X -3- •
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
BARO-AKOBO RIVER BASIN FNTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT 
MASTER PLAN STUDY
ANNEX 2
NATURAL RESOURCES
Part 2
Annex 21
Annex 2J
Agriculture Renewable Energy
Annex 2K
Annex 2L
Fisheries
Livestock
TAMS-ULG Baro-Aknbo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanINDEX OF VOLUMES AND ANNEXES
MfW 'T-So-f
u/oute/^
Volume I:............. ..........••....... •...... ••
Volume II:........................................... Executive Summary
Volume HI:................................
Resource Base and Development Options
Volume rV: .........••............................. Master Plan Development
Volume V.....................................
a WA TER RES() URCES Annex 1A ■ Climatology
Annex IB Hydrology
Annex 1C Flood Studies Annex ID
Project Area Maps
PREFEASlBUm STI DIES
annexes
.. Ground W'at er
Annex IF. Reservoir Operation Studies
Annex IF
Annex 1G
Annex 111 Irrigation Projects
Sediment Studies
Water Resources Cost Estimating
Annex II Water Supply Projects Annex 1J Hydropower Projects
2. NATURAL RESOURCES
Annex 2A
Land Evaluation
Annex 2B Soils and Soil Conservation Annex 2C Geology
Annex 2D
Annex 2E Forestry Annex 2F
Mineral Resources Wildlife
Annex 2G
.Annex 2H ..
Tourism Apiculture
.Annex 21 ....................... Agriculture
Annex 2J 
Annex 2K Fisheries Annex 2L.
3. SOCIO-ECONOMICS
Renewable Energy Livestock 
Annex 3A . Population Aspects
.Annex 3B
Socio-Ethmc Groups Analysis
.Annex 3C Economic 
Infrastructures 
Annex 3D ....
Annex 3E
Annex 3F Institutional Support
4- ENVIRONMENT
Social Infrastructures
Economic and Financial Analysis
Annex 4
. . Environment
TAMS-ULG Blru-Akobn River Basin Integrated Development Mailer Plan7NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
ANNEX 21
AGRICULTURE
TAMS-ULG Biro-Akobo River Basin IniegralciJ Development Master Plannatural resources
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
CONTENTS
1, INTRODUCTION.............. -.............................................................. -................................................................
2. ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA.............................................................................. -..........................
2.1 Climate............ ............................. *..... ............................................................. ".....
21.1 Sources of Data. .................................. ........................... ...... —........... .......................
27 2 Temperature ■
....................... ........................ .................. ............. .......... ................. . '
2 1. 3 Relative Humidity........................................... ....... -...............•................................. .........
2J.4 Wind.........................................................................................*.........-.............................................
2,1.5 Sunshine and Radiation 2.1 6 Evapotranspiration. 
............. ..... ......... -..... *...... ...... ................................ .......
.... .................................... .................... ................. -........ •........
21.7 Rainfall ..................................-............ *............................................................................... ....... —
2 1 S Seasonal Distribution of Rainfall........................................................... ........ .......... ....... .............
219 Rainfall Deficit
........-......... -......................... .............. *..............................
2.1.10 Dependable Growing Season .......................................................................................................
2 2 Present Cropping .................. .......................................... ......................... •••............ ............. ..............
2.2.1 Present land use and Cropping Patterns
. 
........................
2.2 2 Crop Production.......... ............................................... ..................................... ............. ..........
2.2.3 Estate Farming............... ■
2 24 Crop Yields from Subsistence Farming 
.............. ................................... .......
...................................... -9
2.3 Soil Erosion..................... ................. ....... .............- .......... ......... *................................................ H
2 4 Irrigation.............
............................................................ ............................ ............................ 13
2.5 Financial Analysis of Cropping 
..................... .................... ................ . 14
2 5.1 Use of Technology Inputs ......................................................................................................... 14
1
2 5 2 Xrfve w effects of Technology' Inputs................................ ......................................... 15
2.6 Nutrition . 2 5/ Mtfntionrf
........................... .,............................ .............................................— 15
of Farming Families....................... .......... T......... .................... 7-5
2 7 2 Nutritional Status of Farming Families and their Livestock.................... ....... . .................. 16
3. SECTOR TARGETS. CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES.................................. .. ............ .......... 17
3.1 National Strategy ............. ................................................................... ♦............... .. ..................... 17
3 1.1 Smallholders .................................... ........................................... ............ ........................ 17
1 / 2 Commercial Scale Farming........................................... ........................... ... 
JR
3.2 Implications for the Master Plan .............. ................. ................................................................ 19
3 2.1 Supply of Fertilisers................. ........ .............. ........................................... .............................. 19
3 2.2 Local Production of Fertiliser.......................................... ....................................... ................ .... 20
3 2.3 Soil Conservation ......................................................................................................... 20
3 2.4 Crop Improvement without Irrigation 
...................... , . ..................................... 22
3.2.5 Cash Crops tn the Upper Basin......... .......................................................................... 23
3.2.6 Rainfed Cropping in the Gambela Plain...... , ............................................................. 24
3 2.7 Arable Improvements for the Anuak.................................................................................. *2j
3.2 R Prospects for Irrigated Cropping................................................................................... 25
3.2.9 Crop Irrigation Requirements and Schedules ............ .............................................. ,..,,..26
3.2.10 An Irrigated Serrlemenr Scheme................................................................................. 26
3 211 Commercial Scale Farming ............ .......................................................................... 26
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akotxj River Batin Integrated Envelopment Master Plan
21-iANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
NATURAL RESOURCES
4. SUGGESTED DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS
2
4.1 Development Option I J
4.2 Development Option 2................................................................................................... 28
4.3 Development Option 3 ............................................................................................... 28
4.4 Development Option .....................................................................................................
4 5 Development Option 5................................................................................. -28
5. ANALYSIS AND MAPPING BY REGION...................................................................................... 29
6. PRIORITIES AND SECTOR PLAN
7. NEED FOR FURTHER STUDIES
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF CLIMATIC DATA, CULTIVATED AREAS, CROPPING
PATTERNS AND YIELDS........................................................................_
APPENDIX B: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ETO (PEMAN-MONTEITH) AND EFFECTIVE RAINFALL BY SELECTED METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS
APPENDIX C: GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MAIN CROP_
APPENDIX D: PROBABILITY OF RAINFALL AT SELECTED METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA
TABLES
Table 1 Rate of Increase in National Cropped Area, 1988-1994
Table 2 Estimated .Annual Soil Loss of Selected Slope Gradients 
FIGURES
Figure 1 : .Altitude effect on Temperature
Figure 2 Altitude effect on Relative Humidity and Wind
Figure 3 : Altitude effect on Sunshine and Radiation
Figure 4 Altitude effect on ETP and Effective Rainfall
Figure 5 Altitude effect on Simple Rainfall Deficit
Figure 6 Altitude effect on Length of Growing Season
Figure 7 Illustration ot the Benefits of Good Contour Conservation Measures ACRONYMS
EMO Ethiopian Meteorological Office
FAO .... Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations USBR United States Bureau of Reclamation
Geographic Information System
Effective Rainfall Factor
TAMS4TG Baro-Akobo River Basin Inletrated Dev elop neat M*ner
21-11
31NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
1. INTRODUCTION
Climaie is given prominence, since
it
is important to
the analysi
s of cropping potential and the
interpretation of climatic features 
is
an important
component
of any agricultural study. It
should be noted that more detaile
d
information and
discussion
on the various components of
climate is provided in Appendix A, Table I of this report
Attention has been paid to probability analysis of rainfall data and the application of a model to predict the length of the dependable growing season This is particularly important in Baro- Akobo basin in view of the conjecture over whether or not there is economic justification for supplementary irrigation of crops It is recognised that this study must embrace long-term as well as short-term considerations, but in terms of national priorities for food self-sufficiency and food security and the limited financial resources available to the Government to promote this, the priorities might lie elsewhere
The most outstanding need for intervention is to promote the conservation of land and to increase the productivity of its use The limiting factors in this area, as in most of the welter parts of Ethiopia, are the rate at which the soil can deliver plant nutrients to the crops and the rate at which this capacity is being eroded by the loss of soil The investment of chemical energy in the form of inorganic fertiliser may be seen as an economically robust solution capable of increasing the productivity of much of the land in the basin by a factor of more than five In view of the financial benefits which are likely to arise and be recognised by farmers, a contract to undertake the work of conserving soil should be made a mandatory' component of any intervention The issue of the potential for the manufacture of fertilisers locally has been raised and it is hoped will receive the attention which it deserves
The issue of how to use the water resource of the newly constructed Abobo Dam has been addressed but without treating the capital investment already made as a sunk cost The potential for the development of sugarcane in the lowlands has been confirmed but in view of the huge production of dryland sugarcane along the Natal coast of the Republic of South Africa in climatic conditions not dissimilar to those of Gambela (apart from a cooler season) the prospects for this crop justifying the development of irrigation are remote On the contrary*, some initiatives are suggested for the development of dryland farming and some of these are economically promising
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
21 1ANNEX 21 AGRICULTtRt
natural resources
2. ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA
2.1 Climate
2.1.1 Sources of Data
The FAO Agro-meteorological Unit database has provided climate data collected at 25 meteorological stations within and close to the project area boundary These data are long- term monthly means of run off from 2 to 50 years and describe temperature, humidity, windrun. sunshine and rainfall The same data set for an additional five stations in the Baro-Akobo basin has been extracted from the ARDCO-GEOSERV report (1995) .Also the Ethiopian Meteorological Office (EMO) made available rainfall data sets for individual years and for different periods from the 1950s to 1980s
Data are summarised by station using the FAO programme Cropwat (1991) and, together with the co-ordinates and altitude of the stations, are presented in Appendix A This programme was used to calculate solar radiation and reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) by Monteith's modification of Penman's formula The subsequent sector of Cropwat provides a choice of four different methods for estimating the effective rainfall factor Using the method of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), effective rainfall by month were calculated for all sites and Appendix A shows the calculations Appendix B gives the monthly rainfall values for different probabilities of exceedance calculated from the data sets from EMO assuming normal distribution
The project’s Geographic Information System (GIS) has provided the integration of information between the natural resources expertise and the social sciences (Annex 3E) A subset of climate data from 11 stations along a corridor traversing the basin from west to east from the floodplain to the highland, has been extracted to assist with summarising the data it is given in Table 1, Appendix A The following is a description of the climatic features in the context of their importance for agriculture
2.1.2 Temperature
.
.<
h effect of altitude on annual mean temperature (mean, maximum and Figure 1 illustrates t e c dwenTunwi by the adiabatic lapse rate, is predominantly linear but
minimum) The relation p. becomes mildly quadra
pro bably due to periods of low cloud and mist The 500m (masl) On the floodplain to about 17 5 C at 2500m in
range is from * ^ 10 C with altitude
b U’ a“ m mcan maximum is 35 to 24 C and in mean minimum from 20 to
t mneraturc peaks during February and March on the floodplain but high values extend into
Temperature pea
April on .h= *8*lands B*.*
s 700m mean maximum values are in excess of 38 c for
o(
40
<-
~ «0«Cfo
” ^“pTXuMy maize. « *«• do " "" ”*• '««. Daytime
21-2NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
temperaiure in the lowlands is very stable over the year with mean maximum nor falling below 30 C even during the rainy season Minimum temperature is even more stable with a variation through the year of no more than 2 C about the yearly average of about 19-21 C These conditions are ideal for tropical crops such as cotton and some plantation crops such as citrus and mango The conditions are ideal for the growth of sugarcane but without a markedly cooler period the sucrose content, despite drying off the cane prior to harvest during December - March, is not expected to exceed 10%
In contrast, land above about 2,000m is markedly cooler, with mean maximum in the hottest period not exceeding 28 C and generally being in the range 21-26 C. Maximum daytime temperature at this altitude also is stable through the year ranging through only about 4 C Minimum temperatures in the highlands seem to be more variable and not so closely related to altitude The annual mean minimum ranges from 1$ C at 2,000m at Atnago to 7 C at 2,320m at Fincha, this difference is quite significant in terms of cropping potential Ln the warmer parts of the upland zone this temperature range is ideal for sub-tropical and cool tropical crops such as mai?e sorghum and many pulses and oilseeds and also for some plantation crops, such as coffee and tea Bv contrast, the cooler parts would be ideal for temperate crops such as leff. wheat, barley, oats, oilseed rape and many vegetables
2.1.3 Relative Hu middy
Figure 2 illustrates the effect of altitude on annual mean relative humidity Above about 1,200m the mean humidity is apparently unaffected by altitude and averages 75-80%. but it is possible that values are slightly lower above 2,000m. This may reflect the mist zone on the upper slope and that, further from the escarpment, clouds are higher On the floodplain the mean value is below 70%, and almost certainly the high values at Jikawo are an error in recording. These spurious data have clearly caused underestimation ofETo at this site.
Seasonal variation in relative humidity is In the range 20-40% but 30% is most common In contrast to drier parts of Ethiopia, at no part of the basin does relative humidity fall below 50%. and this has a clear impact on the evapotranspiration in the area. Conversely, high values of relative humidity characterise much of the area and it must be expected that fungus diseases of crops will be more prevalent than in drier areas.
2.1.4 Wind
Figure 2 shows that altitude has little effect on mean wind speed, but as expected there is the suggestion that rates are marginally higher on the exposed mid-slopes of the catchment. The low value at Agaro may indicate an error in measurement. The annual mean of about 120km/day is in the "light" category indicating that wind has little impact upon variation in ETo values. Sites on the mid-slopes experience the highest monthly mean values of about 1601an/day, generally in the pre-rainy period of March to May, but even this is a "light" wind Strong gusts arc associated with storms and can cause serious lodging of crops and consequent loss of yield, maize is particularly vulnerable Maize grown by the Anuak near Gambela is known to lodge regularly but after the cobs have matured so that damage is slight (Assefa Afeta, pers comm )
TAMS-ULG Baru-Akpbo River Basin Integraied Development Master Plan
21-3NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 agriculture
There is evidence that measurement of wind speed is casual this mas result from the method or instruments emploved Older anemometers read either wind velocity (a transient variable, usually recorded directlv in m/sec or km/h) or windrun (usually measured in km per 12 or 24 hours) For agro-meteorology. windrun is more important than wind velocity and its estimation from records of wind velocity is likely to be inherently inaccurate
2.1.5 Sunshine and Radiation
Hours of bright sunshine have been recorded at all 30 sites covered by this report and the annual mean value of about 6 hours daily shows almost no vanation within the basin (Figure 3) Despite this uniformity, there is considerable seasonal variation at all sites, with significant impact on evapotranspiration and growth rate of crops
For the latitude of the basin, the maximum possible sunshine hours varies little from about 118 hours daily in December/January to about 12 4 hours in June/July The most actual sunshine is recorded in the period March to May when skies are clearest and values are mostly 8 to 9 hours daily The onset of the rainy season produces a dramatic fall in bright sunshine and values less than 2 hours daily on average in August arc recorded
.Although temperature also affects net solar radiation, the main determinant of radiation is the clanty of the atmosphere as measured by sunshine Accordingly, values in excess of 20 MJ/m2 daily in April plunge to about 12 during the rainy season This combination of low radiation and high temperature is very unfavourable for crop growth, causing etiolation and weakness Lt will seriously limit the yield of rainfed cotton in the lower basin, coinciding with peak flowering it will cause shedding of bolls and squares irrigation would enable sensitive crops to be planted outside the period of low radiation from July to September
2,1.6 Evapotranspiration
Altitude affects the annual amount of evapotranspiration in linear manner as illustrated in Figure 4. Reference crop evapotranspiration termed PET in the ARDCO-GEOSERV reDon) varies from 1.700mm annually on the floodplains to 1,250mm in the highlands Of the four determinants of ETo (temperature, humidity, wind and radiation), it is mainly the im a t f altitude on temperature which influences ETo
There is considerable seasonal variation in daily ETo In the lowlands values are in excess of 5mm. day during February to April falling to 3-3 5mm/day dunng the rainy season In the highlands, the seasonal variation is from 4.5 down to 2 5mm/day These daily rates are not high in comparison with drier pans of the country
2.1.7 Rainfall
Rmnfall data supplied by the EMO generally are considered more useful and reUable than the
Ramfall data pp
cxception is the data set for Gambela since the FAO mcans
foXX bX for
misring and some evidently spurious data
. u. well-watered region of Eth'°P'a
only 18 years was avaflable from EMO Many data sets are flaw'ed
BMO-Akobc 
area has an average annu
------- --------- 'TAMS tLG BarivAkobo »'«r B”‘
2 200m,n
-"
, G”* m the PTOi«*
1
Develop®* '
'
21-4NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
annual total of more than 1,800mm A significant proportion of ram falling dunng storms is lost by run-off and the occasional light rain falling out-of-scason when soil and foliage are hot is lost by evaporation The ’ effective" rain is calculated from total rain by the effective rainfall factor (ERF): the method of the LrSBR has been used in this summary The average ERF is about 60% dunng the rainy season dour to nil in the dry season The alternative is the FAO method based on the notional relationship between mean rainfall and a higher probability of exceedance, which reduces rainfall in all seasons and hence reflects the evaporation loss of rain falling out-of-season Cropwat offers the choice of method
The “effective" rainfall is a value that is commonly used bv LSBR to calculate irrigation demand The net irrigation demand is estimated on the basis of the monthly field water requirements minus the 80% reliable monthly (effective) rainfall of an area, based on analysis of a large number (50 ~) of years of monthly records
The alternative is the FAO method based on the notional relationship between mean rainfall and a hither probability of exceedance, which reduces rainfall in all seasons and therefore reflects the evaporation loss of ram falling out-of-season
Effective average rainfall is about 750mm annually in the lowlands and rises to about 1,250mm in the highland (Figure 4, .Altitude effect in ETo and effective rainfall) It is only above 2,000m that ETo and effective rainfall reach equality 
2. J. 8 Seasonal Distribution of Rainfall
The seasonal variation in rainfall follows the same pattern throughout the basin with peak precipitation during August There is slight bimodaiity of distribution at some stations with May exceeding June rainfall Peak effective rain exceeds Smm daily in the highlands and 4mm on the floodplain, dry season rainfall is mostly insignificant. Appendix A gives details of rainfall distribution.
The estimated monthly mean values for different levels of exceedance given in Appendix R reveal striking variation in annual distribution between the north and south of the basin Using the I in 20 year rainfall for example. Tepi m the south has nine months annually with significant rainfall (more than 30mm) compared with only five months in Yubdo and Asosa in the north, with Gore intermediate with six months. Tepi and Yubdo have about the same annual total, Asosa less and Gore more. The more even distribution of rainfall in the south is reflected in the greenness of the vegetation throughout the dry season and contrasts with the parched landscapes of the north
2I.9 Rainfall Deficit
Simple rainfall deficit is the difference between reference crop evapotranspiration arid effective rainfall It is not the deficit against actual crop evapotranspiration This may be somewhat greater dunng the height of the cropping season but less during the early and late season. The simple deficit takes no account of moisture stored in the root zone and available to the crop when rainfall is first in deficit .As such it is a simple guide to the length of the rainy season and should not be used in land classification
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
Zl-5ANNEX 21 AGRICI LT(jRt
NATURAL RESOURCES
All regions have at least one month during which effective rainfall is in surplus and most fiav about six months The total simple deficit over those months without a surplus excee/ 900mm annually in the lowland but at Gore is only 300mm Table 2 in Appendix ? summanses the number of months of simple deficit
2.1.10 Dependable Growing Season
The ARDCO-GEOSERV report uses a stylised model to indicate a more realistic length of growing season" which divides the basin into three zones the floodplain with 4-7 months, the mid-slope with 7-9 months and the highland with 9-12 months
A more fundamental model has been applied to the data from the 15 stations in the Baro- Akobo basin Table 2 in Appendix A summarises the assumptions and the results This model is not quite so optimistic as the FAO model used by ARDCO-GEOSERV and takes into account effective rather than total rainfall and at different probabilities of exceedance
Based on mean values (50% probability) the length of the dependable growing season on the flood plain is 4-6 months between 1,000 and 2,000m it is 6-8 months and above 2,000m it is eight or more months
On the Gambela plain below 500m masl only about six years in ten have a dependable rainfall of at least four months and sufficient to support good yields of most annual crops From the rainfall data for Itang, crops would fail almost one year in two but this more critical situation may be the consequence of less reliable data rather than less reliable rainfall
Climatic conditions for crop development and growth are discussed in various sections of the Report, but especially m this Annex (21)-at Section 2.1 8. 2 1.9 and 2 1 10 In summary it was concluded that the Gambela plain below 1000 masl is prone to four dry years in ten, or in other words, the area has only about six years in ten when rainfall might be dependable For this reason the development of irrigation has been included as a possibility For further details refer to Volume 11, Section 5.3.2
Above about 1 000m masl the dependable growing season for annual crops is reliable and failures would occur onlv about one year in twenty, and even longer than that above 2,000m
?aS
1 In an average season and better, a second rainfed crop should yield well during a
a kt season of seven or more months This factor alone offers the scope for an
* 25»40 %
2.2 Present Cropping
Present Land use and Cropping Patterns
Tk Ahi^tive of this section is to review the current use of land for crop production, for
if
use for livestock and associated ecological assoc.at.ons under forest, savannah
and national park .t is
Sp'--d Ic^pX". .be 5^
___________T_A__M__S_-U__L_C_ B__»r_o- __A_k—7obo Ris~e Rr Briu7imat 8c£rattd
------
21-6
!b ’ ““
»«. and <c) ,he
Muier PiMNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX
 21 AGRICULTURE
highland zone above about 2,000m The Russian
study refers to zone
(a), the "lower basin",
and rhe ARDCO-GFOSERV study to zones (b) and (c) combined, termed the 'upper basin"' The true areas may be slightly greater because the Russian study provides data tor 1987, and the boundaries of the two study areas do not perfectly coincide so that a relatively small strip of land is excluded
The total cultivated crop area in the Baro-Akobo basin is at least 554,OOOha (Table 3
Appendix A), with Illubabor and Welega together accounting for three-quarters of cropland The striking observation is that 97% of all cultivated land falls in the upper basin The assumption is that most of this is in the highland zone and reflects the high density of arable fanners on the land above about 1,800m This conforms very closely to the national average as 95% of the total cultivated area is tn the highlands. Nationally, only 14% of land is cultivated but by definition the highland is 44% of the national area and home to 88% of the population By conirast, livestock graze more than half of national land area and only 65% of livestock are located in the highland zone (Volume IV, Land Use and Farming Systems map and Distribution of cattle, sheep, goats and poultry maps refer)
In the farmer survey of the upper basin, nearly all farmers reported mixed farming with rotation of crops (ARDCO-GEOSERV, 1995). Table 4 shows the overall current cropping patterns in the main regions of the basin Cereals dominate the crop range accounting for 75 % of crop area, the proportion is somewhat greater in Kaffa, Asosa and the lower basin and less in Welega. In the two largest zones, Illubabor and Welega, maize (Zea mays) is the most popular cereal but in Asosa and the lower basin, sorghum (Sorghum spp) displaces maize, perhaps on account of its greater reliability under drought conditions Teff (Eragrostis teff), the source of the staple food of the highland people, is particularly important in Illubabor with more than a quarter of the crop area, but much less so in other zones Other small grains are present but of insignificani importance in the Baro-Akobo basin
Pulses overall account for only 6% of crop area, reflecting heavy dependence on animal protein as in the rest of Ethiopia The spread of species is fairly wide with horse beans (Vieta faba), field peas (Ptsum arvense) and hancot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) being equally popular, as much for their restorative effect on soil fertility as a source of dietary protein.
The oilseed group of crops is represented but overall accounts for a mere 2% of cropping The traditional noug or niger (Guisotia abyssinica) is marginally the most widely grown except in the lower basin where the Russians had introduced soya bean (Glycine max) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) The availability of animal fat would explain the small production of oilseeds
The "other crops" group is rather diverse, but the only crop of importance is coffee (Coffea arabica), occupying more than a quarter of crop area in Welega, somewhat less m Illubabor and very little or nil in other zones. This crop is the only cash crop of importance in the area at present A wide range of very minor crops is produced in the area mainly for local consumption and to enrich the diet There are two tea and two coffee estates established as state farms and two estates near Abobo producing cotton The crop areas in Table 3 do not include the area of crops on these state farms
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Do clop meat Master Plan
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ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
2.2,2 Crop Production
Table 6 shows that the increase in production in Welega is the result of an increase in cropped area Area and production of all crops except barley increased over the period 1988-1994 and most more than doubled
2,2.3 Estate Farming
The tea was very well established and plucking tables were apparently prolific in production Some plantations had either been pruned back in order to regenerate the tables or had been eradicated, but the reasons for this were not obtained
The colTee estates were relatively well maintained under shade trees of the residual high forest or planted species, of which silver oak (Grevillea robusta) and neem (Azadirachla mdica) were the most evident Many of the residual high forest trees are dying and all were seen to be Polvscius fulva. about the only deciduous type noted, and a fast-growing species with less valuable timber (which probably explains why this species was favoured as shade trees) The reason for the dieback is not clear but is unlikely to be due to the conspicuously greater load of epiphytes on the branches (which may be promoted by the deciduous period allowing more light to them) it may be due either to the change in sub-canopy microclimate or to unrestricted infestation by Armilana melea. The coflfee inspected was prone to coffee berry disease (CBD) from which considerable yield is being lost A leaf disease is causing perhaps 10% loss of leaf area and may also be responsible for some loss of yield It may possibly be caused by American leaf spot (Mycena citricolor) which is a serious disease in C and S America but this would need to be confirmed The pulpery visited only wet-ferments during the main rainy season during which effluent is discharged into the nearby stream
Floodplain Crops Below about 500m. the zone of the floodplain, the length of the average reliable growing season falls dramatically to about five months, but in one year in four crop yields would be much reduced, and in one year in ten annual crops would fail unless irrigated There are several crops, both annuals and perennials, which would produce and in some cases already are producing a marketable yield under these conditions The settlers brought to the area during the 1980s cleared considerable tracts of land and reputedly produced significant yields of food crops under rainfed conditions They had extension support and access to fertilisers and seed of improved vaneties The reasons for their abandonment of the land and general departure from the area do not lie in the failure of their dryland cropping system
Cotton. Slate farms were established at the same time, using the blueprint of the successful Amibara complex of state farms in middle Awash, to produce dryland cotton The average yields were never as good as in the Awash valley where in addition to being irrigated, the soils and management were very much better and more suited to cotton. Average yield in the first season was 1.8 tonne/ha and rose to 2.0 t/ha the next season Thereafter there has been a linear decline in yield to a low of 558 kgha in 1994/95 and an estimated yield for the last season of 625 kg ha
A roadside check showed plant population to be low at about 28,000 per ha, which is a wise expedient in an unreliable rainfall regime The average bolls per plant was estimated at less than three and seemed small, and if averaging 4.2 g each, would yield 350 kg/ha of seed
TA-MS-ULG Baro-Akobo Rhrr Buin Integrated Development Muter Plan
21-»NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 
AGRICULTURE
cotton This was only one site on the farm and may not
have been typical,
but without doubt,
the explanation for the poor yield is The very low number of fruitful bolls per plant
The very low radiation level of 12 MJ/mJ/day during August together with high temperature and rainfall in this month may be expected to cause physiological bolt-shedding Coupled with this is the increasing problem of labour and machinery shortage, which has led to increasing weed competition to which cotton is exceptionally sensitive, particularly when young If the cotton plant fails to establish a vigorous "frame'' in the first two months of vegetative growth before the onset of flowering, the consequently weak photosynthetic "factory" (with low net assimilation rate) is unable to support more than a minimal number of belts and the rest are shed Added to that problem was the late arrival of the spraying plane from Jima and the consequent serious damage to the crop by American bollworm (Heiiolhis arrmgera) after which damaged bolls abort The other problem noted and confirmed by the Assistant Manager, was boll rot caused by late rain wetting the already burst but unharvested bolls. Late rain is said to be sufficiently frequent to be regarded a problem, and the only answer to it is timely harvesting (which requires either a massive seasonal labour force or many harvesting machines) and maybe boll drying facilities
Fertiliser Use. There is a local opinion thal these soils are so fertile as to sustain high monoculture production without supplementary' inorganic fertilisers This may be true of the levee and flooded soils which annually receive a nuirient-rich silt load in the flood water, but is not true for the sandy loam texture soils of the middle and upper terraces such as at the inspection point Furthermore, cotton is a gross feeder for most nutrients and Ca, Mg and K in particular. On similar soils in Uzbekistan, one of the largest cotton producing areas in the world, massive rates of N (300-400 kg/ha of N. not urea) are regarded as essential to sustain cotton yields. Part of the decline in yields with time is due to impoverishment of the soil
The present use of fertilisers, pesticides and fungicides is insignificant and the master plan suggests the use of improved technical inputs in order to increase yields This subject is discussed in further detail in Volume II Chapter 5, Section 5 2.6, Forecast for Agriculture and Food Sector Development
Phosphorous as a fertiliser is applied as part of the compound DAP (di-ammonium super phosphate), that contains 18% of nitrogen and 46% of phosphate, in the form of PiO< In addition to DAP, Urea (containing about 46% N) is imported, which indicates that nitrogen fertilisers are regarded as more important MOA operates a nation-wide blanket fertiliser application rale that appears to have been in use for some time. However, without strategically located detailed fertiliser trial plots and concrete local recommendations, it would be difficult to provide sound advice on the use of the correct mix for the known soil types in the basin
Section 2.5.1, records that the use of fertilisers is ''insignificant' in the project area and according to the upper basin survey (ARDCO-GEOSERV), only about 290 metric tonnes were used during the 1992/93 season
2.2.4 Crop Yields from Subsistence Farming
Tables 5 and 6 in Appendix A give the average yields claimed to be obtained in the regions of the basin Reliability of these data is not expected to be very good on account of the great
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~NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 agriculture
difficult}' there is in measuring them with any accuracy The source of data mostly is by measurement of sample plots, a programme conducted by the Russian consultants and routinely bv agents of the Central Statistics Authority. The ARDCO-GEOSERV team sent questionnaires to local officials and conducted their own sample survey of farmers Yield levels from the three sources mostly correspond, but the greatest and most important difference is with the maize yield. 1 2 t/ha according to ARDCO-GEOSERV and a mean of about 16 t/ha from the sample surveys by Central Statistics Authority Except inasmuch as those for maize are rather high, most yields conform to the levels expected of this type of production in all parts of the developing world
With crop production being almost wholly for subsistence it is not surprising that yield levels are very low The predominant method of production in Ethiopia is ox-tillage of the land, making simple furrow drains through the field where drainage is impeded, sowing of own-kept seed, keeping the crop weed-free by hand labour, and harvesting by hand The source of nutrients to sustain this level of production is meagre nitrogen in rainwater and fixed by soil organisms, and other nutrients by decomposition of the generally abundant primary minerals in the soil Re-cycling of organic residues is at a very low level as livestock consume most crop residues and cow dung is commonly dried for use as a fuel together with woody residues The harvest of gram and removal of straw represents a net loss of all nutrient elements and a basic system of production which limits yields to the low levels obtained
The following determine yield levels.
• rainfall
• the inherent soil mineralogy.
• the previous crop and the degree of recycling of organic residues (which includes the
level of extraction of organic materials from the site),
• the natural drainage state,
• the length of fallow and, most of all.
• the rate of loss of topsoil by erosion
In the ARDCO-GEOSERV survey, only 15% of farmers interviewed said they practised shifting cultivation, and only 52% were able to fallow their land for 1-2 years. In consequence, cropping intensity in the highland zones is about 70% and only in Assosa is it low at 22%
The consequence of the current levels of these factors is a potentially sustainable but low level of productivity (yield per unit area) but regrettably one which almost invariably in practice declines National annual growth in agricultural production in the last decade has averaged 0.9%, far below the population growth rate of nearly 3% The Table 1 summarises the rate of increase in national cropped area (excluding Tigray) during the period 1988 to 1994
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ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
Table 1. Rate oflncrease in National Cropped Area, 1988-1994
Crop type
1988/89
1989/90
1990/9!
1991/92
1994/95
Average
(% pa)
Cereals
100
102
80
78
108
1.3
Poises
100
101
106
no
132 r
5.3
------ ------------
Other crops
100
111
113
97
-------------- - 154
9.0
Total
100
-i
102
84
83
112
2.0
Source. Statistical Bulletins. Central Statistical Authority
The rate of increase in the area of pulses and oilseeds has been much greater than that of cereals but the statistics also imply a real fall in the average plane of nutrition because the rate of increase in cropped area has averaged 2% compared with 0 9% in production I his indicates a fall in productivity of land overall There are undoubtedly several factors operating, not least of which will be
• the degradation of cropland by erosion,
• the use of ever more fragile and marginal land as population pressure increases;
• the shortening of the fallow cycle leading inevitably to continuous cultivation, and
• the dependency upon meat for dietary' protein and the consequent relative
unimportance of leguminous crops which enrich the soil for subsequent crops
It is beyond the capacity of an average subsistence farmer unaided to intervene in this cycle of decline driven by growing population pressure The traditional response has been to cut more forest but with only 3% of the Ethiopian land surface now under primary forest, mostly on steep slopes and shallow' and erodible soils, this option has limited scope The next response has been io move further into less productive ecosystems areas of less reliable rainfall and coarsc-textured soils and marshes where the need for drainage exposes once stable ecosystems to degradation and may upset the pattern of flow of water in the catchment
2.3 Soil Erosion
The southern highlands are characterised by andosols and nitisols, robust young soils formed
on volcanic basalt and pyroclastic parent material rich in reserves of mafic minerals, so that 21
lattice clays predominate These soils have high CEC and base saturation, and soil colloids are strongly aggregated, permeability is reasonable and soils are consequently stable. The rainfall is well distributed (see above) and maintains a vigorous and continually green vegetation cover Even when steep slopes are cultivated, erosion is visibly almost absent except where cattle tracks down slopes have accentuated the impact of gully erosion
The northern highlands are more variable in parent material and although patches of volcanic rock occur there are extensive tracts of metamorphosed sediments, gneiss and schist Soils typically are acrisols and cambisols, and mans are skeletal Acrisols are the most leached and
TAMS-ULG Barc-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2! - 11NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTUur
possess few weathcrable mafic mineral reserves In consequence they have less clay bin mOre of the 1:1 lattice type, much lower CEC, and base saturation below 50 %. Colloids are morc dispersed and the soils much more fragile These soil are much less fertile, have lower water holding capacity so that with more erosive rainfall concentrated into a shorter rainy period than al equivalent altitude in the south, the natural vegetation is more sparse and becomes more combustible in the dry season The scars of gully erosion are very much more evident but the losses from sheet erosion, though not so visible, are much greater, as can be demonstrated by applying the Universal Soil Loss Equation (LISLE). Further details concerning soil loss and soil degradation is discussed in Volume II (Appendix)
The Table 2 shows the estimated annual soil loss for selected slope gradients down a 300m unprotected slope floss in mm of soil per year)
Table 2. Estimated Annua! Soil Loss of Selected Slope Gradients
Wcreda
Land Use
Slope Gradient
2%
10%
20%
--------
1 Yubdo
Sorghum
3
23
108
| Yubdo
Permanent Grass
0
-
0
.
1
Tememja Yazhi
Sorghum
0
3
15
The high rate of loss of soil in the worst case is almost all sheet erosion - the loss of soil generally over the soil surface once raindrops mobilise the sod particles as a result of the kinetic energy' of their impact A good leaf canopy over the soil to intercept the raindrops and dissipate the energy before it reaches the sod has a huge effect on the rate of loss. As the permeable topsoil is eroded away, increasingly the less permeable subsoil is exposed but this is also more compact so that the rate of soil loss falls. Therefore, soil fertility and crop yields decline Al the same time, as permeability falls, runoff increases so that the rate of surface water flow' is greater and is increasingly concentrated in runnels Erosion by this increased flow then causes gully erosion and, if not controlled, patches of the old land surface become isolated by deep scars in the landscape
On agricultural land, there are two types of control measure which are required (a) contour bunding or terracing to minimise sheet erosion, and fb) protected waterways to prevent or minimise gullying There have been some perfunctory attempts to make contour bunds in the upper basin and ii is worth noting that mostly the riparian vegetation in the natural waterways is mainly intact The problems are that
• little of the cropland is protected,
• the few- contour bunds in evidence have been badly installed,
• oblique drainage furrows are locally common in the north east of the basin.
• there is little or no attempt to arrest gullies;
land immediately upslope above the natural waterways has been cleared for cultivation, and
1 AMS-Ul G Baro-Akobo River Bum Integrated Development Master PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
• erosion control can only be effected as pan of good farming practice but is seen by 
fanners as a non-productive activity.
The practice of clearing land immediately above natural but deeply incised waterways has exposed soil to the combined impact of enhanced sheet and gully erosion and several major landslips were noted in the northern area Protection of natural waterways is a legal obligation on farmers in some countries and land cultivation closer than a defined limit is forbidden
The practice of making furrows obliquely across the slope in small grain crops in order to improve the soil drainage is increasingly common towards the eastern boundary of the catchment. Doubtless a legacy of the praciice on lhe upland plains, it is exceedingly risky in accelerating runoff velocity on the sleeper stopes on these more fragile soils, and probably unnecessary The importance of retaining the soil is much greater than the need to evacuate excess water
Some stabilisation of gullies by tree planting has been organised Once runoff flows have been concentrated and velocities are high, tree planting is insufficient to control gullying, and expensive engineering with gabions and masonry weirs may be the only' solution in extreme cases The important consideration is that the preservation of natural waterways with an undisturbed grass cover is by far the cheapest and most effective solution: this needs forethought, planning and the clear understanding and co-operation of the local community
There is no easy solution to the problem of farmers' perception of soil conservation Unless farmers understand the tangible benefits of long-term protection of land the enforcement of such measures can and has led to rural political instability Much conservation work has been achieved under the "food-for-work" programme and as such it has come to be regarded as a State responsibility Even worse is that deliberate destruction of conservation works has been reported because maintenance of structures likewise is paid for
2.4 Irrigation
Some 11,000 ha of crops in the basin are thought to be irrigated Some of this total may be small areas irrigated by stream diversions, however most is likely to be the traditional system in the highland north-east of the area, termed "bone".
Soils formed on metamorphosed sediments are very erodible and the filling of the bottoms of
formerly deeply incised valleys by colluvium from the flanking hillsides gives a very 
characteristic cross section Formerly marshy, the valley floors have been drained by a hen-ing-
bone pattern of shallow drains and are now intensively cultivated during the dry season, Crops 
benefit from a water table controlled al about 50cm, which is a form of sub-surface irrigation
During the rainy season, lhe land is too wet to cultivate. The most commonly grown crop is 
mane for harvest and sale as green cobs which command a high price out of season
Perennials such as ensete and bananas are grown at the periphery These lands are much prized
and the right to their use is passed on from generation to generation
The length of the dependable growing season has been shown above to be too short to give reliable ramfed croppmg below about 1,000m mask The consequence of occasional crop
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ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
NATURAL resources
, a hnrtfall However, this should not be confused with the
failure is a corresponding food snon
Anttik rood shonMI
two months each year l ms seen
M *h .he Anuak 
SKOnd ta Vtadpttautaou. supplementary 
cropping on the floodplain ™ the residual
PP
ZZX two and occasionally three crops a veto partly on residual motsture and party by hauling water up the bank to imgate in times of drought
2.5 Financial Analysis of Cropping
2.5.1 Use of Technology Inputs
According to the upper basin survey, the use of technology inputs is insignificant in the area at present In the 1992'93 season, only 294t of fertiliser, mainly di-ammonium phosphate (DAP). 20% N 20% P or 46% P^Os, was used this is an average of 0 22lcg of nutrients per ha of crops and compares with more than lOOkgha in developed countries, some 500 times more The fanner survey suggested the main reasons for not using fertiliser to be that none is available, and secondly, the lack of cash to buy it even were it to be available Late supply was a minor reason, as was the lack of knowledge about how to use it (15% of farmers in both cases)
Almost no pesticides are currently used in the basin even though only 5% of farmers said they had no pesi problems Nearly half of farmers stated that pesticides are locally unavailable and almost as many said they could not afford to buy them anyway The proportion admitting to lack of knowledge was again 15% Control of weeds is most commonly by hand and farmers on average weed twice, with the greatest attention being paid to maize and sorghum.
The major crop pests in the basin include harmful insects, nematodes and rodents. The crops which suffer from pests are beans, citrus, coffee, cotton, cowpea and tomato These crops may need 4-8 sprays of appropriate chemicals to ensure acceptable yields Crops which are often damaged by insects include barley, cabbage, maize, sorghum, sugar cane, sunflower, onions, and pepper One or two well-timed sprays of appropriate chemicals will normally be sufficient foi these crops Banana, carrot, legumes, groundnuts, millets, soybeans, sweet potatoes, tea, and wheat are occasionally damaged by insects. As is the case anywhere in Ethiopia, the reduction in crop growth is the result of insufficient supplies of plant nutrients Yield reduction can also be caused by the activities of toxins produced by bacteria, fungi and viruses. Many ot these diseases are soil or seed bome, which may be aggravated by deficiencies or excess of some soil minerals or lack of drainage
Most tarmers use their own seeds which are almost all local provenances A quarter of farmers exchange seeds *ith neighbours and nearly the same number buy them back from the grain merchants prior to planting Tbs fact seems to indicate a storage problem Three in four fanners stated there was either no source of seeds of improved varieties or that the supply was
thc Wereda administration t0 be
, he ebmination of most of .he
refugees, settlers and itinerant militia a
X ievee tad resource Rainf *
.trigatron ,s inherently nsky. but cropplng
sufficient t0 obta]n rellab)
has been tntrodueed and offers potentia! fo,
° f ,ht ma" crossmg ,he plain
TAMS-ULG BinHAkobo River B« Unrated Doe lop turn t MaHeTpUn
n
21 - 14NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
inadequate One in ihree farmers had insufficient cash to buy them anyway and 18% were unaware of their existence (or one supposes) the possible benefit,
Harvesting of crops is exclusively bv hand Threshing is predominantly manual with 35% of farmers using animals to assist and only 8% using only animals Threshing machines are not commonly available Post-harvest losses by rodents, insects and rotting in the domestic gram stores, which are most commonly used, are believed to be very considerable
Commodity prices and crop financial gross margins together with financial analysis of subsistence farming has been updated and are discussed in Annex 3E
2.5.2 Adverse effects of Technology Inputs
If lavishly applied and at an inappropriate time, fertilisers can have adverse effects, especially on water courses. Given the very low level of cuiTent use in the projeci area, this is unlikely to be a problem, of more concern should be the promotion of their use Appropriate training for farmers is important, however, to maximise the effectiveness of fertilisers used
Pesticides and other agri-chemicals may have adverse effects if used inappropriately and excessively If their use is focussed to maximise the return on their high cost, however, they can be hugely beneficial Careful training is therefore very important to ensure that agri chemicals are used appropriately, so that there are no adverse side effects and that the fanners understand that there are bath positive and negative effects of the use of such chemicals
Most so-called “improved varieties" of seeds have been selected under ideal growing conditions, generally far removed from the conditions prevailing in subsistence agriculture World-wide experience is that the uninformed introduction of such varieties without a concomitant package of improvements, which mostly includes inorganic fertiliser and a commitment to more effective weed control, has led to local disenchantment with them and possible financial risk to the farmer
2.6 [Nutrition
2.6.1 Nutritional Requirements of Farming Families
The national average nutritional energy consumption is reported to be 6 6 MJ per person daily and the Government's target is to raise this to 8.8 MJ. Table 7 (Appendix A) gives a more detailed summary of nutritional requirements for energy and protein The table uses the estimated demographic composition in the project area (interpolated from the report of the Demographer) in order to estimate weighted averages for each population group The overall weighted averages are 9.6 MJ of energy' and 38g of protein daily per person The energy estimate is 9% greater than the Government target but is 30% less than the weighted average of 13.6 MJ calculated using criteria for Europe As it is estimated by FAO from nutrition studies in Africa it is considered to be accurate.
The Russian report draws attention to the current estimated shortfall in energy intake between the assumed average daily di« and the WHO standard requirement The shortfall was
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ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
estimated at about 30% in the mid-80s The Russian report's design estimate of average daily per capita intake is 1OMJ and 39g of energy and protein respectively. The biological va|Ue of protein is as important as quantity, but with 28g being of animal origin, the Russian propoSaj seems rather high
2.7.2 Nutritional Status of Farming Families and their Livestock
The energy and protein content of the fraction of the farm production not sold (and therefore assumed to be consumed) is summed and presented as a percentage of the total yearly need of the family No accounl is taken of the biological value of the various protein sources but the indications of superabundance of dietary protein suggests that this may not be a significant consideration in the average case No account likewise is taken of minor dietary needs, such as vitamins, minerals and fatty acids which would need more specific study A significant proportion of cereal grains, said by FAO to be 11% of dietary' energy needs tn Rwanda, is drunk as local beer, but the feed value is considered here to be unchanged by brewing
The family's nutritional status seems to be very sensitive to assumptions about the proportion of the production which is sold off the farm Since real values were unknown in this study, values have been adjusted such that the proportion consumed by the average familv is 77% of their total requirement This is the proportion of the national target of 8.8 MJ per person daily which in a policy document from Government is said to be present average national consumption However, the values for off-farm sales have important implications for the consumption patterns of families on farms which are "not average" (which is nearly all of them), of the urban consumers, for regional surplus of grains and their movement out of the area Furthermore, care must be exercised in assessing off-farm sales since grain sold after harvest may subsequently be repurchased at times of need In some areas there are strong cultural conventions which require communal sharing of food and drink with neighbours, which sometimes is also a practical expedient, such as when an ox is slaughtered
The model calculates the feed value of the crop residues as a percentage of the livestock’s' computed annua! requirement Metabolisable energy content in roughage for ruminants is used as the standard In this case insufficiency of dietary protein is the major constraint, crop residues satisfying a mere 2% of requirement, so that the need to free-range graze is imperative Again, data on the exlent of such facilities are not available and at best the model stylises the estimated need This is done by assuming that free-range grazing is equivalent to the notional consumption of hay from a paddock of grass of moderate productivity and nutrient content It equates to 5.4 ha of grazing per farm or 55.000 ha in the wereda and is much greatei than the B.lOOha said to be available, thereby implying at least seasonal malnutrition of livestock.
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21 - lbnatural resources
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
SECTOR TARGETS, CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
3.1 National Strategy
The history and current status of agricultural development in the country was reviewed Its title is "Agriculture Sector Strategy'" and is believed to originate from the staff or the 1 rime Minister's Office it is undated hut probably was released in early 1995 Since lhen, several documents have been received which are official, but (hey merely endorse what has been summarised below
The proposed objectives arc as follows
• to improve the quality of life of rural people by higher incomes, better nutrition, health and education, to promote equity and personal freedom and reduce poverty;
• to increase food supply in quality and quantity- to improve rural nutrition and supply surplus to urban people at affordable prices;
• to increase and diversify the supply of raw materials for industry and for export and to promote a strong linkage with the industrial sector and maximise the country s foreign exchange earnings, and
• to make agriculture the driving force for economic development a dynamic agriculture will stimulate demand in other sectors of the economy.
Growth in the agricultural sector could be realised through improvcmenl of productivity of (a) smallholder agriculture and (b) commercial and intensive agriculture
3.2.1 Smallholders
The thrust of the proposal is to combine the resources of land, labour and capital in a more efficient and productive manner A defined component of this strategy is to more efficiently exploit the relationship between cropping and ruminant animals than has been achieved in the past through research and extension. This cannot be achieved without 'improvement m production techniques... biological, chemical and mechanical technologies as well as cultural practices " The problems discussed in Section 2. of degrading resources and diminishing land holding are recognised and must be addressed The initial strategy is said to be the "tow-cost method of raising productivity" to increase the opportunities for family labour by lhe deployment of simple technologies and to reduce the urban drift The following strategies arc proposed
• institutional support, appropriate research, better training for extension staff and closer links between the two,
promote fanner associations and facilitate marketing and processing of produce;
■ promote rural development banks and improve credii facilities,
better veterinary facilities, research on livestock nutrition, upgrading of genetic resources of local livestock and encouragement for pastoralists to participate in development without threat to their traditional values.
TAMS-CLG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2! - J7ANNEX 21 AGRICULTl ^
NATURAL RESOl RCES
. ’develop irrigation research capacity to develop techniques tor emc.em use or Wer particularly for conditions with limited supplies of irrigation water in the dryland
farmintt svstems",
• intensification of the crop-livestock production system through multiple cropping, Use of legumes, the judicious and efficient use of inorganic and organic fertilisers and soil amendments, combination with organic fertilisers, improved seeds and practices, soil
and water conservation.
• in the Ions run. the local production of inorganic N and P fertilisers from indigenous materials to minimise the forex burden,
• improve timing of sowing in relation to probability of rain (more critical than total rainfall) with '‘due attention to dryland grain production...";
• in rainfall erratic areas to encourage adoption of simple technologies for supplemental "small and medium scale irrigation and water harvesting" and "support for spring development, nver diversion and small-scale irrigation development schemes'1;
• "attention will be paid to develop the fishing industry which has remained virtually 
1
unexploited associated with small and medium scale irrigation schemes* ;
• rural development based on the rational use of natural resources "special attention to afforestation water and soil conservation watershed management and catchment development".
• inter-sectoral co-ordination of development effort, including much-needed infrastructure,,
• legislation to ensure security of tenure and land use but allow markets to determine prices and avoid over-taxation of producers;
• devolve power, promote community participation in rural development, protect autonomy and independence but encourage voluntary work and supply of materials for local development, and
• promote small and medium local agroindustries for local and export markets (including farm implements, livestock feeds, organic fertilisers, cottage industries). Attention shall be paid to promote post-harvest technologies in order to improve, preserve and minimise loss of production
3.1.2 Contmercial Scu/e Farming
The promotion of commercial scale farming is envisaged, with lone-ierm lense of land not
TAMS-ULG Baro-AJtfibo River Basin
21-18
rP|»oNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
of the decade with foreign investment an important feature, but " .the most critical factor is farm management" In the main it "*>11 be based on large-scale irrigation schemes...
producing large and reliable harvests with higher levels of productivity- per manhour "
3.2 Implications for the Master Plan
It is clear from the foregoing statements that Government's objective, which the Master Plan must take into account, is low-key rural development with emphases on
• improving soil fertility as cheaply as possible,
• protection of the environment,
• more scientific interaction between cropping and livestock feeding; and
• small to medium scale irrigation in the drier regions of the country
In addition, the development of large scale, highly mechanised irrigation schemes with private sector involvement is also part of the strategy for areas such as the lower Baro-Akobo basin Such schemes will have to yield high financial rates of return to attract the necessary private sector finance and be economically viable if the associated investment of government funds (c g joint venture capital and/or supporting infrastructure) is to be justified
3.2.1 Supply of Fertilisers
It is argued in Section 2 that subsistence agriculture is presently mining (he soil’s fertility and that the soil's ability to deliver the nutrients is the factor most limiting rainfed crop productivity in the basin (and in all wetter parts of Ethiopia) A source of chemical energy m the form of inorganic fertiliser nutrients can completely transform the productivity of crop and animal production Provided the present economic environment for agnculture continues and that the inorganic fertiliser is used scientifically, there is absolutely no reason to suppose that it is not an indefinitely sustainable system (despite what some ill-informed critics might assert). The most urgent needs are for a larger, more reliable and if possible, cheaper source of fertilisers in rural areas, and credit assistance for farmers to purchase it
Private traders are now importing fertilisers from the world market and distributing them However, these sales are concentrated in areas close to their stores leaving the Government (Agricultural Input Supply Enterprise), which used to be the monopoly supplier and distributor of fertilisers, io sell in areas far away from the main centres. As a result the present system of national prices for fertilisers (i e subsidising the cost of fertilisers in the more remote areas from sales close to the distribution centres) is breaking down. However, the Government is committed to privatising the marketing centres by 1997 and to removing the fertiliser subsidy completely in 1998 In 1995 the fertiliser price for urea was Birr 1.68/kg and the subsidy Birr 0.72/kg The corresponding figures for DAP are Birr 1.78 and Birr 0 78/kg respectively In
1996 the Government is expected to reduce these subsidies to about Birr 0 5/kg [n view of ihe poor level of development of rhe physical and commercial infrastructure in the Baro- Akobo basin, it seems unlikely that availability of fertiliser will increase significantly' in the immediate future if distribution is left to the private sector alone
TAMS-L'LG Baro-Akobu River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
21 - Wannex 21 agriculture
natural resources
ammoniation. DAP
There is no additional information available at this stage, which would suggest the extent of the total reserve of low-grade rock phosphate near Gimbi More detailed explorations would be required to establish this At this stage it is not possible to estimate whether this deposit is economically viable
The cheapest source of nitrogen fertiliser is as a by-product of the petro-chemical industry The alternative is extraction of atmospheric nitrogen by the Harber-Bosch process where the requirement is a cheap source of power This could be achieved on site also.
A source of muriate of potash that could be mined is said to exist in the crystallised bed of an ancient sea on the border with Eritrea It was "sandwiched" between sodium chloride and divalent salts by differential crystallisation as the seawater evaporated
Thus the three primary nutrients could be locally available and furthermore could be compounded into different ratios of N P K at a factory in or close to the Baro-Akobo basin It is recommended that a feasibility study of this opportunity should follow quickly on completion of the exploration of the phosphate source and of the hydropower potential in this study
3.2.3 Soil Conservation
The adequate construction of conservation measures must involve qualified surveyors with the necessary equipment, such as a dumpy or Abney level It is necessary to plan the intervention carefully and with the full agreement and co-operation of the local community, so that grass waterways for the discharge of runoff can be permanently marked and regarded as sacrosanct by farmers They may be grazed lightly but never burnt The need for collective planning is made clear b> the impossibility ot one farm discharging runoff water indiscriminately over the land below Implementation of a collective plan in high population density areas may entail the loss of land to designated waterways by cenain owners or users in pursuit of the common good, and compensation will be involved
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River BMin
lm rurd Developmco, wLurPlan
tX
21-20NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
Annex E shows the effect of length of slope on the annual soil loss; the closer the bunds the better but the percentage loss of land increases If terraces are the ultimate objective the bunds should be made from The downslope side only as in Figure . The discharge from the bunds is directly into the designated grass waterway
The distance between bunds varies according to climate, soil and conditions of social acceptability in each country and region of countries. The experience in Ethiopia is that farming methods using oxen dictate the distance between bunds more than different formulae or experience outside the country A field occupied by bunds closer than 5 metres spacing is 
too close for most farmers to accept on land steeper than rolling Bunds wider apart than 5
metres would be too wide to be effective It would be useful if the technical design of structural soil conservation could form a component of the master plan implementation phase In this connection it is thought that the compilation and preparation ot a soil conservation manual for Ethiopia should be seriously considered as part of a soil conservation project
On steeplv sloping fragile soils which have not yet been eroded, the early construction ot proper contour bunds can lead to the natural formation of terraces, thereby protecting the land from serious soil loss in perpetuity. Figure 7 illustrates the process as a time sequence, where the gradual formation of terraces, can reduce soil loss from as much as 1,000 to 10 tonnes per ha per year The only drawbacks are'
• the regular maintenance work to heighten and protect the bunds,
• the growth of weeds on the bunds and consequent invasion of the fields.
• the loss of about 10-15% of the cultivable area, and
• loss of fertility on the upper part of the terrace with exposure of the subsoil by erosion.
The latter can be overcome by the concentrated application of organic fertilisers in such location to accelerate the process of soil formation
Except on stony and very steep land there is a case for using mouldboard ploughs as an adjunct to soil conservation measures since they turn the soil over in one direction (unlike the local plough which merely chums the soil) It is advisable to always throw the soil uphill to reverse Lhe downw ard movement of the soil by sheet erosion
As noted in Section 2, farmers perceive conservation works as a "non-productive1’ activity and in Ethiopia, as in many countries, have come to regard it as the responsibility of the State In fact, it is essential for the long-term survival of the farmer and in the interest of his own successors Lhat he should accept personal responsibility for the work before the landscape has been seriously degraded Thus the essential components of a successful intervention are:
• right of inheritance of farm land,
intervention at a local political level to underline the emphasis which Government places on the long-term importance of such conservation measures.
community level co-operation in planning to ensure the optimisation of designs and discharge of watery and collective responsibility for protection of waterways5 suitably qualified and equipped surveyors (whose input might be paid for by the Government or a levy on the farmer), and
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Batin Integrated Development Master Plan
21-21NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTL’^
some incentive » farmM
•» '■'““'W ,h'ra “,ake
a "d *•
responsibly «it!>
» mplementauon " « of the
lhc
and regulaI maimenar :
measures.
The first three items are measures to which the Government can respond by creating the appropriate political climate The creation of an effective regional-level soil conservation sendee wrth the commitment to payment of salanes also is a political commitment in the first instance
The necessarv initial equipment and training of surveyors is an item eminently suited for donor funding A component of such a project might be the importation of mouldboard ploughs in order to test their local acceptability and to investigate the opportunity for their manufacture in Ethiopia.
The matter of farmer incentive requires careful handling Were the principle of food-for-work to continue, the ground-rules should be more clearly defined and enforced with great discipline, and that all grain purchases should be from the local and not the international market A better incentive might be the obligatory linkage of conservation work with a Global- 2000 type of intervention as is recommended below
3.24 Crop improvement without Irrigation
In drier areas of the country, the unreliability of the rainfall arguably is of higher priority, but
above about 1,000m in the Baro-Akobo basin, in an average year the season is long enough
for a single crop without supplementary irrigation (Table 2, Appendix A). Above about
l 500m the length of the 80% reliable growing season reaches six months which is more than
s
adequate for single cropping and limited double cropping The main identifiable constraint to
improved production is the supply of soil nutrients
The Sasakawa-Giobal 2000 foundation has operated an extension-based intervention aimed at increasing the productivity of subsistence farming The programme involves the supply of a package of fertiliser and seed of an improved variety for O.Sha The farmer pays half the cost of tbe inputs in advance and the remainder after harvest and receives intensive training in the crop husbandry lequirements of the crop The sensitivity analysis shown in the table (scenarios 2-4) provides convincing evidence (hat maize is financially robust and is testimony to the popularity of this crop Response measured in terms of return to investment, to labour and to oxen, were all highly favourable Farmers1 crops of wheat on vertisols and non-vertisols responded in similai manner to maize but not quite to the same degree Sensitivity analyses based on lower yield and price and loss of input subsidy all revealed a favourable response to the improvement package
Annex 3E provides more detailed financial analysis of the performance under improved cultural conditions ( rops grown without irrigation should respond favourably in an average year without moisture stress to a modest package of improvements centred on inorganic fertilisers, some pest control and seed of improved varieties. In some cases with reduced crop prices but higher yields, lhe gross output increases substantially more than the variable costs required to produce them, including unsubsidised fertiliser and contingency applications of agro-chemicals This assumes a farmci uses the new technologies on two-thirds of his land but
TAMS-l'LG BartKAkobo River Bmmd Integrated Development Muter Plan
21-22natural resources
ANNEX 2! AGRK L L n RE
without changing the cropping partem. Il may be worth noting that if this level of response and adoption" were to be recorded throughout the highlands of Ethiopia, the country would rapidly move through self-sufficiency into export of the major crops
Chapter 5 of Volume II provides detailed information regarding the planning scenarios considered II is clear that regardless of any irrigation developed, lhe majority ot farmers within the basin would continue to rely on ram fed cropping There are however some common elements to anv scenario considered namely catchment management
Provided the Sasakawa-Global 2000 concept is not misinterpreted, there is every reason to believe that this type of intervention would be effective in the more populated areas ol Illubabor and West Welega. However this intervention ts more expensive than the Government 's “copy farmer” concept If the Government of Ethiopia wishes to promote lhe Sasakawa extension credit system the following provisos should be taken into account
• Government acts to ensure the availability of (he right fertilisers in the area at the right time and right price (import parity price) and that they are accessible to the majority of farmers;
• the iniervention is equipped with the same initial ratio of trained extension agents to farmers (1 101 and the necessary 50% initial credit (about Birr 170 per farmer at economic prices);
• Government acts to ensure that localised seasonal surplus of grains does not reduce the market price to below about Birr 50 per quintal (bearing in mind the slated intervention buying price of Birr 70/q and the import parity price of Birr JOO/q), and
• there is national and regional political and community support for the programme
The indications of political support are good in that it is understood that Government is 
introducing a modified version of Sasakawa-Global 2000 It has been reported that the
Government has set a target of 400.000 ’’copy farmers’* nationwide who would receive 25% of
the Sasakawa-Global 2000 package
The dangers in this massive programme are that a large number of extension agents would be required by the MOA, who at present might not have the technically well-prepared staff-far this kind of intervention At present the extension agent to farmer ratio is I 2.000 and the agent cannot support more lhan a small fraction of this number
Sasakawa-Global 2000 are correct in restricting the use of the package only to a few contact farmers and that improvements must embrace all aspects of good husbandry. This is critically necessary in order to ensure the full benefits, and thai farmers avoid the all too common experience of being unable to repay the credit at the end of the season
3.2,5 Cash Crops in the Upper Basin
Highland Arabica coffee represents the major cash cropping resource of the project area (and currently of the country) The world market is currently afflicted by falling demand and increasing production A recent international meeting of producer countries failed to agree on limitation of production and the long-term (2005) forecast for the world market is prices of low grade Arabicas and all Robustos are set to steadily fall, while demand for quality' highland
TAMS-ULG Barn-Akobn River Baiin Inteerated Development Maser Plan
21 - 23a
NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULH^
■ii
iship This suMest^ that Ethiopia should be able to capitalise on il-
io improves -d quality of producuon Coffee develop^’
“Zability of the Coffee Development Authonty, through whom any tnterve
i
nt On!
should be channelled
3.2.6 Rainfed Cropping in the Gambela Plain
Dryland annual cropping in the Gambela area previously has been extensive and successful
described above, and the reasons for the failures do not include rainfall deficit, but are mostly 
failures of management
Harvesting of the gums of the wild Acacia spp is an ancient trade in the area but is in decline on account of the destruction of the trees for firewood and by burning, disruption to the traditional marketing routes and low prices paid to collectors by the Government trading organisation Annex 2E, Appendix 1 shows the per hectare cash flow for an organised plantation of Acorra trees being grown as a crop for the production of gum arabic using very tentative dala but current price to collectors. Protection of the trees from burning (by constant attention to firebreaks) and from browsing by animals such as camels, large antelope and elephant (by guards and regular maintenance of fences) would be essential Apart from the costs of establishment and protection, it seems that such plantations would yield acceptable rewards to investors
Based on the observation of a single healthy tree in the compound of the state farm at Abobo, Annex 3E shows the per hectare cash flow for a plantation of cashew (Anacardium occidental*) This is a drought resistant tree which yields, in addition to the fruit, one of the world's most widely traded and highest priced confectionery' nuts. The climate in the Gambela plain would seem ideal and the only other requirement is a deep, freely drained soil of good fertility The upper and middle terraces without an indurated layer (iron pan, ferricrete, cuirassc. laterite) which is known to underlie some of the area, would seem suitable Using very tentative data an IRR of at least 15% would seem possible Plantations can be established by direct seeding and once established require little maintenance but protection as described foT gum arabic A source ot superior seed would need to be located, as wild trees vary greatly in productivity, and a shelling factory would need to be established in the locality Hand shelling of nuts is possible (with great care to protect hands of operators in view of the vesicant oil in the shells) but modem processing would be preferred and would enable the extraction of the marketable oil from the shells A joint venture enterprise is recommended
Mature mango trees appear io yield well in the area close to the rivers but the fruit quality is not good by international standards Citrus would probably yield equally W'ell in the area although none was seen Annex G gives a notional cash flowr for both these fruits using an approximate economic price, not dissimilar to the current financial price, of Bin 1.00 per kg W ith a mature yield of 25 t/ha of fruit, which would appear reasonable for selected varieties but without irrigation, the IRR is a reasonable 15%
3-2.7 Aruble Improvements for the Anuak
The pastoralist groups of the Gambela plain have large cattle holdings, arc capital-rich and insulated against drought years The Anuak have no cartie and as indicated above, the current
TAMS ILG B.ro-Akobo Rntr Biuin Imcumud Development Mwcr Ptan
21-24NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
distress caused by a seasonal food shortfall may be caused as much by the eradication of wild game as land pressure for levee land
Several interviews with Anuak groups revealed a consistent desire for the large "African” hoe to replace the traditional digging stick, which they perceive (rightly) as linuline the cropping area that they are able to cultivate, currently about 0.5 ha per family Suitable hoes in a store in Gimbi ranged in price from Birr 20 to 25. With such hoes, the cultivable area may be expected to rise to nearer 1.0 ha per family While that could potentially double their production it raises the question of the availability of unused land It seems unlikely that resources within the area currently allocated by Government would be sufficient
The backswamps behind the river levees are very extensive and currently are used only for dry season grazing by herds which do not belong to the Anuak. These areas become "wet” with the first rains in April/May. inundated in June and deeply flooded when the rivers overtop their banks in July August Bv November, the water has receded and there is thus a period of 5-6 months of shallow inundation or residual soil moisture Two crops, rice and godere (taro Cofocasia esculenta but not Xanthosoma sagittifolia. which requires moist but well-drained soil) would produce under these conditions. People are familiar with both but prefer nee Some Xanthosoma is produced on the steep river banks and rice is said to have been introduced and is becoming popular in the Itang/Jikawc area There was a consistent request to be "shown how to grow these things and improved seeds" but the response was not as heart-felt as that to the need for bigger hoes Sasakawa-Global 2000 might be prevailed upon to devise and introduce a special development package for the Anuak in coming years because the impression gained is one of an essentially conservative culture resistant to innovate unless led to do so
5.2.8 Prospects for irrigated Cropping
Production of perennial crops such as tea and coffee in the upland areas would almost certainly respond to supplementary irrigation but it is unlikely that the net response would be sufficient to justify' the cost of irrigation The estate crops are mostly grown on the interfluve crests where irrigation would be more costly, and are mostly well sited with respect to the quantity and distribution of rainfall The production of "wild" coffee, by its very nature, would hardly sustain any investment in more than fertiliser and improved husbandry
The predominant land use in the transition zone and Gambela plain at present is grazing for the stock belonging to the two groups of pastoralists who dominate the area These people would not wholly qualify under the criteria given above to receive assistance with irrigation Nor does it seem particularly likely that they would freely and willingly take to the discipline of irrigated cropping, anymore than did the .Afar people when encouraged to change their lifestyle on the Amibara Resettlement Scheme in the Awash valley Even were it possible to anticipate the necessary change in lifestyle of the people of the Gambela area, there is the matter of economic justification for the development of irrigation facilities
The consequence of the relatively reliable system of cropping by the Anuak described above is that supplementary irrigation on their cunent croplands would be difficult to justify economically .Although pumping directly from the rivers would be relatively cheap in capital, the recurrent costs would be high and maintenance would doubtless be a problem In the
TAMS-ULG Biro-.\kobo River Basin Integrate!] Development Master Plan
21 - 25ANNEX 21 AGRICULTU^
NATURAL RESOl Rt ES
. social and economic environment, cropping on the residual soil moisture as the ann^ ES offer, the most effective insure against drought damage and an .native • suggested belou
For new settlements and estates, supplementary irrigation likewise is unlikely t0 be economically justified even for a combination of supplementary irrigation during the main season and for second cropping during the dry season The reason is that the cost of irrigation may only be justified by the difference in net benefit between irrigated and non-imgated crops and cannot be justified simply by the undoubtedly high economic return from irrigated crops alone (see below) On account of relatively high dry-season flows, simple and cheap diversion structures and short delivery canals would almost certainly be economically justified for the irrigated production of high value crops such as fruit and vegetables Such opportunities would be limited in extent both by the land areas which could be commanded and by the markets for such produce
J. 19 Crop Irrigation Requirements and Schedules
Appendix F gives the printouts of the default parameters used in Cropwat (FAO, 1991) to esumate the water requirements of the main and potential crops The same annex has the printouts of the estimalion of water requirement and irrigation schedules Notional planting dates of 1 June and 1 November are used in order to establish a double cropping rotation under supplementary irrigation
32.10 An Irrigated Settlement Scheme
A simulation of an irrigated settlement scheme shows that ihe rainfed annua) crops being planted on 1 June, using mean data for Gambeia, would be able to complete production without irrigation Crops planted on 1 November require irrigation from the outset but are harvested in time for the start of the next rainy season Summaries of net water requirements for some selected crops have been prepared and a notional cropping pattern is used with cotton as the mam cash crop on account of its better gross margin but limited to 20% on account of its high labour demand, and maize for human consumption A small area of vegetables is grown for home consumption and for sale in the vicinity, Groundnuts are included partly as a surrogate for some kind of pulse or oilseed, as supplementary protein for humans and livestock and as an oilseed for local milling for vegetable oil Sorghum is included, as it is traditional m the area and as livestock feed Two perennial crops are grown, citrus as another cash crop and to enrich the local diet, and a token area of pasture crops to support the family's livestock. The table shows the cropping percentages and that the total is 105% This allows for intercropping of the short crops amongst the citrus trees on 50% of the orchard area As the trees maiure this percentage would decline and with it the water requirement
3.111 Commercial Scale Fanning
It is quite clear from the foregoing statements on agricultural development strategy that the exploitation of the main water resources are intended in the short term to be by the commercial sector Access to the land and waler resources, it seems, will involve a commitment to contributing io the cost of developing the infrastructure Leasing aside the issue of whether or not private finance would accept the risk of such developments, the potential for irrigated development on the lower slopes of the Baro-Akobo basin undoubtedly
TA MS-L'LG Barn-A kobo River Basin Integrated Development Mauer Plan
21-26natural RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
is there The indicative estimate of water requirement given above would be little affected by the cropping pattern but the employment of better application technology would significantly improve the field application efficiency
For that reason the development costs, apart from the extra capital cost of improved technology; would be much the same, The potential for higher returns to belter management also is there since the yield levels assumed in the crop gross margin analyses are only modest. Optimisation of the crop mix on a financial rather than a social basis also would contribute to further returns However, the high overhead costs of a well-managed commercial enterprise will considerably reduce the aggregate net margin for the farm
Bananas would grow and produce well in the area but marketing such a perishable crop would be the main obstacle Were a river route to develop down the Nile, this situation could change. Citrus and mangoes likewise represent a considerable potential but also a marketing problem, and are unlikely to respond much in yield to irrigation Perhaps the most promising crops for commercial irrigated estates are cotton and sugarcane
The base case for sugarcane uses the yield pattern derived from Metahara by the Russians and reflects the excellent growing conditions which may be expected in the Gambela area The yield of rainfed cane has been estimated from it with some precision using the FAO program Cropwat (1991) The method of estimation was io calculate the 10 to 90% probable effective rainfall for Gambela (whose data set seems more reliable and complete than that for Abobo) Cropwat then generated the ideal irrigation schedule for the period March to November. It is assumed that irrigation w'ould cease then in order io dry off the crop to increase the sucrose content in readiness for harvest In practice this would be staggered to produce even flow of cane through the factory Cropwat estimates the loss of crop as a result of this process. The crop loss was then estimated by assuming only the probable effective rainfall, and the difference between them is the net loss of yield by not irrigating The average for the probability range 10 to 80% is 10.4% loss and this value is used in the base case to estimate the yield of dryland cane
The economic price for cane at the farm gate is calculated from the import parity price of sucrose and allow s for the cost of milling the cane in a factory w hich would need to be built in the vicinity The costs of farm machinery and fertiliser are based on their economic prices but the price of labour and planting sets are generalised financial prices. .Annex 3E refers
It may be that the use of the Alwero dam water could be justified but these arguments could never be applied to any other dam developments since the full development costs of the scheme would need to be included in the economic justification Furthermore, the life of the Alwero dam is questionable on account of the likely rate of sihation it seems most unlikely even to survive the 25 years of this cashflow1 analysis The dimensions of the reservoir are such that h cannot be self-flushing and from the estimates of the rate of soil loss made in Section 2 the silt loads in the Alwero may be expected to be considerable
TAMS-II LG Baro-Akobo River Basin tniegriied Development Master Ph"ANNEX 21 AGRICULtx^
natural resources
4. SUGGESTED DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS
The opportunities discussed above may be summarised as follows (details have to
completed as per the pro formas and costs and benefits estimated).
4.1 Development Option 1
A fertiliser factory producing NPK compounds
4.2 Development Option 2
A Sasakawa-Global 2000 type of crop improvement package in high population density parts of the Illubabor and W Wellega regions of the basin This is to be linked to the establishment of an effective regional soil conservation service, initially trained and equipped together with the crop improvement package finance, by international donor funding
4.3 Development Option 3
A specially adapted Sasakawa-Global 2000 initiative to introduce large hoes and new crops in the backswamps to the Anuak
4.4 Development Option 4
An irrigated settlement scheme of about 10,000 ha under the command of the water of the Alwcro Dam
4.5 Development Option 5
An intervention through the Coffee Marketing Authority to promote improvement in yield and quality of highland Arabica coffee
TAMS-UL.G Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
21 - 28NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
5. 
ANALYSIS AND MAPPING BY REG
ION
With
the limitations 
of
the GIS,
regional
analy
sis an
d
mapping
is 
constrained
(Volume
11
Sectio
n 3 1 refers}
A
proposal
has been
cons
idered
to
map an
d
estimate the
soil loss 
in
specifi
c catchments 
as 
an aid to
predicting
the
useful
life
of any 
da
ms to be co
nsidered,
as 
siltation might prove to a major criterion in their prioritisation
The maps presented in Volume IV of the Report have been produced at a scale of I 1.750,000 for logistical and technical reasons Considering the publication of thematic maps it should be noted that the project area is covered by 12 sheets at the scale of 1:250.000. Considering the natural resources disciplines alone there are a total of 22 maps in the Map Album At 1:250,000 there would be 12 sheets for each theme, which would mean a total of 264 sheets instead of the 22 sheets presently included in the map album Under the terms of the contract (his presentation fulfils the requirements as has been stipulated by the TOR, as follows: “ the consultant will be expected to prepare infrastructural maps at 1 250,000 scale, master plan map at I 100.000 and 1 500,000 scales and other required maps” (Page 50 of the TOR refers) It follows that the scale of 1 1.750,000 is acceptable In addition the Baro-Akobo data sources have compiled their information onto 1 200,000 or 1.250,000 scale These maps exist and can be consulted if detail is needed
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
21-2$NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2f AGRicut
6. PRIORITIES AND SECTOR PLAN
The case for the improvement package to promote the productivity of land has been m d must be the greatest priority 
e
21-30NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
7. NEED FOR FURTHER STUDIES
The attempt in this study to model an average farm has emphasised the paucity of data of a socio-economic nature describing how rural families use their time, the constraints on their lime, how much of various materials they collect, sell and eat, and so on It is suspected that this information in detail and on a regional basis is not available. In view of the complexity of such data, in the sense that one thing has a bearing on another, it is likely that a case-study approach is necessary , after first stratifying the population
TAMS-ULC Baro-AUvba Blv,
21-314
I
I
Jannex 21 agriculture
natural resources
appendices
TAMS-TELG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
21-32LNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 21. AGRICULTURE
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 : Altitude effect on Temperature
Figure 2 : Altitude effect on Relative Humidity and Wind
Figure 3 : Altitude effect on Sunshtbe and Radiation
Figure 4 : Altitude effect on ETP and Effective Rainfall
Figure 5 : Altitude effect on Simple Rainfall Deficit
Figure 6 : Altitude effect on Length of Growing Season
Figure 7 Illustration of the Benefits of Good Contour Conserv ation Measures
TAMS-LLG Haro-Akobo River Rusin Integrated Development Master Plan3]
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Note that this is a worst-case scenario representative of cultivated steep slopes on the fragile soils in the Gimbi and Assosa regions of lhe BartbAkoba basin.
Ta be effective, the contour bunds must be properly constructed see textJNATURAL resources
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF CLIMATIC DATA. CULTIV ATED AREAS, CROPPING PATTERNS AND VTELDS
Table 1 Summan of mean climate data on a transect through Haro- Akobo Basin
Table 2 Effect of probability of effective rainfall on dependable growing season 
Table 3 Cultivated areas of main crops by pre-boundary re-organisation awraja
Table 4 Cropping patterns by pre-boundary re-organisation awraja
Table 5 Average yield of crops
Table 6 Crop areas, production and average yields 1955-1994
Table 7 Daily energy and protein requirements
Table 16 Probability of effective rainfall in Gambela area, irrigation requirements for sugarcane and yield loss under rairtfed production
TAMS-L'LG Bare-Akobo River Basin Integrated Dev elopment Master Plan
21 AlItail;
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3-1
*
-1
JiknvQ
aeiii
* 1C
3*.4
13.7
26.6
33
121
4 C
IT 9
1545
7 5 6
4’ »
MX.
IS.6
20.5
92
133
7.5
19,9
5-2
3.7
4.1
346
4.0
■in.
32.-5
15.9
73
112
5.1
25.3
3.5
-0
.0
Note;
Ll: "?u«:i«u»:w i?id "Mlhliauau art rhe values in rhe 4wn:h vizh z.Ma htf^esz and Lawesi valuci raape-rlvely Ln :h« year. "Mean- ara annual Man vi[ «j excapz for
v
ETaWaLnTill and Cefiriz ? Eha dl tTereriGa) vh;~h ana annual CoEala- Souree: FAD finceorolesteal Uni
ir O r> r> {i ri %-t u 14 i> <* U a O
m <j pj w <> m O I.»or
Of
OK OEFEMCAJLE CM«.XS 5EA5OK
Ft la: CRG'JLi^C
Werad* Alt;
Li: Long
-t; S def -
*12 r.3i* 33 h'
dll 3 12" 34.U'
i:i j ::• ja.2S’
4i2 i.ir J5.J41
lH 7.41- 34.33-
44: 12.26* 34.13
*robah ditzy of rainfall aaceadanca $1 52 35 32 73 72 45 6C
SC
2ap«ndab l<
* 
-
Fl'
W
3
grov&ng
2 3
s e as a fi
1
(■ont hsj (
Jikava
Lta.ng
?ak‘-o
Saxfeeli
Abo ba
'Ku raU&
Tepi
3 3
R ->
3
1)
4
R
V
I*
M
3
Aa
w
R
w
IR
w
r*
w
1
X33h
*35
a55
R 1*
V
3 -» > « 5
*5
5
*
2
R
“1
h
-»
to
3233
3 fi
WR
-1
*. 3 3 3 3 a 5
*i ’*HR
a, | * dW
?*12* 35-23'
■*
4A4
r
4 6 6 fi T 3
Sl *pll . H
*>nii ll
IC 12
1
5
7
As osa
1 4 A*
12.34' 3*.32'
T
J
5
3
3
5
3
5
5
fi
fi
3
Yubdo
l.JW
3 57; 53.27*
1
5
fi
6
ft
fi
6
6
fi
fi
S
Begi
1.722
1.21* 34.32*
3
5
&
ft
6
6
6
fi
fi
A
7
Cent;-Co!0
1.555
5 32 
34.43'
3
5
4
6
6
6
6
6
fi
fi
7
CiBibi
wnn
■aJfw
1.12’ 15.*?’
3
3
6
6
6
7
7
7
?
7
7
Zora
2.:;d
S.29" 35.32*
4
6
6
7
■1
R
♦
7
7
7
3
t
Nates:
l:x:: of fapandatla g ravins season u defeat by :M aon-h Ln which prcbabla
■ ffazziv* rainfall 43-eadi t£Ta x an averag* drop zcaffizient of 2,7] .
Ixi cf d«7=n-ablt growing 5taion is defined at th* aonzh in which tM probable affective rainfall plus th* residue cf up to IOOwb of sari l,vt is lass then
SET« = averts,* :rsp theCficienz. of 5 7]..
3«aiil/ available aaisture !W4[ of '.Ctas la derived frox a depletion factor of ?-’- average tstsl available ooiatur* of Lit and average crop rooting depth of 05ca IfftbZi‘>4 re.^fall factor is taken ta be S.7 ;o simplify calculation.
SLacla r-isrifill deficit Id nuabtr sf months tn which "To ixceeds Man rarnfaXL-
Ib has
Source sf da:<:
agrincalr significance and shcwld not te used ip land class if icaCLD-
*«infall • Ethiopian teteorologizal Office J proLabiI if? of •xceadanta
iffact;v* rainfall factor calculated by aechad of CS&ft
LTo - taltwlattd from FAO Mezcaru Logical Unit cliaate data by LJtCPWAT
[FAOtTAf.LE 3
CULTIVATES ARIAS Of MAIS LHC’S 2* AW^AJA
filfli CHO?x^£A
VaVj«> in Ute;*res
tlppir Ssiln —--- — *• ’ —
- Lswer
3*lis -
3b >-'•
to: al
Iljw4-O- «‘nll2ga Kaff* Assol* 
5-i
wzal
laaita1*
Cereals
Maize
Sarghya
Teff
Barley
Whsl -
Miller
75.212 42,195 35.46* 12,317 I 33.21= 13.497 31.521 5.23C 25.295 32.553 51. VI 32.567 7,324 S,30l 1 33,573 k.?SA 9.333 3,137 2.11? 17.312
:.=*: 1-613 1,09 5 1.533 4.153
3.3=3 9.149 1,234 58 13.471
4.122
:1.35c
IS.*, lie
92,415
R 12O.C72
17.133
4.353
Slice 2 3
r% C R
subtotal
Pultei:
Hani ncjn
field pea
Haricot Zein
CJi ickpe*
SC j O «■ ■= Q —
157.235 .35.525 35,433 *9,756 193.C20
6,421 2.114 2.733
24 1 11,226
R
W
iS2
15,ini
R
4 '*
» R
«>
R
■*
c
526
10.4’1
433
UA.44J
3.151 1.627 1,533 125 7. All
2.372 3.674 937 1,22“ 3,555
1. L-2
-
v ■■* nM■■■-■a 2 *3? 2.641
139
-
117
11.726
7.451
5.323
3,404
Til
Cowpea
■**
ca
’ll R
* to
Suizaza 1 :=.;3Z 1,3^7 5.233 1,322
■a * " t - j . 3 %•■
2 32 *31 34.141
Ciliaadt
Sunflaver
43 WR i"i C
a2
Sigar ino’-i
: ,331 1,534
5.*25
5.721
R
**
iR
W
42
5.902
Unseat ;
-.391 .... 33
92
■ 1 J • ~
Sesane
“* -1 -
Ill
■n 26*
S Al"
3 ■. , • J r a
■ *2 1.371
Crountnut 2
R-* 1 29
22
*4peis=i
T- T ■
'■* -< *■ 111 3 2-2
51-
317
IE1 S
J
•* -
iui’jii ‘
* : 1 s 2.H3
r
"F •
3.316
’ ■■ -*’ *
---
?3?
0
•Al
i
13.357
Q:.h*r crcpi:
Coffaa
25.$5.’ 59.479
■J ’ -Ifc
- , - - a 11
37.473
fruit
W■R
h ■ ■* 15 C 69
193
ata lei
L •* 3 431
*32
Sugarcane
1 • R R
275 M *
VW
296
57,472
c 273
2 4 32 0 230
Chilli ;«s;er
Co t to r.
SubroiA*.
Tore!
Ferrins of total
1.9 = 7 196 M 233
S3R
A iM H 1
A « -■> J ■
R
w
1 R R ■»
« . -«> Z .
T “ W 1 A
-» -r . W 56.7C5 3.126
R
797
n 114
b ~r «.
131
72.233
: j:
7 1.711
255.306
13
20*,423
27
42.713
12
53.174
13
1=6,313
Li.031
97 w
55 4,36". 1 J w
SO Lit q< :
KOtt .
Lower tasin - SiXHQZPtQMELXPOKT. mo; i*:« fO- *937 Upper tAtia - AS-ZO-CEOSERV, 1975: data for 1192/3
AJiln.i”i:ive boundary for Caabela Awra.a in wiEh Ssunii- l*» of ne* ad*tnl4 i ca: i*e resigns zoulJ t< craaiar tJian shown
Taial area of Lesin a??ea . 7.502,fl5aha; :h
S
ut 7.4’- n
'93'r foes nos calnciJe
TzzaL crop areas
zu r r *.? Z I y -zti 1 z 1 */b te 2 .rxsif *
:M ,«« rAtn« « «w»
fill: C^C’AJiA
e
9.UI *r« «"» » “ iJ ?<rC’B’E O'' ***** ''^
~c;
tann -
Basin
rozal
:*«: s tu»*
a
AissJi s,an :,=i3
15
23
55
♦•
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WMa:
15
3
Milloz 3
a • 14
3a
•3
A
Av
’o
a
1
0
BlCf
A
Or
3
Sub ecu I
C
66
WR
87
35
7l
3
81
fulses:
-!ars« bean
»L«ld ;aa
FUruo: Star.
Sc/attaa
C-W^c£
Suttoul
Oilseedst
5-—• .. <* < »VM----E--.
4
2
1
:
R
w
«
3-
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;:*:**:
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craundnu-
Bapesead
Subzsul
C:h«r crc;s
c
R
3
c
Coffee
fruit
v ««Z4Qlcs
Sujiru-.e
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23
C
1
0
R
V
f«
1
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15 2
2
C 3
Tot*TAILS
A7ZRA-’ YI’LCI 3.- C35PS Fill SaOPASM
3?«?
1 ■Hum Ln kj/M
._
Sat -r+ - '-'□lLe«A Xsffa Assess 3HAS Oasital*
~ara«ts;
?4lixa
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1.155 1C0 1.193
952 ’ 103 1,333
1.340
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732
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7 75
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Pul HI:
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402
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520
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303
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130
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435
3
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11,202
L4.C30
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14.000 
5<555
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6 . 500
3
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6,550 
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R
w
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Ssvs-sa.: Lgv«r
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-P?«r Um - Ajtsoo- 0-05£97. Ill
5i diu for 1290,-2/1
raSL£ *
fill: citcnu
Crop
S.-pp area ZCCha::
Taff
Barley
•/Ma:
Mai re
Sorghuc
Nlllc:
Merit bean
field pea
Maries: been
Chick pea
Lentil
Y«cca
2OU(
Linseed
fenugreek
Mapestii
Crop h”5w41«3«
T«r:
Barlt/
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Xaue
Sorthus
SUlUz
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H«U ;<a
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1
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Lapeaeed
Stake li Xegion
:hs :>r 199: 1994
•.'ellega «*<ion
1933 1039 1W1 1994
ii
-AA
kk
t•
• «
A.
- .' .23
.26 -
62 49 31 29 3372 140.93
22.35 3.52 12.63 21.56
A> A k
- A A .23
-
AA
* • V *
2.33 2.57
17.34
3.32
«*»
A • A A
1.63 3 2*
4.s: 2 5) .74 : 77
A•
•
•
-
- 11 .56 -
-
-
-
63 19 39.27 31.97 131.13 19.52 27.53 29.35 61.21
La.36 21.96 16.36 35.16 5.22 325 9.25 23.54 2*1 3.15 4.36 11.32
.:s
A• 6A
a toto
q -r ~
a • a w 3.36 2.32 4.33
-
-
•
.39 .33 99 2.35
.•
• • a
.U .34
.65
-
-
•
• 1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.24 .53 .03 .96 15.01 16.93 17.37 36.21
.62 1.12 .13 2.63
-
-
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A%
w*
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-
- 1.25
I
. *AA_
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•
4s :• 5341 57.13 39. * « 15.3? 15.26 15.59 15 * i
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i 19
23 IM J*
-
i 46
1 Ak
"I A*
to * we
1.93 2.*6 toW 1-A
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153.33 167.53 • to to . to 216
34
A
aa
19.53 23.99 32.24 67. ■» k
* A
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a•
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1.52 2 IS 5 <A .
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4.35 5.92 3.
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Vhea:
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- a 91
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*
. 26 1.45
1.22 1.51
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n
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------------------------------- ---
contnl SuT^T*'-------------------- - —---------------
u *Ual
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ftk + ft
V ft ft
<7
2::
• ft •
ftft ft
c:
* • •
» to l
••
♦*
Mft
tw
Jdv
28 c;
;s
:9
99
ci
to
.•rx
CI
ftk •
• 0
n
9:
*• •
«. 5.
GZ
9Z
•
ft ft
u•
• w
ft ft
ft
u.
• •
5
•to«r
r: : •
G
»
O ft • • • • GG * e
•
<
jZVST
•-OS • •• f
6
HZUO2
• *. •
•w»
■ -■» %Gt
•
ft w •
ft#
*•
•
•t'UTTZ
;;e
1 • « ? *
r:: -2
------------------------'
— 
■
*"
. • -,s - f;• ♦
SL:;3K5i:nt*snatural resources
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
APPENDIX B:
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ETO (FENIAN-MONTEITH} AND EFFECTIVE
RAINFALL RY SELECTED METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS
TAMS-LLG Baro-Akolxi River Bu,jn
Iterated Devtiopmcn, Master Plan
H-A21
3’WA" : 09 Septate- 1595
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman
ountry : Ethiopia
.ititude : 530 cieter
Meteo Station : A30S0 
Coordinates :
7.48
N-L.
‘ *K
MaxTerp
•c
XinTemp 
♦ /• V
Humid
%
Wind Sunshine Sol
km/day hours h- ■ - Ia
.‘anucry
35.1
14.0
■ebruary
57
38.5
tarth
14.3
57
38.2
kpril
ie.4
37.9
53
-.ay
17.0
1 ne
35.4
62
35.7
14.8
76
3 6.0
34.c
84
August
34.5
16.0
87
septerher October
16.2
s ‘ovember
31.3
32.6
88
17.1
16.2
78
,ecenter
33.4
31.6
17.4
16.1
/ /
68
62
121
147
121
121
147
121
121
147
147
147
147
121
YEAR
8.4
7.4
6.1
7.4
4.5
4.5
4.2
1.8
4.7
6.0
7.1
8.3
34.9
2C.1
19.5
18.8
21.0
15.9
15.6 
15.3
12.1
16.5 
18.0
18.5
19.6
16.1
71
134
5.9
-netio data cosoilad bv fao to™ Z--------------------------------
. FAO Agro-meteorological
t-
JCROPWAT : 09 SepteJEher 1995 
___________ __________________
Reference Evapotranspiration aTo according penman Monteith
= = — = = = = = = z — -
Country-
Altitude
: Ethiopia
: 1550 meter
Meteo
Coord
Station : AGARO
inates
: 7.51
N.L.
! 17 yr) 36.38 E.L
Month MaxTemp M inTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ETo-PenMcr.
•c •c % km/day hours HJ/m /day
1
ctm/day
January February March April May June July August
29.0 10.0 74 95 7.5 18 .9
29.0 12.1 73 104 6.6 18.6
30.3 12.9 73 181 6.5 19.4
30.4 13.8 77 130 6.6 19.6
30.1 13.7 62 112 5-9 18.1
3.8
4.0
4.7
4.4
4.0
27.9 13.3 35 104 5-0 16.3 3. 
September 27.2 12.6 06 36 4.9
26.0 13.0 86 95 3 .5 14.2
26.0 13.2 87 104 3.7 14.9
16.9
3.0
3.1
3.4
October
25.3 11.9 79 95 7.0 19 -4 3.7
November
23.1
10.7
79
78
7.3
19.0
3.6
ecember
28.1
10.1
76
69
8.0
19.1
3.5
YEAR
23.2
12-3
80
104
6.0
17.3
1359
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorologital ur.it
CROPWAT : C9 September 1995
E70
(mm/day)
Rainfall
{mra/month)
January
February
March
3.8 32.0
4.0 43.0
April
4.7
97 0
May
.
4.4 122.0
June
4.0
3.5
159 0
July
.
3.0 244.0
. 2 47 0
August
3.1 273.0
Octooe..
3.4
3.7
210 0
November
3.6
, 128 u
Decembe r
3.5 33.0
69 0
YEAR Total
1359.8 1657."
Eff. Rain (mm/nonth)
40.0
82,0
90.0 
119.0 
149.0
149.0 
152.0 
129,0 
101
61.0
31.0 1152.0 ran
Effective Rainfall
with USSR method. WAT : 09 September 199a
—---------- Evapotranspiration ETo according?
Meteo Station : ANGER
o?
"ountry : Ethiopia Altitude : 1500 «ter
(11 yr")
5
'^ ^,. 
Coordinates : 9-22 N.L. 36 ?
Mcr.th
January February March April
May 
June
July August September October November
■ecember YEAR
Haxiemn MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol
_c
-
c
%
km/day hours M
J/a>/day
32-2
33.8
34.4
34.7
32.1
29.2
12.3 
15.1 
16.0
15.9
15.7
14.8 
oc
82
82
79
35
95
95
121
121
95
86
35
78
95
95
112
112
8.3 
8.0 
’ 4
7.7
5.4 
4.0 
£■ <
2-8
4.2
7.0
7.9
8.5
19.6 
20.5
20.7
21.4
17.5
15.0 
* * -i
13.6
15.7
19.3
19.3
19.4
4 .4 4-&
1*. i
89
r
> 'tr
27.1
20.2
30.2
30.9
31.5
13.8
13.3
12.7
13-2
12.,3
94
94
91
89
65
5.0 
4.0 
3.3
2.8
3-i 3.5
3.9 4.0
30.9
14.1
ae
99
6.2
17.9
1411
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
I
ange
Climate Steticn :
ANGER
ETO
Rainfal1 
Elf. 
Rain 
(nn/day)
(mm/month)
(rail/mon th)
January
February
4.2
4.4
0.5
0.5
March
4.8
13.0
12.7
April
5.0
17.0
16.5
May
4.0
24.0
23.1
June
3.3
234.0
■ 146.4
July
2.8
243.0
140.5
August
September
2.8
317.0
156.7
3.2
215.0
141.0
October
3,9
236.0
146 - 9
November
3-9
85.0
73,4
Decembex-
4.0
24 0
23 1
2.0
2.0
VEAR Total
1410.7
1410,5
890.9 mmCR OPWA.T : 09 septeintoer 1995
Reference Evaporranspiration ETo according Penman-Montelth
: opi* 
co^try 5^
Altitude : 2=65 meter
yr) E< L
Month
MaxTemp MinTemp 
‘C *C
Meteo Station : ARJO
Coordinates - 8.45 N,L, 36.30
Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol-Radia ETo-PenMon 
% km/day hours MJ/m»/day mm/day
( 6
January February 
March
24.3
24.8
24.7
10.1
10.1
10.3
54
53
54
95
112
121
8.4
0.0
6.6
20.0
20.6
19.9
3.7
4.0
4.1
April
May
June
24.8
10.3
56
112
7.7
21.4
4.3
22.4
10.2
80
78
5.5
17.5
3-3
21.0
10.7
88
69
4.0
15.0
2.8
July
21.7
10.2
93
104
2.9
13.4
2.6
August September
21.7
10.0
94
70
2.3
12.9
2 • 5
22.4
10.0
91
78
4.7
16 -5
3.0
October
23.4
•10.1
81
104
7.0
19.3
3.5
T
' Qvember
24.5
9.9
74
104
7.7
19.1
3.5
December
25.1
10.0
64
104
7.9
10.8
3.5
YEAR
23.4
10.2
74
97
6.1
17.9
1239
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteoroiogical unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
ar^o
ETO
[mm/day)
Climate Station : ARJO
Rainfall
(mm/month)
Eff. Ram
(rara/month)
January
3.7
February
22.0
4.0
21.0
March
16.0
4.1
16.0
April
111.0
4.3
91.0
May
128.0
3.3
102.0
June
191.0
2.3
290.0
133.0
July
2.6
283-0
154. a
August
2.5
311,0
153.0
Septembe r
3.0
155.0
October
357.0
2.5
120.0
161.0
November
j . 5
21.0
97.0
December
3,5
36.0
20.0
34.0
YEAR Total
1239.2 
1386.C
113B.0 ttift
effective Rainfall with USSR method■O?WA"
: 09 Sep:&^er
1595
Reference Evapctrar.spxration J^acco rd ing^Penm
i===z=-==-—---------------------------------
lountry : Ethiopia Altitude : 1750 meter
------------------------------ —_ - > ?!
Meteo Station : ASOSA
Coordinates : 10.04 n.l. 
3
6 «
MaxTetjp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.R
*C
‘C
t
km/day h
ours MJ/ej
^/d7?
29.9
31.5
31.a
14.5
15.7
17.0
54
53
54
147
147
121
9.3
6.5
6.0
20.9
21.1
18.5
5.0
J1 n r anua iry1
31.5
17.2
56
147
8 • 7
22.9
6
FMeabry uary
6.0
IS.4
55'
20.0
16.7
-4
'lJaune rch
25.2
15.5
*. — 79
r 5
147
121
4.7
16.1
July
23.9
15.1
57
121
4.1
J.5.4
August
23.9
14.9
83
121
2.3
12.9
September
25.6
14.B
63
121
6.0
18.5
October
25. B
14.9
78
121
7 .2
19 . 4
November
27.4
14.4
72
121
7.7
18.9
December
29.3
14..6
63
147
8.3
19.0
4.1
3.3
3.1
2.7
3.6
3-6 
3.0
4.2
YEAR
27.8
15.4
71
132
6.6
18.5
1463
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-metecrological unit
2R3?*.A7 : 09 September 19 9 Climate file
isosa
ETO i rm/day)
Climate Station : ASOS A
Rainfal 1 (mm/month]
Ez-f . Rain 
rrnm/month)
January
F ebruary March
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
31.0
29.0
April
May
June
July
August September October November
December
YEAR Total Effective Rainfall
4.6 5.0 4.6
5.4 4.1 3.3 3.1 2.7
3.6
3.8
3.8
4.2
32.0
30.0
118.0
189.0
207.0
208.0
207.0
103.0
21.0
0.0
1463.1
with USSR method
1116.0
' 96.0
132.0
133-0
139.0
138 - 0
86.0
20.0
0 - 0
908.0
1
crjncS0PWAT : 09 Sept^ber 199 5 
—----~~~~ Reference Evapotranspiration 7to accord!ng^Pennan-Monteith^
________
Country
Altitude
: Ethiopia
: 2000 meter
Metea Station : A.TNAGO
Coordinates :
S.29
N .L.
( 6 36.57
yr) E. 1
Month MaxTemp
•c
MinTemp
•c
Hamid -
%
Wind Sunshine Xm/day hours
Sol.Radia
1
MJ/m /day
ETo-PenMor
mm/day
January February Mg <*Ch April May June July August
26.4 
27.3
15.9
15.4
27.7 * 15.9
27.1 15.1 70 130 7.2 20.6
66
67
68
95
104 181
8.3
7.9
7.3
19.9
20.4
20.6
25.2
24.2
14.7
14.8
SI
86
112
104
5.7
4.1
17.9
15. 1
23.3 14.6 90 95 2.9 13.4
23.7 14.1 91 104 2.6 13.2
September 24.5
14.2 08 86 4.7 16.5
October
November 25.5 ' 15.5 71 78 8.4
25.4 15.2 80 95 7.1 19.5
20.2
ecember 25.5
16.0 67 69 7.7 18.6
3.8
4 . 1
4.6
4 . 4
3.6
3.0
2*7
2.7
3.2
3.7
3.7
3.4
YEAR
25.5 15.1 77 104 6.2 18.0 1303
Climatic da ta WGipi; Lad by FAO Agro-metearological uni
1
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
i i
I 1
Climate file
atnago
ETO
(mm/day)
Rainfall (mm/month)
ATMAGO
Eff. Rain ! =31/month)
I
J
January February March April
May
I June
July August September
' October November
| December
3.0
4.1
4.6
4.4
3.6
3.0
2.7
2.7
3.2
3.7
3.7
3.4
17.0
36.0
94.0
122.0
211.0
228.0
439.0
274.0
282.0
119,0
27 0
2.0
YEAR ,i
1303.3
1851.0
17.0 
34.0
30.0
93.0 
140.0 
145.0 
169.0
152.0 
153.0 
9t> .0 
26.0
2.0
1112.0 mm
j
Effective Ra.^.fall with USER method
IReference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Morn- \
==s======«====s====s==?====s= -
= =s=_8s=3--s==___s=____________________________________________ _ eith
c
ountry : Ethiopia
.Ititude : 145C seter
Meteo Station : BAMBESI....................====='=*»
Coordinates : --------- --------------------------
9 45 x r
,L -
34_<( 6 ' j hi ***
------- ------------------------ -------
m.iTmo Mir.Tecn Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia EToTT^v
4
*
c
-C '
%
kn/day hours
MJ/m»/day
janu 
Februt
30.5
31 '
32.1
31.4
28.7
12.9
14.6
14.4
11.1
14.4
□ 6
54
56
62
83
147
9.1
20.6
147
8.3
20.9
1 . o 4 A
121
6.0
18.5
4 Q
’'.arch
April
147
8.4
22.6
4 6
147
5.7
18.0
5 r
M
av
..aj
14.7
88
121
4.7
16.0
3.9
.Tune
26.1
; > • 
X — x
• •• 
3.3
i..
24.'.
• 4.5
UO
• •* • <0
August
25.1
14.7
89
121
2.3
12.9
• V
13.6
85
121
5.7
18.0
2.7
September
26.1
7.1
3.6
October
27.2
13.1
81
121
19.3
3.8
November
23.5
11.4
•
72
121
7.6
18.8
3.5
December
29.3
11.3
66
147
8.4
19.1
4.1
YEA?. 
28.0 
13.4 
73 
132 
6.4 
18.3 
1436
Ilimatic data compiled by rAO A;ro-meteorological unit
: 09 September 1995
Climate
lie : iembesi
Climate Station : BAMBESI
ETO Rainfall
EfS. Rain 
' “ /day)
(mm/mon th)
(mm/month)
January
4.6
c.c
0.0
February
4.9
6.0
6.0
March
4.6
4.0
April
4.0
5.3
May
54.0
• 49.0
3.9
162.0
June
3.3
120.0
228.0
July
145.0
3.0
August
193.0
133.0
2.7
198.0
September
135.0
3.6
October
3.8
November
3.5
203.0
94.0 
20.0
December
4.1
2-0
137.0
80.0 
19.0 
2.0
YEAR Total
• Effective Rainfall >
1435.9
1164.0
830.0 cun
USER methodc r ?WAT : 09 Sep--eJ.ber 1995_______________________________ _ ___________________________
0
Reference evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Monteith
Country : Ethiopia
Altitude : 2090 metsr
Meteo Station : BEDELE
Coordinates : 3.27 N.L. 36.23 e.i
( 10 yr’
Month
Max T emp
MlnTemp
Humid.
Wind
Sunshine
Sol.Radia
ETo-PenMor
■c
’C
%
km/day
hours
M3/tn' /day
mn/day
January
26.9
8.4
74
130
a.3
19.9
3.9
February
27.7
10.1
73
139
7.9
20.4
4.2
March
28.5 z
11.2
74
156
6. a
19.9
4.4
April
May
28.4
26.3
11.0
12.2
76
95
147
147
7.2
5.5
20.6
17.5
4.5
3.7
June
24.6
12.2
09
121
4.0
14.9
3.0
July
August
22-3
11.7
92
121
2.9
13-4
2.6
22.2
11.7
92
112
2.6
13.2
2.6
September
23.3
11.5
90
130
4.7
16.5
3.1
October
24.2
10.1
05
130
6.9
19 * 2
3.6
Novexober
25.4
. 8.6
70
121
7.5
19.0
3.6
December
26.2
6.7
79
112
7.9
ia.9
3.6
YEAR
25.5
10.4
82
130
6,0
17.3
1300
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-«neteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
1
1
: beiele
ETO {run/day}
C1imate
Rainfall (mm/month)
33.0
44.0
56.0
80.0
245.0
279.0
333.0
Station : BEDELE
Eft. Rain (nm/month)
January February March April May
June
July
3-9
4.2
4.4
4.5
3.7
3.0
2.6
1 
August
S €* P r ct r*^Ka
2.6
3 1
C14.0
"5 IT ft
31 .0
41.0
51.0
70.0
149.0
153.0
158.0
156.0
October
3.6
177.0
159 0
November
3.6
5m . 0
127,0
December
3-6
14.0
49.0
14.0
YEAS Total
1300.0 
1966.0:X3 = = == -— — -
-------------
lountry - Ethiopia
-altitude : 1722 meter
Haxlem, -in-* 
Meteo Station : BEG1 Coordinates : 5.21 
(
N.L. 34.3j
M inTemp Humid- Wind Sunshine Sol.Radi a ETq-p 
% kaj/day 
hours M /m /day
ji
January February v e~ch
27.1
29.0
29.9
14.6
15-1
15.6
52
52
53
130
130
112
9.0
2
6.1
20.6
70.8
i^.7
« Z3E11
23.3
15.5
54
130
8.2
22.2
May
24.0
15.1
70
130
5.5
17.6
june
22.6
14.3
36
112
4.6
i-5.0
July
21.2
14.1
it
112
J * y
i4 ?
August
22.1
15.0
87
112
2.3
12.9
September
24.0
15.1
02
112
5.5
17.8
October
24.4
14,0
77
112
7.0
19.2
November
25.4
13.3
72
112
7.3
18.5
ecember
26.5
12.8
62
130
8.4
19.2
YEAR
25.5
14.5
70
120
6.3
18.2
4-2
4.6
4.4
4.9
3.6
3.1
1.1
2.6
3.4
3.6
3.6
3.9
1357
liraatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorclogical unit
C=.O~>:AT : 09 September 199 5
Climate file
: begi
Climate Station : 3EG1
ET0 Rainfall
(rm/day)
(mm/monthi
Ef£. Ram
(mm/month}
January
February
4.2 3.0 3.0
March
4.6 13.0 13.0
April
4.4
43.0 40 0
Hay
4.9
3.6 232.0
.
68.0 ■ 61 0
June
.
146 0
July
3.1 256.0
2.8
.
165.0 121 0
.
151 0
:
August
September
3.4 216.0
2.6 185.0
.
130 0
October
3.6 125.0
.
141 0
• | 
November
3.6 62.0
.
100 0
.
56 0
i
December
3.9
.
4.0 4.0
YEAR Total
1356.9 1372.0 966.0 m
m
Effective Rainfall with USSR methodCROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Reference Evapotranspiration. E?o according Penman-Honteith
- =^= sa = = = = = = = ===b = p= as-= = ====^- = = = = = = = - = ■-’ = = = - = x = 3xs==.-==-
Country altitude
:
:
Ethiopia 1725 meter
Meteo Station : 30NGA
Coordinates
: 7.13 N.L.
( 10 yr 36.17 E
1
h MaxTemp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ETo-PenMc
•c ■c % km/day hours MJ/e1/day mm/day
January February March April May June July August
29.0 10.0 72 95 7.3 IB.7
29.7 - 11.0 76 104 6.5 18.6
29.2 ' 11.9 80 181 6.3 19.2
20.1 12.7 82 130 6.7 19.8
27.4 12.6 85 112 6.2 18.4
25-9
24.3 12.4 B0 95 3.2 13.8
24.6 12.4 01 104 3-7 14.8
12.4 04 104 5.1 16.4
September 25.3
11.7 83 66 4.9 16.9
October
27.8 . 11.0 91 95 6.8 19.2
November 2B.1
10.3 B3 76 7.4 19.0
3.8
3-9
4.4
4.1
3.7 3.3 2.9
3.1
3.3
3.7
3.6
sec ember
28.4
1Q.3
60
69
7.8
18 . 9
3.5
YEAR
27.4
11.6
81
104
6.0
17.8
1315
1
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
January February March
April
May
: bonga
ETO (mm/day)
Climate Station : bonga
Rainfall
(nm/month)
3.8
3.9
4.4
4.1
3.7
41.0
73.0
146.0
199.0
204.0
June
Eff. Rain (mm/month)
38.0
68.0
112.0
136.0
137.0
3.3
218.0
Jul y
2.9
162.0
142.0
August
3.1
194.0
129.0
September
3
134.0
197.O
October
3.7
150.0
135-0
November
3.6
102.0
114.0
December
YEAR Tot^.
3.5
l 1' 3
BB.O
1799.0
05.0
76.0
1305.0 a-
Effective Rainfall with 5j_JR method:=WAT : Q9 Septate- 197 =
; raace Evapotranspi
Re e
ountry' : Ethiopia Ltitude : 1B50 ®eter
ation ETo according Penman-Monte Meteo Station : DEMB I DOLO
Coordinates • 
8.30 N.L, 34.45 
*-nth
MaxTez? MinTem?
•c ’C
Huniid. Wind Sunshine Sol .Radia
% km/day hours MJ/a-/day 
(*7***’J |t)
Bn J^
Z
sr.ua ry 
abruarY
27.7
29.0
14.6
15.3
64
63
130
138
a.4
8.0
arch 
.pril
29.3
16.1
65
156
6.1
10 8
a
20.0
20.6 4.1 45
72
147
7.2
20 * 6
.
4S
.
20.5
15.1
ay 
une
26.0
15.5
S3
147
5.0
24,3
11.7
06
. J
August
22.3
14 .4
37
121
R1 ■* 1
 *r J.
4.6
16.7 4.5 38
14- i
,,
.
15.9 1 7
2.-.
24.0
14,4
88
' 112
1.8
12.1 2.6
September October November
acember
25.9
14.6
84
130
5.2
17.3 3.5
26.3
14.5
81
130
6.6
18.8 3.7
26.6
14.6
74
121
7.3
18.7 3.7
26-6
14,9
68
112
S.4
15.5 3.8
YEAR
26-5
15.0
76
130
6.0
17.0 1334
imatlc data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
1ROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
: dembi-dc
Climate
Station : DEMBI DOLO
ETC
' rm/day}
Rainfall
(mm/month)
Eft. Rein
■, ram / me n t n)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
4.1
4.5 
4.5
4.5
3.6
3.2 
2.9
2.6
3.5
3.7
3.7
3.0
7.0
2S.0
70.0 
129.0 
197.0
170.0 
165.0 
120.0
163.C
96.0
31.0
19.0
7.0 
27.0
62.0
102.0
135.0
124.0
121.0
97.0 
120.0
81.0
29.0 
10.0
YEAR Total
1354,2
1195.0
922.0 ran
Effective Rainfall with USBR method
C P.O? WAT : 09 September 1995cpOpWAT : 09 September 1995 
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penaan-Monteith
Country
Altitude
: Ethiopia
: 1200 meter
Meteo Station : DIDESA
Coordinates - 5*00 N.L. 36,OS E
( 7 y;
Month
MaxTemp
MinTetnp
Humid
Wind
Sunshine
Sol.Radia
ETo-PenH:
•c
■c
%
km/day
hours
1
MJ/m /day
□a/day
January
26.1
9.3
58
95
8.6
20,2
4.0
February
33.9 -
13.3
60
112
0.6
21.4
4.7
March
35.2
15.9
46
121
6.5
19.3
5.. 1
Apr! 1
33,4
15.5
53
112
7.9
21,6
5.2
May
31.1
16.2
72
78
5.1
17.0
3.9
June
23.0
19.9
72
69
4 .0
15.0
3.3
July
26.8
15.6
82
104
2.6
13.1
J . o
August
26*7
15*0
03
79
1.8
12,1
2.7
September
20.5
14.9
81
78
4.7
16.5
3.4
October
30.3
13.0
71
104
7.0
19.3
4.2
November
30.1
12,3
49
104
7.5
18.9
4.2
December
34.5
13.7
58
104
8.4
19.4
4.3
YEAR
30.4
14.6
65
97
6.1
17. S
1458
Climatic da ta" compi led by FAO Agro- -meteorological unit
CROPWA.T : 09 September 1995
Climate file : didesa
ETO Rainfall
(tmn/day}
(nni/month!
January February March Apri 1 May
June
1 July
1 August
■ September October November
Climate: Station : DIDESA
Eff. Rain (mm/month)
4.0
6.0
3.0
50*0
December
YEAR Total
4.0 4.7
5.1
5.2
3.9
3.3 3*0 2.7
3.4
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.0
6.0
3.0
55.0
195-0
257,0
269.0
227.0
222 ,c- 166* u
65.0 8.0
1457.8 
1479.0 
134.0
151.0
152,0
14 5.0
1 43.0
123.0
sa. o 0.0
9/z.’
Effective Rainfall with USSR method.P.OFJ-X- • 09 September 1995 
Refsrenc
Country : Ethiopia Altitude : 1370 meter
Evapotranspiration ETo according ?enjnan*MOnt;e7^-
Meteo Station : DONGORO (12 Yrs’?***»»
_____________________________________ g
Coordinates
* 9.16 N.L. 
J
Month
MaxTemp Mir.Tetnp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia
• r’
’C % km/day hours MJ/m3/d
ay
■'ens.
January February March 
April
May 
■lune
■
11. B
69
78
8.5
12 °
66
78
8.6
<c'”
ZB. s
14. w
68
76
7-5
19.9
21.4
20.9
21.9
10.8
17.4
4-1
2e.7
J4.7
75
69
8,0
4.2
25. a
14.2
06
78
6.3
23-1
13.3
*3
7B
5.6
4.3
3.6
July 
August
21,9
12.5
<<
7 5
*Z'
3.2
22.2
13.0
95
78
4-2
September
23.2
12.B
95
69
5.4
October
24.3
12.7
87
69
6.6
November
23.1
12.8
81
60
8.4
iecember
26.3
Ll 9
r
74
69
0.4
15,7
17.6 
IB .7
20.1
19 ,3
25.5
13.1
82
74
6.8
Climate file : concoro
Climate Station : DONGORO (12 YB
ETO Rainfall (rm/day) (mm/raonth)
1 *■
January
i February
CRORWAT : 09 September 1995
March
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
YEAR Total
4.0
4,1
4.2
4 3
3.6
3.2 2.7
2.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.4
18.0
19.0
47.0
43.0
248.0
379.0
449.0
a
12B4.0 
398.0
356.0
135,0
12 0
6.0 
2110.0
IB.9 E=f. Rain
f. mm/month l 17.5 IB.4 43.5
40.0
149.6
162.9
169.9
164.8 160.6 105. B
11-B 5.9
1050.0 mm
I____________ -_ ______
Effective Rainfall with USBR method
J
i
F
Ic pOpWAT : 09 September 1995
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Monteith
= fl —- country Altitude
Unftth
nJ*1 “
January February 
•-larch
~ 2S3Z±3
= S'I■= = — —• = = = =■ S — — •= = — — — — =========
s = ”
; Ethiopia
: 2320 meter
Meteo Station : FINCHA
Coordinates
: 9.32 N.L.
( 8 yr 37.23 E.
yfaxTemp Mi nTemp Huaid * Wind Sunshine Sc 1.Radia ETo-PenMc
•c
25.5 22.0 26.B -
•c % kra/day hours MJ /m’/day mm/day
7,4
6.a
7.0
48
4 1
62
130
138
138
8.3
8.0
6.8
19.6
20.4
19.8
fibril May
June July August
26.3 6.8 53 133 0.3 22.4
25.4 8.1 65 130 5.7 13.0
24.3 0.5 77 112 4.1 15.3
21.1 9.6 81 95 1.9 12.0
21.0 9.4 85 95 1.9 12.2
3.9
4.2
4.3
4.7
4.0
September 22.5
0.3 S3 121 4.8 16.7
October [November
23.3 . 6.4 73 164 7.3 19.7
23.7 5.7 64 164 8.3 19.9
ecember 24.4
4.9 59 130 8.1 18-9
3.3
2.5
2.5
3.2
3.9
3.9
3.7
1 YEAR
Climatic i;
24.0 7.4 66 130 6.1 17.9 1339
ita compiled by FAO Agro-raereorol ogical unit
CHOPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
: fincha
Climate Station. : FINCHA
1
ETO Rainfall
(mm/day) (mm/month)
January February
March
April
3.9
4.2
4.3
4.7
May
18.0
33.0
51.0
70.0
4.0
124.0
Eff. Rain (mm/month)
17.0
31.0
47.0
62.0
June
3.3
237.0
99 .0
July
147.0
2.5
364.0
August
2.5
352,0
161.0
Seotember
3.2
’05.0
160.0
ucc-.*?er
3.9
96 • G
138.0
Noveudaer
3.9
fl .0
50.0
December
3.7
10.0
46. o
10.0
YEAR Total
1339.4
1510.0
999.0 
nun
feetive Rainfall with USER method
■jROPWAT : 09 September 1995 Reference Evapot
Country
Altitude
Month
Ethiopia 480 meter
^^piration ETo^ccqrding^ennan-Mont
Meteo"Station : GAMEELA
Coordinates ■ B-15 «.U ’
-I ______________________________
Wind Sunshine sol.R^.’
% km/day hours
January February March
April
37.8
38.4
38.9
37.3
34.5
32.5
18.2
20.0
22.0
22.1
20.2
20.7
55
51
50
57
68
75
112
130
112
112
130
112
8.5
7.6
6.1
7.2
4.7
4.4
’0.1
..1
18.8
May 
rne
20.6
16.3
15.5 
3-*"
31.7
21.9
76
ill
J- »•
4 .-•»
• uj •
August
31.5
20.9
80
130
1.8
September
32.9
20.5
77
130
4.B
October
33.9
20.1
73
130
6.3
Hovember
32.9
19.3
66
130 ■
7.2
jecember
35.6
18;8
63
112
8.4
12.1
16.7 
18.3
18.6
19.6
5.5
5.1
5-5
4 5
3.5
3.J
3.1
<4
4.5
4.5
4.7
—
I YEAR I■
34.8 20.4 66 121 5.9
17.6
1656
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
I
i
gambela
ETO
;=r./day}
Climate Station : GAMBELA
:SXS;
Rainfall
(ma/month)
8.0 12.0
Efl* . Rain (mm/month)
8.0
12.0 
4, J - ’0
»
0 
0 
i
I
January February March April
May 
June
July August September October November
December
5.1 5.5
5.3
5.5
4.5 
3.9
3.7 3.3
4.1
4.5 
4.5
4.7
68.0 
163.0 
165.0 
256.0 
271.0
177.0 
113.0
50.0
13.0
1327.0
• 61. 120.
YEAR Total 1658.1
121. 0 
151. 0 
152. 0 
127. .0 
93. .0 
46. .0
13. .0
933. q mm
Effective Rainfall
with USBR methodReference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Monteith
-----
country Xltitude
Hanth
: Ethiopia
; 2040 meter
Heteo Station : GIDAMI Coordinates :
8.58 N.L
( 3 y 34.35 E
«ax Temp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sal.Radia ETo Per-M
*C *C % kcn/day hours MJ/m’/day ntm/day
January February March 
Aprii
May
June
28.5
29.1
28-5
23.6
28.8
25-2
22.4
23.0
23.0
25.3
26.2
26.4
12.8
12.7 
14.0
13.3
12.1
13.2
13.0
16.4
13.2
13.2
13.6
13.2
56
130
3.3
12.8
66
130
3.4
13.7
67
112
2.6
13.4
75
130
7.5
21.0
90
130
5.1
17.0
88
112
4.6
15.9
July 
August
87
112
3.9
14.9
86
112
1.8
12.1
September
82
' 112
5 .2
17.3
October
81
112
6.8
19.1
niovember
75
112
7.3
18.5
,ec ember
69
130
8-4
19.4
YEAR
26.3
13.4
7B 120 
5.0 
16-3
3.3
3.6
3.4
4.5
3.7
3.2
2.9
2.5
3.3
3.6
3.6
3.8
1258
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-oeteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
January February March Apri 1 May
June
July August September October November December
gidami
ETO (mra/day)
3-3 3.6 3.4
Climate Station : GIDAMI
Rainfall (mm/month)
82.0
9.0
74.0
56.0
190.0
381.0
273.0
142.0
234.0
1*8.0
41.0
Eif . Rain. ( ?n/month}
4.5
3.7
3.2
2.9
2.5
3.3
3. c
3.6 3.8
YEAR Total 1256..
4.0
■■"‘4,0
71.0
9.0
65.0
51.0
132.0
163.0
152.0
110.0
14 6.0
135.0
38.0
4.6
1076.0
| Effective Rainfall
with USSR method50P MM : 09 sep--.=b.r 1995
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman Meteo Station : GIMBI
Country : Ethiopia Altitude : 1870 meter
Coordinates : 9.05
N.L
Month
MaxTem? Mir.Temp Humid. Wind
*C ‘C % km/day hours MJ/aP
January February
March
April
c16 U w1
12.0
53
95
8.9
20.5
28.4
29.1
28.5
14.3
15.2
14.6
52
53
55
112
121
112
8-8
6.3
8.2
21.7
19.1
22.1
May
June
27.5
13.7
82
78
5.2
17.2
24.4
12.7
90
69
4.0
'.5.0
Jury
August
September
2a -2 
24.4
24.8
li- i-
12.4
12.5
94
94
90
l04
78
78
1.8
5.2
w J 4
12.2
17.3
October
25.6
13.7
79
104
7.0
19.2
November
27.0
12.1
74
104
7.3
18.5
)ecember
27.5
12.’9
62
104
8.4
19.3
4-4
4.4
4.8
3-5
3.0
2.5
3.2
3.7
3.6
3.8
[ i YEAH
26.5
13.2
73
97
6.2
18.0
1321
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
= = .= = st = = = = - = =:z Hainfall
(mm/menth)
Climate
Station : G1M3Z
1
I
: qimbi
ETO (rm/day)
3.9
4.4
4,4
4.8
3.5 3.0 2.7 2.5 3.2 3.7 3.6 3.8
Eff. Rain, (sm/xonth)
■’
■
-
■4
I—
Climate file
January February March April
May
June
July August September October November
December
—
YEAR Total
1320.7
5.0
8.0
34.0
59.0
234.0
345.0
373.0
39 6.0
299.0
127.0
3B. 0
2.0
1920.0
5.0
8.0
32.0
• 53.0
146.0
160.0
162.0
165.0
155.0
101.0
36.0
2.0
1025.0
ruin
-<
Effective Rainfall with USSR methodca0PWAT = S«l>tMber 1995_________________________________________ __ ------- Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Perunan-Honteith
r country 
■' I
I
altitude
: Ethiopia
: 2130 meter
Meteo Station : GORE Coordinates t 8.10 
C 29 yr) ".L. 35.33 E.L
Month January
February March April
May
June
July August September October November
1 lecember YEAR
MaxTemp HinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ETo-PenMon 
*C
'C % km/day hours MJ/nVday nun/day
24.5
13.5
63
130
8.3
25.5
. 13.8
59
138
7.9
25.8
■ 14.3
61
156
6.8
25.0
14.1
69
147
7.2
23.3
13.1
81
147
4.7
21.6
12.4
86
121
4.2
20.3
12.4
09
121
3.6
20.0
12.5
89
112
2.3
21.5
12.3
87
130
4.6
26.7
12.7
04
130
6.6
23.0
13.1
75
121
7.2
20.0
20.5
19.9
20.6
15.3
15.3
14 . 4
12.9
16.7
18.8
18.6
23.5
13.3
69
112
8.2
19.3
23.5
13.1
76
130
6.0
17.8
3.8
4.2
4.4
4.2
3.3
2.9
2.6
2.5
3.0
3.7
3.5
3.5
1263
Li —- —
Climatic data compiled by EA0 Agrc-meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Cllmace file
gore
ETO
(mm/day)
Climate Statton : GORE
RainCal1 
(cM/month)
Eff. Rain 
[nun/month)
January
3.8
37.0
35.0
February
4.2
43.0
43.0
March
4.4
101.0
April
85.0
4.2
147.0
May
3.3
253.0
112 0
x
June
150.0
2.9
345.0
July
August
160.0
2.6
2.5
348.0
340.0
3-0
3 = 4.0
160.0
159.0
October
3.7
16 7.0
160.0
November
3.5
112.0
131.0
December
3.5
51.0
92.0
47 .0
YEAR Total
1263.4
2318.0
1331,0 
mni
| Erfe Rainfall
Cttve
with USBR
method:?.O?WAT : 09 September 1995
Reference ^=«an pi»tionCTo «cordlng^e».n.Mo
S
=
n
Country : Ethiopia Altitude : 1500 oeter
y.eteo Station : HOHA (7 yrs) “oordinates : 10.09 N.L.
Month MaxTemp Mir.Ten? Huaid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radi
•C *C
%
km/day hours
MJ/m’/day
January 30.4
’’.8
61
147
February 31.8
7
9.5
63
147
21.1
March 32.4
14.0
9.2
22 1
lx
April 32.3
164
O.8
8.1
68
21.8
May 29.2
173
14.8
77
8.0
21 9
June 26.0
164
J u A*y . O August 24.4
September 25.8
October 27.8
November 28.6 eceaber 30.0
14.4
85
5.7
18 0
13.1
13.7
13.5 
12.0
10.8
10.9
138
3.9
12x
86
78
69
95 *
121
15.0
86
87
86
77
68
3.6
5.1
5.1
6.2
8.3
8.9
14.6
17.1 
17.1
18.0
19.7
19.8
YEAR
ti
28.6
13.0
75
125
6.8
18.9
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995 
* '— ~ — ____________
hoha
Station
(7 yrs:
ETO
a xx s3s =
Pair, 
(mm/month)
HOHA
2 =X = = SI
=
January
February 
March 
April
May
June
July 
August
September
October
November
December
(num/day)
4.9 
5.0
5.3
5.4
4.2
3.3
3.0
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.8
4.1
t
month)
0.0
0.3
16.0
64.0 
135.0 
245.0 
258.0 
252.0 
273.0
99.0 
25.0
1.0
I
YilEaA« TRot Taot l al
1433.4 1493.4
1368.3
0.0
0.3
15.6
57.4
105.8 
149.0
150.8
150.2
152.3
63.3
24.0
1.0
i Effective Rainfall with US3R method
889.8 mmc?oPWAT : °9 septenser 1995_______________________________________________________ —~ Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Perwan-Monteith 
------ : = 3 = =b = 23 = 2 =
Ethiopia
550 meter
= = 3 = = = 3 = =
= Z = Z
Meteo Station : I TANG
( ;
Coordinates :
8.10 N.L. 34.1?
Month
I January February
I March April
y.ay
June
July
/• August September
October November
ecember
YEAR
MaxTemp MinTemp Huaid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia
“C •c 1 ko/day hours
1
MJ/ai /day
ETo-Per_Mon
mm/day
35.8 19.0 53 112 8.5 20.1
38.6 . 20.5 51 130 7.6 20.1
38.6 • 17.7 54 112 6.0 18.6
35.8 20.2 57 112 7.7 21.3
33.5 18.6 69 130 4.7 16.3
33.5 17.9 79 112 4.6 15.8
4.9
5.5
5.3
5.4
4.4
3.9
32.3 16.9 82 112 4.1 15.2 3.7
31.6 17.1
83 130 2.1 12.5
3.3 
4.0
4-3
|
33.9 19.6 66 130 7.0 18.2 4.5
31.5 17.3 78 130 4.8 16.7
32.4 20.6 72 130 6.1 18.1
35.3 19.3 62 112 8.4 19.6
4.7
34.4 18.7 67 121 6.0 17.7 1637
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 05 September 1995
Climate file
: itang
ETO
(run/day)
Climate Station : I TANG
January February harch April
May
June
July August September November December
YEAR t--al
4.9
5.5
5.3
5.4
4.4
3.9
3.7 3.3
4.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
1636.6
Rainfall (ram/month)
3.0
10.0
4.0
109.0
139.0
140.0
390.0
190.0
133.0
ai.o
16.0
1.0
1216.0
Eff. Rain (mm/month)
3.0
10.0
4.0
90.0
108.0
109.0
154.0
132.0
105.0
71.0
16.0
1.0
813.0
f
— tiv
ec
e
ro fall h IJS3R method□untry Ititude
□nth
• 09 Septec±>e:
EthioP13
410 mete
Meteo Station : OlKAWo Coordinates : 8.2l
MaxTemp MinTemp Humid. 
•c •c
%
Wind 
km/day
Sunshine hours
s ol.Ra<
anuary 
*ebruary 
•larch 
-.pril
'.ay 
lune
*uij August September October November
ecember
YEA?
35.6
19.0 79 112 6.9
38.6
20.5 82 121 7.5 19.9
1\T
38.6
17.7 79 121 6.4
35.6
20.2 73 112 6.5
19.2
33.5
Iff.6 03 121
5.3 17 .2
19 5
33.5
ni
17.9 87 121 5.0 16.4
H-.c 2 5 112
•.
1* c
31.6
31.5
17.1 90 121 5.1 17.1
32.4
17.3 89 130 5.6 17 9
33.9
.
20.6 85 130 6.4 18 5
35.3
19.6 86 130 ' 6.8
.
19.3 86 121 6.8 17.3
.
18 0
34.4
18.7 85 121 6 0 17 9
.
.
CROPwAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
January February March April May June
July August
Se Pteater
October November December
^live Rainfall
jikawo
Climate Station : JIKAWO
Rainfall
(mm/month)
5.0
5.2
4.9
4.2 3.9
3.5
3.8
3.9
4.1
4.1
4.1
1545.3
Wl ‘h USSR
0.7 2.0 7.7 
38.0
116.0
93.0
128.0 
178.0 
124.0
62.0
3.8 
3.0
7S6.2
Eff-. Rain (mnf/month)
0.7 
2.0
7.6
35.7 
' 94.5 79-2 
101-8
127.3
99.4
55.8
3-8 
3.0
610-7
method
.zCROPWAT : 09 September 1995
I
Referenc = =e Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Monteith 
Country- Altitude
f Month
January February March April May June
July August September October November December
—— ______ __________
f
. 1077 meter
MMeetteeo o 
StatSion : tation JI
MA:
JIMA
Coordi
nates :
7.40 7 an n
 r. 36.50 E N. L. .L
MaxTemp
C
MinTemp
*C
Humid .
Wind
Sunshine
Sol.Radia
1
km/day
hours
2
MJ/m /day
28.0
28.3
28.9
28.0
26.8
25.2
23.6 13.4 84 95 3.2 13.8
23.9 13.2 85 104 3.7 14.9 2.9
7.8 77 95 7.4 18.8 10.1 74 104 6.6 18.7 11.3 74 181 6.5 19.4 12.3 77 130 6.6 19.6 12.8 80 112 6.2 18.5 12.8 83 104 5.1 16.5
( 18 yr)
ETo-PenMon mm/day
3.6 3.8 4.5
4.2
3.8 3.3 2. a
25.3
12.8 84 86 4.9 16.9
I
2o. 6
25.3 11.2 81 95 6.9 19.3
I ______________
9 -7 -5
7.1 80 69 7.9
8.7 80 78 7.3 18.9
YEAR
26.5 11.1 80 104 6.0
17.9 19.0
3.3 3.7
3.5 1301 3.4
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995 Climate file
j ima
Climate Station : JIMA
ETO Rainfall
(mm/day) (oun/month)
January February March 
April
May 
June
July 
August September Octob November
December YEAR Total
3.6 3.8 4.5 4.2 3.8
3.3
2.8
2.9
3.3 3. 7 
3.5 3.4
Eff. Rain (mra/month)
1301.!
Effect!
27.0
57.0
98.0
131.0
155.0
215.0
209.0
211.0
160.0
sa.c 74.0 25.0
^7o ' •
26.0
52.0
83.0
104.0
117.0
141.0
139.0
140.0
123.0
:.0
65.0
24.0
^097.0O?WAT ; 09 September 1995
Reference Evapotranspiration _r“o^according^Fenjaan-MQriteii_^
Country Alti .ude '’.or.th
Ethiopia 600 meter
•C
MlnWP ^lQ'
'C
Meteo Station : KURMuk
Meteo Station : KURMUK ’
CCoor oordidinanatetess : 10.33 n.:l 10.33 N.L. 
. . Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia
km/day hours MO/nP/day n
( 3 ’A
*■ w- J 3 ■* * I
January 
Fe^.’” ty
3
Harer.
April
Hay 
, mp 
d d* J
August September October
'Jqv ember
36.8
37.7
39.1
30.5
33.0
31.2 
29. C
30.1
30.9
33.2
35.7
21.0
22.3
23.2 
22.0
22.0
21.2
20.5
20.5
19.5
19.5
18.4
52
49 
49
57
66
74
7 6 
79
76
74
69
130
130
112
130
130
112
112
112
112
112
112 •
9.0
8.5
6.1
8.7
6.5
4.7
2.3
6.0
7.4
7.7
20.4 
21.0
18.6
23.0
19.2
15.1 -5.4
13.0 
ie.5
19.7
18.8
ecenber YEAR
36.1 20.1 62
130
8.3
34.4
20.9
65 120 6.6
18.9
18.5
1700
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-metearological unit
RQPWAT : 09 September 1995
J
Climate tile
January F ebruary March April May June
July
August
kurmuk
ETO
(zm/day)
Climate Station : XURMUK
:3r
Rainfall
(mm/month]
Etf. Hain (min/men th)
0.0
3.0
6.0
37.0
121.0
110.0
138-0
132.0
September
5.2
5.6
5.3
6.1
5.0
4.0
3.7
3.2
0.0
3.0
6.0
40.0
164.0
143.0
205.0
190.0
4.2
221.0
143-0
[
October
i
November
4.5
145.0
111-0
a
4.5
13 0
13.0
December
4.7
0.0
0.0
YEAR Total
170Q.4
with USSR
1130.0
S14.0
j Effective Rainfall
method
■
1
!
I
I
i
«cr0?WAT : 09 September 1995
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Mor.tei th
= = = = =
Country
Altitude
: Ethiopia
: 1650 meter
Meteo Station : MENDI Coordinates :
_( 19
9.47 N.L. 35 05
yr)
E.L
Month MajcTemp MinTerap Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ETo-PenMon 
•C ’C % km/day hours MJ/m’/day mm/day
January February March Apri 1 May June July August
28.4 12.7 55 95 9.0 20.5
29.5 14.0 53 112 8.8 21.6
30.3 15.0 54 121 6.0 18.3
29.8 15.5 56 112 8.4 22.6
26.9 15.3 79 78 5.5 17.6
24.4 14.5 86 69 4.3 15.5
22.6 14.1 87 104 3-6 14.6
23.5 14.1 88 78 2.1 12.6
September 24.1
24.9 1’3.7 78 104 7.1 19.3
14.0 82 78 5.7 18.0
October
November 25.5 13.6 71 104
7.3 18.3
ecember I
' YEAR
27.1 12.6 63 104 8.3 19.1
4.0
4.5
4 . O
4.9
3.6
3.1
2.8
2.5
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.7
26.4 14.1 71 97 6.3 18.2 1339
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995 r Climate file : mer.dx
Climate Station : MEND I
ETO
=
Rainfall
Eff. Rain 
;
(mm/day)
(mm/month)
(mm/month)
January
February
4.0
March
4.5
4.0
6.0
4 0
4.5
26.0
* 6 0
April
4.9
67.0
25 0
May
June
3.6
3.1
164.0
303.0
60 0
July
August
2.8
2.5
307.0
309.0
121.0
155.0
September
3.4
302 0
156.0
156.0
October
?. 6
129 0
155.0
November
3.5
29 0
lv2.0
December
3.7
6.0
28.0
6.0
YEAR Total
1338.7
1652.0
974.0
ive Rainfall with USBR method?.O?WAT = 09 Septet'
1995
Reference Evapo Country : Ethiopia
Altitude : 1BOO meter
inspiration ETo according Penman “Mont
Meteo Station : NEJO Coordinates : 9.30 N.L
1
( I?* ’ 35. / t
2
Month
MaxTemp Mxn.^ uinTPono Humio. Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ----- Z—'
M3/mI/day
January February
M arch
27.6 
2B.0
29.2
11.9
13.4
14.4
55
j4
95
* 12
11.
9.0
9.0
2-4
20.5
22.0
13.0
April
May 
June
July
August
29.7
25.7
14.2
13.9
56
BO
112
70
8.4
2.2
22.5
12.7
23.4
2 i <
13.2
13.:?
B7
37
69
1G4
4.0
3 1
15.1
1 ? . 9
22.1
12.B
88
78
1.9
12.2
Septeiab^r
23.3
12.4
84
78
5-7
18.0
October
24.4
12.0
78
104
7.1
19.4
November
24.9
12.7
71
104 '
7.5
18.7
acember
26.5
12.1
62
104
8.4
19.2
YEAR
25.5
13.1
71
97
5.7
17.3
4-5
3.7
4.a
2-9
2.9
2.4
3.3
3.6
3.5
3.7
1271
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROFWAT : 05 September 1995
1,1 7™
Climate file : r.ejo
Climate Station : NcJO
7 * sS ’ — = -■= = = ==S = £ = === = Z
ETC
Rainfall
E:-f. Rain
I
i
[rm/day)
(mm/month)
(mm/month]
January
3.9
5.0
5.0
•!
February
4.5
13.0
13.0
’1
1
March
April
3.7
31.0
29.0
4.8
70.0
. 62.0
.1
1
May
June
2.9
184.0
130.0
July
2.9
August
2.7
340.0
159.0
322.0
157.0
• September October November
1
2.4
3.3
3.6
3.5
3,7
1270.9
350.0
160.0
«
-
a
December
YEAR Total
319.0
116.0
33.0
5.0
1708.0
157.0
94.0
31.0
5.0
1002.0
u_
Effective Rainfall with USBR method
L
*■ca0?
VJ T : 09 Septenber
A
l99 S
Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Monteith
~ country
=
: Ethiopia
 2005 meter
;
Meteo Station
 : NEKEMTE
Altitude Month
January February March April May June July August
Coordinates :
9.03
N. L .
( 10 yr) 36.35 E.L
HaxTemp
1
. fc-r * =35
? Q M K H
umid, Wind Su
nshine Sol.Radia ET
o-RenMon 
■c
■c
% km/d
ay hours MJ/m’/day 
mm/day
25.1 11.3 53 95 8.3 19.7
26.5 - 12.5 52 112 8.1 20.7
26.9 13.1 53 121 7.7 21.1
26,9
13.4 55 112 7.3 20.8
23.9 12.8 80 78 5.5 17.5
21.2 11.9 88 69 3.9 14.8
19.6 11 .9 89 104 2.7 13.3
19. B 12.0 90 78 2.8 13.6
3.7
4.2
4.5
4.4
3.4
2.8
2.5
September 21.1
11.9 87 78 3.9 15,2
October
22.0 12.1 78 104 6.7 18.9
November 23.5 11.5 71 104 7.5
ia.9
jecember 24.3
11.0 52 104 7.6 18.2
2.5 2.8
3.4
3.4
3.4
' YEAR
23.5 12.1 72 97 6.0 17.7 1245
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 1995
Climate file
: r.ekemte
Climate Station i NEKEMTE
i
L_
ETO Rainfall
(om/day) [mm/month)
January February March April May June
J uly
August
3.7
4.2
4.5
4.4
3.4
2.8
2.5
2.5
9.0
18.0
52.0
75.0
261.0
385.0
400.0
406.0
Ef f. Rain (mm/month)
9.0
17 .0
48.0
66.0
151.0
164.0
165.0
166.0
Septerier
2.B
200,0
155.D
October
3.4
l 3. v
116.0
h Vvambe r
3.4
01.0
71.0
December
3.4
18.0
17.0
^EAn .-tai
1245.0
2158-0
1145.0 
mm
Elective Rainfall
W_h USSR
method
ISSSTo.
"S'.
1
_____ cvaooti’anSP t
Country Altitude
Month
Ethi°Px®
==-==*M------------- .
““• ^Vo st.tion -. POKWO <«*>«» ( ’• 
Coordinates^______________________ _ 
8 £1
42; ne.er --------- ------------------ --------- ___ sonshine Sol .Radia Er^t<
•c c
H ™ld- km/dav »=>“”
M3/=’/day
January February March 
April
nej
36.5 
^8,3
7 
-□.2 
35.1
19.3
20.9
^2.6
■I* ■%
X. . J
21.B
59
58
59
60
71
112
130
112
112
112
8.0
7.7
6.1
7.2
4.4
20.6
20.3
19.8
20.6
15.9
June
32.9
20.7
74
130
4.2
15.2
July
31.3
2C.-'
77
112
4.0
1 1
- 1
lit
« . - 1 n
15.0
1
X A. . 1
S.Q
5-1
s-2
5-5 
<■3 4.0 3.'
r.Ug'-J
Lr . j
September
32.2
20.6
75
130
4.7
16.5
October
33.1
21.0
72
130
6.4
18.5
November
34.2
20.6
64
130
7.4
18.9
December
35.5
19.5
60
112
a.a
20.1
4-1
4.5
4.7
4.8
YEAR
34.e
20.9
67
120
6.0
17.7
1650
CROPttAT : 0B September 199 5
•L i
1 _11
Climate file
:
Climate Station : POKWO (23 yean
ZT0 
(mm/day)
Rainfall
(mm/month)
Zff. Ram
(aa/aanth)
1 January February
March April
4.2
5.2 19.G 51.0
1
■a
1
-r
J
May
June
July August Septensber
October November December
5.0 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.2
4.1
4.5
4.7
4.8
110.0
133.0
171.0
174.0
156.0
111.0
39.0
6.0
979.4
4.2
5.2
18.4
46.8
90.6
• 104.7 124.2 125.6
117.1
91-3
36.6
5.9
YEAR Total
1649.7
770.6 mm
-iI
Effective Rainfall with USBR method
!t
____—— ^^ference Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Monte i th
. 09 September 1995 
cRo?wa _ _____--------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -
country
Altitude
: Ethiopia
- 1200 meter
Meteo Station : TEPI Coordinates : 7.05 
(6 yr) • N.L. 35.15 E*T
jtanth January Feijruar Match 
MaxTemp MinTemp Humid* Wind Sunshine Sol .Radia ETo-PenMon 
*C *C % km/day hours MJ/m’/day nun/day
4.2
ry
April
May
June
July August September October November
ecember
30.2
29.4
30.4
2S.7
29.5
25.5
28.6
28.1
27.9
20.3
27.9
29.4
28.9
14 . 1
68
130
7.6
19.1
.14.2
62
130
6.7
IB.9
4 . 4
. 14.0
65
156
6.6
19.6
4.7
13,7
73
147
7.0
21.5
4.6
13.5
07
147
4.7
16.2
3.7
13.7
92
121
5.0
16.2
3.4
13.4
97
121
4.2
15.2
3.2
14.0
96
112
1.8
12.1
2.7
13.5
93
130
4.8
16.7
3.5
13.2
86
130
5.0
18.1
3.7
13.2
80
121
7.1
18.7
3.8
13.9
74
112
7.3
19.0
3.9
13.7
81
130
5.B-
17.6
1391
CROPWAT : Q9 September 1995
Climate file
: tepi
ETO
(sm/day)
Climate Station ; TEPI
-E
Rainfall
(mra/month)
Eff. Rain
(ncn/month)
January
4.2
11.0
11.0
February
March
4.4
30.0
4.7
29.0
April
53.0
49.0
May
4.6
46.0
43-0
June
3.7
187.0
131.0
July
3.4
175.0
3.2
259.0
126.0
August
2.7
259.0
LSI .0
Ptomber
October
3.5
199,0
151.0
136.0
3. 7
. 0
A-
November December
[ YEAR Total
3.8
3.9
1391.3
1 with USSR method
22.0
6.0
1292.0
21.0
6.0
696.0 xjc
[_E£fe
<=tiv Rainfal
e
■
k'
.J
i
iCROPWAT : 09 September 199 5
reference Evapotranspiration ETo according_Penman-M ^,
0n
Z’==ZZr/ ""”vZhiopia
=
xmtSe ; ls5U.t« 
Heteo Station : YITSDO Coordinates : 8.57 
H.L
Month MaxTemp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sal .Rat
•c
•c 1 km/day hours MJ/m’/t
*
January
29.6
13-1
67
95
8.9
20.3
February
30.4
13.0
67
112
8.6
21.4
March
30.4
. 13.5
70
121
6 * 3
19-1
April
30.2
13.6
76
112
8.7
May
26.9
12.3
07
78
5.1
22.9
17.0
June
26.0
13.2
89
69
4.1
IS.2
July
24.6
13.7
89
104
3.4
14.2
August
23.9
13.2
89
78
2.1
12.5
September
24.3
12.4
84
78
5.2
17.3
October
26.0
12.5
83
104
6.8
19.1
November 26.5 12.4 77 104 7.2 >ecember 28.3 12.4 72 104 8.4
18.4
19.4
T
'it.kR
27.3 12.9 79 97 6.2 18.1
1311
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro^meteorological unit
CROPWAT : 09 September 199d
Climate file
January February March April
May
June
July August SeptQ^ber October November December
yubdo
ET0 (ram/day}
4.0 4.5 4.4
Climate Station : YUBDO
Rainfall {trun/montti)
Eff. Rain 
(ram/month)
18.0
25.0
85.0
220.0
283.0
245.0
316.0
252.0
146. u 32 0
17
9.0 
.0
4.8 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.6 3.7. j. 5 3’£ 3.7
1320.3
8.0
1639.0
24 .0 
73 .0 
143 .0
153 .0 
149 .0 
157 .0 
150 .0 
112 . 0 
301.0
8 1.0
YEAR Total
1025 . 0
Effective Rainfall With USSR -hod
J
*I
Ir--''==- Ethi0Pia country ■ lC50 mete
Evapotranspiration ETo according Penman-Montelth Meteo Station : WSH WUSH
Coordinates :
7.16 N.L
I 10 yr} 36.11 E.L
.J —. t n
MaxTernp MinTemp Humid. Wind Sunshine Sol.Radia ETo-PenMon 
•C *C % km/day hours MJ/tn’/day nun/day
26.1 9.0 71 95 7.3 18.7
JL ry
re t. y
cn
~5.7
2u. .
9.8 73 104 6.5 10.5
10.9 77 181 6.3 19.2
Apti1
May
June
27.3
11.5
82
130
6.7
19.8
27.1
11.5
06
112
6.2
18.4
25.9
11.2
86
104
S.l
16.4
4 J. --J‘V
24 - J
ll.i
-31.
95
3.2
— ■ &
’ 1 o
August September
23.9
11.0
82
104
3.7
14.9
24.4
11.0
92
86
4.9
16.9
October
November
ecember
25-3
10.2
89
95
6.8
19.1
25.2
9-6
80
70
7.4
19.0
25.B
8.9
78
69 -
7.B
18.9
YEAR
25.7
10.5
Bl
104
6.0
17. a
3-6 3.7 4.2
4.0 3-7 3.3 2.9
3.0
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.3 1274
Climatic data compiled by FAO Agro-meteorological unit
ZROFtfAT : 09 September 1995 Climate file
January rebruary March April
May
June
July August
September
October
-ush-wus
Climate Station : WUSH WUSH
ETO Rainfall (mm/day] {mm/month}
3-6
3,7
4.2
4.0 3.7 3.3 2.9
3.0
3.3
3.5
47.0
85.0
148.0
189.0
250.0
209.0
218.0
225.0
228.0
143.0
Eff. Pain (ru»/month)
43.0
73.0
113.0
132.0
150.0
139.0
142.0
144.0
145.0
110.0
November
3.4
100.0
84.0
December
-----
3.3
50.0
46.0
YEAR Total
1273.8
1092.0
1321.0
- —ective Rainfall with
USSR methodNATURAL resources
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
APPENDIX C: GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MAIN CROP
Cl Crops under traditional production - Weiega region C2 Crops under traditional production - IlJnbabor region C3 Crops under traditional production - Low land area C4 Crops with improved husbandry
TAMS-ULG Burtt-Akobo Rhcr Balin Integrated development Master Plan
21-A3c’oss -A2sixs or nzioza tm:t:oka£. kgcc=t:o* ijc babo-akabo basis
r{ia: CSOM-=S'-°‘
1
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;I/ialdJ = 3iZ5
; sarjin ;:
:airr/Sa :
cast ; output
r*r ;
r
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-- Financial values Ln Bir
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value."zoib
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* 4■*
•■ * # e
. ■ . . jr
*
1 fl
■-
*
• « *
.73*
11.3=2
?7iza 1.222 -.12
6 57
3 22
• -■
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kA
J| « 1 w* ♦ *
i•
.24
1
!
2.332 -7C 105 151 3
-■ «fc
•>« 15 n: io* : L2#S=Z J, 4 J. 3.
7.3*3
Svewi patwza: s
:
qty 
XUi
v*Xu«/Z55= ,
Xoiif.
^7 
SfIei
Mlllwl;
-2 *3
W -1
■M ■»
3C 3
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i
* . ,2 3.37 3 22 32 4= 32 25
.24
*
13.22= k*
-SC
: 233 VH 151 3
K * ■ — WW
■w *53 3 = 12.22= 1.723
12,29*
.
:
r
Jr* 
2.3 4.93 4-35 3
■■■ 12 3
*• 1. *25
1 w«. V 30 .32 «■ * .C4
; 1.503 kx
■ *.«««> pk m
4
2 213 L32 12
12
T7 O : 2.252 535
l.*4
•
:
q=y 12 55
" '■ 12 5 -1
2 3 * * 21 1 1.22= ki
1 22 .-72 :5 57 2 >« w
* ■% -j •*»
. .dl V * “ 
“ " 22 -24
■ ■*■ Ml
♦ ■• ■ w
2 2*3 111
■T -W
T?
3 55 2 ".13 52 :
i
Pt4-V
°a4he«n ijaecri;
price
Vklu«/=a»z :
*
.w
fl fl
::.fccz
•I
* X 2 22 53 5
.22 *^2 ft.SO 1 2= .32
2 3*3 132 141 3
fl fl ■• a
. ■■ M- - • 5
2 1.132
d1 *■5* W" ■» AQ*•> *
I 23.2=2 k*
.12
01 J 4.322 1.713
I»KESOl RCES
ANNEX 21 AGRICULTURE
APPENDIX D: PROBABILITY OF RAINFALL AT SELECTED METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA
Effective Rainfall, USBR method, Lambda, (Cropwat March 1995).
TAMS-ULG Bani Akubo River Bavin Iniej'rtted Development Master Plan
21 - A4cf
at saxbzla
7l
>, XADT7RS3
;
All (fl Jj 44j
’-4- (JO:
t ;v
Cil i IS 34'
Y - *~
#8*73 rded snarHly r-a.ir,fa’ 1 Li ™
1971
» 3
J 7
1 :
21. a
154.3
11.0
27L 3
3
109.7
19-2
Z’’
4. .3
j3
59.3
120.5
141.0
.
is?.a
17}.:
L4i a
94 C
31 3
.0
954
.
*5 3
:>n
i3
x= :
15.3
.
14.0
15 5
L2L.5
10 3
*8.(3
143
2>1.3
122-3
: *o. o
99.3
1974
5.3
li.I
43 0
C
239.0
171.0
1.131
153,3
5
153.3
129.0
L?-5
□'
Lj . 2
71.3
1. 3
65.3
114.3
3XJ 3
*.1.3
1,313
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1175
141 5
7.3
17 3
43-3
140 0
133 .3
.
341.9
, 2Zi. 0
145-0
235 3
. 69 9
73.3
114 5
44.0
44 0
11.0
1.514
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9
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740 0
.
211 2
.
117?
? 2
140.0
’->3,0
1.3
22.3
35.3
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151.0
10 7
1. 32i
131.3
155 3
71.3
<4.0
1>I2
75.3
.:
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24.0
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ITS
153.4
39 9
234.5
233.5
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4.3
13 Ji. 2
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.
4? 4
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1. 551PILBASILTTS OF RAZSjALL 5A*SS1A - '4I7n FAQ
7ll«; JWWFXO-SA.M
M- **:
La ‘ tW! 1--5* 
Lara <t) :
15.3« +
Year
Jir.
?*b T*r
Apr
^uy Jun
Jul
Aug 
Sep
-Cl
5<gv
Dec Tot<i
im
1171
ir*
1174
r??s
1174
1977
:»73
LI’S
iw
1H1
ini
uu
U*4
1115
; l 3,3 i.I
Recorded ma«hty rainfall ir. -n
31. C 154,0 11.0 131-9 254.0 141.-3 '
LOi 5 33.0
■ 0 944
12 i 5.3 i : 1? 3 120.0 143 0 155.5 1?> 5 
4« 3 4? 3 35.0 13-0 3.i3
w
<? 4.3 1= 2
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i 1 13 3 -3
.: t : r 3
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-0 1.131
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41-3 2*0.0 1*0.0 241.3 225.5 254,0 119.0 44.0
31,0 1,391
.0 ?.□ 11 3 . 3 ar " fir ar 4J.D 111-3 45.3 29.3 273
.C a H.3
SYfcD 114.D 231.c 243.0 1*1.0 140.0 130.2 15 3 103 1.304
T.3 3.3 z: .2 132.0 153 0 Lil 0 155.0 
75 3 55.3 75.0 44,0 24-0 «7J
■ 3 ,0 4J5 *15 149.4 15.9 224 « 233.5 133.2
53 3 43.2 17-5 1,127
i > 0 4? 4
47.3 134.5 LSS.T 332 2 121-1 404.4 75.» U.S -C 1.47*
3 1 14.2 IS.5 li.fi 65.4 341 5 154.2 242 4 134 3
^1
1 *v .2 15.5 19-5 1H-4 
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FX nr rr ex 110.J <3.7 101.7 
142.3 47.1 -G 1,259
g 71,1 nr nr .a 512
35.1 nr rx 44.5 17.2 4J1
nr rr s:.l
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33.9 1.4 S.S 1,945
im 2.1 1.7 32.3 21.1 51.2 171.2 131.1 123 5 230.7
14 4 14.7
0 •«
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1945
3 5 l.D 25 1 43 7 44.3 ,4.4 IB.7 235.4 
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Av 1 i2 r. Si 113 165 2Sb 1’, 177 Ill 51 13 1.317
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255 371 171 111 5u 13
115 132 123 141 US 11*
111 Lie 1TJ 142 ±41“ ?U:.TFALL AT AJO SO
fii< mma asc
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JAi ?43 X*r M= X4/ Jun Jul Aug s(5
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ar -r nr nr nr nr 12 3 17 4 3 3 155.7 153 4 254 5
nr nr ar L33 > 52,2 21 5 251
» T'
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. ■-■ — —»• ar
nr
nr
nr
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nr ar nr nr nr nr ar nr nr ar nr nr ar ret nr ar nr nr
3 1 nr ' nr 11.3 123.4 131.5 29.4 13 7 ■5.4 13.7 95.1 nx
nr “X *92
r.r nr
ZT ar nr
— nr rx nr r- r.r 0
FIX
ar
nr
--
nr nr
43.3 15 2 5 i 5 7
—
nr
nr ar ar
— 55-7 22.s 41.i 4 3 9 3
— 12 ar r.r 112
— ■-
ar -r nr nr nr ar w nr ar nr nr ar -■- nr r— nr nr ar ar ar ar nr 'nr
nr nr ar
nr ax
r_r nr —— r- nr ar ■3
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=
six
— nr nr ar
nr r.r ? *■ rr r.r ar
nr ar ar nr nr nr
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ar nr nr nr nr nr
nr ar nr • nr nr nr
ar nr =r nr nr ar
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nr .ar nr nr nr nr
ar ar nr nr ±r nr
nr nr nr nr nr ar
nr nr ar nr ax r.r 2
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nr nr =r nr 2* ■" nx a
nr nr nr nr FIX nx 3
ar
nr
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nr nr ar nr nr □
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ar nr ar ■nr — » 0
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nr nr nr ar
nr :.nr -t nr nr ar
nr
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nr nr n
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ar r- ar ar ar ar ar nr xx nr
4 - ■ -5 >1.2 11S.7 115.»
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—
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nr nr — — ar nr
ar nr rr 71 i nr ar 3 T5 5 111-7 335,4 11 1
ar r_r -_r 113.1 253.4
131.5
J
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<r 5 3< 4 31.7 104.5 124.4 15.2 4.1 1“ - 43.1 13I.J 235 7
1-3 ?4 T 4z > 34 212 5
1
r.r
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nr io>.4
■-
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- ■ nr 152.2 111,1 nr
x
nr — arr- ar nr ar 3
nr r.r 7-X
41 nr 155.—1 ar r.r nr r.r ■3
ar ax ar r.r 741
ar nr rx 147.5 53.1 15 213
195 7
313.1 131 n4r LHaxi 14 73 H !’□ 14.4 35.3 4-5 1.153
233 4 3>-4 1 = 4 5 47 4 35.5 5 " a7 153 4 245.1 U4 i 17.1 4~,J }. ! 1.211
145 251.7 2"L. 1 122 ■ 13 5 1, 3 7* ISO , 3 17. j ;<2 115 J ?4 a 4 1. 915
131 a 151 ? 73 3 r.r 'nr ar 5!f
nr
*•
: 71.1 41 3 31
nr nr 3 r.r 2’3
5sd«v
Av
GT
P
55%
30%
1 - 17 nr a
<. - <« 13 63 1 3 21 71 159 123
124 Lil 77 61 52 52
■UlMall of st&rfrd
>jir Apr May J'JJT
ar ar nr nr nr nr Hi
i« 71 <4 17 21 7 45 115 115 12 a 132 37 7 1.032
36 42 50 $1 57 10 74
Jul - ■ A■■u -- gy
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•rf 17 S3 42 130 74 45 15 r ” a 313
S*r
ST-iJL.G?
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1
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15 13 115 93 HO 131 95 17 26 4 753
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1
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5
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J 38 5C 70 129 111 74 44 11 2 51*
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24 73 149 ILS
161 152 112 15 32 1 1J3
127 91 34 7 953
Av rs —
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lit
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Jun Jul Aug Sep Set !<av D« Tat*L
9« 73.-1*!
1
acr.CTjl / -4
-fill
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122 5’ 1 J4I 141 131 L - J 5i : i.iii
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= j>i is:::;xtl0»l«*3 s=: = ===I3 s
(ii/iiT) lu/iojih) (li/ioatM
r: huii'.i
!!f. iaia,
Jmuf
Funn
Mini
i?tll
HF
Jill
JUT
5.1
4«
**
i.i
* Si
L:
:J
<w■b
2.0
6.0
3.)
n.?
?u
m.o
174.0
'H’.iihs:
i‘.O
2.0
5.9
!.9
19.5
73.5
::.i
Li’.s
■15.5
i
I
57.4
ccttbt:
i;
is.7
=5.0
intihe:
L:
jceiitr
4J
•L>
0.0
!l:l
Y5JUI ToUl 155:.1
57J.3
561.5 n
3!httl« Ulitill
ltlici
C30TU! : W Much 139!
Clints [III
^siiiisssssattBSE;:?
r
Ju«rr
Fehniri
Micci
l:rl.
: ju’O
SStESSXXS;i:
i:o
(U'iiTl
Clints Stitlca: Giaiu r nil i’:::Tits±rsasa.
iililill
(UflMtl]
Hi:. Ills
(li/scath)
■5
■b*
v d 41
■a *
■i ■ «
&T
Jill
hly
fc?u:
SQtulit:
4.5 V.
4.0
5.0
I'.o
44.0
::
*, "i
*»•«
*
‘■1
130.0jj.i
IB.:
■B.:
31.;
■ >.]
4.5
=■=.:
4.0
7.9
15.5
40.9
95.1
31.9
113.2
1=3.3
si-0 
1! 5 
is.i
4.0
1
1 derate: L =
IftTUht: 1.5
D'cube:
’IS Tots’
HUt::l« Isljji
4.’
710.9 li
1
I
"I fi*'■! "ssi
■• ■ W a. iu . af.alili ».»>»
CMW! : 97 Much 1995
Cl lute lilt
ji1: ■« - 11 s 3 ■ ---»•
Jiani’
Tebturr
Mirth
brlL
: qu-70
{uu'iiyl
Cl lute SUtLn ; BSSll
Ijjiui::!; SBSS'iSS Hl'Egii'SSSS Sisi'iiasasSiiBtji
until'
Sil. Sit",
[n-acith)
(u/witb)
:.l
:<5
5.0
19.0
5.1 22.0
5.5 53.0
L6 134.0 1053
l.i UM 99.4
3.7 JO!. 0 135.1
LI 231.1 145.9
LI LJ1.0 103.5
:.O
5.3
11.1
4I.S
Jul?
ieptuhe:
Oewbtt
foveatet
4.5
94,1
4.5
42.1
73.9
Ctceite:
L?
7.0
39.2
6.9
YSB Tati! 15=4.1 K&i.O SfitcilTe JLUiEal!. iltiim u‘1‘4
303.7 uJP^IGATED and rainfed agriculture
Annex 2I-J
Appendix E
Application of the Universal Soil Loss Equation
B *ro-Akobo Integrated Development Master Plan
1-J.36ZSTiyATTD AXNl'AL SSZL LCiS 2CZ 70 EAOSXCH
wzsexi razo
?ile soilloss.s:i
:
Continuous cultivation o£ >orghu»
Universal soil Izsi equation:
Zitznatid 105.1 Issi A •
(31-01 K (L.S) . P ir. ■t/ie/yeaz
LANTUS £ 
grair. sorghra, residue left on to
il, cr.en ploughed
SOIL Tr?“r
■ -It loan. Reelsol overlying deeply weathered schiiz
Z * fs S “CM
“3 13 13 2 5
Structure
Permeability
tarrenz
E gr-axtular moderate
FACTORS R.C
crop raaaagesser.t facta';.
growth stage) :
Mean annual value of R *
Crap peT4±t*
fallc* 
500
seeding <5tai *
growth s residues Total
LLitsienz
maturity
V
2
3
4
\ croskvlzy
tl
5
■a
47
11
C value
5=
to
55
32
12
(e s a;
49-5 
21
17,4
75.2
57.5
221
FAZ7CR .< (acil •rsdaailzzy?:
FACTORS ? ASC L S ,.oa?-ie-.,a5t0n
(
slope Le-gtn and jradle-z) :
.4
SOIL BtXK £S?aI7T: L. 2
znsft 1 ao ds;t.t □ = ' SOtL *
12 t/he Gf soil Loss
Slope
It)
Length o£ alsoe (t)
ANNUAL SOIL LOSS IN KMi
10 120 203 300 400 Slope
(¥1
Length Of > Lage (m)
14 100 233 100 415
7
- - --- L-5 ’ —
»
.5
.1
.2
1
.4
4
3
1
2
3
3
1
4
.5
.2
.4
.£
.7
9
<
2
3
5
f
7
S
,5
3
.1
.9
1.1
1.3
4
2
«
7
s
11
1
.<
,5
i.e
1 4
X-7
1.5
e
5
10
14
17
19
10
7
1 4
1.7
2 3
2.7
10
1
14
Li
23
27
12
.»
1 3
3 5
3 . 1
3 i
12
J
la
25
i:
35
14
.4
■"J 
2 1 ■
3-3
4.0
4 7
14
15
10
44
si
62
16
.1
1-4
2-f
4.0
4 .J
5 .a
li
11
3l
5J
6S
77
ia
.1
1.7
IS
5 0
«. 1
(7
IB
22
43
$6
»I
as
20
.9
2.3
4 3
5.9
7.3
a .a
20
30
<4
33
ioa
119IA.MDCSZ! Jram
’e-- ar, ~ -e„. gr. Sell,
w -*«3 ?leusfc«d
SOIL TWS-
.i- Loam, Azriscl 3v«lyUg d „ „
e ly lch„,±
1 * fs 5 C CM Struct--,
73 15 ^1-5 
f ?r.„.jla.
^odtnte
F*=TORS a.C
c„p
fitter, s-rawth, j:i.gel
NflMrt imw: value Of x -
CtOQ P«—-d
5ga
fallaw
fallow
Sallow f*X 1-W Focil
•
F
F
5F
=■
4 er 031 Vi
•/
2: 23
" v*i
a: 23 23
ue
<«-c .XI
fact OR X .‘sell
. £
-4
.5
-•S’
iy' ■ 4
. 5
«
5
-S
.5
3
sen a: DEiSZT'.-
1.2
□RS ?
Slop. ■ le
Slap, ft
tvi
aso L.5 ■ *0* St r.-*zl ar.
and ri» ■ ■
Z) 3
-en^-h E 5 Lcpc taJ in 100 20c 305 490
z.-.-_- 1 d« zr. Of aa 11 -
12 Z.'hi of Iflll lavs
AN3TJ7C SOIL LOSS 3 w.
Slope
(4)
Length s f slope (ml
10 120 130 3CO 402
? - - ». ....
U.S -
2
S
r
 T
-2
.1
.4
.4
2
5
fl
a
c
0
4
.5
.2
-4
.4
,7
,a
4
0
a
<3
a
a
c
.5
3
,7
.)
11
+
1.3
6
0
a
a
a
0
i
■ 5
,5
1.0
1.4
1,7
1.5
B
0
0
e
0
5
10
£
■> a
7
1-4
1,3
1.3
2.7
13
0
0
-
0
12
£
-7
9
1-3
2-5
3.:
].S
12
a
■
F*
0
*
14
.a
1 1
I. J
J.3
4 
4.7
14
a
c
♦
1
-
1*
s
-4
1.4
2.9
4.5
4 •
5.5
If
0
I
I
l
1
Is
*
■ i
1.?
3.S
5.5
5 1
5.7
10
0
1
*
l
1
ItJ
2.0
4. J
5.9
7.3
i a
20
c
■w
1
i
2ESTDOTEE AXXTAl SOIL LCSj SITS TO EROSION
WEAZCA; TEMZMZA YAZH
File: SOIWOS5.33J
Continwut cultivation of vorghua
□niversai soil Less •guizicr.t
Eatiaiattd tail ls« x • CsL.CI .K. (L, 51. P ir. sc/ac/yeir
LANDUS3: gram lar^h-tn, rtildue left on toil. then ploughed
SOIL TYPE: city loam, Sitrsel overlying basalt
z - f= s
CM Structure
“S r _ ent
l:: 13 4 3 ] 5
c granular
FACTORS AC (rainfall trail viz*/. crop aanagenent
2 erae ability
raptd
factor. growth stage)i
Cr-op period
Jallo*
Hiding ■srab-
liabmant
♦2
s5
grnwtSi 4
naturity
J
♦7
residues Total
0
1
1 era■Lvizy
C value
(e.c.Ri
FACT oa X • tall ettdaEilizy' :
s?
IF
-i
21
= = 70 53 32 53
44.4
13.5
15.7
57.7
51-3 
171
3C:i 7V-X DENSITY:
than 1 rs death of sail =
1.2
" ACTORS 7 AhT 1.5 t -"31 r-ii ion.
12 :/ha of soil L=sj
slope
Slept
Length an- gxsdititti
Length o f lUpe (»>
ANNUAL SOIL LOSS IN MM
13 1 33 23-9 2C0 430 Slope
Length o! tlape
(*) 10 100 io: JOO 430
7
... L j .......
2
.5
.1
.1
3 
4
4
2
a
3
0
n
0
4
.3
.2
.i
.5 
.7
1
4
a
3
1
l
1
6
S
.3
-7
i 1.1
1.3
fi
3
1
i
l
1
I
$
5
1, 3
1-4 
I,’
1.9
9
1
1
2
2
3
10
-4
, -r
'_ 4
1.3 
2.2
2 7
33
2
3
1
4
12
4
..»
1. i
2.4 
1.1
3 .«
12
2
1
4
5
1*
.s
1 1
2 1
1 1 
4 Q
4.7
14
2
4
5
7
B
la
4
1. <
2.7
4,5
47
5.1
1®
2
5
■71
9
13
Lt
•
1.7
2 .«
5.3 
» 1
£.7
IS
3
4
>
11
12
20
9
2.0
4.1
5.7 
7.1
i.O
20
4
7
12
IS
ISIRRIGATED and ratnfed agriculture
Annex 21
Irrigation requirements and schedules for (be main crops grown in or which could be grown in the Baro-Akoba Basin
i
i
Bar°-Akobo Tnlegmted Development Mister Pt*1Crop data
SORGHUM
Cr
op file
sorghun
I Growth Stage
Init Devel
I
i Length Stage
(days ]
20
40
30
Crop Coefficient
[coeff•]
0.40
->
1.05
Rooting Depth
(meter ]
0.30
->
1.40
Depletion level
[fract.]
0.50
->
0.55
Yield-response F.
[coeff.]
0.40
0.40
C .55
Lat
e
30
0.50
1.40
0.90
0.40
CROPWAT : 27 September 1995
Crop data : GROUNDNUT Crop file : grondnct
Growth Stage
Length Stage
Crop Coefficient
Init Devel Mid Late Toxa
(days ] 25 35 45 25 130
[coeff.]
0.55 •> 1.00 0.55
Rooting Depth
[meter ]
0.30
->
0.80
o.ao
Depletion level
(fract.]
0.45
->
0.45
0.50
Yield-resocr.se F. 
•
[coeff.]
0.40
0.60
0.80
0.40
0.7
CROPWAT : 27 September 1995
1 Crop data :
SOYBEAN Crop file
: soybean
——————— —— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ——————— — — — — — — — — ——————— ——————
Growth Stage
Length Stage
Init Devel Mid Late
(days ] 20 35 
-50 25
-"••a]
.;ac
•4C
Crop Coefficient [coeff.]
0.45 -> 1.05 C'. 4 
Rooting Depth Depletion level Yield-response r
[meter ] [fract.j
.[coeff.]
0.30 -> 1.00 0.50 -> 0.60 0.40 0.80 1.00
1.00
n on
0.41/
0.6
______________________
CROPWAT : 27 September 1995
| Crop data : VEGETAS LES
Growth Stage
Length Stage
lr.it
[days ] 15
Crop file : vegeta^
__________ rrt^'
Devel Mid L?-e
-- -—
Crop Coefficient [coeff. ]
Rooting Depth
[meter ]
Depletion level [fract.] Yield-response r .[coeff.]
0.75
0.25
0.30
0.80
25 ->
-> ->
0.40
35
1.10
0.70
0.45
1.20
15 0.9- 0.70 0.50 1.00
boemhhbi[days
1
25
35
40
[coeff
3C
■)
0.45
->
I . 10
0.55
* r ? t e r
]
0.30
->
1.30
[ftact
! .30
■ 1
0.50
->
0.30
[zoef f
0.33
.]
0.40
0.40
1.30
0.50
: 27 September 199 5
Crop data : Growth Stage
COTTON
Crop file
; cotton.
Ini t Devel Mid Late
Length Stage Crop Coefficient Rooting Depth depletion level Yield-raspcr.se r.
[days 1 30 50 55 45
0.40 -> 1.15 0.55
Total
iao
[coerf.]
[meter ]
[fract.1
[coeff.]
0.30 -> 1.40 1.40
0.60 -> 0.60
■ C.9Q
0.40 0.40 0,50 0.40 c.as
"3?WAT :
27 bt " n-i-io -
4
 3ep en3er
4
w
data
G -0wth 
Stag
;^gth stage
vr= P Coerriciant
. «™ « - WHEAT
Crop file
wheat
■n
Ini t
Deve 1 Mid Late Total
[days ] 30 30 43 33 130
[coe:i.]
0.50 -> 1.2C 0.517
k
“ >
0.50
0,70
__ “ Ponse F.
res
b°l?lng Sep'Lh
SV‘°" ‘*’«1 
[meter 1
0.30
->
1.00
1.00
[f rect.]
0.50
■[coeff.]
0.40
0.60
0.80
0.40
1.00
J
30F>^At . _ _
• 27 Septette; 5,995
^!Ldata =
Barley
In 11
Crop file : barley
Devel Mid
? sth
n
-top Coefficient
a Stage
[days ] 25 35 45
Late Total
30
1.15 0.40
135
[coeff.]
0.40
boating Depth
^Pletion level
[meter j
[Tract.]
[coerf.]
0.30
->
1.10
1.10
*ield~response ?•
0.60
->
0.60
0.90
0.20
0.60
0.5C
C .40
1.00CROPWAT : 27 Septe.iLcer 199 5
Crop data :
EEA5S
Crop file
: beans
Growth Stage
Znit
Devel
Mid
Late
Length Stage
[days ]
20
30
30
10
Crop Coefficient
[coeff-]
0.35
->
1.15
0.70
Rooting Depth
[meter ]
0.30
->
1.00
1.00
Depletion level
[tract.]
0.45
->
0.45
0.60
Yield-response F.
[coef:.]
0.20
C . 60
1.00
0.40
1
7RQPWAT : 27 September 1995
Length Stage
[days ]
60
90
90
120
Crap Coefficient
[coef f . ]
0.75
->
0.65
0.75
Rooting Depth
[meter ]
1.40
->
1.40
1.40
Depletion Level
(fract.1
0.50
->
0.50
0.50
Yield-response F
.[coeff.]
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
CROPWAT : 27 September 199 5
Crop data
UGARCANE-AVE Crap fi
Lnit
le
Devel Mid
sugarcan
Growth Stage
Late Tota-
Length Stage
[days ]
90
90
90 '
90
363
Crop Coefficient
(coefr.1
C.95
->
0,95
0.95
Rooting Depth
[meter ]
1.50
->
1.50
1.50
Depletion level
[fract.]
0.60
->
0.60
0.60
Yield-response F
0.80
! 2
.(coeff.]
0.80
0.80
0.80
CROPWAT : 27 September 1995 Crop data
Growth Stage
Length Stage
Crop Coefficient
HY7 Sorghum
Im t
Crop file : hyv-sorg Devel Mid
[days ] 27 35 35
Tot a* 127
(coef f.J
0.50 -> 1.15
Late
30 0.60
Rooting Depth
[meter ]
0.30
->
L.00
Depletion Level
[fract.1
0.50
- >
0.50
Yield-response F
.[coef f.]
0.60
0.60
1.20
1.00
0.00
o.soCUflat“ Crop 
File : gambela
______________ _ ________________ _____ ________ ___ ________________
. SOYBEAN
and Irrigation Requirements
Climate Station: GAHBELA Planting date : 1 June
Month Dec Stage Coef f Kc
ETcrop
mm/day
ETcrap
mm/dec
Ef:.Rain 
cun/dec
IRReq.
mm/day
IRReq. 
rnm/dec
Jun
Jun
J un
Jill
Jul 2 deve 0.8B
1 init 0.45 1.85 18.5 40.2 0.00
2 init C.4S 1.76 17.5 39.3 0.00
3 deve ; 0.54 2.05 20.5 43.0 0-00
1 deve 0.71 2.66 26.6 47.3 0.00
3.25 32.5 51.3 0.00
Jul 3 de/mi
1.01 3.59 35.9 51.1 0,00
0.0
0,0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Aug
Aug
1 mid 1.05 3.53 35.3 50.9 0.00 C. 0
2 mid 1.05 3.36 33.6 50.7 0.00
Aug 3 mid 1.05 3.67
36.7 47.9 0.00
Sep 1 mid 1.05
4.03 40.3 45.1 0.00
Sep 2 mid 1-05 4.31
43.1 42.3 0.07
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
Sep 3 mi/lt 0.99 Oct 1 late 0.81 Oct 2 late 0.57
TOTAL
4.19 41.9 38.6 0.34
3.54 35.4 34.8 0.06
2.57 25.7 31.0 0.00
443.5 613.6
3.4
0.6
0.0
4.7
f
I
I
CROPWAT : 27 September 199 5
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
Climate
Crop
Fil e : gambela
: VEGETABLES
Climate
Planting date :
Station:
GAMSELA
1 June
Month
tec
Stage
Coef f
Kg
ETcrcp
mm/day
ETcrop
mm/dec
Ef f.Rain mm/dec
IRReq.
mm/day
IRReq.
irn/dec
-
Jun
Jun 
Jun
Jul
Jul
Jul
Aug
Aug
Aug
4
1
init
0.75
3.0B
30. S
40.2
0. DO
0.0
2
in/de
0.78
3.06
30.6
39.3
0.00
0.0
3
deve
0.B9
3.41
34.1
43-0
0.00
0.0
1
deve
1.03
3.89
3B.8
47.3
0.00
0.0
2
mid
I . 10
4.07
40.7
51.3
0.00
0.0
3
mid
1.10
3.92
39.2
51.1
0.00
0.0
1
mid
1.10
3.70
37.0
50.9
0.00
0.0
►■
2
mi/lt
l.oa
3.44
34.4
5C .7
0.00
0.0
I
3
1 ate
1.00
3.50
35.0
47.9
0.00
0.0
a
320.6
421. U
0.0
>Crop E’ ?
,a
c
gamfcela
Climate Station: GAMBELA
Planting date : 1 June
ETcrop 
Eff.Rain 
Stage
Coe ft
Kc
mm/dec m/dec
IRReq. 
mm/day
IRRjc
:onth Oec Jur.
Jun
Jur.
rnf n/de
c
1
2
3
X
2
3
1
2
3 
1
2
3
1
ir.it
0.50
init
0.30
m/se
0.53
deve
0.5:
T?'
o.c
O.C
C.C
4 *ve
0.83
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.02
C .00 
Jul
Aug
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Sep
Oct
ueve
de/mi
1.13
o.c
C.c
0.0
1.15
0.00
0.00
silt?
O.G
rr. • d
1.15
2.05
1.95
2.02
2.44
3.09
3.64
3.-81
3.68
4.03
4.30
4.11
3.47
2.78
40.2
39.3
43.0
47.3
51.3
51.1
50.9
50.7
47.9
45.1
42.3
38.6
24.3
C >'0 
Qi / it
1.12
late
1.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
late
0.82
o.c
o.c
late
3.64
20.5
19.5 
20.2
24.4 
30.9
36.4
38.1 
36.8
40.3 
43.0
41.1
34.7
19.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
405.4 572.1
0.0
TOTAL
jgpw.AT : 27 Septerjer 1995
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
i
Climate rile : ga.ndel* 
Crop 
: MAIZE
Climate Station: GAMBELA Planting date : 1 June
'□r.th Dec Stage Coeff Kc
ETcrop
mm/day
ETcrop
nun/dec
Eff.Rain 
nua/dec
IRReq. 
mm/day
IRRea-
mm/de:
Jur.
init 0.45 1.35
Jun 2 init 0.45 1.76
Jun 3 in/de 0.53 1.90
Jul
*
Jul 2 deve 0.32 3.04
Jul 3 deve 1.01 3.59
: dev° 0.64 2.39
Aug 1 mid 1.10 3.70 37.0
Aug 2 mid 1.10 3.52 35.2
Aug 3 mid 1.1C 3.85 38.5
18.5 40.2 o.oo
17.5 39.3 ' o.oo
19.0 43.0 0.00
23.9 47.3 o.oo
30.4 51.3 0.00
35.9 51.1 0.00
50.9 0.00
50.7 0.00
47.9 0.00
o.o
o.c
o.c
c.c
0-0
o.o
O.C
Sep 1 mid 1.10 4.22
Sep 2 late 1.01 4.13
Sep 3 late 0.83 3.49
42.2 45.1 0.00 41.3 42.3 0.00 34.9 38.6 o.oo 28.0 34.8 0.00
402.5 582.6
0.0
o.o
o.c
□ct
TOTAL
Late 0.64 2.60
0.0
0.0
c.o
o.°flcho?waT :
27 September 1995
_________________________________________________________________ _________ Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
1 i iTia t® File :
gambela : kai
—
crop
Climate Station : GA1BELA Planting date : 1 Navembe r
tfanth Dec Stage Coef f ETcrop ETcrop Eff.Rain iRHeq.
Kc mm/day mra/dec m/dec mm/day
IR R a
- TL - mm/dec
tJcv 1 i ni t 0.45 2-02
Nov 2 init 0.45 2.02
Nov 3 in/de ; 0.50 2.27
Dec 1 deve 0.64 2.95
Dec 2 deve 0.82 3.86 Dec 3 deve 1.01 4.87
Jan 1 mid 1.10 5.46
Jan 2 mi d 1.10 5.61
Jan 3 mid 1 . 10 5.76
Feb 1 mid 1.10 5.90
Feb 2 late 1.01 5.55 Feb 3 late 0.83 4.48 Mar 1 late 0.64 3.44 TOTAL
CEOPJAT : 27 September 1995
20.2 20.6
0.00
20.2 15.3 0.49
22.7 11.7
I . 10
29.5
38.6
48.7
54.6
56.1
57.6
59.Q
55.5
44.8
34.4
7.3 2.21
3.3 3.53
3.1 4.56
3.2 5.14
0.0 4.9
11.0
22.1
35.3
45.6
51.4
2.7 □ * 34 53.4
3.1 5.45
3.6 5.55
4.0 5.15
5.9 3.89
7.8 2.67
542.0 91.6
54.5
55.5
51.5
38.9
26.7 4 50.7
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
Climate File
Crop
gambela VEGETABLES
Climate Station: GAMBELA
Planting date : 1 November
Konth
Dec
Stage
Coef f
KC
ETcrop
mm/day
ETcrop 
mm/dec
Eff,Rain 
.min 7 dec
IRReq» 
mm/day
IRReq 
mm/de
c
Nov
M uv
1
;nit
2
0.75
3.38
33.0
20.6
1.32
13.2
m/de
35.3
15.3
2.00
■
I
Nkjov v 
3
0.78
3.53
20.0
Dai-'
1
deve
0.89
4.06
40.6
11.7
2.90
29.0
Dpp
deve
1.03
4.77
47.7
7.3
4.04
2
40.4
Dec
3
mid
1. 10
5.17
51.7
3.3
4.84
48.4
mid
1. 10
5.32
53.2
3. 1
5.01
50.1
J
1
2
mid
1.10
5.46
54.6
3.2
5.14
51.4
"J" a4 4n
rti/l t
1.08
5.48
54.8
2.7
3
5.22
52.2
late
1.00
5.23
52.3
3. L
4.92
49.2Crop Eva?otranspiration and Irrigation Requiremen
Climate File : gaaibe’e
Crop 
: COTTON
Climate Station: GAMBELA Planting date : 1 Novena
Month Dec Stage Coeff Kc
ETcrop 
mm/day
ETcrop 
mm/dec
Eff.Rain 
mm/dec
iRReqT nm/day
Nev
imt 0.40 1.00
Nov 2 init 0.40 1.80
Nev 3 init G.40 1.83
10.0 20.6 0.00
18.0 15.3 0.27 O.o
Dec
1 deve 0.4: 2.20 22.0
18.3 11.7 0.66
Dec 2 deve 0.53 2.94
Dec 3 deve 0.73 3.75
Jan 1 deve 0.93 4.59
Jan 2 deve l.oa 5.43
Jan 3 mid 1.15 6.02
Feb 1 mid 1.15 6.17
Feb 2 mid 1.15 6.33
Feb 3 mid 1.15 6.25
Mar 1 mid 1.15 6.17
Mar 2 mi/lt 1.12 5.95
Mar 3 late 1.04' 5.58
29.4
37.5
45.9
54.8
60.2
51.7
63.3
62.5
61.7
59.5
7.3 1.47
3.3 2.60
3.1 3.43
3.2 4.27
2.7 5.22
3.1 5.71
3.5 5.82 s3.2
2.7 5.6
14.7 26.0 34.] 42.7 52.2 57 ’
4.0 5.92
5.9 5.66 56.6
7.8 5.39 53.9
9.7 4.98 49.6
59.2
Apr 1 late 0.93 5.10
Apr 2 late 0.82 4.57
Apr 3 late 0.71 3.69
55.8 13.2 4.25 42.5
51.0 16.1 3.49 34.9
45.7 19.3 2.64 26.4
36.9 26.2 1.07 10.7
TOTAL
802.1 176.1
628.5
CROPWAT : 27 September 1995
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
Climate File Crop
gambele GROUNDNUT
Climate Station: GAMBELA Planting date : 1 November
Month Dec Stage Coeff :<c
ETcrop
mm/day
ETcrop 
mm/dec
Eff.Rain
atm/dec
IRReq. 
mm/day
Nov 1 init 0.55 2.48 24.8 Nov 2 init 0.55 2.48 24.8 Nov 3 in/de 0.59 2.66 26.6 Dec 1 deve 0.68 3.14 31.4 Dec 2 deve 0.81 3.79 37.9 Dec 3 deve 0.94 4.52 45.2
Jan I mid 1.00 4.97 49.7
Jan 2 mid 1.00 5.10 51.0
1 Jan 3 mid 1.00 5.23 52.3
Feb 1 mid 1.00 5.37 53.7
Feb 2 mi/lt 0.96 5.25 52.5 Feb 3 late 0.82 4.46 44.6 Mar 1 late 0.64 3.43 34.3
20.6 0.42 15.3 0-94 11.7 1.49
7.3 2.41 3.3 3.46
3.1 4.21
3.2 4.64
2.7 4.83
4.2
9-4
K?
24
'fi 34-’ 42-’ 46.f
I
3.1
4.92
3.6 5.01
4.0 4.85
5.9 3.S’7
7.8
2.66
TOTAL
528.6 91.6CB O?WAT : 27 s.ptejcber 1995
----
Climate rile : gambela
---------- _ 
Irr
iri
9avio Reai>,7
lM
77~---------------
n
“
Crop 
: HYV Sorghum
9-irement$ Climate Station: GAMBELA Planting date : 1 November
.^onth Dec Stage Coef f Kc
ETcrop 
ran/day
ETcrop
dud/dec
Rain mm/dec
IE? Req. mm/day
IRReq. 
nui/Cec
Nov 1 ini t 0.5C 2.25
Nov 2 mit ; 0.50 2.25
Nov 3 in/de 0.53 2.41
Dec 1 deva 0.65 3.01
Dec 2 deve 0.03 3.92
Dec 3 deve 1.02 4.93
Jan 1 de/mi 1. 13 5.62
Jan 2 mid 1. 15 5.07
Jan 3 mid 1.15 6.02
Feb 1 rei/lt 1.12 6.02
Feb 2 late 1.00 5.52
Feb 3 1 ate 0.82 4.46
Mar 1 late 0.64 3.42
22.5 20.6
0 19
22.5 15.3 C . 72
24.1 11.7
30.1
39.2
49.3
56.2
1.24
58.7 2*7 5.60
7.3 2.27
3.3 3.59
3.1 4 52
3.2 5.30
60.2
♦
60.2
55.2
44.6
23.9
3.1 5.71 3.6 □ r 67 4.0 5.12
5.9 3.37
5.4 2.64
1.9
7.2
12.4
22.7
35.9
46.2 
53.0 
u6.0
57.1
56.7
51.2 33.7 18.5
457.4
I
546.6 39.2
C "0?WAT : 27 September 1995
Crop Evapotranspiration ar.d Irrigation Requirements
Cl isiate
Crop
Cl ima
Plant
te Station 
ing date :
: G AMSEL A
1 June
Month
Dec
Szaga
Coef f
I.*-
~
rile : gambela
: PASTURE
1 init 1.00 4.10 41.0 z ini t 1.00 3.90 39.0
Kc
ETcrop 
mm/day
ETcrop
nm/dec
•
£rf.Rain
mm/dec
I RP_eq _ mm/day
mm/dec
J Un
3 un J un Jul
init
40.2 0.08
39.3 0.00
fl
Jul Jul Aug
Aijg Aug
Sep
San
Sep
Oct
Oct
41
L
■j
J
.L1
init
init
init
init
1.00 3.03 38.3
1.00 3.77 37.7
1.00 3.70 37.0
1.00 3.57 35.7
1.00 3 . 37 33.7
43.0 0.00
47.3 0.00
51.3 0.00
51.1 0.00
50.9 3.00
50.7 0.00
47.9 0.00
45.1 0.00
42.3 0 .00
0.9
c.o
0.0
0,0
0.0
init
*j init
1,00 3.20
32.0
1 deve 1.00 3.83 3B.3 2
□ deve, ; oo 4 . 10 41.0 j deve 1.00 4.23 42 3
1.00 3.50 35.0
deve
1.00 4.37 43.7
Oct
Nov
Nqv
Nov
1
-J
2
J deve 1.00 4 . 50 45.0 25.8 * 1.92
deve 1.00 4.50
45.0
33.6 0.38
34.0 0.89
31.0 1.40
1 dtive 1.00 4.50 45.0
2
deve 1.00 4.50
deve 1.00 4.57
45.0
20.6 2.44 15.3 2 . 97
D
ec
3
1
45.7 11.7
3.40
i
Dec
Dec
c.o 0.0
0*0
0.0
0.0
?.G 3-S a .9
14.0
19.2
24 4
29.7
34.C 39 0 43.7, 45.2
Jan
*eh
2
3
1
2
3
1
•e mid 1.00 5.50 55.0
mid 1.00 4.63 46.3
mid 1.00 4.70 .47.0
mid 1.00 4.83 48.3
mid 1.00 4.97 49.7
mid 1.00 5.10 51.0
mid 1.00 5.23 52.3
mid 1.00 5.37 53.7
7.3 3.90
3.3 4-37
3.1 4.52
3.2 4.64
2.7 4.83
3.1 4.92
3.6 5*01 4.0 5. LO
46.4.
43.3
49.2
5 0.1
51.0,
»Q >>f'i nt uj O
IX u 
o ®®t U3Lnrninr-CD(r(^0(y>J'a'ChOQ>HNM f inu9’D*o^r-cDa>>inrrnj
n <n <n rJ nJ in <n iN in r-j in n in m rxj cn rM rN m m o> m m n m m m m m co m m m m m m
m
N’
nf-4
m
th
Ch
h m
t;
Al 4J P,
O
<n
r-J
•H ii
ii
rtf ii
M ii
■*-« ii
u. ii
LD H
r: ii
on
kJ n rtf
4-’ ii r“—<U1 C ir o :□
a n .q ct; m g f—
> n rtf IM <ii H Ul o
ii
n. ii
o H 4> ■4 u II
u II Ml II |—4 II •-0
ri Lu
n
ii Ch <h o o »-*< CM r»i *r tn <D
•u m co 'X•—t ci m m r* <N <o O tn m m r- F—| in ’C m —i o H wf tf M* m r— th r- iN CM
io tD ID h CD <h in m in
r- r* r- t" r- r* c- r- ■P P p OJ MD UD
m IN IN rN IN rM ri fN CM fN IN IN (N m (N CM (N fN m m m m m ri m n m ri i’i rn m m m m m m
m m m in in m W •i <n - i O Ch no r- P in m in in in if* in in in in to r- w th o CJ -i IN m *r in
JJ P <O 'D t£> '.n to u> p io r- r* r- i- r- r-
o O O o o o o o o o O o o o O O c o O o o o O o o o O O o o O o o o o O
i' MM 4 i 4-» 11 QJ hi QI QI Ql O QI QJ QI
r I -M *M
•u XJ TJ 1.1 T1 T> TJ 4 f 4-r J » 4-* jj •M XJ
til ai 111 o ai QI m Al
■rl -r4■iM •—t ri r>| ■ *i itf
M 4-f M
Qi QJ 0) QJ
•H ♦« 4-| •r ♦ -»4 •M *O XJ u *d TJ T1 Tl TJ TJ E
u d d d C d flj nJ oj ai 01 OJ QJ QJ 01 H
■H > > > > > > > > > XJ
E £ E g n n G e -« —I 4-1 r » r—4 -I -—I •—f •—4 •i—* •—4
rtf QI o id itf rtf <0 rtf
4-4 <n m r-4 CM rn -< IN m -t IN m (N m h N r? 4 rj m —i CM m IN n IN ni r-L IN i m —♦ (N co
.j
•<
rs
ii
n>
c
n
n*
E
P.
M
o
n
»-<
rr.
• ♦
ii
O
11
1
.
c
n
Li
C»
o
•"T'late late Late
late late Late
late
late late
1.00 5.37
1.00 5.30
1.00 5.37
1.00 5.50
1.00 5.60
1.00 5.23
1.00 4.83
1 .co 4.50
1.00 4.30
■r._
53.7 53.0 53.7
55.0
55.0
52.3
48.3 
45.0
43.0
1638.0
7.9 9.7
13.2 15. I 19.3 26.2 34.4 42.0 41.4
4-59
4.33
4.04
3.09
3.67
2.61
1.39
C.’O
O.lu
45.9
43.3
40.4
38.9
36.7 26.1 13.9
3.0
1.5
933.3
8 0 5. n
■srpw.AT .* 27 September 1995
Crop Evapotranspiration and
□ mate File :
Crop 
:
gambela SUGARCANE-AVE
Irrigation Requirements
Climate Station: GAMBELA Planting date : 1 June
Xonth
age Coeff ETcrop Kc nun/day
ETcrop Eff.Rain mm/dec mm/dec
IRReq. IRReq. mm/day mm/dec
ae?
Sep
Seo
•'OV
Oec
Sec
'65 ?eb 
r 6b 
•%r
'? r M-
Ap,
a
lnit
ini t iriit init init
ini t ini t -nit init
ij-.-e deva deva de vs deve dev= deve
deva de va mid mid mid mid mid mid mid mid mid late late
1 atg i ate late late late
1 ate iat
0.95 
0-95 
0.95 
0,95
0.95 
0.95
0.95
0.95 
0.95 
0.95 
0,95 
0.95 
0.95
0.95 
0.95 
0-95
0.95 
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95 
0.95 
0-95 
0.95 
0.95 
0.95 
0.95 
0.95 
0.95
0.95 
0.95
0.95 
0.95 
0.95
0.95
3.90 3.71 3.64 3.58 3.51 3.39 3.2C 3.2-4
3.33 
3.64
3.09 
4.02 
4 -15 
4. 23 
4.25 
4.28
4.28
4.34
4.40 
4.46
4.59
4.72 
4.05 
4.97
5.10 5.23 5.16 5.10 
5.04 
5.10 
5.23 
5.32 
4.97 
4.59 4.28 4.09
39.0
37.1
36.4
35.3
35.1
33.9 
32.0
30.4
33.3
36.4
38.9
40.2
41.5
42.8
42.3
42.8
42.9
43.4 
44,0
44.7
45.9
47.2
48.4
49.7 
51 .0
52.3
51.6 
51.0
50.4 
51.0
52.3 
53.2
49.7
45.9
42.8
40.8
40.2
39.3 43.0 51.347.3 51.’
50.9 
. 50.7 47.9
45.1 
42-3 
39.5
34.9 
31.0
25.9 20.= 15.3
11.7
7.3 3.3
3.1
3.2
2.7
3.1 3.6
4.0 5.9
7.8 9.7
13.2 16.1
19.3 26.2
34.4 
42.0
41.4
c.co
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 
9.00 
0.00 
0.000.G0 
0.00
0,00
0.17 
0.67 
1.18 1.70 2.22 2.74 3.17 3.67 
4.13 
4.28
4.40 
4.50
4.66
4.74 
4.83 
4.57 4.32 4.07 3.78 3.61 3.39 2.35 1.15 C-08 0.00
1556.1 933.3
0.0
0.0 
0-0
0.0 
0.0
0.0 
o.o 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.7
11.0 6.7 
17.0 
22-2
27.4
31.7
41.336.7
42.8 
44.0 45.8 46.6 47.4 48 - 3
45.7
43.2
40.7
37.8 
36.1
33.9
23.5
11.5
0.8
0.0 744.4
i
■M
CROPWAT : 07 March 1996 Crop data :
3X
aS3S==SS3£=32B2==3
_ '-ail
Growth Stage
SUGARCANE- > AVE Cs =rop file : s=ue =a zrcaag-r -2 Inlt Devel Mid Late
Length Stage Crop Coefficient Rooting Depth Depletion level
90
0.95
90 ->
90
0.95
90
0.95
Yield-response F. .coeff.
’meter
fract.
1.50 -> 1.50
0.60 -> 0.60
0.80 0.80 0.80
1.50
0.60
0.80
CHOPWAT : 07 March 1996’.
kszaaastaaasswt_________________
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation ReouT^m^*. -
Climate File : Crop 
: " ^-8r ’’
==
:
M=3"="3="7ndri;::r"L-"-- UGARCANE-AVE 
Plant
: 1 ^^LA
Month Dec Stage Coeff ETcrop ETcro© Eff Rain" ro? ——-_____________________________________
________ y ■»/«»? gfig ™/^n
E
$§•
5.04 h
4
4.59 4.28 4.09 3.90 3.71 3.64 3.59 3.51
3 ’04
3.33
3.64
H
25.2 
51.0
I
Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Seo Oct Oct Oct Nov Nov Nov Dec Dec Dec Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar
3
1
2
3
i
3
1
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
23
lnlt lnlt inlt lnlt lnlt lnlt lnlt lnlt inlt
ln/de deve deve deve deve deve deve deve deve
de/mi mid mid mid mid mid mid mid mid 
mi/lt Late late late late late late late Late late
h I?-1 Ll
d
1
1
2
3
4.29 4.29 !:
4.4
:i
I
p: 38.9 IS:? 42.8
42.8 
42.8
JH 44.0
3
1
Mar 2 TOTAL
4.6
2.8
713.9
4.48 4.28 3.07
1.86
0.81 0.85 1.04
0.00 
0.00 
0.00 
0.00 
0.00 
0.19 
1.13 
1.39 
1.64
1.90 
2.3 
2.6
3-9 
3-2 
3.9 
4.43
M 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.43Hlrigation scheduling
“ — — -«3 = = = 2 = X= =3 = 23355 = ' 
^•’’eZition • GAMBELA
locate Sta^iu SUGARCANE-AVE
--=»= ___
a=2s=a=3 a>s
------ 3=3=2X35
.
SUGARCANE-Avv F=T G----r—~-
“_^*“
;
I fop 
: loam
*Ci*
options selected : : Irrigation up
Climate File
Planting date
Sollraolg* Initial Soilmoiat
-------- -«-w . 
15 Natch : gam-ao 
ou
 ran/m
.15 March IjO aun/m. 60 mm/m.
: Urljauon •P^^ « 100 J
1 d p =?.jally iT Ulbl
.,
itlor. Efficiency 50 %
rz z*
33 = 3:
.’
n^JSEliS!
ss
??;. days
” 'rnt Da
! 3 = — -
— 
ite Stage
Deple %t TX %
ETA
• ’
- — • -
1
NetGift
mm
mm mm
Mar
A 62
A 50
100 100
100 100
i ’?
5 j28- 6 ”
END 23
Apr
Nov 23 Feb
y iDec
25 , Jan
c • 61
D ' 61
100 100
D 62
100 100
100 100
16 1Mar
D 61
D 46
100 100
100 100
l.OB
. 14
^Jtal Gross Irrigation 
: otal Net Irrigation 
ictal Irrigation Losses Hoist Deficit at harvest Net Supply + Soilretention
1650.8 cm
825.4 mm
0.0 mm
Total Rainfall Effective Rain 
Total Rain Lass
m*n
ma
Actual Wateruse by 
Potential Wateruse by crop
crop 
.1 mtn
.1 mm
Efficiency T Irr. Schedule
Deficiency —-4* * i Schedule
Actual Irr.Req Efficiency Rain
793.4 mm
83.9 %
yt yleld reductions due to water shortage.
INPUT SOIL DATA
Soil type description (max. 15 char.) Total Available Sollaolst (m/mm) Maximum Rain Infiltration Rate
s °°* Restricting Soillayer at
Initial Sollmoisture Depletion (% TAM)
-loam
150 mm/meter 40 mm/day
150 centimeter 60 percentIRRIGATION SCHEDULING J '??s"'“ = =s= = ss”5»«assssss6na3s;
Climate Station : GAMBELA
= ___^SUGARCANE-AVE 
so??
; fSS5 “
R NE AVS
-
clImate’FiIe’S====
Planting date
lr Tlmlng0Q Op‘ ‘°n? selected :
t
=a3 =
No. Int Irr. days
F" -■
2
3
4
5
6
7
9 9 10 11 12 13 14 17
1
------- 7-?’“
_______ , Irrigations, 
Initial-
Available Soilmoiat Sol1moist
= = =
only 
Rainfall
Date Stage Deplet TX
=
?
10
10 11 Apr
21 Mar
1 Apr
10 21 
10 i
10
4
10 21
10
10
10
it
_%
^Fa
53 40 35 41 57 77 90 95 97 100 100
7 T-et™a N memtGlft'Deficit
d May 
Apr
May 
10 1 Jul
99
64 46 38 40 53 97
&
93 100
10 11
10 21
10
10 11
10 21
1
10
1 11
1 11 21
* i
A A A A A A * A A A 3
B
B
B
3 
B B B B
C
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
□
D D D D D D D D D
100
100
100
192
log
100
22 18 21
May Jun Jun Jun 
Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Oct Nov Nov Nov Dec Dec Dec Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar
100 100
100
100 
100
100 
100 100
100 100
LOO 100 100 100
4P
79.1 
§2.3
54^6
23 24 26 27 29 29 30 n
? 35 36
LOO
10
1?:?
34.4
25 18
10
10 11
10 21
100 100 100 100
65
10
10
1
l|
2si
19.9 14.0 10.1
5 6’ 13
10 21
2
10
1
if
32
s 9 7 7 7 9 
10
3.7 10. Q 12.9 15.7
25.3
37.7
48.7
46.2
41.1 37.3 49.1 50.9 72.7
74.2
42/5
30.9
30.133.1 37.0 37.6 34.4 31.3 25.6 19.5 14.0
sH
1.3
1.4
1.9
1.7 2.2
2.8
3.3
4.7 6.0
190*1
176.5
159.5
147.8 
|43.2
141.4 129.0 103.9
66.2 25.7 
12.6 12.4 
13.6 If:?
25*7 54 .'3 
77.2 
106.1
HI:?
181:1
211. 1 
215.8
218.2
219.3
219.5
219.6 
217.2
0.0
O.o 3 5.6 51.5
39.4
21. 4 
3.6 
0.0
o.o
o.o
o.o
o.o
8:8 0.0 8:8 0.00.0
4I ..91
18
0.0 
0.0 
0.0
5 END
10
10
it
il 16
Total
Total Irrigation Losses
6
7 
9 11
0.0 2-° 0.0
ram
mm
mm
8:8
1063,7
916.2
152.5
1.7
4.7
6.0
Total Rainfall Effective Rain Total Rain Loss
nun
mr.
mn
Set Su?ply l- ?ll?t^?|on
3C
S
215.5 
215.5 mmmm
*«•&« sshsin 8? HI?:?
EihlEg I";
YIELD REDUCTIONS ' ~sTage
'
*88:8
mm
mm
%
%
Actual- Irx. Reg
Efficiency Rain
-
_A_____ B
ea,7 nun 05.7 %
Season
R S? ?V2na in ETC
u
Reductions in Yield' 
VieId Response factor
Cumulative Yield reduct.
^i*io §:| il:i
a 4.3 0 0.8 0
32.13.4
42 ■ 5
*
%
5. 07 March 1995
IRRIGATION_SCHEDULING
..’’’’^ration : GAMBELa’ * uat» Staliw : SUGARCANE-AVE
: loa.ii
SI
.non Options selected :
___ sugarcane-av^
*'XAntlng date
e Sollaoiat initial Sollmolst
wm.u.
_15 March
• sam-70”s"”=SBs ! 6
• 60 nun/m.
““ stage O.jl.t « ETa'sKm^'KHS;
. -- - - —______ _ Mar
‘••■•I 2ECI
=a !B»«s»«s==a>1 ..
3.7
IS:!
H
Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul
37.7
43.7
46.2
41.1
158.4
180.3
191.4
195.5 
190.1
176.5
100
100
100
100
100
loo
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
!?:?
Flov L/s/ha
0.0" o.i; o.n 0.19 0.29 
0.4.
0.5! 0.53 0.49
2-4'i
0.5! 0.7C
74.2
42.5
30.9
0.81
Oct Oct Nev 
Nov 
Nov 
Dec
Dec
Dec
Jan Jan
Jan Feb 
Feb
Feb 
Mar
Mar
Mar
105.1 139.4
• ca i
4.4 2s:i
l?:8o
8:8
8:li 8:i§
10.1 O.ii
o.zr
0.1!
5.6
0.06
0.02
3.3
4.7
6.0
219.5
218.6
217v2
y 6.0
het
Actual
J.harvest
Son retention
|«. Scheie
0.0 nun 215.5 nun 215.5 nun
1004.9 nun 1556.1 nun
100.0 % 35.4 1
0.0 nun Total Rainfall
0.0 nun Effective Rain 
Total Rain Loss
Actual Irr.Req Efficiency Rain
1068.7 mm
916.2 mm
ls2.5 mm
38.7 mm 85.7 %
R
6(5
Auctions
i
Stage
A 3 C D Season
36.9 0.4 4.3 85.4 35.4 %
«
I
Yield
a reduct.
29.5 0.3 3.4 68.3 42.5 %
0.80 0.8 0 0.80 0.80
1.20
29.5 29.7 32.1 78.5
%CROPWAT : 07 March 1996 Crop
Climate File Crop
gam-70 SUGARCANE-AVE
Climate Station: gamSs??* Planting date : '
Month Dec Stage Coeff ETcrup ETcrcp Elf Rain 
Kc trjr./day mm/dec mm/dec
iRReq 7*^ mm/day
init
0.95
0.95
Jun 
Jun 
Jul
Jul
Jul
Aug Aug Aug Sep 
Sep
Sep
Oct
Apr
Apr
Apr May May May Jun
Mar
Mar
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
1
2
3 
1
2
3 
1
2
3 
1
2
3 
1
2 
3 
1
2
3 
1
2
lnlt
init
lnlt
0.95
lnlt
0.95
lnlt
0.95
lnlt
init
4.' "9 
5.04
5.10
5.23
5.32 
4.97 
4.
ln/de
init
0.9g
8:1
0.9 
0.9 
’ 3.5
10.1
12.5
15.2
21.8
29.8
37.1
35.a
33.1
31.1
36.2
4-33 4.09 3.90 3.80 0-5
8
deve
deve
0.9 5
deve
0.9 5
deve
0.9 5
8: 00
deve
0.9
0 .
deve
Ms
§8
8:
deve
0 88
de/ml
deve
hi
4:09 ?:??
3.64 3.58 3.51
3.39
3.20
3.04
3.33
3.64
0 
mid 
mid 
mid 
mid 
mid 
mid 
raid 
mid 
ml/It
8:?
Oct
Oct
Nov 
Nov 
Nov 
Dec
Dec
0.95 
0.95 
0.95 
0.95 
0.95 
0.95 
0.95 
0.95 
Dec
late
0. " 95
Jan
Jan 
Jan 
Feb 
Feb 
Feb 
Mar
late
late
late
late
late
0. 95
0. 5
0. 2
0.
0. 5
late
2
Mar
late
0.9
late
5
8:? 5
TOTAL
CROPWAT : 07 March 1996
IRRIGATION scheduling Climate Station : GAM9ELA
40.2
41.5
42.8
42.8
42.8
42.8
43.4 
44.0
44.7
45.9
47.2
48.4
49.7 
51.0
52.3
11:8 
25.2 1556?1
42.0 
47.4 
47 ‘ 9
..49 i 6
44.6
39.6
26^6
22.1
17.6 
13-1
1:3
1.3
1.4 
1.9 
2:2
4.5
5.8
0 88
0 44
?
1.61 
2.06
3.88 
4.33 
4.45 
4.53 
4.68 
4.75 
4.82 
4.90 
4.71
3- 39
16.1
20.£
25.2
388 43:3
44.5
45.3 
46.8
47.5 
48.2 
4- 52 
1:
3.5
4.33
'ao4.o
iti
235.0
SUGARCANE-AVE
Crop Soil
: SUGARCANE-AVE : loam
3 = = xmxc* = rnM = m«:3 = =
Climate F,lle Planting date
is ...... ...................
; 15Qi bud/*"
- 0 HU®/®’
Irrigation Options selected :
Application : Irrigation up to Field Capacity. Field Application Efficiency 50 %
Timing 
: Irrigation applied at__________________ __ _______ _
Available Soilmoist ■ it ton/®' Initial Soilmolst ■
100 % Readily Available H°
No. Ir.t I r r. days
1
S SSff5-£ssas£a = 2! = =:Bass|SE_:a£a|SSSsa- = g = Z
SSXa-S>ttE«33“SgsrE j
Date Stage De^let TX ETA NetGift Deficit
%%
100 LOO 100 100 100 100
c»*s Gt*
4
5
6 END
3 22
2 ?eb
29 1 Mar 15 16 Mar
16 Mar 21 Apr
1 Dec 3 Jan
A
A
C
D
D
D
D
60
61
62
27
100
100
100 100
100 100
100 LOO
Total Gross Irrigation 
Total Net Irrigation 
Total Irrigation Losses
Moist Deficit at harvest
Net Supply +■ Soilretention
Actual Wateruse by crop Potential Wateru3e by crop
Total
Effective Rain Total Rain Loss
Actual Irr.Req
0.0
0.0 Rainfall
51.4 890.9
1556.1 
1556.1AT : 07 HafCh 1996
 ____________________________
---
_„-«.=«===-== = « = =» = = = «=:■-„„ SUGAR
TrRIGAT I OlTsCHEDUL I NG
CANE-AVE
- —rr.7-
s^ fitation : GAMBELA
< Bte Star SUGARCAME-AVE 
cii
Elie
—'= =
'JoP
1S
= loam , tlon Options selected :
15 March
: gaai-80 
: 1= March 1 in0 “V®. 
■ 50 mm/m.
3SS*3- T 
lnt
Date Stage De^let TX
---------- «.
.. - ”—3—
•nr. days
ETA NetGlft'"5eficlt=’r Z~sr’==*w=1,’ = = = C = -
% .-no 
Gr.Gift
--
21 Mar
rani
5 24
4 *2
I 5 10
*i
Apr
Apr
Apr
May
A
A
A
A
« ;
21 1
H
May
Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug
Aug
Aug
Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Oct Nov Nov Nov Deo Dec Dec Jan Jan Jan F Feebb Mar Mar Mar
A
A
A
A
A
86
88
86
81
74 70 70 70 67
? 33
6 7 
10 15 
71
SI
11 May
— 89
62 43 35 36 47 64 77
88 IB
2.8
1L0
33.2
0:8
am
Flc
L/s/tii
-1
.7
io
B
I Sd
13 10 21
9
0.0 0.0 2'°
8i§
o.’o
0.0
~o7c^
14 10
3
B
B
B
17 10
IB 10 
1? 10
20 10
21 10
22 10
23 10
d 10 
2: 10 
*8
15 10 11
15 10 21
1
1 21 11 21
1
H
d 
3
B
B
C
C
C
c
c
c
c
c
21
27 
36 
47 
61
73 
82
99 
93
96
97 99 99
98
85
lS3 100 100 100
!88
100
100
100 100 100
100
100
38.4
51.2 
63.0
65.1
70.6
53.5 32.4 35.5 29: Q 28.3 23.1 
17.9
12.7
!:i
0.8
9.6
9.5
8:8
0.1 , 0.1_ 0.15 0.2 c 0*.| ' 0.4d o.3e
5.2’
0.4
0.5 1
0.73
0.75
8'.e ;
.2
.1
.2 
0.7.
0.52 0.3- oJ
0.33 0.27 0.7'.
18 21
D
D
c
D
9.9 
p 4.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
II U io
1 1§ y i?
il
36
22
.3 
.9 
8:8
14
0 J
D
.7 0.0
. 1 0.0
□
.4 
.5 
8:8
esS
10 ll Feb 
D
9 
7
D
D
□
D
65
id
i:
2.7
.1 0.0
.7 0.0
.7 5.0
??
77
98
id
o.o
0.0
i * I* 3.7 4.7
0, ; j
o.Ij
0.05
O.on O.C . O.C 1 0.020.02
O.C -
O.( :
8:bd
Sou. „ rl’atl°n Losses
§:8
mm
m
mm Total Rain Loss
Total
effective
Rainfall
Rain 
908.7 mm
849.7 mm
58.9 mm 4
217.6 m 217.6 nun
1
932.4 15S6.1
mm Actual Irr.Req mm
82.6 turn 93.5 %
Season
i
Schedule ' S=1'-edule
reduct.
100.0 %
40.1 % Efficiency Rain
B 3?a’ 0.80
3.0 36.1
C
’rr
0.80
d:i
D
bEs" 0.90 
71.6 83.2
~4o7l
1.20
40.1
%
JCROPWAT : 07 March 1995
-----
IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
.=
: loa"
fsiissin i 1
Application : Irrigation up to Field Capacity. Field Application Efficiency 50 %
of 30 (*)/ 30 (B)/ 60 
' >/200
No?~“int'3’5ate Irr. days
Stage Deplet TX ETA NetGift Deficit Lorq
- % % % rm nun
“T
2 3 i 5 6 7
END
30
30
15 Apr A - 96 36 57 194.4
30 15 Jun A 11 100 100 25.0
30 15 Jul B 3 100 100 7.0
30 15 Aug B 3 100 100 6.1
30 15 Sep a 7 100 100 15.2
15 Nov c • 49 100 100 109.0
May A ' 27 100 100
59.9
60 _________
%121 16 Mar
D
96
9 ’ ’45 
0.0 o.o 0.0
0.0
0.0
0 . o 
0.0
Total GrosGsr Iosrrsi Igarrtiigaontion
Total Net Irrigation Total Irrigation Losses
?33.4 41 S'o
mm Total Rainfall
mm Effective Rain 
mm
Total Rain Loss
Moist. 
Net Supply + Soilretention Actual Wateruse Potential Wateruse by crop
Deficit at harvest
by crop 
217.1 mm
633.0 nun
1172.4 nun Actual Irr.Req 1556.1 mm
Efficiency 
Deficiency Irr. Schedule
Irr. Schedule
100.0 %
24.7
%
Efficiency Rai
YIELD REDUCTION'S
Stage
A
B
C
Reductions in ETC
Yield Response factor Reductions in Yield 
0.0
0.80
0. Bl
0.0
673.6 235.1
499.9
74.1 Season
24?7
Cumulative Yield reduct.
■J° 1 .7
12.7
0.0
12.7
0.0. g March 199 5
o
'^L^=
: 7<Tdata :________
rryr^oN
^_:;si
Crop file : cotton
-^r = = = = = = = =‘ 3 cr= = czr = = = az5:iz
:f ^;tnStage__^-----------------------
s==zX"’'
3
30
0.40
2
50 
*>
=
Init Devei Mid Late
55
1.15
45.
0.65
180
-------- _
crop
S3^i-fonS?evel. 
5?hi:'e9?on3e-
i ent t coelf.]
[meter
tfract.
0.30
0.50
->
■ aoef z ■
0.40
->
1.40
0.40
0.65
0.50
0.9C
1.40
0.40
0.3=
1
., 3?WT ; 09 March 199 6 ,_______________________
- ’'^„^ropJvapotran9plration and ’l?rigatlon R^u'
:
!s =
ii
‘Cliate File : ^am-80 
Crop 
> _wUHJ_ 
stage Coeff ETcrop 
em ent3 _
Station FgAMBELa’' _ Planting date : 1 May
ETcrom Eff.Rain Kc nun/day mm/dec mm/dec
IRReq. IRReq. mnr/day mm/dec
I
inLt init init dsve deve deve deve deve mid mid mid mid mid 
mi/lt late late 1 ate
8:28
0.40
0.48
0.63
0.73
0.93 
1.08
19.3 
18.0
17.2
ih
29.7 34.9 39 . B 41.0
33.7
35.8
40.3 44.1 
46.0 
44.0 
40.5 
36.7
31.3 602.6
32.3 b- 43.7 44.6 46.7 48.3 41.7 34.5 27.7
8:8 h
16 
1 s
- w
15 
0.0
0.0
0.0
i
«
•* w i “
12 
8:8
■» I _ _ 04
1
1
■
1
1• ■ 15
18.3
0.93
0.32
0.71
25.1 1.55 15.5
23.7 1.30 13.0
19.9 1.20 12.0
1
J
09 March 1995
IRRIGATION scheduling ;
e Stetlan
- —. — — — — = a« = = = = 3-*=7»w — = — -ecrcm■■tcs====■enzsam=:
COTTON L May
GAMSELA
=5!a=*’=aw==’"===’
, n»."-Huori» s , 
>
Climate FILe Planting date Available Soilmoist Initial Sollmolst
: gam-90
: 1 May
: 150 mm/m. : 60 mm/m.
A PPUCatI : Irrigation applied at 100 1 Readily Available Moist. 
COTTON
• loam ii^Lrig options selected :
I
L ?l«ld 
k* 
n ' Irrl9atlon up to Field Capacity.
n 'z3*====» = -E=f=fi=c=ie-nc= a y 50 % = = = = = = ===-^> ====>* = = - = = « 
=
s« = ■- = = -= = = «
^day uate Sta Deplet TX ETA NetGlft Deficit Loss Gr.Glft Flow
a
% % % jilt. TF 80 80 29.8 
34 100 100
ram L/s/h
59.6 6.90
_ _ irrigation Irrigation
i
- a' Irrigation Losses
Total Rainfall Effective Rain Total Rain Loss
a
\ Supply + SolLtetent-on 
\^t ^
harvest
’“'•mu 
$ «=* I«. Scheme
mm mm
o:o mm
72.1 mm
101.9 mm
602.2 mm 602.6 nun 100.0 %
%
c
A
a
Actual Irr.Req Efficiency Rain
c
-24.1
nun
79.9 *
 SeasonCROPWAT : C9 March 1996
IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
S-nS3IB553 31ZZ3I«E= = S SZ = >1SZ=S3M = ;
Climate Station : GAMBELA
Crop Soil
: COTTON : Loam
Climate File Planting date Available Sollmole* xnltlal Soilmoigt
only Rainfall.
ETA NetGift’Deficlt
’’
Irrigation Options selected : Tlming_ __ : No Irrigations, i
No. Int Date Stage Deolet TX
Irr. days
' i
“
nun
May Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul
Jul
Oct Oct
- TTot otaall G Nreost Isxr IlrgarlaKata,fro-- Total Irrigation Losses
S C;*Soilri^frsn &su annnt s? ng 
100
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100
-OS3 mm
33.2
43,0
39.6
32.8
27.7 38.4
51.2
49.4
40.6
39.4 37.4 39.2 42.9 29-3 20.3
27.2
14.6
11.6
12.5
20.2
22.5 18.1
L6.Q
16.2
15.3 15.1
16.5
17.a 33.3
47.6
50.7
66.7
o.o 
o.o 
o.o
8:8
, 8:8
13.6 2.1 0.0 0.0
188
o.o mm
72.1 mm
72.1 mm
0.0 mm ictal Rainfall
o.o mm Effective Rain 
Total Rain Loss
^? L?plJ
in: as*
601.1 
60 2.6
l ’8:8
mm
mm
%
%
Actual Irr.Heq
Efficiency Rain
785.0 554.9 130.1 -53.9
93.4
I YIELD REDUCTIONS ~tlge
3
o?6"
Season
I ss^?Slans i’ ETC
i . _eld Response
Reductions lr. YiSiV
| Cumulative Yield reduct.
A
2.9 
0.40 
1.1 
1 . 1
8:3°
1.1
_C...........3_ 0.6 o”o”
8:8° 8:8°
0.2
8:i
1.1 1.1
JFS5TIMAT5D SOIL LOSS DCS TO
*-*Sl£DA
MSLCGZ
Ft le: SOILLOSS 321
Car.tir^oua e^
l
o< wrgnw
Uklivtrial soil lass 98U:ion
;
"*—“**’ 5D_ .an A . (a. X - , _
a 5l ? u stZjJ=Zyei
UJOT5S:
C GM
Structure
psjzinz
13 1.5
* graaula? wteriEfl
Crsp period
«5t*b-
S73Vth « residues Total
lishnie.it 3*ZU*+t*/
2
J
* s-e=iviz
4
y
=
. 
— 9
seeding
L
a
C v*? .
5 47 23
u
S3 70 53 12
□ 3
49.3
21
Tj ^C8 S I*aii
trsdai;*,*--z - 4
17.4 75.1 57 5
SZZL 3'JLX lens;-' ; j :i»r. 1 » q,=-n of so.i ,
12 r/ha of sail 1
QSS
Slcpc
L «=3Ch ci ,-=pe
ANNUAL SOIL LOSS IN NM.
10
ISO J
OO
400
Slope
Length of
 alope i
aj
m
13
13 Q
230
100
42:
25 4S
5
S
13 6 12 5
14
3
U4
- 1
-2
-1
.4
.7
1 l
1.7
2 J
1.1
4,0
4.9
« 1
7.3
4
2
■
2
2
3
J
-2
-4
,4
r A
4
2
J
5
£
■a
3
. 7
.9
2
ff
9
11
•S
1.0
1.4
a
5
10
14
17
U
-7
1.4
1.4
10
T
14
17
21
27
-9
3
2 5
■a ■*
4■
9
13
25
31
35
l.l
2 >
3.3
14
15
30
44
S3
42
1,4
2 9
4 .-3
Iff
LI
34
53
S3
*7
1,7
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1.3
1.9
2.7
1 .«
4.7
5.9
5.7
9 0
19
22
41
45
• 1
2,0
4.1
! 3
20
35
£4
94
13 S
1U'•
II^■rURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEW ABLE ENERGY
ANNEX 2J
RENEWABLE ENERGYsaTURAL RESOVRCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
CONTENTS
1. II 12 II
j.N TR O 01TT10 N
. ............... ...
Scope
Objectives of the Stud)
Resources Base of Renewable Energy
 i I
—. I
/ 5 /■ /22 225
124 22-5
Fuels
Safar Energy Resources
Hind Energy Resources Geothermal Energy Resources
Mtru-hydrnpfiwer................. 
■*—i r • 
1 ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA- 21 Existing Data Assessment
21.1 222 21 J
2.2
2.3 
E.VECCESEV ...
............................... ...
jporaGFOSf/e r ................. ........... .... ...... ................. Ilbody Binmass inventory and Strategic planning Project
Adequacy of Data................... .............. Future Energy Demand
1 SECTOR INSTITUTIONS
■ 4 a jls s.aa + .|. 14.(14 ■ nrira-a ■ r i
----,, * 
2 
7
7 —■ J
J
4
. 4
______ J
4
4
6 
______ 7 8
31 The Ministry of Planning and Economic Development ..... 
3.2
3 21
J 22 
22 J 224 3.25 
3.3 3.4
The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME)
...................................
The Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority <EELP.4j
The Ec/riopian Perrokum Carporatron (EPC} .............................................. ......... Eihiopjan Energy Studies and Research Centre •EESRC^.. .
The Eihiopran Mineral Eerourcej Development Corporation (EAfRDC),
The Ethiopian institute of Geological Survey it <E/GS>..................... Ministry of Agriculture __________________________________ _____
Regional Mines. Energy and Waier Resources Bureau..............................
4. 4 1
SECTOR TARGETS AND CONSTRAINTS-...............................................
41.1
4/2
4/3 
4/4
4/3
Sccior Targets... .......... .. ...................... Ftre/uwi/
Fnergy Efficiency Conservation 
..... .............. -..........
4.2(5 4.27
4 2A 4 241 41 10 </ll 4/12
42
42/
Comprehensive Energy Studies ...... ...................... ..............................
/flJ/jTitfiottcj/ Sirengfhenlng and Capability Building .... ...................
A littr <{■ A/icra Hydro Power Plant
Biogas Energy............. .. ....... .. ...........................................................
rffld Energy ........... ........................................................................................................
Coal Energy*.. ............... . ................... .......... . ..... .... ..
k ?olQr Energy Deve/opmenf.......... ............ ........................ ................ bro/Arrmal Etfergv Devclopmcnr/or Power GenErancn—■■- ■-
Energy Developmrnt for .\on-electrical Lse
Rural Energy’ SysferHS and Community De'ycl^pmeni
------ 10
.™ 10 10
.10 10
.... 11 —.11
________ u
Constraints.................
............. ....... ....... —
 1J
. 11
22
... . ... /2
12 -12
.........12
4?J
4 23
4-2.4
<2-5
<2 6
j Financial.............. ....... ............ ............ *•■•“
iJtJ
Infrastructure......... . ......................................... . ..............
JJ
......-
/3 
........ ZJ
^ailability j-p ^ C rency -....................................
o Orel n ur
. ........ J 3 
of Proper Pricing Mechanism for Biomass Fuel.
Cfher Factors.. .................................. .... ....... ... ...............
13
.... 14
1 Baru-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Muter PI inNATURAL resources
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE E\e
5,
51
5 2
51
52
53
54
55
56
DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS
- 15
imnrmtd Ccck Stoves Dissemination and Efficiency Improvements
.17
Wiier Current Turbines
............................................................... ... .........
.........- —It
Wind Fnern De\tlopmcnl
fclir Fneryx Photovoltaic (PV) Dntlopment
....................................
Biosas Dcxtlopmcnl and dissemination ...............................................
........ -............
ft
..................... -11
57 Dextlopmcnl of Integrated Rural Energy Systems............................... . ................ —■-B 6. NEED FOR FURTHER STUDIES- - - - - - - - - - - - -
TABLES
24
Table 1 Fuelwood Stock and Yield by Region in Million Tonnes 
5
Table 2 Energy Supply by Biomass Type ..................................................................................... 5
Table 3 Per capita Woody Biomass Consumption -6
Table 4 Wood Utilisation by End use and Region (%)................................................................... 6
ACRONYMS
EEA ......... ...... Ethiopian Energy Agency
EELPA Ethiopian Electric. Light and Power Authority
EESRC...............Ethiopian Energy Studies and Research Centre
E1GS Ethiopian Institute of Geological Survey
EPC Ethiopian Petroleum Corporation
GW ................... GigaWatt
kWh Kilo Watt Hour
MME Ministry of Mines and Energy
MOAMinistry of Agriculture
MM' ... Mega Watt
PV Photovoltaic
SNNPRG Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples Regional Government TWh Tera Matt Hour (ten to the power 12 in electric units)
WB1SPP... Moody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project 1996
TAMS-HLG Baro-Akobo River Baiin Integrated Development Miner Plan
2J-ii>A TURALRtsOLKCES
ANNEX 2.J RENEWABLE ENERGY
IN
TR
ODUCTION
J ■'
U Scop
e
Enerx?
is 
a
basic inSrec,'ent
'n
economic development,
with
the
key 
io
more
efficient
energy 
use being increased efficiency for production purposes (manufacturing, etc j The Baro-Akobo basn energy reserves, particularly renewable energy, are considerable with biomass, water and solar energy occurring in abundance. Given the predominance of agricultural and Livestock raising in the basin, to achieve sustainable development it is imperative to provide adequate energy inputs to increase agricultural and pastoral productivity Increased supply of energy is necessary not only to increase productivity, alleviate human poverty but also to arrest the negative environmental impact of current energy consumption
A recent World Bank energy assessment study indicated that only about 4% of Ethiopia’s population have access to electricity and even with the implementation of a long range electrification programme by the year 2011 some 96% of the rural population would remain wrihout a conventional electricity supply The great majority of rural Ethiopian families and especially the basin’s rural population have to rely on other sources of energy This is currently biomass, mostly wood Demand in some pans of the basin is exceeding supply, and this situation is likely to get worse Alternative sources of fuel must therefore be found. The purpose of this Annex is to examine the use of renewable energy resources to provide these alternative sources. Medium and large-scale hydropower projects are discussed in Annex IJ
This study deals with woody biomass, solar, wind, mini-hydropower and geothermal energy resources and attempts to evaluate the potential contribution of these resources to the basin’s overall development
J1 Objectives of the Study
The majo objectives of the study were
r
to undertake an in-depth evaluation of the previous studies, and
to assess the potential renewable energy resources of the basin
l ° provide the necessary data and information for the preparation of an integrated iment of the basin
2J -INATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWarf r
———————- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- - - - - ^NEltcj 1.3 Resources Base of Renewable Energy
1.3.1. Fuels
Wood fuels
The biomass reserve (mostly wood) is by far the most widely used renewable resource and accounts for approximately 99% of the energy supply in the basin and is used primarily for cooking by households Available wood fuels, which consist of fuelwood and twigs, amount to 251 million tons in terms of standing stocks and 12 million tonnes (t) of annually sustainable \ield The reserves and availability- of wood fuel supplies vary from one wereda to another For example. Sele wereda has large surpluses, while in Becho wereda. consumption far exceeds the sustainable yield
Agricultural Residues
The total recorded available crop residues in the basin is estimated by WBISPP at I 94 million tonnes and consist mostly of coffee husk, stalk and straw generated in small peasant farm holdings Consumption of agricultural residues amounted to 183,400t representing only 9% of the available total supply This situation reflects the unimportance of agricultural residues in the energy supply mix, because of the abundance of higher quality fuels such as fuelwood
.Agricultural tesidues have a low energy content and quality and are better recycled for cattle feed or soil organic matter In the project area, this material is only used as fuel in emergencies, when other biofuels are in short supply The production of agri-residue briquettes for domestic use or electricity generating has proved to be uneconomical This option is more expensive than mini-hydropower or fuelwood plantations, although the latter is a long-term option
Dung
The total available supply of dun h
which only 575 t have been used as « | “J ‘S estirnaIed at about 1 08 million tonnes of large amount of this material k 7 u ,ndica,es tha> the use of dung fuel is rare A
81 “,nun,e<l “ W Ewi figures «e vaLle. however
a
J.22 Solar Energy Resources
The Dnsin receives sunshine wi
hours a day during November io Feh^* ~ 4 * from 4.25 - 4.75 kWh per square
10urs a da v on
- average dunng July and 8
1A) Avera8e daily radiation ranges
which a maximum of 333 GWh k/h8''™8 3 lola'
so ar encr
* gy potential of 333 TUh of
this energy as a power source is no. „ “Sed for energy purposes However, harnessing
not necessarily straightforward and often expensive
1.21 Wind Energy J}esources
The wind energy potential of the basin i«
wind potential area The average umd 'ns'«n,ficam and the basin is categorised as a low figures given in .Annex 1 A. there is cnZ baSI" *S 3 5 m/s- though, according to the generally having lower wind speeds thak v * Vanation over the basin, with the lowlands is still below the threshold required for ” * 6 l^fl,ands ^ven *n the highlands, the wind speed use of this source for low velocitv ma , Power generation However, it does not preclude the
'•ocitj machinery such as water pumping
TAMS-ULC Barry-A kobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2J - 2natural resources
/2 / Geothermal Energy- Eesourcet
Ethiopia's geothermal energy resources are Akobo basin low geothermal reserves hav-
* the
Gacheb nvers The total geothermal poteJr Jd,SCOVercd ^ong the tnb,^ ,be 8ar°-
C3n
be used for mdustrial and tourism n "
u
? CSUlTUtcd *35
but « not mitable f Wcr3>
" °f ,he Beko
because of the low heat content
P
Or
P° ?^erai;r n
u 57
I
; ?5 Mini-hydropower
Vfim-hydropower has sometimes been d
iscredited as being
unecononuc It j5 nanio^riv 
suitable, however, for small-scale power example for light mdustrial use
generation where t
he power is to be used foZlb
,ocaJI-' for
TaN’S-(Jlg^--------- —__
a ^Akoe)0 Ri
---
2J-JNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2J renewable ener ^
g
2. ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA
The energy data from previous studies was assessed and analysed in order to detenni
suitability of this data The assessment covered three studies These were -
2.1 Existing Data Assessment
’ 1.1 ENEC/CESEN Study
The ENEC/CESEN study earned out in 1986, which is a nation-wide study, provides comprehensive energy information However this is not basin specific since its terms of reference were different and the spatial framework was not the basin, but weredas and the old administrative regions Ils usefulness is limited
2.1.2 ARDCO-GEOSERV
A survey and analysis of the Baro-Akobo basin - Energy Resources Survey was carried out by ARDCO-GEOSERX and is dated May 1995 This report includes a comprehensive study of
the basin s household, agricultural, transport and industrial sectors' energy consumption
patterns Furthermore it presents secondary data of the basin's potential energy resources
The data base regarding biomass energy consumption is adequate and basin specific studies have been conducted for this energy resource No such work was undertaken for solar and wind energy The sectoral studies carried out by ARDCO-GEOSERV are adequate for a master -plan design
2.1.3 Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project
The Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project (WBISPP) of 1996 is a
S1VC Stu ' 0 lhe wood* biomass resources, supply and consumption patterns, the
. o ’ ™nagen*® systems and livestock of 500,000 km area, which also includes 
the Baro-Akobo Basin The project undertook a rural socio-economic household survey to determine woody bmmass consumption for energy purposes This study presents the most complete picture of the basin s woody biomass resource potential and consumption patterns Energy Supply and Consumption Patterns of Woody Biomass
lt
1
Table T'" $ tOUl b'°maSS potc^llil, and
y»«ld in tonnes of air dry weight arc shown in
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Baiin Integrated Development Master PlanTable 1. Fuelwmd Stock and Yield hv R. •
d b5
Tonito
""Region
Supply Stock Mt
Total Yield Mt
Yield 25 % of '
Slock
A[ rrtixUfIllivf A —-—
cvh'PRG
am b’fl
Benshangul
—
95 20
4 63
48
87 35
3 76
43
66 20
3 30
50
2 70
0 12
4.4
Ttoottaall
_j-
------ ---- -— --------
251.45
11.81
-----------------------
j ------------------ -
4.7
Source Woody Biomass Inventory- and Strategic Planning Project (1995)
There is a clear geographical variation in both total standing stock and the annual yield with Oromiya, Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples Regional Government (SNNPRG) and Gambela having higher stock and yield and Benshangul with lower stock and yield
Woody Biomass constitutes the dominant energy source in the study area This is reflected by the fact that 99% of the energy is supplied from u-oody biomass with fuel wood accounting for 98 8% of the total supply, other woody biomass sources such as agricultural residue and dung in the basin area play an insignificant role in the energy supply mix This is in contrast to other areas of Ethiopia, which may indicate that the basin has abundant woody biomass resources This is shown in Table 2
Table 2. Energy- Supply by Biomass Type
Biomass Type
Tonnes
%
Fuel Wood
251,450 000
988
Agricultural Residues
1.940,533
0.8
Dung
1,073.604
0.4
Total
254,469.137
100
Source Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project (1995)
Patterns of Woody Biomass
to ,eniS wood consumption vary widely across the basin area, and this is mainly related
so
,em
tS availabUlty Availability also influences the total household energy consumed from all rCes There is a positive relationship between energy consumption and relatively low
pra^LUTK such 35 the highlands Socio-cultural differences and cooking habits and s so have a bearing on consumption patterns
per 4^ FalC fuel-wood consumption is in Oromiya and the lowest in Benshangul where P ' a WOod consumption is 3.96 tonnes and 0.7 tonnes respectively.
The
hiidier th^ CaPita raie °f fuel wood consumption in many parts of the basin is considerably
‘ he avera
S or Ethiopia which is around 700 kg The basin’s average per capita
ef
Cor^mnf 15 3J40 k& indicating the better fuel wood reserves of the basin. The per cap.ta IOn of fuel wood and its composition is shown in Table 3
T AMS-ulg
Baro-Akobo River Bavin Integrated Develop men! Master Han
2J -5NATURAL RESOURCES__________________________ ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENr,^
Table 3. Per capita Woody Biomass Consumption
Region
Fuel wood
Consumption
(tonnes)
Population
Per Capita
Consumption
(tonnes)
Oromivs
5.230.643
1,321.020
3 96
SNNPRG
1.339.432
460,203
29
Gam be la
220.235
186.590
1 18
Bcnshangul
166 052
243,690
0.7
Total
6,956.162
2.211.503
3.14
Source Woods Biomass Inventors’ and Strategic Planning Project (1995)
The major consumer of woody biomass after energy in the basin is clearing for crop production, particularly in the SNNPRG region where agriculture is the major consumer of svood and energy is second This is shosvn in Table 4
Table 4. Wood Utilisation by End use and Region (%)
Region
Energy *
Housing
Agricultural
Clearing
Total
|°
0/
Bcrishaneul
23 0
0.3
76 7
100
SNNPRG
35 7
04
63.9
100
Oromna
61 7
39
344
100
Gam be la
97 0
30 1
0
100
! Total %
52.8
FT
44.5
100
• Includes cooking, heating and lighting
Supply and Consumption Patterns oj Other Bio-Fuels
There appeared to be little or no use of other biofuels where per capita rate of woo consumption is in excess of 1,000 kg Residue were preferred to dung in areas where cer are the major agricultural produce and where fuel wood supply is scarce for example in Bep and Dale Waber weredas which amount to 122 and 126 kg respectively The use ot agricultural residues in the basin for energy purposes is insignificant The consumption of dun^ in the basin area is negligible and total consumption amounted to 575 tonnes, which is to" compared to its use in other parts of the central highlands of Ethiopia
2.2 Adequacy of Data
The coverage of the energy sector differs from one study to the other The ENEC/CESEN
study of 1986 is a study at the national level of the country’s energy' resources potential
energy form Its focus is different and is not really suitable for the preparation of a MaStef
Plan for this basin
It was beyond the mandate of the AKDCO-GEOSERV survey study to collect data which required extensive measurement and investigation of the resource base of wind, sola^- geothermal and biomass energy resources is limited The study looked at current demand, but not at resource availability
TAMS-I LG Baro-Akobn River Batin Integrated Development Master Plan
2J 6_______________________ Amxz, 
^ Rcv
.irtiKPP actually collected data on forestry (woody biomass) resources
H is clear front the above analysts that data available on woody biomass resources and gumption is more reliable and complete w hile the resource base of other renewable er-ersv resources, such as wind, solar and geothermal is of a more general indicative nature It is less reliable for actual project design and implementation There is therefore a need for me and basin specific studies to determine the resource base of these energy forms
?3 Future Energy Demand
Energy in the basin comes from two main sources; the most significant in the immediate future is likely to be from biomass, particularly wood, and the other is electricity
Unless there are changes in the consumption pattern of biomass, it can be assumed that demand will grow in line with population growth, estimated to be 2 2% This is obviously not sustainable, especially since in some areas demand already exceeds supply It is vitally important that this issue is addressed
Future demand for electricity will depend on the rate of growth of the economic activity in the basin including rhe programming of the major developments such as. for example, integrated agriculture However the electricity demand within the project area has been estimated to reach only 61 MW in 2020. and 115 MW in 2035
Haro-A kobo River Basin Integrated Dodopnienl. last
2J-7natural resources
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE En^ ,
f
3. SECTOR INSTITUTIONS
The year energy development plan and its programmes formulated at the national e-
include renewable energy resources There are a number of institutions, agencies 
orsanisations directly or indirectly involved in the management and direction of energy s^
The role they will play in the implementation of the master plan is discussed in Annex 3G He
institutions are -
3.1. The Ministry of Planning and Economic Development
The Ministry of Planning and Economic Development is responsible at national level for economic planning and development policies for all sectors including energy The Ministry sets up development strategies which include corresponding investment programmes for priority projects These planning activities are carried out in consultation and collaboration with implementing Ministries and agencies In this way the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development plays a central role in co-ordinating and setting priorities in the energy and other sectors
3.2. The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME)
The Ministry of Mines and Energy is the lead government agency in the energy sector It is responsible for the formulation of development plans and policies of the sector and tor implementing such targets determined at the national level To cany out its mandate the Ministry has a number of departments with supervisory and regulatory functions -
• The planning and programming department
• Petroleum operations department
• Mineral resources operation department
• Finance and administration department
• Energy operations department This department which was created as a result of th recent reorganisation of the Ministry of Mmes and Energy is generally responsible for:-
’ Policy formulation
• Co-ordination of the activities of the energy sector
• Regulation of energy activities
• Advising the government on all aspects of energy
The MME also has under its umbrella the following autonomous organisations -
3.2. J. The Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority (EELPA)
EELPA is responsible for the generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electric in the country
TAMS-CLG BaroAkobo River Batin Imegrated Development Master Planyatckal resources
1-M Ethiopian Petroleum Corporation
The Ethiopian Petroleum Corporation (£pr} •
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
refining, bulk distribution and for the o rrh
te «h« hand retail distribution of petroleu ' ° refi"'d Products /o' procur<mxt
U
ae ? resP°Mble f0, rn.
SMI. Amp. Mobil and Total wWd,
countbryy*f*our ^^^paiuOe"s
j 23 Ethiopian Energy Studies and Research Centre (EESRC)
The EESRC is responsible for the following activities
• advising government in aJJ matters concerning energy
• promotion and undertaking of research in the energy field
• undertaking of policy analysis studies in the energy- field
• promoting and furthering exploration, development and
• utilisation of energy resources in the nation
• undertaking of surveys and collection of data in the energy field
• execution of new and renewable energy projects
12.4 The Ethiopian Mtneral Resources Development Corporation (EMRDQ
The Ethiopian Mineral Resources Development Corporation fEMRDC) is responsible for developing mineral resources in Ethiopia
3.2.5 The Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys (EK>S)
The Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys (FIGS) is responsible for geological mapping and mineral and fossil fuels exploration Special projects have been create to
exploration for geothermal energy, oil and natural gas
33 Ministry o( Agriculture
The Ministry of Agriculture has under its umbrella the Onetnpmeni Detriment. the WBISPP and
Enterprise In addition to this the Ministry,
department. is actively involved tn the dissemination or fuel other energy end use technologies
5 4 Re«io’ial MineS’ Tnergy and Water ReS0Ur<:eJ BD
Regional governments have set up regional mine , regional and zona! level These bureaux are resp
at regional level and for co-operation in the study of energy
i and
CoMmll OT
Ctocoal production wensron and rent developmen.
fueiwood stoves, biogas plants
resources bureaux at
implementing national poli resources
TAMS-ulg Raro-Akobo Hirer Basiii Iniotmed Dewtopmeat Muter PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE
4. SECTOR TARGETS AND CONSTRAINTS
Recognising the importance of energy in the development process the governmeni
formulated energy development programmes and strategies and issued a comprehend
energy policy to guide and direct the development of the energy sector
4.1. Sector Targets
In accordance with the energy resources development programmes and the strategies adopted by the government, the mam targets set for the energy sector in general, and the renewable energy sub-sector in particular, are
4.1.1 Fuebvood
To enhance fuelwood supplies the following strategies should be implemented
• Develop agro-forestry
• Industrial plantation expansion
• Peri-urban fuel wood plantation
• Community wood lot plantation rehabilitation and expansion
4.1.2 Energy Efficiency Conservation
• Develop and disseminate efficient cook stoves (a suitable model has been developed by MME).
• Study and identify- conserv ation opportunities in the industry, transport, commerce and other sectors
• Introduce and implement conservation measures in the households, industry, transport and other sectors.
• Enhance conservation of imported fuels through fuel switching such as using hydro based electric driven transportation
4.1.3 Comprehensive Energy Stu dies
These would include the following forms of energy
• Energy resources potential study
Energy supply and demand study by region, fuel type and sectors
• Development of a rural energy master plan
• Development of a national energy master plan
• Comparative studies of different sources of energy
TAMS-ULC Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development .Master Plan
ZJ- 105;
SA
, ral RESOURCE
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
«
*
«
♦
*
and Capability Building
Establishment of partial or fail manufactunng as well as assembly plants for wiar
and mini-hydro energy production and end-use equipment and devices 
Establish an energy technology centre to develop suitable energy technology
Strengthen EEA and regional energy bureaux by providing necessary hardware. office facilities and training.
Support the private sector by providing loans, incentives and other assistance
Conduct research on alternative energy sources such as ethanol, methanol and other forms
j j J Mini <6 Jffrro Hydro Power Plant
* Develop mini and micro hydro power plants, to meet energy requirements in
agriculture for uses such as irrigation water pumping and agio-industry
* Develop mini and micro hydropower for meeting energy requirements for household
energy needs such as lighting and flour milling
* Develop a capability to partially produce and assemble mini and micro hydro power
plants
4.1,6 Biogas Energy
• To develop and disseminate efficient biogas plants in the rural areas for lighting,
cooking and motive power for agricultural purposes
• Enhance the production and use of fertiliser from biogas by products
* Design, test and evaluate and manufacture locally biogas stoves and lamps that are acceptable to the Ethiopian household
Prepare practical and theoretical training activities for public and private organisations
Use wind energy powered water pumps for water supply, for human and livestock use, including irrigation in rural areas
Use wind energy for grain milling in rural areas
Encourage and assist private and public sectors to implement wind energy 
l echnologies
4J '8 Coal Energy
* Although not a renewable resource, it is an alternative source of energy Study and type the characteristics of lignite from Delhi and other areas Dev [
e Op suitable briquette stoves and boilers
Develop suitable briquettes of lignite to partially mee[ the ^e! rtcP’remeni °tiseholds and cottage industries
TaMS-ClG Baro-AkoboRiver Bwin Integrated Ikvelopnrttit Master Plan
If- 11ATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE E\ERg
• In lignite-rich areas use coal for power generation (with possible producer gas
to meet energy requirements in the agricultural sector such as irrigation water p^’*
and running agro-industries 
■I. 1.9 Solar Energy Development
• Use solar photovoltaic (PV) powered pumps for potable water supply for human
livestock in arid areas
• Utilise solar PV power for the provision of energy for vaccine refrigeration both for
human and animal clinics in rural areas
• Use solar or thermal energy resources for hot water supply for household, hospitals schools, factories and hotels
• Use solar or thermal energy for cooking in households.
• Use solar energy for crop drying
■1.1.10 Geothermal Energy Development for Power Generation
• Development of the Langano and Tendaho geothermal fields for power generation
4.1.11 Geothermal Energy Development for Non-electrical Use
Non-electric uses of geothermal energy would include the following sectors:
• Drying and chemical production (eg soda ash)
• Processing of agricultural produce including coffee, fish farming, sugar cane md
cotton
• Tobacco curing and other industrial uses
• Service sector application for cooking, bathing and hot water supplies
• Processing of heat for industrial uses
4.1.12 Integrated Rural Energy Systems and Community Development
Carry out the installation of integrated energy systems to meet community needs U cooking and lighting, as well as for productive activities such as irrigation and sma
scale industries using wind power, mini-hydro, solar, biogas and other energy forms
• Establish community based infrastructure, designed to support the adoption an implementation of the above approaches
Establish and operate a revolving fund for the development of integrated rural enefg) systems
4.2 Sector Constraints
The success and contribution of renewable energy' resources to the development of Ethiop1 depends on internal and external factors A positive and strong policy framework and t e capacity to implement the policy are essential Major factors which influence progress oft c renewable energy resources development in the country* are orientation and emphasis on t
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Inlegrated Development Master Plan
2J - 12
r?> ATt,RAL reSOLiRCES ________________________________ annex 2J renewable energy
I development programme such as rural vs urban ^3 agricultural vs industrial natl°l 0Dnient; and small decentralised energy systems as opposed to tarse ones Other aspects ^irg thc development and use of these resources are drscussed in the following paragraph?
■>; fcortorrric and Financial
Eihiopta capital is scarce and individual savings extremely small Investments are a major
^nstraint for the wider development and utilisation of renewable energy systems Although
-snihcan^ reductions in unit cost ot solar, wind and biomass based electricity production has achieved and the expectation of farther reductions is expected, capital costs remain
onsiderahle and beyond the capacity of the rural population who are used to freely acquired iuelwood in their locality
In ihe case of mini hydropower plants large initial investments are required The cost of developing biogas plants is also high which limits their dissemination on a wider scale The cost of constructing a family-size biogas plant is 5,000 Birr This is not affordable by the average peasant household, thereby inhibiting the development unless some mechanism is found: such as subsidies and credit schemes
The problem of the high initial capital cost of renewable energy sy stems can only be overcome Lhrough the establishment of a local manufacturing capability of the technology and the implementation of appropriate credit schemes
42.2 Infrastructure
A wider utilisation of renewable energy requires a well-established infrastructure for the manufacture, installation, servicing and transportation of the system An inadequate 'nsiitutional framework is another factor that limits the development
^23 Technology
^ hoice technology that suits local climatological and other conditions are optimal
e C'ency of the systems and the know-how of the technology These are not often in place It suitable technology' is not selected, the project could be a disappointment. The lack of
^nutional support for the design, selection and implementation of a technology is one factor
lc has impeded the development of renewable energy resources.
Availability of Foreign Currency
dissen^c'^ ^Ore*gn investments in this sector slows down the wider development and ^■nation of renewable energy' resources
tc
<2.5 . I
l P nS °f
^t?
°f Proper Pricing Mechanism for Biomass Fuel
Ethiopia biomass fuel is collected free of charge Thc ody cost incurred
c °nes own labour and time which in these areas is low and not used efficiently
T A-MS-ULG Baro-Akobu River Birin Intend DesTJopmert Mister Phu.
ZJ-13NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE E\£
Previous studies indicate that in rural areas 95% of the biomass supply js oblained chamc In small towns, the quantity is about 45% and in the larger towns and cities Addis Ababa the amount of free fuel is only 10%.
«
Therefore this situation creates disincentives for the people to shift from frpp that of purchased
4.26 Other Factors
CC co,,ec‘«i fud Io
The development of renewable energy is likely to pose increasing pressure on the availability of land Of particular concern is the development of energy plantations, biofuels and wind energy
The development of new and renewable energy resources is connected to every facet of the economv in all regions As a result it is bound to have administrative, cultural, matenal and technical implications
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Bavin Integrated Development Master PlanAfrSEX 2J RENEWABLE EXERGY
development options
;
! Priorities
previously discussed, the most important source of energy in the basin is biomass 
\xSiflting for 99% of the ba5'n
energy supply The driving force for increased energy
demand in the basin, as in the rest of the country, is population growth The basin population ^projected to grow from the Present 22 million in 1995 to 2 5 million in 2000 and 5 3 million rn iqj5 thereby more than doubling the basin's population. Beside population growth. Agricultural expansion and industrialisation would also affect rhe demand for energy In the absence of the development of any alternative form of energy or of energy conservation measures, it is assumed that biomass consumption would grow in line wiih population growth it 2 2%, which is obviously unsustainable
The development strategy adopted by the Ethiopian Government is an agricultural led development industrialisation (ADLI) with agriculture playing the lead role in the development process Therefore, this policy implies the creation of agro-mdustries and other activities in rural areas to achieve sustainable development The implication of this development strategy on the energy sector is considerable and radical in rhe sense that a departure from the conventional energy supply policies and strategies is needed To provide the energy needs of the new development strategy, the government has formulated energy policies strategies and development programmes which focus on the following policy areas
Development of decentralised local energy systems
* Promotion of sustainable development
Protection of the environment and
Active participation of the population and especially women in the development process
51 development Options
into account the basin’s resource reserves, geography, size, patterns of settlement.
re^ai’on ^rDWlh and the government s overall development strategy; renewable energy 
Urces developrn^j should focus on two main areas These are:
' ^Ca^Ures arrest deforestation and;
e evelopment of small-scale energy projects to provide the necessary power inputs to e agricultural sector
s
cXrtdeVelopmetlt °Pl,ons have b«n sekcted for b"in- whiCh ? "nJ mKt 1110
, rncni s policies and development programmes given above. These are
. Ue' 1‘’v0°d plantation in deficit areas
‘Gemination of improved cook stove and energy conservation measures
T AMS-ULG
Mister Plin
2J- 15NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLFfry.^
• Water Cunent Turbine
• Wind Energy
• Solar Energy
• Biogas Development
• integrated Rural Energy Systems
The seven options described in Seaion 5.1 to 5.7 contain tentative indication ofdevel possibilities of these components Before final choices can be made, more detailed inf and survey data should be gathered These surveys should include site specific data decide which option would be the most appropriate for the basin
TAMS-ULC Baro-Akobo River Batin Integrated Development Muter PlanANNEX' 2.1 RENEWABLE energy
f.l
^[lonale
intf rvtntion
geneficianes — Acceptability of , ni<*n ention
Fliel Wood Plantations
Location and extent
Renewable Energy Resource Ahn to establish fuelwood pUniauoiu or community wood lots in urban and rural areas to provide the necessary fuelwood in fuelwood deficit parts of the basin To supply Ltiwood to rural and urban population suffering from acute shortage of faelwnod
The urban and rural population suflerinc from scarcity of fuelwood
The development is socially acceptable since trees are part of the local environment
fn areas where there is fuelwood scarcity
In some part of Oromiya, Benshangul and the Southern Peoples Region
In small parts of the basin
Employment
Development
of
this option will
create
sub
stantial
e
mployment
in
tree
opportunities Financing
planting and husbandry.
Financing would be provided by 
central
and
regiona
l
government
s,
local
communities and NGOs.
Implementation The option involves the establishment of the nurseries, preparation of land
details
and planting of trees.
Institutional
support
The central, local governments and zonal insututions would provide necessary institutional support
Strengthening of the institutional capacity at the local level to implement such projects.
Infrastructure
1—
No additional infrastructure would be needed, other than the existing provisions
Legal
No new legal measures are needed since these are already in place A legal system which provides a conducive environment and incentives for this type of development
Rjsks
There are no risks
tj wonmental
jssues
This development option is environmentally friendly.
women issues
Secure and reliable supplies of fuelwood would have a considerable impact on the well being of women since they are responsible for the collection of fuel wood
Issues
Improved health conditions.
--------------------
-^S^Jssues
Issues
sectoral
'^erfaces
The implementation of this option calls for social co-ordination.
Additional income generation from new activities
There could be conflicts in land use between agriculture and energx 
interests.
—- -----------------------
Ta >1S-ULG Bam-Akobo River Basin integrand Do Hop m nt Mister Plan
f
2J - 17iATl RAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE EXg^
.2 Improved Cook Stoves Dissemination and Efficiency Improvements
Rationale for intervention
It is proposed to undertake the dissemination of improved cook stoves institute efficiency measures in the rural areas of the basin it
interesting to note that the Ethiopian stove is produced and traded as 
away as Rwanda, a clear indication of its efficiency and popularity
The wood stoves currently in use in the rural areas of the basin are inefficient and waste energy, therefore the introduction of more efficient and improved cook stoves would reduce energy wastage and help arrest deforestation
Bcncfidanes The rural population of the basin would benefit
Acceptability of intervention
Location and extent
Employment opportunities
Cook stoves are widely used in the rural areas and therefore there will be
no social resistance to the introduction of improved cook stoves 
Improved cook stoves are suitable for use by households
In all rural households in the basin
Throughout the basin area
The development of improved cook stoves would create new small-scale industries and generate employment
Financing Financing would be provided by the government and NGOs
Implementation
details
Implementation would involve training of artisans in the design
manufacture and marketing of improved cook stoves 
___
Institutional
support
Institutional support would be provided by the Ministry of Mines and Energy, Energy bureaux and Ministry of Agriculture Extension Department and NGOs
Infrastructure No additional infrastructure would be needed _ -
Legal
Risks
1 No new legal measures would be necessary 
There would be no risks
Training of artisans would be needed to ensure sustainability of
intervention
_—
______
Environmental issues
Improved cook stoves would reduce smoke emission and the quantity 0 fuel-wood used, thus promoting forest resources conservation and arresting
environmental degradation
_-—
Women issues
The intervention would considerably improve the well beinu of women_—J
Health Issues
By reducing smoke emission improved cook stove will reduce respirat°O diseases caused by excessive smoke in traditional open hearth stoves__
Social Issues
The intervention would reduce pressure on social services due to improved
health conditions 
____ -
Economic
Issues
The proposals create new employment opportunities
Sectoral
interfaces
There would be no conflict
TAMS-ULG BaroAkobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2J - 18NAT,g<ALRK0t:RCE2
tJ Water Current Turbines
ANNEX 24 RENEWABLE ENERGY
gjtiorate for
It is proposed to install water current turbines to use the energy
basin $ nvers to lift water for imgation to provide imgation water at !ea«
intervention ^pst to increase agricultural production, andafao for other
I
I
Beneficiaries
Acceptability of intccvenpp11 ——
'Location and extent
Employment opportunities Financing
Implementation details
Institutional
. support infrastructure Legal
Risks Envifcwnentai issues
--i2F*nrissues Health Issues
Social Issues ^ennonuc
Julies Sectoral
The beneficiaries are the rural population and in particular those Irving alonu the river banks 
The development is socially acceptable since the output is a basic
commodity , water
This option is suitable for the development of small-scale uxtoriduaF
imgation schemes in two main locations 
Along the river banks where there is suitable land for agricultural
development,
Along the basin’s river banks where there is suitable land and human settlements 
Substantial employment opportunities will be created in the manufacturing, construction and maintenance of water current turbines__________________ Financing could be provided by Banks, credit associations, NGOs and private investors__________________________________________________ The water current turbine is an irrigation pump which utilise the river current to lift water without needing an outside energy inputs. No major civil works are needed except pipes and anchoring for the water current turbine, ______________ ___________________________________ Support would be provided by the central and regional governments and NGOs 
Infrastructural requirements are minimal_______________
No new legal measure are required however, there is a need for provision of incentives such as tax exemption and credit schemes___________________
No risks are involved
______________________
To ensure the sustainability of this development option there is a need for the local manufacturing and assembly of these turbines
_No negative environmental impact are expected__________ _________
JThe option would substantially improve the conditions ot women The implementaiion of this option would not increase the incidence of water borne diseases as the yelogiy would be too high ------------ ------------ --------
—There would be a minimum demand on social services----- --------- — __---------- Increased agricultural productivity and the establishment of agro-industries
Conflict an ng from th^ unpiementaiTon””of this development option is
jSSfaces
5t
i
___ ^minima]
___ ___________________——---------------- ------------
t AMS-IJLG BaroAkobo Rher Enin lniegrainl Derttopment blaster Pl11' u - isNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2J RENEWABI e
5.4 XX ind Energy Development
Rationale for intervention
Beneficiaries Acceptability of
intervention
Location and extent
Employment opportunities Financing
Implementation details
Institutional support______ Infrastructure
Renewable Energy Resource Utilisation of wind energy for
pumping, human consumption, livestock watering and irrigation Since the provision of modem energy sources to increase agricultural production ls limited due to financial and resource constraint In rural area it is necessar. to utilise available alternative renewable energy resources to satisfy the encr gy needs of rural areas
The beneficiaries arc the rural population in the basin. -
The development is socially acceptable since its aim is to meet a tai!C
human need i e water
Wind energy application is suitable for remote rural areas where theluppiy of energy, either from electricity or modem fuels is difficult
This development option will be implemented in areas where there is an adequate wind regime
The implementation of the development option will generate substantial employment opportunities in construction and metal works 
The development would be financed by the central, local government,
private investor and NGOs 
The implementation of this option requires detailed investigation and mapping of local wind systems, site selection, design and selection ot an appropriate wind turbine system___________________________ ____ -——— The Central and Regional governments and specially the Regional Energy Bureaux will provide institutional support —— 
The need for infrastructure is minimal but roads and transport facilities are needed ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Provision of tax and financial incentives are required No risks are involved
Environmental Training of local personnel and building of local capacity for design.
ISSUCS
Women issues
Health Issues
planning, implementation and maintenance is necessary’ for the replication and sustainability of this option
Wind energy is clean and environmentally friendly and has no negative impacts.____________
The implementation of this option will ease the burden of women by 
providing water within easy reach of their homes 
Availability of clean water supply will contribute to improved
-
iproved hheeaalthi-
Social Issues
conditions in the community and the reduction of diseases caused by water borne vectors 
.
The development of this option needs a high degree of communal co-
—
— Economic
Issues
Sectoral interfaces^
\ operation and social co-ordination
The development will increase agricultural productivity and generate ---------- Income from cash crops such as vegctables for urban markets 
There is competition for land and conflicts might arise between users
TAMS-U1X5 Baro-Akobo River Batin Integrated Development Matter Plan
2J-2O
-a vrai
5T
Sola*' Erter2? Photovoltaic (PV) Development
s?
ANNEX 2J RENEWABLE ENERGY
Rationale f°r mien*'1110"
Renewable Energy Resources 
Utilisation of photovoltaic solar energy (PV) for rural electrification, Anter pumping for livestock and irrigation and provision of energy for [he refrigeration of medical supplies in rural clinics 
Conventional electrification or provision of modem energy supplies is 
—-------
beyond the capacity of most rural people therefore the most viable alternative is a small-scale decentralised supply system which would reiv on indigenous energy sources Solar energy is available in the basin area since the basin receives adequate daily radiation ranging from 4 25-4 75 kWh nr
Beneficial The beneficiaries of the development or intervention ire the rural
population of the basin
Acceptability of The development is socially acceptable since it meets a basic need which is intervention the supply of energy_________________________
Location and The suggested development, is a small scale localised system that is
extent
Employment opportunities Financing
Implementation details Institutional support
^restructure
Legal
Jbsks'
E^ironmentaj"
^ Of”en issues
appropriate for rural and remote areas where the demand for energy is
small and cannot be met from a centralised supply system
The development will be implemented in rural settlements and remote
urban centres 
The implementation of the intervention will generate substantial employment__________________________________________________ The development will be financed by the Federal. Regional and local governments, with NGOs and private sector participation__________________ Detailed studies for the selection of site, design of system capacity and configuration in order to match system capacity with demand is needed Institutional support will be provided by the Federal government and
Regional Govemment. Local commumties and NGOs 
The need for infrastructure to implement solar photovoltaic projects is minimal since solar PV projects are designed to be earned out in remote
rural areas,
__________________
In order to attract private sector participation there is a need to modify’ and jssue new legislation which would provide tax and financial incentives.
The risks to the impletncnut ion of this development op t ion are very low
To ensure sustainability there is a need for training and building national capacities for the design, planning and implementation of such programmes Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are environmentally friendly and there are
no negative environmental impacts. _______________ ___________________ The implementation of this development option will have a great impact on women and children since the burden for fuel and water fetching is their responsibility and will create a environment conducive to more productive
activities.
___________________________— The development of this option will contribute to improved health
-
'gnomic ------------------------------------
-— i conditions bv providing sate drinkin^wajgf andjrigan_enei£\ —_-------------------------
s — TheTrehweriell hweill*bfearaTneechednifcaorl tseechrvinceicas l suseprvi pocerts . _su__p_p_o_rt_.__________ __ _________
.-----------—_______________ _____ —
development will stimulate prcxluctive_gcgvnig aich as_conageJ
Ta MS^ULG BartFAkobo Ri?er Busin integraletl Develop Mister Plui
2J-2INATURAL RESOURCES
Issues Sectoral interfaces
____________________________ ANNEX 2J RENEWaBi r Ex
jndustnTs and production of cash crops such as vegetabj??^,^ - - . The”conflici~induccd by the implementation of this devck^^V^ min.mal and confined to land use competition _
[G>
P "0’1«
5.6 Biogas Development and dissemination
Rationale for intervention
----- ------------- Beneficiaries
Acceptability of intervention Location and extent
Renewable Energy Resource
Development and dissemination of biogas
The basin has a large livestock population and the amount of dung produced by the livestock is enough to provide feed stock for family-y^ individual biogas plants to meet the needs of rural families for energy primary for lighting and cooking. In addition to energy, the plants win provide fertiliser Fuelwood use will be reduced and agricultural
1 production improved.
I The beneficiaries of the project will be the rural population in the basm
' areas
Biogas is socially acceptable since the handling and in rural areas in Ethiopia.
use of dung is common
r
Employment opportunities Financing
Implementation details
nnmku-
. 
------ »aav* uTuiiavuiii
naiui, uaiw • —----------------------------
1 The Technology will be developed and applied at the family level to ensure success, in all rural communities where there are enough cattle, at least 4-5 oxen per household
The necessary conditions for the utilisation of biogas is available in over 80% of the project area where various types of agriculture have been
planned __________________________________________________—-—4 The development of biogas will provide substantial employment
opportunities in the construction sector
The development of biogas could be financed by the government, in addition to technical assistance and local community contributions —— Site specific studies to determine the availability of water, the relevant
numbe1 r of Jcattle and factors such as soil and land use have to be carried
----- '
_____ _ „„ „,lvl uav 
"
Institutional suppon
Infrastructure
Legal
Risks_______ Environmental issues
Women issues
Health Issues Social Issues
out before implementation can commence.---------------- ----- ------ -----------ov~ The development will be supported by the Ministry of Mines and Energy- Ministry of Agriculture, the regional Bureaux of Mines and Energy an communities and NGOs
communities and NGOs____________________________________ ~cted
The need for
in rural areas
infrastructure is minimal and biogas plants can be constru
in rural areas __________________________ —— -■'
There is no special
There are no risks
legal requirement for the development ofbiog^—-------------
There are no risks__________ ________________________ _ -
In order to make the project sustainable, the local people have to trained in the construction and maintenance of biogas plants. Biogas environmentally friendly source of energy with no negative impacts.-—-r^” The construction of biogas plants will ease the work load on women si they are the major user of energy and the provision of a clean energy have a marked impact on the hygiene and health of women__—r;
The intervention will have a great impact on the health of families climinatinujhebad effects ofsmoke on health and fire hazards———7
The deyejoprnent will Reinforce the obiective of social services^ ajK^jess?-
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Baiin Integrated Development Waiter Plan
2J - 22rtlRAt RESPI TES
AXXEX 2J Renewable ENERGY
’ demand on lhem bycreating a healthier armospherTiTif^'E------------------- ------- --
f-ononiic
]45des_ ----- Sectoral interfaces^
The development of biogas will create a
j-Shejl m aHnanufacl rin sMs. masjj,-. and
--------- —
At
us
01 h„ fw
There is no confhet with existing alternative uses----------- ~
-—
5.7 Development of Integrated Rural Energy Systems
Rationale for intervention
Beneficiaries
Acceptability of intervention Location and extent Employment opportunities Financing
Implementation details
Institutional support____ Infrastructure
T-ffil________ Rasks
Environmental issues
Renewable Energy Resource
It is proposed to develop integrated and locally centralised energy systems by harnessing solar, wind and biogas resources to proside secure and reliable energy supplies to rural communities 
[ The beneficiaries of the projects or programmes would be the rural communities in the basin________ _____________
This development option is socially acceptable since the output is energy 
—Supply which is a basic need
____________________________
This option is suitable where there are several renewable energy resources available and local rural communities and settlements which require it. Implementation of this option would create additional employment opportunities 
Financing could be provided by the Central Government. Banks, NGOs 
and private investors _____________ _________ _______________
This development option envisages the installation of photovoltaic (PV)
power systems, together with biogas plants and wind energy turbines to
meet the energy supply needs of rural communities 
Institutional support would be provided by rhe central and local
governments, ______________________________________________ ______ Road and Transport facilities 
_No new legal measures would be needed
This option has no risks
To ensure the sustainability of this development option there is a need co train the necessary manpower to undertake the planning, design and implementation of such development programmes 
These combined renewable energy systems are environmentally acceptable and have no harmful, effects ____ ________ ___________________ 1 The intervention w ould enhance the status of women_
This development option contributes to the improvement of healLh
There would be no demand on thesocialjnfi^^y0!!?1 — 'rnudLsade c^./onifnaC employment oPPo«un.n« «h as conaje and ano.
-
.industries wouldbejmvxsaged . ~ H^enlhese p^j^mponenu ' Minor land-use conflicts could develop b
Ta MS-ULG
2J -13
fcaru-Akobo River Basin imegraied Dotlopment 3U«cr PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2,1 RENEWABLE
EX ^Rc,V
6. NEED FOR FURTHER STUDIES
Studies regarding renewable energy resources and the consumption patterns of ener
basin are unbalanced The study by the Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic fl ***
Project concerning biomass resources is comprehensive and complete, although T
becoming dated On the other hand the knowledge of the basin’s reserves of geothermal T
and wind energy is sketchy and inferred from nation-wide studies and secondary sour
which are not basin specific
In order to fill these gaps and provide the necessary data for carrying out integrated renewable energy resources development in the basin area it is necessary to undertake the followine
• Basm-specific solar energy studies which includes among other things solar radiation measurements sunshine duration and the production of a solar energy atlas of the basin
• Wind Resources Assessment - The undertaking of comprehensive study and assessment of the basin's wind regime, selection of the most promising sites for wind farms and the production of wind atlas of the area
• Geothermal Energy - The undertaking of detailed and comprehensive investigation of the geothermal potential of the area including drilling to determine and assess geothermal reserves and the viability of the utilisation of these resources for energy uses
• Electricity generation from burning wood It may be possible to generate electricity from sustainable forest plantations, and, if undertaken in a co-generation system where the output would be electric and heat energy, the efficiency could be increased However, this would need to be studied further to assess the environmental impacts oi such a project and its economic viability
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Batin Integrated Development Mailer Plan
2J 24ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
ANNEX 2K
FISHERIES
TAMS-ULG BaroAkobo River Basin In^raied Des<top«n Maser Plan
trESOVRCES
axxex 2K hshewes
CONTENTS
~'-'l Fish species Fishing
....... ....
'7j Fisheries development
- 3 Status of fisheries in the lower B ar o-.Ako bo catchment (< 800 masl) ~ 2JJ Fish species
2 J? Fishing
2 J 5 Number of fisherman........................................ . jj 4 Aquaculture
> 3 J Fish production and marketing
2 4 Economic issues
.......... ....... " i"‘ “ -------- —----------- ------- ----- ,
J.
SECTOR
INSTITUTIONS
■•
1 1 .......... .. . mmr.. ------------------------- ,,,M_j -
31 Institutional support
32 Fisheries legislation
I
6.1
6.2
63
Assessment of thp arti«nni and cnbsisience fisheries in the Boro .
T *MS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2K-1NATURAL RESOURCES
7. CONCLUSIONS —
APPENDICES
^2«IIElt,Is
.............-2j
...............
Appendix I
.Appendix 2 Appendix 3
The Impact on Fisheries of The Establishment of Dams on River. FAO 1989)
Impact of Wetland Drainage and Agriculture on Fisheries Impact of Industrial Water L'se on Fisheries
ver5(frotn
Appendix 4 List of Fish Species from Selkhozpromexport Report
TABLES
Table 1 Fisheries catch data for Ethiopia in 1995 ................................................................... Table 2 Catch rates (kg) of the fisheries co-operatives between 1988 and 1994.
Table 3. Species composition of the catches (kg) in the Gilo and Baro rivers 1994 Table 4. Price of food and other goods in selected markets (Birr per kg)
5
7
Table 5 Evaluation of impact and importance of cross sectoral interventions on fishenes 14
Table 6 Issues and options for fisheries development
ACRONYMS
in the Baro-.Akobo basin 20
CPAD ... Co-operative Promotion and Agricultural Development Department FPMC Fish Producers and Marketing Corporation
FRDD Fisheries Resources Development Department
GDP. Gross Domestic Product
MOA Ministry of Agriculture
PCMED Project Co-ordination, Monitoring and Evaluation Department SFCDDState Forest Conservation and Development Department
r.AMS-ULG Biro-Aknbo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanASNEX 2K FISHERIES
f BACKGROUND
rh e aquatic resources of Ethiopia are bascd Ofl
7400 km2 of lakes and reservoirs and 7000 km of rivX m Systenis- 'eluding lakes. of which l ake Tana is the largest The Rift v,n N °St of the &hng is coX^' system of small to medium-sized lakes. the exolnir^^'r^'11 ° Ababa, ce-r-,^
r
demand for fish developed among the foreign com °f whicfl slart
«* in the !95o £
s
3
Chamo and Abay a The two largest reservoirs Fmcha and k' l ^iwiy Langano, Awassa fishing activities are mainly earned out on the Bare aro^d C t "plo,!ed *ivX
Ababa (Dre^ 1993) Thl !akcs^
and on the Onto ,„ .he MUIheni
m the »
rwith KraecrnayaPM oi.fe. in the pfojec[
Approximately 100 species of fish have been identified, but the bulk of the catches comprise tilapia, Laies. Barbus. Bagrtts, Clarias and Labeo species Approximately 80% of the catch is tilapia, although Nile perch [Zafer mloticus (L )] is caught in large quantities in Lakes Chamo and Abaya and in the river fisheries The potential yield from the lakes has been conservatively estimated at 30-40,000 tonnes per year (t/yr) based on morphoedaphic indices for the lake fisheries (Table 1, FAO 1993) This includes 5,000 t/yr for the river fisheries (Aubray, 1975) Despite this production potential, the present yield (1995) is estimated at about 77Q0 t/yr (Table 1)
Table 1. Fisheries catch data for Ethiopia in 1995
JK-1NATURAL RESOURCES
Irrespective of location however, the consumption rate is well below th world
e
11 3 kg per capita per year The policy to increase consumption will raise the d U of and increase the contribution to GDP However, the contribution of fisheries to vers small, and would remain so even if the maximum economic yield were a |? ls on the annual nroduction estimated at around 7.700 l (Table It the. v,i..» _r ^CVe<^
—, •wwic IS aJsr
.„ w, notemial to exploit the fiver fisheries to support this projected increase in demaw
”bSo 'basin is where the main riverine fisheries are located The fifa
XX potential is therefore promising. but with some caveats, whrch wtll be discussed fa,
in the report
-n^c rpnon examines the current status of the fisheries resources in the Baro-Akobo river XThe constraints on development of the sector in the region and the potential fa development in a multiple resource user environment
2K-2resources__________________________ A8WP[ 2K reHtR|IS
FM*1 _ —-——"**“
-------- -------
gj.\TlJS °F FISHERIES IN THE BARO-AKOBO CATCHMENT
2*
, ( Dara Sources
di« on the fish and fisheries of the Baro-Akobo basin are limited A comprehensive study S ” fish species of the lower basin was carried out by the Russian Academy of Science '^hozproinexport) in the late 1980s This study examined the species composition, irophic sutus and parasitology of the fish populations but provided no information on the fisheries A
.terted amount of data is available from other repons and statistical sources (eg. Laie Fisheries Development Project Marketing Study) No estimates of the number of fishermen operating in the region or an evaluation of their catch are available, and the Fisheries Department does not, as yet, collect such information Similarly in the upper basin, the ARDCO-GEOSERV study did not cover the fisheries sector in any detail, and with the exception of an ad hoc fish inventory survey around wereda .Ale by the Russian delegation of ihe Science and Technology Commission, little information is available from other sources No formal studies have been carried out in the upper basin region and no assessment of the status of the fisheries has been made
Consequently, the data from the Russian studies, the ARDCO-GEOSERV study and other sources are inadequate to assess fully the future developments on fisheries within the Master Plan, or how fisheries development might be integrated within the overall development plans.
T2 Status of fisheries in the upper Baro-Akobo catchment (> 800 mas I)
Fish species
ad hoc Russian study in the upper catchment around the .Ale wereda found some 40 fish species oui ot the 75 identified in lower Baro-Akobo plains A list of the fish species from the J™ StUdy iS ircluded as Appendix 4 to this report The fish fauna of this region is Plat 3 made UP of two distinct community structures On the Fit Mekonnen Highland tescT d r*VCr ^aS a lyP’cal meandering pattern and floods extensively As the river Houin” S.frOm l^c plateau to the lowland plains it cuts through steep gorges and is fast On th re^’on rbeophilic (fast water) species such as Barbus and Labeo will be found
|
0Wer
plateau, species with a preference for slower flows, similar to those found in the 0CKMain area, should be present, although Ulis needs confirmation.
2 2 ^hing
-■ -
ba i
s 5 U(
the Baro
tQ the lower catchment there is little fishing in the upper catchment. Fishing
- Sur> Waber, Yabi, Dibo and Uka rivers, but this is purely on a subsistence
Or"* Iraditioiial equipment The dominant species caught are Oreochroms mloticus,
of fishinn *Ulii and Barbus species No dara exist on the number of fishermen or intensity 8 ln different parts of the catchment or at different times of the year The reasons for
FAMS-ULG Banr-Akabo River Basin bitcsraied Development Master Plan
IK 3natural resourcesannex 2K F|SfIrh
the lack of fishing include the absence of any suitable-sized, slow-flowing Walerj inaccessibility of the major rivers and tributaries tor most of their course, and lack of c tradition amongst the local ethnic groups The majority of groups (Oromes Kef 3
-—-— IA
Amhara) are farmers and hunters and rely on livestock for their source of protein Anna/ traditional fisherman) are only found in the Welega region and in the Dale Awraja TheT'**
fish to supplement their agricultural activities 
-
2.2.3 Fisheries development
There has been some evidence of attempts to increase fish production The Fisher.* Department of the Ministry of Agriculture stocked Lake Bishan Waka Hayk near Tepi
11 000 tilapia fingerlings and Bona reservoir, about 5 km west of Dembidolo, constructed by the World Lutheran Federation for irrigation purposes, with 58.000 fingerlings Unfortunately there has been no tollow up of these activities
13 Status of fisheries in the lower Baro-Akobo catchment (< 800 masl)
2.3.1 Fish species
The study carried out by the Russian Academy of Science as part of the overall Russian study (Selkhozpromexport, 1980) found 72 fish species in the lower basin Nile perch (Laier niloticus), Nile tilapia (Oreochroms niloticus) catfish (Clarias sp), Bagrus. Barbus and Labeo species were the most important both in ecological and commercial terms
^3.2 Fishing
of the floodplain lakes Virtually eve^T' ^ l* **’
0
5 bo,h 'n ,bc ma,n n ver ch3nncls and nun>’
diet A diverse array of equiomenr k 
,IVCS ncar wa,cr Ashes to supplement their
sieves (local names dock and ulnu\ are fT ?°lS W’tb mo*s,ened flour bait, and reed
fish from the shallow riverbanks Aet °
women and children to catch small-sized
modifications thereof (ubech aroch\ Shlng ’S camc^ our bY the men using spears, or ochop), traps made of reed (dor) used •C°ne? (*//wu'o0, various hook and line devices (goUo, and diama, which are similar tn » ? 3 S,milar ma™er to a trawl, but from dugout canoes.
° 2 bcach «« bu‘ made of sticks and ropes
In addition to the subsistence
Tata), Pinkew and Itang which w«.
171160 JrCre are tbree Ashing co-operatives at Pinudo (at
Yesus Project. These 'co-ooerativZ CStabI,shed b>’ tbe Lutheran World Federation Mekane Federation and fish is bought from rk SUpp'lc^ u‘’rb equipment by the Lutheran World Pinkew, and 1 Birr/kg at hang Th C°'Opera!lVe al ' 50 Birr/kg at Pmudo. 1.25 Birr/ke at sells it on in Gambela on the open marketOpCra,’ve lben buYs ,be Ash from the fishermen and Fishing is highly seasonal in ih I
October prevents most fishermen Baro'Akobo basin Flooding between June and
ner periods between October and J311"® tbus ,be main fishing season is restricted to the season but its availability particular! ’• However- f,sh still caught and sold in the wet
restricted
y « Ocularly ln the major urban centres such as Gambela. is
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integra led Development Mailer Plan
2K-4vX n'K'|RES<^ —-
R
A NN LX 2K FISHERIES
, Dri
„ of fishennw using gill n« (m), which are zbout 125 |
S
n Mg.
n< knot' W knot mesh makC and fepaif their nC,S frOm twille Pvrch*^ m Gambdi l The
l6Cnlf Xrne is HO-130 Birr per kg, and once purchased should make about 50 m of net The a manufactured net is about 3 Bin per metre, which equates to the actual cost of a ®n
the market in Gambela of 50 Birr Gill nets will last approximately 5 vears wah good Dil Penance The cost of seines is in the region of Birr 2,800. although this figu -
f l5
^erthat superfluous because, to date, fishing co-operatives have been distributing nets free
,;J
\o
r
dumber of fisherman
direct estimates ot present fishing efforts (i e. number of fishermen operatings and
reduction are available because catch and effort data are not collected. The Fisheries Department do not collect data on effort and no indication of the proportion of the fishing population either supplementing their diet or selling on the local market, has been made However. Alem (1993) made an estimate based on the then projected population of 24.051 in 199] She assumed 20% of the population were Aimaks and 50% were involved in fishing, gjvne the number of fishermen as approximately 12.400 This figure is considered to be inaccurate because members of the Nuer tribe are known to fish in this region and there is no definitive estimate of population size or proportion of Anuaks. The mam problem is estimating the number of subsistence fishermen in the community who use hook and line to supplement their diet Their contribution to the exploitation is likely to be high, particularly in a region where food resources are limited A further problem concerns the large number of refugees in the area who may also be fishing This is in contradiction of a mandate which bans them from fishing, but in the absence of fisheries wardens there is no enforcement
Z3.4 Aquaculture
There is no evidence of any aquaculture-based production in the lower basin There is however an opportunity for some small-scale culture-based fisheries development on the small water bodies which exist in lhe project area but this is impeded by lack of slocking material It
■s also arguable whether aquaculture is susTainable in the region because of the competition om capture fisheries and low purchasing power at local market levels where the sector is 
^Pected to develop
’ Fish production and marketing
small111^0^^
t
caug^ *s sold (consumed) locally, either whole, gutted or filleted. A
tian <3uantlt>' °f dned fish is sold in the region, mainly dunng the wet season, or is 
^ned
toWeicgaandGore
^Government owned, price-regulating Fish Producers and Marketing Corporation (FPMC) mark "?l opcral* in the project area The absence of this organisation has meant that no
^f^nnaiion was available which could have generated an updated base for
on a _
c
e prQdlJction statistics However, an estimate of production was made in 1993 based
<993) ^ative value of per capita fish consumption (10 kg/yr) in the GambeJa area (AJem. s estimated total fish production would be around 1,240 t/yL
.
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Merited Bodopnient Mister Plan
2K-5natural RESOURCES_____________________ _________________
Another assessment of production can be gained from the records of the Lutheran WOI|.
ion and the Depanmem of Fisheries relating to the fish,ng co-operatives (1,^
houndatton a
mterpreting these data as then accuracy is somewhat tuj!
Howe” thev do show the potential for exploitation of the fish stocks The large d«ln«’ caches reflect the loss of fishing equipment at the change of Government The U.hBB wXXndanon has prepared a programme for the co-operat.ves Each co-operadve otXcHetne (100 m x 1 5 m. 375 cm mesh tn the mam net and 2 cm m the cod end), fe
frequency is only 3 t.mes per week Typical catches from a seme haul set at |to2 filh or about 45 kg. at Pinudo (Gilo) 2 settings totalling 2 hours yielded 85 kg(J 
Xr^rch 58 lut 3 Distichodus (Table 3 refers) 20 kg. 3 catfish 6 5 kg). The contribution cf each fish species to the total catch in 1994 from the Gilo and Baro is given in Table 3. 7^ data illustrate differences in the species composition of the catches between (he rivers, but the overall importance of Nile perch to the fisheries is demonstrated
Table 2. Catch rates (kg) of the fisheries co-operatives between 1988 and 1994
PinudoTala Pinkew/Gilo Itang Baro Total
I98S
1990
1991
1993
1994
Number of members Distance from Gambela (km)
7.901
1,140
500
8,205
N/A
30
105
7,320
1,105
1.944
615
6,065
21
18
10,227
17.170
10,371
30
2,920
28
36
25,448
19,415
12,815
8,820
8,985
79
Table 3. Species composition of the catches (kg) in the Gilo and Baro rivers 1994
Species name
Local Anuak name
Gilo
Baro
Distichodus ni Ioncus Laus niloncus Hydrocyrtus foskahlii
Clan as
Gymnarchus Heterotis niloticus
Cifhannus
Bagrus
Barbus
Tilapia
Syndontis
Polypterus bichir
Puro
Gur
Weiry
Agwella
Weet
UDawak
(Jjaka
Udwara
L’kura
Jary
Urwedo
Ukok
Udwella
228 164 944 1209
37 33 4 190
318 132 139 207
105
27
224 209
65
1 70
13
84 50
402
Source Fishing Cooperatives, 1994
The estimated catch in the I £ Z^,'S“ma"d b;-
;S MO" *• !*><'•>““ of5.000 tonnes
(JI or mn T Wems acceP,able and is biwH ” )Callon oflhe method of assessment was given
Thus wt' CnF,,1U) (Welcomme I9gs. . correlation analyses between catchment area
Thus, with a total river length of
»teh C - O dd • J«’ or C = 0 003U‘ «>'
.________________ _______ Or r e Baro. .Akobo, AJwcro and Gilo combined or
*Akobo River B„
jn lnlegraled De~lopincn M>wer p|an
,
~
2K-6-XiRAL RESOURCES ____________________ ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
chineflt area of 75.000 km2, the potential catch ranees between 2J64 tonnes and 10.611
iXesPeranrlLim
notentiaHy a high demand for fish in the BaroAkobo region In a market sur-ey in
ThcfL rrtbela area tamcd out by the La(ce Fishenes Dcvc,3Pmcnl Project, restricted avaitabilir.
, waS the primary reason for not consuming of households/ or serving (61% of o! fi h Local households tend to cat fish throughout the year when available and few
s
hC t rm io the habil of eat'ng fish dUrnS thC flSbng penods *
12% or
j Wednesday and Fridays 
M10%) While most househo,ds <93°/o) cons’der the price of fish too high they also say 
H it is lower than meat (67%). The majority (88%) of households that buy fish make a
’dJibwate effort and go to buy either at the road side or in the market in Gambela. Nile perch
is the preferred fish because it is tastier (72% of households. 94% of hotels), followed by
catfish.
Demand for fish from outside the lower basin is high, mainly from the international community 3nd wealthier groups in Addis .Ababa The inhabitants of Addis Ababa are tending to eat more fish but they are restricted by supply In the upper Baro-Akobo basin, and elsewhere, rhe demand for fish is low because the local people have no tradition for it. Under the economic restructuring which has occurred since the establishment of the Transitional Government, FAO in 1995 estimated the demand for fish in Ethiopia would increase to 10,000 t/yr by the year 2,000, but most of this w ould probably be satisfied by production from the Rift Valley lakes
2A Economic issues
A socio-economic appraisal of rhe capture fisheries in the basin is essential if the development potential of the basin is to be achieved Unfortunately il is not possible because few data are available to support the analysis Some of (he factors which are required in a full economic analysis are indicated in the information that is available
fhe market price of fish vanes with species and between regions. The price of fresh fish on the ^arkets in Gambela. Itang and Pinudo is shown in Table 4 The table does not show however hj0LreT'ces ’n tbc market value of the various species For example, Nile perch commands a _TjCr pnce (aPPr°Kimaiely three times (hat of tilapia) and is bought up by the hotels in the fish°n Pespite this information on the price of fish, it is not possible to relate it to
cr mtn s earnings because there are no data on fishing activities, size ot catch, cost ot Pment and maintenance of equipment
fable 4. Price of food and other goods in selected markets (Birr per kg)
Gambela
1.80
4.00-6.4 1050 6.00
Itang
0 40-1 50
2.90-5.00
Pinudo
1 00
4 55-5.00
2.00
2.50
Baro Akobo River Basin ln«£rai«i Bcirloptnent Master Plan
2K-7ANNEX 2K FISHER^
NATURAL RESOURCES
. . constrami on any natural resources develop^
, i nf information is a *n0US locai economy cannot be equated against whe UC value of the 10 ' nise that most households in the region cons^
because lhCu ever it is important to rcc0- cheaper and considered of higher nutritional resources TX mines' tlrnn meat, being both ch^
fish better silue
ts which compromise
value Any dcvel°^Xbk social and econo*c conseq *
onscqucnces in the local communities
are removed the product™ d} more detail in Section 4
*
basin may have 1 Furthermore, the po
for development o t ^raints on
2K-*ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
sector institution's
, | Institutions* support
The Fisheries Resource Development Department (FRDD) within th* vr • jMOA) is the main Government institution responsible for J . 51,7 of ^culture
4
.dtag fisheries in Ethiop,a. However. when SeZen,^" ™™ * •“
envisaged that the regional fisheries administration will be unrf*r regional bureau of the MOA
* ComP,rte « ,J
** undrr lhe d’rec' control of the
FRDD is broken down into three divisions as listed below
• Fish Resource Utilisation, Conservation and Control Division
• Fish Culture and Research Division,
• Fishing Equipment Improvement and Development Division
The fisheries sector has been neglected by policy-makers and planners in the past, which is probably a reflection of its low contribution to GDP As a consequence, the FRDD is only given limited financial support and relies heavily on international funding agencies to support fisheries development The FRDD is also hampered by the lack of suitably qualified staff, particularly in the regional offices such as Gambela The majority’ o! staff are spread throughout lhe country at the Regional Offices of the MO A. In Gambela there are 3 staff who «e largely involved in extension work and undertake little or no basic fisheries statistical data collection or research This represents the total complement of staff in the Baro-Akobo region The main fisheries information collected is catch data from the three cooperatives at kang. Pmudo and Pinkew Severe budgetary constraints prevent the department from expanding its activities to promote fisheries beyond the low-level technical support on equipment manufacture and repair it provides to fishermen at present
The Government has also established a para-stat , (fPMC), one function of which is to regulate fish prices 'he major fisheries centres around the Rift Valley 
> Fi,h Producers and Marketing Corporation of aarusauon operates only in
(
h lhc Bare-
marketing in the project
Akobo area
region Consequently there is no institutional support
Tl
«e are several other bodies within the MOA with fisheries-relaied tactions These are
*’ 'he Project Co-ordinating, Monitoring and Evaluation
or the overall monitoring of project formulation and imp
m (CPAD) which is
b) Co-operative Promotion and Agricultural Developmen' D^X ds 
cj ^ecl t0 award legal status to co-operatives, of whic C) ^.^ation Development Department that is respo^b '
ere
u basin, implementing irrigation
wh ich creates
ro J«cts, most of which involve diverting r’*'efS '^to produced fish frv into some of opportunity for fisheries development The FRDD has unreduced n>
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo RherBatin Integrated Do clinical Master PfiB
2K-5>NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNFy
------------------------------------------------------- --- ------------------------------------------- lhe reservoirs in an attempt to maximise fish production No sucf developed in the project area
32 Fisheries legislation
themes havc
• 
ic soedfically dedicated to fisheries, with the exception of *
Ethiopia has no legislauonv>h»c P - Establj$hment Council of State Special Dea*
decree relevant to the FPMC act. ( of uncoordinated fishery regulatory activities do
13/1989) Local practices, as uei
east in the Baro-Akobo region, b
ollcd fishing by the many refugees m area ,
| lack of legal provisions
most notab e is the
disruptine this community "an“8c"c h H rcgu|ations and the lack of a clearly designated
vomonitor fisheries 
in add.t.on to the lack of policy. «.
,he dc;"opmen'of ,he !K,or a
situation
frtalter Plan
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Developmentresources
annex 2K FISHERIES
targets and constraints
4 J Overall objectives
FAO (1W3) forecast that the demand for fish and fishery products in Ethiopia would be considerable In the short to medium term domestic demand can be expected to increase in Ime ^nh urban growth, and keeping the per capita consumption at the low rate of 100 g per year this would bring consumption up to around 10,000 tonnes per year by the year 2000 In addition, the Government policy to increase average fish consumption to I kg per capita per ,ear will increase the demand for fish. Another general factor influencing the demand throughout Ethiopia is the rise in meat prices This element will lead to more substitution of meat for fish in the national diet In the short to medium term this demand for fish is expected to be satisfied by production from the Rift Valley lake fisheries
Within the Baro-Akobo basin the primary objectives should be to maintain fish production at the present level and conserve stocks for future sustainable exploitation These objectives are particularly pertinent to the Integrated Master Plan where other sectors may impinge on the fisheries resources, e g hydropower and irrigation schemes If the fisheries potential of the region is to be developed (and the potential tor growth is considerable) there are a number of constraints which must be overcome
4-i Fisheries sector constraints
^2.1 Limitations of the information base
Present facilities and infrastructure for gathering essential information on fisheries produexio inadequate Although a few summary statistics are collected on the co-operatne
'hese data do nor take into account the very significant production from Anuak and subsistence fishermen who operate individually or the large numbers o r gees int e
probably contribute greater than 95% of the catch in the lower bastn and 100% » uw “pper basin As a result, knowledge of the dynamics of the fisheries resources m the Baro-
basin is limited
^ present data collection and quality control systems for
auxiliary
^ Ulres urgent improvement in terms of methodology, * r already exists (Cowx, 1993)
^•pment The methodology for monitoring fisheries on m.
of the problem
»h5esb^reqUire considerab,e inPul from ^H^XTnTcessarv production data on which
becauSe there is no well defined brief to collect th
and^8* the available fish stock. The staff also lack the nec s 
the lrnp,enient a catch monitoring programme to collect t e
lraining before a monitoring programme
staff of lhree in Gambela is inadequate to support foil scale mo
’ CXDerience to formulate
sta ff will require * The present
monitoring and a number
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin lnltfrited Development MaflCrPlan
:k-hna tvral resources
____ _____________
6sh!"“‘*^
ns vi
" ■"remwe ““5 a,one ,he nvers
. or wardens need to be employed to implement a moni^ ; || also require transport (motor cycles, or Pat bon*^
4.2.2 Fishing equipment
An important factor limiting the development of the sector is provision of equiom
are the main efficient method of catching fish in the rivers and only 3 seine nets are™ the co-operatives If the catch is to be increased there is a need to provide equ aVa**ab’e,° artisanal fishermen and link this to the establishment of co-operatives Closelv ltd *° development is expertise in construction and repair of nets Staff of the MOA '°
training fishermen in these activities but the process is limited by trained man CWltt,Iy resources 
4.2.3 Marketing and distribution
power
The development of the capture fisheries sector is severely constrained by the lack of i marketing and distribution infrastructure At present fish is either sold at the roadside near to the place of capture or in the local market, especially in Gambela. or dried and sold in Gambela or other nearby towns The current production is hardly enough to satisfy the markets and many hotel guests complain about the lack of fish The supply is also highly seasonal and largely unavailable for 4-5 months of the year (Section 2.3.2 refers).
If the production were to increase, through improved technology and av ailability of resources, the supply may exceed demand To improve the sustainability of the sector, new markets and distribution networks will have to be established This may be difficult because of the
following factors
i
reluctance resistance on the part of the indigenous people to change, particularly as 
fish is not pan of their normal diet.
ii
the absence of a local private marketing system or parastatal such as FPMC to act as 
an intermediary in the sale of fish, and
iii
lack of suitable post harvest preservation facilities and poor access to potential markets 
(e g Gore. Metu, Bedele. Jimma)
Institutional support, legislation and policy instruments
eoii?nmM«C Cons,ra*nts on developing the fisheries sector in the region are provision o<
far inctitiirin i °Pment of a marketing infrastructure However, there is an obvious nee
support, legislation and use of policy instruments in the development process Although fisheries are of
support ^united Thj$ j$ pnmaCnJXn^ in ,hc Baro-.Akobo ba«n. institutional
* T' *e bussed towards nrewi* SCUC,ty. ^^lned manpower and resources At l ° he K,t*e a,,ent|on paid to im train^ S on net making and repair but there
n
"P y™ ts in equipment technology 
ro n
3SpCCts SUch as Post-harvest development,
for an adequate extension servicf^ marke!inS infrastructure. There is thus an urgent ,0 SUPP°" fineries development in the reg.cn
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated De-vclopment Master Planresources
annex 2k fisheries
Ethiopia has no fishenes legislation Iffishenes
the elaboration and adoption of a fisheries lc^ ‘° d^p in the
the capture, marketing and drsWb® ?"?'"
0
Ch Z "1 ** for
^for rarronal management of Wlte 1^“ X
present fishenes contribute httle to the GDP J, 7th to eJm? '^^icn u U of people in the Baro-Akobo tan'"* 1 »Sni6o
fchen-es are likely to suffer as a resuit of“' 
S, Of
uke adequate account of rhe fishenes r " r^« ^elpp^ £»*“■•* frames 
*4
kghtatve ftamework is an adequate enforrenZ "because nothmg c^c ^0
Cl °*r li^T”?'“* * ™
to the ss'stem
Finally, the role of policy instruments in the development of the fisheries are difficult io identify There is a clear need to assess the current situation with regard to credit, subsidies and taxation in the region and how- they may be used to help promote expansion
ZZ5 Access
Fishing in the region is seasonal, and in many areas this can lead to a shortage of food in rhe wet season (Section 2 3 2 refers) Part of the problem is access to the fishing areas during the wet season because no boats are available. Fishing on the main river will be difficult during the wet season but access to the inundated areas where fish forage and spawn could provide fish at this time This unfortunately has an inherent problem in that fishermen may take ripe females and disrupt spawning activities in the inundated areas This would have a knock on effect on recruitment and, ultimately, the sustainability of the fishenes During the dry' season the fishermen also have problems with crocodiles, hippopotami and water snakes In a survey of the ponds and small floodplain lakes around the lower basin the over riding problem with developing these fisheries was these animals (Mengistu, pers comm) Many of the fisheries in the upper catchment also have the disadvantage of being located in remote areas with poor access, especially in stretches between the highland plateau and lowland floodplain
43. Cross sectoral interventions
with fishenes
Other sectoral interventions; may tS>vely
s
These have been summarised in Tabl -
-.je f the potential effec
o
on fisheries to identify the importance an
Msessment (Leopol
? lcraCtions
is a modification (Cowx, 1996) of
recommended f
Environmental Impact Analysis Similar exCf
aU seems.
» or
Table 5 the importance (numerator) rs S’’” is po
no important intervention on fishenes to 1
4eIC
teMully a ’ !^ , '^ imde
na 1
t0 a p^ivt impact
f ro
-
Positive value (+) indicates the intervention could 11 ^nominator) is given on a scale of I 0oca c
catchment effeC
TAMS-ULG Barn-Akobo River Basin Integraicd
2K-13
Master PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
Table 5. Esaluation of impact and importance of cross
fisheries
ANNEX 2K FISHER^
sectoral interventions on
Fisheries 
migration
Fisheries recruitment
.Artisanal fisheries Aquaculture
Forestry
Mineral extraction Flood protection
Irrigation
Hydropower
Transport-roads
T ransport -navigation Tourism
Urban development Industrial development Agriculture-crops
Agn culture-livestock Apiculture
Wildlife
1/1
3/1
6/4
10/4
10/4
Exploitable stocks
6/2
5/1
5/2
5/2
5/2
10/3
*1/1
2/1
2/2
5/3
1/1
5/1
3/1
6/3
6/1
8/3
8/3
10/4
3/1
3/1
4/1
5/1
4/1
*5/2
*4/2
+5/1
1/1
H h/er resource development schemes
Withm the development plans there are ma™,
to potential hydropower and irrioitmn a PPorturu,ies for water resource schemes related location of proposed dams) Manv of th™ °P?lent and flood control (see Volume 4 for reports of ARDCO-GEOSERV 6 .nL. u schcmcs have been described in detail in foe catchment Of these only the Abnhn “tchment\and Selkhozpromexport (1990) for the low
implemented This scheme due m h
Irngatlon scheme on the Aiwero River has been
' *•' 10 •« comPl«'<' » l»%. will flood some 45 km! of land
The intensity and size of these sch
reaenne
r
reasons (see also Appendix 1)
A ——i crnes is of major concern to fisheries for a number of
i
(usually spawning)
channe,a create effective barriers to the upstream
ii
barriers effectively prevent . mtreaTn (dispersion and feeding) migrations These no da La are available on th* .nat^ra^ breeding and feeding cycles of fish Although basin it is known that manv^nk^'10" patten,s of lhe fish species in the Baro-Akobo migrate along the channels * Spec*es (e g Nile perch, Barbus and Labeo) actively
in the floodplain reejon*60* schemes w*8 reduce the intensity of the inundation
regions as submerged
Spccies (e 8 catfish) spawn in the floodplam
provide an ideal nurserv hJL. *?" 3C*5 45 sPawn,n8 substrate and the static waters 
in
The regulated flow ' because they are not
° for Juveniles
° f da/ns are often detrimental to fish species
are often eliminated beeaiic* ,k° ' u nCW habltat characteristics Slow moving specie* because the channel dimensions tend to be reduced and the flow
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobc
River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2K- 14tVr.aL RESOURCES____________________ _________________ A5XLX 2K FISHERIES
lc increased Also the temperature regimes below reservorrs can be affected b-
a Lhargc of hypolimmal water which can in turn affect the life cycles of the fish
For most fish species, breeding success depends upon a coincidence of factors, of
b which flo* is one of the most important If the timing of the flood is displaced, is«
often rhe *n regulated nvers- ™nv sPecics mav fail to reproduce successful]’.
Abrupt changes in flow characteristics can also have adverse effects on spawning
success Overly rapid changes in water level can leave spawning areas exposed a:
critical periods Also larvae and eggs may be stranded in isolated pools and streams or
washed a way 
Downstream migration is impeded as juvenile fish have to pass through turbines or
other diversion channels This frequently causes high mortality or interrupts the
migration patterns
These chouses tend to have a severe impact on breeding, and thus natural sustainability of the fisheries and the stock composition Of particular concern in this scenario is that the Nile perch and catfish fisheries, which are probably the most valuable both in terms of demand and pnee, will be severely reduced Similarly many of the floodplain lakes, which are inundated annually, will become isolated The fisheries of these lakes will probably change dramatically from lone to lentic (sulf water) species, such as tilapias, and may not be sustainable without regular stocking.
To evaluate the potential impact of these schemes it is recommended that a fisheries monitoring programme is set up urgently on the Alwero river to show the effect of the Abobo dam This study should have collect data on the status of the fisheries before the dam was completed In addition it should monitor changes over a minimum of ten years L'nfortunaicly it is possible that the fish stocks have already been affected by the construction phase of the scheme and migration patterns may have been disrupted so the true impact may not be shown
hrigation schemes, such as the Abobo dam, also have other indirect impacts that should be considered when planning irrigation schemes Agricultural development associated with the irT tgation schemes is frequently a major source of pollution The run off of fertilisers and pesticides used in intensive agriculture can severely upset the trophic balance of the waters ^■wnstream [f eutrophication occurs, the ecological communities will change downstream into °f 'he imPorWlt food fish species may be lost Similarly, the run off of pesticides taten h watcrcourses caj1 affect fish, and residues can pais up the food chain and ultimately be ajJO y l^e Population. Many of the proposals for agricultural development in the lowlands t>e In^d w,Lfl ’negation schemes require flood protection Large areas of land will no longer
te . thus reducing the available spawning and nursery areas for fish
the
Sctlcrnes 316 equally damaging
to fish stocks. The operating regimes unposed for
_^ 1JI4nQ
. C aie SUch thatiwn abtuerrstic patterns (hydropeaking) to accommodate
s P«cies ThlS ha5 Scverc effecls
fish communities, usually reducing the number of
Sc Acmes’?
fisher problem arises from the bypass channels used on hydropower
Avenin D 8enerate the head of water required for efficient production. This often involves e or in the worst case scenario, all the water out of the main river
° erc |L "J 
v
0
conseq^cnces of which fend to be disastrous to nver fisheries This can be
y the release of compensation flows but it is not generally a good solution because
1 AMS-ULG Buro-Akobo River Bum lrtejrated DevelopnKnt Muter Plan
2K- 15NATURAL RESOURCES ANNEX 2K
---------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- -—
the wetted area is reduced and it rarely maintains the fish stocks at their nr
levels 
The principal argument often used to compensate for this loss of production is that areas will be created in the reservoir Whilst this is often the case, it is not'
P
measure and will usually not compensate fully for the loss of the river fish stocks * RrnH'8aJlr!? generally have a high production potential in their early years but this falls off after
as the organic materials are fully utilised The change from a lotic to a lentic envir^ ? ‘Veirs modifies the fish species composition, leading to the supplanting of desirable by lessT"' species, e g from Nile perch and catfish to tilapia Furthermore the operating regm/f reservoir in relation to its primary function may conflict with fisheries interests For 6
***
the continual draw down and filling up of hydropower reservoirs exposes the nests oftiS and breeding tends to be very poor Consequently the fish production is poor and needs X sustained by stocking This presents a further problem with the provision of stocking material
Considerable planning at the construction phase is needed if the reservoir is to be used for fisheries development If the reservoir floods a forested/shnib area some clearance of vegetation will have to take place to permit fishing, otherwise the nets will snag Conversed, some woody vegetation must be left to act as a substrate for algal development, which will become an important food source for the fish All the major arguments relating to this issue have been described by Cowx (1995) One of the problems that is envisaged with the lowland imgation reservoirs is floating islands of vegetation These are common on Lake Tata and cause difficulties to the fishing communities This issue will have to be addressed if these reservoirs are to be used for fisheries purposes
Although reservoir fish can be valuable the fi.k preferred by the local market Th.® n '
■ , sPecies caught are not necessarily those
feh art Nile perch
tilapia It should be noted that the
cma,n'y 
SpeClcs from
.
in Gambcla where .he prtftrrcd
,hc reservoir will almost certainly be
suitable for fisheries enhancement Th irn8aIlon reservo'rs in the lower basin might not be
temperatures during the dry seasnn h CS<k reserv°'rs shallow and ambient water
(possibly approaching 40°C) ihnc . • C0 1 C ^cscrvo*rs will be drawn down, will be high
elevated temperatures for extend d ^8 t^e,r as few fish species can tolerate such
reservoirs are in isolated areas inf hr..many of thc ProPosed hydropower
The local people generally do not problems of post-harvest
preset,u „ „
^ tchmenl wherc lher« is no ready market for fish
nrevrv.i‘ S 310 not at catching fish in reserv oirs The
0
d dl!tlibtl,ion
One farther problem exists with
malaria and bilharzia near reservni a eve °Pmcnt There is often increased incidence o<
j>
one mechanism is the introduci>AS con,ro* measures are required In the case of malaria
measure for reducing the problem " H mosqu,to fish ^ambusia which can be an effectrie
introducing any fish specie stocks 
A summary of the potential
Appendix 1 in this Volume In °r ^atCr rcsourc*s development schemes is provided in arise from reservoir develoomentr*. • many po,cntial adverse impacts which are likely to
Owcvcr> ^efal consideration needs to be given before c s ys,em as it may have adverse effects on the natural fish
innu.
manner in harmony with
* 7 necessarjr 10 P*®11 lhe interventions in a co-ordinated fishenes and other natural resource users. It is also important to
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated I>eveJopmcnt Mailer Plan, xri;^ L _El --_________ _________
Rt s0 c
ANNEX IK FISHERIES
lta l many of the issues raised are net jus Inca) h,, TOJ
<L„ II*
^“development options for the resenotrs. their usage, operating reamer and the gamut
<■
" L adjKn"
LmI P«« feu”
"Action between the reservoir developments is available it is net possible to undertake this evaJuaii011
y j 2. Forestry interactions
BarQ-Akobo basin comprises some 60% of the forest of Ethiopia (SFCDD. 1999) and is , J. important resource which may be exploited in the future Deforestation generally has 
egative impact on fisheries by reducing cover and allochthonous material, and mcreasins Station and run-off from the adjacent land If forests are to be exploited it should be done in ^rnony with the fisheries' interests to protect the stocks This is an area where legislation and policy instruments could have benefit, e g. to maintain buffer strips and minimise access to un; risers to prevent siltation problems, or implementing reforestaiion programmes
413 Agricultural development
Agricultural development generally has little direct impact on fisheries if earned out in an environmentally sympathetic way The main problems stem from soil erosion and fertiliser run-off from intensive crop production These aspects tend to cause sihaticn problems and eutrophication. Both aspects are important in the integrated Master Plan because they hast considerable impact on the possibilities of using reservoirs for fisheries production There is also particular concern that the water bodies downstream of irrigation development projects will suffer from high nutrient input which will cause irreversible eutrophication in the lower catchment and change in the fish community structure
Grazing is generally not hannfijl and indeed can be beneficial Dung may accumulate and
when inundated increase the primary' productivity of the floodplain and the growth of
'■egetation after flooding
L rban and industrial development
The main problems caused by urban and industrial development are increased pollution loading
5 , _ *l*sa<ion
u,
of water resources and increased exploitation ot the fisheries resources by 
^hsisience fishermen The latter can lead to conflicts with the artisanal fishermen if the ^Puation increase is large Changes to the physical or chemical characteristics of the river j. , , associated with intensive development and the less tolerant communities would Q|fn'nish or decline
^chenUl|tUre tn Ethi°P‘a is in its infancy' The only aquaculture activities, apart from a few
Fish r >evcl ponds are culture-based stock enhancement programmes earned out by Scbeta
t fe Statlon However, with the proliferation of water resources and favourable
dimat. ?
• Potential for development exists both in the upper and lower basins
The ]
Pond0^ aR4s offer suitable temperature conditions for warm water spedes like tilapia and nstruction could be considered Problems may also ansc from the high waer
T'AMS-ULG Baro-Akobo Riwr Basin Lnicgrwtrd Deido?m«< Master Plan
2K-1?NATURAL RESOURCES
temperatures experienced during the dry periods which could lead to high
husbandry and farm management arc poor An additional constraint lies with thc^0173^ Hooding, which would restrict developments to high ground Water storage micro^1'"'cf culture-based enhancement programmes in irrigation reservoirs and lakes are probably?* ** alternatives In the lowland regions greater use should be made of the natural c?**8
potential before new technology, which may not be sustainable, is introduced
Stleries
Conditions are also suitable for aquaculture in the upper catchment (> 800 m), particularly species such as carp (Cypnnus carpio L) However, the possibilities of promoting c^ culture in the Baro-Akobo system is a cause of great concern The species in not found in the Nile system and considerable care has been taken to avoid its introduction Accidental esca * from fish farms is one of the major causes of fish introductions and if this should occur it could have disastrous environmental impacts in the Nile ecosystem in the future
In addition to the technological problems, (he development of aquaculture in the Baro-Akobo basin, and Ethiopia as a whole, is subject to a number of constraints There is no history or experience of aquaculture in the region and promotion would require considerable training of the local fisheries personnel in aquaculture technology and extension The transfer of aquaculture knowledge in Africa as a whole has been poor because of inadequate resources and technical support There is also a problem with the absence of well-defined markets
If the aquaculture sector is to develop, the infrastructure needs considerable enhancement The only source of seed at present is Sebeta Fish Farm which will be unable to meet the demands of the country if there is growth in this subsector There is thus an urgent need to increase the number of farms supplying seed for aquaculture ventures In addition, if the reservoir developments are to go ahead there is a need for production facilities to provide suitable stocking material This issue must be resolved if the production potential of the reservoirs is to be realised Finally, aquaculture development in Africa is usually constrained by the lack of adequate feeds These tend to be expensive and a limitation on production probably making fish farming a financially non-viable option
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master PlanT PESOUKCES____________________________________________ ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
DEVELOPMENT options
Introduction
5.J.
e rall objective of the Baro-Akobo Master plan is to provide an integrated plan for
The
jUStJ 
^jarlv difficult in the Baro-Akobo region because no regional policy for each sector or r parti*
Jnes is available io assist decision-making This makes identification of the issues relating , fcheries and the formulation of projects difficult, although attempts have been made based
°n the proposals for water resource development. It should be noted that these issues and ^nons may change or be modified in the light of a regional development plan Any regional
Im should be developed before an integrated master plan can be developed accurately and as prt of the exercise a regional sector study be carried out This was not possible in the present study because of manpower, travel and time constraints
With regards to fisheries there are many issues (outlined in Table 6) that must be resolved before such an objective can be achieved Many of these issues are related to the lack of appropriate information on which to formulate fisheries development in a multiple-use environment Without this information it is likely that fisheries will suffer in the face of major development which have a high economic return To prevent the possibility of such an action liaison committees need to be established between all user groups, and fisheries must be well represented so that the resources do not suffer In ail cases aquatic resource management plans based on sound ecological, economic and environmental principles must be undertaken Under no circumstances should the economic argument prevail in the decisicui-making process because the livelihoods of many people are dependent on fisheries in the Baro-Akobo basin
5.2. Issues and options
Ca Ptere.fisheries
niC,-t °*JP°rtunities relating to the existing fisheries are limited by die many issues c ou|Z 'n ^ble 6. However, potential for exploitation of the resources must be high and
inabl® tissue of the natural resources Hosses er, the integration of the vinous sectors is 
rf ev | -
cl)
P °lCr,t!aliy COritribtite to the local and national protein supply Strategies for the
i P’yent of this sector should focus on the following issues
fi^elopment of a fisheries information system which collects data on catch, effort,
1!
lit
iv
v
5 ermen s exploitation patterns and methods of capture
vauate the attitudes of ethnic groups towards fish to establish the potential markets ‘he product
^ ovision of suitable credit facilities and other economic measures to encourage °wih in fishing activities and effect participation tn marketing of the product
inst!tutJona' and
private sector investment
P^posld 3 fiShCrieS enforccraenl 10 SUPP°rt
frameworks for fisheries management to
.,
,
TAMMjLG7aro.Akol>0 Rivrr Basin Integrated D«etepm«< Master Plan
2K-19NATURAL RESOURCES
VI
vii
0
mi
Evaluate low cost, low volume technical options for fish marketing and potential markets in adjacent regions, ic improve the distribution and infrastructure
Encourage the foi mation of fishing and fisheries co-operatives for the
exploitation and marketing of the resources and which activity encoura^ ^
participation of the village communities the planning, decision making
implementation activities These have proved successful on some lake fisheries^
Ethiopia (C Palin, personal communication), and they should be used as models kr
the Baro-Akobo region
Improve extension services and training of fisheries personal to promote develop™^ of the sector and transfer of technology to the indigenous people
Table 6 Issues and options for fisheries development in the Baro-Akobo basin
Issues
Options
Advantages
| Disadvantages
Inadequate information about the status of the fisheries resources and their
exploitation
Implement long term catch-effort frame survey of the fisheries
Comprehensive picture of fisheries dynamics and exploitation
patterns
Output not immediately available Expensive
Conduct provisional survey of the
fisheries
Preliminary information for
EIAs etc
No information on seasonal exploitation patterns
Base fisheries potential on ecological models
Rapid assessment, cheap
Inaccurate
Do nothing
Cheap
No information on which io base sector development—
Inadequate information about the socio-economic aspects of fisheries development
Implement regional study to evaluate social, economic, marketing and post harvest aspects of fisheries
Thorough overview of the issues constraining fisheries 
development in region
Adopt opportunistic approach to
fisheries development
Inexpensive
Slow uptake of
development
Do nothing
Fisheries resources unoa utilised___________ ——**
Institutional support for fisheries is inadequate
Improve availability of credit and utilise policy instruments
Sustainable development, increases rural employment
Difficult to encourage entrepreneurs into isoia
areas
Upgrade extension services
Extensive uptake
of dev elopment and technological options
Requires considerable training and resource inp
1
Do nothing
Poor development__—
fAMS-VLG Baro-Akobo River Bavin Integrated Development Mauer Plan^1URCES____________________________________________ *SSEX2K FISHERIES
Options
Advantages
Disadvantages
grxu
ijfa« a» Averse jfect on the
Implement environmentally acceptable development plans
Sustainable development, protection of the environment, maintenance of biodiversity
Resource requrrement to imptemem action
fi$Jiene%_---------—
Implement
environmental legislation to promote sustainable development
Sustainable development, protection of the environment, maintenance of biodiversity
Resource requirement to implement action
Introduce policy instruments to
regulate
unacceptable
development
Sustainable development, protection of the environment, maintenance of biodiversit1.
Resource requirement to implement action
Allow gross 
development without control
Degradation of the environmental and long term loss of resources
Options for the development of water resources conflict with fisheries interests
Conduct EIAs on all development options to resolve conflicl between
sectors
Sustainable development, protection of the environment, maintenance of biodiversity
Conflicts between water resource users Resource requirement to implement
action
Mitigation of detrimental aspects of interventions
Protection of the environment, maintenance of biodiversity
Resource requirement to implement action
Assess potential for developing fisheries in reservoirs
Sound data on which to base
rational development plan
Resource requirement to implement action
Introduce
legislation to protect fisheries
Protection of the environment, maintenance of biodiversitv
Resource requirement to implement action
Promote
aquaculture development to replace capture fisheries
Improves rural economy and employment
Lack of experience and technology to support development
Do nothing
Lack of fisheries
development
t AMS-ULGBnro-Akoba River Buin Incited Development Master PI
2K-J1NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX IK FlSUt
, rr rnnudercd it is important that efforts arc made in collecting k , so rational development options can be prop^
data about the
|n( onllalion on lhc
.
1
fishenes resources per «. levels and me^ "
Wio-eeonomic contribution of fishenes both at the local and national l J
c
XX
derail objectives of the study should be as follows
**“"
ou,sWe
,hc
, region''
and
lcsal
,K,uireTOw
*
To provide a description of resources available to the fisheries sector physical assets, people and fish, and predict how these will change with 'ncJudm? development
To critically evaluate how the cunent configuration of these resources can be support further development of the fisheries sector.
h proP°*
to
To include detailed consideration of the artisanal and subsistence sub-sectors assessed their socio-economic contribution and the means by which this contribution can k enhanced or is changed by any proposed developments
5.2.2. W oier resources development schemes
The main reservoirs proposed in the Master Plan offer potential to develop fisheries However, until the different water resource development options have been formulated and information on the design and operation of each reservoir is available it is not possible to predict this potential It should be pointed out that the potential for fisheries development may not be as high as expected because many of the reservoirs are in deep valleys and their remoteness and inaccessibility’ may preclude any development Also fisheries in hydropower reservoirs suffer from problems with fluctuating water levels which limit production Finally the irrigation reservoirs proposed are generally shallow and may suffer from too high temperatures, particularly during the dry seasons when water levels will be low It is recommended that a full appraisal of the fisheries potential of each reservoir is made once the appropriate information on design and operation, and hydrological conditions in available
The table below shows the potential fish yield (tonnes) for three irrigation reservoirs and three hydropower reserv oirs
Irrigation Reservoir
Jtang________________ ' Dumbong____________
Gilo!
Hvdropower Reservoir
Gumero____________ _
GebaA
Baro
It can be seen that the probabl fi h * scheme and one hydropower
fr °m resenoirs- supposing just the hang irrigation
This would represent an increase. e ar^ deve,0P > would be of
cd
the order of 770 tonnes p 4
tonnes 
' nCrease of 60% over the estmtated present annual yield of 1240
TAMS-ULG Baro-A kobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2K-22ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
[JlC Ujp*'* “’■‘■-‘S’
*
------ICJVUiUCi Si-'
1 ,,ons >™st be camed °Ut belwwn the fishenes and «en«mg experts to ir™ at 3
romise situation To achieve this STtuabon it is imperative that the bydrdogm and
;0 *pr provide information on the various reservoir proposals, mduding information of
^ 5tream regulated flow regimes, reservoir water management and limnology. to the
Ses expert for appraisal To illustrate rhe potential impact of reservoir development on
^ eflCS jt would be valuable to assess the status of the fisheries upstream and downstream of
° he Abobo dam irrigation scheme on the AJwero River before and after completion of the dam InVddition. a comprehensive study should be undertaken to examine the potential impacts of
eacii of the water resources development options on fisheries and wildlife, and identify those
schemes which hav e little or no adverse impact for further consideration
J.2J. Aquaculture
The potential for aquaculture development in the Baro-Akobo basin is vast However, [here jre numerous constraints on the success of such an intervention. Before aquaculture is promoted as a mechanism for enhancing fish production, it is recommended a full economic feasibility study, examining all the options, is carried out (see Section 6 -I). The overall objective should be to examine the availability of suitable pond sites, availability of seed and reeds, a business plan including nsL sensitivity analyses and review of finance, marketing and distribution problems and solutions Only after this cost benefit analysis has proved favourable should any aquaculture development be considered It is anticipated that any aquaculture development that does take place will be on an extensive basis and linked to culture-based enhancement of existing ponds. If proposals are put forward they should be with local fish
species and the broodstock should originate from the catchment to prevent any loss of genetic integrity
h should be noted, however, irrespective of the outcome of the feasibility study, with the many constraints that exist and the relative importance of capiure fisheries in the region, that it is 
u ikely that aquaculture will be sustainable in lhe region in the near future It is therefore
^commended that aquaculture is afforded low priority in any development options to increase production in the Baro-Akobo Master Plan
Teue i yC m°st'V endemic throughout the Nilo-Sudan river basins (Levesque. Paugy &
advgrj"
tbe aquatic biodiversity must be conserved, especially considering the potential
genet;,. -in^Ll(s the vvater resource schemes proposed It is important to recognise that the
&om
tbe sPecies flock in the region is probably unique and has suffered tittle
lost F ” s ^ervention If proposals for development go ahead uncontrolled this could be of She. ;?' ®rtnore, it is recommended that any activities that involve introduction and transfer Pool and ^OuId be avoided These activities potentially have considerable effect on the gene intr oduci °SS °f blodiv«s>ty. At the very minimum the E IF AC protocol on speoes 
'° ns and transfers should be followed to avoid any detrimental effects
2K-23NATURAL RESOURCES
6. PROJECTS
The information currently available on the fisheries resources of the Baro-Akobo c 
area is basically biological, comprising species inventories, superficial species distribw^1
methods of capture, fish parasite fauna and some genetic data These data are inadeq0^”’ make a full appraisal of the impact of future development schemes within the develo !° plan or how fisheries can be enhanced within these proposals There is thus a need to flip? data gaps identified and utilise the information to propose development options To provide the necessary data, a regional sector study should be carried out which provides information on the fisheries resources per se It should also assess levels and methods of exploitation the socio-economic contribution of fisheries both at the local and national levels, potential markets within and outside the region, institutional and legal requirements and feasibility of aquaculture developments. Once this information is available it can be evaluated in relation to proposals for water resource developments and identify the most appropriate options for development To achieve these requirements four projects arc proposed.
• Assessment of the artisanal and subsistence fisheries in the Baro-Akobo region
• Socio-economic and marketing study
• Impact of water resources schemes on fisheries
• Aquaculture feasibility study
6.1. Assessment of the artisanal and subsistence fisheries in the Baro-Akobo region.
Objective: To provide a fisheries statistical database for the capture fisheries sector in the Baro-Akobo basin
Method: Establish a frame survey programme to determine the fisheries exploitation panems in the Baro-Akobo basin It is recommended the survey is carried out at least bi-monthly y fisheries observers who interview fishermen either in their homes or preferably where they landing/selling fish The information to be collected should include
1) the number of fishermen operating on a subsistence and artisanal basis in diner regions of the nvers, including refugees,
2) when and how often they fish,
3) how long do they fish on each day;
4) what equipments they’ use (including ancillary equipment such as boats or canoes).
5)
biological data including length frequency* information, sexual maturity and, w
appropriate, scales or otoliths for age and growth analysis,
6)
how much of each species, broken down according to equipment type,
they catch
(usually recorded by weight but account must be made of the contribution
of juveniles
to the catch as some persons exploit this size group);
r or
7)
what proponion of the catch they* sell, consume themselves or process (e g
smoke),
8)
where they sell the catch.
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Planrnrr
u resovbcec^ A_-N-N-E--X- 2K---- F-I-S--H-E--R-I-E--S------------------------------------------
his assessment lakes account of seasonal changes in the fisheries 
-ortant that J 1 $ such as the cost of equipment ar.d price of fish in the markets [’• i5 and financial
3 p.aoing activity as it will provide an indication of how the fisheries ^^•ey should be ari ^/developments. Account must be taken of subsistence fishermen
P
^ted by pr° °0|ement their diets This is an important sub-sector in this region
£ * ,h' fi5h,"S a"hB
nUy
german and t e
’ ional input from expatriate fisheries resource expert to set up the frame junv- /rputs. Provisi establish database (i man-month) Local fisheries observers scientists to
hservers should be provided with standard forms to complete for each f he daU should be collated into monthly and annual reports 
Ff°8ranune ^
|ate data (4 man-months per year) Transport for observers to access the fishing
areas and iniervicv* fishermen (2 motorcycles, fuel and provision to maintain and repair collect ana c 
vehicles)
Durarwn of project Immediate implementation and to extend bey ond the duration of the proposed development activities
6.2. Impact of water resources schemes on fisheries
Objective To evaluate the impact of proposed water resources schemes on the fisheries in die Baro-Akobo basins
Methodology: The water resource schemes proposed arc likely to
on the fisheries of the region and this must be minimised ormitigapi^ « has 
midv should be earned out as part of the Second Phase of rhe
not been possible to date because of the lack of appropriate data on he P™po^d^
schemes of operation, hydrology and limnology To undert e
intormarion is required for assessment
mr.no rrunagemcnl activities
Dams details of the dam dimensions. P -anacitv hooded iar,repare. dpircte-*f*iH* 8
rescrvO
f
and daily
n the river pn°r t0
m the flooded area, operational reg>, -^ships between reserves fullness of the reservoir, operational r
profiles of the floodplain and relat.onsh.ps to nuntr^ainfall back-flooding ^/
Water quality and hydrology 
P
impac
i fttervenuon.
,-dicted regulated oo flooding tn die
t
Ho* regimes including all feasible water u
catchment, water quality data - present art P
To Wpon this study it would be valuable Wan
bvheries in ifc “„«□ Kv«. Tta r^XMdSa»«iw
phenes upstream and downstream of the - A &ame survey similar to that proposed o
f ■ fl a whol
^Xbobo dam on the ***
up to five
nccds io be implemented immediately to pr . implementation is after the closure of the dam This 
a ^odel against which the impact of futur TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River <■
o0 fishennliai because it will
measured
______ _ —----------------
2K-2SNATURAL RESOURCES
^2^
Output: Water resource development scenarios with predicted impact on the h ecosystem
Iramu Local hydrological modeller (3 man-months depending on quality and
ydro,°8y
dau) Expatriate fisheries resource specialist with knowledge of environmental ,mpw assessment (0 5 man months) Local fisheries observers (1 man month per year).
6.3. Socio-economic and marketing study
Objective: To examine the socio-economic status of the fishing communities ar.d determine the economic, legislative and marketing requirements to develop the fisheries
Methodology: The study can be broken down into three components
i Socio-economic status of the fishing communities This should consider the importance of fishing to the earnings capacity of the artisanal fishermen and its linkages to other sources of income, the importance of fish to the diet of the fishermen and other groups Account should be taken of the ethnic origins and cultural restrictions of the different fishermen s groups This should also consider, inter alia, community health, nutritional status, access to education, housing etc as part of the socio economic evaluation of the people in the region
ii. Economic and marketing issues This should determine the volume and value of fish production for each region of the river The supply and demand for fish both locally and in major towns should be assessed This will include estimates of per capita fish consumption of fish to average per capita protein consumption, and factors identifying demands Potential distribution channels and mechanisms for fish should then be reviewed
iii Once data on the status of the fisheries and socio-economic aspects are available an assessment of the legal and institutional requirements to support the sector must be made This is critical in this case because the fisheries are liable to degradation as a result of the proposed activities Protection of the resources is thus essential
Output. Development options for the fisheries sector in the Baro-Akobo region
Input Socio-economic study - Expatriate fisheries economist (2 man-months), transport and subsistence in the project area
Economic and marketing study - Expatriate fisheries marketing expert (I 111311 months), transport and subsistence in the project area
Legal and institutional study - Expatriate legal and institutional experts (2 months), transport and subsistence in the project area
6.4 Aquaculture feasibility study
Objective To evaluate the technical and socio-economic feasibility of establishing culture based fisheries in small water bodies and sustainable semi-intensive fish farming
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Planyi
nRAt RESOURCES
e in population density in the Baro-Akobo region there is hkeiy to be an the incr jcmaJ1d for food security and rural income The river fisheries should watf,
a’ h
)t
jjerea^ in 1 manV years, and with the prospect of continuing low producer prices a is bkeh
^der^ °
jal aquaCU
lture will not develop in the foreseeable future However, the
thj!
cdmm^Cl -or water resource development schemes may impact on the sustainability of
prosper Source As a consequence, alternative fishery development strategies may be this natur3‘ r cet Jhe demand, and aquaculture may be an option Before this is considered, a required to nic^^^^ should be undertaken This study should establish an inventory of lull feasibi i ty cd sma|| water bodies tn the region, evaluate the productivity of previous!;,
jesting P ateJ. bodies and determine their cost effectiveness, and undertake a cost-benefit ^jke$ for aquaculture based on tilapia in the floodplain and highland regions
Review of the value of small water bodies to capture fisheries Evaluation of the
and economic viability of using small water bodies for culture-based fisheries and an
1eC rri of the technical and economic viability of semi-intensive fish farming in the region.
S2g needs for markeung and infrastructural support
/rtwff- Expatriate fisheries resource specialist (1 man-month). Local fisheries foieblsed frover trh/weasprdeeci na(li3st manadn-wmaorndtehns). Expatriate economist (1 man-month) Transportation in the
2K-27NATURAL RESOURCES
7. CONCLUSIONS
• The main areas of riverine fishing within Ethiopia are in the Baro Akobo basin
• There is little data on the precise numbers of fishermen
• There is currently a high demand for fish, with restricted availability bein non-consumption It may be possible to improve this with better communications links
; thc reason fa
marketing
• The main aim in the basin should be to conserve fish production at the current level and •- conserve stocks for thc future
• There may be conflict with development of water resources, and this must be considered
• Other potential problem areas are deforestation and agricultural and urban developments
• Baseline data needs to be collected before any detailed development plans can be prepared
• There is considerable scope for development of river fish
• There is also considerable scope for properly managed aquaculture
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Bevelopntent Master Plan**«• planning ana ■ fisheries poticy *
Oveniew of the fishery sector in Ethiopia FAO Fisheries development M (1993) resOurces management Ethiopia Proceedings of the national seminar on
?2-25 JuflC l993 Addjs Ababa R TCP/ETWlM7 p?
45 5J 4) The development of inland fisheries and marketing in Ethiopia MSc
M •’University of New castleuponTyne, 51 p
TK H975) The fisheries of Ethiop.a, an economic study
Atbray 1 socio-economic issues on Lake Ziway FAO Fisheries development planning A O99’' management Ethiopia Proceedings of the national seminar on fisheries
nd strategy 22-25 June 1993 Addis Ababa Fl TCP/ETH/1357 pp 122-133 P °mq95) Review of the fisheries and aquaculture sector Ethiopia FAO Fisheries 
0rCUil Circular 890 Rome. FAO 29p
• ] 99]) catch effort sampling strategies Fishing News Books. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 341 pp
Cowx IG (1995) Species change in reservoir following inundation a case study of Lake Itezhi-tezhi. Zambia In T.J Pitcher & P J B Hart Species changes in .African Lakes Chapman and Hall, London.
Cowx IG (1996) Aquatic resource planning for resolution of fishenes management issues FAO/EIFAC symposium of Social, economic and management aspects of recreational fisheries Dublin 11-19 June 1996
DrewesE. (1993) Socio-economic study 
Ethiopia. Fisheries development project EEC J 
FAO (1989) Development of inland fishenes under 5°^train
water resources guidelines for planners FAO Fishenes Circular! FAO (1993) Contribution to the formulation of a short-m nimite
sector - Ethiopia Part L sector review Part II propose
strategy and action programme FAO
Leopold, L B . Clarke, F E, Hanshaw, B B &
evaluating environmental impact Washington
c . Paugy D & G.G. (>991)
Of the Nile Sudan river basins Rev»e HydrobiolW* Tropicale . - Ossian Academy of Science (Selkhozpromexport), 1986
^ricomme.R (1995) River Fisheries FAO Technical Paper 262, ■>-' PP
32pp
of
P dcvclopfnefll
4 procedure for
C trc 645.
fr«hwaier fishes
Ta MS'ULG Baro-Akobn Rher Basin Xntcjraicd Developi™m< Mauer Kan
2K-29A5NEX IK FISHERIES
APPENDICES
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo River B^in Integrated DoeJopm«' >Its,fr P*" IK -30ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
t hf impact on fisheries of the establishment of
ppE^,X 1
DAMS ON RIVERS (F
ROM FAO 1989)
T^MS wIg
b«»Appendix 1 Impact of establishing dams on rivers on fisheries
Aclkxw
Primary effect!
Secondary effects
Effects on fisheries
Management options
ConilfwtlOT of
dim with power geacratkm and waler control facilities
Ske clearance and earth moving, with const ruction of access roads
Increased crock* with high lilt loads In run-off walers
Physical deal ruction of feeding and breeding habitats
Planning of wort areas and timetables to minimise damage to the habitats and the disruption of seasonal biological cycles
Change In rvn-ofT pattern wilh a more unstable flow regime
Reduced primary production due to reduction of light penetration
Control of wort practice* to minimise lb« effects of drainage Hows, dun and physical destruct km of the natural drainage channels
Reduced fish production and the possible elimination of some species
Minimise the extent of sort disturbance, topsoil removal, tree felling, etc.
Construction of oom rad oh* hfraalfudan and housing
Sewage and solid wastes dtachargcd to drainage
Raised nutrient status leading to higher produdion levels
Planning of urban area nin-ofT drains for minimum interference with natural drainage channels
Chemical and waste-oil pollution from aortuhop sourcea
Nutrient levels excessively raised, leading to enhanced plant growlh, lowered dissolved oxygen levels and changes in stream flow and sedimentation levels, dcklerious (or fish production
Establishment of waste water treatment
plants
Chronic of acuta toxic cowdiiiotu
Regulation of discharges and proviafoa of I
collection services
/Acltoru
PH miry effects
Site clearance, cwutradioo
■nd tettti lo electricity generation fan III tea, power lined and water diet ribet ion channel*
Secondary effects
Increased road lurface rwn-ofl ■nd eroeton Bill load
Effects on Gsbcrtes
Sill toads and unstable flow regimes leading to habitat destruction and las* of fish product ton
Management opttoos
Provision of adequate drainage fkwi and acdimenlatton pend*
Land clearance with poanJMa
craeton and Interference with
natural drainage now pattern*
Advanced planning lo minim be diMvrVancc and damage by vebide*, de.
Ck*ur* of dam with
control of water flow*
Increase to agricwlliifal aclMlka on irrigated area*
Increased tillage with possible IncrcMc In craftton
Increased teaching of fanUbarw tore drainage basin
Possible teaching or aeddanial discharge of code btoddw
Increased farming populations with acwagt and solid discharge to the drainage brain
Drainage pattern changes leadtog to locaMand Impoundments, seasonal flooding, ale, with possibla tacreuM Lb exploitable llsh populatlowa
Erosloa and silt load problem* loading io reduced production
Chronic o< acute toric conditions kadlag to fish death
Raised nutrient tovela leading to increase In production or where too high . ludtog to reduced Ash production
CoMtrucitoa of barrier*. coffer danat, etc.
to prevent discharges of unwied
male rials to the natural water ckaaodi
PrwWon of advice end training for
fi rm ere, and ibe Int roduci ton of appropriate i«ehnlquea where nceemary
9
Ragvtetkm of lha quantities sad liming of farm input*
Baiureameat of regulations for the sac of potent la Uy daagerowa b^ocWca
Dhre roton of ecwwga waler* for aac as agricultural tart I limn and the proristoa of waste treatment plantsPrimary effect*
Secondary effect*
Inundation of upstream areas lo form ■ reurvoir
Pom lbte lorn of timber, game resource* and agricultural land
Dbptecemcal of populations from the a rem immdaied behind the dam wall
Rising levels of nutrient! may increase production level* tf nd excemhe, wjth possible changes of species make-up
Social Implications of the need lo replace primary IMng resource*
Plih harveaied from the reservoir increase the tupply of fish and enhance local economy
tlKabliihmcnl of social forestry schemes
B*tebliahm«atofa permanent reservoir
Depletion of populations of rmrtae fish
Pall in nock* of previously exploited species
The effect* of draw down and refilling destroy aquatic
I vegetation and fish breeding area*
Substitution of food producing act Mt les. Including the development of fish resources *od their expl oils boa by toed population*
Introduction of fish tpedes, biologically better adapted to growth and re pro duct km in the reeerroir environ m me at
Rerndalng and reorientation of fishermen, to enable them to exploit the Introduced aperies
Stocking with young fish where bneexfing or rrmiilmenf |i acen lo be a lunJfiirg factor[ Actions j Primary efforts
Secondary effects
1
Management options
1
UflMiotogicAl changes u reservoir environment matures
Initial high nulfkni kwda hading to excessive plant growths and often a poor environment for Ikk with physical dLffkulllca of boat transport and fishing
Prepare (UhLftg communities for the transient nature of Ike changes
1
Aflarlalial problems, high production gyves high catches la early years
Sequential changes of dominant fish
■lochs u environmental rood Ilion*
■MMtoa
Plan for technical development of the fishery to conform Io the needs of the future liable ayaiem
Dlilurbenc* at fl<w regimes fowiuircim of dem
Compute loss of river (tows Md drying of river bads
Total kaa of river and/or floodplain
Ashe rice
Cocperalioe with reservoir manege meat authorities to ensure minimal flows and iLtnc ly flood discharges
Untimely How from Managed discharges
Dtaurtaance of breeding aM nursery ttagw of nih ■ locks
Heavy scouring of rtwr bad and
•Mociaiad ai rwdum
■
Ounpu in the pal (am of river bed deporiu and boat of feeding and breeding
areas
Erection erf wwier coatroi iitruct wrea io retain or remodel the nubetrwlc*
Lou of daila land through nrivrad dcpcsirio'icrfaUt load
Social disturbance offtchtag communities
Idemlfkailon and milipifcm of eooal sad wonomic effect*
Lou of nutrient deporiekm both downstream end «t MSrtlMwn
I areas affected by d ralnagc ovllcu
Lowered production of caluorina and naar offshore fisheries1ANNEX 2K FISHERIES
, , 
IMPACT OF WETLAND DRAINAGE AND AGRICULTURE
append1* 
on fisheries
Master Plan/Appendirr 2 impact of wetland drainage and agriculture an fisheries
I Adict*
Frinuiy effect!
Seconds ty effect!
Effects on liaheriea
Manage me nt options I
1
1 Draiaage of wetlands 1* (bogr swamps, naanher,
r
1 <*•)
1 Reduciiofl kt laig*fcra florogf capacity within lhe
i watershed
Increased Ou clue I ion l in flow rate in natural drainage channels
Physical change! in the enrironmcni may change fish ipcdti. or their food specie* populations
Manage stream flow by creation of flood prone a Test to accept bank
ovenpUl
Conti rue I Ion of ictfndil drainage rhanneta
Drying oui of wafer counea during pc rlodi of low rainfall or waler i nftow
Changing river bed pane mi may
destroy breeding or feeding tiles
Implant in-stream structures io rreelc artificial breeding
cEmronmcrixa
RcokmI of veg-cut Ion on the watershed
Inertand scouring al high Row rates
Deposition of till or sediment may destroy habitat* and breeding sites
Create 'merwir' treut of deeper
water
Ini: n aaad sediment carriage and deposition
Drying out or drank reduction In water kvek may destroy fith populations or t heir food resources
Increase in-ilream production by removal of Ovenhading vegetation
Decrease in nuLrWnta ud iberefore potential production
Lowen Handing crop!, reduces (pawning opportunities, recruilmoi and growth rales
Cr?iiion of wiII dnird Land fat agricuUural. urban and Industrial a*c
Fnettafced rvn-o(T tram newly rowttrutted urban anu
Baretahc (lows and Hood* sflcr
•lOrmi
Damage to Ash population* ikrough abrupt changes In mat qualify and Row rates
LHvert etorm water io fee* det tractive faCMiom
Changes in LM Miura of CKe run-off
lncrta«d diarhargc oT urban and industrial wastaa to Um natural *wi<r courtaa
Possible Rih health hazasda leading Io dFscaaa, death or out-migration
Treat waste waters al source or establish i rut me nt pie nt
Inert aaid dlscharg* agricultural
waste IcrthLurt ud toxic c hem leal*
Rabcd productivity or umsWc growth and coMcqwcnt oaygcn
de pkt km leading to fish death and out-mlgntion
Legislate far minimum agriculture use of fell iliacn and toxic dressings
Control agricultural drainageANNEX IK FISHERIES
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL WATER USE ON FISHERIES
1A MS-ULG Bant-Akobo River Batin Integrated Development Master PlanODIIUVJ JO uo|»HRn*l
uoyulfwiia pui uojpnpo*d jo q*A>| pojMfcOf xypui yi»»p ir»u «| fupimj
foofHPVOO iRjmixt p*»
IHJnoMlltM O| iplpt pipaxJmi JO/prt 34*0) JO )|jvq»4<j
pio| uoynqod jo loduj
i|iU « 114114 mftfpooo lima joqiMdS iui|d o) pn|
Aaui pwnrtduJM M srJ
Mamsqnt
Jiitinipd jo RM ♦HMflw
X(l pvt liaiia pafew^p jo
p«o| m«| •«> F ■»“>“
flM|Uldw> *O| ot m* uojlSrtpoid AOf joipoptd jo
*0 aoyonpai am pn rnmuaduai iui|qwi pWfw jo »»MOW|«iu Mn 4I00/MI VRJ P° tw^viljo
B
pocj jo «|Mi| oofisopojd pMnjjvj
tuofljpvco IV3|QB1 jiuajou p»^«)ifnai Aftiqaid
pit potfu u>il* jo ainiuaduiqi
■waniiia pomq jo >«d«|
iamvAttJU»OO |UMH pMUOJftl pn 1
■oopppucu |K3|«M “1 IMawKvuduf] 4I|M w*l) put tiaipndjD
pooj jo qouuf ic^pnpoM pamiau|
nun»
jiim MJ) 04 1—ay |««m jo tu«|t^
rwod »t> tcpqp jo u>vuiMMtop mouR pmaJHi
fSu^i|J>p4jn Iiuimpni uxuj Jt|M pam jo oluqxfG
U3^UKklu |UfU)ni pit mauM
r
jo oo^aokS TanJ *oy tquipfui Ol ninixup uoip*i|»q« jo
ipU jo uoipnjit^
uupd oofiaupqo 141 11 Moy R WHJ F >«|<Mwx
fvojiu>|iu
luipwq poi luipnj jo uopdiuf »<i|
qtyjotliwid
ay 01 wtqjrqfMp(i|d jo uopwao
tfMllid uocikAfui put mia alnjaj *«ou jo A^wojrooj
spiMwcl oi fap spuvnp jwpyiu*) punijuji jo utypflpaiw M|i put
iAvu?}«m jo uoiiMivuGnj fVftXiy
ruoyqndod jo wqjdm^p 01 fluipni imUi itiiqvq jo atuuo
olciltqni tqi jo Kioiivd tqi U| talut v 'uoi)t>nuj|poi pwraxaof
%oy i«|i* qjpt oxi al tp> IU|
mnpnJif (CMiDOJ PM ni|f|U| jo tqpuinMO
train iiiuauiuaitatia jo nwp It mu vqpvjjsqa «] uofpipa^
Xi|A|i3Rpajd jolopaaoi
» pw npb »jh jo uopAuvfQ
■i^od aftjvviip
pui uqpojjiqt umtpqiWM jo rnpiaiH pMRoq jo 004*013
paptJJjqi
oq un irqi j3|«m jo munjOft
»tn jo |ckj)uoo jxjjo jo aunpflai Aq MUJU JtUllUlUI JO 3MJ«U?)hqVN
uofUHpoid
Alvujpd PXJ3M)| put flUlQty luip^jjq put iuipaaj jo oofp«u|*9<j
osinouaiiM jo Jio JujXip put Moy jo Xtimi) iixwrp pioi jo
nujod uo[p«j|iqt jo uieaiinjMop Moy ui ucxpnpay
{’jjt ‘irqiuaarf tf lav a 'taffajcud luuRpvjnvrtu
’lupxu) w pvpiTopvr joj jo loipujvqv
rooqdo tuauialroiyq
nu^ty uoip^ifd
ipajja XitpioMs
w»jp Aitwpj
| WOfPV ]
sauaqsg uo asn J3jua\ jeuirnpui jo irwdcu] £ rjpnxMy■
Ar l
, «AI-»a:SWRCES
A.VNEX 2K FISHERIES
LIST OF FISH SPECIES from REPORT
SELKHOZPROMEXPORT
Ta MS-ULG Bsirtf-Akobo River Busin Iniejriiled DcseJopmenl MwKrPtanSome data on the most
Helminth species
Baro-.Akobo Basin Master Plan Study ol Water & Land Resources of the Gambcla Plain
Volume LX. Annex 14 Fishery (Russian Study)
common fish helminth
species available in Area under investigation, fish
Lake
Contracaecum
lan.
__ Zwai
Tilapia
species Lake
______ Langano 
nilotica
29.6%
Clarisa
mossambi
60%
Tilapia
nilotica
Lake
Tilapia
niJotica
20%
Avvasa
29.6%
Quo?. J nilotKa'
7.6%
cus
^odoniB
mgnta 9j»t
L, inas
31.6% S.schaU 50°i>
T nilotica
45.8%
T- nilotica
3.7%
T - nilotica
mtc.
^nostomum -V/Cc
^dclphys
Mtc.
^Plostomu
40°
o
•
T- nilotic
4.2%
L- niloti
•
ca
T- nilotica
•
20.8%
7.4%
1 nilotica
20°
^'eoccphaius
o
•
° »Mogi
ac
TUs
T. nilotica
12.5% T nilotica 1<»%
T nilotica
15%
<"’cnopoma Pethcrici
20%
Pohptcrus
bichir
25%
Pagrus docmac
1%
■31cstes nurse
66.6%
Distichodus
50%
2 nilotica
35.3%
Ctenopoma pethenci ** iVfarcuscnius cyprini>id -
cJ
Hypcropisus bebe 6"
,
n. t number of fish species investigated.
p olysterus bithir
. Hvperopisus bebe
' Marcuscnius cyprinoidcs , Discognathus sp
; Cyprinus carpia
’ Carassius auratus gibebo t Barbus sp
g Clanas mossambicus
9 C Gariepinus
10 Bagrus docmac
11 Sjnodontis nigrita
12 s'SchaB
11 
Schiibe uranoscopus
8
11
25
23
23
3
5
5
8 1
22
2
14 
AJestcs nurse
-
Distichodus sp.
Ctcnopoma pcthcnci
Tilapia zillii
Tihpu nflotica - Oreochromis mlotica
1
6
5
5
24
109Supplement No 1
Composition of Ichthyofauna in the Gambela inland water
FanuK . Species
I Fam Lepidosirenidac
1 Proioptems annestens
C Fam Polypteridae
2 polypicrus bichir
3 Polyptcrus scnegalus ID Fam. Osteoglossidae
4 Hcterotis niloticas IV Fam. Monnyridac
Occurrence
4
*4^
5 Mormyrops sp
r 1 6 Pctroccptuilus bane
—
7 P.sp.
4
8 Marcusenius isidori
44-
9 M.horringtom
10 Gnaihonemus niger
11 G. cypnnoidcs
—
•
12 G. pictus
13 Monnynis cashine
14 M. hassclguistii
15 Hxpcropisus bebe
16 PoHimxTus pelhenci V Fam Gvmnarohidac
17 Gymnarchus nitoncus \IFam. Alestidae
18 Hvdrocmus forskahlic
■*»
44
4
*4”
19
H vittatus
20
Brxcinus nurse
-
21
Xficraicstes sp.
—
->■>
«r«i
B. Macroicptidotus \U Fam Citharinidae
23
Citharinus iatus
24 Distichodus engycephalus 25 D. brrvjpinnis
___Occurrence
'r
'J
VU1 FW
Uteoftrsk^
u Lhode
.. L niioticus
~ ubeaneumanni
L Coubie
)4 Barbu* bynm
J5 B pinner
jj B mema
jt Banlius loati
36 Chelaethiops bibic
KFam. Bagridac
35 Ba§rus bayed
W B- documae
41 AuchenogUnis occidental^ 42 Chrysichtvs auratus
X Fam. Mochokidac
Chiloglanis niloiicus Mochocus niloticus
*- Andcrsonia leptura Synodontis nigrita S. cuptcrus
S. Gaudovfaahis S. frontosus
’! s «
3i WamenicKUi 3
 sorex
S
-
^chysynodontis baiensode ^ Farn SchUbeidac
^bilbe jnystU5
=7
5H
Ubopnis niloticus ^odonauricus
XQ?^.. curidaa
'^^SaricpinusFamily. Species _
59 C. Anguillans
60 Hetcrobranchus iongifihs
61 H Bidorsalis
XHl Fam. Xlalaptemndac
62 Malaptcnis elcktricus
XIV Fam. Cyprinodontidac
63 Haplochilus mami
64 H.sp
XV Fam Cichlidac
65 Tilpia zillii
66 Oreochromis nilolicus
67 Sarotherodon galilacus
XVI Fam. Anabantidae
68 Anabas pethcnci
69 A. murici
XVII Fam. Tclraodontidae
70 Tctraodon fahaka
X\H1 Fam Ccntropomidae
71 Latcs nilotK us
—h- - Prevailing commercial fish species
Occurrence
- Lnimporiant commercial fish species
* - Local fishesy 4Tl/RAL resources
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
ANNEX 2L
LIVESTOCK
■^MS-ULG Baro-Akobo river B«in Integrated Development MaMer PlanI,-rROPVCTION.............................................
I
t-
ll
i:
1
-J in the Rural Sector
in the National Context
T
. .1
.£
J SFSSME^ OF available data .. Livestock Resources
ilW j/^^rs...................................
Trends m Livestock A umbers
' Li ^stock Breeds and Breeding
fives/uck Holding Sizes ..
' z Herd Structures •■■
J 7 ^vestock Management Systems ....................... Feed Resources For Livestock
? j* Rangelands and Na rural Pasturts
? ? Natural Grazing of the Gombe fa Plain
..,,,
J j Grazing Resources of the Upper Basin ................. 1 4 Seasonal try of Fo rage Suppl i es
? 5 Introduced forage species
? ij Crop Residues and By-Products I * industrial By-products ...
Livestock Production
II Objectives of Gm nershtp
?2 Draught Power
■J Xivrsfodt productivity..............
-1 I -1
-■•I----
'
* Milk
Producti
on.
?
- Meat Production 
' ■ 77Jrfw and Stow.
Source ofcash...
' & Manure. 
Marketing of livestock 
Gedern/ ................ ...................
Carrie trading movements ........
Markets................ ............ ......... Prices of Overrode Products
Animal Health and Disease
Genera/ ........ .......................
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis ....
Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases
Infectious Diseases .......................... ..
Bttema/ Parasites.........
Giber Causes of Loss, ... ........... lc tor institutions
^ Overnni,en[ Services.................................... , Genjra/gavernnienf AfCM ----------- ------
^gronaf Xgricu/nircd Bureaux
.4lf ■
■
I • - f -
• ■
33 .. J3
.. .
If"
1 ’ T jrZ ' ~“-------------------------------------- -- - "" --------------------- ----- "----- ”
G Baro-Akuhu river Busin Integrated De^ciopmenl Muster Plan
2L iNATURAL RESOURCES
3.1 3
3.1.4
3.1 5
3.1 6
3.2
3.2 1
3.2 2
3.2 3
A rtificial Breeding Services
 .................................................
Livestock Research —...........................................................
National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre
Wereda and Zonal Municipalities........................................................... Non-Govemment Organisations
Me ns c hen fur Mens chen UNHCR 
Other NGOs
4. SECTOR CONSTRAINTS AND TARGETS
4 1 Constraints to Livestock Development
4 1.1 Animal Feed Supply........................... . ..........................................................
4 1 2 Animal disease................................................................................................
4.1.3 Services to the livestock industry......................................................... ........
4.1.4 Draught Power Technology,......................................................................
4.2 The Present Situation
4.3 Sector Targets............................................................................................................ 4.3. J Government Objectives for the Rural Sector
4.3 2 General Objectives for the Livestock Sector
4 3 3 Specific Objectives of the Livestock Sector ....................................................................
4 4 Strategies for Change ................................................................................................ ...........
4 4 I Strengthening of Government Services .......................................................
4.4.2 Private Sector ...........................................................................
4 4 3 The Place of NGOs
4.4 4 Retired technical staff ..................................................................................... . 4.4.5 The International Community and Food Security.. .
4.4 6 A new strategy1 for change . 
.................................... ......
4 4.7 Strategy’ for range lands of the Ixrwer Basin
5. DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES
.45
5.1 
5 11 
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1 4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5 2 
5.2.1 5 22 5.2 3 5.24 5.2.5
5 3
5 3.1 5.3.2
54
5 5
5.5.1
Livestock Grazing Lands, Forage Supply and Other Feed Resources Current trends tn the use and availability of pastures ... Pasture improvement . _______________________________
The Use of Forage Plants Communal grazing of the Upper Basin 
Rangelands of the Lower Basin........ ............. ...........
Other feed resources..................................................................... Opportunities for the Control of Disease
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control
Veterinary services........ Drug Supplies
Herbal remedies . .... ....... Training in Animal Health .
Livestock Water Supplies
Upper Basin
Water resources for livestock in the Lower Basin Extension Services
Opportunities for Dairy’ Development... Small scale dairy production
. <•
I«'
• • •
• • •
5.5.2 ’ Crossbred heifer production
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development M*
pl jny^jlJRAL RESOLRCES
ANNEX 2L livestock
i.V
c.6
‘ 5*/ 55.2 
XmJftWtt’ mi th milk marketing, „ror
SmaU Scale Dairy Goat Production Opportunities for Poultry' Development
Improved £gg Production
Improved Supply of Layvr Stock
Demonstration of Duck, and Geese'....................
rra>1sP0''t
r
5.6 J 5?
57/ 572
mm
Improved Draught Cattle Husbandry Improved draught cattle in rsetse areas lmpr ^pi gl, mdE^p^, Dtsigri
6.
6.1
SELECTED PROJECT PROPOSALS
Improved Draught Cattle in Tsetse Areas
■■
•I I I
.54
61.1
6.12
6.13
61.4
61.5
6 1.6
62
6.2.1
6.2 2
62.3
Background 
Objectives.................. .................................
Location 
......,rr
II
Activities,....................................................
Gxrte.................. ................. ...... ......... ...
Outputs....................................................... Small Scale Milk Production 
Background Objectives Location 
■I->•
■
. .1.4.11. . .
■
- ..A..r . r.
6.2. ■>
Activities.. 
6.2 6 fhrtpul................. ..... ...................... . ... ................... ..
JJF
63
Dairy Goat Development.........................................
6.J / Background..........
61.2 Objectives....... 63.3 Location
6.3 4 Activities
57
.................... .......................................... 57
......................... 57
............................ 5S
. ,............. ............ ............................. 5#
6. j j Costs. .
........................................................ 58
5.3 d 64
6dl
Outputs
Smallholder Poultry Improvement
background
Location. ...
.................. 53
64.2
5 4.3
■0.4 4
6 4.5
.....................................5£
Activities.......
Cojrj ..
is
.. ... 59
.................. . .................... . 59
Outpute ........
! ' Mapping
Tl
' i.f 7.12
7.13
Livestock Database G1S maps Dternbunow of cartfc by wcreda Distribution of sheep by wereda.
..... .................... ................................ 59
60
.. .. 60 
... .. 50 
... , 50 
7.1.4
71.3
'I6
7 -1.7
Distribution of goats by wereda — Distribution of poultry by wered«... ■ . Ratio of annual crop land and pairs oj pg Disfribunon of land-use ryp*s wereUc3
.......... ......... ....
. n by vereda...................
............. .
Rj L °r
resources in relation to grazing livestock units by wreda.
....... 5J
....... 5/
 61
..6/
....... 62
••..— ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..... ......... ,
^AXIS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Muter Plannatural resources
appendices
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
...............
‘--I
-•'...3
TABLES
Table 1 Livestock inventory of the Basin in relation to national total: 000’s
Table 2, Livestock Numbers (‘000) in
Table 3 Livestock Numbers (‘000) in
Gambela Region (MOA June 1996) J Gambela Region (MOA 1986. quoted in Russ^/
1990)..............................................
Table 4 Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Illubabor Zone (MOA June 1996) Table 5 Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Western Welega Zone (MOA June 1996) Table 6 Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Eastern Welega (MOA June 1996) Table 7. Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Benshangul and Gumuz (MOA June 1996) Table 8 Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Bench Zone (MOA June 1996) Table 9 Livestock ('000) in Shekicho Zone (MOA June 1996)
Table 10 Livestock ( 000) in Keficho Zone (MOA: June 1996)
;
Table 11 Livestock (‘000) in Maji Zone (MOA June 1996) .................................................. j Table 12 Livestock (‘000) in Distribution by Region, Zones/Part Zones >
Table 13 Percentage Change in Livestock ( 000) for Welega and Illubabor Zones io Far Sample Weredas 1987-1989 (ARDCO-GEOSERV, 1995)
9
Table 14 Average Size of Livestock Holdings in 8 Weredas in Western WelegaII
Table 15 Livestock Holding Size in 8 Weredas in Gimbi according to Economic Status crue
Household 
11
Table 16 % Composition of Livestock Herds in three sample areas (MOA 1995 and .ARIXu 
1995)........................................................................................................................... ;: Table 17. Natural Grazings Gambela Plain: Russian Study 1990 
Table 18 Mean Production Parameters for Dairy Cattle in the Western Region 
1 able 19 Birth Weight and Mature Liveweight for Livestock in the Plain Region < 1990
1995)................................................................................................................ ......... 3
Table 20 Hides and skins delivered to tanneries through Bedelle (ARDCO 1995)
1 able 21 Baro-Akobo Basin Cattle Trade Movement MOA October 1996 
*
Table 22. Market Returns from Three Markets (ARDCO 1995)
Table 23 Prices of Products al Five Locations in the Basin September 199> Bin^ Table 24. Price of animals and Products (in Birr) at eight locations in October 1 - j. Table 23. Incidence of Four Species of Trypanosoma in cattle at K
Table 24. Tick Species Identified in Six Zones of the Basin Table 25 Survey ofTicks and TBD at Chora (1) and Kerehillo (2)
FIGURES
Figure 1 The migratory pattern of livestock in the basin
;<
—--------------------------------------------------------- ■--------- -’ TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated De* eloprTltn
2L - iv
c rANNEX 2L livestock
ACRONYMS
ahs.. BO
CBPP ...... PA.
pCP PED pM - ECF ... ECL’ edf
EVDSA FAO FITA CIS
IAR
ICIPE ILL A...
ELRJ. LUZLSU...
ME mfm MOA NGO. ntticc ORA.. parc RIR RRC SNNPRG
IB
tbd L’K. . ULG
D British NGO
-African horse sickness
Blackquarter
Contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia
Development Agent
Digestible Crude Protein 
German Development Agency
Dry Matter
East Coast fever
... European Currency Unit
EL
European Development Fund
European Union
Ethiopian V alleys Development Studies Authority
Food and Agriculture Organisation
 Far
ming in Tsetse .Areas Project
Geo
graphic Information System
Institute for Agricultural Research
International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology
, International Livestock Centre for .Africa
International Livestock Research Institute
... Livestock Unit
Metabolisable Energy
Menschen fiir Menschen (German NGO)
Ministry of Agriculture
Non-govemment organisation
National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre
■ ■ Oromo Relief Agency
Pan .African Rinderpest Campaign
Rhode Island Red
Relief and Rehabilitation Commission Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples Regional Government
Tuberculosis
Tick borne disease
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
-
____________
CNHCR UTG Consultants Ltd
^Blspp United Nations High Commission for Refugees
oody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project
Ta Ms.ulg
Bare-Ako bo river Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2L-vNATURAL RESOURCES
1. introduction
1.1 Background to the Rural Sector
The agricultural sector of Ethiopia, including livestock, forestry, fisheries and h for about 45% of the Gross Domestic Product and 85% of expons (Aerie. Strategy Document, 1995) The contnbutions of each subsector are 8 ,ural Sect-f
• grain crops, including maize, sorghum, barley, teff, millets
• livestock products, including meat, milk, milk products, eggs
• fruit, vegetables, ensete, fish, bee and forest products
3go.
38% 24%
fundamental importance of the sector, investment estimated it ikv 
n
UCSC$Wbn has been made
since 1945 In spite of this immense effort, the output of the sec;, 
hf Med .0 keep pace with population growth Increases tn sectoral output stnee BB „ recorded as
1965-1973 20%
1974-1980 0 3%
1981-1991 09%
During the latter period the population grew roughly by about 3% per annum
The reasons for this increasingly serious situation are
• low fixed prices for farmer's crops until about 1991
• absence of an effective floor price for farmers’ crops tn years of surplus harvests
• importation of food in times of shortage without due consideration ot the effect en. ■ local grain market, with the result that prices for locally produced grains are reduui.
• insecurity' of land tenure
• inadequate effective animal power for cultivation, as compared to the ani.ni1 balance
• progressive destruction of the productive base of the sector - losses o top erosion of between 100 and 300 tonnes per hectare per year are reporte (Section 5.2, Annex 2B)
• lack of effective legislation
• taxation
• inadequate veterinary, extension, credit, input supply, and other services
• poor community participation and motivation 
• lack of integration of agriculture with livestock production an industries
(
. prev^-
e
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Bavin Integrated Development
2L- 1pi A®
1 <i RAL1<ESOUR5^^- —__________
'
Livestock in the National Context
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
* ———
1.2
Fthiopia has a considerably larger cattle population than any other country in .Africa
There are about 30 million cattle, 23m sheep, 17m goats, 7m equines and 56m poultry 
(]L
CA 1991 quoted in Omo-Gtbe report of the Livestock Specialist) Details are shown 
in Table 1
Table L Livestock inventory of the Basin in relation to national total: OOO’s
National
Total no. Total LU
30,000 21,000
23,000 2,300
17,000 1,700
7,000 4,900
56,000 0
29.900
Baro-Akobo Basin*
Total no. Total LU
Percentage
of Basin
Cattle
^tveep
Goats
Equines
Poultrv
Livestock units
1,220 854 416 42 253 25
90 63 1.135 -
964
4 1
1.8
1,5
1.3
2.0
3 1
’ excludes lhe weredas of Saylem and Meloge
The livestock units (LU) used in Table 1 are calculated on the basis of herd structures as follows.
cattle
equines
sheep and goats poultry
0.7
0.7
0.1
00
Baro-Akobo river Bisin Integrated Development Master Plan
2L2NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2L
2. ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA
2.1 Livestock Resources
2.1.1 Livestock ,Nu mhers
2.1.1.1 General
No formal census of livestock numbers has been made in Ethiopia Statistics are
year by year by agricultural staff for the weredas. and aggregated at zonal and retaoraH^ The available statistics show inconsistencies for the following reasons
some areas arc remote and seasonally inaccessible
~ C'es
• pastoral systems of livestock management prevail in the Lower Basin, and numbers - any one location therefore fluctuate
• cattle raiding is a feature of the border areas,
• disease outbreaks, notably of rinderpest, can be responsible for heavy mortality, especially in areas where vaccination cover is poor, and,
• refugees from Sudan bnng in livestock This affects particularly the regions of Gambela and Benshangul and Gumuz They are sometimes robbed of their herds as thev er‘- the country, but the movement represents an unrecorded net gain to the national herd
The density of livestock in the Basin is illustrated on Map 57, Volume IV
2.1.2.2 Sources of Data on Livestock Numbers.
The team has had access to three main sources of information on livestock inventones These are:
• the ARDCO-GEOSERV report, which addresses the Upper Basin,
• the Russian report, which addresses the Lower Basin, and.
• Offices of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) at wereda, zonal, regional and nano 
levels
The 1989 Ethiopian Valleys Development Studies Authority (EM3SA) report addres
upper catchment of the basin, but did not include information on the livestock sector
j fgble d-l* Inventories of livestock as at June 1996 are set out in Tables 2 to 13 below an
(E\T>SA).
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development
faster. nFSOtTR^ts
ANNEX IL LIVESTOCK —---------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------
.. M""'"" Oa”M“ Rte‘°"
Table 2- Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Gambela Region (MOA Jane 1996)
Region
Zone
Wereda
Cattle
.Sheep
Goats
Equines
Poultry
Gambe!a
Akobo
135.0
32.4
1 0
-
15.0
-
——
Jikawo
105.0
25.2
33.7
29.0
Itang
45 0
10.8 — ——---=
14 5
k
.
-
33.7
Gambela
150
3.6
4 9
-
113
Go dare
93
2 5
00
o:
20.0 |
Abobo
2.5
-
20
-
—
32.0
Gog-Jor
3 8
-
1 0
32.0
Regional
Total
315.6
74.5
57.1
0.1
173
These figures can be compared with those for Gambela 1986 (Russian Report) in Table 2 and for the weredas of Welega and Illubabor in about 1993 (Oromya Region, llubabor Zone iMOAJune 1996).
Table 3. Livestock Numbers (*000) in Gambela Region (MOA 1986, quoted in Russian
Study 1990)
Wereda
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Poultry 1
Akobo
135.0
32.4
43.7
13.0 |
Jikawo
105.0
25.2
33 9
13.0 |
I tang
60 0
14.4
19.4
19.5
Ga mbela
-
26.0
Abobo
-
-
-
32.5
GogJor
-
-
-
260
J°tal
300.0
72.0
97.0
130.0 |
aRPCO repen expressed denbr
sheeDa n e SuPplied significantly different figures for i
. f J986 to 19S8 of L °
o
ind & co, goals This represents increases aver the two year pc .. a region where ’ 'Kpwivel> However, this increase is f«s.ble,
^gration of livestock prevails
Batu-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2L -INATURAL RESOURCES
2-1.1.4 Livestock Numbers: Upper Basin
ANNEX 2L LlVr
—
The ARDCO report sets out the livestock numbers for parts of the UpDer h Welega and Illubabor and Table 3Flb W Welega. ARDCO-GEOSERV
some doubt over the accuracy of these figures because of the wide discre
1987 and the 1989 data Figures for those parts of the Upper Basin thatT^ '>CtWeen the^ Peoples Autonomous Region (renamed SNNPRG) are not included in the ARtT 
ARDCOrepon
Illubabor Zone
Table 4. Livestock Numbers (*000) in Illubabor Zone: (MOA Jun
3F' Thet :
H Region
Oromya
7,one
Illubabor
% We red a
in Basin
Wercda Cattle
Goats
100
i
Darunu 40 6
Sheep
5.0
f
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 5 66.2 29 6
100 100 100 100 42.2
SupeSodo Bilo Durene Metu Hurmu Yayu Bccho Bure Halu Ale Sigmo Chora Dega None Sale
I
40.3 ' 13.0 24 5
250
24.0 25.1
17.0
243
78 25 9 20.6 38 3
Didi Lalo Saylem Setema
Zonal total
25 4
381 6
•data unavailable at June 1996
TAMS-ULG BaroAkobo river Basin Integrated Development
2L-Sesovrces
annex 2L LIVESTOCK
C Livestock Numbers f‘M0) in Western Welesa Zone (MOA June. 1996)
»/0 Wereda
in Basin
Wereda
Cattle
Sheep
Gaits
Equines
Poultry
II 6
Welega
38.4 Boji
Muklcmc
82 Boji Dirmeji 1.3
99 8 Yu trio 384
70.7 Lalo Asabi 15 8
9 3 Gimbi 53
39 9 Haru 11.0
85.8 Nolc Kaba 50.7
30
0.3
149
2.9
09
23
12 3
3 0
02
8.8
1 2
02
0 5
2.7
64 9 86.8 too
6.9 196 74 8 84.6 95 7
100 100 19.7
Begi
Gidami
Anfilo
Jirna Haro
Gawa Kebe
Dale Wotxrra
Dale Sei
Lola Kile
Seyo
Hawa Gclan
Avra Guhso
Melogc
Weld
40.0
126 5 7
31.0 97 3 9
397
1.5
5.7 38 3 28 a 28.5 57.1 20 2
5.1 ♦
46 0.6
0.2 0.1
09
9.4
0.8
4.5
78 4.5
5.1 19.9
8.6
1.1 «
2.5 3 4 1.2
0.2
■
0.7 0 1 3.0
06 0 2 0 5
22 2.9
25 1.9
3.04
0.2
1.5
0.9
0.6 5.2
86 1.3
67.6
16 0
2.3
7.5
60.9
166 29 1 31.2
24 44
27.3
32 3
12 9
4L2
2.0 18.8 0.3 2.0
•
‘data
Zonal Total
at June 1996
401 6 116.5
44 0 J 25 3
3824
k 6. Livestock Numbers ( 000) in Eastern Welegi (MOA: June* 1996)
h
Zone
^’dega
Zonal
Total
Ta MS-Ulg
% wereda
in Basin
Wereda
Cattle Sheep
34.7 Meko
100 Sachi
7.1
100
17 I
11
12
2.3
Goats
0.3
0.2
0.5
Equines
1.2
0.9
2 1
Poultry
1.7
15
32
Baro-Aknbo river Basin Integral ed Development Master Ft an
2L-6NATURAL RESOURCES
Benshangul and Gumuz Region
Table 7. Livestock Numbers (*000) in Benshangul and Gumuz (MOa JUn ,
.
ne 1^96)
Region
Zone
% Wereda
in Basin
Wereda Cattle
Sheep
Goats ‘-quines
Benshangul &.
Gumuz
I
1 Total
48 3 Asosa 71.3 Kurmuk
23 4 4 4
L
0
23 4
01
1 4 5
45€
Southern Ethiopian Peoples Autonomous Region (renamed SNNPRG, 1996) Table 8. Livestock Numbers (‘000) in Bench Zone (MOA: June. 1996)
Region
Zone
% Wereda
in Basin
Wereda
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
E( luin« Podtn
SPAR
Bench
98.3
T.Yagne
46 5
21 7
2.3
100
Sheko
100
9.8
15
100
Gurdo F
0.7
0.5
003
________________ 1 “
81.4
Shewa B
48 8
115
1.3
Zonal Total
**
106.0
43.5
HL—
1.3
0 1
0 05
4.5
6.0
50.9 3.7 371
106.fl
Table 9. Livestock (*000) in Shekicho Zone (MOA: June 1996)
Region
Zone
Wereda
Cattle
Sheep |
Goats
Equines
Poaltn
SPAR
Shekicho
Masha
25 8
32 0
10.7
14
240 
An de ra ch
18 1
8 2
70
1 2
13.1 _
Ycld
| 26.4
5.4
4.8
05
Zonal Total
70.3
45.6
22.5^
34___ __
Table 10. Livestock (‘000) in Keficho Zone (MOA: June. 1996)
- ___ _______ _p | <j n
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Ma*<er
2L-7rKSOIiKCES
ANNEX 2L livestock
Table 11. Livestock (‘000) in Maji Zone (MOA June 1996)
We re da
Biro Gesha Goidia Shasha
Tirmatid
Mohalmaj
Cattle Sheep Goats
Equine
Poultry
39.7 11.7 37.1 10.9 0.9 03
17.5 ' 16.4
04
6.2 1.3 27
8.5
0.1
92 5
2.3 J 8
00 00
27.2
.--------- J
40.8
oT
0.1 ad 00 0,0 Q.O 0.2
33
0.8
5.5
7.6
0.1
82 4
________ 1
J Zonal Distribution
Table 12- Livestock fOOO) in Distribution by Region/Zones/Part Zones
Region
Zone
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Equines
Poultry
Cambria
315.6
74.5
571
0 1
167 0
Oromya
llubabor
--- -------------- 401.6
381 6
11
103.2
50.2
45 4
229.0
W Welega"
116,3
44.0
25.3
382.4
In
E Wclega*
17 [
23
05
2.5
3.2
w
Bench*
106 0
415
5.3
6.0
106.8
t-
Shekicho"
70.3
45.6
22 5
3.1
73.5
K
Kcficho*
102.3
59.7
5.3
4.7
40.6
hr
Maj i+
92.5
27.3
40 8
0.2
82.4
^shangu] &
U'jrTl]^
23.4
■4.5
11.6
0.8
45,6
Basin total
1194 8
■—----- — ■ 402.3
237 3
88 1
11305
S thm nrd,, _ _ .
- -mm. winy a pan ol the zoac lies within the Basin
TrefjJj in Livestock Numbers
' 1 General
a ^?rate as&«sment of the changes m livestock numbers o’-er t * 
o
* "ndicate
lS ^^2! for
f these trends
w °* master planning However it is difficult to 0 tam a onT?6 reasotls that preclude accurate enumeration 0 
'j
£ 2 H 1). Furthermore, the fact that zona! and regional bounds m es it difficult to compare data over time
ar C5
jj estock numbers (see
v
j are still subject to
2L - Rnatural resources
2.1.3.2 Livestock Population Trends tn Gambela
The statistics for 1995 include Godare which was formerly a pan of Welega If.u excluded from the comparison, the following changes have occurred in the D Wereda is
1995 The cattle numbers have increased by 2 1% from 1986 to 1995, whilst 77.7 o 
!
0 16
and poultry, no significant changes are apparent This conclusion appears to be ShCep’ 8°”s it must be remembered that it is based not on census figures but on estimates^?' ^ this statistic cannot be reliably extrapolated into the future, owing to the (lov. Urtller,ncre, through the migration of pastoralists, and ingress of refugees into the region 
2.1.3.3 Livestock Population Trends in the Upper Basin
The ARDCO-GEOSERV report contains comparative figures of livestock nu h and 1989 for four weredas in Western Welega (ARDCO Table 3FI b) The chai^e^ between these two years (Table 11) are so great and variable that it is impossible" nUrnlx:rs them with any degree of confidence, which thereby casts doubt on other f C l° 1CCept ARDCO report However, some of the apparent discrepancies could be caused' bv 7 " changes
* '’Vtst°ck
' oundjr,
Table 13. Percentage Change in Livestock ( 000) for Welega and Illubabor Zones in
Four Sample W eredas 1987-1989 (ARDCO-GEOSERV. 1995)
Gimbi
1987
.000
% change
1987-1989
Note
Kabe
1987
.000
% change
1987-1989
Ayra
Gulisso
1987
.000
% change
1987-1989
Boji Che
1987
.000
% chintt
I9TMM
Cattle
66.3
+71
71.7
+ 11
48 3
+22
62 0
+36
Sheep
26
+709
147
-70
3 3
*62
57
*76
(.ioats
0.9
+433
45
*85
05
-269
1 3
♦56
Equine
4.1
+96
-
+397
1 4
461
1.0
*14
Poulin
110.1
-59
12 8
+ 197
99
+ 180
22 5
-63
From discussions with government staff in the upland parts of the Basin, the general consensu- points to a livestock population that is gradually increasing, in spite of obvious constraints- nutrition and secondary health In the case of cattle and sheep, this impression is
corroborated by the limited information provided on the sale of hides and skins t Bedelle (Table 12). However, it should be noted that a part of this increase accounted for by an improved recovery rate of hides and skins and a reduction tn * recent years
2.1.4 Livestock Breeds and Breeding
2.1.4.1 Cattle
Local types
The cattle of the Basin are almost entirely of the Zebu type The local catt
are typi^’
with an average mature weight of about 250 kg They are generally °
r
ureCj animal* ** 
pigment is reputedly the least attractive to tsetse Black and white co
_ ■—'
TAMS-LLG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development
2L-9t |RA>:
are normally horned but some naturally polled (hornless) types were
* Tl’5 are d«erlbed as •undefined breeds’, and can be consider^ as mltLj
v
’ sa|° , source of power lor cultivation and secondarily for the production of mtlk beef
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
.
rarity as The
 f i| wing more distinct types were observed;
00
1 ^The Horo breed occurs in Wesl Oromiya. It is generally brown, whh distinctive
1 cadi nt; horns and with liveweights up to 300 kg
The Abigar breed is the name applied to the cattle of the Nuer people, a pastoralist rO up that migrates in the Gambela Plain and more extensively in Sudan It is reported 
”
o
have the potential for a daily milk production of five litres (about 1,000 litres year}. 
III
»
«
The budgets for state dairy farms prepared in 1988 by the Russian team included an annual yield figure of 1600 litres, compared with 800 litres fcr traditionally managed Abi«ar cows This breed is reported to show trypanotalerance, but this trait has not been proven (NTTICC)
The Sheko breed, which also reportedly shows a degree of tolerance iq
trypanosomiasis, occurs in Shekicho Zone and yields of up to five litres/day, equivalent
io about 1.000 litres per year, are reported
The Dakarasha Type is a homed breed at Mizan Tefen, and apparently favoured in Bench, Sheko and Keffa Zones
The Gimira breed is a naturally polled or hornless breed occurring around XGzari Teteri
Exotic ty pes
Very little evidence of exotic genetic material of a non Zebu rvpe was observed in the Basin Crossbred dairy cattle, of Holstein type have been introduced in the past notably to four i.odective (arms in lllubabor Zone Two such farms were visited, at Chora and Bakechora The crossbreds observed with up to 97% Holstein blood were reported to be no more productive than the local type. This situation was due to the poor level of feeding and ^-nagement of the cattle and not to their intrinsic potential However, it is well known that '■villi10115att^e are l^e mc,st highly bred in the world and designed to produce very high yields
mria
' eVe* ^ee^*nS and management In situations where improved cattle
Ca ° Provided, it is likely that crossbreds derived from such breeds as the
been UJ1[j rQVl °. 01 Sahiwal would be more profitable The LAR Holleta and Baku have
cnaklng breeding research for 25 years: this work is discussed in Section 5.
? J J
r ^ige Ftdri ®erLera’b' of a brown coloured non-wool fat tailed type Mature liveweights
ripe ofsbee °Ut
to ^0 kg Some larger brown sheep, more closely related to the desert
•^ffa, 
k iru'
tr
Wcre observed in Gambela The larser and more prolific Horro breed is found in 0 and adjacent areas
The §.0^15, 
* iltl a mat^ geneTa1,y of the small East .Aircan type with brown, white and black coat colour 2 , L Weight of about 25-30 kg In the Upper Basin, larger types up to 40 kg occur.
»ttSSS
 W’vX' T’o “'‘Bl'inS about one kg Egg production esttmated al about :o 
is
Crels had h A BonSa, it was reported that an introduction of Rhode Island Red 
ee n well received and successful among the local farmers. e outiy
AlS'BLG Uaru-Akobn river Bum tat tinned Development Miner Plin
2L - 10NATURAL RESOURCES
Breeding Farm at Bedelle (MOA) has been supplying Babcock Hybrid po I Welega and Illubabor Zones
2.J.5 Livestock Holding Sizes
tr ^ lo farn^: a in
T k Camhela region the typical size of the family cattle herd is 15-30 (Russian report 19%, 
»;h
.0 head They are often grazed in muck ,Mg„
representing rhe annuals of several relaled families Sheep and goats are relain* n Gambela and individual holings of about ergh. annuals are general |„,
P °"“ ' Bas;„ thc ARDCO-GEOSERV team conducted a survey of 67 hvestoek o»MI. 
X ZX » average cattle herd size of 6 5 in a sampie taken from , we^"
Western Welega (Table 14)
Table 14. Average Size of Livestock Holdings in 8 Weredas in Western W el
ega
Cattle
Sheep
Goat
Horse
Mule
Donkey Poultn
Average
6.5
08
0.2
002
0 04 0 3
14
Range
4 5 - 9.9
02-14
003 -0 5
0 02-0 1
• 0.02-0 1 0.1-08
[08-30
The outstanding importance of cattle in livestock herds is highlighted by these figures The relative unimportance of poultry is another notable feature, and is thought to apply to the Basin generally However, it is notable that while few in total number, the majority of households possess one or two poultry, and there is scope for the improvement of rural poultry^ production The ARDCO report also highlighted the range in the size of livestock holdings (Table 15) The criteria on which the categories - rich, middle and poor - are based are not stated, but it is assumed that it refers to households with large, medium and snuL herds
Table 15. Livestock Holding Size in 8 Weredas in Gimbi according to Economic Status
of the Household:
Economic status
Cattie
Sheep
Goats
‘rich’
30
12
5
‘middle’
15
7 ZJ
*
‘poor’
5
4
average
65
0 8’
•doubtful data Extracted from ARDCO pl-5
2.1.6 Herd Structures
The available data on herd structures is limited in availability and 
Report provided some information but it is difficult to interpret it wit
data has been adjusted and is presented in Table 16
TAMS-L’LG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Dc'ciopmc
2L- 11
Master P’anresources_________________annex n livestock
% Compos
rt «dtion or Livestock Herds in three sample areas (MOA 1995 and
ARDCO 1995)
j, j, 7 Livestock Management Systems
; 1'J Pastoral Systems: Cattle
The Nucr and Fulatta are the two pastoralist groups found in the Basin and range over most of the Gambela Region and parts of BenshanguLAsosa The Nuer are more correctly termed igro-pastoralists as they increasingly cultivate sorghum and other crops on the river banks as 'he flood water recedes in October and November (refer to .Annex 3B) In addition some rain ed cropping is practised. During the wet season they range over the grasslands more distant from the rivers As the water recedes and the availability of water for drinking becomes more restricted they move back to the permanent rivers, not only for the waler supply but also lo !ue idvantage ot the new grass growth that persists in the wetland areas into the dry season
The Xnuak group does not nov., in S to introduce draught oxen. They c tultwarion, fishing and hunting Vu_, of the Fulatta (syn Futaat » 
. n General. P°5&eSS
livelihood fr°m
. . Sual
lS unclear w
. attempt is being made land and flood recession
€ oin [he north o
the
joining countries It is reported in June
^on. « they ad 
■^saBcnshangul
h
n0 legal right of r«‘d
or across the national bor er
^’Watory pattern of livestock in the basin is illustrated
7k 2 Seden,°n> Systems. Cattle. Sheep and Goais
m T**? of the cattle of the project area are
ar manneT to the livestock in other .naiural’ pasture, p, J'd at nighg and are grazed during the day 
| . They a housed or
w BaS n
of Ethi°J'croplands, crop by.
mtegr>u°n 
a nd bvestoc o f lhe fees
in forests and on wastelands. There J h .^on off-* UCVlQn in the farming systems of smallholders.
Baro-Akoba river Basin Integrated Development Master PlanETHIOPIA
Baro-Akobo River Basin
Integrated Development Master Plan Project
Figure 1
MIGRATORY MOVEMENT
OF LIVESTOCK IN
< TS.
f
THE BARO AKOBO
RIVER BASIN
ir
3
<- [ ’ ‘
---- >
Bn<]i
Dabus Valley
Val'r
Wement
season |tve
* T»Wn
**•"«» ID
^apr
Sudan
KenyaiANNEX 2L LBTSTOCK
_ ---------------------- — ------------- ------ --------- ----- —------------------ fnr the improvement ot productivity of small farms, leading to greater food
opp^"”5
security
_ ; Poultry Management
:l '
poultry existence
. ^aetneni is entirely on a backyard system, whereby 3 to 10 birds scratch an
what feed they can find There is no expenditure made Production is about consumed or sold, others are hatched and reared to a weight of
50 eSE5 P'r y Mortality is high at 10% to 20% and somelimes much higher when disease (j 7$L0 l ° »
K
strikes
22 Feed Resources For Livestock
,2.1 Rangelands and Natural Pastures
Rangelands and natural pastures account for the vast majority (at least 95%) of the total feed resources available to the livestock of the Basin The distinction between these two is not precise. The term rangeland implies very extensive areas with a significant proportion of trees and shrubs in the vegetative association, while natural pasture implies smaller areas and a predominance of grasses and herbaceous species The term ’natural’ pasture implies that it is not affected by the activities of man and hrs animals Such a vegetation type is very rare and is probably absent from the Basin In the Lower Basin, even areas remote from habitation arc affected by fire in most years
In respect of the highland areas, much of the area set aside for grazing has at some time been topped Furthermore, these areas are often indistinguishable from areas that have not been 
cultivated For the purposes of this study the term pasture is used for both these types of
■egetative association For pastures that have been planted for livestock feed, these are e io as planted pastures For rangelands and pastures together the term natural grazing
22,2 NaUtttd Grazing of the (iambela Plain
2 ' 1 General
° Vcr a pTf11?" ?f|he Plain was the subject of a detailed study undertaken by the Russian team such that the °f tW° years from February 1987 to February 1989 The depth of the study was
PTt * nted 
c
in auihors °f the report described the survey as ‘unique in Africa” The results were
’Nation j™ S*?hemal'c geobotarucal map at a scale of I 200,000, This study classified the * seas ° *Kee ma'n pastUre zones as follows
spp ° y and fo
r
pasture, dominated by Hyparrhenta. Echinochloa, and Pennisetum
m . ^ain thai not normally inundated, including some open savannah 
#e/e>-r/St ands Thls zone IS dominated by Andropogon, tfyparrhenia, Echmochloa,
e n Piedmont and adjoining uplands, including savannah and forest
The zcn °
lands
e 1s ^Ofninated by Hyparrhema. Panicwn, Pewiisttwitt and Loudetia spp
^S“ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master Phu
2L-MTable 17. Natural Grazings: Gambela Plain: Russian Study 199O
Pasture Type
Hectares (‘000)
Seasonally flooded
1,008
Non - flooded 
lowland
739
Piedmont pasture
803
Total pasture
2,550
Estimated Yield
(‘000 Tonnes Green
from total area)
6,986 7,420
1,245 15,651
ofGr^
October to July May to October
May to November
r" ------------- -------- —
2.2.2.2 Seasonally Flooded Zone
This zone lies below 425m and is characterised by a period of inundation of four tc he months each year from about August to December The length and period of flooding vans throughout the zone according to the local topography as well as the rainfall conditions of thi: particular year. As a result there are several grass associations within the zone Where the flooding period is long, Echinochloa spp flourish and grow up with the rising level at lie water These species are particularly nutritious and are favoured by grazing stock Echinochloa spp also have the capacity, when the water level recedes and the tall stems cot into contact with the moist soil, of rooting at the nodes and thereby producing another flush cf forage In the areas of a shorter period of inundation, Hyparrhenia hirta predominate yielding an inferior feed for livestock Species of Paspalum. Pennisetum and Andropvgon u.' occur but less frequently. It is reported that where grazing intensity is high, superior , species establish such as Cynodon and Dactyloctenium.
2.2.2.3 Non-flooded Zone
This zone lies between 425m and 550m Echinochloa sp persists in the m0's^
zone, with occasional trees of Piliostigma thonningii. Terminalia mollis,
collmum Secondly, the slightly higher localities are characterised y 
Andropogon, Bothriochloa. and Digitaria In open forests and woo ^aj aC(erjt^ d 
Penmsetum. Hyparrhenia. Heteropogon and Dichanthium are the grasses <-
these productive soils
2.2.2.4 Piedmont Pasture
This zone lies above the 550m contour ; it is heterogeneous, but
productivity The characteristic grasses are Hyparrhenia rufa. e Loudetia sp.
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Developm*"* *
.
cf
.
lo**
tnan^0------------------------------
ANNEX2L LIVESTOCK
Z--’
These grazing r (be managcrtien .ned
esources are very diverse, reflecting the ecology of the vegetation types and in respcct of the intensity of grazing and previous cropping Grazing
'hy fo density of livestock numbers in relation to the area of grazing 
te
intensify |S deier -ontres of population and the incidence of trypanosomiasis, malaria and other
animal affect the intensity of grazing
1 ble orazing can be quantified from information on land use for each wereda. 
T he area of av^^e jnt0 the following six categories annual cropping, perennial cropping 
which classifies
fallow (assurnec
of a( (ea5[ 2 years), forest, grazing and waste In some weredas. a shrub This categorisation is based on the FAO study No information on
a tegorv is a sojn )and use paUerns has been found, but in populated areas the
the changes an proportion o 
be expected to be increasing, while that in forest and
lypes conS]dered t0 :ontnbute to the grazing
^Tce of Estock, (with the exception of perennial cropping)
- estimation of the yields of grazing of each land use type is difficult. An attempt is made to ia^ the grazing value of the different types with grazing If 'grazing- category is rated at
100 the relative value of other tvpes IS 45 f°fl°ws
annual cropping including residues perennial cropping
fallow lands forest grazing shrub lands waste
20
0
25
10
100
30
5
T informauon i, preyed in Ihe
fe
«<»). The Woody thorns
(Vol IV
».
eac h wereda
e
» shown in Volume IV (Map 57 refers) In 8?*^^, in arUS where the product Populations in many areas of'the Upper Basin Howe
instead of annual crops is important the b
224
' ' Seasonality of Forage Supples
J' B«i„ hl5 a t„„ ofdinBK and panels In S™ • 
available for different vegetative classes ( ECiare per day during ,he s production of 15 kg dry matter (D- ) P« .^(jon,
numerous modifying factors are applied 
The balance between the grazing livestock nul"^ ^^zing is not adequ* of
0 ig . short rains - fall in
e
W «
* Mod ft0m Fa^arv to April »WK *'
P
?ru ,„, is
1 Member to February
supp y 0WK
|
 , d .he °f ,be
seasons, fM** ”
T A-MS-ULG Biru-Akobo river Liiegraltd DwelopnKnt Maier Pl™
2J, -15NATURAL RESOURCES
The following factors modify this generality in terms of the availability of
• 
in the South-east of the Basin the rainfall is greater and ext
December, and in Shekicho for
 the whole year
ends ^
orn March t
• 
in the North-east the Belg rains
 are particularly 
significant
• 
the season of flooding of the Pl
ain, August to D
ecember re
nders ar
to grazing livestock 
However, as
the
floodwater
recedes, 
another
flU* 
acx *SS1^
available in these areas. 
ush
’ °f graz
ing ts
2.2.5 In trodu cedforage spedes
2.2.5.1 Forage Legumes
The technology of cultivation of forage legumes for feed is well known 
establishments Its extension to farmers’ fields has been assisted in some parts
by the Fourth Livestock Project This important new development for the livestock ilfcT5
beginning to be introduced into the Basin The main species are Sesbama sp fa
leucocephala. Desmodiuum uncmatum. D. m tor turn, Vicia sp. Dohchos lablab It is
that it is easier to introduce this technology into farmers’ home gardens where the full tenrih 
can be observed and enjoyed, rather than into the unmanaged communal grazings and c™
fields Forage legumes can also play a vital role in soil conservation and in the enrichnen: of
the land through rotational, mixed and sequence cropping.
ARDCO reports the successful introduction at certain unspecified sites in the Upper Basin rf species of Medicago. Desmodium, Stylosanthes, Vicia and Cynodon. At Bako Research Station there are four programmes that are appropriate for the Upper Basin
• interplanting of annual crops such as maize and sorghum with legumes in order to supply feed for livestock, and to conserve and enrich the soil The following speoes mi recommended for this purpose. Desmodium mtortum (setting seed is a problem), i. uncmatum, “siratro”, and Macrotyloma axillare
• planting of fodder shrubs in home gardens The following are recommended sesban, Leucaena leucephala (although psyllid attack has been a problem at ’ sites), Chamaecytisus sp (tagasanthe or tree lucerne), Glyncidta septum.
• oversowing of pastures with Stylosanthes spp. “siratro”, Desmodium spp 
appropriate for the home garden, but is precluded from success P
a
communal pastures, unless there is control of grazing management
• green manure cropping. The use of the annual legume. 
purpose has been shown to be beneficial as a human food (see s), n
a soil improver
2.2.5.2 Forage Grasses
Rhodes Grass (Chloris gut ana) has been introduced for grazing, 
hay making It is sometimes planted with Desmodium sp. Panicum was also observed to be managed for cutting and feeding to dairy call e
$ f eej ^dts
feeding.
a nan'*
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develop"*’1
2L- 16orSOtRCES
ANNEX 2t LIVESTOCK
----------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ----
a "Jty'MKK
>’.< L ft from annual crops are the main supplementary feed for grazing livestock 
The fe$ldueS 'C
e d for housc consltucUon and bedding (ARDC0 Fable }F 18). The
r \ are al*0 uS^of m0Sl importance, while the straws of teff, barley and wheat are also 
ne
fuultns of d ns of Ethiopia, where grazing resources are scarcer than in the Basin, uS cd 'n lhe UP Elected and stored by individual fanners for feeding and account for up to 
these residue are
(D[
^ intake Farmers are also aware of the varietal differences in feed 
fli/'o of the dry1113
a ]so U5ttj for fu
C anc
| j construction In much of the project
^ ,oftheStr^ater grazing resources than most of the country, they remain unharvested, 
yea which has gre p
r0
and although they could be ‘ P ^ c-fther
m
residues could e
' d in situ by communal herds, efficiency of utilisation 
artly consume
^ fagc and controlled feeding Furthermore, feed values of crop improved through physical and chemical treatment. IAR reports that
the treatmeni of barley straw with urine IAR consider that
rcsealCh 15 M nni accent the use of urea for treatment they would prefer to use it as fertiliser
famcrS V. considered that both techniques should be fully researched, and other straws
"Tlrf Lid be included Ensue toes are an important fad in the highly «mve
“
ated wilh thin crop, where livestock tastes of 150 LU'S fer kn>> are common
117 Industrial By-products
It is reported by IAR that 40.000 tonnes of oil seed residues in the form of pressed cakes are produced in Ethiopia, but 70% of this production is exported This total comprises the cakes from the processing of cotton seed, noug. linseed and sunflower, and is produced in both factory and small farm Of the factory-produced cakes that are not exported most is used on 
arge farms The brewery at Bedelle, which was established in 1993, lies dose to the Basin, and produces an unknown quantity of by-product in the form of wet brewers grains, estimated at 100 cubic metres per day This is a valuable source of energy and protein tor Hvestock, and most of it is wasted at present, being dumped by the roadsides Local livestock ^ ave laken the initiative to make use of it. and some more progressive farmers are paying to have the residues dumped for the use of their cattle Some is being dried in the sun and ^ Orc^ facing company is establishing a fattening enterprise to make use of this valuable
f 'out wasws rcprescnt aboul 10% of the grain processed and are W
P'opnetajy feeds Milling waste that are produced at the homestead are consumed y p ry «d small stock
tnr?U' 150,000 bonnes of susar are produced in Ethiopia It is reported that%. j. 
has been used for road repairs Research at IAR is contmumg m the p oo»smg 3^ im°feed b’ocks using noug readue and urea There is an urgent need or such ch«p 
J'^nts, and it is t0 be hoped that the technology will be taken up by an tnvestor m
Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
2.3 Livestock Production
2.3.1 Objectives of Ownership
The objectives of livestock owners vary according to ethnic group The main
• the supply of oxen for ploughing and cultivation of crops
• the supply of milk, meat, hides and skins for subsistence
• the supply of dairy products, notably butter, for cash sale or barter
• to meet the requirements of bride price on marriage, requiring about 5-lo perhaps a calf for the mother-in-law
• a capital reserve
• a symbol of status
2.3.2 Draught Power
toe
The availability of draught oxen for cultivation purposes is of major importance to the highland development In each location that was visited an insufficient supply of draught power was reported ranging from a 25% shortfall to one of 75% This refers to the ownerdm of suitable animals and does not represent the actual area cultivated as a proportion of the total land available to the farmer In order to address the shortage, the farmer has several options:
borrow' one or more trained oxen
hire a pair of oxen; the cost is about 200-250 birr per hectare for three ploughings exchange his own labour for the use of oxen or barter in some other way 
use hand labour
wecdinc which ic P n t*,e
usuaUy three times, and are occasionally used for
renrespntc ♦ i-. S nOr?la ' done twice by hand The availability of manual labour forweedi-ig 
. 
° er maJor constraint to crop yields The season of ploughing vanes Iron
o p ace, e_g. m Welega it extends from the third week of April until the second week of May in Jimma. lrom the third week of March to the second week of April.
The requirement of oxen is high and can be calculated as follows one pair can plough 0.' eC Ja*K PCr day’ 'f the P,ou&hing season exlends for 30 days Normally three ploughings «rt
ma e efore the crop is planted, then one pair of oxen is needed for every 2.5 hectares i- annual crop land
On the heavier soils oxen are incapable of breaking new or fallowed land 
hand using a digging stick The shortage of oxen is often exacerbated t
and health care trypanosomiasis is a major constraint in this respect supply and efficiency of oxpower is vital and could be made by
• better nutrition and health care
• empowering farmers to reduce the tsetse challenge in their localiti
* • designing, making and marketing better equipment
-------------------------------------------- ----------------- • a npvelopnient TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated vest
2L- 18
r nUtnti'3C j:., resources
■------------ —
ANNEX 2L livestock
cows with oxen or using a single animal instead of a pair
* US'n ther species, such as horses or donkeys 
, usifSotn H
. la Plain, oxen are rarely, if at all. used for cultivation, in spite of an initiative some
in 6an1 introduce the technology to farmers there Trypanosomiasis is a major constraint
■'^s 3g° of 0Xen in the Lower Basin, but also the prejudice of the local Nuer agropastoralist
^lainst the idea of subjecting their cattle to the indignity of such work In 1995, the
peOple .government initiated a programme of introduction of oxen for the Aimak people
j, j j Livestock productivity
Reliable figures for (he productivity, offtake, mortality and annual increase of cattle herds are not available Many stock slaughterings are unrecorded However, an insight into these data is available from the statistics for hides and skin collection (see Table 20 below) The following figures reconcile and give a general indication of the situation in percentage terms
• percentage of breeding cows 30
■ calving percentage ' total offtake
• renal mortality ' herd growth 
65
7-8 10-11
1-2
These parameters are bound to vary greatly from season to season and from place to place
sing and mortality levels are very much determined by nutrition and disease incidence. The
avors affecting offtake are less easy to assess they include
availability of surplus animals
the need for cash to buy food or other commodities
the availability of cash from other sources for these purchases, notably coffee sales he proximity of towns and the consequent demand for meat.
goats
Oftake i£
numbers estimated at about 30 % per year with a small annual growth in herd ar.d flock
™portanl item of diet, and supplies for urban centres seem to be inadequate. 
accePt^ble° UCt*? ’
n
5 uscd subsistence consumption, and in most rural areas its sale is
* forma] m
c
ar i. trad’tiOnally milk surpluses were given away, and only in towns does it enter
14Vt$toc|c r
following figures on milk production from local cartie are taken from
, *2 farmerx /$earch Report of the IAR for 1991. and represent the averages from a sample 5 for GhimhPread 0Ver !he region (Table 18). Figures compiled by ARDCO GEOSERV
a re shown for comparison
T LG Baro-Akobo river B>iin Integrated Devefoptneiit Master Plan
1L-L?NATURAL RESOURCES
^tock
Table 18. Mean Production Parameters for Dairy Cattle in the Weste
Milk yield per cow per day (net of calf consumption): litres
Length of lactation: days Lactation yield litres
Age at first calving: years Calving interval months Breeding age for male years
1 4-2.1
These figures conceal a very wide range of values For example, milk yields were
which varied from 1 litre up to 5 litres per day In the Gambella Plain, daily yields appe^toT higher than in the Highlands, reportedly 2.6 to 3 litres This is considered to be due to n»-e abundant grazing and to the higher milk potential of the Abigar breed The potential mflkvield of the indigenous cow is higher than these average figures suggest, particularly if selection, improved nutrition and health care are applied
There are few crossbreds in the Basin, and those that were found gave milk yields similar to those of local cows However, with good management high production is possible yields c?
13 litres were found at Bedelle. and figures up to 21 litres in former times at Chore collectr.e dairy farm were reported
No information on milk quality was available Dilution of marketed milk with water is reportedly general, and boiling it before consumption is generally practised, in order to removt the risks of infection with tuberculosis and brucellosis The possibilities tor dairy developer, are great.
2.3.5 Meat Production
.
Very little information exists on the subsistence and commercial offtake of li
Basin Different ethnic groups have different requirements and ^ ^ ' f« 
ob ctlv
f }0%
out in Central Ethiopia in 1987 and 1988 showed a total offtake s
ofRakf
goats of 16% (IAR 1991). In the Gambela Basin, a veiy small
of the repo«s
recorded in the Russian study of 0.6% for cattle and 0 8/# or s e
tcrs jable 19) ti-
provide information on subsistence offtake levels. The o 
ardCO report (199S
cattle in the Plain are recorded in the Russtan report (1990) and the .AKf
2L- 20ANNEX IL LIVESTOCK
xvdeht and Mature Liveweight for Livestock in
and 1995)
the Elain Region (1990
-J-—■=—81 *"~
Cattle
Russian report
1990
ARBCO report 1995
^ghTltbirth kg ___
1S-20
19 for females and 22 for males
njaturecows kg
250*300
252: (sample of 121)
^ture bulls 4-5 years kg
350-400
-
estimated weight B“n per day g
180-240
^Shiep and Goats
weight at birth', kg
2-3
-
i sneep liveweight, kg
25-30
Up to 60-75
1 goats liveweight. kg
25-30
28-48
killing out %
52-56
An estimate of 7% offtake for cattle was made by MO A for W Welega, representing 5% sale to butchers and 2% subsistence offtake Estimates of livestock mortality are in general put at about 10%
13.6 Hides and Skins
e
More 1993, the losses of hides and skins were substantial through ^ “1'C
c
|
^’"
]1CT
.
Xd by 
m. as a result of the changes in the Government pricing P°h““' P - according to 
about 100%. Licensed private traders are the sole buyers and ^pr* ^cation; world market prices, and government incentives C
a borws lf
’hey buy 
r than 20,000 hides per year
mO e
hides and skins are increasingly recognised as a
J&X^hides should be
P °Or slauShtcTin?' tlaving and Preserving praCTic J, With sheepskins similarly, 
ihei v, Snd SCt ovn foT fTa,rie drying within two hours of slaughi _ taftL U'd be washcd and salted shortly after slaughter T e
gaining and the realisation of
tnisvQt hides and skins experts in every zone is making prog n after coffee. *“’**»• resource they represent the second most unportant nauonal export
c 'J0Si'a r stdeS and skins eilhcT uscd l0CaUy for fijn"tUI^XrLlocal manufacturers or
far e*Port r\lnall°nalM- °r 5013 tO UaderS f°T
5li 8t of
J
e . °> Before export, all hides and skins are no p 
^hdec,].- 8 ,SuPPliea varV during the year according to t e . 
* July WKnes during the Christian fast periods notably around February
w’Xcessed to at le** the Pickbng
, for s|aughtcr animals, March, and again
J),-itNATURAL RESOURCES
ANKEX 2L LIVESTOCK
Nationally, MOA repons that nearly all cattle hides are frame-dned (9S®
goats is 80%, but most of these arc used locally Sheepskins arc mainly salt d The figure for are purchased, mainly from butchers but also from producers and household - H«0%) They negotiated price according to size, quality, slaughtering efficiency locaetirs, by traders at a Government incentives and season In respect of the Basin, ARDCO (TableTd on, wForld price, 
tv '»' statistics for hides and skins despatched through Bedelle in the period 1991 *ets figures are not truly representative as they relate to only a part of the B unquantified adjacent areas Furthermore, it has not proved to be possible to verif^th"'1
However, they probably indicate some of the trends in respect of this inmona
20 is derived from the ARDCO figures The report also observes that 30% of hid^ for domestic purposes, 15% of sheep skins for saddles and 75% of goat skins for h * U*d
Table 20. Hides and skins delivered to tanneries through Bedelle (ARDCO 1995,
Cattle Hides
1991
1992 1993
% grade I
% grades U &III
Total
70
30
2127
70
30
2426
92
8
3068
Sheep skins
i Salted
J Air Dried
1 Total
17596
123
17719
19628
2704
22332
______
10505
117744
22279 
! Goat Skins
| Salted
1 Ajr Dried
I] Total
3299
2712
6011
1129
7198
8327
1037
3125
4162
The following observations can be made from these figures
t k_ ..
1993^^ °f Cattle hides and sheep skins ; ^u l..yofh des
a 1 improved
Propor ’mptioonrtatonceoveorf 50%air drv’
he
the trading of eoat
increased by 44% in the period 1991to J 1™* increased greatly from an insignia
Jt is not possible to draw catena ■ .
inrr^Ua^^
u 8 * P€nod; ^d
S 01 Askins declined by 30%
Products increa ^onc^us'ons' hut it appears that the volume of trade w-
ease in livestock numbers
°
VCr the
.
an in Pcr*™ea-si prngobabl awya trhrenough be ess of tttheer pr imipor ces. *tance of the quald? ?-
1
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development
2L-22R ESt>LlRCES___________ _____________ _______ ANNEX2L LIVESTOCK
. The increased activities of the specialist hides and skins technicians at wereda, i-tandskin5 _-i levels who are responsible for maintaining and improving the sunnk-
ij7 ^ree ofcash
V' j mixed farming systems, livestock provide nearly all the cash income IAR (1991)
the i^Plan
o
f the farm cash onrincb iomnrnme ip i s des. dpnvA rived rfri fomffimthe fhp csaalel/* nf of maniinde mal nnJ s and an additiona __ rl
ffports th4lhe 5^e of livestock products, mainly milk Furthermore, the cash derived from this
iS’ d
. ____ i iXr th** niirr-hmt* of fertiliser and other inrrntc for ernn rn-nrluntinn
Manure
hi manure from livestock is an important by-product. and is used both for enriching the sod, aiticdarlv for perennial crops and also as a fuel For the latter purpose it is dried and 
\RDCO reports that it is sold at prices ranging from 0 16 to 0 38 birr per kg The use of manure as a fuel represents an irretrievable loss of soil condition and fertility While this loss is substantial in those areas of the Highlands that have been deforested, in the Basin the main fuel continues to be wood.
14 Marketing of livestock
14J General
He livestock products of the Basin are either consumed by the producers, sold for local ^^E|,^P1lon or sold for export. Draught power, milk, and manure are used mainly by lhe
p.L --------■*t'he""m“wsievlrvea asj Saulgaught nier aenr aimniums, amlsa, hi es,deansu, asnd s iunskiainsc i atiareu mnyaiminl jv,y s ii^ old, and most mature sheep and goats are traded
,dnQus pan ’ ar*,_ -5 efilS n.f
“ ,CbSCI exter|t >n sheep and goats, has evolved over many years, and
Veas These*
715 rnoverT>ent occur between different parts of the Basin and the adjoining 
v**______ jiffi tIhp rfinrnirHX
Mahons
° f moverTierit of cattle fof trading purposes, as distinct from seasonal la u ^ ted below (Table 21), and are also shown in the Volume 1^
a
8 *n>Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
Table 21 Baro-Akobo Basin: Cattle Trade Movement: MOA O >|
c((
Region or
Zone
Movement from
Keficho
I Bcdellc, Jimma, Gera Bonga, Gimbio. Chena
A-'l ’
Chebe, Ameya
- , — ..V.HU
Maji Bench Shekicho
Gambella E Welega
W Welega
Illubabor
TemenjaYazhi
Gesha Tilichu 
Seka
Menjo
Tela
Bachuma (Goldia), Gesha, Shasha Temenja, Chena(Mena),Shewa Bench Chena
Tiliku Gasha
Andracha
Akobo, Jikawo, Itang Wollega. Bure. Gambella Sachi
Mako
Jarso, Menesibu. Gidami,
Begi, Jar, Arjo Sube, Sodo. Sahin Darimu
Nopa.Becho Dapo
Gach, Boracha Dega, Mako Didu
Sachi
Alge Mono, Sale Chora
I Ameya
i Shewa Bench, Mizan, Aman. Dema
I IMizan, Dima. .Aman
I Tepi
I Tepi
I
Tepi
Gambella
Abobo, Gog
Alge, Metu. Nolekaba. Gimbi. Didessa. I Nekemte. Dembidolo, Mako. Deu 
\ Chora
Dao Hanna, Leke Dullecha, Nekemte,
Dega, Bedelle.Didessa ANsolose Ka, Sabaudan Central Darimu (Dipo) Matu, Nolekaba, Yubdo Matu
Bedele Bedele Bedele Ale Alge Matu Gore
Bedele
- —
ma
f°r daughter and for draught power are moved by traders for sale either in fonw- kets or to individual butchers and fanners The movement is mainly on foot, but tonics* 
n reasing y used where roads are improved These livestock are mainly slaughter animal J f J aU° J °*eru and to a very small extent milking cows and immature stock are also invov 
e tra e The main trade is in cattle, but sheep, goats and poultry also play a part
243 Markets
Many weredas and other centres of population have their particular ™
per
haPs
n o”iniTastTuCt^. if
or twice a week - in Gambela it takes place every day There^ ^q
ea
the markets, such as pens or water supplies At Guliso in 
' he market
__________
_________ __________ ________________________ _____ ____ n^opmentM«*'r Pla’’ TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated De
2L- 24resources____________ _ ___
o f wooden stakes with a small shelter for the officer who collects the fees (3 Bin for iBtrr for sheep).
Xtfcult to quantify the livestock trade, as it appears that no formal market statistics are H15 d? xRDCO report contains information about individual markets, but it is not possible
h
keP< u dear and complete picture from this information It is also implied 
9
H the
!0 T numbers of livestock, especially from areas close to the border are sold in Sudan 
i!S ^Lon of maximum sales coincides with holidays and festivals, and during the wet season Tbe , h nsk5 of loss arc considered to be greater - as perhaps are the needs for cash. Table
v derived from market information contained in AR.DCO Table 3 F.6.
Table 22. Market Returns from Three Markets: (ARDCO 1995)
_—
Oxen
__________ _________:____ ,
Cows
Calves
No.
Iwt; kg
Birr/kg
no.
Iwt; kg
Birr/kg
No
ft
Iwt: kg
Birr/kg
Lit 3
4
258
2 28
2
200
2 20
4
95
27
Metu
6
298
2.33
4
229
1.9
1
Tepi
2
310
1 2
I
240
1.3
1
123
I 1
Prices of Livestock Products
Priees of animals and animal products show great variation throughout the Basin Prices were
k K'e at sam
P weredas in September and October 1995 by the team The results are
le
in Tables 23 and 24
e 23. Prices of Products at Five Locations in (he Basin: September 1995: Birr
Product
Gure
Metu
Masha
Mizan
Tefert
Gam bel.i
_______
1200
1
 -
SOO-1000
1100-1200
1500-2000
1300-1500
1200
12
15
200
250
150-180
200
200
1.5
2
------- —j 2
1.50
13-20
O 40
0.50
B*ro-.\kot)O river Basin Integrated Development Master PlanNATURAL RESOURCES
^±^T0ck
Table 24. Price of animals and Products (in Birr) at eight locations i
Ilubabor "J E.Wele
in °«ober i<>9$
W.Wele
OX
COW
|
sheep
goat
chicken Milk/lilrc Meat/kg Eggs/pc Skin/uni!
LHide/unit
700
375
128
58
*
1 65
10
0 35
12
13
775
575
120
100
♦
0.75
♦
0 30
13
20
1070 1
950
150
120
25
2.50
12
0 50
8
30
Keficho Shekich
150 120
20 2
12
• data not available
♦♦ per kg
125
120
9.50
2
8
0 50
80**
6
1?5
l$0
19
2.50
!5
066
6*
20
The price of hides and skins at the farm is difficult to determine with accuracy h according to quality, size, season, location and level of preservation The tannery is Lmd to pay about 5 .9 Birr per kg for air-dried hides With an average weight of 4 to 5 kg per hide this yields a price of 23 6 to 29 5 Birr at the tannery At the producer level, the negotiated price is reported to be about 15 Birr for a cattle hide and a similar figure for a sheep skin The table shows that the price of milk ranges between 0,75 and 2.5 Birr per litre. In Bedelle in June
1996 a price of 3 Birr was reported for unadulterated milk It is sold loose and untreated, nd is usually mixed with water before sale Boiling before consumption is normal, as tuberculous and brucellosis present health risks The relatively high price, which is equivalent to the wage for one to three hours’ work, reflects the strong demand for the product
2.5 Animal Health and Disease
2.5.1 General
The ARDCO report contains about 50 pages on the incidence of animal diseases, their vectors and the veterinary' services in the Upper Basin The data is comprehensive, although the result of the farmer questionnaire have not been fully analysed In general, the information on tsetse, trypanosomiasis and tick borne diseases is well presented that for the incidence of ctw diseases and their treatment at w'ereda level is not The following section draws out the ma<- points and makes further analyses of the data in the report
2.5.2 Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis
2.5.2.1 Distribution
G
Ot tsetse Ay ’n Basin These are Glossina morsuans submors!^
the T Tn o' • ^u'iclPes and G. tachmoides Five
and T congolen.se are of most importance T. bn^
species of trypanosome are record 
Gamhela S
r ^odesiense (infects man and causes sleeping sickness it
informatn°r & T' years in the 1970’s) are of very minor importance The
rennrt
1 C d’slr^^ut’on of tsetse and trypanosomiasis continues to be t e -
port ot 1976. At that time, about 98,000 km were infested It is reported that the
2
TAMS ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Masterres°ubCI-
ANNEX2L LIVESTOCK
n o. to 120.000 km by 1995 (ARDCO) The reasons for this trend include
:
. y ve /* j
bo
r 1 ncreasing movement of the people and their cattle from the highlands
< eJ* in land u
e
se< 1 e^se t0 population pressure, and the changing nature of the tsetse fly. It
n
v alleys if reS^ ^al the fly now breeds at up to 2000 m Formerly it was restricted to 
* 10 %ed b< 1 Th distribution of tsetse in the Basin at the present time is not
7 Wm
n Iihough NTTICC has up to date information on a few areas that
k °°Xcyed sometimes in anticipation of development interventions h ivet«enre
The belt of infestation in the Basin is part of a farcer area Gibe v r valleys The Basrn itself together with the adjoin™
ne
puticuJarly affected by the recent expansion of the flv which 
Abay and 0^- Bastn'
up rhe river valleys, notably that of the Baro, the Akobo th r T'°Spread' PanicjM
ARDCO report describes the distribution of tsetse and tn™ ?
— and tf,e Did«». The
to] This information is possibly out of date as the author °7maS1Sthe U?Per in 
of the fly into the Didessa Valley (.ARDCO p SO although nn 
p0Ssible ^P^ion
trade to the infestation of the valley by G. n. nbnorJL
■eomthar this valley has been mfested for manv v«r eradication programme
? ™
10 ,hc
’ >MfS Md 1S flt« of a control and 
lr- Gambela region, the savannah areas are infested by G. morvans The Plain is fKS affected and the fly is absent from the areas of inundation except along the over valleys
Z2 Tsetse research General
pans of Africa
reco^nised 35 a major limitation to Livestock production in many
therefore plays a n recognised as an agent which renders areas inaccessible to cattle, and 
^siroyed to mak?Pan Restock, there ha
ConServat*0n natural resources which would otherwise be ^°mestlc ',vcstock As a result of the desire to open new areas for
toemy years LLC A/IM^ research programmes implemented, particularly over the last 1o ?eiher with jm and IC1PE are involved on an international basis, while NTTICC pcrsPcctive ]n addYtlOna* SuPP°rt. has been approaching the problem from a national ^UK. the results * ’OI^/mPorLant innovative work has been carried out in both Zimbabwe
° l research inchiriin °
* ^ ’ S applied internationally. There have been several avenues
S en
»
umg the following:
^Plotting the o
by some
bre d °e?et,c res*stance to trypanosomiasis (nypanotolerance) that is shown 
^'est Africa [S Cattle* Particularly the Ndama and West African Shorthorn breeds of
°f Gambe|a j resPect of the Basin, the Sheko breed found in Gimira, and the Abigar
the Use of
t0 display soine tolerance to trypanosomiasis
T he use of C^C rna^es reduce the population of flies
Pyrethroid 
*hat sett|e o
n
,CideS’ 500,1 35 deltamethrin. to kill tsetse flies This synthetic
j- app,ied 10 ^rtle by dipping, and the residual chemical kills the flies
he applied as d’Pped ^^als over a significant penod Alternatively, the chemical can 
^ Use
c
O ft a Pour-on on the back of animals
^actants n®615’ WWch are ™P g
rc
na| €d with (he chemical and through the use of
^s&cally cow's urine/ acetone and octanol) attract the flies which are
Ta —- -
CLG Baro-Akobo river Basin Iniegraied Development Mauer Plan
2L- 2’NATURAL RESOURCES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• the use of conical traps these are made of material normally black and m
designed that flies fly under the skin and then up into the top of th ° UC 3nd Jo cannot escape They either die naturally or can be collected and killed Ahencc «h*
Tsetse research in the Basin
NTTICC has conducted a survey in Keto wereda near Chanka in development by ‘Concem/ORA’ Although the project was subsequent^ l‘1C,p“'On of dairy reasons, some of the results of the survey are set out below
OSed for Pohuci
Table 23.: Incidence of Four Species of Trypanosoma in cattle at Keto, Oromia
Wereda
Site
No.
animals
Tryps
vivax
Hawa GaJan
Dale
Dale Sadi
Mojo
Tulema
Machara
ORA vet clinic ORA Xbreds Villages 3.4,17 Villages 11.12
Kake
Merdafo &
Chamo
Amba 3
Aloni Teferi
48
48
48
48
10
42
24
36
48
36
40
Mean
PCV*
' 21.9
24.4
25 3
26
25 1
36 7
20.1
24
26
27.4
25.9
Tryps
brucei*
.|
♦PCV - packed cell volume
•Trypanosoma brucei, T congolensc. T vivax, 
T. mxd = all three species detected
Tsetse control in practice
tsetse control project is
>
in SEP AR (renamed SNwlGe>n‘l.d " COnjunc,ion will> ICPE in Bedesse, looted* 
Woleyla
progress for only f]Ve months (SeDt loast
al ,s compatible with productive lives/ i T u6
• traps fabricate T. * chemical inse f
that .this project- although it hasbeeix
in reducing fly numbers to sieve huSbandr> ™e mam features of the project art
pr °duced texti,es> and costing about 40 birr. are used
attractants th^rate^f3^ attractants are not used It is found that without the used 
caueht with rh#> °
,s *ess by about 30%, compared with the number that N'
popXmn to a USC °f ?hemiCaJs h ^erefore takes a longer penod to reduce the th 
to be saineH A- Certajn evel- but there are significant cost and en\ironmc... 
that tw
level nf
the nrni® ♦ • Decembe^l 99^^
° m us’ng tbe chemicals Monitoring blood samples shows
con ^°^ense and T. vivax has declined from 40°/i at the l ° 10^° now <October 1995) and is expected to be —
TAMS-VLG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develop
2L-28_ onIlRC£S ___________________________________ AW'EX2L livestock J bv the European Union is about to start in the Didessa Valley, with 
-------
o ject supPorteo onie of the results of research to the benefit of livestock owners in Afle* ?tive of apP/The Farming in Tsetse Infested Areas Project (FITA) is funded bv 5,56m the f iSOO 1 , , A7m from the eovemment (equivalent value).
<:^EDFa"
EC1'1
that the application of the new proven tsetse control techniques
I. ***5 of“"ite^«rs is h""S COnSlrail,e<l * fjf th^ne . hl|itv of funds
. theavaitao" . 
interests on tne
f thc chem cal
j manufacturers who want to sell
«
veSted L particularly deltamethnn
i0SCCtlC h establishment has an interest in matntaining its raison d'etre
«
t
the researen concern among tne widespread app« 
allthonties for the environmental implications following the technique. which could result in the reduction or
which are at present sanctuaries tor wildlife
SX may be taken over by «ttle because tsetse is no longer a risk.
15J ndls and Tick-Borne Diseases
The ARDCO report covers this topic in detail Table 24 summarises the distribution of various tick species in the Upper Basin and Gambela, which was collected in a survey conducted in I9&6 A more detailed study of both tick species and the associated rick borne disease (TBD) agents, was made at two specific sites (i) at Chora with Friesian cross cattle and (li) al Kere Lllo village with native cattle. The results are shown in Table 25. Numerous dip baths have been constructed in the Upper Basin (ARDCO'95) Most of these are non-tunctional Veterinary authorities now believe that regular dipping is unnecessary', and if it is applied irc^gdarly, it can adversely affect the health of cattle However, if East Coast fever (ECF)
inadvertently introduced to the Basin regular dipping would then become essential
^■ro-Akobo river Basin tnle&ratc^ Devdnpnit,rlt Maste
2L-29NATURAL RESOURCES
Table 24. Tick Species Identified in Six Zones of the Basin
Tick species
Sor & Moch
Amblyomma cohaerens
4.
+•
4
A. variegatum
-t-
4
A lepidum
■
A. nuttalli
—
Rhipicephalus bergeoni
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4
4
4-
4-
R evertsi evertsi
4-
1
4
R lunulatus
+
4-
------ - ------------------
—
4-
-
R simus
+
+
+
4-
4*
R muhsamae
1
4-
+
4-
4
R praetexatus
4-
4-
+
L
: R sanguineus
4-
1 +
, Boophilus decoloratus
4-
4-
+•
4
I 4
B annulatus
-
1 Haemaphysalis aculifer
4-
4-
4-
H parmata
4-
4-
+
+
Ixodes rasus
4-
i Hyolomma marginatum rufipes
+
Source: Survey of ticks in western Ethiopia. Decastro J.J. FAO 199*. qu Table 25. Survey of Ticks and TBD at Chora (1) and Kerehillo (2)
TT ar
| 4
")C0
Site
1
2
Tick Species
Boophilus decoloratus Amblyomma cohaerens
Amblyomma variegatum Amblyomma cohaerens
Anapiasma marginale Babesia bigemina Theileria sp Anapiasma marginale
Theileria mutans Theileria spp
TAMS-LLG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develop™^
2L-30ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
—
art of thC ' which showed that A. marginale and Babesia bigemma were moderately W Lned ^ereda ’ „n were found to be ven prevalent but they were not of a pathogenic
0g6 study, a wider blood survey was made tak,ng bl(>od smears in 24 
s
One impo^
result of this work relates to the absence (at the time of the survey) of a an d the tick which cames it. R. appendcuiatus. This agent is
^ce °f
*
pcF which IS a major fatal disease throughoul Easl Afiica Wl,b the
Controlled
sp
onsible for EC^ent of cattle across the borders with Kenya and Sudan, its introduction 
serious consequences, is a major hazard The tick species, Boophilus
i(lt5
 EduoPia wlt duce(J into Gambela during the 1980 s and the view is expressed that it is
was ,n ir
f °me before ECF is introduced, unless strong precautions are taken The
only »,naLier Ot, ' makes the important observation that as tsetse control is implemented in report also ^ab[e livestock in general, and cattle in particular, to move into 
the border areas. 
&
longer )ength of is exposed t0 the ingress
b v«tock, so increasing the risks of the introduction of new vectors and new diseases
15./ Infectious Diseases
j ae ARDCO report contains much information on animal disease from a number of weredas lhedata are not analysed and it is therefore difficult to understand the pattern of importance nd frequency of the different diseases. In the review ’ on p 98, pasteurellosis, anthrax, and 
™ 8recorded as the most frequent diseases in the Upper Basin, although the accuracy 
e
. 
* questioned as a result of inadequate equipmeni at the veterinary clinics. In
S
tD suffer f|C-^ h°
n
rse s'ckness and lymphangylis is frequently reported Poultry are reported 
Newcastle Diseasfi10114^^ t*tnes but Lbc disease in not identified - vaccination against
’uibreaks V Carned 0u1 aS *
a
ns t pasteurellosis, anthrax and blackleg in response to reported 
bovine pieUro CCinatl°n programmes are being maintained against rinderpest and contagious
Caj ”Paign has L
>neiln On a
’
’ <CBPP) In the case of rinderpest, the Pan African Rinderpest
'^'ihin the Basing11 °Peradon “* Ethiopia and other countries in .Africa since rhe late 1980 s carried out 1 ? programme is well advanced and in only two areas are vaccinations still
■°? ther ivjth 
c
Su rOutine|y. These remaining places are Maji in SPAR and in Gambela Region, 
n
catile Ov^°^nd,n= corck> s sanitaires in each case Remoteness and ingress ot
^ tSsar>' The 1 C Sudan border are making continuation of the programme in these areas
^rliorsthe level eTfnnary ^ P
e
arlrnenU through the regional Veterinary Centre at Bedelle, 
^^nity Of ° antibodies in blood samples of cattle to ensure that the accepiable level oi ed 001 indent ma!n!auied in the herds in all parts of the Basin This monitoring work is
, 
l ^alp •
0111 y of the vaccination programme
t
a
’n-pj, 
Ue
li Ve^ ^ ’s rePoned to be common, especially in the Gambela Plain. The level
, the abattoir is relatively hi^h. Gastro-intestinal parasites are an ^ Se esPCciaJ|y in the wet season and with young animals
river Basin Integrated De^lopment Mwler Plan
2L-31annex IE livestock
natu
2.5-6 Oth
Qf Uvestock are reported from other causes, accident
in addition to diseases, nea J
seas when forage IS sca pre
on rce. dation by an,^'
plant P° ™ »;.XanSdity and morbidity also reportedly occur as a result of poor nutrition
iso
d
n
Itortage of “race elementsH rESOURc£S
ANNEX 21 LIVESTOCK
sector institltjons
}|
 Govtmm«it Slices
*11 o0vemment services for agriculture used to be directly under the control of the Mmisu-y of AK nculture (MOA) at national level With the implementation of regional autonomy throughout the country, this has changed, and responsibility has been devolved to the regional jgncultural bureaux This process is well advanced although there are still some anomalies to 3 e resolved (further details are provided in Annex 3G).
V the national level there is in general one technical specialist for each discipline This officer s responsible for national policy planning and programming In addition, these specialists are nailable to assist the staff at regional level if they are called upon to do so
Certain services such as veterinary drug supply and vaccine production remain under central control Disease surveillance has been devolved to regional level, but there are moves to centralise this function again
Tie central MO A has three technical departments, including the Department of Livestock and r -5hcry Resources Development There are five teams in the department
Veterinary
Vrumal breeding and nutrition
, Animal and animal product quarantine and inspection
Fishery development
F^ngeUnd development
Se! <xn m J breeding and Nutrition Team comprises the following seven disciplines, that are
. " the section; Apjcuhure
!i,de and Ski
n
Poultry deeding
Dairy
htCP ahd Goai Devdopmem
LG Baro-Akobo riw Basin Integrated Development Master Plan
2L-33NATURAL RESOURCES
annexjluv,.^
3 .j.2 Region ..ial ^n Aalg Agricultural Bureaux the control of reg.o ,eaional administrations, in respect of staff
I
These bureaux are ni
offices
are
 ^atc
breeding. forage production, hides aM
finance and ^.^‘ represented animal n^^" pment
o Many 
of these are represented 
following ^peC' - apiculture and sheep g 
^"ofUves.Srmponanee
3.1.3 Artificial Breeding Services
. these arc located at each wereda and
Breeding of cattle s.h p^
J r rattle sheen and goats is almost entirely by natural service An amficul
insemination (A_l) service for cattle
Insemina“tion Centre and is under the
8 
opfiration h is conlroucd by the
An artificial
_ 
Livestock Department at the Central MOA level In
-
--------- — 
UU IVj
1995. it performed about 21,000 inseminations,(29,000 including repeats) The
•__ A
____ t________ ____ i_______ » a z\ l___________ ii-
u 40 bulls are kept for semen collection most are Holstein with a fw
i - - r"
no non :—•---_ _ ----------------- " ..c main centre »
«•
.
r
r
/
in Add,s ’£<«£' “ X, e in pan. of Oromia. Angara. SEP AR f.en^d SNSPRG,. 
Jersey The se
R
availabie in any part of the Basin at present, but the
regionalgoCenunen, in Asosa/Benshangu) has requeued, perhaps over-opumrsucally. rta .he service is established there
3.1.4 Livestock Research
Research in Ethiopia is under the control of an autonomous Institute of Agricultural Research (l.AR). There are some subcentres within the Basin, but none are involved with livestock research The National Livestock Research Centre at Holetta and the Bako Research Centre undertake research appropriate for the Highland and Midland agro-ecological zones respectively As the Upper Basin is partly in the Midland agro zone, research there is particularly relevant to the upper project area However, research at both centres is in genera! of interest in respect of livestock and forage development in the Basin.
3.1.5 National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre (NTTICC)
This centre is located at Bedelle on the margin of the Basin, and is responsible for activities in 
this field at the national level However, in fact it is mainly concerned with the Southeast o. 
the country where most of the tsetse infested areas are found. This centre also prow cs
HQ for P.ARC (Pan African Rinderpest Campaign), which now covers an area that is a
larger than the Basin.
3.1.6 Wereda and Zonal Municipalities
These authorities have four main functions in respect of the livestock industry , aabcU|turv
• control of slaughter facilities A veterinary officer is accorded by the bureau for meat inspection
• organisation of livestock markets
• the collection of taxes and fees for these services
• disposal of dead animals
■ —-----------— ■ ■
—— 
--— —
Pl^
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Developing
2L-34yl
ftfl.4l-8I;SOL;RCES
Non-Government Organisations
,, j ufatschen fur Menschen
jiis*G° has been active in the project area for forage product™. dairy deve p
lo mera and
W
6 aj
j;; UM/C'R
[he Sudanese Uduk pastoralists have been tern
Kiugees for many years UNHCR i pn^^'
s 5611,6(1 * Bonaa in Gan>. „
prograde has
Region*
J.ZJ Other NGOs
D£D at Asosa and ACCORD Garnet
tn
“*» —■ —
i
2L-35NATURAL RESOURCES
4. SECTOR CONSTRAINTS AND TARGETS
4.1 Constraints to Livestock Development
4.1.1 Animal Feed Supply
The seasonally warm and humid climate of both the Upper and Lower Basi
rale of biomass production, perhaps as much as 25 kg DM per day in the1 SUPP°ns a areas However, in spite of this, livestock frequently have insufficient feed^h faV°Urable hard to attain a basic level of nutrition The reasons are
navc t0 Work
• vegetative growth is seasonal in the north-east of the basin there are ee
rainy seasons In the south these progressively merge to give an extended w« ■3?°
from about February to December in Shekicho Zone
with 
an 
annual
rainfall
o
fT 
2500mm This situation gives rise to a seasonal forage supply 
aWwt
• 
feed availability is also affected by seasonal flooding in the Lower Basin
• 
the area of grazing is declining as more and more pastures are ploughed up fc: cropping, to provide for the growing population 
H '
• 
crop residues are not collected and stored for animal feed as they are in the more
intensively farmed areas of the Highlands
• 
the cultivation of forage for livestock is not yet developed, although this technology is
being introduced in many areas
• 
the value of other by products for animal feed are not recognised
• 
the burden of intestinal parasites increases the effective nutnent requirements of
livestock
4.1.2 Animal disease
The livestock of the Basin are afflicted by numerous diseases Trypanosomiasis is endemk throughout much of the Basin up to an altitude of about 1900m It is the mam factor in arumi- death and debility, and is the main constraint to the efficacy of ox ploughing, afternutnw Pasteurellosis, blackquarter and anthrax occur sporadically and cause heavy losses
is at present under control as a result of the PARC programme only two outb ^
re
e o f |05$ 
in the Basin in 1995 Contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia is a serious especially tn W Welega. In addition, tick borne diseases, especially babcsl
in>001)
.°^ though tfc
S
parasites, notably fascioliasis (K gigantica), cause severe losses of pro uctio native stock have a marked degree of resistance
The losses of poultry through mortality are up to 90%. This is thought t Newcastle Disease, fowl cholera and coccidiosis
_ _____ —pl'lft
TAMS-ULG
Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Developmo’
2L - 36..RESOURCES_______________________ _______ 
ANNEX IL
— ---------------------------------------------------------- ------- -
" XFX21
 Estock
n amc situaiion applies as with the veterinaiy services It is also necessm l0 provide Thf , to serve in the more remote areas
The supply of veterinary drugs, vaccines and laboratory reagents is sporadic and. in general inadequate. The Central Veterinary Service is responsible for the supply and despatch of these injxits It appears that corruption plays a major part in the disruption of supply, and this applies particularly to trypanocidal drugs, for which farmers are desperate in the face of an increasing tsetse challenge Consignments of drugs are diverted to areas that are not affected by trypanosomiasis these drugs then reappear on the private market, and worse still they are often sold after dilution This practice, and the use of unrccommended types is heading to 
■ncTeaang drug resistance among the trypanosome species.
The supply of forage seeds is at present handled by MOA. As the demand increases
’hopefully) the organisation of supply will require attention to ensure seeds are available when required
^ raiiS^it
Technology
k* and^’fOna' 
i riie ly i^nplement that is in general use its design is based on the
s OT1
Cj 5toms a d 
Through the soil without inverting the furrow While respecting local
Mother H e°nditions, there is little doubt that improvements to the design could be made Ar_nex 2] 3TTlP ernenls dev eloped for harrowing, sowing and weeding. See also the Agriculture
Th * Present Situate
2L-3TNATURAL RESOURCES
-------------------------------------------- ------------------------ -- estock
4.3 Sector Targets
4.3.1 Government Objectives for the Rural Sector
ANKFv
The Government has set out broad policy guidelines for economic devel country In respect of agriculture, livestock and rural development the main ele ^" °
0 1 f thr
• smallholder agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, and will
priority in the allocation of resources
the processing of agricultural products will be accorded priority in the md land ownership is recognised as a controversial issue For the time he "
in state ownership, but full rights to its utilisation will be securelv'" "
** ineretore receive
8 rCmaw
occupier, who has the right to pass these rights to his or her inheritors
• a free market will prevail for agricultural products, and the producer will h. M
,he
products wherever he will;
taxation of smallholders will be rationalised, and collected at the local level
any resettlement will be entirely voluntary, and every consideration will be eiven tn n affected parties This also applies to the movement of dispersed commumhes
villages, 
c a ^e tQ sei!
10
support will be accorded for private investment in commercial agriculture and livestock production
• state farms will be investigated to determine the reasons for their unprofitability with a
view to making them profitable Unprofitable ones will be either given over to the
workers, or to those who live in the area. If this is not possible, they will be sold or
leased to private investors, or a failing that, the assets will be sold off and the land 
given back to the local people for subsistence farming
4.3.2 General Objectives for the Livestock Sector
The main objective of the sector is the improvement of the productivity of the existing hercs
through belter nutrition and health care, resulting in more effective oxpower, more milk, juu 
more meat In the Upper Basin, where livestock feed supplies are limited for much oft« 
year, this implies a halt to the further expansion of the herds, at least in the short to mea, 
term It is accepted that such a restriction on the increase in size of herds will be ^^5 
achieve in practice If health care and nutrition are radically improved, it is likely t ai n 
will increase rapidly unless the need for some form of control is accepted
In pursuit of this objective, the main incentive is the tact that a reduction in ancj meav K ** 
would be likely to lead to an increase in the gross output ot power, rru difficult to get owners to accept this logic, because they also regar source of cash, and secondly, as a prestigious asset, and in some c matrimonial purposes (brideprice)
In the Lower Basin, the integration of livestock production1 and possibility in that irrigated areas will contribute to livestock ee ’ jon 35 a However, it is not considered that the use ot irrigation tor to er p would be viable or competitive with high value cash crops
* 3 reldy cS sentta^
}
oc
f rop
___________~_________ _ ___ _______ _‘ cr *n
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Dev elopmen
2L - 38Estock
5
8
^•sn°‘Notice even if Urge incentives are required at the outset In -Leo ?•
S’1 ’So" of aSSe'S °f ST 
\>il8t'on u but suCh a change should be adopted as a long term obiectht
' ho'IdT?'Td^' 'I'"”8' '"*
nt if a P°lic>' °f increasing 1,vcstock productivity through improving health feed 
I" *ye " j adopted, some method of control of livestock numbers win be essential If it is
s
^’f'Xhhusian principle will apply, and animal numbers will inexorably rise initially in 
lhe to (he improvements in health and nutrition In this situation, animal Dreduction will
^Tease and may well decrease as the feed base is progressively destroyed and soils are
’°7d as is happening in so many parts of Ethiopia today
lS no easy solution to this problem. However, if individual communities are going :o be sted through substantial new investment in animal health, nutrition and extension services
uri'J pro should be required in respect of their taking responsibility for the care of their ardand forest resources In other words, a community resource management contract should be required to ensure that an improvement of services does not lead directly to more livestock, 
•educed production and further degradation of natural resources
/.iJ Specific Objectives of the Livestock Sector
There are two main agricultural systems in the Upper Basin firstly perennial cropping, mainly “flee, ensete and chat (Catha edulis) and secondly annual cropping with livestock There are significant advantages of the perennial systems in respect of profits, crop storage, soil conservation and ease of marketing However, the annual cropping system offers most opportunity for improvement through the greater integration of crops and livestock At t went, synergies of the crop and livestock enterprises are not fully exploited oxen ^'■de the power for cultivation, some crop residues are consumed by livestock and some of
manure is used on the crop land The integration of forage production with annual
i£nr
>l 1
| ^ n 3 Permanent- settled, sustainable and individual system is the long-term aim for
fj so™1"6 'n much of the uPPer Basin There will remain some communal grazing iands that ^emreaS°n 3re not avaiiable for annual cropping through soil or *aier conditions The
- ent of this communal grazing present special problems which will be considered later
4.4
for Change
<4. J
c °*>tini Gening °f Government Services
r ° th~c achievenf10"1^ and slren?tbening of Government services is the primary requir
r
«
*
eA. . Cnt °f these objectives These services include
UV <XlQ[) , Firirrv
tra 'mn Pnrr|ary and secondary, especially of women extend 91 thc technical level for staff and for farmers
. , i=lQn services
er services to the livestock industn
B
aro Akobo river Ba$in lnlegratc<1
l
 Develop"*"’ M«,er Plin
2L-39NATURAL RESOURCES
4.4.2 Privote Sector
As part of a strategy towards introducing change in the attitudes and o 
livestock owners, the private investor could be encouraged t
o
X a «°f
unproved farmtng systems There are dangers, however An invel J*" ^odu^ notably Addis, with no farming or local experience, whose only obSctw * diStant ’X Profit- is unlikely to make a lasting contribution to the agricultural devH * l° make a Quick indeed, it could lead to accelerated erosion of the soil On the other hand0^6™ °f ”* ar« local busmessman, committed to the long-term development oUr
community could play a positive role in effecting change
The Government should encourage businessmen to exploit commercial
providtng advice and assistance and perhaps organising a joint
arm and ‘he l0cal
proposed for the production of improved layer stock in the Basin (para 5 o, 
opportunities, thro^ ventur^^"”'^' ,hrou8h ire Tk.,
6
S approach «
Many local businessmen generate substantial profits through trading in th throughout the Basin Much of this capital is invested in Addis Ababa, a d ‘0WW economy is deprived of this source of new investment. Incentives are required VL situation and encourage local reinvestment of such funds
4.4.3 The Place of NGOs
arcss ths
if-
NGOs play an important role in providing services and relief in many parts of the country the. also play an important part in the process of change There are several points to consider in respect of the role of NGOs in the future of the Basin
• they tend to work somewhat independently of official services There are seven, reasons for this—the main one is the need to produce visible results in the short term
• they pay much higher salaries than government, and therefore attract the more experienced staff from the Government services As a result of the loss of these senior staff, the vision of Government, and its policies and plans for the long term are lost.« at least compromised, while the management of the NGOs is strengthened
most NGOs are independent and therefore carry a significant overhead cost load NGOs (as are missions and some government departments,) are regarded 
as a source of free handouts. This attitude is in the long term services should be charged for whenever possible, even if some subs . cover a part of the cost
Some agencies are adopting a policy of directly SUP?^
plans of regional governments, through providing staff g 
be commended and encouraged as it addresses to some extent, the pro
4.4.4 Retired technical staff
In many countries of .Africa, the profession of farming Government employees at a high level and 
fanners. Furthermore, on retirement many govemm
°Th>s trend isto bteins listed above
^atus. as in o f the
the rural areas and apply then experience of farmtng to the be* the country as a whole They represent an importa
staflrctum to
of the local
____________________ ___ ______ _________d De'e,c>l”nent TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integra e
2L-40ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
situation is quite diffe™‘ “ "
!c
ar 55. office, Jo l0 llle ,m„s
fitop’* lh ihaba inducements ln *' °™ °f land or cash, in orde
r
!0 encouru, sacli
"S A*“’ banning, is needed Thls woukl M”10 [aise dlt «■«» of the industr,-Wl!u
Itlterflational Community and Food Security
have played a substantial role in supporting rhe rural sector of Ethiopia, 
g^seas coun (j(nes of drought and food shortage. Intervention at these times through the
ctr^1''dU j aid although relieving the suffering at the time, often has the longer term rfTect
import oft0° and destabilising the local market for grains in subsequent years Recently, the
2000 has demonstrated how yields can be increased by more than 200% to 
bv^he application of modem technology supported by effective and intense cxiension 
5Ctf l *1 services. This success also demonstrated that tn the face of such surpluses, the
^sofurain crops are likely to fall dramatically leading to the disillusionment of farmers.
'ii'he face of such a dramatic fall al harvests tn 1995, the government introduced a nominal ’Lirinteed floor price for maize of 70 Birr/qt. However, owing to the lack of infrastructure to support the initiative, only a few farmers in favoured situations benefited from the guaranteed price
The long term food security' of the country' requires international cooperation on a continuous year by year basis in an integrated way A guaranteed floor price for grains would be bstzwd, whereby if the free market grain price fell below the threshold, an official buying ^ogTAmme would start Such a programme would be underpinned financially by the niiemauona! community, and would be supported with the necessary infrastructure for
incorp0rating the facilities of both the RRC (now renamed the Disaster Prevention tparedness Commission) and the Grain Board Official buying centres and transport
^gements, using as far as possible the private sector, would be organised
^pia
im Plementation of this proposal, it can be anticipated that the farmers of
Produced or confidence tn the grain market, at the same time as stocks of locally
of dr°ught°r^riS aie UP T° meel local shortages that can be expected to occur as a result
^her ereatk 
factors. It is anticipated that the need to import foreign grain will be “““I °r eliminated HogeLr
"^hile
bn d4inen[ ]
a arp*^. *S stnctly outside
the confines of the livestock sector, it represents a
' tTliIa] pan 3 & Planning policy that affects the entire rural sector, of which livestock are a
4 -<f
^2.^
■ l’ dirK,'d •» >•» more effective chwellms «I agnculwrei asMmce
EihiorT farm- neS has recent*y been proposed This proposal involves a direct link 'oop., ' ^iho ?
ut g Cornmunities in an overseas country and a host country, such as
Ve Unk J ! udifecl '" °’vement of governments It « “visaed that such a
v
d be permanent, and involve the exchange of people between the two
TAhl'sTT?~r-'——-______ _—----- —'-----
** Baro-Akobo river Bawn Iniejrnled Development Mailer Plan
2L-41NATURAL RESOURCES
groups for mutual benefits, which would include technical innovation, educat' recreation Ethiopia would appear to lend itself well to a pilot for such an initi'ahv ,ra'nin8
4.4. 7 Strategy for rangelands of the Lower Basin
The development of rangeland through intervention has proved over the la
unrewarding No rangeland project has been a complete success som
S 30 years
, <o be
failures, and the achievements of many are restricted to improvements in 
t0,al
review of some of the experience of rangeland development projects in othe'" raStructUre A is given in the next section. The mam reasons for disappointing results with °f E,hiora as follows: such Projects are
Firstly, the people who possess the rangeland destined for intervention have not be enough in both the planning and the execution of the project In retroanalvsisT\,'nVOlVed been found that the objectives of the pastoralists, or beneficiaries as thev are n're °ften described, differ markedly from those who prepared and attempted to execute the piXi ^
0
Secondly, the timescale of the project is too short A project term of 3 years or even 5 v 
cannot allow enough time to understand and analyse the systems that are current!^
operation An open ended project term with a rolling plan that is reviewed continually' Jd 
consultatively is necessary If the main objective of the project is to attain an economic return 
in the short term, experience has shown that it is likely to fail
Thirdly, a successful project requires a strong social organisation of the pastoralists in pastoral associations or similar groups Ideally, this organisation should be based on the traditional hierarchical structure
Fourthly, a project should address as far as possible the other productive activities of the pastoralist in an integrated way In general and for several reasons, pastoralists are becoming more involved in crop production this is particularly so in South Omo, where it is reported to account for about 30% of food energy requirements Other related activities, such as fishing, honey production and gathering of wild produce should be considered They are an imponrit element of proven acceptability in the whole production system, and they may o er sou- opportunities for improvement. They tend to be totally sustainable, and offer a possi
of relieving the pressure of both cattle and people on the rangeland
Fifthly, a project should be designed so that the pastoralists are motivated to parucip prospect of getting long term benefits, rather than short term han out
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development7
gES<lL'BCES
ANNEX IL LIVESTOCK
Restock
OPPORTUNITIES
Crazing Lands. Forage Supply and Other Feed Resources
JH
Craang and oruwst fciav 
Currwif trends in rhe use and availability of pastures
and browse is the main source of animal feed in the Basm In (be f
_ _ __
ace of.
mansion of rhe human population and therefore ofThe
........ 
rpd „„d
“ "* r<Ke ot a
* « of grazing
:3rt j is in general, being progressively reduced This trend is manifested in several ways as
follows
. traditional grazing grounds are ploughed up for cultivation for food crops resulting in 
ihe reduction of pasture availability;
• the length of the fallow period is reduced, and so there is less fallow land that can be
grazed,
* the number of years of continuous cropping before the next period of fallow is
increased
Gruing resources for livestock are being reduced as a result .of tbs
which in turn is likely to reduce the availability ot effective a gh ■ advanced, and 
we densely populated parts of the Highlands, this process is -
fenihser use has increased and permanent cropping systems v
areas, the farming system that has evolved is adequate
^al, in short supply The evolution of farmmg systems tn the B
or d«r to ensure that as intensification increases, balanced system. P problem of feed shortage
. However, in *
!. .1
:*th€ P^sent sii
the hsituation, pasture improvement and the intensification of pasture management
Je st means of in 
^creasing feed supplies for livestock in the short to m| edium term
r* *’*•••**« w*. 
----- --- __
Sl '2 pastu
,r< ^proventent
^‘^ntanag * ’
5 n ProVe,nCTl are
8raz* S and mainf
n
01 Pastures in terms of appropriate stocking rates, rotational
hei ntrodu^ nanCe°ffertiljty-
^jScho|d plots11 f fherbage legumes to. firstly the home pastures in the individual p suppOn ° afrners and, secondly in the communal grazing The technology 
Livest
Oc c
| S22rlces f°r this technique have already been developed under the
mur bui not fo DeveloPmenr Project (FLOP), which operated in several Highland Q// . ^Plied such a Basm Marty forage species and varieties were tested and 
° Pl/rPure
WZ77)
 J St
> ^thes spp' (hamata, Vermo. Seca), srratro (Macropfihum
/o
^rnodnm mtorhm, D uncinatum. and Glycin spp
Ta »Sulg
^ro-Akofro river Basin Integrated Development Muler
2L-43NATURAL RESOURCES
5.1.3 The Use of Forage Plants
.^^2hUVE
STQci(
The introduction and extension of forage plants for cutting and feedine in u 
can make a great contribution to the level of livestock nutrition 
seasons The FLDP has been doing this in neighbouring areas "and thr dunne ,hc dn there appear to have been planting material in surplus to the needs of th SpCC'es of introduced to areas adjoining the project area The species are cownUX" pr°]ecl- grass (Penmsetum purpureum) and tree lucerne (Tagasanthe or CAz.I, shrub legume Sesbania spp and to a lesser extent, /.eucaena M, °eC>"?w SPP) The introduced to several areas of the Basin for fodder
11 h°Usch<>ld pl ,
0
elepha ,
n
cnc ephala has beer
The planting of forage species, especially the large species and the
along the contour bunds of the cultivated fields is a well-proven teSriauTf Shnibs’ ”* 
soil and combating erosion Sesbania is particularly suitable for this ini t • protCctin£ the
2000m: it protects and nitrifies the soil as well and providing feed f
or
1^°? 7 ibou’
urgent need for such soil conservation measures to be applied or enforced pXZT “ ?
susceptible soils. 
The practice of planting Sesbania as a cover crop for coffee is increasing WhiU .k management of the shrub for this purpose differs from that of fodder production -J applications are not incompatible. 
5.1.4 Communal grazing of the Upper Basin
H »uvuiari\ on the
n. uie two
In the section addressing the strategy for development of integrated systems of farming, the long-term objective of enclosing communal grazing for individual mixed fanning was emphasised However, it is recognised that some communal grazing, by nature of soil or water conditions will remain unsuitable for cultivation in any circumstances This grazing are addressed in this section
The introduction of management controls are a prerequisite for the successful introduction of any improvement to the productivity of grasslands. Such controls are difficult to apply, and for this reason, interventions in this field that are directed at the home pastures are more like'? to be successful When the benefits of the technique are apparent on the plots of individu s.fl is more likely that it could be successfully introduced to the communal pastures owes . 
the short term, a simple innovation that could be introduced into t e
mar a
l “ cceSS
communal pastures concerns the points of access for livestock to these P
as ur
lanes tend to become denuded of vegetation, so predisposing t e an 
agreement to alternate the points of access would avoid this pro em, 
erosive effects The successful implementation of this simp e
association could predicate their ability to work together tn comprehensive management plan for their pasture
Certain conditions would need to be fulfilled and agreements made b be implemented These conditions are
• the availability of a substantial area of communal pastur available for a period of at least ten years.
0 em
' ^s l0n The
poter.tiali? # farmers
| entation of3
that wOuW
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin
IntegraicdD^P10'01
?
2L-44, ”hc agreed limitation of the numbers of grazing stock if this was found to be necessary; « ihc oversowing of the communal pasture with herbage legumes
• the use of phosphate fertiliser
• surface land drainage
i j.j.j Rangelands of the Lower Basin
me ringelands of the Gambella Plain provide an abundant supply of grazing for livestock, Mrccularly since the almost complete disappearance of wild herbivores The utilisation of this
i resource is difficult as a result of the seasonally of feed supply, tsetse infestation and limitations imposed by water supplies in the dry season These three technical constraints
y u!d be addressed with the participation of the livestock However, the migrant nature of the htrds, the difficulty of communication and the relatively remote markets for livestock would 
successful intervention The regional government are addressing these problems resobnely.
restock development; tsetse control measures would be a prerequisite
^?uerit'y areas of
Firstly, lands that hav e never been cultivated These arc
" abandoned Thes ^ra^naSe °r are in remote areas Secondly, old croplands that have
4^rpToP°nian of
Uh<1-
.
°^en similar in composition to lhe native pastures, although a within n._ ant^ SCrub is often apparent Thirdly, during the dry season, animals
----- IO VHtll
n the forests and plantations.
2L-45There are several techniques available for the treatment of residues in order
digestibility and nutritive value for livestock feed These treatments could b ’mprove the in the future, and field trials with both physical and chemical treatments shoulTb^^^^P03’'
F
I
The brewery residue (brewers' grains) from the factory at Bedelle is as vet
Intervention through extension should be made to encourage small farmers and nOt
to utilise it, and private traders should be assisted to commercialise the by-prod PnVMe farmers
5.2 Opportunities for the Control of Disease
5.2.1 Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control
5.2.1-1 General
This is the main constraint to productive livestock husbandry in the Basin In Section 2, the nroeress of research into the disease and its vector was examined As a result of many years of research it is now possible to control the fly effectively and cheaply in Kenya it is reported that owners themselves are using the technique successfully It is necessaiy to empower farmers in the Basin to control the fly in selected areas, with full consideration of other Sei such as wildlife and forestry
Before embarking on a control programme, the following factors need consideration
• the eradication of tsetse can endanger wildlife (see Section 2 5 2.2)
• eradication is not an end in itself: it should be followed by assertive intervention for
livestock improvement
• the fly can easily recolonise a cleared area unless care is taken
• it is important to select an area for clearance that can be 'defended' against reinvasion 
If the selected area is bounded mainly by tsetse free territory, this will be more likely to 
he successful
5.2.1.2 Selection of an area suitable for control eradication
Up to date maps of tsetse distribution are a prerequisite for planning a general centre, programme, so that defensible areas are selected Where such a site or sites have be« 
identified, the following steps are taken
• 
survey of the distribution of the fly and trypanosome
• 
survey of land suitability for agriculture or livestock
• 
collection of socio-economic data for previous years on population and activitt
5.2.1.3 Costs of survey
j—
Such a survey is at ore
sent earned out by staff of NTTICC, but in the future this ability should 
- - falr<K 3Q tQ 40 days compnses
be extended to the zones The preliminary survey takes 30 to following costs
tsetse control officer 1 @ 50 birr per day incl per diem
2.000
5,400
technicians
3 @ 45
IS LLG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master Pri"
2L-46
*1 @ 35 birr
------------ - ------ __^XILUVESTOCK I, 400
^dmnntng— ^ "
f C for4°
TOTAL
‘‘•y’
2,250
II, 050 Birr
would cover about 100 krrr giving a cos! of about I |o Bin „ kn, -, 0 * <Sen in terms of tsetse flies caught per trap per day if the figure r"
'**%»** 
ofvec'T T'th1 h T?
dnig is considered to be the best pokey at present Trudgen™ is £ 
s
a pni" 'fit islK!- *p™*w< Si
ness reliability of supply and the price of drugs
^cgectiven
r L4 CoM of control eradication
fimre art three methods of control
Flfl th. targets impregnated with Deltamethrin
fM targets per km , and impregnation is required about 6 times per year (based on once in 
2
firs: 3 months, thereafter every three months in the dry season and every month in the wet) One live of 20% Deltamethrin can impregnate 50 targets once at a cost of USD 245 20 per litre The approximate costs in Birr per km are as follows
2
5 targets at 50 Birr
0 6 litres chemical US 147, equivalent to supervision for 18 months
Total cost for 18 months control period
250
956
50 1.256
leafier 2 technicians at a cost of 50 Birr per man-day are required indefinitely to supervise ^monitoring of 100 km2
Secondly, using 1% solution Deltamethrin ( P « applied as a ‘pour-on’ on the backs o • 
wd then monthly (equivalent to 6 times in the
* frequency of once tor m lhe subsequent o , ,
applied at the rate
the fly population will be reduced to a low level, t.s PP Rg of 50 Bm m height at a cost of 325 Bin per litre This gives a cost
fits year and 33 Birr in the second year
S*®*’ bi-conical traps without
only costs are those for the traps and t
- uoervision. per 250 Birr
5 traps at 50 Bin 50 supervision, less than 
"J* costs Of supervision are based on ^^ ^ost through lrt*
\jTTlCC, u5
’° y
profession^ 3 ocal [amwfS in
5 1CW project has reduced grea^ *’\
” of making, erecting and maintaining
apS
2L-47NATURAL RESOURCES
5.2. J. 5 Tsetse control Conclusion 
- A^2l lIVEstoci.
-
The tsetse control technique of using targets alone (third paragraph abovM most appropriate for application in the Basin Training of farmers r
aspects of the technique is required Furthermore, adaptation througMoca?
,0 >* th,
SUff ln
111
all the
lead to improvement The advice of NTTICC should be made av^laWe f X^ne"Ce
local initiatives
5.2.2 Veterinary services
-vanaDie for the supporx Q,
These services should be extended and strengthened so that bv the targets are met: J
at least one grade one clinic in each wereda, with a diagnostic l,h veterinary officer in charge, supported by at least one vet assistant t ,krator> a lab staff Equipment should comprise one car, one bike and 4 mules hn*C,ans 2 subclinics, staffed with one technician and a mule These should be establi^ centres in such a way as to serve 7,000 to 10,000 cattle
2000, the fo|lowing
^aohshed m
wereda staff would be supported as and when required by trained oeasant a salary of 300 Birr per month 
5 Peasant para-v«s B
cattle should be located no further than 30 km from a sub-clinic.
diagnostic work should as far as possible be conducted at the wereda laboratory The Regional \ eterinary Centre should be equipped to provide essential back-up to the weredas for diagnosis and control programmes, as well as general surveillance and training functions
5.2.3 Drug Supplies
The supply of drugs, vaccines and lab reagents to the field centres was universally reported to be a problem The mam reason for this seems diversion for sale through the private sector This is an old and difficult problem, and furthermore, some of the supplies of drugs and vaccines are diluted which not only reduces their effectiveness, but also leads to the development of resistance by the pathogens At Dembidollo, it was reported that
• 80% of the drugs were supplied (and administered) through the Department
• 10% supplied by private vet
• 10% bought from merchants and administered by the fanners
The recently introduced policy of government to license private vets'1S
the situation However, it is important that they are monitore o^en 
rules and do not for example sell drugs without administering them tnemse^ distribution of simple livestock remedies through private mere: a
ab jdeby to "sitnilarb'
|?
requires a
of dangerous drugs and vaccines is not The organisation o g PP-(he regjo review, together with that of the Central Veterinary ervice
structure.
5.2.4 Herbal remedies
Recent research has demonstrated the value oi several
diseases of humans, plants and animals At the Univers.ty of Addis
in the Ababa, the value o
PIM* ’ .
^TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develop®*.j5 girting
, s(aff are trained outside the Basin There is a need for courses in animal iieahh for toets, for pa™-vels for iunior staff10 be conducted at wereda level. There are only four 1^5 minina centres in the whole Basin. Facilities for farmer training in every wereda jhouldbe targeted for by the year 2000
53 Livestock Water Supplies
Hl Upper Basin
Livestock, in general, take water from pools in the rainy seasons, and from streams and rivers si the dry season Using rivers has the following disadvantages:
they are exposed to diseases notably trypanosomiasis, as some of the species of the tsetse fly vector are associated with rivers,
utile are exposed to internal parasite infestation,
talking long distances consumes energy resources of the animals
^isiT^deration should be »VCT 10 the nceds <>f cattle When a source for human *iect accent ki ac^^Cs ^or livestock should be incorporated, in such a way that both supp.es ^Tanoso™;* bvgiene standards. If as a result of the installation, cattle are protected om
att tn 
Can be inestimable value in terms of more live and health; ca e, t i Produce efficientlyNATURAL RESOURCES
5.4 Extension Services
annex 2L LIVESTOCK
During the course of field visits, reports were made of the shortage of extension staff l the crop and animal sectors; this applies particularly at the level of the farmers and f associations In some cases, one extension worker is expected to service up to 16 f * associations, a ratio of perhaps 3000 farmers to one extensionist It is essential that th • with the farmer through the field staff is strengthened so that the many types of aeri I technology that have been developed by government through heavy investment over years can be applied and used for the benefit of the farmer and the economv of
a whole
These new techniques include new forage plants, tsetse control techniques and ’ poultry It is essential that farmers are supported fully with a visit at least once 'mprmcd together with farmer meetings, and radio broadcasts
The target should be one livestock field extension worker for every 1000 cattle i cl fl- trained peasant assistants Incentives are required to encourage staff to serve in rural this incentive would be in cash or in some other form
'
month
At each wereda centre, a demonstration should be established of improved livestock husbandry, with cattle, poultry and improved forage
5.5 Opportunities for Dairy Development
5.5.I Small scale dairy production
Local cows produce only 1 to 2 litres per day. In some of the larger towns the unsatisfied demand for milk has pushed the price up to 2 50 Birr per litre In Bedelle, which is located on the edge of the Basin, a price of 3 Birr is paid for unwatered milk. There is a strong case for official support for improved dairy production
Crossbreds between Holstein and the local Zebu have been introduced in the past In tsetse
free areas in the Highlands, where feeding and management are good, this breed type ex'1
perhaps be justified with daily yields of 10 to 15 litres Where conditions of nutrition^
environment are less favourable, crosses with Jerseys, or Borans are probably more
appropriate, and make better use of the fibrous feeds Furthermore, a ration based on
forage is likely to generate more profit than one based on expensive feeds of high digest • ’
A high proportion of mixed forages, with some grazing and cereals would be used 
management with housing, disease prophylaxis, and parasite control would be c$scn^ cf
location near an urban centre with a market for milk would be required, where a
about 5-10 selected fanners could be supported with loans, livestock, credit, forage se
advice
t I IaITH - The Animal Science Department of the Agricultural Research Institute at °
undertaken cross breeding experiments since 1974 The sire breeds are Holstein. CroS5CSjfc Simmenthal the three dam breeds of Ethiopian origin are Boran, Barka and Horo 
TA MS-1 LG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Masu*1^.tikal^sovrces
annex 2L LIVESTOCK
commended for the three agro-cl.mat.c zones for the Highlands - Bo
rana
+ Freisian for ihe
glands (including the Upper Basin) Horo - Jersey, and for the dry Lowlands the
, unenthal ' Barka Another exotic breed which could be suitable for the highlands is the
s rt
grown Swiss
t(] recognition of the general shortage of draught oxen, another experiment was launched in conjunction with ILRI. to research the appropriateness of using crossbred cows for ploughing and milk production The preliminary results show that the two functions are compatible as [ong as the feed supply is adequate In fact, it was shown that with two groups of well nourished cows: one group working and the other group not working; they both maintain their jiveweight almost equally The only difference was the increased appetite of the working group up to 20 kg DM per day It should be noted that this was achieved with a ration of good hay ad lib and concentrates
There are two mam problems in applying these results on the small peasant farm Firstly, these feeds at present are not available on small farms Secondly, although it is said that the power of an animal is proportional to its liveweight, (the Jersey cross at 350 kg is at least as effective as the local breed), the lean nature of the animal leads to its unpopularity for this purpose in the perception of farmers
The promotion of improved dairy farming has the additional advantage of introducing to farmers the idea of intensive systems of livestock keeping, with housing, forage production, and stall feeding. This innovation can assist in the development of intensive integraied crop/livestock systems that are so essential for the future wed-being of the upland areas, as population pressure increases
T. 5.2 Crossbred h eifer production
In the short term, crossbred would be supplied from existing breeding farms in the Highlands
Prices up to 3000 Birr are reported for crossbreds and in the longer term if the demand for
improved dairy stock justified it. small farmers should be assisted in the production of suitable
crossbred cattle for sale to dairy farmers
* --J Assistance with milk marketing, processing and transport
' n l^e longer term, if milk supplies in any area justified it, support should be provided in the organisation of co-operative or private ventures designed to meet the needs for milk marketing and processinc of dairy farmers. This activity could be attractive to private businessmen
Small Scale Dairy Goal Production
Africa has over eight years demonstrated the value of crossbred Anglo Nubian goats Production in three parts of Ethiopia; Hararghe. Konso and Dolocha. Daily yields of I
0 2 litres are obtained The selection of participants for the project has been based on ihe
foll °'™>8 entertr
< households headed by women in most cases,
low in socio-economic scale without livestock and with only fragmented [and, TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Imegrated Development Master PI id
Jnatural RESOURCES_________________________________________ ANNEX 2LUVES
• 
in areas where there is a tradition or goat keeping for milk production. a tethering of the animals
tht
5.6 
Opportunities for Poultry Development
5.6.1 Improved Egg Production
The Regional Poultry Breeding farm at Bedelle supplies hatching eggs, day-old chicks a month old growers for farmers in the Basin It has the capacity to produce at least 3nS growers per year The demand from farmers is high but progress in poultry production k on this facility is limited by the following factors
• fanners do not have the extension support that they need,
asei
• 
disease prophylaxis, especially for Newcastle Disease and fowl cholera is not availab’e
• 
drugs for the control of coccidiosis are scarce,
• 
information on ways of improving poultry nutrition from local feed resources is lacking at the farm level,
• 
simple housing from local material
To address this situation, an improvement package that would address these problems, is required in selected priority areas
5.6.2 Improved Supply of Layer Stock
The Regional Poultry Breeding farm at Bedelle supplies hatching eggs, day-old chicks and two month old growers for fanners in the Basin It has a hatchery capacity of 17,000 andean produce at least 30,000 growers per year It supplies the entire Oromia Region from Begrio Moyale As the poultry industry in the Basin develops, and the demand for improved laving stock increases, more capacity for producing hatching eggs, day-old chicks and growers wiil be needed This could be provided either by Government or by the private sector
proposed that the department takes an initiative to encourage progressive farmers and busties. men to enter this activity The MOA would provide advice and assistance with planning. approval, management, disease control, distribution and marketing
5.6.3 Demonstration of Duck, and Geese Production
Ducks and geese are considered to be outside the cultural heritage of Ethiopia during the course of the field visits, no religious reason was found that might pr introduction of these species Their specific advantages are:
their main feed is vegetation, insects and other small animals, they are, in many environments, relatively disease free
pt*n
1 A MS-(J LG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated DevelopmentNATURAL resources
5.7 Improved Draught Cattle H.^ba/.d^
j [mprwved draught cattle in tsetse areas
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
The improvement of efficiency of draught oxen requires a co-ordinated programme with 
^veral elements, including tsetse control, improved nutrition, health care
farmer associations for such an intervention would be selected in locations that are important for annual cropping, and where the tsetse distribution is compatible with sustainable control of the vector The main features would include training of fanners in tsetse control measures, supervision of the control programme, forage improvement and grazing management control
5.7.2 Improved Plough and Equipment Design
The development of improved draught technology is undertaken at the Nazareth Centre Traditional ploughs have been tested and new designs for plouahing. ridsmg, levelling and weeding have been developed Much of this work has been based on the introduction of new designs from other countries In spite of this work, improvements to the equipment in the farmers’ fields is undetectable no significant change seems to have occurred for generations. This situation corroborates the general opinion that although improved technology, has been introduced or developed at a high level, it is not applied at the farm level. This is due to a lack of local adaptive testing, field extension and perhaps accessible credit services at field level require to be strengthened In addition, a small adaptive testing centre should be introduced to the Basin to promote this important technological improvement
TAMS-VLG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Develnpracnt Master Plan
2L-53natural resources
ANNEX2L LIVESTOCK
6.
SELECTED PROJECT PROPOSALS
Comprehensive proposals and recommendations were made for the livestock sector n proposals, it was agreed that four projects should be selected initially for detailed The selection was based on the following criteria
• the impact on low income groups
• the nutritional benefits for the participants
• availability of the technology within the country
• the potential benefits in relation to the capital requirements for the project at the level.
analysis
It was anticipated that additional projects would be selected, subsequently.
developed and implemented
These proposals arc prepared with a view to assessing the viability of projects at the fanr. level While some specific structural costs of establishing interventions are included, costs fc- basic extension and other permanent support services are not included
6.1 Improved Draught Cattle in Tsetse Areas
6.1.1 Background
Draught cattle are the main source of power for annual crop production. In mans areas the number of oxen is inadequate to meet the needs of farmers in general, one pair of healthy oxen is required for each 2.5 hectares of cropland. Frequently, adequate numbers of oxer, re present, but owing to their weak condition they are unable to work the plough This inadequacy of numbers and strength of oxen is due to trypanosomiasis, other paras-k infestations, poor feeding and other diseases
It is assumed that the 100 km- site contains 10sq km of annual cropJanet (actual range Li 1% to 50%) requiring 40,000 pairs of oxen, representing a herd of 122.000
6.1.2 Objecti res
The improvement of the health and vigour of draught oxen, so that the availabilit. for cultivation is not a constraint to crop yield
6.1.3 
Location
Initially 
10 sites throughout the Upper Basin 60% in tsetse infest *^1 depend on 
extend very approximately to 100 sq km. although the size and s ape
distribution patterns and social factors
TA MS-1. LG Baro-Akobo river Basin integrated Development Master f*1
2L-54Hj;SOV^CES
a »'FA IL LIVESTOCK
*
i
4
«
«
#
4
' <stS< farmer «teresl
' d riake preliminary survey of tsetse distribution
X'Ofbntdinn Suit3bof iI'ty socio-economic information for past 3 years
coilecllul
if positive, determine project area
ppoint technical staff and liaise with existing service
start training programme for farmers on tsetse control measures, where appropriate, forage production grazing management and other management aspects
if.5 Costs
Iniiiil capital costs per 100 knr
• cost of NTTICC survey (para 5.2.1 3)
• 500 conical traps @ 50 Birr (include contingency) for control programme 25.000 ’ total
11.050
36,05{J
- the labour supplied by participating farmers estimated at SO daysTan-year 3} 5 Birr?day is Mrt included
- assumed that additional oxen will not be required to be purchased
Recurrent costs per 100 km- * supervision yeftr 1 ■
one veterinary <3} 100 Birr/'day technicia n s @ 5 0 Bim d ay 
'°taJ supervision for year 1 *ota] supervision for year 2
36.500
J6 '500
73,000
supervision for year 3 and subsequent years: two technicians 250 Birr day 36,500 a P replacement and repair per year from year 2
a ge development—materials, transport and four staff a 420 Birr/month ^orn} ^.^
c
^mental staff costs to raise farmer DA ratio :o I - 300 from 1.1.500 106 D-Vs@ 420b,n/month 
0,0*01* Si " ®'
■
’ °f tryPan
^siirh^ ifw
°cidal drugs saved or. 122,000 LU @ 2 6 Biff
z
rcduCe/ '’CoverP >
er
ea ')
‘ va|Ue mOrtality from year 3 by 0 5% 2400 @ 300 Birr average ° crop from year 2 eg maize lOO.OOOqt @ 40 Birr/qt
317,000
360,000
4.000,000
Ta ^s-ulg Buro- Akobv ri/ Banin Intend Devdopmeot M^r Pt«
2L-5SNATURAL RESOURCES
The value of the increment in maize production that results form the
assess as many other factors affect the level of productton of matze
based on the following 
healthy oxen can complete ploughing at the correct time, 
they can plough additional land if it is available,
they are more likely to be able to manage an unproved heavier plough the gross margin (value of the output less seed, fertiliser
is estimated to be 40 Birr per qt
6.2 Small Scale Milk Production
6.2.1 Background
Daily milk yields of the local cattle are typically only 1-2 litres per day with a of about 200 days This is due to poor nutrition, poor health status and to 
to
12e ^rain The e$timaleIC
«Oof hee ,
t n apio<]u;I|m
genetic limitation In the rural areas milk that is surplus to subsistence needs is traditional! not sold. However, attitudes are changing and there is a high demand for milk in the towns Farmers traditionally make butter for sale
6.2.2 Objectives
• to improve farmer incomes from sales of milk,
• to increase cow yields in anticipation that it might contribute to an acceptance by farmers of the advantages of keeping fewer, but more productive livestock,
• to raise the quality of diets of purchasers,
• to develop commercial instincts tn farmers,
• to promote systems of intensive integrated and sustainable crop livestock farming
lactation length
some degree, to
I
6.2.3
Location
Initially near the towns
..., 
. of Metu, Gore. Gimbi, Bedelle and Bonga These
enough to provide a market for at least 150 litres per day about five km of the towns Accessible suppl.es of water and forage would be
6.2.4 Activities
preliminary appraisal of community needs, research and publicity. if positive, selection and training of staff, 
selection of locations, based on markets for milk, feed supples, he
selection of farmers, 
training of farmers in intensive cattle
application and negotiation, costs and return , assistance to farmers with loan application, buddtng establishment. 
Selected fanners would be wtbn
health and sen*#
production, hy9ene’ itd processing, _^e
construction,
"
--------------------------- -- --------------------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------------■—-
____________ _______________ _ ______ ___ J 
‘
TAMS-ULG Baro-Akobo river Basin Integra
2L-56^ X2L livestock
s
an d transport of improved heifers.
supplyana ,,a"“ r-
.^tinual extension and health care suppOrt
ijl cjpiul cos,s P€rfarm
11 (brace material and establishment 0 I ha
. fencing and concrete apron
. building for housing 2 heifers and two young animals
, iore for feed and equipment
, equipment: 2 milk buckets, strainer, etc
• 2 improved heifers
. TOTAL
Rreurrent costs per farm
Cow depreciation - Replacement 20% mortality 5% cull value 1000 Bin
• Animal feeds year 1 5.320 litre @ 0.25 kg/1 = 1,330 kg maize @ 40 Birr/qt
■ other feeds
• year 2 and subsequent years 7000 hires feed costs pro rata Veterinary' minerals, drugs and sundry
’ Wk 2 cows @ average 7 litres/day @ 2 Birr per litre
200
3.000 LOQO
6.000 10.200
840
532
266 I0G
• 
19Odays 2660 litres
5.320
calf valiin<4nA ^
,
Uenl ^ears 250dav$ 
3500 litres 700 Value of calves a
0 BnT caRing rate 80% and mortality 7% D’iry Goat Development
Bar&-Akot>0 river Basin Jntcgrlled Dcveli>Pl,ien
2L-57natural resources
Uvestock
6.3.3 Location
"
Four sites in the Upper Basin, to be selected on the basis of criteria listed in <=
the report
ln Section 5.5 4
6.3.4 Activities
Consultation with Farmer Associations to locate suitable site and select
Training of the 20 to 30 selected members of the Dairy Goat Identify and train para-vets
Fodder establishment
Establish credit group
Arrange for goat purchase
6.3.5 Costs
Capital costs
• 2 goats @ 200 Birr
• Shelter using local materials
Total
Recurrent costs
• Veterinary prophylaxis 24 Birr, antibiotics 12 Birr
• Breeding fee Depreciation
Total
6.3.6 Outputs
Group
Participants
400
250
650
56
80
120
subsistence
1080
6.4
Milk annual yield @ 360 litres per doe assuming 0 5 litre per day used for Milk sales 540 litres @ 2 Birr
Smallholder Poultry Improvement
6.4.1 Background
widespread in the Basin, but the average holding is less than 
Therr'-;
Poultry are widespread in the Basin, but the
—boAninp and t potential for increasing low cost poultry keeping and thereby raising t incomes of smallholders
average nuiu»>.5 - UIrition 
6.4.2 Location
At three farmer associations in each were a w
access to a marketMfl M<-MSOl'RCES
jj Activities
, Appointment of poultry staff at each uereda , participatory selection of beneficiaries
, Assessment of health care requirements and 
. Training of farmers and para-vets
. Orgamsation of supply from BedelM m
pro Phylaxis
-
. 
Distribution of improved birds
^cue. lncJudinj
I Osts
10 improved chickens at 2 months
Transport
Veterinary prophylaxis and drugs Feed
Depreciation
Outputs
8 Birr (existing MOA 25 Birr (real cost)
subsidisedcost)
250
20
5
50
Production 8 birds
----- - u uuas per year (assumes 20% mortality') ? ISO eggs 1200 eggs @ 0 50 Birr
500natural resources
^^2': liv
EStock
7. MAPPING
7.1
Livestock Database GIS maps
The ffol olllowowiing ng paparagrraagrphs aphs proviprdeovi infdeormaitnfion a ormnd gui ation dancand e to tgui hP dance to the data used for the
compilation of tabulated and ----m-- a1-ppe ------d -- • material The • - relevant map sheets reference
ineaoirec quot-—- ed . - for
used for the
ease of
These data are displayed in the form of tables and maps, and are identified bv th references and refer to both the table and map (Volume IV, Map 53-58 and Table' ^
5
Pr °pni"
7.1.1 Distribution of cattle by wereda
The factors applied are
• the cattle numbers by wereda as extracted at MOA offices. Ln the case of marpnd weredas, which means those that are partly in the Basin, a proportion of the recorded livestock numbers for that wereda has been calculated, with the assumption that the animals are distributed evenly throughout the wereda
• the standard GIS wereda information (Volume IV, Map 53)
The categories applied on map 53 are
• <6 hectares per Livestock Unit (LU)
• 6 to 20 hectares
>20 hectares
The term Livestock Unit (LU) is a measure used to express the population density cf L livestock i.e cattle, equines, sheep and goats. The latter category is equivalent tothefictor 0.1 and cattle as 0.7. Further details are given in Section 1.2
7.1.2 Distribution of sheep by wereda
The factors applied as in Section 7.11, but with sheep
The categories used are.
• <75 ha per LU
• 75 to 150 ha per LU
• >150 ha per LU
inventory (Map 54)•lJ Distribution of goats by wereda
^Actors applied as for cattle, but with ■
8 mV'”'«(Map
r*
utegones are <150
55)
ha per LU
150 to 300 ha per LU
>300 ha per LU
7// Distribution of poultry by wereda
Factors applied as for cattle, but with poultry inventory (Map 561
pa categories are
• <3 ha per unit of poultry
• 3 to 20 ha per unit
• >20 ha pet unit
’J.J
Ratio of annual crop land and pairs of ploughing oxen by wereda
rhe factors applied are
the area of annual crops in 1994 by wereda
the number of pairs of ploughing oxen by wereda The number ot pairs of oxer, is calculated from the cattle population and the herd structure data i total wattle multiplied by 0 23 divided by 2 ) (Volume IV. Map 58 refers)
^categories are
5 ha of annual crop land per pair of ploughing oxen
2 5 to 5 ha
1 >5 ha
^mmum
ratio is recognised to be 2 5 ha of annual cropland per pair of ploughing OTK1 button of land-use types by wereda
aPP,'ed are
es
* sta^ use TyP collected from MOA offices
dard QIS wereda information (Map 34).
Baro-Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Mas
2L-61NATURAL RESOURCES
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
7.1. 7 Ratio of grazing resources in relation to grazing livestock units by wereda The factors applied are
Firstly, land use types are adjusted to give an equivalent grazing value (Volume IV M The coefficients used in this calculation are
’
• grazing land
• shrub land
• fallow land
1 0
0 3
0 25
• annual crop land
0.2
• forest
0 1
• waste
0 05
• perennial crops
Secondly, livestock units.
• Cattle
• Sheep
• goats
• equine
• poultry
The categories used are
0.0
These are calculated as follows.
0 7 LU’s > per head
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.0
<0 4 
0 4 to 0 8 
>0.8
grazing hectares equivalent per LU
4<
<1
TAMS ULG Barn-Ako bo river Basin Integrated Development«WEX 2L LIVESTOCK
Cor Ethiopia's Natural Resources Development 4 Enwonmema) Protection Prime
^‘’Slersoffice Unda"d
-OUP Propel for Gambella Reg,on' 1995
* sample Survey Livestock, Poultry & Beehive Population (private holdings) lpt “ Statisti"1 Bulletin lune 1993
u obo Basin Master Plan Study of Water & Land Resources of The Gambela Plain Final
Dra« R'Pon SELKHOZPROMF.XPORT: Moscow USSR. !989.Vol 6-A Annex 5. Agriculture. Vol 6-B. Agriculture .Annex 6, Supplements '990
Goat Development Programme Progress Report FARM AFRICA 1995
Decistho. J J Survey of Ticks in Western Ethiopia. FAO 1994
Etapias Foreign Policy Water of The Nile The Case For Federalism Survey. Vol 1 No 1 Sept 1994
r.AO. Year Book (commerce), 1993
FAO, Year Book (production), 1994
Langndge J: Tsetse Survey of Ethiopia. 1976
livestock Production System of the Western Region of Ethiopia LAR, Research Report
Tesfaye Kumsa No 12, 1991
Ow-Gtbe Basin Master Plan Study Project: Draft Livestock Report 1995
Report on a Mission to Identify Co-operation Possibilities in Region 6 Beni Shangul & Gumez German Development Service (DED) Compiled By Klaus Schmitt May 1995
«kawa-Global 2000 Survey .Agricultural Project in Ethiopia .Annual Report Crop Season '"4 June 1995
rile Upper Baro-Akobo Basin Final Report ARDCO-GEOSERV May
2L-63i, I(l
uRfS,,l’R<ES
APPENDICES
Akobo river Basin Integrated Development Master Plan 2L • Appendices^tural RESOURCES
— 
APPENDIX 1
ANNEX 2L livestock
Table A5a Factor used to calculate yields of ME and DCP from crop residues
Table A5b As A?a for E Welega. Illubabor, W Welega. Maji, Keftcho; Bench: Gambela, Asosa
Table A5c Production of crops and crop residues in some project weredas Bariev Bean Maize, Chickpea, Millet, Sorghum. Peas. Teff Wat
Shekicho,
TAMS-ULG Uaro-AkchD river Butin Integrated Development Master Plan
2L- AppendicesInformation on crop & crop residues.
Table A5a : Factors used to calculate yields of
ME and DCP from crop residues
multipliers used to
percentage
of
ME
DCP
calculate residue fr
total yield
(MJ/kgDM)
(g/kg DM)
grain yield
maize
1.5
60
6.6
18.1
sorghum
1.5
60
8 85
38
barley
24
71
76
11 65
teff
34
77
8 35
13 95
bean
1.5
60
78
196
pea
1.5
60
8.9
38 6
millet
1.5
60
9.6
25 6
chick pea
1.5
60
8 65
5.4
wheat
24
71
7.1
3.3
Table A5b Cont* (E.Welega)
crop
total crop resid
MEyield
ME production
DCP yield
DCP prod
production.qL
MJ/kg DM
MJ
g/kg DM
kg.
maize
23910
66
157806
18 1
43277
sorghum
7860
8.85
69561
3.8
2986
barley
24192
76
183859 2
11 65
28183
teff
91800
8 35
766530
1395
128061
bean
1612 5
7.8
12577.5
19 6
3160
pea
1188
89
10573.2
386
4585
wheat
168
7.1
1192.8
3.3
55
Table A5b Cont’ (lllubabor zone)
crop
total crop residue
production :qt
MEyield
MJ/kg DM
ME production
MJ
DCP yield
g/kg DM
DCP prod
kg.
maize
2249585 25
66
14847262 65
18 1
4071749
sorghum
388931 25
8.85
3442041.563
3.8
147793
barley
93453.12
7.6
710243 712
11.65
108B72
teff
1208496
8.35
10090941.6
13 95
1685851
bean
49866 3
7.8
388957 14
196
97737
pea
29964
89
266679.6
386
115661
millet
298398
9.6
286462.08
25 6
76389
wheat
26896 8
7.1
190967 28
3.3
8875
Table A5b Conf (W Welle
ga)
crop
maize
total crop residue
MEyield
ME production
DCP yield DCP
product) on :qt
MJ/kg DM
MJ___________
g/kg DM
-----
1695094 5
11187623 7
3068121
sorghum
673893
66
8.85
7.6
8.35
7.8
8.9
9.6
5963953 05
18.1
3.8
256079
barley
202490 4
1538927 04
11.65
235901
teff
bean
497093.6
41985
21990
4150731 56
pea
327483
195711
1447776
102917.7
850091.52
13.95
19.6
386
256
5.4
3.3
693445 82290 84881
millet
chick pea
150810
wheat
11898
8 65
386073 6424
39511
119731 2
71„ W*S» C°"r
crop
total crop residue
MEyield
ME production
DCP yield
DCP prod,
production:qt
MJ/kg DM
MJ
g/Xg DM
kg.
i- t5iize'
a
31606
6.6
209919.6
18.1
57669
Ogburn
21520
8.85
190522 6
36
8180
barley
19008
7.6
14446C8
11 65
22144
ieA
24453 6
6.35
204109.23
13 95
34113
Uble A5b Cont' ( Keficho zone)
crop
total crop residue
produ
ctionzqL
MEyield
MJ/kg DM
ME production
MJ
DCP yield
g/kg DM
DCP prod,
kg.
maize
1543878
6.6
10189594.8
10.1
2794419
sorghum
287536 5
8 85
2544698.025
3.3
109263
barley
138482 4
76
1052466.24
11 65
151331
left
261432 B
8 35
2182963 88
13.95
384693
Table A5b Conf (
Bench zone)
crop total crop residue MEyiefd ME production DCP yield DCP prod.
maize Sorghum barley
IaW
len wheat
production :qt
235397 1
55333 5
29085.6
64453.8
6505.5 5520
MJ/kg DM MJ g/kg DM kg.
66 1553620.86 18.1 426068 BBS 489701 475 38 21026
76 221050 55 11.65 33B04 0 35 53818923 1395 89913
96 62452 8 25 6 16654 71 39192 33 1821
Table A5b Conf ( Shekicho zone)
crop
maize
barley
teff
b
ean
total crop residue MEyield ME production DCP yield DCP prod.
production :qt.
47220
931 5
9216
12903
MJ/kg DM MJ gAg DM kg.
66 311652 18 1 85468
8 85 8243.775 3 8 359
76 70041.6 11 65 10736
0 35 107740.05 13.95 17999
Or a 16590 78
129402
196 32516
-
15799.5
9950 4
89 140615.55 30.8 60986
7 1 70647 64 3 3 3283Annex 5 :*Table A5b ( Gambella)
crop
total crop residue
productiomqt.
MEyield
MJ/kg DM
ME production
MJ
DCP yield
g'kg DM
DCP prod,
kg.
maize
181960.5
66
1200939 3
18 1
sorghum
68707 5
8 85
608061 375
3.8
barley 
millet
38.4
4260
7.6
9.6
291 84
11 65
40896
25.6
329348
26108
44
10905
Table A5b
Cont* ( Asosa zone )
crop
total crop residue
production:qt.
MEyield
MJZkg DM
ME production
MJ
DCP yield
g/kg DM
DCP prod.
maize
177766.5
66
1173258 9
18.1
321757
sorghum
147841.5
8 85
1308397 275
3.8
56179
teff
36910 4
8 35
308201 84
13 95
51490
millt
4489 5
9.6
43099.2
256
11493irodurtlon of crops and crop wsIduM m ittmt projact wanedas (Bart?)
jane yYWele^
veered*
YUWO
area of crop
—
ha
av gram yield ql .*ha
total gram prod
qt
680
na-due
aoeffioeni
7
toUI resadt®
products (qx |
Lolo Kile 35 7
Hawi G« Ian 410 7
Gawi Kebe 1120 7
Y/ Wefel 1239 7
jima Haro 820 7
Dale Webera 384 7
Note Kaba 1120 7
Gidami 2543 7
4760 2.4
245 2.4
2870
7840
0673
24
24
24
5740 24
2688 24
11424
5M
6888
1B816
2C8t5 2
13776
5451 2
78*0 24 15816
17801
Ayra Guliso
105
24 42722 4
7
735
24
89
1754
Dale Sedi
7
523
2.4
Ham
177
1495 2
7
1239
24
29736
Gimbi
630
7
4410
2.4
10584
Lalo Asahi
B9C
7
5230
2.4
14952
Boji Cbekor
120
7
840
24
Bop Dermeji
7016
90
7
530
24
1512
Seyo
1070
7
7490
24
17976
Anfik>
531
7
3717
24
0920 8
Sub ToW
12G5J
84371
BWeiega
2024904
Meko
590
7
4130
Z4
9912
Sachi
3.50
7
5950
24
Sub row
14200
1440
10080
'uba&or
24192
Oega
556
74
4884 4
24
11660 56
Bure
35
7.4
259
2.4
S21J
Danmu
140
74
1036
14
7406 4
Supe/Sodo
570
7.4
4210
2.4
10123.2
Halu
30
74
222
Mono
24
532 8
250
7.4
1850
24
4440
Setema.
1290
74
9546
2.4
22910.4
Sigmo
850
7.4
4810
Metu
2.4
11544
111
74
821 4
24
1971 36
Yayu
419
74
3100 6
24
7441 44
Chota
340
7.4
Ml
2516
2.4
6038 4
71
74
525 4
24
Ale
’250.96
180
74
1332
24
3196 8
Becho
181
74
’339 4
24
Hurumu
3214.56
20
7.4
148
2.4
3552
Strti ot*f
r
Durene
310
74
2360.6
24
5*65 44
Sh|&kichD
5262
3M
389388
93453.12
Masha
6
2328
2.4
5587.2
Su * tow
Anderacha
252
6
1512
24
3628 8
^TVCfl
840
5
3*40
Sheko
•2 TO
ir
12
2.4
T. Yazhi
28 8
9
387
24
928 8
Suh rotaJ
Sh >e*ra Ban
e
11720
2.4
20128
*u.
Maji
43
1465
1510
1320
12119
29095.6
6
79M
2.4
19008
KeFicho
8243
7
S77tf1
2.4
1384824
Godere
2
8
15
2.4
384
30470
2l49tS.fi
515965$2Table A5c Conf (bean)
zone wereda area of crop av grain yield
ha
W.Welega Yubdo 92
Lolo Kile 72
Hawa Gelan 100
Gawa Kcbe 200
Y/Welel 1116
Jima Haro 160
Dale Webera 101
Note Kaba 1236
Gidami 1470
Ayra Guliso 123
Dale Sedi 71
Haru 114
Gimbi 238
Lalo Asabi 164 Boji Chekor. 40 Boji Dermeji 35 Seyo 427 Anfilo 133 sub total 5892
E.Welega Meko 205
Sa chi 10
sub total 215
llubabor Dega 315
Bure 153 Oarimu 480 Supe/Sodo 340
Halu 51
Nono 400
Set e ma 875
Sigmo 780 Metu 283 Yayu 316 Chora 256
qt /ha
total gram prod ql
residue
coefficient
total residue productio (qt ,
460
360
500
1000
5580
800
505
6180
5880
615
355
570
1190
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
15
15
1.5
1.5
15
1.5
15
1.5
1.5
820 1 5
200 1.5
175 1 5
2135
665
27990
1.5
1.5
1025 1.5
50
1075
1.5
690
540
750
1500
8370
1200
757 5
9270
8820
9225
532.5
855
1785
1230
300
2625
3202 5
9975
41985
1537.5
75
16125
2079 1.5 3118 5
1009.8 1.5 1514 7
3168 1.5 4752
2244 1.5 3366 336.6 1.5 504 9
2640 1.5 3960
5775
514B
1867 8
15 8662.5
1.5 7722
15 2801 7
Didi 43
Ale 290
Becho 249
Hurumu 12
Durene 194
sub total
Shekicho
Masha
Anderacha
sub total
TOTAL
5037
607 973
1580
12724
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6.6
6.6
66
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
66 6.6 66
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
66 6.6
7 7
20856 1 5
16896 1.5
2838 1.5
1914 15
1643.4 1.5
79.2 1.5
1280.4 1.5
33244.2
4249
6811
11050
73369.2
1.5
15
3128 4
2534 4
425 7
2871
2465.1
1188
192C6
49866 3
6373 5
10218.5
16590
110053.8Cone1
wefeda
YubdD
crop av,giw yield gtiha.
4675
lotal grain pfcd ^s*3ue
(□Lal ras4du*
qt
cwllkwr! P'Olud;Q(qLl
11
51458 1 5
77187
1040 Kite
3460
it
38060
15
57090
Hawn Gelan
5940
It
65340
15
98010
Gawa Kebe
5400
11
59400
15
091 GO
Y/ Wete!
5776
11
63536
15
95304
jima Haro
5400
11
59400
15
09100
Dale Webcra
4947
11
54417
15
01625.5
Hole Kaba
10027
11
110297
15
165445 5
Gid ami
11850
11
1W350
15
195525
Ayra Guliso
9B3O
11
106130
1.5
162195
Dale Sedi
4775
11
52525
15
7B787 5
Haru
3218
11
35398
15
53097
Gimbi
3860
11
42460
15
63690
Late Asobi
2100
11
2M80
15
35970
Bpji Cbekor
6040
ii
66440
1.5
99660
Bo|i Dermejj
2350
il
25850
15
38775
Seyo
8807
ii
9*677
1.5
1420155
Anfito
4395
11
48345
IS
725175
sub lotof
T027JJ
7730063
1695094 5
E Wetefli
Meko
905
10
9050
1.5
13575
Sactii
689
ID
6890
15
10335
sub total
1594
75940
23910
ilubatof
Dega
2070
20
41400
15
62100
Bure
4157
20
83140
15
124710
Danmu
10413
20
208260
1.5
312390
Supe/Sodo
5495
20
109900
15
164050
Hain
1986
zo
39720
1.5
59500
Hbno
2100
20
4200G
1.5
63000
Sfelema
4070
20
81400
*.5
122100
Sig mg
3950
20
79000
1.5
118500
Sale
1700
20
34000
1.5
51000
Metu
12050
20 5
247025
1.5
370537.5
Yayu
3559
20
71180
15
106770
Chora
4733
zc
946&0
1.5
141990
Didi
3670
20
7J400
1.5
t10100
Ate
4767
20
95340
1.5
143010
B«diQ
Hiurumu
38M
20
77950
1.5
1I&94O
4963
20
99260
1.5
14Q89C
Durene
1077
20 5
22078 5
1.5
33117.75
sub total
^ftkichc &*ncti
74650
74997215
2249505.23
Masha
2032
10
20320
15
30480
Anderacha
1116
10
11160
t5
16740
sub feta/
3148
J14B0
47220
Sheko
1515
14.6
2&49B
15
39748.5
T Yaitii
4196
11.9
499324
1,5
748S8 5
Sbtwi Ben
7000
10
70000
1.5
105000
Gurn Fertta
15D0
7
10500
1.5
15750
AM
sub fora/
14511
156937 4
235397, f
k *fitri£i Aioaa
Maji 2356 9 21204
<5771 12
*025252
1.5 31806
1.5 1543878
66700 1 5 130050
4520 1.5
t5
Gs^baii.
Keflcho
Awia
Kurmuk
Buntasi
sub tefa/
Gsmtxla
A&q b0
7225
565
2481
10271
1171
1784
12
0
11
10
11
27291
11W1
6700
40326 5
T 77766,5
'tang
11710 1,5 UMS
10624 1.& 29436
1402
10.5
14721
1-5
22081 5
Gog/j^p
1800
24000
36000
Gctaera
15
1.5
2397
16
57528
J ikawa
38352
15
1290
10
129&3
1.5
19350
Sub fotaf
9644
121307
101960.5
TOTAL
304606
4124411.9
6106617.B5Table A5C Cont (chickpea)
zone
wfe^eda
W Welwg
Lalo Kile
Haw a Gelan
Gaw a Kebe
y/ Welel
jima Haro
Dale Webera
Gidami
Dale Sedi
Seyo
sub total
Asosa
Asosa
Bambasi
sub total
TOTAL
area of crop ha.
55
500
132
475
80
177 292 228
44 1983
46 120 166
2149
a v grain yield qt/ha.
total grain prod qt
220
2000
528
1900
320
708 1168 912
176 7932
230 825 1055
8987
residue coefficient
1.5
15
1.5
1.5
1.5
15
1.5 15 1.5
15 1.5
total residue product*) (q\) 330
3000
792
2850
480
1062
1752
1368
264 11898
345
1237 5
1582.5
13480.5Ta bie A5c Conf
(millet)
we red a zone
^Weiega Yubdo
* Lalo Kile Hawa Gelan Gawa Kebe Y/ Welel jima Haro
Dale Weber Nole Kaba Gidaml
Ayra GdIiso Dale Sedt Ham
Gimbi
Lalo Asabi Boji Chekor Boji Dermeji Seyo
An filo
sub rota/
llubabor Dega
Darirnu Supe/Sodo Halu
Metu
Yayu Chora
Didi
Ale Hurumu sub rota/
Sheko
T Yazhi Guta Ferda
sub totaf Maji
area of crop ha
av grain yield total grain orod. residue
At/ha.
qt,
coefficient
2230
1020
5
5
11150
5100
15
1.5
1550
5
7750
1.5
2000
5
10000
1.5
192
5
960
1.5
400
5
2000
1.5
1540
5
7700
1.5
1803
5
9015
1.5
323
5
1615
1.5
3187
5
15935
1.5
1973
5
9865
IS
26
5
130
1.5
667
S
3335
1.5
789
5
3945
1.5
470
S
2350
1.5
1800
5
9000
1.5
85
5
425
15
53
5
265
1.5
20108
100540
19
62
155 8
1.5
920
6.2
7544
1.5
1272
6.2
10430.4
1.5
3
62
24.6
15
8
82
65.6
15
4
82
32.fi
1.5
166
82
1361 2
1.5
10
82
82
1.5
17
82
139 4
1.5
7
B2
574
1.5
2426
19893.2
265
5
1325
1.5
216
7
1512
1.5
375
4
1500
1.5
856
4337
total residue products (qt.)
16725
7650 11625
15000
1440
3000
11550
13522 5
2422 5
239025 14797.5
195
5002 5
5917.5
3525
13500
637.5
397 5
150810
233 7
11316
15645 6
36 9
98 4
49 2
2041.8
123
209.1
86.1
29839.8
1987.5
2268
2250
65055
55
4
220 1.5 330
Asflsa 271 8 2168 1.5 3252
Sambas! 165 5 825 1.5 1237.5
s ub total 436 2993
Coders
4
10
40
1.5
280
10
2800
15
4489.5 60
4200
sub total 204 2846 4260
total
24165
130823.2
196234.8Table A5c Conf (sorghum )
jne
we red a
area of crop
ha
/ We leg a
Yubdo
av gram yi
qt./ha
2900
2580
Hawa Gelan 2370 Gawa Kebe 3050 Y/ We lei 2283
total residue Product io
Lolo Kile
sub total
Shekicho
Masha
Bench
Sheko
T Yazhi
15
15
15
15
1-5
1.5
15
1.5
15
15
15
1.5
15
15
15
1.5
1.5
15
1.5
15
1.5
1.5
1.5
15
1.5
1.5
15
15
15
1.5
15
15
15
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
15
1.5
39150
34830
31995
<1175
30820 5
38475 14580 78165
70807 5
6534Q 35721
15808 5
37165 5
21465 32515 23625 38718 23436
673893 1860
6000
7860
12937 5
14456 25
75056 25
40725
15937 5
8437 5
2156.25
2062 5
16875
3B062 5 16425
33075
19556 25 4231B 75
18487 5
15056.25
173C6.25
388931.25
931.5
136125
9195
Shewa Ben
15 25326
Gura Ferda
sub total
Map
Ma|i
Keficho
Keficho
Asosa
Asosa
Kumnuk
Bambasi
sub total
Gamball a
Gambella
Abobo
Hang
Gog/Jor
Godere
total grain prod qt
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
12.5
125
12 5
12 5
12.5
12 5
12 5
12.5
12 5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12 5
12 5
125
12.5
9
5
I0
9
6
8
9
10
7
10
9
10
9.4
12
10
sub lota/
Jima Haro 2850
Dale Webera 1080
Mole Kaba 5790
Gidami 5245
Ayra Guliso 4840
Dale Sedi 2646
Hani 1171
Gimbi 2753
Lalo Asabi 1590
Boji Chekor. 2416
Boji Dermeji 1750
Seyo 2868
An filo 1736
sub total 49918
E Welega Meko 155
Sachi 500
sub total 655
llubabor Dega 690
Bure 771
Darimu 4003
Supc/Sodo 2172
Halu 850
Nono 450 Setema 115
Sigmo 110
Sale 900
Metu 2030
Yayu 876 Chora 1764
Didi 1043
Ale 2257 Becho 986 Hurumu 803 Durene 923
20743
69
1815
613
1876
800
5104
1794
21299
7543
773
1772
10088
175
67
150
900
3135
4427
TOTAL
114097
residue coefficient
26100
23220
21330
27450
20547
25650
9720
52110
47205
43560
23814
10539
24777
14310
21744
15750
25812
15624
449262
1240
4000
5240
8625
9637 5
50037 5
27150
10625
5625
1437 5
1375
11250 25375 10950 22050
13037 5 282125
12325
10037 5
11537 5
259287.5
621
9075
6130
16884 4800
36889 14352
191691 75430
5411
17720
98561
1575
670
1410
10800
31350
45805
1101708.5
15
1.5
1.5
15
4 1E.
1.5 1478415 2362 5
7200
55333-3
21528 287536.5
113145
8116.5
26580
1.5
15
1.5
1.5 47026 1 5 6870^-5
J6325W-75
1005
2115
*62#KUcConf 
ea
Ubl(A5C
tfie
we reda ^rea of
ha
crop av grain yield
qt./ha
total grain prod residue total residue
qt
coefficiei
nt productio.(qt)
lA( telega Yubdo
5
250
1.5
375
Lalo Kile
50
45
5
225
1.5
337.5
Hawa Gelan
50
5
250
1.5
375
Gav/a Kebe
45
5
225
1.5
337.5
Y/ Weiel
845
5
4225
1.5
6337 5
Jima Haro
40
5
200
15
300
Dale Weber
121
5
605
1.5
907 5
Nole Kaba
893
5
4465
15
5697.5
Gidami
145
5
725
1.5
1087.5
Ayra Guliso
24
5
120
1.5
180
Dale Sedi
53
5
265
1.5
397.5
Haru
109
5
545
1.5
817 5
Gimbi
65
5
325
1.5
487 5
Lalo Asabi
109
5
545
1.5
817.5
Boji Chekor
20
5
100
1.5
150
Boji Dermeji
70
5
350
15
525
Seyo
218
5
1090
15
1635
An filo
30
5
150
14680
1.5
225
sub total
2932
21990
EWelega Meko 190 Sachi 8 sub total 198
4
4
760 1.5 1140
32 792
1.5 48
1188
Hubabor Dega
237
5.5
1303.5
1.5
1955.25
Bure
262
5.5
1441
15
2161.5
Darimu
120
5.5
660
1.5
990
Supe/Sodo
235
5.5
1292.5
1.5
1938 75
Haiti
17
5.5
93.5
1.5
140 25
No no
350
55
2640
1.5
3960
Setema
895
55
4922 5
15
7383.75
Sig rno
520
5.5
2860
1.5
4290
Metu
98
5.5
539
15
800.5
Yayu
189
5.5
1039 5
1.5
1589 25
Chora
236
5.5
1298
1.5
1947
DWi
25
5.5
137 5
1.5
206.25
Ale
104
5.5
572
1.5
858
Becho
120
55
660
1.5
990
Hurumu
22
55
121
1.5
181 5
Durene
72
5.5
396
15
sub totaf
3502
*9976
594
29964
Sh ekicho Masha
646
7
4522
15
6783
Anderacha
371
7
2597
1.5
3895 6
Shewa Ben.
569
6
3414
1.5
sub total
1586
*0533
total
8218
45961
5121
15799.5 68941.5Table A5c Conf ( tetr j zone we red a
WWelega
E VVelega
Hubabor
Shekicbo
Bench
Maji
Keficho
Asosa
Yubdo
Lolo Kile Haw a Gelan Gawa Kobe
Y/ Welel
Jima Haro Dale Webera Note Kaba
Gidami
Ayra GuhSO Dale Sedi
Haru
Gimbi
Lalo Asabi Bop Chekor Bop Dermep
Seyo
Anfilo
sub total
Meko
Sachi
sub total
Dega
Bure
Danmi Supe/Sodo
Halu
Setema
Slgmo
Metu
Yayu
Chora
Didi
Ale
Becho
Hurumu
Durene
sub total
Masha Anderacha sub to fa/
Sheko
T. Yazhi Shewa Ben sub total
Map
Keficho
Asosa Bambasi Gode re sub total
TOTAL
area of crop ha
540
714 2700 2850 2463 1200 2439 6487 2680
122 1339 1566 3305
829 2184 3650
570
267 36005 2000 3400
5400 4635
217
595 5760
437 11045 8675 1419 1959 6460
969 2045 1345 1404
427 47392 763
755
1518
3
200 4512
4715
1440 19223 1808
628
2
2438 118131
av gram yield qt /ha
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
5
5
75
75
75
75
75
75
7.5
7.5
75
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
75
7.5
25
25
3
45
4
5
4
6
4
4
total grain prod qt
2560
2856 10800 11400 9852
4800
9756 25948 10720
488
5356
6264 13220 3316 10920 14600 2280
1068 746204 10000 17000
27000
34762 5
1627 5
4462 5
43200
3277 5
82837 5
65062 5
10642 5
14692 5
48450
7267 5
15337 5
10087 5
10530 3202.5
355440 1907.5 1887 5 3795
9
900 18048
18957 7200
76882 10848
2512
8
13368 648856
n
residue coefficm t 3.4
34
34
3.4
3.4
34
34
34
3.4
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
3.4
34
34
3.4
34
34
34
34
34
3.4
3.4
3.4
34
34
3.4 3.4
34
3.4 3.4
34
3.4
34
34
34 3.4
34
34 3.4 3.4
total rescue
9710 4 36720 38760 33496 8 1632C 33170 4
*6223.2 36448
1659 2 182104 212976 44948 11274 4 37128 49640 7752
3631 2
*97093.5 34000 57800
91800 1181925 55335 15172 5 146880 11143.5 281647 5 2212125 36184 5 49954 5 164730 24709 5 521475 34297.5 35802 10888 5
1208496 6485 5 6417 5
12903 306
3360 61363 2 64453.8 24480
261432.8 36883 2
27.2
369104 2197569.6jane
'
conf
wereda
area of crop
ha.
48
yubd0
Laic Kile 20
av. grain yield
qUha.
8
fl
total grain prod
qt
384
160
residue
coefficient
24
2.4
total residue
prod-tqt.}
921 6
334
Hi>wa Gelan 650 3 5200
2.4 12480
Gaw a K&be 200 8 1600 24 3840
Y/Walal 1009 8 8072 24
19372 8
Jima Haro 300 8 2400
2.4 5760
Dale Water 147 8 1176 24
Note Kaba 629 8 5032 24
2822.4
120768
Gidami 2195 8 17560 24 42144
Dale Sedi 51 8 408 24
Haru 18 8 144 24
979.2
345.6
Gimbi 145 0 1160 24 2784 Lalo Asabi 83 8 664 24 15936 Bo] I Dermeji 7 8 56 24 1344 Seyo 509 8 4072 24 9772 9
Anfilo 225 0 1800
2-4
sub total 6236
49m
4320
119731.2
EWeiega Sachi 7 10 70
liutjabor Dega 139 7 973
Bure
92
7
644
2.4 168
2.4 2335 2
24 1545 6
Darimu 110 7 770 24 1048
Supe/Sodo 68 7 476 24
1142.4
Setema 590 7 4130 24 9912
Sigma 325 7 2275 24 5400
Metu 13 7 91
Vayu 50 7 350 24
2.4 218 4
Chora 163 7 1141 24 2738 4
340
Etacho 4 7 28
Hurumu 5 7 35
durene 42 7 294
sub totaf 1601 11207
^kicho Masha
365
Anderacha 326 6 1956 24 sub total 691 4146
6
2190
2.4 67 2
2.4 84
2.4 705.6
26696.5
2.4 5256
4694.4
9950.4
BBnch T. Y«W 100 5 500
Shewa Bene JOO 6 1800 2 4 4320 sub total 400 2300 5520 Maji 176 7 1232 24 2956 8
2.4 1200
Keficho 3529 6 21174 24
TOTAL
12640
90017
50317.6
216040.8^^.lresovrces
ANNEX 2L LIVESTOCK
APPENDIX 2
I'AMS-ULG BaroAkobo river Bavin Integrated Development Mailer Plan
IL - AppendicesNearltang. Gambela Region. September 1995. Three metre high cane grasses ol EchinacMoa and Hyparrhtnia spp near the limn of die flood water. These species mature rapidly, although Ec/iinocfttoa retains some of its feed value even at this height.
Near Honga. 50 kms East of Gambcla. Gambela Region. September 1995. Sorghum plots of Vchik refugees beside the River BarnSite near 2 above. Cattle provided tn the refugees by the UNHCR
4
Site near 2 above. Wooded savanna with Grewia jrai Cum^r^fum spp and
sp5 5kms West nf Gore, Oromia region. The government tea estate at GumaroNear Mizan Teicri. Southern Peoples Autonomous Region Intensive smallholder farming with maize, sorghum, banana and taro Some high forest in the background : die conservation of the remaining forest should be til primary concern
S Near Mizan Tefen. intensive smallholder cultivation with banana, sugar cane. taro, spices and coffee under some remaining forest trees
IL.9 Between Mrzan Tcfcri and Bonga A mature maize crop with immature crops tn (he background. Two crops per year can be grown in this high rainfall area
10
Between Mizan Tcfcri and Bonga. Intensive cropping contrasting with unmanaged and unproductive grazing land. There is opportunity to integrate livestock more closely with crops and develop an intensive mixed tanning system. In an area of surplus production, farmers could only be encouraged to do this where a market for liwir additional grain was assured, through a guaranteed minimum price for food grains.

Summery

Baro-Akobo River Basin Master Plan Summary

Baro-Akobo River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan

Natural Resources - Agriculture Annex (Annex 21)

Document Overview

This document is part of the master plan study for the Baro-Akobo River Basin in Ethiopia, prepared by TAMS-ULG Consultants Ltd for the Ministry of Water Resources in May 1997. The annex focuses on agricultural aspects of natural resource development.

Key Climate Findings

The basin has significant climatic variation based on altitude (from 400m to 2500m)
Annual mean temperature ranges from 27.5°C in lowlands to 17.5°C in highlands
Annual rainfall varies from 750mm in lowlands to 1,250mm in highlands
Dependable growing season: 4-6 months (floodplain), 6-8 months (mid-slope), 8+ months (highlands)

Current Agricultural Status

Category	Findings
Land Use	554,000ha cultivated (97% in upper basin), dominated by cereals (75% of crop area)
Main Crops	Maize, sorghum, teff, coffee (major cash crop), with some cotton and sugarcane in lowlands
Yields	Generally low (e.g., maize 1.2-1.6 t/ha) due to subsistence farming practices
Challenges	Soil erosion, limited fertilizer use (avg. 0.22kg/ha), unreliable rainfall in lowlands

Development Opportunities

Soil Conservation

Critical need due to erosion rates up to 1000 t/ha/year on steep slopes. Recommendations include contour bunding, protected waterways, and farmer education.

Fertilizer Production

Potential for local NPK fertilizer production using hydropower and local phosphate deposits near Gimbi.

Irrigation Development

Options include:

Supplementary irrigation for high-value crops
10,000ha irrigated settlement scheme using Abobo Dam
Commercial-scale irrigation in lowlands

Crop Improvement

Sasakawa-Global 2000 type packages could significantly increase yields (e.g., maize production could increase by 25-40%).

Proposed Development Options

Fertilizer factory producing NPK compounds
Crop improvement package for high population areas
Special initiative for Anuak people (tools and swamp crops)
10,000ha irrigated settlement scheme
Coffee quality and yield improvement program

Key Constraints

Limited infrastructure and input availability
Farmer resistance to conservation measures
Market access challenges
Institutional capacity limitations

Recommendations

Prioritize soil conservation linked to productivity improvements
Develop local fertilizer production capacity
Implement targeted extension programs
Further studies on socio-economic aspects and detailed feasibility for irrigation