Summary of Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
BARO-AKOBO RIVER BASIN
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
MASTER PLAN STUDY
I
FINAL REPORT ANNEX 2 PT. 2
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NATURAL RESOURCES-r
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FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
BARO-AKOBO RIVER BASIN INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
MASTER PLAN STUDY
ANNEX 2
NATURAL RESOURCES
Part 2
Annex 21
Annex 2 J
Annex 2K
Annex 2L
Agriculture- Renewable Energy Fisheries
Livestock
TAMS-ULG Biro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Mwicr Plant?;dex of volumes and annexes
Volume l:„EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
volume fi:—Resource Base and Development Options
Volume IV:PROJECT AREA MAPS
VVoolluummee VIII.:.M...A..S...T..E. RPRP^LWAKN^Dl&ELVlVEi LSOTPUMDEIENST 1. WA TER RESOURCES
Annex 1A Climatology
Annex IB Hydrology.
Annex IC Flood Studies 
Annex ID Ground Water
Annex IE Reservoir Operation Studies
Annex IF
Sedimem Studies
Annex 1G Water Resources Cost Estimating Annex 1H Irrigation Projects
Annex II Water Supply Projects
Annex 1J Hydropower Projects 2. NA TURAL RESOURCES
Annex 2A
Land Evaluation
Annex 2 BSoils and Soil Conservation
.Annex 2C Geology
Annex 2D . Mineral Resources
Annex 2E Annex 2F... Annex 2G. .
Forestry Wildlife
........ Tourism
Annex 2H ... Apiculture
Annex 21 .... .... Agriculture
.Annex 21 ..................................... Renewable Energy Annex 2K Fisheries
Annex 2L
Livestock
J- SOCIO-ECONOMICS Annex 3A
Annex 3E
Population Aspects
Socio-Ethnic Groups Analysis
Annex 3C
................... Economic Infrastructures
Annex 3D........................... ............
Annex 3E ................................................. Annex 3 F . .
< ENVIRONMENT
Annex 4 ,
... Social Infrastructures
Economic and Financial Analysis 
. Institutional Support Environment
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Devdopmcnt Master PlanI
IANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21
AGRICULTURE
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Bum Integrated Development Muter PlanLaNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
CONTENTS
1.
2.
2.1
INTRODUCTION
ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA- ClifflME
... wim--
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.14
2.1.5
2.1.6 
2.1.7
2. J 8
2.1.9
2.1.10
Sources of Data - Temperature. -■
Relative Humidity Wind
Sunshine
.2
Ui.'.W.
1
.2 .. .2
. 2 ...3 ...4
-.5
...5
.6
6. .8
.8 9
. 13 ... 14 
3
and 
Radiation
4
Evapotranspiration.,
Rainfall. 
Seasonal Distribution of Rainfall.
Rainfall Deficit ■
Dependable Growing Season...
4
6
2 2 Present Cropping
2.2 J Present Land use and Cropping Patterns
2.2.2 Crop Production
22 3 Estate Farming
2.2.4 Crop Yields from Subsistence Farming...........
2.3 Soil Erosion............................................................................ I1rrigation... 
... II
24 
2.5
2.5.1 2.5.2
-..........................................
Financial Analysis of Cropping.......................................................................... 
Use of Technology inputs. 
Adverse effects of Technology Inputs.
14
15
2.6 Nutrition
2.6 1 Nutritional Requirements of Farming Families
2.1 2 Nutritional Status of Farming Families and their Livestock
15
16
3.
SECTOR TARGETS. CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES!7
3.1 National Strategy. 
3.1.1 Smallholders
 . 
......................................................... .17
 17
3.1.2 Commercial Scale Farming 
3.2 Implications for the Master Plan 
3.21 Supply of Fertilisers
3.2.2 Local Product! on of Fern User 3.2.3 Soil Conservation 
 19
t
a
 ......... ........ .... 18
79
............................... 20
 ................................................ 20
3.2.4 Crop Improvement wi thout Irrigau on 
3.2.5 Cash Crops tn the Upper Basin ................... 2J
3.2 6 Rainfed Cropping in the Gambela Plain....... 24
3.2.7 Arable improvements for the Anuak 24
3 28 Prospects for Irrigated Cropping. ............................ .......... ... 3.2.9 Crop Irrigation Requirements and Schedules
3.2.10 An Irrigated Settlement Scheme .................. 3.2.11 Commercial Scale Farming 
22
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4.
4. 1 DSeUveGloGpEmSeTntEODp DtioEnV1ELOPMENT OPTIONS
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Development Option 2 ....
Development Option 3
Development Option 4
Development Option 5
r.
■ ■■>.
5. ANALYSIS AND MAPPING BY REGION.
6. PRIORITIES AND SECTOR PLAN.
7. NEED FOR FURTHER STUDIES.
APPENDICES- ......................................................................................................... - 32
APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF CLIMATIC DATA, CULTIVATED AREAS, CROPPING PATTERNS AND YIELDSJ
...28 ...28 ...28 ...28
28
29
30
5]
APPENDIX B: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ETO (PEMAN-MONTEITH) AND EFFECTIVE RAINFALL BY SELECTED METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS2
APPENDIX C: GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MAIN CROP3
APPENDIX D: PROBABILITY OF RAINFALL AT SELECTED METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA4
TABLES
Table 1. Rate of Increase in National Cropped Area, 1988-1994 11
Table 2 Estimated Annual Soil Loss of Selected Slope Gradients12
FIGURES
Figure! Altitude effect on Temperature
Figure 2 Altitude effect on Relative Humidity and Wind
Figure 3 Altitude effect on Sunshine and Radiation
Figure 4 AJiitude effect on ETP and Effective Rainfall
Figure 5 Altitude effect on Simple Rainfall Deficit
Figure 6 : Altitude effect! on Length of Growing Season
Figure 7 Illustration of the Benefits of Good Contour Conservation Measures
ACRONYMS
EMO. Ethiopian Meteorological Office
FAO. Food and .Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations USBRUnited States Bureau of Reclamation
GIS
Geographic Information System
ERF Effective Rainfall Factor
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1, INTRODUCTION
Climate is given prominence, since it is important to the analysis of cropping potential and the interpretation of climatic features is an important component of any agricultural study. It should be noted that more detailed information and discussion on the various components of climate is provided in Appendix A, Table 1 of this report
Attention has been paid to probability analysis of rainfall data and the application of a model to predict the length of the dependable growing season This is particularly important in Baro- Akobo basin in view of the conjecture over whether or not there is economic justification for supplementary irrigation of crops. It is recognised that this study must embrace long-term as well as short-term considerations, but in terms of national priorities for food self-sufficiency and food security and the limited financial resources available to the Government to promote this, the priorities might lie elsewhere.
The most outstanding need for intervention is to promote the conservation of land and to increase the productivity of its use The limiting factors in this area, as in most of the wetter parts of Ethiopia, are the rate at which the soil can deliver plant nutrients to the crops and the rate at which this capacity is being eroded by the loss of soil The investment of chemical energy in the form of inorganic fertiliser may be seen as an economically robust solution capable of increasing the productivity of much of the land in the basin by a factor of more than five . In view of the financial benefits which are likely to arise and be recognised by farmers, a contract to undertake the work of conserving soil should be made a mandatory component of any intervention The issue of the potential for the manufacture of fertilisers locally has been raised and it is hoped will receive the attention which it deserves
The issue of how to use the water resource of the newly constructed Abobo Dam has been addressed but without treating the capital investment already made as a sunk cost. The potential for the development of sugarcane m the lowlands has been confirmed but in view of the huge production of dryland sugarcane along the Natal coast of the Republic of South Africa in climatic conditions not dissimilar to those of Gambela (apart from a cooler season) the prospects for this crop justifying the development of irrigation are remote. On the contrary, some initiatives are suggested for the development of dryland farming and some of these are economically promising.
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2. ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA
2.1 Climate
2.1.1 Sources of Data
The FAO Agro-meteorological Unit database has provided climate data collected at 25
meteorological stations within and close to the project area boundary These data are long term monthly means of run off from 2 to 50 years and describe temperature, humidity, windrun. sunshine and rainfall The same data set for an additional five stations in the Baro-Akobo basin has been extracted from the ARDCO-GEOSERV report (1995) .Also the Ethiopian Meteorological Office (EMO) made available rainfall data sets for individual years and for different periods from the 1950s to 1980s
Data are summarised by station using the FAO programme Cropwat (1991) and, together with the co-ordinates and altitude of the stations, are presented in Appendix A This programme was used to calculate solar radiation and reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) by Monteith’s modification of Penman's formula The subsequent sector of Cropwat provides a choice of four different methods for estimating the effective rainfall factor Using the method of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), effective rainfall by month were calculated for all sites and Appendix A shows the calculations Appendix B gives the monthly rainfall values for different probabilities of exceedance calculated from the data sets from EMO assuming normal distribution
The project’s Geographic Information System (GIS) has provided the integration of information between the natural resources expertise and the social sciences (.Annex 3E) A subset of climate data from 11 stations along a corridor traversing the basin from west to east, from the floodplain to the highland, has been extracted to assist with summarising the data, it is given in Table 1, Appendix A The following is a description of the climatic features in the context of their importance for agriculture
2.7.2 Temperature
Figure 1 illustrates the effect of altitude on annual mean temperature (mean, maximum and minimum) The relationship, determined by the adiabatic lapse rate, is predominantly linear but becomes mildly quadratic at high altitude probably due to periods of low cloud and mist The range is from about 27 5°C below 500m (masl) on the floodplain to about 17.5 C at 2500m in the highland The range in mean maximum is 35 to 24 C and in mean minimum from 20 to
10C with altitude
Temperature peaks during February and March on the floodplain but high values extend into April on the highlands Below about 700m mean maximum values are in excess of 38 C for two to three months There are short periods of more than 40 C, the critical value for anthesis of some crops, notably maize, but these do not coincide with the cropping season Daytime
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temperature in the lowlands is very stable over the year with mean maximum not falling below JOC even during the rainy season Minimum temperature is even more stable with a variation through the year of no more than 2 C about the yearly average of about 19-21 G These conditions are ideal for tropical crops such as cotton and some plantation crops such as citrus and mango The conditions are ' ideal for the growth of sugarcane but without a markedly cooler period the sucrose content, despite drying off the cane prior to harvest dunng December - March, is not expected to exceed 10%
In contrast, land above about 2,000m is markedly cooler, with mean maximum in the hottest period not exceeding 28 C and generally being in the range 21-26 C. Maximum daytime temperature at this altitude also 'is stable through the year ranging through only about 4 C Minimum temperatures in the highlands seem to be more variable and not so closely related to altitude The annual mean minimum ranges from 15 C at 2,000m at Atnago to 7 C at 2,320m at Fincha, this difference’ is quite 'significant in terms of cropping potential In the warmer pans of the upland zone this temperature range is ideal for sub-tropical and cool tropical crops such as maize, sorghum and many pulses and oilseeds and also for some plantation crops, such as coffee and tea By contrast, the cooler parts would be ideal for temperate crops such as teff wheat, barley, oats, oilseed rape and many vegetables 
21.3 Relative Humidity
Figure 2 illustrates the effect of altitude on annual mean relative humidity Above about 1,200m ihe mean humidity is apparently unaffected by altitude and averages 75-80%, but it is possible that values are slightly lower above 2,000m. This may reflect the mist zone on the upper slope and that, "further from the escarpment, clouds are higher On the floodplain Lhe mean value ts below 70%, and almost certainly the high values at Jikawo are an error in recording. These spurious data have clearly caused underestimation of ETo at this site
Seasonal variation in relative humidity is in (he range 20-40% but 30% is most common. In contrast to drier parts of Ethiopia, at no pan of the basin does relative humidity fall below 50%, and this has a clear impact on the evapotranspiration in the area Conversely, high values of relative humidity characterise much of the area and it must be expecied that fungus diseases of crops wili be more prevalent than m drier areas 
21.4 Wind
Figure 2 shows that altitude has little effect on mean wind speed, but as expecied there is the suggestion that rates are marginally higher on the exposed mid-slopes of the catchment The low value at Agaro may indicate an enor in measurement The annual mean of about 120km/day is in the light category indicating that wind has little impact upon variation in ETo values- Sites on the nud-slopes experience the highest monthly mean values of about 160 km/day, generally in the pre-rainy period of March to May, but even this is a "light" wind
Strong gusts are associated with storms and can cause serious lodging of crops and consequent loss of yield, maize is particularly vulnerable Maize grown by the Anuak near Gambela is known to lodge regularly but after the cobs have matured so that damage is slight
(Assefa Afeta, pers comm ).
*
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There is evidence that measurement of wind speed is casual this may result from the method or instruments employed Older anemometers read either wind velocity (a transient variable, usually recorded directly in m/sec or km/h) or windrun (usually measured in km per 12 or 24 hours) For agro-meteoroiogy. windrun is more important than wind velocity' and its estimation from records of wind velocity is likely to be inherently inaccurate.
2.1.5 Sunshine and Radiation
Hours of bright sunshine have been recorded at all 30 sites covered by this report and the annual mean value of about 6 hours daily shows almost no variation within the basin (Figure 3) Despite this uniformity, there is considerable seasonal variation at all sites, with significant impact on evapotranspiration and growth rate of crops
For the latitude of the basin, the maximum possible sunshine hours vanes little from about II S hours daily in December/January to about 12 4 hours in June/July The most actual sunshine is recorded in the period March to May when skies are clearest and values arc mostly 8 to 9 hours daily The onset of the rainy season produces a dramatic fall in bnght sunshine and values less than 2 hours daily on average in August are recorded
Although temperature also affects net solar radiation, the main determinant of radiation is the clarity of the atmosphere as measured by sunshine Accordingly, values in excess of 20 Ml/ m: daily in April plunge to about 12 during the rainy season This combination of low radiation and high temperature is very unfavourable for crop growth, causing etiolation and weakness It will seriously limit the yield of ramfed codon in the lower basin, coinciding with peak dowering it will cause shedding of bolls and squares. Irrigation would enable sensitive crops to be planted outside the period of low radiation from July to September
2.1.6 E vapotranspiration
Altitude affects the annual amount of evapotranspiration in linear manner as illustrated in
Figure 4. Reference crop evapotranspiration termed PET in the ARDCO-GEOSERV report)
varies from 1,700mm annually on the floodplains to 1,250mm in the highlands Of the four determinants of ETo (temperature, humidity, wind and radiation), it is mainly the Impact of
altitude on temperature which influences ETo
There is considerable seasonal variation in daily ETo In the lowlands values are in excess of
5mm/day during February to April falling to 3-3 Smnvday during the rainy season In the
highlands, the seasonal variation is from 4.5 down to 2 5mm/day These daily rates are not
high in comparison with drier parts of the country
2.1.7 Rainfall
Ramfall daia supplied by the EMO generally are considered more useful and reliable than the mean values from FAO- The exception is the data set for Gambela since the FAO means are for 50 years, but data for only 18 years was available from EMO Many data sets are flawed by missing and some evidently spurious data
The Baro-Akobo basin is a particularly well-watered region of Ethiopia Gore in the project area has an average annual loLal rainfall of over 2,200mm and most of the upper basin has an
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annual total of more Lhan 1.800mm A significant proportion of rain falling during storms is 
lost by run-off and the occasional light rain falling out-of-season when soil and fobage arc ho
is lost by evaporation The" effective" rain Is calculated from total rain by the effective ramfal'
factor (ERF) the method of the USBR has been used in this summary The average ERF is
method based on the notional relationship between mean rainfall and a higher probability °
exceedance, which reduces rainfall in all seasons and hence reflects the evaporation loss of rain
falling out-of-season. Cropwat offers the choice of method,
The “effective" rainfall is a value that is commonly used by USBR to calculate irrigation demand The net irrigation demand is estimated on the basis of the monthly field water requirements minus the 80% reliable monthly (effective) rainfall of an area, based on analysis of a large number (50 +) oi years of monthly records
The alternative is the FAO method based on the notional relationship between mean rainfall and a higher probability of exceedance, which reduces rainfall in al! seasons and therefore reflects the evaporation loss of rain falling out-of-season
Effective average rainfall is about 750mm annually in the lowlands and rises to about 1,250mm in the highland (Figure 4, Altitude effect in ETo and effective rainfall). It is only above 2,OOOm that ETo and effective rainfall reach equality
2.1.8 Seasonal Distribution of Rain fail
The seasonal variation in rainfall follows the same partem throughout the basin with peak 
precipitation during August There is slight bimodality of distribution at some stations with
May exceeding June rainfall. Peak effective rain exceeds 5mm daily in the highlands and 4mm
on the flood plain, dry season rainfall is mostly insignificant Appendix A gives details of
rainfall distribution .
The estimated monthly mean values for different levels of exceedance given in Appendix B reveal striking variation in annual distribution between the north and south of the basin Using the 1 in 20 year rainfall for example. Tepi in the south has nine months annually with significant rainfall (more than 30mm) compared with only five months in Yubdo and Ascsa in the north, with Gore intermediate with six months. Tepi and Yubdo have about the same annual total, Asosa less and Gore more. The more even distribution of rainfall in the south is reflected in the greenness of the vegetation throughout the dry season and contrasts with the parched landscapes of the north.
2.1.9 Rainfall Deficit
Simple rainfall deficit ts the difference between reference crop evapotranspiration and effective rainfall • It is not the deficit against actual crop evapotranspiration This may be somewhat greater dunng the height of the cropping season but less during the early and late season The simple deficit takes no account of moisture stored in the root zone and available to the crop w^n ram/all is first in deficit .As such it is a simple guide to the length of the rainy season and should not be used in land classification
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All regions have at least one month
during which effective
rainfall is in surplus and most have
about six months The total simple
deficit over those
months without a surplus exceeds 
900mm annually in the lowland b
ut at Gore is only 
300mm. Table 2 in Appendix A
summarises the number of months of si
mple deficit
2.1.10 Dependable Growing Season
The ARDCO-GEOSERV report uses 
a stylised model to
indicate a more realistic "length of
growing season" which divides the basin into three zones the floodplain with 4-7 months, the mid-slope with 7-9 months and the highland with 9-12 months
A more fundamental model has been applied to the data from the 15 stations in the Baro- Akobo basin Table 2 in Appendix A summarises the assumptions and the results This model is not quite so optimistic as the FAO model used by ARDCO-GEOSERV and takes into account effective rather than total rainfall and at different: probabilities of exceedance
Based on mean values (50% probability) the length of the dependable growing season on the flood plain is 4-6 months, between 1.000 and 2,000m it is 6-8 months and above 2,000m it is 
eight or more months
On the Gambela plain below 500m masl only about six years in ten have a dependable rainfall of at least four months and sufficient to support good yields of most annual crops From the rainfall data for lung, crops would fail almost one year in two but this more critical situation may be the consequence of less reliable data rather than less reliable rainfall
Climatic conditions for crop development and growth are discussed in various sections of the Report, but especially in this Annex (2l)-at Section 2.1.8, 2.1 9 and 2 1 .10. In summary it was concluded that the Gambela plain below 1000 masl is prone to four dry years in ten, or in other words, the area has only about six years in ten when rainfall might be dependable For this reason the development of irrigation has been included as a possibility For further details refer to Volume II, Section 5 3 2
.Above about 1,000m masl the dependable growing season for annual crops is reliable and failures would occur only about one year in twenty, and even longer than that above 2,000m
masl. In an average season and better, a second rainfed crop should yield well during a dependable growing season of seven or more months. This factor alone offers the scope for an extension initiative with a target of increasing crop production by 25 to 40 %
2.2 Present Cropping
2.2.1 Present Land use and Cropping Patterns
The objective of this section is to review the current use of land for crop production, for details of land use for livestock and associated ecological associations under forest, savannah and national park it is necessary to refer to the respective Annexes (.A, L, E and B respectively). For convenience, the physiographic profile of the basin is divided into (a) floodplain and lower piedmont below the 500m contour, (b) the escarpment zone, and (c) the
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highland zone above about 2,000m The Russian study refers to zone (a) the flower basuf, and the ARDCO-GEOSERV study to zones (b) and (c) combined, termed the upper basin The true areas may be slightly greater because the Russian study provides data for 1987. and the boundaries of the two study areas do not perfectly coincide so that a relatively small strip of land is excluded
The total cultivated crop area in lhe Baro-Akobo basin is at least 554,00011a (Table 3, Appendix A), with niubabor and Welega together accounting for three-quarters of cropland
a
■R
The striking observation is that 97% of all cultivated land falls tn the upper basin The assumption is that most of this is in the highland zone and reflects lhe high density of arable farmers on the land above about 1.800m This conforms very closely to the national average as 95% of the total cultivated area is in the highlands Nationally, only 14% of land is cultivated but by definition the highland is 44% of the national area and home to 88% of the population. By contrast, livestock graze more than half of national land area and only 65% of livestock are located in the highland zone (Volume IV, Land Use and Farming Systems map and Distribution of cattle, sheep, goats and poultry maps refer)
In the farmer survey of the upper basin, nearly all farmers reported mixed farming with rotation of crops (ARDCO-GEOSERV. 1995) Table 4 shows the overall current cropping patterns in the main regions of the basin Cereals dominate the crop range accounting for 75 % of crop area, the proportion is somewhat greater in Kaffa, Asosa and the lower basin and less in Welega. In the two largest zones, lllubabor and Welega, maize (Zea mays) is the most popular cereal but in Asosa and the lower basin, sorghum (Sorghum spp) displaces maize, perhaps on account of its greater reliability under drought conditions Teff (Eragrostis teff), the source of the staple food of the highland people, is particularly important in lllubabor with more than a quarter of the crop area, but much less so in other zones Other small grains are present but of insignificant importance in the Baro-Akobo basin.
Pulses overall account for only 6% of crop area, reflecting heavy dependence on animal
protein as in the rest of Ethiopia The spread of species is fairly wide with horse beans (Vicia faba), field peas (Pi sum arvense) and haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) being equally 
popular, as much for their restorative effect on soil fertility as a source of dietary protein
The oilseed group of crops is represented but overall accounts for a mere 2% of cropping The traditional noug or niger (Guuotia abyssimca) is marginally the most widely grown except in
the lower basin where the Russians had introduced soya bean (Glycine max) and groundnut
(Arachis hypogaea). The availability of animal fat would explain the small production of
oilseeds.
■I
The other crops" group is rather diverse, but the only crop of importance is coffee (Coffea arabica), occupying more than a quarter of crop area in Welega, somewhat less in niubabor and very little or nil in other zones This crop is the only cash crop of importance in the area at present A wide range of very minor crops is produced in the area mainly for local consumption and to enrich the diet There are two tea and two coffee estates established as state farms and two estates near Abobo producing cotton. The crop areas in Table 3 do not include the area of crops on these state farms 
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222 Crop Production
Table 6 shows that the increase in production in Wclega is the result of an increase in cr area .Area and production of all crops except barley increased over the period 1988-1903AA' • most more than doubled
22 3 Estate Farming
The tea was very well established and plucking tables were apparently prolific in production Some plantations had either been pruned back in order to regenerate the tables or had been eradicated, but the reasons for this were not obtained
an d
The coffee estates were relatively well maintained under shade trees of the residual high forest or planted species, of which silver oak (Grevillea robusta) and necm (Azadirachta indtea) were the most evident Many of the residual high forest trees are dying and all were seen to be Polyscius fulva, about the only deciduous type noted, and a fast-growing species with less valuable timber (which probably explains why this species was favoured as shade trees) The reason for the dieback is not clear but is unlikely to be due to the conspicuously greater load of epiphytes on the branches (which may be promoted by the deciduous period allowing more light to them) It may be due either to the change in sub-canopy microclimate or to unrestneted infestation by Armilana melea. The coffee inspected was prone to coffee berry disease (CBD) from which considerable yield is being lost A leaf disease is causing perhaps 10% loss of leaf area and may also be responsible for some loss of yield It may possibly be caused by Amencan leaf spoi (Mycena citricolor) which is a serious disease in C and S America but this would need to be confirmed The pulpery visited only wet-ferments during the main rainy season during which effluent is discharged into the nearby stream
Floodplain Crops. Below about 500m, the zone of the floodplain, the length of the average reliable growing season falls dramatically to about five months, but in one year in four crop yields would be much reduced, and in one year in ten annual crops would fail unless imgated There are several crops, both annuals and perennials, which would produce and in some cases already are producing a marketable yield under these conditions. The settlers brought to the area during the 1980s cleared considerable tracts of land and reputedly produced significant yields of food crops under rainfed conditions. They had extension support and access to fertilisers and seed of improved varieties The reasons for their abandonment of the land and general departure from the area do not lie in the failure of their dryland cropping system.
Cotton. State farms were established at the same time, using the blueprint of the successful Amibara complex of state farms in middle Awash, to produce dryland cotton The average
yields were never as good as in the Awash valley where ui addition to being imgated. the soils 
and management were very much better and more suited to cotton Average yield in the first season was I 8 tonne/ha and rose to 2 0 ilia the next season Thereafter there has been a
linear decline in yield to a low of 558 kg/ha in 1994/95 and an estimated yield for the last
season of 625 kg/ha
A roadside check showed plant population to be low at about 28,000 per ha, which is a wise expedient in an unreliable rainfall regime The average bolls per plant was estimated at less than three and seemed small, and if averaging 4 2 g each, would yield 350 kg/ha of seed
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cotton This was only one site on the farm and may not have been typical, but without doubt, the explanation for the poor yield is the very low number of fruitful bolls per plant.
The very low radiation level of 12 MJ/mVday during August together with high temperature and rainfall in this month mav be expected to cause physiological boll-shedding. Coupled with ihrs is the increasing problem of labour and machinery shortage, which has led to increasing weed competition to which cotton is exceptionally sensitive, particularly when young, If the cotton plant fails to establish a' vigorous 'frame" in the first two months of vegetative growth before the onset of flowering, the consequently weak photosynthetic factory’ (with low net assimilation rate) Is unable to support more than a minimal number of bolls and the rest are shed Added to that problem was the late arrival of the spraying plane from Jima and the consequent serious damage to the crop by American bollworm (Heliolhis armgera) after which damaged bolls abort The other problem noted and confirmed by the Assistant Manager, was boll rot caused bv late rain wetting the already burst but unharvested bolls l-ate rain is said to be sufficiently frequent to be regarded a problem, and the only answer to it is timely harvesting (which requires either a massive seasonal labour force or many harvesting machines) and maybe boll drying facilities.
Fertiliser Use, There is a local opinion that these soils are so fertile as to sustain high monoculture production without supplementary inorganic fertilisers. This may be true of the levee and flooded soils which annually receive a nutrient-rich silt load in the flood water, but is not true for the sandy loam texture soils of the middle and upper terraces such as at the inspection point Furthermore, cotton is a gross feeder for most nutrients and Ca, Mg and K in particular. On similar soils in Uzbekistan, one of the largest cotton producing areas in the world, massive rates of N (300-400 kg/ha of N, not urea) are regarded as essential to sustain cotton yields Part of the decline in yields with time is due to impoverishment of the soil
The present use of fertilisers, pesticides and fungicides is insignificant and the master plan suggests the use of improved technical inputs in order to increase yields. This subject is discussed in further detail in Volume H Chapter 5, Section 5 2.6, Forecast for Agriculture and Food Sector Development
Phosphorous as a fertiliser is applied as part of the compound DAP (di-ammonium super phosphate), that contains 18% of nitrogen and 46% of phosphate, in the fonn of PiCh In addition to DAP, Urea (containing about 46% N) is imported, which indicates that nitrogen fertilisers are regarded as more important MOA operates a nation-wide blanket fertiliser application rate that appears to have been in use for some time. However, without strategically located detailed fertiliser trial plots and concrete local recommendations, it would be difficujt to provide sound advice on the use of the correct mix for the known soil types in the basin
Section 2 5 1, records that the use of fertilisers is ‘insignificant” in the project area and according to the upper basin survey (ARDCO-GEOSERV), onlv- about 290 metric tonnes were used during the 1992 93 season
2.2.4 Crop Fields from Subsistence Farming
Tables 5 and 6 in Appendix A give the average yields claimed to be obtained in the regions of the basin Reliability of these data is not expected to be very guod on account of the great
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difficulty there is in measuring them with any accuracy The source of data mostly is by measurement of sample plots, a programme conducted by the Russian consultants and routinely by agents of the Central Statistics Authority The ARDCO-GEOSERV team sent questionnaires to local officials and conducted their own sample survey of fanners Yield levels from the three sources mostly correspond, but the greatest and most important difference is with the maize yield, 1.2 t/ha according to ARDCO-GEOSERV and a mean of about 1.6 t/ha from the sample surveys by Central Statistics Authority Except inasmuch as those for maize are rather high, most yields conform to the levels expected of this type of production in all parts of the developing world.
With crop production being almost wholly for subsistence it is not surprising that yield levels are very low The predominant method of production in Ethiopia is ox-tillage of the land, making simple furrow drains through the field where drainage is impeded, sowing of own-kept seed, keeping the crop weed-free by hand labour, and harvesting by hand The source of nutrients to sustain this level of production is meagre nitrogen in rainwater and fixed by soil organisms, and other nutrients by decomposition of the generally abundant primary minerals in the soil Re-cycling of organic residues is at a very low level as livestock consume most crop residues and cow dung is commonly dried for use as a 'fuel together with woody residues The harvest of grain and removal of straw represents a net loss of all nutrient elements and a basic system of production which limits yields to the low- levels obtained
The following determine yield levels
•
rainfall,
•
the inherent soil mineralogy,
•
the previous crop and the degree of recycling of organic residues (which includes the
level of extraction of organic materials from the site),
•
the natural drainage state,
•
the length of fallow and, most of all,
•
the rate of loss of topsoil by erosion
In the ARDCO-GEOSERV survey, only 15% of fanners interviewed said they practised shifting cultivation, and only 52% were able to fallow their land for 1-2 years In consequence, cropping intensity in the highland zones is about 70% and only in Assosa is it low at 22%.
The consequence of the current levels of these factors is a potentially sustainable but low level of productivity- (yield per unit area) but regrettably one which almost invariably in practice declines National annual growth in agricultural production in the last decade has averaged 0.9%, far below the population growth rate of nearly 3% The Table 1 summarises the rate of increase in national cropped area (excluding Tigray) during the period 1988 to 1994.
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r Table 1. Rate of lherease in National Cropped Area, 198$ -1994
—
Crop type
1988/89
1989/90
] 990/91
1991/92
1994/95
Average
(% P»)
Cereals
100
102
80
73
108
1.3
Pulses
----- -------- — 100
100
101
106
110
132
53
Other crops
111
113
97
154
9.0
Total
100
102
84
83
112
2.0
Source Statistical Bulletins, Central Statistical Authority
The rate of increase tn the area of pulses and oilseeds has been much greater than that of
cereals but the statistics also imply a real fall in the average plane of nutrition because the rate
of increase in cropped area has averaged 2% compared with 0 9% in production This 
indicates a fair tn productivity of land overall There are undoubtedly several factors operating,
not least of which will be
• the degradation of cropland by erosion,
• the use of ever more fragile and marginal land as population pressure increases,
• the shortening of the fallow cycle leading inevitably to continuous cultivation, and
• the dependency upon meat for dietary protein and the consequent relative
unimportance of leguminous crops which enrich the soil for subsequent crops.
It is beyond the capacity of an average subsistence farmer unaided to intervene in this cycle of decline driven by growing population pressure. The traditional response has been to cut more forest but with only 3% of the Ethiopian land surface now under primary forest, mostly on steep slopes and shallow and erodible soils, this option has limited scope The next response has been to move further into less productive ecosystems areas of less reliable rainfall and coarse-textured soils and marshes where the need for drainage exposes once stable ecosystems to degradation and mav.upset the pattern of flow of water in the catchment
2.3 Soil Erosion
The southern highlands are characterised by andosols and mtisols, robust young soils formed on volcanic basalt and pyroclastic parent material rich in reserves of mafic minerals, so that 2 1 lattice clays predominate These soils have high CEC and base saturation, and soil colloids are strongly aggregated, permeability is reasonable and soils are consequently stable The rainfall is well distributed (see above) and maintains a vigorous and continually green vegetation cover. Even when steep slopes are cultivated, erosion is visibly almost absent except where cattle tracks down slopes have accentuated the impact of gully erosion
The northern highlands are more variable in parent material and although patches of volcanic rock occur there are extensive tracts of metamorphosed sediments, gneiss and schist Soils typically are acrisols and cambisols, and many are skeletal. Acrisols are the most leached and
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possess few weatherable mafic mineral reserves In consequence they' have less clay but more of the 1 1 lattice type, much lower CEC. and base saturation below 50 %, Colloids are more dispersed and the soils much more fragile These soil arc much less fertile, have lower water holding capacity so that with more erosive rainfall concentrated into a shorter rainy period than at equivalent altitude in the south, the natural vegetation is more sparse and becomes more combustible in the dry season. The scars of gully erosion are very much more evident but the losses from sheet erosion, though not so visible, are much greater, as can be demonstrated by applying the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Furiher details concerning soil loss and soil degradation is discussed in Volume U (Appendix)
The Table 2 shows the estimated annual soil loss for selected slope gradients down a 30Cm unprotected slope (loss in mm of soil per year).
Table 2. Estimated Annual Soil Loss of Selected Slope Gradients
Wereda
Land Use
Slope Gradient
2%
10%
20%
Yubdo
Sorghum
3
23
108
Yubdo
Permanent Grass
0
0
1
Tememja Yazhi
Sorghum
0
3
15
The high rate of loss of soil in the worst case is almost all sheet erosion - the loss of soil generally over the soil surface once raindrops mobilise the soil particles as a result of the kinetic energy of their impact. A good leaf canopy over the soil to intercept the raindrops and dissipate the energyr before it reaches the soil has a huge effect on the rate of loss As the permeable topsoil is eroded away, increasingly the less permeable subsoil is exposed but this is also more compact so that the rate of soil loss falls Therefore, soil fertility and crop yields decline. At the same time, as permeability falls, runoff increases so that the rate of surface water flow is greater and is increasingly concentrated in runnels. Erosion by this increased flow' then causes gully erosion and, if not controlled, patches of the old land surface become isolated by deep scars in the landscape
On agricultural land, there are two types of control measure which are required: (a) contour bunding or terracing to minimise sheet erosion, and (b) protected waterways to prevent or minimise gullying There have been some perfunctory attempts to make contour bunds in the upper basin and it is worth noting thai mostly the riparian vegetation in the natural waterways is mainly intact The problems are that
• little of the cropland is protected,
• the few contour bunds in evidence have been badly installed;
■ oblique drainage furrows are locally common in the north east of the basin.
• there is little or no attempt to arrest gullies;
land immediately upslope above the natural waterways has been cleared for cultivation; and
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, erosion control can only be effected as pan of good farming practice but is seen by 
farmers as a non-productive activity
The practice of cleanng land immediately above natural but deeply incised waterways has exposed sod to the combmed impact of enhanced sheet and gully erosion and several major landslips were noted in the northern area Protection of natural waterways is a legal obligation on farmers in some countries and land cultivation closer than a defined hunt is forbidden
The practice of making furrows obliquely across the slope in small grain crops in order to improve the soil drainage is increasingly common towards the eastern boundary of the catchment Doubtless a legacy' of the practice on the upland plains, it is exceedingly nsky in accelerating runoff velocity on the steeper slopes on these more fragile soils, and probably unnecessary The importance of retaining the soil is much greater than the need to evacuate excess water
Some stabilisation of gullies by tree planting has been organised Once runoff flows have been concentrated and velocities are high, tree planting is insufficient to control gullying, and expensive engineering with gabions and masonry weirs may be the only solution in extreme cases. The important consideration is that the preservation of natural waterways with an undisturbed grass cover is by far the cheapest and most effective solution this needs forethought, planning and the clear understanding and co-operation of the local community
There is no easy solution to the problem of farmers' perception of soil conservation Unless farmers understand the tangible benefits of long-term protection of land the enforcement of such measures can and has led to rural political instability'. Much conservation work has been achieved under the "food-for-work" programme and as such it has come to be regarded as a State responsibility. Even worse is that deliberate destruction of conservation works has been reported because maintenance of structures likewise is paid for.
2.4 Irrigation
Some 11,000 ha of crops in the basin are thought to be irrigated Some of this total may be small areas irrigated by stream diversions, however most is likely to be the traditional system in the highland north-east of the area, termed "bone"
Soils formed on metamorphosed sediments are very credible and the filling of the bottoms of formerly" deeply incised valleys by colluvium from the flanking hillsides gives a very characteristic cross section, formerly marshy, the valley floors have been drained by a herring bone partem of shallow drams and are now intensively cultivated during the dry season Crops benefit from a water table controlled at about 30cm, which’is a form of sub-surface irrigation During the rainy season, the land is too wet to cultivate. The most commonly grown crop is maize for harvest and sale as green cobs which command a high price out of season
Perennials such as ensete and bananas are grown at the periphery. These lands are much prized and the right to their use is passed on from generation to generation
The
length of the dependable growing season has been shown above to be too short to give
reliable rainfed cropping below about 1.000m mask The consequence of occasional crop
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failure is a corresponding food shortfall However, this should not be confused with th regular Anuak food shortfall said by officials of UNHCR and the Wereda administration to ? two months each year This seems to have arisen by the elimination of most of the o c animals on which the Anuak traditionally depend, by refugees, settlers and itinerant militia A second factor may he population pressure on the limited levee land resource. Ra, f cropping on the floodplain without supplementary irrigation is inherently risky, but croon' on the residual moisture of the receding annual flood should be sufficient to obtain rehab? yield of short-season crops Rice production has been introduced and offers potential r nprao. The Anuak cropping the narrow levees of the main rivers crossing the plain
able Io produce two and occaatonally three crops a year partly on residual moisture and „atA by hauling water up the bank to irrigate in times of drought
2.5 Financial Analysis of Cropping 2.5.1 Use of Tech nology Inputs
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
¥
p
According io the upper basin survey, the use of technology inputs is insignificant in the area at
present. In the 1992/93 season, only 294t of fertiliser, mainly di-ammonium phosphate (DAP),
20% N 20% P or 46% P O , was used:
25
this is an average of 0.22kg of nutrients per ha of crops 
and compares with more than lOOkg/ha in developed countries, some 500 times more. The farmer survey suggested the main reasons for not using fertiliser to be that none is available, and secondly, the lack of cash to buy it even were it to be available Late supply was a minor reason, as was (he lack of knowledge about how to use it (15% of farmers in both cases).
Almost no pesticides are currently used in the basin even though only 5% of farmers said they had no pest problems Nearly half of farmers stated that pesticides are locally unavailable and almost as many said they could not afford to buy them anyway The proportion admitting to lack of know ledge was again 15% Control of weeds is most commonly by hand and farmers on average weed twice, wiih the greatest attention being paid to maize and sorghum
The major crop pests in the basin include harmful insects, nematodes and rodents. The crops which suffer from pests are: beans, citrus, coffee, cotton, cowpea and tomato. These crops may need 4-8 sprays of appropriate chemicals to ensure acceptable yields Crops which are often damaged by insects include: barley, cabbage, maize, sorghum, sugar cane, sunflower, onions, and pepper . One or two well-timed sprays of appropriate chemicals will normally be sufficient for these crops. Banana, carrot, legumes, groundnuts, millets, soybeans, sweet potatoes, tea. and wheai are occasionally damaged by insects As is the case anywhere in Ethiopia, the reduction in crop growth is the result of insufficient supplies of plant nutnenis Yield reduction can also be caused by the activities of toxins produced by bacteria, fungi' and viruses Many ot these diseases are soil or seed borne, which may be aggravated by deficiencies or excess of some soil minerals or lack of drainage.
Most fanners use their own seeds which are almost al! local provenances A quarter of farmers exchange seeds with neighbours and nearly the same number buy them back from the grain merchants poor to planting This fact seems to indicate a storage problem. Three in four farmers staled there was either no source of seeds of improved varieties or that the supply was
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inadequate One in three farmers had insufficient cash to buy them anyway and 18% were unaware of their existence (or one supposes) the possible benefit
Harvesting of crops is exclusively by hand Threshing is predominantly manual with 35% of fanners using animals to assist and only 8% using only animals Threshing machines arc not commonly available Post-harvest losses by rodents, insects and rotting m the domestic gram stores, which are most commonly used, are believed to be very considerable.
Commodity prices and crop financial gross margins together with financial analysis ot subsistence farming has been updated and are discussed in Annex 3E
2.5.2 Adverse effects of Technology Inputs
If lavishly applied and at an inappropriate time, fertilisers can have adverse effects, especially on water courses Given the very low level of current use in the project area, this is unlikely to be a problem, of more concern should be the promotion of their use Appropriate training for farmers is important, however, to maximise the effectiveness of fertilisers used
Pesticides and other agri-chemicals may have adverse effects if used inappropriately and
excessively If their use is focussed to maximise the return on their high cost, however, they 
can be hugely beneficial Careful training is therefore very important to ensure that agri
chemicals are used appropriately, so that there are no adverse side effects and that the fanners understand that there are both positive and negative effects of the use of such chemicals
Most so-called "improved varieties" of seeds have been selected under ideal growing
conditions, generally far removed from the conditions prevailing in subsistence agriculture
World-wide expenence is that the uninformed introduction of such varieties without a
concomitant package of improvements, which mostly includes inorganic fertiliser and a
commitment to more effective weed control, has led to local disenchantment with them and
possible financial nsk to the farmer
2.6 Nutrition
2.6.1 Nutritional Requirements of Farming Families
The national average nutritional energy consumption is reported to be 6 6 MJ per person daily and the Government’s target is to raise this to 8 8 MJ Table 7 (Appendix A) gives a more detailed summary of nutritional requirements for energy and protein . The table uses the estimated demographic composition in the project area (interpolated from the report of the Demographer) in order to estimate weighted averages for each population group The overall weighted averages are 9 6 MJ of energy and 38g of protein daily per person The energy estimate is 9% greater than the Government target but is 30% less than the weighted average of 13.6 MJ calculated using criteria for Europe As it is estimated by FAO ‘from nutrition studies in Africa it is considered to be accurate
The Russian report draws attention to the current estimated shortfall in energy intake between the assumed average daily diet and the WHO standard requirement The shortfall was 
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estimated at about 30% in the mid-80s.The Russian report’s design estimate of average daih
per capita intake is 10MJ and 39g of energy and protein respectively The biological value of
protein is as important as quantity, but with 28g being of animal origin, the Russian proposal
seems rather high
2.7.2 Nutritional Status of Farming Families and their Livestock
The energy and protein content of the fraction of the farm production not sold (and therefore assumed to be consumed) is summed and presented as a percentage of the total yearly need of the family No account is taken of the biological value of the various protein sources but the indications of superabundance of dietary protein suggests that this may not be a significant consideration in the average case No account likewise is taken of minor dietary needs, such as vitamins, minerals and fatty acids which would need more specific study A significant proportion of cereal grains, said by FAO to be 11% of dietary energy needs in Rwanda, is drunk as local beer, but the feed value is considered here to be unchanged by brewing
The family’s nutritional status seems to be very sensitive to assumptions aboul the proportion
of the production which is sold off the farm Since real values were unknown in this study,
values have been adjusted such that the proportion consumed by the average family is 77% of
their total requirement This is the proponion of the national target of 8 8 MJ per person daily 
which in a policy document from Government is said to be present average national
consumption However, the values for off-farm sales have important implications for the consumption patterns of families on farms which are "not average" (which is nearly all of
them), of the urban consumers, for regional surplus of grains and their movement out of the
area Furthermore, care must be exercised in assessing off-farm sales since grain sold after
harvest may subsequently be repurchased at times of need In some areas there are strong
cultural conventions which require communal sharing of food and drink with neighbours,
which sometimes is also a practical expedient, such as when an ox is slaughtered.
The model calculates the feed value of the crop residues as a percentage of the livestock’s' computed annual requirement Metabolisable energy content in roughage for ruminants is used as the standard. In this case, insufficiency of dietary protein is the major constraint, crop residues satisfying a mere 2% of requirement, so that the need to free-range graze is imperative Again, data on the extern of such facilities are not available and at best the model stylises the estimated need This is done by assuming that free-range grazing is equivalent to the notional consumption of hay from a paddock of grass of moderate productivity and nutrient content It equates to 5 4 ha of grazing per farm or 55,000 ha in the wereda and is much greater than the 8,100ha said to be available, thereby implying at least seasonal malnutrition of livestock
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ANNEX 21 A
GRICULTURE
3, SECTOR TARGETS, CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITI
ES
3.1 National Strategy
The history- and current status of agricultural development
in
the country
was
reviewed
Its 
title 'is "Agriculture Sector Strategy" and is believed to orig
ina
te from the
staff
of the Pr
une
Minister's Office it is undated but probably was released in early 1995 Since then several documents have been received which are official, but they merely endorse what has been summarised below
The proposed objectives are as follows:
• to improve the quality of life of rural people by higher incomes, belter nutrition, health and education, to promote equity and personal freedom and reduce poverty,
• to increase food supply in quality and quantity to improve rural nutrition and supply surplus to urban people al affordable prices;
• to increase and diversify the supply of raw materials for industry and for export and to promote a strong linkage with the industrial sector and maximise the countrys foreign exchange earnings, and
• to make agriculture the driving force for economic development: a dynamic agriculture will stimulate demand in other sectors of the economy.
Growth in the agricultural sector could be realised through improvement of productivity of (a) smallholder agriculture and (b) commercial and intensive agriculture
5. J. I Smallho/den
The thrust of the proposal is to combine the resources of land, labour and capital in a more efficient and productive manner, A defined component of this strategy is to more efficiently exploit the relationship between cropping and ruminant animals than has been achieved in the past through research and extension This cannot be achieved without "improvement in
production techniques... biological chemical and mechanical technologies as well as cultural practices". The problems discussed in Section 2, of degrading resources and diminishing land
holding arc recognised and must be addressed The initial strategy is said to be the "W-otjT method of raising productivity to increase the opportunities for family labour by the deployment of simple technologies and to reduce the urban drift. The following strategies are proposed.
* institutional support, appropriate research, better training for extension staff and
closer links between the two,
promote fanner associations and facilitate marketing and processing of produce,
promote rural development banks and improve credit facilities;
better veterinary facilities, research on livestock nutrition, upgrading of genetic resources of local livestock and encouragement for pastoralists to participate in development without threat to their traditional values;
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ANATURAL RESOURCES
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• emphasis on appropriate measures for sustainable development in the more
drought-prone areas,
• promotion of coffee production to exploit the unique genetic resources present in the country.
• "develop irrigation research capacity to develop techniques for efficient use of water particularly for conditions with limited supplies of irrigation water in the dryland
farming systems",
• intensification of the crop-livestock production system through multiple cropping, use of legumes, the judicious and efficient use of inorganic and organic fertilisers and soil amendments, combination with organic fertilisers, improved seeds and practices, soil and water conservation;
• in the long run, the local production of inorganic N and P fertilisers from indigenous materials to minimise the forex burden,
• improve timing of sowing in relation to probability of rain (more critical than total rainfall) with "due attention to dryland grain production ",
• in rainfall erratic areas to encourage adoption of simple technologies for supplemental "small and medium scale irrigation and water harvesting" and "support for spring development, river diversion and small-scale irrigation development schemes";
• "attention will be paid to develop the fishing industry which has remained virtually unexploited associated with small and medium scale irrigation schemes";
• rural development based on the rational use of natural resources, "special attention to afforestation, water and soil conservation, watershed management and catchment development",
•
inter-sectoral co-ordination of development effort, including much-needed infrastructure,,
• legislation to ensure security of tenure and land use but allow markets to determine prices and avoid over-taxation of producers;
• devolve power, promote community participation in rural development, protect autonomy and independence but encourage voluntary work and supply of materials for local development; and
• promote small and medium local agro-industries for local and export markets (including farm implements, livestock feeds, organic fertilisers, cottage industries).
• Attention shall be paid to promote post-harvest technologies in order to improve, preserve and minimise loss of production
3.1.2 Commercial Scale Farming
The promotion of commercial scale farming is envisaged,_with lone-term lease of ]and not occupied by small holders and in a way which would "not jeopardise the livelihood of
pastoralists"... "it is m these regions that most of the motor rivers could ho nut mtn uzo for
21-18NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
of the decade, with foreign investment an important feature, but "rhe most critical factor is
farm management" In the main it 'will be based on large-scale irrigation schemes... producing large and reliable harvests with higher levels of productivity per manhour
3.2 Implications for the Master Plan
It is clear from the foregoing statements that Government's objective, which the Master Plan must take into account, is low-key rural development with emphases on
• improving soil fertility as cheaply as possible;
• protection of the environment,
• more scientific interaction between cropping and livestock feeding; and
• small to medium scale irrigation in the drier regions of the country.
In addition, the development of large scale, highly mechanised irrigation schemes with private sector involvement is also pan of the strategy for areas such as the lower Baro-Akobo basin
Such schemes will have to yield high financial rates of return to attract the necessary private sector finance and be economically viable if the associated investment of government funds 
(e g joint venture capital and/or supporting infrastructure) is to be justified
3.27 Supply of Fertilisers
It is argued in Section 2 that subsistence agriculture is presently mining the soil's fertility and that the soil’s ability to deliver the nutrients is the factor most limiting rainfed crop productivity in the basin (and in all wetter parts of Ethiopia) A source of chemical energy in the form of inorganic fertiliser nutrients can completely transform the productivity of crop and animal production. Provided the present economic environment for agriculture continues and that the inorganic fertiliser is used scientifically, there is absolutely no reason to suppose that it is not an indefinitely sustainable system (despite what some ill-informed critics might assert) The most urgent needs are for a larger, more reliable and if possible, cheaper source of fertilisers in rural areas, and credit assistance for farmers to purchase it.
Private traders are now importing fertilisers from the world market and distributing them. However, these sales are concentrated in areas close to their stores leaving the Government (Agricultural Input Supply Enterprise), which used to be the monopoly supplier and distributor of fertilisers, to sell in areas far away from the main centres As a result the present system of national prices for fertilisers (i,e, subsidising the cost of fertilisers in the more remote areas from sales close to the distribution centres) is breaking down However, the Government is committed to privatising the marketing centres by 1997 and to removing the fertiliser subsidy completely in 1998 In 1995 the fertiliser price far urea was Bin 1.68/kg and the subsidy Birr 0 72/kg The corresponding figures for DAP are Birr L78 and Birr 0.78/kg respectively. In
1996 the Government is expected to reduce these subsidies to about Birr 0.5/kg. In view of the poor level of development of the physical and commercial infrastructure in the Baro- Akobo basin, it seems unlikely that availability of fertiliser will increase significantly in the immediate future if distribution is left to the private sector alone,
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3.2.2 Local Production of Fertiliser
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
Perhaps one of the most significant opportunities to utilise the hydraulic resources of the Baro-Akobo basin is the generation of cheap hydropower and its use on site for the production of fertilisers The single most important component of nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers is the energy required to produce them
It has been reported that a survey has investigated the extent of a low-grade rock phosphate source about 20 km from Gimbi After crushing and treatment with sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid is extracted, and the phospho-gypsum by-product has an important use in the reclamation of saline and alkaline soils The phosphoric acid may then be used to enrich the phosphate extraction from the raw rock for the production of triple super-phosphate and, after ammoniation. DAP
There is no additional information available at this stage, which would suggest the extent of the total reserve of low-grade rock phosphate near Gimbi More detailed explorations would be required to establish this. At this stage it is not possible to estimate whether this deposit is economically viable
The cheapest source of nitrogen fertiliser is as a by-product of the petro-chemical industry 
The alternative is extraction of atmospheric nitrogen by the Harber-Bosch process where the requirement is a cheap source of power This could be achieved on site also
A source of muriate of potash that could be mined is said to exist in the crystallised bed of an ancient sea on the border with Eritrea. It was "sandwiched" between sodium chloride and divalent salts by differential crystallisation as the seawater evaporated
Thus the three primary nutrients could be locally available and furthermore could be compounded into different ratios of N P K at a factory in or close to the Baro-Akobo basin It is recommended that a feasibility study of this opportunity should follow quickly on completion of the exploration of the phosphate source and of the hydropower potential in this study.
3.2.3 Soil Conservation
The adequate construction of conservation measures must involve qualified- surveyors with the necessary equipment, such as a dumpy or .Abney level It is necessary to plan the intervention carefully and with the full agreement and co-operation of the local community, so that grass waterways for the discharge of runoff can be permanently marked and regarded as sacrosanct by farmers They may be grazed lightly but never burnt. The need for collective planning is made clear by the impossibility of one farm discharging runoff water indiscriminately over the land below Implementation of a collective plan in high population density areas may entail the loss of land io designated waterways by certain owners or users in pursuit of the common good, and compensation will be involved
"Contour bunds" is a misnomer since they need to be carefully and deliberately pegged out not on the contoui but across the slope on a steady gradient of 1 in 300-400, in order to control the velocity of flow of runoff water and allow' sediment to be retained along the bund The distance between the bunds up the slope depends on the slope gradient and soil erodibility. but
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
21-20NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
.Annex E shows the effect of length of slope on the annual soil loss; the closer the bunds the better but the percentage loss of land increases If terraces are the ultimate objective the bunds should be made from the downslope side only as in Figure 7. The discharge from the bunds is directly into the designated grass waterway.
The distance between bunds varies according to climate, soil and conditions of social acceptability in each country and region of countries The experience in Ethiopia is that farming methods using oxen dictate the distance between bunds more than different formulae or experience outside the country A field occupied by bunds closer than 5 metres spacing is too close for most farmers to accept on land steeper than rolling Bunds wider apart than 5
*> ■
metres would be too wide to be effective. It would be useful it the technical design of structural soil conservation could form a component of the master plan implementation phase In this connection it is thought that the compilation and preparation of a soil conservation manual for Ethiopia should be seriously considered as part of a soil conservation project
On steeply sloping fragile soils which have nor yet been eroded, the early construction of proper contour bunds can lead to the natural formation of terraces, thereby protecting the land from serious soil loss in perpetuity Figure 7 illustrates the process as a time sequence, where the gradual formation of terraces, can reduce soil loss from as much as 1,000 to 10 tonnes per ha per year.The only drawbacks are
• the regular maintenance work to heighten and protect the bunds,
• the growth of weeds on the bunds and consequent invasion of the fields,
• the loss of about 10-15% of the cultivable area, and
• loss of fertility on the upper part of the terrace with exposure of the subsoil by erosion
The latter can be overcome by the concentrated application of organic fertilisers in such location to accelerate the process of soil formation
Except on stony and very steep land there is a case for using mouldboard ploughs as an adjunct to soil conservation measures since they turn the soil over in one direction (unlike the local plough which merely churns Lhe soil) It is advisable to always throw the soil uphill to reverse the downward movement of the soil by sheet erosion
As noted in Section 2. farmers perceive conservation works as a "non-productive11 activity and in Ethiopia, as in many countries, have come to regard it as the responsibility of the Slate In fact, it is essential for ihe long-term survival of the fanner and in the interest of his own successors that he should accept personal responsibility for the work before the landscape has been seriously degraded Thus the essential components of a successful intervention are
• right of inheritance of farm land,
intervention at a local political level to underline the emphasis which Government places on ihe long-term importance of such conservation measures,
community level co-operation in planning to ensure the optimisation of designs and discharge of water, and collective responsibility for protection of waterways, suitably qualified and equipped surveyors (whose input might be paid for by the- Government or a levy on the farmer); and
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Developmenl Master Plan
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ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
• some incentive to farmers to encourage them to take the initiative seriously and to act responsibly with regard to the implementation and regular maintenance of the measures.
The first three items are measures to which the Government can respond by creating the appropriate political climate. The creation of an effective regional-level soil conservation service with the commitment to payment of salaries also is a political commitment in the first instance
The necessary initial equipment and training of surveyors is an item eminently suited for donor funding A component of such a project might be the importation of mouldboard ploughs in order to test their local acceptability and to investigate the opportunity for their manufacture in Ethiopia
The matter of farmer incentive requires careful handling Were the principle of food-for-work to continue, the ground-rules should be more clearly defined and enforced with great discipline, and that all grain purchases should be from the local and not the international market A better incentive might be the obligatory linkage of conservation work with a Global- 2000 type of intervention as is recommended below
3-14 Crop Improvement without Irrigation
In drier areas of the country, the unreliability of the rainfall arguably is of higher priority, but above about 1,000m in the Baro-Akobo basin, in an average year the season is long enough for a single crop without supplementary irrigation (Table 2, .Appendix A) Above about
1,500m the length of the 80% reliable growing season reaches six months which is more than adequate for single cropping and limited double cropping The main identifiable constraint io improved production is the supply of soil nutrients
The Sasakawa-Global 2000 foundation has operated an extension-based intervention aimed at increasing the productivity of subsistence farming The programme involves the supply of a package of fertiliser and seed of an improved variety for 0.5ha. The fanner pays half the cost of the inputs in advance and the remainder after harvest and receives intensive training in the crop husbandry requirements of the crop The sensitivity analysis shown in the table (scenarios 2-4) provides convincing evidence that maize is financially robust and is testimony to the popularity of this crop Response measured in terms of return to investment, to labour and to oxen, were all highly favourable Farmers' crops of wheat on vertisols and non-vertisols responded in similar manner to maize but not quite to the same degree Sensitivity analyses based on lower yield and price and loss of input subsidy all revealed a favourable response to the improvement package
Annex 3E provides more detailed financial analysis of the performance under improved cultural conditions Crops grown without irrigation should respond favourably in an average year without moisture stress to a modest package of improvements centred on inorganic fertilisers, some pest control and seed of improved varieties. In some cases with reduced crop prices but higher yields, the gross output increases substantially more than the variable costs required to produce them, including unsubsidised fertiliser and contingency applications of agro-chemicals This assumes a farmer uses the new technologies on two-thirds of his land but
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21-22ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
NATURAL RESOURCES
without changing the cropping pattern It may be worth noting that if this level of response and adoption warn .o be recorded throughout rhe highlands of Ethrop.tu the country would rapidly move through self-sufficiency into export of the major crops
Chapter 5 of Volume II provides detailed information regarding the planning scenarios considered it is clear that regardless of any inigation developed, the majonty of farmers within the basin would continue to rely on rainfed cropping There are however some common elements to any scenario considered namely catchment management
Provided the Sasakawa-Global 2000 concept is not misinterpreted, there is every reason to believe that this ts-pe of intervention would be effective in the more populated areas of niubabor and West Welega However this intervention is more expensive than the Government’s “copy farmer” concept If the Government of Ethiopia wishes to promote the Sasakawa extensioiVcredit system the following provisos should be taken into account
* Government acts to ensure the availability of the right fertilisers in the area al the right time and nght price (import parity price) and that they are accessible to the majority of farmers.
" the intervention is equipped with the same initial ratio of trained extension agents to farmers (1 10) and the necessary 50% initial credit (about Birr 170 per fanner at economic prices),
‘ Government acts to ensure that localised seasonal surplus of grains does not reduce the market price to below about Birr 50 per quintal (bearing in mind the stated intervention buying price of bitt 70/q and the import parity price of Birr 100/q), and
• there is national and regional political and community support for the programme.
The indications of political support are good in that it is understood that Government is introducing a modified version of Sasakawa-Giobal 2000. It has been reported that the Government has set a target of400,000 "copy farmers" nationwide who would receive 25% of the Sasakawa-Giobal 2000 package
The dangers in this massive programme are that a large number of extension agents would be required by the MOA. who at present might not have the technically well-prepared staff-for this kind of intervention At present the extension agent to farmer ratio is I 2,000 and the agent cannot support more than a small fraction of this number
Sasakawa-Giobal 2000 are correct in restricting ihe use of the package only to a few' contact farmers and that improvements must embrace all aspects of good husbandry. This is critically necessary in order to ensure the full benefits, and that farmers avoid the all too common experience of being unable to repay the credit at the end of the season
J. 2.5 CosA Crops in the Upper Basin
Highland Arabica coffee represents the major cash cropping resource of the project area (and currently of the country) The world market is currently afflicted by falling demand and increasing production A recent international meeting of producer countries failed to agree on ’imitation of production and the long-term (2005) forecast for the world market is prices of
low grade Aratucas anc all Robustos are set to steadily fall, while demand for quality highland
TAMS-C LG Baro-Akobo River Banin kitefratrd Development Master Plan’
21-23NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
Arabicas will remain stable This suggests that Ethiopia should be able to capitalise on this demand with interventions to improve yields and quality of production Coffee development js the responsibility of the Coffee Development Authority, through whom any interventions should be channelled
3.2.6 Rain fed Cropping in the Gambela Plain
Dryland annual cropping in the Gambela area previously has been extensive and successful as described above, and the reasons for the failures do not include rainfall deficit, but are mostly failures of management
Harvesting of the gums of the wild Acacia spp is an ancient trade in the area but is in decline on account of the destruction of the trees for firewood and by burning, disruption to the traditional marketing routes and low prices paid to collectors by the Government trading organisation Annex 2E, Appendix 1 shows the per hectare cash flow for an organised plantation of Acacia trees being grown as a crop for the production of gum arabic using very tentative data but current price to collectors Protection of the trees from burning (by constant attention to firebreaks) and from browsing by animals such as camels, large antelope and elephant (by guards and regular maintenance of fences) would be essential Apart from the costs of establishment and protection, it seems that such plantations would yield acceptable rewards to investors
Based on the observation of a single healthy tree in the compound of the state farm at Abobo, Annex 3E shows the per hectare cash flow for a plantation of cashew (Anacardium occidentale). This is a drought resistant tree which yields, in addition to the fruit, one of the world's most widely traded and highest priced confectionery nuts -The climate in the Gambela plain would seem ideal and the only other requirement is a deep, freely drained soil of good fertility The upper and middle tenaces without an indurated layer (iron pan, ferricrete, cuirasse, laterite) which is known to underlie some of the area, would seem suitable. Using very tentative data an 1RR of at least 15% would seem possible Plantations can be established by direct seeding and once established require little maintenance but protection as described for gum arabic A source of superior seed would need to be located, as wild trees vary greatly in productivity, and a shelling factory would need to be established in the locality Hand shelling of nuts is possible (with great care to protect hands of operators in view of the vesicant oil in the shells) but modem processing would be preferred and would enable the extraction of the marketable oil from the shells A joint venture enterprise is recommended
Mature mango trees appear to yield well in the area close to the rivers but the fruit quality is 
not good by international standards Citrus would probably yield equally well in the area
although none was seen Annex G gives a notional cash flow for both these fruits using an approximate economic pnce, not dissimilar to the cun-ent financial price, of Birr 1 00 per kg
With a mature yield of 25 t/ha of fruit, which would appear reasonable for selected varieties 
but without irrigation, the IRR is a reasonable 15%
3.2.7 Arable Improvements for the Anuak
The pastoralist groups of the Gambela plain have large cattle holdings, are capital-rich and insulated against drought years The Anuak have no cattle and as indicated above, the current
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21-24NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
disiress caused by a seasonal food shonfall ™y be caused as much by .he eradical,on of wild
game as land pressure for levee land -
Several interviews with Anuak groups revealed a consistent dwtre for the large African hoe to replace the traditional digging stick, which they perceive (rightly) as limiting the cropping area that they are able to cultivate, currently about 0.5 ha per family. Suitable hoes in a store m Gimbi ranged in price from Bur 20 to 25. With such hoes, the suitable area may be expected to rise to nearer 1 0 ha per family While that could potentially double their production it raises the question of the availability of unused land It seems unlikely that resources within the area currently allocated by Government would be sufficient.
The backswamps behind the river levees are very extensive and currently are used only for dry- *t it
season grazing by herds which do not belong to the Anuak These areas become wet with the first rains in Apnl/May, inundated in June and deeply flooded when the rivers overtop their banks in July/August By November, the water has receded and there is thus a period of 5-6 months of shallow' inundation or residual soil moisture Two crops, nee and godere (taro - CoIocasta esculenta but not Xanthosoma sagittifolia. which requires moist but well-drained soil) would produce under these conditions People are familiar with both but prefer rice- Some Xanthosoma is produced on the steep river banks and nee is said to have been introduced and is becoming popular in the Itang/Jikawo area There was a consistent request to be "shown how to grow these things and improved seeds" but the response was not as heart-felt as that to the need for bigger hoes. Sasakawa-Global 2000 might be prevailed upon to devise and introduce a special development package for the Anuak in coming years because the impression gained is one of an essentially conservative culture resistant to innovate unless led to do so .
3.2.8 Prospects for Irrigated Cropping
Production of perennial crops such as tea and coffee in the upland areas would almost certainly respond to supplementary irrigation but it is unlikely that the net response would be sufficient to justify the cost of irrigation The estate crops are mostly grown on the interfluve crests where irrigation would be more costly, and are mostly well sited with respect to the quantity and distribution of rainfall The production of "wild" coffee, by its very- nature, would hardly sustain any investment in more than fertiliser and improved husbandry
The predominant land use in the transition zone and Gambela plain at present is grazing for the
stock belonging to the two groups of pastoralists who dominate the area. These people would
not wholly qualify under the criteria given above to receive assistance with irrigation Nor
does it seem particularly likely that they would freely and willingly take to the discipline of
irrigated cropping, anymore than did the Afar people when encouraged to change their
lifestyle on the Anubara Resettlement Scheme in the Awash valley. Even were it possible to
anticipate the necessary change in lifestyle of the people of the Gambela area, there is the
matter of economic justification for the development of irrigation facilities
The consequence of the relatively reliable system of cropping by the Anuak described above is that supplementary negation on their current croplands would be difficult to ‘justify economically Although pumping directly from the rivers would be relatively cheap in capital
the recurrent costs would be high and maintenance would doubtless be a problem. In the
1AMS-ULG Bnro-Akobo River Basin Intcgnied Development Master Plan
21-25
TNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULIUfcv
-------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
F-
pr
• iaj^fonomic environment, cropping on the residual soil moisture as the annual
fioXeA offers the most effective insurance againsi drought damage and an initiative
js
suggested below
c new’ settlement,.and estates, supplementary irrigation likewise is unlikely to be
gvpn for a combination of supplementary irrigation during the main
season and for second cropping during Che dry season The reason is that the cost of imgatio.
may ontybe justified by the difference in net benefit between irrigated and non-imgated crops 
and cannot be just.fred simply by the undoubtedly high economic return from irrigated crops 
alone (see Wow) On account of relatively high dry-season flows, simple and cheap diversion
rtmctures and short delivery canals would almost certainly be economically justified for the
irrigated production of high value crops such as fruit and vegetables Such opportunities 
would be limited in extent both by the land areas which could be commanded and by the
markets for such produce
3.2.9 Crop Irrigation Requirements and Schedules
Appendix F gives the printouts of the default parameters used in Cropwat (FAO. 1991) io estimate the water requirements of the main and potential crops. The same annex has the printouts of the estimation of water requirement and irrigation schedules. Notional planting dates of 1 June and 1 November are used in order to establish a double cropping rotation under supplementary irrigation
3.2.10 An Irrigated Settlement Scheme
A simulation of an irrigated settlement scheme shows that the ramfed annual crops being planted on 1 June, using mean data for Gambela, would be able to complete production without irrigation Crops planted on 1 November require irrigation from the outset but are harvested in time for the start of rhe next rainy season Summaries of net water requirements for some selected crops have been prepared and a notional cropping pattern is used with cotton as the main cash crop on account of its better gross margin but limited to 20% on account of its high labour demand, and maize for human consumption A small area of vegetables is grown for home consumption and for sale in the vicinity. Groundnuts are included partly as a surrogate for some kind of pulse or oilseed, as supplementary protein for humans and livestock and as an oilseed for local milling for vegetable oil. Sorghum is included, as it is traditional in the area and as livestock feed Two perennial crops are grown, citrus as another cash crop and to enrich the local diet, and a token area of pasture crops to support the family's livestock The table shows the cropping percentages and that the total is 105% This allows for intercropping of the short crops amongst the citrus trees on 50% of the orchard area As the trees mature this percentage would decline and with it the water requirement
3.2.11 Commercial Scale Farming
It is quite clear from the foregoing statements on agricultural development strategy that the exploitation of the main water resources are intended in the short term to be by the commercial sector Access to the land and water resources, it seems, will involve a commitment to contributing to the cost of developing the infrastructure Leasing aside the issue of whether or not private finance would accept the risk of such developments, the potential for irrigated development on the lower slopes of the Baro-Akobo basin undoubtedly
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Batin Integrated Development Macter Plan
21-16NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
is there The indicative estimate of water requirement given above would be Imle affected by tie cropping pattern but the employment of better application technology would significantly improve the field application efficiency.
For that reason the development costs, apart from the extra capital cost of improved technology, would be much the same The potential for higher returns to better management also is there since the vietd levels assumed in the crop gross margin analyses are only modest’ Optimisation of the crop mix on a financial rather than a social basis also would contribute to further returns However, the high overhead costs of a well-managed commercial enterprise will considerably reduce the aggregate net margin for the farm
Bananas would grow and produce well in the area but marketing such a perishable crop would
be lhe main obstacle Were a river route to develop down the Nile, this situation could change
Citrus and mangoes likewise represent a considerable potential but also a marketing problem,
and are unlikely to respond much in' yield to irrigation Perhaps the most promising crops for
commercial irrigated estates are cotton and sugarcane
The base case for sugarcane uses the yield pattern derived from Metahara by the Russians and reflects the excellent growing conditions which may be expected in the Gambela area The yield of rainfed cane has been estimated from it with some precision using the FAO program Cropwat (1991) The method of estimation was to calculate the 10 to 90% probable effective rainfall for Gambela (whose data set seems more reliable and complete than that for Ahobo). Cropwat then generated the ideal irrigation schedule for lhe period March to November. It is assumed that irrigation would cease then in order to dry off the crop to increase the sucrose content in readiness for harvest In practice this would be staggered to produce even flow of cane through the factory Cropwat estimates the loss of crop as a result of this process. The crop loss Was then estimated by assuming only the probable effective rainfall, and the difference between them is Lhe net loss of yield by not irrigating. The average for the probability range 10 to 80% is 10 4% loss and this value is used in the base case to estimate lhe yield of dryland cane
The economic price for cane at the farm gate is calculated from the import parity price of sucrose and allows for the cost of nulling the cane in a factory which would need to be built in the vicinity. The costs of farm machinery and fertiliser are based on their economic prices but the price of labour and planting sets are generalised financial prices Annex 3E refers.
It may be that the use of the AJwero dam water could be justified but these arguments could never be applied to any other dam developments since the full development costs of the scheme would need io be included in the economic justification. Furthermore, the Life of the Alwero dam is questionable on account of the likely rate of Station it seems most unlikely even io survive the 25 ’years ofthis cashflow analysis. The dimensions of the reservoir are such ^iat it cannot be self-flushing and from the estimates of the rate of soil loss made in Section 2 the silt loads in the AJwero may be expected to be considerable
+
*
TAMS-11 LG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
21-27NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTUA
4. SUGGESTED DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS
The opportunities discussed above may be summarised as follows (details completed as per the pro formas and costs and benefits estimated)
4.1 Development Option 1
A fertiliser factory producing NPK compounds.
4.2 Development Option 2
have to b^
A Sasakawa-Global 2000 type of crop improvement package in high population density pans of the lllubabor and W Wellega regions of the basin. This is to be linked to the establishment of an effective regional soil conservation service, initially trained and equipped together with the crop improvement package finance, by international donor funding
4J Development Option 3
A specially adapted Sasakawa-Global 2000 initiative to introduce large hoes and new crops in the backswamps to the Anuak
4.4 Development Option 4
An irrigated settlement scheme of about 10,000 ha under the command of the water of the Alwero Dam
4.S Development Option 5
An intervention through the Coflfee Marketing Authority to promote improvement in yield and quality of highland Arabica coffee
TA.MS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
21-28NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
With the limitations of the GIS. regional analysis and mapping is constrained (Volume n S5. AectiNonAL3.1 YSISr AefeNrDs) M. AAPPI propNGos BalY RhasEGIbOeeNn considered to map and estimate the soil loss in specific catchments as an aid to predicting the useful life of any dams to be considered, as siltation might prove to a major criterion in their prioritisation
The maps presented in Volume FV of the Report have been produced at a scale of 1 1,750,000 for logistical and technical reasons Considering the publication of thematic maps it should be noted that the project area is covered by 12 sheets at the scale of 1:250,000. Considering the natural resources disciplines alone there are a total of 22 maps in the Map Album. At 1:250,000 there would be 12 sheets for each theme, which would mean a total of 264 sheets
instead of the 22 sheets presently included in the map album. Under the terms of the contract this presentation Fulfils the requirements as has been stipulated by the TOR, as follows “...the consultant will be expected to prepare infrastructural maps at 1:250,000 scale, master plan map at 1.100,000 and 1:500,000 scales and other required maps ” (Page 50 of the TOR refers) It follows that the scale of 1.1,750,000 is acceptable. In addition the Baro-Akobo data sources have compiled their information onto 1:200.000 or 1 250,000 scale These maps exist and can be consulted if detail is needed
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo Rher BalLn ln(e)(r,(f.d Dertlopm®, Marter Plan
21-29NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULHf
6. PRIORITIES AND SECTOR PLAN
The case for the improvement package to promote the productivity of land has been made and must be the greatest priority
A
f AMS-ULG Baro-AJcobo River Bui In.egrated DoeJopment .Ma r Plan
n
21-30NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
7. NEED FOR FURTHER STUDIES
The attempt in this study to model an average farm has emphasised the paucity of data of a socio-economic nature describing how rural families use their time, the constraints on their time, how- much of various materials they collect, sell and eat. and so on It is suspected that this information in detail and on a regional basis is not available In view- of the complexity of such data, m the sense that one thing has a bearing on another, it is likely that a case-study approach is necessary, after first stratifying the population.
TAMS-ULG Biro-Akobo Rivrr
Basin Intend D veJu
c pnien MII er
f t . PUA
21-31ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
NATURAL RESOURCES
APPENDICES
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River BjAin Inxegratcd Development Master Plan
2132INATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21. AGRICULTURE
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 : Altitude effect on Temperature
Figure 2 : Altitude effect on Relative Humidity* and Wind
Figure 3 : Altitude effect on Sunshibe and Radiation
Figure 4 : Altitude effect on ETP and Effective Rainfall
Figure 5 ; Altitude effect on Simple Rainfall Deficit
Figure 6 : Altitude effect on Length of Growing Season
Figure 7 : Illustration of the Benefits of Good Contour Conserv ation Measures
1 AM S-ULG Ba ro A kobo ■
River Basin Integrated Dtvelopment Master Plan
----------------------------------Flqure 1
Fttitide effect cri terapsraUre
0 900 Iijju 1500 2030 2500 filtubjo '’ faomsU
1
)
effect on F'cLoidve Hjrruxtyend Urd
0 Suu lulu 15jj 2'jjO"
Rltbwde ifrrjG .j
A
Jrputxj fipw'i'pfftjFL .ci J Lir e tFIGURE 7 Illustration of the benefits of good contour conservation measures
Erosion loss 65mm ar 1CCO t/ha/year under crop
CUlrvation.
Stage t: make contour bunds across slope
■
Slope naw 30%
Stage 2: erosion fills up contour bund and slope begins to
reduce
Erosion has fallen io S3 mm or 700 t/ha/year.
Stage 3: contour bund has been raised and again erosion has filled it but in so doing has again reduced the slope. Terraces have now formed and landuse is much more
sustainable
Erosion has fallen to 7mm or less than 100 t/ha/year.
Note that this is a worst-case scenario representative of cultivated steep slopes on the fragile soils in the Gimbi and Assosa regions of the Baro-Akoho basin.
To be effectrve, the contour bunds must be property constructed: see text.NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF CLIMATIC DATA, CULTIVATED AREAS, CROPPING PATTERNS AND YIELDS
Table 1 Summary of mean climate data on a transect through Baro-Akobo Basin
Table 2 Effect of probability of effective rainfall on dependable growing season
Table 3. Cultivated areas of main crops by pre-boundary re-organisation awraja
Table 4. Cropping patterns by pre-boundary re-organisation awraja
Table 5 Average yield of crops
Table 6 Crop areas, production and average yields 1955-1994
Table 7. Daily energy and protein requirements
Table 16 Probability of effective rainfall in Gambela area, irrigation requirements for sugarcane and yield loss under rainfed production
A
TAMS-VLG Baro-Akobo River Barin Integrated Dewto nt Miner Plan
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a
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Sourc*: r*o X.reoroLaical UnlcTABLE 3
EFFECT or PROBABILITY or File: GROWLING
EFFECTIVE RAINFALL ON DEPENCABLE CROWINC
,
wereda A*-• -----
. • •: • *a Laz Lone
”
Probability of rainfall exceedance
35 95 35 35 75 75 65 60 55 SC
oia
;s: las « 
-
DependablLe gr ■owing season
(■anth$; ( x/
Jikavo
I tang
Fakvo
Caaba la
Abobc
Xurauk
Tepi
Aoosa
n: s:.:i’ 33.as*
413 3.12'34.16’
i:s 3.13’ 34.23'
Aid 3.15- 35.34-
455 7.31' 34.33'
IS! 15.26* 34.13’
1.235 7.12’ 35.25'
ft 0 0 • 3 3 3 3 3 4 11
A
£ ft A
A
to to 4 3 5
❖ c 18 A 3 A 4 4 5 5
IS
9tQ
A
ft 3 3 3 3 5 to 5 3 1
18 18 to £ 3 3 J 3 3 6 1
& t8 to to 3 3 3 3 4 5 7
to 4 4 6 6 6 6 6
A
3
7
1.265 10.54’ 34.32’ 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 3
Yubdo
1.565 
3.57’ 35.27'
a
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
Mgi
1.722 
9.21’ 34.32’
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
□obi-Colo
1.155 
3-32’ 34.43'
3
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
Cxabi
1.975 
9.10’ 35.47’
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
Gore
2.524 
3.CO’ 35.32’
6
6
6
7
A
A4
7
•7
7
3
6
Notes;
Ci; Start
of dependable growing
se
ason is def
ined
ay
the
son th
ia
whic
h probable
ef fez:live rtxzfall exceeds
(ITo x ar.
aver
age
trap
toeffici e
nt
of
to e<
*• • • >
End of d«;?ndatle growing season is defined as the Bench in which the probable effective ri.nfell plus the residue of up to 100am of soil IAN is less than
tETo s average crop coefficient of 5.7;.
Readily available aolsture (RAM; of lOCom is derived froa a depletion factor of -•*» sveraga total available acisture of 15* and average crop rooting depth of 95co Effective rainfall factor is taken to be 5.7 to simplify calculation.
(2; Staple rainfall deficit is nuater of non ths in which ETa exceeds seen rainfall-
It has little agrtnoaxt significance and should net te used xp land :lassifxcation
Source of data
Rainfall - Ethiopian Meteorological Office (probability 
of exceedance calculated;
Effective rainfall facto:.* calculated b/ at chad of L’SBR
-To - calculated from FAO Xeteoro'.ogica
1 Unit cliaace data by CRCPWaT (FAO. 1991JTASLZ i
C'J LTl VATtC A*lAd OF MAZ* = 9275 3Y A7XAJA
file; C.SC*A3LA
Values ta hectares
Crop
---------------------- L'ppar 3a$ In------------------------- ------
llUbasor •ollet'a 
KaffaAnaia 
- Lawer
sub- bests: -
ratal Caztala
9-asln
total
□araals ■
5ULC4
So rAh.Aa
Taff
Si r Lay
Au:
Millet
lite
Subtotal
Pulses:
79.213 45.196 35.464 12 ,337 133.212
13,677 3 1.521 3,250 23 ,21C 33,553
53.774 3 5,660 7,326 3 ,321 13 2,973
4,132 137,312
11,36C 92,413
R 122.273
i .75* 5,333 3.133 2 .13? 1 7.331. 2 17.312
2.=42 1.633 1,095
3,339 4,159 1,226
,333 5.353
33 5.471
*■
Tc0
c 6.353
3 10,471
a3
137.233 135,526 
*93
431
55,430 *3 .736 373,C22
16.443 >14,44J
Horse bean
6.421
2.334
2,733
241
' .1,726
R
11,726
Field pea
5.161
1.627
1.553
135
9.431
3
9.431
Saritot bean
1.372
3,674
939
3, SCO
r*
1,925
Chickpea
1.LC)
2.775
2
*37
3.664
c
3,634
Soyabean
V
139
S
W
130
i26
■ ww
TZZ
Cowpea
24
3
5
a
r$
c
32
Subtotal
1*,332
9.349
5.233
'.,331
33.317
526
34.1*2
Cilaaetit
Sunflower
&
f-B
43
43
31<ar {nouj;
1.974
1,526
a
5,475
3,923
fm
3.90 5
Linseed ;tilba
:
1,101
127
53
75
■>’b**V—
3
1.176
Sasace
313
2
264
1,311
962
1.372
CtDURdnu:
C
1
29
« *
« a
*51
319
■apeseed
102 5
m IM
?-
p c _
* WB
3
SSI
Subtotal
’-.115
2.143
*«
3.916
*.W
55 1
l
12,25?
Other crops:
Gofta«
31.557
56.679
3,125.
»">*<
39.473
3
39,473
Fruit
U/
19
C
69
291
2
293
Vege tablas
1
00
ill
*32
?
422
Sugarcane
279
11 2
3
296
0
296
Ch:LLL pepJ4“
1,62?
196
*
233
2.391
2
2,091
co ctor*
3
5
C
*
111
135
Subtotal
50.9C5
3,126
799
92.532
1)1
92.711
Total
229,3M
204,423
53.010
53.174
136.313
13,351
994,364
Percent of total
33
IF
12
12
9?
i
* * A
Source: Lower taiin - SIKMOXPaOKMPoaT. 190$: data For 1037
Upper basin - AACC0-CE0S£9v. 1003: iat* for 1332/3
So-S: AdaioiiLraiive boundary for CaAbelt A-.-ra;a in 1937 does not GOLrici.de with bouniariii of new adeiniszrativa rations. Total Crtp areas
tOulJ te treater chan shown.
Total area of basin approz. 7.SOO.OQOna: thus 7.4X Li currently tultivaced.•A3U *
*10PPIXC FATTWXS 5Y AVSAJA
CSCPAHA
Values are crop area as percent of Awraj a total
Crop
............Upper Basin
Basin
basin •
total
Hub a tor *ollfega
Kaffa Assoia scan
Caaba la
:A reals:
Malta
3ft
20
55
•Rs •
34
31
Sorghos
9
15
3
43
15
55
♦F
Taff
•»<
•*
;«
»*
11
19
3
IS
Barlt/ *
a
a
3
3
4
2
A
W
3
wheat
•
*
3b
3
A
A
I
Millet
•
3
2
C
2
3
*
A
Bice
a
0
0
3
1
c
Subtotal
75
•
66
37
35
7*
91
75
Pulses:
Soria bean
3
1
4
0
A
A
Q
Field pea
3
1
A
A
3
2
0
Haricot bear. 1 2
A2
A
A
R
R
Chickpea 1
I3•
AwR
Soyabean 3 C Cowpea 3 0 Subtotal 1 5
Oilseeds:
Seafl over
Miger tnoug;
3
A
■*
•
A
«•
A3
R
w3
3*
3
A
•
e
A
w5Cw
*
R
•
WR
6
0
*
A30e
Linseed italba:
•
ft
VR
3
R
R
Sesase
R
$1
R
M
M
R
<•
R
3
Groundnut
R
ft
R
w
3
R
•*
•
Bapeseed
•
W
C
R
W
3
R*
3
Subtotal
•
R
•
w•
WR
• ■*
R
•
5
ether crops:
Coffee
14
29
3.
R
•w
••
3
'aS
Fruit
A
*»
C
A
3
c
R
0
Vegetables
A
M
c
A
W
1
3
3
c
Sugarcane
**A
2
3
3
0
c
Chilli pepper
■
V
3
*A
0
3
*
Cotton
A
•
c
C
3
S
1
Subtotal
!•
23
5
X?
•
•
•
•
Total
;:o
130
133
‘_2ITAIL* 3—
AMojLcaorifTiLus
r£t«: C32?AjtiA
1.1 kj/M
^r*rr-
- ts-1?
" 11 staler
' * -allaga
Xaffa
AJSO31
3«Jn
basin
Caabala
derails
»
st»l=»
:.j:c
1.213
1.232
90S
1.19=
i.r.:.
S g_“j?»U3i
l:<::
1,002
15 =
i.on
5 = 4*
Taff
» *32
aco
44=
KRfl
JW»
3/3
fl
Barli#
PwR
63=
35 =
72=
732
2
vr.taz
-w-rf
?2C
Aw
1,0=3
77S
.ft
rtillat
622
■ A ri A
355
r=5
A
Sit*
•
5
■ft
&
A
SVr
/
PuUn
Moria b<an
5*.X
6i5
4?C
4=5
622
a-«
*
Fill! pit
6A3
433
355
553
-
MarL-at t<£"
■w M M
11 =
55 =
5^5
.«
.«
432
3
w
393
3
Soyabean
—
ft
JJ
A
02
•*
ft
722
A
TUC
□llaaads;
Sua flavor
222
r>.
A
A
Ww
A
KIStr iaouj;
-52
435
435
143
n
2L-«Saf Italia;
433
JIT
-a^w
373
5
Saiaa*
332
m to"
*_—A
3*5
ZOO
Crzuislnuz
*
130
222
iAA^
4ft?
■x
S*741«43
-2 =
13 =
w*32
4AA
J ^f*
fl
GtMr crops:
Cwffaa
nMA 56C 4S= 252
*33
5
Fruiz
a"b ■ ml M VV
14.0=3
w9
11,503
11,233
w
vtsatablas
4.355
ft
“B
4.352
6.52=
n
w
SuAirrtni
-.'^w
42.052
$
ft
15.CDS
«*
=511 li pappir
CWttan
w, JSXTi 170 2 253 697
A□
fl
fl
□
** *35
- Sov?c-^Lcw»- t*5L... - £ZXX0:?1 CM£XPOITb 1092; data for 10$’
’JAar twin - AJscO’ -iasESv. ms: data for
• z J fc. r■A3« *
cror ailas. weu=T:os AM avuasi y:i-s file: OMOPYLO
1133-1914
Crop
SiaUli Region
•355 IW ’.991 1994
Valles* S.jion toss ioso 
ini
62.49 31.09 33.72 140.93
•
1•
••
Barley
whet:
Maize
Sorghus
Millet
Norse lean
Field pea
Saricox teen
Chick pea
Lentil
Vetch
Moug
Linseed
Fenugreek
Rapeseed
^—“op production Terr
Barley
.33
.24 AS
.26
.33
23.36
** -
to » to to
3.62
2.33
12.63
2.57
21.56
17.34
3.22 5.13 1.63 3.3* 4.30 2-3) .74 - • * »
aee
•w• - -
- .11 .15
-*
.03 .34 .31
-•
-•
-•
■•
-•
.31 -
--
.10
63.10 39.27 31.9? 131.13 19.52 27.53 29.33 61.31 1436 21.06 16.36 20.16
fr«W to 3.25 9-25 23.34
2.79 3.16 6.36 11.33
«s>A<Rv 3.36 2.30 4 35
.39 .35 .99 2.55
••
•••
.14 .34 .65
.34 .33 .08 .96 13.31 16.93 17.37 36.21
.63 1.12 .13 2.63
.36 -34 .13 ..34
__
*1.25
Whaa t 1
9 _*
Maize
Sorghua
Millet
2.54 4.46
’1 1.37 3.37
--
-
-w-
133.3!
14
32.24 3 • 43
Horae Bean
.u
"(A
♦ few
•
3.
Field p«
-
-
••»
• • W 4
Waricct tea:
>•.
• w •
04
•» • «
fe • — •
CMek p«
-
*
-
.lx
Until
•
•
-
*» •»
• • fe
Vatch
•
*
-
-w-
•
•
-
■•*
Ueseed
-
•
•
* •
Fenugreek
*«peseed
•
-
-
— »
- •* ■
.02
■
“’^P yilll ”/!i4
Teff
Barley
Wheat
Maize
Sorghua
xillet
Worst haan
Field pea
«*ricot te*n
«lUk p«
Until
Vetch
ice .96 . S3 -n -60 -
1.45 •
1.23 1-51 1.34
.12 1.63 1.22
■••
:.23 1.23
•
. 74
-7<
.99
:.u
1-33
• ■w
■ * •
Nuug
Linseed
•••
• t
.33
W-i
.29
*
•ir
-29
. 3k
.14
Fe«M.*eek
•
.1! .
•*
-26
.23
.15
.23
34
.34
a
•53
-
-
.49
an-.r.t SUU»Uci.
Up
• -- xorres-sjailt wsky a.-.: ?sot£:.-s «qu:ts«Ts
file SVTSK
■erion
Fircan;
in
W’.a
Median Scdy Vs
;5C4I
tsi
Sally raduLr7=anc inarjy p rz “ a i n
§»:
InfanCi {veciZhS
Cl?
1* “■ *
1-5
i <
2-0
13
S-*J
^■.
3-3
3.1
14
0-13
V.*
•3 5
4-»"'
:c
Ta called Ml*.
3.4
J-1
12-5
CMIIdran {>4ari;
3. i
:i.5
1.5 13,1
2-3
13-5
5.a
13. S
J-3
a. 3
lfi.5
5-5
:?.s
3-7
8.3
23.3
w■
V-I
■•:r>
T-1C
35
27.0
W1M
27
Tn Cal/Vid said
:a.5
♦•
2C3
■•talas:
:e*:2
3.3
0.2
13-11
:.a
34.3
■V A
■■« mi
M
aa
Ifc-IS
33
33.3
■1«
IS-15
w-
S4.0
::.3
ia
>13
* 4*-*-J
V|«m
* -w «
- M<1-S
TQ cal z*z cd ce XK
* ■» •
■ T, as
B /Tw-<a
13—11
li-U
15-13
>13
Tciel/Uzd xas,-
Pregnani:
l.c
2.7
5A
— ■ >
14.C
ii. 3
-
i*-w
31.2
* * *
■■ e>—•
LI
J4
0.3
*
42
* •
14*
?l JI
*ull ascivljy
3.0
i.a
reduced azci-ny -
5
I.S
.3
£
Lazcarlng:
LIE fceihj
1 —
■W. 1
■b • *
»--■
> 5 alhs
Ts E.* 1 !■' i d aex -,
:5/?w
■w-
Ova nil-
n -;
ToCal/wed Xa?.
..MwBiTF
0.5
IS
Source:
tlJ ■*Q?u.a;i31
A
i - r Seoojraphy Se c.-x.
4 A w rflB
siudy.
U ’ AAJiZlOnil FAd
FAO XuiriziOO ?*?«r • =mobas:;:ty or
ia:x?all
rei kxajzaxi xc r:»t: -.ess exes File $::•»". r
TA2L2 16
capbua ama.
S lAlXfU MODeCTIW
CATIOX MQr.Mttjrrs
? rr wdM-aa
,u- W 1w1
Month
1
•••
**».- *
52*.
cy of effective i rainfall
sen 4C*.
23*.
Jan
*
*
sen Chly e freceive rain r. fc • ' J "S3, *
• 3 7 3 9 a*
•n
a *-
*
* .2*
*
14
> * V ■ 3 14 16 13
Mar 9 * w
' ,e. 26 29 J3
•>^* 42 49
Apr
3Uy
Jun
U -• 49 ft 41 51 *£» 79 3? 7>> 55 125 • k'1 133 139 146
AT >>2 99
W* <
4*« 121 132 123 145 152
Jal 139 123 139 U4 131 153 155 153 162
Aug
Sep
• i*
a 13% 143 130 152 154 156 153 162
s* ISA 117 127 1J6 143 153 154
Oct 59 7: S3 37 93 9J 104 111 119
Nov
Set
Total
Irrigr.
no.
•
•
*
■*
23
•><
* 3 39 *3 46 49 33 56 61
• w 7 e re
-w
23 16 13 e • 23
S3.
33- 377 033 934 1.334 1 .233 1.149
Ctt4J tf f ■ xed Lrrigattcs; -0 gcpjev
13 3 .‘-3 15,•:
-3>
a aarexaus yiel 4-
13/3 ’ -5/2 15/3
li ■ • • W
A-t4
- •> * 22/4 2?/i
A ’<
• • 11/12 14/11.
•>
J
* •
••
I,'12
A/
*<*
9/13 1 1/12
•«
•»
S • .
I
•1. R
Schedclas tend
t- planting
Average -j-
Lrrigat jizt
<1
- M-3.
w
cM. date
t“ 233m ro
reaen t ■ na’yr
» n n
Ass.se’ .
ippl.tsticn 7731 .rr.;i:
iff.tier. ri;4;
1 . 1 J 
s
>:
’/•;
•5 3
• j
324 32i 334 334 555 156
Yield jm
Fixed u-ng.
21
••0
23 23
Uinfell
•
* • 26 25 24
2i
-1
43
01tfafv.ee
Average -l .
P?otab;< effe stive
41 30 37 33 23 11 23
13 13 13 r.
•»
4
L« <•• net yield lost. assuming scheae designed for 30-
-air. fill •
W.4V percent
Fixed ;;:
Koveafee
*ance
yield bi
»aifttai;
-eiutu
:
igetien schedule produces aaxlsua yield but baa sc be stopped *n in order to dry off crop to increase sucrose content at harvest;
t
:r. r<
t
a
date
-Mn
:s a nctitnel Lois of cane vield as shown. The net loss of
result
of related production is thus the difference
«-
tr.«
-elcuittlcas sale
Caste*, a ; FAO aeteorological unit; are considered acre very tr.toaplete set for Atobo 1954-92.
*>* 3V.n*AT {FAO. :?9I; program. USS* aethed for E*FNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
APPENDIX B: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ETO (FENIAN-MONTEITH) AND EFFECTIVE
RAINFALL BY SELECTED METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Bavin Integrated Development Master Plan-3 JA" : 09 Septe er
?(
A
1995
~ 
Reference
Evapotranspiration ETo
r
according Pennan-Monteith
===s ====“<<—s « ’ .............. WOb’ ABOBO
— 
.11 i tude
-urtrv 
’ Ethiopia 
\ : wo meter
Fiereo
Coordinates:
— 
> T*v*
.7 * •
w
••
MaxTerr.p Hir.Temp Humid. Wind
7.48 N.L.
3 3
Sunshine Sol.Radia
% ka/day hours MJ/m '/day
lanuary
February
*aroh
, c ’
35.1
38.5
«ly 
14.0
14.3
57
57
121
147
38.2
ie.4 53 121
8.4
7.4
6.1
20.1
19.9
18.8
> p r i 1
■<ay
v *.ne
July
August
37.9 17.0 62 121 7.4 21.0
35.4 14.8 76 147 4.5 15.9
35.7
34.c
16.0
io .0
84
87
121
121
4.5
4.2
15.6
15.3
34.5 16.2 88 147 1.8 12.1
September 31.3
17.1 78 147 4.7 16.5
October
32.6 16.2 77 147 6.0 18.0
November 33.4 17.4 68 147 7.1
18.5
December 31.6
16.1 62 121 8.3 19.6
YEAR
34.9 16.1 71 134 5.9 17.6
ft
5.3
5.5
4.7
4.1 4.v 3.6
4.1
4.4
4.6
4.4
isai
llimatic data caap iled by FAO Aaro-meteoro logical unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file ; aicbo
Climate Station : A50S0
ETO Rainfall Effr. Rain
(=a/day)
(am/month)
(sm/mcnth)
January
4.9
9.0
9.0
February
5.7 40.0
37.0
March
5.3 69.0
61.0
April
may
5.6
93.0
‘ 79.0
June
4.7A 159.0 119.0
July
4.1 1 126.0 101.0
August
4.0T 345.0 160.0
A September
3.61 258.0 151.0
1 
AA ctober
4. J
225 0
.
4.4 184.0 130.0
144.0
November
•
December
4.6 57.0 52.0
4.4 3.0
3.0
YEAR Total 1681.9
i L —testive Rainfall with USSR method
1568.0
1046.0
!• 
♦-CROPwat : 09 September 1995
Reference Evapot ranspi ration ETo according Permian-Mont el th
__ d * *
A i s_ -4r
Country
Altitude
Ayon ch
January
February
March
April
May
June
- ~
: Ethiopia
: 1560 metf
Meteo Station : AGXRO
To
Coordinates
- 7.51 N.L.
(17* y':)
36.38 E.L
MaxTemp M inTeasp Huaid - Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ETo-PenMor.
"C
29.0
*C % km/day hours MJ/oP/day am/day
io.a 74 95
7.5 18.9
29.8 12.1 73 104 6.6 18.6
30.3 12.9 73 181 6.5 19.4
30.4 13.8 77 130 6.6 19.6
30-1
13.7 32 112 5.9 18.1
27.9 13.3 85 104 5.0 16.3
3.8
4.0
4.7
4.4
4.0
3.5
July
August
26.0
13.0
86
95
3.5
14.2
3.0
26.0
13.2
87
104
3-7
14.9
3-1
September
27.2
12.6
86
86
4.9
16.9
3.4
October
25.3
H.9
79
95
7.0
19.4
3.7
November
28.1
10.7
79
78
7.3
18.8
3.6
ecember
28.1
10.1
76
69
8.0
19.1
3.5
YEAR
28.2
12.3
00
104
6.0
17.a
1359
Climatic data compile d by FAO Ag ro- meteorological unit
4
CROPVJAT : C9 September 199 5
[
Climate file
agaro
Cl mate Station : AGARO
ETO
(ram/day)
Rainfall
Eff. Rain
(nuu/month)
(mm/month)
*1 anuary
3.8
32.0
February
30.0
4.0
March
43.0
40.0
April
4.7
97.0
82.0
May
4.4
122.0
98.0
June
4.0
159.0
119.0
July
3.5
247.0
149.0
3.0
244.0
August
149.0
i
3.1
3.4
273.0
210.0
152.0
1-10 3
Octo De..-
November
3.7
128.U
10”
3-5
69.0
December
6 Lu
3.5
33.0
31.0
yeah Total
’--active Rainfall with USSR method
1657.'
1152.0
nrav\v>-*.tvv J
llUtA 5 1KA »*t*v
Ctssvdinat©* ; Ruaid.
% *%
?«7xc4.rj’ April
Hty
Oane '*..':**
Aarast
34.4
34.7
4 7.7 5»1
Septenbar
Octobfer November
03.0
30.0
30.5
31.5
■aS
20.7 21.
17.5
15.0
2 3.2
13.3
12.7
13.2
13.6
15.7
►fecexber
30.5
19.4
17.9
Cliaate Station
-ainfaii (=a/month)
0.5
13.0
17.0
24.0
234.0
243.0
317.0
215.0
236.0
35.0
24.0
0
ANC-ER
> = =
=B
 ==x = SSSSS!
♦»
Rain (mn/oonth)
0.5
12.7
16.5
23.1
’ 146.4
140.5
156.7
141.0
146.9
73.4
23.1
090.9 nuoCROPWAT fl D91
---------------------------
• * Mf4fMC4 Itv«pocrflnflpxr4 5i<xi t? >
z
*
A
pl.1111 (JZI'V ; Kthiopi^j
HuBid, tfirtd Sifatffc^ a^MO,2>5xd; 27s—#«$dcs
A
A
: 2565 mo
tj «C
C ^fiordiR^ff-^y hctxrs XjM&-*7 aiWfcr
I
I
I
I
January
February
24.3
10,1
54 95 2,4 20,3
24.fi
10.1 53 112 a,o ^0-6
March
April
24.7
10.3 54 121 5-3 19-9
24.a
10,3 56 112 7.7 St .4
I
May
j-jne
22.4
10.2 ao 73 5,5 17.5
I
21.0
10.7 as 59 4,C 15-0
July
August
21.7
10.2 93 104 2.7 13-4
21.7
10.0
94
73
2,3
12-9
September
22.4
10.0 91 73 4.7 ' Tc.5
October
23.4
’’ovatnbe r
.ecember
YEAR
24-5
•10.1 31 104 7.0 19-3 VO*
9-9 74 104 7,7 —«■ ■»
25.1
10.0 64 104 7-3 MaS_2
23-4
10.2 74 97 5-1 17.9
Climatic data compiled by FAD A z
A
CHOPWAT : 09 September 199a
Climate file
: arjo
ET0
(nsn/day)
Clinaze S®i«i - A2CC
1. _
£ ■wwt./T-Dr*r*^ 'J^1
i J auuary
February
March
Apri 1
May
June
July
August
SoptAcube r
October
November
22-Q
la.o
111.0
123.0
191.0
290.0
233.0
3r< * ~ >—■ i 5StJ WMXtit?
22.3
1SJJ
32.0
LCZ.3 I3S_?
U&can\ber
YEAR Total
3.7
4.0
4.1
4.3
3.3
2.S
2.5
2.5
3.0
2.5
i. 5
3.5
W3M
311.0 —,A -6SS -u7
w
353.C-
l>3.0
’*>’J >
35.0
V,S?£>..'
?.<>>
■- * ■» »
5? ‘j ?T’"tS
’*..V ■>
34.2
i•O?*'AT : 09 Septe=ier A95
:scsss
= 2
sss-
lountry : Ethiopia
Altitude ; 1750 oeter
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman
Meteo Station : ASOSA Coordinates : 10.04 N.L
Month
MautTemp MiaTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol
tc
tc
* km/day hours
MJ/i, ’
January February March
29.9
31.5
31.8
31.5
14.5
15.7
17.0
April
May
J’ice
28.0
25.2
23.9
23.9
25.6
17.2
16.7
15.5
July
August
15.1
September
October November
25.8
27.4
29.3
14.9
14.8
14.9
jeceinber
14.4
14..6
21.1
18.5
22.9
10.4
16.1
15.4
12.9
18.5
19.4
18.9
YEAR
19.0
27.8
15.4
10.5
CF.OFaA og September 1995
Cximate file
fcscsa
Climate Station :
ASOSA
S»5!:
1.^/day)
Rainfall
(nn/month)
Etf. Rain
January
February
March
April
May
June
(mm/month)
31.0
32.0
29.0
30.0
July 
*jgust
September
118.0
189.0
207.0
’ 96.0
132.0
October
November December
208.0
138.0
207.0
139.0
103.0
138.0
21.0
0.0
86.0
20.0
FAR Total
0.0
1463.1
«ive R j f
1116.0
a n an
808.0 cun
with USBK method- ’
x
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Pennan-Mantelth
c?lopwAT : 09 Sept Eemthbieopr 1995 ia 
:
Meteo Station : ATHAGO
Coordinates : S.29 
(6 yr)
Sfittude": 2000 meter
N.L. 3S.57 E.t
Month MaxTemp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshi ne Sol.Radia ETo-PenHcr
•c
•c % km/day hours HJ/m’/day mm/day
January
February
mjs rch
April
4av
JaxiB
July
August
September
October
26.4 15.9 66 95 0.3 19.9
27.3 15.4 67 104 7.9 20.4
27.7 ' 15.9 68 181 7.3 20-6
27.1 15.1 70 130 7.2 20.6
25-2
14.7 81 112 5.7 17.9
24.2 14.8 86 104 4.1 15.1
23.3 14.6 90 95 2.9 13.4
23-7
14.1 91 104 2.6 13.2
November
eceniber
I- YEAR
24.5 14.2 08 B6 4.7 16.5
25.4 15.2 80 95 7.1 19.5
25.5 ' 15.5 71 78 8.4 20.2
25.5 16.0 67 69 7.7 18.6
3.8
4.1
4.6
4.4
3.6
3.0
2.7
2.7
3.2
3.7
3.7
3-4
25.5 15.1 77 104 6.2 18.0 1303
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROFWAT . 09 September 1995
I Climate file
atnago
ETO
Climate Station : ATNAGO
s>PZa ZZSIS33S5 = ’ — ZZ = 3 S 3= • -
January
February
March
April
May
3.0
4.1
4.6
4.4
Rainfall
(mm/mon(ntuhn) /day)
17.0
36.0
94.0
122.0
Eff. Rain.
(mm/month)
17.0
34.0
80.0
98.0
3.6
211.0
June
140.0
July
3.0
228.0
145.0
2.7
439.0
159.0
August
2.7
274.0
152.0
September
3.7
282.0
October
153.0
3.7
Novembej;
119.0
96.0
3.7
27.0
26.0
-
December
3.4
2.0
2.0
YEAR - ’ =»!*
1303.3
1851.0
1112.0 
nun
Ef f ectiv Ra _. z all
ek
With USSR method□PWAT
_,A, = = = x = = r =x=====» »ss«== « X======
i 995
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Monteith
lountry Ethiopia
•.ltitude : 145C meter
Meteo Station : BAMBESI Coordinates : 9.45 N.L. 34.44
MaxTemp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ETo-p
•C *C % km/day hours MJ/nP/day
Janu.
30.5
12.9
56
147
9.1
20.6
Februc.
31. ’■
14.6
54
147
8.3
20.9
March
32.1
14.4
56
121
6.0
18.5
April
31.4
11.1
62
147
8.4
22.6
May
28.7
14.4
83
147
5.7
18.0
lune
26.1
14.7
88
121
4.7
16.0
24.A
• n
WW
-*• *>> A
:.=
* ~ '
August
25.1
14.7
89
121
2.3
12.9
September
26.1
13.6
85
121
5.7
18.0
October
27.2
13.1
81
121
7.1
19.3
November
23.5
11.4
72
121
7.6
18.8
December
29.3
11.3
66
147
8.4
19.1
3.9
3.3
^.0
2.7
3.6
3.8
3.5
4.1
YEAR
28.0 
13.4
73 
132 
6.4
18.3
1436
Z1 imatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
: bambesi
Climate Station : BAMBESI
ETO Rainfall
E f f. Ram
itx/day)
(mm/month)
(mm/month)
January
4.6
0.0
0.0
February
4.9
6.0
6.0
March
4.6
4.0
4.0
i
April
5.3
54.0
•49.0
1 
May
3.9
162.0
120.0
June
3.3
228.0
145.0
July
3.0
193.0
133.0
August
2.7
198.0
135.0
September
3.6
203.0
137.0
October
3.8
94.0
80.0
November
3.5
20.0
19.0
December
4.1
2.0
2.0
YEAR Total
1435.9
1164.0
830.0
j effective Rainfall with USER method
J
traOPWAT : 09 Septet 1995
.-♦-""Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Pemuan-Montei th
=
===■““*=—as=;2’=i-c Ci 5«z»x = -E = 3= =-= = = =’ = = *-aa = =-= =:= = =: = = ’3
' rnutitry Ethiopia 
:
attitude : 2090 meter
Month MeJtTemp
•c
Meteo Station : BEDELE Coordinates : 0.27 N.L. 36,23 E.l
(10 y r;
MinTemp
”C
Humid.
%
Wind
km/day
Sunshine
hours
Sol.Radia
MJ/m /day
2
January
February
March
26.9
0-4 74 130
9.3 19.9
27.7 10.1 73 138 7.9 20.4
2B.5- 11.2 74 156
6.8 19.9
ETo-PenMor
mm/day
3.9 4.2 4.4
4 n r i 1
(
1NPJ
June
July
August
29.4 11.0 76 147 7.2 20.6
25.3 12.2 S5 147 5.5 17.5
24.5 12.2 89 121 4.0 14.9
22.5 11.7 92 121 2.9 13.4
22.2 11.7 92 112 2.6 13-2
September 23.3
11.5 90 130 4.7 16.5
October
24.2 10.1 35 130 6.9 19.2
November 25.4 . B.6 78 121
7.5 19.0
’ jecember
YEAR
25.2
25-5
6.7 79 112 7.9 18.9
10.4 32 130 6.0 17.B
4.5 3.7
3.0
2.6
2.6
3-1
3-6
3.6
3-6
1300
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
■
Climate tile : bedele
Climate Station : BEDELE
ETC
(rcun/day)
Rainfall
(mm/month)
Eft. Rain
(mm/month)
January
February
March
April
May
3.9
4.2
4.4
4.5
33.0
44.0
'□ 6.0
00.0
31.0
41.0
51.0
70.0
3.7
245.0
June
149.0
3.0
279-0
July
153.0
2.6
333.0
August
158.0
2.6
J 14.0
0
S'E4pTI&V> ^£J-Mf
156.0
3.1
33?.?
_ y-.Q "
Octataer
3.6
177.0
127 .0
November
3.6
5-.0
49.0
December
3.6
14.0
14.0
YE A? Total
1300.0 
1966.0 
'*8.0 m
effective Rainfall with USSR method□ PWAT : 09 September 1995
~ ~ Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Mar.telAA
A
>B>M_fc.-.»£»sj2Zszzs2 3p£S = KS.S“ .........................................= E=^5t!i!- ~
--
! Q:;r ‘-"Ethi°pia'
aa
Altitude*: 1722 meter
J on t h MajcTeifp
•c
Meteo Station : BEGI
Coordinates : 9.21
“inTemp
*c
Humid,
%
Wind
km/day
Sunshine
hours
^I-Jl4,33 Jt|
Sol.Radia
y.j/m /day
2
, OF
“Wday
January
27.1
14.6
52
130
9.0
20.6
52
130
2
4?2A
February
29.0
15.1
?0.8
March
29.9
15.6
53
112
6.1
Jk« 7
4.6
4,4
April
23.3
15.5
54
130
8.2
22.2
78
130
4.9
*ay
24.8
15.1
5.5
17.6
June
22.6
14.3
86
112
—M
4.6
i-\O
3.6
22.2
1‘-
Ji ■
ss
112
1.4 i
3.1
*
■J - i
22.1
15.0
87
112
2.3
12.9
2,&
August
24.0
15.1
82
112
5.5
17.8
2.6
September
October
24.4
14.0
77
112
7.0
19.2
3.4
November
25.4
13.3
72
112
7.3
18.5
3.6
3.6
ecember
26.5
12. S
62
130
8.4
19.2
3.9
YEAR
25. S 14.5 70 120 6.3 18.2 1357
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CF.QPWAT : 09 September 1595
Climate file
:
tegi Climate Static r : BEGI
t 3EtS
_______ HTO Rainfall Tf£. Rai" ..
fmra/day) (oun/mGnth) (mm/montb)
January
4.2
1
j
February
4.6
>
1
March
4.4
d
April
I
4.9
May
3.6
June
3.1
July
2.8
August
2.6
3.0
13.0
43.0
68.0
232.0
256.0
165.0
185.0
r
September
3.4 216.0
i1
October
3.6 125.0
-j
1
November
3.6 62.0
i
December
3.9
4.0
r
-1
YEAR Total
1356.9 1372.0
3.0
13.0
40.0
■61.0
146.0
151.0
121.0
130.0
141.0
100.0
56.0
4.0
966.0
Effective Rainfall with USSR method—•iFlirMfi
cropwat : 03 September 199
vi
Reference - PO transpiration ETo according Penman-Monteitti
—-r S
"= ”
Country
Altitude
Month
. Ethiopia
. 1725 meter
Meteo Station,
Coordinates :
: BON GA
7.13 N.L. 36.17 E
( 10 yr
* f
FlaxTemp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ETo-PerLMc
*c
*c % km/day hours MJ/aVday mm/day
29.0 10.0 72 95 7.3 10.7
29.7 • 11.0 76 104 6.5 10.6
29.2 11.9 80 181 6.3 19.2
23.1 12.7 82 130 6.7 19.8
I
January
February
March
xor i 1
May
Juns
27.4
25.9
12.6
12.4
85
84
112
104
6.2
5.1
ie .4
16.4
July
August
A
Sep tsinher
October
I” YEAR
24.3 12.4 80 95 3.2 13.8
24.6 12.4 81 104 3.7 14.8
25.8 11.7 03
27.0 . 11.0 91 95 6.8 19.2
86 4.9 16.9
3.8
3.9
4.4
4.1
3_7
3.3
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.7
November
28.1
10.3
83
78
7.4
19.0
3.6
j iecember
20.4
10.3
90
69
7.0
18.9
3.5
27.4 11.6 01 104 6.0 17.0 1316
Climatic d ata compi led by F AO Agro- -neteoralogical unit
CROPWAT : 09 Septenber 1995
Climate tile *
: bonga Climate Station : 3 ON GA ETO Rainfall Eff. Rain
(mrn/day) (nun/monthl (n/montti)
January
3.8 41.0 38.0
February
3.9 78.0 &a.o
March
April
4.4 146.0 112.0
May
4.1 199.0 136.0
June
3.7 204.0 137.0
3.3
218.0 142.0
I
July
2.9 102.0 129.0
August
3.1 194.0 134.0
Septccabar
71 197.0 135.0
October
J'/
150.0 114.0
November
3.6 102.0 05.0
December
3.5 88.0 76.0
VEARTot<_ 
i”i 3 1799.0 1305.0 cu
r,
Ef
- ectlv Rainfall with U-jR method
e;=WAT : 09 September 1995 ____________________________
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Montei
Mrv :Ethiopia * 
====X
MefeO
i DEMSM8JL®OLO
iiitude“: 1850 meter
Coordinates i
8^g(jN.L n.L.
□nth
MaxTemp
MinTemp
Humid.
Wind
Sunshine
SoLRadi a ETo-
•c
•c
%
km/day
hours
MJ/mVda 
\
>nuary
27.7
14.6
64
130
8.4
20.0
ebruary
29.0
15.3
63
138
8.0
20.6
arch
29.3
16.1
65
156
6.1
18.8
pril
28.5
16.1
72
147
7.2
20.6
ay
25.0
15.5
83
147
5.0
16.7
■•one
24.3
14.7
86
121
4.6
15.9
>$*• j
22.3
14.4
3?
121
^.5
i4*:
-.ugust September
24.0
14.4
88
112
1.8
12.1
25.9
14.6
84
130
5.2
17.3
October
26.3
14.5
81
130
6.6
18.8
s’ovember
26.6
14.6
74
121
7.3
18.7
•ecember
26.6
14.9.
68
112
8.4
19.5
YEAR
26.5
15.0
76
130
6.0
17.8 
]
limatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
Z?.O?WAT : 09 September 139 5
Climate file
: deabi-do
Climate
Station : DEMBI DOLO
ETO
Rainfall
ErfA Rain
(caJday)
(mm / mon*2 n)
•’ mm/menth}
January
4.1
7.0
7.0
February
March
4.5
28.0
27.0
April
4.S
70.0
62.0
May
4.5
129.0
102.0
June
3.6
197.0
135.0
3.2
170.0
124.0
July
2.9
August
165.0
121.0
2.6
120.0
97.0
September
October
3.5
163.0
120.0
November
3.7
96.G
81.0
3.7
December
31.0
29.0
3.8
19.0
18.0 
YEAR Total
1354.2
1195.0
923.0 me
i
Effective Rainfall with USSR method
CP.OPWAT : 09 September 199509 September 1995
Reference cvapatranspi rat Lon ETo according Penman-Montei th 3 — s’a^sa72S«S H Si’ “ 
= country : Ethiopia 
Altitude : 1200 meter
Meteo Station : DIDESA
Coordinates : 9.00 N.L. 36.06 E
Month Mar Temp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radla ETo-PenM; "C ’C % km/day hours MJ/aJ/day 
■— «■ *“ “* “W
( 7y:
on/day
January
February
Match
Apri 1
May
Juns
26.1 9.3 58
33.9 - 13.3 60
35-2 ' 15.9 46
33.4
31.1
23.0
16.5
16.2
19.9
53
72
72
July
August
26.e 15.6 82
26.7 15.0 83
September 29.5
14.9 91
October
30.3 13.0 71
November 30.1
December 34.5
12.3 49
13.7 58
95 8.6 20.2
112 8.6 21.4
121 6.5 19,3
112 7.9 21. a
73 5-1 17,0
69 4.0 15.0
104 2.6 13.1
78 1.8 12.1
78 4.7 16.5
104 7.0 19.3
104 7.5 10.9
104 8.4 19.4
4,0
4.7
5,1
5.2
3.9
3.3
3.0
2.7
3.4
4.2
4,2
4.3
1______
j YEAR 30.4 14.6 65 97 6.1 17.8 1458 Climatic date eompil ed by FAO Agro- ■ meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file : didesa 
Climate Station : DIDESA
ETO Rainfall
Eft. Rain
(mm/day)
(mm/month)
(mm/month)
January
4.0
4.0
4.0
February
4.7
6.0
6.0
March
5.1
3.0
3.0
April
5.2
55.0
May
50.0
3.9
195.0
134.0
June
3.3
257.0
151.0
July
3.0
269.0
152.0
August
2.7
227.0
145.0
September
3.4
« *»•£*
222.C
143.0
Octcbei
166.0
123.0
0 ve mbex
December
4.2
4.3
65-0
8.0
58.0
a.o
I
YEAR Total
1457.8
1479.0
9/7.' on
I
-ffectl v e Rainfall with USB
R methodHOP-jaT : 09 September 1995
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penmans
:=x=3=5=c=a3=B^=r=3xa*=—_j_^^^
=====
3
====
:
-
sa
ss===-
Country
Xititudl
: f«T^ia
Meteo Station : DONGORO (1A,A Coordinates : 9.16 h r
t £
•-* ( **’<
5:1870 
me
ter
____ -_______
__________________________ ____________ ?■’! ?
>fonio *
MaxTem9 Mir.Temp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol. Radi a
____________________________________________ — _____ 2*/^
• ’ »c
c
% km/day hours MJ/m2/day
January February M.arch
April
May
«
2c
11.8
12 o
69
66
78
78
8.5
8.6
19.9
21.4
Co"
28.5
14.b
68
78
7.5
20.9
<1
28.7
14.7
75
69
8.0
21.9
<2
25.8
14.2
88
78
6.3
18.8
A4.0 Q
.lune
July
August September October November
)ecember ; YEAR
23.1
13.3
9?
78
• -*•
5.6
17.4
o A0.0
/. 3
• *•
Q 9
21. i
12.3
9b
22.2
13.0
95
78
4.2
15.7
23.2
12.8
95
69
5.4
17.6
2 8
24.3
12.7
87
69
6.6
18.7
3 1
25.1
12.8
81
60
8.4
20.1
3.3
26.3
11.9
74
69
8.4
19.3
3 5
3.4
25.5
13.1
82
74
6.8
18.9
1264
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
_____Climate file : dongoro
Climate Station : DONGORO (12 Y?:
ETO Rainfall
E’f, Rain
(mm/day)
(mm/month)
(mm/month)
January February
4.0
4-l
4-2
4.3
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.8
3.1
3.3
18.0
March
19.0
April
May
47.0
43.0
17.5
18.4
43.5
40.0
June
248.0
July
August
379.0
449.0
s ®Ptembe-
398.0
October ’
356.0
N ovemb
er
December
135.0
12.0
6.0
‘ 149.6
162.9
169.9
164.8
160.6
105.8
11.8
5.9
YEAR Total 1204.0
Effective Rainfall with USBR method
2110.0
1050.8 nun
4 .09 Septeatoer 1995
rpOpWAT - ___ ____________________ ________________________________ ' deference Evapotranspiration ETo according Perunan-Monteith
.srsasS1" ’
country
ft ltit ude
. Ethiopia
: 2320 meter
Meteo Station ; FINGHA
Coordinates:
9.32 N.L,
(8 yr 37.23 E.
HaJtTemp Mir.Temp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ETo-Pen. .c
u
•C
*C
% kra/da
y hours MJ/
m’/day mm/
day
January
25.6
22.8
7.4
6.8
48
41
130
138
8.3
8.0
19- 6
cebruary
20- 4
Hatch
26.8 •
7.0
62
138
6.8
19 .8
A rxvil
zvpi 11
26.3
6.8
53
130
8.3
22.4
May
June
26.4
8.1
65
130
5.7
18.0
24.3
8.5
77
112
4.1
15.3
Tnlv
J lily
21.1
9.6
SI
95
1.9
12.0
August
21.0
9.4
85
95
1.9
12.2
September
22.5
8.3
S3
121
4.8
16.7
October
23.3
6.4
73
164
7.3
19.7
November
23.7
5.7
64
164
8.3
19.9
•ec ember
24.4
4.9
59
130
8.1
18.9
3.9
4.2
4-3
4.7
4.0
3.3
2.5
2.5
3.2
3.9
3.9
3.7
YEAR
24.0
7.4
66
130
6.1
17.9
1339
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
Climate Station : FINCHA
I
January
February
I March
April
: fIncha
ETO
(mm/day)
3.9
4.2
4.3
4.7
Rainfall
(mm/month)
18.0
33.0
51.0
70.0
Err. Rain
(mm./mon th)
17.0
31.0
47.0
62.0
May
4-0
124.0
99.0
June
3.3
237.0
147.0
July
2.5
364.0
161.0
August
2.5
352.0
160.0
September
3.2
705.0
139.0
uct- -u’er
3.9
96.0
A 1.0
Novelet
3.9
50.0
46.0
December
YEAR Total
3.7
1339.4
10-0
1610.0
10.0
999.0 .Tun
Eective Rainfall with USER methodZROPWAT : 09 September 199o
------ Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Pexunan-Montei7>X
-
===
 x z
: : = 3:3 = = = = l = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
,
1
 = = = ===
= = .;j
=
. xs=sss==»ss«=s===-
Meteo station . GAMEELA
'***’*»,
AS::E‘h,OP,a
40
8 mete
r
Coordinates: 8.15 N.L.
Mfinth _
MaxTemp
MinTemp
Humid.
Wind
Sunshine
Sol.Rad
•c
•c
%
km/day
hours
ia
"
MJ/m’/d.
“y «■»/$
January
37.8
18.2
55
112
8.5
A o.i
February
38.4
20.0
51
130
7.6
..1
March
38.9
22.0
50
112
6.1
• 18.8
April
37.3
22.1
57
112
7.2
20.6
May
34.5
20.2
68
130
4.7
16.3
y-ne
32.5
20.7
75
112
4.4
15.5
July
August
31.7 21.9 76 112 •i n 15.0
31.6 20.9 80 130 1.8 12.1
September 32.9 20.5 77 130 4.8
16.7
October
33.9 20.1 73 130 6.3 18.3
(
November 32.9 19.3 66 130 7.2 December 35.6 18:8 63 112 8.4
18.6
19.6
5.1
5.5
5.3
5.5
<5
3.9
3. J
3.3
4.1
4.5
4.5
4.7
j YEAR 34.8 20.4 66 121 5.9 17.6 1658 Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CP.OPWAT : 09 September 1995
I
1 Climate file : gambela Climate Station : GAMBELA
553^
i
•
January
• 1 February
March
April
May
June
ZTO Rainfall
Eff. Rain
Jm=/day) (ma/month) {mm/month)
5.1
•
i
July
August
September
October
November
December
YEAR Total
5.5
5.3
5.5
4.5
3.9
3.7
•
■
*
3.3
4.1
4.5
4.5
4.7
1658.1
8.0
12.0
31.0
68.0
163.0
165.0
256.0
271.0
177.0
113.0
50.0
13.0
1327.0
8.0
12.0
29-0
•61.0
120.0
121.0
151.0
152.0
127.0
93-0
46.0
13.0
933.0 nun
Effective Rainfall with USBR methodtfrf***
Country
Altitude
: Ethiopia
: 2040 meter
Meteo Station : GIDAMI Coordinates : B.58 N.L.
( 'X V
34.35 E
Month MaxTemp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ETo-Peny
•c •c % km/day hours MJ/mx/day mm/day
'^January
February
March
Aprii
June
Tnlv
August
23.5 12.8 66 130 3.3 12.8 3.3
29.1 12.7 66 130 3.4 13.7 3.6
28.5- 14.0 67 112 2.6 13.4 3.4
23.6 13.3 75 130 7.5 21.0 4.5
23.8 12.1 90 130 5.1 17.0 3.7
25.2 13.2 88 112 4.6 15.9 3.2
22.4 13.0 87 112 3.9 14.9 2.9
23.0 16.4 86 112 1.9 12.1 2.5
September 23.0 13.2 82 -112 5.2 17.3
October 25.3 13.2 81 112 6.8 19.1
November 26.2 13.6 75 112 7.3 18.5
,ecember 26.4 13.2 69 130 8.4 19.4
3.3
3.6
3.6
3.8
YEAR 26-3 13.4 78 120 5.0 16.3 1258
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-roetearological unit
*
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
: gidami
Climate Station : GIDAMI
ETO Rainfall
Eff. Rain
(mm/day) (sm/month) (ma/month)
January
3.3
82.0
71.0
February
3.6
9.0
9.0
March
3.4
74.0
65.0
April
4.5
56.0
51.0
May
3.7
190.0
132.0
June
3.2
381-0
163.0
July
2.9
273.0
152.0
August
2.5
142.0
110.0
September
3.3
234.0
146.0
S-ttCber
3. c
198.0
135.0
Novexnber
3.6
41.0
38.0
December
3.8
4.0
4.0
YEAR Total
1256.. 
•■>4.0 
1076.0 mm
A tective R i
ana
f u, with USBR method3OPWAT : 09 September 1995
asssasssssKssssKx
2K2
easssssxs =«==■== ========
==== =
: GIMBI
9.05
aaa5!
Country : Ethiopia
Altitude : 1870 meter
Month MaxTemp MinTemp
Meteo Station
Coordinates :
N.L.
•Q *C
Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia
» ktn/day hours MJ/m’/day
January February
26.3
28.4
12.8
14.3
53
52
95
112
8.9
8.8
20.5
21.7
March
April
29.1
28.5
15.2
14.6
53
55
121
112
6.3
8.2
. 19.1
22.1
May
June
27.5
24.4
13.7
12.7
82
90
78
69
5.2
4.0
17.2
’.5.0
Jcxy
24.2
Xi.fc
94
104
A ;j
August
24.4
12.4
94
78
1.8
12.2
September
24.8
12.5
90
78
5.2
17.3
October
25.6
13.7
79
104
7.0
19.2
November
27.0
12.1
74
104
7.3
18.5
Jecember
27.5
12.'9
62
104
8.4
19.3
i YEAH 26.5 13.2 73 97 6.2 18.0 1321
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
-
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
i
Climate file
: gimbi
ET0
Climate Station : GIMBI
1
i
Rainfall
(-.£?./day) (mm/month)
Eff. Rain
(mm/month)
•
■
-
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
3.9
4.4
4.4
4.8
3.5
3.0
2.7
August
5.0
8.0
34.0
59.0
234.0
345.0
373.0
5.0
8.0
32.0
• 53.0
146.0
160.0
162.0
September
2.5
396.0
165.0
October
3.2
299.0
155.0
November
3.7
127.0
101.0
December
3.6
3.8
38.0
36.0
2.0
2.0 >
YEAR Total
1320.7
1920.0
1025.0 mm
Effective Rainfall with USSR methodq9 September 1995
aop,JAL L.
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Monteith S ^=a^==3S:l..3a3._.. = = ’ M 33^3 » » «=_>> =_= «
^T’2t3~ -J
(29 yr= ) i
35.33 E.L1
i
«
=
=
r
s«M***X : Ethiopia
'^tude • i 2130 meter
Meteo Station : GORE Coordinates: 8.10 ”,L
MaxTemjp MinTemp Humid .Wind Sunshine
•c
*C
70 km/day hours
Sol.Radi a
MJ/m’/day
ETo-Pension
mm/day
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
lecember
L-------------
YEAR
I
Climatic da
24.5 13.5 63
25.5 . 13.8 59
130
8.3 20.0 3.8
25.8 • 14.3 61
138
25.0 14.1 69
156
7.9 20.5 4.2
147
6.8 19.9 4.4
23.3 13.1 81
147
7.2 20.6 4.2
21.6 12.4 86
121
4.7 16.3 3.3
20.3 12.4 89
4.2 15.3 2.9
20.8 12.5 89
121
3.6 14.4 2.6
21.5 12.3 87
112
2.3 12.9 2.5
26.7 12.7 84
130
4.8 16.7 3.0
130
6.6 18.8 3.7
23.0 13.1 75
121
7.2 18.6 3.5
23.5 13.3 69
112
8.2 19.3 3.5
13.1
23.5
76 130 6.0 17.8 1263
ita compiled by FAO Agrc- meteorological un it
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
—
IL
Climate file
: gore
Climate Sta tion.: GORE
SSS22SSSSS33S
ETO
(mm/day)
3.8
4.2
4.4
Rainfall
(nun/month)
Eff. Rain
(mm/month)
January
1 February
37.0
43.0
101.0
k
March
35.0
40.0
85.0
April
4.2
147.0
112A0
May
June
3.3
253.0
150.0
2.9
345.0
160.0
July
2.6
348.0
160.0
August
2.5
340.0
159.0
3.0
354. C
160.0
October
3.7
ib/:o
131.0
November
3.5
112.0
** / 47 n.u
92.0
December
3.5
51.0
1
Ys AR Total
1263.4 
2318.0
E<<
4 -ectiv Rainfall with US3R methodROPWAT : 09 September 1955
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-MonteTlh X
A
’country -.Ethiopia 
Altitude : 1500 meter
StaSteiu^HOHA Coordinates: HMM) NX% 
(7 yrs)
3< ’ y-
_________________________________ ;--------- ;------------------------------------ 1
Month MaxTemp Mir.Temp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radi
•c *C % km/day hours MJ/a’/da y
a
January
30.4
•'.8
61
147
9.5
21.1
February
31.8
7
63
147
9.2
22.1
March
32.4
14.0
U4.
164
8.1
21.8
April
32.3
13.8
68
173
8.0
21.9
May
29.2
14.8
77
164
5.7
18.0
June
26.0
14.4
85
138
3.9
15.0
* •..
ulii j>
Z-i ■ o
13 .9
35
« Jr-t*
AvX
3.6
24.4
14.6
August
13.7
86
86
5.1
17.1
September
25.8
13.5
87
78
5.1
17.1
October
27.8
12.0
86
69
*•9
J.QS a
-Jj
j.4
n -4
• •
3 i
3 3
November
6.2
28.6
10.8
77
95
18.0 3 c
ecember
8.3
30.0
10.9
68
121
8.9
19.7 3 8
19.8 4.1
I YEAR
28.6
13.0
75
125
6.8
18.9 148?
CROP*’AT : 09 September 1995
1 Climate file : hoha
Climate Station : HOHA (7 yrs)
9
ETO Rainfall
EfT. Rain
f
(ast/day)
(mm/month) (mm/month)
•
•
-
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
4.9
5.0
5.3
5.4
4.2
3.3
3.0
•
i
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.8
4.1
1433.4
0.0
0.3
16.0
64.0
135.0
245.0
258.0
252.0
273.0
99.0
25.0
1.0
0.0
0.3
15.6
• 57.4
105.8
149.0
150.8
150.2
152.3
83.3
24.0
1.0
YEAR Total
1368.3
889.8 mm
• Effective Rainfall with USBR methodSeptember 1995
- 09
f rence Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Monteith
Re e
s. Ethiopia ‘
rs
Atr
x
550 meter
Meteo Station : I TANG
Coordinates : 8.10
H.L
( 2 y;t)
34.15 E -L
HaxTemp MinT&nip Humid,, Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ET3-Per2-1
•c
‘C t km/day hours MJ/coVday mm/day
i jafiua-Y
februar?
35.8
30.6
19.0 53
.20.5 51
112 0-5 20-1 4.9
130 7.5 20.1
5.5
■
March
Apr11
nay
June
July
august
September
October
38.6 -17.7 54 112 6.0 18.6
5,3
35.8 20.2 57 112 7.7 21.3
5.4
33-5 10.6 69 130 4.7 16.3 4.4
33.5 17.9 79 112 4.6 15.B 3.9
32-3 16.9 32 112 4.1 15-2 3.7
31.6 17.1 83 130 2-1 12.5 3.3
9
31.5 17.3 78 13Q 4.0 16.7
4-0
32.4 20.6 72 130 6.1 18.1 4.3
November
33.9 19.6 66 130 7.0 18.2 4.5
ecember
35.3 19.3 62 112 0.4 19.6 4.7
’■CEJlR
34.4 IB,7 67 121 6.0 17.7 1637
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROPWAT 09 September 1995
Climate file
i tang
ETO
v’mm/day)
Climate
Rainfall
(mm/month)
Station ; ITANG
Eff. Rain
(mm/month]
January
February
March
April
4.9
5.5
3.0
10.0
3.0
10.0
May
June
5.3
5.4
4.0
109.0
4.0
90.0
July
A ‘Jgust
4.4
3.9
139.0
140.0
108.0
109.0
1.7
3.3
390.0
190.0
164.0
132.0
Se Ptember
4.0
133-0
105.0
A "dber
4.3
01,0
71.0
November
4.5
16.0
16.0
December
4.7
1.0
1.0
y£ART-*.4L
^ e R,. -fell with
1216.0
013.0 mn
v
1636.6
TJS3R method,p»T : 09 septet'
r 1955
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo accordinTT^Z
-««S = x =
□untry
ltinnvV*
_ 
: EthioPia
. 410 meter
= = : = = 3 r = = = = = s = =
u =5 =
Meteo Station : 3IKAW0
Coordinates:
8.21 N.l 1
•onth
anuary
•ebruary
J
.arcn
npril
*ay
June
“»* yv
Xuoust
September
October
November
ecember
year
MaxTercp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine
.q
»C
% lkm/day hours
So’-Radi
35.8
30-6
38.6
35.8
33.5
33.5
1/V"
19.9
19.2
-*? i
31.6
31.5
19.5
17.2
16.4
15.s
32.4
33.9
35.3
19.0
20.5
17.7
20.2
Iff.6
17.9
17.1
17.3
20.6
19.6
19.3
17.1
17.9
18.5
18.0
17.3
i7?r
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
jikawo
■TO
(mm/day)
Climate Station : JIKAWO (?)
Rainfall
Eff*. Rain
January
February
4.3
0.7
Match
5.0
0.7
April
5.2
2.0
2.0
May
4.9
7.7
7.6
i
June
4.2
38.0
35.7
July
3.9
116.0
' 94.5
August
3.5
93.0
79.2
September
3.8
128.0
101-8
October
3.9
178.0
127.3
November
4.1
124.0
99.4
December
4.1
62.0
55.8
4.1
3.8
3.8
YEAR Total
3.0
3.0
1545.3
756.2
610-7
SS^«usbRmthoad0?vAT _---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
— *Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penin&n-Monteith
__ ,
-. 09 September 1995
A A5 -=7 -
s " = ■,= == = 3tn = = = i= = = = 3 = r = = = rt< = «3 = = «M = 3 = s-= = §-=
EtfaioP*-3
Meteo Station : J IMA
(18 yr)
coui,trA . 1577 meter
Coordinates : 7.40 
N.L. 36.50 E.L
MaxTaap MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ETo-PenMor*
•C *C % km/day hours MJ/nP/day mm/day
28.0
28.3
28.9
28.0
26.8
25.2
23.6
23.9
25.3
26.3
26.6
27.2
7.8 77 95 7.4
ia.a
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
>ec ember
10.1
11.3 74 181 6.5 19,4
12.3 77 130 6.6 19.6
12.8 80 112 6.2 LB.5
12.8 83 104 5.1 16.5
13.4 84 95 3.2 13.8
74 104 6.6 18.7
13.2 85 104
3.7 14.9
3.6
3.8
4.5
4.2
3.8
3.3
2.8
2.9
12.8 84 86 4.9 16.9
3.3
11.2 81 95 6.9 19-3 3.7
8.7 80 7B 7.3 18.9
7.1 80 69 7.9 19.0
3.5
3.4
YEAR
26.5
11.1 80 104 6.0 17.9 1301
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-metserological unit
*
3
CSOPWAT ; 09 September 1995
Climate file
J ima
ETO
(mm/day)
Climate Station : JIMA
Rainfall
(mm/Bonth)
Eff. Rain
(mm/month)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
Octob *r
November December
3.6
27.0
26.0
3.8
57.0
52.0
4.5
98.0
83.0
4.2
131.0
104.0
3.8
155.0
117.0
3.3
215.0
141.0
2.8
209.0
139-0
2.9
211.0
140.U
3.3
164.0
123.0
3.7
96.ii
ZTE. u
3.5
74.0
65.0
3-4
25.0
24.0
YEAR Total
1301.1
X ..".0
1097.0 num
ffective Rainfall with USBR methodQ?WAT : 09 septe=±AT 1995
Reference Evapotranspiration A’Acording PeruaaT?
■e
I
AA A
-
1
Jauntry : Ethiopia
Mti.ude : 600 meter
Meteo Station : KURMUK
Coordinates
: 10.33
N.l
v or.tYi
MaxTaop
’C
MinTemp
*C
Humid.
%
Wind km/day
Sunshine hours
Sol *Aadia
Mu/mVday
January
36.8
21.0
52
130
9.0
20.4
»
Fe. -=>Ty
37.7
22.3
49
130
0.5
49
112
6.1
21.0
Merer.
39.1
23.2
April
36.5
22.6
57
130
S.7
18.6
23.0
Hay
33. B
22.0
66
130
6.5
21.2
74
112
4.7
19.2
, me
31.2
July
29.e
20.5
76
122
_■
15.1
79
12.4
August
30.1
20.5
112
2.3
13.0
September
30.9
19.8
76
112
6.0
18 .5
October
33.2
19-5
74
112
7.4
November
19.7
35.7
10.4
69
112
7.7
acember
18.8
36.1
20.1
62
130
8.3
la. g
7 EAR
34.4
20.9
65
120
6.6
18.5
17DQ
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological uni
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate rile
: kurmuk
-TO
(z^/day)
Climate Station : KURMUK
January
■ i February
i
March
■ 1 April
May
June
5.2
5.6
5.3
6.1
5.0
4.C
3.7
3.2
4.2
Rainfall
(mm/manthl
0.0
3.0
6.0
40.0
164.0
143.0
205.0
190.0
221.0
145.0
13.0
Ef-f. Hair, (fam/merit h)
D-0
3-0
6.0
37.0
-
July
August
September
October
November
■ December
YEAR Total
4.5
4.5
4.7
170D.4
0.0
1130.0
121.0
110.0
138-0
132-0
143.0
111.0
13-0
0.0
ei4-°
Effective Rainfall with USBR methodA
Cpop aVT
□9 SePtamAer Al95 a
__ 2— Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Montel th
— _ 
* 
~_—
I
A
__^p=
-ZXS S - ZZ Zi = = = = =- ? = S = 3 - = = = " ’ “ "
’ = " ” = — — — — — — ~
=
J Country
: Ethiopia
s
icituae •
* 1550
me
ter
Meteo Station :
Coordinates :
MEXDI
9.47 N.L.
( 19 yr)
35 05 E.L
MaxTemp
e
•c
MinTetap
■c
Hujnid.
%
Wind Sunshin kns/day hours
Sol.Radia MJ/mVday
ETo-PenMor.
mm/day
i ar.ua^y
February
28.4
12,7
55
95
9,0
20.5
4.0
295
’ 14,0
53
112
9.8
21.6
4.5
March April
Hay
30.3
' 15,0
54
121
6.0
19.5
4.5
29.8
15.5
56
112
3.4
22.6
4.9
26-9
15.3
79
78
5.5
17.6
3.6
June
24.4
14.6
06
69
4.3
15.5
3.1
22.6
14.1
37
104
3.6
14.6
2.8
July
Xugust
23-5
14.1
08
78
2.1
12.6
2.5
Septeui&e
a
24.1
14.0
82
70
5.7
18.0
3.4
October November
ee ember
24.9
13.7
78
104
7.1
19.3
3.6
25.5
13.6
71
104
7.3
18.3
3.5
27.1
12.6
53
104
8.3
19.1
3.7
YEAR
26.4
14.1
71
97
6.3
19-2
1339
CHOPWAT : 09 September 19=5 ,
Climate file
mend!
ETO
Climate Stati’on : MEND I
Rainfall
Eff. Rain 
1 tnm/day)
(nun/mo nth)
(mm/month)
J anuary E ebruary
March
April
May
June
July
Au gnst
Se rtembe-
Oc toner
Novemb .
ei
D ecember
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
6.0
6.0
4.5
26.0
25.0
4.9
67.0
60.0
3.6
164.0
121.0
3.1
303.0
155.0
2,3
307.0
156.0
2.5
309.0
3.4
156.0
302.0
155.0
?. 6
129.0
102.0
I
3.5
29.0
3.7
29.0
6.0
6.0
Y EAR Total
1330.7
fall with USSR method
1652.0
974.0 M?.0?WA" : 09 Septecser 1953
..................Rele o^r^picntion BT» according Ferman-Montes A
Country
Altitude
: = i u=-4*5 - : Ethiopia
: 1800 meter
Meteo Sta Coo rdinat-*s
Month
MaxTemp MinTemp Humid. Wind
• 
c
"C % ktn/day hours MJ/mJ/d y
a
January
February
27.6
20.0
11.9
13.4
55
95
*12
9.0
9.0
20.5
22.0
March
29.2
14.4
•j4
L •
2.4
13.0
April
May
20.7
14.2
56
112
8,4
22.5
25.7
13.9
80
70
2.2
12.7
lune
23.4
13.2
07
69
4.0
15.1
July
2j <
13 Jj
37
104
< ■
1 ?.?
August
22.1
12.8
88
78
1.9
12.2
September
23.3
12.4
84
78
5.7
18.0
October 24.4 12.S 70 104 7.1 November 24.9 12.7 71 104 * 7.5
acember 26.5 12.1 62 104 8.4
19.4
18.7
19.2
YEAR 25.5 13.1 71 97 5.7 17.3
Climatic data compiled toy HAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROPWAT : OS September 1995
»• “
Climate file
= = = = ^=== = = = ^s
: nejo
= = = = = = = = —---
Climate
Station : NZJO
■
ETC
E = X== = = = = = ==3
Paintail ESf. Rain
(ra/dey)
(mm/manth)
{sm/month)
1
5.0
•j i
February
4.5
13.0
13.0
March
January
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
3.7
3.9
4.8
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.4
3.3
3.6
3.5
3,7
31.0
29-0
A
*
•
-
YEAR Total
1270.9
70.0
184.0
340.0
322.0
350.0
319.0
116.0
33.0
5.0
1788.0
5.0
.62.0
130.0
159.0
157.0
160.0
157.0
94.0
31.0
5.0
1002.0 imn
I
Effective Rainfall with USSR method09 September 1995
' ~~ 7 Ethiopia
roitntr^ 1 2 005 sue tar
—--------- —
ctefarence -7a?°transpiration ETq accarding Penman-Monteith
Meteo station
Coordinates :
NEKEMTE
9.03
N .L,
< 10 yr)
36.36 E L
MaxTemp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sal.Radia ETo-FenMan
I
"C "C y km/day hours
MJ/mVday mm/tlay
fJanuary
25-1
26.5
26-9
11.3
■ 12,5
53
95
112
121
8.3
8.1
7.7
19.7
52
20.7
-13.1
53
3.7
4.2
21.1
1 xpri1
26.9
13.4
55
112
Kay
J une
23.9
12. B
7.3
20.8
BO
78
5.5
17.5
4.5
4.4
3.4
21.2
11.9
00
69
3.9
14.8
1 July
19-B
11.9
89
104
2.7
13.3
AllQllSt
19.B
12.0
90
78
2 .0
13. &
2.0
2.5
2.5
September 21.1
11.9 07 70 3.9 15.2
| October
22.8 12.1 70 104 6.7 18.9
November 23.5
jecember 24.3
11.5 71 104 7.5 18.9
11.0 62 104 7.6 10.2
I YEAR------------ 233-------------12.1------------- 72------------ 97
i_________________________ ____ _________________________________________ __________
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
KO-----------177
2.0
3.4
3.4
3.4
1245
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
nekemte
ET0
Climate Station : NEKEHTE
Ra inSall
Iff. Rain
(
mm/day)
(turn/month)
(mm/Gionth)
J anua ry 
February
Harch 
*Ptil
Kay
3.7
9.0
9.0
4.2
10.0
17.0
4.5
52.0
40.0
4.4
75.0
66.0
June
3.4
261.0
1S1.0
i
July
2.0
335.0
164.0
2.5
400.0
165.0
August
s ®Ptemb
A ctotser
2.5
406-0
166.0
e
2.0
200-0
155.0
3.4
i5’3.~'
116.0
3.4
01.0
71.0
3.4
1B.Q
17.0
1245.0
215a.O
1145.0 on
e ctiv£
Rainfall . ;h 
w
USSR methodSOPWAT : 08 septanbe* 1995__________ __ _ ___ ______________________ ------------- Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according r
SSSESSS :-s—aa3ssaSSSBSSC = S3ZSS = Z=Z = 3 = X== = = =3SSZSs
'
Country “‘Ethiopia 
Altitude: 425 meter
Meteo Station : POKWO * years (
Coordinates : 8.10 
’
L *3z, ,
Month MaxTemp MinTemp Humid
•C *C t
Wind Sunshine Sol. Radi?~EA>t
km/day hours MJ/m’/day
January
36.5
19.3
112
8.8
20.6
February
•>8.3
20.9
130
7.7
20.3
March
7
112
6.1
18.8
April
ib.2
z_.
112
7.2
20.6
35.1
21.8
112
4.4
15.9
5.2
5.5
May
June
32.9
20.7
130
4.2
15.2
July
31.3
A 4^» A
w* •
2C.
112
4.0
15.0
<•3
4.0
3.?
AdJUSt
X7«>
112
1.3
<1 ’
-«
Seotember
32.2
20.8
59
58
59
60
71
74
77
77
75
72
64
60
130
4.7
16.5
October
33.1
21.0
130
6.4
18.5
November
34.2
20.6
130
7.4
18.9
December
35.5
19.5
112
.. 8.8
20.1
4.1
•1.5
4.1
4.8
YEAR 34.8 20.9 67 120 6.0 17.7
1650A
CROP*’AT : OB September 1595
•J
Climate file
-_3
:
Climate
S=3C=S2^=3aSS = SEZ3S^
Station : POKWO (23 year”
1
•1
ETO Rainfall
Eff. Rain
(xm/day) (mm/month) (mm/month)
a
1 January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
5.0
5.4
5.2
1
September
October
November
December
5.5
4.3
4.0
3.7
3.2
4.1
4.5
4.7
4.8
4.2
5.2
19.0
51.0
110.0
133.0
171.0
174.0
156.0
111.0
39.0
6.0
4.2
5.2
18.4
46.8
90.6
• 104.7
124.2
125.6
117.1
91.3
36.6
5.9
YEAR Total 1649.7
979.4 Effective Rainfall with USSR method
770.6 mm
J
!gepteniber 1995
_ ___________________________________ ?__________________________________ -— Reference Evapotranspiration E7o according Penman-Monteith
J—.=* =*= = X3 «>=3_^ “a=2:tTS;521Z3C5CtCli3;3=a--
’ -a —
.-------J ’’.Ethiopia
COAAe . 1200 meter
A'* * 
___ _______
Meteo Station : TEPI
Coordinates : 7.05
(6 yr’/’’
FML35.15 tj
•
i — — r
UaxTemp Mir.Temp Humid, wind Sunshine Sol .Radia ETo-PenMon
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October 28.3 13.2 86 130 6.0 18.1 November 27.9 13.2 80 121 7.1 18.7
ecember 29.4 13.8 74 112 7.8 19.0
•C *c 1 ktn/day hours MJ/m’/day sm/day
30.2 14.1 68 130 7.6 19.1 4.2
29.4 . 14.2 62 138 6.7 18.9 4.4
30.4 . 14.0 65 156 6.6 19.6 4.7
28.7 13.7 73 147 7.8 21.5 4.6
29.5 13.5 87 147 4.7 16.2 3.7 28.5 13.7 92 121 5.0 16.2 3.4
28.6 13.4 97 121 4.2 15.2 3.2 28.1 14.0 96 112 1.8 12.1 2.7 27.9 13.5 93 130 4.8 16.7 3.5
3.7
3.8
3.9
YEAR 28.9 13.7 81 130 5.8 17.6 1391
Clinatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
:?.0?WAT : 09 September 1995
r
i
Climate tile
: tepi
Climata Station : TE?I
S3 SSSSX2SSSZ3SS33S?SS33SSS3=X 3
ETO Rainfall
Eif. Rain
(mm/day) (mm/month) (am/month)
January February
March
April
4.2
4.4
11.0
11.0
30.0
29.0
I
53.0
49.0
May
June
46.0
43.0
187.0
131.0
126.0
July
August
4.7
4.6
3.7
3.4
3.2
2.7
175.0
259.0
151.0
259.0
151.0
136.0
OctobA “
Novena
3.5
3.7
3.8
3.9
1391.3
199.0
42.0
22.0
6.0
1292.0
r. :
December
Year Total
2k .J
6.0
896.0 nra
Rainfall with USSR methodCROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penmarv-MAA
, • xsssssssszsa-------------------—————--
===3
==ss=
Country : Ethiopia
Altitude : 1520 oeter
Meteo Station
Coordinates :
YUBDO
8.57
Month
January
N.t.,1 Si
35 -2 1 ____
MaxTeap MinTemp Hunid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Ratr
’C *C
29.6
13.1
February
June
30.4
30.4
30.2
26.9
26.0
.13.0
March
April
May
.13.5
13.6
12.3
13.2
1 July
August
September
October
November
24.6
23.8
24.3
26.0
26.5
28.3
12.4
1________
)ecember 1 YEAR
13.7
13.2
12.4
12.5
12.4
27.3
12.9
ka/day hours MJ/o»/dai
214
19.1
229
17.0
152
14.2
12.5
17Z
19.1
18.4
19.4
18.1
Climatic da ta compiled by FAO Agro-.meteorologi cal unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
*«»w”S«SS3
=x
- .
(mm/day) (nun/month)
yubdo Climate Statiqn : YUBDO *
210 Rainfall Eff. Rain
(ram/cnonth)
January February
March
4.0
4.5
4.4
4.8
3.4
3.0
2.9
9.0
18.0
25.0
B5.0
9.0
17.0
i
April
24.0
May
June
73.0
220.0
143.0
I
July
283.0
153.0
August
245.0
Sept°n»ber October
149.0
157.0
3.7
316.0
252.0
146. il
32.0
150.0
November
December
112.0
30.0
YEAR Total
1639.0
1025.0
Effective fauj-ii with USBK.cafflI>er 1995
aw*. rTo
» = 3<<’SSS = :S = = SX = =!S= * = = = =:»n =S;h == :,SB * = = >99 = « =’<<>>= = > =
=
accor
A
di g F -jun-sontelth
n
_ <<_
v *'
", Ethi°Pia
Heteo Station : WUSH WUSH * aa” . ..“‘"V,,
1
x i,uh,rv - If50 M,er
jlti£o“ ’
• 
Coordinates;
7.16 H.L. 36n I !
: i '-1 vr
s
MaxTemp ?! i
nTemp Humi
d. Wind S
unshine Sa
l.Radia 
ETo-PenMon
J _.?th
■c
*c
I"
’ km/day
 hours MJ/
n’/day t
nm/day
*
-nr
26.1
9.0
71
-5.7
9.0
95
73
104
7.3
6.5
18.7
18.5
3/j
V
s
Jet*
2c. •
10.9
77
-a-cn
AP-U
101
6.3
27.3
11.5
82
130
6.7
19.2
27.1
11.5
06
112
6.2
19.8
3.7
4.2
18.4
4.0
nay
June
25.9
11.2
86
104
5.1
24. D
ll.i
31
95
16.4
104
3.2
23.9
11.0
82
11.0
82
3.7
13.8
14.9
3.7
3.3
2.9 3.0
September jcco&e* ecenfcer
24.4
86
4.9
16.9
25.3
10.2
89
95
6.8
25.2
9.6
80
19.1
78
a.9
78
7.4
19.0
25.a
69
• 7.8
18.9
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.3
YEAR
25.7 10.5 81 104
6.0
17.8
1274
liaatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CR0PWA7 : 09 September 1995
Climate file : wush-wus Climate Station : WUSH WUSH
---------- ------------------- —-------------- x—:z-t:::::isxczs:z:
ETO
(am/day)
Rainfall
(nm/month)
Eff. Rain
(n®/ month)
January
3.6
47.0
43.0
February
I
3.7
95.0
73.0
March
140.0
113.0
April
4.2
132.0
i
May
4.0
189.0
3.7
250.0
150.0
June
3.3
209.0
139.0
| J^y
142.0
August
2.9
218.0
September
3.0
225.0
144.0
3.3
228.0
145.0
October
3.5
143.0
110.0
November
*3.4
100.0
84.0
c nmb e r
3.3
50.0
46.0
YEAr Total 1273.8 
£f <
''.^Ltlve Rainfall with USSR method
1892.0 
1321.0 mmI
INATURAL RESOURCES
APPENDIX C: GROSS MARGIN
ANALYSIS OF MAIN CROP
Crops under traditional production Crops under traditional production Crops under traditional production Crops with improved husbandry
- u>lrga region
- niubabor region * Low land area
T AM3ILC
p|a
21-AS1TA2£«-e»
CJIOSS IU1C1XS 3F OOPS -XOg* TlADiTlOKAL MCO’JCTIOa IX U3W-AD30 1ASIX
ClCFSw-
£rs?M:«" 1 Seed ’ Cross Total • . *rotl ... 
VoUep legion prices as fro, Tab!, 9
Seed ; Orosi Total; Cross
C31Z ; output rar. ; nargln ; \
cost, Quzpj; var. aarg|ei
•7««U] costs ,’Birr/ha 
..(/tell: ,
cos s |Bjrr ba
- F1.WU1*
."aise (local*.:
12 : : •213 kg B
I values in Birr.. f» 
■ • Soyabean. 
— Financial values in lire —
;
ecr
prize
value/cost
i • so : Ajo kg • ;
1.AS I
JL
1.45
•
e« 2.SO • 
2.1*/
i. r. *
Jorghua:
• »Ji s»»: i.m:; 123A. 1,125 425 ; ?•;
!■
•
;
<67
price
value/cost
is :
..30C kg 9
. •* 23 l.JC
Cowpea 
23: 222 kg
;:: i.so ; :.so •
»."*>> 1.3CC jjg- . MI* .! »33: 1.352 333 \ 712
JTaff:
: 25;
/ 2 - 40 ;
•
*
1
>> Sunflower:
qiy
price
velue/cost
400 kg
2.40
’ :
io; iso kg 
;
•
: , 2-30 ;
: 6* •» 1.410
parley;
243 • . 1.033 J . 
25;
: Biger ’.rxui.
, : lo.o : co kg
2.12 •
’5ff 325 ;
125
<4-7
Kite
11L'.
is:
633 kg
1.33
! 2.33 ■ 2 22 
•
vein ‘cost 133 1.323
•heat.
333 •
R=J
•
• *z
230 kg
1.3:
•
-
533 1 62. 342 242' JSC
Il Flax;
;; s: •. .so kt
;r:ze 133
;. :.4: i sue
:
ve’-.e, cast
22>> . 1.242
*23 ;
?!•-
123 1 2,152 320. T32
Plllr.: Seim:
q:y
pries
v *l-e. tost
•L *
633 kg 1
• •»
■ • •- 1.A2
•
J *.<•£ X >B
RSR* :>>-i***e
:
. sr. 352 25? : 405 ;t ><? •• 9s1.*. Vi: f
qey
Kite
1 Soria bean
• • •*» «
»,
6ac kg
2.40
!! Croundnuz (unshelled)
:; so : see M
?; 2.50:
2.53 • 
i
;
;
■'•-ue/eoit J A;*;’ •. 1.526 632 • 32 4 ;; 202: 1.2S3 320 J T5C
T’.eld pea: ;
v.y
Pr-.:
• * >>•
2 !3
6s: kg
2.3C
;
e
. 
; lapesaed:
10:
;; 2.241
432 kg
2.24
V|, d«. zoft
,
: ips ' i.ssc s.’s vs
. Haricot bean:
: 7C i TOO kg
: i.ss i ’..is
j
i
on in ; sc:
", u : '..ns in ; ns
• ‘ Chilli
1 Irish;
A7
vrln
;; 2.0;
*40 ki
10: 2.33 •
:n
: o*j ns : ssi :•. K
I Chickpea: 1
•/ Lentil:
. 
33 :
630 kg
1-33
1.253
sc ;
430 kg
:
1.3- - :
V. 2.52;
3.33 ‘
:
i43 
:
343 ;
1. V.O::
115.1.255 
2551 175
A lluM » no S|g
f - usa of fartiUstr or pesticides and use of own
ni 1C4n
-Ur« possible Variable cost Includes BlrrttC/ba for i plougd.h^J
2
or yields were hot availi«' *
* *• iq»’Tj7t ;oy »j»n S > * " - i ’ e ; j • .
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ou nmify
st:
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:«0S/«n*VA
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xzb
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; (qtBJj)
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i
•
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n o:c sz : x:b
tuv»q :o=1-¥Kl
: s::
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rx
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s uetqtZcs
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—
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:n£:nc ! :$co
«f©X*rf ; p*»s
•' Lil. Ml J JtA
* le-5* ; it:Ci
iiojo : twox
□ndsno : :fc:
ffo.’c :»»s
cj-.T/ioJD
UC;J|M .-Cjtqnni
nrc:.“«oM3 »tu
‘■ISYS 08Y1V-CKYS x: xoznnsoiJ IVNOUIOVU xioxn S.0X3 40 SXTOIfW SSMO :d 3*3evxTxaix ci
gross xajlsiss ar cio*s l’nos* ?<ad:t:omal Hoesens* :
nU . awM-usc- lou-
Inland ana
C13?/t-« "
a
Saed. Zrosi To tai Great
s«t; 3ran Tot-il Geon
;
 =«= OtiZpUZ
:
vi?. £ aar<iA
■ £ is it * atszpu”
var,
' urjin
B
i JvlaldJ coses i Birr/ha
U/Hl-I :ci;j ; Birr/hj
Finan rial values in
ll?r
-
-.".’inane ill Ziluai 1.1 3l?r *-
Xalza £1 «*13: •
qty
value/cala
:
3”-’
1,3*2 *K
*3 «
1,376
V
i
1*2 i*33*
fc •
1 1 Ss/aiaan:
*5";
13 k£
: i.i: :
; *=:
' , 30ri4L£3 .
•H, 1 1.3a*
t
to
9
9
» AM
qty
pr ice
:
is:
304 fcf
«
/
; 1.33;
1.33 ■ 1
7S6 323
«i
"r
<a
41
■i, .
stitae:
<i
1ST *33; -223
to
1 zsc k<
i-35 ■
US 213:
9
lF*lLK/CO*t 1 23 :
, Size • radd’/lj
:*n
II
II
Ml
-Jj
123
5 = 7
value? ceil
S3;
333 ki
«•
; fc^rTHl
; ^"122
latten t lead cc ::art 1;
I
1
■
■
1
1
i£3 ? s-s
3 r 7su n dn-Jt ’ —ni . r£»ila<i:!
s
13;
A*r* r
ij
•» •
4
•
in ■
qty
;
sc
*13 kfi
4»
1I
2--VJB
- -rftf
R*1 -R/'ui
I
1
value,'c«z
:
13 I
1CC
315
ssi
• :
Nov< AnAaai ‘o IZ57.I ficir.t
Ul€ jf
faetillier ar taiiiz LKi and m* it wwn
>ssl
icisiz’.* '/iriahLt ecat leicluSw 3i.rr]3“.‘S4 fsr - sloughinis •-
• lacel prisis .in net a'-'it labl* -TASU Ci
C10M JU3C1.V ar :ic?s WITH IMMOVSD HUSItfOXY
cmpbum.oc:
Financial/exonoaic valua, ln8
Crap/itia
•hits per ba
1
J 5ee i
........... Variable costs
tirr/ha........ ............................ - • ii in/
Farcillsers Kirb-
Inaec- Fung-
Tri.-is- 0:her '
UJUZ Touj
• iron Vi.
N ? X Uide cicide izida k|*t*1 *1/1 n/l *i/l
per: co»:» ; Ou.7u. CoJA _
Haiti (hybrid’.: *
V7
price
value/cost *.
Haiti composite:
q-y
prici
value/cost I
:s
i:3: 12
C
•
2.32 ».?: 4.51 J-12 32
53 «-232 198 32
R
W
162
A
4*
R
w
A
4:.
5~
30
4?:
29 62 22 13
2.32 -92 6. 59 3.22
R
3
R
w
RR
&.wR
; 5,»3s lts
.?s
531 i J.C50 L,
«
•
: 4,333 k«
32 5 a -**
«
-A
:
58 tn 1 32 32 0
:t:
R
331 ;
Cotton (irrLgare ir.
.?5
3.379 1.231
', seed co Ctor.
qty 
price
valui/cost;
: 23 63 29 10 2 3 & 33.0
1.00 a.ic 6 .51 3.22 200 102 0
J 3.300
: 3.30
20 234 165 32 400 wflv c 179 739 : 11.39C 2,391
Cotton (dryland . Atobo;
qty
prut
value/cost.
23 iC 28 13
n 9 A4* 35.0
1.00 A.52 i.*9 3.22 202
•A A
• w
A t RR
Ai MW
Isaed cotton
J 2.233
13.32
22 195 155 32 400 520 0
a.a" 69i: 7.250 2.431
Wheat: •
qty
price
valui/coi:
Barley
*>*•* iMv 22 2 2
• R 12
2.33 A.33 4.92 4 90 210 to S3 <a RA
a ’•FWi/vw **
1 sc
271 231 93 
. 5k A& so 129 a'S 496 1 5.433 1.733
qty 123 53 X a
prici
value/cost
a
a
AK
a.a
1-92*33 4.54
A?a W 32 * • •Ai- * 
! 3.223 M
1.13
ns 1-5 h: A
Tiffs
qty 25 40 3- a
IV >>• 53 ;r ili; 3,330 i.:s:
a
price
vaUe/cost;
Sor
ghoa:
qty
price
value.'cost:
2-52 4.93 6.59 3.
t3 196 12: 0
c0A
w 2/
R 0 A 3.20
2.332 k£
: 1.5 =
A
0 13 347. 3.453
4
.’30
19 40 23 13 3 2 A 4,4
1.10 i.7O ft.30 j a44 0
4 4,030 kS
4
.79
- 116 in JJ
ft
• XA
A
c
j-«^
5A
56i:
3 ’335
a*UA
C
h
ickpeat
qty
price
value/eot:;
32 7t 3
2.00 4.9C ft.j9 4I.22
3
Q
163 14?
’32 C
«
■ * c i-3
12 9 9.02
•*
;
t.:5C k«
s.ce
0 *.
G
roundnuts
ety 92 ft ;r w A
C S337: Z-»OCS‘4
unihailed
price
valueZcost
S
oyabeans:
qty
price
value/cos:
=->2 1.13 6,, 
224 24J 13:
.
1.22
*
* -
• : 3
32 403 45 13e • • *31 : 4,53C U*21
,,
•
•
203 so isa S *2
: usao
1 2.92
I 52 90 23 ia
J 2.10 4.93 6.59 
.2
32
oca
.3 c
it 3 5 25
2.2C3 k£
! HO24J 132 ...
i 2.30.-Tlrlue-.
—viruti, cdisi
■«> _»w | ¥UU/ TOC* I : Cross
Zax&z-Fiiatl-
K csfiir Hide ztd<
Trim* otbtr ;
HE. I virgin
1
1
?©rs cots# •, ©UEpuE G9SES : mc/hji
•Jaiz®^’’* ’
Harics= wi=i
4-7
Pt’*"
¥*lJO/ESS- *
fiold ?ms
4*^
JJL=<
Vtlui./ E - s f Horl€ t<A7.
qty
price
valut/cust 1 Sunflower;
qsy
prizi
■.■*lu»;rssz
A
'■i££t* lE3 _r£Z EE7
prict
hUi/SIH V«(bi4%;4> ; -
k</l Vi
:
k
1
- hrilUiin -
K?
M **
• ; »’*
J3.
i:
fill :
2:
02
as- t.m .
52 43- 22
; 53C kt ;
r 22 . = 5
:
.35 
72= ill:
;
a:
3 * 7 us
J
T*
’ - ;
137
:
:
T.« -i a * "i 12 .5
2 25 .-i: e,55 2-22
. 30 70,33
2 1.321
,22 .24
i incite J 
’ uosc *5
; 2.33
iZ U. * 132 32 5
is
:
rj
47 ; 1,333 511 1 1.337
15
i 1.3 fc.52 5.5> 3,22
L«
4- — 5 .5 .3 1.721
: £.520 M
: i-73
i
. S3 40.C3 4C.30
.So’
15 = U? 132 32 J 33 3 103 62 : 2,53c 43=; 1/37C
ii
i 12 25 5 0 ,0 3LU32
: 14 - 3-s.s? 3.2=
.33 22 .22 .25
I 1.53= kJ
; 1.23
j
:
L
4At
— >
* 1*
a -* k. V. 2 2 I 103 45 ; 1.53C 23C :
75‘i
17?<
• • 1 R * R
a ■ a • W * -■ 3 2.3
2 13,92?
,oa
i
: -3=
1
1
4E.E, := 5.57 2.22
,i: AC,C:
2= 523 112 6 k 3 1Z 3 5=2 1J2 1.322 1.817 I
1.1-3
5
si . _ ci Z77» is
fFe
4-y
??u*
v*i.<-r„ _
?B€*SO
4-7
p?Lz<
vAluq; —i-«;„ ,
S-ai: por*:.oi;
qzy
sri=«
’jWssj
Sfaug:
3=y
Price
V *lu«/-Cst .
Mill,-. 
j 1= 5= a: ■ 12
.5 12 322
r
• e™
.32 42-31 45 _:5 34
-3c
4--
-btfclj
}
v, sv T-1 V
a. 1.3 53
F
■ -*:= .WW ' Vtf "
1.S5S, 70 5.55 1-32
r >3-
■ ■» 1 rt
1.5=2 UC 175 Lfil 3
"W ■*
fa -
I -72
33 712 274: 12.5:3 3«*ss ■
1
•
.0 75 30 SC j .1
15,776
; 0 +.S3 4.57 3.22
.5= 40*32 .25. .34
: 15.002 kg
: -sc
*■
. 7.343
i
•
■
2 543 173 141 3 2= 0 363
73 *i l*’’ ,3-5 7,4 3 6 ] 15.274
T
S.2 S3 20 13 j
_C
,= L i25
b
L.OCO kt ■
2.5 =,.70 6.50 3.22
.33
.oc .33 -54
! 2,00
■
0 243 133 32 j
1
i’
2 3 77 iO; 3,C3C 533
F
i,*6o
4>
’-’r
JW 1 i"l 3
,2
■*
fa •
3>L1
J.2,00 ki k
P t‘lEB
.
*.'3:
>M
s.so 3,22
••2
53
.33
_’la
5 1.::
1
52 ;
3.522
671
7.727
v *lut ’ 3’
r i=
:-J_F
j,?«
3
::
3
U3
Uae’r
1
h
A “7
Pri q
J
: sa :s 5Q’
, 55 i 0= 6.57 J . 22
-us in m
5
3
*
• >'
.02
*
r
c 22»4CC
: 25,020 kt
!-30
65 : 4.50C U733
.
i
4.24aI
I
I
Mnatural resources
.ANEX2Ll Rfcl?I,TI
A RE
Effwtivr lUinr.ll, USBR
method, C.mbet., (Crop,., March iws)
AIWS-ULC Baro-Akoiio Rh*er Busin Integrated Development Muter Plan
21-.44x
____ , 3W2J7AL1. AT W32-A
il71 i?71
:j-J
:>'*
1975
5,’l
=* _ *
3 :
5.3
i:
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Annex 21-J
appendix E
Application of the Uakerttl Soil Loss Equation
A kobo Integrated Development Master Pi>‘3STDQC9 X’.NVAL *=:*LOSS 3C3 TO ZXOSICH WI3UZA rJ8DO
yll«: SOIZXOSS
Cnivenal toil 1: si equation:
tstiaated soil itii A •
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SOU TT3I lil" 13A3.
Contlnuoua cultivation o£ acrghua
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Structure
15 2.5 «
Permeability
percent
FACTORS R.C (
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growth stage)
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Slope
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53
45
77
IS
9•
1.7
3.6
5.0
6.1
4.7
18
22
48
48
■1
88
20
,9
2.3
4.3
5.9
7.3
1.0
23
30
54
18
108
119
• >/SOOL LCS’S - Ci TO ZAOSIOH
trrtMAA35
?Lla: soHAMS- ’®
Mil i»» «^-=n
xzxsa
0
»«SMa«it g-*„ -ten i„^,r M.
;
j3-i3*=ed mH Ism A ’ ;a.Cl . x. tL.si.y la
yUCMSi jriL.i wrcXJ. rwidue left 0- toi|, V-W plotA.d .*
SO - - TS?S - tile Lata- AETisol overlying deeply weathered schist
2* ft
5
C CM
StzuCE’ir-_
?erre
ahtll-y
?n re«sE
70 
15
15 2.5
f granular
mode
rate
I*
FACTOR * C
(rainfall a=s
Iv*ay, crap
RKrtageoent
factor,
5rowt.l «cage)
Mean annual
value oE
S. •
500
Crzp penzd
fallow fallow Callow
f allo*
fallow Total
y
T
F
y
?
> trotLVLry
2:
zo
20
20
23
C value
.5
i
.4
.S
,4
Ce-C.Ai
-5
4
.s
.5
-4
3
-'ACToji X (BciL ®r-d4bili:y' i
FACTORS ? ACT L.S (esssi?*: io.-..
• Lepe l-gw and gradl-T.tr ;
4
SLspA
1-ftfigXh of slope CratJ
(*» LC lao 200 300 430
SOIL 3wLX 3EI3ZT': 1.2
then 1 -an depth □' ’tail -«
U =/ha of sctl Lass
I
AMXUAL SOIL LOSS Pf MM;
Slope
(%]
Length of slope <o]
10 1QQ 2Q3 100 400
9
2
.5
,x
.2
*
.3
.4
.4
2
3
0
□
D
3
-5
-2
.4
e
.5
.7
!
4
0
■3
0
□
0
.5
.3
J
.1
1.1
1.3
4
0
0
a
a
a
s
-5
•5
l.a
1.4
k-7
1-9
a
0
a
0
0
a
10
.C
.7
1.4
I.S
2.3
2.7
10
0
0
3
□
0
u
-5
-9
1-3
2.5
3.1
1.4
12
□
3
rJ
c
3
1-4
■9
2>
2.3
15
3,3
4.0
4.7
14
□
C
1
1
1
-9
1-4
2.9
H
03
4.0
4.9
S.9
If
0
1
;
i
1
-B
1.7
3.S
5.0
4-1
4.7
11
0
1
1
■
.5
1-0
4.3
S.5
7.3
8.3
20
0
1
1
1
2•
SSTINATYD ANNUAL SOIL US3 ICT TO ZROSICN WERZCA TININCA YAZXI
File: SOILLOSS.003
Continuous cultivation of sorghum
Universal aoil lest equation:
Istiaated soil Iasi A
(R.C) ,K.<L,SI ? in st/ac/year
LANDUSi-
S-*sorghum, residue left on soil, then ploughed
SOIL TTPS: clay loan, Nittsol overlying basalt
Z * fl S 0 CM Structure
percent 33 33 4 3 3.5 c granular
Permeability
rapid
FACTORS R.C (rainfall erosivity. crop
Mean annual value of A w
management factor, growth itage! :
4 50
Crop period
fallow
seeding
estab-
growth t
residues Total
lishment
maturity
T
•
2
3
4
> erosV/ity
Li
s
4
47
23
C value
EE
70
53
32
53
te.C.R]
44.4
U.S
13.7
47.7
51.1
199
FACTOR X (soil erzdartlity :
FACTORS ? ANT L S zsnier/azion,
slope length ant gradient/:
.35
SOIL 3ULX OUTSIT?:
•
12
then 1 iue depth of sail -
12 t/ha of soil loss
Slope
14)
Length o f si ope Im!
10i:o230 300 400
ANNUAL SOIL LOSS IN XI:
Slope
(41
Length of slope («1
10 LOO 200 300 400
9
2 
.5
12 
.3
.4 
4
2
0
0 
3
0
0
1
4 
.3
.2 
.4 
-4
.7 
.8
4
0
0
*
1
1
1
4 
.5
.1 
.7 
.7
1.1 
13
6
0
1 1
• .«
.S1-0 
1-4
1.7 
1.9
1
1
1 2
2
3
2 
3
3
4
10 
.5
.7 
1.4 
19
23 
27
10
1
3.1 
3 4
12
1
2 
J
4
5
12 
.4
.7 
1.1 
2 5
14 
.1
1.1 
2.3 
3.3
4 0 
4.7
14
2
4 
4
7
a
7
10
I
14 
e
1.4 
2.9 
4.3
4.9 
5.1
14
2
5 
7
IB
20 
.a
.7
1.7 
2.0 
3.4 
4.3 
5.0
5 7
4.1 
T.3 
4.7
10
LB
20
3
4
4 
9 
7
12
11
15
12
14
virrigated and rain fed agriculture ____---------------------------- —. Annex 21
Irrigation requirements and schedules for the could be grown in the Baro-Akoba Basin
main crops grown InT or which
i
^grated Development Master PlanCrop data :
Growth Stage
Length Stage Crop Coefficient (coeff.j
Rooting Depth Depletion Level Yield-response F.[coeff.]
SORGHUM
Crop file
Init Devel Mid
: !SOr ghu.*n
(days ] 20 40 30 0.40 - > 1.05
[meter ] 0.30 [fract.] 0.50
->
->
I
0.40 0.40 0.55
1 40
0.55
Late
0.50
1-40 0.90
0.43
0.3
Crop data : GROUNDNUT
CRGPWAE ± 21 Septembai-LPSS = = — = = = = _==
= ===-=- grondnut_
Growth Stage
Init
Devel Mid
Late Tjtj;
Length Stage
[days
]
25
35
Crop Coefficient
(coeff]
45
25
0.55
- >
Crop file
1.00
130
C.55
Rooting Depth
[meter ]
0.30
- >
Depletion level [tract.]
0.80
o.ao
0.45
->
0.45
0.50
Yield-response F.fcoeff.]
0.40
0,60
o.ao
0.43
0.”.
Crop file
Devel Mid
: soybean
Late 'sti
[days ] 20
35 -60 25 ■_4G
Crop Coefficient Crop data :
[coeSOf fY.]BEAN
CROPWAT f ^September T9£5= -==-========-
GRroot owitng D h Staeg e pth Length Stage Depletion Level Yield-response F
[meter ] [fract>]
. [coef f.]
Init
0.45
0.30
0.50
0.40
- >
- >
->
1.05 G.45
a - •-±:
1.00
1.00
0.90 1.00 0.40
0.60 0.90 0.B-
| Crop data :
CROPWAT : 27 September 1995 I Growth Stage
VEGETABLES Crop file
Unt Devel
Length Stage Crop Coefficient
[days
]
15
25
[coeff.]
0.75
->
Rooting Depth [meter ]
0.25 
->
Depletion level [tract.]
0.30 
->
Yield-response F.fcoeff]
0.80 
0-40Crop file
: maize
Init
Devel
Mid Laze Total
25 35 40 30 130 0.45 ~> l.LC 0.55
0.30 -> 1.30 1.20
0.50 -> 0.50 0.80
0.40 0.40 1.30 0.50 1,25
*•?;
t 7 £ e □ t X-Tib®”11 9 9 □ : 27—-
j—
COTTON
Crop file : cotton
Init Devel Mid
Late Total
‘ ;rowt h Stage
e :o
• ngth Stage
E p Coa" f ti ent
[days ]
[coeff-]
30
0.40
50 ->
55
1.15
45
0-65
LSO
4
Resting Depth
[meter ]
0.30
->
1.40
1.40
Depletion level
rfract.]
0.60
->
0.60
0.90
?ield-response F.
[coerf]
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.40
0.95
A
• FtfAT : 27 September 133 5
Crop data : WHEAT 
j*owth Stage
Crop file : wheat
Init Devel Mid Late Total
A gth Stage
■ <o'?i-c i e Fi *
iiays ]
30
0.50
30
40
1.20
30
o.scr
130
■aoezf.]
->
noting Death
-ep
[merer ]
0.30
->
1.00
1.00
J
i “ ~ s Por.se f.
*jp|riOn level
re
(tract. 1 
[coeff.]
0.50
0.40
->
0.60
0.50
o.ao
0.70
0.40
1.00
■ AAT -
/
I
r 1995
Barley
Croo file
: barley
Init
Devel
Mid Late
Total
[days } 25 35 45 30 135
(coeff.]
[meter ]
[--act. ]
0.40 -> 1.15 0.40
0.30 -> 1.10 1.10
0.60 -> 0.60 0.90
• [coeff.]
0.20
0.60
0.50
0.40
1.00
ICSOPWAT : 27 September 199o
Crop data :
EEANS
Crop file : bean
s — 
-
Growth Stage
Init
Devel
Mid
-ate
Length Stage
[days ]
20
30
30
Ss*’^ v/x
Ml
Crop Coefficient
[coeff. ]
0.35
->
10
1.15
0.70
90
Rooting Depth
Depletion level
[meter ]
[tract. ]
0.30
0.45
->
->
Yield-response F
.[coeff. ]
1.00
0.45
0.20
0.60
l.on
0 60
1.00
0.40
1..
*****
CROP WAT : 27 September
1995
Crop data :
CITRUS
Crop file
: citrus
Growth Stage
Init
Devel
Mid
Late
Total
Length Stage
[days ]
60
90
Crop Coefficient
90
[coeff.]
0.75
->
120
360A"
0.65
0.75
Rooting Depth Depletion level Yield-response F
[meter ] [tract.]
. (coeff.]
1.40 -> 1.40 1.40
0.50 -> 0.50 0.50
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 .DC
CROP WAT : 27 September 1995
Crop data :
SUGARCANE-AVE Crop file
: sugarcan
Growth Stage
Init
Devel
Mid 
Late
Total
Length Stage
[days
| 
90 
90
90 •
0.95
90 
35C
Crop Coefficient
iGoe/f.-j
0.95 
->
0.95
Rooting Depth 
[meter
1
1.50 
->
1.50 
1-50
Depletion level
[tract.]
0.60 
->
Yield-response F.[coeff.]
0.80 
0.80
CROP WAT : 27 September 1995 Crop data
Growth Stage
EYV Sorghum Crop file £ SOr^
Init Devel Mid
Late
Length Stage Crop Coefficient
[days ]
[coeff*]
27
0.50
35 
->
35
1.15
Rooting Depth
Depletion level
[meter ]
[fract.]
0.30
0.50
0.60
->
->
0.60
1.00
0.50
1.20
30
0.60
1.00
0.80
0.80
lj
Yield-response F.
.[coeff.]27 September 1995
Crop Evapotranspiration and irrigation Requirements
Fiie
gambela
SOYBEAN
Stage Coef f
Kc
Climate
Station:
Planting date : 1 June
ETcrop
nun /day
ETcrop
mm/dec
Etf.Rain mm/dec
GAj'fBELA
iRReq. mm/day 
IRReq. fflm/dec
Jun
jqn
Jun
Jul . JWT
Jul
Aug Aug
1 ini t 0.45 1.85
2 mi t 0.45 1.76
3 deve : 0-54 2.05
1 deva 0.71 2,66
2 deve 0. SB 3.25
3 ds/mi 1.01 3-59
1 mid 1.05 3.53
2 mid 1.05 3.36
18.5 40.2
17.5 39.3
20.5 43.0
26.6 47.3
32.5 51.3
35.9 51.1
0.00
0-00
0.00
0-00
0.00
0.00
35.3 50.9 0.00
33.6 50.7
0.00
*«•—inn 3 mid
1.05 3.67
36.7 47.9 0.00
SeQ
1
2
mid 
mid
1-05
1.05
4.03
4.31
40.3 45.1
43.1 42.3
0.00
0.07
Sep 3 mi/lt
0-99 4.19
41,9
38.6 0.34
Oct 1
late 0.81
Oct 2 late 0.57 TOTAL
3.54
2.57
35.4 34.8
25-7
31.0
0.06
0.00
443.5 613.6
0.0
0.0
0-0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
3-4 0.6 0.0
4.7
CROP WAT : 2 7 Sept ember 19 9 5 
n—— — —-------------------- --------- . 
Climate File Crap
gambela. VEGETABLES
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
Climate Stations GAMBELA Planting date : 1 Juns
Month
Jun
Jun
Dec Stage Coeff
Kc
ETtrop mm/day
ETcrop Eft.Rain 
nun/dec mm/dec
IP.Saq. mm/day
IRHeq. 
mm/:dec
Jun Jul
Jul
Jul Aug Aug Aug
total
1 init 0.75 3.OB 30. e 40.2
2 in/de 0.78 3.06 30.6 39.3
3
1
0.00
0.00
deve 0.89 3.41
deve 1.03 3.88
34.1 43.0 Q .00
2 mid
30.8 47.3
3
1.10 4.07 40.7 51.3
L
2 mi/it
mid 1.10 3.92 39.2 51.1
mid 1.10 3.70 37.0 50.9
3
late
1.03
1.00
3.44
3.50
34.4
35.0
50.7
47.9
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
320.6
42k. f.
0.0 0. 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0Crc? Evapotranspiration and Irrigation RequirementsAAxA
limate File : gambela
top 
ion th Dec Stage
: HYV Sorghum
Coe ft ETcrop
Kc mm/day
Climate Station: Planting date : 1 June
ETcrop Eff.Rain mm/dec mm/dec
Jun
Jun
Jur.
1
2
3 
1
2
3 
1
2
3 
1
2
3
I
init
init
in/de
deve
* AO.ve
Jul
Aug
Aug
Aug
Sep
SeQ
Sep
Oct
ueve
de/mi
mid 
m • d 
mi; it
late
late
late
0.53 
0.50 
0.52
0.55 
0.63
1.02
1.13
1.15
1.15 
1.12
1.00
0.82
0.64
2.05
1.95 2.02
2.44 
3.09 
3.64 
3.81
3.68 
4.03
4.30 
4.11
3.47
2.78
TOTAL]
20.5
19.5 
20.2
24.4
30.9
36.4 38.1 36.8 
40.3 
43.0
41.1
34.7
19.5 405.4
40.2
39.3 
43.0
47.3
51.3
51.1 50.9 50.7 47.9
45.1
42.3 
38.6
• 24-3 .* 572.1
GAMBELA3
*RReq, mm/day
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
G ro O.GC
0.00
0.00
0.00
A CPWAT : 27 September 1995
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements limate File : gambela
IX:
rop 
’•or. th Dec Stage
: KAI ZE
Climate Station: GAMBELA
Planting date : 1 June
Coeff ETcrop KKcc mm/day
ETcrop
mm/dec
Eff.Rain 
Jun
Jun
Jun
Jul Jul Jul Aug 
Aug
Aug
Sep Sep Sep Oct
mm/dec
I RReq. 
mm/day 
IRRb:. ruia/dec
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
x
init mit
in/de deve deve deve mid mid mid mid 
late late
late
0.45
0.45
0.53
C. 64 
0.22
1.01
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.01 0.83 0.64
1.35
1.76
1.90
2.39
3.04
3.59
3.70
3.52
3.85
4.22
4.13
3.49
2.80
18.5
17.5
19.0
23.9
30.4
35.9
37.0
35.2
38.5
42.2
41.3
34.9 
28.0
40.2
39.3 
43.0
47.3
51.3
51.1
50.9
50.7
47.9
45.1
42.3
33.6
34.8
!
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
total
402.5
582.627 e?temBer 1995
s
C’-oo Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
MAIZE
Climate Station: GAMBELA
Planting date : 1 November
Stage Coeff ETcrop ETcrop Eff.Rain iRReq. KC mm/day mm/dec ttm/dec mm/day
IRReq.
mm/dec
ini t 0.45 2-02 20.2
ir.it
0.45 2.02 20.2 20.6 0.00
0.0
i n/de .0-50 2.27 22.7 11.7 1.10 11.0
15.3 0.49 4.9
deve '0,64
2.95 29.5 7.3 2.21 22.1
deve 0.82 3.86 38.6
3.3 3.53 35.3
deve 1,01 4.87
48.7 3.1 4.56 45.6
mid 1.10 5.46 54.6 3.2 5.14 51.4
mid 1 .10 5.61 56.1 2.7 5.34 53.4
mid 1.10 5.76 57.6 3.1 5.45 54.5
mid 1 . 10 5.90 59.Q 3.6 5.55 55.5
late 1.01 5.55 55.5
4.0 5.15 51.5
late 0-83 4.48 44.8 5.9 3.89 30.9
late 0.64 3.44 34.4
7.8 2.67 26.7
TOTAL
542,0
91.6
450.7
CROPWAT : 2 
Climate File : Cr °P
Hor.th
7 September 1995
gambela
: VEGETABIES
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
Climate Station: GAMBELA
Planting date : 1 November
Stage Coeff ETcrop ETcrop Eft-Rain IRReq. IRSeq. 
Kc mm/day mm/dec ram/dec mm/day mm/dec
.
ir./de 0.78 3 53 35.3 15.3 2.00
init 0.75 3 38 33.8 20.6 1.32 13.2
.
deve 0.89 4.06 40.6 11.7 2.90 29.0
20.0
mid 1.10 5.17 51.7 3.3 4.84 48.4
deve 1.03 4.77 47.7 7.3 4.04 40.4
mid 1.10 5.32 53.2 3.1 5.01 50.1
.
mi /it 1.08 5 48 54.3
mid 1.10 5 46 54.6
3.2 5.14
51.4
.
late 1.00 5.23 52.3 3-1
2.7 5.22 52.2
4.92 49.2
424-1
70 3
.
353.3■I
-v;
Irrigation Requr regen
Climate Crop
Crop Evapotranspiration and File : gambele
: COTTON
Climate Station: Gamb~U Planting date : 1 Nove'
Month Dec Stage Coef f
ETcrop ETcrop
Ke mm/day mm/dec
Eff.Rain 
mm/dec
IRReq. 
mm/day
Nev
1
init
0.40
1.80
18.0
IR?.
‘M/d
Nov
2
init
0.40
1.80
20.6
18.0
15.3
Nev
3
init
0.40
1.83
18.3
11.7
Dec
deve
0.4S
2.20
22.0
Dec
2
deve
0.63
2.94
7.3
29.4
Dec
3
deve
0.73
3.75
3.3
37.5
Jan
1
deve
0.93
4.59
3.1
45.9
Jan
2
deve
1.08
5.48
3.2
54.8
Jan
3
mid
1.15
6.02
2.7
reb
1
mid
60.2
1.15
6.17
3.1
51.7
Feb
2
mid
1.15
6.33
3.6
Feb
3
mid
63.3
1.15
6.25
4.0
Mar
1
mid
62.5
1.15
6.17
5.9
Mar
2
61.7
mi/lt
1.12
7.8
5.95
Mar
3
59.5
late
1.04‘
• 
9.7
5.58
Apr
1
55.8
late
13.2
0.93
5.10
Apr
2
51.0
late
16.1
0.82
4.57
Apr
45.7
3
late
0.71
19.3
3.69
36.9
26.2
G.00 
0.27 
0.66
1.47 2.60 3.43 4.27 
5.22 
5.71 
5.82 
5.92 
5.66 
5.39 
4.98 
4.25 
3.49 
2.64 
1.07
TOTAL
802.1
176.1
CROPWA.T : 27 September 1995
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
___
Climate
Crop
File : gambela
: GROUNDNUT
Climate Station: GAMBELA
Planting date : 1 November
-------------------------- —------ --------------- -
Month
Dec Stage Cceff
ETcrop
ETcrop Eff.Rain 
mm/dec mm/dec
IRReq-
mm/da?
ft:
Kc
mm/day
---------- --------
 i
Nov
Nov
1
2
init
init
0.55
0.55
2.48
2.48
24.8
24.8
20.6
15.3
0.42
0.94
Nov
3
in/de
0.58
2.66
26.6
11.7
1.49
Dec
1
deve
0.68
3.14
31.4
7.3
2. * *
Dec
2
deve
0.81
3.79
37.9
3.3
3.40
A 0 1
Dec
3
deve
0.94
4.52
45.2
3.1
Jan
1.00
4.97
49.7
3.2
AA
1
mid
Jan
Jan
mid
mid
1.00
1.00
5.10
5.23
51.0
52.3
2.7
3.1
A
2
3
Feb
Feb
1
2
mid
1.00
0.96
5.37
5.25
53.7
52.5
3.6
4.0
4.92
S 01
mi/Lt
Feb
3
Late
0.82
4.46
44.6
5.9
4.85
3 87
3.43
34.3
7.8
66
Mar
1
late
0.64
TOTAL
528.8
91.6cF:0?W ^
a
:
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements 27 September 1995
gambela
HYV Sorghum
Climate Station: GAMBELA Planting date : 1 November
TOP
jfotitn
Stage
Coeff
Kc
ETcrop
mm/day
ETcrop
mm/dec
Eff.Rain
mm/dec
IRReq. 
mm/day
IRReq.
mn/dec
init
0.50
2.25
22.5
20.6
0.19
1.9
inLt:
0.50
2.25
22.5
15.3
0.72
7.2
in/de
0.53
2.41
24.1
11.7
1.24
12.4
deve
0.65
3.01
30.1
7.3
2.27
22.7
deve
0.83
3.92
39.2
3.3
3.59
35.9
deve
1.02
4.93
49.3
3.1
4.62
46-2
de/tni
1. 13
5.62
56.2
3.2
5.30
53.0
mid
1-15
5.87
58.7
2.7
5.60
 6.0
mid
1.15
6.02
60.2
3.1
5.71
57.1
mi/lt
1.12
6.02
60.2
3.6
5.67
56.7
late
1.00
5-52
55.2
4.0
5.12
51.2
late
0.82
4.46
44.6
5.9
3.87
38.7
late
0.64
3.42
23.9
5.4
2.64
18.5
TOTAL
546.6 39.2
457.4
G’OPWAT : 2 7 September 1995 —
Climate File : gambela
I * P
ro
: PASTURE
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
Climate Station: GAMBELA Planting date : 1 June
3
i Month Dec Stage Coeff ETcrop ETcrop E 5 f.Rai n IRE , eq. I RReq. L Kc nun/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/day era/dec
Jun 
**‘Wil
Jun
Jul
’J* init 1.00 3.77
1 init 1.00 4 . 10 41.0
2 init 1.00 3.90 39.0
3 init 1.00 3.83 38.3
Jul
Jul
Aug
Aug
Aug
z
Jt
1i
l 7-i
<Sr
i1
37.7
init
Sep
Sep
init
init
ini t
init
1.00 3.70 37.0
1.00 3.57 35.7
1.00 3.37 33.7
1.00 3.20 32.0
1.00 3.50 35.0
40.2 0.00
39.3 0.00
43.0 0.00
47.3 0.00
51.3 0.00
51.1 0.00
50.9 0.00
50.7 0.00
0.9
c.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
i
47.9
0.00 G.O
deve 1.00 3.83
38-3
Sep
Oct
Oct
z
S5&
11
Ti
45.1 0.00
deve 1.00 4.23
<3 eve 1.00 4.37
.00 4.10 <1.0
42.3
0.00
Oct z deve 1.00 4.50
3
•
42 3
43.7
45.0
38.6 0.38
34.8
31-0
0.09
1.40
0.0
3.0
3.B
3.9
14.0
Nov
Nov 1 deve 1.00 4.50
dev>>_ 1.00 4.50
25.8 > 1.92 19.2
20.6 2.44 24.4
th Dc
e
Dec
z deve 1.00 4.50 45.0
i deve 1.00 4.57 45.7
i mid 1.00 4.63 46.3
45.0
45.0
2.97 29.7 3.40 34.C
'3.90
39.0
-an
■j
1i
mid 1.00 4.70 47.0
mid 
mid
mid 1.00 4.83 48.3
15.3 11.7
7.3 3.3 3-1
4.37 43.7
4.52 45.2
2
QJ
1.00
1.00
49.7
51.0
T
mid 1.00 5.23 52.3
mid 1 .00 5 n 53.7
4.97
5.10
3.2 4.64 46.4
2.7 4.83 43.3
31
4.92
3.6 5.01
49.2
50.1
" » *1 - z hmsshK.POPWAT : 27 September 1995
Crop Hvapo transpiration and
Climate File : gambela
Crop 
: CITRUS
••lor.th Dec Stage Coeff ETcrop 
Kt mm/day
Climate Station: GA.YSel.4* Planting date : 1 June
Jun
1
init .
0.75
3.08
Jun
2
0.75
Jun
3
2.93
init
0.75
2.88
Jul
1
init
0.75
Jul
2
init
2.83
0.75
Jul
3
init
2.. 78
Aug
1
0.75
deve
2.68
Aug
0.74
2
deve
2.51
Aug
3
0.73
deve
2.35
Sep
1
0.72
deve
2.53
0.71
2.73
iRReq. "im/day
0.C0
C.CC
O.oo c.co 0.00 
0.00 
0.00 
0.00 
c.oo-
Sep
Sep
2
3
deve
Oct
deve
1
0.70
0.69
deve
2.87
2.92
0.00
Oct
2
0.68
deve
2.96
Oct
3
1
0.67
deve
3.00
Nov
Nov
mid
2
mid
0.66
0.65
2.95
2.93
Nov
0.65
2.93
Dec
3
11
mid
mid
0.65
2.97
Dec
Dec
Jan
2
3
1
mid 
mid 
mid
0.65
3.01
Jan
2
mid
mid
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
3.05
3.14
3.23
Eft.Rain mm/dec
40.2 39.3 
43.0
47.3
51.3
51.1 50.9 50.7 47.9
45.1
42.3 
‘ 38.6
34.8 
31.0 25.8 20.6
15.3 11.7
7.3 3.3
3.1
0.00 
0.00 
0.00 
0.00 
0.37 
0.87 
1.39 1.80 
2.26 
2.72 
2.83
uan
3
3.31
? eb
l
0.65
3.40
reb
2
late
reb
3
late
0.65
3.51
0.68
late
3.64
3.2 2.91
2.7 3.05
3.1 3.09
3.6 3.16
Mar
1
0.57
late
3.64
.Mar
Mar
2
2
0.63
3.64
ETcrop mm/dec
30.8 29.3
28.8
28.3
27.8
26.8
25.1
23.5
25.3
27.3
28.7
29.2 29.6 30.0
29.5
29.3
29.3
29.7
30.1 30.6
31.4
32.3
33.1 
34.0
35.1
35.4
36.4
36.4
36.4
4.0
5.9
7.8
9.7
3.24
3.06
2.87
2.5S
Apr
1
late
late
0.6?
0.70
3.64
3.73
Apr
2
late
0.70
Apr
late
3.87
3
0.71
late
3.99
May
1
0.72
late
3.77
May
0.73
3.52
May
2
3
late
0.74
late
3.32
0.75
3.21
37.3
38.7
39.9
37.7
35.2
33.2
32.1
13.2
15.1
19.3
26.2
34.4
42.0
41.4
2.41
2.26
2.06
1.15
0.08 0.00
0.00
TOTAL
1134.3 933.3
■ ' '---------------------------------------- ----------II
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1556.1 933.3 
744.CROP WAT ; 07 March 1995 Crop data :
. Z 1 S3 = =•= 33Kh = 39
JJGAHCANE-AVE Cro. flle : 3ugarcan7-
d
==
Growth Stage Length Stage Crop Coefficient Rooting Deoth Depletion level Yield-response F.
w==
”‘”=”’nlt Devfel Mid 
-
a = a.
’"'ESS’
fss?d o J
9(
5
90 ->
—90---------
0.95
’mete: 1 ffractj [coeffj
0 . £50
1. J _> 1.50
0 J30 0.80
0.600.80
0 9?5 O
0.80
_ jCrpg Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Rcqu
a
CROP WAT : 07 March 1996'- ^hflSte File . f Ar£ANE$>VE
a?
Month Dec Stage Coef: ETcrop 
_ _ Kc mm/day 
Mar
Mar
Apr
Apr
Apr
May
mm/day
t
1
2
3
1
2
Sep Se5 Oct Oct Oct Nov Nov Nov Dec Dec Dec Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar
*
1
1
2
lnlt Ini lnlt init lnit lnlt lnlt lnlt lnlt
in/de deve deve deve dedeveve deve deve deve
de/ml mid mid mid mid mid mid mid mid 
ml/lt late late late late late late late late late
|.04
4.9 7
4.5 9
4.2 0
Hl 3.64 
,3.58 3 .51 3 .39 3 .20
‘ “4 3 4 9
4.<
4.; -8
37
l.E J6 C.4n
0.85
1.04
1.15
0.51
0.00
0.00
o.oo
8:9’I 8:95 5 0.95
8%: 8: 8:0
0.95 0.9a’
0.95
0.95
0.95
0-95
o.95
0. §□
0.95
4.02 4: is 4.28 
4.28 
4.28 
4.28 
4.34 
4.40 
4.46 
4.59 
4.72 
4.85 
4.97 
5.10 
5.23 
5.16
5.10 
5.04
ETcroo Eft.Rain mm/dec mm/dec
25.f|l.O
49 J
45.9
42.8
40.8
35.0
37.1
36.4
35.8
35.1
33.9
32.0
30.4
38:5
40.2
41.5
42.8
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.4
44.0
44.7
45.9
47.2
4B.4
49.7
51.0
52.3
51.6
51.0
25.2
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.19
1.13
1.39
1.54
1.90
3.98
4.43
4.53
4.59
4.71
1:88
TOTAL
1556.1
713.9'i$ -g5i K.KS?S2S...
A A Ar...«S!aS;*'!Ca! ,««s~
„
=
ItIO" ■ S^TR"CANE-AVE?lantinaFdateln,aCe *l£
‘
.
: loan 
S selected : -----..a. . <, tnni/ni.
ISl}£2§:l>^0S«i
0
L d dlly Avallabl*
Tn&Sti™ A)®?4tid ? aplc?t?
Moist.
i o--l Efficiency 50 % =
t
'Stage- D
=
eplat IDC =ETA~ NetGift Deficit
l /o /o mm mm
«« 3 53 »S523 = = 5 - A ■
Loss Gr.GLft min
aun
q Aor M&v Dec Jan rah
52 60 61
’ 61 62 61
46 LOO 100
00 LOO 00 LOO 00 100
loo 100 100
LOO
L40.0
135.1
136.2
136.7
139.5
137.fi
0,0
0.0 
0.0
0-0
0,0
0.0
8:§ 13H
8:8 ??!:!
Flow L/s/he
32.42 0.95
0.15 0.93
1.00 1.14
Trfai A?sfri
tell. s‘ii®Jgtt
trill ic—
1650. 8 m
82<5 • 4 nun 
0. 0 mm
effective.Rain Total Rain Loss
Total Rainfall
505-7
752.7
145.9
Dailclt at te«ve;t
928.4 nun
103.0 mm
i*t sapply + sol Ire ten-ion
Irtiul wateruse by crop F?xitial Wateruse by crop Efficiency Irr. Schedule Sficiency Xrr. Schedule
1556.1 mm
1556.1 nun
Actual Irr.Reg Efficiency Rain
793.4
nua
ir.Ti
100.0 %
33.9
mm
0.0 %
lfim
'Sc yield reductions due to water shortage.
INPUT SOIL LATA
Soil type description (max. 15 char.): .Loam
Total Available SqLlmoist (nt/msi) Maximum Hair. Infiltration Rate Root Restxlctina Soillayer at
L50 mm/meter t 40 mm/ day
t 150 centimeter
initial Soilmoisture Depletion (% TAM): 60 percentCROPWAT : 07 March £996
-—— 
IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
SUGARCANE-AVE
_ = >- = =A= 3 >-»=• — satf a. =•
a ^x1® s s’s = :SI s
—■ sassassa
■ 3E —
= = S3 . -
"Clljote Station . Sctl-AVS
Soil
: loam
Soilmaiat
Irrigation Options selected :
Timing 
: No Irrigations, only Rainfall
:: --CS
IC. S\53^r
=
==
=
NO. 1 Int Date Stage Deplet TX ETA
Irr.’daydava
-1 *
Climate File Planting date Available
Initial Sollmolat
NetGlft Deficit
mm
58.4
80.3
11
10 10
12
10
10
46.2
41.1
37.3
48.1
13
14
10
10
15
IQ
Total
Total
Total
Oct oct Nov NOV NOV Dec Dec Dec
Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar
Gress Irrigation
Net Irrigation
Irrigation Losses
Moist Deficit at harvest Net Supply + Soilretention
Actual Wateruse Potential Wateruse by crop
by crop 
0.0 mm Total Rainfall 0.0 mm Effective Rain 0.0 mm Total Rain Loss
215.5 mm
215.5 mm
1004.9 mm Actual- Irr.Req 1556.1 mm
Efficiency Irr. Schedule Deficiency Irr. Schedule
100.0 %
Efficiency Rain
35.4
%
YIELD REDUCTIONS Reductions in ETC
Yield Response factor Reductions in Yield 
Cumulative Yield reduct.
Stage
AECD
36.9 o-4 4
0.80 0.80 0.80
85.4
0 - 5°
29.5
29.5
0.3 
29.7 
3.4
32.1
7 fl« 5, 
q7
 March 1996 ~
RftlGATlOlTsCHEDULlNcT'"----------------- -—
‘Atas ta 
^GAMBETr =’=
: SLUG AR CANE-AVE
pi.^«U
indS STTrssr-'
$F
: '0:1,n
d
• •• •Ug&Q? Pfe
: s«»-7o
: S«»-70
<«n Options selected : * lSllSllH^KlSSS?
Rainfall.
pare Stage_DeAlet Tx ST*^«5i;rS«SS*’
• • ®n/m.
„------- r-
21 Mar
1 A1 Apprr
11 £P 11 Aprr
21 Apr
«> na*
TKr=?K
8:
Total Rainfall
Effective Rain
1068.7 mm
fc.,. _ 
’* Lcsaes
on
Total Rain Loss
916. 2 916. 2 mm
II
152. 5 152. 5 mm
I
.
215-5
21o.5
>1
&leu ® 8e by crop
ru
«&n
croo
P
cy J
31 _ HV’cy u ’ |c£ j |
r
ec u e
rr - Schedule
1004.9 1556.1
100.0 35.4
Actual Irr.Req Efficiency Hain
98.7 nun
J Aucriosr—
Stage
D Season
inETC
?a? factor
85*4..
0.80
35.4
1.20 .
%
?ieir.field*
68.3
a reduct.
42.5
s
78.51
l
CROPWAT : 07 March 1996
Crop F
J, = ’ s BB"SXSBB Bsaasca=xssasa= ®
Evapotranspiration and
S" = 2 = - =- == JXZszt:
_
Climate File: Crop
• SoUGARCANE-AYE
 Gam-70 »»«.
Climate
Irrigation Require Station
Month Dec Stage Coeff ETcrop
PlantingRlateingdate ETcrop- Eff.Raln
Kc mm/day nun/dec mm/dec
Mar Mar Apr- Apr Apr May May May Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95.
■95
-9d
5.04
5.10
5.23
5.32
4.97
4.59
I
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
di
0.95
0.95
0.95
10.1
12.5
15.2
21.8
29.8
37.1
35.8
33.1
31.1
36.2
42.0
47.4
47.8
48.9
A 49.6 4-
.A
34.5
Jan Feb
Feb Mar Mar
TOTAL
1 ll aattee
1 l laa t tee
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.9o‘
0.95
0.95
411. .5
42.8
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.4
44.0
44.7
45.9
47.2
48.4
49.7
51.0
52.3
51.6
51.0
25.2
3.39
3.88
43.3
44.5
45.3
46.9
47.5
2
In/de deve deve deve deve deve deve deve deve
de/ml old old old Did Did old mid mid
ml/lt late late
Late late late
25.2
51.0
52.3
53.2
49.7
45.9
42.8
40.8
39.0
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
7
Nov
Dec
Dec
3.04
3.33
3.64
3.89
4.02
4.15
4.28
4.28
4.28
4.28
4.34
4.40
4.46
4.59
4.72
4.85
4.97
5.1
5.10 5.04
i-.’S
1556.1
835.0
CROPWAT : 07 March 1996
f — 
- — — - -
_x*=
«= = = 2S = = KX ■■ = n =■ C 3 W = ■ = ■= » 3333333333=3K3««333
IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
SUGARCANE-AVE
Climate Station : GAMBELA
CroD
Soil
: SUGARCANE-AVE
: loam
Available Sollmolst 150
Climate File Planting date, ,
wv
15 March „
: March
• 15
> t
Irrigation Options selected :
Initial
Sollmolst: 60
Timing
: Irrigation applied at 100 % Readily Available
nun/0*
Moist-
Application : Irrigation up to Field Capacity. Field Application Efficiency 50 %
= - = =e = X = 3 = XgCSe3CX3 = «3ME333C = 3 = XX3=S33= = 3CX33«=3 = aS3S = X3 ’ “
Int Date Stage Deplet TX ETA NeiGlft Deficit Los^
/lar a e
A(
52
160 140.c) (
Dec C ( 100
10( ) 138. i 1 9
J)
J 2
Jan d e >C
10( ) 139.4
10C5 136.(
j.o y
'
• J
u
Mar D (52 1 100
Mar d ;21 ' 100
Feb D (51
1 iQQ
lOO
100 136.f
100 
10( ]
139.( 1 C).C 1 0
I • w
Total Gross Irrigation
Total Net Irrigation
Total Irrigation Losses Moist Deficit at harvest
Net Supply ♦ Soilretention Actual Wateru9e by crop Potential Wateruse by crop
Total Effective
Rainfall
1555.1
1556.1
Total Rain Loss Actual Irr.Req
F-F- oo
oo<r
. 07 Marchl996_
JO A A AlRRlG
<<«iJ-=-^=-«?’’=<o>».^.y^^^^ “ E
iB AV
15 March
• sihs-*ve
gaa-Bo'
s
•lo&m
Avail
able Sollmolat
ln,t,al
Sollnol.t
\
’
Options selected:
up • nq i£fi?atlons. only alnfall.
AR
Date Stage Deplet TX
- ’ «a
ETA
NetGlft
Deflci
mm
L/s/h-
158.4
150.7
133.5
100 100 100
200.7
210.1
SiS/ea?Jm.9ati=n
A -AatiAA-ses 03
&«t Da*.-.-
SuwiiAAat harvest
220.7 220.0 218.9
mm Total Rainfall
mm Effective Rain 84$1.7 mm
mm Total Rain Loss 551.9 mm
9oe1.7 nun
*:tu i
?3te'liai
SollretenjjQp
Wat
WatSKJI
Slciency
J««cy I": A.Julg>
6
&
bY
Cr°P
e- ule
217.6 217.6
932.4 1556.1
100.0 40.1
-
S ctl 0NS
In ETC
Stage
Actual Irr.Req Efficiency Rain
C
82.6
93.5
ctetlSS!’9?«efJct
42.6
0.80
34.1
34.1
9.4
40.9
40.1
Yield
or
reduct.l
CROPWAT : 07 March 1995
IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
Climate Station : GAMBELA
Crop 
8
So“
: SUGARCANE-AVE
\ oaa
’1
Irrigation Options selected :
0
Timing Application 
: Fixed Interval of 30 fAV in Irrigation
:
* 00 1
(C)/2°q (Qj .
r?£. Date
Field Application Efficiency 50 %
Int
i
dayw?letTf
SUGARCANE-AVP
climate Filo-------------------------
foliaoiat: al 1 - s °ilnioig : 13
t
f B) / Fie1dACapacity. 60
—• — — — — = = » — 
NetGift Defici*
mm
ram *SP
3 30 15> Jun A 11 ion
4 30 15i Jul B 3 100
5 30 15 Aug B 3 100
6 30 15 Sep B 7 100
7 60 IS Nov C ■ 48 100
ENT %121 16 Mar D 96
1 30 15 Apr A -86
2 30 15 May A ' 27
36
100
. 15A2 109.0
Total Gross Irrigation Total Net irrigation 
Total Irrigation Losses Holst Deficit at harvest Net Supply + Soilretention Actual Wateruse
Potential Wateruse by crop
833.4 mm Total.
416.7 mm
.0 ram
Rainfall
Effective
Total Rain Lose
1 mm
8 nun
1172.4 mm Actual Irr.Req 1556.1 mm
67? Z
S&fS 49S. 6 itx
Efficiency 
Irr.
Deficiency Irr. Schedule
YIELD REDUCTIONS
Reductions in ETC
Yield Response factor Reductions In Yield
Cumulative Yield reduct.
Schedule Stage
100.0 %
24.7 %
Efficiency R
ain
74.1 i
AB
C
D Season
15.S °.o
12.7 Qo°
0.80 9
. 
12.7 12.7
12.7
1.
24.7 1 o.so 1.20 1 57.1 29.6
62.5COTTON__ Crop file? cotton
a3«B=BSSBSBSS3S3S=S33BS3BS3B33£XBBSB3BS*3«S?J
JnitJDevel Mid Late Total
30
0.40
50
->
55
1.15
tsieter 1
0%
r cost, j
0.30
0.50
0.40
->
i act.
->
0.4C
1.40
0.65
0.50
1.40
0.90
0.40
: 09 MarcE 1996^
l f
■ cTop vapotrar.splratlon and Irrigation Requirements
AA
gl2l
a3i=3S ’
2 , = :,:3:: 2aa
- *33T3r>icll-11<ai
__________ «gW:WSLA
Qec Stage Coeff ETcrop
Ke
Wday mm/dec*“M/deJn
ETcroo '??><. *, rJ
xmIRR/deaqy . mIRmR/edqe.c
Qo
y .40
0.40
0.48
o 0:^
2.97 h
19.3
18.0
17.2
19.5
2
3
1
[)8 3.98 39.8 4 *
2.44
3.48
1
Si
3
1
2
init init init deve deve deve deve deve mid mid mid aid mid
ml/lt late late late late
27.3
th
2Q.6
0.93
1 4.10 41 0 44.6
1 3.§7 38:7 46.7
!'•
•
1
11
3.68 36.8 48T 4.03 40.3 41J 4.41 44.1 34 4.60 46.0 27 J
Q.QO
u
0 :88
.0.00
0.00
o.OO
0.00
0.00
9
2
?
1
!<
6; '
0.8:
0.7
C4 4.40 44.0 26.4
5)3 4.05 40.5 25.1
3
TOTAL
> 3.67
3.18 31.8 19.8
602.6 599.6
36.7 23.7
J. 09 March 1996 ScfiFoULING
t
L&? nation ^l1
.’rr< ,..
; S GAM BELA
COTTON
• loam
0
COTTON Thay
Z5 ZS5S "S - BBB333333
Climate File
Planting date Available Sollmolst
gam-80
1 May 150 mm/ra.
Tilson Opti0ng selected • | . ppUc«tion ' • rrlfctf il«an
InltUI Sollnol.t
8°
nm/m‘
at
100 % Readily
Available
Moist.
A • irr|9atl6n UP t0 Field Capacity.
!»
iCiency 50
dak&atp — » = * = - - - x — sas«saa===s»3» = a = = 3» = = = = sa= = = = a = «aa=
as
 *
=
uay
Q9
ie stage Deplet TX ETA NetGlft Deficit Loss Gr.Glft Flow
~I
% mm
iBt »i
;ation
8 ’"'"■SM;
f
S:go.
- ~80 80* 2978
34 100 100
mm Total Rainfall mm Effective
mm Total Rain Loss
72.1 mm 101.9 mm
705.0
626.3
158.7
fc-P602.
•%%cvT3eb>tl0P 602.
Stage A
mm mm
100.0 % 0.1 %
S
Actual Irr.Req Efficiency Rain
C
-24.1
79.8
2 SeasonCROPWAT : 09 March 1996_
------- "
W 
Climate StatioffAMBELA
IRRIGATIONSCHEDULING
COTTON 1 May
L
xs
31333333X3333=3=3
I gfQfo
SolT
: COTTON : loam
Climate File Planting date Available
x
.
■ x v i
Irrigation Options selected :
Sollmols4; Soilmoist
I Timing
: No Irrigations, only Rainfall.
^JlWt = inOZCOOSSS =*
I No. Int Date Stage Deplet TX Irr. days
Jun
Initial
3 — — = 7 3**333333 = 23233 ETA NetGlft Deficit
33.2 43.0
39.
58.7
66.7
Gross Irrigation
I
!
Total
Total
Total
Net
Irrigation
Irrigation Losses
Deficit at harvest
mm Total Rain Loss 72.1 mm
72.1
mm Total Rainfall 785.0 .H£l
mm Effective Rain 554.9 nun
Hoist.
Net Supply + Soil retention Actual Wateruse by Potential Wateruse by crop Efficiency Irr. Schedule Deficiency Irr. Schedule
YIELD REDUCTIONS Stage Reductions in ETC
Yield Response factor Reductions in Yield
Cumulative Yield reduct.
Actual Irr.Req Efficiency Rain
130.1 nun
-53.9
83.4
g Season
2?8~ 0.40 1.1 1.1
1 .x<n ICT M PP
et
18
>3
1*
Zt
LL
S3
LS
It
17
IS
CS
Ot
ST
sr
Tl
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61
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HM KI S5m niOS TVEJiKY rmi adc- ..
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: 13E»:»
005 - l ;o »7.7»a -rruLTB cibh <ic-- 'AapiTf&ZB xxTjirrwj} 3*1 SVDXOtt
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: mo:soe2 oi xnc ssoq *:iosANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
AWf X 2J
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Master
,A MS-LLTiAAkobo RiverBasin In«Ad U-’Hopmenl
PUnRESOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
CONTENTS
.r*.m.lrilMrr I
[NTK
DDL-CnON.
1-
H
1:
13
l.LL 1.22
1.23
1.24
1.2.3
2.
2.1
:/J
qcope • - •
A iKiivesofhe Study.
iSouijes Base of Renewble Energy ..
Fuels 
Solar Energy Resources
Find Energy Resources..
Geothermal Energy Resources..
Mtni-hydropwer
ASSESSMENT OF AV AILABLE DAEA-.-:*.«+«—A..
Existing Dau Assessment.... £ VAC CES£.VSte4i/
* y j ARDCO-GEOSERl'.
; / } H Wk Bi omass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project
2 .! Adequacy of Dau
2 i Future Energy Demand
J. SECTOR INSTITUTIONS
3 L The Ministry of Planning and Economic Development
3 .2 The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME)
J 2.1 The Ethiopian Electric Light and Power A uthority (EELPA).
J A 2 The Ethiopian Petroleum Corporation /EPC)
12. J Ethiopian Energy Studies and Research Centire (EESRC/...
3-2 4 The Ethi op * arc A ft neral Resources Development Corporation tEMRDC >
IT
j3 2-5 The Erhiopi an Jhstitute of Geological Surveys fElGS/
y.
1
4,
4
Ministry of Agriculture
Regional Mines. Energy and Water Resources Bureau
SECTOR TARGETS AND CONSTRAINTS.™
^Sector Targets...............
j
. - Eue/H<?od
41?
-I IJ 
frergy
Efficiency Conservation
</J C° P™hensive Energy Studies
m
A.
I
Pnal Strengthening and Capability Building..
.Win/ £ .Vflero Hydro Power P/ont
oJogos Energy
W Ertct—
<//(? ^ar En/j development..
I! S-a-S...
41.1/ 4 1 12
EnerA- ’ development for Power Generation Energy Deir/qpmerr/ for Non-electrical Use
Seemr Enrol Energy Systems and Communitv Development
. 12 12
12
12
4 2.1 OrCBPSlraiiits
4
4 2,3 ^frQst>’i
and finrw.lal
tc Uf
t .g
c
4 2-Ttfehfiojogy^
LaeFrftftyrrency.....................
Othersf°ff££ *S Mechanism far Biomass Fuel.,
13 .. 13
2-1 -i
A -LG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Mailer PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWAB, r
- ------ ---------------------- E
5.
5.1
52
51
52
53
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6. NEED FOR FURTHER STU DIES*-
DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS *"
Priorities 
Development Options
Fuel Wood Plantations
Improved Cook Stoves Dissemination and Efficiency Improvements W ater Current Turbines 
Wind Energy Development
Solar Energy Photovoltaic (PV) Development ■ Biogas Development and dissemination Development of Integrated Rural Energy Systems
TABLES
Table 1 Fuelwood Stock and Yield by Region in Million Tonnes
Table 2 Energy Supply by Biomass Type
Table 3 Per capita Woody Biomass Consumption Table 4 Wood Utilisation by End use and Region (%)
ACRONYMS
EEA Ethiopian Energy Agency
EELPA Ethiopian Electric, Light and Power Authority
EESRC Ethiopian Energy Studies and Research Centre
E1GS...Ethiopian Institute of Geological Survey
EPC Ethiopian Petroleum Corporation
GWGiga Watt
kWhKilo Watt Hour ‘
MMEMinistry of Mines and Energy
MOA ..Ministry of Agriculture
NWMega Watt
PV Photovoltaic
SNNPRG Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples Regional Governme <
n
TWh 
WRRPP "■ TCra Watl HoUI Men to the power 12 ’n electric Units)
—*— • ■ - Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project 1996
Master Pl??*
TAMS-L’LG BArAAkobo Rh
trB n
A [ BteRratc(i DevelopmentANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
INTRODUCTION
L
l.L *°PE
- 5 a basic ingredient in economic development, with the key to more efficient energy EneA increased efficiency for production purposes (manufacturing, etc ) The Baro-Akobo 'j se energy reserves, particularly renewable energy, are considerable with biomass, water and
energy occurring in abundance Given the predominance of agricultural and Livestock Rising in the t*asin’ 10 acAeve sustainable development it is imperative to proride adequate energy inputs to increase agricultural and pastoral productivity Increased supply of energy is necessary not only to increase productivity, alleviate human poverty but also to arrest the negative environmental impact of cunent energy consumption
A recent World Bank energy- assessment study indicated that only about 4% of Ethiopia’s population have access to electricity and even with the implementation of a long range electrification programme by the year 2011 some 96% of the rural population would remain without a conventional electricity supply. The great majority of rural Ethiopian families and especially the basin’s rural population have to rely on other sources of energy This is currently biomass, mostly wood Demand in some parts of the basin is exceeding supply, and this situation is likely to get worse .Alternative sources of fuel must therefore be found. The purpose of this Annex is to examine the use of renewable energy resources to provide these alternative sources Medium and large-scale hydropower projects are discussed in .Annex 1 J.
This study deals with woody biomass, solar, wind, mini-hydropower and geothermal energy resources and attempts to evaluate the potential contribution of these resources to the basin's overall development.
1-2 Objectives of the Study
• to
t0 undertake an in-depth evaluation of rhe previous studies, and assess the potential renewable energy resources of the basin
development of the basin
VLG Baro-Akobo River Basin Intejirited Development Master PlanK aTURAL resources_______________
• -- -
1"
Resources Base of Renewable Energy
1.3.1. Fuels
JF i fuels
nTbiomass resene- (mostly wood) is by far the most widely used renewable accounts for approximately 99% of the energy supply tn the basin and is used
cooking bv households Available wood fuels, which consist of fuelwood and
to ”51 million tons in terms of standing slocks and 12 million tonnes (t) of annually yield The reserves and availability- of wood fuel supplies vary from one wereda to
For example. Sele wereda has large surpluses, while in Becho wereda, consum exceeds the sustainable yield
Agricultural Residues
The total recorded available crop residues in the basin is estimated by WBISPP at 1.94
pn
(.
tonnes and consist mostly of coffee husk, stalk and straw generated in small peasant fr- holdings Consumption of agricultural residues amounted to 183,400t representing only 9‘t J the available total supply This situation reflects the unimportance of agricultural residues E the energy supply mix, because of the abundance of higher quality fuels such as fiielwxc Agricultural residues have a low energy- content and quality and are better recycled for cue feed or soil organic matter In the project area, this material is only used as fuel in emergencies, when other biofuels are in short supply The production of agri-resdz bnquettes for domestic use or electricity generating has proved to be uneconomical Tte option is more expensive than mini-hydropower or fuelwood plantations, although thelanerc a long-term option
Dung
The total available supply of dung in the study area is estimated at about 1 08 million tonnes which only 575 t have been used as fuel which indicates that the use of dung fuel is rare, large amount of this material is returned to the land. Exact figures are not available, ho*«
1.2.2. Solar Energy Resources
The Basin receives sunshine most of the year - 4 hours a day on average during hours a day during November to February (see Annex 1 A) Average daily ra >a ^om 4 25 - 4.75 kWh per square meter givifig a total solar energy potenti o J 
which
a maximum of 333 GWh can be harnessed for energy- purposes. Howev ,
energy as a power source is not necessarily straightforward and often expen
Ml Hind Energy Resources
The win. e
wind Dnttw?7A p°teT1t|A of the basin is insignificant and the basin is caie= cOrdinf
oorise^ 3
SesX ? ThC average TMdsAd 1 b
'
• (0-
10^'
as n
j js 3 5 m/S, aKhtfe§MAe
.
aeneraTlv ha |
considerable variation over the basin, wii*15
than
highlands.
j e$ tlO pA1
1
o
. , jc
the
is still belOWTh! thZT* SPCCdS thP h^hlan&feven in the
use Of this source fn i ° d wired for p°wer generation However, r
- r erw velocity machinery such as water pumping
A-MS-1 LG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development M*ster p
2J-2
KNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY
, • eo the rm a I energy resources arc concentrated in the Rift Valley In the Baro- gthi°P'a s ■$ |oW geothermal reserves have been discovered alone the tributaries of the Beko
i Aobo j^Jrivers The total geothermal potential is estimated at 35 MW thermal energy and and Gaf£for mdustrial and tourism purposes but is not suitable for power generation A eofd.elowl’ealcon.ent
1.2.5 MinGhydropcrwer
Mini-hydropower has sometimes been discredited as ben®
suitable, however, for small-scale power generation where X -UncconorT”c (t « particularly 
example for light Industrial use
*
lh P°wer s to be used locally, for
2J - 3NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX M HENEhABle
2 . ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA
The enerev data from previous studies was assessed and analysed in order to suitability of this data The assessment covered three studies These were -
2. 1 Existing Data Assessment
2. J J ENEC/CESEN Study
The ENEC/CESEN Study earned out in 1986, which is a nation-wide study, comprehensive energy information However this is not basin specific since its ternC •' ’ reference were different and the spatial framework was not the basin, but weredas and fo* administrative regions Its usefulness is limited
2J.2 ARDCO-GEOSERV
'■i —
A surv ey and analysis of the Baro-Akobo basin - Energy Resources Survey was carried cut h ARDCO-GEOSERV and is dated May 1995 This report includes a comprehensive study cf the basin’s household, agricultural, transport and industrial sectors' energy consumpu:-: patterns. Furthermore it presents secondary data of the basin's potential energy resources
The data base regarding biomass energy consumption is adequate and basin specific studies have been conducted for this energy resource No such Work was undertaken for soar alt- wind energy'. The sectoral studies carried out by .ARDCO-GEOSERV are adequate its ; master -plan design
21,3 B 'oody Biomass Inventor}1 and Strategic Planning Project
The Woods Biomass Inventory and Rtratgpjr Planningj^rptectfWBISPP) of 1 comprehensive study of the woody biomass resources, supply and consumption p11 land use, range management systems and livestock of 500,000 knv area, which also the Baro-Akobo Basin The project undertook a rural socio-economic househo determine woody biomass consumption for energy purposes This study Pre5e t[en5 complete picture of the basin s woody biomass resource potential and consumpt'
Energy Supply and Consumpnon Patterns of IFoocA Biomass 
TableT”** bFSM^ss potential and annual yield in tonnes of air dry weigh
996 u1
.l,
]d sunt' -
nis the
on
. ar£ c
LG BirtyAkotxj River Basin Integrated DevelopmentANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. Fuelwood Stock and Yield by Region in Million Tonnes
Region
Supply Stock Mt
Total Yield Mt
Yield as % of
Stock
v* - _ --- \KNPRG
rirnmiv a
95 20
4.63
4.8
87 35
3.76
4.3
Cam beta
66 20
3 30
5.0
‘ ftenshangul
2.70
0 12
4.4
Total
251.45
11.81
4.7
'Source Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project (1995)
There is a clear geographical variation in both total standing stock and the annual yield with Oromiva, Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples Regional Government (SNNPRG) and Gambela having higher stock and yield and Benshangul with lower stock and yield
Woody Biomass constitutes the dominant energy source in the study area This is reflected by the fact that 99% of the energy is supplied from woody biomass with fuel wood accounting for 98.8% of the total supply, other woody biomass sources such as agricultural residue and dung tn the basin area play an insignificant role in the energy' supply mix This is in contrast to other areas of Ethiopia, which may indicate that the basin has abundant woody biomass resources This is shown in Table 2
Table 2. Energy Supply by Biomass Type
Biomass Tvpe
Tonnes
%
Fuel Wood
251.450.000
98.8
Agricultural Residues
1,940.533
0.8
Dung
1,078.604
0.4
Total
254.469.137
100
Pattern. i
'o its *U(? Wo°d consumption vary’ widely across the basin area, and this is mainly related Purees Availability also influences the total household energy consumed from all
tr a
tempe^ ^ Positive relationship between energy consumption and relatively low
A acticesAa?5 SucA 33 highiy^s Socio-cultural differences and cooking habits and
s so have a bearing on consumption patterns 
■*L
per capjta raie fuel-wood consumption is in Oromiva and the lowest in Benshangul where A ood consumption is 3.96 tonnes and 0.7 tonnes respectively
annua]
A gher than"£ Capita fate of ftje! wood consumption lih^^Jarts of the basin is considerably 
CQl*Umpti0 '^^averag^ for Ethiopia which is around 700 kg The basin’s average per capita CDnsAmpt]on 15 3,140 kgt ideating the better fuel wood reserves of the basin The per capita
n °f tiiel wood and its composition is shown in Table 3
Source Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project (1995)
pno/i Patterns of Woody Biomass
U1_G BuroAkobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2j RENEW
Table 3. Per capita Wood> Biomass Consumption
Region
Fuel wood
Consumption
(tonnes)
Population
Per Capita^- Consumption
——— ffonnes)
Oromiva
5,230,643
1.321,020
-—.
■--- OCT
JL / U
SNNPRG
1
—---- -
1.339.432
460,203
Gam beta
220.235
186.590
m
Bensbangul
166,052
243.690
Total
1
6.956.162
'
7 2,211.503 — " " —■
Source Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project 0995)^
- - _ _ 33.Uu
The major consumer of woody biomass after energy' in the basin i production, particularly in the SNNPRG region where agriculture is the ° wood and energy is second This is shown in Table 4.
Tabled, Wood Utilisation by End use and Region (%)
g
m *jor conaAtr a
Region
Energy *
Housing
Agricultural
Total
Clearing %
Benshangul
23 0 0.3
76.7 100
SNNPRG
35.7 04
63 9
100
Oromiya
61.7 3.9
34 4
100
Gambela 970
3.0
0
100
Total % 52.8 2.7
44.5
100
• Includes cooking, beating and lighting
Supply and C onsumption Patterns of Other Rio-Fuels
The e appeartd^c^Cgyt^^
consumption is
g^t^°raAncu” ”al produce and wk'
u
otAer biofuels where per capita rate of weed
Residue
Werc Preferred to dung in areas where ceu!s
_r di
® Waber weredas which am ***-wocha ^f^iy js scarce for example in
The
* 1«’«WuK ^eb^XZ""* “122and 126k« 'espec.vdy
comn 3i62is eligible and i & purposes \s insignificant The consumption otd3
A
Paredtonsuseinot pX
A conAption an^lfated to 575 tonnes, which**
*f lbe central highlands of Ethiopia
2.2 Adequacy of Data
The coverage of the energy sector differs from one study to
study of I9H6 is a study at the national level of the country s •’ energ^ repara '9° energy form Its focus is different and is not really suitablefor the
Plan for this basin
r1
It was beyond the mandate of the ARDCO-GEOSERA suryey'Ace base required extensive measurement and investigation of the res0 g^urr00 geothermal and biomass energy resources is limited The study 00 j not at resource availabilitv
TAMS-ULG Biro-.ykobo River Basin Integrated DevelopA
. . dais
, -tn coh^1 j <0*
kedANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
t cpp actually collected data on forestry (woody biomass) resources, consumption
The r y^Qgcjv Dfoni<it2>'ai**P^ biofu©!^ Hid ^’vv^oR^itSviriWitPjjMLuc^Ufrtieinuin^d-^'Energy
partem orWLL '
consumption pattern of the basin
from the above analysis that data available on woody biomass resources and
j more reliable and complete while the resource base of other renewable energy
h |S C e -
on
s
consump as solar and geothermal is of a more general indicative nature It is less
fCS°b! for acrual project design and implementation There is therefore a need for site and
■ 5 ecific studies to determine the resource base of these energy forms
j.3 Future Energy Demand
Enerzy m the basin corT>es Aon' tw0 maJn 3ources'ttie 111051 significant in the immediate future is likely to be from biomass, particularly wood, and the other is electricity
Unless there are changes in the consumption pattern of biomass, it can be assumed that demand will grow in line with population growth, estimated to be 2.2%, This is obviously not sustainable, especially since in some areas demand already exceeds supply It is vitally important that this issue is addressed
Future demand for electricity' will depend on the rate of growth of the economic activity in the haan including the programming of the major developments such as, for example, integrated agriculture. However the electricity demand within the project area has been estimated to reach only 61 MW in 2020, and 115 NW in 2035
Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
3. SECTOR INSTITUTIONS
The ten year energy development plan and its programmes formulated at the include renewable energy resources There are a number of mst ti nat|onai
at the
organisations directly or indirectly involved in the management and di|tut|Ons’ agenacy* ge'n*cy*'*
The role they will play in the implementation of the master plan is disc *”?
institutions are -
a^The Mifatry of Planning *" Economic Development
A ofene>r$°fener$
usscd in Ann
)ns
usscd in Anne* 35 Tte
-
d
•QKMinion of Planning and Economic Development is responsible at national Jevd ft, economic ptannimt and development policies for all sectors including energy The Murnuy development strategies which include correspondmg mveslment programmes for
These olanmmt activities are earned out m consultation and collaboraun, ■*
□XtmXLes Id agencies In .fa the Ministry of PlanrWftyand tart
Dm elopmenl plays a central role in coordinating and setting pnonues m the energy and « sectors
3.2. The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME)
The Ministry of Mines and Energy is the lead government agency in the energy sectoi 1:3 responsible for the formulation of development plans and policies of the sector and implementing such targets determined at the national level To carry out its mandate tx Ministry has a number of departments with supervisory and regulatory functions -
• The planning and programming department
• Petroleum operations department
• Mineral resources operation department
• Finance and administration department.
result041'*
• Energy operations department This department which was 
r sponsible £r’ creaAd A
recent reorganisation of the Ministry of Mines and Energy is gencr y
• Policy formulation
• Co-ordination of the activities of the energy sector
• Regulation of energy activities
• Advising the government on all aspects of energy
The MME also has under its umbrella the following autonomous organisa tl0nS
3.2.1. The Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority9 (EELPA) EELPA is responsible for the generation, transmission, distribution and 53 C in the country
TAMSULG Baro-Akobo Rh r Basin Integrated De’etoPn en’
e|eCtflc
of"
r>a t^; risock^s
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
T(ie
EIJuO
Py
Ethiopian Petroleum Corporation (EPC)
Petroleum Corporation (EPC) is responsible for crude oil procurement, Ar strit')Ution and for the purchase of refined oil products to meet shortages. On
re fitung. jli^ibution of petroleum products is done by four private companies the other. jvfobjiLand Total'which have retail outlets country-wide
jnairiyshel1’
j 2.3 Ethiopian Energy Studies and Research Centre (EESRC) The EESRC is responsible for the following activities
• advising government in al! matters concerning energy
. promotion and undertaking of research in the energy field
• undertaking of policy analysis studies in the energy field
• promoting and furthering exploration, dev |
e oprTle
n
tand
• utilisation of energy resources in lhe nation
• undertaking of survey s and collection of data in the energy field
• execution of new and renewable energy projects
12-/ The Ethiopian Mineral Resources Development Corporation (EMRDQ
The Ethiopian Mineral Resources Development Corporation (EMRDC) is responsible for developing mineral resources in Ethiopia
J. 2 5 The Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys (EIGS)
The Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys (EIGS) is responsible for geological mapping ind mineral and fossil fuels exploration Special projects have been created io handle exploration for geothermal energy’, oil and natural gas.
33 Ministry of Agriculture
The
Ministry of Agriculture has under its umbrella the Forestry and ildlifeVPonservation and
Development Department, the WBISPP and the Fueiwood and Charcoal Production EA «pnse. In addition to this the Ministry, through its extension and rural developmen
A ment, 1S actively involved in the dissemination of fueiwood stoves, hogas plants and
1 er energy end use technologies
3.4 Regi
PonaJ Mines, Energy and Water Resources Bureau
qc Re&onal govern
re Eional and ™nents have set up regional mines, energy and water resources bureaux 
t
at
at 'he regional i
****" These bureaux are responsible for implementing national policies
• ve4n -Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan4 SECTOR TARGETS AND CONSTRAINTS
Recognising the importance of energy in the development process the 80v fomulaled'energv development programmes and strategies and issueda energ) policy to auide and direct the development of the energy sector
4.1, Sector Targets
tn pre A
In accordance with the energy resources development programmes and the strategic by the government, the main targets set for the energy sector in general, and the rtneu energy sub-sector in particular, are:
4. LI Fuelwood
To enhance ‘fuelwood supplies the following strategies should be implemented
■ Develop agroforestry
• Industrial plantation expansion
• Pen-urban fuel wood plantation
• Community wood lot plantation rehabilitation and expansion.
£ L 2 Energy Efficiency Conservation
• Develop and disseminate efficient cook stoves (a suitable model has been developed MME).
• Study and identify conservation opportunities in the industry; transport, cornmercean- other sectors
• Introduce and implement conservation measures in the households, industry, and other sectors 
sing
tjinsp#
,
• Enhance conservation of imported fuels through fuel switching such as u based electric driven transportation.
4. L3 Comprehensive Energy Studies
These would include the following forms of energy:
Energy resources potential study.
Energy supply and demand study by region, fliel type and sectors Development of a rural energy master plan
Development of a national energy master plan Comparative studies of different sources of energy'
TAMS-OLG BaroAkoboRKer R j integrated Develop ®
ls n
1
011 *
/
XI-10il
j'>rret,/\,henjng and W' ’ )‘Elding
htishment of partial or manufacturing as well as assembly plants for solar, wind A mint-hydro energy production and end-use equipment and devices
Establish an energy' technology centre to develop suitable energy technologies
Strengthen EEA and regional energy bureaux by providing necessary hardware, office facilities and training.
Support the private sector by providing loans, incentives and other assistance.
Conduct research on alternative energy' sources such as ethanol, methanol and other
forms
/J.5 Aflni & Micro Hydro Power Plant
Develop mini and micro hydra power plants, to meet energy requirements in agriculture for uses such as irrigation water pumping and agro-industry
Develop mini and micro hydropower for meeting energy requirements for household energy needs such as lighting and flour milling
Develop a capability to partially produce and assemble mini and micro hydro power plants
< /. 6 Biogas Energ\>
* To develop and disseminate efficient biogas plants in the rural areas for lighting,
cooking and motive power for agricultural purposes.
Enhance the production and use of fertiliser from' biogas by products
Design, test and evaluate and manufacture locally biogas stoves and lamps that are acceptable to the Ethiopian household
Prepare practical and theoretical training activities for public and private organisations
RESOURCES
,, Msrt'""”"'''
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
U7
Wind Energy
se wind energy powered water pumps for water supply, for human and livestock use, A eluding irrigation m rural areas
&6 enS^jy for grain milling in rural areas
Encoura
tc chnofo8e and assist private and public sectors to implement wind energy gies
Coa/ Energy
V Studv "oc^ a renewapiQ resource, it is an alternative source of energy'
*
*
Dev i t1’Pe chcilcicteristics of lignite from Delhi and other Ae v lp su’uAle briquette stoves and boilers.
} |0>JAhol/*-lltable briquettes of lignite to partially meet the and cottage industries.
«p •
areas.
fuel requirement in
t am<lTc-;'—
Mar°’Akabo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plin
-
* »?
2J - 11NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEW
t In lignite-rich areas use coal for power generation (with p
to meet energy requirements in the agricultural sector such° and running aero-industries
4 1.9 Solar Energy Development
Use solar photovoltaic (PV) powered pumps for potable wat livestock in arid areas
Utilise solar PV power for the provision of energy for vacc human and animal clinics in rural areas
Use solar or thermal energy resources for hot water sunnlv schools, factories and hotels
• Use solar or thermal energy for cooking in households
• Use solar energy for crop drying.
4.110 Geothermal Energy Development for Power Generation
ss ble Prod
- uc 
as lrrj(
er supply lnereAn7<<ratjon
L <iuman sj
>
B - for u
P>
houst|\/|
• Development of the Langano and Tendaho geothermal fields for power generation
4.1.11 Geothermal Energy Development for Son-electrical Use
Non-electric uses of geothermal energy would include the following sectors:
• Drying and chemical production (e g soda ash)
• Processing of agricultural produce including coffee, fish farming, sugar cane re cotton
• Tobacco curing and other industrial uses
• Service sector application for cooking, bathing and hot water supplies
• Processing of heat for industrial uses
4.1.12 Integrated Rural Energy Systems and Community Development
Carry out the installation of integrated energy systems to meet C*V
imunity nce^‘ ‘
t on
j ana ' 5nu?
sca scallee iinndduust strriiees s uusi sinngg wwiinndd ppoowweerr,, mmiinnii--hhydydrroo,, sosollaarr,, bbiiooggaas s aann J J oo Establish community based infrastructure, designed to supp° implementation of the above approaches
Establish and operate a revoking fund for the development of m systems
4.2 Sector Constraints
cocoooki kinngg aanndd lliigghhttiinngg,, aas s wweellll aas s foforr pprorodduuctctiveive aactctiviivi tieties s susue^ea^^ae^fe^^nneergrgy'y' A>rrnS t
jj pnon ,
BB(( o(
rt the
. Aated c
itet
rural
C
depends on ?n?emaPancP
Uri on
°* renewable ener§y resources to the develop"***11
capacity to implement the DoiirT^
renewable energy resources dev ^-'al- Major factors which influence P : • 
C a(^OrS A positive and strong policy fran**Jrf$s e
r
, .e’°pment in the country arc orientation and emp
TAMS-ULG Baro-Aiol^ River Basin Integrated Development Master PI*D
2J-12^tURAt^SOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
^.glopmenl programme such as rural vs urban and agncuilura! vs industrial national danf| STnaj] decentralised energy systems as opposed to large ones Other aspects devei°PITIcn. ' development and use of these resources are discussed in the following
A pedi*?-tn C
A 115
pirag P
t . r Economic and Financial
J.j*j
h nia capital is scarce and individual savings extremely small Investments are a major
1
.
- the wider development and utilisation of renewable energy systems .Although
t or
a D^' -ani reductions in unit cost of solar, wind and biomass based electricity production has S, ~ achieved and the expectation of further reductions is expected, capital costs remain ^Lderable and beyond the capacity of the rural population who are used to freely acquired fjjelwood in their locality
In the case of mini hydropower plants large initial investments are required The cost of developing biogas plants is also high which limns their dissemination cm a wider scale The cost of constructing a family-size biogas plant is 5,000 BirT This is not affordable by the average peasant household, thereby inhibiting the development unless some mechanism is found such as subsidies and credit schemes.
The problem of the high initial capital cost of renewable energy systems can only be overcome through the establishment of a local manufacturing capability of the technology’ and lhe implementation of appropriate credit schemes.
4' - -2 Infrastructure
A wider utilisation of renewable energy requires a well-established infrastructure for the ftunutacturc, installation, servicing and transportation of the system An 'madequaic institutional framework is another factor that limits the development
^2 J Technology
"Th ’ f
e ^^ nCA0^e ^echnTgy that suits local climatological and other conditions are optimal a suitaft °I^fems and the know -how of the technology These are not often in place If
A
■nstiiu^ c 'ec noi°(g)’ 15 not selected, the project could be a disappointment The lack of w hich haC SLJpp°rt f°r |Ae design, selection and implementation of a technology is one factor
s 'mpeded the development of renewable energy resources 
Currency
dlSseTninatiQn ^ore’=n investments in this sector slows down the wider development and °f renewable energy resources
* EqcA nf p*.
In Part J °Per
Mechanism far Biomass Fuel
^Sht njra* Ethiopia biomass fuel is collected free of charge The only cost incured labour and time which in these areas is low and not used efficiently
^S-LLG Baro-Akobo River Barin Integrated Development Master PlinNATURAL RESOURCES ANNEX 2J RENEW* D ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- —ASj^
Previous studies indicate that in rural areas 95% of the biomass SUp i
pyj
charge In small towns, the quantity is about 45% and in the larger towns °blai|
'ned t
Addis Ababa the amount of free fuel is only 10 /o
Therefore this situation creates disincentives for the people to shift frorn
fr
that of purchased
ee Netted , fuel .
4.2.6 Other Factors
The development of renewable energy is likely to pose increasing pressure
of land Of particular concern is the development of energy plantations biofol aVai|ab'|ih
energy 
The development of new and renewable energy resources is connected to ev
' 10cls wiri aild
economy in all regions .As a result technical implications
it is bound to have administrative cultural Cet-°'!bt
’
' naierA
tams-ulg
“Jro-AJtobo River Basin Integrated Development iw*
2J - 14ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
A
pEVELOEME T OPTIONS
-L
; i priorities
previously discussed the most important source of energy in the basin is biomass,
As aLt
l.rdn for99%ofthe basin primarV energy supply. The driving force for increased energy 
s
demand m the basin. aS in the rest of the country, is population growth The basin population
-*o ected rn crow from the present 2.2 million in 1995 to 2.5 million in 2000 and 5. 3 million
A
■1 035 thereby more than doubling the basin’s population Beside population growth,
*
nicuitural expansion and industrialisation wouid also affect the demand for energy In the
absence of the development of any alternative form of energy or of energy conservation
measures, it is assumed that biomass consumption would grow in line with population growth
at2 2%, which is obviously unsustainable
The development strategy' adopted by the Ethiopian Government is an agricultural led development industrialisation (ADLI) with agriculture playing the lead role in the development process Therefore, this policy implies the creation of agro-industries and other activities in rural areas to achieve sustainable development The implication of this development strategy- on the energy sector is considerable and radical in the sense that a departure from the conventional energy supply policies and strategics is needed To provide the energy needs of the new development strategy, the government has formulated energy policies strategies and development programmes which focus on the following policy areas
Development of decentralised local energy systems *
Promotion of sustainable development
«
«
54
Protection of the environment and
Active participation of the population and especially women in the development process
Development Options
taking mt
f°pulaiion° atxoumiAc basin’s resource reserves, geography, size, patterns of settlement, reAurcejdAr°?MA an<A goverAftfent’s overall development strategy, renewable enprgy 
,o Pment should focus on two main areas These are:
’ Adevlfo° a'TeSt deforestation and.
the attne .Prnent sm§lt-scale energy projects to provide the necessary power inputs to
-'niiura| sector
StVcn levelo .
AVei*menvs,’>mpn!DPl‘ons have been selected fqt the basin, which try and meet the
* Fimi p°1Cies developfiWJit programmes riven above Th^se are
rj:
Plantation in deficit areas
fon of improved cook stove and energy conservation measures
Ta
-——------------ - —___ ______ _ _____ —----------
S-ULG Biro-Akobo Rher Basin Integraied Devekipment Matter PlanI
* Biogas Development
• Integrated Rural Energy Systems
seven
possibilities o.
and surv ey data should be gather* decide *hOpW ’ fl would be the
7 contain tentative indication of dev#A more detailed informA ‘' s TnXX 5i“ >
s
’Pec/fe *«»»*,*ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
5.1
;' Ajuonalc
|nte
A ention
Flie| Wood P’»ntation,
— — Renewable Energy' Resource Aim to establish fuelwood plantations or
ffoorr community' wood lots in urban and rural areas to provide the necessary fijelwood in fuelwood deficit parts of the basin To supply fuelwood to rural and urban population suffering from acute shortage_offuelwood
BCneficiaries_
A i -j-uTx- ? The development is socially acceptable since trees are part of the local Adaptability of
„ environment.
A The urban and rural population suffering from scarcity of fuel wood-
------- — r r — n 1 -------------------------------------------
2-——— and In areas where there is firelwood scarcitv
_
Location extent
and In areas where there is firelwood scarcity
J-— —------ "
Ln some part of Oromiya. Benshangul and the Southern Peoples Region In small parts of the basin
Employment Development of this option will create substantial employment in tree
opportunities Financing
Implementation details
Institutional support
planting and husbandry ___________________________________________ Financing would be provided by central and regional governments, local communities and NGQs._________________________________________________ The option involves the establishment of the nurseries, preparation of land
and planrtng of trees.
.
Infrastructure Legal
The central, local governments and zonal institutions would provide necessary institutional support
Strengthening of the institutional capacity at the local level to implement i such projects.
No additional infra structure would be needed, other than the existing _ provisions^____________________________________________________
No new legal measures are needed since these are already in place A legal system which provides a conducive environment and incentives for this type
of development .
Jbsks
Environmental jsaiej
omen issues
There are no risks.
This development option is environmentally friendly
-JIssued _
Secure and reliable supplies of fuelwood would have a considerable impact on the well being of women since they are responsible for the collection of fuel_wood.
Improved health conditions
Gnomic Thennplementation of this option calls for social co-ordination -LS>UC5 Additional income generation from new activities.
Se ctora]
There could be conflicts interests.
in land use between agri culture and energy5.2 Improved Cook Stoves Dissemination and Efficiency Improvements
Rationale for
intervention
;a ”
tl
1
i
A
It is proposed to undertake the dissemination of improved ‘ institute efficiency measures in the rural areas of the bA interesting to note that the Ethiopian stove is produced JS" away as Rwanda, a clear indication of its efficiency and popularij
The wood stoves currently in use in the rural areas of th inefficient and waste energy, therefore the introduction of n/ * and improved cook stoves would reduce energy wastage and h
deforestation.
Beneficiaries The rural population of the basin would benefit
PanK
C
"------ -
Acceptability of Cook stoves are widely used in the rural areas and thereforeAtRere intervention no social resistance to the introduction of improved cook stoves
Improved cook stoves are suitable for use bv households
Location and In all rural households in the basin
’—
extent
Employment
opportunities
1 Throughout the basin area
The development of improved cook stoves would create new smal-xalt
industries and generate employment
Financing
Financing would be provided by the government and NGOs
Implementation details
Implementation would involve training of artisans in the design manufacture and marketing of improved cook stoves
Institutional support
Infrastructure Legal
Risks
Environmental issues
_Womenjssues Health Issues
Institutional support would be provided by the Ministry of Mines ix Energy. Energy bureaux and Ministry of Agriculture Extension Depamneni and NGOs.
No additional infrastructure would be needed No new legal measures would be necessary. There would be no risks
Training of artisans would be needed to ensure intervention
Improved cook stoves would reduce smoke emission and t eJjafiesxj fuel-wood used, thus promoting forest resources conservation a
sustainablin
ft uUiW;I
-environmental degradation
— p^onien
c
_TiAjnt try ention would considerably improve the well ------------ ^^TespiriA- ----- ------ - ducc
By reducing smoke emission improved cook stove willrC feeasescausedjby excessive smoke in traditiona£O£en— The intervention would reduce pressure on social services
. ctov#
h ea Ithco n ditions 
—
Economic Issues Sectoral interfaces
The proposals create new employment opportunities There would be no conflict
2J-18
*nE5OlfR*-ES
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
,.atIIRAI 1
a
5,3 
Al ater Current Turbines
_____ _
Rjnonale tor intervention1
■ Aeneficiaries
Acceptability of intervention — Location and extent
ft [5 proposed to install water current turbines to use the energy tn the basin’s rivers to lift water for irrigation to provide irrigation water al least cost to increase agricultural production, and also for other_purpose$_.____________ The beneficiaries are the rural population and in particular those living
along the riverbanks
The development is socially acceptable since the output is a basic 
co m rn od hy. water ___________________________________________________ This option is suitable for the development of small-scale individual
irrigation schemes in two main locations:
Along the river b&nks w'here there is suitable land for agricultural development,
.Along the basin’s river banks where there is suitable land and human settlements
-
Employment
Financing
c©dlBloKiSieip*-oQRWtuBj|tieBaY^t,
maintenance of water current turbines
Implementation
details
The water current turbine is an irrigation pump which utilise rhe river current to lift water without needing an outside energy inputs No major civil works arc needed except pipes and anchoring for the water current
turbine
Institutional support____ Infrastructure Legal
—
RisksA
Environmental
issues
Support would be provided by the.central and regional governments and
NGOs
-.
Infrastructural requirements are minimal
No new' legal measure are required however, there is a need for provision otincentives such as tax exemption and credit schemes
No risks are involved.
To ensure the sustainability of this development option there is a need for the local manufacturing and assembly of these turbines
w.Z'r —Lb° negative environmental iinpact are expected.
Ae
_ ssu_ _
ni
cs
Hcal>h Issues ~h
x
Theootion woujd substantially improve the conditions of women
1
A ’issues
Econ^G
floral - “
The implementation of this option would not increase the incidence of later borne diseases_as the velocity would be too high-
®A
—ces— 
-— There would be a minimum demand on social services
Increased agricultural productivity' and the establishment of agro-industries
Conflict arising from the implementation of this development option is njinirnal
2J-195.4 Wind Energy Development
Rationale for
intervention
Renewable Energy Resource Utilisation of wind’ e
pumping, human consumption, livestock watering and ir”®’ provision of modem energy sources to increase agricult r '° ^> limited due to financial and resource constraint In rural ar- Pr<xiuci'A' to utilise available alternative renewable energy resourc '*'* *
. ‘or
A A nSinc
A u Cei
enersv needs of rural areas 
Cest0 satisfy
Beneficiaries Acceptability of intervention
The beneficiaries are the rural population in the basin
The development is socially acceptable since its aim is to —""
human need i.e water
™eci ’ tag
Location and extent
Wind energy application is suitable for remote ruralAeas~w'here th of energy, either from electricity or modem fuels Is difficult
*supp;«
This development option will be implemented in areas where there adequate wind regime
Employment
opportunities
The implementation of the development option will generate sibsjriik employment opportunities in construction and metal works
Financing The development would be financed by the central, local govenmerT private investor and NGOs
Implementation
details
Institutional support Infrastructure
The implementation of this option requires detailed investigation as mapping of local wind systems, site selection, design and selection of r
appropriate
wind
turbine
system
I—
1 Legal
Risks Environmental issues
The Central and Regional governments and specially the Regional En«® Bureaux will providejnstitutional support—■-
The need for infrastructure is minimal but roads and transport facilities u«
needed ___________ —'
Provision of tax and financial incentives are required No risks au^/irUbivddcu
_
—■----- ——'
,oc ®f p crsorinej anc| building of local capacity for desji and-ei-f M-,en|tntalionand maintenance is necessary for the replied11 and sustamabihty of this option
v ™ e
Women issues Health Issues Social Issues
impacts*1^ds c-can environmentally friendly and has no neg£.'t
•the burden ofwemen"
Ihe implementation of this option will ease
jJrqMjgfaiEmwat^t^fthiviitfta^y^^ghr^fath^ircttom^fr. homes^r-p .. Availability of clean water supply will contnje( s caused .J u
,
conditions in the community and the reductio" of diseases
__ * '"’”u Tp °
r ved
bv
borneycctors
--------- -
_ _________________________ ______ ____ — r
i
Economic Issues Sectoral interfaces
The development of this option needs a high degree operationand social co-ordination ________________ —- - rv 4 The development will increase agricultural product1 *
—3me from cash crop^such as vegetables for urban rnar
c nflicts mi9ht anse between
There is competition for land and °
TAMS-ULG BaroAkobo gTrRfrtfegrated Development M»»urP
2J-20
k 
/-ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
Sd»r Energy Photovoltaic (PV) Development
5.5
__ —>7'—'
A°r
. Dienention
■'“'Renewable Energy Resources
Utilisation of photovoltaic solar energy (PV) pumpinR for livestock and irrigation and refrigeration of medical supplies in rural clinics 
for rural provision
electrification, water of energy for the
Conventional
electrification or provision of modem energy supplies is
Beneficiaries
Acceptability of intervention
I—--------------= Location and extent
Employment jpponunj lies Financing
beyond the capacity of most rural people therefore the most viable alternative is a small-scale decentralised supply system which would rely on indigenous energy sources Solar energy is available in the basin area since the basin receives__adeguate__dady__jadjatj_on_ ranging from 4.25-4.75 kWh/m' The beneficiaries of the development or intervention are the rural
population of the basin
The development is socially acceptable since it meets a basic need which is 
the supply of energy 
The suggested development, is a small scale localised system that is 
appropriate for rural and remote areas where the demand for energy is 
small and cannot be met from a centralised supply system.
The development will be implemented in rural setdements and remote jjrban centres
The implementation of the intervention will generate substantial employment
The development will be financed by the Federal. Regional and local
-__________ governments, with NGOs and private sector participation. taiplemeniation Detailed studies for the selection of site, design of system capacity and
-configuration in order to match system capacity with demand is needed
Institutional"
A
Infrastructure
Legal"
-K>5ks
Efll tronmental’ ’ ~^ * '
issues
J p£on_ _____
Institutional support will be prosided by the Federal government and
_Regional Government, Local comm u n ities and N GOs 
The need for infrastructure to implement solar photovoltaic projects is 
minimal since solar PV projects are designed to be carried out in remote
jural areas,
In order to attract pnvate sector participation there is a need to modify and
l m£Jtew |egislatiorLyy hich would provide tax and financial incentives
s
ie r sks *° 'mP|emenlgtjon of this development opt ion are very low. ,
To ensure sustainability there is a need for training and building national capacities for the design, planning and implementation of such programmes. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are environmentally friendly and there are
f
A 0men issues —'ISL'Iqgative environmental impacts________________________
The implementation of this development option will have a great impact on A omen and children since the burden for fuel and water fetching is their
responsibility and will create a environment conducive to more productive __ ..activities
The development of this option will contribute to improved health
“■ -- Apndnionsjyy providing safe drinking water and clean energy .
a need for technical services support.
“ " - JB)_leyelopmem wi)l_stimulate productivg activities such as_cottaqe
------------------------------------------------------------------ ■ ■ - oiroAkobo River Basin Integrated DodopmeDi Master Plan
INATURAL RESO1 RCF.S
Issues Sectoral interfaces
industries and production of cash crops Such as v The conflict induced by the implementation of thud minimal and confined to land use competition s devel0
Pmen A5
t
5.6
Biogis Development and dissemination
Rationale for intervention
Renewable Energy Resource
Development and dissemination of biogas
The basin has a large livestock population and the
produced by the livestock is enough to provide feed stock ? individual biogas plants to meet the needs of rural familA primary'for lighting and cooking In addition to energyt? provide fertiliser Fuelwood use will be reduced ° and production improved
1 00"1 of
i
c.S
f° energ;
r
nrnvide 'fertilisei J agricututj.
Beneficiaries
The beneficiaries of the project will be the rurafpopulation in7h^‘‘ areas 
Acceptability of Biogas is socially acceptable since the handling and use of dung is coirowt intervention in rural areas tn Ethiopia_______________________
Location and extent
Employment opportunities Financing
Tmrt&nwitatTnn * details — details
The Technology will be developed and applied at the family tevtrnyem
success, in all rural communities where there are enough cattle, at leas 4-5 oxen per household
The necessary conditions for the utilisation of biogas is available in ova 80% of the project area where various types of agriculture have bee
planned
The development of biogas will provide substantial empioyreil
A QDDortunities in rile construction sector
____________________ ____
The development of biogas could be financed by the government m
^ echlTl£al Assistance and local community contribution;
Si,e specific studies to determine the availability of water, the relesri numce^. of cattle and factors such as soil and land use have to be cameu
Institutional support
Infrastructure
out before implementation can commence - -
The development wdl be supported by the Ministry of Mmes and Enerp^ fee
Ministry of Agriculture, the regional Bureaux of Mines and Energy 
1
communities and NGOs The need for infrastructure is minimal and biogas plants can
i Legal Risks
in rural areas
. There is no special legal requirement Thereareno risks .
Environmental issues
Women issues
I
Health Issues I.
In order to make the project sustainable
trained in the construction and maintenance of biogas p
1 environmentally friendly source of energy with no neuA - on
The construction of biogas plants will ease the
they are the major user of energy and the provision o^
. havej,niarkedAimpact on the hygiene and_health_p. - * fieafth of :ii
The intervention will have a great impact on the Alimjnating the bad effects of smoke on healthandA__L-
.
'
Social Issues The devqlopjrient will reinforcethe objecf!soc^g_£^-
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Dcvelopmeo* M*51
2J -22L gfiSOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
demand on them_by creating a healthier atmosphere in the house. _____
""A2_____________
' fconotn’c jjsueL---------
TheAdevelopment of biogas will create a new industry- with demand for sheet metal manufacturing_skills,jnasQruvandDther ajtisanaj_skills 
"" There is no conflict with existing alternative uses
”CA
5.7 
Developmen[ tR ofe Inenwteagrblate eEdn Reurgry alR Eensoerugy S rceystems
rationale tor
A tervention .
—- - Beneficiaries
j s prOpOsecj to develop integrated and locally centralised energy' systems
.
.
. ..
. . . .. .
by harnessing solar, wind and biogas resources to provide secure and reliable energy supplies to jural communities.
~ “The beneficiaries of the projects or programmes would be the rural communities in the basin
Acceptability of intervention Location and
exient
Employment a ppon unities
This development option is socially acceptable since the output is energy supplywhich is a basic need.
This option is suitable w here there are several renewable energy' resources 
r
available and local rural communities and settlements which require it Implementation of this option would create additional employment
opportunities.
.
Financing
Implementation details
institutional juppgrt _________
=
-tofrastructurc LL«gal [Jhsks 
An vironrnental
Financing could be provided by the Central Government. Banks. NGOs and private investors_________________________ ___________________ This development option envisages the installation of photovoltaic (PV) power systems, together with biogas plants and wind energy' turbines to meet the energy supply needs of rural communities 
Institutional support would be provided by the central and local governments
Road and Transport faciIities 
j No newjggal measures would be needed
. . This option has no risks
_________
issues
To ensure the sustainabiliiy of this development option there is a need to train the necessary manpower to undertake the planning, design and implementation of such development programmes
These combined renewable energy systems are environmentally acceptable
---- jssU6S
- —
^D^veno_harmful effects
TV. ■
i v. ■
——------------ -------------------------- -— —-----------------------------------------------------------— ■
Hcaltk LJ rig-intervention would enhance the status of women.
,-------------------------------------------- -
— ■
Issue’s’
— —---------------------------------------------- ----------- ------- —
This development option contributes to the improvement of heaJih
S.oci ’ —Conditions injuraI areas by providing energy for the health infrastxucture AA nornic *------- Jhere-would be no demand on the social infrastructure
'??ues |SAT
” ,t2?4ces
Creation of new employment opportunities such as cottage and small-scale
industries_would
be
envisaged.
Minor land-use conflicts could develop between these project components
2J-236. NEED FOR FURTHER STUDIES
Studies regarding renewable energy resources and the consumpt ic basin are unbalanced The study by the Woody Biomass Invenu? Pat>ernsy Project concerning biomass resources is comprehensive and
f •
straiegic p' F^r^
becoming dated On the other hand the knowledge of the basirfs compie.c. ^Jttioidgh and wind energy is sketchy and inferred from nation-wide studTA of
which are not basin specific 
esand secondary *^°'cct5
Ir. order to fill these gaps and provide the necessary data for camying out integrated r^ energy resources development in the basin area it is necessary' to undertake the followT*1'
• Basin-specific solar energy studies which includes among other things solar radr measurements, sunshine duration and the production of a solar energy atlas of > basin
On
• Wind Resources Assessment - The undertaking of comprehensive studv rj assessment of the basin’s wind regime, selection of the most promising sites for wx farms and the production of wind atlas of the area
• Geothermal Energy - The undertaking of detailed and comprehensive investigation cf the geothermal potential of the area including drilling to determine and asses geothermal reserves and the viability of the utilisation of these resources for enem uses
• Electricity generation from burning wood It may be possible to generate elecnicir- from sustainable forest plantations, and, if undertaken in a co-generation system u’’ the output would be electric and heat energy, the efficiency could be inaost- However. this would need to be studied further to assess the environmental impacts ' such a project and its economic viability
1AMS-11.G Bans-Akob Rk B n Integrated De'eioP ^”
AAA
0
2J-24ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
ANNEX2K
FISHERIES
®-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin
Integrated Development Master Plann CCGAT TO r'TJ 0
ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
#4Ckgbolnd
CONTENTS
I
L 1.
2-1
2:
Of FISHERIES IN THE BARO-AKOBO CATCHMENT...
sTAfljS
3
Data soia cc
Status ot nsnc Ck"
- $ ... --------- ....................... ................. . .
. Upp6r Baro-Akobo catchment (> 800 mas!)
- :i
;22 22.3
Fish species ...■
Fthing......-.-.
Fisheries development. .............................................................................- ....................
v
x of fisheries in the lower Baro-Akobo catchment (< 800 masl) Status 
’
r »
4
23
2.11
1.3 2
1.3.3
23 4
23.5
24
Fish specie*...
Fishing ■ ............. Number of fisherman
■■■:..................... .
3 3
.. 3 3
4
.4
1
Aquaculture .............................................• Fish producnon and marketing
Economic issues 
5
5
5
7
SECTOR ( ITE-’TION S .*«««••■. •»«•■«£! <«B« • ■ ■ ■
IS ST
3.
•• •-• ■« •• •«•«•««
...9
3.1
3.2
Institutional support
Fisheries legislation
9
10
4.
TARGETS AND CONSTRAINTS
w 11
4! iOverall objectives 
4.2 I
4.21 4.2.2 423 42.4 42.3
Fisheries sector constraints
Limitations o f the information base.
Fishing equ ipment Marketing and distribution
........................
4-3 |
Institutional, support, legislation and policy instruments Access..
. . .
43. A Cross Sectoral interventions.
4 3.1 W carer resource development schemes
43.3
43.4
4.4
51
Forestry interactions
Agricultural development
Lrban and industrial develoumem Aquaculture....
5.1
52
dfveLOPMENT OPTIONS
Introduction
mn.i
I ■ 19
19
Usucs
■ + *■ i
52; 52. J. 52.4
♦ ■
22
rr
’*900^"* “ d^° P ”
ent -schemes
.23
6.
£ AOJECTs, Conservation
.23
S-2
6]
■lament of
Impact ofr 'Ae arASana| and subsistence fisheries in the Baro-Akobo region.24
s °ric- AaterresourF s schemes on fisheries’...................................................................................... 25
e
ec ------------- rij
Om ca
- ”d marketing study. 26
LG
Saro-Akobo River Bjsin Integrated Development Master PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
APPENDICES
Appendix 1
..............
The Impact on Fisheries of The Establishment nrn
FAO 1989)
'"warns
Appendix 2 
Impact of Wetland Drainage and Agriculture on F’ h
Appendix 3 
Impact of Industrial Water Use on Fisheries -
1Sher es
Appendix 4 
List of Fish Species from Selkhozpromexport Re
TABLES
Table 1. Fisheries catch data for Ethiopia in 1995
Table 2. Catch rates (kg) of the fisheries co-operatives between 1988 and 1994 1 Table 3 Species composition of the catches (kg) in the Gilo and Baro rivers 1994 " Table 4. Price of food and other goods in selected markets (Birr per kg)
6
Table 5 Evaluation of impact and importance of cross sectoral interventions on fisheries Table 6 Issues and options for fisheries development in the Baro-Akobo basin ” J
ACRONYMS
CPAD FPMC FRDD GDP MOA PCMED SFCDD
Co-operative Promotion and Agricultural Development Depanment Fish Producers and Marketing Corporation
Fisheries Resources Development Depanment
Gross Domestic Product
Ministry of Agriculture
Project Co-ordination. Monitoring and Evaluation Depanment Slate Forest Conservation and Development Department
-r- 11,1
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Iniegrated DeveJop"»en’ M**‘c
2K-iiANNEX 2K FISHERIES
PACKGROIN1*
1.
^sources of Ethiopia are based on six major drainage systems,
including about
The
... lakes aid reservoirs and 7000 km of rivers. Most of the fishing is confined to
7400 knfJAC|) Lake Tana is the largest The Rift Valley. souLh of Addis Ababa, contains a likes, Ismail to medium-sized lakes, the exploitation of which started in the 1950s when
A «jterti o
developed among the foreign communities and upper-class Ethiopians in
AA
tieiTian Ababa (Drewes, 1993). The lakes most heavily fished are Ziway, Langano. Awassa,'
and Abaya The two largest reservoirs, Fincha and Koka, are also exploited Riverine
/ activities are mainly carried out on the Baro around Gambela in the western pan of the
” nny and onthe Gmo in the southern area, near the border with Kenya i e in the project
irea
Approximately 100 species of fish have been identified, but the bulk of the catches comprise
tilapia, Laies, Barbus.
Bagrus, Clarias and Labeo species.
Approximately 80% of the catch is
tilapia, although Nile perch [Zztter niloticus (L )] is caught in large quantities in Lakes Chamo
ird Abava and
in the river fisheries The potential yield from
the lakes has been conservatively
estimated at 30-40.000 fisheries (Table 1. FAO 1993) This Despite this production
i.Table I).
tonnes per year (t/yr) based on morphoedaphic indices for the lake
includes 5,000 t/yr for potential the present yield (1995)
the river fisheries (Aubray, 1975)
is estimated at about 7700 t/yr
Table 1, Fisheries catch data for Ethiopia in 1995
Water body
Fish production
Vannum
Fishery potential
(.annum”
Numbers of
fishermen
1
vnarno L Abaya 1 'Awassa J- Langano L Ziway 
J- Abvata# L Koka
L Tana
f; Fincha
A erOmo
around Gambela
1814
270
466
200
2105
0
411
976
0
100* 1200*
7542 _____
3000 7000 1100 1000 3000 2000
2000 6000-16000
1700 400
5000 32200-42200
_
600 150
150 , 100 100
o! 250
1000
0
0I
12400 I 14750 J
’ AUirt rrA.,
* estimated ’ cxr®^<<d for fisheriesA NEXIKosA
;WTW*L
|-g|g yy w" bc'ow Ibe w>,W
consumption will rise the demand Contribution ot fisheries to th.
««»«» for 54
A veofloatio"A n. policy
lrtespecU « capita pcr :
Hcrcse
mum
™r»mic yieid were achieved
cconO
U 3 kgPAe ’he cotttnA0° cven it the mgxi
andmereLre « an ; aidd *ovW—_ai.Tmatea 
ven' -
7 700 t (Table 1). ‘he value offish*
he predicted increase in demur "
ne
r
Wtc
n
A
otitheanr
rt a is about
Ethiopia
^tobentetby ^^nver
:d to be
rS iepo S .s 
rSW ^nual product^. ^Wion (VS$ }? X J. fisheries However,
the. „
j opvn& the -<i
fishCneSnv^e fisheries are located The
■ suooort this projected increase in demmj
.......... „,nnort
A A A’mAth some caveats, which will be d.sA8
- 14 ,w
resource P0A
•’•htrepon
fn|,rrPc 'n the Baro-Akobo me
ana
tm
»$ *current-’he" “X>"« w AAenvironment
1K-1ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
5TA
tus of fisheries in the baro akobo catchment
D«ta Sources
- on the fish and fisheries of the Baro-Akobo basin are limited A comprehensive study 
species of
the
lower basin
was 
earned
out by the Russian Academy of
Science
,?t jvliOzpromexport.) in
the
late 1980s 
This 
study 
examined the species composition,
trophic
ISd
# s Bud parasitology of the fish populations but provided no information on the fisheries A
■ 4#tu j amount of unite
data is available from other reports and statistical sources (e
g Lake
Theries Development Project Marketing Study). No estimates of the number of fishermen derating in the region or an evaluation of their catch are available, and the Fisheries Department does not, as yet, collect such information. Similarly in the upper basin, the \ROCO-GEOSERV study did not cover the fisheries sector in any detail, and with the exception of an ad hoc fish inventory survey around wereda Ale by the Russian delegation of the Science and Technology Commission, little information is available from other sources. No formal studies have been carried out in the upper basin region and no assessment of the status of the fisheries has been made
Consequently, the data from the Russian studies, the ARDCO-GEOSERV study and other sources are inadequate to assess fully the future developments on fisheries within the Master
Plan, or how fisheries development might be integrated within the overall development plans
2.2
Status of fisheries in the upper Baro-Akobo catchment (> 800 masl)
T Fish species
Hie oj hoc Auss'an
9eae$ ofthe 7S
s uc|y jn the upper catchment around the .Ale wereda found some 40 fish t
A ssiar°ul
■
, *J identified in lower Baro-Akobo plains A list of the fish species from the
PAdabl . stLKA *s >nc*ucAeb as Appendix 4 to this report The fish fauna of this region is 
A eau'ti?1A0 up °f
descends fr mera
’ distinct community structures On the Fit Mekonnen Highland
typical meandering pattern and floods extensively. As the river
flowing i , . rhe ,p'ateauto the lowland plains it cuts through steep gorges and is fast
On ihe'unf L s re£*Ori r
. r v*
heophi]ic (fast water) species such as Barbus and Lubeo will be found
rw M(jQdl1| p|ateau<« species with a preference for slower flows, similar to those found in the P am area, should be present, although this needs confirmation.
£ fiMine
a
m iff
OtHhAR0lhelowercatchmenl there is little fishing in the upper catchment Fishing ? Sis Using tr rf1'0’Surl Waber’ Yabi> Diho and Uka rivers, but this is purely on a subsistence
AC ArQJ,j.adin°nal equipment The dominant species caught are Oreochrows niloticus, r A hing J and Barbus species. No data exist on the number of fishermen or intensity'
ere nt parts of the catchment or at different times of the year The reasons for
h LG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
IK-/NATURAL RESOURCES
inaccessibility — 
tradition atherte£k
anx antable-sized, slow-flowing waw O1. — vt»the aAeilce of nes for most of then course; and lack of, 
.hina Ade tsandtnfeuta" The Jonty of groups (Oromes. KI " • ' ' '--------- • 
° bnic grOaPs Th
 rk Idr their source of of pr prot oteeiin An Anua nu; ks-. 
" ~______"gf^tj
Amhara) are fanners and hunters and livesto. traditional fisherman) are only found 3.’.. * fish to supplement their agricultural activities
. . 
and in the DaU a
’
-< to*
7W(e
'’only
2.2.3 Fisheries develop- .
ijk-n. has b«n some
rt rnt of the Ministry of Ag
there has been no follow up
o f anemptS tO increase fish production The FishA
Adcn ce
f . icutture5tocked Lake Bishan Waka Hayk near lepiUT. reservoir, aboui 5 km wcsi of Dembidolo, constructed b.
“tx w*>" Pur’ ’ oses_vA,h 58’000 finger
pan of the overall Russian stuf. lower basin Nile perch (Laia
sp). Bagrus, Barbus and£a6c
and way
«1» 1 lbw
.
ontoeKW’”s
2.3 Status of fisheries in the lower Baro-Akobo catchment (< 800 masl)
2.3.1 Fuh species
The study earned out by the Russian Academy of Science as 
(Selkhozpromexport, 1980) found 72 fish species in the
niloticus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) catfish (Clarias
species were the most important both in ecological and commercial terms
2.3.2 Fishing
Fishing in the region is mainly on a subsistence basis, both in the main river channels ‘
of the floodplain lakes Virtually every family that lives near water fishes to supp emw
diet A diverse array of equipment is used Clay pots with moistened flour
sieves (local names dock and ulitu) are often used by women and children to catc 
fish from the shallow riverbanks Active fishing is carried out by the men uA\< e5 by modifications thereof (ubech, aroch), cones (uruwof). various hook and ne
achop), traps made of reed (dor) used in a similar manner to a trawl, but om
and diama. which are similar to a beach seine but made of sticks and ropes
In addition to the subsistence fishermen, there are three fishing co'opfJacljeration Tata), Pinkew and hang which were established by the Lutheran Wor Luther*0 * Yesus Project These co-operatives are supplied with equipment y
Federation and fish is bought from the co-operative at 1 50 Birr/kg tfr’m the fished Pinkew. and . Birr/kg at Itang The co-operative then buys the fis
sells it on in Gambela on the open market
bait, and rted h small-s^
• spears, of
IL
fr dugou' cart^
X: es
' IL * v*
at pinude A21
Mew*
Wcfl'
tr the
; p;nudo, 1 25
• *
in:,
between Jun^llhe
Fishing is highly seasonal in the lower Baro-Akobo basin Fl00d’nA
n5
| restrict
October prevents most fishermen operating and thus the main fishing sea j $old 101 ix is drier periods between October and Aprif However, fish are still caugA‘
season but its availability, particularly in the major urban centres restricted
■ bc^
it an<
such as
2K-4resources
ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
, v of fishermen The tnajorlt- w knOt mesh,
jt'C’11 kn°, js no-130 Birr cuS1 oftv’nnAlllfacture<i net
m JU
using gill nets (60%), which are about 12 5 m long, 1.5 m deep and
make and repair their nets from twine purchased in Gambeia The
per kg. and once purchased should make about 50 m of net The
c< tfofa . et
A
nc l :n tbc *
tn Gambeia c ost of
is about 3 Bin per metre, which of 50 Birr Gill nets will
seines is in the region
equates to the actual cost of a gill last approximately 5 years with good
of Birr 2,800. although this figure is
naintenan6A . jilp^9Q^e, A -netfhat sup«>
A ber of firman
to date, fishing
co-operatives have been distributing nets Free
estimates of present fishing efforts T f ctrnn are available because catch and
(i.e number of fishermen operating) and
effort data are not collected The Fisheries
L
J t0 L ent do not collect data on effort and no indication of the proportion of the fishing D
I lation either supplementing their diet or selling on the local market, has been
made
|_ever Alem (1993) made an estimate based on the then projected population of 24,051 in
£
tJ she assumed 20% of the population were Anuaks and 50% were involved in fishing,
A
•_ *
A accurate because members of the Nuer tribe are known to fish in this region and
v.nn the number of fishermen as approximately 12,400 This figure is considered to be
definitive estimate of population
size or
proportion of Anuaks The main
there is no problem is
A n mating the number of subsistence fishermen in the community' whd use hook and line to
supplement their diet Their contribution to the exploitation is likely to be high, particularly in
j region where food resources are limited A further problem concerns the large number of
rtfjgees in the area ‘w ho may also be fishing This is in contradiction of a mandate which bans 
them from fishing, but in the absence of fisheries wardens there is no enforcement.
23.4 Aquaculture
r
‘here is no evidence of any aquaculture-based production in the lower basin -owever an opportunity for some small-scale culture-based fisheries development on
*iter bodies
«p«(x
re
which exist in the Aether aquaculture
fisheries and low
project area but this is impeded by lack of stocking is sustainable in the region because of the
purchasing ^power at local market levels where the
There is the small
material It competition
sector is
to develop
2. J. J -
” Fis/t production and marketing
Tilc fnajority f
•"Udj quaxi'
o
>!l CaU8h *sso'd (consumed) locally, either whole, gutted or filleted A
t: 3ti$nnrt FtA of dried fish is sold in the region, mainly during the wet season, or is
10 Welega andGore
■’ats net □ 1116111 o'vned, price-regulating Fish Producers and Marketing Corporation (FPNfC) Acting f6/4'6 ln *c project area The absence of this organisation has meant that no
6stA»ed Pr ?rmafcnwas available which could have generated an updated base for
,|a; onse A, Uci'On.statistics However, an estimate of production w as made in 1993 based
This e 1>a ue
atlv
e ' nf
S
'
Per
capita fish consumption (10 kg'yr) in the Gambeia area (Alem,
twated total tish production would be around 1.240 t/yr
BaroAkobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2K-5NATURAL RESOURCES
Another assessment of production can be earned fromihe record
Foundation and the Department of Fisheries relating to the fishi * oftf’e Luthe Care must be taken when interpreting these data as their accur" c° °Perat'Ves Ald However, they do show the potential for exploitation of the fish sto-L *s SOrriev- hat catches reflect the loss of fishing equipment at the change of GoA5 *arge
World Foundation has prepared a programme for the co-operat °Vernnient- The 
r
A 6haul set mt
one beach seine (100 m x 1.5 m, 3 75 cm mesh in the main net andA Each APeranA
the fishing frequency is only 3 times per week Typical catches f “ Cm 'n ’he cod '
were 20-30 fish or about 45 kg; at Pinudo (Gilo) 2 settings totallm?? *"
Nile perch 58 kg, 3 Dishchodus (Table 3 refers) 20 kg; 3 catfish 6 ? C b°urSy<e,ded 35 k 8_ each fish species to the total catch in 1994 from the Gilo and Barn k • The contijbutA^4
data illustrate differences in the species composition of the catcher t ‘ 9'Ven inTable 3 Th 5j overall importance of Nile perch to the fisheries is demonstrated etWeen ’he rivers. but J
Table 2. Catch rates (kg) of the fisheries co-operatives between 1988 an(j 1W4
Pinudo/Tata
JPinkew/Gilo ltanA~Baro~ TtITil
1988
1990
1991
1993
1994
Number of members
Distance from Gambela (km)
7.901
1,140
500
8,205
N/A
30
105
7,320 "
1,105
1.944
615
6,065
21
18
10,227-
25,448
17,170 19,415
10.371
12,(15
30 8.8K 2,920 8,915
28 79
36
Table J. Species com posit ion of the catches (kg) in the Gilo and Baro riven ]95M
_ Species_ name
Dtstichodus niloticus
Lates niloticus
Hydrocynus foskahlii
Clanas
Gymnarchus
Heterons niloticus
Citharinus
Bagrus
Barbus
Tilapia
| Syncfowns
Polvoteterus bichir
Source Fishing Co-operatives, 1994
Local Anuak name
Weiry Agwella
Weet Ullawak
Ujaka Udwara
Ukura
J ary Urwedo
Ukok Udwella
Th e estimated catch in the lower Rarn ALnhn
Per annum estimated
BoTO-AKODO basin is well below the potential
bur this value seems accent^a?11-^* (1975), No ' b
n
ca uon of the method of assessed" ( s?
(4) or river length (f)Av!L'“d Kbastd correlation analyses beftJten
Tta. with a to,a) net Z,“T,- „
e 1985>'
SUChthat earch C = 0 i ’ A™ or^C- 0°A
tosth of 1042 tan for the Bar0 Akobo A ver0 and G*> ** ,
TAMS-1 LG Baro.Akobo River Basin Integrated Develop®* * M* *
01
2K-6ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
area of 75.000 km , the potential catch ranges between 2,364 tonnes and 10.611
7
J «et u in„ anri
<]?»“» P
tentiallv a
high
There tf . tbeG*nbdathe
vM-fish * A , x hsll
W<els> the confrH”1°
P® Area
primary
carne^
reason
demand for out by the
for not
fish in the Baro-Akobo region In a market Lake Fisheries Development Project, restricted
consuming (64% of households) or serving
survey in
availability
(61%
of
a
LoCcll households tenc*to eat fish throughout the year when available and few habit of eating fish during the fasting periods (12%) or Wednesday and WTlile most households (93%) consider the price offish too high they also say 
lower than meat (67%) The majority (88%) of households that
buy fish
Friday s
make a
Aal '
t aic c
15 ffori and go to buy 
either at the road side or in the market in
Gambela Nile perch
' prefer
AA
red fish because it
is tastier (72% of households.
94% of
hotels), followed by
15 ’
carfiih.
Demand for fish from outside the lower basin is high, mainly from the international community' and wealthier groups in Addis .Ababa- The inhabitants of Addis Ababa are tending to eat more tish but they are restricted by supply In the upper Baro-Akobo basin, and elsewhere, the -emand for fish is low because the local people have no tradition for it Under the economic restructuring which has occurred since the establishment of the Transitional Government, FAO in 1995 estimated the demand for fish in Ethiopia would increase to 10,000 tyr by the year 2,000, but most of this would probably be satisfied by production from the Rift Valley lakes
2.4 Economic issues
A socio-economic appraisal of the capture fisheries in the basin is essential if the development potential of the basin is to be achieved Unfortunately it is not possible because few data are available to support the analysis Some of the factors which are required in a full economic analysis are indicated in the information that is available
fhe market
’parkets tn uJf_____
The table does not
in
price of fish varies Gambela, Itang and
the market value
re ^ Pnce • approximately three fish° Respite this information
with species and Pinudo is shown of the various
times that of
between regions The price of fresh fish on the
in Table 4 species For
tilapia) and is of fish, it
on fishing
example, bought
is not activities,
show however commands a hotels in the
£TTn 1
n
on the price
Nile perch up by the possible to
relate it
'quw
.
" S eanunff,s
because there arc no data
size of catch, cost
to
of
601 and maintenance of equipment
TA MS-ULG B.ro-Akobo River Basin milled Development Master Plan
2K-7ANNEX IK
ISECTOR INSTITUTIONS
J-
Institution*! support
Th* FisheneA
.. IS C 'e rnajn
Resource Developmenl Department (FRDD) within the Ministry of Agriculture Government institution responsible for co-ordination of all activities
iMCW J* h
5 cn
e!> in Ethiopia However, when the decentralisation process is complete it is 
relating ^
1
A fburcueOheMOA
r CAorJ fisheries administration will be under the direct control of the
pa® is broken down into three divisions as listed below
< Fish Resource Utilisation, Conservation and Control Division.
■ Fish Culture and Research Division,
* Fishing Equipment Improvement and Development Division
The fisheries sector
probably a
ghen limited
reflection financial
has been neglected by policy-makers and planners in of its low contributiocon ntotriGbuDtPionAs a coto nsequence,
particularly throughout are largely collection or region The
relies also
such
heavily on
fisheries development
support and The FRDD is
regional offices
international funding
in the
the country involved in
research
hampered by the
as Gambela The
at the Regional Offices of the extension work and undertake
MOA. In
lack of majority' Gambela
the past, which is the FRDD
agencies to suitably qualified
of staff are
is only support
staff, spread
little or no basic
there are 3 staff who fisheries statistical data
main fisheries
This represents the information
total
pinudo
-'■Finding its
and Pinkew
activities to
Severe
promote
collected is budgetary' fisheries
complement catch data constraints 
beyond
the
of staff in from the prevent
low-level
three the
technical
the Baro-Akobo
co-operatives at department from
support on
" -pmen[ manufacture and repair it provides to fishermen at present
u
The Gov
ifPMn emmerit -z, sr
rji ntator<fieh ’
*'as
aso established a para-statal, Fish
Producers and
Marketing Corporation
A nCt|o n
.
■■Uoborej • 10
c dienes
Of which 1510 rcsupte fjsh prices This organisation operates only in
centres around rhe Rift Valley lakes and does not function in the Baro
area A °n t"onse^Lienj|y there is no institutional support for fish marketing in the project
rt *re are s i) the
evera! other bodies within the MOA with fisheries-related functions. These are
A PJect C
,
b)
c)
for foe
Us«dLQ
the overair'°rd-nat*ng’ Coopgj. .A"iloring of
ktOTM*OTMi!? anc| project formulation
Evaluation Department (PCMED) responsible and implementation in the fishery sector,
at,VCA^
Arorn°tion and Agricultural Development Department (CPAD) which is
th:
legation
legal
P cts, jqJ
Orjnn Of
s *atus to co-operatives, of which there are three in the study basin.
A 1 evel°pnient Department that is responsible for implementing irrigation which involve diverting rivers into storage reservoirs, which creates
ur fisheries development The FRDD has introduced fish fry into some of
TamsTlg
BiirtnAkobo River Basin Integrated Drvelflpmeiic Master Plan
2K-9ANNEX
IK Hsuttn.
fisheries legist
•ccai|y dedicated to fisheries, with the exception of t
w
. u.v.nnv-Nch iiAJi’sl AaWishmentCoi^ncd of State Speoai the,
Ethtopf-
7”2 relevant to the h
*^*hU
fJtStGXiW^bd.dfn^ted *
fisher,
regulators < acumier4,
a
'N&aasfot
. Shing by the many rcRIgces m
area 
a
e ““ o^ )Local P>«*“
8
t
>>AS* n' everablfiostis the lacl< °f le9acl pm™*
X» lhe Ba"A .
u XS<<.m""t
one this contfttUILJ\.
,h .fisheries reg
acutes XHf -
aI
□latlODS and the lack of a dead, d?EJm«
• addition to the lack of policy, »i
slation, m _
^artorP
T. he t
ck o"f“A*“‘-At°Pment °f the sector a multipie ream. «
enforcetnen- „ ?
serious constraint w,w„
situation
______________ ________ ____ — ^dO^'®P<DC° Biro-Akobo River Basin Integr
2K-t°ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
I
TARGETS AND CONSTRAINTS
J.
Overall objective*
4.1
FAO (l»3) forecasttharthe demaAd for fj h
s
anc|
„ r TOOUCt Ln
A ideraWe. In the short to medium term domestic demand can fis Ettu°pla *ouici be c with urban groivih. and keeping the per capna consumption at.. .exPcctcdl° “creaq^jw
this would bring consumption up to around 10,000 tonnes addition, the Government policy to increase averaee fish
v< ar will increase rhe demand for fish .Another ~ eenera TUTSI.' i° ’
per year °f ioogpervear_
CC 511
by ihe vear 2000 jn
k '9 per “prta Per
Mughout Ethiopia' is the rise in meat pnces.'
This element\^^}p jnfiuenc,nQ
th ‘ demand
e
mat for fish in the national diet
In the short
to medium sto^emand0 m°re sub«ewp^Tte^
to be satisfied by production from the Rift Valiev lake fished * 5
Irtish is
Within the Baro-Akobo basin the primary ’ objectives should be to maintain Ssh production at the present level and conserve stocks for future sustainable exploitation. These objectives are particularly peninent to the Integrated Master Plan where other sectors may impinge on the islieries resources, e . g hydropower and irrigation schemes . If the fisheries potential of the region is to be developed (and the potential for growth is considerable) there are a number of constraints which must be overcome
4-2 Fisheries sector constraints
Limitations of the information base
ftMMrties ndiofta ln c ureto 8
a,
AA WoonMiono.6A"
a s1
l A'™8
(
’csUecoJKIed°AcA'’fr()m .
.
ad
ue inadequate Although a few summ
’base data do not take
subsistence fishermen who operate in viA Tney probably contribute greater t
upper basin .As a result, knowledge of the y”
Alcdbo basin is limited
A present data collection and quality
Quires urgent improvement in terms ypment. The methodology for monitonng n I u’ it will require considerable input
- r i>ccause there is no well defined brie! to
a itisti
into account
di dually or
han 9 
significant prod A ge numbers
. in >°w
fishth^
oi *6A
er basin
'es resources
fishermen
w
^/VQ%
the
in the Baro
fisheries statistics therefore
control systems for
F h.dcjosty, staff resources, training, and auxiliary
of
sCI It uf P
Qn which
ifei? exp^tS tftecessar
y ro u
p
formulate
♦^Manage the available fish stock The staff’« t foese data Tf^li^P catch monitoring programme 10
collect
coiiec
d 4:11011 date
enence
the staflrfefiresent
be putmtoJD rjng antj^j^umber
namina before a monitoring Pr0A' full scale monitonng jn 'Gambela is inadequate to suppo
TA A
’ ULG o-Akobo River Bimo Integrated’
A
Development Master Plan
2K-11NATURAL RESOURCES
programme These persons will also require transport (motor cycles, or flat 3
craft) to visit the fishermen in remote areas along the rivers
4.2.2 Fishing equipment
An important factor limiting the development of the sector is provision of equinm
are the mam efficient method ot catching fish in the rivers and only 3 seine nets 
the co-operatives If the catch is to be increased there is a need'to provide eq7 anisanal fishermen and link this to the establishment of co-operatives. Closelv development is expertise in construction and repair of nets. Staff of the MOA
traininq fishermen in these activities but the process is limited bv trained m416 CIJri*' resources 
4.2.3 Marketing and distribution
The development of the capture fisheries sector is severely constrained by the lack f
r ’*nt Gill^
avai*ab!et0
pment«
• hnked.
o
--anpower
lc
p
marketing and distribution infrastructure At present fish is either sold at the roadside near t
the place of capture or in the local market, especially in Gambela, or dried and sold □
Gambela or other nearby towns The current production is hardly enough to satisfy*• ifc 
markets and many hotel guests complain about the lack of fish The supply is also hghfr
seasonal and largely unavailable for 4-5 months of the year (Section 2.3 2 refers).
If the production were to increase, through improved technology and availability of resources, the supply may exceed demand To improve the sustainability of the sector, new markets ani distribution networks will have to be established This may be difficult because of the following factors
i reluctanceresistance on the part of the indigenous people to change, particularly a>
fish is not pan of their normal diet,
li the absence of a local private marketing system or parastatal such as FPMC tJ^15
an intermediary in the sale of fish, and
. .. iii lack of suitable post harv est preservation facilities and poor access to potential ma
le g Gore, Metu, Bedele, Jimma)
4.2.4 Institutional support, legislation and policy instruments
Two of the main constraints on developing the fisheries sector in the region are ne<i equipment and development of a marketing infrastructure However, there is an for institutional support, legislation and use of policy instruments in the developm
.Although fisheries are of some importance in the lower Baro-Akobo as support is limited This is primarily due to a scarcity of trained manpowcran
pro^®07- ’ |
obviouS i
ent
b ^jnstitut**11
h 7^ A-
,: rtutlhef<
present efforts are focussed towards providing training on net making an J veioP
c
r
>rTrflg
J rep^
appears to be little attention paid to important aspects such as post-harv improvements in equipment technology and marketing infrastructure There need for an adequate extension service to support fisheries development in
• the re?c0
T AMS-ULG Biro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development’ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
n n fisheries legislation If fisheries are to develop in the region there is a need for fthicp'3 has d adoption of a fisheries legislation which takes due regard of potential
0*
e _i3bcrai'(he capture, marketing and distribution subsectors Fisheries legislation is also
jV esW _
rs
in J J management of water bodies with regard to environmental protection Al
‘•’fiW^Wes contribute little td'ffl? Bti^tSPPiS^^fe^tiftiS^ffl'fSRftlbution to the protein ------------------------------
1
preseff?. ' the Baro-Akobo basin Without an adequate legislative framework,
fl fP|ikelv^£^i^fe? I^source development schemes which do not u------------------------------------------------- * jfhenes areA acC0unt of A fisheries resource dynamics Closely linked to the need for a
akeicle< u.is an ^de^uate enforcement agencv to inwiement the regulations This is
l ^tne because nothing will change if the enforcement is not applied to the system
jnpera
the role of policy instruments in the development of the fisheries are difficult to
hr TJnere is a clear need to assess the current situation with regard to credit subsidies 
jCCnui*
tfd taxation in the region and how they may be used to help promote expansion
Z15 4«ess
Fishing in the region is seasonal, and in many areas this can lead to a shortage of food in the me season (Section 2.3 2 refers) Part of the problem is access to the fishing areas during the wet season because no boats are available Fishing on the main over will be difficult during the wet season but access to the inundated areas where fish forage and spawn could provide fish at this time This unfortunately has an inherent problem in that fishermen may take ripe females and disrupt spawning activities in the inundated areas This would have a knock on effect on recruitment and. ultimately, the sustainability of the fisheries During the dry season the fishermen also have problems with crocodiles, hippopotami and water snakes In a survey 
of the ponds and small floodplain lakes around the lower basin the over riding problem with ceveloping these fisheries was these animals (Mengistu. pers comm) Many of the fisheries in '■k upper catchment also have the disadvantage of being located in remote areas with poor
!rcess- especially in stretches between the highland plateau and lowland floodplain
Cross sectoral interventions
hav'0^ ’ntcrvcm*° s have
n
many direct and indirect interactions with fisheries
n
5shen'f n Surnmansed * Table 5 which subjectively assesses the impact of interventions
it a modi/0 lden,'fy lhe importance and magnitude of the potential effects This assessment
A
tfOnment 11
^^tion (Cowx 1OOX5 -L_ T----------------- u
U wj U| meq_CUpoia .•ujcsmiiciu Autvj~iu i/n/
H 107H m
A eenaii mPact Analysis Similar exercises are recommended for the interactions S^teF§.
I able 5 
-
•
(numerat°0 'S given on a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 indicates little or
"We value’(+v’CnilOn On fishcries t0 10 where therpotentially a major impact A AeilohunatQr\ • '.Yeates the intervention could lead to a positive impact The magnitude
• / IS
Stven on a scale of 1 (local effect) to 5 (large-scale catchment effect)
M.G Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Doe iop men! Mister Plan
2K-13NATURAL RESOURCES
T’blt
5 Evaluation
d
importance
fisheries
°fCre” ’“,Or*1
Fisheries 
migration
Fisheries
recruitment
Exploitable
stocks
Artisanal fisheries
Aquaculture
Forestry-
Mineral extraction
Flood protection
Irrigation
Hydro power
Transport-roads
T ransport-navigation
Tourism
Urban development Industrial development Agriculture-crops
Ag ri cu Itu re-l i vestock
Apiculture
Wildlife
1/1
3/1
6/4
10/4
10/4
5/3
1/1
5/1
3/1
6/3
6/1
8/3
8/3
10/4
3/1
3/1
4/1
5/1
4/1
6/2
5/1
5/2
R/1
5/2
5/2
10/3
+1/1
2/1
2/2
6/2
6/2
6/2
P0S'JlAg>
H’arketmo
5/2
5/2
+5/2
+4/2
*5/1
3/1
1/1
1/1
4.3.1. Water resource development schemes
tm‘<c AOpn*at piaTM there
ire man* opportunities for water resource schemes related
|O potential hydropower and tmgatton development and flood control
(see
Volume 4 ftr
k«° i of proposed dams).
n
M“y of these schemes have been described in detail in the
reports
caidan
of ARDCO-GEOSERV (upper catchment) and Selkhozpromexport (1990) Of these ordy t*i* ,Abcbo dam irrigation scheme on the AJwero River has beer
for the low
implemented This scheme, due to be completed in 1996, will flood some 45 km of land
The intensity and size of these schemes is of major concern to fisheries for a number ot
2
reasons (see also Appendix I)
i
e
u
ID the floodplain re9iOn
B9j
Th* Altho^
Baro-Ai“^
founds (JoodP^
aai.c
iii
Dams built across major river channels create effective barriers to the upstream (psyajhawning) arid downstream (dispersion and feeding) migrations _
barners effectively prevent the natural breeding and feeding cycles of fish -
BasiruP? 3Vailable °n the mi^rauon patterns of the fish species in the
basm t is known that many of the species (e g Nile perch. Barbus and Labeo).
migrate along the channels
1 he flood prevention aspects o{ the schemes will reduce the intensity of the A a n ‘ many species (e g catfish) spawn in the
provide an^ideaf^ vcgetaiion acts « spawning substrate and the s oravide anneal nursery habrtat for juveniles
becauTX'V10*
regimes downstream of dams are often detrimental W
• - not adapted tothe"cwhabllaf characteristics Slow are ofte> cbiuna.ed because the channel dimensions tend to be reduced and
TAMS-ULG Bin>..Alobo River Basin Inte rited Develop®
A
Al M>5<c
2K-14rate increased Also the temperature regimes below reservoirs can be
JUmP of hypolimiMSl «“'r ^hich «- jn >nm affea the life
For mostfehsp“'“. b.,’d'"esu'Ccs«ep'TM|>> UpOn a coincidence of factors of , h,ch flow ■* <”>' of (he most important If the timing ofthcOoOd >
often the case tn regulated nvera. many species may MtOd LrJX
Abrupt changes in flow charactenstlcs can also have adverse effects ,„, „
ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
(cycles of £Aedbv
A
5HCCC5S-
Overly rapid changes in water lead can leave spa Z?”1!
ex
critical periods Also larvae and eggs may be stranded in isolated pools and st£Z “
washed away
v Downstream migration is impeded as juvenile fish have
to pass through turbines 
other diversion channels This migration patterns
These changes rend to have a severe
fisheries and the stock composition • Of particular rerch and catfish fisheries, which are probably the pnee, will be severely reduced Similarly 
frequently
causes
high
mortality
or interrupts 
is
y
or
or the
pt5 Inc
impacL on breeding, and thus natural
sustainabdity of
concern
in this scenario
is
that the
the
Nile
valuable both in terms
annually, will become isolated The trcm lone to lentic (sttll water) species, regular stocking.
Ta evaluate the potential impact of axmitoring programme is set up urgently cam This study should have collect data
fisheries
such
most of the these I tilapias,
of demand
and
many of
floodplain
which
are inundated
as
lakes and
will may
lakes, probably
not be
change dramati
cally 
sustainable wit
hout
these
schemes it
on the Alwero river on ihe status of
is to the
recommended
that a fisheries
show the effect of the Abobo fisheries before the dam was 
romplcted In addition it
shshoouuldldmonmitoornchitoar nges choavengres 
over a
mmiinniimmuumm
oofften ten
years Unfortunately 
it is possible that the fish stocks have already been affected by the construction phase of the idzme and migration patterns may have been disrupted so the true impact may not be shown
M*. sehemm. such as the
lonsidered when planning irngatio source of pollu)ftioponllution The run
Abobo dam, also have other indirect impads that should £ be n schemes Agricultural development associated with
irrigation schemes is frequently a map .
pesticides used in intensive agncultur
&jUnstream [f eutrophication occurs, t e
many of the important food fish species 
afen the watercourses can affect
by the population. Many of the propels for usociatcd with irrigation schemes require
be mundated, thus reducing the available spawning
ih'cfi^bgy^gr schema equallydamaging to fish
r
e can severely upset the,
- ’communit
. t lrop 'hicb
lrnhn Cb
. . off of fertilisers
waters ^wn sire am
communities wiU 8 nesl jsticiaes
alance of the
h ecological
may be lost
floo Forn&ty U&JS
Similarly, the run 0
upt hefood chain an |,
change A1 K
tr eV be
|
■■
lW an
js
fish,
a
)zri
cultural
developrpeni th l'onoer ofiandwil1 noWfiger
fish
'T'
anJOd ullim-
» such that water is released m burst pad® f
Secies
seb Ws has severe effects on the fish
present A tether problem arises from the b ss d ,”" B 10 generate the head of water required for
and
StOCkS TH^ft^qg^egimes
e
nnsed for
imposed f^i
accommodate
A
communities, usually reducing the number channels dsed Oil hydropOWW
effii 1 production Thrs often involves
A
majority, or
in
case
the
all the watwMlofthe
be^astroir s to
' ■ t TOeral|ya g°od
over
main river
A "JAlfeg
J -trc? theCons*quences of which tend t0
by the release of compensation flows but it ts «
TAIAUnr
BanbAkobo WvcrBaji|1 grated Desriop- M-ter
A
Plan
2K-15NATURAL RESOURCES
the wetted area is reduced and it rarely maintains the fish stocks at their levels
The principal argument often used io compensate for this loss of production is tk areas will be created in the reservoir Whilst this is often the case it js ne*’ fishj measure and will usually not compensate fully for the loss of the river fish st * Atint
generally have a high production potential in their early years but this falls off fi KesA'oi'<
as the organic materials are fully utilised The change from a lotic to a leiltic
modifies the fish species composition, leading to the supplanting of desirable b
species, e g from Nile perch and catfish to tilapia Furthermore the operatin ?
reservoir in relation to its primary function may conflict
the continual draw down and filling up of hydropower reservoirs exposes the
and breeding tends to be very poor Consequently the fish production is poor
sustained by stocking This presents a further problem with the provision of
Considerable planning at the construction phase is needed if the reservoir is to be
fisheries development If the reservoir floods a forested/shrub area some clearance *”• vegetation will have to lake place to permit fishing, otherwise the nets will snag Con L
some woody vegetation must be left to act as a substrate for algal development, which become an important food source for the fish All the major arguments relating to this issue have been described by Cowx (1995) One of the problems that is envisaged with the lowland irrigation reservoirs is floating islands of vegetation These are common on Lake Tan td cause difficulties to the fishing communities This issue will have to be addressed if these reservoirs are to be used for fisheries purposes
*nt
-«ai
hot
<Xks
5.7 yA ” env wonine i inc
with
fisheries
n
‘ es5 desra^
interjsts^ oflhe
nests
locking
Ft)re,n.pi. .. of tiJapio
A
21
ft will
Although preferred fish arc tilapia It suitable
reservoir fish can be valuable, the fish
species caught are not
necessarily tho*
by the local market This will certainly be the case in Gambcla where the prefered
Nile perch and catfish and the
species ' from the
should be noted that the shallow irrigation reservoirs in
for fisheries enhancement.
These reservoirs
are
reservoir will the lower shallow
almost certainly be basin might nor he
and ambient
temperatures during the dry 
(possibly approaching 40°C),
season,
when the
will fewr
be fish
drawn down, will be species can tolerate
such
elevated
temperatures for
thus restricting their
extended periods.
reservoirs value as Also many 
of
the
reservoirs are in isolated areas in the upper catchment where there is no ready m The local people generally do not eat fish and are not skilled at catching problems ot post-harvest preservation and distribution therefore becomes importA
One further problem exists with reservoir development There is often malaria and bilharzia near reservoirs and control measures are required one mechanism is the introduction of mosquito fish Gambusia which can measure for reducing the problem However, careful consideratioh nee s to
bydropowtr
■ ,r. TbE fish tn resent ■
j incident01"
increase*
h case0
™ .t =
be an
be &
n then
;f rnaJi'13 effect beftf*
d
introducing any fish species into the system stocks.
as it
may have
adverse effects
schemi% is .
A summary- of the
Appendix 1 in this 
anse from reservoir
potential Volume In
impacts view
of of
water the
resources
development
sC c
l’ ^j^i
many potential adverse impacts 
• in
t>
, in
developments it i5
necessary to plan the iniervenuonj
manner in harmony with fisheries and other natural resource users
— J < It is al*°
TAMS-ULG B»ro.Akobo Rjvcr Bann Integrated Develop’’*60’
IK-16. nFSOVRCES ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
Mt many of the issues raised are not just local but may affect the fisheries
i-e
A -ogni* *"£ watershed, including those in the adjacent countries Until precise information
.voO ’ options for the reservoirs, their usage, operating regimes and the potential
Aoti
* develops
ent
on * h tween the reservoir developments is available it is not possible to undertake this
f
Acn
' vkob0 basin comprises some 60% of the forest Tbe ?ar° ’ rtant resourCe which may be exploited in
of Ethiopia fSFCDD, 1990) and is the future Deforestation generally has
.juian .
fisheries
by
reducing cover and allochthonous material, and
run-off from the adjacent land If forests arc to be exploited it should be done in
SflU'l(n twithfisheries’ interests policy instruments could have
to protect the
stocks This is an area where
benefit, e g to maintain buffer strips and minimise
increasing
legislation access to
h liVers10 prevent sihation problems, or implementing reforestation programmes
4 JI J Agricultural development
.Agricultural development generally has little direct impact on fishenes if earned out in an environmentally sympathetic way. The main problems stem from soil erosion and fertiliser
□n-off from intensive crop production These aspects tend to cause siltarion problems and
eutrophication Both aspects are important in the integrated
Master Plan
because they have
.-onsiderable
impact on
the
possibilities 
of using reservoirs 
for
fisheries 
production There is
ilw particular
concern
that
the water
bodies downstream
of
irrigation
development projects
wiD suffer from high nutrient input which will cause irreversible eutrophication in the lower catchment and change in the fish community' structure
Grazing is generally not
harmful and
indeed can
be
beneficial Dung
may 
accumulate and
*hen inundated increase
the primary 
productivity 
of
the floodplain
and
the growth of
'cstiatiun after flooding. ’
L'ri>an and industrial development
flic
Jnd
n'An prob|ems
■
caused by urban and industrial development are increased pollution loading water resources and increased exploitation of the fisheries resources by
Pop’-ilau'06.fishertnen The latter can lead to conflicts with the artisanal fishermen if the are ofte°n ulcrAase is large Changes, to the physical or chemical characteristics of the river
■ku-iKF? iS50ciatcd with intensive development and the less tolerant communities would
•woedecSie. I ’*Wwacw/A
4jiI
. < cu]ture i. t^v
a
tlcAfn-level thiopials in its infancy The onlv aquaculture activities, apart from a few
** CuhA g!nds Jrecukuj-g based stock enhancement programmes earned out by Sebeta
4
the pot -O|
l dli
™weveF wjth the proliferation of water resources and favourable
•».
lh d D
av
g
tential for development exists both in the upper and lower basins
A ttstnA?5 Oflfer Stable temperature conditions for warm water species like tilapia and loncould be considered Problems may also arise from the high water
’ *S-UL Baro-.xkobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2K-17NATURAL RESOURCES
:x ik
temperatures experienced during husbandry and farm management ar^ ]^Pcn(
------ "
. d which could lead to high monA 7
^ ^W‘constraint lies with the pr
<1 / 1
A ' A
i0
A’
• A1 aP A 9
which
alternatives. 
would reslrici developments to
| ^^ncr.l programmes in irrigation ® w tbw.ana regions greater u
I
potential before new- technology, which may not UTkustaina
Conditions are also suitable for aquaculture in the upper catchment
species such as carp (Cypnnus carpio L). However, the possibilitif0 paniAlafivr
culture in the Baro-Akobo system is a cause of great concern The ■ prQrn°tinB
Nile system and considerable care has been taken to avoid its mtrod saccics in not foun^'J from fish farms is one of the major causes of fish introductions and inh°n h Accidental esc? ' have disastrous environmental impacts in the Nile ecosystem in the futuA Sh°dd occur ««<£?
In addition to lhe technological problems, the development of aquaculture in the R
£ > g
ra),
of
basin and Ethiopia as a whole, is subject to a number of constraints. There is f°' k 
a AO
experience of aquaculture in the region and promotion would require considerable* w
the local fisheries personnel in aquaculture technology and extension The*
aquaculture knowledge in .Africa as a whole has been poor because of inadequaie ?
A0 1
and technical support There is also a problem with lhe absence of well-defined markets'*
If the aquaculture sector is to develop, the infrastructure needs considerable enhancement The only source of seed al present is Sebeta Fish Farm which will be unable to meet the demands of the counlry if there is growth in this subsector. There is thus an urgent need to
nistory
training of
ma
increase the number of farms supplying seed
reservoir developments are to go ahead there
Suitable stocking material This issue must be
reservoirs is to be realised Finally, aquaculture
by the lack of adequate feeds These tend to
probably making fish farming a financially non-viable option.
for aquaculture ventures. In addition, if the is a need for production facilities tc prank resolved if the production' potential of the
development in .Africa is usually constraint be expensive and a limitation on producaan
2K- 18ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
g
5J
PEVELOPMENT OPTIONS
Iot roduction
I] objective of the BaroAkobo Master plan is to provide an integrated plan for IV u£a^of the natural resources However, the integration of the various sectors is
j v ^0^ jn thg Baro-Akobo region because no regional policy for each sector or
; AICIIJarAap
jiat) c
|f
0 ass s
j t decision-making. This makes identification of the issues relating
fisheQCs^ an(j Lhe formulation of projects difficult, although attempts have been made based _ rjsn *■*
rpe jJgP^saJ5 for water resource development It should be noted that these issues and
ns ma *
change or be modified in the light of a regional development plan Any regional
A should be developed before an integrated master plan can be developed accurately and as \ of the exercise a regional sector study be carried out This was not possible in the present
s Adv because of manpower, travel and time constraints
A rth regards to fisheries there are many issues (outlined in Table 6) before such an objective can be achieved Many of these issues are
iprroprtaie information
on which to
formulate fisheries development in
that must be resolved related to the lack of
a multiple-use
environment. Without this information it is likely that fisheries will suffer in the face of major
development which have a high economic return. To prevent the possibility of such an action
iiaison committees need
to be established between all user groups, and fisheries 
must be well
represented so Lhat the resources do not suffer. In all cases aquatic resource management plans based on sound ecological, economic and environmental principles must be undertaken. Lnder no circumstances should the economic argument prevail in the decision-making process
because the livelihoods of many people are dependent on fisheries in the Baro-Akobo basin
SJ.
Issues and options
Uz
A fore fisheries A Shted*'1
• pp° ,
A rtl- r“t’cs
ii -ab
could potent^ i -c
bating to the existing fisheries 
6 However- potential for exploitation
are limited by the of the resources must
many issues 
be high and
IA r J
- opi-ne |
n
11 ^cpi^rjbute to the local and national protein supply. Strategies for the
IV
Develo ^^cctorshouA focus on the following issues
°fa fisheries information system which collects data on catch, effort, Evaiuat k exPloitation patterns and methods of capture
far ihd 6 I eatfitudes of ethnic groups towards fish to establish the potential markets 7^ Product.
Fr °visio» Of
ffoijVTh n-triable credit facilities and other economic measures to encourage
Sirens h* = activities and effect participation in marketing of the product
sn
in n q
« 
eh the
1
Consul: j
institutional and legal frameworks for fisheries management to
Es ’®blishIC pl?Vatc secior investment
P opo
r
sed afisheries enforcement agency to support the legislative framework
A S-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2K-19NATURAL RESOURCES
vi
Evaluate low cost, low volume technical options for fish market
potential markets in adjacent regions, i e improve the distnbutjj " to is 
1
« and
infrastructure
’ On Ad ptarw'
vii
Encourage the formation of fishing and fishenes co-operative f
* or
vui
exploitation and marketing of the resources and which activitthe b ion participation of the village communities the planning, decis,
implementation activities These have proved successful on som'°?
Ethiopia (C Palin, personal communication), and they should be
the Baro-Akobo region
Improve extension services and training of fisheries personal to pro
of the sector and transfer of technology to the indigenous people om°tc<*eve'°Pmetn
y encoufiges £
u'io j CJ fishtr* r
as models foi
Table 6 Issues and options for fisheries development in the Baro-Akobo ba^a
Issues
Options
Advantages
Disadvantages
Inadequate information about the status of the fishenes resources and their
exploitation
Implement long term catch-effort frame survey of the fishenes
Comprehensive picture of fisheries dynamics and
exploitation
patterns
available Expensive
Conduct provisional survey of the
fisheries
Preliminary 
information for
E.IAs etc
No information on seasons exploitation patterns
Base fisheries 
potential on
Rapid assessment,
cheap
Inaccurate
Cheap
Thorough overview of the issues constraining fisheries development in regjon Inexpensive
No information on which to base sector development—.
Inadequate information about the socio-economic aspects of fisheries development
WhenesrAAL.
Requires con5
Institutional support for fishenes is inadequate
ecological models Do nothing
Implement regional study to evaluate social, economic, marketing and post harvest aspects of
fishenes
Adopt opportunistic approach to fishenes development
Do nothing
Improve availability of credit and utilise policy instruments
Upgrade extension services
Do nothing
L — 
^Slow. j pta ke of development
Sustainable development, increases rural employment Extensive uptake
of development and tra technological
options
TA.MS-1 l,c Baro-Akobo River Bum Integrated Developmc M**
A
2K-20-SOURCES
----------
__________
ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
--------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------------
Options
Advantages 
T
BBL
.- -I
Disadvantages
^S«"’1- 5“5Sw~«
Implement
environmentally 
acceptable development plans
1
Sustainable
development, protection of the environment, maintenance of biodiversity _
Resource requirement to implement action
iffed t*lne
"i
1
1
1
mplement
environmental
egislation to promote sustainable development
i
1
Sustainable
development, protection of the environment, maintenance of biodiversity 
Resource requirement to implement action
Introduce policy instruments to I regulate
unacceptable
development
Sustainable
development, protection of the environment, maintenance of biodiversity
Resource requirement to implement action
Allow gross 
development
without control
Degradation of the environmental and long term loss of resources
Options for the development of water resources witfhct with
1 ihtries. interests ------ ------- —
Conduct ElAs on all development options to resolve conflict between
sectors
Sustainable
development, protection of the environment maintenance of biodiversity
Conflicts between water resource users Resource requirement to implement
action
■
Mitigation of detrimental aspects of interventions
Protection of the environment, maintenance of biodiversity
Resource requirement to implement action
Assess potential for developing fisheries in reservoirs
Sound data on which to base
rational development plan
Resource requirement to implement action
uiLiuuuce
legislation to
i proteci. fisheries
Protection of the environment,
I maintenance of biodiversitv
| Resource requirement to implement action
Promote
aquaculture
development to replace capture
L-fisheries
Improves rural economy and
employment
Lack of experience and technology to support
development
Do nothing
■4------------------ —------------- —
Lack of fisheries 
development
IK 21NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX2K
Before anv options are considered it is important that efforts are made in Cnii data about the status of the fisheries so rational development options can b. ‘ 8 necessary to collect information on the fisheries resources per se> lcvel? J 
A
exploitation, socio-economic contribution of fisheries both at the local and potential for marketing within and outside the region, institutional
overall objecnves of the study should be as follows
To provide a description of resources available to the fisheries Se
and
' T°POsed
legal reffif’1
AU,r«me nu .
ii.
iii
physical assets, people and fish, and predict how these will change with lncluda® development
To critically evaluate how the current configuration of these resources ca support further development of the fisheries sector
To include detailed consideration of the artisanal and subsistence sub-sector their socio-economic contribution and the means by which this coninbuuo1A5A enhanced or is changed by any proposed developments
Ctor,
eath prcyy
in
be u«d iD S.
n Can bft
5.2.2. H ater resources development schemes
The main reservoirs proposed in the Master Plan offer potential to develop fisheries However, until the different water resource development options have been formulated and information on the design and operation of each reservoir is available it is not possible to predict this potential It should be pointed out that the potential for fisheries development mt. not be as high as expected because many of the reservoirs are in deep valleys and their remoteness and inaccessibility may preclude any development .Also fisheries in hydropower reservoirs suffer from problems with fluctuating water levels which limit production Finally the irrigation reservoirs proposed are generally shallow and may suffer from too high temperatures, particularly during the dry seasons when water levels will be low II is recommended that a full appraisal of the fisheries potential of each reservoir is made once the appropriate information on design and operation, and hydrological conditions in available
The table below shows the potential fish yield (tonnes) for three irrigation reservoirs and three hydropower reservoirs
320
678
I
Irrigation Reservoir
lianu_
Dumbonc
Gilo 2
I Hydropower Reservoir
Gumero
GebaA ' Bare
30.9 68_5 78
It can be seen that the probable fish yields from reservoirs, supposing jus* f 770 scheme and one hydropower scheme are developed, would be of the orer
This would represent an increase of 60% over the estimated present tonnes.
the
d0
annual
Master
TAMS-ULG Biro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Devclopa’*0'
2K-12n.ALRlSOAl®
ANNEX2K FISHERIES
* or water resource development schemes are implemented there is a clear ne*re ^Ye imPaC' of thc development on the endcraic fish€rjes resources In all Cases 
J,e>nC lets must be highlighted and provision made to mitigate such impacts In
^jjgrafegimes for the reservoirs are detrimental to the fishenes resources so
need anv 
manv
■''SV ^1 T1 9i
jflUl*?6 ^.uuSStt
 bbee Gcaerr.,,ied out between the fisheries and engineering experts to arrive at a
e mF
r0 nlsc
station To achieve this
- _^|de information on the
e n *e
A fS Pr fC0Uiatcd flow regimes,
situation it is imperative that the hydrologist and vanous reservoir proposals, including information of
reservoir water management and limnology, * to the
jo*T_sireain^^p appraisal To illustrate the potential
r
impact of reservoir development on
fishenes Aiould be valuable to assess the status of the fishenes upstream and downstream of
nsbenw jaryy4g ^
a
on scheme on the Alwero River before and after completion of the dam
» A!rn, a comprehensive study should be undertaken to examine the potential impacts of
b ^(Fie water resources development options on fisheries and wildlife, and * h ° hichjiave little or no adverse impact for further consideration
. f Aquaculture
t
identify- those
The potential for aquaculture development in the Baro-Akobo basin is vast However, there ut numerous constraints on the success of such an intervention Before aquaculture is jrcnwied as a mechanism for enhancing fish production, it is recommended a full economic fnsibiliw study, examining all the options, is carried out (see Section 6 4) The overall rtjective should be to examine the availability of suitable pond sites, availability of seed and feeds, 2 business plan including risk/sensitivity analyses and review of finance, marketing and istnbution problems and solutions Only after this cost benefit analysis has proved favourable ihould any aquaculture development be considered It is anticipated that any- aquaculture development that does take place will be on an extensive basis and linked to culture-based cnhuicement of existing ponds If proposals are put forward they should be with local fish species and the broodstock should originate from the catchment to prevent any loss of genetic uttgnty
Should be noted, howeveT, irrespective of the outcome of the feasibility study; with the many ---•Uraints that exist and the relative importance of capture fisheries in the region, thai it is 
} that acjuacu'turc wj|| fog sustainable in the region in the near future It is therefore ■ amended that aquaculture is afforded low pnoritv in anv development options co increase PrAUc”on in the Baro-Akobo Master Plan
•kre are
Wes arCurrcntl-V 75 species offish identified in the Baro-Akobo basin Although these 199n&stiy endemic throughout the Nilo-Sudan river basins (Levesque, Paugy &
Averse 'nPil^ScJuatic biodiversity must be conserved, especially considering the potential
- Atic inteorin PthOwater resource schemes proposed. It is unportant to recognise that the -Ws in? species f|oc|< jn the region is probably unique and has suffered little
J?f r in
If proposals for development go ahead uncontrolled this cou shtMikr* U isrcc°ntn‘er|ded (hat any activities that involve introduction and transfer
and 11
1
„ e avoided These activities potentially have considerable effect olR gene AA ons * diversity. At the very minimum the EIFAC protocol on species 
transfers should be followed to avoid any detrimental effects
L
-Vr Baro-Akobo River Basin Lntearated Development Master Plan
— —------------------- ------ ------ ~~
2K-23NATURAL RESOURCES
6. PROJECTS
The information currently available on the fisheries resources of the Bar AL
0
area is basically biological comprising species inventories, superficial sp k°b° C^ci*- methods of capture, fish parasite fauna and some genetic data These data c’’eS dis libutiOn‘ make a full appraisal of the impact of future development schemes within Th .nadequai^tj plan or how fisheries can be enhanced within these proposals There is thusaLi'.'10'1"* data gaps identified and utilise the information to propose development onti ofil^
the necessary data, a regional sector study should be carried out which proVd* Pr°’ld
on the fisheries resources per se It should also assess levels and methods ofA Ai 'nfonnatio= socio-economic contribution of fisheries both at the local and national levels DI
within and outside the region, institutional and legal requirements and feasibility developments Once this information is available it can be evaluated in relation at)Uacui,jre for water resource developments and identify' the most appropriate options for devAA To achieve these requirements four projects are proposed.
• .Assessment of the artisanal and subsistence fisheries in the Baro-Akobo region
• Socio-economic and marketing study
• Impact of water resources schemes on fisheries
• Aquaculture feasibility study
6.1. Assessment of the artisanal and subsistence fisheries in the Baro-Akobo region.
the
' pmtnt
Objective: To provide a fisheries statistical database for the capture fisheries sector in the Baro-Akobo basin
Method Establish a frame survey programme to determine the fisheries exploitation patterns 
in the Baro-Akobo basin It is recommended the survey is earned out at least bi-montN' fisheries observers who interview fishermen either in their homes or preferably where theyn
b'
landingselling fish The information to be collected should include: . different 1) the number of fishermen operating on a subsistence and artisanal basis m
regions of the rivers, including refugees, 2) when and how often they fish,
3)
4)
5)
bow long do they fish on each day;
canoes),
what equipments they use (including ancillary equipment such as boats oj^j wktft
biological data including length frequency information, sexual matun.
appropriate, scales or otoliths for age and growth analysis,
e catch
6)
how much of each species, broken down according to equipment Jfj
uve3*le5
(usually recorded by weight but account must be made of the contn
to the catch as some persons exploit this size group).
r oce$ ( 9
5e
what proportion of the catch they sell, consume themselves or p
smoke),
8) where they sell the catch.
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Develop®*®
2K-24rFSOL'R<es
ANNEX axusmunx
rrtcor*antthatthls
*
takesaccoLinT of seasonal changes in the^i k - usaenes.
It * Ttnd . rtna"dal aSpeC.S’. SUch
_
should be an on-going activny as it j]| provjde ap |ndjc.
H>f5‘f\T6v anv proposed developments Account must be taken of k **IW» suppiemem .hm dies This is m
art contribute significantly to the fishing effort and catches.
jfrdl^y
35 'he Cost of yy»« gnd prjce fi0/j tj/e
aiion of ho'{Vw
ets '
'
.. subsistence fi^nfien
important sub-sector in
‘tos region
_, The fisheries observ* ers should be provided wrrh standard-fkTMs
J Jan and the data should be collated into monthly and annual repons'°
° P. etc for each
cm
W,. Provisional input from expatriate fishenes resource expen to set un iKP f
SUc and establish database (I man-month) Local fisheriesXrXJ™
j collate data (4 man-months per year). Transport for observers to acces Th '°
survey
s
A
colfcct
VfiJS J1JU inrCOieW
fishermen
fuel and
maintain
(2 m°tOrCydeS’ ProVISiOn tO LJ
proj&ct- Immediate impjcmemat
QQ
nt
and extend beyond the
duration of the
proposed development activities
6.2. Impact of water*resources schemes on fisheries
Objective: To evaluate the impact of proposed water resources schemes on the fisheries in the Bare-Akobo basins
Ifahndoiogy: The water resource schemes proposed are likely to have considerable impact cc the fisheries of the region and this must be minimised or mitigated against .Although this study should be carried out as part of the Second Phase of the Baro-Akobo Master Plan it has net been possible to date because of the lack of appropriate data on the proposed dams, thanes of operation, hydrology and limnology7 To undertake this exercise the following -Wwion is required for assessment
tons details of the dam dimensions, capacity, flooded area, pre-filling * lhe flooded area, operational regime of the reservoir, illness of the reservoir, operational relationships between reservoirs
W
h Quality D -^lir ‘ and hydrology flow regimes in the river prior to
management actives
iSfeti ’ns of seasonal and
r
•-«ofthe floodplain and relationships to rainfall back-flooidb g
A es including all feasible water use scenarios, predated .mpact on flooding nt ' water quality data - present and predicted
any intervention,re|6®4fflg
t eto predicted in the
5&-°-0JSis
’s dy it would be valuable to evaluate the impact
A
of
5si *n« i'llthe •dJwero River. This study would require an ev u frarfiU pstream . and downstream of the Abobo dam
to beA' simjgrto |hat proposed for the region as a w ci e i M/ler tklfn^gCerited immediately to provide data on the n
the Abobo dam @ptrt^e
al Jtion of the status giver
irrigatioh ^
5 Of
?et3!fire ^ ^ study
cV)
■bls.
’Shenes befojb^u^it will
w five
TA r - j ,. '
closure of the dam This imrried.ate implementation is CSSCi» Sarnst which the impabt of future dam proposals carbe measured.
----- ————--------------------- — ------- —---- — — ““ River Basin Integrated DeveJopmnrf Master Plan
2K-25NATURAL RESOURCES
Output: Water resource development scenarios with predicted impact on the h ecosystem
Inputs: Local hydrological modeller (3 man-months depending on quailtv
data) Expatriate fisheries resource specialist with knowledge of enviroA qUa’1,it) c*’ assessment (0 5 man months) Local fisheries observers (1 man month per yea/A"'1*1 "W
6.3. Socio-economic and marketing study
Objective: To examine the socio-economic status of the fishing communiti
determine the economic, legislative and marketing requirements to develop the fished Methodology: The study can be broken down into three components
’ydr°'ogy an;
es
and the es
Socio-economic status of importance of fishing to the
to other sources of income, other groups Account should
the fishing communities
earnings capacity of the
the importance of fish to
This should
co .a
artisanal fishermen and^s'w?'
—— the diet of the fishermen
be taken of the ethn■ic ■origins ■and cuI. ltu.ral rest ...r.iction^,
the different fishermen's groups This should also consider,
health, nutntional status, access to education, housing etc as pan of the economic evaluation of the people in the region
it Economic and marketing issues This should determine the volume and value production for each region of the river The supply and demand for fish both
inter alia community socio
of fist
locally
f per
capita fish
factors 
identifying
and tn major towns should be assessed This will include estimates o
consumption of fish to average per capita protein consumption, and
demands-Potential distribution channels and mechanisms for fish should then be
reviewed.
iii Once data on the status of the fisheries and socio-economic aspects are available an assessment of the legal and institutional requirements to support the sector must :c made This is critical in this case because the fisheries are liable to degradation aa '■ result of the proposed activities Protection of the resources is thus essential.
Output: Development options for the fisheries sector in the Baro-Akobo region
rt an: Input. Socio-economic study - Expatriate fisheries economist (2 man-months), transpo
subsistence in the project area
Economic and marketing study - Expatriate fisheries marketing expe months), transport and subsistence in the project area.
Legal and institutional study - Expatriate legal and institutional experts months), transport and subsistence in the project area
6.4 Aquaculture feasibility study
rt
(2 n*'1'
Objective
JjlL «hing culture
j
T° e-aiua:c technical and socio-economic feasibility of esta
based fisheries m small water bodies and sustainable semi-intensive fish f ng
A
TAMS I LG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development MasRr*> Ae‘se ••• • pu'
r 5'o.. dually in BarO-AkolX, ■
"L* in *' d'mmd fferf°od !Cajnl> anc| rura| |ncom) r'®°" ’he" » fidv , .
' L wand for many years, and with the prosnect rvf The riv
~
M ’ XL
— SbiOUM SAtlSfy
J
xcftsH^\hiHi l^n producer pri r is likelv
. * aquaculture wil. not X
major water resource dovelo >\'W*‘eable o^future^
’’ever,
/
C
ffyural resource As a consequcnce alternative 1^ y' P
m
act ’he ~~.cry 
_ iay,fbe
equcred to meet the demand, and aquaculture may be an deveioP "enW>\<itteftd,
r
of
Ability study should be undertaken This „ opt’°n Before this is crM easting and proposed small water bodies in the remna A cocked small water bodies and determine their coxeffj,
an
Of
** 6r Aacutoe based on
tilapiag floodpA~*
Ats. Review of the value of small water technical and economic viability of u sin a
Mofthe technical and economic
" s needs for marketing and infrastructural
bfw1ics 
nd highland regions
fisheries r >
the
and an
vvWtityfitaisiv^lish faSWngdfnhe region.
support
r Expatriate fisheries resource specialist (1 man-month). Local fisheries
•Jo'er/warden (3 man-months). Expatriate economist (1 man-month). Transportation in the 5*!d for the specialist and warden
2K-27NATURAL RESOURCES
7. CONCLUSIONS
• The main areas of riverine fishing within Ethiopia are in the Baro Ak °bo basin
• There is little data on the precise numbers of fishermen
Ttoe is cunentlv a hijb demand for fish, with resfriaed avafiability Wng lhe
» ■* p0SS'M' “ “"P'0Ve ** ”’h bM"r Z
communications links
> The main aim in the basin should be to conserve fish production at the curre conserve stocks for the future
nl e'el and to
• There mav be conflict with development of water resources, and this must he- 1 considered
• Other potential problem areas are deforestation and agricultural and urban developments
• Baseline data needs to be collected before any detailed development plans can be prepared
• There is considerable scope for development of river fish
• There is also considerable scope for properly managed aquaculture
2K-28HJ-SOURCKS
ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
| Overview of >he Sshny sector in E.bopia FAO Fisheries develop.™,, Mf ,/Jpd resources management Ethiopia Proceedings of the national seminar oh
g bS« P°. ya d5irategV 22-25 JunC 1993 Addis Abat.aHTQp’gyj^/13 57 pp
ic r
I
4^53
.GQ4) The development of inland fisheries and marketing in Ethiopia MSc ufths 51 s University of Newcastle upon Tyne. 51 p
The$i -
( f Q7^) The f’sheries °f Ethiopia, an economic study
Aubray
1993) Socio-economic issues on Lake Ziway FAO Fisheries development planning
Bedl°
' r^sour^es management Ethiopia Proceedings of the national seminar on fisheries
A
^ey and strategy 22-25 June 1993 Addis Ababa Fl TCP/ETWI 357 pp 122-133 pct
T C 199 1 Review of the fisheries and aquaculture sector Ethiopia FAO Fisheries
s“
Circular S90 Rome: FAO 29p
O*
] G (1991) Catch effort sampling strategies Fishing News Books. Blackwell
Scientific
Publications. Oxford 341
PP
r nit
I*
1 G (1995) Species change in reservoir following inundation a case study 
of Lake
llexhi-tezhi, Zambia In T J Pitcher & P.J B Hart Species changes in African Lakes 
Chapman and Hall. London
Ciiffi 1G. (1996) Aquatic resource planning for resolution of fisheries management issues FAO;EfFAC symposium of Social, economic and management aspects of recreational fisheries Dublin 1 1-19 June 1996
DrewesE (1993) Socio-economic study of Lake fisheries in the Rift Valley and Lake Tana, Ethiopia Fisheries development project EEC Project No 6200.36 20 032 32pp.
:A0 H989) Development of inland fisheries under constraints from other uses of land and
water resources: guidelines for planners FAO Fisheries Circular No 826 53pp
F
■ AOf’993) Contribution to the formulation of a short-medium term plan for the fisheries sector - Ethiopia Pan I: sector review. Part H Proposed fisheries development strategy and action programme FAO
Lwpoiti- |_b clarke. F E., Hanshaw. BB & Balslcv, J.R. (1971)
evaluating environmental impact. Washington DC Geological Survey Cirt, 645, C, Paugy D & Teugels GG (1991) .Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes
° tbe Nilo-Sudan river basins Revue. Hydrobiologie Tropicale 24, 131-154
^an
Acadeniy of Science (Selkhozpromexport), 1986
me* r (]"5j Rj er Fisheries FAO Technical Paper 262, 330 pp
4 procedure for
V
ro-Akobo River Baiin
Integrated Development Muter PH"
2K-29ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
APPENDICES
Akobo River Basin Integratwi Doebpment Muter Plm
2K-30IANNEX IK FISHERIES
;S plXl
E 1MPACT on fisheries oe the establishment of
DAMS ON RIVERS (FROM FAO 1989)
I
LG Baro-Akobo WvcrBlsin integrated Dneiopmmt Master PlanAppendix 1 Impact of establishing dams on rivers on fisheries
/ Actions
Primary affects
Secondary effect!
Effects on fisheries
Management optiem
Conti ruction of
1 dam with power genera Hon and *iler
1 control facilities
Site clearance and earth moring, with conitrucllon of KTcttroadr
JiicreaMd erodem with high silt loads in nm-off walen
Physical deal ruction of feeding and breeding habitats
Planning of work arete and «l me tab lea io minimise damage to the habitats and ihe disrupt km of seasonal biological cycles
f
Change In mn-off pane m with a mora unstable ffow regime
Reduced primary production due to reduction of light penetration
Control of work practices to minimise the effects of drainage flows, dust and physical dcstfuciioa of ihc natural drainage channel*
■
Reduced flth production and (he possible elimination of some speries
Minimise Ihe ad«nl of toll disturbance, lopaoif removal, tree felling elc.
Comi ruction of oontradora' inrrulnidiirc and homing
Sewage and solid wastes discharged to drainage
Raised nirtrienl siaius leading io higher production levels
planning of urban ares run-off drains for 1 minimum Interference with natural
—J
Chemical and wwc-oil pollution (pom workshop tewrees
Nutrient kvrisarewfrely raised, leading
to enhanced plant gtrwth Jone red 1 dissolved osygen level! and change! In 1 autam flow and redimcnlsrion Jcvcir, /, tkJeuriou* for fish production I
EsUbltfhm«t of waste water tfratmtfIX 1 j
1
pfaau
\
\
--------------------------------------------------------- J-
_ _____ _____
—//
I,
I I 1
OIMikOTxrvi. tntkrondi.i l *• J Rcjvtarion -dprmWwrf /
A
1 rottart/on servl«a
/Artions
Primary e/Trcu
Sic clearance, construct km and access io el ecl rid ty generatkM fadktks, power Unci and water dlsiribulion
Secondary clfocta
Increased road surface run-off and erodoalill load
EITttU ©ft rabedee
Management optforu
1
Sill lends and unsrable flow regime* leading lo habitat drat ruction and Im of Ash production
Provision of adequate drainage flows and sedimentation ponds
Land clearance with poesibl*
erosion wad Interference with
natural drainage flow pa lie mi
Advanced planning Io oil nimlsc disturbance and damage by vehidra, etc.
Ctaeiirc of dam with msaagiamanl and control of water flowu
(ncftsM in agricultural actMltae on Irrigated a rasa
Increased tillage with poulblc Increase in erosion
Construct foe of barrieie, coffer dame, etc. to prevent discharges at unwanted materials to the natural waler channels
Provision erf advice and training for firman, and the Introdurtfoa of appropriate lactadquaa where nnormary
i
Increased Icachhg of fertilisers Into drainage basin
Foaalble leaching or occidental discharge of lode bforidca
t nereaeed farmiag populations wish Kwtra and colid dUchargc
Dralnaga pattern change* leading io localised Impoundments, seasonal Hooding etc., with pauibk Increas* U exploitable Hah populalkree
Eroclon and till load prab&ems leading io reduced production
Oroaic or acute unde conditions leading IO fish death
Raised nutrient levels leading So IncreaM La production or where too high , leading Io reduced fish product Ion
Enforcement of reguinifotM for the ana of potentially daageroue b^oddea
Dhrerifoa of sewage waters for um al agricultural fertiliser* and the proriricwi of weale t reaimcni plantsActions
Primary effects
Secondary effects
Effects on fisheries
Management options
Rising lewis of nutricnaa may Inrreaaa
production lewis If not access tw. wfth
possible changes of aperies make-up
Inundation of v pc (ream areas 
Possible kna of limber, pme
Social ImpUcadons of the need to replace
fcstablfchmeat of aodal forestry schemes
to form a reservoir
rtaourvea and agricultural land
primary iMng resources 
Dir placement of populations 
PUh harvested from lbs reservoir
Substitution of food producing activities,
from the areas inundated behind
Increase the supply of Ash and enhance
including the development of fish
thedamwaN
local economy
resources a od their exploits l’>oa by load
populations
Eitabliihment of a
Depletion of populations of
Pall in rtodu of previously exploited
Introduction of Ash species, biologically 
permanent reservoir
riverine ftah
species
better adapted to groinh and repro
duction la tbs reservoir emdronnwneat
f
I
I
The eflecti of drw down and
rcfHUng dairoy aquatic
vegetation and fUh breeding area*
rreven'km of wpau
■Igrutkiaa of IUX
/r~-------
AcOcot
Secondary </(ec
ta
Effort* co Athene*
Management option*
LimnotofKal changes u
reaetvoir
Initial high nuiricnt load* leading to
Prepare (Uhlngcotsimuniiica for the
A
\
environment mature*
cactiiM plant growth* and often a poor |
TlfC.4
eariron went for (uh, vilh phyiical
dimcwlliet of boat iranaport and fiahUig
4
i
I
After Inltal probkrm, high production
gfvea high catcher in early ycait
i-
Seque allot chinget of dominant llaM stock* u environmental condlikw
Plan for technical development of the
fUhery io conform to the need* of the
ttabllke
future liable cytlcm
Diilu chance of fkm reglmca Compkle leu of river
Itowi
and
Total to**
of
river
and/or
floodplain
Cooperation with rxaerroir management
downuream of dim
drying of river bed*
(bharies
authorities Io ensure minimal flows ud
iLmely flood diKhargea
Untimely flow from ma
naged
DUturban
ca
of bree
ding an
d nu recry 
dhehargu
ttage* of f
Uh
clock*
Heavy acouringof river bad ud auodaicdatructurei
Orange* In lhe pattern of river bed deposit* aad lota of feeding and breeding
arena
Erection of water control itrvcture* io retain oc remodel the tubatraic*
Lou of de lie imd through reduced do pct II text of oilt load
Social dkturtMOta of Oahtag comaivnllbei
Idcniiflcalkm and mitigation of aortal and economic alfscta
1
Lou of avitkM dcpdtaloA both dowuiruuq aad at n tare ho re
1 area* affected by drainage ouilaia
Lowered production of <41 Marine and near oflthore flihadu
.1ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
IMPACT OF WETLAND DRAINAGE AND AGRICULTURE
1
rfVplX ON FISHERIES
o-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Milter Plan2 Impact of wctlund ilmiiiage and agriculture on Usher i
1
/-------------------------------- 1 Action!
Primary afTsetS
Second* ry effect*
1
Effects on fisheries 1 Management option* \
| Drainage of wetlands | (bof!*. r’ranips, marries,
ere.)
Reduction in longterm storage capacity within the
watershed
Increased fluctuations In flow rate in natural drainage channels
Physical changes in the environment '■ may change fish specks, or their food i species populations
Manage stream flow by creation of 1 Rood prone areas to accept bank I overspill
CoafifvctkMi of artificial drainage chinncla
Drying out of water courses during periods of low rainfall or water Inflow
Changing river bed paitems may 
destroy breeding or feeding sites
Implant in-stream structures to create artificial breeding
environments
w1
Removal of vegetation on the watershed
Increased scouring at high Row rates
Deposition of silt or sediment may 
dut ray habitats and breeding sites
Create 'reservoir' areas of deeper
water
Increased sediment carriage and
de ponlt Ion
Drying out or drastic reduction in water levels may destroy Hsh populations or Ibeir food resources
Increase in-stream production by removal of overahading vegelslion
I
Decrease In nutria Ms and therefore
Lowers trending crops, reduces spawning opportunities, recruitment and growth rates
<i CrcMtoa of well drained 1 land foe agricultural,
’l urtran and Industrial m*
I
I Increased nra-o(T from rre*dy 1 constructed urban areas
I
] Excessive flown wd floods after
I HOmii
I
Damage io fish populations through abrupt changes in wales quality and
| flow rales
Divert storm waler to less destructnm loeatkiiu
,,
1 Changes In the nature of the
Increased discharge of urban and
1 Industrial wastes to tha naivral waler 1 COuiwes
Possible fish health hue rds leading to diMasc, death or ovtm4grail«i
Treat waste watara at source or Mllbbth Imtmenl plant
I
I Increased discharge of aptaritvral
' waste Icrilliian and toxic chemicals
Ratted productivity or excessive gnTwih and consequent aaygtn depletion leading Io fish death and
uid'Jiklgmion
Legislate for minimum agriculture um of rsrttlisere and inric drearings
Control agricultural drainage
I
-IANNEX 2K FISHERIES
jyfPACl OF INDUSTRIAL WATER USE ON FISHERIES
A
BaroAkobo River Basin Integrated Develop® MwierFtanAppendix 3 Impact of industrial water use on fisheries
AcfkNii
Primary effectc
Secondary effects
I
Effects on hi hen’ex
Maftfegcmcnl npltoni
X
\
|‘ AtoIrvcIkNi ofwarrrfor 1 indwUriaJ uie (coding.
I miflutaiurinf processes, energy general km, etc.)
rI
H
Reduction in flow downstream 1 Hide of hX&l diacoat faulty of few a nd *12test ruction of feeding and breeding *ibUlntcnanec u| minimal flow levels 
uf abstraction points
*frying mi of the wiieroourec
habiUtt and lowered primary 
■ by leghlshve or other control, cd the i
........... 1
produclkm
lv ohirau of waler that can be
bunded
i.
*]
<^eafcflof touted ir rclchca of
(?itxuDtion of life Cycles and a
Ideduction in abet reclkm rates at
'irele r between abitrectkwi ind
knrii( of prodaciMiy
limes cd environmental stress
dtohargc points
iZonil ruction of inlikes and
IfrMerierenec with watet flow,
Change of habitat types leading to
*—i
Physical recouiniclion of waterway! 1
CMiiol Hruclurei
kncrtMod ledlmenlaiion, changes in
dknipriOfl of population!
■nd Uk LhtrodiKtkoaof iiructura
lhe pal lent of lhe lubalmu
(triifidil chhnneki eke.) to prMide
+
ronUhuity of now* refuge areas and migration pathways
1 Discharge of u*cd waler from | industrial undertakings
Creadon of physical barriers to the passage of fiah
Trapping of fiah hi Increased fX» at the aba merlon points
Iiktum4 Inflow downstream I Return of natural Ikrev ia tlx water
Inlermprion of feeding and breeding atlgmtloas
Destruction of fish
Redesign of rihciitctkxi structures Io miaMIe flow rates, provision of
■crMfta and ruiralnkig ba fife ■■
ofdlKbarge polliu
Input at betted eJITucata
courses
Increased production levels of food orpaIMM aad fUh. with
1 ImpeOwaMnl In physical eondiikMu
aad rofecmed natural commuahlas
Temperalare of waian mtod end probably maintained above aonnal
| amble nt txmdllioni
tncreaied production Lewis of food organisms and fish through the maintenance of nllcd ambient temperatures and lhe reduction or chadnaLkMi of periods of law production d»e to low tampenturca
Lcgtalathre cortiroli of tha heat load of dtoharged waters and the
I allowaMa levels of polluting rutattacts
Ebaecaahra rise In tereparaturea may lead to weahm plant growth or
mala coaditkMU lathal to fish
| Input of parikitlon toad
InsuJJailan oft rest mcnl fsrkHibct
J
Discharge cf lock and/cu suapa aded - solids to watexEounca
Ltihal and irreatfiri coadh lorn
ttsul ling In fish death and/or towered
i lavris of production and ouk-migrelJci ii
ii:ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
LIST OF FISH SPECIES from SELKHOZPROM EXPORT REPORT
Tan ’S<’LgBaro-Akobd River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanBaro-.Akobo Basin Master Plan Study of Water & Land Resources of the Gambela Plain
Volume IX, Annex JAEishery (Russian Study ) Some data on the most common fish helminth species available in regions under study
Helminth species
Contracaecum larv.
■Area under investigation, fish species
Lake
Zwai_____________ Langano
Lake
I-ake
Tilapia nilotica 29.6%
Clarisa mossambicus 60%
Tilapia
nilotica 29.6%
jAwasa Tilapia nilotica 20%
Ban>£ T. ni’.hflu 7.6% syirokuEs
nigrum
Chius aij 316% S.schD 50%
Tylodelphys
Mtc.
T. nilotica
45.8%
T. nilotica
3.7%
T. nilotica
40%
Diplostomu
T. nilotic
mtc.
4.2%
Clinostomum
T. nilotica
T. nilotica
Mtc
20.8%
7.4%
T. nilotica
20%
Ctenopoma Pcthcrici
20%
Proteocephalus Dactvlogyrus
T. nilotica T. nilotica T. nilotica
Pohpten15 bichir
25%
Bagrusdocnir
12.5%
14.8%
15%
1%
.Alcstes nurse
66.6%
Distichodus
50%
T nflotK3
Inumber offish species investigated
pojysterus bichir
Hyperopisus bebc
Marcuscnius cvpnnoidcs Ehscognathus sp
Cjprinus carpta
Carassius auratus gjbebo
Barbus sp
Cknas mossambicus
C Gariepmus
Bagrus docmac
Synodonris mgrita
S.SchaD
Schilbe uranoscopus
Alesles nurse
Distichodus sp.
Ctenopoma pethenci
Tilapia ziilii
Tilapia nilotica = Ortochronus mlotica
8
11
25
23
23
3
5
5
8
1
22
2
1
6
5
5
24
109
—wwit — ■viSupplement No 1
Composition of Ichthyofauna in the Gambela inland water
Family, Species. Occurrence I Fam. Lepidosirenidae
1 Protopterus annestens
II Fam, Polypteridae
z Polypterus bichir
£ Polypterus scnegalus HI Fam. Osteoglossidae
-w—
*
Heterotis niloticas
IV Fam. Mormyridae
5 Mormyrops sp
6 Pctrocephalus bane
P.sp.
8 Marcusenius isidori
9 M.horringtoni
10 Gnathonemus niger
11 G. cyprinoides
12 G. pictus
13 Mormyrus cashinc
14 M. hassclguistii
15 Hyperopisus bebe
16 Pollimvrus petherici
V Fam. Gymnarchidae
17 Gymnarchus nitoticus
VI Fam. Alestidae
18 Hydrocmus forskahlic
19 H. vittatus
20 Brycinus nurse
21 Micralestes sp.
22 B. Nlacrolcptidotus
VH Fam Citharinidae
23 Citharinus latus
24 Distichodus engyccphalus 25 D- brevipinnis
-r
*
-
+
—
—-
-+-r
-r
~rOccurrence
f ASB£2«—
S P’
*
■ I
25 
3»
31
52
J3
J4 
15
s»nAj'^’Jp
teiwv<#«n»t«’ae \U 1 fam. c>Fnnid»=
Labeo forskahlii L. boric
L. niloitcus
I jbeo ncumanni L, Coubie Barbus bynni B Partner
56 B. ancma
r
33
Banlius load Chclaethiops bibie IX Fm Bagndac
19 Bigrus bayed
40 B. documae
41 Auchcnoglanis occidentals
42 Chrystchtys auratus
X Fam. Xlochokidae
41 ChilogJams niloticus 44 Mochocus ruloticus 45 Andcrsonia leptura 46 Svnodontis nigrita 47 S. cuprous
S. caudovittatus S, Eronlosus
5(1 S. Khali
.. S‘ Samenlosus S. WJTCX
S. clariis 54
Brachy synodontis batensode
Xi
Fam. SchUbcidae
55
56 Schilbc mystus
57 Guuopius nilottcus Siluranodon aurittis XU Fam. Claridac Elanas aailepinusFamily. Species
59 C. Anguillaris
60 Heterobranchus longifilis
61 H. Bidorsalis
XU1 Fam. Malapteruridae
62 Malapterus elektricus XTV Fam. Cyprinodontidac
63 Haplochilus mami
64 H.sp
XV Fam. Cichlidac
65 Tilpia zillii
66 Oreochromis niloticus
67 Sarotherodon galilacus XVI Fam. Anabantidae
68 Anabas petherici
69 A. murici
XVH Fam. Tetraodontidae
Occurrence
70
Tetraodon fahaka
XVUI Fam. Ccntropomidae
71
Latcs niloticus
——+ - Prevailing commercial fish species -+ - Unimportant commercial fish species
+ - Local fishesANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
ANNEX 2L
LIVESTOCK
river Basin Integrated Development Master PlanANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
s
CONTENTS
V
o
„ TIlt)l>VCTlor’............................................. ’ , -ground to the Rural Sector
i" <he Na,iOnal COn"OT
1.2 ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA
S>-
-J.
Livestock Resources ..
L/Arpc'JtVuffliers .
u1
2.12
Zonal Distribution
Trend* in Livestock Numbers ..
H-i
Livestock Breeds and Breeding
2-1*
Livestock Holding Sizes...........
2.H
H6
Herd Structures-.......................
u7
|2 Feed 2.2.2
2.22
Livestock Management Systems 1 Resources For Livestock
Jtange/andj and Natural Pastures.
Natural Gracing of (he Gambela Plain
2.2.3
2 2.4 
12 i
Gracing Resources of the Lipper Basin
Seasonal try' of Forage Supplies
2.2.6
22?
Introduced forage species
Crop Residues and By-Products
23
industrial By-products
2.3. /Livestock Production..
23.2
2 3.3
2.3.4
23 5
23.6
2 3.7
2.J.S 24
24
2.4.2
Objective* of Ownership
Draught Power Livestock productivity Milk Production
Meat Production Hides and Shns...
■Scarce o/cajr/i....
Manure,
2.4 3 14.4
15
2.5/ 2.52 2-5 3
Marketing of livestock
Genera/
Cattie trading movements. ... Markets....
L nirT^]ess, jjvestock products................ Health and .Disease
26
26
.26
23.4
5T
/
. arul rypQnosomiasis........
2 5.5
' ^ks and Tick-Borne Diseases....
25.6
> ^factious Diseases l ^nal Para^^J >•
. ... 52
3 SECTOR INSTOT/iaONS
4 government Services
3 i„£entra! government MO A
Regional Agricultural Bureaux
LG ®aro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
ASNEX2L l
/
ntsT(
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1 5
3 1.6
3.2
3.21 3.2.2 3.2.3 
Artificial Breeding Services
Livestock Research 
National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control r
We redo and Zonal Municipalities
Non-Govemment Organisations
Menschen fur Menschen 
UNHCR..... Other NGOs
"* ^9Vre
... h
J
'A
a.
J!
JJ
4. SECTOR CONSTRAINTS AND TARGETS
4.1 Constraints to Livestock Development
Ji
...................... ...
4.1.1
4.1.2
Animal Feed Supply.................. Animal disease
................ ...
....... .. . .
4.1.3 Services to the livestock industry. .....................
4.1.4 Draughr Power Technology
4.2 The Present Situation 
4.3 Sector Targets
..... . .......... .
................
.........................
4.3.1 Government Objectives for the Rural Sector
4.3.2 General Objectives for the Livestock Sector
4.3.3 Specific Objectives of the Livestock Sector.
4.4 Strategies for Change
4.4.1 Strengthening of Government Services 4.4.2 Private Sector
-
--------- M
................ — h
............ ~ Ji
.......... —.......1:
.... ............. 17
............... ■- -I
X
..............
....................... f
4.4.3 The Place of NGOs............................................................ ...................................... c
4 4.4 
Retired technical staff. ..............................
4
4.4.5 
The International Community and Food Security ... i;
4.4.6 
Anew strategy for change
.......... .... 
. <
4.4.7 
Strategy for rangelands of the Lower Basin 
 <
5. DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES
5.1
Livestock Grazing Lands, Forage Supply and Other Feed Resources
—.4
_<•
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1 4
5.1.5
5.1.6
Current trends in the use and availability of pastures
Pasture improvement.............................................. The Use of Forage Plants
Communal grazing of the Upper Basin
Range lands of the Lower Basin
Other feed resources
4:
44
4J
„4i
4?
4
«
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.3
5.3.1
Opportunities for the Control of Disease Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Veterinary services
Drug Supplies
Herbal remedies
Training in Animal Health
Livestock Water Supplies
Upper Basin 
1!
........
5.3.2>
5.4
5.5
5.5.1 r
5.5.2
Water resources for livestock m the Low er Basin.
Extension Services
Opportunities for Dairy Development
Small scale dairy production Crossbred heifer production
♦
■ • ■
7 /• *
s
• •.
1
_________________________________ _________ ____ _____’ MtsttfP * TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Drirkgtntenl
2L - ii5-JJ
Assistance nulk/marketings process
Smail Scale Dairy Goat Production
and
S rranspOj^
Q- Opportunities for Poultry Development
5 5 6./
J 5.3
V7
Improved Egg Production■■ ■ .... Improved Supply of Layer Stock Demonstration of Duck, and GeeseProducn
Improved Draught Cattle Husbandry
9>
™
5 "a Improved draught cattle in tsetse areas........... * 7-1 Improved Plough and Equipment Design
' SELECTED PROJECT PROPOSALS............
Unproved Draught Cattle in Tsetse Areas
51
51
52
52
52
52
53
5?
53
54
61 1 677 <7.2
(A. 3 614 6.1'j 6.1.6'
Background...
Objectives -.......... *•••.. Location 
Activities ■.
Carts
Outputs.....
1
itl .
6.2 !
6.2/
6.2.2 623 62.4 6 2.5
Small Scale Milk Production
I..
Background Objectives •. Ixjcati'on.
denvtoes.
Casts
•4.
626i Output.
6.3 Pairy Goat Development 537 Bae^nsV.......
6.3.2 Objectives......
63 3 Location....... .
63 4 
635' Costs............................
IT,
>>
■ 4b J L4 -.... I. . .--b4
63.6 Outpi/rs..............
6 4 Smallholder Poultry Improvement
64 1
64 2
Background
............ 55
64.3 dctivmes.... ...................
(4.4 Costs.......... ............................
6 4.5
Outputs.........................
A LAPPING
n
7 .LIVeS [?CkDatabase Qjg maps
....60
IV Iff I
72 273
2.1.4
21.5
’*1.6
* / 7
Disrnbution of cattle by wereda .....
^Ab,irio
no
f ft
s eep fry wereda.............. ...
 •*' ibuHon WM$b' ' Urt°fi
n. ”
of
goats fPaltry
by wereda
by wereda..........
“XVfal crop land and pairs of ploughing oxen by wereda .........
Aitionof land-use types bywereda J grazing resources tn relation to grazing livestock units by wereda
59
.,59
59
...60
...60
... 61
. 61
.... 61
. .61
6:
....... 58
63
2L - Hi—‘C-
NATURAL RESOURCES
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
TABLES
Table 1. Livestock inventory of the Basin in relation to national total 000’s Table 2. Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Gambela Region (MOA June 1996) Table 3 Livestock Numbers (*000) in Gambela Region (MOA 1986 quoted ’
1990)
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7 . Table 8 Table 9.
Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Illubabor Zone: (MOA June 1996) Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Western Welega Zone (MOA June Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Eastern Welega (MOA June 1996) Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Benshangul and Gumuz (MOA June Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Bench Zone (MOA June 1996) Livestock (‘000) in Shekicho Zone (MOA June 1996)
4
it ^inStub
'.... — i
19%i
1996)
Table 10 Livestock (*000) in Keficho Zone (MOA June 199.6)
4
■ 4
•> i
Table 11
Livestock (‘000) in Maji Zone (MOA
June 1996)
j
Table 12 Livestock (‘000) in Distribution by Region/Zones/Pan Zones
Table 13.
■
i
Percentage Change in Livestock ( 000) for Welega and Illubabor Zones it Fw
Sample Weredas 1987-1989 (ARDCO-GEOSERV, 1995) j
Table 14 Average Size of Livestock Holdings in 8 Weredas in Western Welega :| 
Table 15 Livestock Holding Size in 8 W’eredas in Gimbi according to Economic Sums cfot Household:„„11
Table 16 % Composition of Livestock Herds in three sample areas (MOA 1995 and ARDCi
1995)............................................................................................................................... Table 17. Natural Grazings Gambela Plain Russian Study 1990 
Table 18. Mean Production Parameters for Dairy Cattle in the Western Region • * Table 19 Birth Weight and Mature Liveweight for Livestock in the Plain Region (119. uc
1995)
Table 20 Hides and skins delivered to tanneries through Bedelle (ARDCO 1995) Table 21 Baro-Akobo Basin Cattle Trade Movement MOA October 1996
. 11
14
r
J
■4
X
Table 22 Market Returns from Three Markets: (ARDCO 1995)
Table 23. Prices of Products at Five Locations in the Basin September 199? BinA Table 24 Price of animals and Products (in Birr) at eight locations in October Table 23 .: Incidence of Four Species of Trypanosoma in cattle at Keto, Oromia Table 24 Tick Species Identified in Six Zones of the Basin
Table 25. Survey of Ticks and TBD at Chora (1) and Kerehillo (2)
FIGURES
Figure 1 The migratory pattern of livestock in the basin
19?-•
I
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development M»*tfCO’3
British NGO
African horse sickness
aHS- Blackquart er
BQ .. 
n
Contagious bovine pleqra-pneumonia
CB Development Agent
pp
p
pA Digestible Crude Protein DC German Development Agency
Dry Matter East Coast fever
EAE
ftL
 European Currency Unit
European Development Fund
European Union
. E\-pjA Ethiopian Valleys Development Studies Authority 
Food and Agriculture Organisation FITA Farming in Tseise Areas Project
J. 
.. . Geographic Information System
DLR Institute for Agricultural Research
[CIPE International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology 
ILCA International Livestock Centre for Africa
1LR1 International Livestock Research Institute
ffiLSPLivestocWolisable Energy
MEM Menschen fur Menschen (German NGO)
MOA Ministry of Agriculture
NGO Non-govemment organisation
NTT1CC...... National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre
UU
PARC MR, PRC..
Oromo Relief Agency-
- Pan African Rinderpest Campaign
Rhode Island Red
, Relief and Rehabilitation Commission
r
Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples Regional Government
■ Tuberculosis
UK ” • Tick borne disease
LLC, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
A HCR ULG Consultants Ltd
Ajspp ' United Nations High Commission for Refugees'
Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project
2L-v1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Rural Sector
The agricultural sector of Ethiopia, including livestock, forestry, for about 45% of the Gross Domestic Product and 85% of
Strategy Document, 1995) The contributions of each subsector are grain crops, including maize, sorghum, barley, teff, millets livestock products, including meat, milk, milk products, eggs
• fiuit, vegetables, ensete, fish, bee and forest products
fisheries exports
and , 
z R- bees
(Agricultural 38%
38% 24%
Recognising the fundamental importance of the sector, investment estimated USSlObn, has been made since 1945 In spite of this immense effort, the output of the has failed to keep pace with population growth Increases in sectoral output since 1965°“ recorded as
1965-1973 2.0%
1974-1980
0.3%
1981-1991
0.9%
During the latter period the population grew roughly by about 3% per annum
The reasons for this increasingly serious situation are
• low fixed prices for farmer’s crops until about 1991
• absence of an effective floor price for farmers’ crops in years of surplus harvests
importation of food in times of shortage without due consideration of the effect octrz
local grain market, with the result that prices for locally produced grains are reduced
• insecurity of land tenure
• inadequate effective animal power for cultivation, as compared to the aniraal fed
balance
• progressive destruction of the productive base of the sector - losses of topsoil through erosion of between 100 and 300 tonnes per hectare per year are reported to be g«en (Section 5.2, Annex 2B)
• lack of effective legislation
• taxation
inadequate veterinary, extension, credit, input supply, and other services
poor community participation and motivation
lack of integration of agriculture with livestock production and the industries
cessA
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master PI*”
2L-1A*
jUL RESOURCES——--------------------- - -
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
MvfJtock in the National Context
Fthtopia a considerably larger cattle population than any orh„
’ TKL are about 30 million cattle.’23m sheep. 17m eOats7J wuntry in Afn<<_ JJCA 1991 quoted in OmoGibe report of the iJve ock SpecXT
in Table 1.
A AAA'
*re shown
National
Total.no.
30,000
Total LU
Baro-Akobo Basin*
Total no. Total LU
21,OW1
1,220
854
Percentage
of Basin
4 1
Cattle
Sheep
1
Goats
Equnes
23.000
17,000
7.000
4)6
253
90
1,135
42
25
63
56,000
2,300
1.700
4,900
0
1.8
1.5
1.3
2.0
Pwlrrv
29.900
964 1
5-1
. Livestock LLOitS —--------------- -------------------------
* cxdudes the i
Pw livestock units (LU) used in Table 1 are calculated on the basis of herd structures as follows:
Fredas of Sayleni and Mcloge
• canle
0.7
• equines
07
■ sheep and goats
0.1
• poultry
0.0
Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX
2. ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA
2.1 Livestock Resources
2.1.1 Livestock Numbers
2.1. J. 1 General
No formal census of livestock numbers has been made in Ethiopia Statistics
year by year by agricultural staff for the weredas, and aggregated at zonal and - P
C0It n<<i
are
The available statistics show inconsistencies for the following reasons
‘ Aonal levth
some areas are remote and seasonally inaccessible
pastoral systems of livestock management prevail in the Lower Basin and ™ k
any one location therefore fluctuate
*
..J. n
v
m eu
cattle raiding is a feature of the border areas,
disease outbreaks, notably of nnderpest, can be responsible for heavy mortafa especially in areas where vaccination cover is poor; and,
refugees from Sudan bring in livestock This affects particularly the
and Benshangul and Gumuz They are
sometimes robbed of their
regions of Gambela herds as they ■ ore
the country, but the movement represents an unrecorded net gain to the national herd
The density of livestock in the Basin is illustrated on Map 57, Volume IV
2.1.2.2 Sources of Data on Livestock Numbers.
The team has had access to three main sources of information on livestock inventones Thcw are:
the ARDCO-GEOSERV report, which addresses the Upper Basin, the Russian report, which addresses the Lower Basin, and,
• Offices of the Ministry levels .
The 1989 Ethiopian Valleys Development Studies Authority (EVDSA) report upper catchment of the basin, but did not include information on the livestock secior
Inventories of livestock as at June 1996 are set out in Tables 2 to 13 below and Tab (EVDSA)
of Agriculture (MOA) at wereda, zonal, regional and national the
addressed
— 
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development -
- — Master PlaD*ock Nur»bers Gambela Region
These figures can be compared with those for Gambela 1986 (Russian Report) in Table 2 and -I the weredas of Welega and Hlubabor in about 1993 (Oromya Region, Ilubabor Zone (MOAJune 1996) -
Table 3. Livestock Numbers (*000) in Gambela Region (MOA 1986, quoted in Russian
Study 1990)
We red a
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Poultry
.Akobo
135,0
324
43.7
13.0
Jikawo
105.0
25.2
33.9
130
J tang
600
144
19.4
19.5
Gambela
-
-
-
26.0
Abobo
-
-
-
32.5
AO g-Jor
-
-
26 0
[total
300.0
72.0
97.0
130.0
A Mors £ 
s rc h
A
site <$ c supph-j ■
u rePort expressed doubt over the accuracy of these figures, as the
P lri(j gQutg ’TKi*s,gniflcant|y different figures for 1988 of 321,300 cattle and 180,000 
^.5% resPectiv e j
S APresents increases over the two year period of 1986 to 1988 of 7 1%
migration Howexir, this increase is feasible, especially in a region where ^'*e stock prevails.
2L-4natural resources
ANNEX2
L
2. J lumbers: Upp
er Basin
“t set
fthe
s out the livestock numbers fPflP o Upper basin (Table
W/?;
WekgaanJ DU* J^hftet? figu TaWe
becaj.se
betw^
52 ^989 aa a
Peoples Autonomous Regt
Hlubabor Zone
Figures for those parts Qf,heVpperBasmthatheintheSouA <on (renamed SNNPRG) are not included in the
Table 4. Livestock Numbers (‘000) i„ l||„babor Zone. (MQA June
$3?
6 ARDcO repon
Region
Zone
% Wereda
in Basin
Wereda
Oromya Hlubabor
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
70 5
66.2
296
100
100
100
Danmu
SupcSodo
Bilo
Durene
Metu
Hurmu
Yayu
Bccho
Bure
Halu
Ale
Sigmo
Chora
Dega
None
Sale
Didi Lalo
Cattle
40 6
40 3
13.0
24 5
25.0
24 0
25 1
17 0
243
7.8
Sheep
5 0
9.5
3.5
7.2
10.0
4.0
62
2.9
71
2.4
lines
5.0
3.2
-
•
210
260
26
l»j
22{
ac
17 ts
1 1
14
122
IW
02 ni
25 9 5.5
20 6
38.3
4.2
7.9
5.6
12.1
9.7
7.7
2.1
I 1.6
1.3
3 6
0.3
2?
30
15
04
0.5
-
1.5
47
12;
35
16 (
u
22
36
51
100
Saylem
*
•
•
i
42.2
Setema
25.4
13.9
1.9
41
Zonal
total
381 6
1032
•data unavailable al June 1996
TSMS-llc Baro-Akobo river Basin Inregmed Development VlT^7>
2L-5Pq°urCEa
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
Livestock Numbers (’000) in Western Welega Zone (MOA June. J996)
% Weredi
in Basin
Wereda Cattte Sheep
Equines
Poultry (
w
Wdcga
38.4 Boji 116
Mukleme
3.0 3.0 0.7
Onx”?*
82 Boji Dirmqi
I 3 0.3 0.2 0.1
99 8 Yubdo 38 4 149 88 3.0
70 7 Lalo Asabi 15 8 2.9 1 2 0.6
93 Gimbi 53 0.9 02 0.2
39 9 Hani 110 23 0.3 0 5
85.8 Nole Kaba 50.7 123 27 22
64 9 Begi 400 12 6 5.7 29
86.8 Gidami
31.0 97 3.9 2.5
100 Anfilo 39 7 4.6 0.6 1.9
69 Jirna Haro 1 5 0.2 0 1 OH
196 Gawa Kebe 5.7 09 08 02
74 8 Dale Wobera 38.3 94 4.5 I 5
84 6 Dale Sedi 28 9 78 4.5 0.9
95.7 Lola Kile 285 5.1 2.5 0.6
IOO Seyo 57 1 19.9 34 5.2
100 Hawa Gelan 20.2 86 1 2 2.0
197 AAia Gnliso 5.1 1.1 0.2 0.3
Meloge
Welel
♦♦••
Zonal Total L 401.6 116.5 44.0 25.3
86
1.3
67 6
16.0
2.3
7.5
60.9
16.6
29.1
31 2
2.4
4 4
27.3
32 3
12 9
41.2
18.8
2.0
*
382.4
Mau unavailable afhnw 19W
Tabk 6» Liv
t
6
es ock Numbers ( 000) in Eastern Welega (MOA: June. 1996)
Zone
telega
A onaj
A Total
% wereda
in Basin
Wereda
Mcko
Sachi
Cattle
71
10.0
Sheep
Goats
Equines
Poultry 1
1.1
1.2
0.3
0.2
0.5
1.2
0.9
1.7
15
f
171 2.3
31 3.2
* ?arO"Akobo river Basin Integrated DtAelopincnt Master Plan
2L-6NATURAL RESOURCES
Benshangul and Gumuz Region
ANNEX2L
6
Table 7. Livestock Numbers ( 000) in Benshangul and Gumuz (MOa
Jun*
Region
Zone
% Wereda
in Basin
Wereda Cattle
Benshangul & 48 3 Asosa
Gumuz
71.3 Kurmuk
Total
-- —------- - -
23.4
0
234
Sheep
4.4
Goats
TF - ”07 4
341
0.1 5.8
0 1
Southern Ethiopian Peoples Autonomous Region (renamed SNNPRG
Table 8. Livestock Numbers ( 000) in Bench Zone (MOA; June
6
9A )
Region
Zone
% Wereda
in Basin
Wereda
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Equines
Po»rj
SPAR
Bench
98.3
T.Yagnc
46 5
21 7
23
13
100
Sheko
10 0
9 8
1 5
0 1
100
Gurdo F
0.7
0.5
003
0 05~"
509
7?
81.4
Shcxva B
48 8
115
1.3
4.5
31.1
AA
Zonal Total
AA
106.0
43.5
5f
—
6.0
1068
6
Table 9. Livestock ( 000) in Shekicho Zone (MOA: June 1996)
I‘ "
| Region
Zone
Wereda
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Equines Poiritr)
SPAR
Shekicho
Masha
25 8
32.0
107
1.4
2*0
/fl
Anderach
18.1
8.2
70
1.2
[131___
1 —: :
Ycki
26.4
5.4
48
05
—
i 357_
Zonal Total
70.3
45.6
22.5
3.! _
'33
1.
Zone
6
Table 10. Livestock ( 000) in Keficho Zone (MOA: June. 1996)
Sheep
% Wereda
in Basin
Wereda
Cattle
Goats
SPAR
Keficho
81 1
74.4
9.8
29 6
Gesha Til Gesha Tin Gawata
Chena
Zonal Total
40 0
52.6
1.3
8.4
102.3
48.5 2.3
Equines Poult
2.8
13’
7.0
0.7
3.5
59.7
28
01
01
5.3
1.3
0 1
03
a n
4.7___
19
3<
4A.
L
_
2L - 7ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
a
BE SOVRf®.
fable H- Livestock ( 000) in Mijj Zone (MOA June 1W)
% wereda
in Basin
Wereda
Biro
Gesha
Gold j a
Shasha
Tiimatid
Mohalmaj
Cartie
Sheep
Zonal
Total
39,7 117 37.1 10 9 0.9 03
6.2 18
85 2.5 0.1 0.0 92.5 27 2
Goats Equine
17 5 0.1 lfe.4 0.1
04 0.0
27 0.0
3.8 0.0
0.0 00
40.8 0.2
■■
Poult ry
35.4
33
08
55
7.6
0.1
82 4
~JJ Zonal Distribution
>•
Table 12. Livestock (*000) in Distribution by Region/Zones/Part Zones
Region
Znne
Cattle
Sheep
Goik
Equines
Poultry
GiTihela
315 6
74.5
57.1
0.!
167 0
Oromya
llubabor
3816
103.2
50.2
45.4
2290
it
W.Welcga*
401.6
116.5
44 0
25 3
382 4
! 'll
E.Welega*
17.1
2.3
0.5
25
3.2
SPAR
Bench’
106.0
43 5
5.3
6.0
1068
■
-—
Shckicho*
70.3
45 6
22,5
3 1
73 5
Keficho*
102.3
59.7
5.3
4,7
406
'll
Maji*
92.5
27 3
40.8
0.2
82 4
A ushangul > C-JHim
23 4
45
11 6
0.8
45 6
Basin total
lhatuL-ni^..
1194 8
402 3
237.3
88.1
11305
’ indicates
zone
Uj
Lil
A
J " Vestock Numheri
/ Gettcfeti
’ lcturite aAse
9 »as< of
mas
t
t same reaSo p 3nninS However it is difficult to obtain a confident view of these trends AOn 2 1 ] j)."s TAal preclude accurate enumeration of the current livestock numbers (see
>- r
ithi^k^ennorepthe fact that zonal and regional boundaries are still subject to Cult to compare data over time
r Sr? ent the changAg^ H
e • j,
ves tock numbers over recent years is essential for
TAAA|jrr Q
Em ro A, kobo river Basis Integrated Development Master Plan
2L-8<1s
NATURAL RESOURCES
2. J. 3.2 Livestock Population Trends in Gam be la
The statistics for 1995 include Godare which was formerly a part of Wei
excluded from the comparison, the following changes have occurred in th * ’ 1995 The cattle numbers have increased by 2.1% from 1986 to 1995 whils PenOd >986,'.’
and poultry, no significant changes are apparent This conclusion appears toAbA shecp- it must be remembered that it is based not on census figures but on esf CreasotlaHf <, this statistic cannot be reliably extrapolated into the future, owing to the flA Purt**rAo;« through the migration of pastoralists, and ingress of refugees into the region °" of live5I«c
2.1.3.3 Livestock Population Trends in the Upper Basin
The ARDCO-GEOSERV report contains comparative figures of livestock and 1989 for four weredas in Western Welega (ARDCO Table 3Flb) The cha™A fof between these two years (Table 11) are so great and variable that it is imD 8Alnnumb;4 them with any degree of confidence, which thereby casts doubt on other f ° ARDCO report However, some of the apparent discrepancies could be caused* changes.
«“FK in le
Table 13. Percentage Change in Livestock (000) for Welega and DlubaborZo
Four Sample W eredas 1987-1989 (ARDCO-GEOSERV. 1995) nei!B
Gimbi
1987
.000
% change
1987-1989
Nolt
Kabo
1987
.000
% change
1987-1989
Ayra
Gulisso
1987
.000
% change
1987-1989
Boji Che
1987
.000
duty
19T.I*
|| Cattle
66.3
+71
71.7
+ 11
48.3
+22
62.0
+36
| Sheep
26
+709
14.7
-70
3.3
+62
5.7
+76
. Goats
0.9
+433
4.5
+85
0.5
+269
1.3
+S6
1 Equine
4.1
+96
-
+397
1.4
+61
10
+14
Poultry
110 1
-59
12.8
+ 197
9.9
+ 180
22.5
63
From discussions with government
staff in that is
In the
the upland parts of the Basin,
points to a nutrition and corroborated by
livestock population secondary health
gradually increasing, case of cattle
the limited information provided oh the
in and
sale
spite sheep,
of
of this
hides
Bedelle (Table 12). However, it should be noted that
a part of skins and a
thisj increase is
the general conseos.:. obvious constraints-■
impression is <; and .skins. a. t.hLrl
nroW
accounted for by an improved recent years
2.1.4 Livestock Breeds and Breeding
2.1.4.1 Cattle
recovery rate of hides and
reduction
in '■
Local types
The cattle of the Basin are almost entirely of the Zebu type
with an average mature weight of about 250 kg. They are generally br0* pigment is reputedly the least attractive to tsetse Black and white co ou
The local
catt e ati in
A
, aretyp ^
1 (red +
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Developo’en* Mresources
ANNEX 2L LBTSTOCK
re onnally homed but some naturally polled (hornless) types were observed.
A*
art
1*
nn>
> described as undefined breeds , and can be considered as multi-purpose, <rfW°rA ce °f Power f°r cultivation and secondarily for the production of milk, beef
15 3 The folio*** more diS,inCt tyPMWCTC
observed
giJ '.u*fUfC breed occurs in West Oromiva Jt is generally brown, with distinctive t The H?rJ’honl5 and with liveweights up to 300 kg
spread’11- breed IS the narnc applied to the cattle of the Nuer people, a pastoralist The Ablg^JKriJtes in the Gambela Plain and more extensively in Sudan It is repotted gr0“P 'Ah potential for a daily milk production of five litres (about 1.000 litresyear)
to 
fbrSute fandairy repared in 1988 by the Russian * team included an
i
I
I
Tl* figui^j of 1600 litres, compared with 800 litres for traditionally managed yinual This Ace(j’s rc’-ortJwi$how trvpanotolerance, but this trait has not
P roven C^T^C)
L SF>~J<0 breed, which also reportedly shows a degree of tolerance to
Shelacho Zone and yields of up to five litres; day, equivalent
Io about 1,000 litres per year, are reported
The Dakarasha Type is a homed breed at Mizan Teferi, and apparently favoured in Bench, Sheko and Keffa Zones
The Gimira breed is a naturally polled or hornless breed occurring around Mizan Tefen
0
Kencho and^..seneA Gbmbela The larger and more prolific Horro breed is found in
10 adjacent areas
The
Wna^ewe^^thesmaA E*51 African type with brown, white and black coat colour ~-A0af)out 25-30 kg In the Upper Basin, larger types up to 40 kg occur
if e- ar small '
5®>er year a ® w^gnmg about one kg. Egg production is estimated at about 60 to '■<trtl$had beeh1^^’11 was reported that an introduction of Rhode Island Red (RIR)
Well received and successful among thelocal fanners The Poultry
Eiotk types
Vey little evidence of exotic genetic material of a non Zebu type was observed in the Basin. Crossbred dairy cattle, of Holstein type have been introduced in the past notably to four collective farms in Illubabor Zone Two such farms were visited, at Chora and Bakechora The crossbreds observed with up to 97% Holstein blood were reported to be no more productive than the local type This situation was due to the poor level of feeding and Tunagement of the cattle and not to their intrinsic potential. However, it is well known that Holstein cattle are the most highly bred in the world and designed to produce very high yields
‘ a high level of feeding and management In situations where improved cattle judgement can be provided, it is likely that crossbreds derived from such breeds as the A y. Brown Swiss or Sahiwal would be more profitable The LAR Holleta and Baku have
J ndenaking breeding research for 25 years this work is discussed in Section 5
sheep jpg ccne
rc ’«e from about 25A' °A3 ArowT1 co'oureA non_Wool fat tailed type. Mature liveweights > of sheep were > <S°me4(Kkg.Arowns|1<<ep) more Aoscfy related to the desert
' LG Baro-Akobo river Basin integrated Development Master Plin
2L-10NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX2L
Breeding Farm at Bedel le (MO A) has been supplying Babcock Welega and Illubabor Zones
Hybrid
poul,ry“A
M
2. 7. 5 Livestock Holding Sizes
In the Gambela region, the typical size of the family cattle herd is 15-30 (R
with some families owning up to 80 head They are often grazed in 
uss an rc
' P°n iA
representing the animals of several related families Sheep and eo larger Polis important in Gambela and individual holdings of about eight animals ar S316relaUvdy J,
the Upper Basin, the ARDCO-GEOSERV team conducted a survey ofS ? The results show an average cattle herd size of 6 5 in a samnlp c'VestOck
A A Inres
P qo’
l
- at much
e <i
Western Welega (Table 14).
P ,aken from g 
utre c .
f
Table 14. Average Size of Livestock Holdings in 8 Weredas in Wester yy
_______
_____________
Cattle
_____________
Sheep
____ ________ Goat
___ __________
Horse
n
Mule
Donkey
Poult*"
Average
6.5
08
0.2
0.02
0 04
0.3
14
Range
4 5- 9.9
0.2- 1.4
0.03 - 0.5 1
■T- -
. 0.02- 0.1
0.02-0.1
0 1-08
0 8-30
The outstanding importance of cattle in livestock herds is highlighted by these figures T* 
relative unimportance of poultry is another notable feature, and is
Basin generally However, it is households possess one or two 
notable that while few in total
poultry, and there is scope for
thought to apply to L-z number, the majority of
the improvement of rml
poultry production The ARDCO report also highlighted the range
herds .
in the size of
livestock
holdings
(Table
15).
The criteria on 
which the categories - rich,
middle and 
poor -
are based,
are not
stated,
but
it is assumed 
that it refers to households
with large,
medium
and small
Table 15. Livestock Holding Size in 8 Weredas in Gimbi according to Economic Sulci
of the Household:
| Economic status
Cattle
Sheep
Gotts
‘rich’
30
12
5
middle’
15
7 
2___
J
poor’
5
4
average
6.5
0.8*
A
0.2 __
•doubtful data 
Extracted from ARDCO pl-1
2.1.6 Herd Structures
The available data on herd structures is limited in availability Report provided some information but it is difficult to interpret it wi
data has been adjusted and is presented in Table 16.
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobc river Basin Integrated De’eiopmCIX. ®rSOUBC ___________________________ ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
£S
— ~~ ~~
, reposition or Livestock Herds m three sample areas (MOA 1995 and
T *blel6' Z*C
ARDCO 1995)
t ? Livestock Management Systems
2 / 7 / Pastoral Systems: Cattie
IheNuer and Fulaita are the two pastoralist groups found in the Basin and range over most of Gambela Region and pans of BenshanguVAsosa The Nuer are more correctly termed
Mo-pastoralists as they increasingly cultivate sorghum and other crops on the river banks as *be flood water recedes in October and November (refer to Annex 3B) In addition some rain- fed cropping is practised During the wet season they range over (he grasslands more distant Jem the rivers. As the water recedes and the availability of water for drinking becomes more restricted they move back to the permanent rivers, not only for the water supply but also to "ake advantage of the new' grass growth that persists in the wetland areas into the dry season
r e Anuak group does not now, in general, possess cattle, although an attempt is being made introduce draught oxen They derive their livelihood from dry' land and flood recession
Virion, fishing and hunting
^ u'atla t8?11 Fulani) is unclear They' originally came from the north of
Eihiopta ^
4V n
' 8 travelled extensively in Chad and Central African Republic, entered
•djoinin - rCCeni years They migrate seasonally within the Gambella Reg on and the
K^
on ^ Ounines *s reported in June 1996 that they were required to leave Gambella
no 1*881 right of residence It is unclear whether they moved to attgul or across the national border
Tk ■
t
*7 pattern of livestock in the basin is illustrated in Figure 1
Serf
^Oui j jo/q stems: Cattle, Sheep and Goats
.. s attilar mL" cait^ °f the project area are found in the Upper Basin They are maintained
e
pr-j 4(3
uight ^
1 tO livestock in other highland areas of Ethiopia, being housed or
p n>?cts, in fOre and grazed during the day on natural’ pasture, old croplands, crop by-
CtlOr' ’n th an^ °
n was e a
t l nds. There is little integration of crop and livestock
* farming systems of smallholders Such integration offers one of the best Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master PlanBaro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development
Master Plan Project
Figure 1 MIGRATORY MOVEMENT
OF LIVESTOCK IN THE BARO AKOBO
RIVER BASIN
J
I'
A
Il h I
r
I ’ ’ ( ? .
iT >n
r *x/
V="l
ft
I
■ Dry season livestock, movement
~ ‘ Wei season livestock movement
* Town
Weteda ID
Consultants. Inc (U S A.) and ^Consultants Ltd. (U.K )
’^Ministry of Water Resources ** Government of Ethiopia
orr March 10, A 997 tj^' TAMS-ULG
'"name; livesmig apr
7’
6'
Sudan
Kenya
Vl‘tl
jlr vs(H ^CES
AXKEX2L LIVESTOCK
the improvement of productivity of small farms, leading io greater food
s 'CUf1 . .. Management
ment is entirely on a backyard system, whereby 3 to 10 birds scratch an p^iltO rnanagC .hat feed they can find There is no expenditure made Production is about '^etice ^Orn * some are consumed or sold, others are hatched and reared to a weight of J. egg® ^Mortality is high aI lO°/o to 20°/o and sometimes much higher when disease
c
.75t°lOkS'
strikes
Feed Reso«rcrt For L,ves,oek
, and natural pastures account for the vast majority' (at least 95%) of the total feed ^ CaI* available to the livestock of the Basin The distinction between these two is not IE$aLl,Cejhe term rangeland implies very extensive areas with a significant proportion of trees ^shrubs in the vegetative association, while natural pasture implies smaller areas and a ^edominance of strasses and herbaceous species The term ‘natural’ pasture implies that it is
t jffected by the activities of man and his animals Such a vegetation type is very rare and is Jratably absent from the Basin In the Lower Basin, even areas remote from habitation are iftcted bv fire in most years.
I
jt respect of the highland areas, much of the area set aside for grazing has at some time been copped Furthermore, these areas are often indistinguishable from areas that have not been cultivated. For the purposes of this study the term pasture is used for both these types of segetative association For pastures that have been planted for livestock feed, these are referred to as planted pastures For rangelands and pastures together the term natural grazing used
Natural Grazing of the Gambda Plain
mi Genera!
Tbe vegetation of the Plain was the subject to a toCFebruary 1989 The depth
4..* ted studv undertaken by lh^U5f'\
v
31,0 a penod of two years from P ebruary. that the authors of the report described 
Seated in a schematic seobotarucal map at Ration into three main * pasture zones as
aS “unique m Afnca _ classlfi«j the y200,000 This s >
t
«W
seasonally flooded pasture, dominated b> >?f■0 -, Pastures in tjj
'°7 rt—. 
f,!Wi5e“"'
forest lands^'lTh' 
not norrnaHy inundated, including some open savannah
, e!er°Pogon anH d s ZOne is dominated by Andropogon. Hyparrhema, Echm&chloa,
!t StUres on the
6 7 '°nc is donjf16^1^Oni
SPP
adjoining uplands, including savannah and forest lands
'"Hated by Hyparrhenia, Pcmicum, Penmsetum and Laudetia spp
—-------------------- -------—------------- --------- —---------------------
aro-Akofeo river Basin Integrated Development Mister Plin
2L-13NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2L
The area, productivity and yield for each zone, as assessed in the simplified form in Table 17, together with the researchers’ rem™!?10?' . set seasons of grazing 
Nations for
ins
Table 17. Natural Grazings: Gambela Plain: Russian Study 199
Pasture Type
Hectares (‘000)
Estimated Yield
(‘000 Tonnes Green
from total area)
Seasonally flooded
Non - flooded 
lowland
Piedmont pasture
Total pasture
2.2.2.2 Seasonally Flooded
1,008
739
6,986
7,420
£«ober t j
0 uly
May to October
803
2,550
1,245
15,651
May to Novenae
 Zone
This zone lies below 425m and is characterised by a period of inundation of four to Ew months each year from about August to December The length and period of flooding wna throughout the zone according to the local topography as well as the rainfall conditions oftim particular year As a result there are several grass associations within the zone Where the flooding period is long, Echinochloa spp flourish and grow up with the rising level of tlx water These species are particularly nutritious and are favoured by grazing ra Echinochloa spp also have the capacity, when the water level recedes and the tall stems snt into contact with the moist soil, of rooting at the nodes and thereby producing another Hua ci forage. In the areas of a shorter period of inundation, Hyparrhenia hirta predominate ( yielding an inferior feed for livestock. Species of Paspalum, Pennisetum and Andropo^on^ occur but less frequently It is reported that where grazing intensity is high, superior pa species establish such as Cynodon and Dactyloctenium.
I
2.2.2.3 Non-flooded Zone
This zone lies between 425m and 550m Echinochloa sp persists in the
zone, with occasional trees of Piliostigma thonningii, Terminalia m ollis Hncrwop- '
f
collmum. Secondly, the slightly higher localities are characterised •
Andropogon. Bothriochloa, and Digitaria In open forests and w jj
c ar
ictensnc
Pennisetum, Hyparrhenia, Heteropogon and Dichanthium are the grasses v 
these productive soils.
2.2.2.4 Piedmont Pasture
This zone lies above the 550m contour , it is heterogeneous, but
productivity. The characteristic grasses are Hyparrhenia ruja.
Loudetia sp.
TAMS-ULG Ba to-A kobo river Basin Integrated De*elopn>e
'tric^ *
A
2L- 14annex 2L livestock
-------------------------
' purees °P*‘
. ,j
urceS are very diverse, reflecting the ecology of the vegetation types and
5
eraz^ ^mry »n respect of the intensity of grazing and previous cropping Grazing 
fl* * nagernent ned by the density of livestock numbers in relation to the area of grazing 1>ie\iy is detenTUne(res of population and the incidence of trypanosomiasis, malaria and other
^ 5Z1' 
affw “»of
, crazing can be quantified from information on land use for each wereda, of *va3* ^ j
d nto the following six categories annual cropping, perennial cropping, 
be of at least 2 years), forest, grazing and waste In some weredas, a shrub (assumed to d Thjs categorisation is based on the FAO study. No information on 
jgtegoryis also 'nC gnds jn land use patterns has been found, but in populated areas the
.^"ci-atiges *reunder crop can be expected to be increasing, while that in forest and 
proportion of lan
[hese use types are considered to contribute to the grazing
^/ofSock, (with the exception of perennial cropping)
f the yields of grazing of each land use type is difficult An attempt is made to 
estimation o 
the different types with grazing If -grazing’ categoiy is rated at
X^vdueoforhur^basfoUowu
annual cropping including residues
20
I
■
perennial cropping
0
tallow lands
25
forest
10
grazing
100
■
■
shrub lands
30
waste
5
presented *" the form of a GtS Printout (Vol. IV, Map 57, 58 and 
liable for ri m 0<Xty B'omass Project has attempted to quantify- the production of forage
Production f lTT* Vegetal*
ve c asses
' (WBISPP: Vol 1). This has been calculated on a base
Wroiiu A c~ dry rTiatter (°M) P hectare per day during the season of growth 
er
n
moding factors are applied in the calculation.
4 “town in Vol*^11 8raz* S livestock numbers and the available grazing for each wereda
Populations m° UniC (Map 57 refers) In genera], grazing is not adequate for the livestock Cc ®®« instead Jf an’ °f ^e Upper Basin However, in areas where the production of
innuaj crops is important the balance appears to be more favourable
Period frOl^ f*?86 ot cl™au and rainfall patterns In general, the Belg - short rains - fall in grazjng |S -ruar^ t0 April, while the Kiremt - long rains - extend from June to August
;ernl*r t Febnj1 ShOrt SuPP>y toward the end of the dry seasons, particularly in the period
ofForage Suppties
o
L LQ Baro-Akobo river BjBin Integrated Development Muter Plan
2L-15NATURAL RESOURCES
A NNrx 2L i
The following factors modify this generality in terms of the availability of
• 
in the South-east of the Basin the rainfall is greater and December, and in Shekicho for the whole year
' TOnds fr«-» 
.
• 
in the North-east the Belg rains are particularly significant.
• 
the season of flooding of the Plain, August to December renders ar
to grazing livestock However, as the floodwater recedes, another fl* !.'*■***”**
“• 
available in these areas. 
115
°- FazL-^
a
2.2.5 
Introduced forage species
2.2.5.1 Forage Legumes
Thp technology of cultivation of forage legumes for feed is well known in rew
Ju . ,c lti extension to farmers’ fields has been assisted m some pans of the aw. 
n
estabhshmen by the Fourt beginning to 
Projecl This important new development for the livestock -.nduar, u ntroduced into the Basin. The main species are Sesbama sp. Lac*v
j,,...-. uncinatum D. intortum. Vicia sp. Dohchos lablab hisipprt-
Itat'uifSr to introduce this technology into fanners' home.gardens whet. th.Hite* 
that it is easier to X
. h than into the unmanaged communal grazings udstf
- Iso play a vital role in soil conservation and at th. 
d
“land thrLgh rotational, mixed and sequence ctopp.ng
ARDCO reports the successful introduction at certain unspecified sites in the Upper Bis: at species of Medicago, Desmodium. Stylosanthes. Vicia and Cynodon. At Bako Resort Station there are four programmes that are appropriate for the Upper Basin
• interplanting of annual crops such as maize and sorghum with legumes in order x supply feed for livestock, and to conserve and enrich the soil. The following specie' n recommended for this purpose: Desmodium intortum (setting seed is a problenlL uncinatum, “siratro”, and Macrotyloma axillare
• planting of fodder shrubs in home gardens The following are recommended Arta®* sesban, Leucaena leucephala (although psvllid attack has been a problem i- scot sites), Chamaecytisus sp (tagasanthe or tree luceme), Glyncidia septum
• oversowing of pastures with Stylosanthes spp, “siratro", Desmodium spp, eu* appropriate for the home garden, but is precluded from successful app i communal pastures, unless there is control of grazing management
• green manure cropping The use of the annual legume, £>0/^5 feed«»3a‘ purpose has been shown to be beneficial as a human food (seeds),
a soil improver
2.2.5.2 Forage Grasses
Rhodes Grass (Chloris guiana) has been introduced for grazing, cutting an^
hay making It is sometimes planted with Desmodium sp. Panicum maximum. was also observed to be managed for cutting and feeding to dairy cattle
& fc
p>
1
tams-ulg
Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develop0*0
A
2L- 16annex 2L livestock
tnv 
' residu65 left from annual crops are the main „
~
'
,
J?.. are also used for fuel, house constructinn “Pp,emenrarv feed frt
Jms of maize are of most importance while the st S. in the upland parts of Ethiopia, where
residues are collected and stored by indict]
Sfli of the dry matter (DM) intake. Farmers are au4 lity of the straws, which are also used for
46a which has greater grazing resources than ™
and although they are panly consumed in j
(ARJ>CO tST? 1,vest<*k
of b^,. X 3F '*> The
are Xer X *e
S f °r f^np and the Ba^
of the *££%!**for UP »° ? cc”lst'ucnOn In a,“cr«ccs in feed
s tu
° f the Co^ntn-, 
could be improved through storage and controllX^nirnUllaJ herds residues could be further improved through phvsiF
Furthermore
of ,hc project
Urih^esird.
U ’U*Jat>on
(Vtncrs would not accept (he use of urea for lr° b ley straw *hh Urine lAp reports ‘Hat
However. it is considered that both techno,
sxh as teff should be included EnsXX
^Hsociwed with this cmp w/] Sv^“ “ mporum feed m ■ 2/7 Industrial By-products
the >’*ould Prefer '^.Cons,d«" that
be reseX? Z" *
Ock dens«bes of 150 LU' \ J°"rwbgst h yrlantwenssive are common
rXjeSm °
|- is reported by IAR that 40,000 tonnes of oil seed residues in the form of pressed cakes are
produced in Ethiopia, but 70% of this production is exported This total comprises the cakes
Botn the processing of cotton seed, noug, linseed and sunflower, and is produced in both 
factory and small farm Of the factory-produced cakes that are not exported most is used on 
large farms The brewery at Bedelle, which was established in 1993, lies close to the Basin, 
and produces an unknown quantity’ of by-product in the form of wet brewers grains, 
rcimaied at 100 cubic metres per day. This is a valuable source of energy’ and protein for
livestock, and most of it is wasted at present, being dumped by the roadsides. Local livestock 
lave taken the initiative to make use of it, and some more progressive fanners are paying to 
we the residues dumped for the use of their cattle. Some is being dried in the sun and 
stored A farming company is establishing a fattening enterprise to make use of this valuable
Pour milling wastes represent about 10% of the grain processed and are ““j^5 v poultry 
proprietary feeds Milling w aste that are produced at the homestead are consumed y po . wid small stock.
150,000 tonnes of sugar are produced in Ethiopia It is Tep0^ the wocessing of ", 1Mes has been used for road repairs Research at IAR is continuing t
^^nts’abnd i I°CkSt iUsS tino be g n°U hope S reSldUd t £ T hat the technology’*111 be taken te t“en°up by an investor in the p
2L-17NATURAL RESOURCES
2.3 Livestock Production
2.3.1 Objectives of Ownership
The objectives of livestock owners vary according to ethnic group The
• the supply of oxen for ploughing and cultivation of crops
• the supply of milk, meat, hides and skins for subsistence
the supply of dairy products, notably butter, for cash sale or barter
to meet the requirements of bride price on marriage, requiring ab 
perhaps a calf for the mother-in-law
a capital reserve
a symbol of status
2.3.2 Draught Power
The availability of draught oxen for cultivation purposes is of major important highland development. In each location that was visited an insufficient supply of power was reported ranging from a 25% shortfall to one of 75%. This refers to the owaS of suitable animals and does not represent the actual area cultivated as a proportion total land available to the farmer. In order to address the shortage, the farmer has se-.ea options:
Hiain ones are
ut cattle
• 
borrow one or more trained oxen
• 
hire a pair of oxen; the cost is about 200-250 birr per hectare for three ploughings
• 
exchange his own labour for the use of oxen or barter in some other way
• 
use hand labour
lo
Oxen are used for ploughing the land, usually three times, and are occasionally usd fcr weeding, which is normally done twice by hand The availability of manual labour for wedt? represents another major constraint to crop yields. The season of ploughing varies ftooiplw to place, e g. in Welega it extends from the third week of April until the second week tfMri in Jimma, from the third week of March to the second week of April
The requirement of oxen is high and can be calculated as follows one pair can P “^- hectare per day; if the ploughing season extends for 30 days. Normally three ploug made before the crop is planted, then one pair of oxen is needed for every 2 5 e:1 annual crop land
On the heavier soils oxen are incapable of breaking new or fallowed land This is ° hand using a digging stick The shortage of oxen is often exacerbated through and health care trypanosomiasis is a major constraint in this respect The i
supply and efficiency of oxpower is vital and could be made by:
• 
better nutrition and health care
• 
empowering farmers to reduce the tsetse challenge in their localities
• 
designing, making and marketing better equipment
1 1601
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develop *r E5OV^CES ___________________ ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
e
usC ? st |h idea of subjecting their cattle to the indigniry of such work In 1995 the
^P Government initiated a programme of introduction of oxen for the Aimak people
!e
li able ii^ires ,cr l,e Pro(JljCtivicy, offtake, mortality and annual increase of cattie herds are
Gt available Many stock slaughterings are unrecorded However, an insight into these data is
•ailable from the statistics for hides and skin collection (see Table 20 below). The following reconcile and give a general indication of the situation in percentage terns
”• percentage of breeding cows 30
• calving percentage
65
• 
total offtake
7-8
• 
total mortality 
10-11
• 
herd growth 
1-2
These parameters arc bound to van, greatly from season to season and from place to place Cakng and mortality levels arc very much determined by nutrition and disease incidence. The tactors affecting offtake are less easy to assess: they include
' availability of surplus animals
the need for cash to buy food or other commodities
the availability of cash from other sources for these purchases, notably coffee sales the proximity of towms and the consequent demand for meat
* j -2 Sheep and goats
itrril^rj mated at about 30 % per year with a small annual growth in herd and flock
-Mitt Production i■s*5 a * i iLi
1*5 P-C+
J 
.
^°st of the a ccepi (
Hem of diet, and supplies for urban centres seem to be inadequate a 3 | )rO^Uct’On * ^ed as subsistence consumption, and in most rural areas its sale is
s
“^forrnai m . lradittonaJly milk surpluses were given away, and only in towns does it enter r Gt following figures on milk production from local cattle are taken from
3! *2 
es earch Report of the I AR for 199 L and represent the averages from a sample over the region (Table 18) Figures compiled by ARDCO-GEOSERA
1 shown for comparisonNATURAL RESOURCES
Table 18. Mean Production Parameters for Dairy Cattle in the Western R^_
These figures conceal a very wide range of values For example, milk yields were qucred which varied from 1 litre up to 5 litres per day In the Gambella Plain, daily yields appeal ube higher than in the Highlands, reportedly 2 6 to 3 litres. This is considered to be due to more abundant grazing and to the higher milk potential of the Abigar breed The potential milk yied of the indigenous cow is higher than these average figures suggest, particularly if sdecicn improved nutrition and health care are applied
There are few crossbreds in the Basin, and those that were found gave milk yields rimirs those of local cows However, with good management high production is possible viddsof
13 litres were found at Bedelle, and figures up to 21 litres in former times at Chore coDeot dairy farm were reported.
No information on milk quality was available Dilution of marketed milk with wae s reportedly general, and boiling it before consumption is generally practised, in order to retrot the risks of infection with tuberculosis and brucellosis. The possibilities for dairy deietert are great
2.3.5 Meal Production
Very little information exists on the subsistence and commercial offtake of livestock^ Basin Different ethnic groups have different requirements and objectives A
out in Central Ethiopia in 1987 and 1988 showed a total offtake for sheep o goats of 16% (IAR 1991). In the Gambela Basin, a very small cotnmerctal recorded in the Russian study of 0.6% for cattle and 0 8% for sheep Neit er
provide information on subsistence offtake levels The following cattle in the Plain are recorded in the Russian report (1990) and the ARDC r
(’995)
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Deselopn*ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
! ,g. Birth Weight and Mature LlAAhArOr Livestock in the Plain Region (1990
’ C*tlle
Russian report
1990
ARDCO report 1995
r birth: kg
AgW31 DI_XL
,
-___ -•
„______
18-20
19 for females and 22 for males
A urc i -riiT_viV_pS--k--p---------------------
.bulls 4-5 years: kg
250-300
252 (sample of 121)
350-400
-
(nature ----- --------------------------
AA
S eight gain per day: g
180-240
-
bright at birth kg
2-3
•
sheep liveweight kg
25-30
bp to 60-75
scats liveweight kg
25-30
28-48
| killing out %
52-56
-
Ar. estimate of 7% offtake for cattle was made by MO A for W Welega, representing 5% sa]e to butchers and 2% subsistence offtake. Estimates of livestock mortality are in general put at about 10%
ZJ. 6 Hides and Skins
Before 1993, the losses of hides and skins were substantial through non-collection. Since that linac, as a result of the changes in the Government pricing policies, prices have increased by about 100% Licensed private traders are the sole buyers and the price varies according to ^cation, world market prices,1 and government incentives. Currently traders get a bonus if
' •* buy more than 20,000 hides per year.
^gugh hides and skins are increasingly recognised as a valuable A50jycctosS£fio&lQ
x^^^pe io poor slaughtering, flaying and preserving practices
> and set out for frame dryingA two hours of Aghter With 
/■^ would be washed and salted shortly after slaughter T-AeOw®
A Boyytent of hides and skins experts in every zone is making progress Suable resource: they represent the second most important nation expo ‘
fUQts similarly “ sheepskins
in the coffee al ct after
\ /o Skins eilhei USed lOCaUy for aa ALAOCafmMuftCturerSOr«
extort
or sold to traders for further processing
be s and chairs, and pickling
A Se of cu ‘ Before exPort, all hides and skins are no*
A hich 
Su PPhes vary during the year according to the e
Ci mand tor March, and again
h during the Christian fast periods hotably around February and Maron.
2L-21NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX2L U\ls
lt)Ct
Nationally, MO A rep .
WW from
<ei
figtffB8? Si« not truly
i u cattle hides are frame-dned (95%.). The
all cd cally sheePskins are mainly salted W/, x
are U8ed Jo ,. T T * ducers and householders, by tradi,, butcbers hut alsoqltality jSUiP1*1 p •r^fficiency, location, Ao,w
to size, 
fl*
„
ec
te <g
°gh
,ve as they relate tooniyaPartof the Basin and wt-,
unquantified adjacent area.
Pr
for domestic purposes.
s Furthermore, it has not proved to be mk«m..
J&tpon’ntlo
ve n«ythem
trends in respect thj,
obnhly indicate somfig£fte The report also obsc^8 that W- of hides are
s
15% of ^ P ^
s ee s
ins for saddles and
°- ^oat stos t0’ ho™, to
Table 20. Hides and skins delivered to tanneries through Bedelk (ARDCO
Cattle Hides 1991 1992 1993
i % grade I 70 70 92
1995|
% grades n&l 11
1
30 1
30
Total 2127 2426 3068
81
Sheep skins
, -------------- i
Salted 17596 19628 10505
Air Dried Total
123
17719
2704 ] 117744
22332
Goat Skins
|22279
1037 3125
’]
Salted
1 Air Dried
3299
2712
1129
7198
| Total 6011 8327
4162 _J
The folltowiigg>(abisaiwaiiaiis><eaaabetnaaid® foaiia.these figures: ,,c
• 1 the delivery of cattle hides and sheep skins increased by 44% in the P*n0 1993;
• the quality of hides improved, ’
• the importance of air drying of sheep skins increased greatly from an proportion to over 50% during the period, and
• the trading of goat skins declined by 30 %
fee ^WoPPi Wcu16800A conc^ioiQ^-j^ appears that the volume
insist
increase
increased over the penod, Aobably throughA in livestock numbers and3° Acreas^ug awareness of the importance of the q
____________________________ -"TyTasirr f10
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develop® *
10SOVK<ES
Mesand skins The increased activities of the
”
h des ® „„d regional levels who are respond, £ “ j
.nroegh extension. deraon ra;
sI
ro „ Md ai ,r areT”8
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
wereda.
and 4'™"
[J^ysth^i^o j resAXr?* w
Source of cosh
ll-l
Ir. the upland mixed fanning systems, livestock.
■r so
me
^ns that 50% of the farm cash income
j g«- from the sale of livestock products
ne is _ dn frff nearly atf fa u .
. mainly
frequently used for the purchase of fertiliser and other inputs f
ij.g Manure
Ty manure from livestock is an important by-product, and is used both fo. - L- particularly for perennial crops and also as a fuel For thei " *or Aching_th^f^
-as..
<• - ' ■ ' 4 /
I an additional ,e derived from thi
or c
fop production *
ARDCO reports that it is sold at prices ranging from 0 |6 to?IP°sc “ “ manure as a‘fuel represents an inetrievable loss of soil condition! e" a substantial tn those areas of the Highlands that have been f
Eid continues to be wood
1.4 Marketing of livestock
14.1 General
0.3 VI per kg.
•»
dried and 
OaiJAk. sj ICeni TUlIiJIty.J'.
The Jsc
■
We f
hs <>^
r
cen “forested, in the Basin the main
ihc livestock products of the Basin are either consumed by the producers, sold for local
■Msumption^ or sold for export. Draught power, milk, and manure are used mainly by the producing families themselves Slaughter animals, hides, and skins are mainly sold, and most “ the mature sheep and goats are traded
2.42
battle trading movements
in .
”arH3^$d<^m ca£|. t0 a ’CSScr extent in sheep and goats, has evolved over many years, and 
ttaj These015 movement occur between different parts of the Basin and the adjoining ^ticglS Ganems °f movement of cattle for trading purposes, as distinct from seasonal
ta ulated below (Table 21), and are also shown in the Volume TV.
ZL-23NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2L
Table 21 Baro-Akobo Basin: Cattle Trade Movement: MOA
Region or
Movement from
’-Stober
_ Zone_
Keficho
TemenjaYazhi
Gesha Tilichu
Chena, Gesha, Decha
Seka
Menjo
Tela
Bedelle, Jimma, Gera
Bonga, Gimbio, Chena
Chebe. Ameya
Maji
Bench
Shekicho
Bachuma (Gol
dia), Gesha, Shasha
Ameya
Temenja,
Chena(Mena),Shewa
Bench
Shewa Bench, Mizan. Aman, Dexa
Chena Tiliku Gasha Andracha
Mizan, Dima, Aman
Tepi
Tepi’
Gambella
E Welega
Akobo, Jikawo, Itang Wollega, Bure. Gambella Sachi
Mako
W. Welega Jarso, Menesibu, Gidami,
Illubabor
| Tepi
i 1 Gambella
' Abobo, Gog
I Alge, Metu, Nolekaba, Gimbi, Did«.u, i Nekemte, Dembidolo, Mako. Dea. I Chora
| Dao Hanna, Leke Dullecha. Nete.e 1 Dega, Bedelle,Didessa
j Asosa, Sudan
Nole Kaba Central Darimu (Dipo) Matu, Nolekaba, Yubdo Matu
Bedele Bedele Bedele Ale
•Alge Matu
L_
Begi, Jar, Arjo Sube, Sodo, Sahin Darimu
Nopa,Becho Dapo
Gach, Boracha Dega, Mako Didu
Sachi Alge Nono, Sale Chora
Livestock for slaughter and/ . .or draught power are moved by traders
sale
marke ar to individu 
and farmers The
Hrau g$?Sen ancf^
e
Oads are imProved Th,. TMOvement js ma£niy On foot, bu:-lente w are
foF other “
the trade Th 
dto a v ery sma J
, ’ extent m iu- heSe ’lvestock mainly laji§J}teW g
s
1 A_
. -
’e main tr
a< c
j js jn cattle butcows and imma’turesicrck are ilsomw*1 ’
> _ sheep, &°3ts and poultry also play a part
2-4.3 Markets
Many weredas and other centres , jtf .
erf
or tw>ce -a week - in Gambela it takeA0Al *1,00 have their P ular market days, perhaw
A
‘
the markets, such as pens or water n 
ar
.«ce everv
---------------------------------------------------- PPhesSUt Guliso in W. Welega, the market
da * Aere « frequently no
'AMS-Ll.G A,. 7~^r—A-----------------
raA
• kODO r*vcr Basjn integrated DevelopmentRESOURCES
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
, wooden Stakes with a small shelter for the officer who collects the fees (3 Birr for I B [jrf for sheep) ■
>Ad 1
u to quantify the livestock trade, as n appears that no formal market statistics are [[ $,dI?'\ROCO report contains utformauon about individual markets, but it is not possible kept? "tclear and complete picture from ths mformatron It is also imphcd in the
IgOmbers of livestock, especially from areas close to the border are sold in Sudan 
of maximum sales coincides with holidays and festivals; aftd during the wet s™ ar § considered to be greater - as perhaps are the needs for cash Tabic
^*"nom market information contained in ARDCO Table 3 F 6.
22 j$ derive30
Table 22- Market Returns from Three Markets: (ARDCO 1995)
repon
14.4 Prices of Livestock Products
Prices of animals and animal products show^areal variation throughout rhe Basin Prices were Elected at sample weredas in September and October 1995 by the team The results are shown in Tables 23 and 24
Table 23. Prices of Products at Five Locations in the Basin: September 1995: Birr
Product
Draught ox ^•king cow SIiughIeT
Gure
Metu
Masha
Mizan
Teferi
Gam beta
1200
-
800-1000
1100-1200
1500-2000
1300-1500
1200
12
15
200
250
150-180
200
200
L 15
—
2
2
1.50
13-20
[
0.40
0.50
„=„J
^S~ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2L-25NATURAL RESOURCES
Table 24. Price of animals and Products (in Birr) at eight locat
AN 'NTX 2
llubabor
W.Wele Keficho
hckich
A
OX
I cow
sheep
goat
chicken
Milk/litre
Meat/kg
Eggs/pc
Skin/unit
I Hide/unit
* data not 2 available
The price of hides and skins at the farm is difficult to determine with 
according to quality, size, season, location and level of preservation The tam ’ * 
to pay about 5 .9 Birr per kg for air-dried hides With an average weight ofTTs v
this yields a price of 23 6 to 29.5 Birr at the tannery At the producer level°-h, .li4e
price is reported to be about 15 Birr for a cattle hide and a similar figure for a
table shows that the price of milk ranges between 0 75 and 2.5 Birr per litre In Beddr
1996 a price of 3 Brrr was reported for unadulterated milk It is sold loose and untretA
is usually mixed with water before sale Boiling before consumption is normal, as tuberolj and brucellosis present health risks The relatively high price, which is equivalent to ihc wu- for one to three hours’ work, reflects the strong demand for the product
2.5 Animal Health and Disease
2.5.1 General
The ARDC.O report contains about 50 pages on the incidence of animal diseases, tber veers and the veterinary services in the Upper Basin The data is comprehensive, although the reacts of the farmer questionnaire have not been fully analysed In general, the information on wx trypanosomiasis and tick borne diseases is well presented: that for the incident o>
diseases and their treatment at wereda level is not The following section draws ou. points and makes further analyses of the data in the report
2.5.2 Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis
2.5.2.1 Distribution
There are four species of tsetse fly in the Basin These are Glossina --------------------
acc»
'an*
• ‘ < *goor.e i
r
>
sheep skm iht
r
, 
_--------------
[xcocd:
G. pallidipes, G. fuscipes and G. tachinoides. Five species of trypanostr T. W*’ .
the Upper Basin Tripanosoma vivax and T. congolense are of most ------
•---------------------- .------------- -................... i™Pdrls .
did c^
evansi (camels) and T. rhodesiense (infects man and causes sleeping Gambela for a few years in the 1970’s) are of very minor importAKt0 be the information on the distribution of tsetse and trypanosomiasis contin^ d*1 report of 1976. At that time, about 98,000 km were infested, t is *
• ^m^
=• TlK ury thua. t
2
------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tnment
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Deve '"rl be ‘o
ANNEX2L LIVESTOCK
ver 20% to 120,000 km- by 1995 (ARDCO) The reasons for this trend include t,v °d use the increasing movement of the people and their cattle from the highlands
C*ir* c jn , response to population pressure, and the changing nature of the tsetse fly It < A !l>e VT NTTICC that the fly now breeds at up to 2000 m Formerly it was restricted to 
• rePofied T7 1700m The distribution of tsetse in the Basin at the present time is not
jjtitu
A
. Qly known, although NTTICC has up to date information an a few areas that
-ou p
t
rebenS1" t'v surveyed, sometimes in anticipation of development interventions
^.nfestation in the Basin is part of a larger area extending urto the Abay and Omo-
Ti*beJ’o 
va
p y _ 
eS
The Basin itself, together with the adjoining Omo-Gibe Basin, has been 
Gib' ^Lc d 
n
te
7 A galleys, notably that of the Baro, the Akobo, the Gojeb and the Didessa. The
j p the n’-eir^g ribes the distribution of tsetse and trypanosomiasis in the Upper Basin in
by the receni expansion of the fly, which continues to spread, particularly 
C
information is possibly out of date, as the author refers to the possible expansion di ^n fly into the Didessa Valley (ARDCO p -50 although on p 53 a contradictory reference is 01 tioflie infestation of the valley by G, m. submorzitans) Staff at NTTICC reported to the A that this valley has been infested for many years and is the site of a control and caication programme
[nGambela region, the savannah areas are infested by G, mor si tans-Vas Plain is less affected nd the flv is absent from the areas of inundation except along the river valley s
25.22 Tsetse research
General
Trypanosomiasis has been recognised as a major limitation to livestock production in many pans of Africa It is also recognised as an agent which renders areas inaccessible to cattle, and therefore plays a part in the conservation of natural resources which would otherwise be
destroyed to make way for domestic livestock. As a result of the desire to open new hestock, there have been large research programmes implemented, particularly over twenty years ILCA/ILRI and ICTPE are involved on an international basis, while tGEtther with international support, has been approaching the problem from a. .. .
xx
. ... xx
.x
areas for
the Iasi NTTICC
national
indUK
addition, important innovative work has been carried out in both Zimbabwe
' the results of which is being applied internationally . There have been several research including the following.
■
exploiting the genetic resistance to trypanosomiasis (trypanotolerance) that is shown some breeds of cattle, particularly the Ndama and West African Shorthorn breeds of
avenues
of
c
,S iAlCa aspecJSf the Basin, the Sheko breed found in Girnira, and the Abigar
• b 1 •
e' a *s said to display some tolerance to trypanosomiasis
’ the slen,e males to reduce the papulation of flies
U nf ■
pyretic . feticides, such as deltamethrin, to kill tsetse flies - This
>h , r r’oi’ <* Can ppii d to cattle by dipping, and the residual chemical kills
the use nF i.
‘ al settle
be apnh a75"
ae
synthetic the flies
dipped animals over a significant period. Alternatively, the chemical can
* X, ®asa Pour-on’ on the back of animals
1 uc
 use
atlractan *arAeis> which are impregnated with the chemical and through the use ot
killed ls Classically 
cow s ur
’ ine, acetone and octanol) attract the flies uhich are
2L - 27NATURAL RESOURCES
• the use of conical traps: these are made of material normally black 
designed that flies fly under the skirt and then up into the top of th”* *r» 
1 ln<J
a blue,
1
cannot escape They either die naturally or can be collected and killed*'* * ***‘
1! * ’-be*6 1
<•
Tsetse research in the Basin
NTT1CC has conducted a survey in Keto wereda near Chanka in
development by ‘Concem/ORA’. Although the project was subsequently for.
A 15311011 of
1
reasons, some of the results of the survey are set out below.
y c 0Sed fof poA
Table 23.: Incidence of Four Species of Trypanosoma i
Wereda
Site
No.
animals
Mean
PCV*
Tryps
brucei*
ypsl
mxd*
Hawa Galan
Dale
Dale Sadi
-
Mojo
Tulema
Machara
ORA vet clinic ORA Xbreds Villages 3,4,17 Villages 11,12
Kake
Merdafo &
Chamo
Amba 3
Alcm Tcfen
48
48
48
48
10
42
24
36
48
36
40
21.9
24 4
25.3
26
25 1
36.7
20.1
24
26
27.4
25.9
•
-
a
♦Trypanosoma brucei. T. congolense. T. vivax, T mxd ’ all three species detected
Tsetse control in practice
A tsetse control project is he - ~ing imp! ic f sfePAR <renamed snnp gaa '
conjunction e^j£h ICIPE
Icavis
th-* : ' OrOnty Ave months (Sept 1995)
hat ” IS compatible with productive v «2’vT
A
e
traps, fabricated with In 11
U AatiAS project^ although i: has ter i J® successftn in Acing fly numbers to 
~ husbandry. The main features of the proje«rt
iht
chemical insecticides and Produced?exlifes, and costing about 40 birr, amused attractants the rate ofA attractants not used It is found tlffi^vithout the eaught with the use nf k >s ACSS ahE\!W(P/o, company with the number tiuirt
I
Population to a certain en
? C.a,£ntherefore takes a longer penod to reduce Ue ■?
1
to be gained from notcvc ’ Out thJfe ar4 significant cost and environmental level of infection with -ASinA^hemicals iJfefritoring blood samples shew-'. the project in Mav i QAOnAO-^lse'und T, n/n<zx has declined from 40% December i995 Y 9510 ’0% (OcteSfer 1995) and is eTff§dted io
at tbe
be-*’*
2L- 28p t<r>VR« __________________________________________________ ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
s
rt J by the European Union is about to start in the Didessa Valley, with reject SUPP?ving some of the results of research to the benefit of livestock owners in
t lJii* ' jaA kTTT
A
A i-tiye of TP'- T111
1
.~ Farming in Tsetse Infested Areas Project CFTTAV is fiind«l hv s sa™
0 EDF and 5 67m from the govcmmenl (equivalent value)f
— 
r
. can be said that the application of the new proven tsetse control techniques & c£>nclusi°£ cattle owners is being constramed by
n |abiiityoffiwd5
^^X l'L
• L interests on the pan of the chemical manufacturers who want to sell
* feticides, particularly deitamethrin
"esearch establishment has an interest in maintaining its raison d'etre
,llC r ,mnnc the authorities for the environmental impheations following the
widespread application of the technique, which could result in the reduction or elimination of tsetse over wide areas which are at present sanctuaries for wildlife These areas may be taken over by cattle because tsetse is no longer a risk
, 5 j Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases
lx ARDCO report covers this topic in detail Table 24 summarises the distribution of various tic* species in the Upper Basin and Gambela, which was collected in a survey conducted in , H86 A more detailed study of both tick species’ anil the associated tick Vome^’disease (^Sd) igents, was made at two specific sites: (i) at Chora with Friesian cross cattle and fii) at Kere Lillo village with native cattle The results are shown in Table 25. Numerous dip baths have been constructed in the Upper Basin (ARDCO’95) Most of these are non-functional Veterinary authorities now believe that regular dipping is unnecessary, and if it is applied ‘--regularly, it can adversely affect the health of cattle. However, if East Coast fever fECF)
»ere inadvertently introduced to the Basin, regular dipping would then become essential
conc
A1T‘
T *MS-uixj
Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2L-29natural resources
annex2L
Table 24. Tick Species Identified in Six Zones of the Basin
Tick species
I Amblyomma cohaerens
A variegatum
Gore Sor &
Geba
+ 4-
+
Moch
a
Maj
i
Gimi
a
■4-
-r
A lepidum
A nuttalli
Rhipicephalus bergeoni R evertsi evertsi
R. lunulatus
R simus
R muhsamae
R praetexatus
R sanguineus Boophilus decoloratus B annulatus Haemaphysalis aculifer H parmata
Ixodes rasus
L_Hyolomma Irufipes
marginatum
Source Survey of ticks in western Ethiopia, Decastro J. J. FAO 1994, quoted by ARDCO
Table 25. Survey of Ticks and TBD at Chora (1) and Kerehfllo (21
- ——n
Tick Species
Tick Borne DiseaseAf«>«A.
Boophilus decoloratus Amblyomma cohaerens
Amblyomma variegatum Amblyomma cohaerens
Anaplasma marginale Babesia bigemina
Theileria sp ___
.Anaplasma marginale AA— Theileria mutans
Ib^il.eria spp
-IT1 T*- ”
r
TAMS-ULG Bara-A kobo river Basin Integrated DevelopA5ALFL
ESO(RC -
K
’ ihc 1986 study, a wider blood survey was made taking blood 
A5pJj1weredas. which showed that A marpnale and Babesia bi
nd to be reval
gernina
ANNEX2L LIVESTOCK
smears -in 24 ^ Qre moderately
r.T* W
werC
f°u .
7 A p “T bu’they Were not ofa pathogenic
Acl11 Anortant result of this work relates to the absence (at the time of the survev) of
parva and the tick which carries it, /?. appendiculate,
This agent is
° ECF, which is a major and iatal disease throughout East Africa With the
r
r Ansib|ij! j movement of cattle across the borders with Kenya and Sudan, its introduction 
AritTCt very serious consequences, is a major hazard The tick species. BoopMu,
ntfo ^.^ntroduced into Gambela during the 1980’s and the view is expressed that it is
Eth
Wa^ before ECF is introduced, unless strong precautions are taken The
cflly ort also makes the important observation that as tsetse control is implemented in 
a
AMPCO f Leas- this will enable livestock in general and cattle-in particular, to move into
re
501
* ® wider front In other words, a longer length of border is exposed to the ingress
v ij J
a
E*- eci livestock, so increasing the risks of the introduction of new vectors and new
AA
*
of
dtseases
2<,/ Infectious Diseases
The \RDCO report contains much information on animal disease from a number of weredas The data are not analysed and it is therefore difficult to understand the pattern of importance ud frequency of the different diseases. In the ‘review ’ on p. 98. pasteurellosis, anthrax, and blackleg are recorded as the most frequent diseases in the Upper Basin, although the accuracy of identification is questioned as a result of inadequate equipment at the veterinary clinics. In Sjrses. African horse sickness and lymphangytis is frequently reported Poultry are reported to suffer heavy mortality at times but the disease in not identified - vaccination against Newcastle Disease is not reported
Vaccination is carried out against pasteurellosis, anthrax and blackleg in response to reported outbreaks Vaccination programmes are being maintained against rinderpest and contagious taine pleuro’pneumortia (CBPP) In the case of rinderpest, the Pan African Rinderpest
baSbeen ’n operat’on jn Ethiopia and other countries in .Africa since the late 1980‘s
? n the Basin, the programme is well advanced and in only two areas are vaccinations still tfina carried
‘ °Utroutlncly These remaining places are Maji in SPAR and in Gambela Region, surround’ng cordons sanitairES in each case Remoteness and ingress of
re-over tbe Sudan border are making continuation of the programme in these areas
Unito^ijbe ’v eter’nary Department, through the regional Veterinary Centre at Bedelte,
A Ve' oE antibodies in blood samples of cattle to ensure that the acceptable level of 'J O'- Qi
out ’ •°%ISmaintained111 to herds in all parts of the Basin This monitoring work is
■ ?run/ f Q*
m^erijent
|y f vaccination programme
o
p 11,nton,/ Parasites
poliajis
to common, especially in the Gambela Plain The level A natit cauIvers me abattKk is relatively high. Gastro-intestinal parasites are an
5e of malaise especially in the wet season and with young animals
2L-311 U RAL RESOURCES
2.5.6 Other Causes of Loss
In addition to diseases, heavy losses of livestock are reported ft
plant poisoning, especially during the dry season when forage is sea? other Caus«i, io- and theft. Additional fatality and morbidity also reportedly occur a Predat’°n bv and shortage of trace elements.
O -ce;
aresu'l Qf p00r
-Mr.’
-
’W.r4
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river
Basin Integrated Develop A’ANNEX2L LATSTOCK
J.
JJ
SECTOR INSTTrilTIONS
Government Service,
ft-
1
z Centra government MO A
A1 government services for agriculture used to be d -®
^culture (MOA) at national level With the^m V"* rhe contrQ’of the v< • throughout the country, this has changed
.culturalbureaux Thur p^ecssis 8“„ we advanced although
-amstry
autonomy
d eVo|vS K~the7e®" ’[
ajionX"o
. ’lived ^urt^er derails are provided i„ A„„n
3QJ ’h”’ «’ «iH some
At the national level there is in general one technical specialist for each discing tk« 
Responsible for national policy planning and programming In addition these sJL 1OA
ivadabJe io assist the staff at regional level if they' are called upon to do so P
s
ead isT§
Certain services such as veterinary drug supply and vaccine nmA™,r
ant/ol Disease surveillance has been devolved to regional £d bu/riX"A
——n der central
centrdlise this function again 
5
’ OuT Uiere arc mQves to
The central MOA has three technical departments, including the Department of Livestock and Fishery Resources Development There are five teams in the department.
♦ Veterinary
' Animal breeding and nutrition
4
Animal and animal product quarantine and inspection *
Fishery development
«
Rangeland development
Tie Animal Breeding and Nutrition Team wont in the next section.
comprises the following seven disciplines, that are
Apiculture
Hide and Skin
Poultry
Breeding
Nutrition
Dairy
Sheep and Goat Development
Baro-AJcobo river Basin Integrated Development Master PUnNATURAL RESOURCES
3J 2
,
Reg'ona! Ag
AN *EX 2L
the control egional administrations, in respect of
r
,on
al'
e re re
J ted at each regional and ■
-utrition
J.
! officerAare ^feep/goat develo^<?rage P °
r
duce tafa
A ed. animal n .
stennary 
mcnV y
Many of these are
and
establisheS&Wrtef ^ ^ated at each
centres of livestock
3 J 3 Artificial Breeding Services
. r ttlP sheen and goats is almost entirely by natural service. An
e
_1
and
• *6}
Breeding of cattle s P cattlservice for
is in operationhIS controlled by the Anfci
insemination (Al) H s Insemination Centre and
1995, it performedaboAl I ’
in Addis where about- Jersey The service is avadao ’ service is established there
un det the Livestock Department at the Central MOA level fa
1 000 inseminations,(29,000 including repeats). The main come 3 KtCbTseme11 collection most are Holstein with
40
bull^ pgfrtsoofla’ Amhara. SEP AR (renamed SNNPI^
e
It is not available in any pan of the Basin at present, but * tsenshangul ^as requestecL perhaps over-opunusucaHy..that fat
3.1.4 Livestock Research
Research in Ethiopia is
under the
control
of an autonomous Institute
of Agnculturil
Resers
(I.AR) ■ There are some
subcentres
within 
the Basin, but none are
involved with 
fotstod
research The National Livestock Research Centre at Holetta and the Bako Research Carre undertake research appropriate for the Highland and Midland agro-ecologici ms respectively As the Upper Basin is partly in the Midland agro zone, research there s particularly relevant to the upper project area However, research at both centres is in xaeil of interest in respect of livestock and forage development in the Basin.
3.1.5 National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre (NTT1CQ
This centre is located at Bedelle on the margin of the Basin, and is responsible for ictim* this field at the national level. However, in fact it is mainly concerned with the Sou 
the country where most of the tsetse infested areas are found This centre also pMi HQ for PARC (Pan African Rinderpest Campaign), which now covers an area tnat > larger than the Basin.
3.1.6 Wereda and Zonal Municipalities
These authorities have four main functions in respect of the livestock industry .
” J
ibo>i d
’don
• ifjlr*
■ nrried by w’ - * 3"'"
• control of slaughter facilities. A veterinary officer is acco bureau for meat inspection
• organisation of livestock markets
• the collection of taxes and fees for these services disposal of dead animals
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin
Integrated Develop A>en’y orr Government Organisations
A
. j, y fenschenfur Menschen
& sGO has been active in the jcd
area
\’ stageP °
r
duCt-
deVelopmc”> ™
m „luM-
a P'cu/rurc Tf, *Qr !r! many
C Unties
are
222 MO
fte Sudanese Uduk pastoralists have been
„ refugees for many years UNHCR js
^ernporarily settled « Rrt
control programme has been
™^tSby fc •»
8 aiPPOn
m
R '®»"
(2 J Other NGOs
AA
'" 'Junction w cattlejpg
hfc
DEO a! Asosa,.and ACCORD., in-,. Gambcdla are. reported to be involved in livestock dr.elopment, including training, mobile clinics ana forage improvement
11
s(i g b;
:
’ro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develop meat
Muter PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
4. SECTOR CONSTRAINTS AND TARGETS
4.1 Constraints to Livestock Development
4.1.1 Animal Feed Supply
The seasonally warm and humid climate of both the Upper and Lower B '
rate of biomass production, perhaps as much as 25 kg DM per day in th’’1
areas. However, in spite of this, livestock frequently have insufficient feed’ 'dT 6wou’»* hard to attain a basic level of nutrition The reasons are.
vegetative growth is seasonal in the north-east of the basin, there ar
rainy seasons In the south these progressively merge to give an extendi’A"
A
35
-Jvetowjtj
from about February to December in Shekicho Zone with an annual rainM -'T’
2500mm This situation gives rise to a seasonal forage supply
feed availability is also affected by seasonal flooding in the Lower Basin
the area of grazing is declining as more and more pastures are ploughed t •-
cropping, to provide for the growing population
crop residues are not collected and stored for animal feed as they are in the nice intensively farmed areas of the Highlands
the cultivation of forage for livestock is not yet developed, although this techwkigy is being introduced in many areas
the value of other by products for animal feed are not recognised
the burden of intestinal parasites increases the effective nutrient recuiremecu cf livestock
4.1.2 Animal disease
The livestock of the Basin are afflicted by numerous diseases Trypanosomiasis is ewa* throughout much of the Basin up to an altitude of about 1900m It is the main factor ua
ura
death and debility’, and is the main constraint to the efficacy of ox ploughing.
erA A
g j.
Pasteurellosis, blackquarter and anthrax occur sporadically and cause heavs loA, is at present under control as a result of the PARC programme only two out
in the Basin in 1995 Contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia is a serious especially in W.Welega. In addition, tick borne diseases, especially parasites, notably fascioliasis (F. gigantica), cause severe losses of pro uc native stock have a marked degree of resistance.
The losses of poultry through mortality are up to 90%. This is thought to Newcastle Disease, fowl cholera and coccidiosis
• aft: r
i
_ «s occuntd
source '•*'
babesiosis
and
d> tion,
altW *
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development.ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
4
.^Health device*
J
p’’’ ’\rv services are staffed by many dedicated professionals. However [f]c
fv Mfermous and the resources available for it are, in most areas, inadequate There S^^clr. mans we red a centres (Volume IV) and livestock are walked for u to SO 10
ifff device There is an ongoing need to intensify the veterinary service in terms of staff r ec**’e supply, transport (vehicles, bikes and mules) and training
. livestock extension services
i J -■*“ situation applies as with the veterinary' services. It is also necessan to provide ■ Hit -sime to serve m the more remote areas
incentives -
j J’J /*/*" Supples
A
task facing
- km
t suppiy of veterinary drugs,- vaccines ‘Equate The Central Veterinary Service
inputs It appAs that corruption plays a uplies particularly to trypanocidal drugs,
and laboratory reagents is sporadic and. in general
is responsible for the supply and despatch major part in the disruption of supply, for which fanners are desperate in the face of an
of
these
and 
this
jicitasing tsetse challenge Consignments of drugs are diverted to areas that are not affected by rypanosomiasis: these drugs then reappear on the private market, and worse still they are
.jfien sold after dilution. This practice, and the use of unrecommended types is leading to Kwaung drug resistance among the trypanosome species
i Pie supply of forage seeds is at present handled by MOA As the demand increases (hopefully) the organisation of supply will require attention to ensure seeds are available when required.
i-l.t Draught Power Technology
p* traditional plough is the only implement that is in general use Its design is based on Lhe hx and it u dragged through the soil without inverting the ftinow While respecting local -Tsfoins and conditions, there is little doubt that improvements to the design could be made AA fr implements developed for harrowing, sowing and weeding. See also the Agriculture
• 21
42 The Present Situation
fee,
the Rae
1 CDnspfli, * 
^qu
nasui contains over 2 million cattle and nearly 1 million sheep and goats. .As
A<, flopiHeCnAe ^sectoral constracions ntstraints A T Scusse(l elsewhere in this
'• « own^j
feudal fa 3rld t0 feb&iomy of the
?artiA| j. Th 1 Ver?' large
a
increase in
listed above and the general problems of
study, the contribution of the sector to the welfare ot country in general is low. There is a technical productivity of livestock in general and cattje in
thtre(g)lisatinn
s
r ociai, culture, anj structural constraints to change are a major limitation to
e
M of (his potential
T S-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develops™ 1 Master Plan
A
2L-37NATURAL RESOURCES
4.3 Sector Targets
43.1 Government Objectives for the Rural Sector
Th e Government has set country In respect of agnctJ
• smallholder agneu
I
* OTure ^^tocFand^
r
of
lture is the mainstayrftheeconom^’anc^therefa’■
resources
dements are
4*
• priority in the allocatron o -
- i.
ral roducts will be
will
. accorded prionty m the mdusM
the processing of agncul^^Qg^^Q^ a cOroversial issue- For the ume being h v® rtc?
feceiv.
setter
Estate ownersnip, but “"’®" . these ri^i^toGi^or her mhentors
. d ownership is
” hts to its utilisation will be securely vested **,
^PdJgkor agrr
’ cultural dpr^nd the Producer wil1 be tMeteet
products wherever he wdl.
taxation of smallholders will be rationalised, and collected at the local level
any resettlement will be entirely voluntary, and every consideration will be gntn to tl affected parties This also applies to the movement of dispersed communitiesin-c villages, ’
• support will be accorded for private investment in commercial agnculture and livestock production
• state farms will be investigated to determine the reasons for their unprofiubilitv win view to making them profitable. Unprofitable ones will be either given over to ibt workers, or to those who live in the area If this is not possible, they will be sold ct leased to private investors, or a failing that, the assets will be sold off and the ltd given back to the local people for subsistence farming
4.3.2 General Objectivesfor ,he Lives ock
,
Sector
6‘ ne main objective of the s tor is t through better nutrition 
more meat In the Upper Basin whlT i lng ’n more effective oxpower, more mlk,r J
f veme
andAedthcAe’TeAh—1’1 ofthe productiv”y of the cnstnz tea
year, this implies a halt
to the further -J* Estock feed applies are
term It is accepted that such a rest™ PaflsSn °{ihe herds, at least
limited for much of tit
in the short to medic
achieve in practice If health care h ° *°?' °^ lAe *ncrease in size of herds will be diScidr w
will increase rapidly unless
nutrition are radically improved, it is likely that nurtet
) mess the need for some form of control is accepted
taouiditaiikelgfto objective the _ main” «cent,ve ,s ^
t e fact t^at a reduction in livestock r.umk’-
difficult to get owners tn anT *« j^ >
ce
nthe S’-055 output of power, milk and mex 11J
source of cash, and second]06*” ’Ogi&,because th^Sso regard their animals as if*’
cases
j
essic^
matrimonial purposes (bndeprice)3
y, as
prestigious asset’ 40(i msoroe«3,1
possibility^ in thaHArigaled ’XT31']!’^ of . Hvestock product’on
and .mgated &
However, ifis not considered tha h would be viable or
A COntnAuteto hvestock feed, tn .the form ot c P
^
ue ^ash°Jrop^ati°n for
fodder production 15 P
1 AMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated DoelopmeniA SOURCES
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
•
al practice of selling -nimals at that- peak value and then swing the cash in a
« AtenttffPc accepted in a traditional sating Inducement is required to get ormers 10 > act ice, Aen if large ■"« « required at the outset 1„ rlspest o7w
jopt ^P^f assets of status in t e form of1 livestock, a change in the cultural outlook will ' _cunKJAl(^„ but such a change should be adopted as a long term objective
...
if a policy of increasing livestock productivity through improving heaiih, feed K eVCn is adopted, some method of control of livestock numbers will be essential If it js jrd AXthusian principle will apply, and animal numbers will inexorably rise initially in >il ,ftc“the improvements in health and nutrition In this situation, animal production will respo*^°« and may well decrease as the feed base is progressively destroyed and soils are nor incr^ ’
JS is happCllinS ’n So m3nyP3rtS of Elhiopia today
•^no eaA s°lut*ont0 lAs Prob‘ern However, if individual communities are going to be
j through substantial new investment in animal health, nutrition and extension services,
j & should be re<iuircci in respcci of
iaicm& responsibility for the care of their
1 7ana forest resources In other words, a community resource management contract should 
l^refflk0 ensure ^at an improvement of services does not lead directly to more livestock,
reduced production and further degradation of natural resources
4 j j Specific Objectives of the Livestock Sector
There are two main agricultural systems in the Upper Basin firstly perennial cropping, mainly coffee, ensete and chat (Caiha edulis) and secondly annual cropping with livestock There arc agnificant advantages of the perennial systems in respect of profits, crop storage, soil conservation and ease of marketing. However, the annual cropping system offers most ippcmjmty for improvement through the greater integration of crops and livestock At present, the synergies of the crop and livestock enterprises are not fully exploited oxen provide the power for cultivation, some crop residues are consumed by livestock and some of the manure is used on the crop land The integration of forage production with annual -opping in a permanent, settled, sustainable and individual system is the long-term aim for Jgricikure in much of the Upper Basin There will remain some communal grazing lands that
ur some reason are not available for annual cropping through soil or water conditions The ’
AA
* ement of this communal grazing present special problems which will be considered later
<4
Strategies for Change
s
yfre/i*en*rt£ of Government Services
56 filing,
A the ttcA/evt^'owth and strengthening of Government services is the primary requirement ’ -ement of these objectives. These services include:
edu cation
r
‘ pnmary and secondary, especially ot women 8 at the technical level for staff and for farmers
A Onserviees
health and
other services to the livestock industry
TAM!'VLGAa„>Akobn river Integrated Develqjj^gt Master
2L-39
PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
4.4.2 F*rivale Sector
aY pan of a ~ private
*Nnex 2l
i
”>
ftomTdistot
!~Xock owners, the P There are danger . whose objective is to ?nafe9ivever An
? nroved farming system . or \oCaJ f
as ncu\tura\ deveiopmenlRSfShe
st
0
Iiotafiy A^dis^wri 5FnX a^^con^iSution^rli^^the other hand, an iRelbfientA Id lead to accelerated erosion of the
*
Quick
Imteafi, lb^jpeHsnritted, to 
community could play a positive role in
the ef&ntopgehmgqdevelopment
of his
f “™ «* btt
<
i
The Government should encourage businessmen to exploit commercial odd providing advice and assistance and perhaps organising a joint
proposed for the production of improved layer stock in the Basin (para S 6 2) ** PP’
venture
a
oackl ■»
1’aou^:
v
Many local businessmen generate substantial profits through trading in the smai
throughout the Basin Much of this capital is invested in Addis Ababa, and so the
economy is deprived of this source of new investment. Incentives are required to addr ’ situation and encourage local reinvestment of such funds
4.4.3 The Place of NGOs
NGOs play an important role in providing services and relief in many pans
also play an important part in the process of change There are several
respect of the role of NGOs in the future of the Basin
• they tend to work somewhat independently of official services. There are seen! reasons for this—the main one is the need to produce visible results in the shon term
• they pay much higher salaries than government, and therefore attract experienced staff from the Government services As a result of the loss of
staff, the vision of Government, and its policies and plans for the long term
at least compromised, while the management of the NGOs is strengthened most NGOs are independent and therefore cany a significant overhead cost load
tssths
of the country the,
points to
consider’ r
the man these seder
are lest er
NGOs, (as are missions and some government departments,) are regarded by finren as a source of free handouts. This attitude is in the long term counter-proto®
7
services should be charged for whenever possible, even if
cover a part of the cost.
Some agencies are adopting a policy of directly supporting the implementator " plans of regional governments, through providing staff or logistical support, be commended and encouraged as it addresses to some extent, the problems i
4.4.4 Retired technica ’
some subsidy is true,
£ thecficitl
• trenc3" listed
status.
Government Z?^C Africa, the nmftxq • 
jyccs at a high
of fftrmmg
and other
jffeprfi^?s3n<H?ftl}^reicft'^,l<]a0awtgoveni resPected members afietni commit * 
■T
the rur t areas
untry as a whole Th exP^cncc of fam- staff >
'epresent an lmn & i°-^»i®fit q/We local
re un! to their places otcr-
• - •• 
— r
ortant vehicle tor th, ie introduction or ne*
•-PA comnmnb
ideas
TAMs
’ULG —Akobo river ■»,.< IntegrMed^^
AANNEX2L LIVESTOCK
. A,e situation is qwt' difftrenI on retirement n 55. officers go to the to™
,iibly Add ilf farming, is needed This wouIcrhelpTo raise the status of the industry to that
Ababa' ,nd“CemW,S ™°
” ”do 10
such
A°n
fnterrfl^ona^ Community and Food Security
,15 Tlu
r Auntries have Played a 5ubstan,iai role :n supporting the rural sector of Ethiopia,
W*** Tiring times of drought and food shortage. Intervention at these times through the
f od aid, although relieving the suffering at the time, often has the longer term effect
n -;’
rl0 d
- 4fi ^abilising the local market for grains in subsequent years Recently, the
cfundemy(^£) has demonstrated how yields can be increased by more than 200% to
SGo wfte apphcatioH of modem technology' supported by effective and intense extension 
>9°*Y services This success also demonstrated that in the face of such surpluses, the
\ "'of grain crops are likely to fall dramatically leading to the disillusionment of farmers,
prices
face of such a dramatic fall at harvests in 1995, the government introduced a nominal
lr ' fl°or price f° maize of 70 Birr/qt. However, owing to the lack of infrastructure to 
r
A
t >on the initiative, only a few farmers in favoured situations benefited from the guaranteed 
price.
The Long term food security of the country requires international cooperation on a continuous var by year basis in an integrated way. A guaranteed floor price for grains would be instituted, whereby if the free market grain price fell below the threshold, an official buying 7 rmmme would start Such a programme would be underpinned financially by the iremalional community, and would be supported with the necessary infrastructure for storage, incorporating the facilities of both the RRC (now renamed the Disaster Prevention tad Preparedness Commission) and the Grain Board, Official buying centres and transport
I arrangements, using as far as possible the private sector, would be organised
IA
i*h the successful implementation of this proposal, it can be anticipated that the tanners of
Etnopja will build up confidence in the grain market, al the same time as stocks of locally aucca (g)ra*ns buifOp meet locatshortages that can be expected to occur as a result
I ejthe°’jA OA
^ Actors. It is anticipated that the need to import foreign grain will be
ri
•»
I greatly reduced or eliminated altogether.
. this
Mamem sIrategv- is strictly outside the confines of the livestock sector, ctntralp^ °f Panning policy that affects the entire rural sector of which
4 nny «
A inr, *"**]£> f°r change
it represents
a
livestock are
a
k
a PProach directed to the more effective channelling of agncultuml assistance
A ’*ten rurJ Countries has recently been proposed This proposal involves a direct i wirn ^rtWnS communities in an overseas country and a host country, sue as
"Native i; u^
n Ae direct involvement of governments. It is envisaged t at Ac
cO uld be permanent, and involve the exchange of people etween e
Vuk
h
h a
J -ULG Biro Akobo river Baaifl Integrated Development Matter Plan
AA
IL--41NATUR
AL
 RESOURCES
ANNE
X 2L
groups
for
mutual benefits,
which 
would 
include
technical
innovation,
education,
recreation 
Ethi
opia would appear to 
lend itself we
ll to a pil
ot for such 
an initiative '
8
•
iJUteLo*" Basin
4.4.7 Strategy for range an
The development of rangeland «nmtgh .
• intervention has proved over the last M yT0Wk(
has been a complete
Su <x ss- Mrae
e
Th ° J
No rangeland project
rc stn cte^to improvements tn infrastructure^ve been *
“X'XT Xnd the achi \£^gft
c
en g£ o'fdLeland development projects in other parts
sectton. me • as follows:
, U
Firstly, the people who p ‘
mai’ Xons for disappointing results wnh such p.o,A
n
.„
ossess tfre rangeland destined for intervention have not been invohej ’ and the execution of the project In retroanalysu, it has oft®
enough in both the pianmngobjectives of the pastoralists, or beneficiaries as they are presumptuxsl,
f rom those wn Secondly, the timescale ot tn p j ^ the
n
cannot allow enough time to 
]&Xed and attempted to execute the project
«?efflnm 5 years ec ^ term with a rolling plan that reviewj^continually w
$a^ AW$ynyh&$<p?3
a
sar y If the main o- of the project is to attain an economic rem
in the short term, experience has shown
likely
that if is -o fail
Thirdly, a successful project requires a strong social organisation of the pastoralists ui puterc associations or similar groups. Ideally, this organisation should be based on the traditicta hierarchical structure
Fourthly, a project should address as far as possible the other productive activities of the pastoralist in an integrated way In general and for several reasons, pastoralists arc become more involved in crop production this is particularly so in South Omo, where it is reponecto account for about 30% of food energy requirements O.ther related activities, such asfslrs-. honey production and gathering of wild produce should be considered They are an impenit element of proven acceptability in the whole production system, and they may offer sound opportunities for improvement They, tend to be totally sustainable, and offer a possible new of relieving the pressure of both cattle and people on the rangeland
Fifthly, a project should be designed so that the pastoralists are motivated to partidpMeK prospect of getting long term benefits, rather than short term handouts
A
TAMS-TJLG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develop "
2L-421
00
jjvei^ k Grazing La”*
15 - Forage Supply and Other Feed Resources
‘’J . Grazing 
xpi' °
and A w
mrrtds in ihe use and availability of pastures
se is the main source of animal feed in the Basin in [he face of a general ? g Jtuman population and therefore of the cultivated area, the area of grazing 
I*nJ is,fl ®en
A *s tfaditK>HLPr^zine Grounds are ploughed up. for cultivation for food crops resulting in , he reduction of pasture availability,
« I he length of the fallow period is reduced, and so there is less fallow land that can be
a n of Aabejpg progressively reduced This trend is manifested in several ways as
grazed)
• the number of years of continuous cropping before the next period of fallow is increased.
• r r> Il
Giving resources for livestock are being reduced as a result of this natural development, which in turn is likely to reduce the availability of effective draught oxen for cultivation. In the wre densely populated parts of the Highlands, this process is already well advanced, and fertiliser use has increased and permanent cropping systems have developed However, in laese areas, the farming system that has evolved is inadequate insofar as animal feed is, in general, in short supply The evolution of farming systems in the Basin must be directed in order to ensure that as intensification increases, balanced systems develop which avoid this problem of feed shortage.
h die present A frsthe best
situation, pasture improvement and the intensification of pasture management means of increasing feed supplies for livestock in the short to medium term
S. i. 2. Pasture improvement
Remain opportunities for improvement are Better management of pastures in terms grazing and maintenance of fertility The introduction of herbageto
A jjcnal
appropriate stocking rates. °F
ffividual
home pastures u»_ipotogy fiegterrtw , cO„hll„4'“ graAgthe
ydf in y|fe jy been household plots of fanners and. secon y^ in ^Ifeady been 
a(
and the support services for tedhjs hicWp4l£eBavc
■ npi
Rnesth Livestock Development Project k -M-Ur
but not in the Basin Many forage species and van
~
‘ Highland
. and n several
W were tested
n
.
WWWf spp 
‘
Desmodlum iniortujn,
S-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development MasterPlan
2L-43>
NATURAL RESOURCES
5,1.3 The Use of Forage Plants
The introduction and extension of forage plants for cutting and feed’
can make a great contribution to the level of livestock nutrition 
seasons The FLDP has been doing this in neighbouring areas andVAA dunn8 
' ng in the hou*hold j
’ CS
r.o;
there appear to have been planting material in surplus to the needs of th P
s
cCles of *hirb 
—ee
introduced to areas adjoining the project area The species are grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and tree lucerne (Tagasanthe shrub legume Sesbania spp and to a lesser extent, Leucaena
introduced to several areas of the Basin for fodder
The planting of forage species, especially the large species and the leRuminn 
e inain oj*
pr t
or
cowpea (V
Chan,
'lepra-
dr,
Were
ae <ynsus
lett , ,
coc ephala
S ppi The '
has
along the contour bunds of the cultivated 
fields is a well
soil and combating erosion. Sesbania is particularly suitable for
2000m it protects and nitrifies the soil as
well and providing
urgent need for such soil conservation measures to be applied susceptible soils.
The practice of planting Sesbania as a cover crop for coffee is increasing W management of the shrub for this purpose differs from that of fodder production tfe applications are not incompatible.
5.7.4 Communal grazing of the Upper Basin
proven - techniqueA?-m ** this in situjf 5x11 ectuAthe
feed for livett'T UP’OA
o>
or enforced T Thee “r Particularly oaux
In the section addressing the strategy for development of integrated systems of farming, the long-term objective of enclosing communal grazing for individual mixed farming' wu emphasised However, it is recognised that some communal grazing, by nature of soil or water conditions will remain unsuitable for cultivation in any circumstances This grazing nt addressed in this section
The introduction of management controls are
a prerequisite for the successful
any improvement to the productivity of grasslands Such, controls are difficult
introduction to apply,
are more like;
of
ud
for to is the
this reason, interventions in this field that are directed at the home pastures be successfur. When the benefits of the technique are apparent on the plots
more likely that it could be successfully introduced to the communal pastures
short term, a simple innovation that could 
be introduced into the L
communal pastures concerns the points of access for livestock to these pastures
lanes tend to become denuded of vegetation, so predisposing the land 
agreement to alternate the
points of access would avoid this
problem,
of individual i r
. AoWtAr’ £ 
managed
These
p-e
?n<! poK^.
erosive effects The successful implementation of this simple exp
association could predicate
their ability to work together in
the
edient bv *
• demenution of«
imp
comprehensive management plan for their pasture
Certain conditions would need to be fulfilled and agreements made be implemented These conditions are:
• the availability of a substantial area of communal pasture lan
available for a period of at least ten years,
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Devdopn*”1A SOURCES
ccp
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK tance by all members of the association and any other involved parties (ha
th* aC
r
thc p 1 iptance that it would be fully participatory.
ec! uculd extend over al least ten years,
s’
*
JC
tfial and tcstl°s of
new ideas
fOr improverT,ent of livestock production
*
manned This production of
rh
I
£ project would be monitored and basic records would be
oXnng eradiation would be based as far as possible on the
A
f ock products rather than pasture yields.
j^-qpes that would be tested and implemented could include the following: 'eL the control of grazing by rotation
r
lhe agreed limitation of the numbers of grazing stock if this was found to be necessary.:
the
oversow n
^ g °f communal pasture with herbage legumes
. the use of phosphate fertiliser
. surface land drainage
</.} Rangelands of the Lower Basin
I The rangelands of the Gambella Plain provide an abundant supply of grazing for livestock, particularly since the almost complete disappearance of wild herbivores The utilisation of this resource is difficult as a result of the seasonally of feed supply, tseise infestation and fctations imposed by water supplies in the dry season. These three technical constraints nuld be addressed with the participation of the livestock . However, the migrant nature of the nerds, the difficulty of communication and the relatively remote markets for livestock would 
jircde successful intervention The regional government are addressing these problems resolutely
The ARDCO reports extensive areas of savannah lands that are particularly under-utilised in Awsa and in Guraferda, which, although they' have been degraded through excessive burning,
potential for livestock development; tsetse control measures would be a prerequisite ^zings are ofthfCerApes firstly, lands that have never been cultivated These are
A tn T ’molded d
ra nage or are in remote areas. Secondly, old croplands that have i
fee- °'^ These are often similar in composition to the native pastures, although a cten^^1'0" WeCd scrub is often apparent Thirdly, during (lie dry season, animals
within the forests and plantati ons.
r
resources
*”h the jJannUaJCro
P ¥ wereda recorded for 1994 are set out in Appendix 5, together
sb
and production of grain and residue An assessment oi the total
by Mq * 
™E) and digestible crude protein (DCP), according to coefficients
^ sin, whe Is^aA*° Eluded In the intensively farmed areas of the Highlands outside
A
L. '"e Aetgy ^£TtUre land have been nearly eliminated, crop residue can account tor 80% I’$aTl estimnt! °H*vestock In the Lower Basin, the proportion is negligible in the Cpper
the u"fccd5%t0 10% is provided by this source However, this proportion will mteAity of cultivation rises
———---------- —------------------- -----------------’ "
TS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Mister Pl»nNATURAL RESOURCES
------------- —----------- -------- -------------------- --- __ANNEX IL LIVESTOtx
There are several techniques available for the treatment of residues in order digestibility and nutritive value for livestock feed These treatments could beccA0 ’ P
m
roVe the
in the future, and field trials with both physical and chemical treatments should
The brewery residue (brewers’ grains) from the factory at Bedelle is as yet no 
Intervention through extension should be made to encourage small fanners and 
to utilise it, and private traders should be assisted to commercialise the by-product0 fanntn
5.2 Opportunities for the Control of Disease
5.2.1 Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control
5.2.1.1 General
This is the main constraint to productive livestock husbandry in the Basin In Section 
progress of research into the disease and its vector was examined, As a result of mOn-
of research it is now possible to control the fly effectively and cheaply: in Kenya it is
that owners themselves are using the technique successfully It is necessary to enipo*et
farmers in the Basin to control the fly in selected areas, with full consideration of otbc
interests such as wildlife and forestry
Before embarking on a control programme, the following factors need consideration
the eradication of tsetse can endanger wildlife (see Section 2.5.2 2)
eradication is not an end in itself: it should be followed by assertive intervention for livestock improvement
the fly can easily recolonise a cleared area unless care is taken it is important to select an area for clearance that can be ‘defended’
t fij|V
pnvat
2.
years
•epon.ei
against reinvasion
If the selected area is bounded mainly by tsetse free territory, this will be more Lkdy to be successful
5.2.1.2 Selection of an area suitable for control eradication
Up to date maps of tsetse distribution are a prerequisite for planning a programme, so that defensible areas are selected Where such a site
identified, the following steps are taken:
• survey of the distribution of the fly and trypanosome
• survey of land suitability for agriculture or livestock
• collection of socio-economic data for previous years on population and actwib
general . ccn^io. or sites
5.2.1.3 Costs of survey
Such a survey is at present carried out by staff of NTTICC, but in be extended to the zones The preliminary survey takes 30 to 40 days
following costs
tsetse control officer ;1 @ 50 bin per day incl per diem technicians: 3 @ 45
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development
the tu • and compnses -
2,000
5,400
M.jter ?,inpjsotnK-t,A
dfver'
d runni^ °
costs f vehicle for 40 days
foelan TOTAL
w uM coverabOu' J.00 km’ B‘w 3 “S1 of *»« 11» Birr per km> -n,.
ANNEX2L LIVESTOCK
I, 400
2,250
II, 050 Birr
3 *X. B. terms of tsetse fl.es caught pet trap per day. if the figure is ny^ 4
, Mr
> *“Lwne of vector (fly) control ts appropnate If it is les. fc •
prophylactic use
«
nl ’Xdntgsis considered to be the best policy at present This judgement is affected by 
*-JL^bility of supply and the price of drugs.
J>ai'e"Bi-
...afattso/A'A0"°"
r’ j ■
are three methods of control:
t|v targets impregnated with Deltamethrin
I'^tetsp er km , and impregnation is required about 6 times per year (based on once in 
ity SI gr
■ c j months, thereafter every three months in the dry season and every month in the wet). Slilit of20% Deltamethrin can impregnate 50 targets once at a cosi of USD 245.20 per
.7 The approximate costs in Birr per km are as follows lirfc
J
3
2
$ targets at 50 Birr
250
Q 6 litres chemical US 147, equivalent to 
956
supervision for 18 months
50
Total cost for 18 months control period 
1,256
?-erufter 2 technicians at a cost of 50 Birr per man-day are required indefinitely to supervise lhe monitoring of 100 km2
Secondly, using 1% solution Deltamethrin (Spot-on)
ni '4S applied as a ‘pour-on’ on the backs of cattle, al a frequency of once for three months -nd them monthly (equivalent to 6 times in lhe first year and 4 in the subsequent one, by which tnt ih
k ,eA’ population will be reduced to a low level. It is applied at the rate 1ml per 10 kg 
L
- ght at a cost of J25 per TBirgives for a 250 kg animal of 50 Birr in
6 m <arand
y 33 Birr in the second year
,raps without chemical
sts are those for the traps and for supervision, per km2
L’X® °h
s
m
Per%,sjo . |ess than
n
of
.5 The IQj-pperVision based
su
^*Qhc°ftnak‘i
PrO cctbas
j
250 Birr
50
^Stigures supplied by NTTICQ using their professional reduced greatly this cost through the training of local tanners in
n g. erecting and maintaining*the traps
2L-47NATURAL RESOURCES
5.2.1.5 Tsetse control Conclusion
The tsetse control technique of using targets alone (third paraeranh k „
ANNEX2L
9
A eaA
most appropriate for application in the Basin. Training of farm re °}’ 2 PP 3 to h. T
aspects of the technique is required. Furthermore, adaptation throu hkj7
R
wsuff" U £ 
ead to improvement The advice of NTTICC should be made avS A
local initiatives
5.2.2 Veterinary services
These services should be extended and strengthened so that bv th,*------------ targets are met
liable for the
cx P*nenQ ..
A PPon of
•”* y?T200o h
t e follow,.,
at least one grade one clinic in each wereda, with a diagnostic i k
veterinary officer in charge, supported by at least one. vet assistant 3 °/aiOr' «d. lab staff Equipment should comprise one car, one bike and 4 mules *chnicians 2
• subclinics, staffed with one technician and a mule These should b centres in such a way as to serve 7,000 to 10,000 cattle
-
. t
4
' esubl,sh«i i
5
and
wereda staff would be supported as and when .
a salary of 300 Birr per month 
• cattle should be located no further than 30 km from a sub-clinic
required by trained peasant n. .• ,, , . ,
pJ
’
diagnostic work should as far as possible be conducted at the wereda laboruory 
Regional
Veterinary Centre
should be equipped 
to 
provide essential
weredas
for diagnosis and 
control programmes,
as
well as genera!
back-up to surveillance
ibt
ths
mo
training functions
5.2.3 Drug Supplies
The supply of drugs, vaccines and lab reagents to the field centres was universally reported to be a problem. The main reason for this seems diversion for sale through the private $ea« This is an old and difficult problem, and furthermore, some of the supplies of drugs ate vaccines are diluted which not only reduces their effectiveness, but also leads to the development of resistance by the pathogens At Dembidollo., it was reported that
• 80% of the drugs were supplied (and administered) through the Department
• 10% supplied by private vet
• 10% bought from merchants and administered by the farmers
The recently introduced policy of government to license private
the situation However, it is important that they are monitored to ensure t at rules and do not for example sell drugs without administering themtHcraA’ distribution of simple livestock remedies through private merchants is a of dangerous drugs and vaccines is not The organisation of drag supp,A review, together with that of the Central Veterinary Service in
structure.
5.2.4 Herbal remedies
Recent research has demonstrated the value of several diseases of humans, plants and animals At the University o
vets
is
an attOTpt ”
A AA
fr they <
jres Sinu^’6e
eptable.
jv requires adttaJ -
s
A il
re
a 10
indigenous a
f Addis A
1 heW "
, mth®coCBJ' * nts
a, the val'-i®A
A faster
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develop®**bE
sources
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
B a moiluscieide has b«n sboOT te applied
4* - ^„„ol of the «®l> wtech ”« "”'0'™* •» bwmissioa of Kh
IIIMOImM1 s
"
5 * H” nail <hM » the intennedi« host of the liver fluke.
e
' ite of '
Wch b
-
eS
affects «rth — - „
d
A
Ip1 d Ap’ored Th’S Py^ ” major imPOrtajlCe in th’ Bliin_ “d Pa Y
A
Jid na Plain: it «« reported by a meat inspector that all cattle liven were affected
*iJG«i”bc
if e
(he neem tree (A^dirachta ind.ca) is attracting the attention of researchers as it 5 A “e azadirac^jp which'is a very effective insecticide agunst a vanetv of
Aces i s al^c^v^y useful for timber and shade, grows particularly well at Gambelli piistr'*-*
A ff fAni f”a ’He ft ffh
r
, pests
r
v
4 ’ staff arc trained outside the Basin There is a need for courses in animal health for
’■"'Aor para-vets and for junior staff to be conducted at wereda level. There are only four
AA inine centres in the whole Basin. Facibnes for farmer training in every wereda
forby heyOT200°
JJ Lheskrfk Water Supplies
jut/ Upper Basin
[nestock, in general, take water from pools in the rainy seasons, and from streams and rivers tthe dry season Using rivers has the following disadvantages
' they are exposed to diseases notably trypanosomiasis, as some of the species of the tsetse fly vector are associated with rivers,
* cattle are exposed to internal parasite infestation,
walking long distances consumes energy resources of the animals
recognising thadHkarcwrgoir^ng|lliafc
is of primary
use is
AA
P ince, consideration should be given to the needs of cattle, When a source for human 
fnea
A ^8iWtef® (Hcri^®(teish®eM)bk Hiunr[d)baledc6inp<iidtcal.wnyitikrht T>sVh}stipplhi$th supplies
r
acceptable jiygmngs.tainak0dKfcfiksca rdsutbtisifitiaeiiinmstailiatecan.cattle are protected froiii
ifetilik?1’1?8*8’ A’s can be °f inestimable value in terms of more live and healthy cattle, that v Plough and produce efficiently
j,
Sj '2 Wrferrgjo.
»rcesfor livestock in the Lower Basin
A Sthe dJ, AaSin> Avestock are compelled to move to the vicinity' of rivers and streams
fron/ ?
s
asoris' In order to extend the period during which grazing resources that are
J?* Would Ca beot?ioi,ed’ additional water points could be established. Shallow
5
0
r
? ^er levri V mostaPP opriate: these resemble natural depressions and retain water as
oh The d°PS maintain it for a period of weeks or up to the next inundation
2L-49NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX2L
5.4
Dr'
Extension Services
U ing the course of field visits, reports were made of the shortage of
the crop and animal sectors; this applies particularly at the levefofth 
associations In some cases, one extension worker is expected to farn’crs and fa
a5“TOns; a ratio of perhaps 3000 fanners to one extent ItT’" "p 10 “
wtth the fanner through the field staff is strengthened so that the man
technology that have been developed by government through heavy in 'yP“ ofa8hahJ‘
* •
y
iha,
ne
y 
a“^K6K "
a
duscdfOr’hebe"efl1 of
the f*
C
the
- -vestment over Z”
economy of a*
These new techniques include new forage plants, tsetse control tech™
poultry It is essential that farmers are supported fully with a visit at ’fl^**an<^iPROV« 
together with farmer meetings, and radio broadcasts
The target should be one livestock field extension worker for every 1000 
trained peasant assistants Incentives are required to encourage staff to serv’ * <nclud? ?
r
this incentive would be in cash or in some other form
At each wereda centre, a demonstration should be husbandry, with cattle, poultry and improved forage,
once P« month
cattJ,f
ne in HiraJ artu
established of improved li .•
-Jvestocr
5,5 Opportunities for Dairy Development
5.5.7 Small scale dairy'production
Local cows produce only 1 to demand for milk has pushed the
the edge of the Basin, a price of 3 Bin
2 litres
price up
per day In . some to 2 50 Birr per
of the larger towns the unsatisbtc
litre In Bedelle, which is located cc
is paid for unwatered milk. There is a
case fir strong
official support for improved dairy production.
Crossbreds between Holstein and the local Zebu have been introduced in the past In tsetse free areas in the Highlands, where feeding and management are good, this breed type an perhaps be justified with daily yields of 10 to 15 litres. Where conditions o nutnno»A environment are less favourable, crosses with Jerseys, or Borans are P ®
” ad
r
appropriate, and make better use of the fibrous feeds Furthermore, Aration forage is likely to generate more profit than one based on expensive o
A high proportion of mixed forages, with some grazing and cereals management with housing, disease prophylaxis, and parasite contro wo location near an urban centre with a market for milk would be requiir about 5-10 selected farmers could be supported with Ioans, livestoc advice .
The Animal Science Department of the Agricultural ResAA AHolst«°- undertaken cross breeding experiments since 1974 The sire r
Simmenthal the three dam breeds of Ethiopian origin are Bora ,
fevus fhighcug^^
would be used W-'
1 uJd be A
•^whesea^
k. credit, fa^“ds&
• Jene?’
Rarka and HORO
rAMS’-TniXTBar()-AI<oK6’river’'BasTh’InfegfateJ Deve vp
2L -50/,, ration of the general shortage ofdrauoh,
A on with LLIU.to research the *ppropn™ Ker
I pl tmik production The preliminary result®. 4hS( *ngtftfp$AA
e* was
» >**
...j[ cows for dJo*
* „ the feed supply is adequate' ^act» *(
“* 
. . 
/ unshed cows; one group working and the nth ** sh°*n tha*5 *' m
Jlrudeht almost equally The only diffe^n °l '*or/
n
an<^ j^° c&di’WjS^ilw
M up to 20 kg DM per day lt should be “ the ilK* both 
>I(I 'SJell
fe .ll
* *°^g.
jxdhiy ad lib and concentrates
no ’ed that this u^Pp^’Te ofm. 3 ranon w
problems in applying these results on the small peasant farm Firstly, these pyjte are two main availableonJ farms Secondly, although it is said that the power
feds jt present are^^|Qp/ll to Its Uveweight (the JcTsey CTOSS at 350 kg at least ” effective
Minimal is P P ••
r
s the local breed?,1
lean nature ofthe anima| leads to its unpopularity for this purpose in
it perception of farmers
lie promotion of improved dairy fanning has the additional advantage oL-JoimA* t0 men the idea of intensive systems of livestock keeping, with housing, forage production, nd stall feeding This innovation can assist in the development of intense e integrated Restock systems that are so essential for the future well-being of the upland areas,as population pressure increases
ill Crossbred heifer production
■■ the short term, crossbred would be supplied from existing breeding faims’tn the Highlands rices up to 3000 Birr are reported for crossbreds and tn the longer term if the demadi tor wed dairy stock justified it, small fanners should be assisted in the production of suitable «6red cattle for sale to dairy fanners
! J Au
Mance with milk marketing, processing and transport
Qt longer *iL- ••
,p11>
kttiCe and "
in any area Justified support should be provided in the ccH>pcraiive or private ventures designed to meet the needs for milk
A snen processj g
n of dairy fanners This activity could be attractive to pnvate
SCOle Dairy Goat Production
■ fC o
demonstrated the value of crossbred .Anglo-Nubian goats
r e AtA
Ik °£@ined Th* ^ °
°Pia’ Hararghe, Konso and Dolocha. Daily yields"of 1 
f criteria: e Section of participants for the project has been based on th ^olds headed by
ou *** soc* _
o ecOp women ,n mosf cases,
\o,Ti*cscAe without liivestock and with only fragmented land,
A
o rhtr Basin hjte nted Dndopmort Master Plan
2L-5J5.6.1 Improved Egg Production
The Regional Poultry Breeding farm at Bedelle supplies hatching eegs dav vi
month old growers for farmers in the Basin It has the capacity to prodii ° chlcks
growers per year The demand from farmers is high but progress in ooultrv* at,least3o.OCiO on this facility is limited by the following factors
fanners do not have the extension support that they need, disease prophylaxis, especially for Newcastle Disease and fowl drugs for the control of coccidiosis are scarce,
andtuj
» prcx’uc j
bA
t or as
cholera is not available
information on ways of improving poultry nutrition from local feed resourr*. ; i ,• at the farm level,
simple housing from local material.
’ urces is UcJorAg
To address this situation, an improvement package that would address these problems 3 
required in selected priority areas
5.6.2 Improved Supply of Layer Stock
The Regional Poultry Breeding farm at Bedelle supplies hatching eggs, day-old chicks ar.d wo month old growers for farmers in the Basin It .has a hatchery capacity of 17.000 and car. produce at least 30,000 growers per year. It supplies the entire Oromia Region from Bea w to Moyale As the poultry industry in the Basin develops, and the demand for improved laying stock increases, more capacity for producing hatching eggs, day-old chicks and growers will
be needed This could be provided either by Government or by the pnvate sector It 3 
proposed that the department takes an initiative to encourage progressive fanners and business men to enter this activity The MOA would provide advice and assistance with planning, loan approval, management, disease control, distribution and marketing
5.6.3 Demonstration of Duck, and Geese Production
Ducks and geese are considered to be outside the cultural heritage of
during the course of the field visits, no religious reason was found that mi_ P introduction of these species Their specific advantages are:
• their main feed is vegetation, insects and other small animals,
• they are, in many environments, relatively disease free
Ethiopia Ho*w'
ght cectodethe
2L-52RESOURCES
LiATOCK
S'
A proved Draught Cattle Husbandry
jrftp Wtrf draughtca,tle in >seA areas
. ment of efficie^ugfdra^t^nes a co.ordinated
pie5yine tsetse control, improved nutrition, health care
r wanune uith
p er ss,so(f^ and hcrc
A
♦toils .for such an intervention would be selected in locations that are important w ,he tsetse dlslnbut>on » ‘compatible with sustainable control of
1
fijUinu* ^pp features would include training of fanners in tsetse control measures, control programme, forage improvement and grazing management control
Improved and ' Design
ww*fw"ln"
’ ’ fent ^improved draught technology is undertaken al the Nazareth Centre
iT>e fr ®
a
fWp™uehs h3ve been tested and new designs for ploughing, ndging, levelling and 
ffl®8ditional p 
deve o
i p d Much of this work has been based on the introduction of new
e
Jl C
lSecdM^ ^^ Qlher countr^es- sPite °f this work, improvements to the equipment in the
-°?ns< fields is undetectable, no significant change seems to have occurred for generations corroborates the general opinion that although improved technology, has been 
'^-ed or developed at a high level, it is not applied at the form level This is due to a lack 
/local adaptive testing, field extension and perhaps accessible credit services at field level to be strengthened In addition, a small adaptive testing centre should be introduced to 
ire Basin to promote this important technological improvement
______ ___________________ __________________ r ° Akobo river Bash Integrated Development Muter Plan
2L-53NATURAL RESOURCES
*1- I
6. SELECTED PROJECT PROPOSALS
Comprehensive proposals and recommendations were made for the livestock s
proposals., it was agreed that four projects should be selected initially for d t°i
The selection was based on the following criteria
the impact on low income groups
the nutritional benefits for the participants
availability of the technology within the country
the potential benefits in relation to the capital requirements for the Droien 
level
It was anticipated that additional projects would be selected, developed and imobn. subsequently
These proposals are prepared with a view to assessing the viability level, While some specific structural costs of establishing interventions basic extension and other permanent support services are not included
6.1 Improved Draught Cattle in Tsetse Areas
6.1.1 Background
* a.' Wai ft.
« si--ed
• 3 ar- the fanr.
. - «nted
of projects at the pair are included, costs fo-
Draught cattle are number of oxen 
oxen is required present, but owing to inadequacy of numbers
the main source of power for annual crop production In many 
is inadequate to meet the needs of farmers’
in .general, one pair
areas the
of heahh
for each 2.5 hectares of cropland Frequently, adequate numbers of oxen are their weak condition they are unable to work the plough. Tbs
and strength of oxen is
due to trypanosomiasis,
other parasitic
infestations, poor feeding and other diseases
It is assumed that the 100 khi- site contains lOsq km of annual crop land, (actual range -
1% to 50%) requiring 40,000 pairs of oxen, representing a herd of 122,000 LU (Section-1
6.1.2 Objectives
The improvement of the health and vigour of draught oxen, so that the availability o P for cultivation is not a constraint to crop yield
6.L3 Location
Initially 10 sites throughout the Upper Basin: 60% in tsetse infested areas
extend very approximately to 100 sq km, although the size and shape mH dep« 
distribution patterns and social factors.
Master
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river
Basin Integrated Developmentt ;R
4' HESOU-L--------- & LIVESTOCK
&$$€$$ fstmer interest
initiate farmer participation
, -^rtake preliminary survey of tsetse diwrik
Hofland suitability
. collection of socio-economic information for
. if positive, determine project area
, — tint technical staff and liaise with
. Sr^ning programme for farmers on ts 1118
bUt'°n
3 years
Pr °dUCt01' Management anVc^X^^r’ maanage PPmpmreint at as e pects ~~' v *u vU|
■ jj Carts
QiI1J| capiA costs pe' 100'kirr
. cost of NTTICC survey- (para 5.2 13)
. 500 conical traps @ 50 Bin (include contingency) for control programme 25,000
■ total
. ihe labour supplied by participating fanners estimated at 50 daysW year @ 5 Birr/day is Mt included
. assumed that additional oxen will not be required to be purchased
Recurrent costs per 100 km- supervision year 1
I j 050
r
36,050
*
c
one veterinary @100 Birr/day
two technicians @50 Birr/day
total supervision for year 1
total supervision for year 2
supervision for year 3 and subsequent years two technicians @50 Birr/day 36,500
36.500
36,500
73,000
73,000
1
4 traP placement and repair per year from year 2
forage development—materials, transport and four staff @ -120 Birr/month from year 1
5,575
«
*
41.6
4
b
A rcmental staff costs to raise farmer/DA ratio to 1 300 from I 1,500 
106
D A s @ 420b irr/month
50,000
534,000'
6
t
c-osts of trypanocidal drugs sa\ed o (assumes 10% cover per year) reduced mortality from year 3 by 0.5 
, ao00 LU S*- ®* 
n 00 Birr aver^
Bin/qt
v alue of crop from year 2 eg. maize 100, Q ■-
317,000
360.000
4,000,000
Tan 1s4tug
1
Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development ^
IL-55NATURAL RESOURCES
The value of the increment in maize production that results form
assess as many other factors affect the level of production of
1 ,he lnlerventiOn
mai« grain yhe .
is
based on the following:
“ftcui.
c$ hrria!e
to
• healthy oxen can complete ploughing at the correct time,
they can plough additional land if it is available,
they are more likely to be able to manage an improved heavier plough the gross margin (value of the output less seed, fertiliser, etc.) of the extra is estimated to be 40 Birr per qt
6.2 Small Scale Milk Production
6.2.1 Background
Daily milk yields of the local cattle are typically only 1 -2 litres per day with a .
of about 200 days This is due to poor nutrition, poor health status and to some d* genetic limitation In the rural areas milk that is surplus to subsistence needs istra?”’ -° not sold However, attitudes are changing and there is a high demand for milk in th?A Farmers traditionally make butter for sale.
6.2.2 Objectives
• to improve farmer incomes from sales’of milk,
P r&ducti F.1.
lacta^ic lengi
.f
•OWBS
• to increase cow yields in anticipation that it might contribute to an acceptance by farmers of the advantages of keeping fewer, but more productive livestock,
• to raise the quality of diets of purchasers,
• to develop commercial instincts in farmers,
• to promote systems of intensive integrated and sustainable crop/livestock farming
6.2.3 Location
Initially near the towns of Metu, Gore, Gimbi, Bedelle and Bonga These five towns arc large enough to provide a market for at least 150 litres per day. Selected fanners would be w» about five km of the towns Accessible supplies of water and forage would be essent
6.2.4 Activities
• preliminary appraisal of community needs, research and publicity,
• if positive, selection and training of staff,
• selection of locations, based on markets for milk, feed supplies, health and selection of farmers,
training of farmers in intensive cattle management, forage pr° *
c
uCAO
application and negotiation, costs and returns, marketing and proc
assistance to farmers with loan application, building construe
establishment.
'AMS LJLG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development MasterP*40
2L-56ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
*
*
^SOURCES
supply and transport of improved heifers ’ continual extension and health car* ~ suPP°rt
,,J 6,10
.u*icxpitaJ costs Per farm
tor forage marerial and establishment 01 ha
. fencing and concrete apron
. building for housing 2 heifers and two vou -
• store for feed and equipment
• equipment' 2 milk buckets, strainer, etc
• 2 improved heifers
• TOTAL Recurrent costs per farm
200
ng animals
Cow depreciation - Replacement 20% mortality 5% cull value 1000 BirT * 
Anmal" feeds year 1: 5.320 litre @ "6.25 kgl = 1330"kg maize @ 40 Birr/qt.
• other feeds
« year 2 and subsequent years 7000 litres feed costs pro rata - Veterinary minerals, drugs and sundry'
126 Output
" Milk 2 cows @ average 7 litres/day @ 2 Birr per litre
3,000
1,000
6,000
10.200
840
532
266
100
.war 1 
year 2 and subsequent years 250davs
190days 2660 litres
3500 litres 700. Value of calves assuming
5,320
calf value 400 Bin calving rate 80% and mortality 7% Dairy Goat Development
AAgr grouounndd
298
^7 goat
J'2 %ectyves
pr °ductioi n hag heen introduced to three sites in Ethiopia since 1988 by FARM head tig°ats were introd^^P^i{Wad^J^?§M5 ^buted to 
u
hy women for milk production
Poor ....
frtun n'iik slfe’^tyhsing the nutritive value of their diets and providing a source of Wn
a_ 
p ro
- 3b ts
e
J-«uniyconcentrated jn jner parts in the north of the country-. In 
* "4io basin goat milk consumption is not particularly popular, due to
Ban>-Akobo river Basin Integrated DevtlopiM"t Muter Plan
2L -57NATURAL RESOURCES
Four sites in the Upper Basin, to be selected on the basis of criteria
the report
6.3.4 Activities
Consultation with Farmer Associations to locate suitable si
Training of the 20 to 30 selected members of the . and select panicipinu
* <.
IS ^a ’n Section s 5 4
of
•
Identify and train para-vets Fodder establishment Establish credit group Arrange for goat purchase
6.3.5 Costs
Capital costs
• 2 goats @ 200 Birr
♦ Shelter using local materials Total
Recurrent costs
Dairy Goat Group
4%
25C
65G
Veterinary prophylaxis 24 Birr, antibiotics 12 Bin 
Breeding fee
Depreciation
Total
6.3.6 Outputs
• Milk annual yield @ 360 litres per doe assuming 0.5 litre per day used for subsstexe Milk sales 540 litres @ 2 Birr
6.4 Smallholder Poultry Improvement
6.4.1 Background
Poultry are widespread in the Basin, but the average holding is less than one potential for increasing low cost poultry keeping and thereby raising the nutation incomes of smallholders
6.4.2 Location
At three farmer associations in each wereda with access to a market
36
80
IK
IC80
There is _ 2T
Master P1A
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development* participatory selection of beneficiaries
* Assessment of health care requirements and # Training of fanners and para-vets
. Or^ion of apply from Sede„e ;|K|U Distribution of improved birds
P roP-*'taxis
ding loc ’
aJsn’afi scale hatching fa
icdjtbM
H C0StS
• JO improved chickens at 2 mom hs @ 8 Birr (existing MOA subsidised cost)
•@
■ Transport
. Veterinary' prophylaxis and drugs
' Feed
• Depreciation
Hi Outputs
production 8 birds per year (assumes 20% mortality) '?150 eggs 1200 eggs @ 0 50-Birr
25 Birr (real cost)
250
20
5
50
600
2L-59NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX2L In-v
------ ~^Ocx
7. MAPPING
7.1 Livestock Database GIS maps
The following paragraphs provide information and guidance to the data compilation of tabulated and mapped material. The relevant map sheets are uscdfor> reference.
These data are displayed in the form of tables and maps, and are identified by h
quo,ed for q£
te
references and refer to both the table and map (Volume IV, Map 53-58 and Tabled 9AOA
7.7.7 Distribution of cattle by wereda The factors applied are
•
the cattle numbers by wereda as extracted at MOA offices In the case of ij^i weredas, which means those that are partly in the Basin, a proportion of the rew-dsj livestock numbers for that wereda has been calculated, with the assumption that the animals are distributed evenly throughout the wereda
• the standard GIS wereda information (Volume IV, Map 53). The categories applied on map 53 are:
• <6 
• 6 to 20 hectares
hectares per Livestock Unit (LU)
• >20 hectares
»
The term Livestock Unit (LU) is a measure used to express the population density o: il livestock i.e. cattle, equines, sheep and goats The latter category is equivalent to the facte* 0 1 and cattle as 0 7 Further details are given in Section 1 2.
7.7.2 Distribution of sheep by wereda
The factors applied as in Section 7 11, but with sheep inventory (Map 54)
The categories used are:
• <75 ha per LU
• 75 to 150 ha per LU
• >150 ha per LU
1 aMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development «««*” p ’j
!
2L-60by Sereda
pit^
ipp |ied as for cattle> but with goai invei«ory (Map 55)
al
ry
u<«',nes
are
i
in
■ .150 150 tho 300 ha aperLU per LL
,500 *•pn LU
A button of poultry by wereda
appticd as for cattle, but with poultry inventor} (Map 56J
facial
fne eateries are
, <3 ha per unit of poultry 
, 3tp2O ha per unit
, >20 ha pet unit
•jj Ratio of annual crop land and pairs of ploughing oxen by wereda
7s factors applied arc
* the area of annual crops in 1994 by wereda
' the number of pairs of ploughing oxen by wereda The number of pairs of oxen is calculated from the cattle population and the herd structure data. (total cattle multiplied by 0 23 divided by 2) (Volume IV, Map 58 refers)
-he categories arc
■
*2-5 ha of annual crop land per pair of ploughing oxen
* 2.5 to 5 ha
’>5 ha
Tijf
■ Lrnijrn ratio is recognised to be 2.5 ha of annual cropland per pair of ploughing oxen
o/fand-Mse types by wereda
Actors |-
t
applH ied are.
freas of | * 
anj use types collected from MOA offices
-
*^^^waecWereda ThTdrmatron (Map 34)
i
BartKAkobo river Basin Integrated Lkvrlopmcut Muttr Pi™
2L-61•■NATURAL RESOURCES
annex l LtVts
2 TntR
7.1.7 Ratio of grazing resources in relation to grazing livestock units by wereda The factors applied are.
Firstly, land use types are adjusted to give an equivalent grazing value (Volume iv The coefficients used in this calculation are
• grazing land
• shrub land
• fallow land
• annual crop land
• forest
• waste
• perennial crops
1 0
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.1 0 05
0.0
Secondly, livestock units These are calculated as follows
•
Cattle
0 .7 LU’s per head
•
Sheep
0.1
•
goats
0.1
•
equine
0.7
•
poultry
0.0
The categories used are
•
<0.4
grazing hectares equivalent per LU
ii
•
0.4 to 0.8
>0 8
2L-621,1 « Ethiopia's >amral Resources Develop,™-. i Emiomreul Pro, w Pn™ t Of&' UndMed
'‘'’’LposaB for
R '»°°f,!”5
JCS”® , ,,moje Survey. Livestock. Poultry & Beehive Population (private Mfas) AP'^sti^l Bulletin June 1993
S ’ RaSjn Master Plan Study of Waler & Land Resources of The Gambia Plain Final Report SELKHOZPROMEXPORT: Moscow USSR, 1989.Vol 6-A Ann* 5. 
• Jure Vol 6-B. Agriculture .Annex 6, Supplements 1990
^Development Programme Progress Report FARM AFRICA, 1995 j j Suney of Ticks in Western Ethiopia, FAO 1994
Dec#stl”>’ r
Ethiopia s 1’oreivn *
Sept 1994
FA 0. Year Book (commerce), 1993 FAO. Year Book (production), 1994 Ijogiidge J. Tsetse Survey of Ethiopia, 1976
Ar ^cm Policy Water of The Nile The Case For Federalism Survey; Vol I No ]• 
Livestock Production System of the Western Region of Ethiopia. L\R, Research Report Tesfaye Kumsa No 12, 1991
Onio-Gibe Basin Master Plan Study Project Draft Livestock Report 1995
Repon on a Mission to Identify Co-operation Possibilities in Region 6 lleni Shangu! St Gamez German Development Service (DED) Compiled By Kians Schmitt May 1995
Stosekawa-Global 2000 Survey Agricultural Project in Ethiopia .Annual Report Cmp Season 1994 June 1995
Sinvey and Analysis of the Upper 0aro-Akobo Basin. Final Report ARDCO-GEOSERV May 1995
B^m-.Xkobo river Jiisin Integrated ptveJopiieiit '*ia.
2L-63^ aro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 2L - AppendicesV-ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
APPENDIX 1
£ , factor used to calculate yields of ME and DCP ft™
TJ HeA5>
As A5a for E Welega, niubabor. W Wele™ Mail _ L A ' Gambcla, Asosa
, iS, production of crops and crop residues in ro™.
^op reside
’ ■ Kcficbo, Bench, ShcJacho,
*** ** Maize. Chickpea, Millet. Sorghum. Pea,. TeE mST
Bar!«>- Beam
~ Baro-Akobo river Bum Integrated Dndopment Master Plan 2L - AppendicesTab“ *s.' XX°X ,r ?
ne
maize
sorghum
barley
teff
bean
pea
multiplies used tn ----------- ----------- =.ICMIale,e„aueh^'“"«0.»'
grain yield
fr °m cr°P reside
1.5
1.5
2.4
3.4
1.5
1.5
60
60
71
77
60
millet
chick pea
1.5
60
wheat
1.5
60
2.4_______
60
71
ME
(Mj/kgDM)
6 6
8 85
7.6
8 35
7 8
8.9
9.6
8.65
7.1
<9*9 DM)
18.1
3.8
11.65
1395
19 6
38 6
25 6
Table A5b Conf (E.Welega)
crop
maize
sorghum
barley
left
bean
pea
wheat
total crop resid production-.qt
23910
7860
24192
91800
1612.5
1188
MEyield
MJ/kg DM
157806
69561
183859 2
766530
125775
105732
1192.8
>9 DM
TeT
3.8
11 65
1395
r prod.
<3277
2986
28183
128061
Table A5b Conf (lllubabor zone)
crop
maize
sorghum
barley
teff
bean
total crop residue MEyield production^ MJ/kg DM
2249565.25 388931 25
93453.12 1208496
49866 3
6.6
8.85
7.6
8.35
7.8
ME production
MJ
14847262 65 3442041 563
710243712
10090941.6
388957.14
DCP yield DCP prod,
g/kg DM kg.
18 1
38
407174$
147793
1165 108872
1395 1685851
196
97737
pea
29964
millet
266679.6
286462 08
wheat
29839.8
26896.8
8.9
9.6
7.1
190967 28
386
256
3.3
115661 75385
8875
Table A5b Cont* (W. Wellega)
crop
total crop residue MEyield
ME production DCP yi«W 009
productionzqt MJ/kg DM
MJ
g/KgDW__
maize
1695094 5
11187623 7
181
sorghum
673893
5963953 05
202490.4
497093.6
1538927.04
4150731.56
3.8
11 65
306812' 256079 235901
barley
13.95
teff
693**5
82290
bean
pea
41985
21990
millet
150810
327483
195711
1447776
chick pea
1029177 850091.52
wheat
11898
119731.22099196
190522.8
ia i
33
1444609
11.65
20418923
13 95
57S8B
8180
22144
34113
awn.- (Itttehow-l
■<^tJcrDP resid™
MEyield
!= produc(iorvq£_____________ _ MJ/kg DU
1543878
287535 5
138482 4
t
261432.8
66
8.85
7.8
8.35
ME production DCP yield DCP prod. MJ g/kg DM kfl.
10189594.3 181 2794419
2544690 025 3.8 109263
1052465.24 11 65 161331
2182963 88 13 95 364698
iltMbConf (Bench zone)
ng total crop residue MEyield ME production DCP yield DCP prod.
production:qt.MJ/kg DM
MJ
g/kg DM kg.
to
235397.1
6.6
1553620.86
18 1 426068
apjm
■fey =*
55333.5
29065.6
64453.8
& 85
489701 475
30 21026
7.6
221050.56
11.65 33884
Si
8.35
538189 23
1395 89913
6505 5
9.6
62452 8
256 16654
5520
7.1
39192
3.3 1821
(Statetwan.)
total Cr°P residue
MEyield ME production DCP yield DCP prod.
MJ/kg DM
MJ
gftg DM kg.
'ij
47220
931.5
66
8.85
311652
8243 775
18.1
38
9216
76
70041.6
11 65
fee
12903
8.35
107740 05
13.95
16590
7.8
129402
19.6
1 57995
8.9
140615 55
386
9950 4
85468
359
10736
17999
32516
60986
7 1 70647. B4 3.3 3283Annex 5 :Table A5b ( Gambella)
crop
total crop residue
productionigt.
MEyield
MJ/kg DM
ME production DCP yield DCP prod"
MJ glkg DM kg.
maize
181960 5
66
8.85
7.6
9.6
12009393
sorghum
68707.5
38.4
4260
608061 375
barley
181
38
291 84
11 65
millet
329348 26108
44
40896
25.6
■'09C5
Table A5b Conf ( Asosa zone )
crop
total crop residue
production:qt
MEyield
MJ/kg DM
ME production
MJ
DCP yield
g/kg DM
DCP prod.
kg.
maize sorghum
177766.5
147841.5
6.6
8 85
1173258.9 1308397.275
181
3.8
321757 56179
teff
millt
36910.4 4489.5
8.35
9.6
308201 84
430992
13.95
25.6
51490
11493
4IM** io*-
A6c production of crops and crop residue* in some protect wmda> (Barty)
■rsaofcwp iv, grain ytew total grain prod. rescue
"oiai residue
h*
ql
qt
coaffioent
Yubdc 680 7 4760
Lolo Kite 35 7 245
Hqwa Gels-n 410 7 2870
G>wa Kobe 1120 7 7840
¥/ Watal 1239 7 8673
jima Haro 820 7 5740
Gala Wetwra 384 7 2688
Hol* Kaba 1120 7 7840
Gtdami 2543 7 17801
Ayra Guise 105 7 735
Dale Sedi 89 7 623
Haru 177 7 1239
Gimbi 630 7 4410
Lalo Asahi 890 7 6230
eoji CheKor 120 7 840
ELo»i Dermejl 90 7 630
Seyc 1070 7 7490
pnMjudx>.
(qt)
2.4
11424
24
588
2.4
5888
24
18816
24
20815,2
24
13776
2.4
64512
24
18816
24
477224
24
1764
24
1495.2
2.4
2973.6
2.4
10584
24
14952
2.4
2016
2,4
,1512
2.4
17976
2.4
Sab Total
£ Wc«ga
Arrfilo 531 7
12053
371?
84371
9920 8
202490 4
Mofco 590 7 4130
24
Saahi 850 7
1440
9912
24
Deg a 656
Bure 35
Dsrlmu 140
Supe/Sodo 570
14280
24192
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
59 SO
10080
4^4 4
259
1036
4218
2.4
11650 56
24
5216
2.4
2486 4
Halu 30 74 222
Nona 250 7 4 1850
Set etna 1290 74 9546
24
101232
24
532 8
24
444C
Sigmo 650
Mslu 111
Y*yu 419
24
22910 4
7.4
7.4
7.4
4610
821 4
3100.6
2.4
11544
24
1971.36
Chora 340 74 2516
24
7441 44
Didi 71
24
6038.4
7.4
Ate
Bfrcho
Humin u
525.4
ISO 74 1332
2.4
1260 95
2.4
181
20
3195 8
2.4
3214 56
Sufi Taw
S^Qkichci
Durene 319
5262
Masha
380
7.4
74
7.4
B
13394
148
236O6
JW3O
2328
2.4
355 2
24
5665 44
93453 12
s<rt>r
c(a/
Ander&cha 252 6 1512
2.4
5587.2
B«ncii
St * row Mla.a
Sho*o
T. Yuhi
Shewa Ben.
Maji
640
2
43
1465
1510
1320
24
3628 8
a
9
8
6
J840
12
387
11720
72119
7S20
9216
24
26.8
24
928 8
2.4
28128 29085.6
24
19008
Ktftehc 8243 7 57701
Z4
138482.4
Glr^a
Godern
2
30470
8
16
2149850
2-4
38,4
515065.92Table A5c Conf* (bean)
zone
wereda
area of crop av grain yield
ha.
qtJha
92
72
1O0
200
1116
160
total grain prod,
qt.
residue
coefficient
total residue
Productio
(qt)
W Welega
Yubdo
Lolo Kile
Hawa Gelan
Gawa Kobe
Y/ Welel
Jima Haro
Dale Webera 101
Nole Kaba 1236
Gidami 1470
Ayra Guliso 123
Dale Sedi 71
Haru 114
Gimbi 238
Lalo Asabi 164 Boji Chekor 40 Boji Dermeji 35 Seyo 427 Anfilo 133
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
460
360
500
1000
5580
800
505
6180
5880
615
355
570
1190
820
200
175
2135
665
15
15
15
1.5
1.5
690
540
750
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
15
1.5
1.5
1500
8370
1200
757.5
9270
8820
9225
5325
855
1785
1230
300
262 5
32025
sub total 5892 27990
997 5
41985
E. Welega Meko 205
Sachi 10
sub total 215
llubabor Dega 315
Bure 153 Darimu 480
5
5
6.6
6.6
6.6
1025
50
1075
2079
1009.8
3168
15
1537-5
15
75
18125
1.5
31185
1.5
1514 7
1.5
4752
Supe/Sodo 340 6 6 2244
1.5
3386
Halu 51
Nono 400
Setema 875
Sigmo 780 Metu 283 Yayu 316 Chora 256 Didi 43 Ale 290 Becho 249
Hurumu 12
Durene 194
sub total 5037
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
336.6
2640
5775
5148
1867.8
20856
1689.6
283.8
1914
1643 4
792
12804
33244.2
1.5
5049
1.5
3960
1.5
8662 5
1.5
7722
1.5
2801 7
15
31284
1.5
1.5
1.5
ZQJ '
1.5
1.5
1’86
4 CL
1.5
19206
496663
1A
63735
Shekicho Masha 607 7 4249 Anderacha 973 7 6811
4 £
102165
1 - J
1659«
sub total
1580
12724
11060
73369.2
11OO53-8
TOTALT^*SC
Coni' (maix*)
Yubcto
Lota Kile
H/ws Getan Gaw* Kebe YfWetal jlma Haro Date Webera Hole Kaba GdarTw Ayra GuuSO Date Sedi HanJ
Gimfci
Lalo Asabi Bpji Chekof Bofi Demteji Seyo
Anfito
suit foti* Meko
Satti i
sub fo£l/
D«ga
Bure Darirriu Supe/Sod© Halu
Ncrvo Seterna Siflinp
Sate
Malu
Yayu
Chora
Didi
Ale
Becho Hurumu Durene
Misha Anderachi sub fotal Shekg
T Yazhi Shewa Ben Gurs Ferda subtotal Maii
Kefich© A&osa Kunrnuk, Bimtan aob toft Gambella Abotxo
•la rig Gog/Joi Gqdere Jikawa tub tata/ TOTAL
area erf crop a*, grain yield total grain prod. residue
ha.
q! /ha
loUl resdue
0t
coefficien!
4678
3460
5940
5400
5776
5400
11
11
11
11
11
11
pnpducbo (at)
51453
38060
65040
59400
53536
59400
1.5
77187
1.5
57090
1^
98016
15
8910O
1,5
95304
15
89100
404? 11 54417
14
81625,5
10027
11850
9630
4775
11
11
11
11
11Q297
130350
103130
52525
15
165445.5
1.5
195525
15
152195
1.5
78787 5
321 a 11 35398
T.5
53097
3860
2180
6040
2350
8607
4395
102733
905
689
7594
2070
4157
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
20
20
72817.5
1095094.5
EWega Hubabffl
42460
23960
65440
25850
94677
48345
71JOOSJ
9050
6990
15940
41400
83140
208260
109900
15
63690
15
35970
15
99660
1.5
38775
15
1420155
15
15
13575
1.5
10335
23910
1.5
62100
15
124710
10*13 20
15
312390
5495
20
1.5
164850
19M 20 39720
1.5
59580
2100
20
42000
15
63000
4Q7Q 20 81400
1.5
122100
3950
1700
12050
3559
4733
3670
4767
3896
4963
1077
74658
2032
1116
3148
1815
4196
20
20
205
20
20
20
20
20
20
20.5
79000
34000
247025
71180
94660
73400
95340
77960
99250
22078 5
149972X5
1.5
115500
15
51D0O
15
370537 5
1.5
1D6770
1.5
141990
1.5
110100
1.5
143010
15
116940
15
148890
15
33117.75
SWlCfKJ Bench
224958X25
ID 20320
1.5
30480
10
146
11 9
11160
37410
26499
49932 4
15
16740
47220
1.5
39748 5
15
74898 6
TOCO 10 70000
1.5
105000
1.5
15750
235J97.1
^ficho
7
9
10500
1MU1.4
21204
1.5
J1M6
12 1029252
1.S
1543378
1.6
130050
t.5
S7B0
1.5
40936.5
^mbaiia
1500
14511
2356
85771
7226
565
2481
10271
1171
1784
14Q2
1600
2397
1290
5644
304686
12
8
11
10
11
10.5
V5
16
10
86700
4520
27291
118511
11710
19624
14721
24000
38352
12900
UfX?
4124411.9
1777S8.5
15
17565
1.5
2M36
15
22081.5
15
360QO
1.5
57528
1.5
19350
181960.6
6186617,85Table A5c Conf ( chick pea )
zone wereda
area of crop
ha.
av grain yield
qt/ha
total grain prod
qt
residue coefficient
W Welwg Lalo Kile 55 4 220 Hawa Gelan 500 4 2000 Gawa Kebe 132 4 528
Y/ Welel 475 4 1900
Jima Haro 80 4 320
Dale Webera 177 4 708
Gidami 292 4 1168
Dale Sedi 228 4 912 Seyo 44 4 176 sub total 1983 7932
Asosa Asosa 46 5 230
Bambasi 120 3 825
sub total 166 1055
1-5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
total resuji* P^CtJO'ot)
3000
792
2850
480
1062
1752
TOTAL
2149
8987
1.5 1368
1.5 264
11893
1.5 345
1.5 1237 5
1582.5
13480.5Tjl
bi ASc Conf
e
zone
wereJa
area of crap
av grain yield
total grain prad
residue Coefficient
total residue
ha.
qL/ha
qt
sroductio (qt.)
i Yubdo
2230
5
11150
1.5
16725
Late Kile
1020
5
5100
1.5
7650
Hawa Gefan
1550
5
7750
1.5
11625
Gawa Kebe
2000
5
10000
1.5
15000
Y/ Welel
192
5
960
1.5
1440
Jima Haro
400
5
2000
15
3000
Dale Weber
1540
5
7700
1.5
11550
Hole Kaba
1M3
5
9015
1.5
13522 5
Gidami
323
5
1615
15
2422 5
Ayna GliIiso
3187
5
15935
15
239O2.S
Date Sedi
1973
5
9665
15
14797.5
Kara
25
5
130
16
195
Gimbi
667
5
3335
15
5002 5
Laic Asabi
759
5
3945
1.5
5917.5
Boji Chekor
470
5
2350
1.5
3525
Boji Deimeji
1800
5
9000
15
13500
Seyo
as
5
425
15
637.5
Anfilo
53
5
265
1.5
397 5
sub total
2010a
100540
150810
llubabor
Dega
19
82
155 a
1.5
233 7
Danmii
920
8.2
7544
1.5
11316
Supej'Sodo
1272
a.2
10430 4
1.5
156456
Halu
3
0.2
24 6
1.5
36.9
Metu
a
02
65.6
15
98 4
Yayu
4
0.2
32 6
15
49 2
Chora
166
8.2
1361 2
1.5
2041.8
Didi
10
8.2
82
15
123
Ale
17
82
139.4
15
209 1
Hurumu
7
8.2
57 4
1.5
66.1
sub total
2426
19893.2
29839.8
Bench
Sheko
265
5
1325
15
1987,5
T Yazhi
216
7
1512
15
2268
Gura Ferda
375
4
1500
1.5
2250
sut total
855
4337
6505.5
Mdji
55
4
220
15
330
Asosa
271
8
2168
1.5
3252
Bambasi
165
5
825
15
1237.5
sub tora/
436
2993
4489.5
Abella
Aboto
4
10
40
1.5
60
Godere
260
10
2800
1.5
4200
sub total
284
2840
4260
total
24165
130823.2
196234.0Table A5c Cont* (sorghum )
zone
we red a
area of crop
ha.
av. grain yield
qt/ha.
residue
coefficient
WWeiega
Yubdo
Lolo Kile
Haw a Gelan
Gawa Kebe
Y/ We lei
Jim a Haro
Dale Webera
2900
2580
2370
3050
2283
2850
1080
Note Kaba 5790
Gidami 5245
Ayra Guliso 4840
Dale Sedi 2646
Haru 1171
Gimbi 2753
Lalo Asabi 1590
Boji Chekor 2416
Boji Dermeji 1750
Seyo 2868
Anfilo 1736
sub total 49918
E Welega Meko 155
Sa chi 500
sub total 655
llubabor Dega 690
Bure 771
Danmu 4003
Supe/Sodo 2172
Halu 850
Nono 450
Setema 115
Sigmo 110
Sale 900
Metu 2030
Yayu 876
Chora 1764
Dkfi 1043
Ale 2257
Becho 986
Hurumu 803
Durene 923
sub total 20743
Shekicho Masha 69
total grain prod
Qt
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
total
r eiidue
26100
23220
21330
27450
20547
25650
9720
52110
47205
43560
23814
10539
24777
14310
21744
15750
25812
15624
449262
1240
4000
5240
8625
9637.5
50037 5
27150
10625
5625
1437 5
1375
11250
25375
10950
22050
13037 5
28212 5
12325
10037 5
11537.5
259287.5
621
9075
6130
16884
4800
36889
1.5
1.5
15
15
15
products (qq
39150
U8X
31995
<1175
15
30520 5
15
38475
15
1<58O
1.5
78165
15
70007 5
1.5
15
1.5
1.5
15
1.5
1.5
15
65340
8
8
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12 5
12 5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12 5
12.5
12.5
12 5
12 5
12.5
12.5
9
5
10
9
6
15
15
1.5
1.5
1.5
15
1.5
15
15
15
15
1.5
15
1.5
15
15
15
15
1.5
1.5
3572:
15808 5
37165 5
21465
32616
23625
38718
23436
873813
1860
6000
7860
12937 5
1 «5625
75056 25
40725
15937.5
8437 5
2156-25
2062 5
16875
38362 5
16425
33375
19556.25
42318 75
16487 5
1505625
17306.25
388931.25
931.5
Bench Sheko
T. Yazhi
Shewa Ben.
Gura Ferda
sub total
1815
613
1876
800
5104
1.5 136*25
15
15
1.5
9195
25326
7202
55333.5
Maji
Maji 1794 8 14352 15 21576
Keficho Keficho 21299
Asosa Asosa 7543
Kurmuk 773
Bambasi 1772
sub total 10088
Gamballa Gambella 175
Abobo 67
Itang 150
Gog/Jor 900
Godere 3135
sub total 4427
9
10
7
10
9
10
94
12
10
1.5
15
1.5
4 r
15
15
1.5
1.5
1.5
15
2B75M5
1131«
8116 5
TOTAL
114097
191691
75430
5411
17720
98561
1575
670
1410
10800
31350
45805
1101708.5
2362.5
•005
2115
15tfC
*rj2*
jj707J
t f52562-7STal3leA5c Cont’ (pea)
rone
wereda area of crop
ha
av gram yield
qt/ha.
total gram prod residue
qt
coefficient
wWelega YuMo
Lalo Kile
50
45
250
Hawa Gelan 50
225
Gawa Kebe
45
Yl Welel 845
Jima Hara 40
121
Note Kaba 893
Gidami 145
Ayra Guliso 24
725
Dale Sedi
120
53
Haro 109
Gimbi 65
265
545
Lalo Asabi
Boji Chekor
Boji Dermeji
325
109
20
70
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
250
15
1.5
1.5
225
15
4225
Dale Weber
200
1.5
1.5
605
4465
545
15
15
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
100
Seyo 218
350
Anfilo
1090
30
sub total 2932 225
21990
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
total residue
productio (qt)
375
337 5
375
337.5
6337 5
300
907.5
6697.5
1087 5
180
397.5
8175
487.5
8175
150
525
1635
150
14660
EWeiega Meko
Sachl
sub total
"ubabor Dega
Bure
Darimu
Supe/Sodo
Haiti
Nono
Setema
Sigmo
Metu
Yayu
Chora
Didi
Ate
Becho
Hurumu
Durene
sub total
S’*'"® Masha
Anderacha
Shewa Ben
sub total
TOTAL
190
8
198
237
262
120
235
17
350
895
520
98
189
236
25
104
120
22
72
3502
646
371
569
1586
8218
4
4
760
32
792
1.5
1.5
1303 5
1441
660
1292.5
935
15
1.5
1.5
1.5
2640
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5 4922 5
5.5
55
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1140
48
1188
1955 25
2161.5
990
1938.75
14025
3960
7383 75
2860
539
1039.5
1298
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
4290
808.5 1559.25
1947
137.5
206 25
572
660
121
1.5
1.5
1.5
5.5
858
990
181.5
396
19976
7 4522
7
2597
5 3414
10533
45961
15
1.5
15
1.5
594
29964
6783
3895 5
5121
15799.5
68941.5Table A5c Cont* ( teff )
zone
wereda
area of crop
ha
640
714
2700
2850
2463
1200
2439
6487
av grain yield total gram prod
WWelega
Yubdo
qt /ha
qt.
Lolo Kile
Hawa Gelan
Gawa Kobe
Y/ Wetel
Jima Haro
Dale Webera
Note Kaba
2680
Ayra Guliso 122 Date Sedi 1339
Gidami
Haru
1566
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
total Produce
(Qt
Gimbi 3305
Lalo Asabi 829
Boji Chekor 2184
Boji Dermeji 3650
Seyo 570 Anfilo 267
sub total
E.Welega
Meko
Sa chi
sub total
llubabor
Dega
Bure
Darimu
Supe/Sodo
Halu
Setema
Sigmo
36005
2000
3400
5400
4635
217
595
5760
437
11045
8675
1419
Yayu 1959 Chora 6460 Didi 969 Ate 2045 Becho 1345 Hurumu 1404 Durene 427
Metu
2560
2856
10800
11400
9852
4800
9756
25948
10720
488
5356
6264
13220
3316
10920
14600
2280
1068
148204
10000
17000
27000
34762 5
1627 5
4462 5
43200
3277 5
82837 5
65062 5
sub total
Shekicho
Masha
Anderacha
sub total
Bench
Sheko
T. Yazhi
Shewa Ben
sub total
Maji
Maji
Keficho
Keficho
Asosa
Asosa
Bambasi
Godere
sub total
total
47392
763
755
1518
3
200
4512
4715
1440
19223
1808
628
2
2438
118131
4
4
5
4
4
4
5
5
7.5
75
75
7.5
7.5
75
7.5
75
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
2.5
25
3
4.5
4
5
4
6
4
4
10642 5
14692 5
48450
7267.5
15337 5
10087.5
10530
3202 5
355440
1907.5
1887 5
3795
9
900
18048
18957
7200
78892
10848
2512
8
13368
648856
residue coefficient 3.4
34
34
3.4
3.4
34
3.4
3.4
34
3.4
34
3.4
34
34
34
34
3.4
3.4
34
34
3.4
34 3.4 3.4
34
34
34
34
34
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
34 3.4
34
34 3.4 3.4
8704
9710 4 36720 38760 334%8 16320 331704 88223 2 3644B
1659.2
18210 4
21297 6
44940 11274 4 37120 49640 7752 3631.2 49709J.6 34000 57800
91900 1181925 5533 5 151725 146880 11143.5 281647.5 2212125 361845 49954 5 164730 247095 52147 5 34297 5 35802 10888.5
1208498 64055 6417.5
12903 306
3060 613632 644531 24480
261431* 368832
27 2 36916.4 2197569*ASC Conf (wheat)
we red a
/one
area of crop
ha.
av- Qrain ybtld
qUha.
total grain prod residue total
Yubdo 48 8
qt
coefficient
384
Lalo Kile 20
2.4
B
160
Hawa GeLan 550 8
Gaw a Kebe 200 8
Y/Walal 1009 8
Jima Haro 300 8
Dale Waber 147 8
Note Kaba 629 8
Gidami 2195 8
Date Sedi 51 8
Haru 18 8
Gimbi 145 8
Late Asabi 83 8
Boji Dermeji 7 8
Seyo 509 8
Anfilo 225 8
sub total 6236
E.Wetega Sacht 7 10
2.4
5200
2.4
1600
24
8072
24
2400
2.4
1176
24
5032
2.4
17560
24
408
2.4
144
2.4
1160
2.4
664
24
56
24
4072
2.4
1800
24
49838
70
24
IlLtoabor
Dega 139 7
Bure 92 7
Danmu 110 7
Supe/Sodo 68 7
Seiema 590 7
Sigmo 325 7
Melu 13 7
Yayu 50 7
Chora 163 7
Becho 4 7
Hururnu 5 7
durene 42 7
973
24
644
2.4
770
2.4
476
24
4130
24
2275
2.4
91
24
350
24
1141
2.4
28
2,4
35
2.4
294
24
sub rota/
1601
11207
Shekicho
Masha 365 6
Anderacha 326 5
2190
24
1956
24
sub total
691
4146
3 ench
T. Yazhi 100 5
500
Shewa Bene
24
30$ 6
1800
2.4
sub total 400
2300
Maji 176 7 1232 Keficho 3529 6 21174
total
12640
90017
pfod.(qt)
921.6
384 12480 3840 19372.8 5760 28224 12076 8 42144 979,2 3456 2784 1593.6 134,4 9772 9 4320 119731.2
168
2335 2 1545 6 1848 1142 4 9912 5460 216.4
840
2738 4 672
84
705 6 26896,6
5256 46944
9950.4
1200 4320
5520
2.4 2956.8
2.4 50617.6
216040.81naTI
ralresovrces
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
APPENDIX 2
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 2L - AppendicesNear Itang, Gam beta Region. September 1995. Three metre high cane grasses of Ei/rr/iocMod and H}parrhema spp near the limit of the flood waler. These species mature rapidly, although Edzirwefttorr retains some of its feud value even at this height,
2 Near 8unga, 50 kms East of Gambelas Ganibcla Region, September 1995. Sorghum plots of bduk refugees beside the River Baroi Sile iiClU 2 above Cattle provided to the refugees by the UNHCR
4
Sile near 2 above. Wooded savamu with Grwfa and Cambreuun spp and Hyparritenia spr5 5 kins West of Gore, Orvmia region. The government tea estate at Gumaro
rI
I*
7 Near iMizan Tcfcri, Southern Peoples' Autonomous Region. Intensive smallholder farming with maize, sorghum, banana and cam Some high forest in I he background : rhe* conservation of the remaining tuiest should be oi primary concern
Sk Near Mizan Teferi, intensive smallholder cultivation with banana, sugar cane, taro, spices ami coffee under some remaining forest trees.9 Between Mizan Teferi and Bongu A mature maize crop wilh immature crops in die background. Two crops per year can be grown in this high rainfall area.
10 Between Mi/.an Teleri and Bonga. Intensive cropping contrasting with unrnanaged and unproductive grazing land There is opportunity id integrate livestock more closely with crops and develop an intensive mixed funning system. In an area of surplus production, farmers could only he encouraged to do tills where a market for their additional grain was assured, through a guaranteed minimum price for food grains

Summery

Summary of Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan - Annex 2I: Agriculture

Document Overview

This document is Annex 2I (Agriculture) of the Final Report for the Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Study, prepared for the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources by TAMS in 1997.

Key Sections

1. Introduction

Emphasizes the importance of climate analysis for cropping potential and highlights the need for land conservation and increased productivity. Notes the potential for transforming agricultural productivity through inorganic fertilizers.

2. Assessment of Available Data

2.1 Climate

Detailed climate analysis including temperature, humidity, wind, sunshine, radiation, evapotranspiration, rainfall patterns, and growing seasons across different altitudes in the basin.

Temperature ranges from 27.5°C in lowlands to 17.5°C in highlands
Annual rainfall varies from 750mm in lowlands to 1,250mm in highlands
Dependable growing season: 4-6 months on floodplain, 6-8 months at mid-altitude, 8+ months in highlands

2.2 Present Cropping

Current land use and cropping patterns:

Region	Main Crops	Characteristics
Upper Basin (97% of cultivation)	Maize, sorghum, teff, coffee	Cereals dominate (75% of crop area), coffee important cash crop
Lower Basin (Gambela plain)	Sorghum, cotton, rice	State farms established for cotton production with declining yields

2.3 Soil Erosion

Significant issue, particularly in northern highlands with fragile soils. Estimated annual soil loss can reach 108mm on steep slopes with sorghum cultivation.

2.4 Irrigation

About 11,000 ha currently irrigated, mostly using traditional "bone" system in highlands. Notes potential for irrigation in Gambela plain where rainfed cropping is risky.

3. Sector Targets, Constraints and Opportunities

3.1 National Strategy

Focuses on improving rural quality of life, food security, raw material supply, and making agriculture an economic driver. Two-pronged approach:

Smallholder agriculture improvement through better techniques and inputs
Commercial scale farming development, particularly in lowland areas

3.2 Implications for the Master Plan

            Key Recommendations:
            Improve fertilizer supply and consider local production using hydropower
Implement comprehensive soil conservation measures
Promote improved crop varieties and techniques (Sasakawa-Global 2000 model)
Develop cash crops in upper basin (especially quality coffee)
Explore rainfed and irrigated options in Gambela plain
Consider large-scale irrigation for commercial farming

        

4. Suggested Development Options

Fertilizer factory producing NPK compounds
Crop improvement package in high population density areas
Special initiative for Anuak people with new crops/tools
Irrigated settlement scheme (10,000 ha) using Alwero Dam
Coffee quality and yield improvement program

5-7. Additional Sections

Includes regional analysis, priorities, and need for further studies, particularly socio-economic data collection to better understand farming families' circumstances.

Appendices

Contains detailed supporting data including:

Climatic data summaries
Cultivated areas and cropping patterns
Crop yield information
Nutritional requirements
Evapotranspiration calculations