume) Inconsistencies in the data and their low frequency of measurement make them unsuitable for other than a general impression of sediment yield .Annex I D of the Waler Resources Volume lists the concentrations of anions and cations ot 175 samples taken of springs tn the upper basin, it docs not give the results of samples from rivers and boreholes It shows that sodium exceeds WHO recommendations (Appendix A) at 2 sources and nitrate concentration exceeds recommendations at about a third of the sites Nitrate is believed to relate to oxygen deficiency in premature births and to cancer in adults The WHO recommendation of 10 mg/1 agrees with that of the United States, the European Union (EU) recommends an upper limit of 50 mg/l, and debate continues about the suitability of either limit The EU limit is exceeded in about a third of farming areas in Western Europe TAMS-VLG Biru-Akobo Rner Basin lntegrjlcd Development Master Plan 4-10ENVIRONMENT ANNEX 4 Ata W cafe pulping srio™ lmtr in,° pr0)t,:'-^. Plantation Authority, Jimnut) Annual and human wastes « a farther cortra. Jnf (we Section 3 6 4 of this annex and the water resources annex Measurements of ground-water quality by Seikhozpromexpon (1990) show tagher vanabtbty and mineralization than is present in surface water The aes etiu qt^ / o --c. around water for drinking is low in some lower basin locations because of mgn of iron manganese and copper Groundw ater conductivities betw een 3 . and /_0 TScn and » ■_ sX STand 6 13 give a USDA imgatton rating of C2-S1. mdicaung low -d-m (alkali) hazard but moderate salinity hazard Ground-water temperatures general.-, be between 28 5 and 29 5;C 43 Natural Vegetation The natural vegetation of the project area reflects differences between the plains and uplands in landscape, soil, climate, and history of land use Daviesson (1996) classified Ethiopia 5 natural forests as being • npanan, • mixed deciduous. • coniferous, and • transition zone (Olea spp). in addition to types composed principally of highland bamboo, Anirt^erta spp. and Combrerum and .Icoao spp Many of these forests represent only a fraction of their former extent Daviesson (1996) ob serves how even two decades ago much of the project area was forested, but that now its forested area covers only about 22,000 km? or roughly 30 per cent of the basin’ But much of even that forest is degraded and only remnants of primary forest remain, often as isolated pockets on land that is unsuitable for agriculture The FAO (1990) computed Ethiopia's fuelwocd requirements to exceed incremental yield by 60 per cent, Daviesson believes the current imbalance to be 80 per cent. During the 1980s. the disparity between fuel wood demand and supply in the project area was exacerbated by an influx of about 250,000 settlers* (Roger, ! 995) and, since 1983, of refugees A maximum of 367.000 received UNHCR and Ethiopian support during 1990 (Daviesson, 1996), their current number is about 60.000 (Colombi, 1995) Eight saw-milk also operate in the upland w atersheds Like many of Ethiopia's natural forests, tho\e of the project area are neither managed nor monitored (see Daviesson. 1996) pc- pernscal ccKEOZiunicabon 8 Dejmw™ [1996} thm forwu of lie prpjwt allo 60 per «=r cf FiKyf high forest, including I 5 nxfllion hu of National Pnonft Forest Areai 9 Most srnjen have since returned to then areas of origin TAMS-ULG BaroAkobo Rher Basin Lnlcfimred Do d up men t Master PUn 4-1!e>EX * T,blt 4 Mtr.gr b'om*” ° "" Pr’jK' f Rcyon Gama Gott in-jWbw |k«* I Wdcga p lW 59 SO 155 13 138 39 42 20 - 169 723 629 2 27 en^a. Mm A« ud Mm Mk» Erep. Alt* Ababa. Ewe Sum p« Table 5 Fuclwood consumption (kg/person/year) Region ------- -------------- Rural Urban Gamo Gofa 998 IUubabor Kefa Weleoa 1695 1780 1486 546 792 895 546 Table 4 eves Theneult's (1995) estimates of above-ground total biomass and biomass production for regions represented by the project area Using data from his study, the Master Plan has mapped 6 classes of woody biomass (stems, branches, and twigs but excluding leafy material) Table 5 gives his estimate of fuelwood (and charcoal) consumption for the same regions listed above Theriault recognises the master plan area as an important energy reservoir for Ethiopia Projected fuelwood demands show that current stocks could last about 30 years before being totally depleted Urban fuelwood consumption is less than rural due to the absence of alternative fuels in the countryside 4.4 Wildlife An area once abundant with wildlife (at least 27 species of large mammal were recorded 25 years ago, Atwell, 1996)'°, the project area has undergone such severe hunting, civil unrest, and depletion of habitat in recent years that its population of significant mammals is much reduced The environmental impact assessment of Abobo Dam on the Alwero River (Selkhozprcmexport, 1988), occasional sightings, and interviews with hunters give an indication of the wildlife, elephant, white-eared kob, Nile lechwe, that once populated and, though seemingly diminished in number, continue to migrate through the area. Importantly, the surviving wildlife appear to show no relationship to the areas proclaimed for their protection (Atwell, 1996) ihe S£Lkh"ProracxPon U?90) provide data .bout wildhfc ■includ.r.g buds). ' TAMS-UI.G Bans-Akobo River Buin Integrated Development Marler Plan------------------------- 4-12ANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT Table 6 lists the density of some of the mammals observed by Sdkhuzprooiexpcrtj 19S8) Because this Master Plan relies solelv upon existing information. we are unable to cotthrrr. the current state of the area's wildlife population Important changes :o rubstat have occurred most notably the occupation of large parts of Gambeh National Park by a stale arm and Abobo Dam. part of whose upper reservoir also extends into Abobo Gog Protected Area Fire uncontrolled hunting and activities by the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLAI have contributed to reduced wildlife numbers, especially of phytophagous animals Selkhozpromexport observed that fire reduced grass production from a normal 13 L-na-year -o 700 kg/fea, which was then rapidly consumed so that little remained for use later m the season Table 6 Wildlife densities in the lower basin Mammal Density (No/10 km l : HippvCran/5 equ/ms 1 2 I Ko&us defasso Rediifvca redimca Alct'laphus buselaphus Damahscus corrigum Kobits /cob Svrictnts coffer Soiuw Sclkhwpromespcrt. 1988 4.6 05 4I 28 290 13» J Construction traffic for the recently completed Abobo Dam has disrupted wildlife migration routes Selkhozpromexport (1988) remarked upon the permanency of migration routes for large mammals, especially elephant, who appear to migrate from east to west during the dry season and then return eastward during the rains Selkhozpromexport estimated migratory routes to intercept its proposed primary irrigation canal at a frequency between 1 and 1 5 times per km. Four species of monkey - Anubis baboon (Papto anubis), Colubus monkey (Colubus abyssimcusy green monkey (Cercapiihecus oe I biopsy and Hussar monkey (Erythrocebui patas) - inhabit the lower basin (Selkhozpromexport, 1988) Their respective population densities are 2.9, 0 9, 0 4, and 0.06 per !0km3 Baboons usually congregate into groups ot between 25 and 30 individuals, although they occasionally number about 200 Monkeys prefer areas with water, and will undoubtedly be drawn to irrigation projects with their abundant produce .At least 9 species of rodent inhabit the lower basin Rodent numbers will nse as a result of irrigated agrimlture, and increase the frequency of human disease. In particular, grass mice arc known to harbour visceral and dermal Leishmaniasis’3, which is also transmitted by mosquitoes (Selkhozpromexport. 1988} i i. f-ccc:: ng n: plants 12 Any o f >c(m| discs m trniumiuetl by parasitic protejM of the ipcdo Lr uAmcow j TAMS-ULG Ba n>Ako bo River Biun Iniejraed Development Master Pirn 4 - 13I EN’X IROX.\f^ \SNFX4 „, < . to the wrUand habitat of migratory birds, which include several p* iXTX* 0 * M« tr h’i <IW,m,he PPrc$ocncrct°‘fnthC’wbhiarled‘,1$cadcidnStcOr,k-uadracrc sPb*uiesiurdsI p,o;™-.tcrns- 5, L-mj. * At lost 30 bird species in Gambclz National Park and 20 in the upp Cr Lrie between Ethiopia and Europe (pc. Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society) sXwpcrccvport (1988) observed 2020 bird speaes in 65 families in the Alwero ba* Mam of these, cspcaalb spanows and finches, will include cereals in their diet Records of fish caught in the rivers of the Iowct basin give an idea of their species composite and pjpuhuon Cows (1996) believes there are probably about 100 species, although Til^ 1(.trrvchrvfms mloticus) dominates the catch. Selkhozpromexport (1^88) observed 67 species offish in the .Alwero Rim. and proposed that 42 species might survive in their then proposed XfeK)be reservoir Nile perch (Lates mloticus) and catfish (Glorias spp. Hagrus spp. Barbus spp. and labco spp) arc also important Catch rates have declined since 1988, wher. cooperatives tn Gambclz recorded 25.449 fish caught, to 1994, when they recorded 8.985 Cows believes the productive capacity of lowland rivers to be about 200 kg ha. Sdkhozpromcxpori proposed the capacity of the 2210 ha Abobo reservoir to be about 100 wear Given improved management and equipment, the catch could be increased from its current rale of 1.200 t year to about 5,000 t/year Other significant aquatic animals include crocodiles, hippos, and water snakes Fishery management could bring important benefits to irrigation and hydropower Phytophagous fish, especially Disticho spp , could help in the control of canal and reservoir vegetation. others, especially Gambusia (Cowx, 1995) or Haplochilus (Selkhozpromexport. 1988). could contribute to the control of mosquito larvae Little information is known about insect life in the project area other than those species that pose a risk to man and the producuon of food Their habitat separates into two broad categories savannah woodlands and humid marshes Locusts will probably pose periodic risks to crop production Mosquitoes, tsetse flies, and other pests are described in the section on human disease 4.5 Human Population 5.1 Indigenous population The large size of the project area is home to numerous eihmc groups (Table 7) While subsistence farming is practised to some extent by most of the indigenous population, other occupations such as beekeeping, fishing, and cattle raising are also important Maize, sorghum, and taro are staple crops, the Nuer (from the Sudan) also drink milk and blood from cattle Linguistically, the population comprises 3 groups Omotic, Cushitic, and Nilo-Saharan The practice of Islam or Christianity is about equally divided between most of the population, but earth deities are also worshipped by some groups 13 married nic includes unrecorded catch TAMS-ULC Baro-AJubo Riv.r Basin Integrated Dmlopocm Maslcr Plan 4- J4ANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT Population density vines distinctly according to location On the plains. where ..cods are comjiwn rd the growing season short, the population density is only about 5 peopJe/km on the fringe of the escarpment facing the plains it is between 15 and 60, further mland especially m the vicinity of major roads, it exceeds 60 (Roger, i 996) /5.J Refuge Formerly a region noted for its low population density, recent years have seer mcur sic ns large numbers of refugees and settlers Their demands upon natural resources for food, fuelwood, and shelter have caused a concomitant decrease tn natural fores: cover xid wildb't population Table 7 Ethnic groups by location and occupation Region Agriculture Other sedentary Transhumant Uncertain Gambela ■ ■ ■ ■ Anuak (48%) Majanger Nuer (38%) AnfiJo. Rome, Masongu. Longe, Qpuo Hlubabor Oromo. Amhara Maj anger Keth Oromo. Amhara> Kefa, Gcmira, ShurcwTumiL (Mescngoi Shckocha. Anuak. Majanger. Shuro Me'enit. Sheko Bench Welega Oromo. Amhara Mescngo, Mao Asosa Bcni-S Hangul Source Colombi. 1995 The current population ot the project area is about 2 million individuals, as shown tn Figure 2. by 2035 it is expected to number 5 3 million (Roger. 1996), an annual growth rate of about 3 percent (Armitage. 1996) Beginning in 1979 and lasting until 1983, about 250,000 settlers entered the project area. Displaced by drought in 3Vo!lo, Shoa, and Tigray and supported by government policy and materials, most settlers have nonetheless returned to their areas of origin (Roger, 1996) Refugees from rhe war in the Sudan also live in 4 camps located in the lower basin TAMS-ULG B^AkntH) River Bmin Interned Doelopmcni Vlaitcr PUn 4 - ]?The influx of refugees into the Master Plan area began Figure 2 Population of the Project Area, existing and forecast scries l=Tural senes 2=urban Developed from data in Roger, G 1996 in 1983. Their numbers rose to a maximum in 1991 of nearly 400.000 The following year their numbers fell sharply to slightly more than 25.000. only to rise once again to their present number of about 62,000 (Figure 3), see the sooo-economic annex. Annex 3 A for known details about individual camps Most of the refugees arrived on foot and carried few belongings Although the relief effort supplied plastic sheeting, potable water, and basic provisions, these were insufficient to meet essenual requirements The majority of refugees had no alternative other than to gather basic materials from the forest, hunt game, and grow crops, much as they continue to do to this day Figure 3 Refugee numbers, Project Area The presence of large numbers of refugees bears direct •< ‘ — •—------------------------ j and indirect influences upon land use Refugees develop sites io provide shelter and to supply water, sanitation and waste disposal By stimulating economic demand they also indirectly r--------- - — - • encourage the expansion of fanning and TAMS-VLG Birt>-Akobo River Basin Integrated Doelop men l Master Plan 4-16ENVIRONMENT ANNEX 4 grazing The environmental impacts of a camp include duturbwces to land, water, and vegetation Soil erosion poor to the arrival of the refugees was probably modest The camps are located on undulating and flat terrain in the lower basin. Given the low indigenous popular. and traditional agriculture of the area, little stimulus would be present to accelerate soil loss The camps have the population of a small city, yet their paltem of resource use is that of i small village Energy comes from luelwood, as the camps assume an air o. permanence, the forests begin to disappear The need to secure shelter and prepare food requires a refugee family to dear land and gather fuelwood and construction materia! During the initial period ot camp establishment a tree remains untouched only if its girth makes it unmanageable Once a refugee household becomes settled criteria such as wood type, size, dryness, and portability become meaningful A tores! will first be eleaned of its small diameter stock Thereafter, the selection of larger wood will be weiiahed aeamst the energy required for its transport many will prefer to travel long distances in order to'cany wood that is dry. small, and light Standing trees might be girdled during this period, especially as the stripped cambium can be used to manufacture cord and, once dead and dry. wood becomes much easier to carry Under times of stress, w hen fuelwood is scarce and little choice remains, wood will be harvested irrespective of protective policies or criteria related to quality and size We did not conduct a survey of fuelwood consumption in the project area, but it probably is not dissimilar from that in the refugee's place of origin Several factors influence fuelwood use by refugees. The provisions distributed by relief agencies, for example, include whole-grain foods As a result, the refugees, who lack mills, may boil maize and beans for up to six hours Campfires, by being symbolic of a home, may also serve an important social function (Paskett, 1996). The condition of grasslands is complex. Cattle undoubtedly arrived wiLh the refugees Because most livestock were either locally slaughtered or transported scon after crossing the border, it is difficult to apportion the total blame for worsening grassland condition upon them Rather, indiscriminate burning, harvesting of tall grasses for construction, and increased numbers of livestock have ail played a role It is a mistake to believe that refugees are a short-term problem. Camps established in the 1960s in the Middle East, .Asia, and parts of Africa continue functioning to this day Indeed, ten years would be short in the life of a refugee camp The economy of a champ changes with iis age, so that dwellings become increasingly permanent and farming eventually becomes established. The greatest impact of a camp is upon the forest .As mentioned above, however forests do not disappear as an increasing swath of felled limber First, the small, drv fuel wood disappears later, tins is followed by larger stock A refugee camp of 500,000 people in nonhwesrem Tanzania was clearing about one third hectare of forest per day That is to say, one third of a hectare per day would give the appearance of clear felling, although fuelwood gathering was occurring through a much larger area and involving different diameters of material. A similar rate would probably affect camps in Ethiopia As the forests disappear, habitat disappearance TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Burn Integrated Development Muter Plan 4-17\WEX 4 , ffKU «. of game tn to 'Xinh’ of1 am? Cl _„ aoK* »«h W*fw Uad S,eL Fm :hlT' "’ - EW'«ox MtV( ,he nKd 10 p'°"cl f,elds also lakc ,h""«» < « s»mh ««Wclca™8 fOr "SCT'°'rS and irTi-aa!l™ Ptovi*, > wave of fuehwod'lul rcdua nwch °f the cn'.Tronment’l stress from the itnmeij.. surroundings of a camp 4.6 Humin Health sector develops from a discussion of human health presented in Annex 3D, Socii Infrastructure. of this Master Plan and from the environmental impact assessment of Abobo Damb)- Selkhorpromexport (1988) Its contents include a general discussion of health, health services. nutritional status, and the impact of water developments upon health Large tables cited to this section are given in Annex 3D. Social Infrastructure, and are not repeated here The relationship between the project and human health appears later under a discussion of project impacts In Ethiopia continuous population movement is an established practice This is not limited to pastoral populauons only, but also occurs among some agricultural communities (Lindtjtrm and Alemu 1993) In the Project area, in addition to the indigenous population there has beer, a continuous in-flux of people from neighbouring Sudan (refugees) and from northern Ethiopia (resettled households from the famine of 1985) Introduction of new types of diseases to an area with possible epidemics from refugees is common A case in point is the first Yellow Fever epidemic in Kurmuk and Asosa (Region 6) from the Fung district of Sudan in 1959 As health planning depends on the composition, growth and density of a population, careful monitoring of this phenomenon is important 4.6.1 Current Health Situation The health infrastructure of the area is similar to that of the rest of the country, with coverage rates of 8? per cent for Gambela, 60 for IIlubabor, 66 for Keffa and 60 for Wellega (MOH 1992) Table 8 gives morbidity statistics from the project area for the ten leading causes of outpatient visits As the distribution and availability of hospitals, health centres and clinics differ tn the regions, the morbidity figures reported for the different levels (hospitals, health centres and clinics) separately are not used Instead, the figures reported by the respective administrative zones are considered to be appropriate Due to the fact that reporting of diseases in the different zones vanes, only the top ten common causes of out-patient visits are included here TAMmJlG Biro-Akobo Rher B.Un Integrated Development Mwler Plan 4-18ENVIRONMENT ANNEX 4 Tableft Morbidity jUtthtio Disease Asosa Ulubabor Wtiep Gambell Maji 7639 Respiratory tract infections All forms of malaria 13288 17633 23589 11556 Intestinal parasites 17141 Diarrhoeal diseases 9264 900 3593 40058 17462 10322 16192 12833 24222 33982 29401 41213 15738 Urinary tract infections * 15693 17538 17263 23791 25250 10462 12545 1448 2055 2976 5680 3979 1589 1791 Gastritis • Eve and ear infections Skin infections * 442 • • 22784 • « 4636 10945 559 6074 4276 • Tuberculosis Rheumatic arthritis 3084 Sowcei Ministry of Health, 1995 • = Jiwufcs not .xrortnl Among ter. causes of outpatient vwit* fur the year report Malaria, respiratory tract infections and intestinal parasites are among the top three leading causes of outpotient visits tn all zones Of intestinal parasites, the most common in reported cases are due to helminthiasis, amoebiasis and giardiasis There are no repons on cases of AIDS for Regions 6. 11 and 12 The total number of reported cases of AIDS from Region 4 between January 1036 and March 1996 .ire 1837. and that is 10.2 per cent of all reported cases of AIDS in the whole country during the period Details of the AIDS situation in the Project area are scanty relevant information on reported cases in the whole country including occupation, age and sex of cases and the evolution of its prev alence is described in the project document Population Aspect, Section 4 4 4 Tuberculosis, which is on the increase worldwide with AIDS, is reported among the ten leading cases in Gambela only This could be seen either as under-reporting or it may have been lumped with respiratory tract infections The total number of outpatient visits for a period of one year (1995) in the project area is 103,810 in Gambela, 358,207 in Wellega Gimbi Zone. 296,102 in Asosa Zone, 636,204 in Ulubabor and 45,060 Maji Zone Except for malaria, none of the vector-bome endemic diseases tn the area like Trypanosomiasis, Onchocerciasis, Schistosomiasis and Yellow Fever are reported among the leading causes of outpatient visits This may be due to lack of diagnostic facilities or may be few cases were seen in the outpatient departments Needless to say, these diseases are important, as they are endemic in this area -1.6.2 Vector-borne Diseases The weU known vector-bome diseases prevalent in the project area are Trypanosomiasis Onchocerciasis, Yellow Fever. Schistosomiasis and Malaria Dracwcuius meOncnsu, commonly known as guinea worm, was assumed to occur in the whole country but this has been found to be based on faulty reporting (Kloos 1993). Extensive survey is required to determine its occurrence m the Project area Bancroft™ Ji Ionovs that causes elephantiasis TAMS-L LG Bartt-Akobo Rher Basin Integrated Dodopmerii Mwcr Plan4X5EX4 environ^ FVr ha* been (bund tn the lowlands of Hlubabor and Keffa (McConnd 1976) The following paragraphs descr.be common vcctor-bome diseases in the area rnpaflo.w>mr4HJ The statistics for Trypanosomiasis arc confusing Gambela hospital reported 1 case in I9g] and 7 cases in 198$ In the upper reaches of the Gilo River, however. 454 cases were diagnosed during the 19 stars preceding 1988, but these were not confirmed by laboratory tests (Seikhozpromcxport. 1988) The mam channels for the extension of tsetse to the highlands art the Baro River to the north, the Gilo River to the south and the Pokwo and .-Viet mtn to the west (Appendix A to Social Infrastructure) The areas along the Baro, Gio and Akobo rivers were associated with most of the diagnosed infection/outbreaks (Hutchinson 1971) In tsetse infested areas of Gambela, Wellega. Keffa and Illubabor, the settlement of highland populations by the government resulted in the introduction of new services, but these were less accessible by the indigenous population There are 4 types of tsetse flies, of which Sclkhozpromexport (1988) believes two - G tachinoiiks and G. morsttans - arc potentially important in the project area With G tachinotdcs, the carrier of the Gambian form of the disease, man is the reservoir of contagion, with morsitans. the Zimbabwean form, wood antelopes arc the reservoir Water is important to insect breeding, and irrigation could increase the incidence of the disease The female lays her eggs into moist soil, sometimes under pebbles The larvae dig into the soil where they' spend about 3-4 weeks The flies are active during the daytime (Selkhozpromexport, 1988) Continuous surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of infected human cases is of paramount importance Urgent need for ecological studies, improvement in human and veterinary health services, cost-benefit analysis to guide control programs, and greater use of trypanotolerant livestock and cultivation methods other than ploughing with oxen may need to be implemented Rwanda, dunng the 1980’s, was partially successful in controlling tsetse by combining the use of insect traps with habitat management (Pasketl, 1983). One/iotfercfajis Onchocerciasis is endemic in southwestern Ethiopia, particularly in Illubabor, Keffa and Wellega (Appendix A to Annex 3D), where the rate of blindness (1.35-1.5 per cent) is increasing (Budden 1981) Migration and resettlement have been suggested as major vehicles for increasing Onchocerciasis transmission in Ethiopia fDeSole 1976) Large plantations that attract labourers on a seasonal or permanent basis ore a significant occupational risk factor in the epidemiology of the disease The resettlement program for drought victims in south western and north-western Ethiopia involved thousands of persons and contributed to the expansion of Onchocerciasis State farms along river basins like the Baro-Akobo, with their forest-shaded, fast stream environment, attract people into close fly contact The magnitude of Onchocerciasis transmission and its sequelae14 may become greater than is now realised TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanENVIRONMENT ANNEX 4 Ee/faw Fever The first cases of yellow- fe«r were reported fa lhe second Wf cf 1959 fa Awsal in western Wdlega (Appendix A to Ann«3D) Tbs 15 recorded auiefinio?^ls outbreak in Ethiopia Considering the ecology of western Ethiopia, the abundance o- vecto.s and wild reservoir hosts, extensive population movements. and recent «xdera..or. . landscape change (deforestation, settlement patterns and water ^esourca deveiopmen.k careful epidemiolofacal surveillance is required it' ydJow fever and otner arbovirus to remain under control There have been no official reported and confirmed cases of h dfcw Fever since the last epidemic of 1966 (Mekonnen 1993) Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis is a three-factor disease involving pathogenic schistosomes, certain species of aquatic snails and man The three related subsystems representing different stages of ine transmission cycle are (I) the man-host snarl relationship, (2) the snail-parasite relationship and (3) the man parasite relationship The locus of all three subsystems is water, the human use of which often results in convergence of agent, intermediate host snail, and human host Each of the three interfaces is strongly influenced by the physical environmental and by biotic and human factors Increasing population movements in recent decades and deteriorating living conditions have facilitated the spread of Schistosomiasis to areas where it was previously absent The geographic distribution of Schistosomia mansoni infection and its intermediate snail hosts tn Ethiopia Biomphiiaria pfeiffer and Biomphiiaria suciantca have been well described (Ayele. 1982, Kloos et al, 1988. Lo et al, 1988. Tedla et al, 1989). Similarly Buiinus africanus is identified as the only transmitter for Schistosoma haematobium in the Wellega focus (Lo et al. 1982) The host snail B. pfeiffer. which prefers small streams and irrigation canals, is by far the most common snail host for S. mansoni. In its comprehensive study of the Baro, Alwero, Chiru, and Gilo Rivers prior to 1983, Selkhozpromexport (1988; detected no indication of BiomphaJana (intermediate host of intestinal Schistosomiasis) or Buiinus (intermediate host of urinary Schistosomiasis) They conclude there are no characteristic foci of Schistosomiasis within the limits of the lower basin, although infections appear to have been imported to the area from other locations. The highly localised distribution of the infection (Appendix A to Annex 3D) is lafgdy due to altitude, through its effects on temperature, rainfall, topography, population density, and the distribution and nature of surface waters Rainfall during most of the year and corresponding fast stream flow, together with relatively low population densities, are associated with low prevalence rates of 10 per cent in the western and southern regions (Kloos, 1993), which includes the project area. Most Schistosomiasis control efforts in Ethiopia have been directed towards reducing the snail intermediate host through the application of molluscicides, with limited case treatment, health I 4 Morbid condibon or symptom foltouring a disease. TAMS4JLG Btiro-Akoto River Basin lntegraied Development Mister Plan 4-11annex 4 ■ «>»>.>« «'« * Bt“USC S' S,OSOm“« » , th.1 to «»-«■« » PO'^' l«"onn“ and \C TS,O,M Of SsubsXtai«~n-e*d h wave p'oc**-~ This would include * ,me?r’"d m'° Sd,,flosomia« «W:. P Pto’ser. of sift md abundant water supply for domestic purposes. *"• construction and use of latrines. 3” extenson of primary care senices, including the development of effective health education programs, 4’ strengthening of community organisations to encourage and co-ordinate community-based control activities. V careful selection of sites and design of irrigation schemes and adherence to regulations resardina the operation and maintenance of schemes so as to prevent snail hosts and ths transmission cycle from becoming established. 6"1 follow up treatment of newly arriving farm labourers and settlers infected with Schistosomia All control measures and activiues, including chemotherapy, should be carried out predominantly, if not entirely, with the use of indigenous material and human resources, to assure the economic feasibility and sustainability of programs Malaria About three-quarters of the total area of Ethiopia is estimated to be malarious, and about two- thirds of the inhabitants of the country are at risk of infection (Appendix A. AnnexuD) The annual incidence of malaria in 1989-90 was 21/1000 population based on statistics from the number of cases diagnosed microscopically It excludes an estimated incidence that is three to four times that number diagnosed on clinical grounds Large-scale settlement of non-immunc highland people in the lowlands and deterioration of the health services dunne the last phase of the civil war were particularly instrumental in increased morbidity and mortality from malaria The lowlands of the project area below 1500 m altitude are highly malarious (.Annex 3D), and the blood of more than 75 per cent of children less than I year old shows signs of infection (Selkhozpromexport, 1988). It is reported that Anopheles gambiae is responsible for the high sporozoite rate in the Gambela area (Krafsur, 1971) Of the four plasmodtum species known to cause human malaria, the two epidemiologic*!!' important species are Plasmodium falciparum. 60 per cent, and Plasmodium vivax. 40 per cent of all malaria cases Plasmodium falciparum causes the most frequent and fatal episodes of malaria in Ethiopia It is the cause of severe and complicated malaria in which the case fatality rate is about 10 per cent in hospitalised adults and up to 33 per cent in children less than 12 years old Selkhozpromexport, 1988, cites morbidity rates of 40 per cent, but believes TAMS-tLG Barv Akobo River Buin InlCSr.t<-d Dcvelopmeni Mister Plan 4-22annex 4 ENVIRONMENT thev should be hiaher due to rhe mortality of undiagnosed children br,ur is also widelv distributed and often precedes the transmission of P falciparum f lasmoaium vw® is more common in the dn season. and whether this is due to wtrve transmission or reuses has not been clearly determined This species is not a major cause of mortality but « an important cause of morbidity due to the phenomenon o* relapse In Gambcla it has been observed that residents speaking the Nilotic languages ve more resistant to P mm infections than arc the more recent arrivals ro these lowlands. who speax Semetic and Cushittc languages (Armstrong 1978) Later studies established the absence oi Duffy azngen in Nilotic speakers (Mathews 1981) Though malaria has seasonal transmission, agricultural development schemes are considered to be highly malarious This is mainly due to migrant labourers who often go into these areas from the less malarious and malana-free regions with little or no expo sure-related immunity Irrigated agricultural development will undoubtedly increase the presence of surface water throughout the year, extending the duration of suitable habitat for anopheles breeding {aecie^ the carrier ofyellow fever, prefers areas close to habitations for breeding. Selkhozpromexport 1988; This will create a change in the dynamics of transmission from seasonal ro pcrennia. Physical environmental modifications, such as the draining of stagnant water bodies and filling of hollows and burrow pits, when carried out regularly, have proven to be effective The earh detection and prompt treatment of cases remains the cornerstone in reducing morbidity and mortality due to malaria Ethiopia makes use of DDT in its anti-malaria I campaigns in some pans of the country (The Monitor. 1996. Addis Tribune, 1996), but this is a banned pesticide Other pesticides (hexachloron. dieldrin, etc) also have adverse impacts (Selkhozpromcxport, 1938) Chemoprophylaxis is not suitable other than for protection of temporary, non-immune visitors Immunity development is a possible response, but high mortality is likely of non-irmnune immigrants Insect treated mosquito nets have proven effective in reducing the incidence of malaria in West Africa and Asia Eventually a vaccine may provide effective protection a paint” malaria Leishmaniasis The report by Selkhozpromcxport (1988) states the mosquito carriers of Leishmaniasis are not found in theGambela lowlands, and that no cases have been reported 4.6.3 Sanitation The concept of‘Health for all by the Year 2000’ and the Declaration of Primary Health Care (PHC) by WHO in 1978 emphasises the need for and urgency of providing safe'and adequate water supply and basic sanitation According to the J 984 census, rivers and lakes were still the major sources of domestic water supply in urban areas in Wellega, and weds and springs (about half of them unprotected) in Dlubabor and Keffa. Earlier studies have indicated tbit only a small proportion of the inhabitants of the project area have access to dependab’e supplies of safe and potable water The majonty of the population use unprotected sources eff water, including rivers, streams, springs and water holes TAMS-U LG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integral rd Developmeai Master Pt,™ 4-Uannex 4 <L X™ » the project .tea. only W of <he urban and less than 1 p„ cen, of 1 Xatror mk est.na.ed to be served uttb safe means of emeu .sposal Acer,d,' ™^ort no sanninon faaln.es are present rn the enure Gambela reg,on «cep< ‘ St wd rone residences (UNDP, IW) The terror o/.Sector Po/^. Mwsn of Waler Resources (1996) states that only 7 per cent of Ethiopians have access. sanitation. which it defines as a latrine Xmong the most common diseases in the project area are those that are caused by pathogen transmitted in human excreta The transmission of these diseases is mainly due to poo: hveeue conditions and lack of safe dnnking water Intestinal protozoa like E/itamoe^ htstclvttca and (jiardia iamblia and intestinal helminths like Ascaris lumbricoides. Trichuns tnchuna. Ancylostoma duodcnale. Stron%loydes stercoralis are the leading causes for out- patient visits in the project area Improved sanitary conditions and the provision of adequate potable water will definitely improve the occurrence of diseases caused by these intestinal parasites Skin infections and diseases of the eyes are reported among the ten leading causes of outpatient visits (Table 8) Some diseases of the eyes and the skin arc frequently dependent on availability of water and sanitary conditions In one study in Ethiopia, ar. inverse relationship between trachoma prevalence, living space, availability of latrines, and per capita water consumption has been shown (Tesfaye el al 1988) Among schoolchildren in Wcllega, scabies has beer, found to be highly prevalent (Hojer et al 1973) Other water associated diseases are shown tn .Appendix A to this Environmental Annex 4.6.4 Health Services The six-tiered national health care system consists (from the bottom) of community health services (health posts), health stations (clinics), district hospitals, regional hospitals, and central referral hospitals The existing community health service or health post at the base is staffed by one community health agent (CHA) and one trained traditional birth attendant (TBA) to render basic health services These services include promotion of community participation, control of communicable diseases, provision of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) services and provision of curative services for minor illnesses Each health post is expected to serve a minimum of 1,000 population Health stations, the lowest level health services operated directly by the Ministry of Health, are widely distributed in rural areas mostly in villages and small towns In the project area the number of health stations are 14a in Region 4, 32 in Region 6, 8 in Region 11 and 25 in Region 12 As data for Region 11 could not be obtained, the current number of health centres and health stations may be slightly more (indicated tn Appendix C, Social Infrastructure, as no available data, NAD, in the existing health stations column) Each health station is staffed by one or two health assistants (the larger ones by a nurse) and is anticipated to serve at least 10,000 population within a 10-12 km radius Health stations provide regular outpatient services and basic MCH care, and develop and implement environmental sanitation and water supply programs E 'iVIRO'Mtv, _ Ethinnia both in urban and rural areas, is among the worv , E ,hl0Pian V*"'yS Dtvd°P<T' (EVOs* TAMS-l 1 G Baro-Akobo River Basin Intcgraied Dnelopmcnl Mauer Plan 4-24 AENVIRONMENT ANNEX 4 Health Centres arc staffed bv a physician. nurses, sanitarians. laboratory technic Sants in ?he project area the number of health centres are 7 in Roper 4. 3 tn Reg™ 6.3 in Rezion 11 and 4 ii Region 12 Health Centres arc the major heahh bcifatw of □reside more specialised outpatient services as well as supervise and support health stanons Each ««. is "Peered ,o pro.de se^e foe K l~ are lhe nos ipeeialised and best flatted, and ate expected to serve „ refcral «nt.« ^or dw. catchrnent arras tn the project area the number of hospMU are 4 m Reston a. I tn Regto-. 6. I in Region 11 and 1 in Region 12 with 3 total fr60 beds The 1996 Ministry of Health program has improved the health infrastructure The cr.erau. objective of the new health service is to provide an acceptable standard of comprenensive and ■melted health care threuzh equitably dutnbuted health institutions at the grass-roots level Thus. the existing six-tier health care delivery system is reduced to four tier At the base of the pyramid are health centres with five satellite community health services or health posts Accordingly, health stations are to be replaced by health posts, thereby replacing the existing health stations and health posts by the new health post This will change the catchment of the new health post to 5.000 population Annex D (in Annex 3D, Social infrastructure) gives the organogram of a health centre The system is designed to be operational in 1996, and will remain with the same functions as now except that coverage will be reduced to 25,000 population instead of 100.000 Under each health centre there will be 5 health posts The budget for [he health centre is Birr 672.000 77 and 2,372.161 12 for recurrent and capital budget respectively The total budget breakdown is shown in Table I in .Annex B (of Social lnffktructure. Annex 3D) The budget for the five health posts under each health centre is 163,352 73 and 945,928 for recurrent and capital respectively These figures may vary depending on the materials used for building the health posts as shown by the budget breakdown in Table 2 in Annex B (in Annex 3D) As they were earlier planned to cater for the health needs of 100.000 population, the existing health centres in the project area will have to be increased by four-fold to satisfy the present policy of the Ministry of Health Similarly the health stations that are operational will need to be convened to health posts with an increase of their numbers according to the total number of health centres, that is to five health posts for each health centre Maternal and Child Health (MCH) service is more and more gaining in popularity This can be illustrated by the fact that services given to pregnant women and children in Gambela has shown a sharp Increase of 132 per cent over the service planned for 1995 MCH and familv planning (MCHTP) are integrated services given at all levels of the health service system To the mothers, the objective is to provide antenatal care, delivery- service for pregnant women and family planning service for women 15-49 age group in general, to the child, the objective LS to provide curative and preventive health service Immunisation of children through the Expanded Program of Immunisation (EPI) for the six imrrtunuable childhood dseasks TB poliomyelitis, diphtheria, penussis, tetanus and measles is an important part of MCH program’ The status 01 immunisation for the project area is shown in Tables 9 and 10 TAMS-ULG BiroAkobo River Baiin [nitrated Dodopmcnt Master PIm 4-15,NV>ROx.vItSi ksnex* Table9 i" >”2'in run'1 (ptr Utabibor Crrttrwo a| M3KBCG) <| XUJ (measles’ <1 stir iDPT-3) <1 uar (Pobo-3) <1 tear \fulh tmmumsed) Wgcka 1M9'1121 MM4 Gvabcli KcfTa Wellega • 1 297 245 El— A VM’ • 14.0 85 9.9 U«lih Plans. Mi • 16 6 • 10.7 no 19^ 9 120 130 7.0 inistn of Heald 9.1 - 69 55 >. 1992 rabccil Xibccul Popxai-cc Pobn of Ethtfpu op «l Table 10 Immunisation rates in 1995 (%) Immunisation Project areas National BCG Measles DPT 3 Polio 3 TT2P 52 6 326 400 40.2 29.1 59 0 350 4)0 400 19.0 Sor-sr c^xiblnbrd dxx. from Mother and Child Health Department. Mmitfry of Health Wnhm a population, different age and soco-cconorruc groups have a much greater likelihood of experiencing illness and dying Infants and children less than 5 years of age, and mothers of child bearing age (15-49 yean) fall into that category, where they comprise 37.9 per cent of the existing population (estimate from 1984 CSA census) According to a recent survey conducted by the Ministry of Health (1995). the Infant Mortality Rate (0 year) and Child Mortality Rate (1-4 vean) for the whole country are 105/1000 and 52.5/1000 respectively Table 11 shows the infant and child mortality rates for the project area In addition to the usual childhooa diseases like polio, whooping cough, diphtheria and measles, children suffer more recuemly than adults from diarrhoea, respiraion infections, malnutrition, tetanus and malana The health care system should be improved and strengthened to reduce morbidity and rnonamy rates of these vulnerable groups of the population TA.MS.tLC K,„ A 4-26ENVIRONMENT ANNEX 4 Regional mortality indicator by typ* of residence in I98J Stx Illubabo' Rural Urban Keffa Rural Urban Wellega Rural Urban National Rural Urban Infant Mortality Rate (0 year/1000) I 14 0 1016 144 0 103 4 992 86 3 1182 102 8 Females 983 88 5 126,9 88 9 87 3 68 1 1043 84 9 Child Mortality Rate (1-4 years) 52.8 44 6 74 5 45 8 43 1 35 1 55.7 45 5 Females 53 9 46.3 78 6 46 4 45 5 31 3 58 7 43 6 Source CSA 1990 The Maternal and Child Health (MCH) program integrated in the health mirastructurt is meant io take care of these vulnerable population groups by implementing both curative and preventive health services The MCH program provides a generally low coverage for the country (Table 11) and, as it is an important part of the health service, needs to receive more attention The National Expanded Program of Immunisation (EPl), a component of the MCH program, has an even lesser coverage rate (Table 3 Appendix 0 in Annex 3D, Soaa! infrastructure) Improvement of these low rates, particularly the EPl, could be achieved by promoting social mobilisation through health education and by encouraging mothers and care takers of infants in the project area As the MCH program is fully supported by UNICEF through the provision of basic requirements and is integrated within the infrastructure of health institutions, the additional cost required to make it optimally operational will be minimal According to the MOH’s 1996 report on Cost-effectiveness and Program Evaluation of Major Healih Interventions, the total cost for complete immunisation per child is Birr 53 50. This includes cost of labour Birr 1 92. vaccine Birr 6 66, overheads Birr 49 92 Depending on the geographic location and the population density the number of accessible outreach posts for immunisation may need to be increased Supplementing the overhead expense mentioned above may improve the immunisation coverage rate in the project area 7. 6.5 Au trifionat Statu 5 Malnutrition is a common and widespread problem in the country In the rural areas m Ethiopia, among children aged 6 to 59 months, 8 per cent are "wasted', i.e., below 90 per cent height for age and above 80 per cent weight for height which indicates acute malnutrition (Waterlow 1973) 64 per cent are "stunted", i.e., 90 per cent height for age and 30 per cen: weight for height which indicates chronic malnutrition (Waterlow 1973) 48 per cent are underweight". i.e., low weight for age (CSA 1992) According to published data by CSA (1992), the nutritional status of children in the age group 6 to 59 months in the project ana is shown in Table 12. It is more or less comparable to the national figures. Specific nutritional deficiencies like anaemia, which is prevalent in the area either as direct iron deficiency or as indirect parasitic or other diseases, arc reported in Hlubabor and Gambdi Such soecfic deficiencies need to be attended by direct intervention on the root cause and bv providinc supplement Improving the general nutritional status of the copulation bv oroMdiac TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Bmin lnivgriicd Be^topuiciit Master PLm 4-27annex 4 ■ ■ not be ferine. S.reng.hen.08 nutrition whhm the MCH progrlm ^Stnons ». note epptopnete epproech T»bk It Nulritionnl Stilus imong children age 6-59 months in 1992 (pw ENVn>ON^ nf Malnutrition Illubabor Keffa Weilega National Wasting (acute) Stunting (chronic) Undcnvciaht 9.1 67.1 52.5 73 609 38.2 10.8 592 51.6 8.0 649 47.7 Source CSA 1992 4.7 Lind and Natural Resource Use Land and natural resources are essential to the survival of the project area’s 2 million or so residents This is not to say that these same residents use their natural resources with a view towards long-term survival Rather, natural resources are being used in a way that results in reduced agricultural productivity and worsened water quality Its effect, in the medium terra, will be declines in the standard of nutrition and shelter of the approximately 25-40 per cent of the area’s population who cultivate marginal land (see Colombi, 1995) Copeland (1996) estimates that 0 1 per cent of agriculture (expressed as cultivated surface) is currently at full population support capacity, that this will become 23 2 per cent in 10 years and 44 6 per cent in 25 years 15.1 per cent of the agricultural surface is currently over-exploited with production declines expected as land becomes increasingly exhausted Table 13 gives Copeland's (1996) estimates of current land use It shows that rainfed cultivation occupies about 18 per cent of the project area, and that disturbed and very disturbed forest occupies another 18 per cent Both areas are undoubtedly related, the forest playing an important role in meeting the energy and timber requirements of nearby households. Dense woodland, representing only about 8 per cent of the project surface, undoubtedly is only a remnant of the forests that formerly occupied southwestern Ethiopia The woodland and grassland types occur principally on the lower basin Table 13 Land use Lind use Area (%) Rainfed cultivation Disturbed forest Very disturbed forest Dense woodland, >50 % cover Open woodland. <50 % cover Dense woodland/open grassland Other 18 4 44 14 3 82 41 5 34 9.8 1 Source Copeland, 1996 15 A svbscCTjenl lectio, C;Km.se, U d deptdwoo n 4-2*ENVIRONMENT ANNEX 4 Table 14 Household number by region Redon Household No Name No Densicv 3 (No Itm ) 6 4 11 12 Asosa 44,656 32 3 Oromia 2^5,250 54 5 Shekichn 98,964 242 Gambela 28.923 70 Source Roger, G 1996 Stat Bu! 132, Oct 1995 Stat Bui 134, Jun 1995 Weredalist and area? EVDSA 1990 Recon Master Plan 4.7. J Subsistence Agriculture Most residents of Lhe project area practice subsistence agriculture in one form or another Table 14 gives the number of rural households by region and their computed density we assume most of these are involved in subsistence food production Wicket (1995) estimates average field size to be 0 5 ha/ household in the upper basin and 0 8 in the lower. .Armitage (1996) estimates the farmed area in the upper basin to occupy about 5,540 km2. about 40 per cent of which is on slopes greater than 30 per cent (Colombi. 1995) Not all farms are permanent rather, farmers appear to combine short fallows with a system of field rotation and expansion into the forest to maintain production Both .Armitage (1996) and Wicket (1995) cite shifting cultivation, in which freshly cleared forest is cultivated about 4 years before being left in fallow, as a practice employed by about 15 per cent of farmers Fanners state that fallow periods of about 10 years duration are required for complete land renewal (Wicket. 1995), but Armitage (1996) observed most fallows lasting only about 1-2 years During our field visit, many fields appeared to be abandoned- Armitage noted that while the population is expanding at about 3 % per year, crop production is expanding only by about 0 9 per cent, primarily by encroaching into the forest About 75 per cent of upper basin crops are cereals, 6 per cent arc pulses, and 2 per cent arc oil seeds, fruit, tobacco, taro, and coffee are also important (Table 15) Seed is kept from the crop of the previous season. The use of pesticides is rare, .Armitage (1995) observes that fertiliser use was only about 294 tonnes of DAP 20/22 in the project area during the 1992-93 season, Mum (1993) reports the use of livestock manure is rare High rainfall and steep slopes in the upper basin would contribute to high fertiliser mobility 16 Abandoned fields ^ould be present bt! unman*ged be marked by an atHtnca of bom mg, ^cuLd ms he ptjc.'ghcd. «nd fra:: CW5 '.j TAMS-ULG BaroAkobo Rh er Basin In 4-J9 DeATlopm„ Plan"ENV,ROXMhl Crop Principal crops of the project area Low er basin Upper basin Cereals Maize, teff. sorghum, barley, millet soybean. maize, rice Grain legumes Faba bean, haricot bean, chickpea Soybean Oilseed Niger, linseed, sesame Sesame, groundnut Other Coffee, chilli Cotton Copclmd. V 1996 Labour is primarily by hand, though oxen-drawn ploughs are employed to perform tillage and threshing, land that is too steep for oxen is tilled by hand Weeding is generally done twice (Armitage. 1996) -Alum (1993) identifies farm labour as a major constraint to the des elopment of agriculture Ownership of oxen is a mark of status (Wicket. 1995) Extension services are unavailable to most farmers Alum (1993) computed a ratio of 1 agent per 425 farm households Lack of agricultural credit, poor access to markets, and inadequate organisation among farmers contribute to low farm productivity (.Alum. 1993) Subsistence farming in the lowlands makes use of land close to the rivers. During the early rainy season seed is drilled into the banks using a digging stick and the crop harvested prior to flooding During flood recession the banks are again planted, so that 2 crops are possible during the year, some farmers occasionally obtain 3 (Wicket. 1995). 4. 7.2 Tea and Coffee Two coffee estates, Beka (6,537 ha) and Tepi (4,441 ha), and at least rwo tea estates, Gumero (860 ha) and Wishwish, arc situated in the project area In addition there are many private producers of coffee, much of which appears to be wild The coffee estates produce 1 3 million quintals of coffee bean annually. A wet fermentation process is used, producing approximately 650,000 tonnes of pulp waste at 34 stations operating in the project area Much of this enters rivers and streams as point-source pollution The characteristics of coffee waste, the nature of its discharge into the streams, as a slug or as a steady stream, and its rate of decay and BOD_. are important considerations that have not been studied in Ethiopia 4.7.3 Large-scale Irrigation Abebo Dam on the AJwero River, completed during August of this year, will flood approximately 22 1 km2 of lowland plains and displace about 3,000 farmers from 4 ullages (Colombi. 1995); its ev entual irrigated area will cover about 10,000 ha. At the time of writing. 17 3OD ■ biochonjcal oxvgen demand TAMS-l LG r^Akobo River Basis Imepi.cd Development MuterPtan 4-30 JENVIRONMENT annex 4 budget allocations for the construction of canals. which are unlmed have not been made The plans bv Selkhozpromexport (I 990) call for 7 km/'I OTO ha command area r°^ and 30 km' i OTO ha of unsurfaced road The dam is fitted neither *t± adders no. o±er provisions for fish management Although reservoir filling had dreads commenced during me time of our field visit ( 5 June 1996). clearing the reservoir area of vegetation was mcomplete and residents remained in villages scheduled tor flooding 4.7.4 Animal Husbandry and Beekeeping Livestock contribute about 38 per cent of Ethiopia’s economy Most livestock tn the project area live in rhe uplands In the combined basins, cattle number about I 2 million and sneep and goats about 600.000 In recent years animal numbers have fluctuated widely This is due principally to livestock accompanying the influx of refugees from the Sudan, occasions o: banditry along the border, and intermittent outbreaks of rinderpest (Machin. 1996) Cattle are predominantly of (he zebu type with mature weights of about 250 kg; sheep are fat-tailed meat breeds and weigh between 25 and 40 kg, goats are of the East African variety and weigh between 25 and 30 kg The livestock population is summarised in Tabic 16 Table 16 Livestock Population. (1000's) Cattle 1 194 S Sheep 402 3 Goats 2373 Equines 88 1 Poultry 1,130 5 Source Machin, T 1996 Rangelands and natural pasture that make up the lower basin consist of three basic types (1) Below 425 m altitude, the Gambela plain is made up of seasonally flooded (August - December) pasture Covering about 1 million ha, it provides about 7 million tonnes of potential grazing per year (2) Non-flooded lowlands he between 425 and 550 m altitude and consist mainly of woodland savannah Covering about 740.000 ha, they produce more than 7 million tonnes of grazing annually (3) The piedmont and its adjoining uplands lie at elevations greater than 550m, cover about 800,000 ha, and produce about I 2 million tonnes of potential grazing per year Livestock in (he upper basin gain their nutrition from a mix of natural pasture, fallow- lands crop residues, forest, and waste products. Crop residues in the project area are much Jess important to cattle nutrition than they are elsewhere in Ethiopia. EvcntuaDy. however as population pressure continues to mount, the relevance of residues will increase Livestock support from natural pasture will become increasingly difficult as more land comes under the plough TAMS-ULG Bant-Akobo River Bavin Integrated Development Muter Plan 4-31ANNEX 4 ENVtR0'Mtx, Livestock contributions to non-pomt pollution of surface and groundwater arc Table I" guts manure nitrogen and manure phosphorus measured for differen^^ animals tn tne Unrted States These same constituents from Ethiopian livestock are I less. possibly by as much as half, due to small animal size Pollution is a n hi r livestock congregate near habitations The project proposes to improve water SUnnl^?^ a \anetv of schemes (sec Water Resource annexes) Table 6 Appendix A lists • °f requirement of different kinds of livestock Table 17 Manure N&P available to groundwater l"e Animal Type Manure N (kg animal vr) Manure P (kg animal/yr) Durv Beef Horses Swine Sheep Layers and broilers 72 6 454 454 10.0 127 12 7 82 32 64 09 04 0.1 I Source Hamlett, J M et al 1993 Statewide GIS-based ranking of w atersheds for agricultural pollution pres ention In J Soil & Water Cons pp 399-404 Livestock draught power is low. principally because of weakness caused by intestinal and other disorders One pair of oxen can manage about 0 25 ha of ploughing per day Given the number of ploughings required in Ethiopia, the most that two animals can manage is about 2 5 ha per year Important disease vectors include tsetse fly. of which there are 4 species, there are 5 of Trypanosomes, in the project area, and ticks In 1976, the project area was reported intested with trypanosomiasis (TAMSXLG, 1995), by 1995 the area had increased (ARDC0- GEOSERV, 1995) Pasteurellosis, anthrax, blackleg, liver fluke, rinderpest, and contagious bovine pleuro-pneumoma are important diseases The disease situation has worsened since the influx of unprotected livestock from Sudan Although dip tanks occur in the project area, their use is irregular The introduction of East Coast Fever could require regular dipping, howe'er (TAMS/ULG, 1995) Beekeeping is an important industry in the project area, where it produces about 5700t ol honey and 570t of beeswax per year Its economic value is about 60 million Bin (L’SS 9 5 million 1996) or one-half die national income from honey and wax Beekeeping is practised by all ethnic groups resident in the project area with the exception of the Nuer The Majanger are FlheiF CXCtpUOnal Skilk in bee mana8ement Most beekeepers probably manag4 While some bee hunters gather hones b manage traditional hives located in tr«*< Wicket. 1996) Five races of bees occur in th * bees in that they are highly mobi e hence r J, , . 're management techniques different from those tbe b’ve hunting), most appear to C ^m ownership (Bradbear. 1996. Thc*' diffcr from temperate zone TAMS-ULG Bjro-Akobo River Buin Intuited Development Matter Plan 4-32ENVIRONMENT ANNEX 4 of Eorope and Sonh Amenca E.bopra. bees «•-***?“ *" '” COT'r“' ” from read* countries such as Egypt and Verr.CT fBradbear. I99«) Hives are traditional tubular types nude from bark. tafcw or other stable material Given the Io* outlay required tor °f£°^e Xal returns are high desptte then Io* yidds compared to te^ate zone «n fave, (Bradbear. 1996) Bee keeping is cited as a cause of brush and forest fires Bradbear(1996) proposes this hazard could be reduced by introducing simple smokers. 4,7.3 National Parks and Controlled Hanting T reax ‘ The lowland basm is the site of Gambela National Park, three controlled hunting areas, hkau \kobo and Tedn. are also located in the project area Despite efforts made to set as-de naot.a for the preservation of wildlife, the result has not matched expectations and suitable haoitat has became compressed Important constraints are insufficient staff, insufficient awareness, insufficient finance, an absence of plans to manage priority areas, inadequate infrastructure, and no research capacity (Atwell, 1996) Predations from unregulated hunting, due in large measure to civil unrest and the presence of large groups of refugees have resulted m reduced wildlife populations 4. Z t5 3 fining Primitive mining is practised in some plains areas of the lowland basin We did nor visit these areas and have little idea of their scale From interviews we understand that lack of water is a constraint to the separation of gold fines from heavy sands 4,8 Lund Degradation Land degradation occurs in various forms throughout the project area: water-caused soil erosion, chemical degradation (leaching of bases), physical degradation (loss of beneficial soil properties such as porosity), and biological degradation (loss of humus) Each one of these poses a potent risk to food production, taken together, they threaten agriculture and the benefits of the many projects this master plan is charged with assessing Factors that contribute to potentially high rates of land degradation in the project area include • high rainfall, • a high proportion of sloping lands, and • a propensity on the pan of most farmers, acting innocently, to misuse land In contrast to many areas in Ethiopia, however, land degradation appears to be nether denrucrive nor speetaeular- gullies are rare, soils appear ro be deep, and crops appear ro glow 18 A smekw is 3 un can, into whsch sraodulen™ nutmal ■» nL™! -u l. bellow, Foe mk u lanital dix ta „y ™ ‘ TAMS-ULG thro-Akobo River Basin Im touted Development M^er PtLi------------------- ------ -------- 4-33env r \SNEXJ , o^ ““ M «n ThK bcl>« the fact of diminishing soil fertility as one of the principal r "'“X crops from one W » another and employ fallow. albert lnefr^ of therr cuhurnl practices With time and will mercasmg pressure upon a todsurftce. the opportunities to manage diminishing soil resources will become incrrai.^‘ iX w.11 X»e rncreasmgh shin, soil fatil.ry mil lessen, and food product^ suffer / & I II 'ater^au s«f wri/ erosion Soil erosion reduces plant productivity by decreasing soil depth, thereby reducing the capa^ of soils to store water for plant use. and by selectively removing clays and other fines adsorb soil nutnents essential to plant processes Soil erosion is a natural process It becozej important to min onlv when soil is removed at a rate faster than it is produced In the humc uplands of the project area, weathering of basalts and granites will probably produce soil at* rate of about 20 vha vear, in the lowlands west ofGambela, soil production is probably abow o*8 vha year in contrast, the erosion of upland fields laid bare by farming w ould vary between 20 and 100 thayear19 20 Soil conservation practices are important, but these are unlikely to be effective on land slopes greater than about 18 per cent, alternative forms of land use are another, and probably much larger, part of the answer, A subsequent section reviews the potential of different soil conservation strategies to control soil loss This section is more concerned with the present state of soil loss and its processes Tabic 18 gives comparative soil losses for primary forest, bare fallow, and coffee and ta production from different pans of the world where these have been measured. The table shows the kinds of soil loss reductions that could be beneficial to land users in some parts of the upper project basin (Copeland. 1996. identifies land areas suitable for coffee) Alternative land uses would require, however, that other kinds of constraints, social and economic, be addressed Table 18 Soil losses for different land uses Land uses Location Soil loss (t/ha/ycAr* Slope (percent) Reference___ Primary forest Woodland Kenya Burundi 0 09 O’! ♦ 45+50 Dunne, 1978 Taupiac, Bare fallow Burundi 173+880 40 Taupiac. 198J__ Coffee Burundi Brazil Columbia 0+0.4 I 79 5 81 45+50 • ♦ Taupiac, 198 j Mitchell, 196? Mitchell, 1962--- Tea, year I Tea, year 2 Tea. year 3 See reftTcict Kenya Kenya Kenya 161 48 3 1 23 « ♦ 4 Thomas, 1988 Thomas, 1988 Thomas. l98jL* 19 Soil losses have been measured si DiziSetearthSut,™.____, . , Tie sitt was only Rcouly cleared of in angina] fcrea cots h' ' ' °"s of Niiisols found in the a .j famsnyycan 20 See Humi. 1983 bowtI' IS lo t* repnsenutive of ««s Bare-Akobo Rh Basin Inicgriied Development Master Plan crANNEX 4 environment Krauer, in 1933. computed a rainfall erosiviry and iso-erodent map of Ethiopia, which shows crosivrtv values for the project area to vary between 100 and 9W MJ nw»b His wort demonstrates that crasivity varies more or less directly with altitude Hagmarm. tn a soil survey of Dizi published in 1991. observed a soii that had lost approximately 30 cm of depth after about 30 years of continuous agriculture Recent research by the Soil Conservation Research Project measured soil losses cosrespoodtcg to 5 treatments and I control (Table 18) While the data give an indication of soil losses <or different treatments, they nonetheless are remiss because they fail to provide a runoff parcel in bare fallow needed to extrapolate data to other sites (see Lal, 1988) The soil losses given tn Table 19 are much less than those observed bv Hagmann The disparity may result from the fact that the research plot is on land recently cleared from forest, whereas that surveyed by Hagmann had already undergone cultivation for a lengthy period Table 19 Soil losses for different treatments Treatment Soil loss (t/ha/year) Grain (control) Grass strip 5 06 1 48 Graded Fanya Juu 046 Graded bund 0 66 Level Fanya Juu Level bund 076 0 18 Source Pmonal commimicauori. Sail Conservation Rcicjtmh Project. Adds* Ababa 4.8.2 Other Forms of Soil Degradation The FAO (1979), in .4 Provisional Methodology' for Soil Degradation Assessment. mapped the climatic risk*1 soil degradation hazard for northern Africa including Ethiopia The results that follow derive, in pan. from this document Salinization and Sodicalion Salts in waler and soil, if excessive, cause plant moisture stress similar to drought They can occur in several forms, each requiring different management strategies Saline soils contain sufficient soluble salts to interfere with the grow-th of most plants In saline soils, sodium salts are low in concentration in comparison with calcium and magnesium salts. Excessive concentrations may cause white crusts to form on the soil surface Soils with saline salts are generally flocculated and their permeability is comparable to non-salme soils 21 The «4= of mppirn h coniinennj Scwlhclny 1( n liTO cLraatlc ruk It do« trt take .r-nnm vmutious of soil or vegctition thal are impartKnl al the fcasibth^ level of inquiry TAMS-1’LG Baro-.Akobo River Bavin Integrated Development Master Pl in 4-35\N\KX ■* „ .k wJ, ,rc rrhuveb k* « "cterfre -th fM ENVn‘os^ i uu «lts but contain sufficient adsorbed sodtu^ ,, nol leached until it is replaced by , ^.utn «» « “«’»"> Pla5W and «*r H gtl Saline-wdic soils contain sufficient quantities of both total soluble salt and adsorbed to reduce the yields of most plants As long as excess soluble salts are preser permeability is comparable with that of non-salinc soils When soluble salts are leached^ soils assume the characteristics of sodic soils soil aggregates disperse, permeability h and the soil becomes difficult to till * ecre25«s In the protect area, in addition to moderate salinity hazard in some walers, there are slight & moderate quantities of saline and sodic salts existing in the landscape [heir presence introduces a corresponding hazard of soil salinity, which will require appropriate practices t; address in the lower basin In its economic assessment of the Abobo Irrigation Project Sclkhozpromexport (1988) estimated it would need 13.198 tonnes of gypsum applied every 5 years to 32OS ha of the 15.000 ha command area in order to control soil sodicity Chemical Soil Degradation Under a very humid climate, a soil with free drainage and low cation exchange capacity lose its bases through leaching This loss of bases leads to the soil becoming more acid in reaction, sometimes leading to aluminium toxicity Large amounts of fertilizer, mainly nitrogen, ma; also be lost each year by leaching down to beyond the depth of crop roots The FAO (1978) rates the climatic hazard of chemical degradation in the project area as moderate Biological Soil Degradation The immediate result of biological degradation is the loss of soil organic matter, the mair consequences of which are physical degradation, loss of nutrients, and an increase of runoff and erosion The FAO (19'8) rates the hazard of biological soil degradation in the project arcs as being very high VENVIRONMENT ANNEX 4 5. environmental effects OF BASIN’ DEVELOPMENT 5.1 Introduction projects of the Base Case comprise Natural resource development • catchment management programme • improvements to rainfed agriculture • development of livestock, apiculture and fisheries • development of forestry, wildlife and tourism • renewable energy Social infrastructure • water supply and wastewater programme • improvement of road network * electricity transmission The assessments of the developments listed above are included in this Chapter, with the exception of electricity transmission programme, which is presented in Chapter 6, and follow the environmental impact matrix included as Appendix B to this report Also included is a brief assessment of the impacts of the refugees and the recommended mitigatory measures In this Chapter we consider environment to include issues that make up the natural environment (water, air. soil, flora, fauna), the socio-economic environment (household income, health, access to markets, access to land), and the religious and cultural environment Environmental costs are an important element of project optimisation Investments in components such as improved land husbandry. livestock management, and horticulture which lead to decreased soil erosion and sediment yield, can provide benefits that cany over onto TAMS-L'LG Birv-Akflbo River Basin Integrated Development Master Pl in 4-37ANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT infrastructural investments This same argument can be expanded to issues that include human health household income, and other nutters Appendix D at the clew of thss report summarises the costs of environmental mitigations. 5.2 Sod cotuen aiion 3.2/ Innvduction Volume il Chapter 5 describes the role of soil conservation to protect vulnerable areas from soil erosion and sediment accumulation The soil conservation methods prescribed by Lhc Mister Plan vary according to fanning system, land capability (or land allocation), terrain classificanon and soil While suitable for a Master Plan level of identification and costing, on site work is required if soil conservation practice, land condition, climate, and socio-economic corxiittoos are to be perfectly matched Depending on land condition, five soil conservation interventions arc possible (1) land allocation to coffee, (2) land allocation to protection forest or catchment, (3) planting of grass strips. (4) construction of bunds, and (5) no intervention other than good management Other practices are possible, such as fanya juu, broad-based terrace, and narrow-based terrace, but these are costly and likely to be less effective than land allocations to alternative uses Tabic 20 gives the area required for each practice Table 20 Lind allocations (hectares) for soil conservation Farming system Land allocation (coffee) Protection fores t/catchment Soil Conservation Bunds Grass strips ! IB 119,600 154,800 64,500 2C 57,200 89.600 30,900 2D 108,900 540,500 228,370 3A 85,500 843,100 3B 24,000 ____ Note mean no allocation within that funning rysttm Landi ellocuied to infrartniciurc and lends mjuinnp -jsthn a me allccaticr. rot * cflruerviuon treatment noL tucluded- Soil conservation is not without its own set of potential environmental problems. Applied within limits of adequacy, it can also bring tremendous and, to Ethiopia, essential benefits. 5.2.2 Positive impacts Average crop productivity in Ethiopia is declining about I per cent per annum (Paskett and Debele. 1993). Its cause can be attributed to soil erosion and land degradation, but its roots TAMS-ULG Barrv-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Mailer PlanENVIRONMENT lie in political disinterest and a seemintf . The argument for sod conservation i, ^ 3lUt\f0 modernise the COllnrr.. H prospect* for the future are very dim . z j Potential negative impacts °* “t’onai survive » ■?!*«o*unhouI «. EtWopu-, Wjrjjuaij* The Master Plan proposes to bring 371,200 ha of suitable but at risk land into coffee production If a wet fennentation process is used, considerable waste could enter the area’s watercourses Refer to the previous section, smallholder agriculture, for mitigations ^odiiclipnjos^es Sofl conserv ation practices such as bunds and grass strips remove part of a fanner's field from active crop production Its mitigation is to allow or support the occupancy ofmereased land areas by farmers who employ soil conservation Soil fosses Soil degradation: crop reduction factors, an annex to Vol II Chap 3, gives the results of a 20-year forecast of crop production under different management stratetaes and Lind conditions It shows that grass strips, even on undulating land, may be insufficient to control long-term soil loss Improved soil management skills, such as better plant densities and intercropping, are also required It points to the need to modernise agriculture by increasing farmer skills Gvllxteg Bunds in high rainfall areas perform as conveyances of rainfall At periodic intervals dong the slope the runoff contained by the bund has to be safely disposed of This requires waterways and check dams that act as armoured channels through which water from the bunds exits directly down the slope If inadequately constructed these channels can easily expand into ravines Their mitigation rests in quality agricultural engineering according to recognised standards Specifications may have to be developed by an organisation such as the Soil Conservation Project if soil conservation is to be effective on rolling (steeper than undulating) terrain 5*3 Small-holder agriculture 5.3.1 Introduction &Qm descnbed nearly two The greater part of Ethiopia's agriculture rcm0j^fgth century, descnbed ploughs not centuries ago (Pankhurst, 1990), when Bruce, unlike those in use today Population expansion coupiw degradation have taken their toll agricultural pro i-j to a seeming unconcern about soi threatens t0 from expansion o recur. In fact, cunent increases of agricultural u p ^^gjnal landscapes, than from cultivated area, often at the expense of forest an improvements in technology. , The project proposes change through the mtroduction expanded land husbandry* and improve the following. . . n new methods, improved agricultural f aofcuitural inputs These include TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlinVft WNEX J exvihonm ENt • tmprovcd msntutional support, research, training, and better linkages between reseat and training. • improved marketing and produce processing, • improved farmer credit. • better veiciinan cart, research on livestock nutrition, and upgrading of the eenetic stock of traction animals. • improved coffee production. • improved research in irrigation, and the introduction of small-scale irrigation io dryland farmer j. • intemificalion of crop-livestock production systems, • local production of inorganic N and P fertilisers from indigenous materials, • improv ed timing of sowing to better match meteorological conditions; ■ inter-sectoral co-ordination of development, including infrastructure; • development ofland tenure legislation so that access is enhanced by concepts of securitv of investment, • improved community participation, and • promote small- and medium-sued local agro-industries for local and export markets Analyses conducted by the Master Plan used geographical information systems (G1S) methods io co-ordinate information about areas suitable for smallholder agricultural investment From the above listing it can be seen that a large part of the component rests upon getting technological and material inputs to small farmers through extension A key portion or the component is also legislative improving concepts of land ownership and land husbandry 5.3.2 Positi re environ mental i mpacts Better land husbandry through improved technology and increased farmer inputs will lead to reduced soil degradation and expanded farm productivity Improved rural credit will enable farmers to purchase the implements and materials they need to better manage their lands 5.3.3 Potential negative impacts Agrichemicals The misuse of agrichemicals pose considerable risk to farmers unaccustomed to handling toxic substances,. These can be reduced to safe levels by adopting BMPs for agrochemical use and handling. Suitable BMPs impose restrictions on • the kinds of chemicals that can be used. • how chemicals can be stored, • the protective clothing that must be worn, and • the training that users are required to have National guidelines developed through collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture should be followed, Coffee production. Freshly picked coffee cherries are processed either by the dry method or the wet method In the Master Plan area, the wet method poses considerable risk to the TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin lniq> rated Development Master Plan 4--WENURO.VMEST ■ niTi=nul rn betng of strea™s themes are firn washed l0 remove Light fruit and then pulped to remove the outer skin and some of the imderlyrng jhe Mv pul^ beans are then fermented in tanks This enzymatic process breaks down the String layers of mucilage into an effluent that can cause scncus polkmor, if discharged J rttlv into streams or rivers After a final wash the coffee, now called parchment. is dried in y ' The parchment coffee is then hulled to remove the parchment and sdverskin Layers to ^dd^or^coffce beans The wet process requires a large volume of water, which can be reduced through recycling uch of the flow Recy cling concentrates the enzyme content of the water used for pulping. 5 p«din2 up fermentation Water used for final washing can be returned directly to rivers, other effluent should pass through seepage pits (World Bank. 1991) 5.4 Forestry 5.4.1 General Forests are a key component of the project areas environment When forests are intact, the environment is protected, fragmented and degraded, the environment declines as soil erosion, habitat loss, and other problems increase in importance The master plan proposes to improve our knowledge of the area's forests by delimiting and inventorying natural stands It then proposes to rehabilitate the gum Arabic belt and existing industrial plantations, and to establish new fuelwood and industrial plantations on abandoned farmlands 3.4.2 Positive environmental impacts Improved forestry offers a wide range of benefits Forests provide habttat that is suitable for many types of wildlife Dense vegetation intercepts rainfall and helps protect the soil surface against soil erosion The resulting betterment of hydrological condition will provide benefits to much of the infrastructure such as roads, dams, bridges, and water supply The supply of potable water will increase and become less susceptible to drought, thereby leading to improvements in human health Advances in the forest economy will offer alternatives to subsistence agriculture, and off-farm income will improve Potential negative impacts pensive forestry may require the development of roads to gain access into hitherto Vci CCes$lble This, in itself, is likely to increase hunting which, if unregulated, could be wo ^Other blow against Ethiopia's wildlife population. Roads contribute to soil erosion and ° U d need to be designed and built according to engineering specifications Introduced forest S^ e CS threaten biodiversity if they compete destructively against native trees forests or forests of exotic species alter that habitat for indigenous species They te r the habitat for complementary' industries such as bee keeping. TAMS-ULG Bart>Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan -1*41\WF.X 4 environm Esi 5CUpwfflf The mttgations of road damage have been already discussed under dams •esenoirs Forest roads are ccrcralh constructed to a lower standard than those construction A benefit is that smaller-sized equipment is required, enabling construction use balanced cut and fill rather than fully cut road pnsms To control hunting, foresin’ officers would require additional traininc as ea_„ wardens &£Forest research is required in Ethiopia in order to collect information on plan: community dynamics, regeneration biology, and silviculture New species introduced could pose a threat to the biology of the Master Plan area Ethiopia is experienced with the introduction and management of exotic speaes and should follow its normal procedures in this matter LvmnS Logging can adversely affect slope stability, habitat composition, microclimate, and nutrient loss In the Master Plan area logging is largely uncontrolled The issue is one partly of policy, in which timber companies receive overly generous concessions It is aiso one of control, m which private individuals or groups trespass with little fear of being caught These are rational issues that need to be debated within government The role of private forestry needs to be examined more thoroughly Habitat disturbance can result from the introduction of heavy and light machinery into the forestry Given the current state of Ethiopia’s forests, there is little need to introduce the chain saw. log jammers, high lead systems, and similar equipment Hafer Forest harvesting bears an important influence on hydrology Extremes of flow, reductions of ground-water recharge, landform changes, increased water temperatures, and contamination are all matters that affect water quantity and quality These effects can be reduced by maintaining buffers between the site logged and streams, remove noxious waste by following BMPs for fuels, lubricants, and chemicals 5.5.1 General Wildlife could play an important role in developing Ethiopia's economy as, indeed, they have done in many other countries of Africa Yet, recent sightings of large mammals in the project area are rare The Master Plan proposes to improve our knowledge of wildlife by conducting field surveys, studies, and research to define protected areas, migration corridors, and safari hunting areasFAVIR0!\'ME5T VsW knowledge. ,h' f’roi'Ct Wp 8°VOTm“ 10 to ensure wildlife opportunities respond to people s needs, to better control predations by refugees and poachers. ar.d {0 establish effective, long-term protection of wildlife resources in parts » dfcme pokey m orte io this enterprise is improved staff training and budgetary support nealectmB the activities described above. Ethiopia risks losing the last remnants of its once iLjuficent wildlife heritage While the manifestation of this problem is the project area, ns “ issues need first to be addressed by the nation The question is simple Does Ethiopia tant wildlife” If so. then policy needs first to be addressed at the national level, if not or c ^.different. then feu years remain 55’ Positive environmental impacts The benefits of investing in wildlife have proven themselves throughout much of Africa While the issue is partly one of aesthetics, wildlife also offer a means of gaming income The activities proposed above and in the following section about tourism will help improve household incomes as well as the national economy 5.5.3 Potential negative impacts There arc no foreseeable negative impacts resulting fror 5.6 Tourism General The Master Plan proposes to develop as tourist areas * Lake Bis han Wak a Hayk and ' rivers of the lower basin The lake development will include a lodge, scenic exploration of the ecosystems of the upper plateau in a nsers wi|] serve as a site for canoe wildlife safaris 5 5 6 2 Positive environmental impacts trails, and have as its objective an i area of especially unique beauty The ^ th dcve!oPments will increase opportunities for employment and income They will also P expand an understanding of Ethiopia's natural heritage TA.MS ULG BarthAkobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-43ANNEX 4 contributing basin S." Livestock 5,7/ General The livestock population within the Master Plan area is about 2 million cattle. 0.6 million sheep. 0 3 million goats, 0 1 million equine, and 1 4 million chickens Livestock productivity is low as a result of inadequate nutrition and disease Feed resources are the mam constraints to livestock production in the upper basin In the lower basin, the seasonality of feed resources is a limit to production Proposed investments in the livestock sector have the objective of improving • livestock productivity, • animal draught power, • animal health, • livestock food resources, • extension in livestock management, • poultry production, and • livestock water supplies 5.7.2 Positive environmental impacts The strategy underlying investments in this sector is that fundamental improvements in livestock outputs can be made without increasing livestock numbers Achieved in this way. TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanENVIRONMENT eristics through rhe deposit of dung These benefits can rapidly reverse, however, when chsrSC! rtniT and overuse destroys vegetation. overs** 21 ® , - ; Potential negative impacts ■ e the best intents of the project, increased livestock numbers could compete with PfP’ for diminishing food resources Careful provision will have to be made for societal ■ des towards herd size Some ethnic groups may require radical changes in their approach numbers if they are io benefit from the project. . and other animal waste are valuable soil conditioners, they are also potential °ll rants Wastes should be composted before use on the soil They should not be dumped in Yearns or used near watercourses Poultry farms should not be located where drainage is pjororthe water table shallow' Burnina is a traditional landscape management technique used tn the project area Burning is done to control undesirable brush and tall weeds; destroy old. unpalatable tussocks; and favour the growth of fresh, more digestible and nutritious grasses It increases forage yield and iyass payability Done haphazard, however, burning can be harmful to vegetation and soils, and contributes to soil erosion npfra/Z/rhon of vegetation resources. The lower basin reservoirs are likely to draw livestock from large areas of the savannah Their numbers will have to be controlled, possibly through a licensing scheme, if vegetation destruction and. ultimately, starvation are not to ensue Throughout the Master Plan area, the length of grazing time on recession lands and other sensitive areas will have to be controlled Cut-and-carry schemes can be effective in some landscapes, as proposed by the livestock annex. Increased sod erosion Intensive grazing in the lower basin and near reservoirs in the upper basin could have a serious effect upon soil quality, principally through compaction In the upper basin, where slopes are an important factor in contributing to soil loss, soil erosion could increase This has been observed to concentrate in the vicinity of livestock paths The section on soil conservation addresses appropriate controls Dl&lqcgtnent or reduction of wldhfe through habitat loss The greatest risk lies in the lower basin w'here reservoirs are likely to draw livestock during the dry season Their management Wl11 have to consider a licensing scheme to control livestock numbers and time. Veterinary Sfrvices will fee required to control diseases passed between livestock and wildlife (costs are ITlc uded in the livestock annex) ^ytion^nd health har/jrds Livestock resident about the reservoir or near tributaries may r tnbu,c t0 Pollution The reservoirs discussed in this paper are for hydroelectricity and ir " of which is affected by organic or biological pollutants. The section on social “Structure discusses human water supply. TAMS-ULG Baru-Akubo River Basin InltRrticd Dnelupmenl Master Han 4-45AISXEX4 environ^ N't 5.8 Fisheries 5.8.1 Genera] The development of fisheries within the project area requires improvements in the ability t monitor the numbers and characteristics of caught fish Using that knowledge, managers will improve their ability to control the fish harvest to within sustainable limits Improved tackJ^ wilt increase the basic catch: better refrigeration and marketing are also important Danis" those already constructed and ones that are proposed, require evaluation for fish ladder ar.c hatchery programmes 5.8.2 Positive en virottmentai impacts Improved knowledge about the fish of the project area is essential to better management That knowledge, combined with better fishing equipment, will enable local communities to increase their catch and, in so doing, improve and diversify' their household incomes The ability to distribute and market fish will extend the benefits of fishing over a wide area Human nutrition will improve 5.85 Potential negative impacts Overexploitation Overexploitation of fisheries stock and lead to long-term degradation of the resource base The project proposes monitoring and study to better understand fishery resources Management may need to implement restricted harvests, gear restrictions, area closures, and other means of controlling the take At this time, however, the behaviour of the fisheries to project dams and reservoirs is little understood Pollution from oil and fuel spills The project does not envisage the use of large motorised vessels for fishing. ts? of explosives and poison The use of explosives and poison will have to be outlawed by Ethiopia. It is a national issue, not a Master Plan prohibition 5.9 Apiculture 5.9.1 General Apiculture is an economic activity in the project area The Master Plan proposes to strengths beekeeping by providing assistance • to honey hunters, to expose them to the advantages of simple yet important principles of beekeeping; • to existing beekeepers, to help them improve their practices; and TAMS-ULG BartvAkobo River Basin Integrjted Development Muter FlaniNN'EX 4 ENVIRONMENT to grouPs ot beekeepers, to .help them better market their products an nex on apiculture describes the details of hive management, honey.and w production, J marketing This is a smali enterprise that depends largely upon improvements of ^d^eriaus practices, rather than an introduction of technology suitable for non-Afncan speci®® -!) 2 Positive environmental impacts roved practices would markedly increase the amount, diversity, and quality of bee roducts being sold As a result, household revenues would increase The introduction of simple equipment, particularly smokers, would increase production while reducing the risk of forest fires A smoker is designed to minimise fire risk by containing smouldering straw or rag waste within a closed can This has a bellows attached, enabling large quantities of smoke to tje produced and directed towards a hive. Smokers can be manufactured locally It may be that no-fire rules are required during certain times of the year £ 9.3 Potential negative impacts With the exception of fire risk, there are no foreseeable negative environmental impacts to this activity Technical assistance would include methods of fire prevention and control 5.10 Renewable Energy .Annex 2J of the Master Plan proposes different categories of renewable energy. These include ■ wood fuels; * agricultural residues * dung; * solar energy; * wind energy, * geothermal energy. * biogas, and hydroelectric power Hydroelectricity is assessed in Chapter 6 of this report. Wood fuels arc assessed, in pan. as a J Q uct nf reservoir clearing in the section titled Dams and Reservoirs. Solar energy would be ^ Sl erably reduced during the rainy season, when its duration is as low as 1+2 hours per and ai|liS UnJikely t0 prove viable. Wind energy, expressed as velocity, averages 3 5 m/sec below the threshold considered to be economic Biogas is unlikely to prove viable as was( arCf hurnir: wastes are below the quantities required for profitable production Urban that eC°L!d be dlS«ted io produce methane gas, but this introduces enormous complexities I 0&W°yd be bey° d the technical capacity of most towns within the region An estimated n toiine1*11 tOnnes dung is produced in the Master Plan area, but only an estimated 5 5 s are presently used as dried fuel Agricultural residues will eventually find their way into TAMS-ULG Baro-Akotxi River Busin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-47ANNEX J E NvrRONM!:r.t the luel economy, but their use will be preceded by the gradual reduction of fuehvood. FOr .l moment, wood supplies are preferred. The use of biological fuel products (agricultural wastes, dung, and fuelwood) would have negative impact upon soil organic carbon A balance of soil organic matter requires that th* majority of agricultural and forest waste return to the surface, from which some is oxidise^ some is lost through soil erosion, and some reincorporates into the soil When this balan becomes disturbed, soil erosion will increase 5,11 Water supply 5.11.1 General The Master Plan envisages different categories of water supply that are linked to the size of rhe community (1 able 21) These are designed to meet per capita criteria of supplv and quality as expressed in the January. 1996, Letter of Sector Policy by the Ministry of Water Resources This letter calls for a dailv supply of between 35 and 40 litres per person for residents of urban centres and between 15 and 25 litres for rural residents; the Ministry' recognises the water quality standards recommended by the World Health Organisation (Table 9 in Appendix A) Table 21 Water supply categories based on population Category Population range Main towns Medium towns Small towns Villages >10,000 4,000-9,999 1,000-3,999 <1,000 Note. Population as pio-jecird for vear 2015 1 he Master Plan assumes the rate of population expansion expressed elsewhere within this volume and in the other annexes of this Master Plan. There are 9 main towns, 15 medium towns, 28 small towns and 7 villages in the Master Plan area, Gambela presently supplies about 20 1 /person/day to its residents: Metu supplies 15, all other main, medium, and small towns supply about 8 l/perscn/day, which is below WHO minimum recommendations tor other than emergencies The Master Plan, by year 2035. will provide 80 1/person/day to Gambela, 60 to Metu, 50 to other main towns, 30 to medium towns, 25 to small towns, and 20 to villages. Several towns have already undergone prefeasibility or feasibility studies ot their waler supply These include Begi, Mizan Teferi, Dembidolo, Asosa. Gore, Begi and Tepi Metu and Gambela have already had their systems rehabilitated The number of rural people per well will drop from an estimated 1T000 individuals by year 2000 to about 350 by year 2035, as the number of shallow wells increases from 2,000 to 12,500 and the number of boreholes increases from 110 to 1.500 Master Plan components arc based upon river and well abstractions, settling tanks, filters, chlorine injectors, pipelines, pumps, and other equipment Their costs include those of TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Muster PJun 4-48environment and maintenance These are sized accorriillg w tQ ^ y/ ? Positive environmental impacts The positive environmental impacts of improved water supplies reiate to human health j j j potential negative impacts pipehne^titment Potentially negative impacts, primarily from sediment, result to the ^ronment during construction. In most cases these are minor and easily mitigated Where major pipelines and long construction periods are foreseen, their negative impacts relate closely to those of roads, in which case the mitigations described under Section 6.2 (dams and reservoirs, roads and pre-feasibility core drilling) should be followed Estimate the cost of mitigations to be USS 5,000 for large towns. $4,000 for medium towns. S2.000 for small rowns, and S5O0 for villages and wells. rinnnfable ground water About a third of upper basin springs indicate nitrate concentrations above WHO recommendations (ARDCO-GEOSERV, 1095); lower basin ground water contains excess iron, copper, and other ions in samples from unconfined aquifers iSelkhozpromexport, 1990) Shallow wells or developed springs may not be appropriate in such locations, where boreholes tapping into deeper, non-leaky aquifers may be required Transmission of low-quality water between aquifers may become a problem where linings are poor quality or are not maintained Mitigations require suitable advance study prior to installation design Monitoring is discussed in a later section of this volume Serious public and worker health hazards from chlorine accidents Design, operating procedures, and training must incorporate safety provisions The design will include the development of contingency plans for accidents Dislocation of residents by plant siting The World Bank resettlement criteria (Table 5 Appendix A) will apply Estimate relocation settlements at Swear's income plus value of assets, minimum value of assets to be set at USS 500 5.12 Wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal J-T2J General ^Ethiopia only 7 per cent of the population has access to sanitation, defined by the Ministry 1 *aler Resources (1996) as access to a latrine While government policy is committed awards expanding access to safe water, its attitude towards wastewater is ambiguous There classification of water other than the water quality recommendations of the World Health Ration China, by contrast, has 5 classes of water ranging from Class I (very clean ai waters) to Class V (suitable only for industrial or agnculturai use, World Bank. 1991) uncertainty of Ethiopia’s policy lends it to abuse, for example, the seasona. disposal ot TWMsTlg Baro-Akobo River M “"rANNEX 4 EN vntoNMENl coffee pulp in natural streams (p c., Coffee Plantation Authority, Jimma) Its ambiguity the Master Plan is forced to assume the waters of the upper and lower basins are clean are few data to support this , and that the waters should be kept clean The absen ** guidelines implies levels of sanitation that may not be warranted For example, sewage sh' not be treated to a level fit for drinking if there is no one to drink it u Very few Ethiopian cities possess even rudimentary sewage treatment Most urban dw 11 make use of a household septic tank, usually nothing more than a pit. in reality a cesspit o'^ primitive iatnne These are periodically pumped out by sewage pump trucks and their w 3 disposed in unpopulated areas. There is no sewage treatment in the Master Planning area oih^ ihan raw' disposal “ ’ Cr As one of its components, the Master Plan will introduce a programme of improved wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal similar to its proposal for water supply described in the preceding section Table 21 and its supporting text describes the sizes of communities that will receive water supply Using the same table, large towns would be equipped with primary sewage treatment facilities, medium and small towns will share sewage pump trucks on an area basis, which will dispose their waste into primary treatment lagoor.s belonging 10 the larger towns. Villages and individual households will receive instruction in budding improved ventilated pit latrines using the model seen throughout Ethiopia Primary sewage treatment will comprise a network of lined sewage lagoons, the number depending upon the size of the town and its rale of population expansion Most solids will settle out in the first lagoon of the series, where trucked sewage would be emptied The final lagoon is uniined. shallow, and intended to support a colony of reeds and other plants to help de-nitrify the water, its liquor may be chlorinated The system will be designed to accommodate common storms without overtopping but will exclude urban runoff Solid wastes will be removed to a compartmented section of the solid waste disposal plant described in the next section Construction would be done simultaneously to that for water supply described in the preceding section Pipes would be laid parallel and occupy common trenches 5.122 Positive en viron mental impacts The positive impacts resulting from the project relate to human health The pollutants in municipal wastewater include suspended and dissolved solids comprising inorganic and organic matter, nutrients, oil and grease, toxic substances, and pathogenic micro-organisms These substances pose risks of parasitic infections, hepatitis, and differcni gastrointestinal diseases including cholera and typhoid (see The Monitor, 10 Sep 96) The wastewater component of this Master Plan is executed in order to prevent or alleviate the effects of pollutams on human and natural environments TAMS-I LC Baru-Akotxi Rher Baiin Integrated Development Muter Plan 4-50ENVIRONMENT 5 f^terdial negate impnets i^ficej^tre^s^rin^cqrisj7^ctjori Sediment liberated by construction poses risks to ^’fjwnnels and aquatic habitat Its mitigations are covered by water supply development ^^construction occupies the same trenches and occurs at the same time balance Wastewater will be moved from small to large '^^un’ities for treatment Its volume will be negligible on the scale of the hydrologic balance o pradatirm °f recsnim water Construction of collector systems and lagoons will be phased '"/population expansions in order to avoid raw wastewater discharges The system is basic in ihat there are few components subject to mechanical failure Its size is related to rhe capacity 3 f receiving streams. Training in management and monitoring are components of the programme Qont^riinaiion_ o/ ^id application sites Land application is not a component of this ^roLramme other than for the disposal of lagoon sludge, which is discussed in the subsequent section disposal of solid wastes Odors and noise from treatment or sludge disposal operations Plants will be sited only near compatible land uses and away from urban areas Management and training are part of the programme Soil, crop or groundwater contaminanop and disease vector breeding or feeding at sludge sioragc or disposal sites Sludge management will form pan of feasibility studies Feasibility' design will develop operating guidelines for disposal to make sure they are adequate to safeguard (he health of humans and livestock The programme will include inspections by regional authorities, who will be periodically checked by federal authorities SenpiiS-jmbhc and worker health hazards from chlorine accidents. Design, operating procedures, and training must incorporate safety provisions. The design will include the development of contingency plans for accidents. idL^ances and public health hazard from sewer overflows and backups. Management will •nc ude training m sewer inspections for illegal connections and obstructions The system will with C 1 monitonnS system with alarms for pump station failures Critical pumps will be fitted '/ [ alternate power supplies. Public education will include the prevention of solid waste d ‘*osaJ in sewers Public health improvement in serviced area The programme will include iron ,n salutation and hygiene by plant suing The World Bank resettlement criteria (Table 5 asset? * A) wil1 ap ’ S P ? Estimate relocation settlements at 3-year's income plus value of value of assets to be set at USS 500. TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Dcveiopmeni Master Plan 4-51ANNEX 4 5.13 Solid waste collection and disposal 5.13.1 General ENVIROVMENt No programme of solid waste collection and disposal operates in the Master Plan area ir(j most solid wastes, bottles, paper, used clothing, etc, cam sufficient economic worth 1 justify their recycling within the economy This is a praiseworthy activity that receive/,-0 support of this Master Plan. The exception comprises street sweepings (including de j animals), pharmaceutical and surgical wastes, and wastes that are putrescent (kitchen market wastes, faecal matter), combustible, pathogenic, or toxic. The collection and disposal of solid wastes are activities that belong to large- and medium-sized towns: the wastes of smaller communities are largely organic that often end by being consumed by stray livestock Village collection can largely be done through block collection systems with resident co operation reinforced by training in health and sanitation The component comprises two activities: (1) collection and (2) disposal Collection would use tractor-drawn refuse collection vehicles (this aspect could be subcontracted by the community') Disposal will take place in sanitary' landfills that are impermeable, monitored, and managed It will not be to open dumps with ready access to waste by animals and the risk they cany of spreading disease and contaminants through the food chain. Table 21 gives the number of large- and medium-sized towns that could participate in the project 5.13.2 Positive environmental impacts Public health Public health can be affected when solid waste is not adequately collected and contained Uncollected solid waste is a public nuisance 5.13.3 Potential negative impacts Public health Smoke from open burning of refuse pollutes air Populations of disease vectors increase from refuse that is openly dumped Retuse becomes scattered from stationary communal containers The mitigation of these and similar problems requires complete refuse collection services The landfill needs to be sited away from urban environments The prevailing wind should blow away from the town, not towards it Worker accidents Overweight refuse bins can cause back injuries to workers This can be avoided through the use of appropriately sized refuse containers that have lids to exclude rain Medical *astc Medical waste requires separate collection using dedicated container vehicles its disposal needs to be at a compartmented section of the waste disposal site income loss Pickers engaged in the recovery of secondary- materials might find their income reduced This can be mitigated by the design of containers that accommodate continuous recycling TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanENVIRONMENT , the d^QsaLsiie. The disposal sitc should bave a bu(ftr zone its penmeter Dust during the dry season should be sprayed Incoming refuse should be 3f0 j and compacted, at the end of me day it should be covered with soil In order io spr . ain aerobic conditions, depth needs to be maintained below the site bottom and the water The site needs to have adequate horizontal distance between it and the nearest surface water , hi_feachale Do not locate the disposal site up-gradient of ’ "-ground or surface water whose usage could be affected by contamination, unless the d'stance between land disposal and the receiving water is adequate io dilute, disperse or Jtenuam contamination. The bottom of the disposal site should be scaied with a layer of heavy clay cill■ ^uahty_fronL-.incinergtiQn Separate burnable waste from that which is r ^t”Burn only on dry days using a facility designed for waste incineration. Public opposition Perform public relations meetings early in project planning. Use visual aids showing how similar facilities operate in other places. [initiation of residents by plant siting The World Bank resettlement criteria (Table 5 Annex A) will apply Estimate relocation settlements at 3-y ear's income plus value of assets, minimum value of assets to be set at USS 500 5.M Roads dev el opmen 1 programme 5.14.1 General Road development within the Master Plan area will proceed during four phases (I) year 1997-2005. (2) 2006-2015, (3) 2016-2025, and (4) 2026-2035. The roads would be built to different standards. RR10 is a minimum standard for rural access during the dry season It is an unpaved, graded surface with a maximum adverse of 14 per cent. RR30 and RR50 are both gravel surfaced: RKJ0 has a maximum gradient of 12 per cent and would have about 30 vehicles per day expected travel frequency; RR50 carries a 10 per cent maximum gradient and would have about 50 vehicles. Table 22 lists the roads, their applicable standard, and their ^ngth according to the different programs. Front the view of impact assessment, the key factors are age, whether it is a new road or an upgrade of an existing one, standard, whether it is a seasonal unpaved or a paved surface; and lowland basin (flat, waterlogged) or upland (drained). There are other factors, but lese are suitable to assess during pre-feasibility investigations The scheduling of roadwork of?^ th*5 Urne does not separate the locations of‘‘other roads For the purposes s assessment we have assumed they ali he in the upper basin. TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Batin InK-ratcd Dodopniui! Muter Plan 4-53ANNEX 4 Table 22 Proposed roads Location Standard Construction Phase 1 Gambela-Jikawo Gambela-Metu Metu Jet-Jet Sor Gunbi Other minor RR30 RR50 RRIO New- ' L’pgradc paved Upgrade Phase 2 Gambcla-Abobo-Gog Gog-Dima Other key regional Minor local RR30 RR30 RR10-30 RRIO Upgrade New Upgrade Upgrade _________ Phase 3 Gambela-Dembidolo-Chanka Jet Gidami-InangchRle 5 Gidami-Bambasi Otiicr ke\ regional Minor local RR30 RR50 RR3C RR10-30 RRIO _ Recondition Recondition Recondition Upgrade Upgrade '?6 152 132 165 335 655 15? 90 114 420 1 Phase. 4 Other key regional Minor local RR10-30 RRIO Recondition Recondition --- 6j5 745 655 Using the above data and based upon that assumption, roads constructed in the lower basin will be RR30 and constructed during phase 1 (120 km) and phase 2 (297 km) Ln the upper basin, RRIO roads will have 395 km built during phase 1 and 655 km during each phase thereafter, RR30 roadswill have 176, 335, 686. and 745 km built in order of phase for a total of 1942 km; RR50 will have 152 km built during phase I and 90 km during phase 3, a total of 242 km 5.14.2 Impacts The impacts of these roads are little different from those proposed for the construction of dams Sediment production is a key issue, and is higher for unpaved roads than for those [hat are paved, new roads produce more sediment than those that are being upgraded Roads across flat terrain or wetlands upset drainage patterns and water movement Some wetlands are classed as rare environments and require special protection Roads on undulating, rolling, hilly, or steep terrain can redirect drainage from large areas in ways that initiate gullies. On all roads sides, construction dust, chemicals, and noise are nuisances. Paved roads add the dust and noise of gravel crushers Asphalt adds problems of smoke and smell The following pages review a checklist of potential impacts and their costs of mitigations. In general, the costs of mitigations will be less than those for dam construction due to the lower standard of construction being accomplished: less earth is being moved Table 23 Unit costs of road (USS/km) Standard VpLand Lowland 10 800 30 1200 50 1500 450 550 650_____ TAMvULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Iotegraicd Development Mosier Plan 4 54ENVIRONMENT • t^ent Exposed cuts and fills create sediment from erosion of their face This, in turn streams where it disrupts habitat and increases the cost of management where clean ^tef is required Appendix D lists rhe total cost of each road mitigation by its phase t and water contamination by oil. grease, file], and chemicals 7n Voncentram near equipment yards Apply BMPs as described in the section on dams and reservoirs. Site gravel crushers away from dwellings rj>Mides. This assessment was based on published information The sensitivity' of the terrain io landslides has not been assessed In the limited field visit we did make, only one site was seen 'hat indicated a slight slippage Still, it is something that will have to be examined during location identification rnnrentrated outflows This is discussed under mitigations for roads at dams and reserv oirs Its cost is included as a cost of sediment mitigation ■Iteration of overland drainage A problem in the lower basin, supplementary culverts are required to assist the flow of water from one side to the other of the road prism Its cost is included within the cost of sediment BMPs Destruction of vegetation and habitat The destruction of potential habitat is a problem throughout southwestern Ethiopia This assessment, which is based on a review of reconnaissancc-lcvcl literature, is unable to identify habitat conditions or vegetation quality md quantity along rhe proposed road linkages It is an issue for feasibility design interruption o f migratory routes of wildlife Dry season migration in the lower basin will be adversely affected during construction Because the roads will be closed during the rainy period, normal patterns of migration will then return. Upland routes are less affected, largely because of their higher human population and the greater disturbance that has already occurred BMPs for culvert placements are required to assure fish and other aquatic life are able to travel upstream through drainages, see dams and reservoirs section 6 2. fyQ?_sgnitation and solid waste disposal in construction sites See dams and reservoirs as well as assessment on these items above yflfl^flssion, of communicable disease Workers entering the area to work on roads may iri y diseases with them See section on Dams and Reservoirs -^^-dtsrupt/oti Aj construction workers Execute careful siting of the construction camp awa* from villages' ’ “---------------------- ~^ -y^fl£~bsbitgt for insect disease vectors Borrow pits need to be filled and drained Cost e " ed as part of sediment BMPs —workers Prohibit poaching under the terms of employment. TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-55ANNEX 4 Dislocation of people living alon% the right-of-way. The World Bank criteria for EtivrRON ME!(T people (.Appendix A) must apply. Estimate compensations as 3-years gross margin - L’SS^ equivalent to cover assets Timber trespass The work and roads will stimulate economic growth, one result of which be timber trespass In general, Ethiopia's forest resources are in dire need of let?' i • protection and development, see the forestry annex Invasion of homelands. Indigenous people could be outnumbered in their traditional lands f roads and other developments support an influx of outsiders This is a subject for feasih r'^ investigation by competent socio-economists and anthropologists Resettlement during tr previous government led to conflict. 5.) 5 Refugees 5f/ - IVe The situation regarding the refugees is described in Annex 3 A and summarised in section 4 5 2 above It is estimated that there are, at present, some 62,000 refugees living within the lower basin of the project area The refugees compete with the local population for land, water and food their impacts on the environment are all negative, as would be expected The principal effects arc summarised as: • land degradation, due overgraane of the refugees cattle • depletion of the forests to provide fuelwood and land for agriculture • disturbance to wildlife • pollution of water courses All these effects are made worse than they would be from a similar population of indigenous people because the refugees’ lack of security and belonging tend to foster an uncaring attitude Basic choices to mitigate the environmental damage comprise either repatriation as soon as possible or assimilation; the most damaging policy is to prolong their refugee status Once they are assimilated the specific environmental problems describe in section 4.5.2 can be dealt by the Basin Development measures included in the Base Case Scenario. 5,16 Conclusions 5.16.1 Natural resource development General In general the programmes for the development of the Basin’s natural resources included in the Base Case Master Plan Scenario, described above are all sustainable developments with a broadly beneficial effect on the environment Indeed, without the implementation of such a TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-56ANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT programme the natural environment will conti " ' of the population However, although these t0 ^^aie as „ L to anest the decline in the environment \hl °pniCTlts are essent^ ? ‘ --------------------------------- quaEt> of life nsks wf“ch must be 5cm7 conservation coil conservation is the most urgent, and the most necessarv task far in t? th? Ram at, t, X if no aedon were .0 be .akee, valuable topMfl crop product^, wf 1 con^ue to deehne, Soil eor.ee™,o„ «r=s dcsX chapter and in Annex 2B need to be implemented with great care, however for the programme to be a success Small-holder agriculture ’ wr we The improvements to smallholder agnculture is closely related to soil conservation and will itself contribute to the battle against soil degradation, and is an absolutely essential development if the growing population is to be self sufficient in food supply Possible negative impacts comprise the risk to (armers health unaccustomed to handling agrichemicals and the risk of contamination oi surface and groundwater both from agrichemicals and from the effluent from washing of coffee /JvertocA As with agriculture, the livestock development programme is important both to meet the demands of a growing population and to improve animal draft power Negative environmental impacts can be avoided if this can be achieved without an increase in livestock numbers However in reality livestock numbers are likely to increase and mitigation measures will have to be taken to avoid negative impacts of overgrazing, increased soil erosion, the displacement at wildlife and the spread of disease. FisAeries Fish can also make a valuable contribution to the basin’s food resources and the local economy, particularly if fisheries are developed in conjunction with dams for either hydropower or irrigation The negative environmental impact of fisheries is minimal are already an economic activity in the project area, and the measures proposed to promote bee-keeping have no negative impacts Forestry Th e status of forests in the project area are intimately linked with that of the environment, and ^proved forestry is seen, together with soil conservation, as the key to the protection of the cro lr0ntTtenV ln addition forestry could also become an important economic activity, which, if exu- mana®ed will have only limited negative impacts associated with roads and timber TAMS-ULG Bara-Akobo River Basin IntcKraled Doeloptnem Master Plan 4-57ANNEX 4 midlife EPi '1R0^EKT There is a general consensus on the desirability of wildlife in the basin and of the ir.Crea, 4 opportunities they provide for tourism Measures to protect and promote wildlife have negative impacts Tourism There are limited opportunities for the development of tourism within the basin which will provide employment and will help foster an appreciation of Ethiopia's natural heritage Properly developed, tounsm does not pose any significant risks to the environment but rather prorides an additional incentive to preserve it Ren enable energy The consumption of energy in any form poses risks to the environment However the almost total dependence of the population on the use of fuelwood is not sustainable and alternative forms of energy must be developed The environmental impacts of the long-term solution, electrification, are discussed in chapter 6 below: renewable energy, which could also play a significant role in the shorter term, has no significant negative environmental impact 5.16.2 Social infrastructure General The improvements proposed to the social infrastructure are relatively modest in extent but will make a great contribution to human health and the quality of life In general potential negative environmental impacts will be limited in extent and will be easily mitigated Waler supply, wastewaler and solid waste It is proposed that properly engineered water supply systems are provided for the population of all the 59 towns and villages within the basin, which will significantly improve the health of the population The water supples will be based on river abstractions or groundwater resources as appropriate and will have minimal negative impacts provided the operation of the supply is properly managed The Master Plan proposes to introduce a programme of improved wastewater collection treatment and disposal to be associated with the water supply This will make a great contribution to the environment of the towns and villages and to the health of their inhabitants with minimal negative impacts The Master Plan also proposes the development of the collection and disposal of solid waste Again, provided certain basic mitigation measures are adopted in the selection of disposal sites and normal good practice is adopted in the operation, the positive environmental greatly outweigh the negative Roads The Master Plan proposes a comprehensive programme of new- roads and of road improvement, which although it does not possess any positive environmental impacts, is TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-58AN^X4 essential for the economic develc- inpuas are extensive. and f 'owpm™?ent O° Jh0 taepred tta some environmental dam. Ja ^is^xtedto 3 cena,n 4-59ANNEX 4 ENVI*0N.MESt 6. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE MASTER PLAN: PROJECTS. 6.1 Introduction This chapter continues with an exploration of the environmental impacts of the main ■ engineering projects that arc included in Scenarios ILV1 of the Master Plan as described ' Volume m. and describes the measures that should be adopted to mitigate the ne°ativ' impacts These projects, by their nature and size, will have much greater environmental impacts than the basin developments discussed in chapter 5 that form the Base Case Scenario of this Master Plan However, the basin developments will only stabilise the environmental and economic situation in the basin which will otherwise deteriorate farther with the expandin’ population It is the development of the projects discussed in this chapter which will he’p create wealth and improve the basin's economy, inevitably at some cost to the natura’ environment. These projects are infrastructural in that they require investments in dams, weirs, canals, levees, pipelines, and power lines and mines: if implemented, large-scale irrigation will also require considerable social investment in training of farmers, formation of water-user's groups, and health Many of the projects share inter-sectoral infrastructure for example, each of these components is likely to require a dam or a weir to control and divert the flow of water Table 3 in Appendix A illustrates the degree of infrastructural sharing between different enterprises It shows that mining uses much of the same infrastructure required by hydropower The repon. rather than restate information about units of infrastructure or projects that repeat simply makes references to the report section where the analysis was first presented Many of the impacts occur during distinct phases of project implementation feasibility investigations, construction, and operation One objective of the Master Plan is to identify w hich projects offer the set of optimum benefits to Ethiopia Benefits will be computed from a sequential analysis of (1) optimised returns from within individual sectors (intra-sectoral returns), followed by (2) optimized returns from across sectors (inter-sectoral returns) Thus, the Master Plan will first identify which intra-sectoral projects offer the greatest returns, separate these projects from among the gamut being examined in tha: sector, and compare them with projects in other sectors to identify an optimum mix Appendix D at the close of this Report summarises the costs of environ mental mitigations, which are also discussed within the assessment of each sector, dams and reservoirs, pow^r transmission systems, irrigation, etc, which thee closes with an overall assessment of the sector Individual projects, for example, might be environmentally benign; in combination, however, they close important wildlife migration routes or cause other problems, so that additional mitigations have to come into play Environmental costs are an important element TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobc River Basin Integrated Development Misrcr PlanENVIRONMENT iect optimization- Failure to consider such matters as sediment concentration or the of P> l fl composition of water, for example, could lead to accelerated depreciation of turbine c hem’v rtrt-aaed maintenance costs of irrigation canals blades or,ncrt tallowing text takes each project in turn, describes its principal features, assesses its 4 e and negative environmental impacts, and describes mitigations to significant negative arlc| computes their costs An exception is irrigation and hydroelectric development, which make use of dams and reservoirs In this case, their sectoral assessment opens u Qn evaluation of dams and reservoirs before advancing to separately assess i«“dW!ia,i°n 6 2 Dams and Reservoirs 6.2.1 General The Interim Report described the initial screening of numerous hydroelectric and irrigation projects in the Master Plan area (Table 4, Appendix A). Of the 22 dam and reservoir projects evaluated by the initial study, 7 remain, as follows Hydropower dams Imgaiion dams Gumero lung Geba A Abobo Haro A Du m bong Giio2 Tables 10 and 11 in Appendix A give the important characteristics of each The subsequent sections on power transmission systems and irrigation consider the environmental impacts that relate to those sectors. The discussion that follows is solely about dams, their appurtenant works, and their impoundments They are taken in order Typical negative impacts thuf Pr°jects 031156 irreversible environmental changes over a wide geographic area and a 'e ^e potential for significant impacts The area of influence of a dam project extends em? I e Upper ^t£ of t^1c catchment to far downstream. While there are direct f ro^°?mentai irnPacts associated with the construction of the dam, the greatest impacts result djr^ -C ‘mPOlJndment of water and alteration of water flow downstream. These effects have pooul :mpacts on soils. vegetation, wildlife and wildlands, fisheries, climate, and human niaintg10115 area t^arn 5 in^irect effects include those associated with the building, mitnjqj a?Ce functioning of the dam and the development of agricultural, industrial, or Pa ac’dvities made possible by the dam (The World Bank. 1991). •WMS-ULG Bam-Akobo River Basin Integrated Develupment Master Plan 4-61ANNEX 4 ___________________________________________________ ^ONMtSj The negative environmental impacts that result from dams and reservoirs occur according to the phase of the project: feasibility, construction, and operation Thev irn foilowing: U^e (1) Feasibility studies geological core sampling; (2) Construction: - construction camp, - roads, and - dams and appurtenant works, (3) Operations: - dislocation of people. ■ loss of land, - loss of historic or other features, - loss of wildlife habitat, - proliferation of aquatic weeds. * deterioration of water quality, - reservoir sedimentation, - inlet delta formation, - riverbed scouring, - nverine fisheries, - snagging of fishnets, - water-related diseases, - conflicting demands for water, - increased land pressure, and - catchment degradation. The environmental impacts of the seven dams are discussed, in the sections which fallow, under the above format. 6.2.3 Further actions General A detailed environmental impact assessment study will be required in the event that any of the projects listed in 6 2.1 above proceed to full feasibility' study Such an assessment must include the following elements to satisfy international funding institutions: 1 Policy, legal and administrative framework 2. Description of the existing environment - physical environment - biological environment - socio-economic environment 3. Description of the project 4 Potential environmental impacts - positive - negative 5. Mitigation measures 6 Action Plan 7. Monitoring Plan TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Planj Snp^difdi cition to the general requirement tor a fall en • above, the most important specific actions ,h„ Ww°nin«r.ul imuact 3 summarised in the sections which follow Gumero Dam. Gumero River 6.3 ,kely to be required for' d eScnbe<1 “sen scheme are , Gumero Hydroelectric Dam would impound the Gumern p* confluence with the Birbir River, which itself is a upland portion of the Vaster Plan area in IUubabor R o, e 0n Trh m. its maximum height 23 m. its construction rockfiTl r, i. ^°Ul 35 upstreara of its B ‘V° ItS *** lies in lhe !ength of the dam is 700 would inundate 30 9 km; to contain 300 MCM /mill; V °n basa 1 dams reservoir minimum operating level is 1,600 m elevation its maX i metres) of water Its normal difference of 8.5 m Mean annual flow of the Gumero Rive7at Z /’ 1—5 " eIevatJon’ a 8.7 m7s. Discharge from the dam would be diverted , installations. each of which is serviced bv a location is estimated to be senary in I S'neraie electricity at 3 power separate, m-luie diversion of the Gumero River 6,3.2 Positive impacts The subsequent section discusses the potential non-hydroelectric benefits of hydropower. River regulation Dry season river flows would normally be augmented by releases from the dam which will either reduce or eliminate the need for downstream storage to supply potential irrigation projects. Flood control. The total volume of the reservoir is 300 MCM; its active storage is 160 MCM J The mean annual discharge of the Gumero River is 8 7 m /s or 2.740 MCM annually. Average reservoir retention time, computed by dividing volume by flow, is only 1 31 months (the reservoir would be replenished 9 16 times per year), giving little volume available for flood storage Flood attenuation will undoubtedly occur as a part of normal reservoir operations, but improved flood security would require another type of structure Reservoir ft shews Neither the study by primary sources for this Master Plan, provt e upper basin Selkhozpromexport (1988) wtonta - sJtDCO-GEOSERV. the for impoundments in the ^bobo reservoir in the lower asm rcservoir or 45 kg/hajyear. This result cannot be extrapolated to upland reservoirs, Euefcood. Among the mitigations required b^. biodegradable material from the reservoir area could produce an annual catch of 100 » for lls “ without farther study * * ent is the total clearance oi biornass of the dam and reservoir - 1995 Woody- Biomass > wrvey y site has not been surveyed other than in the contex whose potential dry woody btomass "Theriault, Using his results, the reservoir bes in an Stocks for 199:>) For the h « between 30 and 50 Vha (TAMS-UI-G, map.. . ial foelwood supply o. b«wee. of the reservoir (30.9 km ). this translates ink) a P : 9 A700 and 154.500 tonnes or between 55,000 and 91.000 ___________ ____—- TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Biuid Integra 4 -63 of rural supply, basec _____ _____hJ hj ANNEX 4 ________________ 2^°^' ™tinn rates published by Theriault At 5 Bin per 20 kg bundle of fu | e Wood .. ™23 aod 39 million Bin (USS 3 7 and 6 I million) “> Recession agriculture and grazing The reservoir offers the potential for recession agriculture during the dry season Poorly drained areas have been traditionalf^08 dryland grazing in much of Ethiopia, recession agriculture in the upper basin u J ** ar. ensete root, cereals dominant agricultural system , is much less well known • shallow' distance between norma! minimum and maximum reservoir operating [eve| are likely to be broad and undulating, and grazing production could flourish as ind* ?°reJuiis in natural basins and many reservoirs throughout the country It is a resource ' * d°ts control and regulation through a permit system, which could be a source of SUItable for precise evaluation is not possible until reservoir operation studies give an index of^IU reservoir area occupied during dry; average, and humid years " Cr ^'"s^so- The project setting section in this report gives a rough index of manure-N and manure-P tha- could result from livestock contamination in most circumstances, cow pats rapidly dry out and decay; changing their noxious components to ones that are more or less benign Ar exception follows the use of excessive levels of de-worming medicine in livestock. These products remain resident in livestock waste, where they are toxic to maggots essential to the process of decay 6.3.3 Negative environmental impacts and their mitigations The negative impacts are described, phase by phase as set out in section 6 2.2 above. Feasibility studies: geological core sampling Geological core sampling is essential to developing an understanding of the geological strau underlying the dam The amount of land occupied by the drilling platform and access roads is insignificant, but this could become significant were they to occupy areas that are religiously or culturally important The amount of crops destroyed and livestock disturbed are insignificant, but would require compensation to individual landowners Soil compaction anc loss of soil porosity in the vicinity of the drill pad would have to be a component of the costs of compensations Noise could reach moderate levels, but this would only be important to nearby households, which we expect to be few Pollution resulting from drilling mud would be moderate if uncontrolled matrSs th L« 0C LT"* t0 remove alJ ^ipment. tools, supplies, and other u te °T IS comP,eted He should also employ standard BMPs2- to rhai iTn? * i'chemicals Tnese require that fuel spigots have drip pans, fuel be situated so T* poses no hazard to water bodies, fuel bladders be new rather than used, and that fod Master Mas er PlZin I '' * T Planning level we do not yet know the extent of pre-fca.ribility drilling that will b* 10 C°n,2J" * 3 COmPIete of the suPPlv * required As a pre-feas.bihty- estimate of the cost of negation. use USS^.OOO 2 Exclusive of the cost of collection and preparation 3. Bcsi Management Practice, Scegtoswy. TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basiu Integrated Development Master Plan 4-644 ENVIRONMENT s truction-£^^ Construction camps usually comprise quarters for between 200 and 600 and contain showers, cooking facilities, toilets, generators, fuel dumps, cement machines, ^king areas airs,riP * s hehc°Pter Pads- boreholes, everything needed by a small town Their j$ usually temporary, although their useful life often extends beyond the period required Xh for construction of the dam or other enterprise The size of the construction camp will S Qt be determined until the design stage For this reason, the following assessment of its Epacts is generic and applies equally to all dams and reservoirs being considered by this Master Plan The amount of land clearing for the camp is likely to be insignificant To the maximum extent nossible. trees should be left standing to provide comfort for the workers as well as supply a 5 eed source once the camp is decommissioned If people are to be resettled to provide space for the camp, the procedures listed in Appendix A Table 5, which gives the resettlement policv currently follow ed by The World Bank, should be followed The amount of natural timber harv ested for camp construction could be moderately significant if no precautions are taken Ideally, such timber should come from the area of reservoir impoundment Outside that area, its impacts are identical to those of logging destruction of native vegetation and disturbance to soil and water To the maximum possible extent, the project should make use of such materials as plastic and metal sheeting, plywood, and concrete The camp electrical powerhouse will create insignificant impacts to the environment, despite sts noise causing a disturbance to those who live nearby To keep noise to a minimum, the powerhouse should be located away from residents and receive regular maintenance BMPs for fuel will need to be followed The camp water supply, if it is a large camp, could create drawdown to levels below the bottoms of nearby wells Affected households could be compensated by receiving camp supplies or by having their wells rebored. Ideally, nearby households should be relocated before the commencement of construction Construction of the camp airstrip and helipad, if required, could cause moderate to significant impacts, by clearing vegetation, disturbing livestock and wildlife, compacting soil, and increasing runoff and soil erosion, to the natural environment. The airstrip perimeter should be er Ked to exclude livestock and wildlife. Landowners should be compensated for lost access to an My improvements The airstrip right-of-way should be kept to a minimum and be ^Pped with runoff control structures runoff should not drain onto unprotected land Wlt out first passing through a buffer strip or other control Fuel BMPs should be followed Se ? a-e 111(1 waste disposal from the camp will cause insignificant to moderate levels of U l n t0 air’ their impacts to water could, on the other hand, be significant Solid waste of s U d Oe ’"cinerated at a location removed from the camp and nearby households The design Cec facil‘ties should bear in mind whether or not the camp will continue in use after its °thei^riSSiOninS' If il is t0 continue in use- then primary sewage treatment is required; se. extensive septic svstems might be permissible The risk to groundwater from septic TA.VfS-CLG Bam-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-65 5h0 > l°ANNEX J ENVn,°^ , .. fan be assessed on the basis of soil adsorptive cap3Cl. tanks and leach fields ‘ hvdraulic gradient, and distance of the septic systcl’ ?frJ anranion p«to S«» |ns sewage too nvers is unaccepuMe Hiart5' Bv «.mp«to toh koi tookets for food the constnMion camp could adversely affct eurtoo^Tneart.v resden.s Purctoes should be made m such a way sha, focal ro , daufoed This could mean .ha. supplies amve from a central distnbu,," centre rather than locally Roads Roads are an essential component to many of the developments being pru Master Plan, their potentially negative impact is significant Gumero Dam requires road improvement (Appendix J-5, Water Resources) S of In locations where detailed measurements have been taken, roads are shown to be ar. important contributor to soil erosion, primarily because they concentrate and distribute runoff as channel flow rather than as uniform overland or subsurface flow Soil losses measured from roads in the United Slates vary between 8 and 52 t/ha/year (Copeland, 1965, Diseker and McGinnis, 1967; Megahan and Kidd, 1972), similar values have been reported in Kenya (Dunne and Leopold, 1978) Roads also dissect fields and interrupt established drainages, ai crossings they' risk disrupting peak flows, accentuating backwater, and accelerating bank erosion Roads will consist of various types, most will be constructed to a high physical standard (compaction, gradient, and surface hardness) in order to accommodate the weight of heavy equipment Because the period allocated to construction is short and because heavy equipment is readily available for repair, road drainage (longitudinal and cross) risks being conceived to accommodate a high risk of acceptable failure (overtopping with possible collapse) As these same roads are likely to be used for many years following dam construction, a more suitable, minimal design policy might be to conceive major structures to safely pass the 2 5-year return interval flood and minor structures the 5-year return interval flood Temporary' roads should be constructed to a permanent standard if their use will continue following completion of the dam or other structure m.^Jbe Zd excessive w.dths of right-of-way. which achLino Sh.lir faccornraodate over-sized equipment While some flexibility is essential to Parallel constnief° fiLs> exactlng principles of design also need to be adhered to. „ ZT ,CChn,qUeS’ f0r CK^P]e- * *Wch a temporary road parallel to exZrive land^cleari Th * di n X^e ult d°^ Vef ati°" rapid passa8e of construction equipment, lead to t0 COntractor is the cost to the environment « disturbance of land Stmilarlv, excessive land cle^S —-xs--5 TAMS4JLG Baro Akobo River Batin Inicgraied Development Master Pla° 4-66ENVIRONMENT a>’*eX 4 ' are jn effective means of facilitating access to hitherto inaccessible areas, they pecans roa jncrca $d e exploitation logging, farming, hunting High standard roadways o pen areaS intercepting primitive areas, national parks, controlled hunting areas, and jhotild phonal historical or cultural significance unless the means to control trespass The •ions of the potentially negative impacts of roadways rest with competent j esian Longitudinal drainage is likely to require a raised bed. in flood areas it will eflgtI,eer'n^,ecC|“ c eS cn | i surface water elevations Longitudinal drainage is likely to require hive to • undulating terrain an outside berm might be added to contain runoff until it can be ditches, on Cross drainage should follow existing channels and be designed to safety d te debris as well as water and sediment Culvert outflows should be constructed to iCVOn|^e]ow the stream bottom so as not to interfere with the passage of aquatic life Canon a level e culvert exit extends beyond the road edge, should be avoided Culverts on i do es may require an energy dissipatcr before they discharge onto unprotected land n, control of soil erosion on a project involving roads. dams w approach from that practised on agricultural lands, where the ten™ is usually Ila. or stop,ng and financial means I™,ted to those of the farmer and his household Denuded forests bare ground, and drscarded fill are important features that the Master Plan wdl have to d«i mth It requires demgn and plannmg ft also requires financial means, although this can orivle estimated accurately on the basis of detailed design plans * “ Perhaps the most important factor to bear in mind is that land clearing should be kept to an absolute minimum The landscapes of the project area have already beer, disturbed by deforestation and agriculture, and their remaining soil is unlikely to respond well to further disturbance Steep lands are largely protected by their forest cover, but will rapidly degrade once this is removed In short, soil erosion is not a sideline issue that can be expected to take care of itself, but one that requires a level of planning and design fully equal to that undertaken tor geological investigations and roadway design It is unlikely to be adequately addressed by a single individual but will require the experience of at least 3 or 4 people representing interests 'hat include soils, sod erosion and conservation, grasslands, forests, and forest engineering Soil erosion control at construction sites makes use of the following methods (1) hydroseeding. (2) hydromulching, (3) bitumen straw mulching, (4) conventional seeding and planting. (5) blankets and fabrics, and (6) formed-in-place matrix Tkrir setecta, requires defied knowledge of*e Plan The following paragraphs present t ege . not available to this Master control ptantag which should c . ^9SQn_£oniro't_ Ban A plan to contr. _: ol on is an essential profojMensctuy h ' developed during projecr design and P osnde guidelines for controlling soil erosio , - and po^non Idea*. purpospl e iasn tois r Ia MSLLG Bur^Akobo River Bd.un Integrated Development Master Plan 4-67ANNEX 4 environ^ the responsibility of the engineer who designed the project as he is the individual m knowledgeable about the site In the case of a project designed under conditions of D°$: engineering practice or by equipment operator, specialist advice will have to be sought °°r The erosion control plan describes the location and type of controls to be implemented dearlv identifies special resources such as wetlands and primal forests that require protect ' Perceived problems, such as highly erodible soils and unstable slopes, are clearly marked The plan should contain basic drainage information, such as stream patterns, watershed areas and the size and location of hydraulic structures Erosion Control Principles Adhering to well-established principles of erosion control is an important component of effective planning and achievement One of the most important is to present erosion in the first place. In service road construction, this goal is achieved by stabilising slopes and waterways By preventing erosion from occurring, the overall discharge of sediment from the site is minimised Stabilisation is achieved through temporary and permanent turf establishment, mulching, erosion control mats, blankets, and other devices Limit the time and area of exposure The potential for erosion is greatly reduced if the size of the disturbed area is small or its duration short In some instances stabilisation can take place as part of construction, it would be wrong to wait until the final grade was established Retain sediment on the site This principle is achieved by using devices that filter sediment from runoff or that detain runoff so that heavy particles will settle out It includes the use of materials such as silt fences, straw bales, brush barriers, and sediment traps and basins Manage only the sediment and runoff from the site For this discussion we are concerned only with Gumero Dam. not with regional management of runoff and sediment Diversion berms and channels might be required to divert clean runoff around the site Erosion Control Phases By dividing construction into three separate phases, the selection of erosion controls becomes easier. The initial phase addresses the perimeter checks required to prevent sediment from leaving the site, the intermediate phase involves construction, the third phase is final site stabilisation Perimeter controls should be established immediately after land clearing and before any construction excavation Their purpose is to minimise the sediment that leaves the site, and they remain in place throughout the period of project construction They include devices such as filter barriers, diversion structures, and settling structures. Construction controls are implemented as the project progresses from its initial excavations through the establishment of its final grade They comprise temporary erosion controls that are implemented in incremental stages as construction progresses, and combine with permanent structures such as culverts and waterways They consist of temporary slope drains, temporary channel linings, temporary and permanent turf establishment, check dams, and settling structures An example would be cut-and-fill areas that are seeded in 5-10 metre-wide swaths as the work progresses TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Planenvironment db . ilisation includes final treatment of slopes and waterways n.nf.n »<» Final 7 pera,anOT' ?l,°U8h "«d They m‘,udectarel'lining ins check dams, and outlet protectton. Some controls may serve in 6to tarien and aattlmg stmcturea may control sad™ from I** threuah final slope srabtl.sat.on ,mul □vtPs are an important part of this Master Plan Those concerned with erosion control can be aSed into categories that are temporary and permanent, and mclude vegetative practices :ep , rtnjctural controls such as check dams Restoring the topsoil, it contains seeds to »"S» especially importanl •he absence of design-level documents about Gumero Dam. it is difficult to estimate the -Lt of erosion control A pre-feasibility estimate, developed from experience in similar terrain ' other construction projects, is about USS 10,000 00/km or about $100,000 for the 10 km of Xd required The necessity to buy rather than lease specialised equipment such as • Tdroseeders could double the above estimate i^nnero Dam and appurtenant works The construction of Gumero Dam will occur on dissected upland plateaux whose steepness could lend itself to dramatic and destructive forms of soil disturbances In almost even' case, land clearing for dam construction will bear significant impacts The crest length of Gumero Dam is 700 m, its total required excavation exceeds 1 mcm (including that for the spillway). Because much of the required fill will come from the reservoir impoundment area, its impact upon the environment is encapsulated within that of the reservoir An exception is the demand for rock fill (nearly 0.5 mcm), which may require quarries outside the reservoir area close to the dam axis Quarry side slopes should be graded io a gentle gradient prior to their decommissioning, the quarry floor should be sloping towards the back cut, so that runoff and sediment are impounded Prior to the rainy season, the quarry entrance should be partially closed with a berm in order to retain runoff Upon decommissioning, the quany should be graded to drain in order to reduce the habitat for mosquitoes i-Mc clearing could lead to landslides that convey large amounts of sediment directly to >tream channels, creating a temporary barrier to stream flow and increasing its turbidity Glides typically occur where slopes exceed 300 (58 per cent), where seasonal rainfall tt «eds 1,000 nun, and where the soil mass is either deep and finely textured or shallow, textured, and lies on cohesive rock dipping in the direction of the slope Sites subject to “’Wntrolled movement of overburden may require drainage to become stable This Master cf23 ? ^ '- e v based upon a review of existing studies, preventing a pre-feasibility assessment so - niass movement at the dam sites Uorks (Gumero Dam requires 600m of lined, class IV tunnel) constructed to permit ieco^nttrUCt’On' though insignificant during periods of low flow, cause nn^act^ ’ ^ds r\^ : Cant they create backwater that inundates upland areas, ouse te all s h- A°Ws existing infrastructure, habitat, and aquatic an n c ' ^Ject to damage Divcr lon weirs construction tunnels should b Uate flo*s as little as possible Spoil from tunnel bonngs, if they contain acidic oxidants t AMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development M^er Plan 4-69ANNEX 4 or are extremely fine, should be removed to a protected site isolated from streams n the reservoir Dulling and placemen of groul curtains should follow the same precautions as those d under feasibility investigations in a preceding section. As with all construction opcrau SCnbed contractor should practise BMPs for fuel and chemicals Reservoir operation Dislocation of people The study by ARDCO-GEOSERV {1995) shows that 7 households be dislocated by Gumero reservoir This assessment requires the World Bank resetd 5 Wl" criteria for dislocated people (Appendix A) be followed The following assessment estiml^' farmer gross margins for the reservoir area If relocation costs are taken to be equivalent to*? year's revenue plus assets (estimated at USS 500). they' become USS 118 00 - 500 household or USS 4,676 per 7 households Ef 'v'RON Me>(T ’ ers- afo ns ' 668 n i.ossoflaiul The reservoir will impound 30.9 km7 A previous section computed the worth of its standing timber as dry' woody biomass The previous assessment shows that 7 households risk being relocated The section on sector setting estimates that upland households cultivate about 0 5 ha each. Table 12 in Annex A estimates farm gross margins for Lett and maize If one assumes each household aggregates gross margins of about 250 Birr/a. the total worth of the displaced agriculture (less assets) is 1750 Birr/a (USS 276 per year) Loss of historic, cultural or aesthetic features These components were not assessed for reasons discussed in Section 2. but remain for feasibility investigations. Loss of wildlife habitat Gumero Dam and reservoir will occupy less than 5 per cent of Sele Masongo Protected Area The documents upon which this Master Plan is based do not quantitatively describe the habitat value of this area For this reason the impact of Gumero dam and reservoir upon wildlands and wildlife habitat are not assessed at this rime It is a subject that will require attention during feasibility studies Proliferation of aquatic weeds Gumero reservoir is shallow' (8.5 m difference between normal maximum and minimum operating levels) and broad forest length 700 m) During the dry season, when inflows are low and drawdown is advanced, the reservoir will become warm and its dissolved oxygen will deplete Operating against this trend is the short residence time ot reservoir water, computed by dividing reservoir volume by inflow, for Gumero Reservoir, the residence time is only about 131 months Nonetheless, it is likely that aquatic growths will occur We do not expect them to proliferate to such an extent that they pose problems for darn operations or fishery developments, however It is a subject appropriate for feasibility studies, when provision should be made for data collection Deterioration of water quality Water quality is affected when large amounts of tropical vegetation are flooded by new reservoirs The original river w'ater quality can deteriorate so drastically as to impair human consumption and most economic uses. In hydroelectric projects that require large river flows, this situation becomes exacerbated w'hen the reservoir's retention time (mean volume/mean flow) is also large Other variables such as mean depth, climate TAMS-L'LC Bsro-Akobo River Basin tntr'ErMcd Develop tneo! Master Plan 4-70ENVIRONMENT z,ton$ and rCSerV°ir rnOrph°mCtr5' increase or uater quality problems 3 ) and H: Greenhouse gasses are produced Compounds in reservoir sediments, such as ^containing iron, manganese, phosphorus, and sulphur, redissolve and can reach hi«h ^^fjtrations Furthermore, rates oi decomposition decrease under anaerobic conditions, ^extending the time required for reservoir recovery • port ant to the process are the amount of biomass (estimated as dry woody biomass between " i and 50 t/ha for Gumerol and the residence time of water in the reservoir From 3 totally empirical assessment of Gumero Reservoir, it would seem that short residence time coupled to small reservoir area (30 9 km2) would place the reservoir out of the severe risk category It could be. however, that these factors will simply affect the rate of reservoir recovery, and that jnaerobic conditions could prevail during the summer Because the dam specifies a low-level outlet, noxious waters could be discharged The data required for an examination of thermal stratification and reservoir mixing are not available in either of the reports by Selkhozpromexport (1988 and 1990) or ARDCO- GEOSERV (1995) Nonetheless, this assessment requires the reservoir area be totally cleared of all biodegradable biomass Its cost, based on the land clearing cost for irrigation command areas, is USS 600/ha or USS 1 85 million for the reservoir's 30 9 km' In addition, the assessment requires additional outlets in order that water can be mixed from different levels The cost of one additional outlet is USS5.000. Were vegetation not to be removed, the reservoir’s recovery penod could occupy as long as 5-7 years ffgggrvorr sedimentation, .Annex 1-F of Water Resources concludes that the rate of sediment accumulation is unlikely to reduce the desizn life of the reserv oir It does not take into account c011 L 198*)- . lhe initial life of a reservoir, enough dissolved oxygen is available for biomass DU Lisition to be aerobic. Facultative and aerobic bacteria will oxid.se the organic matter “ £C h> and relatively unobjectionable products C0;. NO?, SO,. and PO, As the available i0 51 used up. however, anaerobic and facultative bacteria convert the oroanic matter to organic and inorganic compounds CH,. COj, H S (which is corros.ve to turbine BaroAknbe River Basin Integrated Development Waiter Plan 4-71ANNEX 4 ENV1R0^ River ted Kxwtmr Gumcro Dam would be built on Mekonnen Basalt ovcrlvi and biotite gneisses The exposed basalt, if not highly weathered, will resist sc'^ of the dam The emergency spillway flows into a stilling basin, which will diss' Ur 81 the Because it discharges directly against the right bank, erosion and channel'1131* ’U enerfiy possible during floods This can be prevented by armouring the right bank J*’5'0" retaining wail or gabions It is an issue that requires examination bv feasihiKn ’ ^^ete which would cost about USS 100.000 to construct • stucl'es, Decreases in sediment transport resulting from the deposition of suspended and bed load in the reservoir release energy for renewed erosion downstream This is likely be by the basalt which appears to form the river bed Rjwnne fisheries Minimal releases from Gumcro Dam and its downstream divers computed as 8 per cent of mean annual flow The reservoir may interrupt fish migrations tT this has not been directly assessed during the course of this or previous studies Estimat O' capital cost of a fish ladder and hatchery al USS 250,000 with recurrent costs at io per * » Dam operations should mimic as much as possible the normal hydrograph Serial resisted SnaggJftg of fishnets In a preceding paragraph we recommended the clearance of all biomass in the reservoir area Failure to do so will result in snagging of fishnets Water-related diseases This Master Plan knows Gumero Reservoir only from its statistics reservoir area and operating depth, visible terrain features from published maps, hydrological and climatological data Thus, an assessment of its impact upon water-related diseases is speculative, albeit some indications can be drawn from outside the Master Plan area and indeed, from outside Ethiopia ith the possibility of job opportunities during the construction period, an attraction will be created for labour from outside the area. This new influx will change the existing population structure in number, age, and health history The medical needs of the construction camp is likely be provided by a camp doctor, who will have a support group and diagnostic facilities roughly equal to those of a health centre or health post. The major impact resulting from an influx of new people will be the introduction of disease. One task during feasibility studies will be to evaluate the health status of the resident population in the vicinity of the reservoir, its catchment, and lands downstream During construction, the health status of workers will al50 have to be documented a La and °ther dl5ea5Cs rcIated mosquitoes. gnats, midges, and other insect SZp fr °r Cpend UP°n Water (CS yelIow fever- ^"gue, Onchocerciasis) wiH hJX/w,’? becomjnS Perennial The increase will result from improved K°ffer^ by thc resCTVoir and «« shoreline vegetation. Some of the risks associated with these diseases can be reduced by controlling wetland vegetation, possibly by graang. Anti-inalanal programmes using pesticides such as DDT pose their own set suhtf1231 311 k°SlS f”!—Inot recomniended by this Master Plan given that many of these nonlZtr , J * cherT,o P °P y ^s « at best suitable only for short-teru ooouZn f f hJ \ PrOJCCt The deve,0PmenI immunity- and treatment of populat on living near the reservoir is, for now, an admittedly partial solution As mentioned previously, only 7 households are thought to live in the reservoir area, so the populate > ■ 4 k w T^AMS-tLG Baro-Akobo River Bax in Integrated Development Master Plan - 4-72 *4 4 r %ANN'* 4 ENVIRONMENT ^jpjasis does not present the same risk for hydroelectric reservoirs as it does for 5chjStO rt7 which brings man into intimate contact with waler At Guntero. the potential for ■_ "known to this Master Plan given that we have no information *hanr rh. itwC DCOple who used the reservoir for recreation or as a source of domestic water The risk would be on the lee shore of the reserv oir, especiady if vegetation were allowed ^cumulate there. An obvious control is to exclude the human population from the vicinity reservoir, together with training in hygiene and health If the reservoir were intended to °"pp|y water to nearby households, then water stations removed from the perimeter offer mother response. Trvuanosomiasis does not appear to be known high in the upland watersheds, but information about this disease is fragmentary and inconsistent Selkhozpromexport (1988) reported an unconfirmed 454 cases in the upper Gilo River, but this is believed to be adjacent the lowlands Feasibility studies will need to gather information on the frequency of this disease in proximity to the site Selkhozpromexport (1988) reported the absence of the mosquito carriers of Leishmaniasis in the lower basin, we have no information about their presence in the vicinity of Gumero reservoir or, indeed, their continued absence in Lhe lower basin. The nsk of helminthiasis from hydroelectric projects is low as this kind of project does not cal! for the same kind of intimate contact between man, soil, and water as does irrigation A previous section described Government’s proposal to improve health services throughout Ethiopia. A principal objective is to decrease the size of the health catchments, making it easier for patients to seek aid at the lower tiers of service A principal constraint in the Master Plan area is its lack of diagnostic services, yet the Master Plan proposes improvements that will increase the frequency of many dangerous diseases. For this reason this assessment leqmres the establishment of a diagnostic health centre near every major impoundment whose Jaximurn reservoir area or combined reservoir and irrigation command area exceeds 60 km* * objective is to have at least one health site in the immediate area of major reservoirs and ^gallon command areas canahle. nF nrrwtnrino firm diaenoses and treatment of malaria. 4-73ANNEX 4 ENV<RoNMtNl The river segments most al risk occur between the dam and its furthest power statiOn enX?3 ^versions. the first 8 km downstream of the dam the second 12 km * the 'rd 25 km Each diverson takes water from the Gumero River to feed into a power n order of the diversions, the affected reaches have respective lengths of 2.5, and 6 The maos of these diversions and their corresponding canals show no dwellings or roads in their vicinity. We conclude, therefore, the risk of conflict is low, subject to the findings Of feasibility studies Increased land pressure Gumero reservoir will require the relocation of 7 households cur^emlv resident in its 30 9 km: basin The Master Plans population capacity model shows the area of Gumero reservoir to be on the borderline between lands that are now critical or will be at capacity within 10 years Stress between relocatees and current residents is likely within the short term. To relieve this stress, agriculture and other inputs, such as those proposed by this Master Plan, are essential. The development is unlikely to attract an influx of people into the area other than for dam construction The Master Plan area is far removed from the markets of central Ethiopia Its product, electrical energy, will be largely exported, either to other locations within Ethiopia or to outside markets Catchment degradation This subject is addressed as a component of agricultural and forest dev elopment in a subsequent section 6.3.4 Recommended Actions In the event of this project proceeding, the following specific actions are likely to be required to mitigate adverse environmental impacts • Cany out full ELA and take note of its recommendations (see section 6 2 3 above) • Ensure construction contracts contain clauses to control noise, dust soil erosion, the discharge of effluents into river channels and the impact of temporary construction camps • Resettle families (7) in accordance with World Bank guidelines • Carry out mitigation measures to minimise increased risks to health of water-borne diseases either by a public health programme or by resettlement of people living in the vicinity of the reservoir • assist fish migration by the provision of fish ladders Include reservoir clearance in estimates • design the 10km of access roads to minimise soil erosion 6.4 Geba-A Dam, Geba River 6.4.1 Description Geba-A damsite is located in Illubabor region near the eastern edge of the Master Plan area on the Geba River, 120 km upstream of its confluence with the Birbir River As with Gumero TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanENVIRONMENT its geology is composed of faulted ba»h Its landscape ,s rolling; its vegetatioX^^ with other rocks The dam would be 45-metres high and 47s Geba river, where two in-line diversions w aerate electncity. The first diversion Tk wpKUve lengths of thetr power bn ?- 1' would a- ^6 km the ■ ,ric ^c“r,d 16.' * fa Sou Gtba reservoir would cover an area of 68 5 l ’ annual flow at Geba damsite is estimated k' 'ts *atershed normal maximum operating level would be 2 7n 35 9 °r 1I 3M^'086 M«r 10 ® Maximum capacity' of avtrage reS1 dence time of water, computed hX" the reservoXn ! h 8 dead five2 X 3 d,ffer^ fP'r o Ol Z nniea^ge. the reservoir wou,d replacei^^^^ 4/J Positive «*?*** P^r r Potential positive impacts include flood control, reservoir fisheries, fuelwood, and recession agriculture and grazing' g,wr Regulation The assessment for Gumero dam applies Flood control The reservoir is configured to generate hydroelectricity Its capacity'. 865 MCM, divided by mean annual flow, 11,300 MCM, gives a residence period of less than one month While some flood attenuation benefit would accrue from the reservoir, it is too small for this to be considered an additional value Reservoir fishery The assessment of Gumero Dam applies Fuetwpod Using the estimates of Theriault (1995), the available dry woody biomass of the reservoir area lies between 30 and 50 t/ha, for the 68.5 km: reservoir, this is between 205,500 aid 342,500 tonnes, enough for between 121.000 and 202,000 person years of supply. Its value as fuelwood, based on 5 Birr for a 20 kg bundle, is between 51 and 86 million Bin (USS s 1-14 million) agriculture and grazing The assessment of Gumero Dam applies ^•3 Negative impacts and their mitigations potential negative impacts of Gefaa-A Dam and it <™TO Dam They occur in aag«. “K-udc identical issues presented in the same or er rcseirble those assessed for and operation, an S“ " See ibe ~ ect,on on. Gumero 'Jam for a complete discussion ot these imps'. TaMS-L LG Baro-Akobo River Birin Integrated DeselopacW >fai1er Pl“ 4-75ASXE.X 4 Fi'astbihl} studies: geological core sampling The assessment of Gumero Dam applies Construction Construction camp The assessment of Gumero Dam applies The construction of Geba-A Dam requires the improvement of 69 km of road construction of 1 stream crossing The roads will increase sediment contribution to thee ** River, the stream crossing, depending upon ns type, could cause expansion of the chann ' disruption of aquatic life. e and In large part, the assessment of roads given for Gumero Dam applies Special procedures required to control soil erosion and sediment Without direct knowledge of the site and th' design profiles of the roadway, these are difficult if not impossible to predict Their comro: forms a large part of design if adequate design procedures are followed, then negative environmental impacts can be lessened, largely through provisions for drainage Even so protective mulches and seeding will be required .An important factor is to limit the width of clearing Parallel construction methods should not be allowed Equipment should not be oversized yet be adequate to perform the work Silt fences will likely be required to control sediment, settling ponds will be required for sediment to settle Disturbed topsoil should be replaced, it contains seeds for revegetation Culvert crossings, if major, should be sized to pass the 25-year return interval flood, lesser crossings should pass the 5-year flood Culvert outlets should extend into the stream bottom so that migratory life can pass in the upstream direction Long fills leading to culvert crossings should be avoided Rather, supplementary culverts should be placed in the fill so that recession flows do not have to run the full length of fill before discharging through the culvert Without direct knowledge of the site, it is extremely difficult if not impossible to estimate the costs of mitigations to the environmental problems of roads As with Gumero, we estimate the unit cost of sediment and erosion control to be USS 10.000 per km or USS 690,000 for the 69 km of road to be improved Geba-A Dam and appurtenant works Much of the assessment conducted for Gumero Dam applies to Geba-A Dam The following paragraphs address only those differences that require attention. Geba Dam is an earthfill structure whose location includes potentially hazardous faults The faults need to be assessed for their geological stability under conditions of reservoir loading The dam design should include an analysis of its behaviour under failure The dam. which is an earthfill structure, requires nearly 3 MCM of fill to construct Most ° this will likely come from the reservoir area, where its risk to the environment will be reso ' by impoundment Rockfill from quarries outside of the reservoir will pose the same risks require the same mitigations as those for Gumero Dam TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Masicr PlanENVIRONMENT 4 s5EX^ ___ __ __________________________________________ ., uses* 'hc risk °f “slide Biven ihe absoce of direct taowlwije about the ste ^ent1s related to the stability of Gumero damsitc apply W'e did no fie c°'- rrion diversion for the dam will require 515 m of ciajs-lV. lined diversion tunnel ConStnJ -s from Gumero damsite apply foments atior’JllP— J^ o e ty ARDCO-GEOSERV (1995) shows Lhat 28 households M ^dislocated by Gumero reservoir The World Bank resettlement criteria for dislocated . (Appendix A) should be followed. The to!lowing assessment computes annual gross for agriculture The required compensation for relocation, subject to confirmation by ^Sitv analysis, is estimated as j-years of gross margin income or USS 118 per household ^5 the value of assets (estimated at USS 500) or USS 618 per household, 18.704 for 28 r.ouseholds /,4S5 of land The reservoir will impound 68 5 km’ of land A previous section computed the LOrth of its standing timber as fuelwood The previous assessment shows that 28 households nsk heme relocated The sectton on sector setting estimates that upland households cultivate •bout 0 5 ha each. Table 12 in Appendix A estimates farm gross margins for teff and maize If one assumes each household aggregates gross margins of about 250 Birr/a, the total worth of the displaced agriculture (less assets) is 7000 Birr/year (USS 1100 per year) Loss of historic, cultural or aesthetic features These components were not assessed for reasons discussed m Chapter 2. but will have to be addressed during feasibility investigations Loss of wildlife habitat Geba Dam and reserv oir are located in Sigmo Geba protected area Wc have no information about the current status of this land (see report by ARDCO- GEOSERV, 1995) other than its number of reservoir area residents, ergo they live in the protected area Given that data about this subject are unavailable, we are unable to assess the impact of the dam and its reservoir upon wildlife habitat al this site. It is a subject that remains far feasibility study JOh/eratjon of aquatic weeds Geba-A dam is 45-m deep at its maximum section, the depth r t>etn n°™a! minimum and maximum operating levels is 10 m. The average residence time * S 0 91 month Given the small reservoir size, depth, and frequent exchange of water s reservoir, aquatic weeds, while they undoubtedly will occur, are unhkely to cause a Us P °blem to dam operations or fishery developments. r •oetwe/ ?ere ar£ thc S| nall si^e quality The general comments for Gumero reservoir apply The key amounts of dry woody biomass within the reservoir area >42,000 tonnes) and the frequent influx of new water in relation co the dific'Jlu ° 0 f the reservoir As with Gumero. the absence of water temperature data makes it ^parativ !Stimate :^e effects of thermal stratification upon oxygen exchange Given the Possible • hi?l1 cIevaiion of the reservoir (2160 m elevation), thermal mixing would appear turbulence would also induce oxygen exchange Nonetheless, the potential ^uritjg the ,Uarrn tciriperatures to lead to deoxygenation and anaerobic conditions at depth Ow> flow season. For this reason, this assessment requires lhe total clearance, TAVfS-tJLG Baro-Akobo RbZ Basin Integrtled Devttopment Master Plin 4-77 7ANNEX 4 estimated to cost USS 600/ha or USS 4.110,000, of reservoir biodegradable addition, two supplementary outlets are required so that water could be mixed fr Inels The cost of outlets, at USS 10.000 each, is USS 20.000 for two rfcscnxw sedimentation Comments for Gumero reservoir apply. ENVn«*MEM In °m Inlet delta formation Comments for Gumero reservoir apply. Change Gumero Riv Geba River eF tCl Riverbed .scouring Geba Dam will be built on Mekonnen basalt overlying homblend biotite gneisses The basalt, if unweathered, will provide a cohesive bed for the channel" 6 8 115 which scouring will be minor Reduced, regulated flows typically lead to decreases of t * widths rather than expansions cf, anne| The emergency spillway of the dam forms an oblique angle to the bank where it joins the Get River. How energy is dissipated by a stilling basin 28-m long, 26-m wide, and 8-m deep J should cause minimal disturbances to the opposite bank during flood flows Nonetheless bank stabilisation of the right bank is likely to be required. Its estimated cost is USS 100,000 Riverine fisheries. Minimal releases from Geba Dam and its downstream diversions are computed as 8 per cent of mean annual flow (8 percent of 35.9 m3/s is 2.9 mJ/s). Without fish ladders and a hatchery programme, the dam will interrupt migratory fish, but this has not been assessed bv this or previous studies The river reach between the dam and its most downstream powerhouse outlet will need to be evaluated in terms of the capacity of minimal flows to maintain its existing aquatic life. Feasibility studies will also have to examine the role of the upper watershed in supporting migratory fish. Estimate the capital cost of a fish ladder and hatcheiy at USS 250,000 with recurrent costs at 10 per cent Dam operations should mimic the normal hydrograph as much as is possible Xnoggwg of fishnets. Comments in the assessment of Gumero Dam apply Water-related diseases Comments in the assessment of Gumero Dam apply. Conflicting demands for water The small size of the reservoir and short residence period for its waters will likely mean that much of the annual hydrograph remains unchanged from its present state. As computed under riverine fisheries, the dam will provide minimal releases ot 2 9 m7s. As the frequency of measurement used to compute hydrologic studies is only one month, we do not ye: know the impact of reservoir operations upon the post-project flow duration curve The river segments most at risk are those between the dam outlet and the last powerhouse located 16-km downstream of the dam The power canals servicing the project, in their or from the dam are 3.6 and 6km long. As they closely follow the course of the river, they re ec- the channel distances that would also be affected, about 9 6 km total The maps of these diversions show no nearby houses, leading us to conclude there is little ri-k of conflict between human users in the affected reaches This conclusion would hav* 10 j confirmed by feasibility study, however. As stated before, the relationship between reduc flows and wildlife (including aquatic) has not been determined TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Bwin [ntegnted Development Mauer Planenvironment ^ es4__-___________________________________ __ ________ _______________________________ j Construcll0n of Gcba Dam will require the relocabon of 28 Th^pu'*ion C3paClty m°del COmpuled [his Master Plan shows no conflict . J capacity and the present population of" the project area. From this we gather the 0 brf** ^dy to create an influx of settlers other than for labour during rhe construction pr°j J For this reason we see no problem of increased land pressure, subject to the findimts of e !£«•«*■ t This subject is adcLessed as a component of agricultural and forest ^4.4 Recommended Actions event of this project proceeding, the following specific actons are likely to be required '□ mitigate adverse environmental impacts Cany out full ELA and take note of its recommendations (see section 6 2 3 above) Ensure construction contracts contain clauses to control noise, dust, soil erosion, the discharge of effluents into river channels and the impact of temporary1 construction camps • Resettle families (estimate 28 no) in accordance with World Bank guidelines • Carry out mitigation measures to minimise increased risks to health of water-borne diseases • assist fish migration by provision of a fish ladder Include reservoir stripping in budget • design the 69km of access roads to minimise soil erosion 6.5 Barn Dam. Baro River 6-5-1 Description Baro Dam and reservoir are located near the border between Ulubabor and Shekisho regions on the Baro River, about 75km upstream of its confluence with the Birbir River and almost 30km due south of the town of Gore near the village of Gordomo. The geology, as determined IOB’ geological maps, is basalt, possibly faulted. The terrain is rolling; its vegetation is forest XIeajl anrtuaJ 5 discharge at Baro damsite is 49 8 m /s or 15,700 MCM per year. am W3U;„ constructed of earthfill. Its crest is 45m high at the highest section and 0 “l™ ° £ Construction would require two diversion runnels, one of which would be used for n d h*° ^ r S ^'e dani Wou^ service 2 powerhouses the first is 43km downstream of the lone r Second 60 Each would have its own diversion and power canal (1.300 and 8,000m ej pec[iveiy) It js equipped with a single, low-level outlet. covers 78 2 km ; the watershed 1620 km 2 Its elevation at normal maximum res Crvoj^ *S 1^20 at normal minimum it is 1710 m, a difference of only 10 m Total area 1 opacity is 600 MCM, Sixtv-five households currently reside within the reservoir t AMS-ULg Bin>Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Harter Plan 4-79The subsequent section discusses only the non-hydropower benefits of Bare Dani; its fj benefits are discussed elsewhere. River regulation The assessment for Gumero dam applies Flood control. The total volume of Baro Dam (dead and live storage) is 600 MCM ry by mean annual flow (15,700 xMCM), the average residence time of new water is only o month, about 2 weeks While there will be some hydraulic benefit of flood attenuation, thi likely to be minor Flood protection would require another kind of dam /tafnxw fisheries Assessment of Gumero Dam applies ^cy] s 15 Fuelwood One of our recommendations is the total removal of al! biodegradable matenj from the reservoir area The results of the Woody Biomass Study by Theriault (1995) estimate Lhe reservoir area holds between 50 and 70 t/ha of woody biomass (392.50O549.5Q0 tonnes total). This is equivalent to 232.000 and 324,000 person years of fuelwood supply Its grOss worth, in terms of 5 Bin- per 20 kg bundle, is between 98.1 and 137 million Birr (USS 15 5 and 23 7 million) Recession agriculture and grazing Assessment of Gumero Dam applies 6.5.3 Negative environmental impacts and their mitigations The following text describes potential negative environmental impacts according to phase feasibility studies, construction, and operations Feasibility studies: geological core sampling Assessment of Gumero Dam applies Construction Construction camp Assessment of Gumero Dam applies Roads Baro Dam calls for 13 km of road imorovement and 23.5 km of new road The mitigation of sediment and soil erosion from roads is identical to that of Gumero Dam cost of mitigation is USS 10,000 per km or USS 367,000 for the 36 5 km total ffaro Dam and appurtenant works Baro Dam requires about I 5 MCM of fill, most of which wifi likely come from the impoundment area. .Assessment of Gumero Dam applies. We did not assess the risk for mass movement in the reservoir or dam vicinity Comm® * related to this subject at Gumero Dam apply. The dam requires 965 m of class-V diversion tunnel .Assessment of Gumero Dam applieS TAMS-ULC Biro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-80 1ENVIRONMENT , ’“ dy ^O-GEOSERV (1995) shows da, 6S hxJuseho|d! by tl,c r“‘T"r !nd d’"t. Tn" «wss™™ squires The World Bari ^meni criteria (Annex Al be followed The following paragraph estimates farmer gross reset1 for the area li compensation is estimated at 3-years revenue plus USS 500 then the becomes USS 618 per household or USS 40J 89 for 65 households cC tnp«nsa fland The reservoir wil1 imPound 78 5 km* A previous section computed the worth of Adine umber as fueiwood. The previous assessment states that 65 households will be ted Th sec* e 1011 on sec^^ setting estimates that upland households cultivate about 0 5 ^“nand The gross margins computed for leff and maize (Appendix A) give an annual gross 13 ° ■„ nf about 250 Bin- per agncultural household. For 65 households, this amounts to 'jSo BirT/year. about USS 2,563 per year less assets r cs of ht stone, intlluraLj)r_qesjhetic^atures These components were not assessed for reasons discussed in Section 2, but will have to be addressed during feasibility investigations j wildlife habitat Baro Dam and reservoir are located in Salem Wangus protected area \Ve have no information about this site, it is not discussed in the documents by ARDCO- GEOSERV For this reason, we are unable to assess it. Proliferation of aquatic weeds The difference between minimal and maximal operating depths for Baro reservoir is only 10 m Conditions are ideal for the growth of some forms of aquatic weeds Still, water exchange is rapid given the size of the reservoir in relation io its inflow. Agaric weeds will undoubtedly grow but are unlikely to reach a volume that will become problematic The introduction, if they do not already exist, of phytophagous ash would reduce weed proliferation Deterioration of water quality. Most comments for Gumero reservoir apply equally to Baro reservoir. The reservoir capacity area curve for this project describes a shallow reservoir which has a short residence time for new water. Oxygen diffusion, oxygenated inflow, and ™d turbulence are probably sufficient to maintain aerobic conditions in the peripheral portions of the reservoir During the dry season when inflow is reduced, anaerobic conditions -e possible where waters are deep, principally along the former thalweg and against the dam. U mitigate against pollution by the dam. this assessment requires that all vegetation be deartd from the reservoir area At USS 600 per hectare, its total cost comes lo USS 4 7 nulhon. J "h a height of 45 m and a single, low-level outlet, Baro Dam risks discharging low qualipr Dr t er' F°r this reason, this assessment requires it be ©quipped with two additional outlets in t0 _ ra x ’ outflows from different layers. Al USS 10,000 per outlet, their total cost Dec<Ws USS 20,000, Assessment of Gumero Dam applies. Assessment of Gumero Dam applies. Read Bare River instead of If ^weathered, the basalt of the channel floor will armour against scouring BuroAkobo River Biiin bitted Dodopment Mister Plan 4-81ANNEX 4 The reservoir may interrupt fish migrations if they occur high in the catch characteristics of upland fisheries were not evaluated for the upland reservoirs remain a subject to be studied during feasibility investigations As with the other estimate the capital cost of a fish ladder and hatchery at USS 250,000 with recurr reserVofr>, 10 per cent li'ater-rriatcd diseases .Assessment of Gumero Dam applies ent c°sts at Of the three upland reservoirs, Baro poses the greatest risk of increased disease due to vegetation that will likely flourish along its shores In particular, the favourable habitl* provides for mosquito breeding will increase malaria to dangerous levels, although this could be partially reduced by the introduction and management of mosquito eating fish such ? Gambusta and Haplochtlus Of the three responses to malana. anti-mosquito campaigns5 chemoprophylaxis, and immunity development, only treatment and eventual immunity supplemented by the use of mosquito nets, are practicable on the scale represented by this project Other diseases are also important and have been described elsewhere in this document In order to reduce the potential impacts this installation poses to human health, mitigation requires the installation of a diagnostic health centre capable of diagnosing and treating the major water-related diseases It will cost USS 20.000’ its recurrent costs are USS 11,000 /year (i onflicting demands for water Provisional minimal releases from Baro Dam are 3.98 m’s'1 Feasibility studies are required to determine the effectiveness of this flow to maintain aquatic and wildlife in the affected reaches These will be located primarily in the reaches between diversions and their powerhouses The 1:50.000 scale maps for this project show canals roughly parallel the channel of the Baro River, allowing the length of each affected reach to be roughly approximated by power canal length I 3 and 8 0 km. The maps show no households in proximity to power canals and diversions, indicating the potential for conflict with human water users is probably low The feasibility study will need to assess the role of existing waler rights and how these would be affected by the project Increased land pressure According to the Master Plan map of population support capacity the dam is located where there is no current pressure upon the land. Relocated households are unlikely to create additional pressure upon land resources. Catchmentdegradation This subject is addressed as a component of agricultural and forest development in a subsequent section 6. 5./ Recommended Actions In the event of this project proceeding the following specific actions are likely to be required to mitigate adverse environmental impacts TAMS-ULC Bam-Aio&o River Basin Integrated Do elop men t Master Plan 4-82ENVIRONMENT , full El a and Eakc note ofits recommendations (i« section 6 2 3 atcvtj 9 4 C3r0 O'1 on5t^'cTion contracts cOntain dau«s to wntrol noise, dust, soil erosion. the EnsufC c of efl]uents into river channels and the impact of temporary construction camps jischarg jes (65 j accordance with World Bank guidelines ReSeltlC ligation measures to minimise increased risks to health of water-borne C3lT> 0IJeither by a publ’c heaJth P °aramme r or by resettlement of people living in the d !s£*? ftbe reservoir o fish migration by the provision offish ladders Include reservoir clearance tn estimat design the *o - of j fO minimise soil erosion gcccSS roa 5 bfi Iting Dam, Baro River U1 Description Called [tang-Lare by Selkhozpromexport (1990), Itang Dam would be located tn Gambela n on the Baro River 10km upstream of the town of Itang and 26km downstream of Gambela Its purpose is to impound and divert water for irrigation The site is composed of lacustrine and alluvial clays overlying intrusive trachytes and syenites At this location the Baio River meanders, changing its path from Lime to time in a seemingly random way Point jars and back swamps develop, expand, and contract with hme The Master Plan criticises the site, stating that its suitability as a damsite is possible only if confirmed by further study The maxim inn height of Itang Dam is 11 metres; its crest length is 5.100 m Poor foundation tondiiions require relatively flat front and back slopes: 5:1 (h v). The dam would be constructed of earthfill and contain 2 irrigation intakes, one on each bank, in the short term, only 1 intake would be developed The area of the upstream catchment is 24,420 km2; that of the reservoir is 71 0 km’, its combined dead and live storage is 246 5 MCM. Minimum normal operating level is 428.5 m elevation; normal maximum elevation is 431.6 m, a difference of only 4.1 m. Mean annual flow 11 L°Ca(ion is 390 m’/s or 123,000 MCM. The average period of residence of new water, '■imputed by dividing reservoir volume by flow, is 0 02 month * Positive impacts ecllOn discusses the potential, non-irrigation benefits of Itang Dam fc .-f wiu A5 discussed above, the ratio between storage and flow is small While the dam larger st 1 6 S°me h>'draLllic benefit to flood attenuation, flood control would require a much to the flatctUre nefla^ss f Suitable sites for large structures in the lower basin are lacking- however, due 0 lheteiTain Abofo s Mes, w Selkhozpromexport f 1988) estimated potential fish harvest from its nearby 45 IcgTia/year A similar harvest, subject to confirmation by feasibility e a total annual production of about 320 tonnes T AMS-L LG Baro-Ako bo River Busi a Integrated Development Master Plan r 4-83ANNEX 4 Fuebwid Among Master Plan recommendations is the total clearance of k- material from the reservoir area, the irrigation command area will also have to°h CgTadab|e Theriault (1995) estimates the dry woody biomass for Itang to be between lc ° cicafec (571,000*1.713.000 tonnes total) This is sufficient to provide between 33^ 30 1.010,000 person years of fuelwood At a cost of 5 Birr per 20 kg bundle its valt '°°° 143 and 428 million Birr (USS 22.5-67.5 million). ’ C ,s be<*ten pecevton agriculture and grazing Itang reservoir, because of its extensive, gently slopjne shores, offers potential opportunity for recession agriculture and grazing dunng the dn- season Such areas have been traditionally used for dryland grazing in much of Ethiopia provide a focus for livestock movements throughout savannah Africa The Master Plan map of agricultural systems denotes the reservoir as lying on the border between shifting cultivation (wrahum dominant) and pastoral systems The section on subsistence agriculture in the project setting describes the role of recession agriculture, which provides between 2 and J crops annually These opportunities are not in competition with irrigated agriculture, but complement it in wavs that could provide additional project revenues while reducing noxioui shoreline veeetation It would have to be controlled, however. Excess livestock would deplete the natural vegetation of the area, break down canals, destroy crops, and starve unless their numbers were kept within appropriate limits The project setting described in this report gives a rough evaluation of the manure-P and manure-N that could result from livestock grazing in the reservoir area Exposed on the surface and subject to intense evaporation and insolation, horse pats, cow pats, even elephant pats dry out and rot, changing their noxious components to ones that are more or less benign The use of high concentrations of de-worming medicines can produce pats that are toxic to maggots, extending the period of time required for decay to take place 6.6.3 Negative environmental impacts and their mitigations Impacts resulting from dams can be classified according to project phase feasibility investigations, construction, and operation. These are discussed in turn below' For general comments, see section 6.2.2. Feasibility studies: geological core sampling Five drillholes were bored by Selkhozpromexport during the course of its studies It is 1 ikelv that additional test borings will be required The assessment of Gumero Dam applies Construction Construction camp The assessment of Gumero Dam applies Roads. Many of the comments regarding the construction of roads at Gumero Dam apph equally well to Itang Even so, the intensity of erosion and sedimentation in the lower basin TAMS-ULG Biro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-K4ENVIR ONMENT ______ —-------------- ------------ ------------------—- 5 " S hv the flatness of the terrain and its reduced nfaJI eroavit/ Ths i primaniv raJ s /the cost of rmtigatron. about USS 3.000 per km of road instead of USS 10 000 requires 30 km of road improvement (Annex Ilf), sving a tou] jtafl? Plosion control alone roadways. ^000fo - r cro ^_WP«r^1*-la Itang Dam 3 m«>mum height of II metres and a fTlOOm Its spillway is located on rhe right bank of the flood plain and would be 0 ' irrigation intakes would be constructed, one on each bank Oniv the right TwO 2^°* 2would be developed for this project, its design capacity is 100 m’/s. although most ould t*e less t^ian m /S| 'tS is 56 km, mostly unhned The system would be | klwrS|™ j oads. distribution works, and drains e£ by r s I (h v) upstream and downstream slopes of the dam. required for stability, mean that ThC nuantities of fill, more than 2.2 MCM, are needed for construction. Most fill will come reservoir area where its potential impact is mitigated by inundation Even so. 16.000 r ock and 325.000 m’ of rip rap are also required, possibly to be quarried from the 31 n es that scatter the plains. The koppies are not so common that they lack uniqueness, /is ever particularly in terms of wildlife habitat They will need to be surveyed by a trained rtologist and a determination of habitat value made The general considerations for quarries at Gumefo Dam apply equally to kang Diversion for construction will make use of a cofferdam across the main river channel and a diversion canal on the right flood plain After building the bulk of the dam, the section above tie construction diversion would be filled during the low flow season Jfesenvrr operation Dislocation of people. Selkhozpromexport (1990) estimates that 7)1 households would be dislocated by Itang reservoir This is the highest estimated relocation of any of ±e Master Plan reservoirs and may be sufficient reason to exclude the site, despite Master Plan determinations that show no population pressure at this site This assessment requires the World Bank resettlement criteria given in Appendix A be followed Dislocation compensations are estimated at 3-year's agricultural gross margin plus USS 500 to cover loss ot assets The following assessment computes agricultural gross margin. Its annual household gross margin is SUS 126 18; for three vears plus USS 500 this becomes 878 55, for 711 households it ts USS 625,000. land I j impound 71 km3. A previous section computed the worth of tang reservo r standing timber as drv woody biomass The previous assessment showed that 711 hc^i 0 5 risk be n / ’ 8 relocated The section on sector setting estimates that lowland m Ae lolds titivate about 0.8 ha each and that they receive about 2 crops per year. Table 12 a gro^' ^ 1 cs^rnat&s farm gross margins for teff and maize Given that a hectare produces °f about 500 Birr per crop, then the annual gross margin per household 00 Bin Toe 7 [ ] households, this is about 570,000 Birr/year (USS 89,700). 4-85,, bou; half of Hang's command area occupies the northern edge of Game , The megrity of the park cannot be matntatned were ,, t„ |osc |h]s recommend, therefore, that the sue of the command area be reduced £ "" \ N « hr lhe Jikawo road remains u»«a Tta ‘Wy "duco the fee of canal. , "*<*»> reservoir / ncv of historic, ciiltorgLor aesthetic^eatures These components wer reasons discussed in Chapter 2, but will have to be addressed during fea eadln8 •kj Slbll t '^t / /)« of Wildlife habitat hang Dm reservoir, and canals (the command subsequent section) occupy part of the north-western edge of Gambela Naf * dis^ of the resource value of the park are inconsistent: Selkhozprornexp M statistics which portray an area with abundant wildlife; the describes a park that is severely degraded and its wildlife population red'* conducted of the Abobo construction supervisor by this writer indicated^ elephant and one of lion during recent travel between Gambela and the work s't (9&8) pt^ ? and habitat status of the park are issues that require additional study dun investigations. ' nn^ Much of Gambela National Park is already occupied by a state farm and Abobo D reservoir, and is dissected by connecting roadways Poaching by refugees and the SPL/** reported in the area Nonetheless, Selkhozpromexport (1988) described the\ V* permanency of migratory routes in the vicinity' of proposed canals leading from Abejc > These traverse the canal route at frequencies of about every 1 per every' 1 0 -1 5 km axr something to be preserved by design and construction. Selkhozpromexport's approach w: line the crossing with rough cement at a reduced sidewall gradient of about 300 Weesaac the cost of each crossing at USS 10,000 or USS 500,000 for the 56 km of canal Full development of irrigation in the lower basin could mean edge-to-edge irngE’X development al the expense of wildlife migratory corridors For this reason, this assess® requires al! command areas be reduced by 10-50 per cent of their surface, the area to xs; aside for migration. This subject is developed further under irrigation Proliferation of aquanc weeds, liang reservoir is shallow (3.1 m between normal and maximum operating levels, 11 m high at maximum cross section) and broad reservoir area. 5100m crest length) .As such it will likely behave as a shallow lake and Abobo reservoir providing the most obvious comparisons The water w ., oxygenated along its periphery, and probably provide ideal habitat tor aqua Diaw'down during the dry season may allow time for weed clearance. landscape is used for controlled grazing and agriculture and if phytophagous reservoir At this time we are unable to determine if the growth of weeds wi tor reservoir operations. yubir# P a t of wggr guqlty. Much of the discussion about water .*er ifrtfrf>' reservoi. applies to Itarg The following paragraphs concern the except'005 the generalities. ”HENVIRONMENT lian* wnll warm during the low flow season, contributing to low dissolved oxygen thermal stability. Wind turbulence will agitate the surface and possibly c0d ^ c I,lrBtlDri sOJTie mixing of surface water layers, but this could be minimal if aquatic growths ^ nlribUlaewindbTeak along the surface des el°P d iions will prevail along the former thalweg and in the vicinity of the maximum xnaer°blC con Oxvgenated waters may only he several metres deep thus the effects ot cross section nOl apparent along the reservoir fringe Because the irrigation intakes ^aerobic h dam sides rather than the centre, the problems of reservoir water quality may not if e along 1i ^ter u3ers during the early irrigation season Later in the year, when chemical be apparfn more active due to increasing water temperature, problems of taste and fltocesses become Jdour may increase. h the other reservoirs assessed by this study, essential data such as water temperature not sported in the key studies by Selkhozpromexport (1988 and 1990) Problems of 310 0< I stratification and water quality should be modelled as part of feasibility design. In the 1 6 ' we recommend that all biodegradable material be removed from the reservoir Its area ^710 km; At LSS 600. ha, its gross cost of removal becomes USS 4.260,000. Rrten>oir sedimentation .Annex 1 F to this Master Plan concludes the rate of reservoir sedimentation is insufficient to reduce the design life of the dam. Situated on the plains of the Master Plan area, most coarse sediments will deposit far upstream, particularly where the channel gradient changes from mountains io plain Even were watershed hydrologic condition tc seriously deteriorate, coarse sediments (boulders and cobbles) are more likely to deposit in the intervening reach rather than travel as far as the reservoir inlet Gravels, sands, silts ar.d clays, however, will eventually reach the reservoir We are aware of no salts present that will cause clays to flocculate and settle The shallow depth and thermal stability of the water is unlikely to Favour the formation of density currents, but this possibility should not be discounted Most likely, fine sediments will gradually settle, the finest eventually reaching the dam face They should not be in such quantities as to cause a nuisance to canal operations, however. ormqrio^ As stared above, very coarse sediments such as boulders and cobbles are u i eh to reach the dam inlet but will deposit where the channel slope changes from mountain tQ plain Finer sediments, especially sands and gravels, are likely to travel as far as beCo^Crk °’r where a sudden loss of stream power will induce settling This process will two dir a?pllfied as vegcti*hon gradually takes root on the delta, causing it to will expand in channel^ lnt° reserv°ir and along the channel bottom, where it will decrease the channel ca* ISnt increasing its bottom elevation One result will be a gradual loss of Wntami^f a,ultV’ lhat n<x>d fre9uency upstream of the dam will increase As a mitigation, a PPOHunilie 5 Urologic condition of Bare catchment is important. The land management achieved $ ISClJssed elsewhere in this Master Plan describe some of the ways this could be 'If■’fhrd.scanritjo tv, r is a geonT’* .he form Baro Rjver> described by active meanders, point bars, oxbow ^ Wcr. and other I ' fesponse to enerSy gradient, sediment concentration, discharge, stream be5e discharoe7 ®^rnents dam proposes to make a sudden and sharp change to each of will become regulated; sediment concentration will decrease, peak flows may 1 rS-L'LG Baro-Akotxi River Basin lniegratcd Development Master Plan J-8TANNEX 4 lnvestig3tiOjl ™ cl c MjwwJSteS Cc“ <1996) bel!eves th'.river’ of ,he ^ter Ww ol feh >»« 1 Produ",v' CTTVu ' 200 IlZ" M,-. h«™>! the irigruims of some spet.es and the breeding plates of ou,ns^ *11 SJ< die response offish «•> tk' “ be Prov,[ie<i '™b a fish hatch-,'*',’MZ' miMoy fish become M «> H» re“™>lr. f°r in«ance’ It » , J™ M,: * investigations As an intermediary step, estimate the cost of a fish ladder i v ,°r Ms 250,000 with recurrent costs at 10 per cent a ^hery a! Sna^ine of fishnets. A preceding paragraph recommended the clearance of all k reservoir area Failure to do so will result in snagging of fishnets Waier-related diseases This section discusses only those water-related disea result from Itang Dam and its primary canal. Diseases resulting from the inigado area are described separately under irrigation Many of the comments found in the'd' ™^ of Gumero Dam apply to Itang: the paragraphs that follow consider onlv the exception^** “ cniais in tfe. 0 A / / Itang's shallow, extensive reservoir will favour shoreline growths that provide the breeds habitat for mosquitoes, mites, midges, and other insect carriers of disease. Fast canal velocity could provide favourable breeding habitat for the fly carrier of Onchocerciasis The pokrr - for disease from the project is serious. The literature associates rivers with outbreaks of trypanosomiasis, yet the statistics rt inconsistent Sdkhozpromexport (1988) reported 454 suspected cases in the upper reachescf the Gilo River; Gambela hospital, at about the same time, reported 1 case in 1981 and 7 c^c in 1985 Hutchinson (1971) associated infected areas with the Baro, Gilo, and AkoboRhrs, but gives no statistics The fly associated with Onchocerciasis prefers fast, shaded streams for its egg laying, anerna* make use of canals where these become overgrown with vegetation The remo^ vegeiation eithcE side of canals is one obvious control; the use of pesticides another, ucup these pose their own set of risks and costs. The snail carrier of Schistosomiasis is reportedly absent from the (Selkhozpromexpon, 1988), we do not know if it is also absent from the Bare alternatives are possible to reduce the risk of Schistosomiasis (1) quarantine newcomers to the Master Pirn area, (2) improve health education in order to break the human link between man an (3) inject molluscides into irrigation water, (4) design canals to be fast flowing and root out anv vegetation, or (5) line the canals « vater. In Ethiopia we have observed irrigation projects where good intentions were,onSid^ Schistosomiasis soon became established. For this reason, we recommenfl jr cpS : l> be given t0 lining all primary through tertiary canals This roughly doub e TAMS-ULG Baro.Miobo River Ruin Integrated Development MjStcl 4-S3 >ENVIRONMENT AI*6*4 « Jill jj HU 01J ndoubtedly -increase as a result of the project. Ther Jcomments u-nder Gumero "l'" ' 1 J - -____ - L-I n 1 » ii-i ni.nM.4rw A ■ » , -J ■ ^nl 4 -n ■ * n. fc’ .■ I—, n n IF 3-i .n.a- 1 Thc cos t of a diagnostic health centre is identical to that of the other projects a g* ■ rn pjun app'y ^(J ( SE 20,000 and a recurrent cast of SI 1,000 capital or - j for nater Prov.sional minimal releases from the low level outlet of kang Li re /....-j -ft information about downstream water rights below Itang. As the reservoir feasibility study. Increased land pressure The map of population support capacity prepared for this project shows there is no pressure on land in this area Catchment degradation This subject is discussed under smallholder agriculture and forestry in a subsequent section. 6.6.4 Recommended Actions In the event of this project proceeding, the following specific actions are likely to be required to mitigate adverse environmental impacts • Carry out foil ElA and take note of its recommendations (see section 6 2.3 above) • Ensure construction contracts contain clauses to control noise, dust, soil erosion, the discharge of effluents into river channels and the impact of temporary construction camps, • Resettle families (711) in the reservoir area in accordance with World Bank guidelines • Carry out mitigation measures to minimise increased risks to health of water-borne diseases either by a public health programme or by resettlement of people living in the vicinity o’ the reservoir. Consider the lining of canals to combat schistomiasis. assist fish migration by the provision offish ladders Include reservoir clearance in estimates ovide wild animal crossing points over the 56 km Long canal at 1.0 - 1,5 km centres ^ingsarg ^ 0 1 ^ °jeCt r ^ Scus$ed thr^ during the 1980's, which it described in a report dated 1988 Tbeir here, though thev contributed to the analyses of the potential projects rir oiighout this report 4-89ANNEX 4 ^x; lhe southern edje of A*"** XJ0ira (b«««J~y will 0J? “f Gil.. ’ „ :ort ol> . corridor used by large wildlife. Environmental concerns rem.i n a PX* oltooftee projects becomes smaller that about 10-50 per cent of h’ „ wildlife habit* Thii issue B discussed further under Dumbong Dam“ ? ’PpoA* imgation 6.8 Dumbong Dam. Alwero River 6.8. I Description oX and aoa; X gj n The following assessment is of Dumbong Dam and its appurtenant works a section assesses its irrigation component Many of the assessments of Gumero and apply equally to Dumbong Rather than repeat generalities, the following concentrate on considerations that make Dumbong Dam unique. Dumbong dam site is located in Gambela Region on the Alwero River 26km upstream D- recently completed Abobo Dam and 55km south of Gambela Its geology is made up ofdte< weathered, slightly fissured gneiss overlain by alluvium The site contains forest that is to be unpopulated. ^absetjuj. par^.. i X. Dumbong Dam would be 48m high and constructed of earthfili; its length is 200 metres □ spillway chute is 140m long and culminates in a stilling basin 35m long and 10m deep. Ta irrigation inlet is located on the right abutment, the dam would also contain a single low-x.il outlet The area of its upstream catchment is 1,100 km2, less than half that of Abobo Dank reservoir covers 13.9 km2, the smallest of the projects under consideration by this Master Pls Its norma] operating levels vary’ between 513.5 and 518 0m elevation, a difference ofT metres. The volume of the reservoir, including live and dead storage, is 159.5 MCMot ab.^ twice that of Abobo Dam. The mean annual flow of the .Alwero River at this site is 1 or 2,444 MCM The residence time of water, computed by dividing volume by flow, is months, the longest of the dams under assessment 6.&2 Positive impacts ® The subsequent section discusses the potential non-financial benefits of ^ >urfl 5 ' p['n financial benefits are discussed in the economic assessment volume of the Nlaster Hood control Despite the small size of Dumbong Dam, its ratio of storage to line location with Abobo Dam give it a potential for flood control that e*i» other ciams. being evaluated by this Master Plan Still, its volume is not ge .ocation makes it susceptible to storage loss by entrapped sediment oi se eT development and sparse populnion of the region makes flood “ ’ r ,rot TAMS-U.G Banr-Alrobo Rj,er Buin Derated Development Ma*161*F 4-5K)environment consideration at this time This situation may change, however, particularly if COIh — (> £ 7 V>gat/tv environmental impacts and their mitigations with the other dams and reservoirs assessed by this Master Plan, potentially negative impacts are addressed in terms of project phase, feasibility, construction, and operations. feasibility studies. geological core sampling Assessment for Gumero and Itang Dams apply Construction Construction camp Assessment for Itang Dam applies Roads The construction of Dumbong Dam calls for 20 km of access road Additional service reads will be required along canals Most of the assessment for Gumero Dam applies Due to Lie location's reduced rainfall erosivity and milder relief, however, the cost of mitigation will be less than that of Gumero but higher than that of Itang, about USS 5,000 per km for a total cost of USS 100.000 Oftrnbonsr Dam mij appurtenant works. Excavation for the dam requires about SOO,000 m of material, 1,041 m of which is rock. The majority of this will come from the reservoir rapotindment. Where above-reservoir material is sought, BMPs for quarnes should be ‘Wowed (see Gumero Dam) /taervo/r operation iipic Preliminary studies show no households within the impoundment area PopulaxioiJ™8 in at capacity in 10 years category according to this Master Plans capacity model, there w'ould aooear to be no land use conflicts at this sire J io River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-91AN5EX 4 loss of wildlife habjfat. The reservoir and dam lie m Abo. documents comprising the base for this Master P|an bo 0 G°!? prote landscape and vegetation for this area For this reason the im ^^ativeh > reservoir upon wildlands and wildlife habitat will require furthe **“ Migratory corridors for large mammals occur alone the Selkhozpromexport (1988) observed these corridors intersect''^* pr°P°sed frequency of about one per every 1-1,5 km. Their approach w» Pr°pOsed CaiJ (300) of rough concrete at potential crossings, which would ha ” *O provifie a i r ’’"wmcnt * y surveys Each crossing will cost USS 10,000 The 34 km of ranT tO be des ign ,;?? ^ a s| their total cost is USS 300,000 Dumbong’s command area lies directly adjacent to that of ak 403 reQuires abOut ,d migrations through the area, tins assessment requires the northern L° prortlo'e move southward and ns intervening space be kept intact as a dge Of tfle further discussed under irrigation mi gratory corridor Th' -C ** DIS 15$^ jj Proliferation of aquatic weeds The reservoir’s proximity to the upland escarp and absence of shoals will provide conditions unsuitable for the proliferation^ The introduction, if they do not already exist, of phytophagous fish would heT™?,'? proliferation aquatic weeds p T,tro' Deterioration of water quality. Many of the comments about water quality at Gunwro nj hang reservoirs apply equally to Dumbong Dumbong is slightly higher in the watershed the [tang and has a shape that is deeper and narrower, introducing change io the physical rd chemical behaviour of its water. Many of these characteristics will influence the chemical ml thermal behaviour of Abobo reservoir downstream In a sense, the water reaching Abobo will have been pre-treated its sediment concentration will be reduced, its temperature will h warmer, its dissolved oxygen content will be diminished. Dumbong will be warm during the low flow season but less warm than Iiang. contTj?U'^ j |I low dissolved oxygen concentration and thermal stability within its waler turbulence will agitate its surface, but its small fetch, the reservoir surface v0V^ j l cr of ju km', will cause this to be much less than at other project reservoirs and re’°V!,,®efrTl3] flabaj waters will be slight Thermal overturning of the reservoir is unlikely Rather,^ will enhance the role of anaerobic processes at depth: along the former t aw ’^ ^5 rc vicinity of rhe central dam face In the absence of other information, this as e the total removal of all biodegradable material from the reservoir. Its area <s 600.00 per ha, the total cost of vegetation removal becomes L S$ 8j4,0 the addition of 2 mid-level outlets. At US J 10 000 each, their total cost beco jeejn- $ ^-5$ jq,Giv rate ofres^'^ Reservoir sedimentation Annex 1 F to this Master Plan concludes that th6^ ^ tim^ ‘ sedimentation is insufficient to reduce the design life of the dam. jn the wa , \ p( sediment flux were based upon few samples that contain inconsistencies e< stabilny were taken or the way they were analysed Further, the dependence hydrologic condition of contributing watersheds would appear rrusp TAMS-ULG Bjm-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development M A4 cS’'ENVIRONMENT a5NE5 4 this document, catchment condition is likely to worsen rather than remain is located where upland rivers make their entrance to the plains. The streams purnbofS ° ^l£j stream power and sediment transport capacity high Very little sorting of turbu^'11 occurred prior to entering the reservoir Stream power, a function of depth 3 j^at^naJ5 ** j rop suddenly at the reservoir inlet, where a deila of boulders, cobbles, and cbanne. Scoafse sands will form (see assessment below) During floods, density currents gavels, arK‘ Ljll rrBiisport cJa>5 lo w-level outlet. f jie jam pacc they can be periodically flushed using the ’ ortant channels enter the reservoir from the south. Their deltas could divide the Several inTP°J anj lower segments, so that the upstream portion escapes control by the reservoir mto uyp dam i deltaJsnnation The previous section gives an introduction to delta formation As with “““J‘^ j|. e aS will expand both into the reservoir (foreset beds) and along their channel inlet J tel beds) Eventually, water will reach a depth at the inlet where phreatic vegetation takes root and begins to filter incoming flows Boulders and cobbles will become entrapped. Increasing the elevation of topset beds Were this to occur in the vicinity of bankside farms, flooding could be important More likely, flows will be controlled by steep topography and remain within the channel. Riverbed scounne Several changes will occur in the vicinity of the reservoir: (I) sediment uili deposit, and (2.) stream power will dissipate Upon release, energy formerly expended in sedimeru transport will become available to do other things, possibly cutting into the channel lottom. The geology' of the site is weathered gneiss, a soft rock that is easily worn by flowing water Extreme flows continue from the spillway to enter a stilling basin. Although this is sufficient to reduce their energy, their oblique entry into the channel might create oscillations that destabilise downstream meanders SlEgrifte figAe rigs. hang and Abobo assessments apply. q/The Master Plan requires the removal of all biodegradable material from ‘ ne reservoir. If this occurs, then snagging will not result Many of the assessments for Abobo and ltang Dams apply to lik I ° ^ n t0 location and shape of Dumboog reservoir, its shoreline vegetation is 1 > to e reduced from that at Abobo and ltang Phytophagous fish and recessional grazing of r^^ricu*Tljre reduce it further. Even so. problems remain with rhe reservoir as a source ^^ussecj ^ Ceding and with the canals acting as a contributing factor for previously earlier <t Population rCtlOn discussed the use of fish, Gambusia and Haplochilus , to reduce the Gained wh° mowluilo larvae in reservoirs and canals Canals should be designed to be fully -sing pest' 'rf ROt Use previous assessment discounted the potential for malaria control 'Section °r cJiernoprophylaxis For now, the remaining means of responding to malanal ’Atnres developing resistance and obtaining treatment. t AMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanANNEX 4 AD ».! vegetuion. both the canal and along its sides, requires clearin Kedrscussed attd«imption. cleanng should extend at least 50 metres eS?."8 r»>r„ and along command areas In general the assessment of Itang applies regarding the presence Or mse’t disease earners and the mitigations that might be earned Or ab r side of 7% 'X o*nut ce “ns^e. <*<•* (1988) described the absence of snail hosts for Schistosomiasis along th?!. do not know if Bulinus and Btomphalana continue to be absent 'ozpr^ unreduced An obvious control is to design canals that are fast flowing ! have their depth of water vanes from time to time, and to remove canal v eg « at Ethiopia have experienced the failure of good intentions, however and S°h : Of*ra’e the? * become prevalent among the local population. For this reason it is recomm???^ b the Master Plan area be lined, which would approximately double their cost ”that As with the other projects, we recommend that at least one health centre with th diagnose and treat water-related diseases be installed near each reservoir Due t 6 Wpsbilitl|o of Abobo and Dumbong reservoirs, one such facility might serve both pro° Praittr‘ outlay will cost USS 20,000 with recurrent costs at USS 11.000 Conflicting demands for water Dumbong reservoir will operate in unison with At; Although Abobo's irrigation component is not yet on line, its operating rules should ; the eventual abstractions required to service Dumbong P °)ects ItJ Qui Increased land pressure The Master Plan map of Population Support Capacity shows -t area of Dumbong reservoir and its irrigation command area to be at capacity in lO-yearsi-e We conclude that agricultural land pressure is a risk that will develop within the short :ent Catchment degradation This subject is discussed under smallholder agriculture and feres: r.i subsequent section 6.8.4 Recommended Actions In the event of this project proceeding, the following specific actions are likely to be requite to mitigate adverse environmental impacts • Cany out full ELA and lake note of its recommendations (see section 6.2.3 above) • Ensure construction contracts contain clauses to control noise, dust, soil erosion, the discharge of effluents into river channels and the impact of temporary construction • Cany out mitigation measures to minimise increased risks to health o I water-bom diseases either by a public health programme or by resettlement of people living vicinity of the reservoir Consider the lining of canals to combat schistomiasis * • assist fish migration by the provision of fish ladders Include reservoir clearance estimates • Provide wild animal crossing points over the 34 km long canal at 1 0 -1 5 k<n" • Prepare soil erosion plan for access road centre* --------”------ - - . Pljfl TAMS-DLG Baro-Akobo Rw Basin integrated Dcvelopm*” 4-94ENVIRONMENT Gilo Rjver 6.*? G ilo-2 Descrip^11^ 6-9-1 Pashala by Selkhozpromexpon (1990), Gilo-2 Dam is located in Gambela Called 1 t’ela Rjvcr about 33km upstream from the village of Agenga and 85km south of Hegioticnt ere|jef is described as moderate: undulating and roiling terrain Its geology as Gambela ,ts r ■ . overlain bv weathered basalt, itself overlain bv alluvium and mapS 1S 8 colluvium- I flow of the Gilo River at this location is 92.2 m7s or 29.076 MCM The area is \teaD uninhabited forest, though much of the forest of the irrigation command area has jesenb as u already Mt- j a sTatc Thc of catchment is 9.640 km2 dam u-0Qjd be earthfill Its maximum height is 36 metres; its crest length 1,120 metres Vrrrll minimum operating lev el of the reservoir is 460m elevation, normal maximum is 473 a difference of 13 m The area of the reservoir is 150.7 km ; 2 its total capacity, including deid and live storage, us 714 8 MCM. The average residence time of new water, computed by dividing volume by inflow, is 0.30 months. The dam would be built with two irrigation intakes, or.e on either bank. Only the inlet on the right side would be developed at this time Sandy soil5 require that conveyances be lined 6.92 Positive impacts This section discusses the potential, non-irrigation benefits of Gilo-2 Darn PlMdconiroi As with the other projects assessed by this document, the ratio of storage to inflow is not generous There will be some hydraulic attenuation of flood flows, but flood control would require another type of structure The actual flood benefit can be computed as ?an of design studies ^n'ojrjisherie^ Selkhozpromexpon (1988) estimated potential fish harvest from its nearby wo m° Dajri t0 45 kg/ha/a A similar harvest, subject to confirmation by feasibility studies, 3>ve a total annual production of about 678 tonnes ^cesrnme d the in;Dai' S * he otiler assessed by this document, the Master Plan remova* of biodegradable material from the reservoir area. The area of Woody bio°n COrTUTiari^ a™ w’h also have to be cleared. Theriault (1995) estimates the dry "hth that of 7 f°r t0 *>etWl'een and 30 t/ha. The area of the reservoir combined 62 0,000 and l r ‘.1T‘satlOn cornmand area is 619.7 km2 Its total woody biomass lies between °f supply 5 u million tonnes, equivalent to beiween 366,000 and 1 t million person years Birr HJSS 2a a ->I1T Per bundle, its worth as fuelwood is between 155 and 465 million 4 ’73 3 million) - ^^diure_qndgrg^tng Assessment for Itang Dam applies. MS-tTLG Baro-Akobg River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanANNEX4 6.9 ? Negative environmental impacts and their mitigations The potentially negative impacts resulting from Gilo-2 Dam investigations, construction, and operation teiMih' ««*'«■ J'*"'cm , five drill holes »«' ’ Th assessment of Gumero Dam applies MoiewlHtk'1''11*"0' Construction Coiistructioncanjp The assessment of Gumero Dam applies Hoads The project requires 11 1cm of access road The assessment of Itang Dam USS 3.000 per km of road, the mitigation of sediment and soil erosion will cost Vi QiloJ-Dam and appurtenant works Gilo-2 Dam has a maximum heiehr length of 1,120 m. Most of the volume of its earthfill will come horn th 36 m and a -« of the dam Where rock is needed, it will come from quames Quam B\fp irnpoundrtI1™ ce Diversion for construction will make use of a river diversion This would eventually be during the low flow season Sediment influx to the river is acceptable given the short penod: lime required for closure of the diversion Reservoir operation bored bv Selkhozpromexport during the course of ils ■ J v’jSJ Dislocation of people Photogrammetric maps produced in 1986 do not show houses it it vicinity of the reservoir or the command area Loss of land The reservoir impoundment area is cultivated but we have no infamjut concerning the number of farm households In beu of firm data, we are reserving« resettlement compensation S50.000 until better data become known .As with ot The World Bank criteria for resettlement must be apphed Loss of histone, cultural or aesthetic features These components wer reasons discussed in Chapter 2, but will have to be addressed during feasib ty ' Loss of wildlife habitat Gilo-2 reservoir and dam lie outside the south-westi Gog protected area, its command area occupies an important part Gambeia National Park, it is discussed in a subsequent section ts ° maior not assess s’ edge of-*^ oi? torrid outside the park but will undoubtedly form an interruption to any migr continue to function through it. 5< j Many of the observations about wildlife habitat and other lower bas® are '^ th Dumbong, apply equally to Gilo-2, Of particular importance to this p J less permanent migratory comdors that pass through the park to travel1 of .az Construction of Gilo-2 in combination with Abobo would mean that n ---------------------------- --------- -------------------------------------------------- — CD TAMS-ULG Biro-Akobo River Basin Incegrated Dcvelopn> ‘ENVIRONMENT 4 A* _------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ------------------------------------------ _ nroiect irrigation command areas and canals will occupy a significant . - bV imganon rimi i n,,iM' ,n>al ■” S (1988) proposed that canal crossings be constructed or rough concrete jhai wildlife would wade across the current The project calls for 61 km of iitteJ at 5°°; S?, i tcc 10 000 per crossing, estimate their total cost at USS 500,000 ■ r f likely t0 aquatic we Despite its 36m maximum depth at the dam face, shoals are the reservoir perimeter. While these could contribute to the growth of hvtophaecms fish, recessional grazing and agriculture during the drawdown e ~tent Subject to confirmation by feasibility' studies, we do not expect Period tQ t^come a nuisance to reservoir or canal operations qtiort_2C3'ater (fua^ The water of the reservoir will be warm during the low flow ^^wmtributing to low dissolved oxygen concentration and thermal stability within its seaS°n‘ Wind turbulence will agitate the surface and contribute to mixing of surficial water PrOtl e’ n s0 anaerobic conditions will prevail along the former thalweg and along the laverS crosS section These effects may not be apparent early in the irrigation season, as ^■ater will be withdrawn from near the right abutment Eventually, however, noxious odours uid taste will sianal the poor condition of the water being released Its mitigation requires the total clearance of all biodegradable material from the impoundment area Its cosi, at US$600/ha. is USS 9 million; combined with clearance of the command area, its cost becomes USS 37.2 million Were clearance not to occur, reservoir recovery would require between 6 and 7 years. In order to avoid the discharge of totally anaerobic w aters, mitigation must include the installation of 2 additional outlets At USS 10,000 per outlet, their total cost «me$ to USS 20,000 Reservoir sedimentation Assessment of Dumbong Dam applies Inlet delta formation. Assessment of Dumbong Dam applies. &y$Lbed_scgunng We have no information about the riverbed and can only surmise from geological information obtained from maps The rock of the area is composed of weathered ° vcrlain by wreathered basalt Both rock forms become soft and crumbly when buried er layers of alluvium and colluvium for much of the year Warm temperatures typical of the I y^cohaCCC Crate Weal^ er n ’ &’ so the material that forms the river floor is likely to be soft flowing watg n’oderate^' resistant but nor tremendously resistant to the tractive shear of Because the dam f ■ ■ ‘eleases (at 8 15 tOr lm saLlon , ' a significant portion of its inflow will be diverted. Minimal irrigation drainCenl mean annual flow), controlled releases, spillway overflows, and cany- contfibutc discharge to the Gilo River Discharges from the dam will ex P^nded in J™™ lhafl ,lhey did entering Lhe reservoir. The energy- they formcrly c °ncem 01her .u In the vicinity tlle fiver at a[ . r nS^0rt become available for bed degradation, This should not cause n at flooding, when tractive shear will be high the darn’ water overflowing through the spillway and stilling basin approach que angle. It may set up oscillations that will cut into the right bank This, in tS'VLG Baro-Afcobo River Basin Integral rd Dr* dopment Master Plan 4-97ANNEX 4 fr turn, could set up a series of harmonic flow lines that oscillate back channel, setting into motion an adjustment of meanders that would cam ° ‘h a subject that replicates throughout the lower basin projects and dem douTtst^\ feasibility studies Jlhienne fisheries The assessment of Itang Dam applies 5>iofg»?g of fishnets The Master Plan requires that all biodegradahi reservoir be removed If this is done, then fishnets will not be snagged 6 maierial fr0 Water-related diseases The assessments of hang. Dumbong and Estimate the cost of a diagnostic health centre at USS20.000 with USS 1 b° Danu ands attcRtl k 1O U J * ilit 1,000 r®currt t 1,1 a Conflicting demands for water Provisional minimal releases from the cent of mean annual flow (0 08 x 92.2 m /s = 7 38 m’/s). At pre-feasnyr™^ ° 3 fr know if 7 4 m /s is sufficient to maintain aquatic life and wildlife in th d £ J We do below Gilo-2 Dam It is a subject for assessment during feasibility investigation^^rtac Maps of the area show no households in the vicinity of the dam and its can fanned It seems reasonable to expect conflict over water abstractions but^ d ** *** iCiJ this study, we have been unable to determine its potential magnitude - Un the teras c lncreasedjand_ pressure The map of population support capacity shows the a™ capacity within 25 years wu « r Catchment degradation This subject is discussed under small-holder agriculture and forer, in a subsequent section 6.9.4 Recommended Actions In the event of this project proceeding, the following specific actions are likely to be recur;, to mitigate adverse environmental impacts • Carry out full E1A and take note of its recommendations erosion, the • Ensure construction contracts contain clauses to control noise, dust, S°’onstnJC lOn cai?’ . discharge of effluents into river channels and the impact of temporary • Carry out mitigation measures to minimise increased risks to health o diseases • imise disrupuo” » • Assess wildlife habitats and ensure that measures are taken to mini movement of animals TAMS-LLG BiroJXkobo River Basin lnte^raird^evelopment Ma5,cr pirnENVIRONMENT 6-1®-1 ’ meats of dams and reservoirs examine those that survived p re-feasibility The aboVe time of the interim report Table 4 in Appendix A lists the complete set of 5 crecning a‘that were proposed by Seikhozpromexpori (1990) and ARDCO- daffis and re!\ ‘ GEOSERV^(l considered . j.r ThC IOJJ'W*’ assc , pOSSible that one or another of these dams will eventually be feasibility investigations in spite of its having failed initial screening by this ssment treats the remaining reservoirs as a group it is less detailed 1111!? a Sn those above as its supporting data are less 6l p2 Positive impacts n „ r^datian In general all hydro power dams, because reservoir releases are constant Throughout the year, will assist in river regulation and thus increase dry season flows This egulatorv effect will diminish the need for storage associated with irrigation schemes situated downstream of the hydropower dam in question FlfjoJ control The capacity of the reservoir for flood control can be estimated by the ratio of its volume to inflow If this is 24 months or higher, then flood control poiential exists For the dams under consideration, the ratio is on the order of several weeks or months: the potential for major flood control does not exist. A flood control benefit would require another type of dam ^servotr fisheries Seikhozpromexpori (1988) estimated potential fish harvest from its nearby Abobo Dam to be 45 kg/ha/year This ratio cannot be extended to the upper basin without farther study The remaining reservoir areas for the lower basin are not available, precluding the calculation. Nonetheless, most reservoirs win have fishery potential The need for a fish ladder and hatchery programme needs to be addressed during feasibility studies. ot her reservoirs assessed by this document, the Master Plan total remova* of biodegradable material from the reservoir area. Irrigated site Vhese ^Ve t0 c^eare^- Theriault (1995) estimates Lhe dry woody biomass for each The datT^ provisional, however, and require confirmation during feasibility study worth aFe ^mportant a* also relate to water degradation We estimate the financial VwC>od\ biomass as 5 Birr per 20 kg bundle. r V1i • "i-M —^-QSFj^tJ^ir^andwriting Assessment for kang Dam applies. 6>J0 ? <y- ■ple Strive environmental impacts and their mitigations ' r'Vcstigatio ? n ne ®at'Vc impacts resulting from the remaining dams occur in phases feasibility ’ construction, and operation "JH * ~ ——■ — ______________________ -I LG SaroAkobg River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4 -99ANNEX4 Feasibility studies: geological core sampling The assessment of Gumero Dani applies. C«'*W" QonsrrucnoiL^l-^ ^ a BmCTt o(Gumer(, Dam applies L1 « I.sis roads looted in potential reservoir areas The envlronni Roads Table- ^aied communities is significant Its mitigation is to provide rOadd°o^5 Estimate costs of sediment rmtigauons at USS 10,000 fOr roads X^s’M0J'W°i",l’'lo"er Qam and appurLerignL^Qrl^ 111 lhe absence ot otber information, the assessment Dam applies Road relocations Sdutdc 1 50,0<X) maps Note: Sor v*ill also displace a 400m bridge. F /Jesenwr operation T ’blC 25 UStS potential relocatees from each reservoir. These J* we have estimate re^u,re re'cxamination during feasibility studies In this ajessa: assets The World R^t °fJcIocatIori as 3-years' gross margin plus USS 500 to ce«r Id Bank cntena for dislocated people listed in Appendix A must be applied Table 25 Relocates from reserv oirs Storage she Relotaiees (no. of Lower Basin households) Storage site Upper Basin Relocate*! (*•> houstho1^' Bonga Gambcla 16 Birbir ' —I? 84 73 liana Sor 711 28 Chiru Geba Gilo 2 65 Gumero 2 7 65 56 Baro H Sako Gouda 45 Beko Sounz: T. Kashu ®thcr survey work by Selkrxjzpromexport and ARlX"1 *n>Akobo River Basin integrated Developincn* 4-100 Mailer P1*”ENVIRONMENT aN^4 The reservoirs will occupy land that is probably used for other purposes At this o information about alternative land uses for foe reservoirs that did not survive tve have no intcdf1scre« ^ J nn cultural, or aesthetic features These components were not assessed for jflis J^ons discussco j~.n Chapter 2, but will have to be addressed during feasibility- investigations habitat Most reservoirs will affect one or another of the protected areas needs to be examined during feasibility investigation Irrigation Their P - r neecj to equipped with wildlife crossings at a frequency of about one C onvey'^eskm cosr uss io.OOO each) every 1 *' jnn uf aquahc weeds Weeds will be most serious for reservoirs that develop broad f/tiJiffiL— j- a ound their perimeter These can be assessed from the reservoir area ^Sy Curves when these are developed Deterioration ofwater quality The water of most reservoirs will be warm during the low flow contributing to low dissolved oxygen concentration and thermal stability within its , nfile Wind turbulence will agitate the surface and contribute to mixing of surficial water lavers Even so. anaerobic conditions will prevail along the former thalweg and along foe maximum cross section We estimate the cost of clearing at USS 600/ha W’ere clearance not :o occur, most reservoirs will recover in 4-7 years In order to avoid the discharge of totally anaerobic waters, mitigation will likely require the installation of 1-2 additional outlets At USS 10,000 per outlet, their total cost comes to USS 10,000-20,000. Reservoir sedimentation Assessment of Dumhong Dam applies. Inlei delta formation .Assessment of Dumbong Dam applies. Riverbed scouring We have no information about the riverbeds and can only surmise from geological information obtained from maps Much of the rock of the area is composed of weathered gneiss or weathered basalt Both rock forms become soft and crumbly when bunt'd under layers of alluvium and colluvium for much of the year W’arm temperatures accelerate withering, so that the material that forms the river floor may be soft yet cohesive, moderately ressuuit but not tremendously resistant to the tractive shear of flowing water Where the rock s unweathered, basalt will resist scouring, gneiss will be easily worn mav'a^0'11'^ 'Ower b as n ’ dams, water overflowing through the spillway and stilling basin ^tiHahc,7030? nver at an l^at er°des foe opposing bank In turn, it may set up 5«ttinst'i°nS 1 ,esta^sh harmonic flow lines that oscillate back and forth across the channel, Liat repfi10 moT’c'n 111 adjustment of meanders that could carry far downstream. It is a subject stinhgj 'W es foriJughout the lower basin projects and demands attention during feasibility ” ,Ciervo’ir The assessment ofltang Dam applies The Master Plan requires that all biodegradable material from the r emoved If this is done, then fishnets will not be snagged Baro-AJcobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4- 101ANNEX 4 recurrent cent „( mem >» The assessments of Gumero, Itang, Dumbong, rf a diagnostic health centre al USS20.000 , r„ wa1er provisional minimal releases from the reserved , pre-feasibility level we do not know if this n 'K mmtaaq“aw***t in the down5tream reaches. It is a subject fot k , toKf preS«re The w of population support capaaty shows lht M a subsequent section Tto Un,i'r SmallWder aSnCU""Ie “ dfa'“’> f ! 6.11 Electric Power Transmission Systems 6.11.1 General Figure J-l in Annex 11 Hydropower and Multipurpose Projects, gives the present status ■ power transmission systems in the Master Plan area It shows two transmission lines oa between Dembidolo and Gambela and the other betw een Gambela and Metu. A third lire between Metu and Bedele is currently under study A 230kV line to the proposed Gilgci-Gibe project is already in place and represents the closest 230kV connection to the Baro-Ak& basin The nearest IBikV connection is scheduled to reach Nekempte and Ghimbi near the northern edge of the basin in 1999. In year 2001, construction will begin of a 132kV lirefon: Jimma to Bonga and Mizan The Master Plan assumes, for initial screening purposes, dial its hydroelectric generators will connect to the 220kV Gilgel Gibe line Table 26 gives ce estimated lengths of transmissions. Table 26 Transmission lines H* s Project Length (km) Gumero 280 Gcba 190 Bare 235 p 41, switchyards, substations ^ems include the transmission line, its transmissionlineinciude tj,*,- acccss or maintenance roads. The principal structures We the Ime. conductors, towers, and supports guy wires and be fhe voltage and capacity of th * • Af Or ,, ra”smission line affects the size of its structures a single wood po]c ' °F SIEa11 V0M?e transmission lines uP to 46 kV, 15 TAMS-lXG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrals) Develop®® ^ M® 4-102ENVIRONMENT sed for lines between 69 and 231 kV (World Bank. 1991). and are a type _ ^/^VE,h,opia ■ astructure. the environmental impacts of transmission systems occur within the ^ pear 10 the nght-ot-way Negative impacts result from construction, operation, and vicinity 1 f 1 1C | |jnc Clearing and controlling vegetation is a major impact In uniform lines can have the positive effect of introducing edge effect to an otherwise ^’2 Mt''" climate, and population of the different transmission routes are roughly identical Tl>c 'frra^$ reason. this pre-feasibility assessment addresses them as a group rather than and- ^bv project The costs of environmental mitigations are computed from inadequate site project d pUreiy provisional the entire subject requires examination during feasibility investigations. SJJJ fboto* environmental impacts ch trtcalpower The obvious benefit of hydroelectricity is electric power, which can support economic development and improve the quality of life in and beyond the Master Plan area Its most important benefit is the provision of energy from a source other than fuelwood f-uebvood Clearing of the rights-of-way will make available large amounts of fiielwood. A subsequent assessment computes the amount of land to be cleared as 2,900 ha Theriault (1095) computed its dry woody biomass as between 30 and 70 Lha Assuming half the transmission corridor has not already been cleared for agriculture, the total mass of fuelwood .ies between 43,500 and 101,500 tonnes. Its gross commercial value (not including the cost of cutting and marketing) is between 10.9 million and 25.3 million Birr (USS 1.7-4.0 million) estimated at 5 Bin per 20 kg bundle Hsb!lSLfdge_gffecj Habitat edge effect is to be discounted due to the extensive clearing that has already taken place throughout the project area. Potentia/ negative impacts habitat loss along the right-of-way The rights-of-way traverse the study^d areas Sele Mesengo, Saylem Wangus, and possibly Sigmo Geba The background '\ Y^CO-GEOSERV provides no quantitative information about the vegetation and between 30 areas SurveV by Theriault (1995) estimates dry woody biomass to provide 4 Ma$t'U totaI biomass about 150 t/ha along the estimated route of travel. maPs of Cf an maP of land use shows the area to contain mixed forest and agriculture; the expand :0 in orll0n d W ^ow current populations of 15-65 persons per km, which will en s by year 2015 and exceed 90 by year 2035. ^he 22QkV r estimated^ ConnectinSt0 l^e Gilgel-Gibe trunk will probably be H-frame pole structures Siting are c°nibined rights-of-way will require 20 metres either side of the centre line The Pan°f con^ 1S (4° 01 x 725 km) 2,900 ha The cost of its clearing is given in Annex 1J as ‘istniction Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4 -103me »w« °f “fc™""”' abou' he Me. it i a- Xmotul .np.c of right-of-^y eleanns Agneulture appcars s t t0o .^mission corridor Indeed, the land occupied by rhe transmission hne, that being occupied by forms Environmental damage can be reduced by constructing the transmission sEeadv occupied by agriculture Where this is imposs,ble. then cleans *'?,•««, •• and tower veneration intact Mechanical clearing is preferable Ov« rh'"'•foil, Roadwavs should be to a low standard and recovered following construction < should be replanted Estimate the cost of roadway sediment control at US$ sn ,, replanting at USS lOOper linear km. Increased access to wildlands The nghts-of-way will penetrate parts of Sele v Gcba, and Saylem Wangus protected areas Roadways cut through these discontinuous and constructed to a low standard Prior to making the rout^ h: wildlife habitat areas need to be identified tn order to exclude them from the rieht T"* * standard of protection of these areas needs to improve (see the wildlife annex) ° Runo ff and sediment from access roads and lower pads The rights-of-way should b to avoid impacts to water bodies, floodplains, and wetlands Sediment traps and filter * ~ similar to those described for dams and reservoirs, may be required Roadways and dra->- *“ (•, ln °r Con^y should minimise the use of fill in their construction. Culverts should follow the same <> icJe" as those proposed for dams and reservoirs See the initial assessment for an estimate of cos Loss of land and population relocation Given the present low population densitv- oftht rights-of-way. we do not expect this to be problematic Rather, populated areas should Ik avoided rather than the people be moved. Chemical contamination. Chemicals should not be used to maintain the rights-of-way Rair. low vegetation should be preserved Vegetation control should be mechanical. ■dvron hazards The protected areas and, indeed, much of Ethiopia contain important habitats and flight routes. Feasibility' planning will need to identify1 these areas so as to r>n them. ^ra&jKcards_from transmission lines and towers The towers proposed for this pr^ wil! be below or at tree line for most of the rights-of-way, reducing the risk of 1 aircraft. Lines in proximity to flight paths will require markers Induced effects from electromagnetic fields The scientific debate continues of electromagnetic fields upon humans The current proposed for these lines i believed to cause problems to human health Cuitjtral or aesth^tjejn^gets. The potential impact of the project uP on CU r !^ be resources was not assessed for reasons cited in Chapter 2 of this repoH It s to by the feasibility assessment TAMS-LLC Haro-a koboRiver Basin Integrated Developrnco!ENVIRONMENT ^rierat b' The assessment of dams and reservoirs refers lo four irrigation projects (Table 28). ‘ g lhe subject of a pre-fiMsibility screening by this Master Plan, the other, T'nree Dl theS^eSjgned by Selkhozpromexpon during the 1980’s, which also conducted an ^bobo. w3S . impact assessment of the project (J 088). Tie preceding assessment also environnie^^^ceS paragraphs that follow examine solely the irrigated agriculture of Table 27 Irrigation command areas 1 Scheme Iiang | Abobo Dumbo ng 1 Gilo 2 Area (ha) 50,000 10,000 15.000 46,900 The Master Plan envisages inputs to irrigation that include seeds, fertiliser, insecticides, and pesticides. Tillage will be by draught animals. About 640 person days of family labour and 205 person days of casual labour will be required per hectare Extension will be at the ratio of 1 agent per 2.000 farm households Tw o harvests comprising a potential mix of about 12 crops will occur annually Conveyance networks grade through 5 and 6 categories of canal. Field delivery is by gravity :low and terminates in drains Waste water will reduce the quality of water to downstream users and may be a factor in increasing the frequency' of disease. ca^h project occupies a portion of Gambela National Park greatly affecting wildlife habitat migratory corridors Table 28 gives the approximate reductions required of each area if iff lnte^-’ National Park is to be preserved In turn, each project will be greatly Ciuted by wildlife, particularly species that raid crops, migrate through farmed areas or ■JWnit disease Project encroachment into Gam beta National Park Project Encroachment (per cent) Ltang Abobo Dumbong Gilo-2 25 100 90 75 1 AMS-UlG Etaro-Aknb a River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanSocial development will be a major constraint to the success of the pro' lower basin are pastoralists, some of whom also practice river bank r Th«Pen Some of the pastoral groups regard the use of animal traction as den ^’^al a *'l area were not welcomed dunng the Derg government, and confllcts b'grator> SeJX.' were reported Most settlers have since left Will their irrigation 'the*^ fate’ 6.12.2 luuig irrigation command area Description Itang irrigated area commences at the right abutment of Itang Dam S0rs'»'ett>SS % the area between the road to Jikawo and the Baro River to the nonhw ”S fiek* otn about 15 kms towards the northwest, the irrigated area expands north "'d After area on the northern side of Jikawo road The land between Jikawo R<Td '° 'nc^et "■? also forms the northern edge of Gambela National Park, and represents^ '** Bila ^e 50,000 ha command area The area is protected from flooding fro^t^'^^Fnijaii system of dykes along its southern edge Pumping stations, located at th6 • drams, provide drainage Potentially positive impacts •1 e temunus of Fuetwod Potentially positive impacts resulting from irrigation are described in Annex ihc in the economic annex of the Master Plan Clearance would provide a supply of fuete- the economy. Its gross worth is computed in the assessment on dams and reservoirs above Potentially negative impacts ““ *“ *leveW',he ras,! of arereported m .to II e g re uce surficial soil loss as well as improve the efficiency of water maragem: _aterlogging Waterlogging may be problematic, despite the provision of drains and punptu f ft? fiM their fields Different social groups may seek to deDrive other groups of water at the tf* ume as they over-imgate their own fields °f surface water rates as excellent for irrigation, the preset -1 , S 3 P °oiem Both saline and sahne-sodic soils occur in Abobo convniU S Ch Wil*dCpend Up°n the cohesion of the different £rouP distributirg^ s r aDDlicaf^,r01?r^T ma X Presenf in Itan*. Selkhozpromexport b. ±7" 3 l5S eSOf , “ ^^' Ji-year intervals to 3.208 ha of .he ZX-T ^ r. ” C0 ",pl“ Wii P- aaiC USinS « “j ! effective imajr \ C required Very- likely the social development reqmr***. .c issue t hat r*n ’ weeds the current capa city of the indig enous p°Pu 3 ' ““ evaluation dunng feasibil ity srud.es “w SSn)>- ?aassesrae"1 °fdams and reservoirs recommended lhf'‘^nKV'' ' M“M diseases required the construction of lined canals Sekh^ ____________________________________________ —; TAMS-VLG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Develop"*4 —--------- ----- - --- -------- — ENVIRONMENT -- "" reported the presence of constituents in the water that attacked concrete v5 , .□gg and d’J^ g will be required if canals are to resist scouring I “f!:' ' yhe upstream reservoirs will accumulate most coarse sediments Fine vel as far as the dam face will be evacuated through the low-level outlet and ^|ifneflts ^at "enter the canal inlet The terrain is flat, so overland and dehris flows are iinLikeh' 10 canals from upland terrain The risk of canal sediments, therefore, is Sftdy«en"r iD^rto^ Soil leaching will result from over-watering The same lack of sophistication <2/ farmers to deg rade t heir lands will have similar manifestations, albeit through that leads up e? n a ]j jy tion , in l owlan d irrigated areas. The Master Plan proposes extension leching jgp 3 ent er 2 to00 farm households A higher frequency of contact will be a£ctlt* dduring ^rst ye413 °f dngation development if soil degradation is to be controlled Master Plan foresees fertiliser applications at the rate of 425 kg/year for 2 crops ' ph ’his will compensate for leaching, excess fertiliser will enter the soil to eventually its way into rivers No background measurements of nitrogen or phosphorus ion ^ncentrations have been made of lower basin rivers ARC 0-GEO SER V data from springs in 'Te upper basin show nitrate concentrations in excess of recommended limits at about a third •if rhe sites measured This is an issue that will have to be addressed during feasibility study ,4/pj/ blooms and weed proliferation Algal blooms and weed proliferation is a response to the release of nutrients from fields We recommend a range of fertiliser trials be run on different soil types in the command area .Among its objectives will be to define the rate and timing of fertiliser applications so that financial and environmental objectives are mutually achievable LOTtof weds The assessment on dams and reservoirs requires than canals be lined Although this is done to address the risk of Schistosomiasis, it will fulfil the multiple objective of controlling weeds. ijgHgsireqgj quality. The assessment of dams and reservoirs describes how minimal pleases equal to S percent of mean annuai flow will help maintain downstream discharge q^S h°w reservoir clearing will prevent anaerobic conditions from developing, onstream of the irrigation command area, however, waler quality will deteriorate if ispan^f ^ human wastes find their way into the Bare River Improved water management k-mers^ answer> but will demand a higher level of sophistication than many of Ethiopia's 1 1 Wt con°d haVC deveIopnient, through training before the completion of the project, Methods1151 Cr ’SSues that include rural sanitation and health as wpell as advanced fanning the Project °£Watcr quality downstream of the command area is essential to the well being of Preece pro * co"ect^on background constituent concentrations and sediment needs to ^Jihasa ^ n eij’ C0?StrLICt'10n also needs to include data on fish catch and human 111 ICat’On of the environmental condition of the stream pCr of ~~The design of the project requires the compulsory release of 8 •can annual flows to the river channel Minimal releases take priority over ’S-H.g Baro-Akobo Rher Basin Integrated Development Mister Plan 4-107ANNEX 4 discharge to the command area, so that in case of drought, irrigation fish in the river 5**s' frcroachj^^ command area Cllvroa k StioS Park Rather than further endanger the park, this asseSsrTlen, °ach« into r border of the project area be relocated to north of Jikawo road the between Jikawo road and the Baro River needs to remain intact and*'0" of rh % reduces the size of the command area by about 25 per cent The section on sector setting described the types and densities f “ 0Uld her enCr°ach«intor Undeve|opec v'< o Selkhozpromexport in the project area dunng the 1980s We do not know T °bs^ k of wildlife, particularly as the park has been disturbed by the construction of Abobo Dam Baboons and other monkeys prefer areas with water and will ’ SU,e far* t- ofimzauon To avoid conflict, the project will want to keep at least 50 between its canals and the forest. Monkeys will take up residence in the fa** °f ’**•* they will raid irrigated fields. Groups of up to 200 baboons have been known?*' raids near Abobo (Selkhozpromexport, 1988). Elephants will raid fields C°ngre8 «: Rat £ 8 al migrations, possibly even taking up permanent residence near a virtually ? CUnng supply Trees with ladders should be left standing in the fields as a possible™? "' •° elephant attack At least 9 species of rodents reside in the lower basin Irrigation will cause their nu~b mcrease, resulting in a concomitant increase of human disease Grass mice are hosts to i-Xi and dermal Leishmaniasis, but Selkhozpromexport (1988) was unable to identify examples -f the mosquito earner re ®e Birds will invade the irrigated area Finches and sparrows will be especially apt at raiding Ih: fields from the forest, where they will take up refuge and construct their nests Gurfc against raids will increase the labour requirement of irrigation Impediment to wildlife movements The maintenance of migratory corridors was addressee the assessment of dams and reservoirs Bv maintaining the southern half of the command ra in its natural state and providing wildlife crossings, migrations along the right bank of the Sar- River will still be possible impediment to livestock and human movements Wildlife crossings as assessment on dams and reservoirs will be suitable for use by livestock. Jikawo re crosses project canals at several locations, will provide safe crossings for humans [hreai to historic cultural or aesthetic features The threat of the project t aesthetic features was not assessed for reasons expressed in Section 2 of this rep ■^I^^QLjQssjdJlppdplain vegetation. The command area, if constrS* its present design, will disturb about 70 km of the right bank of the Bare cornrturJ1 assessment, we required the design be adjusted so tha*t this is not done: that should not penetrate into Gambela National Park and damage its flood plain □ uccoriir- TAMS-ULG Biro^Akobo River Basin Integrated Developm**1 4-10SENVIRONMENT . . ' the assessni , iLj/n’nK_arid communities. The dislocation of populations was addressed of dams and reservoirs. The project requires the relocation of 711 111 %olds h<?u ipterfe06 *■ j /5e aVC The assessment of dams and reservoirs assessed the impact of the , ‘-from the view of man and water This section examines more closelv the man. water, and soil as it relates to disease. cd upon human labour and animal tracuon will require a large workforce, which jnigaiiot1 baS or ]css intimate contact with moist soil. A combination of socio-economic and will be in nit?r^ isue lhat re a ] te partly to work in the fields and parly to residence in villages health issy<» ' . populations to the Baro Ri^er provides a route of disease transmission can carry downstream 0*^°“ • sis is a disease in which the fly vector seeks out shaded, fast moving water for its j are a location it will favour, the Baro River is another. A W11 cana s 3 s section already recommended clearing vegetation from either side of canals The pel River passes through part of Gambela National Park where its channel and floodplain should he left in their natural stare The disease will increase Malarial and yellow fever mosquitoes prefer to lay their eggs in still water Canals and drains should be designed to drain dry when not in use: cross barriers that impound water should not form pan of their structure Dwellings should be equipped with mosquito nets treated in insecticide. Tsetse will increase as a result of animal traction introduced by the project Fly traps and \egetation management are one response; medical treatment is another Helminthiasis will increase as a result of intimate contact between man and moist soil. Village sanitation is one means of reducing the disease Pit toilets are in use throughout much of Africa. In the project area they present a risk of contamination wherever ground-water tables are high or flooding occurs Villages should obviously be located on high ground, but this mav not always be possible i^“prt)mexporl <1988) reported the absence of the mosquito carriers of Leishmaniasis in 2lann°V1'er This re£luires confirmation by this project should it enter into feasibility' major rese^meriT °^ams reservoirs the installation of Diagnostic Health Centres at each education O1f was proposed Treatment, screening of newcomers to the area, and health would be among its benefits L' I Jj' r' T JFJ J dQ cuments The rights of downstream water users were not assessed by the ^sterPi^ e^ozProrne^port and ARDCO-GEOSER\r) providing the basis to this 1S a subject that requires examination during feasibility planning. e Wai er users by farmers within the command area will require the formation “ CQhomJc. investiga^o ** & Su^ect ^at reclu’res examination during feasibility socio- vic Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Ikvelopmcni Master PJan 4 -109ANNEX 4 Recommended Actions [n the event of this project proceeding, the following specific actio <, to mitigate adverse environmental impacts • Carry out full EIA and take note of its recommendations • Ensure construction contracts contain clauses to control noise d ns are likely t„. * retS discharge of effluents into river channels and the impact of tern USt’ SOil er° '0n s • Ensure effective soil management practices are in place to mini*501^ C°nstn,ction. • Resettle families in accordance with World Bank guidelines • Carry out mitigation measures to minimise increased risks to h S °^ ^egradatio ^P! n diseases • Assess wildlife habitats and ensure that measures are taken m m ■ • movement of animals C 1 °^Waterhomt nirnise disrupt tQ 6.113 Abobo Irrigation Command .Area Abobo (Alwero) irrigation project lies about 8km due west of the recently finished (1996) Abobo Dam on the Alwero River. The size of the command area, which lies totally^ Gambela National Park, is 10,000 ha, the smallest of the different command areas evaluated in the Master Plan area The length of its primary canal is 21 km The irrigate nroiect received a design-level environmental impact assessment dunng the 1980j (Selkhozpromexport, 1988). which will not be repeated here Important to the projects ten; proposed by this project is the relation of Abobo's command area to the Gilo-2 prefect discussed in a subsequent section 6.12.4 Dumbong Irrigation Project Description Dumbong irrigation project commences about 30km southeast of Abobo Dam at the nng^ intake to Dumbong Dam It expands in a northwesterly direction towars e .Abobo Al) but about 20 per cent of the irrigated area lies within Gambela - much of this area has already been cleared to make way for a state farm, t e rem Abobo Gog protected area The size of its command area is 15,000 ha, t e en canal system is 34 km l creams of the The system terminates in drains, which would empty into the natur ^bobo re^"" Flood protection is not required, though backwater from floods entenn- might affect the project. Potentially positive impacts Fuetwood Assessment of Itang irrigation project applies. —-------—— _ _ _. _________ _ ___________________ ________ p]nii TAMS-LLG BiroAkolx. River Bai.n Integrated DevelopmentENVIRONMENT A 5I> m Ajine'f 1H The corned area bc ™ h are reported tbe costs of whjch „ ^rfegglSS Assessment of ltang irrigation pr0Jecl app|ies Assessment of Itang imgation projcc( $ ^L^nn Assessment of. £ Itang rotate®. Araesa™, ofItan? iniga[ oo projKt^ . ^gjweeds. Assessment of Itang imgation project apples retun water quahry The assessment for Itang imgation project applies /7cjh reductions The assessment of Itang irrigation project applies Encroachment on ecologically sensitive areas About 80 per cent of the command area lies within Gambeia National Park, the remaining 20 per cent lies within Abobo Gog protected area. As mentioned earlier, much of this area has already been cleared to make way for a state farm A feasibility' study of Dumbong should begin with a study of the state farm and a review of policy towards the continued existence of Gambela State Park. It would seem likely that the reasons for declining production at the state farm would carry- over into the irrigation project, fringing into dispute any favourable arguments expressed in support of Dumbong. For the purposes of this assessment, we require the command area be reduced by 80 per cent and that its encroachment into the National Park be excluded from further consideration by this Master Plan to wldlife movements. Three potential an impediment GHo-2 , converge within a short distance of ^^^X^ are to be emigratory wildlife As with Itang. they need to become avoided a preservationist attitude would argue the lrngatJ P J that Gambela National Park should be preserved not i o 1^^ human movements Wildlife crossings as described m the as scs5ment on dams and reservoirs will be suitable for use by livestock. ^Id^historic. cultural or aesthetic features. The threat of the projecil tc) histone or thetic features was not assessed for reasons expressed In Chapter - □ tms . of flood nlatn veretaVon The command area lies adjacent to about 25 km ;' ^cx 1H proposes the topog^y -tarn 0Qd1^ • e., the right bank is not flood plair. Given the uniqueness of nvenne v egetanon ^MS-ULG Baru-Akobo River Balin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-111annex 4 tfiica and its .are of disappearance. J ” 1 5 “sessraml requires [h|, •. leave . tafc strip of at least 100 m along the nght bank of lhe aj eide of the Ney and Chnu Rivers, which pass through it. This win de *v«r *1 percent Disinrniton of pointlatiotis and communities. Descriptive information an there are no people living in the area of rhe project, although farming Out lhc sil( w, lt& si Zp l tirifc by %; area The project map in Annex 1H shows the command area encap SU a | f P'Cs J? Abobo. Ultimately, the number of people affected by the project needs to feasibility investigation. Water-related disease Assessment of bang irrigation project applies Ad rriivevetrs s ttoo rreefflleect ct tthhoosese iinn DDuummbboonngg cocommmmaanndd aarreeaa. Borer supply inequalities. Assessment of I tang irrigation project app|jes Rgconwended Actions In the event of this project proceeding, the following specific actions to mitigate adverse environmental impacts. • Carry out full El A and take note of its recommendations ^e?- e reso]vetj ‘ JUst the are likely to be • Ensure construction contracts contain clauses to control noise, dust, soil erosion the discharge of effluents into river channels and the impact of temporary' construction war • Ensure effective soil management practices are in place to minimise soil degradation • If there are any, resettle families in accordance with World Bank guidelines • Carty out mitigation measures to minimise increased risks to health of water-borne diseases • Assess wildlife habitats and ensure that measures are taken to minimise disruption to movement of animals 6.12.5 Gilo-2 Irrigation Project Description The primary canal leaves Gilo-2 Dam to continue about 30 km along the right bank oi ahej-^ River to where it abruptly expands northerly and westerly to form a fan-shaped tom.. area The total length of its primary canal is 61 km; the size of its command area is Canals feeding the project are lined due to the area's sandy soil texture. northern edges of the irrigated area are bordered by dykes to exclude flooding > other rivers within About 75 per cent of the northeastern portion of the command area lies National Park About half of its southern edge passes on both sides of the Pug ioad Tata l_ake, which is the subject of a pumped irrigation scheme P ^ rc e jee IMf-? authorities, is 75 per cent surrounded by the command area along its nort e j^gated*-" left-bank outlet to be installed at Gilo-2 Dam, an additional 25,900 ha could D - of the National Park. TAMS. T'LG Biru-Akobo River Basin Integrated DeteloproentENVIRONMENT 7 . A cessment of hang irrigation project applies ; Assessment of (tang irrigation project applies Assessment of Rang irrigation project applies Assessment of Rang irrigation project applies. ■ -^Isedime/Jh Assessment of Hang irrigation project applies. Assessment of Itang irrigation project applies. hiwnsand weed proli feration Assessment of Itang irrigation project applies Canal weeds Assessment of Rang irrigation project applies Downstream water quality. Assessment of Itang irrigation project applies Dwnstreum flow reductions. Assessment of Itang irrigation project applies fyicroachtnent on ecolosacaily sensitive areas About 75 per cent of the command area lies within Gambela National Park For the purposes of this assessment, we require the command trea be reduced by 75 per cent and that its encroachment into the National Park be excluded from further consideration by This Master Plan. l^edmentjg wildlife movements. Three potential irrigation projects, Abobo. Dumbong, and j °'2, converge within a short distance of each other Combined, they form an impediment to av^ded™ As ltang, they need to become smaller if wildlife conflicts are to be tiy, k,°ttrr P senati r re ' O nisr attitude woutulduaLrigiuuec wthueuiriro igaratisouneprojects should not exist at all National Park should be preserved ltan8 assessment applies ■^NjITLenF Qfl Jr . ---------- ------------- l=? ------------- w. ■WrfW.M. tajvr UWJVI4UUU UH UJt ^■suietic and reservoirs will be suitable for use by livestock or aesthetic features The threat of the project to historic or res was not assessed for reasons expressed in Chanter 2 of this tenon BarO’Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-113ANNEX 4 possible to state is cOmmunrries. The number of people living m ss^SSs®-”” — ■■-■; A fishing ^cbo of iung ^&ation project applies Adjust the D^O"8 con""ind ““ e ofI'a"8W M^P™i“W'«- , tssBsm M 8 Recommended Actions In the event of this project proceeding, the following specific actions are lik I to mitigate adverse environmental impacts • Carn- out full EIA and take note of its recommendations • Ensure construction contracts contain clauses to control noise, dust, soil erosion, the e to be re^j.^ discharge of effluents into river channels and the impact of temporary construction camps • Ensure effective soil management practices arc in place to minimise soil degradation • Reseltle families (if any) in accordance with World Bank guidelines • Carr, out mitigation measures to minimise increased risks to health of waier-bome diseases • .Assess wildlife habitats and ensure that measures are taken to minimise disruption to movement of animals 6.12.6 Other Irrigation Projects General The preceding assessments examine projects that survived interim screening. There are other projects, which are listed in Table 4 of .Appendix A The quality and quantity of data about .... remaining projects is much less than that of the projects assessed in detail Nonetheless, t ^ be that one day, these projects will reappear for feasibility investigation The °-oW - assessment is made on a group basis as their data do not support a detailed study Potentially positive impacts Fuehvood. Assessment of ltang irrigation project applies Potentially negative impacts Soii erosion The command area, will be cleared and levelled, the costs o those reported in Annex 1H. Waterlogging Assessment of hang irrigation project applies. Salinization Assessment of ltang irrigation project applies ■___ _______________________ __________ ____________ ______________ _—” - ^Master PiaCt TAMS-ULG Biro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Develop®6ENVIRONMENT ---------------------------------------- ----- ------------------------------------------------------------- Assessment of 1^5 irrigation project applies ’ ’ Assessment of Itang irrigation project applies L a «e ssme nt of It"® ini gat i on project applies ,f i weednrfL^J?^-^ Assessment of Itang irrigation project applies , A „ ^ment of e Itang irrigat i on projec l a ppbes c^ss^- AS’ auatitv Assessment ofltang irrigation project applies flaw reduction Assessment of hang irrigation project applies. < >fl ecologically seusane areas Many of these projects encroach upon ^^iTNationai Park The degree of encroachments requires assessment during feasibility study- • to wildlife movements In general, Itang assessment applies. The amount of pediment relates to the number of projects implemented and their relationship to each other Were all projects to be implemented, then the wildlife resource of the lower basin would be effectively destroyed Impediment to livestock and human movements Wildlife crossings as described in the assessment on dams and reservoirs will be suitable for use by livestock Threat to histone, cultural or aesthetic features. The threat of the project to historic or aesthetic features was not assessed for reasons expressed in Chapter 2 of this report Alteration or loss of flood plain vegetation The command area lies in an area of many small steams These will require diversion to larger watercourses that lie outside the boundary imposed by flood protection dykes Flood plain vegetation will be lost, but at this time it is not possible to state its extent. Feasibility surveys will have to explore the issue further. ^^P^tj^u_o^^op i u a ijons and communities. The number of people living in the area is ar ge unknown. It is a subject required during feasibility’ investigations Assessment of Itang irrigation project applies Adjust the names of " ssfl«S ’W of ih« mde, mg Assessment of Iran g irrigation project applies L 1S4.LG Baro-Akobn River Baiin Integrated Dcvefopment Master PlanANNEX4 6.13 Flood Protection 6.13.1 General In the project area, floods result from • backwater upstream of major confluences on nearly level land • discharge in excess of channel capacity, ana • rainfall in excess of soil infiltration capacity on poorly drained lands Lands above 450m altitude appear to be sufficiently well drained and „ Hood protection Low-lying areas, on the other hand, often experience 2-4 between the months of June and November, usually covering about 3500 k but increasing to 9700 km' during the 50-year flood (Cowx, 1995). Major dam ^AtWell occurs to the town of Gambela and to riverside villages Flood protection can come in two ways: • by implementing structural works such as dykes and channel straightening, and 11 (iT rpnir.* slruCtura| ma ®e penodicallj • by performing non-structural activities such as watershed management or zoning to control construction This Master Plan proposes to control flooding by 2 methods the first, improving iht hydrologic condition of upland basins, is discussed under a range of projects in a later section pan of the second, the construction of dams for hydropower and irrigation, has already t«r. discussed This section of the assessment concentrates on the construction of levees, intended to complement and expand the effectiveness of dams and natural resource improvements In w doing, the Master Plan proposes to build about 2 4 km of 2-3 metre high dykes and 1 4 km o:' diversion canals along the right bank f of the Baro river Several of the irrigated areas, Guo-- and Itang, will also be protected by dykes Excep! <or unusually sev ere flooding, ecosystems and. in many areas, human communities, are ° periodic inundation of the land. Flooding usually becomes a problem r only when natural events or human activities increase flooding intensity or frequency, orffl* Bank, 199^) C elimination of productive areas structures and developments that need to be protected (^°r ° f !In,cwraJ ,lood control measures arise fro" « Ulc "■**L- « th ™so: f,oodi"-c rcctarses “a" to impoverish recession a&r in 1 & ^eduction or elimination of flooding has the riverine fisheries adapted to th • natural vegetation, wildlife and livestock popLd&uo^ ■ Adapted to the natural Hood cycle. Containment of the river channel throu. 26 Facing dewosiretzn TAMS'LLG Baro-Alujbo Kher Basin Integrated Ocvclopment4 environment . j ]evCe construction passes sediments to downstream areas and introduces jfjj of flow Meanders may become active in ways that were previously ; J.ge fusing damage to nearby roads and bridges J|li increase channel capacity and contain all but exceptionally high floodwater in w tifi c‘^ ' cVep kes v built on the floodplain to exclude water from certain areas affect the Le , c hanncl , ^aj iar1dscapcs and can have impacts on wildlife and livestock habitat and ijrtiroi ^ 0 Hood control structures are costly to build, They-also give a false sense of security rtl ovet,ient ° thjnk that the risk of flooding has been eliminated rather than diminished This jecaiise P^P e . ve(opment of the floodplain with disastrous results in the event of unusually , P<*itive EnvinjnmefitaI In,pacts tection is essential to the safe development of Gambela Numerous socio-economic ^^t^will ensue from the resulting increased security of investment and improved urban health- s MJ Potential Negative Impacts failure with increased damage The community of Gambela would implement flood ^-planning to isolate areas liable to flood damage and control their growth. The Master Pian recommends an agricultural component in the upper basin that will confer watershed xuiastement advantages such as flood attenuation to the lower basin Cycle of soil enrichment and groundwater recharge Dam releases should attempt to imitate natural flooding in a controlled way. Resettlement The project may require resettlement of households located along the line of >vee construction The World Bank resettlement criteria given in Annex A are to be followed Compensations, where those are appropriate, have been computed in this document as 3-year's gross margin plus USS 500 to cover the cost of assets. Reserve USS 30,000 against the cost & resettlement, the true amount to be decided during feasibility studies - eastbility studies will need to do an in-depth study of the socio-economics of recessional -gnculture and grazing The needs and aspirations of these groups need to be taken into part011111}^ 'he P °i r ect The project would first need to know the number of people who take Lq 1 ese activities (he strength of their economy, and how charge would affect them The project needs to incorporate a programme of fishery n i including hatchery and restocking This is discussed under dams and reservoirs r ''^SQi£tipn M * ^Pediments t Many the comments discussed under Dams and Reservoirs apply. Panted to be° natura' drainage, uncontrolled runoff, and soil erosion require control Borrow ' e they increase the habitat of mosquitoes of ^Pply ^Sssiopql sprazing Reservoirs within the lower basin could be operated to ees L "’eisifi e(1 f0|L?nal during the dry season Compensatory grazing could also be owing (foe proposals put forth in the livestock section of this Master Plan. -pL U " " ■—- - - ______________________________________________________ 1 G Ba ro-Ako bo River Basin Integrated Development Master Flan 4 IKannex 4 ■*5 dose to Gambeln. — r--" *" ' sscd above W ^ s< v r x ,Yw!; Th‘S 5UbjeC'15 BddrCSSCd UndCr im8atio' wildlife »«unUWiy L. . ,, , , J ® a’txjv,. . x,_turai overflow areas absorb and distribute runoff Whtn ,L hv the construction of levees, downstream flooding incr^ C e by Selkhozpromexport (1990), feasibility trhitqur s subj edteoicdet wntaisf not t’the wM 'lfedivtktecstosn downst,ream flood regimes 6.14 Mining 6.14.1 General This part of the Master Plan addresses the large scale extraction of pnmary meals, it r., discuss mining of placer deposits, which are low in concentration and pursued by miners Minina involves 3 phases (I) feasibility assessment, (2) operations, and n, decommissioning. They are presented in that order. 6.14.2 Feasibility assessment Feasibility assessment is conducted to determine the location and concentration af praim metals It is done by core drilling The benefits that accrue are principally knowledge aboir. site. Some minor employment might be provided to local labour, but this would involve ver. few people Its negative environmental impacts are caused by road construction and driltnj These have already been discussed under Hydropower and will not be repeated here. 6.14.3 Construction and operations Land clearing would precede actual mining. The period of clearing would be extremely triri perhaps only a week or two Construction would also occur as a simultaneous activity a h Portakabins’, leach pits, crusher, concentration plant Prefabrication of most oi would limn their installation time and environmental impact. Leach pits are no ng moi sealed basins in which drains have been installed to convey dissolved miner concentration plant The pit is first filled with crushed ore. Low pressure emitters or^ lain over the lop of (he ore distribute chemicals, possibly compounds of cyaro onto the surface of the mineral, through which it leaches and eventual!) en’^e jor fonhe drains In the concentration plant the concentrate is separated from the eac processing, the leachate then returns to the leaching pit. Sl ^£ AAt t ■- - Positive impacts would accrue as income to the concession opcrat • tnrs a. anndaaas s fees ’**' , “ ------------- —————— ww fcV MJW w»«v—— ' I ggoovevermnmmeezunt LLoocacall eemmppllooymymeenntt wwoouulldd pprroobbaabblly y bbee eextxtrreemmeelly y llooww dduuee tioo tt c " the operations being carried out. Potentially negative impacts are significant Dust and noise would affectThc fuel chemicals, and human waste have the potential to enter the groun q|jjpme e nI ar impact of the roads that would be required to transport the mining _ _ _—-«-j~ j>|rar‘ TAMS-ULG BaroAkobo River Basin Integrated Development ftENVIRONMENT tild be similar to those described for the dams and reservoirs above, as j mat cr'a' W^nPact of population displacement Care can eliminate most of these pos5,blC ' /^rations, but they can recur once Lhe site is decommissioned > d duriW pr.*"1’ Decommissioning □ « standards of decommissioning require the site be returned to it, r 11 aior brf°re minins '°°k phce Tl“ CO"CCp' und“KO'K lhe need io eXe In^ l ^XabiWy of the leaching pits If lhe mine is opemw, and sMow , P 1 fallow the excavation of ore by occupying the same pit from w(,; |, :----------------- r mighl S?X™«io-d would he covered b? a User , K,ui inffinrlion. overlain by lop®, removed during tend ctaumg Md [f a the other hand, crashedI materials are removed to , !p0l)s dump, extrTcare « X apical dump consists of a ddre constructed to the same specificarions as a small dX “h » romplerely surround the waste It cannot adjoin mountams or Mis as these n-JataLX enter the crushed malenal, gtvtng n a jelly-like eonststency and makrng it dffiX' ratdle. Furthermore, the ike cannot cross a valley as ir would block exMng dXte possibly even collapsing under the weight of flowing water Once filled wuh ^Id be sealed with an impermeable matenal Given fhe natureX the Jump should be several hundred years “ ’ ’ life of The potential for negative environmental impacts is enormous With care, however, its risk can be reduced to acceptable limits. The concession license requires extreme care from jjevernment to assure that all risks are identified and indemnified against Specialist advice should be sought. 6.15 Conclusions ilfJ Dams and Reservoirs His chapter presents a pre-feasibility environmental assessment of 7 dams, reservoirs, and ippurtenant works and a general assessment of other dams This section takes an overview of of their environmental impacts and conflicts ttotnthe view of the environment as an entity an as a p , ^r0IjieXpOIt, in 1988. prepared ssperience with Abobo Dam in the Master Plan area tt environmental impact assessment which forewarn o' instructing Abobo Dam. the recommendations of the Regarded oro blems and difficulnes In appear to have been ? Her quality i 051 s an ■ toe reserv - 0 mpOrtant issue. This assessment proposes that all biodegradable material Xuil r escrv O rs i °lr 3Jeas be removed We also propose that more than one outlet be fitted to ferial caring or^Cr to limit the discharge of anaerobic water If funds are such that the 0<!e?radable m C r?move^> ihen we recommend the dam not be constructed. The removal of at enal from Abobo was inadequate t AMS.ulg ^■ru-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Mailer Plm 4-119ANNEX 4 Each dan is a tamer not only to water but also to migratory fish \yc feasibility investigations, that each dam be equipped with a fi^ ]ari?'neiki, jx programme Abobo Dam has no such programme Water-related disease will become a major problem We recommend that reservoir be equipped with a diagnostic health centre. These diffcr fo"1 a^er centres in that they are able to give a firm diagnosis of water-related d °rdin’Jv?cf treatment We do not believe that chemoprophylaxis of malaria is app^n * jC' temporary, non-immune visitors Nor do we accept the role of anti-rnosq"4’6 for °Oe to their reliance upon hazardous pesticides, many of them banned and each ° ,Carn?li ?n ^’ s problems. Avoidance, through the use of mosquito nettings treated with Ils°^i5.‘> the risk of the disease tn children by 70 per cent and the nsk of serious attaT?'' (Science et Vie, 1996). Indeed, mosquito nettings are in common use thro h Opt i manv parts of tropical Africa. where they have been effective in redu Ugh°U1 »>• Treatment, coupled with health education, is another response Schistosomiasis is problem common to irrigation projects. Good intentions st C 'ng thc canal design and management can limit the disease But we have seen these 310 pl* not fulfilled and Schistosomiasis become prevalent in other areas of Ethiopia 8F°°d or 5 ie^r. irrigation canals should be lined Sediment will be a problem at some of the reservoirs From suspended sediment ' hydrologic analyses conclude that sediment accumulation will not reduce dam des These samples ignore bed load and contain inconsistencies that limit their diagnostic ^ Furthermore, the forecast assumes that watershed hydrologic condition will remain imc Elsewhere, the Master Plan believes it will degrade The dams most al nsk from sediment are those that are closest to the break in gradient fos central plateau to lowland savannah Dumbong and Gilo-2 The situation of their reserve needs to be examined from the view of lateral deltas that could divide the reservoir into two r. more portions upper and lower Spillway discharge from dams in the lower reservoir could set up oscillatory Dow lines th destabilise meanders further downstream These, in rum. could threaten irrigation conns: areas, villages, and roads. They require examination during feasibility study Several irrigation command areas join together at their edge to block existing " migratory corridors. Rather than introduce major problems with wildlife, it is better a corridor to permit their passage through developed areas Many of their routes are less permanent and require a means of traversing canals For this reason 've Pr crossings constructed at intervals of about 10+1.5 km along the length of each can • conCTri-'W Recessional grazing is a distinct possibility during the dry season .As reservoir:> if they1,1 may attract thousands of cattle and horses Their numbers will have to be contro not to damage wildlife habitat and fields. Their ultimate risk is starvation. T.AMS-ULG Biro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Developim*1 *laStcr 4-120environment ,^4 A ^,2 r t[ie cnvtronmenral impact of power transmission through the Master Plan , assess171®111 ° b -0Or quality information about the habitat resources of the proposed .< hamp ® ' er our assessment is forced to be genenc Nonetheless, some genera! <Lof-* >\ a M "^dpJ5appy Pn s should include the identification of important habitat areas along the ... -^bW of wav The power line comdor should then be adjusted to avoid those kev should be single-purpose and built to a low standard Following construction Access ro‘TSbe made impassable by motorised traffic Severely damaged areas should be they shoul ..ecoJ]Servation should follow the same general advice as that given under dams r ;piinicd 01 tcniporary' nature of the roadways, if carefully constructed, should reduce (jj5J Irrigation sation project penetrates Gambela National Park to a certain extent, Itang -hine the least Most irrigation projects reviewed by this Master Plan failed interim ^eejuno because of their high costs, A more feasible alternative is the intensification of Upland agriculture, which docs not encounter the same magnitude of problems of disease, uildlife, a^d socio-cultural evolution. The design of the projects invites conflict between wildlife and farmers In particular, Abobo, GOo-2, and Dumbong present an almosL impenetrable barrier co migratory wildlife, many of which are large Farmer's lives are at risk should they come into confrontation with elephants or hippos. Monkeys, birds, and insects will raid and destroy crops virtually at will, given the favourable combination of plentiful water, food, and shelter as amplified by the project in the lower basin. As with dams and reservoirs, disease among humans will increase. In part ibis is due to the favourable environment the project will provide to disease vectors. In part it is due to the vincentration of humans the project will create - a third of the required labour is casual, in due to the project’s reliance upon animal traction in a known tsetse area Some of the ^’ectious products of disease will eventually reach open waters and be transmitted wntri^t3111 ^r3irun® “n health, improved sanitation, and improved treatment will all siaiple t£ t0 dlsease control in ±e project area. The use of mosquito nets is an example of a ■ cost-effective means of reducing the incidence of malaria ■ 'he rft duce the effectiveness of water management in irrigated areas. Settlers ^genous ^asirt during the previous government were greeted with hostility by the Veas We COn^cts cnsued Almost all settlers have since returned to their native O f nOt ^el know’ the ability' of different ethnic groups to collaborate on the r feh°UrCCS Such as water> seed’ anti fertil’ser irrigation is a complex agricultural :nd «avou vei Moralist’ WkthC pCoP,e of the area still rely upon the planting stick Many of the people are 0 v iew animal traction with disdain t^ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4- 1117.1 Introduction This chapter of the Environmental Impact Assessment examines the confT generated by development among the different sectors of the Master Plan and^ lnU- among their component projects Chapters 5 and 6 examined sectoral enviro ’ ° the basin developments and the large projects in detail. This chapter t^^1 ls^if overview of each sector and its behaviour when intra-sectoral investments an. rtlOre a-t dre combined Table 1 lists the sectors under evaluation An exception from the list is health ’ - which the Master Plan views as a mitigation to water-related disease under hvd irrigation rather than a sectoral investment The capital and recurrent costs me tr° ° section arc for environmental mitigations, and are listed in Appendix D rather ih^ These have to be added to (or subtracted from) the costs and revenues of the pro' sectors before financial and economic decisions can be concluded Not all env- * P Wer decisions can be based on purely financial criteria, however An example is death 7^1?' from project-related disease, which cannot be financially assessed at the Master Planning:^ 7.2 Hydropower Three hydropower projects fulfilled criteria of interim economic screening. Because the process ignored the costs of environmental mitigation, however, the screening was incompieie These costs, which include sediment control, household relocation, reservoir clearing additional outlet installation, and diagnostic health centre construction and operation must bt included in future sectoral analyses The construction of hydropower will briefly (during 3 or more years of construction) produr; large amounts of sediment Sections 6.2 to 6 9 describe how this and other adverse ntipacj can be controlled; Appendix D lists its costs of mitigation Unless rhe reservoir arei - completely cleared of vegetation, serious declines of waler quality will occur More important is the problem of water-related disease Among the different reservoirs, Baco is the most serious. This problem recurs through each ot the - water resource projects and is difficult to control. The production ol hydroe'eCln° |fSS jt can bring large numbers of people into intimate contact with vvater and soil but, none^eCl a It# produce ideal breeding habitat for insect disease vectors. These, in turn. run area - flg fDr It# Reservoirs during their dry-season drawdown period will provide recessional "jp^jTjcti011 numbers of livestock Unless livestock numbers are controlled, vegetation starvation may result - -------- — ____________ ______ _____ _______ t~crer TAMS-ITLC BaroAkobo River Basin Integrated Develop®^01 4-122ENVIRONMENT ---------------------------------------------------------------------- —— sl ruction will undoubtedly disturb wildlife habitat, this is difficult to assess r e$ert’O’r investigation and its variable quality of baseline information The level of the scale o* basin is jess that that in the lower It is a subject for further investigation hvdropower development and the corresponding electrification of the basin t* i lCrt»tiveS tOb[J energv and reducing the demand for energy by implementing conservation, ■Jude rsneW,a gional or national growth, and efficiency improvements These latter options '^ftficti005 an r^|e for Ethiopia at this lime, renewable energy could be an attractive nd prac1^C3 . _n but could not substitute for hydropower and electrification ^>^!hes .j urg*-scalf ,rri®9liOn four lareC'Scale irrigation schemes were recommended by the interim report .Xs A total of ?U, tr c t j j \ these ignored the costs of environmental mitigations In addition to with hy health and water quality, the projects seriously detract from wildlife resources .^es p|an area The costs of mitigations must form part of the final screening for these projects " -h imgati°n scheme depends upon a separate reservoir These are shallower than those mmended for hydropower, and create extensive shoals The insect habitat they provide c l be ideal for malarial mosquitoes During the dry season Lhey will attract large numbers of ■rf dlite and livestock, and habitat damage and starvation could occur unless animal populations are controlled Because the projects bring large numbers of people into intimate contact with moist soil and provide habitats favourable for large populations of disease vectors, human health will be seriously affected Deaths from malaria and other illnesses should be expected While potential mitigations include diagnostic health centres, mosquito nets, and treatment, the effectiveness a: these measures may be low. Non-immune children and adults, the weak, and the infirm will succumb to disease Schistosomiasis presents a serious risk to the area Its control would require the canals be lined -ns of proposed irrigation sites were the locations of resettlements during the previous liiwnrtie!lt People dislocated by drought came into conflict with the indigenous population precautions are taken, implementation of the projects risks reintroducing ethnic stress pj.j, portions of their reservoirs seriously reduce the area of Gambela National mammals ’ ,°C*aSe rnigration corridors will force contact between farmers and iarge which win CU?ln® e’eptanis. Dangerous rivalries will develop between farmers and monkeys, rodents ^elds almost at will Irrigated produce will also increase the population of the and^ ‘ ^genou n s ^rboui diseases that are dangerous to humans. Tsetse is endemic to Prove hazardous to animal traction, which is endorsed by the project ? ;^y upon ?COple ot area not sophisticated farmers. Many are pastoralists, others ^ries betw 6 P^ing stick. Both groups will incur problems during project inception Cen ethnic groups may introduce inequities into the distribution of water: some L'LG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Develapweni Master Plan 4-123annex 4 fanners will over-irrigate; others will under-irrigate. Waterlog ’ sodicitv pose problems to the area Leached nutrients present - |F’ users Partial alternatives to large-scale irrigation include the following improving (he efficiency of existing irrigation projects and rather than develop new irrigation projects; intensify upland agriculture; develop small-scale, individually owned irrigation systems i X1 s restore degrade ] develop systems that rely upon a mix of surface and sround"™?.°fiarse’’i»> negative impacts of wholly surface svstems This development of rainfed agriculture is capable of making a ma'o supply of the region and should be implemented, as pan “of thr^B Wr°Vemem “>thef priority The realisation of one or more of the large irrigation sch longer to achieve, and must be only put in place after carefol study of?h * ale 50 as to redUce Scenar'& ? inevita^v to to address the negative impacts identified in this Report 7.4 Flood protection ' C tnJtl8’tion The Master Plan proposes food protection around several of its irrigated areas and alone th Bara River at Gambela. Relocation of some households in Gambela will be required, but th i ■ minor. More serious is the loss of wetland habitat that will result from this investment - combination with irrigation Dykes acting in concert with altered flow regimes may caust channels to migrate in unpredictable but damaging ways. Feasibility investigations must resin the impact of altered sediment flux and discharge upon channel morphology Alternatives to flood protection include the following: • Revise upstream dam operations to mimic, as much as is possible, the natural anr.ua! hydrograph; • Revise upstream dams to provide partial alleviation of flood risk, or • Improve the hydrologic condition of upstream catchments The levee proposed for Gambela should be constructed, but only in unison with flood zc~«e so that areas at risk do not receive additional households Catchment protect.oc^ essentia] to the long-term control of flood risk at Gambela The behaviour o downstream of levees will require monitoring, particularly if upstream dams discharge and sediment concentration of the Bare and other rivers, 7.5 Smallholder agriculture an imoonant alten^,^ * *<eystone component of the Master Plan, particularly as ft Pr^V, daenstimrupctoirvetanMt aulchteronaf ttihvee to irrigated agriculture, which we bewliehveichtwo e believe to he environ^ icttvtttes belonging to smallholder agriculture are environ! — —- _______________________________________________ —■— pldfi TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development eENVIRONMENT . ii^ed- - Fth o ------- — , eV cornprise mitigations to much of the destructive agriculture occurring in j pia. Soil conservation is an important component of upland agriculture ^Sj]^ “envisages the expansion of coffee production, asking the introduction of th' r^jaster P|al1 ffec p Up | into streams. Section 5 proposes mitigations, the costs of which ° .^ors coffee cleaning and coffee growing ^ddfebonieby d*® ff tjve alternatives to improvements of Ethiopia’s smallholder agriculture We , e Ve n° Cft^mponent receive investment on condition that coffee effluent is withheld r -onvfiencI ^npoause the activity is important to reducing sediment discharge upstream of rt ser1’'0irS' . ^ews investment in livestock as crucial to an expansion of agriculture fnc Masic'. Offers many benefits, uncontrolled, overgrazing could destroy many of the Control^’ * Despite the best intentions of the Master Plan, reservoirs are going to draw project’s bene ancj wildlife during the dry season Damage to vegetation will occur lafj60 . e^ m CrS |) arc controlled Fences, rotational or delayed grazing, and grazing fees are ^^'of^ntrolling livestock, and generating income few alternatives to livestock production as it is a suitable land use for non- terrain Wildlife ranching is becoming increasingly attractive in some pans of but this requires a healthy, well-developed tourist or meat export industry AtnCfiU -,6 Fisheries Investment in fisheries management and marketing forms part of the Master Plan Improved equipment is seen as a means of increasing the catch, though at present reservoirs and dams ire conceived without fish ladders or hatchery7 programmes The activity is small scale and resents little opportunity for overfishing The component has no alternative Apiculture Apiculture is an important small industry in the Master Plan area The component proposes to mmain bee keeping in its present form while bringing bee hunters into the fold of beekeepers ■^ ? ro ose5 ways of producing safe (low fire risk) smoke to better manage traditional hives, suggest means of strengthening marketing links to improve household revenues - ure in natural forests poses a slight fire risk, but the component proposes effective "Morits control * forestry Fa rtstry is an .. , Propcs nder/tieveloped, under-controlled sector of Ethiopia’s economy. The Master Q1Vest in baseline data collection, gurrt-bell rehabilitation, plantation P^poses51*’ lratiting. Soil conservation, reviewed here as pan of smallholder agriculture, ■^^loriurti on catchment protection as one of its activities. Significantly, a e uig by eight sawmills in the Master Plan area is also called for ^aro-Akobu River Basin Ime^nired Development Master Plan 4-115ANNEX 4 Most of the adverse environmental impacts attributable to forest associated with logging Yet these impacts can be controlled by obs^. proposed in Chapter 5 of this report There is no alternative to forestry It represents a wise use of much of the \i Reservoir clearing represents an alternative to timber felling in other areas easily be installed upstream of dams proposed for construction 7.9 Wildlife 8 the >: ' Sa*mi||s Government policy on wildlife is fragmented and weak Gambela National P over to the region in August 1996 It contains a warden and 11 scouts Jrk Was hi^ uncertain Indeed, the park already includes pan of a state farm and Abobo DanT h^3’' " The Master Plan proposes several wildlife studies in the Master Plan area Usin it then proposes to assist government to develop an effective wildlife policy With"^ foundation, there is little that can happen to benefit wildlife in the Master Plan fc°f tk“*“ resource on the wane, vet the national foundations essential to its survival are lack"* national problem This assessment proposes a moratorium on decisions involving dams, reservoirs, and im • areas in the lower basin until a firm policy on wildlife is evolved 7.10 Tourism The Master Plan proposes several investments in eco-tourism, including river safans aid • lake development These are small and unlikely to prove interesting to other than a snx minority of tourists Kenya and Tanzania are easier to visit and pose fewer risks to travellers .Alternatives to tourism in the Master Plan area relate to site There are not many Natiomit investments in sites of historical interest in northern Ethiopia would be more remunerative 7.11 Mineral resources Mineral resources being prospected in the northern pan of the Master Plan area describes the mitigations required if active mining is to occur These will require K the characteristics of the mine and the method of mining are known We th<^c[uRjs alternatives to mining, there are alternatives in processing. For example, in situ more hazardous to groundwater than heap or pit leaching At this time there is information to guide other than a very general set of precautions .12 Water supply and sanitation [v with 'J* The Master Plan proposes improvements in water supply and sanitation -hat ? ^-6^ Ministry of Water Resources' Letter of Policy dated January 1996 The TA.MS-LLG BiroAkobo River Basin Integrated Development ^sSter P 4-1264 ENVIRONMENT ..—-------------------------------------- ------------- ---------- _____ _____________________________ " Sdins » size of community. Piped water supply is v^es he smallest Similarly, piped sewage disposal with primary tr h 3r Cst - ' wcU ^■clV‘I immunity, improved ventilated latrine at the smalls IrcaIrnc™ * available at the &°e. relate to water supply and sanitation and refer m n r ^ tefTtatlV of collection. disposal and sludge maraecmem m, « ,rM,raent For ^‘^s^different advantages and disadvantages including enytrnfT proposed for the Master Plan area are suitable for a Each mpiCtS Tfle Further study is required « whreb ” "" ?3fl assess^ent have t0 be com™ssioned. impact as . fj Solid waste disposal TneMaster Plan proposes solid waste disposal as an adjunct of sanitat i™ Ab • • Jesting, co-composting with sewage sludge. reuse in a^ctiriu^ TTi? ^thamzation, or incineration. Methanmtion is unlikelv to p effective i rove ^ tur e - sources available to schemes that are to be self£! composting ■« probably the most suitable method available to the pi Or co* fewibility study before it can be accepted with confidence ' ' an' &U recluires -.14 Roads Tit Master Plan borrows ns plans for roads from the government These comprise three Masses of roads constructed in tour phases The major environmental impact from roads is soil erosion and sediment. Chapter 5 describes the mitigations that would be required. In general, there are no alternatives to roads that provide fast, cheap land transportation The man aliemative lies in the selection of route. Section 5 15 describes the precautions that should be taken. T AMS-Xjlg Baro-Akuba River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4 -127ANNEX 4 8. monitoring requirements and plan 8.1 Introduction The baseline data preliminary to this Environmental Impact Assess™ to support a Master Plan of the complexity of Baro-Akobo. Their require improvement if feasibility' studies are to be successful Data bareI.v ad arib qualifo^’* continued throughout the duration of the project to gauee its HT° ect’On should th * ifficulties ' ““'"Wes « Monitoring the effects of natural resource development proposals is an of environmental sustainability. However monitoring requires compreh CSSentJal pre'rcquiitc conditions against which to measure environmental changes and to pl'^ data of ba«ir.' actions. Monitoring is expensive .An economy of effort will require that "PKlfic Ini*ifiatiaa and that data collection concentrates only on project areas most likelv lQPr°Jects be keened For large projects such as dams, data collection should precede construction^^V^^' years 8.2 Environmental standards aI 6351 seven' Ethiopia has a basic legal framework for the management of the environment. Environment! related regulations and standards can only be designed by the national and regional authonfe In many cases such regulations and standards might interfere with or impinge on existing laws However in their absence the Ethiopian Authorities could turn to the recommendations of a number of international organisations A number of studies have been conducted over the pa" 10 to 15 years to test the appropriateness of standards and regulations for a large numberc: countries in .Africa, Asia and South America and a large amount of literature is available a: die World Bank, the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) and the LN Environmain- Programme (UNEP). It should be remembered that the level and impact of enviro regulations and standards are dependent on government policy: for example, to what often are the authorities prepared to accept soil erosion. For the urgently needed forest resources assessments it would be appropriate to adopt thed^ processing systems deployed bv the FAO and UNEP. Such systems v— ^aice authorities to oversee and control a number of important factors ' ^grazing, environment, including unauthorised logging and clearing, reforestation an In the case of water quality the criteria recommended by UNEP e J ^ would £ e e domestic. industrial livestock, irrigation or fish farming. It is envisaged t onlJ oj . Protection Agency (EPA) would be responsible for overall monitoring an TAMS-ULG Birrv-AkAbo River Basin Iniegraied Develop01* * 0environment ----------------------------------------------------------- —-------------------------- j of relevant published material that may be assist in providing lect on folio** t^-cc for the management and protection of resources in the project area in the national standards iF L’ri °f 1 cntal Source Book * The World Bank. Washington Envir0"11’® Water Quality Monitoring - United Nations Environmental ' d Nairobi prD?ra r^onral and Planning - Pion Ltd, 207 Brondesbury Park, London NW2 5JN En viron^eni Engl^ mentaj Change * Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Linacre House, Jordan , SrtxXd 0X2 8DP England i nf Environmental Management - Acedemic Press Inc (London) Ltd, 24-28 * road. London NW 1 7DX England ' j neuradation and Rehabilitation - John Wiley & Soos Ltd, Baffias Lane, West SussexPO19 IUD. England ronmental Software - Computational Mechanics PUBLICATIONS. Ashurst * Lodge Ashurst. Southampton, Hampshire, SO4 2AA. England U Monitoring checklist i r order to minimise repetition within the report, the following sections open with a general tieckhst of monitoring parameters categorised according to resource. This is followed with a senes of specific monitoring programs dams, irrigation, general construction, wildlife, water supply and sanitation, mineral resources, and upland agriculture. MI Climate and water resources • climate (rainfall, wind, temperature, evaporation), • discharge (above and below dam, above and below irrigated area); • sediment discharge, • nutrient discharge (irrigation projects), water table elevations in project area and downstream (irrigation projects); groundwater quality (irrigation projects), water quality (salinity. pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen concentration, suspended solids, phosphates, nitrates, ); t hyd g ra en sulphide and methane generation limnological sampling of microflora, nticrofauna, aquatic weeds and benthic organisms, . ^.Sherie5 Species, populations, , laims °n prior use; .); , ^tability f distribution; O water ' uds( l On °f Water distribution (canal sediment and weeds in irrigation projects). ' incide^ ^Va^erS^eC^ condition (extent of agriculture and practices, industrial activity), • Dm- nCC Ul ^Sease and presence of disease vectors, of hydrocarbon, (roads) ^^G Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Muter Plan 4-129annex 4 8.3-2 h orders families, phases (especially erosion, depth, stOni hilitv (irriRation projects). to»™« (WBrtio* I’vd.ofetnc, agncutaral. forestn, proj ro “enals 1'an<""’8 S3 J I'egrtflrfon resources vegetation (cover, species composition, growth rates, biomass, area unit yields (agricultural and irrigation projects); cropping intensity (agricultural and irrigation projects). changes in natural vegetation in the project area and on downstream 8.3.4 Wildlife resources • wildlife (species, distribution, numbers), • wildlands (species, plant communities), • poaching records (cases adjudicated, trophies confiscated), 8-3.5 Human resources • public health and disease vectors, ■ in- and out-migration of people to area, floodplains, • changes in economic and social status of resettled populations and indigenous people, • equitability of water distribution, • health condition of project populations 8.4 Specific monitoring programmes The following monitoring programmes are for specific types of projects These imgation, general construction and roads, water supply and sanitation, wi > e, resources, and upland agriculture A permanent gauging station should be established within 1 Okm upstream surveycd:0' V™ of the resent and another within 1km downstream of the dam axis Both gauges permanent benchmark Both should contain staff as well as recording ^ the staff [eor0 o | gicai b being the priman gauge The downstream gauge should include a re a | tive hu(IU " capable of measuring and recording wind travel and direction, temper rainfall. and pan evaporation. TAMSTLG Baro-Akobo River Bavin lniegraied Dcveioprne111 *la5ter ■1-130ENVIRONMENT r of operat*on al ‘east 12 rneasurements covering a range of flows should h This will require that a gauging team take measurements during flood p#‘?r l£}wto wcather. Gauge operators should never measure high (lows alone 2 jtiiv,d nt aljon should be measured using depth-!ntegradng samplers for at least 5 stream Samples can be integrated into a single container. Separate bottles 5 files 81X055 thC diment and water quality Dissolved oxygen samples should either be fixed be used mr se or electrical meter should be used the above, a third permanent gauging station will be required between 5 and ] n jcd<do° of the furthest irrigated area It should nave a recording gauge as well as Gkm dowTisU' Depth integrated samples for water quality, especially nutrients and ^ard st ® jatier might better be done using an electrical meter As with dams, jjinity, measurenicni should aspire to at least 12 good measurements over a range of the flrst year Thereafter it should include at least 4 flood flows and 5 low to S«a«*^ y“ r r dwater quality' and depth should be measured using a network of piezometers installed ^rpuaJicjLrt the irrigated area These should be measured at least once a month before and Junng the duration of the project. KJ General construction and roads Chapter 5 describes the mitigations required for genera! construction and roads Monitoring of construction is largely one of making sure the job is done within environmental specifications lit BMPs are employed, that sill traps are installed, that construction follows the centre line od that remaining slope stakes indicate no unnecessary widening, that fill is compacted to specification, that drains are correctly installed, etc. An inspection following the close of ccastmction should make sure that borrow pits are rehabilitated and that quames are closed and correctly drained. Co>4tniction supervision can come about in several ways Construction contractors do not wnnally assign an environmental officer responsible for safeguarding the environment 0 on large projects it is not unusual for governments to retain a consulting engineer to ^erset construction; on smaller projects the task often falls directly to government. Ideally. res POns^e for supervision has the power to stop on-site activities when a serious1 da0CCUrs 10 penalise contractors when they commit serious offences Examples °7*rator a®e ^Uretri r excess clearing of road right-of-ways, road design by equipment engineer, failure to adequately clear reservoirs of their vegetation, and 10 hallow BMP’s J ^ rns - Conc^ssions or licenses to implement activities such as the construction ot ^’^nihental r roads, it is government’s responsibility to make sure it has fully identified ail s and that it is sufficiently indemnified so that damage can be adequately Baro-Akoho River Basin Integrated Devdopment Master Plan 4-131ANNEX 4 repaired The license should specify the actions to be taken by the liCcnsee environmental damage Water supply and sanitation Water treatment plants should operate a stream gauge upstream of their abqt large towns this should be a recording gauge linked to a primary staff ,nOrd'rt0B.^ should utilise a staff gauge that is read daily At large and medium towns d ? Slnal1 samples should be taken upstream of the abstraction point and from witH? k atcr system. Those at medium-sized towns should be processed at large towns Anal d:shib^o made of nutrient concentration, especially nitrates, turbidity, and of the d Sh°ui^r coliform and coliform organisms Periodic (bi-weekly) samples should be mad related to aesthetic water quality and inorganic constituents that have health COnstihienis U1 Slgnificance The quantity of overflow from primary sewage lagoons needs to be gauged d • monitored It should involve a flume with recording gauge, its chlorine measured Monitoring also needs to record advances in sanitation, particularly the number of latrines installed in private households. Health visits, and disease frequency and careful records to be kept &4.5 Wildlife Shou* be ,e ^ Wildlife habitat quality' should be assessed in terms of vegetation density, type, md productivity Baseline samples should be conducted at locations that are then sampled periodically, say once everv 2-3 years Wildlife censuses also need to be taken, possibly as pan of university- research or technical training programmes. Before any change of administrate!: or major incursion into protected areas by roads, dams, or state farms, a census of wildlife and inventory of habitat needs to be conducted. Poaching needs to be recorded When poachers are brought to trial, a park record needs to br kept of the case and its outcome. The disposition of trophies also needs to be recorded A 4.6 Mineral resources Gauging stations similar to those for dams need to be established in the ’ “’^ vc py j un J1 during prospecting, they will need to include piezometer taps into the water underlying aquifers These then need to be maintained until such time asj a jjscontin^* made about mining If mining is not to be pursued, then the gauges could De Otherwise, they should be operated until several years after mine decomrruss related to minerals, especially iron, copper, arsenic, lead. zinc. su^atrorc rnim 8 conductivity require measurement Aquatic life should be censused ® jurin?3C3' periodically thereafter Sampling should occur weekly during prospecting, mining, and weekly following decommissioning __ __________ ______ - —-—■— plan r TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development M#* 4-132 I *environment ; projects currently operate a set of runoff parcels near E>La This should ' *il CDI,SC Lt each of the 5 upland agricultural systems within the project area is imp** of different land uses should be measured, particularly iea, coffee, and 1 . j| ]C research needs to be expanded to include a plot in permanent bare * ^lect’011 ^r£Sith standard procedures (see Lai, 19851 Economic monitoring needs to be 5^'v in 1 'fertilise ’ and insecticide use. prices, and farm household revenue x ■ needs to be undertaken of the effect of coffee cleaning upon water quality At stn ^jervation stations are required upstream and downstream of representative leiSt s^'cra ^factories, and should involve weekly samples taken over a period of at least one lJ Ul tcrs sampled should include DO, pH, 5-day BOD, temperature, discharge, pjffe* P ^ g Psranl e j |ifc. during active coffee preparation the frequency should be changed to d beT]th c p-bidity- parameters should be measured at coffee factories that have installed the gjoh“d«nl>ed in Section 5 4 about Lhe frequency of extension visits, the number of participants, their yields and Rc ^ s rL to be kept on a permanent basis j/S Health disease frequency requires careful monitoring within the Master Plan area This will be issisted by the establishment of diagnostic health centres in the vicinity of major ^pemndments and irrigated areas Incoming workers need to be screened for infectious creases. 8,5 Monitoring policy Ethopia sorely needs to classify- lhe quality of its natural streams. The assumption is thai the *aitrs of natural streams are clean, yet this is unlikely given Ethiopia's low access to ^nittuon. Sediment causes rivers to be turbid during the rainy season, indicating water quality a it best seasonal Elsewhere, salinity might be a problem A classification scheme would sb thresholds below which intrinsic water quality could not be degraded, it would enable t iters to demand polluters refrain from damaging streams n£ Monitoring costs tiout USS^in Cost a Sagging station equipped with a recorder and staff gauge is ^servers thi a S^tiging station equipped solely with a staff gauge and using local Charge'meS FedUCes to about uss ^500. These costs include design, installation, travel. qua]j ^T t 5UrerTieritS’ ratlng curve development, and data processing. The monitoring ot - Osts about USS 500 per constituent per year J¢ advan opgajj’5 in uater quality measurement are reducing the costs of data collection. 1SITIS USe^ to be measured using glassware and the most probable number b’LG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-133,V __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ANNEX 4 - -■ gteware bui thc met pO meters nd'’e m ainienance hnuld be implemented . - "s de,K"t oraan,sauons currently responsible for data r co Un.. Master Plan to conduct work that J*1Cin annex on institutions discusses ho. infcmatlM I II !| ! 4-13*environment ,l anaeemenL aS usecI 'n r^s d°cument. is meant to comprise activities r ll rne,ltn'. ^he express intent to protect the environment The environment will be most . - .,iron L course of design, when government will have the opportunity of oversight to a[ risk M”10 1 ^cations are met. and during construction, when restrictions, BMPs and. even jjsure that 5^CcA|]eC| for. Thereafter, environmental management becomes more the property "^Stglndcorrecrive setion. c Design review of Water Resources has an Environmental Impact Assessment and Folio^-lip ? C which as P311 t*ie Design Department, reports to the Vice Minister (Appendix A) ^Teirn reviews project designs to ensure they- comply with the environmental criteria ted by the Ministry, some of which have been elucidated in this report. We understand ■lit other ministries, such as Agriculture, have similar teams whose role is to ensure the pacas undertaken by the ministry are done to a standard that fulfils environmental requirements. In addition to the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority is mandated at the federal level to ensure that new projects meet national standards * cfenwoiunental performance (see Sec 144 of the National Conservation Strategy, vol 2 for a discussion of the EPA's role) At this writing the Authonty. which is newly founded with about 30 professional staff, is occupied with formulating the policies, guidelines, standards, mJ legislation it requires to fulfil its charter Presumably, the Authority would also play a role ^design review. At this time, however, the exact way in which the Authority will collaborate ” ti the Ministry of Water Resources and other ministries is still being established * Construction review turnon review was discussed in the preceding section as part ofmonitoring draining At ■^ective i ^ n c lra™n^ has been correctly identified by the Conservation Strategy as a national ' Jl '^proved env}05 this Master Plan, however, two key groups of people are most in need ^tock anne^0CnIa^ avvareness farmers and construction workers The Agriculture and , CS "Natural Resources Volume address asriculturaJ and animal and wffl not be repeated here. l LG Baro-Akobo River Basic bilegnted Development Mailer Plan r 4-135riion V>V 1W>SV(. desttuct'oxv, they be agents <* ^hen frst on-sne, v be\ng * ? ?oU\d tftfMe a vvdeo tape ox sW . & co^inJ .-jnenuX^ ^rps ^'s s\ aCh\e^ng different consvxuawn ^2^ i vENVIRONMENT jO .gTHEKSTl-PlK discussed constraints to the formulation ot this Environmental Action dine secd°n 'basing of consultants and a lack of expertise in some Selds means that A pfn^flicullies in T u fee required Data gaps, indicated by an absence of entries Ln the v>al studieS u ' p (Appendix C). may also require attention ‘Rental A rch^IoSJcJl (*PP laical Studies ,lL . ; repOrts of cave or rock paintings in the project area, the .Master Plan i\tiilew'e have VeF tjon about their location. Reservoir areas and dam sites that would be ' uved in*° < l.v changes BBlog'f’1 s,"diM construction should be reviewed as pah of a site-specific romexpen (198® and 1990), ARDCO-GEOSERV (1995), and the Ethiopian Wildlife ^^vide extensive lists of wildlife sightings in the project area The list needs (o be ^ieXd for rare or endangered species. Basic information is lacking about existing --ulutiojis and population dynamics of minor mammals, amphibians, aquatic life, benthic life, ind birds Site-specific population studies will be required prior to decisions about project irvestmait, l#3 Sociological Studies Tse sociological information contained in this Master Plan is suitable for a study of this scope, k pan of investment decision making, however, more detailed investigation is required, PEtiojlariy if resettlement becomes likely 10,4 Water quality. ^’•'ailabV011^'1'0115 arC to degrade water quality at major reservoirs The data were '^perature S f'/IasTer Plan to m°del its occurrence A key missing factor is water "ties of Selkh C WG Su®®est r^s be measured as part of feasibility studies, the original Geld k^promexport and ARDCO-GEOSERV might provide important information Ration is L a include c l’f 1 aDoin important water constituents related to health and aesthetics. jl °JIn.or®an^Snis. nitrate concentrations, iron, sodium and others Data '■'^’er $ e as'n will require expansion within the guidelines previously discussed in ' G BarD-AjjQijQ River Busin Integrated Development Master Plan 4-137v rtet^'on 105 u itab\e fw feasA>'W studies In Ha uon * uB ,n important bearing on wa« .. . .c abo^ v6g Les ^ave nV J This information wl\ need \0 bt w 1 teve “ 1M ***environment 1b C0 ^ S,ONS 11.’ existing st3tllS are ta*en 1 of the natural environment in the Baro-Akobo Basin is deteriorating and if the effects of a rapidly growing population this deterioration will ‘ nmentai problems that arc facing the Basin concern its vegetation and soil, and The ruinenv1^ causej bv the expanding population The Basin's forests, which cover about ?o th area are becoming degraded and depleted under the pressure for grazing and ’• 3‘’°fthf t0j the need for fudwood The population, which is growing at an annual rate of (laNe colT1pensaung for a continuing decline in agricultural productivity by a CV<r ° anaie expansion in the area under cultivation. Similarly, the demand for fitelwood dspiopo i. ^stainable supply. The most serious consequence of the depletion of the forest is q^ftnereased soil erosion, which will in turn lead to reduced agricultural productivity. □ojtever the expanding population is unavoidable and it is the planning necessary to ensure its s-lf sufficiency in food and an improved quality of life that is the prime objective of this Study Sj fundamental are the environmental problems that the measures necessary to increase the Bisin s food production are precisely those measures necessary to address the environmental problems Other basin development projects, desirable but not essential, will be required to lift living standards H-2 Basin Development ri -1.7 General S'vimw^ SCl mea5urcs required to simultaneously arrest the decline in the physical ^nario T" meet lhe Rowing demand for food production constitute the Base Case uiura] res^Cn d ‘n Volume in and which are assessed in Chapter 5 above. They consist of rce development and the development of the social infrastructure q|.-11301 '"OrnP°nents of the basin development comprise those relating to the "'Mentation wN reS0Lirces Many of these measures are highly interdependent and their e aJ] the more effective if carried out in a co-ordinated way Eg Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Mister PlanANNEX 4 Soil conservation and agriculture The proposed soil conservation measures are essential if the continuin > i to be halted and the decline in crop productivity reversed Th °SS °f ° Rtai r environmental impacts The proposed improvements to small holde^ 416 no implemented in the context of soil conservation and care must be taken the environment. Livestock, fisheries and bees t0 rn*n'tttiSe"^ The livestock development programme has been chosen to increase th region s livestock by improving the general levels of health and nutritioneRProductivity of of overgrazing and consequent soil erosion, this programme is closely Of the ir conservation The development of fisheries and bee keeping will also ass' t0 t^at °f sj of food and in the local economy and will thus tend ro ease the pressm productici without any significant risk to the environment Forestry, wildlife and tourism e °n other SectQ.i The forests of the basin are rapidly being depleted with grave conse environment, particularly for soil conservation The preservation and rehab'?0005 f°r remaining forests will therefore have significant positive environmental im ' 'tall°n °f making a sustainable contribution to the local economy through logging ^Wiidiy w consequence tourism will also be a beneficiary of the forestry programme ~ ' 1 e an<*L1 Renewable energy The development of renewable energy as a partial alternative to the burning of fuelwood could reduce the demand for fuelwood, which at present outstrips supply. The most economic Ion term solution for energy supply of the basin would be electrification however this is a log term solution and in the short to medium terms renewable energy’ could have a significant beneficial effect on the environment 11.2.3 Development of the social infrastructure The present social infrastructure in the basin is unacceptably low there is only a rudimtr.tir. water supply system in the larger towns, no arrangements for sanitation or solid waste disposal and few roads The development of social infrastructure will not only greatly improve die quality of life of the population but will be fundamental for the improvement of public health 113 Projects 11.3.1 General While the component programmes of the basin development are a pre-requisite for t**^ arr^ to in the decline in the environmental status of the region, the major projects exploit the natural resources to the economic benefit of both the region a ^viTonn^1, However, by their nature, the projects are associated with significant negau during [1C impacts which will have to be assessed in detail on a project by project feasibility studies na uon ------ ———-- - ____________________________________________________ ___ ------------ It*f TAMS-1 LG Ban>Akobo River Basin Integrated DevelopmentENVIRONMENT .- P involve the construction of dams and so significant damage to the rQ e j ble However, because of the heavy rainfall and favourable topography Hvl3r0P^ent is ifieVl rOirs required for even major projects. In comparison with elsewhere ef^K- reSC?L impact is small and can mostly be mitigated at a reasonable cost jjj ejects are situated in the dryer lower basin where the flat terrain suits ' large irtiga0011 ^ h(sse projecTS will require large reservoirs with the attendant problems J^hsijs^ evapOra f sedimentation, waterborne disease and a large land take The irrigation s will also, to varying degrees, impinge on the wildlife reserves , 4 Mining * ■■ ' lata exists for the identification of specific mining projects, but clearly mining 1$ Indent i nmental damage, which is described, together with the appropriate eriv ro ™^5Ure$ in the report. However the basin does possess significant mineral irJeitiori orrtnierCial exploitation of which could provide a major boost to the local ^tirces m e cu ecotiotny 11.4 Conclusion U di r ihe expanding population the environment of the basin will continue to deteriorate at an jreasiTiq rate unless the measures described in this report are implemented The sustainable iewfopment of the basin therefore comprises • the arrest of environmental deterioration and the increase in food production by means of the basm development programme • the economic development of the basin’s resources through a the implementation of a programme of large projects Of these a hydropower project would cause the least damage ™ would make the greatest contribution to the economy and should precede both large ^‘ a e irrigation projects (for which they would supply a regulated water supply) and lining, for which they would supply power 4-141ANNEX 4 12. REFERENCES CITED Addis Tribune. 1996 Anti-Malaria Campaign to Start Tomorrow fi „ 6SCP96 AddlSA Alum, N.I 993 Gambela Seeds Assessment Report on Agriculture Faa ARDCO-GEOSERV 1995 Survey and Analysts of the Upper ' Addis Ababa report, vols 1 thru IV Da ^Akobo Basin Armitage, MS 1995 Cropping in the Baro-Akobo Basin First Ch Agronomy Specialist TAMS-ULG Addis Ababa ^'on Repo j ri Q .Armstrong, JC. Susceptibility to vivax malana in Ethiopia Trans R Soc Trop M H Atwell, B and W Frankenthaler 1995. Draft Environmental Report TAVi< Ababa Addis Ayele, T The distribution of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia: Results of 1978-8"’ Teklemariam Ayele and C T Lo (eds), Schistosomiasis in Ethiopia Proceed^ Symposium on Human Schistosomiasis in Ethiopia Pp 1-8 Addis Ababa Imstruie'-' Pathobiology. 1982 Uteot Bradbear, N. 1996 Apiculture: Draft Follow ing Second Mission TAMS-ULG Addis-Ababa Buden, H Report on the Investigation carried out in November as a WHO short-tenn Consultant Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa 1981 Centra! Statistics Authority 1984 Census I ’v. Central Statistics Authority 1992. National Rural Nutrition Survey. Colombi, SB 1995 Socio-Economics: First Mission Report of the Development Economist TAMS-ULG Oct.2 Copeland. V \996 Land Evaluation TAMS-ULG Addis Ababa. Copeland, OL 1965 Land use and ecological factors in relation to sediment yields Miscellaneous Publication 970. pp 72-84 i f TA^^* Covvx, IG 1995 Fisheries Issues: First Mission Report of the Fisheries Spec ULG Sep. 28pp tams-l^ Davnesson, RC 1996 Forestry in the Baro-Akobo Basin, Rough Draft R<P( Addis Ababa TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development M*stcr 4-142environment , r Onchocerciasis in Gemu Gofa an anthropological and ecological ^'ahofl1 v fed J 1976;14:37-48. p !s*%£lbiDP j 967 Evaluation of climatic, slope and site factors on erosion from . McG'rXdbanks Transacoons ASAE Vol 10. pp. 9-14 Pl^l‘ef1mp’ °Ecd , *- Leopold 1978. Water in Environmental Planning H Freeman San T and L W**Ffancisco- i Government of 1992. The National Policy on Natural Resources and . Tra^,on Action Plan. Addis Ababa Water supply «rtta‘on cypSA J " Prin'isional Methodology for Soil Degradation Assessment Ro me. , R a/cr Quality in Hydroelectric Projects. The World Bank Technical Paper <^^X<raDC.dw i loot The sods of Diet lllubabor Soil Cons Res Proj , U. Berne, Mln Ag F.th Eijjiann,J * Rep 18 136 PP Urns DR \^S. Draft Soils Report. TAMS-ULG Addis Ababa Hchm Kloos and Zein Ahmed Zein. Bancroftian Filariasis and Drunculiasis In. Helmut Kloos and Zein .Ahmed Zein (eds ), The Ecology of Health and Disease in Ethiopia Pp 51 ]- 512 Boulder, Colorado Westerview 1993 Helmut Kloos Schistosomiasis In Helmut Helmut Kloos and Zein Ahmed Zein (eds ). The Ecology of Health and Disease in Ethiopia Pp 412-424. Botilder, Colorado. Westerview 1993 H’jer, B and Nordberg E Health survey of a rural elementary school in Ethiopia Ethioo Med J 1973. 11:75-92. -yr H 1983 Sod Formation Rates tn Ethiopia U. Berne/Mln Ag/FAO. 8 pp. ^-^hinsori it,, - liman trypanosomiasis in South West Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 1971, J£. 3- s« &■; .7, B‘nie- H • Ay«ls. T . Tedla. S . Tses»y. F. Schistosomiasis in Ethiopia TCSa Med. 1988,26 803-827 E S. Mai. • 42-$4 na transrnission in Gambela, niubabor province. Ethtcp Med J 1971; 27 River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 4- 143ANNEX 4 Knuier J 19S8 Rainfall Erosivity and Iso-erodent Map Berne. Min As E.h Rep 15 132pp. LaLR(ed) 1988 Soil Erosion Research Methods. Soi] and r °j, V Oc A«keny Lindtjom. B. Alemu, T , Bjorvatn. B Population growth, fertility, mortal-* drought prone areas in Ethiopia Trans R Soc Trop Med H 1993 yg 10(1 '’Nation Lo. C T„ Abraham Redda and Negash Gemeda Malcological studies of h sis in Ethiopia In Teklemanam Ayele and Hailu Birre (eds Tl oson- Schlsl Ethiopia Pp 40-47. Addis Ababa Institute of Pathobiology. 1982 ° ’^ Mst Son Lo, CT. H. Kloos and Hailu Birrie Schistosomisasis In- Zein Ahmed Zei (eds)., The Ecology of Health and Disease in Ethiopia. Pp ]96 Ministry of Health. 1988 Mathews, HM, Armstrong. JC Dufly blood types and vivax malaria Med Hyg 1081 306 H KlOos " Addis Ababa E 'Wopia An j Tl0J McConnell. E , Dennis. DT. A survey for Wuchereria bancrofti in Ethiopia 1976. Ethiop Med J Megahan, WJ and W J Kidd 1972 Effects of logging and logging sediment deposition from steep terrain Journal of Forestry. - 141. roa Vol ds on erosion in: 70 No 3 pn ijt, 1 V. Mekonnen M and Kloos H. Yellow Fever and Other Arboviral Diseases In. Helmut Kloos and Zein .Ahmed Zein (eds ), The Ecology of Health and Disease in Ethiopia. Pp 389- 396 Boulder, Colorado Westerview 1993 Machim, T 1996 Livestock: Interim Report TAMS-ULG Addis Ababa Ministry of Health 1992 Regional health profiles and 5 year Health Plan Ministry of Health 1996. Health Service Standards Health Center Ministry of Water Resources 1996 Leiter of Sector Policy. January Addis Ababa Mitchell, H W 1965 Soil Erosion Losses in Coffee Tanganyika Coffee News Ap Monitor, The 1996 Malaria Cases in Dilla on the Rise 11 July Addis Ababa , ■ mSeo. Addis A*** Monitor, The 1996 Ministry Says it can Cope with Typhoid Epidemic Mutchler, CK, CE Murphree and KC McGregor 1988 LcjbpraH^ryjiod-—-^ Con- ErosiqiiJudies In Soil Erosion Research Methods, R Lal ed. 01 Soc Ankeny, pp 9338 TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development 4- 144 , FieldENVTRONME.nt , GrernlanJ >9“ Soil IMr Skiflmg Col „„ „ IKm Tcdl CoT ffj* c'--irtin'c'ri Bureau of Soils. Harpenden. „ J social H'Wfy of Ethiopia Addis Ababa Umvemtv. 37 top p ^53^’^ Cotiservation m Rwanda FAO Rome 0** r Debcle 1993 Consultants' Report; Soil Conservation in Birr and Koga £ and b Engineering Consultants Addis Ababa 80 pp Environmental Impact Assessment: Samanaiaweva Dam and Reservoir Resources Management. London Stiwert vie 1 qo6 Refill lxavi 1/Se 7he NeedfOr Change m a Growing Problem J. ConS' P’ib (r0 ]996 population Aspects TAMS-ULG v 1996 Actualile medecine: la malaria mise a ma/. No. 948 September uozproinexpon 1990 Baro-Akobo Basin Master Plan Study of Water and Land 9 Resources of the Gambela Plain Draft final report vols I thru XU seihozpromexport 1988 Detailed Project Report Alwero Irrigation Project Vo! 8A Moscow. TAMS-VLG 1995 Baro-A kobo River Basin Integra led Development Master Plan inception Report. 3 vcls f Annexes. Addis Ababa Fedi Shibm, H. Kloos and Getachew Tilahun (eds). Schistosomiasis in Ethiopia Addis Ababa Addis Ababa University Press. 1989 • H Kebede. J Tesfaye et aJ The prevalence of trachoma in Chorege Proceeding c the Ninth Public Health and Research Conference Pp 13-15 Gondar College of -"edical Sciences. 1988 Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project Executive Min Ag Addis Ababa. ^°Menha uoriServation of Cropland Conservation Farming on Steep Lands. D 19SS r . Conserv ■Gr’ " ervai]Qn pp 14] _ Report N W. Hudson, ed World Association of Soil and Water Contribution on Geology, Minerals, and Mining for Inception ii-. 'PC L Addis Ababa. In nee(is assessment survey. T ^^-ULcTr '_____ ________ —______ —— ------- ------------— a ro-Akobg River Basin Integrated Dndopment Master Plan 4 - 145lQftc> Erosion research on steep lands in the VW.;. , » ft and 1) Losa" „„ farming on Steep Lande MoUentauc, W C. „ Vd “'U>«i‘ C^^XofSa^WMerConMnftmon pp2e9 270 . HudW n. « , i c Note on the cia 1913 . ,q 6 /W , , r« Ministry of ‘y Water Resources - of ^.u-enorgy matathtkm in eMd™ r of Sector Policy Me Ababa January „ pp Oiinorr TAMS-ULG Addts Ababa. Dro/i Socio-*conom,C ?° Wicket. E- i" r • , e:« WH and DD Smith ' _ Wschme’et- planning kS u v » C W odd Bank 1^1 •._ A ’ *£ program ^auu diskette) „,u, , |OQ1 Environments* * predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses JS Gwj* Io ^Handbook No. 537. Sourcebook 3 V/aftb DC [Wfir Agrofore5try A computer » I t 1 \\ENVIRONMENT fable? w dFiS“"S A J C D w- Matm cental Database Envir° Costs / 4-147ANNEX 4 Contents Climate: Baro-Akobo. Diseases associated with water Infrastructure Characteristics of different Resettlement criteria hydroelectric and irrigation projects, upper basin Total Surface per water capita water quality demand data.. Water quality data for boreholes, springs, and lakes Summary of WHO water quality guideline values Dam Reservoir characteristics Characteristics Crop budgets, no project scenario Pa §e I 4 5 6 9 10 12 13 15 18 19 20 * i X. TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated DeveJopmcnt Master PTABLES AND h CCR£s Climate: Bnro-akoba jres g‘ giv. ,vc “• stations whose data make up the figures , cneralized overview of the climate of the project area Table teristics oi i?-* -i’8racl- —-«fF stations and their characteristics Altitude (metres) Data record (years) Latitude North Longitude East I Station name Gambe'3 Didesa 480 50 8.15 34.35 1200 7 9,CO 3606 i i aro 1560 17 751 36 38 5 Ag 2130 29 Gore 8.10 35.33 J Arjo 2565 6 8.45 36 30 : 53? rrrTE^ Month Figure 1. Precipitation (mm/monih). Symbol numbers correspond to station numbers listed above, and show the effect of altitude on rainfall amount and distribution " S'llljG 8^o-akobo mver basn intecisated knim®®" mm®» «*Month Figure 1 Maximum mean monthly tempeFaiuie kLC) showing-* the effect of altitude, symbols and station names as on previous page TAMS-LLG 0ARO-AKOBO RIVER BASIN INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENTANNEX A: TABLES AND FIGURES Fea Ib± Are Mocdi Or Pm Figure 4. Mean daiiy sunshine hours, symbols "and station names as on page I Incoming radiation during the summer, especially at high altitudes, is a constraint to plant growth ■ / Month 1 igure = Mean daily reference evapotranspiration imm d’j as computed by the FAO using the Penman Monteith methodANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT Table 2. Diseases associated with water Class Vector BACTERIAL —- Uj q WATER-BORNE Water acts as passive vehicle for the infective agent. Enterobacteria (jc r ,. j °mp>'/otac^ch ; 0 era Lcptospiro i ct Ss c WATER- WASHED infections that decrease as a result of increasing the volume of available water VTRAL PARASITIC ENTERIC SKIN’ Hepatitis ,V Poliomyeliti. Rotevnusea, Ent^^ Amoebiasis, Giardia^ Tm E g- a proportion ofdianhw- gastroenteritis no<as<uid WATER-BASED A necessary part of the life cycle of the infective agent takes place in an aquatic organism LOUSE-BORNE TR-EPONEXiATOSES EYE AND EAR CRUSTACEANS Scabies, Ringwomih LTlcefs Fyodermitis Typhus and related fevers Yaws, Bejel. Puita Otitis, Conjunctivitis,Trachnmt Guinea worm. Paragonimiasis WATER-RELATED Infections spread by insects that breed in water or bite near it FISH SHELLFISH MOSQUITOS TSETSE FLIES BLACKFLIES Diphyllobothriasis, Anisakiasis. Flukes Flukes, Schistosomiasis Malaria, Filariasis, Yellow Fever, Dengue. Haemorrhagic Fever Trypanosomiasis (sleeping siefcn Onchocerciasis Source: Prost, A 1993. 27ie Management of Water Resources Development and — mt iviurm^efrierii uj rvuicf — r TmnicS. ’ m the Humid Tropics. In: Hydrology and Water Management in the Hunu Huischmidt and GladwclL eds. Table 3 p 442. Cambridge University Press. 1 AMS-L LG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PIJDhart(j by different resource development projects Project Code ( see notes below) ^«lcvws > "‘ s 3pht'"s Pipelines pieplants PjwrLma uBtuction camps Hois i Jirjngnd areas Mioes SjPll Juir.ps lathing ponds Hiift' codes: (1) Hy dropo wer development (2) Large-scale irrigation (3) Flood protection (4) Water supply and sanitation (5) Mineral resources extraction ■ ■•^AU‘j r ------ ------- -------------------------------------___ ''G ^^o-Akobo R ■ ' er Basin Integrated Development Master Planof different hydro-electric mill irrigation project*, upper basin Location Ancillary works (kin) Discharge (n/s *) l ill vol, aieu. IO* 1 1 Lionel/ Irrigation Dani/wcir River Vai l-ong IOf in’ lie inv siph Catinl PeiiAtock GWIi (M) Ave miiiidl Diverted CO (l») (0 (<h (e) (D (p) 00 (>) (i) (M (1) (in) Hhbu 1 Jjrpri K*4G*N 35*241 1 15 7 4 0.71 320 8000* 48.0 36.5 1 ii|««kik* llirbir 8 0.60 1000 80 0 <4)0 Hiichnno It.iro 7*5 VN 35°32’f 0 12 K9 1.5 0 II 230 Nil 63.(1 42 6 10.4 0 84 1000 63 0 42.6 (»cl .* (i.ltciil (icba X’U N 36*05’l( 1 69 7 5 1 5 0 60 445 Nil 32.0 24 0 6.5 0 25 180 44.8 35.0 Kasliu Knshu G*49’N 35'39'E (1 3| 2 2 2.K’ 10 1.58 205 8000’ 8.0 6 1 5000* < iumcin -Ola (iiuncra Ofii ri4 n 35®29T 1 27 1.43 0 863 3.6 2.2 0.27 72 Nil 2.5 0 37 109 70 0.40 121 II II 1! 9 9 9 Beko Beko 7°IO’N 35’26‘E 8.069 5.4 15 0 55 46(1 Nil 35.0 26 0 Sesc Scsc 8*29’N 35’59’E 254 11 3 0 27 41 Nil 7.2 5.5 7 0.37 96 145 /I.O Snkn (iuda Siko-Guda 8°28’N 34®39’E 1.68 0.74 2.7 r 54 1.87 122 4600 4 6 3.61 StM Ser sub- basin 35*3 IN 1.572 13 108 0.55 3XU Nr/ 62.0 28.2 V Vian nlViwa either hydropower from 2 writ diveniuns * works or power from I diversion and irrigation. 1. IM km inverted Mpbon ' Kdu Unp.ntuMi Vrojec.1, water from power |d-n»l A. Akcdxi •» 1 l Vm Project, wntet (tutu <lum. \ O km mvnic.l ^kptuH*i.€N’Ol |«->34 Lcilg A.rmlAtary wcik, Q> m,> liumcV V VwJnu'i'^ ty.' s'1 t, ,v ftjvrr I-’lJI vol, IO* m1 NITMLi. tn1 Im LttV Mtph (g) Cuiutl PirTwUic.k. CWh 05 Asms. iuxwuA TiwciVxd (»} Lower itipi Ha.<ni l.uwr (jilri Bm.wi (M kJ (<0 (■=) (0 (h) w Q GO Wl <|*l> Buicj 1_5 7 1 No duly Nil No du tn Nil Nil Nil Null? Nn A-.ila N« iWa Giln 1.6 N<i dlil it Nnlv1 No dtitil Nn duVi t\ fO7'E DiHa occupying ihojc Ihun oik rmv I«h a single prnjctl indicate mu Hi plv lIivuisidii weir* rlcnvunlrvain of u tLnn. SOUECE ARDCO-GEOSnRVI’. 1995 5frrwv mid Awifysh /if the (typer ikuo-Aknbti /Juwi. Veil 2 <if Fund Report Addis Ababa IVJpp ' iapp ( haruclcriiHv* i*T iliffcrviif Jiydra-clcclrk mill IrrigMioii projects lower Imski («) (b) (=) (■1) («=) (D ft) 0) w tk) (l) (m) Birbir Birliti (IS*35'N «W1. |9 4 0.91 4 0.35 1987 Nil 1 10 Nr. 5 t. 70 0,J6 May May (hili nf 07 N H1 N VlM3'E U.4U Nil 0,17 0 95 Nil 1.16 0 9 Alwcw) 0,07 Cliinj Cliiiu (Irih 07-5 V 54*42' 3.35 Nil 0.50 6.H IKXOO j r.7 <«1 Alwero) 2.9 0.16 1 >umbung Atwero l)7“45’ 3 4 “42* 0.4 H () 27 0 65 12.6 Nil 582 4 2 0.05 Abidws Alwuiu 07*52' 14*30’ O.HK Nil Nil Nil 10-100 20 StTWT lAMS/IJlAr 1795 Jnc-qjLniri Krport. Vol 1- AJdui Atrnba. 6. Irrigatum idlei native*- 6,400 Im nuwiMJiu-liver; 61,000 hn Itaitg waler workn (lhi« daln row) + Lluro Project; 110.000 Im Ilnng + Burn ^Birbii; 84.000 Im Boro * Bitbir •1- Gebn Pntcnlirti irrigable atom almul B6.0CXJ hit ocnnrdLug tn Ruisinii aludy 7. AliciTuttivcs; J,5DO ho nm uf-lhe-rivnr; 20,000 ItM iin inp power bruise disdtitrgu from Baku Project A 7ClimucUihtka of nm-of-the-river hyJriwJcutrfc projccH__________________________________________ __________________________________________ _____ ___________ Loch I ion Ancillary works (km) Diun/wcjr ta) Bares ha weiis No. I Nu. 2 Na 3 No -1 River (b) Beivdm Lal Long bill vol (IQ* mM Reservoir - iircu (KJ1 Im) Tunnel/ inv nip h (-until Pern lock lUi niwliuvge^ mV Ave iitniLial Diverted (c) 7M9 N 7*50 N (cl) w (D (s) J5*25’E 15’257- (h) (i) (iWh (i) (k) 0) (m) 0 TO (1? H7G Nil ri.oo 0.2 «76 Nil 7*53’N 35*2 7’H 2.1 0.4 2N3K Nil 1 u 0.2 K7G Nil ( int,lull,! WL‘ilS iJliLU 3.89 No. 1 N"02*N 35*19’ 14 0.25 2654 No. 2 7°5R’N 35°2U’ UK 0 45 22l(i Nn, 3 7°55‘N J5“I9‘ 0.3 035 2654 No. 4 7°53’N 35*21’ 2.25 030 44 K2 tii4u[ Gn In I (l i ib HQ3RI W1H' 0.40 0.50 iriH/i ■Ml nf Biibir) Sor weirs Sor 1 0 0.2 0.021 622 No. 1 2 25 0.5 0.05.1 «GS No. 2 ; . j m,. u h'il 1 SO UR< ’ E • T A MS AII .C i 1995, luLcptionkepfii. Vo] T ASLlis AEiilmt criteria object to resettlement should not only maintaui jB standard <pU l^ .- n a[sfi directly share tn project benefits J i’ Sh^ tuition period should be mimmized and adequate Suppon for . nl‘lC development should be provided during the transition perm ; ?‘ |4 u I eC°?° ld achieve the complete social and economic reestablishment of those 5 a viable productive basis, through the creation of project-funded new ■ °n.,ce sector, and agricultural employment activities ii JoStr!al ’-romiei of occupation are necessary, the replacement opportunities should , -jsofar 35 CtlF jze the social, communal, cultural, educational, and vocational profile of ' ■ri'PcrIVeC°j 'and any changes in economic activities should be introduced on a n ■.olun’3^' M- thc agriCU|tural population should be land-based wherever possible < Kisettlerae^ i Uni Sharif stotsld be pianos villages should be based on the principle of mutual acceptance and t0 provide higher incomes (from all sources) for relocates and ■ resettlement plans should have popular acceptance and the affected population should ■a consulted. . ?ai’^ement distances should be minimized and opportunities for resettling entire immunities and natural groups should be provided. ■ House and dwelling size allocations at new town and village sites should show improved standards and conditions i' foe resettlement plans for towns, villages and enterprises should minimize the loss of asting agricultural lands ' Hie resettlement plans should have adequate institutional arrangements to ensure effective inc timely implementation and adequate monitoring and evaluation arrangements. - .hr financial resources to carry out the relocation and development proposals should be liable when and where required Development plans should be prepared in concert "ith relocation plans ‘eirnpa<.. o’ resettlement on the natural and socioeconomic host environment should be k ^ered acceptable enterprises that will be economically viable should be considered tor to :rta>Dri Compensation for the assets of the nonviable enterprises should be used J emp luymen! '■‘‘ previ e [) ..s emS . lnlrastructure such as roads, bridges, etc., should be replaced so that se ™ice is maintained or improved f °Ppartunilies- ^'^annofa -oiid be a?^S d°es 1101 result in achieving target incomes, some of the labour force erc - n onagri cultural employment opportunities. ly(J4 Rivf.R haSIN INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN A 94. ENVIRONMENT ANNEX A: Table 6. Total per capita Water Demand for Vn Cities, and other uses various Country' England and Wales (1971-2 figures) Scotland (1971-2 figures) Other countries (1967-8 figures) Denmark France USA 0-290 0.415 290 415 to Sweden West Ma1aysia USSR municipal Johannesburg native housing Native villages where water is 0.340 0.300 0.250 0.350 0.210 0 , 164 0.164 0.118 340 300 250 35C 210 164 164 118 hand carried 0.015 15 to 0.035 African rural 35 0.050 50 Urban 0.200 200 Cattle 0.020 20 Sheep, goats 0.005 5 Camel 0.035 35 TAMS-ULG BARO-akoro river basin INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENTjjL»±O*r) . ZdbJo 7, *»’r» r JC .jrro Wdr.r.'t' qn.i I 1 l~y nnleCl nd CCiikiit.1 t 'hunt n Ar^er ba-tiiii , r Y\VCli_X_<?i , Gauge (sample) locution and number of samples Cl SO, Na‘ Feh* PH Hardness taken /in parantheses) <Caec^ Baro R at Gambela (12) Max 7.8 11 11 3.0 1 .9 Min 0 .90 3.0 0 1.6 0 6.5 0.36 Raro R at Trang (5) Max 6.0 9.6 2.5 2.0 7 .3 0.88 Min 2. a 0 1.6 2.0 5.9 0 4 8 Baio P. at Bongo (6) Max 6.0 14 4 3.0 7.4 0.88 Min 2.0 0 2 0.0 6.3 0.32 Earo R at Kale (10) Max 8.5 11.5 4 3.0 7.3 0.57 Min 2,8 0 1 0.0 5.S 0.36 Birbir R at Kale conflu Max 3.0 12 11.0 2 0 8.3 0.96 ence (11) Min 9.9 0 2 (.) 6.0 0.42 Gilo R at Agenga (H) Max 7.9 9-6 6.0 2.0 7.9 1.22 Min 2.8 0 3.5 0 6.0 0.56 Chlrn R at Ukuna Kljang (7) Alwero R at Abeba Dam (0) Alwero R at Abubd (11) Units: Most constituents Max Min Max Min Max Mi n in mg 1 1 r except. 6.4 1.0 9.9 2.0 7.8 3.0 9.8 0 8.0 0 9.6 0 for pH in pH 3.0 0-9 5.0 1.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 2 0 1.5 7.9 6.3 fl .2 6.8 8.1 5 e + in mcr equivalents. 0.50 0 . J2 0.72 0.48 0.80 0.24 Source; Selkhozprornexport. . 1990. Table 1,2. 12.1, p 103, units and hardness vol 3 ,Table 8. Water quality data for boreholes, springs, and lakes S'Onst,rtuentBlower basin; 1986-88,- (units, see below).____________________________________ in the Lower basin; Borehole series and Cl’ SO, Ma' Fe“ Mn" pH Ha rd- SAR EC selected TDS number of ness boreholen (x) (CaCOjl Baro inter tIeuve nr Max Min 59.0 0,99 46.1 200 10.0 5,0 9.0 4.0 9.17 833 955 0 2.5 0.72 0 6.5 0.7 0,19 335 84 Itang (21) Haro inter- 840 fleuve nr Max Min 41.9 3.0 55.6 178 8.0 4.0 8. 8 2.8 8.06 780 1.9 2.5 2.0 0.9 7.1 0.40 0.20 308 55 Gambela (7) Bare inter - Max Min 19.5 3.0 143.0 40.0 10.2 1.2 8.8 7.9 0.90 599 67fl fleuve nr □ 2.5 0.3 0 6.B 0.16 0.19 395 59 Honga (8) Alwo.ro inter- tleuve nr Abobo Dam (25) Max Min 82.0 6.0 46.1 126 20 2.1 0 1.5 1.0 0.6 8.5 6.3 5 13 775 659 5.3 0.8 0.17 343 94 Alwcro Inter- fleuve nr Max Min 112.2 6.0 29.0 115 3.5 R . 2 6.48 5.96 714 694 0 2.0 1.5 6.2 0.72 0.16 357 50 Dumbong (11) Alwero inter- fleuve nr Aboba (10) Max Min 769.9 5.3 103 .7 75 60 14.8 8 6 6.64 5.03 697 664 3.5 1.0 0 7.6 0.60 0.27 400 63 5.8 43.3 113 7 . 5 0.04 fl . 0 4 89 4.10 740 764 Gilo inter- Max 31 2.4 1.0 0 6.3 0.50 0.15 392 72 tleuve nr Min 2.0 0 Agona Vi 7)Z-r<T» rnhoi o jF€?J"XcJir s=ifjcJ Mn" Uai €L TWA numbe-t of iiqeb hoi t_Jj t> ? ph (x.) ICaco^ Gilo intex- Max 64 fleuve nr Min 3.0 94 0 174 2.3 4.5 1.5 0 B .3 6.4 7 .2 6.4 1.41 0.14 32B 12 <13 126 Gilo 2 Sleeted constituents for springs, and lakes Birbir River 6,4 4.8 2.0 2 . 0 0 8.3 0.8 .17 408 7 7 Gog spring 24.3 23.0 14.5 1 . 0 1.2 8.4 - □ .57 390 198 Gambela ■13.7 373.4 4 00 12 - 6,6 - spring 5.46 *- 3 29 3 Tata lake 3,6 7.2 3,0 - 6.9 - - 101 NOTE: HJ Tht- preceding max lmum and minimunis reflect values observed from dlr Cerent boreho Tea _ The maximum is the highest recorded value from among a set of boreholes. Thus, [.he lowest may be from a different borehole within the set. t2) - meana no analysis for that constituent, l ! (3) Units mostly in mg 1 except for pH. which is in pH units,- hardness, which is meg I - 1 Sodium Adsorption Ratio, which is dimensionless, and conductivity which is in uS cm ' SOURCE: Snlkhozpranexport. 1990. Vol 4, App 2.8, ' *4* ENVIRONMENT ANNEX A: ____ Table 9. Summary of WHO water quality giii de 1 □ Quality 1. Bacteriol ogical quality Piped supplies fa) Treated water enter ing the distribution system (b) Untreated water entering the distri bution system (c) Water in the distri bution system Eapiped suppli es faecal ca lif onus : □ coliterm organisms: io Berried drinkin g water faecal conforms: o coliform organisms: io Emergency supplies or drinking water faecal colifarms: o coliform, organisms: 0 Inor canic const!tuents of Guideline value (mo Litre1 health, significance arsenic cadmium chromium cyanide flouride lead mercury nitrate (as N) selenium 0.05 0.005 0.05 0,1 1.5 0.05 0.001 10 0.01 A TANIS-L LG BARO-AKOHO RIVER BASIN INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT MASTERANNEX A: pesticides • F aldrin/dieldrm 1 O T d 3 O e 2 4-D r DDT heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide hexachlorobenzene lindane methoxychlor I. Radioactive materials Gross alpha activity Gress beta activity Aesthetic quality aluminium "hlcride copper hardness iro* Angaries e s °dium sulfate 2inc°lved solids '°lour (as CaCO,) ari d odour 10 3 10 0.3 1C 30 10 10 0.01 30 0.03 0.3 100 1 0.1 0.01 3 30 0.1 Bq litre'1 1,0 Bq litre’1 Guideline value fnia litre-1 0.2 250 1.0 500 0.3 0.1 200 400 1000 5.0 15 true colour units (TCff) Not offensive to dost consumers ^■AKOBO river B as[n j^tegratED DEVELOPMENT MASTER FEAS4. ENVIRONMENT AWrv 4 kivtk basin integrated development masterTable 10. Datn CharacCerititics Dam character!aticu Appurtenant warkn (2) Catchment trize <km2) Type eraat Height length □ivernion Power house Power Project Bydroel e<‘t ric Site geology (mJ (mJ dam (no.) tunnel (no) Gumurn HusalL complex 443 RockCill 23 700 3 no Gob a A Bulj.i 1 L 1066 Earth!ill 45 4 7 b 2 no Burn Raiiu IL 1620 EarthLill 45 305 2 no Primary Command canal aron (km) (ha) Irrigation — ---- ----------- „ ’ t £ing Lacuijt rine uedimnutt; 24420 Earthfill 11 5100 86 50000 Alwero (Abebo) Al luvilim 2900 Earth!111 13 3750 21 10000 Alvaro (Uumbongl Biotite gneiss llOL) Earth!i11 40 200 34 15000 Gi Io 2 Depositn over gneiss 964 0 Earthfi11 □ 6 1120 61 46900 (1| Source: Appendix J 1 (?} Assumes spillway, surge chamber, penstock, diversion tunnel, iiwitchyardn truiismiunion t li no A 17 •— n N CNTable 11. Reservoir characteristics Normal operating Maximum reservoir (2) Mean annual flo w level (m elev) (2) Residence area capac. (3) time (4) Project (m3/s) MCM (1) Min Max (km2) (MCM) (months) Hydraulic Gumero 8.70 274.4 1600.0 1608.5 30.9 300.0 13.1 Geba A 35.90 1132.1 2160.0 2170.0 68.5 865.0 9.2 Baro A 49.80 1570.5 1710.0 1720.0 78.5 600.0 4.6 Irrigation I tang 390.00 12299.0 428.5 431.6 71.0 246.5 0.2 Alwero (Abobo) 17.70 558.2 450.6 454.5 22.1 74.6 1.6 Alwero (Dumbong) 7.75 244.4 513.5 518.0 13.9 159.5 7.8 Gilo 2 92.20 2907.6 460.0 473.0 150.7 714.8 3.0 SOURCE: 1. Developed from Table 2, page E.7, Annex E 2. From reservoir area-capacity curves and text in Annex 1-J, Water Resources NOTE: 3. Capacity = active storage + dead storage 4. Residence (months) = 12 x capacity / flow^Mmxsanoficuses Table U. Croc budgets, no ppjec|. ?CBOail<) Item Gross yield Qt- Losses (5%) Qt Value Value 14.00 0.70 13,30 70.00 931.00 7 00 Net yield . Qt 6.65 . 0 35 Price Gross income Birr/Qt 120.00 Birr 798.00 Variable costs: Oxen Oxen day -unit price 25 Birr/day 13 - va lue Birr 5 125 5 65 Labor -field Person day 09 -unit price Birr/day 50 -value 5 Birr 5 345 250 Seeds 40 30 -unit price Birrjkg 1.20 0,70 -value Birr 43 21 Sacks No 7 14 -unit price Birr/unit 7 7 -value Birr 49 98 Total costs 567 434 Gross margin Birr/ha 231 497 Return to Birr/ 3.35 9.94 labor person day Developed frem: Min. Ag. '.990. Report o- Ag^oEcocD^ic Hading?: Prices, Labar Prefiles, Crop Budgets ^KGBO RIVER basin dhegrated DEVELOPMENT MASTBIPUN A-19ENVIRON MENTAL IMPACT MATRIX 7 ah I e of contents PRO FORMA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATRIX Water Resource Development ..................................... .. . . • - 4 ........... .r. Feasibility studies . ............... . . ............................ ................................... ........ A. Geologic core sampling ..................................... ........................................................ 2 B Soil survey ... Constiuction uml Design . . A Construction Camp ... B Roads . . . . .... .... . ............... -j 2 2 2 ............... , .... ...... .... ....................... j .......... .. ........................................ 5 C. Dams anil appurtenant works................................................. ............................................................. 5 D Reservoir .......... ............................... ... .......... ......................................... ... E. Tunnels (diversion wen to power station) F. Canals and inverted siphons ............ .......................................................... . . , 7 7 X G. Penstocks ................. .................. .......................... ................................. . ................... .................... . , If Powerlines . . 1 Large-scale irrigation J. Flood control .... K. Water supply and sanitation . ... ............................................. 9 .. . ... . .9 .,.9 ..... ........................ .. . . ..... .... . . . ........................... ... . . ................................................................9 10 Testing and Operations . . ..... ................. ........................................................... ............................... ........... .................................. II A Reservoir operations: downstream ol dam . . .................................................. .. ................................................ Il B. Reservoir effects upstream of dam............................................................... ..................................................... .................... 11 C. Hydropower plant operations ............................... ........................... • - ■ .............................. • ■ ■ ■ • • 12 I). Large-scale irrigation .................... ...... . . . ................................................................................ 12 E. Flood control ..... ................................ ..................................... ■ ■ ■ .... ................................ ........................................... .. 13 F Water supply and sanitation .............................. ........................................ ....................... ................................. *.................... Integrated Natural Resources Development - ■ ........................... A. Forest protection, development, and conservation 15 Annex DB Livestock development ....................................................................................................................................................... 16 C Apiculture............................................................................................................................................................................ 17 1). Fisheries development....................................................................................................................................................... 18 E Wildlife and tourism ............................................................................................................................................................ 18 F Extractive Industries (mines and mining) .... .................................................................................................................... 20 G Small-holder agriculture ............................................................................................................................................... 21 II Commercial estates..................... .......................... .. ... ... ................................................ .. .......................................23PRO FORMA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATRIX The following table repeats for each Master Plan component type (dams, canals, roads, decomm issioning). ) and phase (feasibility study, construction, opeiation. Assessment Assess! lien I ci j II* ria i'liqect kumponcnl Potential impact DaL’i ■h 0 Ail Sol Ve 8 )■' Sue Ail M C Squill cimce Mitigation (n) (h) (O (<n (c) (0 fe> 00 (i) 0) (k) (l) W Ol) COLUMN NOTES: fa) Project component identifies lhe cause of impact, e g dkim with reservoir, comdr lie I ion camp, righhuf-way. Some coniponojb, such tonxli iiUluii cumpit, will nqjcat across different development inletvcnlions. Rallicr limn repeal previous data, the matrix will LToss-rcfercncc In preceding Lillies. (IQ Potential impact identifies wlnil tl»c cause could d«j in a wnr<t case scenario, eg. reduce sruble farm land, ciealu (Ins I, increase sediment fond (c) Afscsomcin criteria: how will wc evalmilc the impact — such as suspended sediment concentration, dust concen tration, dwmied water quality — in ten ns of lhe area affected (J) Dain whftt the annexes of lire Mallei Plan can tell us about lhe actual irize of impact, e g volume of quarry. Ihia material will icfer lu tabular mfonnntiun preceding each set of matrices (c) Asscssincnt of potential impacts to waler and waler related resourcef Columns e Io I will use a code ns fo|low?i; + indicates a positive impact, - u nugntive impact, I indi- cutes lhe impact in msignificnnl, M indicate* inodeutc, S indicates significant, • indicates an impact is direct, no asterisk indicates it is indirect (1) Assessment of potential impacts to aii quality. Ip.) Assessment ol potential impaals Io Mill qiiulity (h) Assessment uf potcnlinl impacts to regulation urnmmi, density, quality, diversity , .. , (i) Assessment of* potential impacts to wildlife biodiversity, animal health, density, ,, (I) Assessment of potential impels to socio-ccomunies including iruiitutions. (k) Assessment of potential impacts that have orehcological significance (l) Assessment of potential impacts that aic rcligeous or etllluinl in lift hire (m) Description of tiro importance of the potential impact. (11) Mitigation. wlml du we propose In do about lhe impud At iln < .Hinge no in i ligation is i vice ted. id I me included far biter costing mnl eviilnaiion. Annex B Table WRD-0 4WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FEASIBILITY STUDIES Environmental Impact Matrix: Water Resource Develop merit Al JCMfflKlT 1 AssaanrwnltliMill Pi Trillin J Jhijini r I iriin 11/1 Air Sul Veg 1 ha Ari RAC . .SilpiiliCMte'C M-iM *m fl*) <0 CM (<) CD ft) IM (•) 0) (M II) (m) («) FcaiJLiifily iliidJcw A. ikok»pic cwv i-Kiipliug i»r pi«i- pnwil uIct Jim resttwrlia,,.... (kziipaliun rif Ifc-ltfa by ivtu* ptMMV kcc«> iaimhr. thi|h, flu. Ammiiii of IbikI occu pied Mm n? di raw 1 csl r m* UM -S’ Al-nmitbl or crops. Inmpk'd Nt>l k'MlltlJUicd •XI- -l* 1 IhtlairbilllCD in live, nock b?m k niintnk-il -r -r GcnefhCly imkunflKmit but (n« enir4<cd mnckralc Eevch ernpw me •l*rnft£td, amis, C<m- pBcttiJ, ■rpl mcfwiw k*r. ■« ■ i^|B| IP '•IWP ■ ijjliMk 1 re i"ii t- uiriu* <8ni|iiL% RMIV be ■Uctlcd - CmramiHKBle with Lauid fiWucn mmI miunimiiici in tirdvr to rn>n*ti anfliTMEHi " ComfiCluMlt dun»g£, * Beal mJIM)CVrtU 1*1 jwwclteC (BMI ) to control furl *m1 chemical mnli! cuch i* ilisllmp inuil Kupc Neil c-muii.HciI -M" Ar- Soil pnnuiiy, critnfwc- Lioti, de Nol cMiuinloJ •M- Kmp|ri)Uii;Hl Nul cdmulol •r Polluttoti Not c»imi*k<l -M* •M" -M* 1 B. Soil itnvcy in I iii ivil lu«i cr.nMmml 1 xml uthci «rc4t ♦ iMcnupiim <*l croppinu I I'-iUum. 1 • Liijuiy to hvcWock noJ Soil pii ifauirty Nut cti minted 1* r* •J5- ATiik iiii ignifktMl in lernu ul * C'imie 41 wil pi*T rmnKili- pitycct tree, ffwn soil pita uit airly faJbwing uhI nmy I NumJtwi n| livestock I intcniiAlly mjuaerf CBllJfl^f J -r 1 lie 4 ngitifkMtf !mridik up io indrvbJhul faimoni 1 NUilibtr ci1 people I pntmiinUy injured Nni GklllklDltdl •I* -r* \ \A I ILttivloymreil | Nm ciltoiAleil u* 11 1 L // isiitobe* ** rJuM" life j ♦ offer tcnifKiu^rjcMi wherv 1 ■niJ *4N**ejr Ji'lfvito dual^pt J farm wnviifem f Compcmalt if J to I IrLiltcKl, **1rf ftuvimil. _EnvifanjneiiM Impjtd Mauix: Water Resources Development, Ctimiructiait and Design AkUkinunl uinipvhujri Aukmiwih crricrie FqIMmI impnd Dth Ar Sul Vqj bin X« Arc Mir 1 MigjilflCUK< NNifKinn (■) (M fc) (J) (■=) fl (M fl tn (M fl hlL] (nJ A. < 'naalTiM-ljoii Ctutiji Sire of Hum ■ hijjirr il 14m LklilriM^d ■r i 1. UuiMilfdfa ruling llllsKl |i.W CO|kkhUL- IlliBI mrilTUI •M* Sb- •M* 1 •M' ItiUiLtal Ilf Uklk.XLClJ rniiiril Nr< xiiiiiMtiJ -M- M * life pfrMiikrfeU kiiildiali | Midi Pi (ll)TMHid, pfallK dip . Irnif. Il* llu InivilPhim pjvajJik AiLlmMfl nf UnI em- sNNI hniL ealikiMteil M1 •M AriuilW i ■[ knliiiiL'Ert Kuf 11*11 Jilcil -1 to M 1 illlVC.ilmg lMnij-1 brr lh71FI|Hk- i*rt iniMli ih.iv m, wLriLd iiiikr Wiiliiij* LHi|i|ii_MlklMi. LMh klKII. dpi Iknljf kcim rqi. ui in|ncrii-i| pNctMiaJ |l iliice rinik. Uy ihi- liuLuit die 44II IditahttpJL cdidukl iM.ibei Hi£k'?|k«irt|Ch ‘ it.l. J-d k#iii«in< « Mei qiMiii) aH iimm« cf convoy ■ □Kill 1 S-'M EkiMh'd r *ud ilCjrunjt ivldlail UMHfi trie Aikicwil cf Inud dn- hicbrll Nut r» _]■ Io - M* -1* ■r AhUi'iith 1 tindl ««*, tk'H- Infi cm u»k iipnJ>iird or Jlli^ill lull uupretl llj UlillV 1J ual In*udfeiFJb AMIA'Pit o< iloil Ktfl tllimnk.l 4* Allkllllld »T MKInlUEll Hliiull Mui ritukiiL'ii -I" ■ l.crre hk'i't vili£[i»tr pi>ikJaik: hla mH prKliCv luwl ck+idficu. - IlMLlfl A link ■ Itcp-U-.k. Iqpriijlw barter ■ RfldHc hl ^ipfUfTIAk •Lu^irdi |ktv Ltil) Anunlnl of rtwiikd Hol CiJWlUtiLd -J* ■-S* J, C«iqi pffllfW JlOltie end sJrdrit ni iwp' J*Dr FfrUwiniL- ihjkc, ftiul itl Ek1 t<L ArliniNll nl tri Ml* Mm mbwHii ..v [■ IMk kw li W'lU dumb rcii- deiili |*uri j|n'ikiL iiuy iuiir sp j Anmirwi sf liyilmeif* lion* ijHlkii Mwt nUilfacii 4* -i* LliilldMlU v*ilct 1 ilpj'ly | .<Kale Unip pMHkhuilM lirsy lipin talng MtM, iw*tby |uk- dwii. frKiiw DMT far 1«3 L Annex B, Tabic W RD-2Assessment Piojccl component Assessment ciiteria Potential impact Significance Mitigation ( amp waler supply < 'ompciition (or water Not cshnwilcd Camp waler requirement* may compete wiili nearby users. cslinutcil 4 A ire It ip mkI helipad ! and charing Soil com|uclNHi i'j<»bab|y I km nr 1.5 kin X 100 m Not estimated Njm estimated CompiKied surfaces increase nil* Mid •»! f-sife lunofT and soil erosion I ami loss lmi reduce local incomes for uliicli com* pcmalinri may be required. Cultural significance of site needs assessment before con struction Runoff mid mil erosion I'olhilKti noise, hydrocar bons Reduction of supply In hail household' (rintiml-water dims down Amount of land Jewed Amount of dust Amount of bud com* pack'd Increase of runoff and erosion Amount of unite Not estimated Assess ciifturdI or religeous significance of site before c < mt tn* ting boreholes. Supply wBier its neatbv houscliufth That cxpcncnce slwfiapes. Identify cultural ix rvligeous significance nf site before construction, fence penmefre tv exclude l/STstock. Compensate land owners lor lost access to land or their improvements Use local employment to ilk extent possible Keep right-of-way to minimum Not estimated Pollution (lOhi) Not cituiutcd Employment Amount of fuel and lubticanh spilled Amount of people employed Not estimated Sewafe »<‘d waste <hsf>mal Pollution Air: amount of smoke Not cifwttalcrt r'nuumtwaici eherm- cat, |4»y«kn1. orhei piWXHLlutt See tfcvis, 1972, * rriM<>«k/M>a/»r Hv ttontogy. Wiley Nnl otuiKMcrf L-r^ workforce can contnb- utc to polhman urdcaa waste is Ircirfcd- Avoid burning nbnox- imn at Ioxk matenab — ttanipcHl foe ofT-iilc ft carmen* Compensate for of!-site damages I be HNtP to control runufl anil rrmwa Avoid parallel construction leihnrqucs Sewage |<imary treat ment or transport elsewhere for treatment. Septic tanks are seated agsrnsl Jeakafe to water tablr Assess ink. Avon/ sAftarared foe “pin a/ <“ ,v Mnn«mssJVrw.-f I (Xml ru^iIk* M 1'Hjd cj« Jwnpx« if imrclinrci hi flu Hoikfoc^u Kt hum b niigk fcoc*ll«L RiUnh J r rrnHik Irirafitin f mur clk-niihm Mid Im hinjll4 Aniwlilil nF Jmiif k Inred Nor ckiintwd •s* -s* -s* -S* ■s* -S’ -s* -s* Exiukui InifeiL ckRiiiiig cml be Ike CJuic lit i tBiciit* oft- mid mlE-a.r«^ iHlinigS ki <bi? Iflin3- 1 .nijj-Juyindfll buri ttafiiic Number id pruplL C*iBI|'loy £*> 1 Niirf l-MHHBkd ♦M* tLapr. An*-*** In ii|.ii|L«H Aointmi i*r mu<*BLil HCCO1 Nut L'llliiuieil *$• ■ Keep i igM-oL-n'fly Io milHIIIllIlL a Nil pnrn'ild. CNUihutlwn kckiHiqun * CLmi|>{iU4tim aehenw RikhI rrdkiwi tfrtgintcial duBijp. iiul akMigri Uy H|Kinlni 1“ 7 |>1«14HP Soil aiutiwi rfllll «e<.liiiKHl jriudui I inn l.'iiHi trtlJiwi jiiohlc Nail niMiiatal -s« • V ihiiiiiBitc w « iiMfnr cim« ad atiil i | ltir>lllK4|'ii ;i >I>I hahuL ahaiiir- | ll J ii|l|gltl’dlBI«l dwllllipc Mui OlMHBUll -s* -5* -S‘ |UUIL< 1 Siivmii kfidaiiiR* Nut I S lillriBMd -SB -s* 5* • Ikliglk drMIMigt. ■ CilfiaillKl iv*d Bill IRaJeij kJ Ilk JVHUt *T£M. ■ h'ki^CUlrat* jwru|i«l*te JUT il, .»j’n kla nf iliULlMit , ami ml. CwiitriKl tai|i|iar>r) iriwh J k> pemuiniiir iptfc#; ilwy J - wdl rrnriflln k ute by Mc*| 1 |K‘Ujfck. 1 1 1 C l Mill JI Rikli jqijrt«1cil*lflll WlM Lt (c) (4) (■) U) to <10 <0 fl fl) | t") I, 1 jiiiil L trail-*>E .Sivil ci hi kit And vFiilhwm j*dv-li>-nuiri A’iin»iM4 ol Jniiil ckMWd «ji|iimiilnu; dlHWIiipi -N* -ar •M* •r lu - 1 ’** 1 Ni ’ 3f ANImju^U a Ireland nru, | jialrkl (knrwj m minimal n. tpurenmtfa. I .1 «<4innM prwlueltm witl k | liIf!Ik jmhI ftihi<« tin Ifuillcy i*E , wjtfrr |i< ili ip ml unim ihhb I l.orai Kii|ifo}tBfeHii h Kk^iy hi | t>D »OW — 1 Cannot assess B5 Annex B, Table WRD-2 ■’ *<Project component Assessment crilei ia Potential impact Significance Mitigation Amount of snit eroded Land tkiuing Soil ctiwiuri and icdinicnl production Amount of iwm was ling earned Not cslmuk (I Kot CMlhnatcit Io imliridiial Pmitsctiaalds, the told lost will be siginliuuil Assets local altitudes in wards earth diet ids. Take (heir views into account. Install drains Io Amount pioduccd of sediment Not estimated mmimi.x landslide risk Relocate and compensate households moved from I mplu)incn< Ammirrl of employ* Not estimated project area mcni provide d 2. Quailics and fill I him I volume A mount of fill re quited Annex A I hut and noise are ma|oc pollutants ns util as a safely h.vard. Earth dictics may also be a fleck'd. Quarry operation blasting, dtilling. wiling, enuhing, etc See above Annex A Relocate and compensate Imuscholds from area Assess t dig ious alirtudci Ion anls cal th apiiils Provide safety training Io wmken Provide medic ♦ nxiu- lion BMP* Disclaims Sediment discharge Sediment concentra Not cBlitnaiul Although msiginlrcanl Juntig Drvenion weir and Kirnnrl wmks for tion peuods of low (low, during should be designed 1o constnietion Hood petiods it may have iIk if reroute How t m Jit lie as Water discharge Dnchnrgc Not c»l imiiled folloivmg consequence*' pouibk Isolate runnel spoil from miuidntion of mads, contact with waler. reduction of lulolat Uro belt management Aquatic Ide HiodivEniUy mu I Not c»1 moiled quality, peatlices for cquqxnent — population densrty rrdoctinn of t»cndwc and control foch and lubri aquatic bicxhvrnMy cants Water qunhry Phynkal, chemical, No< rtlmiBicO Liolojjbcal chuaUan- rm «»!•«« men*. XTJ/A /XStJKX as I Asa^s 4/77T<;<7Tr>.W I Un j VI- >K WM 1HX KM ST- I IF n WKL / i •ec VcmX Cut c&uriitiJ Ri* kiuHi til Mie lulriCnciU Sricih-* licit ■ KimiiIht nt |lcn' pfe Amii-iuiid nf |*iii| rind cuiilM'cai foil. AlUK5 A sS* *S’* i'c-qUc dnlMMCil Ihwu l||dl li'iniCx u.-i |K1 Idle C Illd Wnl |.|| Iwntifrg jnfllihrftf l*n il anil IwiiiKi lhey luny lv * uiurc uf khirti lu ilic uu'ri ili>l ns 1 cejvei litem I iMNBHirilwd inrahKlWWl Ullltl N'H t*tteiLa|i.*d •S* * rinlk|itu5alnn(’. |>ir Inil IdflbircE* ♦ .Asint in llif h mslrr <J kliuclihM ipMuJi intai people, ■ Au^'ki fvvklVwic-Mro fi < iidlnraJ Lnntt CmnputiJik*i fair n-‘- ■nuiLti m luliKidNm itta. Js'nrf i^klHftakal -S -s -s -N 1 -S -1 hi -s •di 2. Liii’i-I ikwiikLC Soil dhiuibpiiEG AmntiMl **f FjjicI b« l k»rcd Anuti a •Si* -S* -S’ -i* hi • TuUjjc ligic IUli*CCa tAai C&U- UlJiL.lM l*j E£ tukioilnla iU Hfdl- llkur dm Hiu lib* riui|- T i*T wbIei quiliiy Ncdliiunil in J Im Nil! ftlbiaKd M till* llurw •N* •ap -JP -v * Dnif'r clc-M* klLmli « Mttirkl tJui hi< to teluw I1WL ■ IX'hpt cull« to l UnUiuai u ictluncikl lib llifiK b**wi * KtiiMivr cw bum *41 ni>nJy ilclMiiii. Rewnnw FwJ Mid dllilVIKjJ kkiuiw v rrcei mciwlr ■ref ■«•■! In^iam, tlr X4AJK /J.fL/JF -45 II J. 4/JU2F W M 2 -FWFK J. FL TphrdIi (illvrritaMi heii tojMiwn rlfllmi) 1 B.7 Cannot assess Annex B. Tnblc WRD-2 , (i -XAssessment Project component Ax te "merit criteria Potential impact Dita HjU Air Sn| Vej Fns Soc Arc Rae Signiticancc Mitigation (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (0 (8) (M (i) 0) (k) <0 (m) W funnel bfailmg and boring PolhilKMi from tunnel waste Amount and location of tunnel waste Not estimated •r -S’ -$• 1 i Liswcrnrty u| water table • Waler-fable depth • Number nl dry Well' • Number of corn- ploinlv Knmv rock w frac- lured Hil no cktnih -s* -$• i Not cslimateil almut lioiKctmld wvlh Tunnel* acl» i conduit of subsurface flow and can dciinter surnninding strata Vibration from coiwtiuctioti or blasting can trigger bmhfalc* which, in mm, can contribute large 1 • Line funnel with ail imper meable liner. • Monitor and osscm well* in area. • Allow landslide ri*k. • ranker Inkk wala lu limwclmld* nlmsc wclh amounts of sediment Io Bream have gone dry chsiinck • t ‘ompcnsJte for damage* Lnmhlidc* triggered by Unit ing m cutiniucisuti Number nl bmbliile* Data ate tcaniy know dopes me sleep uimI lainfaH n 1 Ini'll -r -M* to • r -!• I*. Canals and mvulet 1 'iplwuu I Cimal b'lakhnv Access - huniait, livestock, Ammud o| access Nnl estimated iJlttklge nl existing rood' nr Awes* cxislnu; k«m excavation, and nildlilc blocked blocked migl alary roads and cnn'ilor* Build small builfci Its ran mtindiKc 'tins to minimize diMUplion. lining Number of com- pfaintc Isomchrikl*. live* lock and wildlife ami represent an increase in die coif of market- Not estimated Canal* tint partition field' Dengn mute to mininiize Pail it toning nf field' by canal* Number nl field* incrcMC the diflic ully of farm dtthirfuiKe tn ex nt mg and a**ocralcil roads I nut limned ing. lliosc dial change mod fields Number nf com dtnmagc may affect Ihcir plaint' nuinlcnarKC Canal* fcuni) !nlcnup*»ofi of exwrmg drain- Not estimated ('■uh widi inadcqciak gnsdi- ent luve low Bo* itlocifie* ami provide good IwbiUl lot iltciiunw hncts i uch a* wwib I learn* decline* d*M U* «hv eatc« «t*iK.iatcd With water Number of com- piafati DllCMC fie- Ser tcpml div c«m frequency C'^nont nt'vrHn ««*••***-,1 pMMii«ri^ crwBi i* a f ■’.Upidli.MIt— Dai- «L nil l7_ /'iTiaA-KAJ An. i.i'Jrfii .'i -------------- - .\r.i^fit.*inui ■'! ^nJKtaf.- Aihua 1 -1* r ■r -r r ■i* i I'Wtllftuk Ik U|VnnVJk IW Ik ' ■niili iidiiin'irl jtalnali-MiiM Skit lufvAl M'4 Kfbcc - y 1 it ennuim Mx-d-i '-I'-sL a*, ill Mp I tx rilahliAb Ok m’£- it J'ihi rjJniu L •S* X Vtegttkln ill clt'M Mice AnuilUit III cl;*Kil ,ii Vil Na ililD iitaiDl Lilxjlili 1 Ilf |lll[MI IU*|J Iri IL-H pukfilliiir* -V •s* 41* -[• 1 — Ve^Mlwu hu Io K ctaval w !ic|qbv |UIH-j||iie loci Ev«Ih live deflilWI'JJ -.Jill l-MllHt.' liWkl viiHh: I’m oilub • CmdiiK ck«ih|j iwwcilmc li iriilm " Ell'fi kniu.nl ShmI ccuHEiIVn- 1 it’ll «in ICHMliViS sli>|V« 1 f jbt^enjih ioi£aliiiul J. Aixvsfc riM-l, and mi J atari cunxtrKiliMi [See Ji iMiii J' /'ir> I'ifi’fljgJ 1 (•,'hirf ?■ /u n- iw'fiix^ (•Ac* r f* i’i vtfrHtf) 6Vr* ! / reuL'iZ ngj r f.S’rr f- j.'fK+.fov') 11 J 1 And kxilLii^ I «|JH!>iL»II I'E lllifatflll ♦ UlkllKM i*l tiyiaii 1 Mill |ii i%1L- cnl. Annimiiri id ■kili- ■Hf ‘Hill I.1l kvl l|il H'U* r MJ - M* 1 J nod IcvdliklU |,|,h IhM t A|MMiii[j HiihkMiraec CunifaU «LiklhWwr tu (l-S,|lk on I 1,1 jtirt JiBaill H-aiui-ildn IlKPipii- f *i- »it| I E y o4McrVrili*NM. in tavtllhmjt ^"l11 ------- J . 1 i k:ti*4 Hurtt id 1, Acpcrn riudl Cuiun ik^hi lid* IiMTiiw (111 mil pUwcintht P*U .'J /irecfjin^.1 4 ]L * 1I|MIlih«i id liiiil tiy Liiiitnw p«l f,W if jwiwri/mj* J Airnnmc ml limull ■il i taplcdl fA** Ji /irn^rJn^J Huh lam jutrpm u J. 4 I III dike Hl < Jfil|iha| lii ■lull unknown hdllgjUii r>** u /ii-4s-ri/r>^ i nod f-£rr Jt jfr by biiit-uis twin ar itikLt iimv ronovt l.iicitu licurlttW pita mi Hid Ui *r arc iiibiiUMlita lor i2k£Mf||<ru, 1 Itljjhl bi ■hiiuti J or lm. njfrnii-uhiiu jI liiiiti frai-ib ItfndiiUuifi Ajp hr 111*Ill'll IsU glAITIilJj Slurv inprupl, li eiuilnim NtMrtc «i4 ttali tiuy IEcJh, Mini ITp4#S e ihdppig Aiiuiuml; rd lifttao and N’-l CHiunaleU <«iM4 ilrni in hiHiMra i|vwiMHHblaafaMU4f dmi •flJ NMatodt. A llpll ilfe lilir ■IxJkxnJim I- Dim I un VTtfsiaimui hut i> Lruua piuiiik-Uiui 1 Cannot assess D.9 Annex B. Table VVRD-2 ,r xAweismcnt Project component Attoumcnl criteria Potential impact Data H.O Air Sol VcS IlUI Arc R&C Mitigation (•) (b) Employment (c) (<D (e) (I) 00 (i) Soc 0) !• (k) 0) Sigjirticincc (m) Ro nds (coni) Number of |K<*pk Not ci limited An amginfaiMii number nf Sprinkle bare CMlIl employed unskilled laluiui will lx em during ployed. dry ixrinds. K Waler supply ami sa niuriinn (<n (fi) 00 (0 U) (K) (I) (m) («) 1 lbnitpump (Set C-J pt fettling) figure 2(H) people A> A> dnlhik|f and per handpump, then initaJhlion population year 2010 mH rccpiiic about P,000 pumps. 2. Pumped sur A will sites of icligtimi, cul Occupation rd lite, pipeline Amount of land af Not ciriiiMlcd II Although the cntnpmxnr will face waler, tural. <M archaeological liyndi- excavation and lay my fected occupy land. dm b nimor. filleted and healed cimcc 1. Sewerage pipes and primary CM secondly treatment As above M above Mol estimated II As above As abovenfy dfln»»e«t 1 ‘i'pciiiiii* anti (_>|»cnil ——------------------- B .11 A t rt Zi t? ik Vt O s ■ ■•Assessment Project component Assessment criteria Potential impact Data HjO Air So1 Veg K Soc Arc RAC Significance Mitigation (•) (M (c) (•) (0 (K) (b) (i) 0) (0 (m) (n) IJ. Resavou elicits ll|*Sllcam of (hill fiigiiKnUiion of acccaa ■ Reduction of aicns routes • Numta of com plaints Annex A -s* Die reservoir may pmc a hoarier tn long-standing access. Offer alternative rubles wherever icservoirs block csublnlicd routes ol travel 1 mi of diy-seavhi glaz ing Reduction of grazing iiicm Not esti mated -!♦ to • S‘ -r Io - s- w to - S» Duting the dry season, livestock owners move their animals to areas iBHuifabk* for farming Assess situation, develop alk-malive sites, petImps m drawdown wets. Inc feme of wntcr-associ- nlcd discsacs Disease frequency Mcdh.nl reemds •S’ Mtinliy aieas favinu insects ami alternative Innts for many diseases Remove ill marshy vegetation on the icscivoir fringe. Adjust operat ing rules to as to minimize its growth Hflcclt ia|WMi hiodivtfsitv ■Specks composition and density Not esti mated Numbers of migialoiy fall arc likely to ckcline. Stock rcsetvnin * iih suitable spe cies. i’omliikl fall ladders. I Upsliram rcwnir effects (eoMl) Hooding Hunding ficqiienc) •M* •1* •I* •r -!• 1 lopset beds nf sediment <leha ire likely to increase localised Good ing Rckxntc all assets and residents near rcscivok inlet C. Ilydrupmrcr plant OJKfllioiH DewMcnng. dricnton weir to power plant As foi A above Modi fie atimw of How regime As for A above D. 1 iigc-scnlc ini ga llon Modifications of land use ami economic activity • Monitoimg • Complaints Not citi- litilL'd -s* r Io ♦S’ 1 Some fmms of land use, such ar recession agriculture, arc likely to 1 be replaced by oilier, more Hofiiabk ones Involve local populations ui project planning. Make lure dicy under stand Hie implications of the change* that will affect ilicm. Initiate a mining programme in idvantx of curuiitKliun completion / fake aurr fanners paifkipafc in / j<cr-uien commiUeo / 1 1 1"i A ivcmmwil / I'jirJrrt L'cnipnifti’liJ 1 AnM^illwvil utain rutmliiir itl*f*Cl Data IJ|U A»r Si n 1 V.C F Sue A1c UAC 7 Sigflificnnre 1 XtakgntaMii *i (-J (M CfiJ CM (0 CD («) CM (J) HI OM biCfeuc nl tlnrns-c f*i *•- QliuiilCl XfcdkjJ ICEHllh l.oCal iUCilKlI IcMWlll -s* Jklmto «h«l nulana ate *1*1141*1 (X*U|U| |<* UI4TGMC me id reiwkin diugi (of 1 iluiid .Ikei-su-L. Opcnte CMWih *» . iKm 4-pilu ItaJkilc him canal . vegdnfckiiL Opanbc canalt nAiisln tdncily limlli Drawl >11 1 landing prtli Educate rciHknh 3tol Rt uniruic ul •vartirr 1 Jll E«-1.Clllt MllltMiHill fauifj r.iublllftrHta NvT Mil IfuMkd 1| ligated fiekl* may blo.k Ittiig- LLII'ilkull*, *tccu I OUIl:* ■ IIIei b'llcrnahvd runtmi/s SlKFt.ui.il InbuiN mil inuniK liLntiutilk HIS4lilMa|£ Nul mH- lltard Nita i •r »«• StiGCEulUfl [irnjcul uii|ila 1^11*1^1 Will iiurttoc Uircftho inl|il md nuliiliun NuirililklUi nHJLUEJIHIg N®iw •i* in hS* SlKCCarfidly wvpkincMkd, like pnjc£t atotruttt fxid Mtppiy Nuiw »f bindn c4,1*y I'xIMb Mil [Icira '•nnciy »nd feMllY Nol Ullr- PHBkll -S’ •X* •I* to ■ M’ fliiinp* la life l»idis.«|ia and i|k «l n ns cd era In *|fe( 1 ill# m kid IbncH aim! f*mw trf "Ik fae.k 1 lfcl«SEI¥W >IC4I nllCTV lhtJ4 GPMJlI- ETRlWMU wifi ITIRIHin U|*»n*«kll. Wim ■q.unliiy Water pUyiK*l, d'Bi»kc4 diiil lipik^rt *1 enter** NW «N- retail •M" to • S« •S» Ik'hECiWil Ikiini wul H|li iJ<4J|ji«mB^i|I 111 kUiMki llirt* • ||MJ alfm 1|k habitat u 11 ell ■■ i||M lUuibiLily 4lf 1* tai. BncicsHH: icteim i«ii Him nmnltiM 1 iIIipmr 1<-|min ilwvg albiwabh llwta, IflEJCRM dUlMinil il |«Mimfu| ccuKcsdEiikwH *m nwehed Sail 4|MBlii)' ,">ud gdi.> r k hL_ dtcrnkA &*d bitshgul kfiMite N<»l ewlk- n*tad •M* to . S* NlfepUfAlHMI ail d MtoliNlInn if IXQKti tato^ll ImhM It Mwt» SouHun*. rttar ctaiflci iujr in duce the UI£«hUll)r l»r IIMMC fickfe. Motiliat ihe *Hu*ikto Otar «rih- ukal rdvfcc vdbae toimvrt ihnkultie* wkli n«Mf' ^lfg*J lttd «ibrr nr|*IIVG nslpnsU IL I'kird ttMilrol Hedutfd bKhlrvcnri) CfinipMVfkm n>1 depifty id lluol »*J l*uiul xiimniitfidkl N<»i eiiP IlIBMd 4P W to - 3* -5“ Annual iJosdnifl iiuy be in euu* • lb! CCMipinim nf'Im istamd u( autne jiImI Mid muul caiNlliMb Ik* MiffiNar ihu linuikitt. kLtldililh, inaVa rf nre or cidinfrrTd I Ipcck* MV lIllWlCTWd- I Cannot assess B. 13 Aiuwx Tnhlc WRD-3r Assessment F'lojcct component Aueuincnl cnlciu Potential impact Dola H,O Air So1 Veg F See Arc l«C Significance Mitigation («) (M (0 H) (o) (1) (c) (h) (0 (i) (k) (I) (m) <n> A Neral income source Practice ol llood reces sion <u*nculliHC Nor esti mated -M* F lowelmlds dependent upon Hood recession agriculture may luvc (n .ido|H new sources ol food |Hrxlitc- tion. Ensure these contmunilici become involved in nltemiitivc Ford pcnduc- ing aclivilrei. Reduced llnnd losses Flood frequency 1 IcmmI estimates IS* Mood dunnpe will decrease. None F Waler supply muF i .until n mi Disease frequency de clines Medical rcinidi NN esti mated ♦s 4 Improved water supply will lower (lie frequency of water-related disoMCS. None —Efivironmenfai impnct Matrix: Integrated Natural Resources Develop me nt --------------------------------------------------------------1 AML-nmnri I'Il^.%1 canjKKiLnr — r'nlntfld inipjd D«ln H(O Ah M Vcfl r SlK Arc KJt C SifUkiicMicc (") <0 (*) to (r) do (i) (M (hi) (n) 111 A lor til jTOtcctlow, dcsdrt|ihri0 wiJ t t | llliklL 1<|| 1 L kubilllH- ifaul 1'ocul iKiuif) nikd jirwIntliwilHiP! *n|,Hi^s-i » Lire* lu • piin mIcs ♦ 5* •fl’ Daikily Mi l |Hni1iK Iwilv falCIUM* *ill 4WKKt irjiiy nJvrwila^ Noik fmiii lipln<k?|]K cnraliliiin ■ IlilWlH " kcJH'-lfiM liwclkldgC * ato qpiriliiy N’ane ♦s* iS" ♦s* ♦S’ • S' ♦ S’ V.-jpialMMi I'jj wnk'iihcJ protection brncfni . N*jiw 1 iihiMT Nikil hrtndnnki Ki EJOmd ilRpirrve rhun. idk k L'MkCkilH MXH lu •fl’ ■ 1 Spillri ■■( Kiwrt Will LvmJ hiwndkjlkl rUWLILKi blew I, I'uchmunili Mill iililbabud Wilt'd jifanlalkjlLi I MM !*■ I Kl'lhnild Ji* Im4 r«««1 IkrtlA- LpI t>|4» ilcdfaki Civnlihnn ij nnlm *1 ilnndi DadcMiin, 1794 tS* 1 ucLmoiM C&IUCIal linwk |il«niiilkm4 will EtplKtf riwl |«k.u hum nilUL.il 1 •iju.'uh AlIa ily u i Tiiufiga«Ir-o SMe Irjihiihuicii-' uhmT||4«W| Mipra-vtB ♦ llumi-iir ‘ ScdimWM Jiukarge IMfai tMinwJeil l\* -V *N* ■ s- pLukl,v» iu» fcinkdu IhmuIiW in nun} KECkifr Afltffay fa a miiijjlRHk I'udwMhJ MVlIIlly ilnfiiireCT UiaimilUMI IMvmiuwi, IWC •S’ 1 Ml ^n.ivuiji nj| liimfeto a Eiuitc ik-jxml* ibk i jpiih rUliVtfV H a HHIigllMMI ItmlIwiiciiIi pkwilailrwia | ihMBT and iKHHSlwild In- Wfflfl HlkqllOML-V ■ |'m|ilnyiMuil iKcorth - 11oii*ciw4J KKMlkr Hot mLhmu J l£m|,ikwrtKiil ilk lhs plan ledgn wilL rtpifeM Im JcjicRjililc faillM i*f Wutk Adfiiy u ■ niKkgifMMn i-ki pUhlalllMII IfVuiUm: c d ijmcki nwgt.l Hilled fiifitlivinlly Fared iikVEirtw? UM munatatl -!• »u -S' jiklrodw. cJ ipEckit wwj‘ ccwihliciE k||Hb|wt will LliHikttuiii« nMui4 mrwttai Mouiku wnH.mhMK umtiij txr-rirci in itrfli fflEW EJIt>r|t-lMrllrlE|Hi Slew (onJ« irw^ wrrciic iCdlHKNl lluciurfi: iJfaiavwikai 1 Ji>| L'llkHLiJqii -M' lia -S* -Ll- io -.V • I- Nt ■■ riJliiki i4« be n <w»c W icJinttM pitetiuJhuk CliMfatKl ivwh Ifl Awyirt 1 pcvdlk. Isatill safe diU-ilOfC 1 While there are limited data, most arc dated or qualitative: few are site specific. H 15 Annex 11, Tflhle INRD-1Assessment Project component Assessment criteria Potential impact Pita H;0 Ail Sol Veg F Soc Arc R& C Significance Mitigation (i) W (0 (d) (c) (0 (g) fa) (0 (i) fa) (1) (m) fa) 1. Iklimiliilfan and inventory <d natural standi and formula- lion id MUunal priority* Mr« Knowledge of llrt evlcnl, composition, and dcinity of n.itiu al slaiuk improves Stand recordi (when they ate done) 1 52 million ha •s* Ability to plan fared strate gics improve a Putin c fat er 1 imlieicr Itavicsson, 19% •S’ 1 Idler knowledge about Fihiopui'i naluial forest ichonrcei will Iwar many IxncfUS, primarily socio- ecniHMiiic and slislegic Will enhance manage ment's ability to estab lish the baselines neces sary far fol nee momioting 4. Rehabilitate exhting irwhnirud fares! cone ci linns Fatal rcvcmici stabilize and improve Conceit fan accounts IbViCMOII, 19% Economic benefits will iKciue None Concession InxhobgK ciNidifimi improver • Diicliargr • Sediment • Obscivatfan Not estimated •S* ts* •s* ‘S* Natural icsuurcc bundiis will improve the water sited None 1 .about and household in come improver F mpfayiiKnl records Not estimated •s* Economic benefits will active to those employed m the forest None 1) Livestock development im|We livestock Supply nt meat, Huie, milk, I Art lock productivrty (mini* Not estimated ftoducttvny increases jxodudivily and other products improve hen decline, productivity w ill be reflected in house increases) hold uK'Mnci and nutri- Conccnlriliom of hvciiock Hinge and Iwowac condition Micliem, J 996 Cone entrat ions of live Manage watering point •t watering placet may stock cm dc*rrny Hie locnhon Mid number io degrade lanuc vegetation upon wIikIi •I Io avoid damage). they depend and damage Cliarge feet the toil rrprcteniilmji die real coat of water Improve annual DtiutiM mbiul prnd«K<iviiv < UwerviU.ui Micliem. 1996 Improved draught animal None iltaaglit powci power will be rc/kclcd in prodiacftvH) me ream m die •cclnn dial depend upon itAlMWnWMl \ J JMciifar invjMLr |JjU ll/> A< Sal VCC Sk Arc ■........... ■? 1w (N (C) (U) <*) tl) Cri (M <h U) CM (I) ("I) rr A (n) Aniinnh jNvVidr ■IrrimUhv iiml fiw iliKM c 1 IhMiiiui dnenwr frftpKnt'jr Mcilic4 cccoffk Phi •M* DtiwKiiwtf wiiKlinwi d'tii al bttiueen townain dfliil LivcUtxk Mnniliw due ne [re* qucucy. Control anwiwl ■eras 1o wfttji 4, |rn|i|ns< livuloclc fn«l kiwi er* 1 irrifcicb* n»l>pd< wrth n il'lfak, which tfcdn^ Wlidlllr c«nUttC« No* mimed M- Ai (itAiif land* IMu uVc< liiidli ii\£il liv njkl- lilc, lllCtf EUlllkbcJi will Jet law Improve |hm k anil ton- imlkil hurtling bcm kmiogmirni rd Ihar W'ilkDile Jukx |iinl< Jinn Ijidbhuk iniltiitfiin, lk'nNh illljl uve* 1 iVi-iukIe, IujIiIi Vcl ECh-iii 1L4 • M* FltllCT IlfllTl II PH will k'lld Ilf JunpfiiVed Iwnlili nint nlhn ipiii Idu i HrtM hc^liicvkl S. ImgntOv livriln:i C-KKlIhikHL FMulHHfn ni;ertLlivcilJ<k 1 UMinlk Irtipi*vei Ai ii re «wlt, Rubral proik". IrVil V. IkiMi de lhctgate Airinvlilvrtiijic.il min GifVci I Mi trill rtLi*|d* hum dkjiv | «|vnl jxl HiOii lillHWM iM* 1 Idler fulinnlofy icipilirt ImIHei iikMiKluan £4kVrmlnrHl and faankco Nvne rcrpircJ 6 lit .pn iv^ iHwilny 4rrtlu|iMiVn( R'tiuUav pimllMft mcruM Mwkcl ilttj Nul messed •M" An iiiERiiMe af pusluLti will Have iilMiv bcikeCil-. Snne ce»fuitv‘l ?aital»«. Ikcallh Ttwmll ’nil Btifciicj •M* Mrva ijIju' end meal wilt iMncfil ImilkMl IlWblifM N«iw retptareil I'olinianLi IlilinMlF* Nirt BMW.M •M" 4* ♦ f In ►W •r il* CKhklli iliUifucc || ft Mk 1W mM *ll. bui can rtHH'iVr mil U*0 M»le «r n ciMnitfu ilnw'l ihMOji n ■ Ireini i | lnifvelM'il'l knca«iK m^iimMl!* hiaicp N«H IMC>Md <!• | ta Ikbduikl VKMLIH will i*npn**E Ini 1 kit tick- paaila J«Mni Inquired 7. l^irirKic WlIlC iiqiflM-* Liv<«Liiuk jifrulki Jc4r.4>ac VcjUi liwy rrradi J.'.H MHCMCd *S* Omh wafcr will pcndiltc Iwilaky livtiMKk Nvaitf rtcpjurtd Lk'biibdk pc exhaeInity in* errmti .‘hnveiyi., utiuiviHufl Hfll mimed *M7 Wiehuui Hie atfti in w*lt J'IC1|L dbkliinCCI Id WRkf, many lotitoik bcftatiii will cmmc Matta jnyaaed C- ApfcuHurc B 17 Annex B, Table INRD-1Assessment Project cnm|K>nenl Assessment criteria Pnicntud impact Data HjU Air Sol Veg F Soe Arc R& C Significance Mitigation (b) (c) (<■) (c) (0 (8) 00 (1) ffl (M (I) (m) (") liiqnme udigew/us Ikc miMuigiwiil practices 1, Assistance In Jxmcy htmim 2 AsMtlance to cutting beckcc|X'n 3. Develop marketing cooperatives Bee health increases Observation Not estimated IS* lire wax and honey aic ini|XMtont components of I'lhwpia'a ratal economy. Il b relleckd in home* hold income and nuui- linn. None Bee hummg declinci while management improves Monika mg repeals Not csl muled ♦s* Ihnc) production increases Monitoring reports Riondbcar, 19% •s* Household iiuuruc wild nutii’ion increases Observation Not estimated IS* D. fisher fck development 1 Monitor Mini contra! f’r.h catch Knowledge «f fall popula tion increases C’akli records Cow.t, 1995 ♦s* Management r. cuntiriy hampered by inadequate lion dynamics None Ability to mnnif,c popula tion improves C ’Meh records Not ewiinudcil is* 2. Improve laJte ami cafcli Fish CAkh increases Catch records Nut isiniialcd ♦s’ Imprmed catch is re flected in household health and income Nome 2. (cunt) Human nutrition and house- Ikuld income increases • Medical records • Income lutvey Not estimated ♦s* As abase None 1 1 Install fish ladder* Migratory population spawns above donut md wein Observation and monitoring Not estimated ♦S’ Diwtw pose a risk to popubiiioni of migratory liili None I 1 F. Wildlife wild luurnm 1 1 C««l«ducl held suf- 1 lnqnovcd nbility Io rnaMjc I veyi, studies, and 1 wildlife moorccs ui Lthio- l leieetch U» define I wreaa for iccognmon \ and management o» \ • vi<>4*ricd m«*« \ * imyulmn %«w*UV«ta \ • a*fMt «m« 1 1 * Res iden| and migtalory Itumaii (xipulwliunt | * Ilabrtwt cotsdilinn | • Refugee number!. lutMunw, and aclwiticw (tnckmlioK tomring) 1 • wildlife number*, luiulfckiH. M*uv«(i>«nla • Refugee numbers mid loca- IMM1 • Current pMh Mill QO«Ulolk<l kuttliog !<«• •iIm J J Fduopia's abilrfy to manage in wildlife re* 1 jDiwvts n hampered by Lack uf knowledge, lack of ineaitt, and lack uf offktal awaomeu the action n a picxurwr to effective miTigarran actions. /1... AmeuHctI ' Anrisjiwnr ci Mtffe I JVriftrivT riiipirf Dmm II 4O Am Sni VeB Soc | Arc 7iignHi»Lce. 'i - MiLnpLvm \ 1 <*) <b) (=) (•>) w «) (I) (■) (J) | ik) (m) (D \ 1 2. Hedcfine cflh'ln* piidity Im - uwruie wildlife i mnrLuailitii frt|wmd ki paopk ! JK+4«-, MhI • lihiIiuI jiniifel tan In 1 cftigtsji a* id |>ini.Li- Cll liiipruK 1 r.htnyir.i'l aiulMj io Ni.wlafiff d* wiklPifii itwUTCci . • policy ilnMuml* ibiidljjcE altfiuil iwt* ’ atai r dluLaliiHti ■ WlIrmliVtLdii n«I iimlrrinh a||ncHliiwit 1 Emiimy: policy ikn.-iHiAcinh JviiHikic limlijd- dr)' nid Oliver ■IlncalKni L n-l'jcivs inn khc irtinwc, W lIlIIlIc jmlk.y rknqUu li icfklNkilion and impmved ability fe ciuid: given iIk ilailUknlLfid link n| wild life iranurrea Hl Illi innjert aura At ritaiVE 3. Impi < hl a|T <r«r»l- taiC llkl^llirtr li.il ik-'jpm'a *hiliiy I'liWpc ill hiWIifc Trswwtiri • IntiLjnj iliivmnL Hii ■ liudgci a|Lx,nlle<n« Nihil l-iilirnstd bummjf (and niaidxlhj *1 Wikllife ilnll in mil cuiuhliihleiMl||HNM.i>it in Huuiaitaneitf id <Mm- iilhid wiNliTe TdOMfCa hi like |»rpjML 11144, Div ■LlHHI II II M|kli|]l- rion 1 |-BUlihai| rltccliVc linn iiidki Iwtft ■4 W ihlhfc EfiMXIircCB m parti, mijyMniy Lljnidiwi, and laFari Wildlife ri*nMii-et icbuilil Li ini*i Ikneir pnaeiM iIvhir- n|i£il hl>lr * wildlife uirvtya * IvUHKial VlJUrJIkUiHs » hu ■! {0ininvltaLt Mid lheir comnnkuu'iwi PfeilW iJ6* SVillmul cikiuve iHikm hi Mln icibkir, llw pcittil link uf KlhkipWa nild- lilc [ainrcca Kpccurid lp«l rcwiMn niiJ tMlkCT Thu aLiliMt H i itiinga* IMI 5 iXnfeji Jfrdrf Ven lune AfTIWIMMI In devtksp <|bf inuriii jK>l±i&hl ul Lake llbiliui Wak a llavl ■ <'4i*|kl|lWI Mid fipLI - 1 ale Hlttrtfcl l-nlflfl | • npdnl* Inwrial Mil* N ML>i 1*1 Id-iwuca Litijll IBiUl: , iii cifenaliinklJim 1 M4IIW Of IFIOtllCtiH hefnrc am| allhcr ciiniliwtkfiji Nrri ck 1 imaled fe •M •M- io -Ji* •M* Hr *3* ■M* k> -3* i I Ilia Wu u 4 lauurce impurtaul ikMiw rI beputy Nutwilkekii, 4« iiwulirji.ML a iisgilr. * FnaWhhaMfe pnifetMl wtt mil bailer rww. • IlinEl VWMlHKiMWI OtaWciLiJi IrcHki niriixk dm bullcr /mic. I Cannot assess B 19 Annex □, Table INRD-1 >< jCAncitmcnl Project component AmcvMitciit critenn Pidiniinl trnpucl Dll la IM) Air Sn| Vctf F Soc Arc R& C Significance Mitigation to to to to to (0 to to (0 (1) w (1) (m) W Tniinil dcvdofMicjits al Lake Bnhan (coni) Tout nt operations iffat tlx • h)drufogy of die laic • ib vegetation mid oilier natural resources • Water quantity and quality • Vegetation quantity and quality • Fauna densify, disinbu* lion ... Not estimated -8* -M* to -S* •M* In $• •M* to .$• Water, vegetation, and fauna ic|h esenb ley elements of liar lake’s beauty • Abstract water from areas nut lulled to die lake's hydiol- ogy. • Primary lew age treatment • Implement tourist and operator Code of ethics focal cmpInpiKHl snd rcvcnuei hiqirovc Lnlxmr and employment recordi Nol estimated 11* In Local participation ui die development will generate employment and revenues None 6 Develop lower bmin wildlife canoe aafa* th. 1'cnii.minl cniii{nik*5 detract from tlw area's nuiuial beauty: litter is scalkred, human waste lillen tlic bush ToUfnl complaints Not estimMed 1* In •M* A normal pail of lounst opcnltom in wild rets n to preserve the natural aesthetics of the site Implement lour nt and a (Kia tor code uf ethics 1 !• Ilx tractive Induslttca (min ei and mining) I 1 and clewing and construction Habitat driftikf»on Amount of hod occupied Not citii imlcd •M* lo-S* •M* to 4* 1 Use amount nt land occupied by mining anti its infirm Iruemrc replace' laiwl used by flora and Inion and for alternative economic putruits • Keep land require* merits Io the icq rninuntuii , • Establish a buffer Arne rurroundinc the cencnsinn. 1 jmd clearing Soil crukion increase, am! ■oil quality wmscui • Soil tons • Sediment diKhugc • Olltct Nol estimated •S* •S# Bare «nl h exposed to oil crus iuii Employ suit conservation 1 Wain quality wonctM ■ Waler quality ciUcila Nol estimated •S* I Annual |mi|>uWUhu* (Udine Pupulaiiun itemiiy and n impost non Not eilimatfd M* 1 ________ .above J Atabuvv kl~.- AucnilKIli / l*nfrnri»r imp* ' D«b H/J Al Jtlhl V«jj Srili. Arc 1 kA I c1 ... ....................- ’--------------------------------------------- (10 1 (d CO (0 to (hl (•) GJ Ik) 0) 4 2 Miti4 opcnlimT kjehirjj, Uilin^k Skn.1 ipiJiiy ike Iiiki Sail if uldi criicrM Sul cytinaafaiil -s* 2 I.CftthMC ilatd 1u tqifMik me Urik tula muI&cc and ’ 1 huJctlic koclialc pctbih Vt dll biipcr- 1 ilJhpilajll, kianhliMJ WiAif qiM.lity ifc dines Writer ljujIIIji niteiii f-!i?l c llauiillrd -.1* |£l iMlluIllV MCl Mil kt ClklH num cin trifled «ir. tail, kitd cvKhltinlly Writer iheiAiIu hniiwi. i ’ llDirill anil inikiilaui ILblI riktublMIl Ahrtnd iM^iMbrinm decline Altittb*l jKiMltfiOTi fiewily and uimpoti irmii S’ul eittaftleil -S* ifulily. Tiding! bcJckilc c«4 BiMMbrily llu? emiroiwitciM ■ ftolMe tftilkiigs J a ilkty iuCviVl* iw nnwill ^imIuikilI Air ipwlri¥ ■kvhindi Air ipirihly crilcrin Mui xil united Ihtrtl willk hii ink* [Ml |kh> nlik llrlu [ Wil Lllipklyil'.llL lll»|H«Ve» huild^i |J |iL'nyi|e iJkiphryLil NmI nJtiwtfril *r ba *M“ L'laul iialjvti tiLtkii >h INL like dike. .1 Miu ilL-rnniiiiiRRii'n- nit JCctiofc LTrniit mil vrprt*- llPH m du t.tlfinnl t ondilfan (/C pie ill ciiKdllMif qiulily ul 1ntwl inJ. vegetal Im, Jlmn, r mil (jihid • Plbriii- i;ra|i|ii ■ tiltVi.) ICvMiIr * ObniiVi- ijiHla ■ Ji* 1 Ji* 1 %■ iS« •V ♦M* to To ihd eJilcflt |hw»iSik. id Irmrci o| kiuiunt iliould ■bH-apfwir jbhI Him Lain] be iritofvd in ii« uti^iml. Cuvuliflurik • Rctuuip-ir ovci liuj- klCll lU niigiilAl prulik. ■ ttcpIlKC topiltal • J’kril kactlMu pin Willi ■uprtiwMiilik mirier ml ■ Sc.il spoil dumps with kiijiinn*r *liJy iHikilal over iiJinh itifMtuil n bin, • 1U|i4mU all di»- lucbtd mrlKU. {.Util ■. ll!r|IMI ViilSliM MILl'CHUk yJmnKi >■! «iit|ilii>«d Nm ri1lul*kd hi ♦3* IJast ta.nl IntiiiiH ui mmiw irthmiiaai wait Smie I This assessment assumes that mining will be by open-easi or underground methods: buckci dredging is not an alternative 2. Cannot assess B2I Annex Ik Table INKU-1 .i 1»I Aucismcnt 1’inject component Aucssmcnl criteria Potential DllpACl Data !I.O Air Sol Veg F Sne Arc R4 C Significance Mitigation (•) (b) (c) (d) (c) (0 (£1 (h) (0 0) (M (1) (m) («) I. Improve ngiicultorill extension Agricultural productivity’ increases Number of extension agent; and extension agenVfnniicr ratio Harris, 19% >P to xr None Meavranam of on-farm production Not estimated Agriculture is frozen in line technology of the last century. Improved lech- nology can ameliorate some kinds of conslinnib* Financinl layouts for person nel and equipment Hanis, 1996 2 Exfclld AflKdllUlAl credit Whciew Khali to ptaclicc •giicullurc iivcr cases Hank records Nat estimated •P io «M* Agricultural credit h n recognized constinml It requires new fount ol hanking to Ik effective, hem ever. * Loan defaults smcc live collapse or die last government require mitigation • New methods ot fanner collators! need tn be estab lished 1 Expand land hut* bandry practices land unsuitable lor agrieul- lure is removed from prn- ductiun Monitoring and observation Uni is. 1996 *r m IS* H* tn IS* tp to 4S* -M* tn •S* Taking marginal farm lands mil nf production requires an economic rational tlial h acceptable to often poorly educated farmers Can Ilin uile- grilled project expand employment in other sectors'* Provide employment opportunities in sectors other dun agriculture Soil erosion and other farms of land dcgTMlaliou stabilize «r possibly improve Monitoring and observation Hanis. 19% •Pio to •S* -Pro «M* Appropriate soil comes- cation practices can prevent (or worsen) some twins of soil loss Ac ceptance ratio is likely h> be low. however. due to nutlayv dial arv Iris product! w rluin crops 1 11 • railnr soil conser vation practices lo I soil landscape and 1 crop. • Devine incentives 1 i/u»< cnlumcv acccp- / ranee ralnn for »or! / uoniovwiKMi fwac- / lie cm. \ ttuyfrty .if n«4 »1pn- V“~Z_ MmSuUum «Uu, fanitet \ Uuowlvwa 1 Not if <»! ■M" __ *!• ta> 4 I* b> J • !••• 1 ♦ M* I /A •fm 1 -■“1 n J: / aniwtVm* riTxkM-hw »«cds amJ. m / Mtoe suns mMV*Mte / iocthi caaro. tmrvaaot / <lrpA>f*J aa* M / Vtrtea r«M bear / the au* am J k> fan**M / / Jr~ AMMiinaak 1 [ AmcmuimI arierrf / FntaihiiF irrijtfii Dili 11,0 Aw Sul V<t F $iK 1 Arc V.A I Slguiril MH.C 1 MMigalMwi l| C («) <w (C) (rfj fc) ll] <10 (10 b) U) 1 w <IJ (Ilk) <n) 1 Wnkl unil *oil inmLmnifin* 1MII1 Ml£BvlJkd Mwillw mi; LLd.i *iul ctacp viHrimi NN Cklinukd •1* ki -M- 4’ lo -M* Mitina d kfiTKiHilMLihi CMl be lkl7Udnnt 1 |'(£AHta unUUCllCTL UK I UM of RgUKlhiniiMJll 1 M«Ui only flio»c ilud | Me in fa fif.il IHibI hjtVfi i I ¥■ ii5e loktMkce level. 5. Expftld mmE entBlcin rturn ch w ilu4 each, nidjnr Mill ilk llic j»rn|«l nicJ i* Iku-nd- Irvcd Kiwiwkelgja ohqni nd eed- linn uul Mid fuiildy i«k- prowi ItUfMlll Mil MkI riMRIUi Niland ilmla fl urn Dill niiiNT jdali llkqMuvcdl iikMia^nkhl d [>ujecl:- men iiMla in lumL- |Kled by ■ Inch d it>ii» -------------------------------------------. Ilic mi'hni i» 4 niiiiiji licitii ihil tnnnlfcuimii SIWflllBt Mhik»y.diw»i uf iwqjeci imUi Soil ph.hhadtekj A* hIkivu, t%- |MI1ll Hl uiIk 1 riteii Hl • XL* ki II (.Uimmd cud tiUHrt 1 luithll nwl of*4f*K cmfuiu at i ll ciiitea (ciif Ft, tc«, insist de ) 1 IhlHldT »nd Mlil CIIBMW dCLIVDMd “ DrttlMrgA KiIiMhfil Nd «K* »«• ♦s* >kM 1 • VikRial miuinfcJii CohwkicmI tvlKki pinvide 3 bcnctn.pl qnlnlily ul ImwI inc The cr-Mk- it»alf M j iilriftrtibfi nwtaixe 1 Lncil mill mvC" JMCt ICMCIW* * NmiuIki "1 profile i ji>|ihiyeJ • EiiipteiynMnl ictadi Nvt calunilcul •s* Annex D» Table IN RD* I 13.2J u» 1>ANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT Ap PENDIXc ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASE Table of Contents ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASE WATER CLIMATE GEOMORPHOLOGY SOIL AND LAND ................................. J ********** *****•••••- .......... ~~...... 2 ....^ J FAUNA Aquatic (by species) . Insects . Wildlife VEGETATION , Plantation6 Population structure and dynamics by wereda7 Natural vegetation by type and location j SOCIO-ECONOMIC, ANTHROPOLOGIC7 Refugees.........................................................................................................................................................J Government services..................................................................................................................S Religious considerations that might be affected by the project9 SITES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL OR CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE > f" cl TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Pl^1ENVIRONMENT APPENDIX C A- water Discharge by station, monthly series, penod of record plow duration curve by station Sediment discharge b) station, monthly series, penod of record Water quality' by station* monthly series: • Physical * Chemical database Reference TAMS-ULG. 1995, Inception Report Table 2. TAMS-ULG. 1995. Inception Report. Annex 7. Sdkhozpromex pc rt. 1990. .As above and 1988 Remark* Gives the frequency of observed monthly discharge between 1967 and 1993 (12 stations for 27 years) Gives the results of stochastically- generated flow and compares to observed discharge. Consists of raw data as yet unprocessed As above Sei khozpromex port. 1990. Barn-Akobo Basm Master Plan Study of Hater and Land Resources of the Gambela Plain. Draft final report Results of chemical analyses * Biological CLIMATE Precipitation by station, monthly scries, period of record Temperature (as above) Wind Sunshine hours (as above) TAMS fChethoun). 1996; Armitage, 1995 TAMS (Chetboun), 1996 Armitage. 1995 Armitage, 1995 TAMS (Chetbaun), 1996 Monthly scries data and analyses Monthly scries max. min, avg for 20 stations as well as annual series. 1952-1958. Used by FAO to assess reference evapotranspiration Summary’ of FAO-supplied climatic data including rainfall, evapotranspiration, wind etc for 30 stations in and close to Bare Akobo basin. Mean annual sunshine — statistics for 7 stations as well as monthly series data, 1976-1988. ^S-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan C2ANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT Component appendix C Reference Remarks Reference evapotranspiration fas above) Design storm frequency depth-duration by station (incl 2-yr, 6-hr depth) TAMS (Chelboun), 1996 • Humidity for 6 stations'""" • Average humidity, 1952-19&8 • Monthly distribution of « humidity. r Or^ Climatic index of rainfall erosivity by station Air quality by station, monthly series Soil Conservation Research Project, MOA and U of Berne Not measured in Ethiopia Many stations throughout Ethiopa • Pollen count Not measured • Nitrous oxide concentrations • CO2 concentrations, other gasses Acid rainfall GEOMORPHOLOGY Stream form dynamics by stream and location and sensitivity to changes of • discharge Not measured Not measured Not measured Not measured Not assessed see above • sediment discharge see above SOIL AND LAND Soil landscapes or other mapping unit that allows a logical process of soil identification and analysis ARDCO-GEOSERV. 1995. Soil Survey, Vol III, Agriculture Representative soil profile descriptions for the above As above Selkhozpromexport. 1990. Vol V. Annex 4: While discharge is measured, its impact upon stream form has not been assessed See above Annex 3.B.3, Methods of Chemical Soil Analysis Annex 3.B.4, Description of Mapping Units Land Mapping Unit Characteristics of the Upper-Baro Basin (j>p 33- 37) Results of Agro-chemicaJ analyst Hydrophysical Properties of Soils TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlansNEX4 ENVIRONMENT Ct>mp0QCIlt. $ il degrad ation hazard APPENDIX C Reference Soils and Possible Use Remarks Soil texture and structure o for each soil landscape . oil erosion by water (soil credibility) s . oii erosion by wind S Soil Conservation Research Project, MO A and U of Beme FAO. 1978.4 Provisional Methodology for Soil Degradation Assessment. Rome As above As above Many observations throughout Ethiopia Regional study including project area ■ salinization and sodication • chemical degradation (loss of bases through leaching) • physical degradation (sealing, crusting, limitations to rooting, ..„ • biological degradation (loss of organic matter) Land use by type of use, location and trends As above Agro-chemical use by lypc, location, and amount As above Copeland, V. 1996. Land Evaluation. TAMS- ULG. Addis Ababa. First Mission Report of the Development Economist. TAMS- L'LG. 1995 Armitage, M.S. 1996. Cropping in the Baro- Akobo Basin TAMS- ULG. No information Land use classes and areas of the project area Agro-chemicals by type only (p 64) Agro-chemical by type (pH) Other chemical use, e.g. by mines ^Ms-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin tolerated Development Master Plan <4ANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT Component FAUNA Aquatic (by species) Reference Cowx, IG. 1995. Fisheries Issues First Mission Report of the Fisheries Specialist. TAMS-ULG. Sep. 28pp. • population levels, dynamics and trends • migratory habits • habitat requirements and acceptability limits • response to reservoirs and other infrastructure ■ response to fish ladders As above appendix Q Remarks Few data derived from catch statistics at Gambela and sitings from following: ARDCO-GEOSERV. 1995 , Survey and Analysis of the Upper Baro. Akobo Basin. Final report. Volumes I to IV. Selkhozpromexpon. 1990. Baro- Akobo Basin Master Plan Study of Water and Land Resources of the Gambela Plain. Draft final report Volumes I to Xll. V ery sketchy information Insects • population levels, dynamics, and trends • habitat preferences As above As above As above As above Bradbear, N. 1996. Apiculture: Draft Following Second Mission. TAMS-ULG. Addis Ababa. And Michem, T. 1996. Livestock: Interim Rep. TAMS-ULG. Addis Ababa Information inadequate Information restricted to bees and bee keeping. Information restricted to vectors livestock diseases, ticks, tsetse • migratory habits As above TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan^eX4 ENV1RONMF.N1 APPENDIX C Remarks No information about birds, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians. » population levels, distribution, dynamics, and trends Reference Atwell. B. and W, Frankenthalcr. 1995. Draft Environmental Report. TAMS-ULG. Addis Ababa S c lkhozpromexport. 1990. Baro-Akabo Basin Master Plan Study of Water and Land Resources of the Gambetta Plain Draft final report, vols 1 thru Population data contains large mammal sightings from 25 years ago until 1988 Prepared lists require analysis for rare and endangered species. xn. • habitat preferences and acceptance limits • migratory habits VEGETATION ARDCO-GEOSERV. 1995. Survey and Analysis of the Upper Baro-Akobo Basin Final report, vols 1 thru TV. Daviesson, RC. 1996. Forestry in the Baro- Akobo Basin, Rough Draft Report TAMS- ULG. Addis Ababa. Natural vegetation by type and location • productivity * biomass Plan/at ton • productivity ■ biomass Pasture Daviesson Daviesson Daviesson Daviesson refers to previous studies, for which he provides basic information. .As above. Mast data are old or developed from old information. Their quality is questionable. Michem, 1996. TAMS/ULG 1 ^S-ulg Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan C.6ANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT appendix Component Ref erence Remarks Colombi. 1995. SOCIO-ECONOMIC, ANTHROPOLOGIC Population structure and dynamics by we re da • age distribution by number and sex; trends • household composition by sex TAMS/ULG As above Roger. 1996. Population Aspects (appendix to Inception Report). Annex. Roger. 1996. Population Aspects (appendix to Age distribution by number and sex. Population and households by wereda in November 1993. and age • household income by source and trends • employment Inception Report) pp 1— 5. As above. See also Colombi. As above. patterns • education by sex and trends • disease frequency by sex, age, and trends • nutrition by sex and age • potable water supply by type, distance, quality • land access by practice • household assets other than land Mekonnen Abenha. 1990. Education by Sex and Trends. Ministry of Education report Education by sex and trends Roger. 1996. Population Asspects (annex to Inception Report), pp 4— 7. Sobrino. G. Water Supply and Sanitation. TAMS/ULG Wicket, E. 1995. Draft Socio-Economic Report, TAMS/ULG Nutritional status of children. 1AMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanConipODent Refugee5 APPENDIX C Remarks Limited information about camp populations vs. lime, land use, policy issues, . age distribution by number and sex; trends • household composition by sex and age • household income by source and trends • employment patterns • education by sex and trends ■ disease frequency by sex, age, and trends • nutrition by sex and age ■ potable water supply by type, distance, quality ' land access by practice ' household assets other than land Government services * hospitals and aid centres, by location and capacity ' schools (as above) Reference Daviesson, RC. 1996 Forestry' in the Baro- Akobo Basin. Rough Draft Report. TAMS- ULG. Addis Ababa. Colombi. SB. 1995. Socio-Economics: First Mission Report of the Development Economist TAMS-ULG. Oct. Roger, G. 1996. Population Aspects. TAMS-ULG. See above See above See above See above Sobrino, G. JEa/er Supply and Sanitation Water Supply Annex. TAMS/ULG Set Colombi and Roger reports. agricultural and Harris, D. 1996. Land other extensi o n Husbandry. TAMS/ULG 1 AMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan C8ANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENT Component (structure, capacity) • veterinary services (structure, location, capacity) • forest nurseries • subsidies (food, feed, other) Religious considerations that might be affected by the project • earth deities • burial practices, cemetery locations SITES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL OR CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Location and description appendix c Reference Michem, T. 1996. Livestock. TAMS/CJLG Daviessen, R. 1996. Forestry. TAMS/ULG Wicket, E. 1995. Draft Socio-economic Report. TAMS-ULG T.AMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan CQ4. ENVIRONMENT APPENDIX D APPENDIX D; COSTS A, Investment costs: dsms and reservoirs No. Item Quantity Unit Unit cost Total cost fOOO USS} COW) USS) fOOO Birr) h------- 1. BMPs: core drilling Giimcro 1 each 5.000 5 00 31.25 Geba-A 1 each 5.000 5.00 31.25 Baro-A ] each 5.000 5.00 31.25 Itang 1 each 5.000 5.00 3135 Abobo Dumbcmg 1 each 5.000 5.00 3! 25 Gilo-2 1 each 5.000 5.00 3135 Subtotal 2. BMPs: road sediment 30.00 187 50 Gumer o 10 0 Jan 10.000 100.00 625.00 Geba-A 69 0 km 10 000 690.00 4,312 50 Baro-A 36 5 km 10.000 365.00 2,28125 M 30,0 km 3.000 90.00 562.50 Abobo Dumbong 20.0 km 5.000 100.00 625 00 Gito-2 11.0 km 3.000 33.00 206.25 Subtotal 1378.00 8,612.50 3. Household relocation Gurnero 7 household 0.618 433 27.04 Geba-A 28 household 0.618 1730 ri08.15 Baro-A 65 household 0.618 40.17 251.06 Itang 711 household 0 878 624 26 3,901.61 _____ Abobo Dumbong 0 household 0.878 OjOO 0.00 Gilo-2 Unknown household 50 00 312.50 1------------------------------------- Subtotal 736.06 4.60036 4. Reservoir clearing Gumero 30.9 kml __ Geba-A 68.5 km2 Baro-A 78.5 km2 60.000 1,854.00 11,587.50 60.000 4.110.00 25.687.50 60.000 4,710.00 29.437.50 - Jtan^ 71.0 km2 60.000 4.260.00 26.625.00 — Abobo Diirnbong 13.9 km2 60.000 834.00 5212.50 Gil o-2 ISO .7 knfl 60.000 9,042.00 56.51250 —_ Subtoiai 24.810.00 155.062.50 5. Additional outlets ----- _ J Gumero 1 ■■ Geba-A 2 No 5.00 5.00 T3I.25 No 1000 20.00 125.00 1 ^MS-TlT.n Raro-Akcihri Ki ver Basin IntePTAted Devtlnnment Master Plan D 14. ENV7RONMENT appendix No. Item Quantity Unit Unit cost Total cost ------ -- ------------ r 1 ('000 USS) (*000 USS) (’000 Birr)~ Baro-A 2 No 10.00 20 00 I tang 0 No No 1 1 0.00 125 00 ~ 0.00 ’ Abobo 0 0.00 6.00 Dumbong 2 No 10.00 20.00 125 00 Gilo-2 2 No 10.00 20.00 . 125 00 ' ' - Subtotal 85.00 . 531 2? ------ . 6' Channel protection 1 Gumero 1 Section 100.000 100 00 Gcba-A 625 00 1 Section 100.000 100.00 Baro-A 1 Section 100.000 . 625 00 ” 100.00 . 625.00 Itang 1 Section 100.000 100.00 Abobo 625 00 . Dumbong I Section 100.000 100.00 625.00 Gilo-2 1 Section 100.000 100.00 625.00 __ ____ 7. — L Subtotal - 600.00 3.750.00 Fish ladder, hatchery ■ ' Gumero 1 No 250.000 250.00 1.562.50 Geba-A 1 No 250.000 250.00 1.562.50 Baro-A 1 No 250.000 250.00 1.562.50 Itang 1 No 250.000 250.00 1,562.50 Abobo 1 No 250.000 250.00 11,562.50 ______ Dumbong 1 No 250.000 250.00 1.562.50 Gilo-2 1 No 250.000 250.00 1.562.50 Subtotal 1,750.00 10,937.50 8 - Diagnostic health centres 1 Gumero 0 No 20.000 0.00 0.00 Geba-A 1 No 20.000 20.00 125.00 Baro-A 1 No 20.000 20.00 125.00 Itang 1 No 20.000 20.00 125.00 Abobo 1 No 20.000 20.00 125.00 Dumbong 0 No 20.000 0.00 0.00 Gilo-2 1 No 20.000 20.00 125.00 Subtotal 100.00 625.00 —--- ---- “ “i Canal construction and linin gs Itang 56 Km 30,800.00 192.500.00 Abobo 21 11,550.00 72,187.50 Dumbong 34 10,030.00 62.687.50 . Gilo-2 61 000 To.oo Subtotal 52,380.00 327.375_.00__.. 10 Canal crossings ____________ - 1 Itang 50 No 10.000 500.00 3.125.00______ Abobo 18 No 10.000 180.00 l,125.0p___ Dumbong 30 No 10.000 300.00 I 1.875PP_ — ______ Gilo-2 50 No 10.000 500.00 Subtotal 1.480.00 3,125.00___ ’ 9.250.00______ TOTAL L. 83,349.06 _ 520.93h6.-_----- p2 TAMS-l 1T.G Raro-Akoho River Rasin Integrated Develrvnment Master PlanIROlVMtI APPENDIX D: COSTS • dams and reservoirs 5o. Item Quantity Unit Unit cost Total cost (’000 USS) (’000 USS) fOOO Birr) ’iV~| Fish ladder r------- - Gumero 1 No 25.00 25.00 156.25 --------- Geba-A 1 No 25.00 25.00 156.25 Baro-A 1 [No 25.00 25.00 15625 Ittuig I No 25.00 25.00 156.25 Abobo 1 No 25.00 25.00 156.25 •—— Dumboni! 1 No 25.00 25.00 156.25 —■— Gilo-2 'J- No 25.00 25.00 156.25 Subtotal 175.00 1.093.75 12 Diagnostic beallh centre Gumerd 0 No 11.000 0.00 0.00 Geba-A 1 No 11.000 11.00 68.75 *—‘ ■ Baro-A 1 No 11.000 11.00 68.75 r " I tang 1 No 11 000 11.00 68.75 Abo bo 1 No I’ .DOO 11.00 68.75 Dumbong 0 No 11.000 0.00 0.00 Gilo-2 1 No 11.000 11.00 68.75 1------ Subtotal 55.00 343.75 1 TOTAL 230.00 1.437.50 Ram-A kobo River Rasnn Integrated Develonmenf Master Plan4. ENVIRONMENT B. Investment costs: Electric Power Transmission Systems APPENDIX D: COSTS 1 N»- Item Quantity Unit Unit cost Total cost 1 r L _ (■000 USS) (’000 USS) (’000 Birr) *• BMPs: Road sediment I — Gumero 280 Km 0.500 140.00 Geba-A 190 Km 0.500 875 00 iL 95.00 Baro-A 025 Km 0.500 . 117.50 734.38 593 75 Subtotal 352.50 2.203.13 1 2 Replanting disturbed areas - — —“ —i—______ Gumero Geba-A 280 Km 190 Km 0.10 VoiInV 28.00 175.00 1 i r\ aa Baro-A 235 1 Km . 0.10 19.00 118 75 Subtotal 23.50 146 88 Total 1 ________________ 70.50 440 63 J . 423.00 2.643.75 C Investment costs: Irrigated agriculture 1 Required size reductions to preserve Gambela National Park Itang 50 per cent Abobo 100 Dumbong 90 Gilo-2 75 D. Investment costs: Water supply and wastewater No. Item Quantity Unit Unit cost Total cost (’000 USS) ( 000 USS) ('000 Birr) 1 BMPs: channel disturbances Large towns 9 Each 5.00 45.00 28125 Medium towns 15 Each 4.00 60.00 375.00 Small towns 28 Each 12.00 56.00 350.00 Villages 7 Each 0.50 3.50 21.88 Wells and boreholes 6000 Each 0.50 3,000.00 18,750.00 ----- . TOTAL 3,164.50 19,778.13 E. Investment costs. Flood protection No. Item Quantity* Unit Unit cost Total cost --------------- 1 (•000 USS) (’000 USS) ('000 Birr) 1- Relocations of people (reserved fund) Unknown 1 30.00 □ 87.50 I E. investment costs: Road Construction No. Item Quantity Unit Unit cost Total cost ---- ('000 USS) (’000 USS) ('000 Birr)_____ J I TAMS-ULG Raro-Akobo River Basin Inreorated Development Master Plan4. EMMKUNMENT APPENDIX D: COSTS JJ_G Rare Akobci River Rusin Integrated Develnnmem Master Plan
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