FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCE FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN OF BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTIl II II II k li k k k k k k k k k k k k k k ■ -- -Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN OF BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT FINAL FEASIBILITY REPORT VOLUME 5- ANNEX 5 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFedoral Domocratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale GadulaJrrlgatior^Prcject__^ List of Volumes in the Final Feasibility Report VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies VOL 1 Executive Summary VOL 2 Main Report VOL 3 Annex 1 Meteorological and Hydrological Study VOL 4 Annex 2 Geological and Geotechnical Investigations VOL 4 Annex 3 Hydro-geological Study VOL 5 Annex 4 Soil Survey VOL 5 Annex 5 Land Evaluation VOL 6 Annex 6 Socio Economic Study VOL 6 Annex 7 Settlement Study VOL 7 Annex 8 Irrigation Agronomy VOL 7 Annex 9 Farm Mechanisation VOL 7 Annex 10 Agricultural Marketing VOL 8 Annex 11 Livestock Study VOL 9 Annex 12 Environmental Impact Assessment VOL 9 Annex 13 Watershed Management VOL 10 Annex 14 Institutional Dev. VOL 11 Annex 15 Financial & Economic Analysis WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportI I II II II M to IE to to to to liFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Doslgn of Bale GadulaJrrlgatio^fOject^ VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST LIST ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSVl EXECUTIVE SUMMARYVl11 1. INTRODUCTION1 1.1 General1 OF OF TABLESIV FIGURES,V 1.2 Review of Previous Studies FAO/UNDP and WRDA 19921 1.3 OBJECTIVES1 1.4 Scope2 2. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT3 2.1 Location ano Extent3 2.2. Cumatic Data5 2.3 Climate5 2.4 Geology and Geomorphology7 2.5 Soils7 2.6 Water Resources ;.......................................................................................................................................................8 2.7 Infrastructure and Settlements8 2.8 Land Use and Farming System 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 General 3.2 Definition of Key terms/Phrases 3.2.1 Land................................................................................................................................................................................... n 3.2.2 Land characteristics 3.2.3 Land qualities.......................................................................................................................... ^2 3.2.4 Land use requirements 3.3 Land Suitability Classes 3.4 Class determining factors 3.5 Land Evaluation procedures 4. LAND UTILIZATION TYPES (LUTS) & LAND USE REQUIREMENTS (LUR)17 4.1 Land Utiuzation Types 4.2 Land Use Requirements (LURs)19 4.2.1 General ^2 1$ 17 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 4.2.2 Land Use Requirement for Surface Irrigation20 4.2.3 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated Wheat (Tritiucm oestivium)22 4.2.4. Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated Citrus (Citrus spp.)23 4.2.5 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated of Banana (Musa spp.)23 4.2.6 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated of PEA (Pisum sativum)24 4.2.7 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated of Rice Cultivation25 VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 4.2.8 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculent urn)) Cultivation 26 4.2.9 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated of Onion (Allium Cepa)........................................... 27 4.2.10 Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus)........................................................................................................................ 28 4.2.11 Land Use Requirement for Surface Irrigated Cotton (Gossypium hirusutum)30 5. LAND SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION32 5.1 General-....................................................................................................................................................................... 32 5.2 Land Mapping Units32 5.3 Land Suitability Characterization by Land Units33 5.3.1 Land Unit VB2ccVRhu-peB............................................................................................................................... 33 5.3.2 Land Unit VB2so-ccVRhu-peB33 5.3.3 Land unit Piso-ccVRcr-stC34 5.3.4 Land unit PiccVRpeC34 5.3.5 Land unit VB1 ccVRwn-crA34 5.3.6 Land Unit VB2hoVRca-huC35 5.3.7 Land unit VB2moVRca-peB35 3.7.8 Land Unit VBlccVRpeA36 5.3.9 Land unit VBlso-ccVRhu-peA36 5.3.10 Land Unit VB2haNThu-stB37 5.3.11 Land Unit VB2ccVRwn-peB37 5.3.12 Land Unit VBlmoVRco-wnA37 5.3.13 Land Unit VB2hoLVhe-clB.............................................................................................................................. 38 5.3.14 Land Unit VBlhaLVhu-crB38 5.3.15 Lond Unit PiccLVhe-cr C39 5.3.16 Lond Unit VBlvrLPca-huA39 5.3.17 Land Unit PiccVRhu-pe A39 5.3.18 Land Unit PimoVRco-huC 5.3.19 Land unit VBlso-ccVRhu-peA 5.4 The Actual Land Suitabiuty 5.5 The Potential Suitability 5.6 The Actual Land Suitabiuty Maps WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources 6. SOILS AND LAND MANAGEMENT UNDER IRRIGATION48 6.1 Gypsum application48 6.2 Addition of Organic Manures49 6.3 Fertility50 6.4 Soil Erosion Control51 6.5 Leveling and Grading52 6.6 Stone Removing52 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION53 7.1 Recommendation-.. 53 7.2. Recommendation56 7.2.1 Gypsum application56 7.2.2 Addition of Organic Monures57 7.2.3. Fertility58 7.2.4 Soil Erosion Control59 7.2.5 Leveling and Grading59 7.2.6 Stone Removing REFERENCES APPENDIXES APPENDIX 1: LANDS USE REQUIREMENTS FOR IRRIGATED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT63 APPENDIX 2: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS APPENDIX 3: LAND AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: MEANING AND CLASSIFICATION FOR LAND SUITABILITY RATING.................................................................................................................................................................................. ..... WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Summary of Meteorological Characteristics of Bale-Gadula Project Area6 Table 2.2: Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soil Mapping Units of Bale -Gadula Command Area10 Table Table 3.1: 3.2: FAO Land Land Suitability Suitability Classification Limitations Levels14 (Sub-Classes)15 Table 4.1: Land Uses Requirement and Land Quality Criteria for Surface Irrigation21 Table 5.1: Summary of Actual Land Suitability by LMU and LUT41 Table 5.2: A actual Land Suitability Classes42 Table 5.1: Summary OF Actual Land Suitability by LMU and LUT.41 Table 7. l: Summary of Actual Land Suitability for Different Crops in Bale-Gadula command Area55 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Location Map of Bale-Gadula Command Area4 Figure 5.1: Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Citrus44 Figure 5.2: Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Wheat45 Figure 5.3: Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Onion45 Figure 5.4: Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Pea47 i Figure 5.5: Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Banana47ii Figure 5.6: Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated cotton47 iii Figure 5.7: Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated tomato47 iv Figure 5.8: Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated rice47 v Figure 5.9: Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated sunflower47 vi LIST OF APPENDIXES APPENDIX 1.1: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED WHEAT CULTIVATION, MODERATETO HIGH INPUT LEVEL APPENDIX 1.2: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED RICE CULTIVATION, MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL..................................................................................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX 1.3: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED BANANA69 APPENDIX 1.4: LANDSCAPE AND SOIL REQUIREMENTS -SUNFLOWER70 APPENDIX 1.5: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED TOMATO CULTIVATION, MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL71 APPENDIX 1.6: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED ONION CULTIVATION, MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL73 APPENDIX 1.7: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED COTTON AGRICULTURE, MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL77 APPENDIX 1.8: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED PEA CULTIVATION, MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL79 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation ProjectLand Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 1.9: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED CITRUS AGRICULTURE, VOL 5- ANNEX 5 MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL81 APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX 2.1: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS OF CITRUS—84 2.2: 2.3: Partial PARTIAL Suitability SUITABILITY Ratings RATINGS Wheat86 ONION88 APPENDIX 2.4: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS PEA........................................................................................ ............................... 90 APPENDIX 2.5: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS BANANA................................................................................................................ 92 APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX 2.6: 2.7: 2.8: PARTIAL PARTIAL PARTIAL SUITABILITY SUITABILITY SUITABILITY RATINGS RATINGS RATINGS COTTON94 TOMATO96 SUNFLOWER98 APPENDIX 2.9: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS RICE................................................................... ................................................. 100 Q WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AWC Atm BBF BS% Available Water Capacity Atmosphere Broad-bed Bed Furrows Base Saturation Percentage CaCo3 Calcium Carbonate CEC Cation Exchange Capacity Cm Centimeters °C Degree Celsius Na+ Sodium Ca++ Calcium DS/m Deci Siemens per Meter E East EC Electrical Conductivity ESP Exchangeable Sodium Percentage FAO Food and Agriculture Organization G GWT GIS Ha ITC Km Gram Ground Water Table Geographic Information System Hectare International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences Kilometers LUP Land Unit Map LUT Land Utilization Type m Meter Masi Meters above Sea Level Meq Mm Mill equivalents Millimeters MoWR Ministry of Water Resources PO 25 Phosphorus per oxide WWDSE in Association with ICT Report Final Feasibility Study viFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios PET - Potential-evapo-transpiration PH - Soil reaction (log H ions, acidity, basicity) 10 + ToR - Term of Reference USBR - United States Bureau Reclamation USDA - United States Department of Agriculture DEPSA - Development Project Study Agency WWDSE In Association with ICT Report Final Feasibility StudyFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The present study has been undertaken to check the extent of available suitable land for various land-use types (LUT). Based on the results of the detailed soil survey (, land suitability evaluation has been carried out at feasibility study level, covering 7722 ha. Land suitability maps at 1:10,000 scale have been prepared separately for each LUT considered. The climatic condition of the project site is very convenient to grow various crops such as cereals, oil crops, pulses, vegetables on the all mapping units where as fruits can bee grown on up land of the area. The land evaluation study was conducted based on the FAO framework for land evaluation scheme, in which the methodology outlined in "Soil Bulletin No. 55, (FAO, 1985): Guideline for Land Evaluation for Irrigated Agriculture" and "Soil Bulletin No 32: A Framework for Land Evaluation". Land evaluations include the following procedures: ■/ Delineation of land unit map based on the result of soil survey, J Translation of the characteristics of each land-mapping unit into land qualities ✓ Selection of crops or land utilization types ■/ Determination of the requirements of each of the selected LUTs •/ Matching the requirements of each LUT with the characteristics of each land mapping unit •/ Land suitability classification V Presentation of the results. In the study area, low-productivity mono-cropping rainfed agricultural is usually practiced, with minimal use of modern inputs, lack of favorable pricing for the products, poor infrastructure, very limited credit services, increasing unemployment and land fragmentation. These are the consequences of rapidly growing local population and intensive family labor. Peasants of the surveyed area mostly grow annual crops such as teff, barley, oats, wheat, maize, peas, chickpeas, lentil, shallot, blakcumin, corainder, fenugreek and onion. Therefore, the LUTs to be selected for land evaluation of the area must help minimizing the above-mentioned constraints. They should create more WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report viiiFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies employment, market oriented, provide subsistence food and cash income to the local population and create a chance to row 2-3 crops a year on their small fraction of land by increasing the cropping intensity up to 200 - 300%. Under these circumstances, surface-irrigated crops should become the predominant land use. Accordingly, the present land suitability study has identified and defined a number of land utilization types (LUTs), as follows. ■ Pulse crops like pea. • Cereal crops, such as wheat and rice are preferable. ■ Oil crops such as sunflower ■ Irrigated vegetable , onions, and tomato etc • Rainfed forage - cereals LUT ■ Rainfed Teff- irrigated chickpeas - spices such as black cumin. • Irrigated rice could be economically sustainable in the Project area, and therefore a rice-pulse-cereals, or a rice- tomato-wheat cropping patterns can be used in the study area. • Irrigated citrus and banana cultivation. • Surface irrigated cotton Based on land characteristics, 20 land mapping units have been identified by the soil survey investigation, which is the main source of data for use in this land evaluation exercise. The most important limiting factors jn crop cultivation are prevalence of sodicity, stoniness and erosion hazards. The actual land suitability evaluation process about 4271 ha, 1006 ha, 1754 ha, 839 ha, 699 ha, 1704ha, 1059ha, 3024ha, 699ha and 2364h of the total area of Bale-Gadula area was classified as permanently not suitable for citrus, wheat, onion, pea, sunflower, cotton, banana, rice and tomato surface irrigated cultivation, respectively. This is due to presence of excess sodicity, high content of CaCO3 and high pH levels, sloppy landform, shallow depth and surface stoniness. Therefore, these areas should be used following the existing normal land use patterns of the study area. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Ro portFedoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Dotall Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios The proportion of land classified as temporarily unsuitable for citrus, wheat, pea, and banana 200ha, 53 ha, 1255 ha and 225 ha respectively. The main factor resulting in this level of unsuitability class is sodicity, calcareousness, erosion hazard and. This requires application of gypsum and anti-erosive measures. A large proportion of land is classified as marginally suitable for the implementation of the considered LUTs in the evaluation process. The marginally suitability of land for citrus, wheat, onion, pea, sunflower, cotton, banana, rice and tomato is 2001 ha, 4882 ha. 5250 ha, 5768 ha, 4370 ha, 5850 ha, 2898 ha, 4621 ha and 3640 ha respectively. Moreover, 1250 ha, 924 ha, 718 ha, 1442 ha, 607 ha, 857ha, 2402 ha and 1718 hectare of the area is classified as moderately suitable for the implementation of citrus, wheat, onion, sunflower, cotton, banana, rice and tomato land utilization types, respectively. Some parts of the study area is categorized as highly suitable for wheat, sunflower, cotton and banana 857 ha, 206 ha, 206 ha and 718 hectares of land respectively. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Rosourcos Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale GadulaJnjgatlonPro]ect VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL This report evaluates the suitability of lands in the planned Bale-Gadula irrigation project area to irrigated agriculture, aimed at increasing the yields of field and horticultural crops, thus greatly improving the standard of living of the local rural communities. More than 90% of the populations in the Project area are directly involved in agricultural production. The average farmer land holding in the area is about 5 ha. The main land use is intensive rainfed cultivation of cereals and pulses, spices and oil seeds, characterized by traditional peasant practices and low productivity. The Project area of some 7722 ha has the potential for developing irrigated agriculture and the present land evaluation provides information and recommendations for deciding what crops to grow where and what land use practices to follow. 1.2 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES FAO/UNDP AND WRDA 1992 In 1992, the FAO/UNDP and WRDA made a land evaluation and classification study of the area in 968 ha at prefeasibility level. The study gave the following major conclusions and recommendation: • Considerable part of the project area about 401 hectare of land is covered by common to many stones and thus required removal of stones. • About 244 ha of land is in need of leveling/grading. 1.3 OBJECTIVES The broad objectives of the study are: a. Optimize agricultural production from the available land and water resources, sustainable on a long-range basis, without causing any adverse impact on soil, land and overall environment. b. To minimize the risk of crop failures due to shortage of rainfall, by helping the farmers to develop irrigated agriculture, with due consideration of soil and land characteristics. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Rosourcos Feasibility Study and Dotall Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios c. To assist farmers produce higher amount of crops per unit area, with sustainable marketing potential. The specific objectives are: a. To identify suitable areas for irrigated agricultural development, technically feasible, economically viable, and socially acceptable. b. Recommend the most appropriate and suitable techniques for irrigated agriculture farming 1.4 SCOPE The scope of the present study includes: • preparation of land unit maps from detailed thematic maps, • comparing the principal land quality of the study area under actual conditions with land use and environmental requirements of the land use types (LUTs) to be considered, • detailed land suitability assessment of the study area for irrigated agriculture development, and • preparing land suitability maps at 1:10,000 scale. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 2Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 2. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 2.1 LOCATION AND EXTENT Bale-Gadula Project area is located in the south eastern part of the country where it stretches over some part of Goro, Sinana, and Ginir Woredas in Bale administrative zone of Ormiya Regional State. The study area is found in the Genale-Dawa Basin. It lies the coordinate between 778016 and 793118 UTM North and 647584 and 677784 UTM East within an altitudinal range of 1527 and 2096 masl. The location of the Project area is shown on Figure 2.1 below. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 3600000 650000 i 700000 ' V , 2200 era\a GoloffcT IgarfaAgaffa Diversion weir Shiah an insho Ginir<r-£, r Go ba 4COCTE ---------- 1— Er/tr** *r«r Djibouti Ba,e Gadula Irrigation A > Project Area :&- FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WELMEL, YADOT AND BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTS PROJECT BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT ' T?' Guradamnle y&i 1 CONSULTANT ■ WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SUB INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS AND CONSULTANT TECHNOCRATS PVT. LTD Location map the Project Area Haro Dibeiaoo DATE December, 2009 600000 650000 —nr 700000Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 2.2. CLIMATIC DATA For the characterization of the command area, rainfall data were taken from Sinana meteorological station. The climatic data measured at this station are temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, evaporation and wind speed. The Project area can be categorized as Woina Dega agro-climatic zone. A summary of meteorological characteristics computed for the Project area is given in Table 3.1. The project area can be conveniently categorized as Woina Dega agro-climatic zone. The climatic features are discussed below in brief. 2.3 CLIMATE The study area categorized in to " Woina-Dega" traditional agro climatic zone. The average annual rainfall is 895.5 mm. The rainfall in the Bale-Gadla project area is characterized by bio-modal type. The monthly rainfall varies from 51.66 mm in November to 91.2 mm in May. The monthly average rainfall is estimated to be 74.63 mm. The dry seasons ranges from November to January and May to July. The average minimum temperature is 7.99°C and the maximum temperature is 21.44 °C. The mean monthly temperature is 14.72°c. The monthly wind speed ranges from 1.44 m/second to 3.97 m/second. The monthly sunshine varies from 5.8 hrs/day (July) to 8.54 hrs/day (December). The average monthly relative humidity is 77.21 %, the maximum is in June month 84%. The minimum value of RH is 63.37% in February. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Ro portFodoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Rosourcos Feasibility Study and Dotail Doslgn of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Table 2.1: Summary of Meteorological Characteristics of Bale-Gadula Project Area Monthly mean of climate condition of Sinnana station Months Parameter type Jan. Feb. Mar. Apri. May June July Aug. Sept. Octo. Nov. Dece. Total Ave. Maximum TEMPRATUR(oC) 21.65 21.64 21.52 20 71 20.82 21.08 21.69 21.77 21.98 21.39 21.56 21.50 257.30 21.44 Minimum TEMPRATURE(OC) 7.65 7.93 8.66 9.07 9.04 9.03 8.24 7.60 6.90 6.84 7.48 7.43 95.88 7.99 Relative himudity 64.64 63.37 68.96 81.23 81.57 84.00 81.24 81.02 83.19 83.50 79.00 74.78 926.50 77.21 Wind speed(m/sec) 1.76 2.08 2.38 2.23 2.41 3.40 3.97 3.71 2.74 1.72 1.44 1.57 29.40 2.45 I Sunshine hours (hr) 8.01 8.54 8.12 5.98 6 82 7.69 7.09 6.82 5.80 6.03 7.72 8.09 86.72 7.23 Rainfall (mm) 71.23 87.93 89.20 79.64 91.20 89.70 82.70 54.22 72.67 71.40 51.66 53.99 895.53 74.63 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 6Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadu|aJrrigatlonProject VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 2.4 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY The plateau and foothills, as well as the valley bottom and terrace are underlain by olivine basalt and tuffs of the lower Tertiary Trap series. The area has four geomorphic units. They are: Plateau with undulating summit, the undulating older valley bottom, nearly level river terrace and alluvial valley. 2.5 SOILS soils of the Project area were developed on alkaline olivine basalt by insitu weathered, colluvial an alluvial process. • The soil texture of the project area is fine and medium and the predominant texture is clay, with average clay content is 62.05%. • The soil nutrient status is generally moderate to high. • Organic carbon content is very high, ranging from 1.02 to 6 97with an average value of 3.19% • Total nitrogen is very high, varying from 0.08 to 0.69% with an average of 0.34%. • The soils have very high CEC, ranging from 37.98 97.28 meq/100g soils, with an average of 64.18 meq/100g soil. The BSP is very high, rating from 61 to 151% with average values of 61%. In most result the BS% is greater than 100% due to high presence of CaCO . 3 • Soil reaction is slightly acidic (pH=6.33) to strongly alkaline (pH=9.07). However, in most cases the soils are alkaline. • Phosphorus content is low in most of soil units, varying from trace to 58.51 ppm with mean value of 3.38 ppm. • EC values of all mapping units are very low, and thus salinity should not be a problem. The value of ESP varied from 0.32 to 47% with an average of 12.22%, indicating that in some mapping units the soils are sodic. • The average values of exchangeable calcium, magnesium and potassium are very high, with average values of 47.10, 15.49 and 1.11 meq/100g soil, respectively. WWDSE In Association with ICT Roport Final Feasibility Study 7Feasibility Study and^Do^ii'n^ . Ethlo p -------y ay andjgetall Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project f ^ a’ Minlstfy of Water Resources VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies The soils have low to very high exchangeable sodium, rating from 0.13 to 20.26 meq/100d soil and its mean value is 5.43 meq/100g soil, showing that in most cases are the exchangeable sodium is very high. • The major constraints of the area are.erosion, surface stoniness and some chemical characteristics, such as occurrence of high ESP and free carbonate, are toxic for plants. 2.6 WATER RESOURCES The main river is in the study area is Weyib River. The Weyib River, having its sources in Bale Mountain, flows from north-west to east by bordering the command area from south There are other intermittent rivers such as Asendabo . These small rivers collect runoff from their catchment and discharging into the main river Weyib River and at the end the Weyib river drains in to the Genale- Dawa River Basin. 2.7 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SETTLEMENTS The Project area can be reached by an asphalt and gravel road about 650 km from Addis Ababa via Bale-Robe to Delo-Mena, and it is 20 km from Delo-Mena town. The area is accessible by rough dry-weather roads through newly opened road for surveying purpose from main road Delo-Mena to Negele-Borena. Concerning other infrastructures, elementary schools are found in some villages. Markets and health posts are found in every Kebele. There are health centres, secondary and preparatory schools in Delo-mena town, which are near the area’s settlements. There are also telecommunication services in Delo-Mena town. The main economic activities are agriculture and trade. The population density is sparse. Most of the people are mainly engaged in subsistence farming. The family is the main source of farm labour Children also contribute labour, particularly in livestock tending There is a division of labour by sex and age. Livestock husbandry activities (feeding, milking, herding, barn cleaning, dung cake-making and forage collection) are shared among the household members. The responsibility of women includes milking the cows (at times assisted by men), barn-cleaning and dung cake-making. Men are involved WWDSE In Association with ICT Report Final Feasibility Study 8Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale GadulaJnjgationProJ^^ VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies in forage collection and feeding livestock. Herding of livestock is mostly the responsibility of children. Ploughing is done by men and in general farming is their responsibility. 2.8 LAND USE AND FARMING SYSTEM The land covers of the study area mainly include intensively cultivated lands, residential areas and grazing lands. Land use is principally intensive rainfed peasant cultivation of cereals and pulses. The major food crops grown in the Project area are cereals, pulses, spices and oil seeds The area is dominated by a cereal-based, single cropping mixed farming system, and major types of cereal crop grown are: teff, wheat, barely, oat and maize; pulses - chickpea, beans, peas, haricot bean, lentils; oil crops - flax; and spices - white cumin (Nech Azmude), black cumin (Tekur Azmud), and “Abesh" Cattle are the most important livestock species in the Project area. Their principal contribution includes draft power for cultivation and threshing, and providing manure. Sheep are economically important in the area; they are a significant source of investment, security and cash; they are easily sold off at times of economic difficulty. Crop and livestock subsystems are highly integrated Crop residues provide a major share of the livestock feed while milk, meat, hides and manure are the main livestock products. Livestock also serve as stored wealth in the form of live animals, and therefore serve as an asset and security In general, cereals require finer seedbed preparation than pulses and hence more cultivation is carried out before sowing cereals. Seedbed preparation for planting normally begins with the Belg rain in March/April. Cultivation generally continues up to May, depending on the soil moisture. Land preparation is accomplished by using local ploughs drawn by a pair of bullocks or oxen. The plough is made of wood and is fitted with a pointed iron bar It is locally called maresha The number of ploughings depends on the intensity of weed infestation, the crop and its seed size. WWDSE In Association with ICT Report Final Feasibility Study 9Fodoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Rosourcos FoasIbllltyStudy and Dotall Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Projoct VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios Table 2.2: Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soil Mapping Units of Bale -Gadula Command Area Soil Mapping Units VB2VRpe-kB VB2VRso-kB PiVRso-kC PiVRpe-kC_ VB1VRso-crA VB2VRpe-kB VB2VRpe-kB VB1VRpe-kA VB1VRso-peA VB2NTeu-rB VB2VRhyso-peB VB1VRhyso-crA VB2LVeu-rB VBILVeuB PiLVhyC VBILPeuA PiVRca-rA PiVRhy-peC VB1VRso-kA 14,72 14 72 77.21 77.21 14.72 77.21 23.21 34.72 53.06 59.41 14.72 14.72 14.72 14.72 14.72 14.72 77.21 77.21 77.21 77.21 77.21 77.21 14.72 77.21 1472 14,72 14.72 14.72 14.72 14.72 14.72 14.72 77.21 77.21 77,21 77.21 77.21 77.21 77.21 77.21 Imp Sev. R R&G 14.72 , 77.21 61.36 60.43 75.83 69.63 81.32 45.69 74.02 71,10 48.70 73,53 50.56 52,59 59.90 66.71 72.56 81.32 68.29 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 10Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 GENERAL The physical land suitability evaluation has been made for the Bale-Gadula on the basis of the FAO framework for land evaluation. This methodology is outlined in "soil bulletin no 55. (FAO, 1985): guideline for land evaluation for irrigated agriculture" and in "soil bulletin no 32: a framework for land evaluation", the approach in the evaluation process is identification and description of land utilization types (LUTs) and specifications of class determining land use requirements (LURs) for each selected LUT Then matching the LURs with the land qualities of each soil mapping unit (SMU) described in soil survey study (please, refer to soil survey report of Bale-Gadula irrigation project), hereafter referred to as land mapping units (LMU) had been performed (figure 3.1.). Therefore, the main source of data for use in this land evaluation exercise is the soil survey investigation results of the Bale-Gadula area besides that there have been used the data of others studies data such as agronomic, socio-economic and hydrological studies of the project area. 3.2 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS/PHRASES The FAO definition of key terms was employed in here as it appears. The entire land evaluation methodology used, is the FOA (1976) methodology and all key terms define those used and defined in the same source. The definitions of these terms are presented for the purpose of easy accessibility for the users of the report. 3.2.1 Land Land is defined as a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface including those of the near-surface climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes, and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity, such as terracing, water storage or drainage structures, infrastructure, buildings (UN, 1995). WWDSE In Association with ICT ‘ Final Feasibility Study Report 11Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Projoct VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 3.2.2 Land characteristics Land Characteristic (LC): a simple attribute of the land that can be directly measured or estimated in routine survey in any operational sense, including by remote sensing and census as well as by natural resource inventory. Diagnostic land characteristics are the LCs that will be used to evaluate the land quality (LQ). They need to be measurable at the appropriate scale, and well related to the land quality (which is why they are called 'diagnostic'). 3.2.3 Land qualities Land Quality (LQ) is a complex attribute of land which acts in a manner distinct from the actions of other land qualities in its influence on the suitability of land for a specified kind of use; the ability of the land to fulfill specific requirements for a LUT. 3.2.4 Land use requirements Land Use Requirement (LUR) is a condition of the land necessary for successful and sustained implementation of a specific Land Utilization Type. 3.3 LAND SUITABILITY CLASSES Land suitability is a measure of how well the qualities and/or characteristics of a land unit match the requirements of a particular LUT. The suitability of the land for specific use was defined by. rating the .land qualities of land units, which are relevant to specific land utilization types. Land suitability is defined (FAO, 1976) as the fitness of a specific area of land for a specified kind of use, called land utilization type (LUT), under a stated management system. Thus, if the LUT appears profitable the land is deemed suitable for it Each suitability class is divided further into sub-classes to reflect the limitations that restrict the suitability of that particular land unit. They can be used to distinguish between lands with significantly differing management or production potential. Each class is designated by suffixes (diagnostic factors) or defined class-determining factors. The first step in classifying suitability is to WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 12Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Jrr1gatlon Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies define each suitability class. The limit for each relevant land characteristic or quality is then set for each class. The FAO Framework encompasses the following four levels of land suitability classes. At the highest level there are two suitability orders, Suitable (S) and Not Suitable (N). Suitable land is land on which sustained use of the kind under consideration is expected to yield benefits that "justify the inputs and development costs, without unacceptable risk of damage to land resources." Not Suitable indicates that the land has qualities that appear to prevent sustained use of the kind under consideration. At second level the suitability orders are divided into three classes, these are: Class S1, Highly Suitable; Class S2, Moderately Suitable; Class S3, Marginally Suitable; Class N1, Marginally Not Suitable; and Class N2, Permanently Not Suitable. Fewer or more Classes can be designated as appropriate. Only classes with significant economic differences should be distinguished. At third level there are a number of classes, which reflect the kind of limitation that restricts the suitability of land to a specific land use Subclasses, reflecting a requirement or limitation are denoted by a letter suffix, these are s, t or d indicating a soil, topographic or drainage deficiency, respectively. The subclass codes were defined for seven LUTs, based on surface irrigated agriculture, implying medium to high input levels. The boundaries between suitability classes are subject to revision with time as technologies develop or socio-economic and political changes occur. However, the not-suitable classes are physical and permanent. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 13Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bak? Gaduia Irrigation Project Table 3.1: FAO Land Suitability Classification Levels VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios (FAO. 1983) (After Ir.C.Sys 1991 and H. Huizing, ITC 1992, 0) Order Class Name Definition S Suitable The land can support the land use. Benefits justify inputs without unacceptable risk of damage to land resources. S1 Highly Suitable Land without significant limitations. The potential yield level expected is 85% or more of optimum yield. S2 Moderately Suitable Land having limitations that either reduce productivity or increase the inputs needed to sustain productivity levels compared with those needed on S1 land. The potential yield level expected is 60-85% of the optimum yield. S3 Marginally suitable ■ IN Land with limitations so severe that benefits are seriously reduced and/or the inputs required to sustain productivity are such that this cost is only marginally justified. The potential yield level expected is 40-60% of the unsuitable optimum yield. Unsuitable Land that cannot support the land use sustainable, or land on which benefits do not justify inputs i! N1 — Currently unsuitable Land with limitations to sustained use that cannot be overcome at currently acceptable cost N2 Permanently unsuitable Land with limitations to sustained use that cannot be overcome Note Table 5.1 classification levels represent those used by the FAO but some modifications and updating have been made by different authors based on research results on some definitions of yield level, factor ratings, etc based, however, on the FAO system. 3.4 CLASS DETERMINING FACTORS Limiting factor is defined as a land quality, or its expression as a diagnostic criterion, adversely affecting the potential of land for a specified kind of use or service (FAO 1976) It is a variable affecting agronomic, management, land development, conservation, the environment or socio-economic conditions that has an influence on the outputs and inputs of a specified kind of land use, and which is used to assess the suitability class in which a land unit should be placed for that use The major land qualities which are worth to best describe the area for making the suitability evaluation and be considered as the major limiting factors or class determining factors are listed as follows Some of them are not at their affecting limits, but are put here to show their significances. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 14Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detoil Design of Bale Gadula IrrigaUor^Project^ Table 3.2: Land Suitability Limitations (Sub-Classes) VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Sub-class /suffixes Description c Climate (Temperature regime): Land units having either very low or very high temperatures below or above the critical temperatures, which may cease the plant growth and may have adverse effect on rate of plant growth, depending on the type of plants and varieties to be grown. Thus adaptable crops should be carefully selected for evaluation. d Oxygen availability: Land units having soil drainage deficiencies, ascribed to poor soil drainage that may be due to high ground water table, flooding, slow infiltration, slow permeability, slow surface drainage (low physioqraphic position) or some combination of these. n Nutrient retention: Land units having poor capacity of soil to retain added nutrients as against loses caused by leaching, these by organic matter. Thus, additional input is required to conserve organic matter and improve soil structure and require fertilizer application. z Nutrient availability: Land having poor capacity to supply crop with nutrients, ascribed to pH, nutrient availability is lower in pH <6.0 and >7.5 by fixation, CaCO3 a Sodicity , ESP>15% w Workability: Land units with poor workability, ascribed to heavy clays, low organic matter content, very firm consistence and occurrence of high amount of stones and gravels in the surface layers. t Land preparation and clearance: Land having topographic limitations ascribed to unfavorable slope angel, micro-relief coupled with excess rock out crops and denser vegetation covers, which needs a higher initial land development cost, requiring land leveling (or short channel lengths and drop structures), grading, terracing, clearances of rock hindrances and vegetation clearances. e Erosion hazard: Land having an increased water erosion risk under- irrigation. Conservation practices and surface drainage control are required. 3.5 LAND EVALUATION PROCEDURES Land evaluation included the following procedures: - Delineation of land units in a map based on the soil survey results and other data - Translation of the characteristics of each land-mapping unit into land qualities - Selection of crops or land utilization types (LUTs) Determination of the requirements of each selected LUT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Ro port 15Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies - Matching the requirements of each LUT with the characteristics of each of the land mapping units - Land suitability classification - Presentation of the results. The land suitability of a land unit for irrigated agriculture, based on the different Land Utilization Type (LUTs) considered, were determined by comparing the land use requirements for irrigated agricultural with the land qualities and/or characteristics of the land unit. The values of each land quality or characteristic were checked against the class limits of land use requirements for irrigated agricultural, for each LUT separately. Thus suitability assessments of the land units were made for each land use requirement separately. The overall suitability of a land unit was then determined on the basis of the suitability ratings, referred to as partial suitability of the individual land use requirements for the LUTs under consideration separately. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 16Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula IrrigationProject VOL S- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 4. LAND UTILIZATION TYPES (LUTS) & LAND USE REQUIREMENTS (LUR) 4.1 LAND UTILIZATION TYPES The main objective of this land evaluation study is to select an optimum land use type for each land unit identified in the study area. Land evaluation defines the suitability of a specific area of land (land unit) for a specific LUT under the stated management system and input level. Usually, mono-cropping rainfed agriculture is practiced in the study area, with minimal or no use of modern inputs, lack of favorable income, poor infrastructure, very limited credit services, increasing unemployment and land fragmentation resulting from the rapid growth of the local population, and intensive family workload. As a result, the agricultural production is too low. Peasants of the surveyed area grow mostly annual crops such as teff, barley, wheat, fenugreek, maize, haricot beans, peas, chickpeas, lentil, black cumin, shallot, coriander and flax. Therefore, the LUTs to be selected for land evaluation of the area must help minimizing the above-mentioned constraints. They should create more employment, market oriented, provide subsistence food and cash income to the local population and create a possibility to grow 2-3 crops per year on a small fraction of land-holdings by increasing the cropping intensity of 200 - 300%. Surface irrigation of crops is thus the main land use type to be considered. A number of surface irrigation LUTs have thus been identified and defied in terms of their production. The definitions of the LUTs specified for Bale-Gadula area strictly refer to factors which relate to the biophysical suitability of the land use and which are assumed not to change significantly with changes in land systems that can realistically be expected in the foreseeable future. Examples of such “stable” factors are plot size and shape, capital intensity and the level of mechanization. Other factors, such as the use of improved seeds, fertilizers and degree of market orientation may change over a relatively short period of time, because of changes in the local production environment (e.g. due to the construction of feeder road, subsidizing of inputs). These factors will affect the economic suitability of the land, but within the parameters defined above will WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 17Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies not significantly change the biophysical suitability of the land for that particular land use. The choice of appropriate LUTS was done by considering the physical conditions such as climate, soil and topography, socio-economic conditions in the study area (e g. food crop demand by the local community), Government policy, available agronomic information and market availability. The Government of Ethiopia pays attention to the development of the agricultural sector, to improve food self- sufficiency and sustain food security at the house level and develop an agriculture-based industrial development in the long run. It has also a concern for farmers to produce cash crops, as a strategy of providing economic household security. The evaluation was carried out assuming moderate to high input management levels, moderate to high capital investment and high labor intensity. Thus, the LUTs can be defined as medium to high input level of fertilizers and herbicides, moderate capital investment, medium to high labor intensity, 100% private property, with moderate and high management level, by using surface irrigation and improved agronomic practices for local consumption and with commercial market orientation. Thus, wheat, maize, onion and pea as food crops, citrus and black cumin as cash crop were selected as LUTs to be evaluated under smallholder farming methods with medium to high management input levels. Accordingly, the present land suitability study has identified and defined a number of land utilization types (LUTs), as follows. ■ Pulse crops like pea,. ■ Cereal crops, such as wheat and rice are preferable. • Oil crops such as sunflower • Irrigated vegetable , onions, and tomato etc • Rainfed forage - cereals LUT ■ Rainfed Teff- irrigated chickpeas - spices such as black cumin. • Irrigated rice could be economically sustainable in the Project area, and therefore a rice-pulse-cereals, or a rice- tomato-wheat cropping patterns can be used in the study area. ■ Irrigated citrus and banana cultivation. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 18Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Rosources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies * Surface irrigated cotton Pasture development has been considered under low to medium input levels and medium labor intensive production system in the project area. 4.2 LAND USE REQUIREMENTS (LURS) 4.2.1 General Land Utilization Types (LUTs) are characterized by the sort of land use requirements (LURs), which are the conditions of land necessary for successful and sustained LUT. Land use requirements take into account the range of physical, chemical and climatic characteristics of the Project area, as well as descriptions of land unit maps showings the description of the various land units and land characteristic values obtained from the results of a land resources survey. A crop requirement depends on the land characteristics and qualities that would be required to reach acceptable crop yields. Land use requirements also include a set of limiting values These define the degree of limitation of a specific value of a land quality or characteristic that may have an adverse effect on sustainable production. Land use requirements may include crop requirements, management requirements and conservation requirements (FAO, 1983). The land use requirements are described by the land characteristics or land qualities needed for sustained production. A land characteristic is a measurable attribute of the land Land quality is a complex attribute that has direct impact on land use, but cannot be directly measured. Different crops (LUTs), different irrigation methods and management systems have different ecological requirements. Thus, the agronomic, land development, management, conservation and environmental factors, and the relevant class-determining factors were considered and defined as variables that affect the performance of LUTs on a specific land unit. Subsequently, the suitability of land units for a specific use were established by considering each land unit and rating its qualities or characteristics relevant to that LUT. These requirements are listed in Appendices 1 to 5 in terms of land quality, together with ranges of suitability for the land characteristics that have been used WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 19Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies to assess each land unit. The land use requirements are described by the land characteristics grouped to land qualities needed for the required sustained irrigated agriculture production for the LUTs considered, as described below (see also Crop Protocols in Vol. 8 of this Report). 4.2.2 Land Use Requirement for Surface Irrigation Surface irrigation is the most common method of irrigation and accounts for 95% of irrigation in the world. Surface irrigation method is well suited for use on both small and large schemes. Basin, border, and furrow are all surface irrigation methods. Surface irrigation often selected because they are considered to simple methods convenient for farmers with little and no knowledge of irrigation. The selection of surface irrigation for Bale-Gadula command area must be viewed in this context. Surface irrigation should never be described as simple if at the same time there is a need to use water efficiency. The method places too much responsibility for achieving good result in the hands of the farmer and the technology provides little in the way of support. In contrast to its management the design of surface irrigation layouts and their construction is relatively simple and no special materials are needed. Potentially surface can be very efficient if all factors involved are under the careful control of a skilled and experience farmer. Soils with high infiltration rate are commonly not suitable to surface irrigation, because even distnbution of irrigation water is difficult to maintain without short furrows. As a result the loamy soils may be considered as marginally suitable, despite the potential optimum nutrient and moisture holding capacity. The choice of surface irrigation method depends on land slope, soil type (infiltration rate), field shape, crops and labour requirements. These key characteristics summarizes as follows: WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 20Fed ora I Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources F e a s I b 111 ty Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Table 4.1: Land Uses Requirement and Land Quality Criteria for Surface Irrigation Suitability Classes Land Quality Unit S1 S2 S3 N1 N2 Slope % 0-2 2-4 4-6 >6 Drainage Paddy rice under natural floods Other crops Poor, very poor well Imperfect Mod. , well Moder. well, imperfect excessive, poor Well. v. poor Excessi ve depth cm >200 120-200 60-120 30-60 <30 soil texture silty loam & clay loam, silt, sandy clay clay, sandy clay loam loamy sand, heavy _ clay, sandy loam Loamy coarse sand, fine sand, sand, coarse sand Salinity ms/cm Crop specific cec meq/100g >20 5-20 <5 OC % >2 0.4-2 <0.4 pH 56-7.2 7 2-8.5 7-8 < 4.5 or > 8.5 structure sab sab platy massive consistence slightly sticky, Slightly plastic sticky, plastic very sticky, very plastic very sticky, very plastic Erosion status none medium/slight severe very severe infiltration rate permeability ESP % Crop specific CaCO3 % Crop specific Gypsum % Crop specific Surface stoniness % <2 2-15 15-40 >40 Gravel & stones with in the profile % <2 2-15 15-40 >40 vegetation no clearing requirement scattered forest dense forest dense forest Micro relief even slight uneven broken Floodinq Paddy rice Other crops To be defined None Local knowledge Rarely F1 Frequent frequent WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 21Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies In general soils of the area are occurring on very gentle slope and the soils are clay loam to heavy clay in texture and prone to water logging. Thus the land is moderately to highly suitable for surface irrigation and more or less suitable for overhead irrigation. The major land use requirements for some selected crops are discussed briefly here under. 4.2.3 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated Wheat (Tritiucm aestivium) Wheat is the staple food for many people in as many as 43 countries of the world. It is the major staple diet to most populations in developing countries of Europe and American continents. On an average, wheat accounts for 30% of cereal food world wide followed by rice (27%) and maize (25%). Wheat is very adaptable crop and is grown under wide range of soil and climatic conditions. It is grown below sea level near the Dead Sea and in the Imperial Valley of California and at as high 5000m altitude of Tibet. The temperature range for the growth of wheat is 10-25°c. Optimal growth conditions are obtained at temperature of the region where wheat cropping is intended of particular importance with regard to the selection of the variety. Low temperature encourages tillering. There are two types of wheat species world wide and they are spring wheat: 100 - 130 days and winter wheat: 180 - 250 days. High air humidity combined with high temperature cause rust problems. Strong wind may flatten the crop and render harvesting difficult. Wheat can grow on soils with sandy loam to montmorrillonitic clay texture. A sandy loam to clay loam texture is nevertheless preferred. In terms of soil pH value, wheat is considered medium acid tolerant with permissible range of 5.5 to 7.0. Wheat is also considered to be medium tolerant to soil salinity. Initial yield decline (threshold) due to salinity is reported about 6ds/m. The minimum soil depth requirement is 10cm. Optimal conditions are met in soils with an availabke depth of >90cm. The maximum rooting depth of spring wheat is 1.2 - 1.5m. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 22Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Though the crop is sensitive to water logging, it appears fairly tolerant of high water-table. Wheat requires moderate to fertile nutrient conditions. Growth period of wheat is between 120 and 210 days, depending on variety, temperature and day length. 4.2.4. Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated Citrus (Citrus spp.) Citrus spp are mostly grown in subtropical countries below 600m of altitude. On the equator, citrus does well below 1830 m. Citrus spp. perform well in the temperature range of 13-39 °c, but prefer an air temperature of 22-30 0 c. Grapefruit can withstand long hot periods better than other citrus spp.. Flowers and young fruit are sensitive to frost. The required average total precipitation is >800mm/year, unless the crop is irrigated. Citrus spp are intolerant of high air humidity, but mandarins can tolerate wetter conditions. Strong winds may damage the crop. Since the maximum rooting depth of citrus spp. extends to 1.0-2.0 m and since the roots have oxygen requiremen, deep well drained (well aerated) and light soils are preferred. The most Suited soil texture is sand to loam. Citrus spp. can be grown on poor sandy soils with extreme low fertility; in some cases as many as 12 essential elements (N.P.K.Mg.Ca.S.Mn.Cu.Zn.B.Fe.Mb,) have to be applied for normal growth. The crop is sensitive to waterlogging. pH range : 5.0- 8.2,optimum pH: 5.5 - 7.6. Salinity: no yield reduction at an electrical conductivity (EC) of <1.7 ds Im ;the yield reduction is 10% at 2 .3 ; 25% at 3.3 ; 50% at 4.8 ; 100%at8dS/m. 4.2.5 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated of Banana (Musa spp.) The optimal mean monthly air temperature for the growth of banana is 25-28°C. A reduced growth is observed at temperatures <22°C. The lowest mean annual temperature for growth is 14°C. Plantation chilling occurs when the winter temperature falls below 10°C, 12 hours exposure to temperatures of <7°C generally causes chilling injury. High temperatures result in leaf and fruit scorth. Small changes in altitude may have a significant effect on the period to shooting. The optimal precipitation amounts to 1500-25000 mm/year, well distributed rainfall is best, but bananas can equally be grown in areas with a pronounced dry season. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Ro port 23Federal Democratic Ropubllc of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Drought, however, lowers the quality of the fruit. A high relative humidity is desirable; >60% is preferred It requires a maximum sunshine hours. Banana starts producing after 9-12 months The stems are as soon as they have produced the bunch. A high available water content (AWC) is needed in order to prevent possible damage due to moisture stress Roots do not tolerate waterlogging. Wind damage represents a major source of loss in production. A total loss occurs at wind speed of above 100 km/hr. Freely drained, well-aerated, fertile loamy soils are preferred although bananas are produced on a wide range of soil types. The maximum rooting depth of the crop is 90 cm. Mulching, however, leads to a reasonable production on sandy soils. The pH range is 4.5 - 8.2, the optimum is 5.6 - 7.5. There is no yield reduction at an electrical conductivity (EC) of <1 dS/m and no hazard at an exchangeable sodium percentage below 4% but a 50% yield reduction is observed at an ESP of 15. 4.2.6 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated of PEA (Pisum sativum) Germination of peas takes place in the temperature range of 5-30° C. Optimal condition for germination are met at 23°c. Peas grow well at temperature being 14-20°c. The optimum mean daily temperature is 17°c .Hot weather interferes with seed settling Young plants can tolerate light frost. The water supply for peas is optimal in regions that receive 350-600mm/growing cycle. Moist soil conditions are essential throughout growing season, particularly after flowering. High air humidity favors moulds. Peas grow on a wide variety of soils as long as they are well aerated. The maximum crop rooting depth is 1.00-1.50m.peas cannot tolerate water logging. pH range 5 5-8.2 optimum pH 6.0-7.5 Salinity: no yield reduction at an electrical conductivity (EC)of <0.5ds/m;the yield reduction is 10% at 1.5ds/m; 25%at 2.3; 50%at3.6 100%at6.5ds/m. Sodicity:50% yield reduction at an exchangeable sodium percentage(ESP) OF 20. The growing penod of pea is varying from 80 to 160 days, depending on day length. In general in tropics its growing period is 120 days. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 24Fodoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lmgatJonPrgject__ VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 4.2.7 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated of Rice Cultivation Rice tolerates a very wide range of climatic conditions and can be grown in both temperate and hot tropical climates, from sea -level to high altitudes. Long periods of sunshine are essential for high yields. The yields are correlated with the received solar energy during 45 days that precede the harvest. No sudden temperature drops or strong winds should occur Growth is optimal at average air o temperatures between 24 and 36 C. Germination doesn’t take place at a soil o temperature of <12 C. The difference between day and night temperatures should be minimal during flowering and yield production. The irrigation water temperature o is required to be >18 C. Rice is sensitive to frost and cool temperature leads to head sterility in some varieties. The optimum precipitation for rain fed rice is >1600 mm/year. Drought during 8 to 12 days, at the time of flowerings or at maturity has adverse effect on the yield. Availability of irrigation water is more important than rainfall, though ideally both should be in good supply. However, good management is more important than ideal soil or climate. The growth period of rice is ranging from 90 to 210 days. For a high yield result, the growing time should be at least 110 days. It must be long enough to span the flood period and to allow sowing and harvesting under favorable condition. Rice can grow on a wide range of soils, there being no optimum soil. Heavy alluvial soil of river valleys and deltas are usually better suited to rice than lighter soils, though rice can be grown on many soils from sandy loam and shallow red soils to heavy clays. It should be possible to puddle the soil to maintain a high water table during growth, and to drain the soil for ripening and harvesting. Imperfectly to moderately well drained soils are most suited to rice cultivation. Soils under rice cultivation are exposed to a low erosion hazard. Due to an aerobic condition the decomposition of the organic matter is slowed down and nitrogen fixation takes place by azotobacter and blue green algae. Usually deficiencies of N and P are observed. Rice requires a high N input and a h moderate to high soil fertility. The P range is from 4.5 to 8.2 and the optimum p ranges are from 5.5 to 7.5 when dry. though this may rise to 8 to 8.2, when hFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia* Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies removal (Kg/ha/ growing cycle) to produce 3-4 ton/ha equals to 50N, 60P O and 25 55 K O 2 respectively. Fertilizer application (kg/ha/growing cycle) to produce 4 ton/ha, for N: P^: K O range from 75-100, 25-50 and 25-50 2 respectively.Rice is moderately sensitive to salinity. The general response to yield decrease due to salinity are: 0% <3, 10% al 3.8, 25% at 5.1, 50% at 7.2 and 100% at 12 dS/m. Good commercial yield of irrigated rice may range from 6 - 8 ton unhusked grain/ha and average farmer yield from 4-5 ton un husked grain/ha 4.2.8 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated of Tomato (Lycopersicum escuientum)) Cultivation They are more suited to warmer temperatures and low temperatures can hinder their yield significantly. The germination of tomato is observed at temperatures o o between 10 and 35 C, the optimum range for germination being 16-30 C o Tomatoes grow in areas with air temperatures between 13 and 35 C. Optimum o growth can only be accomplished at air temperatures between 18 and 26 C. The o optimum temperature range required at flowering is 18-24 C and at fruit setting is 12-32 C. The optimum range is 16-22 C. For high yields, day-and-night o temperatures should not differ by more than 6-10 C. Warm night temperature encourages earlier flowering while cooler temperature result in greater branching. Too high temperature cause flower drop and result in retarded growth and poor fruit setting; too low temperatures cause malformed fruits and hinder their yield significantly. The plant is very sensitive to frost. Thus tomato and pepper are sensitive to availability of water supply, and their moisture requirement during growing period of 3 to 5 months (flowering to harvest) is 400-700 and 600-900 mm/growing cycle, respectively. Too high rainfall causes the tomato fruits to rot. High relative air humidity favors diseases. Tomato doesn't tolerate shade. Hot and dry winds lead to flower drop and reduce the yield. Thus these vegetables are best suited for irrigated agriculture within the study area as far as climate is concerned. The growing period of tomato is between 90 to 150 days. 0 o WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 26Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula_lrngation_Prqject_^ VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies The plant can be grown on soils with very different types of textures, though light silt or clay loam texture with adequate water holding capacity is preferred. The maximum effective rooting depth for tomato and pepper is 1.5m and 1.0m respectively, but most of the water uptake is in the top 50-70cm of the soil. The required minimum depth is 0.6m. The crops are sensitive to poor drainage and water logging and even for a short period will produce leaf shading and will also H increase the incidence of diseases. The optimum P requirement for the plants H ranges from 6.0 to 7.5. However, tomato and pepper grow in the P range of 5.0- 8.2, with proportional yield reduction that can be rectified. It has a high nutrient requirements, especially that of organic matter and nitrogen. Fertilizer application of N: P^: K^O (kg/ha/growing cycle) required to produce a crop of 20 ton/ha (before + transplanting) range 50+100, 100+100 and 100+ (75x2). Average farmer yield under irrigated agriculture ranges from 20-40 ton/ha, and good commercial yield ranges from 45-65 ton/ha. They are more sensitive to salinity and very sensitive to sodicity at seedling stage. Tomato plant is most sensitive at germination and early growth. No yield reduction at an electrical conductivity (EC) of <2.5 dS/m; the yield reduction is 10% at 3.5; 25% at 5; 50% at 7.6 and 100% at 12.5 dS/m. The ECe values requirement for tomato ranges from 3.5 to 10, with proportional yield reduction. Tomato is moderately tolerant to sodicity, a 50% yield reduction can be expected at an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 35. 4.2.9 Land Use requirement for Surface Irrigated of Onion (Allium Cepa) Onion is not grown in the lowland humid tropics. Cool conditions with an adequate moisture supply are most suitable for the early growth of onion, warm and drier conditions are required at maturation and harvesting stages. Bulbing takes place more quickly at warm than at cool temperatures provided the minimum photo period for the cultivator has been achieved. Germination takes place in the temperature range of 2-35°c. An Optimum temperature for growth is 16 - 22°c. Flowering and consequent low yields are observed at temperatures less than16°c. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 27Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Early maturity and low yields occur at temperatures greater than 22°c. The optimal precipitation for onion is 350 - 600mm/growing cycle. Low air humidity and low temperatures lead to flowering. Onion is sensitive to day length: 12-13 hours of day length are required in the yield formation period. The growing period of onion is between 90 to 120 days. Onion grows on a wide variety of soils, provided they are well aerated and friable as long as sufficient water can be retained. Fertile, loams textured soils are most suitable. The maximum rooting depth of the crop is 50cm. EC values of 1.8 dS/m may cause 10% of yield reduction, and 2.8 dS/m may cause 25% yield reduction. Sodicity affects the productions of onion and 50% yield reduction takes place at exchangeable ESP of 35%.Onion requires high level organic matter. 4.2.10 Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus) The temperature range for the growth of sunflower is 13-30 0c. An optimal growth occurs in areas with an air temperature between 18°c and 26 °c . The ideal air temperature however is 22°c; each 1oc more decreases the oil content with 1.5%. Sunflower is sensitive to frost, though it stands a little freezing. Sunflower is grown in areas with a precipitation of 250-4000 mm/year. Tough the plant is drought resistant, an equal distribution of the rainfall in the growing period enhances the chances of obtaining a high yield Adequate moisture is required at flowering but no heavy rains should occur. Strong winds may cause damage. The growing period of sun flower is between 90 to 150 days. Sunflower is most grown on ferruginous and brown calcimorphic soils. Well drained soils with a sandy clay loam to clay texture and a soil depth that exceeds 1.50 m are most suitable. The maximum rooting depth of the crop is 2.00-3.00m. Sunflower is intolerant of waterlogging PH range : 5.0-8.5 optimum PH : 6.0-7.5; Liming is advised at Ph<6. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 28Foderal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Salinity: no yield reduction occurs at an <ds/m; the yield reduction is 10% a electrical conductivity of t 2 25% at 4; 50% at 9; 100%at 12ds/m. Sodicity: 50% yield reduct ion is ob ser ved at an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 20%. Micronutrients Boron Magnesium Aluminium the plans tolerates 1-2 mg/1 in soil solution. Sensitive to deficiency when PH is low Sensitive to toxicity especially on sandy soils with low PH Nutrients Nutrient removal (kg/ha/growing cycle) to produce 1 ton seed/ha. N 39 P2O5 6 K2O 75 Fertilizer application (kg/ha/growing cycle) to produce 1 ton seed/ha: Min Max N: 50 - 100 P2O5 .45 - 105 K2O : 70 - 150 Rainfed Good commercial yield 2.1-2.4 ton seed/ha. Average farmer Yield : 1.0- 1.5 ton sees/ha. Irriaated Good commercial yield : 2.5- 3.5 ton seed /ha. Average farmer yield 1.5 - 2.0 ton seed/ha. Sunflower should not follow safflower, cotton, pea. beets, potatoes or alfalfa in rotations because diseases can be transmitted. Sunflower is grown on the same WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Ro port 29Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies field only once in every 6 years. Climate Requirements- Sunflower (growing cycle 100-140 days) 4.2.11 Land Use Requirement for Surface Irrigated Cotton (Gossypium hirusutum) The air temperature range for cotton growing is 18-40°c, the optimum air temperature being 24 - 34 °c. An air temperature of > 40°c may cause damage, depending on the moisture availability. A mean annual temperature of < 16°c causes slow growth and result In poor iber quality. The minimum temperature for germination is 15°c. Cotton is not tolerant or frost. The required mean annual precipitation is 500 - 1000 mm. The optimum annual precipitation range is 900 - 1200 mm. The rainfall should be well distributed during the growing cycle. In the ideal conditions, 5 months with discontinuous rain follow planting. In the first 56 days the moisture demand is low as the leaves are small; excess water is even harmful During the flowering period (70-95 days after planting) dry conditions are beneficial to prevent excess vegetative growth. The peak water demand follows at 95 - 115 days after planting, when the bolls swell. Rainfall during maturation is harmful as these results in split bolls, rot and discolored fiber. Dry conditions are necessary after 5 months. A moderate relative air humidity (< 65% ) is desirable at the ripening stage. Prolonged periods of cloud cover from flowering onwards reduce the yield. Abundance of hot days with much sunshine are required. Hot or cold winds may after the young seedlings. High wind velocities in the harvest period cause the bolls to be blown away and soils lint with dust. Ferruginuous soils and freely drained alluvial soils are most suitable for cotton cropping. Vertisols are equally suitable if not waterlogged as a result of rains. Cotton grows on soils with a large variety of textures, from loamy sand to montmorillonitic clays, though preference is the available soil depth should be at least 0.25m. Optimal conditions are reached as the soil depth exceeds 1.0 m. The maximum rooting depth is 1.8 m. Well drained soils are preferred. Flooding can be withstood for up to 2 days. High erosion hazard. The soil reaction ranges from moderate acidic to moderate alkaline with pH range of 5.2 to 8 2. The optimum the pH range is between 5.2 and 8.2 with optimum pH value range 6.0 - 7.6. Cotton WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 30Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies can withstand soil salinity risk up to the EC value of 7.7 dS/cm. There would be 10% yield reduction at 9.6 dS/m, 25% at 13 dS/m, 50% yield reduction at 17 dS/m and 100% at 27 dS/m. It is moderately tolerant to sodicity . However, it would reduce 50% of its yield at an exchangeable sodium percentage of 35%. Good commercial yield of seed ranges from 4.0 to 5.0 ton/ha and its average farmer yield varying from 2.0 to 3.0 ton/ha. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study RoportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Dotail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 5. LAND SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION 5.1 GENERAL Suitability is a measure of how well the land unit qualities match the requirements of a specific type of land use. Matching land use to land unit is the essence of land evaluation. The suitability classification aims to show the suitability of each land unit for each land use. Appendices 1 to 9 present the land use requirements for LUTs considered as a guide in assigning land suitability classes. The land mapping units were delineated and are described in brief hereunder. 5.2 LAND MAPPING UNITS Land mapping units are areas with land qualities that differ sufficiently from other land units to affect their suitability for different land uses. Land units are areas of land with specific characteristics. They are normally represented within a boundary on a map in order to create a visual geographical framework. The core land resources data of paramount importance for land evaluation are soils, climate, present land use and land cover. The purpose of identifying land units is to provide a mapped basis of relatively homogeneous areas (land unit map) to be used as building blocks for land evaluation. Land units are described in terms of their characteristics and qualities. A land characteristic is a fairly simple attribute that can be measured or estimated, such as soil texture,. effective soil depth, drainage, topography and ability of soil to retain nutrient. Land Quality is an attribute of land which acts in a distinct manner in its influence on the suitability of the land for the LUTs under consideration. In the present study land qualities comprise water availability, soil depth, hydraulic conductivity, drainage, soil workability, susceptibility to erosion and water-logging. Land units are described by their main characteristics, which are thee properties of the land that can be measured or estimated. In this study the main land characteristics considered, are slope and soil drainage classes and soil depth. The costs of necessary land improvement have to be estimated in detailed study to predict the economic and environment consequences of development. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 32Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Based on land characteristics 20 land mapping units have been identified. The summary of land characteristics of the soil mapping units are presented in Table 5.1 below. 5.3 LAND SUITABILITY CHARACTERIZATION BY LAND UNITS Land Suitability was assessed for selected potential crops under irrigation. These are bananas, citrus, wheat, pea, sunflower, cotton, tomato, onion and rice . The results of matching the land use requirement of each selected crop with the conditions of each land mapping unit, are discussed in this section. The individual class-determining factor of each land use requirement has been combined with each land unit and a tentative land suitability classification was obtained. A summary of the land suitability classes and the sub-class rating of Bale-Gadula land units, by LUTs and their extent, is shown in Table 5.2. 5.3.1 Land Unit VB2ccVRhu-peB It covers 98 ha of an area and constitutes 1.3% out of the total area. Due to alkalinity it is down graded to permanently unsuitable for sunflower, cotton, banana, wheat, citrus, onion and tomato It is currently unsuitable for surface irrigated of, pea (N1z) because of high pH value This land unit is possible to bring to moderately suitable (S2) by lowering the pH levels for surface irrigated sunflower, cotton, banana, wheat, citrus, onion, tomato and pea. To treat alkaline soil should be applied gypsum. However, this treatment is extremely expensive to employ over large areas for local people. So it may remain unsuitable. Rice is marginally suitable due to high infiltration rate and alkaline toxicity. But it is possible to upgrade by using gypsum for alkalinity toxicity and by using over head irrigation. 5.3.2 Land Unit VB2so-ccVRhu-peB Its extent is 209 ha of area (2.7%). This land unit is rated as currently unsuitable for surface irrigated wheat, pea and onion (N2z/a) because of high sodicity and pH rate. This land unit is classified as permanently not suitable for citrus, sunflower, cotton, banana and tomato because of high pH and ESP value. This unit is possible to upgrade to moderately suitable by applying gypsum. But it is WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 33Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies marginally suitable for rice surface irrigation due to alkalinity, high calcium carbonate content and high infiltration rate. It brings up to modrately suitable for rice irrigated by improving calcium carbonate toxicity. 5.3.3 Land unit Piso-ccVRcr-stC The extent of this land unit is covering a small area and occupies 88 ha or about 1.1% out of the total area. The land unit is severely limited by high value of exchangeable sodium and pH for banana, sunflower and tomato (N2z). It is permanently unsuitable for surface irrigation of citrus, onion and pea due to limiting factor of alkalinity and sodicity (N2z/a). This land unit can be improved by applying remedial measure. However, the cost of the remedial measure is very high and would be expensive to cover by the farmers. This land unit is marginally suitable for irrigated wheat (S3d'//w/k/r/t), rice (S3z/t/r) and cotton (S3t/d’) because of poor land preparation, drainage, workability, and soil texture. It can be upgraded to highly suitable by improving workability, and toxicity, stone removal and land leveling. 5.3.4 Land unit PiccVRpeC This land unit is covering 231 ha of land (3%) and it is rated as marginally suitable for all selected land utilization types including wheat (S3w/k/d'), onion (S3z/w/k), citrus (S3z), onion and pea (S3d/w/k), sunflower S3w/z), cotton (S3z), banana (S3d’/z), tomato(S3d'/z) and rice S3z/d/r) due to poor workability and poor potential fro mechanization work, high pH rate, toxicity of CaCO , 3 poor drainage and surface stone. This unit can be brought to highly suitable for most selected crops except rice surface irrigated by improving workability drainage system and toxicity calcium carbonate, lowering pH level and removing stones. However, for rice it remains marginally suitable because texture is constant and it would be difficult to rectify. 5.3.5 Land unit VB1ccVRwn-crA The extent of this land unit covers 607 ha, which is about 7.9%. For surface irrigated of banana, onion, citrus and tomato it is downgraded to permanently unsuitable due to high pH value. It can be upgraded to moderately suitable by WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 34Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies lowering the soil reaction to neutral. This land is rated as currently unsuitable due to strong alkalinity (N1z) and possible to brought up to moderately suitable by lowering the pH level. It is marginally suitable for wheat and sunflower (S3z) because of high pH value and it can be brought up to highly suitable by taking appropriate remedial measure. It is moderately suitable for cotton (S2z/w) and rice (S2d/z/t) as a result of slight limitation factor of pH value, drainage and soil textural class. For rice it remains marginally suitable because it is impossible rectify soil textural class. For cotton this land unit can be upgraded to highly suitable by applying appropriate measure to reduce high pH level. 5.3.6 Land Unit VB2haVRca-huC The land unit VB2haVRca-huC occurs on flat land and occupying 206 ha, which constitute 2.7% out of the total area. The major limitations of this land unit strong alkalinity soil reaction, poor drainage and stoniness as a consequence it is down graded to marginally suitable for citrus, onion (S3z/w) pea (S3t/w/k), banana (S3z), and tomato (S3z/d’). This mapping unit is moderately suitable for wheat (S2r/w/k) and rice (S2d/z/t) due to poor workability, less potential for mechanization and land preparation. This land unit is highly suitable (S1) for surface irrigated agriculture of wheat, sunflower and cotton. It is possible to bring up to moderately suitable for citrus, onion, pea, banana, and tomato by improving poor drainage lowering the pH value to required level and removing stones. For LUTs such as wheat and rice can be upgraded to highly suitable by taking appropriate measures by improving soil drainage, leveling and grading the land surface. 5.3.7 Land unit VB2moVRca-peB The land unit covers a small area of land and it occupies some 857 ha, which forms 11.57% of the total command area. This land unit is highly suitable for wheat irrigated agriculture (S1). It is moderately suitable for surface irrigated of sunflower (S2r/z), banana (S2z), cotton (S2z) and rice (S2d/z/w) due to soil texture, soil drainage and high pH value. It can not be rectified due to soil texture so this unit remains moderately suitable. It is marginally suitable for pea, tomato (S3z/r/w) and onion (S3z/r/w/n/k) because of less nutrient availability, poor workability, poor mechanization potential and land preparation. The unit can not WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 35Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gaduia Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies be rectified due to owing of heavy texture and it remains as it is. The critical limits of the land unit are heavy clay texture. As a result of these critical limits it is downgrade to permanently unsuitable for citrus, (N2t/z/r/w/k). This unit can not improve. 3.7.8 Land Unit VBIccVRpeA The land unit occupies 584 ha, which accounts for 7.6% out of the total area. This unit is rated as marginally suitable for all selected crops. For it is marginally suitable wheat (S3r) due to compaction, for onion (S3 r/k/t/d') due to land preparation, high infiltration rate and soil compaction, for pea (S3d'/w/k/r/t) because of slow permeability, poor workability and surface stoniness, for sunflower (S3d/w), Cotton (S3d’), banana as a result of infiltration rate (S3t/r), tomato as a result of high infiltration rate and poor drainage (S3t/d ), rice because of infiltration rate (S3t) and for citrus (S3z/r/w/k) due to less nutrient availability, poor workability and compaction. This unit is possible to improve to moderately suitable class (S2) by improving the drainage system, workability and land preparation, removing stones and deep ploughing. 5.3.9 Land unit VB1so-ccVRhu-peA The extent of this land mapping unit covers 512 ha and accounts for 6.6% out of the total area. The land unit VB1so-ccVRhu-peA is marginally suitable for onion (S3r/e/d) due to poor rooting condition and severs soil erosion limitations, marginally suitable for pea (S3d/a/e) because of sodicity, low water permeability rate and erosion hazard. It is also marginally suitable for wheat (S3r/w/k) because of poor rooting and workability conditions, for sunflower (S3z), cotton (S3e), tomato (S3z/d’) and rice (S3z) because of erosion hazard, high calcium carbonate content and poor drainage. Citrus (N2a), and banana (N2a) is permanently unsuitable due to high content of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). This land unit can be upgraded to moderately suitable for onion, wheat, pea, sunflower, cotton, tomato, and rice by applying appropriate and effective anti-erosive measures, by improving toxicity of calcium carbonate and by lowering the pH and sodicity level. By considering the economic condition of the area would not WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 36Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies possible to upgrade, however, it bring up to marginally suitable for citrus and banana by applying gypsum. 5.3.10 Land Unit VB2haNThu-stB This land unit occupies 718 ha (9.3%) of land and because of surface stoniness the land unit has poor workability and difficulty for mechanization fanning as a consequence it is marginally suitable for surface irrigated of some selected crops such as pea (S3r/w/k/t), sunflower (S3d'), cotton(S3d’) and rice (S3z/d/r). This land unit is moderately suitable for wheat (S2r/w/k/t), onion (S2r/w/k/t) tomato (S2z);and citrus (S3r/d’/e). This land unit is highly suitable for banana (S1). It is possible to upgrade to moderately suitable (S2) for pea, sunflower and cotton by improving drainage system and collecting surface stones. But for rice it remains marginally suitable because texture can not be rectified. This land unit can be improved to highly suitable (S1) for Wheat, onion and tomato. 5.3.11 Land Unit VB2ccVRwn-peB The coverage of this land unit is 445 ha (5.8%). It is marginally suitable for surface irrigation of citrus (S3e/w/d) because of less oxygen availability, erosion hazard and heavy clay texture and it remains marginally suitable because texture would not be rectified. For surface irrigated tomato (S3z/e), rice (S3z/e) and sunflower (S3e) due to erosion it is marginally suitable. But it can be improve by taking appropriate actions, such as efficient soil conservation methods and by improving the toxicity level of CaCO . The 3 land unit is not permanently suitable for banana (N2z) due to high CaCO3 content. For wheat, onion, cotton and pea the land unit is marginally suitable (S3e) due to sever erosion hazard and can be upgraded to highly suitable (S1) by applying appropriate soil conservation measures. 5.3.12 Land Unit VB1moVRca-wnA The extent of this land unit is 468 ha (6.1%) and due to heavy clay texture and erosion hazard it is marginally suitable for citrus (S3r/z/k), wheat (S3d'/e), for onion (S3e), sunflower (S3e), cotton (S3e), banana (S3e), rice (S3e) and pea (S3d'/e). For tomato it is moderately suitable (S2z/r/w). This land is possible to WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 37Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies upgrade to moderately suitable (S2) for citrus, wheat, onion, sunflower, cotton, banana, rice and pea by improving nutrient availability, workability, mechanization potential and by taking appropriate anti erosion measures and lowering the soil reaction. It is possible to upgrade to highly suitable for surface irrigated tomato by improving the toxicity of CaCC»3 and the workability. 5.3.13Land Unit VB2haLVhe-clB The land Unit VB2haLVhe-crB IS covering 200 ha of land, accounting 2.6% out of the total command area. This land unit is rated marginally suitable for wheat (S3r/w/k/t), onion (S3r/w/k/t) and pea due to surface stoniness. However, it can be improved to moderately suitable (S2) by picking the surface stones. For citrus it is permanently unsuitable (N2r) due to shallow depth and it remains constantly unsuitable because soil depth can be changed. The land unit is marginally suitable for other selected crops like wheat (S3r/w/k/t), onion (S3r/w/k/t), pea (S3r/w/k/t), sunflower (S3d'), cotton (S3e), banana (S3e) and tomato (S3d') due to surface stoniness, less potential for mechanization, poor drainage and erosion hazard and it can be improved to moderately suitable class by applying efficient and environmental sound anti soil erosion measure and removing stones. It is moderately suitable for rice (S2r/w/e) due to surface stone coverage, sloppy land surface. This land unit can bring up to highly suitable (S1) by removing stones and land leveling and grading. 5.3.14 Land Unit VB1haLVhu-crB Its extent is 532 ha of land, which consists of 6.9 % out of the total study area. Because of vertic property it is marginally suitable for surface irrigation of most of selected LUTs such as wheat (S3e) onion (S3e), pea (S3e), cotton (S3e) and banana (S3e) because of erosion hazard. This land unit is moderately suitable for rice (S2m/e), tomato (S2e) and citrus (S2r/w/k/t) as a result of soil erosion, moisture availability, poor workability, less potential for mechanization. It can be upgraded to highly suitable (S1) for wheat, onion, pea, cotton and banana by taking proper soil erosion conservation methods. This land unit is possible to bring up to highly suitable (S1) by improving moisture condition and applying proper anti-soil erosion methods for rice and tomato. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 38Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 5.3.15 Land Unit PiccLVhe-cr C VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies The extent of this mapping unit is too small and it occupies 67ha (0.9%). The unit is downgraded to marginally suitable for most selected LUTs, like surface irrigation of citrus, tomato, banana and onion (S3z/e) due to moderately alkaline soils reaction and soil erosion. It is also marginally suitable (S3d'/e) for surface irrigated wheat and pea due to slow permeability and erosion hazard, for surface irrigated rice (S3w/k) less mechanization potential and poor workability. The land unit is moderately suitable for sunflower (S3z/d')_ The land unit can be upgraded to moderately suitable (S2) for citrus, tomato, banana and onion by lowering the level of pH and applying proper anti soil erosion measures and also it is possible to bring up to moderately suitable (S2) by taking apposite soil conservation measures and improving soil drainage, mechanization potential and workability for wheat, pea and rice. It is possible to upgrade to moderately suitable (S2) for sunflower by taking action like lowering the pH level and improving soil drainage. 5.3.16 Land Unit VB1vrLPca-huA This unit occupies large area, which is equal to 610 ha (7.9%). This land unit is marginally suitable for surface irrigation of wheat (S3w/k/r), onion (S3w/k/r), cotton (S3e), banana (S3r), rice (S3r/d) and pea (S3w/k/r) due to the presence common surface stones. However, it can be improved by clearing surface stones. The land unit is permanently unsuitable for citrus, tomato and sunflower surface irrigated cultivation (N2z) due to shallow soil depth. This land unit can be upgraded to moderately suitable (S2) for wheat, onion, cotton, banana, rice and pea by removing surface stones. It remains constantly not suitable due to shallow depth. 5.3.17 Land Unit PiccVRhu-pe A This land unit covers 313 ha and forms 4.1% of the total study area. The limitations of this unit for wheat, onion and pea are poor workability and less potential for mechanization and less nutrient availability as a consequence it is down graded to currently marginally suitable for wheat (S3r), onion (S3w/k/z), sunflower (S3d'/e), cotton (S3d'/e), tomato ((S3d/r/k), rice (S3z/w/k) and pea (S3z/r/k). While for citrus it is permanently unsuitable (N2w/k/n) due to heavy clay texture and for banana (N2z) is current not suitable due presence of high level of WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 6 Land Evaluation Studies CaCO . 3 This land unit can be improved to moderately suitable (S2) for wheat, sunflower, cotton and rice by improving soil drainage system and toxicity of calcium carbonate and remove stones. For onion and tomato it remains marginally suitable because soil textural class would not be rectified. For citrus it will not be improved. It is possible to bring up to marginally suitable (S3) for banana by improving the toxicity of CaCO3 5.3.18 Land Unit PimoVRca-huC The extent of this land mapping unit is 225 ha and occupies about 2.9% out of the total surveyed area. The major critical limits are poor workability and soil compaction, heavy texture, less nutrient availability and less mechanization. As a consequence of these limitations this unit is down graded to marginally suitable for wheat (S3r), for onion (S3w/k/z), sunflower (S3e/w), cotton (S3e), tomato (s3z/w/k) and rice (S3w/k/d') and for pea (S3z/r/k). However, it is permanently unsuitable for citrus (N2w/k/n) because of heavy clay textured and currently unsuitable for banana (N1a) due to high exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). This land unit is possible to upgrade up to moderately suitable (S2) by improving soil compaction, by leveling and grading the land for wheat, sunflower and cotton. For onion, tomato and pea the land remain marginally suitable, because texture will not be rectified. 5.3.19 Land unit VB1so-ccVRhu-peA This unit cover some 53 ha or about 0.7% and permanently not suitable for citrus (N2z/a), tomato, cotton (N2z), banana (N2a/z) and tomato (N2z) because of high pH value and sodicity and temporarily unsuitable (N1z) for irrigated wheat, pea and onion due to strong high alkalinity soil reaction and sodicity. Rice is marginally suitable (S3z) due to strong alkaline soil reaction Sunflower is moderately suitable (S2d) due to drainage. Although, it is very expensive the land unit is possible to upgrade to marginally suitability class (S3) by applying gypsum for citrus, cotton, banana, wheat, pea, onion and tomato. It can possible to upgrade to moderately suitable level (S2) for rice by lowering the pH level. By improving the soil drainage system it can brought up to highly level for sunflower. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Ro port 40Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Dotail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project Table 5. 1: Summary of Actual Land Suitability by LMU and LUT VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Area Final Suitability Soil Mapping Units (HA % Citrus Wheat Onion Pea Sunflower Cotton Banana Tomato Rice 1 VB2ccVRhu-peB 98 1.3 N2z N2z N2z N1z N2z N2z N2z N2z 2 VB2so-ccVRhu-peB S3z/t 209 2.7 N2z/a N2z N2z N1z/A N2z N2z N2z N2z S3z/t 3 Piso-ccVRcr-stC 88 1.1 N2z S3w/k/d N2z N1z/A/r N2z S3t/d’ N2z N2z S3z/t/r 4 PiccVRpeC 231 3 S3z S3w/k/d S3z/w/k S3d/w/k S3z/w S3z S3d'/z S3z/d’ S3z/d/r 5 VB1ccVRwn-crA 607 7.9 N2z S3z N2z N1z S3z S2z N2z N2z S2d/z/t 6 VB2haVRca-huC 206 2.7 S3d S2r/w/k S3z S3d/w/k S1 S1 S3z S3z/d’ S2d/z/t 7 VB2moVRca-peB 857 11.6 N2t/z/r S1 S3z/r/w S3t/n/k S2n/z S3C S2z S3z/r/w S2d/z/w 8 VBIccVRpeA 584 7.6 S3z/r/w S3r S3r/t/d' S3d7w/k S3d/w S3t/d' S3t/r S3t/d* S3t 9 VB1 so-ccVRhu-pe-stA 512 6.6 N2a S3r/w/k S3e/d/r S3d/a/e S3z S3e N2a S3z/d’ S3z 10 VB2haNThu-stB 718 9.3 S2n/w/k S2r/w/k/t S2w/k/t S3r/w/k S3d’ S3d’ si S2z S3z/d/r 11 VB2ccVRwn-peB 445 5.8 S3d/w/k S3e S3e S3d S3e S3e N2z s3z/e S3z/e 12 VB1moVRca-wnA 468 6.1 S3z/w/k S3e/d' S3© S3d/e S3© S3e S3e S2z/r/w S3© 13 VB2haLVhe-clB 200 2.6 N1r S3r/w/k/t S3r/w/k/t Nw/k S3w S3© S3e S3d’ S2r/w/e 14 VB1haLVhe-crB 532 6.9 S2r/w/k/t S3© S3© S3e S2e/t S3© S3e S2e S2m/e 15 PiccLVhe-crC 67 0.9 S3z S3d7e S3z S3d/e S3z/d‘ S3© S3z/e S3z S3w/k 16 VB1vrLPca-huA 610 7.9 N2r S3w/k/r/t S3w/k/r Nw/k N2r S3d7e S3r N2r S3r/d’ 17 PiccVRhu-peA 313 4.1 N2w/k/n S3w/k S3w/k/z S3t/n/k S3o/d' S3d7e N2z S3d/r/k S3z/w/k 18 PimoVRca-huC 225 2.9 N2w/k/n S3r S3w/k/z S3z/r/k S3©/w S3o N1a S3z/w/k S3w/k 19 VB 1 so-ccVRhu-peA 53 0.7 N2z N1z N2z N1z S2d N2z N2a N2z S3z 20 Ridge 699 9.0 N2t N21 N2t N2t N2t N2t N2t N2t N2t 7722 100 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Possibility Study Roport 41Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project 5.4 THE ACTUAL LAND SUITABILITY VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies ■ — - ■ i ■ SM Based on the actual land suitability evaluation process about 4271 ha, 1006 ha, 1754 ha, 839 ha, 699 ha, 1704ha, 1059ha, 3024ha, 699ha and 2364h of the total area of Bale-Gadula area was classified as permanently not suitable for citrus, wheat, onion, pea, sunflower, cotton, banana, rice and tomato surface irrigated cultivation, respectively. This is due to presence of excess sodicity, high content of CaCO and high pH levels, sloppy landform, shallow depth and surface stoniness. 3 The proportion of land classified as temporarily unsuitable for citrus, wheat, pea, and banana 200ha, 53 ha, 1255 ha and 225 ha respectively. The main factor resulting in this level of unsuitability class is sodicity, calcareousness, erosion hazard and. This requires application of gypsum and anti-erosive measures. A large proportion of land is classified as marginally suitable for the implementation of the considered LUTs in the evaluation process. The marginally suitability of land for citrus, wheat, onion, pea, sunflower, cotton, banana, rice and tomato is 2001 ha, 4882 ha, 5250 ha, 5768 ha, 4370 ha, 5850 ha, 2898 ha, 4621 ha and 3640 ha respectively. Moreover, 1250 ha, 924 ha, 718 ha, 1442 ha, 607 ha, 857ha, 2402 ha and 1718 hectare of the area is classified as moderately suitable for the implementation of citrus, wheat, onion, sunflower, cotton, banana, rice and tomato land utilization types, respectively. Some parts of the study area is categorized as highly suitable for wheat, sunflower, cotton and banana 857 ha, 206 ha, 206 ha and 718 hectares of land respectively (see Table 5.2). Table 5.2: A actual Land Suitability Classes Suitability Classes LUTs N2 (permanently Unsuitable) N1 (Currently unsuitable) Sub Total SI (Highly Suitable S2 (Moderately Suitable) S3( Marginally Suitable) Sub Total Grand Total 1 Citrus 4271 200 4471 1250 2001 3251 7722 2 Wheat 1006 53 1059 857 924 4882 6663 7722 3 Onion 1754 1754 718 5250 5968 7722 4 Pea 699 1255 1954 5768 5768 7722 5 Sunflower 1704 1704 206 1442 4370 6018 7722 6 Cotton 1059 1059 206 607 5850 6663 7722 7 Banana 3024 225 3249 718 857 2898 4473 7722 8 Rice 699 699 2402 4621 7023 7722 9 Tomato 2364 2364 1718 3640 5358 7722 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 42Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation ProjectLand Evaluation Studies VOL 5- ANNEX 5 5.5 THE POTENTIAL SUITABILITY The major limiting factors of the study area are alkalinity, sodicity, presence of calcium carbonate, erosion hazard and surface coarse fragments. To overcome these limitations should made be amendment measures. Considering the assumed level of technology and management options with credit facilities and extension advises local people can manage land qualities such as fertility, removal of surface stones, anti-erosion measures and topographic problems induced due to micro-topography. However, severely high pH values affecting land quality fertility would be hard to mange by local community. Nevertheless, mapping units with high pH values are associated with high levels of ESP/CaCO3 and may require significant investments in overcoming sodicity/alkalinity related induced problems Some land mapping units of the Bale- Gadula area have high levels of ESP and/or CaCO3. In short as well as long term, cultivating land with high sodicity/alkalinity problems unbeatably succumb to land degradation. Consequently, most land mapping units show improvement for irrigation under certain methods of soil and water managements, and potentially suitable. Therefore, it seems appropriate to find an alternative land use for mapping units having high levels of sodicity/alkalinity hazards Sodic soils are characterized by displacement of adsorbed ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ on the cation exchange complex by Na*’. This results in sealing of soils and impeding or slowing infiltration rate. Sodic soils are highly erodible as the excess sodium results in dispersal of clay minerals on contact with water with consequent structural deterioration. The most effective treatment is therefore to apply gypsum as this supplies a cation to replace the sodium. A good drainage system must also be provided to assist with washing out the sodium from the soils. This treatment is extremely expensive to employ over large areas. Gypsum has also been used to reduce surface crusting and runoff in sodium rich soils. Although not clearly known, crops have different tolerance to presence of exchangeable Na. Therefore, if properly gypsum applied to those areas affected by salinity/sodicity the land units would be improved to suitable level. 5.6 THE ACTUAL LAND SUITABILITY MAPS The following Land Suitability Maps have been prepared for selected important irrigated crops: WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 431 <■FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES EL, YADOT AND BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTS :t BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT ANT WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE • _ INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS AND TECHNOCRATS 'ant 7T? PVT. LTD r Actual Land Suitability Map tor Irrigated Citrus SCALE | FIGURE May. 2010 | 1:80.000 5.1650000 655000 660000 J 665000 670000 I o s eo ----- II- 655000 —ir“ 660000 ------ !------ 665000 675000 Sudan Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Area Somalia Legend River _j Command boundary Suitability |S2n/w/k Moderately suitable due to clay textured. j S3d Marginally suitable due to poor drainage. S3z Mar9,na,,y suitable due to high PH value. FsSJrfwH Marginally suitable due to heavy clay textured 4 .—N2r . Permanently unsuitable due to shallow depth. Permanently unsuitable due to high pH value Permanently unsuitable due to high pH 4 ESP value . [NW"-] Permanently unsuitable due to heavy clay texture. Permanently unsuitable due to shallow depth 4 Sloppy land surface. FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WELMEL, YADOT AND BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTS BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT CONSULTANT I SUB CONSULTANT WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS ANO TECHNOCRATS PVT. LTD \ p 0Qr drainage Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Citrus ! N1r | Currently unsuitable due to shallow depth. | N2a | Permanently unsuitable due to high ESP value DATELegend River Command Suitability |S1 I Highly suitable LS2.J Moderately suitable Area (ha) 909.8 512.0 FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WELMEL. YADOT AND BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTS PROJECT BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT consultant WATERWORKS DESIGN ANO SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE I S3 ' Marginally suitable 3437.0 | N1 Currently unsuitable 1556.0 I N2 Permanently unsuitable 1305.8 SUB CONSULTANT « INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS ANO TECHNOCRATS PVT. LTD MAP TITLE Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Wheat DATE------- 1 SCALE | FIGURE December. 2009 1.80.000 5.2650000 655000 JI 665000 I 670000 I SJzAv/* S3zMw/MN2wklt S3z/rWM ’.S3r/*/ S3w/M S2w/M ... S3r/w/M S3w/k/r SJr/t/d1 S3»/d/r 'S3*JUt S3. I I Bale Gadula Irrigation c Legend River Suitability | S2 1 Moderately suitable | S3 1 Marginally suitable FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WELMEL, YADOT AND BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTS Area (ha) 512.0 4660.3 PROJECT BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT consultant WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE •US CONSULTANT ■ INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS AND TECHNOCRATS PVT. LTD •i | N1 | Currently unsuitable 1850.7 | N2 | Permanently unsuitable 698.6 MAP TITLE Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrtgatad Onton DATE SCALE FIGURE we-nb.-, 200. 1:80.0001650000 655000 660000 i 665000 670000 675000 c i c t 650000 655000 Legend 660000 665000 670000 675000 — River □ Command boundary Suitability i------------Marginally suitable due to soil erosion and L_S3a/e j high ESP value —;--------. Marginally suitable due to surface stoniness and S3d7w/k| poor jnetmal drainage r's'3e 7 Marginally suitable due to soil erosion. LS3£/w/kj Marginally suitable due to surface stoniness. Mar9,nal|y su,tab,e due to surface stoniness and heavy texture. S3w/k Marginally suitable due to surface stoniness. Marginally suitable due to heavy texture Currently unsuitable due to high pH value. Currently unsuitable due to high pH & ESP value. Currently unsuitable due to high pH & ESP value and Stoniness. Currently unsuitable due to surface stoniness. Permanently unsuitable due to shallow depth & Sloppy land surface. FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WELMEL, YADOT AND BALE QADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTS PROJECT BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT consultant WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE SUB CONSULTANT A INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS AND TECHNOCRATS lyfe PVT. LTD MAP TITLE Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Pea DATE 8CALE FIGURE May, 2010 | 1:80,0001 5.4650000 655000 660000 665000 670000 i 675000 650000 “---------- 655000 660000 ------ 1------ 665000 ----- 1---- 670000 ------ 1------ 675000 Legend Sudan River I I Command boundary Suitability Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Area Somalia Marginally suitable due to high CaO3 value and BssHJ poor drainage EfSS Marginally suitable due to high CaCO3 & erosion hazrd Currently unsuitable due to high ESP value Permanently unsuhable due to high ESP value Permanently unsuitable due to high pH & CaCO3 value mbbs Permanently unsuitable due to shallow depth & Sloppy land surface. FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WELMEL. YADOT AND BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTS [.»■»! r»~i Highly suitable Moderately suitable due to high & CaCO3 Value Marginally suitable due to high pH & CaCO3 value and poor drainage Marginally suitable due to erosion hazrd Marginally suitable due to soil depth Marginally suitable due to poor land preparation & poor Hemal drainage condition. PROJECT BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT CONSULTANT WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE sue 0 INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS AND TECHNOCRATS CONSULTANT Pftfe PVT. LTD MAP TITLE Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Banana DATE [ S3tfd'| SCALE FIGURE May, 2010 1:80,000 5.5655000 665000 ___ I----- 670000 S3d7i «-OOT ■^1 655000 Legend River [ I Command boundary Suitability Bale Gadula Irrigation FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WELMEL, YADOT AND BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTS LKJ Highly suitable Moderately suitable due to high pH value and poor workability Marginally suitable due to poor Internal drainage condition. Marginally suitable due to erosion hazard & poor internal drainage. Marginally suitable due to erosion hazard Marginally suitable poor land preparation and Internal drainage condition. Permanently unsuitable due to high pH value Permanently unsuitable due to shallow depth & Sloppy land surface. PROJECT sue CONSULTANT I BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS ANO TECHNOCRATS PVT. LTD Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Cotton DATE FIGURE May, 2010 SCALE 1:80,000 5.6000 - Legend N River Command boundary Marginally suitable due to high pH. Suitability Marginally suitable due to high CaCO3 value [ S2e ; Moderately suitable due to erslon hazard. and poor drainage. FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WELMEL, YADOT AND BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTS i — Moderately suitable due to high CaCO3 value S2z Marginally suitable due to high CaCO3 value, FROJCCT L--------- and poor drainage. erosion hazard and poor drainage. BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT Marginally suitable due to heavy soil texture CONSULTANT WATER WORKS DESIGN ANO SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE . s*zjTt''L Moderately suitable due to heavy soil texture. Marginally suitable due to heavy texture, high CaCO3 and poor drainage. •1 INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS AND TECHNOCRATS I S3d*" Marginally suitable due to poor drainage - SUB CONSULTANT ; PVT. LTD Permanently unsuitable due to high pH value i S3d/r/k Marginally suitable due to heavy texture and poor drainage [5^^ | MAP TITLE Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Tomato Permanently unsuitable due to shallow soil depth Marginally suitable due to high Infiltration rate and poor drainage. Permanently unsuitable due to shallow depth & DATE SCALE FIGURE May, 2010 1:80.000 5.7 Sloppy land surface655000 660000 665000 675000 655000 Legend □ Command boundary Suitability | 32d/z/t i PROJECT CONSULTANT r~S3d/wl 1 Moderately suitable due to high pH & CaCO3 and soil texture. Moderately suitable due to low water holding capacity and soil erosion. Moderately suitable due to stepy slope and surface stoniness. Marginally suitable due to drainage & soil texture . Marginally suitable due to & soli erosion. Marginally suitable due to shallow soli depth. Marginally suitable due to stepy slope Marginally suitable due to high CaO3 . Marginally suitable due to high CaO3 I& Infiltrattion rate value and sloppy land. Marginally suitable due to high CaO3 & soil erosion. FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WELMEL, YADOT AND BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTS sue Infiltrattion Marginally suitable due to high pH A I rate value. Permanently unsuitable due to shallow depth & Sloppy land surface CONSULTANT MAP TITLE DATE 1 BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE ___________ INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS AND TECHNOCRATS PVT. LTD Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrlgatad Rice SCALE AGURE May, 2010 1:80,000 5.8 F S3t| Moderately suitable due to high Infiltration rate.650000 655000 660000 665000 670000 675000 -------1------ i i ------ 1----- 660000 Legend River Command boundary Suitability i S1 j Highly suitable | S2n/z j Moderately suitable due to high pH value 4 heavy texture Moderately suitable due to high Infiltration rate & erosion Marginally suitable due to poor Internal drainage. [ 53^^ • Marginally suitable due to poor land preparation condition 4 lpoor drainage ----- 1---- 665000 ----- 1---- 670000 ------- 1------ 675000 Bala Gadula Irrigation Project Area FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WELMEL, YADOT AND BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECTS PROJECT CONSULTANT SUB CONSULTANT Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Sunflower DATE QS3e ~ '■ Marginally suitable due to soil erosion. Marginally suitable due to poor Internal drainage 4 soil erosion. [ 83z | Marginally suitable due to high pH value. ; Mar0|na,*y suitable high pH value 4 poor ----- - internal drainage f j Permanently unsuitable due toshallow soil depth £ N2z Permanently unsuitable due to high pH value Permanently unsuitable due to shallow depth 4 Sloppy land surface. BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE R ' :TJ? „ INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS ANO TECHNOCRATS PVT. LTO FIGURE May, 2010 SCALE 1:80,000 780000to to to to to I IFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources FeasibiIity Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project^ VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 6. SOILS AND LAND MANAGEMENT LINDER IRRIGATION Generally, the major constraints of the area are alkalinity/sodicity, erosion hazard, stoniness and shallow depth. Therefore, for existing constraints the following measures has been suggested: Gypsum application is necessary for amelioration of sodic soil. Sodicity problem has been noted on Soil Mapping Units of VB1so-ccVRhu-peB, VB1so-ccVRhu- peA, VB1ccVRwn-crA, Piso-ccVRcrstC and VB2so-ccVRhu-peB. The applicacation of gypsum has two basic elements: 6.1 GYPSUM APPLICATION Gypsum application is necessary for amelioration of sodic soil. Sodicity problem has been noted on Soil Mapping Units PL23 and PL22. It has two basic elements: i) Improvement of the porosity of subsurface soil and ii) Lowering of the ESP One of the methods is application of gypsum to lower the ESP by replacing sodium by divalent elements. This can be calculated on the equivalent basis of sodium to be replaced by calcium though adding gypsum in sodic soil. The step - by - step procedure for determining the amount of gypsum required to reclaim a sodic soil is given below. 1) The basic principle governing the use of gypsum, as an amendment is that 1 meq of Ca++ will replace 1meq of NaX (adsorbed Na+ ion) and it is assumed that exchange process is 100% efficient. 2) Calculate the equivalent weight of gypsum CaSO4, 2H2O i.e. (40 + 32 + 64 + 4 + 32)/2 =172/2 = 86 g). 3) 1meq of gypsum i.e. 86/1000 = 0.086 g per 100 g of soil is required to replace 1 meq. of 1 NaX (where X is soil complex which adsorb the cations). 4) Calculate the mass of soil of 1 hectare area of furrow slice of 15 cm depth, which can be worked out by multiplying the volume of soil by its bulk density, as volume of soil is length x width x depth i.e. 100 x 100 x 100x100x15-15x10 cm The average bulk density of soil is 1 g cm-3 3 the mass of 1 ha - 15 cm. depth works out to 15 x 108 x 1.5 = 2.25 x 10g = 2.25 x 106 kg. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 48Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Proj»ct VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 5) The amount of gypsum required replacing I meq of Na X per 100g of soil is as 100 gm. of soil requires the quantity of gypsum 0.086g. As 100g df soil requires the quantity of gypsum = 0.086g. Thus, 2.25 x 10 g of 9 soil requires the quantity of gypsum = 0.086 x 2.25 x10 /100 g = 0.086X2.25 x10 /1000kg 9 7 = 1935 kg /ha for 15 cm soil depth. 6) Field application efficiency of gypsum is about 1.25 x gypsum requirement. Thus the total quantity of gypsum required works out to 1935 x 1.25 kg. 7) Calculate the gypsum requirement to reduce the sodicity i.e. lowering of ESP Two aspects i.e. CEC and ESP have to be taken in account. This can be understood by following example. However, this amendment measure is expensive it is better to use biological method by planting sodium resistant crop such as Rhodes grass, to improve gradually the permeability of the soil Once permeability improved sodium ions can be leached from the soil with good quality water. 6.2 ADDITION OF ORGANIC MANURES Incorporation of organic manures including farmyard manure, green manuring and addition of straw and crop residues in sodic lands facilitate the reclamation of sodic soils. Researches have shown that when farmyard manure is incorporated in soil with gypsum has higher beneficial effects. These .help in the formation of organic acids, there by lowering of pH, release of cations, by solubilisation of CaCO3 and other soil minerals, increasing the EC and replacement of exchangeable Na by Ca & Mg and hence lowering the ESP Highly dispersed sodic soils are devoid of soil organic matter and green manunng with Sesbania acueata in summer is helpful in reclaiming such soils. Green manuring add soil organic matter and increases soil fertility. The effectiveness of Sesbania acueata is due to the following characteristics: a) it is tolerant to salt and water logging conditions, b) its rooting system is extensive, c) it opens compact subsoil and improves soil permeability, d) its rate of decomposition is fast, and e) its cell sap is acidic and is capable of neutralizing the sodicity of the soil. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Another method is deep ploughing, which can improve sodic soil where lime or gypsum is present at shallow depth in the soil. 6.3 FERTILITY In order to maintain soil fertility nutrients removed from the soil by crop must be restored by the application of fertilizers and manure. Even in a highly fertile soil reserve nutrient gets exhausted as crops are grown and harvested continually and needs replacement. To maintain organic carbon mulching of crop residues after harvesting should be practiced with application of manure and compost, the use of plant species that are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen can improve soil fertility and reduce dependency on chemical fertilizer. In addition improved agriculture practices such as crop rotation, alley cropping and the use of green manure provide accessory nutrient pool for plant growth. The application of organic matter also improves the CEC of the soil. Crop rotation is recommended, as it is essential for improving soil productivity. An alternate appropriate crop in accordance with a pre-established schedule help to keep the soils in good biological condition and to control the erosion risk, increase its water holding capacity, provides to take full advantage of fertilizer, prevent the unbalanced depletion of plant nutrients and counteract development of the toxic substances, if any. During the application of inorganic fertilizers balanced dose of macro-nutrient particularly NPK should be added in the form of fertilizers, but it has to be taking into account the availability of nutrient already present in the soil, crop requirement and other factors. Supplying of optimum quantities of nutrient N, P and K with farm yard manure have beneficial effects on the physical and biological situations of the soils. In order to manage & maintain soil fertility in the project area organic manure and inorganic fertilizers should be utilized together. The application of nitrite containing fertilizers for crops grown under over head irrigated agriculture and water-logged soils, resulted in a considerable amount loss of N due to its WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 50Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies denitrification. Therefore nitrogen fertilizers must be given split application depending on the critical growth stage of the crop. Application of green-manure increases utilization of phosphorus by the crop not from the added fertilizers but also from the reserve supplies of soil phosphorus. Application of K is made as a basal dressing through drilling, furrow application or broadcast before sowing or transplanting. Its application to perennial crops and fruits in trenches or spread in basin 32 cm away from the tree trunk can give better results. For foliar spray of K potassium sulphate and potassium can be recommended to avoid or minimize leaf scorching due to chloride Sustainable soil management system, which include continuous crop cover, mulching, minimum tillage and organic maturing with appropriate inorganic fertilizers should be practiced in order to maintain and to improve soil fertility and to control soil erosion. 6.4 SOIL EROSION CONTROL The soils of the studied area are susceptible to erosion. It has been noted that there is the moderate to sever erosion hazard occurrence i.e. sheet, rill and gully erosion some sites of the project area. The risk of soil erosion is more considerable in the reddish brown clay soils of the project area occurring mainly on gently and undulating slopes due to its sloping nature and surface sealing property. The anti-erosion measures should include agronomic and mechanical measures. The agronomic measures comprise contour farming, mulch, zero tillage, crop rotation, strip cropping and mixed cropping. These measures should be under taken on mild slopes up to 3-4%. The mechanical measures are physical structure such as graded bunding and bench terraces. These measures should be deployed on higher slopes greater than 5% supplemented with agronomic measures especially on the surrounding hills of the command. Vegetation barriers) can also be planted on hill slopes at convenient distance and the terraces are formed gradually. The vegetation cover, occurring along the streams and the rivers should be maintained in order to avoid river bank erosion. WWDSE In Association with ICT ’ Final F.asibihty Study R.port 51Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Dotail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 6.5 LEVELING AND GRADING Generally the land in the project area is undulating, resulting into concave and convex topography due to presence of micro-relief such as termite mounds on well drained red soils and gilgai on Vertisols. During the field investigation moderate amount of termite mounds and in slight extent gilgai on Vertisols has been recognizes. Thus, land requires moderate grading and leveling Termites attack plants and hence it is necessary to undertake control measures such as application of pesticides 6.6 STONE REMOVING Stoniness is a constraint for the project area especially in well drained reddish brown soils on gentle to undulating landforms such as Nitisols, Cambisols, Leptosols and Luvisols. Common to many stones and boulders are noted in some areas. Hence, stone picking should be carried out. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 52Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrTigation^ProjecI VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 7.1 RECOMMENDATION Soil resources inventory results have been used in the irrigation suitability classification of the Bale-Gadula area. The FAO (1985) irrigation land evaluation methods was followed in classification of the soils according to their surface irrigation suitability for selected land utilization types that includes bananas, citrus, wheat, pea, sunflower, cotton, tomato, onion and rice. The climate as evaluated through considering temperature, relative humidity and length of day/sunshine hour of Bale-Gadula area is found suitable for cultivating certain selected land utilization types This suggests that the considered climatic elements are generally not crop limiting factors in the study area in particular. On the other hand, soil and topographic factors were found to be major limiting factors in the turning of the soils of Bale-Gadula area to surface irrigation cultivation. The most important limiting factors in crop cultivation were sodicity/alkalinity hazard, surface stoniness and unfavourable steep topography. Based on the actual land suitability evaluation process about 4271 ha, 1006 ha, 1754 ha, 839 ha, 699 ha, 1704ha, 1059ha, 3024ha, 699ha and 2364h of the total area of Bale-Gadula area was classified as permanently not suitable for citrus, wheat, onion, pea, sunflower, cotton, banana, rice and tomato surface irrigated cultivation, respectively. This is due to presence of excess sodicity, high content of CaCO3 and high pH levels, sloppy landform, shallow depth and surface stoniness. Therefore, these areas should be used following the existing normal land use patterns of the study area. The proportion of land classified as temporarily unsuitable for citrus, wheat, pea, and banana 200ha, 53 ha. 1255 ha and 225 ha respectively. The main factor resulting in this level of unsuitability class is sodicity, calcareousness, erosion hazard and. This requires application of gypsum and anti-erosive measures. A large proportion of land is classified as marginally suitable for the implementation of the considered LUTs in the evaluation process The marginally suitability of land for citrus, wheat, onion, pea, sunflower, cotton, banana, rice and tomato is WWDSE In Association with ICT ' Final Feasibility Study Report 53Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Dotall Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 2001 ha, 4882 ha, 5250 ha, 5768 ha, 4370 ha, 5850 ha, 2898 ha, 4621 ha and 3640 ha respectively. Moreover, 1250 ha, 924 ha, 718 ha, 1442 ha, 607 ha, 857ha, 2402 ha and 1718 hectare of the area is classified as moderately suitable for the implementation of citrus, wheat, onion, sunflower, cotton, banana, rice and tomato land utilization types, respectively. Some parts of the study area is categorized as highly suitable for wheat, sunflower, cotton and banana 857 ha, 206 ha, 206 ha and 718 hectares of land respectively. Considering the medium to high level of technology and management options with credit facilities and extension advises local people can manage land qualities such as fertility and topographic problems induced due to micro-topography. However, severely high pH values affecting land quality fertility would be hard to mange by local community Nevertheless, mapping units with high pH values are associated with high levels of ESP/CaCO3 and may require significant investments in overcoming sodicity/alkalinity related induced problems. Some land mapping units of the Bale-Gadula area have high levels of ESP and/or CaCO3. In short as well as long term, cultivating land with high sodicity/alkalinity problems unbeatably succumb to land degradation. Consequently, most land mapping units show improvement for irrigation under certain methods of soil and water managements, and potentially suitable. Therefore, it seems appropriate to find an alternative land use for mapping units having high levels of sodicity/alkalinity hazards. Sodic soils are characterized by displacement of adsorbed ca 2+ , Mg * 2 and K* on the cation exchange complex by Na*. This results in sealing of soils and impeding or slowing infiltration rate Sodic soils are highly erodible as the excess sodium results in dispersal of clay minerals on contact with water with consequent structural deterioration. The most effective treatment is therefore to apply gypsum as this supplies a cation to replace the sodium. A good drainage system must also be provided to assist with washing out the sodium from the soils. This treatment is extremely expensive to employ over large areas. Gypsum has also been used to reduce surface crusting and runoff in sodium rich soils. Although not clearly known, crops have different tolerance to presence of exchangeable Na. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 54Fodoral Democratic Ropublic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Table 7. 1: Summary of Actual Land Suitability for Different Crops in Balo-Gadula command Area Crop S1 (highly suitable) S2 (Moderately Suitable) S3 (Marginally suitable) Sub Total N1 (Currently Unsuitable) N2 Permanently Not Suitable) Sub Total Gran d Total Citrus 712 2919 3631 860 2549 3409 7040 Wheat 927 512 3437 4876 2164 2164 7040 Onion 512 4677 5189 1851 1851 7040 Pea 5189 5189 1851 1851 7040 Sunflower 874 852 4309 6035 1005 1005 7040 Cotton 874 206 4403 5483 718 839 1557 7040 Banana 512 .53 3479 4044 225 2771 2996 7040 Tomato 1157 4140 5297 1743 1743 7040 Rice 1801 5239 7040 7040 Total WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 55Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Projoct VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios 7.2. RECOMMENDATION For existing constraints the following measures has been suggested: Gypsum application is necessary for amelioration of sodic soil. Sodicity problem has been noted on Soil Mapping Units of VB1so-ccVRhu-peB, VB1so-ccVRhu- peA, VB1ccVRwn-crA, Piso-ccVRcrstC and VB2so-ccVRhu-peB. The applicacation of gypsom has two basic elements: 7.2.1 Gypsum application Gypsum application is necessary for amelioration of sodic soil. Sodicity proplem has been noted on Soil Mapping Units PL23 and PL22. It has two basic elements: iii) Improvement of the porosity of subsurface soil and iv) Lowering of the ESP One of the methods is application of gypsum to lower the ESP by replacing sodium by divalent elements. This can be calculated on the equivalent basis of sodium to be replaced by calcium though adding gypsum in sodic soil. The step - by - step procedure for determining the amount of gypsum required to reclaim a sodic soil is given below. 1) The basic principle governing the use of gypsum, as an amendment is that 1 meq of Ca++ will replace 1meq of NaX (adsorbed Na+ ion) and it is assumed that exchange process is 100% efficient. 2) Calculate the equivalent weight of gypsum CaSO4, 2H2O i.e. (40 + 32 + 64 + 4 + 32)/2 =172/2 = 86 g). 3) 1meq of gypsum i.e. 86/1000 = 0.086 g per 100 g of soil is required to replace 1 meq. of 1 NaX (where X is soil complex which adsorb the cations). 4) Calculate the mass of soil of 1 hectare area of furrow slice of 15 cm depth, which can be worked out by multiplying the volume of soil by its bulk density, as volume of soil is length x width x depth i.e. 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 15 = 15 x 108 cm3 The average bulk density of soil is 1 g cm-3 the mass of 1 ha - 15 cm. depth works out to 15 x 108 x 1.5 = 2.25 x 10g = 2.25 x 106 kg. 5) The amount of gypsum required replacing I meq of Na X per 100g of soil is as 100 gm. of soil requires the quantity of gypsum 0.086g. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 56Fedoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies As 10Og of soil requires the quantity of gypsum = 0.086g. Thus, 2.25 x 10 g of 9 soil requires the quantity of gypsum = 0.086 x 2.25 x10 /100g = 0.086X2.25 x10 /1000kg 9 7 = 1935 kg /ha for 15 cm soil depth. 6) Field application efficiency of gypsum is about 1.25 x gypsum requirement. Thus the total quantity of gypsum required works out to 1935 x 1.25 kg. 7) Calculate the gypsum requirement to reduce the sodicity i.e. lowering of ESP Two aspects i.e. CEC and ESP have to be taken in account. This can be understood by following example. However, this amendment measure is expensive it is better to use biological method by planting sodium resistant crop such as Rhodes grass, to improve gradually the permeability of the soil. Once permeability improved sodium ions can be leached from the soil with good quality water. 7.2.2 Addition of Organic Manures Incorporation of organic manures including farmyard manure, green manuring and addition of straw and crop residues in sodic lands facilitate the reclamation of sodic soils. Researches have shown that when farmyard manure is incorporated in soil with gypsum has higher beneficial effects. These help in the formation of organic acids, there by lowering of pH, release of cations, by solubilisation of CaCO3 and other soil minerals, increasing the EC and replacement of exchangeable Na by Ca & Mg and hence lowering the ESP. Highly dispersed sodic soils are devoid of soil organic matter and green manuring with Sesbania acueata in summer is helpful in reclaiming such soils. Green manuring add soil organic matter and increases soil fertility. The effectiveness of Sesbania acueata is due to the following characteristics: a) it is tolerant to salt and water logging conditions, b) its rooting system is extensive, c) it opens compact subsoil and improves soil permeability, d) its rate of decomposition is fast, and e) its cell sap is acidic and is capable of neutralizing the sodicity of the soil. Another method is deep ploughing, which can improve sodic soil where lime or gypsum is present at shallow depth in the soil. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 57Fodoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios 7.2.3. Fertility In order to maintain soil fertility nutrients removed from the soil by crop must be restored by the application of fertilizers and manure. Even in a highly fertile soil reserve nutrient gets exhausted as crops are grown and harvested continually and needs replacement. To maintain organic carbon mulching of crop residues after harvesting should be practiced with application of manure and compost. The use of plant species that are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen can improve soil fertility and reduce dependency on chemical fertilizer. In addition improved agriculture practices such as crop rotation, alley cropping and the use of green manure provide accessory nutrient pool for plant growth. The application of organic matter also improves the CEC of the soil. Crop rotation is recommended, as it is essential for improving soil productivity. An alternate appropriate crop in accordance with a pre-established schedule help to keep the soils in good biological condition and to control the erosion risk, increase its water holding capacity, provides to take full advantage of fertilizer, prevent the unbalanced depletion of plant nutrients and counteract development of the toxic substances, if any. During the application of inorganic fertilizers balanced dose of macro-nutrient particularly NPK should be added in the form of fertilizers, but it has to be taking into account the availability of nutrient already present in the soil, crop requirement and other factors. Supplying of optimum quantities of nutrient N, P and K with farm yard manure have beneficial effects on the physical and biological situations of the soils. In order to manage & maintain soil fertility in the project area organic manure and inorganic fertilizers should be utilized together. The application of nitrite containing fertilizers for crops grown under over head irrigated agriculture and water-logged soils, resulted in a considerable amount loss of N due to its denitrification. Therefore nitrogen fertilizers must be given split application depending on the critical growth stage of the crop. Application of green-manure increases utilization of phosphorus by the crop not from the added fertilizers but also from the reserve supplies of soil phosphorus. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 58Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Projoct_ VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Application of K is made as a basal dressing through drilling, furrow application or broadcast before sowing or transplanting. Its application to perennial crops and fruits in trenches or spread in basin 32 cm away from the tree trunk can give better results. For foliar spray of K potassium sulphate and potassium can be recommended to avoid or minimize leaf scorching due to chloride. Sustainable soil management system, which include continuous crop cover, mulching, minimum tillage and organic maturing with appropriate inorganic fertilizers should be practiced in order to maintain and to improve soil fertility and to control soil erosion. 7.2.4 Soil Erosion Control The soils of the studied area are susceptible to erosion. It has been noted that there is the moderate to sever erosion hazard occurrence i.e sheet, rill and gully erosion some sites of the project area. The risk of soil erosion is more considerable in the reddish brown clay soils of the project area occurring mainly on gently and undulating slopes due to its sloping nature and surface sealing property. The anti-erosion measures should include agronomic and mechanical measures. The agronomic measures comprise contour farming, mulch, zero tillage, crop rotation, strip cropping and mixed cropping These measures should be under taken on mild slopes up to 3-4%. The mechanical measures are physical structure such as graded bunding and bench terraces. These measures should be-deployed on higher slopes greater than 5% supplemented with agronomic measures especially on the surrounding hills of the command. Vegetation barriers) can also be planted on hill slopes at convenient distance and the terraces are formed gradually. The vegetation cover, occurring along the streams and the rivers should be maintained in order to avoid river bank erosion. 7.2.5 Leveling and Grading Generally the land in the project area is undulating, resulting into concave and convex topography due to presence of micro-relief such as termite mounds on well drained red soils and gilgai on Vertisols. During the field investigation moderate amount of termite mounds and in slight extent gilgai on Vertisols has been recognizes. Thus, land requires moderate grading and leveling. Termites WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies attack plants and hence it is necessary to undertake control measures such as application of pesticides 7.2.6 Stone Removing Stoniness is a constraint for the project area especially in well drained reddish brown soils on gentle to undulating landforms such as Nitisols, Cambisols, Leptosols and Luvisols. Common to many stones and boulders are noted in some areas. Hence, stone picking should be carried out. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roporl 60Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Prefect VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies REFERENCES 1. Department of Land Development, W. Siderius, ITC soils Division, 1989, Bangkok, and the Netherlands 2. DEPSA/FAO, 1990, Collection and utilization of Land Resources Data for feasibility Studies of Agricultural Development Project. Addis Ababa. 3. DEPSA/FAO, 1990. Collection and Utilization of Land Resources Data for Feasibility Studies of Agricultural Development Project, Addis Ababa. 4 EA Fitz Patrick/, 1983, Soils Their Formation, Classification and Distribution, Longman Scientific & Technical Publisher, Hong Kong. 5 FAO, 1976; A Framework for Land Evaluation, Soil Bulletin No. 32, FAO, Rome. 6. FAO, 1979.Soil Investigation for Irrigation, Rome. 7. FAO, 1979: Soil Investigation for Irrigation. 8. FAO, 1985; Land Evaluation for Irrigated Agriculture Soils Bulletin No. 32, FAO. Rome 9. FAO, 1990.Guidelines for Soil Description, Rome. 10. FAO/INIA, 1990, Simple and Practical Methods to Evaluate Analytical Data of Soil Profile, Maputo, Mozambique. 11. H.Huising, 1992, Land Evaluation, Lecture Book for Land Evaluation Specialization, ITC, Enscede, The Netherlands 12. Ir C. Sys (etal), 1991, Part II, Methods in Land Evaluation, Brussels 13. Ir. C. Sys (etal), 1991, Part III, crop Requirements in Land Evaluation Brussels 14. ITC, 1999. Aerial Photo Interpretation for Soil Study 15. ITC,1987, Physiography and Soils 16 JVP, 1993, Improved management of Vertisols for sustainable crop livestock production in the Ethiopian highlands: Synthesis report 1986-92 Addis Ababa, 17. Landon J R, 1991: Booker Tropical Soil Manual 18. Landon, J. R.. 1991. Booker Tropical Soil Manual. 19. Miller, Raymond W. and Roy L. Donahue, 1997. Soils in Our Environment, New Delhi. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibly Study Ro port 61Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies 20. MoA/ Betru Nedessa, 1996, Principles and Techniques for Biological Soil Conservation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 21. MOWR/ BCEOM, 1998: Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Study, Addis Ababa 22. MOWR/ Continental, 2001. Procedural Guidelines for Irrigation Development; Soil Survey and Land Evaluation. 23. MOWR/ Continental, 2001: Procedural Guidelines for Irrigation development: Soil survey and Land evaluation 24. Soil Survey Staff, 1993. Soil Survey Manual,USDA-SCS. 25. UNESCO, 1986 Guidelines for Soil Survey and Land Evaluation in Ecological Research. 26. UNESCO, 1986: Guidelines for Soil Survey and Land Evaluation in Ecological Research. 27. EVDSA/FAO, 1990, Bale-Gadula Medium Scale Irrigation Development Project Prefeasibility Study, Annex 1: Soils and Land Classification, Addis Ababa. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 62Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIXES APPENDIX 1: LANDS USE REQUIREMENTS FOR IRRIGATED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 1.1 Land Use Requirements for Surface Irrigated Wheat Cultivation, 1.2. Land Use Requirements for Surface Irrigated Rice Cultivation, 1.3. Land Use Requirements for Surface Irrigated Banana 1 4. Land Use Requirements for surface irrigated Sunflower 1 .5 Land Use Requirements for Surface Irrigated Tomato Cultivation. 1 6. Land Use Requirements for Surface Irrigated Onion Cultivation 1.7. Land Use Requirements for Surface Imgated Cotton Agriculture. 1. 8. Land Use Requirements for Surface Irrigated Pea Cultivation 1. 9. Land Use Requirements for Surface Irrigated Citrus Cultivation WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 63Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Dotall Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 1.1: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED WHEAT CULTIVATION, MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL Land Use Requirements Factor Ratings/Range of Suitability/ level of uield Land Quality/diagnostic factors S1 S2 S3 N1 75 N Description Sub class Suffix Land Characteristic s 100 40 0 85 60 Crop requirement Climate C- Mean air temperature °C 15-20 12-15 21-23 10-12 23-30 <10 >30 Relative humidity 65-75 75-80 >80 % <50-65 Moisture availability M AWC mm/m >180 120-180 60-120 <60 Soil Drainage Class W. MW IP P Oxygen availability d very poor, drainable very poor not drainable. E F2+ Flooding duration /depth FO - F1 - Nutrient retention n Organic carbon % (25 cm) > 1.2 0.8- 1.2 <0.8 CEC Mgq/10Og soil (50cm) >16 <16 <16 Soil reaction H p (25cm) 6-7. 6 Nutrient Availability z 5 6-6.0 7.6-8.0 5 5-5.6 8-8.0 <5.5 >8.0 Texture / Structure Class C<60s, SiC, CO. SiCL. S i.SIL, CL, C<60v.SC, C>60s. L C>60v, SL. SC FS. S, LS. LcS - Cm, SiCm, cS Rooting condition Effective soil depth Cm >75 75-50 50-25 - <25 R Stones and rocks % <3 3-15 15-35 >35 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 64Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Land Use Requirements Factor Ratings/Range of Suitability/ level of uield Land Quality/diagnostic factors S1 S2 S3 N1 os N Description Sub class Suffix Land Characteristic s 100 40 0 85 60 Texture / Structure/ Class C<60s. SiC, CO. SiCL. Si. SIL. CL. C<60v,SC, C>60s. L C>60v. SL. SC FS. S. LS. LcS - Cm. SiCm. cS Compaction (Ob) g/cm3 <1.6 <1.6 <1.6 >1.6 >1.6 Organic carbon % > 1.2 0.8 - 1 2 <0.8 land development and Management requirement Workability w’ Slope % % 0-2 2-4 4-6 4-6 Stones & rocks Class <3 3-15 15-35 >35 Organic carbon % (25 cm) > 1.2 1.2- 0.8 <0.8 - Texture / Structure Class C<60s SiC. CO. SiCL. S i.SIL. CL, C<60v,SC, C>60s. L C>60v. SL. SC FS. S. LS. LcS - Cm, SiCm, cS Drainage d‘ Infiltration cm/h 03-0 7 n i.n i 0.7-35 3.5-65 65-12.5 - >12.5 Depth to ground waler M >3 1.5-3 0.5-1.5 <0.5 Depth to impermeable layer M <0.5 >3 1.5-3 0.5-1.5 - Hydraulic conductivity m/day 1.4-3 0.5-1.4 0.2-05 - <0.2 >3 Flood hazard F Flooding duration /depth FO - F1 - F2+ Conservation requirement Erosion hazard E Sheet Class No slight moderat e Strong WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANN EX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Land Use Requirements Factor Ratings/Range of Suitability/ level of uield Land Quality/diagnostic factors S1 S2 S3 N1 75 N Description Sub class Suffix Land Characteristic s 100 40 0 85 60 Slope % 0-2 2-4 4-6 4-6 >16 Gully Class None none Slight - moderate strong WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 66Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Dotall Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 1.2: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED RICE CULTIVATION, MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL Land use requirements Factor Ratings /Range of Suitability /le i/el of yield Unit Land Quality Land Characteristics Description Suffix S1 S3 N1 N2 S2 100-85 40 25 0 Crop requirem ent ru)—----------------------------------------- Mean air temperature °C 24-30 24-18 31-32 18-20 33-36 - <18 >36 Climate c Relative Humidity % 33-60 30—32 >80 <30 - - Moisture availability M AWC mm/m >180 180-120 120-60 - <60 Soil Drainage Class IP-MW P-W VP - - Oxygen availability d Flooding duration /depth FO. F11.F12. F21. F22. F31. F32 F13. F23. F33, F41, F42. F14. F24, F34. F43 F15, F25, F44 Organic carbon % (25 cm) >1.5 1.5-0 8 Nutrient retention N <0.8 - - CEC Meq/100g soil (50cm) >16 <16 <16 - - Soil reaction H p (25cm) 5 5-8.2 5 0-5 5 8.2-85 45^ 8.5-9 >9 - Nutrient Availability z Texture/Struclure Class Cm, SiCm, C— 60v. C*60v. C- 60s. C+BOs, SiCs. Co. SiCL. CL. Si SiL. SC. L. SCL SL. Us. LS. LcS. fs - s. cs Effective soil depth Cm >75 75-50 50-20 - <20 Stones and rocks % <3 3-15 15-35 - >35 Texture/Structure Class Rooting condition Cm. SiCm. C- 60v. C+60v. C- 60s. C*60s. SiCs, Co. SiCL. CL. Si SiL. SC. L, SCL SL. Lfs. LS. LcS, fs - S, CS R Compaction (Db) g/cm ' <1.6 <1.6 <1.6 >1.6 >1.6 Organic carbon % >1.5 1.5-08 <0.8 - Execs o! salts S Sodicity ESP Q-20 20-30 30-40 30-40 >40 Toxicity CaCoj % 3-30 30-45 45-75 >75 x Land develtjpment and Management rt equipment Workability w* Slope % 0-1 1-2 2-4 2-4 >4 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 67Federal Democratic Ropubllc of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Projoct VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Land use requirements Unit Factor Ratings /Range of Suitability /level of yield Land Quality Land Characteristics S1 S2 S3 N1 N2 Description Suffix 100-85 40 25 0 Stones & rucks Class <3 3-15 15-35 >35 Organic carbon % (25 cm) >1.5 1.5-08°° <0.8 - - Texture/Structure Class Cm, SiCm, C— 60v. C+60v, C- 60s. C*60s, SiCs. Co. SiCL. CL. Si SiL. SC. L. SCL SL. Lfs. LS. LcS. fs - S. CS Slope % 0-1 1-2 2-4 2-4 >4 Stones & rocks Class <3 3-15 15-35 >35 Potential for mechanization and K Texture/Structure Class Cm, SiCm. C- 60v. C*-60v, C— 60s. C*60s. SiCs. Co. SiCL, CL. Si SiL. SC. L. SCL SL. Lfs. LS. LcS. fs - S. CS Stones & rocks Class <3 3-15 15-35 >35 Slope % 0-1 1-2 2-4 2-4 p4 Infiltration Cm/h “<0.1 0.1-0.3 0.1-0.3 0.3—0.7 >0.7 Depth to ground water M >3 1.5-3 05-1.5 <0.5 Drainage d’ Hydraulic conductivity M/day 1.4-3 0.5-1.4 0.2-0.5 - <0.2 >3 Flood hazard F Flooding Duration /depth FO. F11. F12. F21, F22. F31. F32 F13. F23. F33. F41. F42. F14. F24, F34. F43 F15, F25. F44 F35, F35. F45 Conservation requirement Sheet Class No Slight Moderate Strong Erosion hazard Slope % 0-1 1-2 2-4 2-4 >4 E Gully Class None None Slight - Moderat e strong WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 68Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Rosourcos Feasibility Study and Detail Doslgn of Bale Gadula Irrigation ProjectLand Evaluation Studies VOL 5- ANNEX 5 APPENDIX 1.3: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED BANANA Land Characteristics Class, degree of limitation and rating scale S1 0 100 25 0 S2 1 95 S3 2 I N1 3 N2 4 :5 (>0 40 Topography (t) Slope (%) (1) (2) (3) 0-1 0-2 0-4 1-2 2-4 4-8 2-4 4-8 8-16 4-6 8-16 16-30 - - 30-50 >6 >16 >50 Wetness (W) Flooding Drainage Fo good Moder Fl imperf F2 Poor & aerie Poor but drinab F3+ Poor not drinab Physical soil characteristics (s) Texture/ struct Coarse fragm (vol %) Soil depth (cm) CaCo3(%) Gypsum (%) Soil fertility characteristics (f) Apparent CECclay (cmol(+)/ kg clay) Base saturation (%) sum of basic cations (cmol (+) kg H soil p H2O Organic Carbon (%) Salinity and Alkalinity (n) ECe (ds/m) ESP (%) C<60s,Co, SiCs.SiCL CL.SiL 0-3 > 100 0 0 C>60s, C<60v, Sc.L 3-15 100-75 >5 <1 C>60v SCL 15-35 75-50 5-10 1-4 SL.LFS, LS 35-55 50-25 10-15 4-10 Cm.SiCm Fs.s.cs >55 <25 >15 > 10 >24 >50 > 6.5 6.4-5.8 6.4-7 0 >2.4 0-1 0-2 24-16 50-35 6.5-4 5.8-5.6 7.0-7.5 2.4-1.5 1-2 2-4 <16(-) 35-20 4-2.8 5.6-52 7 5-8.0 1.5-0.8 2-4 4-8 <16(+) <20 5.2-4.5 8.0-8.2 <0.8 4-6 8-12 - - - - <45 6-8 12-16 >8.2 >8 >16 — WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 69Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project APPENDIX 1.4: LANDSCAPE AND SOIL REQUIREMENTS -SUNFLOWER VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios Land Characteristics Class, degree of limitation and rating scale S1 1000 u S2 $ 3 Nj N2 2T 4 85 6 0 40| 25 0 Topography (t) Slope (%) (D 0-1 1-2 2-4 4-6 - >6 j 0-2 2-4 4-8 8-16 - >16 (2) 0-4 4-8 8-16 16-30 30-5a 50 ' (3) Wetness (W) Flooding Drainage (4) (5) Fo Good Imperf. Moderate moderate Imperf good F1 Poor and aerie Poor, but drainab. F2+poor not drainab. Physical Soil Characteristics (s) Texture/Struct C<60s, Sic,Co, SIL, Si, SicL.CL C>60s, Sc.L.ScL C<60v C>60v,SL, Lfs.Ls LcS.fs.s Cm,Siem, Coarse fragm (vol%) 0-3 3-15 15-35 35-55 - >55 Soil depth (cm) >150 150-100 100-75 75-50 - <50 Caco3 (%) 0-6 6-15 15-25 25-35 - >35 Gypsum (%) 0-2 2-4 4-10 10-20 - >20 Soil characteristics (f) fertility Apparent CEC (cmol(+)/kg clay) >24 24-16 <16(-) < 16(+) - - Base saturation (%) 50 50-35 35-20 <20 - - Sum of basic cations >4 4-2.8 2.8-1.6 <1.6 - ■ (cmol(+)/kg soil) PH H2o 6.6-62 6.6-7.0 6.2-6.0 7.0-7.5 6.0-5.5 7.5-8.0 5.5-5.0 8.0-8.5 <5.0 >8.5 Organic carbon {%) >2 2-1.2 1.2-0.8 <0.8 Salinity and Alkalinity (n) Ece (ds/m) 0-2 2-4 4-9 9-12 - >12 ESP (%) 0-8 8-15 15-20 20-25 - >25 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 70Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Foa s I b 11 ity Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 1.5: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED TOMATO CULTIVATION, MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL Land use requirements Unit Factor Ratings/Range of suitab ility/level of yie Id S2 Land Quality/diagnostic factors S1 S3 N1 N2 Description Sub class Suffix Land Characteristics 100-85 60 40 25 0 Crop requirement - - Climate too C Mean air temperature for growing cycle °C 18-26 26-30 16-18 30-35 16-13 >35 <13 Relative humidity % 24-80 80-90 20-24 <20 >90 Moisture availability M AWC Mm/m >180 60-120 - <60 Soil Drainage Class W. M.W. IP Oxygen availability d Poor and aerie Poor, but drainable Poor not drainable Flooding Duration /depth FO - F1 F2* - Nutrient retention N Organic carbon % (25 cm) >12 1.2- 0.8 <0.8 - - CEC Meq/ 100g soil (50cm) >16 <16 <16 ■ Soil reaction p” (25cm) 6.2-7 5 Nutrient Availability z §5-62 7.5-8.0 5 0,-5.$ 8.0- 8.2 <5.0 >82 <5.0 >82 Texture / Structure Class CL. L, SiCI. Si. SiC. Co. C<60s. LS. LfS C>60s, C<60v. LS. LfS C>60v. Fs. LcS, cS - Cm. SiCm Effective soil depth Cm >100 75-50 75-50 <50 Rooting condition Stones and rocks % <15 15-35 15-35 - >35 R Texture / Structure/ Class CL. L. SiCI. Si. SiC. Co. C<60s. LS. LfS C>60s. C<60v, LS. LfS C>60v, fS. LcS - Cm. SiCm Compaction (Db) g/cm’ <1.6 <1.6 <1.6 >1.6 >1 6 Organic carbon % > 1.2 1.2-0.8 <0.8 — — Execs of salts S ESP Sodicity 0-15 15-25 25-35 >35 Toxicity X CaCoj % 0-5 5-10 10-25 >25 Land development and Management requirement Workability | w* | Slope | 0-2 bl >6 VWVDSE In Association with ICT Final Fcaslbllity Sludy Roport 71Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Dotail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Stones & rocks Class <15 15-35 >35 Organic carbon % (25 cm) > 1.2 <0.8 - - Texture / Structure Class CL. L, SICI. Si. SiC. Co. C<60s. LS. LfS C>60s. C<60v, LS. LfS O60v. fS. LcS - Cm, SiCm Potential for mechanization and K Slope % 0-2 2-4 4-6 4-6 >6 Stones & rocks Class <15 15-35 15-35 >35 Texture / Structure Class CL. L. SiCI, Si. SiC. Co. C<60s, LS. LfS C>60s. C<60v, LS. LfS C>60v. fS. LcS. cS - Cm. SiCm Land preparation and clearance >50 T Relative relief/ Termite mound Cm Na/ha <20 <2 20^40 2-10 40-50 >10 Stones & rocks Class <15 15-35 >35 Texture / Structure Class CL. L. SiCI. Si, SiC. Co. C<60s. LS. LfS C>60s. C<60v. LS. LfS C>60v, fS. LcS. cS Cm. SiCm Slope % 0-2 2-4 4-6 4-6 >6 Vegetation clearance Vegetation cover/ha Open Light Medium Dense Dense Drainage d‘ Infiltration cm/h n run 7 n 1-0 3 0.7-65 6.5-12.5 12.5-25 - <£LL >25 Depth to ground water M <0.5 >3 1.5-3 0.5-1.5 Depth to impermeable layer M <0.5 <3 3-1.5 0.5-1.5 - Hydraulic conductivity M/day 1.4-3 0.2-0.5 - <0.2 >3 Flood hazard F Flooding Duration /depth. F2+ F1 FO Conservation requirement Erosion hazard Sheet Class No Moderate Strong E Slope % 0-2 2-4 4-6 4-6 >6 Gully Class None Slight Moderate strong WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 72Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feas I b Ility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Projoct VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 1.6: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED ONION CULTIVATION, MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL Land Use Requirements Unit Factor Ratings /Range Of Suitability/Le Yield ■vel Of Land Quality/Diagnost ic Factors S1 S2 S3 N1 N Descripti ON Sub - Clas s SUFFI X Land Characte ristics 100-85 60 40 25 0 Crop Requirement Climate c Mean Air Temperat ure For Growing Cycle 22-23 16-22 16-13 23-25 13-10 >25 <10 °C Relative Humidity % 80—90 24-80 20-24 <20 >90 Moisture Availabili TY M AWC Mm/M >180 180- 120 120-160 <60 Soil Drainage Class W, M. IP Oxygen Availabili TY D Poor And Aeric Poor, But Drainab le Poor Not Draina ble Flooding Durati on /Depth F1 + FO - - - WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 73Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Nutrient Retention N Organic Carbon % (25 Cm) >1.2 1.2- 0.8 <0.8 CEC Meo/ 100G Soil (50cm) >16 <16 <16 Soil Reaction Ph (25cm) 6.2-7.8 Nutrient Availabili ty Z 5.8- 6 7.8- 8.0 5.8-5.5 8.0-8.2 <5.5 >8.2 Texture Class L, SC, SCL, Sicl, Si, Co, C<60s, C>60s * C<60v . Fs, LS, Lfs C>60v, S - Cm, SlCM, Rooting Condition Effective Soil Depth Cm >50 50-30 30-20 <20 R Stones And Rocks % <15 15-35 15-35 - >55 C>60s Texture Class L, SC, SCL, Sicl, Si, Co, C<60s, f C<60v ,Fs, LS, Lfs C>60v, S - Cm, SlCM, Compacti on (Db) G/Cm <1.6 <1.6 <1.6 >1.6 >1.6 Organic Carbon >1.2 % 1.2- 0.8 <0.8 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 74Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Execs Of Salts S 0-20 20-35 35-50 >50 SODICITY ESP Land Development And Management Requirement WORKABILI TY W1 Slope % 0-2 2-4 4-6 >6 Stones & Rocks Class <15 15-35 15-35 - >55 Organic Carbon % (25 Cm) >1.2 1.2- 0.8 <0.8 Texture Class L.SC, SCL, SlCL, Sl, Co, C<60s, C>60s 9 C<60v . Fs, LS, Lfs C>60v, S - Cm, SlCM, Potential For Mechaniz ation And K Slope % 0-2 2-4 4-6 >6 Stones & Rocks Class <15 15-35 15-35 - >55 Texture Class L.SC, SCL, SlCL, Si, Co, C<60s, C>60s » C<60v ,Fs, LS, Lfs C>60v, S - Cm, SlCM, Land Preparati on T Stones & Rocks Class <15 15-35 15-35 - >55 Texture Class L.SC, SCL, SlCL, Si, Co, C<60s, C>60s > C<60v , Fs, LS, Lfs C>60v, S - Cm, SlCM, Slope % 0-2 2-4 4-6 >6 WWDSE In Association with tCT FeasibiUty Study Report 75Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Drainage D’ INFILTRATI ON Cm/H o? 0.7—6.5 0.7 6.5- 12.5 0?4—G.3 12.5-25 >25 - Depth To Ground Water M <0.5 >3 1.5-3 0.5-1.5 Hydraulic Conductiv ITY M/Day 1.4-3 0.5- 1.4 0.2-0.5 - <0.2 >3 Flood Hazard F Flooding Durati on /Depth F1 + FO - — - Conservation Requirement E Rosion Hazard Sheet Class No Slight Moderate E Stron G Slope % 0-2 2-4 4-6 >6 Gully Class None None Slight Moder ate Stron g WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 76Fodoral Democratic Ropubllc of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 1.7: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED COTTON AGRICULTURE, MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL Land use requirements Unit Factor Ratings /Range of SurTABiLfTY /L EVELOFYl ELD S2 S3 N1 N Land Quality/diagnostic FACTORS S1 Description Sub class Suffix Land Characteristics 0 100-85 60 40 25 Crop requirement Climate c Mean air TEMPERATURE FOR GROWING CYCLE °C 20-30 17-20 31-32 1^16 33-38 >15 <38 Moisture availability M AWC Mm/m >180 180-120 120-160 <60 Soil Drainage Class W MW. SE Oxygen availability IP D Poor ORA INA BLE Very poor not Drainable. E Flooding Duration /DEPTH FO - F1 - F2* Organic carbon % (25 CM) Nutrient retention >1.2 N 0.8-1.2 <0.8 - CEC MEQ/100G soil (50cm) >16 <16 <16 - - Soil reaction pH (25cm) 6-76 5.6- 6 0 7.6- 8.0 5 5-5 6 8-8 2 - <5.6 >82 Nutrient Availability z - Texture Class <60s.SiC,Co. SiCL. Si. SIL. CL. C<60v. SC. C>60S.L C>60v. SL. SC FS.S.LS.L CS Cm.SiCm. CS Effective soil OEPTH Cm >75 75-50 50-25 <25 Stones and gravels % 0-15 15-35 35-55 - >55 Rooting CONDITION Texture Class R <60s.S»C. CO. SlCL. Si. SIL.CL. C<60v.SC.C >60S.L C>60v.SL. SC FS.S.LS.L CS - Cm.SiCm. CS Compaction (De) G/CM <1.6 <1.6 <1.6 >1.6 >1.6 Organic carbon % >1.2 0.8-1 2 <0.8 - - WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 77Foderal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Projoct VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Excess of Salts s SODICITY ESP (100CM) 0-20 20-30 30-40 >40 Land development and Management requirement Slope % 0-4 4-6 6-8 8-16 >16 Stones & rocks Class <3 3-15 15-35 >35 Organic carbon % (25 CM) >1.2 1.2-0.8 <0.8 - - WORKABll ITY w Texture Class <60s.SlC.Co. SiCL. Si. SlL.CL, C<60v.SC,C >60S,L C>60v,SL. SC FS.S.LS.L CS - Cm.SiCm. cS Slope % 0—4 4-6 6-8 8-16 >16 Stones & rocks Class <3 3-15 15-35 - >35 Texture Class C<60s,SlC,C O.S1CL.S1.SI L.CL,C<60v, SC.C>60S,L C>60v,SL. SC FS.S.LS.L cS - Potential for MECHANIZATION AND Cm.SiCm, cS K Stones & rocks Class <3 3-15 15-35 >35 Texture Class C<60s,SiC,C O.SiCL.Si.SI L.CL.C<60v, SC.C>60s.L C>60v,SL. SC FS.S.LS.L cS - Cm.SiCm. cS Slope % 0-4 4-6 6-8 8-16 >16 Infiltration CM/H <0.1 0.1-0.3 0.1-0.3 0.3- 0.7 >0.7 Drainage O' Depth to ground WATER M >3 1.5-3 0.5-1.5 <0.5 Hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY M/DAY <0.2 02-0.5 02-0.5 - Flood hazard F Flooding Duration /depth FO - F1 - F2* Conservation requirement Sheet Class No Slight Moderat E Strong Erosion hazard Slope % 0-4 4-6 6-8 8-16 >16 E Gully Class None None Slight - Moderate Strong WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 78Fodoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 1.8: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED PEA CULTIVATION. MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL Land use requirements Unit Factor Ratings /Range of Suitab lity /level of y eld Land L Quality/diagnostic ( FACTORS 1 ANO ^HARACTERIS 'ICS Si s2 S3 Ni n2 100 85 60 60 25 0 Crop requirement Climate Wean air rEMPERATURE FOR GROWING CYCLE 17-20 °C 20-23 14-10 23-25 10-8 >30 <8 - Relative HUMIDITY 42-75 % 42-36 75-90 36-30 >90 <30 Moisture availability M AWC MM/M >180 180-120 120-60 <60 0 Soil Drainage Class W-M Imp, good P & aeric Oxygen AVAILABILITY P& drainable P & NOT DRAJNALE Flooding Duration /DEPTH F0 - F1 F2+ - Nutrient RETENTION N Organic carbon % (25 cm) >1.2 1.2-0.8 <0.8 — CEC Meq/ 100g soil (50cm) >16 <16 (-) <16(>) • Soil reaction PH (25cm) 6 6-6.0 6.6-7.5 6.0-5.8 7.5-80 5 8-5 5 8.0-8.2 <5 5 >8.2 Nutrient Availability Z Texture Class C<60s. Co. SiCs. SiCL. CL. Si. SlL C>60s, SC, C<60v, L, SCL C>60v, SCL, LfS, LS LCS. FS. S Cm, SiCm. CS Effective SOIL DEPTH Cm Rooting condition >75 75-50 50-20 <20 R Stones and rocks % <15 15-35 35-55 >55 Compaction (Db) G/CM*’ <1.6 <1.6 <1.6 >1.6 >1.6 Organic carbon % >1.2 1.2-0.8 <0.8 ■ - -------------------------- WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Doslgn of Balo Gadula Irrigation Projoct VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Land development and Management requirement Workability W* Slope % 0-4 4-6 6-8 8-16 >16 Stones & ROCKS Class <15 15-35 35-55 >55 Organic carbon % (25 cm) >1 2 1 2-0.8 <0.8 ■ ■ Texture Class C<60s, Co, SiCs, SiCL, CL. Si. SiL C>60s, SC. C<60v, L, SCL C>60v, SCL, LfS, LS LCS. FS. s Cm, SiCm, CS Potential for MECHANIZATIO NAND K Slope % 0-4 4-6 6-8 8-16 >16 Stones & ROCKS Class <15 15-35 35-55 >55 Texture Class C<60s. Co. SiCs, SiCL, CL, Si. SiL C>60s, SC, C<60v, L, SCL C>60v, SCL. LfS. LS LCS, FS. s Cm, SiCm, CS Drainage D* Infiltration Cm/h 0.7-6.5 03-07 65-12 Q1-P-3 12-25 <0J >25 Depth to GROUND water M <0.5 >3 1.5-3 0.5-1.5 Hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY M/day 1.4-3 0.5-1.4 0.2-0.5 - <0.2 >3 Flood HAZARD F Flooding Duration /depth Protection feasible Protectio N FEASIBLE Protecti ON FEASIBLE Protection feasible Protecti ON NOT feasible Conservation requirement Erosion HAZARD Sheet Class No Slight Moderate Strong E Slope % 0-4 4-6 6-8 8-16 >16 Gully Class None None Slight - Moderat ESTRONG WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 80Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Rosoureas Feasibility Study and Dotall Dosign ofBaleGadula Irrigation Projoct --------------------------- VOL 5-ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 1.9: LAND USE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATED CITRUS AGRICULTURE. MODERATE TO HIGH INPUT LEVEL Land use requirements Unit Factor Ratings /Range of Suitability /li VEL OF YU ELD S2 S3 N1 N Land Quauty/diagnostic FACTORS SI Description Sub class Suffix Land Characteristics 0 100-8S 60 40 25 Crop requirement CUMATE c Mean air TEMPERATURE FOR GROWING CYCLE °C 26-33 33-36 J9-I6 16-13 >39 <13 Moisture AVAIL ADILITY M AWC Mm/m >180 180-120 120-160 <60 Soil Drainage Class W Oxygen AVAILABILITY MW, SE IP D Poor drain ABLE Very poor not Drainable. E Flooding Duration /depth FO - Fl - F2‘ Nutrient retention Organic carbon % (25 cm) >0.8 N <0.8 - - CEC meq/ IOOg SOIL (50cm) >16 <16 <16 - - Soil reaction pH (25cm) 6 5-5 5 7.6-8.0 5.2-5 0 8-8.2 <5 0 >8 2 Nutrient avajladility Z Texture Class SLSlL, .SlC. SlCL, Si, SIL, CL. Si SCL.L C<60s, SL, SC.S.FS.. SiCs.CO C<60v. C>60s - CM, Si CM, 060v Effective soil depth Cm >150 150-100 100-75 - <75 Stones and gravels % 0-15 15-35 35-55 - >55 Rooting CONDITION R Texture Class Compaction (Du) < SLSlL, .SlC, SlCL. Si. SIL. CL. Si SCL.L C<60s, SL, SC.S.FS. SlCs. CO C<60v, O60S - CM. SiCm, O60v G/CM <1 65 <1.65 <1 65 >1.65 Organic carbon % >1.2 <0.8 - - Excess of Salts S Sodicity ESP (IOOCm) 0-20 20-30 30-10 >40 LAND DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT REQUIR] EMENT Final Feasibility Study Roport 81Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Slope % 0-4 4-6 6-8 8-16 >16 Stones &. rocks Class <3 3-15 15-35 >35 Organic carbon % (25 CM) >1.2 1.2-0.8 <0.8 - - Workability w’ Texture Class SL SlL, ,SlC, SlCL, Si, SIL, CL, Si SCL.L C<60s, SL, SC.S.FS, SiCs, CO C<60v, C>60s - Cm.SiCm, C>60v Slope % 0-4 4-6 6-8 8-16 >16 Stones & rocks Class <3 3-15 15-35 >35 Texture Class FS.S.LS.LcS - Potential for MECHANIZATION AND C<60s,SlC,CO .SlCL.Sl.SIL.C L,C<60v,SC,C - >60s,L O60V.SL. SC Cm.SiCm, cs K Stones & rocks Class <3 3-15 15-35 >35 Texture Class C<60s,SiC,CO ,SlCL,Sl,SIL,C L.C<60v,SC,C >60s,L C>60v,SL. SC FS,S.LS,LCS - Cm.SiCm. cS Slope % 0-4 4-6 6-8 8-16 >16 Infiltration CM/H <0.1 0.1-03 0.1-03 0.3-0 7 >0.7 Depth to GROUND WATER M >3 1.5-3 0.5-1.5 <0.5 Drainage D’ Hydraulic conductivity M/DAY <0.2 02-0.5 02-0.5 - Flood hazard F Flooding Duration /DEPTH FO - Fl - F2* Conservation requirement Sheet Class NO Slight Moderate Strong Slope % 0-4 4-6 6-8 8-16 >16 Erosion hazard E Gully Class None None Slight - Moderate Strong WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 82Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5- ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 2: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS Appendix 2.1 Partial Suitability Ratings of Citrus Appendix 2:2 Partial Suitability Ratings Wheat Appendix l:3 Partial Suitability Ratings Onion Appendix II4 Partial Suitability Ratings Pea Appendix 2.5: Partial Suitability Ratings Banana Appendix 2. 6: Partial Suitability Ratings Cotton Appendix 2.7: Partial Suitability Ratings Tomato Appendix 2.8: Partial Suitability Ratings Sunflower Appendix 2.9: Partial Suitability Ratings Rice WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 83r ed°.h|,1i? c ° J O C atlC Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Posi9 of Balo Gadula Irrigation Projoct n VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 2.1: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS OF CITRUS c m A d n z r Factor rating w k V fl I 0 t d' f e 3 1 1 I re Nulrienl retention Nutrtent avail abllfl y t Rooting condition Workability S| 8 pi ■o s —1 f8 rl Drainage x:9 Erosion hazard 'c 3 XJ c ■ -J £ 3 E 2 £ < Q. 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S1 81 S2 S1 S1 81 S2 S1 S2 S1 S1 si S1 31 S1 S1 S1 S3d peB S2 st Si S1 S3 $1 S1 S1 82 n2 81 S1 n2 S1 S1 Si S1 S1 n2 81 S1 n2 S1 n2 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 N2Vz/rAv/k S2 si s1 S1 S3 81 S1 S1 S1 S3 S1 S2 S3 S3 S1 ■1 S2 S1 S3 31 S2 S3 S2 S3 S3 si S3 s1 S1 •1 S1 S3z/rM/k ccVRhu-peA S2 S1 S1 n2 S3 81 S1 S1 s2 S3 81 SI S3 S3 S1 81 S1 S1 S3 voznaNTnu- sIB 31 S1 S3 S1 S3 SI S1 S1 si S2 si S2 N2a S2 S1 S1 SI S1 81 S1 S1 S1 32 81 S2 s2 SI S1 S1 S2 SI 82 81 S2 82 S2 s2 VBzeevKwn- peB SI •1 SI st S1 S1 S1 S2n/w/k S2 st S1 S1 S3 81 S1 S1 82 S3 81 SI S3 S1 S1 81 S1 S1 S3 S1 S1 S3 SI S3 S1 si S1 s1 S3 81 S3 S3d/w/k/l/z VBtmoVRca- wnA S2 S1 81 SI S3 81 S1 S1 S1 S3 Si S1 S3 S1 S1 S1 SI S1 S3 81 SI S3 S1 S3 S1 S1 SI si S3 31 S3 S3z/r/w/k VB2haLVhe- S2 51 81 S1 S1 St S1 S1 s1 S2 n1 S3 I S2 $3 SI S1 s3 S1 S2 81 s3 S2 S3 S2 S1 s1 S1 si S1 S1 SI N1r WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport land qualrtias or is land characteristics Moisture J Oxygen Flooding Texture FloodingFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources F oas I bility Study and Detail Design ofBaloGad^Jrrlgatlon^Proj^t^ VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios S2rAv/k/t VBIhaLVeuB PiocLVhe-crC VBIvrt-Pca- huA PiccVRhu-peA PinioVRca-huC VBIso- ccVRhu-peA N2w/k/n N2w/k/n WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 85VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios APPENDIX 2.2: Partial Suitability Ratings Wheat aFederal Democratic Ropubllc of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Projoct VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies VBIccVRpeA s 1 s 1 s 1 s2 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S2 S1 S3 s 1 s1 S 2 s 1 51 s1 s 2 S1 S2 s1 s1 S1 S1 s1 S1 si 51 S3r VB1 so-ccVRhu-peA s 1 s 1 s 2 s2 si S1 S1 S1 s1 S1 S1 S1 s3 S 1 S1 s 1 s 1 s1 s1 S 1 s1 S1 s1 S3 51 s3 S1 S3 s1 S3 S3r/w/k VB2haNThu-stB s 1 s 1 S 1 $1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s1 S1 S2 S1 S 1 s 1 S1 s 2 s 1 51 s1 s 2 S1 S2 s1 s1 s1 s1 $1 S1 s1 S1 S2r/w/k t VB2ccVRwn-peB s 1 s 1 S 1 s2 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 SI s1 S 1 s 1 s1 S 1 s 1 s1 s1 S 1 $1 . S1 S1 s3 Si $3 s1 n1 s1 n1 N1e VB1moVRca-wnA s 1 s 1 s 1 s2 51 S1 S1 S1 S1 s1 S1 S1 s 1 S 1 S1 s 1 s 1 s1 $1 S 1 s1 S1 S1 S3 61 S3 S1 s3 S1 S3 S3e/d’ VB2haLVhe-crB 5 1 s 1 s 1 $1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s3 s1 S3 s 1 S1 S3 s 1 S1 s1 S3 s1 S3 S1 $1 S1 31 S1 S1 S1 s1 S3r/w/k t VBIhaLVeuB s 1 s 1 s 1 s1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s1 S1 S1 S1 S 1 s 1 S1 S 1 s 1 s1 s1 S 1 s1 S1 s1 s3 s1 S3 S1 S3 S1 S3 S3e PiccLVhe-crC s 1 s 1 s 1 s2 S1 S1 SI S1 S1 s1 S1 S1 s 1 s 1 s2 s 1 s 1 S1 s2 S 1 S1 S1 s1 S3 s1 S3 s1 s3 s2 s3 S3d'/e VB 1 vrLPca-huA s 1 s 1 s 1 s1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s2 s3 S1 s 1 s 1 S1 S3 s 1 S1 s1 s3 S1 S3 S1 s1 S1 s1 S1 S1 s1 H S3w/Wr t PiccVRhu-peA s 1 s 1 s 1 s2 s1 S1 S1 S1 s2 S1 s3 s2 s 1 s 1 s2 S3 s 1 s2 s2 S3 s2 s3 s2 s2 81 s2 s1 s2 s2 s2 S3w/k PimoVRca-huC s 1 s 1 s 1 s2 $1 S1 S1 S1 s2 S1 S1 s2 S3 s 1 s2 s 1 s 1 s2 s2 S 1 s2 S1 s2 s2 S1 82 S1 s2 s2 s2 S3r VB 1 so-ccVRhu-peA s 1 s 1 s 1 s2 S1 S1 S1 n1 S1 S1 SI s1 S 1 s 1 S1 s 1 s 1 s1 S1 S 1 Si S1 S1 S1 S1 31 s1 st s1 s1 N1z Ridge WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 87Fodoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Rosourcos Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Pro)ect APPENDIX 2.3: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS ONION VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios Factor rating c m A d n z r w k 1 d* e OJ Oxygen Nutrient Nutrient t I Rooting Potential for Land preparation avallabi llty retention availability condition Workability Drainage Erosion hazard mechanization & clearance CL co UJ 8 I 0. £ I ~~u~ I o 8 1 u. >» □ o VB2ccVRhu- peB S1 s1 s2 S1 s2 s 1 S1 S1 n2 si si S1 s 1 S1 S1 s 1 S1 St S1 S1 St s1 S1 st S3 st S3 st s3 s1 S3 N2z VB2so- ccVRhu-peB S1 S1 s1 S2 s2 s 1 S1 S1 n2 st s1 S2 s 1 S3 S1 s 1 S2 S1 st St S2 s1 S2 st S3 s1 S3 S1 s1 S1 s1 N2z Piso-ccVRcr- stC S1 S1 s1 S2 s2 s 1 S1 S1 n2 s2 S1 S3 s 2 S1 St s 2 S3 S1 s2 s2 S3 s2 S3 s2 S3 s1 S3 st s1 s2 s1 N2z PiccVRpeC st s1 51 S1 s1 s 1 S1 st S3 S1 s1 S2 s 1 s3 S1 s 2 S2 S1 st s2 S2 <s1 S2 st S1 s1 S1 31 s1 S2 s1 S3z/ w/k VBIccVRwn- crA St s1 s1 S1 s2 s 1 S1 S1 n2 s1 s1 S2 s 1 S1 S1 S 1 S2 S1 S1 st S2 st S2 s1 St st St st s1 51 s1 N2z VB2haVRca- huC S1 s1 s1 S1 s2 s 1 S1 S1 S1 s1 s1 S2 s 1 S1 S1 S 1 S2 S1 st st S2 st S2 st St st S1 81 s1 S1 S1 S3z VB2moVRca- peB s1 S1 S1 S1 s2 s 1 S1 S1 S1 S3 S1 S1 s 3 SI S1 s 1 S1 S1 s3 s1 St S3 St s3 St S1 S1 s1 s1 s1 51 S3z/r /w VBIccVRpeA S1 S1 S1 S1 s2 s 1 S1 S1 S1 S2 S1 S2 s 2 S3 S1 s 1 S2 S1 s2 s1 S2 s2 S2 s2 S3 81 S3 11 s1 51 11 S3r/t/ d' VB1so- ccVRhu-peA s1 S1 S1 S2 s2 s 1 S1 St s2 s2 s1 S1 s 2 s3 St S 1 S1 S1 S2 st St s2 S1 s2 St st S1 61 s3 51 s3 S3e/ d/r VB2haNThu- slB s1 s1 s1 S1 s1 s 1 S1 S1 S1 s1 s1 S2 s 1 S1 S1 s 1 S2 S1 s1 st S2 st S2 st S1 S1 S1 S1 st S1 S1 S2w/ k/l VB2ccVRwn- peB S1 S1 s1 S1 S2 s 1 S1 S1 S1 s2 S1 S1 s 2 S1 S1 s 1 S1 S1 s2 st St s2 St s2 St St S1 S1 n1 s1 n1 N1e WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report Land qualities or land characteristics Land units Relative humidity AWC Clim; Moisture Drainage class | Flooding CEC Texture Stones Texture Compactio n Slope Slones Texture Slope Stones Texture Stones Texture InfiMration Depth to GWT Sheet Slope class and sub Final class suitabilityFederal Democratic Ropubllc of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Dotail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios VBImoVRca- s1 S1 s1 S1 s2 5 1 S1 S1 S1 S2 S1 S1 s 2 S1 S1 5 1 — S1 S1 s2 S1 S1 s2 SI s2 S1 s1 S1 51 s3 S1 S3 S3e VB2haLVhe- crE si S1 51 S1 S1 5 1 S1 S1 S1 1 51 s1 s3 s 1 S3 S1 S 1 S3 S1 s1 s1 s3 51 s3 S1 S1 s1 S1 S1 s1 S1 S1 S3r/w /k VBIhaLVeuB S1 S1 s2 S1 S1 S 1 S1 S1 S1 S1 si S1 5 1 S1 S1 s 1 S1 S1 S1 si S1 si S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s3 81 S3 S3e PiccLVhe- crC S1 S1 s2 S1 s2 s 1 S1 S1 S3 Si si S1 S 1 S1 SI s 2 S1 SI s1 s2 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 si S1 S1 s3 s2 s3 S3z VBIvrLPca- huA s1 S1 52 S1 s1 S 1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s2 S3 S J S1 SI s 1 s3 S1 S1 S1 S3 S1 s3 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 31 si S3w/ k/r PiccVRhu- peA S1 s1 S1 SI s2 s 1 S1 S1 s2 S3 si S3 s 3 S1 S1 5 2 s3 SI S3 s2 S3 $3 S3 S3 SI si SI S1 s2 s2 s2 S3w/ k/z PimoVRca- huC S1 S1 si S1 s2 S 1 S1 S1 S1 S3 51 S1 s 3 S3 S1 s 2 SI S1 S3 $2 S1 s3 S1 S3 s2 S1 52 51 s2 s2 s2 S3w/ k/z VB1so- | ccVRhu-peA S1 S1 $1 S1 s2 S1 S1 nl s2 s1 S1 s 2 S1 S1 3 1 S1 S1 s2 S1 S1 s2 S1 s2 s2 S1 s2 51 s1 S1 si N2z I Ridge n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n 2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n 2 n2 n2 n 2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 N2I 89R °Pub"c of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Lg^l^lhy^Study2rig_Dotall_Doslgn of Balo Gadula Irrigation Projoct APPENDIX 2.4: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS PEA VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios Factor rating £ 3 to I S u_ c m A d n z r w k t d’ t e i E 6 >» J 1 Oxyger avallab lllty Nutrlent reler tlon Nutrfont ovelliability Rooting condition Workability Potential for mechanization Land preparation 4 clearance Drainage Erosion hazard .3 c 3 ■o C S VDZCCVKnu-pCo VB2so-ccVRhu-pcB P Iso-ccVRcr-stC <£ a* ■6 1 £ § ■ s £ -S___ 0. co U1 CT .£ 1 u. o o o ID U X Q.. «> 3 J a ■ s co a> S o> o o 8. S 8 O B 8 M 1 w 3 5 M 1 e 5 c Q IS £ 0 o £ Q. A U O> c 1 8 8. 5 * 3 S1 S1 s2 S1 s2 si si S1 n1 81 Si S1 S1 s1 S1 si s1 S1 s1 si S1 Si 1—42 s1 S1 S3 LH S1 S3 Lil S1 SA S3 V2 S1 L i2 s3 N1z It S1 S1 S3 s2 si S1 S1 n1 *1 s1 s3 S1 s2 S1 si n1 S1 S1 s1 n1 St n1 S1 S3 S1 S3 ■1 S1 S1 S1 N1z/A l1 st si n1 s2 S1 S1 s1 n1 S1 si S3 s1 s1 si s2 nl S1 si s2 n1 si n1 81 S3 S1 S3 S1 si 82 si N1z/A/r PiccVRpeC $1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s1 S1 S1 s2 S1 S1 S 3 S1 s2 S1 s2 S3 si si s2 S3 51 S3 Si S1 S1 S1 s1 S1 s2 si S3d/w/k VB1ccVRwn-crA *1 si S1 S1 S2 S1 s1 S1 n1 S1 S1 S 3 S1 S1 *1 si S3 S1 S1 si S3 S1 S3 81 S1 S1 S1 s1 si 11 si N1z VB2haVRca-huC S1 si S1 S1 s2 S1 S1 s1 S1 S1 51 S 3 s1 S1 81 S1 S3 S1 S1 s1 S3 S1 S3 Si SI S1 S1 S1 si Si S1 S3d/w/k VB2moVRca-pcB >1 S1 *1 $1 s2 S1 si s1 s2 S3 Si S1 S3 $1 S1 s1 s1 S1 S3 S1 S1 S3 si S3 S1 Si S1 si •1 si si S3t/n/k VBIccVRpeA St 31 s1 S1 S2 S1 •1 S1 S1 ■1 S1 s 3 S1 s2 si si S3 l1 s1 *1 S3 S1 S3 si S3 S1 S3 si s1 si si S3d7w/k/ r/t VB1 so-ccVRhu-peA Si S1 si S3 s2 51 S1 s1 s2 s1 S1 s1 s1 s2 Si 81 s1 s1 si si si l1 si si S1 S1 S1 a1 S3 si s3 S3d/a/e WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport r w w s b b b Land qualities or land characteristics Moisture Drainage class Compaction Flood hazard class and sub classFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Doslgn of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies V02haNThu-stB s1 si S1 s1 *1 si 51 Si s2 S1 si S 3 s1 si S1 si S3 si si S1 S3 s1 S3 S1 Si S1 SI si si S1 31 S3rM/kA VB2ccVRwn-peB s1 S1 11 si s2 si S1 S1 s2 S1 | si ____ si si si ■1 S1 si si 51 5 s1 fl si S1 s1 SI si s3 s3 S3d V8lmoVRca-v/r<A •1 S1 S1 si s2 I,1 S1 i s2 si S1 si si si si si si si Si S1 l1 Si $1 S1 si Si si s3 si >3 S3d/e VB2haLVhe-crC s1 •1 si si S1 S1 si SI si si S3 S1 s2 s1 si n1 si s1 Si nl S1 nl si S1 s1 SI S1 s1 81 si N1w/k VBIhaLVeuB s2 si •1 S1 s1 SI si S1 Si S1 s1 s1 S1 S1 si si si S1 si si 31 S1 si S1 S1 S3 ■1 S3 S3e PxxLVMe-crC 11 >1 s2 si s2 si S1 s2 H si S1 S1 si si s2 S1 si si s2 S1 si si si S1 si S1 si S3 >2 S3 S3d/e VB1 vrLPca-huA .1 si s2 si si si si s2 S1 S3 s3 S1 S1 ■1 |1 s3 si si si s3 si s3 si SI S1 S1 si si si S1 S3tfw/k/t PccVRhu-peA *1 s1 si si s2 S1 si 82 S3 si s3 s3 si si s2 S3 S1 s3 s2 s3 s3 S3 S3 SI S1 SI si s2 S2 s2 S3t/n/k PmoVRca-/iuC si S1 si si s2 si H S1 s3 S1 S1 s3 s2 S1 82 11 S1 S3 s2 si $3 S1 S3 s2 si 32 S1 s2 s2 s2 S3z/r/k i V01stxcVPhu-peA s1 si s2 s2 si 11 nl si si Si si si si S1 S1 si si si si si s1 •’ nll si s2 S1 s2 si si S1 si N1z *1 si n2 "2 n2 02 n2 02 n2 n2 02 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 n2 N2t —5—5S—SS5--■ WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 91Fodoral Democratic Ropubllc of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources f^lbllltyjtudyan^Dotall Design of Balo Gaduls Irrigation Projoct VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios APPENDIX 2.5: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS BANANAFodoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Rosourcos Feasibility Study and Dolail Doslgn of Balo Gadula Irrigation Projoct VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios 10 VB2haNThu- slB S1 si S1 si Si si S1 82 si S1 si S1 81 si 11 51 S1 S1 si 52 ' si si si S1 si si si s3 s1 S1 S1 81 S1 81 ll 11 VB2ccVRwn- peB B1 s1 s2 si si si s2 s2 n2 S1 S1 $1 S1 si S1 si 61 81 S1 S1 S1 81 si S1 S1 S1 S1 S3 si 81 S1 s3 81 S3 N2z 12 VBlmoVRca wnA S1 si 62 S1 S1 S1 s2 s2 s2 S1 S1 S1 S1 s1 S1 si Si Si S1 si si S1 Si S1 11 si st S3 S1 S1 si s3 S1 S3 S3« 13 VB2haLVhe c/8 si S1 Si ■1 S1 si S1 S1 61 S1 si s2 S1 S1 81 S2 61 Si s3 S1 s2 S1 S1 s2 S1 s2 S1 S3 si S1 S1 S1 Si S1 S3o 14 VBIhalVcuB •1 •2 S1 S1 S1 S1 si 81 S1 S1 S1 S1 si s1 S1 si S1 si s1 s1 si 81 $1 S1 81 S1 s1 S3 si 31 st s3 S1 $3 S3e 15 PecLVhe- crC •1 s2 s2 si Si S1 s2 S3 s3 51 St Bl S1 S1 s2 si S1 81 si s2 si Si S1 81 si S1 si S3 si Si B1 S3 s2 s3 S3z/e 16 VBIvfl-Pca- huA •1 s2 51 si Si si S1 82 s2 it S3 52 S1 S1 Si s2 si S1 si si s2 si S1 82 St S1 Si S3 S1 S3 S1 s1 S1 si S3r PiccVRhu- peA si S1 s2 si B1 S1 •1 62 n2 s2 s1 s2 82 s1 s2 s2 S1 82 si s2 s2 82 si 82 52 Bl S1 S3 s1 S1 $1 62 82 s2 N2z IB PlmoVRca- huC si si s2 s1 Si s1 nl si s2 s2 S1 si 82 S1 s2 si si s2 s3 s2 si s2 si S1 82 s2 S1 S3 81 S1 Si S3 82 S3 Nta 19 V01BO- ccVRhu-peA ■1 *1 s2 81 si si n2 n2 n2 si si 81 si s1 Si S1 si si S1 si si 61 si si S1 s2 si s3 •1 s1 •1 91 S1 81 N2» Ridge 20 . 1 1 WWOSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 93I Fodoral Domocratlc Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Feasibility Study and Detail Doslgn of Balo Gadula Irrigation Projoct Land Evaluation Studies s APPENDIX 2.6: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS COTTON c m d n a — Suffixes I r w k I d’ t Potential for mechanisation Erosion Climate Moisture availability Oxy ten n villa bllity Nutrient retention Nutrient availability Rooting condition Workability Land preparation Drainage h au rd 5 c 3 •c e J £ U £ < a ji u If m « c E •o u ■ t l. n £ 8 U W U fr J •5 s a. •n O y u 9 x 5- O D ■ i & t 3 5 F 8 v Q. 1 </5 0 ■ I </> u 0 u u ■ w u F V Q. _o •n a c o ir E 3 s ■ o £ s w u 3 V h V c 2 J w u v ■ 8 ■ I £ y u V >« ■ jj UD 3 I Q. 6 i X V) V CL 5 VJ 3 o vDzccvKnu-peB s1 s2 81 81 81 81 81 n2 32 11 l1 31 s1 s1 91 91 81 81 31 31 11 91 S3 81 81 81 S3 11 S3 81 S3 VB2so-ccVRhu- peB si 81 81 81 81 81 s2 n2 82 s2 81 81 *2 Si 81 S1 91 52 S1 91 s2 81 S3 s2 31 81 83 11 Si 81 31 Piso-ccVRcr-s(C VB1ccVRwn-crA VD2moVRca-pcB VBIccVRpeA VB1so-ccVRhu- peA VB2haNThu-slB VB2ccVRwn-peB VBImoVRco-wnA VB2haLVhe-crB PiccLVhe-crC S1 »1 81 81 S1 81 S3 s2 s2 81 Si 92 l1 81 s2 s2 S1 S1 s2 32 81 s2 S3 81 81 11 S3 81 81 32 $1 PiccVRpeC s1 91 31 31 S1 81 H s2 11 81 Si si s1 81 82 81 81 81 s2 81 S1 81 si 81 31 81 83 si 81 92 81 si 81 81 81 S1 81 81 s2 81 82 S1 81 s2 81 s1 91 S1 82 31 91 s2 31 81 12 31 31 83 si 81 31 81 V02hBVRca-huC $1 81 S1 S1 81 H 81 81 S1 si 51 81 81 91 81 91 91 81 81 s1 81 31 81 si 81 Si S3 81 $1 si Si 51 81 l1 S1 81 81 81 82 81 82 H 81 82 81 81 81 S1 82 81 31 82 s1 91 32 81 31 S3 31 81 81 11 si 81 s1 81 81 31 81 S1 11 81 81 s1 91 31 11 S1 81 l1 31 11 81 $1 s3 81 11 81 83 11 31 81 81 $1 S1 81 H 31 31 82 <2 31 S1 81 91 81 81 81 81 Si 91 81 s1 91 81 si S1 91 81 s3 Si 83 s1 83 S1 81 81 81 81 81 S1 81 81 S1 Si 81 81 Si 91 91 S1 81 81 81 81 51 si 91 81 91 s3 81 81 81 Si S1 81 S1 l1 81 91 81 82 s2 81 31 91 81 81 91 81 81 Si 81 81 81 81 81 s1 81 81 83 S1 n1 $1 n1 S1 H 81 $1 81 81 S1 S1 81 11 31 81 91 81 81 H si 81 Si 51 11 si si s1 11 S3 81 S3 31 83 81 81 81 $1 Si 81 S1 81 81 51 81 82 81 81 31 92 81 81 Si 82 51 s2 si 81 31 81 S3 81 81 81 81 VBIhaLVeuB S1 s2 81 81 31 81 81 S1 S1 sl S1 31 81 81 81 s1 $1 81 31 81 91 81 81 81 S1 Si 83 S1 S3 81 S3 11 82 81 81 51 81 l1 s2 81 81 si l1 91 l1 s2 S1 91 81 s2 91 81 81 81 81 si 31 83 81 S3 82 S3 VB1vrLPca-buA S1 $2 81 81 81 81 82 81 H S3 s2 81 81 91 12 81 81 81 s2 91 *2 s1 31 Si S3 83 Si Si 81 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 94Fcdoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios PrccVRhu-pcA *1 H *1 ■1 si si s2 si S2 61 62 s2 11 s2 s2 S1 s2 s2 s2 s2 s2 Si $2 S1 81 S3 S1 si s2 si PimoVRca-huC s1 S1 si si S1 81 S1 S1 S1 s2 >1 s1 82 si s2 s1 S1 s2 s2 S1 s2 81 s2 s2 S1 S1 S3 si s3 s2 S3 VB1so-ccVRhu- peA si S1 S1 si S1 S1 *1 n2 si s2 S1 S1 s2 si si si s! s2 »1. S1 S2 S1 s2 s2 si Si S3 S1 S1 S1 si Ridge WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport i 95R0PUb"C °' E,hlOpla’ Mlnls,r* °f Water Resources _22^!!!!Xj^gyjndDotal£Doslgn of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 2.7: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS TOMATO Suffixes Final Suitability Cllmalo Moisture availability Oxygon availability Nulrlent retention Nutrient availability Rooting condition Workability Potential for mechanization Dralnago Erosion hazard VB2ccVRhu- peB VB2so- ccVRhu-peB Piso-ccVRcr- slC PiccVRpeC VBIccVRwn- crA VB2haVRca- huC VB2moVRca- peB VBtccVRpeA VBtso- ccVRhu-peA VB2haNThu^ itB VB2ccVRwn POB VBtmoVRca- wnA VB2haLVhe- crB VBIhaLVeuB S3Z/R/W Final Feasibility Study ReportFodoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Resources F o a s I b 111 ty Study and Dotail Dosign of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies PiccLVhe- crC VBIvrtPca- huA PiccVRhu- peA PimoVRca- huC VBlso- ccVRhu-peA Ridge si si s! s2 31 S3O/R/K S3Z/W/K »1 WWOSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 97Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Rosourcos Feasibility Study and Detail Doslgn of Balo Gadula Irrigation Projoct VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios APPENDIX 2.8: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS SUNFLOWER c m d n A I r w k d' e Final Sultabllit) Suffiscs Climate Moisture availability Oxyj en avallalsllity Nutr lent reten lion Nutrient availability Rooting condition Workability Potential for mechanization Drainage Erosion hazard r ■ 3 ■a c J S u 9 jj V Si c c ■n ar ■ f t £ y o Q B U u <3 X ft. 8 0 E ■ a e o 55 •» w 3 s f- u o U ft. o '■n a ■ o 55 •» w 3 a V a. o 55 a c o 55 3 0 a o 55 E 3 S H I □e w C e 3 "v u • s ■ 5 £ W X ~e---- ■ >« J _u 3o 3 I S. E V a. e 5> .X o VB2ccVRhu- peB s1 •2 Si S1 S1 S1 S1 n2 s2 51 81 S1 S1 si S1 S1 31 si S1 si 51 S1 S1 S3 S1 S1 S3 31 s2 S1 32 N2Z VB2so-ccVRhu- peB si S1 S1 s1 S1 S1 s3 n2 s2 S1 S1 S1 si $1 s1 s1 S1 S1 s1 si S1 S1 91 s3 S1 S1 S3 s1 81 S1 S1 N2Z Piso-ccVRcr-slC S1 S1 S1 s1 S1 *1 n2 S3 s2 si si s2 S1 S1 s2 s2 Si s1 s2 s2 S1 s2 S1 s3 S1 a1 s3 Si Si s2 S1 N2Z PIccVRpeC S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 Si si S3 s2 81 s1 S1 S1 s1 s2 S1 81 si s2 S1 S1 S1 S1 31 81 S1 s3 s1 S1 s2 51 S3z/w VBlccVRwn-crA S1 S1 S1 S1 81 si si s3 S1 Si 81 S1 S1 s1 si S1 S1 S1 S1 $1 s1 S1 S1 S1 si S1 s3 S1 S1 S1 Si S3Z VB2haVRca- huC si S1 S1 81 S1 S1 S1 S1 s1 S1 s1 si S1 s1 S1 S1 s1 51 s1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 81 S1 s3 s1 s1 S1 81 SI V B2moV Rea ps B si $1 s2 51 S1 si S1 s2 S1 s2 31 si s2 $1 s1 S1 S1 s2 81 S1 s2 s1 s2 S1 S1 si $3 s1 si S1 $1 S2N/Z VBIccVRpeA S1 S1 S1 81 31 S1 S1 S1 S1 s1 S1 S1 Si S1 a1 st S1 31 S1 S1 S1 s1 s1 s3 81 51 S3 S1 S1 a1 S1 S3DAV VB1 so-ccVRTiu- peA S1 si S1 St s1 S1 S3 s2 s2 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 $1 61 51 s1 s1 s1 31 S1 S3 s1 s2 S1 s2 S3z VB2haNTbu-stB S1 S1 31 S1 S1 S1 S1 s2 81 s1 S1 *1 *1 S1 S1 si 81 si 31 81 S1 s1 si s1 S1 Si S3 S1 si S1 Si S3o' VB2ccVRwn- peB S1 S1 51 s1 S1 S1 •1 s2 s2 s1 s1 S1 $1 81 si si S1 S1 51 81 si si si 81 31 S1 S3 *1 S3 si S3 S3E VBtmoVRca- wnA $1 S1 S1 s1 S1 S1 $1 s2 s1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s1 31 s1 S1 s1 S1 51 si S1 Si S1 S3 S1 s3 81 S3 S3E VB2haLVhe-crB S1 S1 si S1 $1 si Si s1 S1 S1 S1 s2 si s1 S1 s2 81 S1 S1 >2 S1 s2 S1 s2 s1 S1 >3 S1 si Si S1 S3w VBIhaLVeuB $1 s2 si S1 *1 *1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s1 s1 s1 S1 si S1 S1 S1 s1 S1 si si s1 S1 s1 si S3 S1 s2 s1 S2 S2EZT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 98VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios S3Z/O* PlccLVhe-crC V31 vri.Pc»-huA $1 $2 "$7 si si s1 si S1 B1 S1 S1 TT S1 si s2 S3 N2R S3E/O’ 7i sF S3 eAv P^cVRhJ-peA PimoVRo-huC VBlso-ccVRhu- peA "sT TT “sF IF "si si" s1 s2 S1 s1 s1 s1 n2 91 n2 s2 Bl n2 $1 n2 s1 n2 s2 n2 n2 n2 Ridge n2 s1 s! s2 n2 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 99Fodoral Domocratlc Ropubllc of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Resources FeasIbllltyStudyand Dotall Doslgn of Bale Gadula Irrigation Projoct APPENDIX 2.9: PARTIAL SUITABILITY RATINGS RICE VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies c Sufflxos m d n A 2 r W k t d' Climate Moisture availability Oxyfi on avallalslllty Nutrlont retention Nutrlont availability Rooting condition Workability Potonllal lor mechanization Land preparation & clearance Drainage a c 3 ■u c _______________ u o o 1 S w u c 8 o UJ u £ u I X a. r> O U ■ O e 3 X * 5 a. S o & c 5 V) I 1= 8 1 o V) S c 2 w O o e I £ t w s § V) e |• S c 2 V) E | £ e* u, a 8 c I 5 1 JC E u. u ■ fii • X3 8 £ V) V82ccVRhu- peB Si s2 s2 si S1 S1 S1 S3 S3 s2 S1 31 32 S1 b2 si 31 s2 31 32 81 32 81 82 s3 81 81 si 31 32 VB2so- ccVRhu-peB If $1 82 S1 si s1 s2 $3 S3 s2 St S1 s2 81 32 81 81 s2 s1 82 Si s2 Bl 82 $3 81 81 31 31 s1 Piso-ccVRcr- StC si S1 s1 S1 S1 S1 S3 S2 s3 31 $1 32 S1 81 S3 82 S1 31 51 S3 82 B1 32 81 S3 81 81 31 31 81 PccVRpeC S1 S1 S3 31 st >1 si S1 S3 S3 81 S1 s3 Si 83 31 31 s3 81 S3 31 <3 31 s3 31 81 81 81 S1 31 V81ccVRwn- crA si $1 b2 Si S1 81 S1 s2 82 82 Si J S1 s2 St S1 $1 S1 s2 S1 81 81 82 31 82 81 81 31 81 81 B1 VB2haVRca- huC S1 si S2 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s2 s2 81 31 $2 B1 s2 st S1 $2 31 82 S1 s2 81 82 B1 81 81 81 81 Si VB2moVRca- peB s1 S1 51 81 S1 T 81 s2 *1 81 S1 51 *1 82 81 31 31 S1 s2 S1 81 S1 81 81 81 B1 81 81 81 VBIccVRpcA S1 S1 81 S1 S1 Si s1 Si s2 $1 •1 si Bl S1 81 81 81 St Si 81 S1 81 81 Bl S3 81 81 81 81 Si VB1io- ccVRhu-peA si $1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s2 81 s3 S1 s1 si $1 S1 81 S1 $1 Si 81 S1 81 81 s1 31 S1 81 31 81 81 82 V82haNThu- stB si S1 S3 S1 S1 si S1 s1 *1 S3 I 81 81 S3 81 s2 S1 81 S3 S1 82 81 S3 81 S3 si 81 81 81 81 81 VB2ccVRwn- peB 81 si ,1 S1 st S1 si S1 s3 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 82 31 S1 S1 Si 82 s1 81 81 81 81 B1 81 Si 31 s3 VBImoVRca- wnA si si *1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 s2 s1 S1 si S1 S1 S1 Si •1 S1 S1 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 a1 S3 VB2haLVhe- crB 81 $1 Si 81 si S1 S1 $1 31 ■ 1 81 , 12 s2 1 52 S1 S1 81 S2 82 S1 82 81 81 81 81 31 81 81 WWDSE In Association with ICT 100 puddlingFedora! Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Dotail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios VBlMLVeuB si 12 si si si si si Bl si s1 s1 si *' si ■1 si 1s 1 S1 S1 81 S1 si S1 81 al si S1 81 81 s2 PccLVhe CfC *1 s2 s2 S1 S1 si si S1 s2 s2 SI si s2 si S3 S1 S1 s2 Si S3 si s2 81 82 S1 S1 si 81 S1 s2 VEIvrtPca- nuA si s2 si S1 S1 S1 Si S1 s2 S1 S3 s2 s1 S1 s1 s2 si S1 S1 S1 s2 S1 S2 Si si S1 si si S3 si PccVRhu- peA •1 S1 S1 S1 11 si si si s3 al si s2 81 S1 S3 s2 s1 S1 S1 S3 s2 si 82 Si si si si Bl si S1 PmoVRca- huC S1 11 si S1 S1 ■1 si si s2 81 si si Si S1 S3 si si S1 si S3 S1 si S1 si 82 81 si Bl ■1 s3 VBlso- CcVRhu-peA si Si s1 si S1 S1 si S3 >3 •1 si S1 Si 81 si si S1 81 si s1 si S1 S1 si s2 s1 S1 Si S1 s1 RitJje 1 101Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Mty Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies APPENDIX 3: LAND AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: MEANING AND CLASSIFICATION FOR LAND SUITABILITY RATING Organic Carbon >2.4% : High Total Nitrogen <0.05% : Very low 1.5 - 2.4% : Moderately high 0.05- 0.125% : Low 0.8- 1.5% : Moderately low 0.125%-0.225% : Medium <0.8 % : Low 0 2255 -0.30 : High > 0.3 : Very high The quality of organic matter C/N <10 Good - - 10-14 medium >14 Poor Source: Simple and practical Methods to Evaluate Analytical Data of Soil Profile Exchangeable Cations Ca Mg K Na Very high >20 >8 >1.2 >2.0 High 10-20 3-8 0.6-1.2 0.7-2.0 Medium 5-10 1.5-3 0.3-0.6 0.3-0.7 Low 22-5 0.5-1.5 0.1-0.3 0.1-0.3 very low <2 <0.5 <0.1 <0.1 Ca: Mg Ratio >40 Extremely high: over dose of Ca or lack of Mg. 12-40 Very high: reduction of available P if the PH is high too. 6-12 High: favorable. 3.5 - 6 Moderately high: very favorable. 2.5 - 3.5 Moderately low: Less favorable. 1.5 - 2.5 Low: not favorable. >1.5 Very low: severe Source; Simple and practical Methods to Evaluate Analytical Data of Soil Profile WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 102Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irngatior^ProJect^ Land Evaluation Studies Acidity and Alkalinity PH Rating <4.0 4-53 Extremely acidic very acidic 5.3 - 6.0 Moderately acidic 6.0 -7.0 Slightly alkaline 7.0-8.5 Moderately alkaline >8.5 Very alkaline Comments Only tea tolerates it. If present AL & Mn will be toxic. Ca, Mg & Mb may be deficient. The availability of P is low in the presence of free Al & Fe, Nitrification of O M P.Ca, Mg & Mb may be deficient, avoid fertilizers (ammonium sulfate and triple super phosphate), which may increase the acidity. Fe may be deficient. Optimal availability of P. Low available of P and micronutrients, with the exception of Mb. Only few crops grow excess of Na, deficiency of P and micro nutrients, toxicity of Boron, Nitrification of O.M., and Ca may need correction. Cation Exchange Capacity and Base Saturation Rating EC mmhos Comments >40 Very high Good agricultural soil 25-40 High As above but minor amendment is required 15-25 Medium Major amendment required 5-15 Low Moderate to poor response to fertilizer <5 Very low Poor agricultural land Source: Booker Tropical Soil Manual WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study RoportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources feasibility Study and Detail Doslgn of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5 ANNEX S Land Evaluation Studies BSP (%) Available Phosphorus BSP Rating P(pmm) Rating Comments <20 Low fertility 15 High Fertilizer response unlikely 20- 60 Medium fertility 5-15 Medium Fertilizer response probable >60 High fertility <5 Low Fertilizer response most likely Source: Booker Tropical Soi Manual Carbonates Available Water Capacity Rating CaCO3 % Rating AWC(mm/m) Low <1 Low <120 HC(m/day) Medium 1-4 Medium 120 - 180 <0.2 High 4-10 High >180 0.2-0.5 Very high >10 0.5-1.4 1.4-1.9 Source: FAO, 1979ve, Soil Survey investigation for 1.9-3.0 >3.00 Irrigation Permeability Rating Very slow Slow Moderate Moderately rapid Rapid Very rapid Approx. 'Sodicity hazard Iesp < 15 None to slight 15-30 30 - 50 50-70 > 70 Light to moderate Moderate to high High to very high Extremely high Remarks The adverse effect of exchangeable sodium on the .growth and yield of crops in various classes occurs I according to the relative crop tolerance to excess sodicity. Whereas the growth and yield of only sensitive crops are affected at ESP levels below 15, only extremely tolerant native grasses grow at ESP above 70 to 80. Source: FAO, Soil Bulletin 39, Salt affected soils and their management WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Doslgn of Bale Gadula Irrigatlon^roject Soil salinity classes and crop growth VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studies Soil Salinity Class Conductivity of the Saturation Extract (dS/m) Effect on Crop Plants Non saline 0-2 Salinity effects negligible Slightly saline I 2-4 Moderately saline 4-8 Yields of sensitive crops may be restricted Yields of many crops are restricted Strongly saline 8-16 Only tolerant crops yield satisfactorily Very strongly saline Only a few very tolerant crops yield >16 satisfactorily Source: FAO, Soil Bulletin 39, Salt affected soils and their management Surface Stoniness: Percentage Surface Cover by Stones and Rock Outcrops (from field and aerial photos) 0% none 15-40% many 0 -2 % 2 -5 % 5-15% Infiltration very few 40 - 80% few >80% abundant dominant - common Basic Infiltration. Suitability for Surface Irrigation Rate (cm/h) <0.1 0.1-0.3 0.3-0.7 0.7-3.5 3.5- 65 6.5- 12.5 - 12.5- 25.0 - needed >25 Unsuitable (too slow) but suitable for rice Marginally suitable (too slow), marginally suitable for rice Suitable; unsuitable for rice Optimum Suitable Marginally suitable (too rapid); small basins needed Suitable only under special conditions, very small basins Unsuitable (too rapid) overhead irrigation methods only Source: FAO, 1979ve, Soil Survey investigation for Irrigation WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 105Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 5 ANNEX 5 Land Evaluation Studios Major flood class Rating General Description Specific Description F0 No flood limitations The land is higher than the highest water level No flooding F1 Slight The land surface is higher than the mean highest water level; however, occasional high floods may affect the land for a short period (not longer than 1-2 months) < 5 cm water for some days (2-3) F2 Moderate The land surface is at about the same level of the mean highest water level so that very often (more than 5 years out of 10) the land is flooded for a period of not longer than 2-3 months. < 5 cm water for less than one week F3 Severe The land surface is somewhat (20-30 cm) over than the mean highest water level, so that almost very year 20 to 30 cm floodwater occurs during a period of 2-4 months. < 10 cm water for less than one week F4 Very severe The land surface is much (more than 30cm) below the mean highest water level, so that nearly every year the land is flooded for more than 2 months and in most years for more than 4 months. > 10 cm water for more than 1 week The FAO agro-ecological zones project in china has suggested flood classes for specific crop groups (Sys, 1990) as follow RESERVED WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 106I RESERVED I I I I I I I I I I
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