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If FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCE FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN OF BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT (WWDSE) PVT LTD.(ICT)4( 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 I > 4 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN OF BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT FINAL FEASIBILITY REPORT VOLUME 7- ANNEX 8 J I I 4 4 4 4 4 4 I AGRONOMY STUDIES MAY 2010 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project List of Volumes in the Final Feasibility Report VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies VOL1 Executive Summary VOL 2 Main Report VOL 3 Annex 1 Meteorological and Hydrological Study rvdL4 Annex 2 Geological and Geotechnical Investigations VOL 4 Annex 3 Hydro-geological Study VOL 5 Annex 4 Soil Survey VOL 5 Annex 5 Land Evaluation VOL 6 Annex 6 Socio Economic Study VOL 6 Annex 7 Settlement Study VOL 7 Annex 8 Irrigation Agronomy VOL 7 Annex 9 Farm Mechanisation VOL 7 Annex 10 AgriculturarMarketing VOL 8 Annex 11 Livestock Study VOL 9 Annex 12 Environmental Impact Assessment VOL 9 Annex 13 Watershed Management VOL 10 Annex 14 Institutional Dev. VOL 11 Annex 15 Financial & Economic Analysis WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportM m ta to hi I 1 II II IFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation P£Qject VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ANNEXURES ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS- 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SECURITY STATUS 1.2 GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL AND REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES- 1.2.1 National Agricultural Policies 1.2.2. Regional Agricultural Programs.........................................................................................................- 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.3.1 General Objective.................................................................................................................... - 1.3.2 Specific Objectives 1.4. BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT..................................................................................................................... - 1.5 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES4 1.5.1 Study by WRDA, FAO and UNDP (1992)5 1.5.2 Study by WAPCOS (1990)5 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................-............................. — 6 1.7 APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGY7 1.8 SOIL, CLIMATE AND LAND USE................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.8.1 Soils--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.8.2 Land use 1.8.3 Climate 1.8.3.1 Temperature 1 8.3.2 Relative Humidity 1.8.3.3 Wind Speed 1.8.3.4 Sunshine Hour 1.8.3.5 Rainfall 1.8.3.6 Reference Evapo-Transpiration (ETo) 2. CROP PRODUCTION 8 9 10 12 ............................ 12 2.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CROPS13 2.2.1 Notional status13 2.2.2 Oromiyo Regional Status23 2.2.3 Production Status in Project Command Woredas13 2.3. EXISTING STATUS OF FARMING SYSTEM14 2.3.1 Crop yields28 2.3.2. Size of holdings28 2.4. CULTURAL PRACTICES.............................................................................................................. .......................................... 19 2.4.1 Land preparation29 2.4.2 Plonting29 2.4.3 Seed Rate and type29 2.4.4 Fertilizer application29 2.4.5 Crop protection20 2.4.6. Cropping Pattern and Crop Rotation20 2.4.7. Harvesting, Threshing and Cleaning21 2.4.8 Agricultural Extension ..................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.9 Credits21 2.4.10 Storage21 2.4.11 Agricultural Research Centers22 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 1Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation ProjectAgronomy Studies 3. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS23 3.1 MAJOR PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS23 3.1.1 Inadequate input supply23 3.1.2 Improved Varieties23 3.1.3 Quality Seed24 3.1.4 Fertilizers24 3.1.5 Agro- Chemicals25 3.1.6 Farm Implements25 3.1.7 Shortage of Draft Power.25 3.1.8 Problem of Drainage25 3.1.9 Natural Hazards26 3.1.10 Poorly Developed Research-Extension linkage26 3.1.11 Inadequate Extension Service26 3.1.12 Poor Marketing System and Low Market Price for Produce27 3.1.13 Poor or Inadequate Rural Credit27 VOL 7- ANNEX 8 3.1.14 Health Problem. -.................................................................................................................................................27 3.2 PRODUCTIONS POTENTIALS28 4. PROPOSED CROPS AND CROPPING SYSTEMS30 4.1. INTRODUCTION30 4.2 CROPPING SYSTEMS30 4.3 CROP PLANNING32 4.4. EXISTING STATUS OF FARMING SYSTEM33 4.5. LAND USE AND SOILS34 4.6. GOVERNMENT POLICY TOWARDS AGRICULTURE34 4.7. CRITERIA FOR CROP SELECTION35 4.8. CLIMATE OF THE PROJECT COMMAND35 4.9. RESPONSE OF CROPS TO IRRIGATION................................................................................................................... 36 4.10. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS36 4.11. MARKETABILITY OF CROPS36 4.11.1 Cereals36 4.11.2 Pulses37 4.11.3 Oilseeds37 4.11.4 Fruits and Vegetables37 4.11.5 Fodder Crops and Cultivated Grasses38 4.11.6 Coffee39 4.12. EXISTING MAJOR CROPS OF PROJECT COMMAND AREA39 4.13 PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN AND CROP CALENDAR39 5. CROP WATER REQUIRMENT42 5.1 INTRODUCTION42 5.2 PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION42 5.2.1 Calculation of Reference Evopotronspiration (ETo)42 5.2.2 Selection of values for crop coefficient:43 5.2.3 Effect of agricultural practice and local conditions43 5.3 SOURCES OF CLIMATIC DATA43 5.4 Estimation of ETO and Crop Water Requirements43 5.5 Cropping Pattern44 6. CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES51 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 RICE (Oryza sativa) Local name: RUZ 6.3 MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) Local name: 'Bekolo1 6.4 WHEAT (TRITICUM SPP.) Location Name: ‘Sinde’ 6.5 CHICKPEAS (CICER ARIETINUM L) Local name ’Shimbra**.ZZ*Z* WWDSE In Association with ICT 75 Final Feasibi|ity Study Report iiFodcral Democratic Ropubllc of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 6.6 Haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)—• 6.7 Black cumin / Nigella sativa) 6.8 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 6.9 Onion (Allium Cepa)...........................................................................................................................................................91 6.10 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)95 6.11 NAPIER GRASS (PENNISTUM PURPUREUM)99 6.12 CORIANDER (CORIANDRUM SATIVUM)-.................................................................................................................. 102 7. IMPROVEMENT OF GRASSLANDSHI 7.1 Protection from grazing....................................................................................................... --Ill 7.2 Bush cleaningIll 7.3 ReseedingIll 7.4 Fertiuzer application112 7.5 Grazing Management112 7.6 Silvopastoral management113 7.7 IRRIGATION METHOD RECOMMENDATION7............................................................................................................. 114 8. POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY AND STORAGE 8.1 INTRODUCTION115 8.2. Post Harvest Losses115 8.3. Post harvest Operation and Value addition115 115 8.3.1 Unit operations~................................................................................................................................................... 116 8.4 POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY117 8.4.1 Rice or Paddy117 8.4.2 Wheat 8.4.3 Maize 8.4.4. Pulses 8.4.5 Oil Seeds~....................... 118 8.4.6 Fruits and Vegetables.............................................................................................................................................119 9. COST OF CULTIVATION OF PRINCIPAL CROPS 10. CONCLUSIONS REFERENCE WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources ^j^j^W^Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Land Use of Goro Wereda..................... ............... _......................................................................................... 9 Table 1.2: Summary of meteorological characteristic of project area. ( Goro Station )..................................... 11 Table 2.1: Area (ha) and production (qt) of Goro wereda for the Bale Gadula Command area in the year 2008..................................................................................................................................... 15 Table 2.2: Area (ha) and production (qt) of Sinana wereda for the Bale.................................................................. 16 Table 2.3: Area(ha), production(qt) and yield (qt/ha) of kebeles of the command area...........................................17 Table 2.4: Holding size of the farmers in project area................................................................................................ 18 Table 2.5: Present status of weeds, insect pests and diseases...................................................................................20 Table 5.1: Proposed projected outputs of crops under irrigated farming.............................................................. 45 Table 5.2: Cropping Pattern and Crop Calendar for Bale Gadula irrigation.......................................................... 46 Table 53: Cropping patterns for Bale Gadula irrigation project during belg.......... .............................................. 47 Table 5.4: Cropping pattern for Bale Gadula irrigation project during main (Genna ) season (September - December).. ........... ........ -................... —.......................................................................................................... 48 Table 5.5: Chopping patterns tor Bait Gadula irrigation projcct during bclg (Arfasa) season. / March - June/........... .. .......... .........................................................................................................................49 Table 5.6: Proposed projected outputs of crops under irrigated farming............................................................... 50 Table 6.1: Chemical control of various diseases and insects-pests........................................................................... 61 Table 6.2: Some pests and recommended pesticides........................................................................................................61 Table 6.3: Nutritive value of Napier grass on dry matter basis.................................................................................. 99 Table 6.4: Chemical coMPOsrnoN of coriander fruits................................................................................................. 104 Table 6.5: Yield (biomass an FRurr) of promising selections at Sinana during 2004................................................ 106 Table 6.6: Mean seed yield advantage of promising coriander selection................................................................. 106 Table 6.7: Some agronomic traits of promising coriander selection during 2004.................................................. 107 Table 7.1: Cultivated grasses and Legumes...................................................................................................................I14 - Table 7.2: List of multipurpose trees (MPTS)..............................................................................................-................... 114 LIST OF ANNEXURES ANNEXURE I: CALCULATIONS FOR CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS CROPS................................123 ANNEXURE II: CROP TYPE AND SEED RATE................................................................................................................. 139 ANNEXURE III: ESTIMATE OF AREA UNDER CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CROPS FOR PEASANT HOLDINGS IN ETHIOPIA (2003 - 04).................................................................. .. ............... 140 ANNEXURE IV: ESTIMATE OF AREA UNDER CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CROPS FOR PEASANT HOLDINGS IN OROMIYA REGION (2001 - 02).....................................................................141 ANNEXURE V: COST OF CULTIVATION OF WHEAT UNDER RAIN FED CONDITION................................................. 142 ANNEXURE VI:..................................................................................................................................................................... 153 ivFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADLI Agricultural Development Led Indistrialization CSA Central stastical authority DA Development Agents DAP Diamonium Super Phosphate EC Ethiopian Calender ETC Evapo-transpiration Crop ETo Referemnce Evapo-transpiration FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product Gv Granulosis Virus IPR Intelectual Property Rights Kc Crop Coefficient Mm millimetres NPV Nuclear Ployhedrosis Virus oC degree Centigrade ONRS Oromiya National Regional state Qt/ha Quintal per hactare WAPCOS Water and Power Consyltancy Servuces WRDA Water Resources Development Authority WTO World Trade Organization UNDP United Nations Development Program WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report Vw 91 M M II h II t H i ^8Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SECURITY STATUS Agriculture in Ethiopia is to overcome several challenging situations to achieve success to steer the country out of imports-based food security to the position of self- reliance food security. The concern of food security has to be associated with due emphasis to be given to ensure agricultural sustainability and environmental stability. Food, nutrition and environmental security cannot be attained without an immediate check on the runaway population growth, which has a great implication on economic growth, food security, equity and rural welfare. The major cause of household and individual level food insecurity is the lack of minimum purchasing power essential for economic access to balanced diet. The famine of jobs or lively hood opportunities leads to the famine of food at house hold level, thus emphasizing the need that the development strategies lead to the job oriented economic growth. To achieve the goal, the agricultural research institutions and agricultural development organizations, both in government and non-government sectors have to work together in an integrated manner to achieve the triple goals of “more food” “more income” and more jobs. To keep pace with rapid rate of population growth, the country need to produce or import extra quantity of food grains annually, besides significant enhancement in the production of horticultural crops products. This has to be accomplished in the present scenario of declining total factor productivity growth, shrinking arable land and holding size, depleting natural resource base, increasing biotic and a biotic stresses and an out dated knowledge transfer system. Availability of water and energy at present remains a constraint. The slow growth of employment in agriculture and other sectors threatens the income base and food entitlement of poor. Health and education deficiencies, female illiteracy and gender inequities, and growing feminization further restrict both income and employment opportunities. Declining capital investment, resource availability, constraint the development of physical and social infrastructure particularly, in rural sector. Domestic market imperfections, price volatility, food quality and safety and WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies phythosanitary concerns are critical. The World Trade Organization (WTO) and energy, Intellectual Properly Rights (IPR) regimes affect the free flow of advanced technology and knowledge. The globalization of markets will influence domestic production, employment and price stability. The country’s trade prospects would hinge on such factors as price competitiveness, quality and consistency of supply. 1.2 GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL AND REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES 1.2.1 National Agricultural Policies The Federal governments of Ethiopia have initiated and introduced a number of reforms aimed at transforming the previously centralized economic policy to new and free marketing economy. The agricultural strategy currently in use, was formulated based on characterizing of agricultural sectors and outlining the major issues and constraints, hindering the production and productivity of the sector in the country. The strategy formulated is called “Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI)" the main objectives of the strategy are: • Improving quality of life of rural people, • Increasing production of food supply in order to feed not only the population of the sector but also the population of other sectors, • Increase and diversify the production of raw materials for industry, • Increase and diversify the production for export and • To make agriculture the driving force for economic development. The objectives have been aimed to be met through the improvement of productivity of smallholder farming and commercial extensive and intensive agricultural development. 1.2.2. Regional Agricultural Programs Oromiya National Regional State (ONRS) has also adopted the federal agricultural development strategy and formulated the same depending on the resource, social and political condition of the region for a period of five years. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources : ^ljty Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.3.1 General Objective The general objective of the study of the Bale Gadula Irrigation Project command area is to examine various aspects of the area in relation to irrigated agriculture and recommend as per situation, to have precision, scientific and intensive agriculture for profitable farming proposition to the farmers. This would be bringing sustainable development in the area by utilization of available Weyeb river water proposed to be made available through the irrigation project. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives The specific objective of the study is mainly to make an assessment of constraints and potential of development of the command area and propose measures to upgrade the system of management and produce feasibility level profile for further action. The main aspects of the study would include: • Studying and suggesting most suitable crops and cropping pattern as per the prevailing climate, soil, available water resource, socio - economic condition, government policy etc. in the command area. • Proper balancing and diversification of the agriculture development by including cereals, pulses, oil seeds, commercial/cash crops, vegetables & fruits, fodder crops etc. to meet the need of the growers and achieving government's goal of self sufficiency in food and promoting export. • Assessing crop water requirement and irrigation need of the suggested crops and cropping pattern in the command area and recommending strategy for the optimum utilization of land and water resources. • Investigating the present farming system, including socio - economic condition, crops being grown, time, methodology, cultural operations, use of inputs like high yielding varieties of crops, manures and fertilizers, pesticides, harvesting & threshing, storage etc. • Assessing availability of farmers services support for the present like channels of input supply, credit, farm machinery modern technology, and including training facility etc. and future need and action recommended. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 3Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies • Evaluating availability of the post harvesting facility at present like processing, storage, agro — industries, marketing etc. and suggesting necessary information for establishing agriculture produce, value addition and economic disposal. • Estimating benefits from irrigated farming in terms of yield, cost of production, gross and net return and recommending measures for achieving better returns and creating sustainable environment in the irrigated farming system. 1.4 BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT Bale Gadula irrigation project is one of the projects, proposed to be considered in Weyebe river basin in Oromya National Region State covering only one woreda namely Goro in Bale zone. On the basis of irrigation potential indicated by various internal and external agencies and policy of Ethiopian Federal government on food security, it has been planned to develop irrigated agriculture in Bale Gadula command area using Weyebe.-river as source of water to increase the yields of field and horticultural crops and other related enterprises in Goro Woreda of Bale zone. The farming system is totally settled and mixed agricultural system. The gross command area is estimated to be about 6150 ha. and net irrigated area will be 5150 ha.. The net command area totally situated at the left bank of Weyebe River. It is located in Goro wereda. The lower reach of potential irrigable area is situated along the Weyebe River adjacent to Goro town. The middle part of the command area is crossed by a dry weather road from Goro. Nearly all parts of the command area can be accessed through Goro town. The weir site is located in Bale Anolie Kebele of the same wereda. 1.5 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES The Ethiopian economy is dominated by small holders and their subsistence agriculture, which account for 46 percent of GDP and 85 percent of employment. Since agriculture is one of the most important sectors of economic development of country, all future trend of development of this sector would be guided by the WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies efficiency of management of this sector along with other relevant resources. In this context, in the past several studies, both by external and internal agencies have been conducted in the country. Some of the studies conducted by external agencies have been reviewed and their relevant findings are given. 1.5.1 Study by WRDA, FAO and UNDP (1992) The WRDA, FAO and UNDP (1992) conducted a preliminary level study of land and water resource of Bale Gadula area 1992. The report gives detailed accounts of the development plan of land and water resources of the area for enhancement of area under irrigation and introduction of improved production technologies to replace the existing fanning practices. According to this study the farming in Bale Gadula Project command is at rudimentary stage and at subsistence level. Poor rain condition and day time temperature, insect-pests and other factors have adverse effect on farming in this area. This report has generally not provided in depth details of land potentiality and water potential for agriculture specifically for the proposed command area, but attempted to give the description of crops and their suitability. Although, according to the above study farming in Bale Gadula was practically non-existent. Under such circumstances the study could not provide specific details for the development of agriculture in the command except that the soil appears to be fertile and suitable for cultivation. 1.5.2 Study by WAPCOS (1990) Water and power consultancy services (India) limited (WAPCOS), during 1988- 1990 in collaboration with Ethiopia Valleys Development studies Authority carried out the studies of all 14 river basins of Ethiopia based on the secondary data without collection of the actual field level data. On the basis of reconnaissance level study, they prepared the preliminary water Resources development Master Plan for the country. This plan indicated water resources potential and utilization for the next 50years covering various aspects of agriculture under irrigated and rain fed agro-ecosystems and other water use areas. They also made efforts to delineate the agro-eco-regions of the country, land use pattern, soil characteristics, land use capabilities and discussed their significance for agricultural production and land use planning. The study also highlighted the WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 5Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies cropping plans and crop calendar for the project command as a general guideline. The study related to agronomy discussed the characteristics of traditional agro- climatic zones and ecological zones on the basis of interrelated physical, a biotic and biotic parameters and indicated the length of crop growing period, the cropping systems at various altitudes and temperature regimes. The details of major vegetation types for different soils have also been mentioned but they are not specific to the command area. The study has also divided the country into 7 thermal zones from the crop production point of view particularly under irrigated production systems. These are based on the altitudes and temperature regimes for a particular altitude along with the crops as per their adaptability for the entire country. The general guidelines for crop selection criteria pertaining to the climate and soils have been discussed along with crop production practices in the country as a whole with a brief review of livestock management under mixed farming system. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The overall program of the project in the project command and watershed area is to integrate the agricultural production with its various facets namely crop, livestock, horticulture, fisheries, forestry etc. keeping in view the climatic and soil parameters in the existing socio-economic conditions both under rain-fed and irrigated agro-ecosystem. While making the appropriate agricultural plan for project command and water shed, the overarching concerns would be of nutritional and livelihood security, poverty alleviation, gender equity, ecology and environment, and competitiveness in terms of cost and quality. This will include the following broad aspects: • Study of existing farming systems and agricultural development pattern of project command area in association with socio-economic situations. • Selection of most suitable crops, fruits, vegetable, etc. and their most appropriate integration with suitable economic return for different size of irrigated farm holdings. • System approach having economically dynamic and efficient cropping pattern involving selected food and cash crops and other enterprises WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies appropriate under the prevailing climate, soils and added irrigation conditions. • Identification of most appropriate agro-techniques and input support services for the farmers for increased farm productivity. • Need assessment and introduction of improved post harvest technologies and value addition. 1.7 APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGY Comprehensive questionnaires including all required parameters of faming and house holds were developed and administered to the farmers of the selected kebeles of command area. After the collection of this information for the command area, the same have been analyzed and critically evaluated for the development of agricultural plans as per the objectives listed above. The secondary data have already been collected from government offices of woredas responsible for the development of area and used in the preparation of the plan. The details of existing status of farming have been given in subsequent pages of the report. This has helped in obtaining the information on crops, varieties being grown, the existing potential both under rain fed and available irrigated production system. This will further include the study of current farming system, crop rotation and cropping intensity, the status of agricultural support services, strength and weaknesses of present research-extension-farmers’ linkages including its impact on technology generation, assessment, refinement, dissemination and adoption. The study also included the type-and number of crops being grown, their socio economic importance and marketability to decide on the future crops to be included in the selected cropping plans in the light of country's need. Efforts have been made to select the crops and cropping pattern with appropriate varieties that may be adaptable to the present soil, climatic, socio-economic situation of the project command and are responsive to irrigation water and other production inputs giving high and sustainable yield. The crop budget and yield projections of the system have been worked out taking important crops. The water requirement of duly selected crops and cropping pattern has also been worked out following standard scientific procedures suggested by FAO, l&D paper WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies No.56 and the software - 4 version 4.3. The important agricultural constraints have been studied and analyzed to formulate suitable development strategies including rural based agro-industries. Based on the above the suitable integrated and sustainable system for production has been suggested. 1.8 SOIL, CLIMATE AND LAND USE 1.8.1 Soils Soil types and their physical, chemical and biological properties greatly influence the crops and their performance. Some of the physical properties that affect the crop growth are soil depth organic matter content, texture, structure, infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, and available soil moisture and soil strength. The chemical and biological properties are equally or sometimes more important to determine the quality and sources of nutrients to be used for high yields. The details of soil physical and chemical properties of Bale Gadula irrigation project command area has been analyzed for its structural and textural characteristics. The summarized texture class recorded is medium to fine however clay texture was found the most dominant. From the total samples of the pH records alkaline characteristics was found the dominant with the value of 8.30. The average OM obtained is 3 40 % with the highest record of11.99 % while the organic carbon is 1.98 % with the maximum record of 6.97 %.The Nitrogen content record has been shown 0.19 % with the maximum of 0.69 %.The available phosphorus average data given was 7.68 mg I P O / kg of soil and 3.38 ppm. 25 1.8.2 Land use Land is one of the most essential natural resources, which is non-renewable. It supports life in all forms through various production systems and provides a social environment in terms of shelter, roads and other facilities. The land has several constraints like it cannot be enlarged to meet the growing needs. It is subjected to various types of degradation like erosion, salinization, water logging, creation of WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 8Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies ravines and gullies etc. Therefore, utmost efforts should be made to manage the existing land resources as efficiently as possible. The present land use of Goro woreda is presented in Tablei. The average cultivable land occupies 33% of the total area of all woreda followed by uncultivable land (17.9%), cultivated land (18%) and grassland (11.5%). The other land uses are forest and woodland (16.4%), land occupied by buildings and settlement (3.3%) and swampy or water logged was not given. Woreda wise details have been given in the above table. The project command area is sparsely populated with very low cropping intensity of about 25%. Table 1.1: Land Use of Goro Wereda .No Item Area , ha Percent Total 242105 100 Cultivable Land 79916 33 Cultivated Land 43448 18 Annual Crop 43448 18 Natural Pasture 27723 11.5 Forest and Bush 39804 16.4 Marginal Land 43403 17.9 Others 7989 3.3 Source : Goro Wereda Agriculture and Rural Development, 2009. 1.8.3Climate Distribution of crops, their production and seasons of cropping are influenced by climatic factor such as temperature and rainfall to a much greater degree than other environmental factors. The crops differ in their response to day and night temperatures and humidity etc. and react differently to the change of levels of these factors. Soil factors such as texture, structure, depth and topography affect the moisture storage capacity of soil influencing crop growth and the crop production in command will be largely controlled by climate and soil interaction. The summary of the meterological characteristics of the project command area are given in table 1.2. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 9Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 1.8.3.1 Temperature VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Mean monthly Maximum temperature in project area varies from 23.65 °C in October to 25.78 °C in March. The average minimum temperature varies from 14.08 °C in August to 15.72 °C in March. Air temperature regulates the growth and development of many plants by regulating the rate of biochemical processes. The growth of many crops ceases below a critical temperature of 5°C or above 35°C adversely affecting the yield. The monthly mean temperature for maximum and minimum are given in Table 1.2. 1.8.3.2 Relative Humidity The mean monthly relative humidity (RH) in project area varies from 74.00 %in June to 51.88% in February. The perusal of monthly minimum and maximum relative humidity showed that it was generally, lowest in February and the highest in June. The relative humidity influences the evaporation, disease prevalence, ripening and maturity of crops. 1.8.3.3 Wind Speed The average wind speed (m/sec) varies from 1.63 in November to 2.57 in July. The wind speed taken at 02-meter height will be influencing the evaporation and evapo-transpiration. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 1.2: Summary of meteorological characteristic of project area. ( Goro Station ) I Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monthly Mean Temperature In °C Average Min 14.45 15.22 15.72 15.05 14.98 14.27 14.19 14.08 14.51 14.65 14.29 14.15 Max 24.99 25.96 25.78 24.48 24.33 24.21 24.06 24.82 25.45 23.65 23.82 24.32 Relative humidity (%) Average 54,88 51.88 57.46 72.42 73.04 74.00 I 72.25 69.22 66.49 69.44 64.42 61.06 Wind speed (m/s) Average I 1.74 1.89 1.93 T 1.95 1.75 2.23 257 2.53 2.18 1.68 1.63 1.69 Sunshine hours (hrs/day) Average 7.60 J 845 7.80 6.85 8.26 8.11 6.87 6.95 6.55 6.42 | 7.55 8.40 Rainfall mm) ' Average 15 21 111 137 135 46 12 32 112 77 Estimated reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) Monthly 127.6 131.8 146.2 123.8 129.1 123.6 125.4 133.6 128.8 117.5 114.8 122.2 Daily 4.11 4.71 4.72 4.13 4.17 4.12 4.04 4.31 4.29 3.79 3.83 3.94 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 1.8.3.4 Sunshine Hour The mean monthly sunshine hours in project area varies from 6.42 hours /day in October to 8.45 hours/day in February. This is also expressed or calculated in terms of radiation. The radiation and temperature affect the photosynthetic efficiency of crops, consequently the dry matter accumulation and yield. In general the sunshine hours are favorable for crop production mainly the cereals and sugar crops. 1.8.3.5 Rainfall The average annual rainfall recorded was 60.33 mm with minimum of 5mm and maximum of 137 mm. The average monthly rainfall varied from 5mm in December to 137mm in April. This pattern of rainfall indicates the possibilities of marginal rain fed crop production from June to September/October supported with need-based irrigation for intensive cropping. The details of rainfall for this area are given in Table 1.2. 1.8.3.6 Reference Evapo-Transpiration (ETo) The monthly estimated reference Evapo-transpiration (ETo) varies from 114.8 mm in November to 146.17 mm in March. The daily (ETo) values range from 3.79 mm in October to 4.72 mm in March. The mean daily (ETo) and mean monthly (ETo) Are given in table 1.2. These parameters would help in selection of rain fed and irrigated crops in the respective production system and aid in the computation of crop water requirements. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 12Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources ^Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2. CROP PRODUCTION 2.1 INTRODUCTION The existing status of crop production, cropping system and farming system scenario of Bale Gadula irrigation command was studied through a comprehensive questionnaire consisting of all production parameters. These questionnaires were completed by personal contact and through kebeles of the selected woredas for collection of primary data. The secondary data on land use, area and production of crops along with inputs distribution were also collected from agricultural and rural development offices of woredas and Bale zone under which the present irrigation project falls. 2.2 PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CROPS 2.2.1 National status The national status of crop productivity has been studied for the year 2003-04 and given at Annexure II. During this period, the total production of cereal was estimated as 92645,43 thousand quintals with average yield of 11.91q/ha and oilseeds 3128.62 thousand quintals with mean yields of 5.40 q/ha. The total yield of the above three groups of crops was estimated to 10.60 million tons. 2.2.2 Oromiya Regional Status According to the Ethiopian agricultural sample enumeration result for Oromiya (CSA 2003) the total area under various cereals, pulses and oil seed crops in Oromiya region is 3880.33 thousand hectares producing 50,092.03 thousand quintal with average productivity of 12.91 qt/ha. The area under cereals is estimated to be 3267170 hectares producing 45245700 quintal with average yield of 13.85 q/ha. The production under oilseeds and pulses is estimated to be 351610 and 3894730 quintals respectively with total area of 201820 and 411340ha. The productivity of oilseeds is 4.72 and pulses 9.47 q/ha. 2.2.3 Production Status in Project Command Woredas The crops being grown and their area, production and productivity have been given in table 2.1 From the table it is quite evident that the yield of maize per WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 13Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Oeslgn of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies hectare (13.3qt/ha) is lower than the average yield recorded at the national level and it is lower than the yield obtained at regional level. The total hectare under wheat is the highest followed by tef and barley. Rice has not been introduced in Goro woreda. The area and production for some of the crops and commodities under project command are not available, though they are being grown; hence the table contains the list of such crops also. The trend of crop production of the individual farmer in their holding for the last 5 years has shown an increasing trend as have been indicated by 93% of the sample farmers during the interview. The food production of last year was insufficient by 59 % of the families interviewed during the survey. The major reason recorded was bad weather condition of the season and shortage of inputs. The actions taken to fill the food shortage gap are: labor sales of the family members, sale of livestock, remittance from other people, aid from government and NGOs borrowing and sales of forest products, out of the sales of live stocks is the first. The data generated have also revealed the requirements of food crops per a farmer HH per annum. Hence, the maximum requirement being 75qt where as the minimum is 6qt while the average is 23qts per farmer house hold. 2.3. EXISTING STATUS OF FARMING SYSTEM Several natural factors influence the farming system of the project command area. Among these the altitude, soil and climatic parameters are the major factors. The rain fed crop cultivation integrated with live stock rearing is the principal farming system in most part of the project command. The project command is sparsely populated with a few small holders; hence major portion of land is yet to be cultivated. However, on the basis of the statistics available from the related woreda, the presently cultivated area is under wheat (32%), followed by black cumin (21.7%) and tef (10%) as given in in table 2.1. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Reporte ECderu-,.’? ™ocratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Xg^D»j»ty Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 2.1: Area (ha) and production (qt) of Goro wereda area in the year 2008. WOREDA Goro /Main Season No Crop type Goro / Belg Season Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield 1 Maize — — — 485 2 6732 13.9 Sorghum — — — 224 322 1.4 3 Tef 2239 4925o 22.0 2218 46658 21.0 4 Barley 2412 84420 35 2390 55248 23.1 5 Wheat 7352 225592 30.7 6729 204180 30.3 6 Emmer Wheat 164 5740 35.0 268 5754 21.5 8 Lentil 421 6836 16.1 189 1363 7.2 9 Horse bean 764 15152 19.8 410 6929 16.9 10 Field pea 610 12100 19.8 402 4108 10.2 11 Chickpea 570 10830 19.0 539 4918 9.1 12 Haricot bean 79 1580 20.0 92 922 10.1 13 Noug 204 3060 15.0 159 1780 11.2 15 Linseed 225 3825 15.0 — — — 18 Garlic 3 105 35.0 5 20 4 20 Potato 16 720 45 16 880 55 21 Tomato 7 700 100 7 90 12.9 24 Onion 9 720 79.1 9 98 10.8 25 Black cumin 5126 61512 12.0 3829 39980 10.4 26 Fenugreek 18481 28660 15.0 1360 10914 8.0 27 Coriander 1452 36300 25 518 6660 12.9 Total This information is based on Woreda expert documents. The woreda has got many mechanized farms, large land hioldings, small holding, no irrigation, some irrigation etc. These fihures are not for rainfed, unmechanoised farming and not to be used in crop budget calculations. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report )5Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 2.2: Area (ha) and production (qt) of Sinana wereda in the year 2008. Sinana /Main Season No. Crop Area Prod Yield 1 Maize 2 Sorghum 3 Tef 132 1584 12 4 Barley 12627 340929 27 5 Wheat 37895 1364220 36 6 Emmer Wheat 8 Lentil 54 324 6 9 Horse bean 453 5889 13 10 Field pea 1085 11935 11 11 Chickpea 12 Haricot bean 13 Noug 15 Linseed 1794 12518 7 18 Garlic 20 Potato 136 27.2 200 21 Tomato 24- -Onion 78.5 3689.5 47 25 Black cumin 26 Fenugreek 27 Coriander Total - WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 16Fodoral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Wator Resources Feasibility Study and Dotall Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Projoct VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studios WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 17Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Mixed Farming System, the farmers are generally rearing livestock mainly cattle along with the crop cultivation. Some of the farmers have sheep and apiculture. The grazing areas are about 11.5% but existing grasses are of poor nutritional value in the absence of any legume. The land preparation is carried out by bullock drawn local plough (maresha) and manually operated hand tools. The frequency of ploughing depends on the type of crop to be grown, its seed size and intensity of weed infestation. Generally farmers are growing crops on both during wet and belg seasons; hence the double-cropping is predominant in the project command. The cropping intensity is very low. 2.3.1 Crop yields The average estimate of crop yields for project commands are given in Table 4. The yield of cereals varies from 35 to 22 q/ha, the lowest being sorghum and the highest is emmer wheat. The yields of pulses range from 20.1 to 7.2 q/ha and oilseeds 15.0 to 10.1 q/ha. The yields of vegetables and root crops are between 100 and 4 quintals per hectare, which is very low. Such status of low yields indicates the poor levels of input use and application of farm technologies. 2.3.2. Size of holdings On the basis of data collected from a small random sample of 98 farm holdings in the project command, the size of holdings varies from 0.5 to above 3.1 ha. The details have been indicated in Table 2.4. Table 2.4’. Holding size of the farmers in project area Holding size ( ha) No. of farmers 0.6-1.0 Percentage 4 5 1.1-2.0 25 25 2.1-3.0 60 60 3.land above 9 10 Total 98 100 Source: Reconnaissance study 2006 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula irrigation Project 2.4. CULTURAL PRACTICES 2.4.1 Land preparation VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Land preparation is accomplished by using local wooden plough drawn by a pair of bullock or by digging with the help of indigenous tools. The plough is locally called “maresha". The number of ploughing depends on the intensity of weed infestation, crops to be sown and size of the seed of the crops. Small seeds require good soil tilth for proper germination. Oxen power is the source of power for ploughing and average is aboput one ox/house hold. 2.4.2 Planting The planting involves the time, date and methods. Most of existing crops, except chickpea and potato, are planted during wet season starting from May in Bale Gadula irrigation command woredas under rain fed production system. Chickpea requiring less water may be sown in September. Potato is planted as rain fed as well as irrigated crop twice in a year. Common method of planting for field crops is broadcasting of seed followed by light mixing. 2.4.3 Seed Rate and type The project area farmers are mostly using the seed from their own previous year crop produced, hence, germination remains poor. This is required to be compensated by using high seed rate to get near optimum plant population. As per the information received from woreda, a small number of farmers of the zone used improved seed The types of seeds used by the farmers of the area was 62.2% of the farmers were used the local varieties retained by them from the last cropping season. No farmer has been utilized the improved varieties alone. However, about 33.7% of the farmers were used in combination of local and improved varieties. 2.4.4 Fertilizer application The farmers are using only Urea and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus respectively. No specific data is available on the WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 19Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies quantity of fertilizers being used by the farmers of the project command. However, the information available from Goro woreda indicate that during 2000 E.C in Goro 3253 quintal DAP and 1677 quintal urea were supplied to the farmers. To maintain the soil fertility, the farmers are generally using the cow dung, crop rotation and system of intercropping. A few farmers growing vegetables are using small quantity (50-100 kg/ha) urea and DAP with irrigation through local waterways. 2.4.5 Crop protection General information on the incidence of insect-pests and diseases for the zone is available for different crops along with plant protection measures. The extent of losses crop- and their thresh holds values are important for planning the control measures at economic level. Similar is the status of weed infestation both in rain fed and irrigated crops and grazing lands. The present status of common insect pests, disease and weeds are given in table 2.5. Farmers do not follow any chemical control measures but they do uproot the weeds from the crops like maize, sorghum, tef etc. Table 2.5: Present status of weeds, insect pests and diseases —=-. Type of crop Weeds Insect-pests Diseases Maize, sorghum and tef Sorghum helpense , Lantana camara Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus spp, Amaranthus spp. Digitaria spp. Striga & ■ Plantago Stock borer Termites, Grass hoppers, Weevils Leaf blight, Root rot, Rust, Covered smut Sesame and pepper Same as above Bollworms Root rot, Rust Powdery mildew Source: Reconnaissance level study (2006) 2.4.6. Cropping Pattern and Crop Rotation In project command, there is common practice of mono cropping and intercropping under rain fed production system. Under irrigated production system, a few farmers are growing 2 crops on a small part of their holdings. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources L£j^!2!l!l^^dy a2d DetallJ)esign of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 2.4.7. Harvesting, Threshing and Cleaning VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies The crops are harvested at maturity by family labors on small farm holdings and by employing laborer at larger holdings. The crops are harvested between September to December depending on their duration and varieties. The main tool being used for harvesting is locally made sickles. Threshing floors are specifically prepared for threshing the crops either by beating with the sticks or taking the help of oxen for trampling to separate the grain from straw or stalk depending on the crop type. After removal of straw or the grains are being separated from chaff and dust by winnowing with the help of wind. 2.4.8 Agricultural Extension The crop yields have remained low due to several problems, among which the low level to technologies utilized by the farmers as a result of poor agriculture support services is the major. Currently existing support services are inadequate to alleviate the problem of small holders. The agricultural extension services are one of them. The number of Development Centers, Development Agents and the centers having no Development Agents are of greater importance. The status of development centers having development agents are given for the project command area. DAs are the main extension workers to carry the technological messages to the farmers if regular programs of capacity building at zonal and woreda levels adequately equip them. 2.4.9 Credits On the basis of house hold survey data, it has been observed that only 30 percent of farmers availed the credit facilities, the remaining 70 percent did not get the benefit of credit facilities due to various reasons beyond their control. The farmers, who availed the credit, used the same for purchase of fertilizers and other important inputs. The source this credit are government, private and cooperative. 2.4.10 Storage The common types of storage facility available for the farmers in the project command an area is made of wood and grass "Gotera" and constructed both in and outdoors while in highlands of it is made of mud and grass. The structure is WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 21Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies cylindrical in shape and its height ranges from 1.5 to 2 meters. The capacity of these varies from 5-8 quintals. As per the report received from the farmers, there is considerable loss of grain due to rodents, weevil infestation and theft from these stores. There is no improved storage facility available even at retailer and whole sellers' level due to short period storage needs. The total post harvest losses including storage varies from 30 to 35%. Thus, the traditional storage being used by farmers and traders have made significant contribution towards the loss of produce. This may also be due to lack of extension towards construction of proper and scientific storage and lack of credit facility for their construction. 2.4.11 Agricultural Research Centers There is one major research centers in the vicinity of project command area; Sinana research center. This research center is functioning independently in the Oromiya region, which is mandated for research on cereals, pulse oil seeds and vegetables around the project command. The scientific staff strength of the center is reasonable. The Bale Gadula irrigation project command is sparsely populated with about 15 to 20% cropping intensity. The main cereal crops are wheat, barley, tef and maize. The agriculture is at subsistence level coupled with nomadic characteristics. The yields are very low due to dearth of improved technologies and other production inputs like seed, fertilizers, agro-chemicals, credits etc. but there is tremendous scope for agricultural improvement with proper diversification and selection of crops and their appropriate varieties for irrigated productfon system. Since there are several agricultural sub-center in the vicinity to generate appropriate technologies for this area there is an urgent need to establish a composite research cum demonstration center within the project command to support entire agricultural activities and the farmers of the area. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 22Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources J^easjtHHty Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 3. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS 3.1 MAJOR PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS Bale Gadula irrigation command is very thinly populated with a very low cropping intensity. A lot of potential land is still left uncultivated The crop production technologies are still very traditional though mixed farming system is common in the area. In crop production there is very limited introduction of modern inputs like fertilizer, improved crop varieties, quality seed and agro-chemicals. Moreover, different natural hazards such as recurrent drought condition, land degradation due to erosion and rapid deforestation, hail and frost damage, flood and drainage problem etc. have resulted in poor yield in both project command area. Though extensive area is not yet being used for agricultural activities due to low population the government is active to arrange the resettlement of more farmers by promoting the resettlement scheme to bring more land under cultivation. During socio-economic household survey, a number of production constraints have been identified. Out of these, the important ones are being presented below: 3.1.1 Inadequate input supply This includes the introduction of improved varieties, supply of quality seed of the varieties, fertilizers, agro-chemicals and improved tools and farm implements. 3.1.2 Improved Varieties The crop varieties being used by the farmers of the project command and catchment are mostly local varieties, also described as "land races" which have gone through a natural mutation process over time. They have now very low genetic potential to give good yield as compared to newly developed high yielding varieties from agricultural research stations. Today, more than 62.2 percent farmers within project command grow the local varieties, due to their very poor access to the seed of genetically superior varieties released for cultivation and have resistance to many biotic and a biotic factors. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 23Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 3.1.3 Quality Seed VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Seed is a basic input for crop production. The quality of seed has the most profound influence on crop yields. The farmers of project command have been using their own seed saved from the previous crops without having any idea of the viability and germ inability of such seeds. Thus, the field germination, seedling vigor and plant population are effected adversely resulting in poor productivity. They have no access to certified seed of genetically superior cultivars mainly due to limited seed multiplication programs, poor extension activities and high cost of such seeds. More number of farmers decide the type of crop to plant next year is by consulting the development agents and others followed market information this is 53 and 41% respectively. 3.1.4 Fertilizers Fertility of soil in project command area is good but being reduced slowly due to poor method of cultivation and continuous soil erosion. The farmers are using traditional method of soil fertility management practices like use of cow dung, crop rotation and inter cropping- which is inadequate to maintain the required fertility status for high production. Hence, the soil fertility depletion in small holders' farms is the fundamental biophysical limiting factor responsible for declining of food crop production. The only solution to alleviate this problem is the use of inorganic fertilizers but the farmers of the project command are either not using any fertilizer or use only less than desired quantity. The reasons for the low use of fertilizers are: • Lack of knowledge of the benefit of fertilizer use; • Inadequate distribution system including untimely and in sufficient supply. • Unfavorable relation between the prices of crop produce and fertilizer cost etc; • Acute shortage of agricultural credit and • Poor research, extension and training support to the farmers These have resulted to vary low level of fertilizer use by the farmers of the command area affecting the production capacity. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 24Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 3.1.5 Agro- Chemicals VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies During socio-economic survey the farmers indicated the high incidence of insect pests and diseases as one of the production constraints. This is due to inability of the farmers to recognize the pests and disease of crop and lack of knowledge regarding the control measures in addition to high cost and non-availability of insecticides at the closest reach of the farmers. The estimated crop loss due to insect-pests; diseases and rodents etc. is up to 40 percent. 3.1.6 Farm Implements Lack of use of farm implements and improved tools by the farmers have also contributed to the low level of productivity. The farmers of the project command are using only oxen-drawn wooden plough having very low capacity to plough the land properly. There are no improved farm implements so for distributed to farmers to improve the farming practices and minimize the high incidence of pre and post harvest crop losses. Though a few farm implements have been developed and recommended but they have not been adapted by the farmers due to higher traction power requirements than are generally available with the farmers, high cost and lack of awareness. Non- use of improved farm implements and tools has reduced the productivity due to improper field preparation, delay in farm operations and high infestation of weeds. 3.1.7 Shortage of Draft Power The farmers are required to have a pair of bullocks or oxen for ploughing their fields in the project command area but according to the household survey results at least one third of them do not have ox and another one fourth have only one ox. As such, many of them are using hand tools and prepare their land manually. This delays the planting and other farm operations resulting in poor yields. 3.1.8 Problem of Drainage Drainage problem is very common in many areas of project command having Vertisols. The major characteristics of such soil are rock hard when dry affecting the roots of the crops and very sticky when wet and have high water holding WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Studj, Report 25n I I I I Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project capacity. The productivity of such soils is low. drainage problem. 3.1.9 Natural Hazards Major natural hazards are erratic behavior of rainfall, hail storm, frost, drought and flood. In the project command itself there is variation in rainfall pattern from year to year and some part get flooded and some remains dry affecting the crop I productivity adversely. One can not tell or predict the rainfall since the met - station is very far from the command area. Under such situations there is need to I have drought tolerant and flood resistant crops and their appropriate varieties to get high production and productivity. I 3.1.10 Poorly Developed Research-Extension linkage I The constraints and problems of farmers need to be alleviated by dissemination of the latest production technologies developed by the research centers through a I strong and well coordinated system. Since, the research-extension linkages are still weak and disorganized; the farmers are not able to avaH the out come of the researches from the research centers pertaining to their various enterprises. Though there has been some improvement in this linkage due to new extension approach like Sasakawa Global (SG-2000) project but it still requires further strengthening to reach the technologies at the farmers door step. 3.1.11 Inadequate Extension Service In order to enhance productivity, a proven extension system needs to be developed for proper dissemination of these needs based input supported technologies. This requires more number of well trained and fully equipped Development Agents which is still inadequate. In general, the existing agricultural extension service in its expertise does not meet the present requirements for dissemination of proven technologies developed by the research system and requires intensive aim-directed special training. I WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 26F^dki-h^0? 31 0 * Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources = t||^ lb l l 'ty^Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 3.1.12 Poor Marketing System and Low Market Price for Produce In the area of marketing of agricultural produce, some problems have arisen from the smallness of size of holdings, low level of agricultural productivity, availability and affordability of farm inputs, low level of marketing support services including institutional credit and problem of land tenures. These have bearing on farm production and level of its marketable surplus. In general, the absences of incentive producer floor price for major crops, poor marketing conditions at primary markets, poor market information, poor transport and communication facilities which result into price fluctuation of agricultural produces are some of the identified problems in the marketing system particularly in the project command. 3.1.13 Poor or Inadequate Rural Credit The participation of commercial bank of Ethiopia (CBE) in giving credit to peasant sector for purchase of fertilizers, seeds, agro-chemicals etc. where agricultural and Industrial Bank’s (AIDB) services were inadequate, was introduced in 1986 Credit Policy. These two credit institutions are not able to serve the majority of small farmers adequately due to many reasons like limited number of branches of these credit institutions within the reach of the farmers of project command, exclusion of peasant association and service cooperatives from credit eligibility except for fertilizer credit. Thus, the absence of rural development bank or rural credit service at the reach of the fanners has hindered the farming community to utilize improved agricultural technologies and increase their farm production. 3.1.14 Health Problem Project command has widespread incidence of human diseases out of which the out break of malaria is the most prevalent disease affecting agricultural operations. The breeding and multiplication of mosquito are mostly during the season of peak labor requirements mostly in august and extends up to December. As a result high death is reported due to malaria diseases. During this period many farmers and farm labors get affected with this disease and remain confined to their homes hence the works related to farming suffer. Also, other than human disease livestock disease specially trypanosomiasis (disease caused by tse-tse WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 27Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies fly) seriously interfere in the farm activities particularly the land preparation resulting in reduced yields. 3.2 PRODUCTIONS POTENTIALS Bale Gadula project command, despite the number of agricultural production constraints, has fairly high potential that can be exploited through comprehensive integrated agricultural development program, sound and applicable rural credit system, well developed infrastructure etc. The existing farming systems being practiced in the project command is very traditional and leads to low level of out put. Through proper utilization of resources, particularly the water resources and by solving the other major agricultural constraints mentioned above, the current low level of production can be enhanced. The major potential areas requiring intervention are as mentioned below: • There is a good scope of development of agriculture under irrigated production system by exploiting the existing irrigation potential and utilizing the water available in Weyeb River. There is already indication-of enhanced productivity per unit area by using the small scale irrigation. However, the yields of crops are not as high as expected with irrigated farming at present. The reason for this is lack of know-how among the farmers, lack of staff of relevant supporting institutions, inadequate extension agent coverage and lack of institutional support, absence of proper agricultural inputs (seeds, varieties, fertilizers, improved farm implements etc), lack of credit facilities, under developed rural infrastructures etc. Thus to achieve good results and utilize the potential of the sector the irrigated agriculture is to be fully supported and the respective and relevant back up services must be strengthened specially related to extension and credit. • The Rain fed Agriculture in area of the project command can also produce more than one good crop in a year if proper soil and water conservation measures and early maturing genetically potential crop varieties are introduced. These may be supported with quality seed and need based fertilizer application. Supply constraints and financial limitations at farm level pose a considerable hindrance to the simultaneous adoption of a WWDSE In Association with ICT Final feasibility Study Report 28Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies comprehensive input package of fertilizers, improved varieties, quality seed and agro chemicals along with the adoption of improved package of production practices and soil moisture conservation. The increase in yield will solve the financial limitations and other constraints of small holders. To improve the productivity of small holdings, and to exploit the potential of the latest technologies and other inputs, the research extension linkage has to be made very strong, and the need based capacity building at all stages including the farmers is essential. • Diversification of cropping pattern is important in the project command both under irrigated and rain fed production system. There is good potential in the area to include cash and commercial crops along with the high value cereals, pulses and oil seeds. This may include coffee, fruits and vegetable crops, important cereals like rice and wheat, oilseeds like groundnut and sunflowers etc. The enhanced production of these may encourage the establishment of agro- industries in the area to benefit the people. . WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 29Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 4. PROPOSED CROPS AND CROPPING SYSTEMS 4.1. INTRODUCTION Soil, water, vegetation and climate are considered to be the most basic natural resources for agricultural growth and development, which are subjected to various kinds of deteriorating influences and indiscriminate exploitation. The same is true for Bale Gadula Irrigation Project command area. In this context, to meet the challenging demand of food and fiber for burgeoning human population, fodder for animals and industrial raw materials for agro-based industries, efficient management of natural resources will continue to play a pivotal role in crop production activity. Since agricultural development with positive growth cannot subsist on deteriorating natural resource base, it will be imperative to consider the proper planning of agricultural production for their conservation and positive improvement for future sustenance. This is possible mainly by the development and use of eco-friendly, resource-use-efficient agro technologies for attaining the production goals while ensuring sustainable use of natural resources and high efficiency of inputs. Besides other production inputs like seed, improved varieties, fertilizers, chemicals etc. the introduction of adequate irrigation water, one of the most important crop production inputs in irrigated agriculture, plays a vital role in the selection of crops and appropriate economic cropping pattern for sustainable agricultural production. 4.2 CROPPING SYSTEMS In bioenergetics terms crop production may be viewed as conversion of visible spectrum of total electro-magnetic radiation into chemical energy (Protein, fat and carbohydrate) through the photosynthetic apparatus of crop plants. The object of any crop production system is to optimize inputs of human skill, men and animal work, a biotic materials mainly of Industrial origin (fertilizers, machines, pesticides, petroleum etc.) suitable genotype of plants and animals and inter farm inputs with a view, in given ecological situation, to maximizing crop plant growth and minimizing plant wastage so that an adequate economic return (or food out put on subsistence farms) is obtained and that too in such a way that economic return on crop out put is realizable from year to year and persistent over decades or even longer. The vegetable growing farmers are generally trying to adopt a multiple WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 30Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studios cropping system where the ’’photosynthetic factory" operates throughout the year because they have skill and knowledge along with adequate water at their disposal. Moreover, they apply heavy doses of manure and other essential inputs. Tremendous potentialities for increased agricultural crop production and high productivity exist in the country through the wider use of multiple cropping systems in cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds and fiber crops. In long duration crops (Perennial), like banana, shrub crops like coffee and tea, tree crops fruit trees, coconut plum, inter cropping holds great promise. Encouraging progress has been achieved in the bio-engineering of crop varieties to meet the specific climatic requirements of the duration. This progress suggests that it is feasible to develop set of crop varieties, which can be grown either singly or in sequential combinations through out the year. The recent technologies developed on soil management like frequency and method of tillage, residue management and use of fertilizers and other agro-chemicals have enabled the multi cropping ■system to be feasible, desirable and even commendable under favorable sunshine and temperature. Under such agro-ecology one or the other crops could be grown throughout the year provided water is not a limiting factor in any month of the calendar year. In cropping system, multiple cropping in essence represents a philosophy of maximum crop production per unit area of land per unit time with minimum of soil deterioration. In Jts simplest form, multiple cropping is a one year cropping system in which two or more crops are grown in succession within that year. In practical terms multiple cropping systems may involve the following categories: • Short duration crops - relay planting or sequential planting of three or more short duration cereals, legumes, vegetables, fiber or oil seeds crops. • Intercropping of quick growing short duration crops in widely spaced slow growing long duration crops like sugarcane, banana etc. with zero competition between the crops ensuring better utilization of the ecological factors in time and space. • Multiple cropping system with perennial crops WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 31Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 4.3 CROP PLANNING VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies An essential element of the objectives of crop planning is not only the maximization of the benefits of the various inputs that go in the agriculture - the land, water, human resources etc. but also an improvement in the economic situation of the people of the area. The important requirement of crop planning is not only from the point of view of balancing production with demand curves but also from the point of view of trying to use planning as a method of correcting difficult situations like failure of a particular group of crop to be off set by producing other crop of the same group subsequently to meet the requirement of the people. Hence, the purpose of crop planning should also be to help over come the problems arising from adverse seasons. In an economic situation, which is developing as a result of fast growing population, rising aspiration of people and land going out of cultivation for various other uses like roads, bridges, factories, homes etc. where there is continuous loss of land from agriculture, crop planning becomes very important. Production physiologists all over the world are busy analyzing what are the maximum possibilities under a given agro-ecological condition from the point of view of per day productivity. The strategy will vary from crop to crop. Crop planning also tries to help to overcome the serious effects of adverse weather on agricultural economy of a country, which is so many dependants upon agriculture not only for its food supply but also for its employment and its income. Naturally it cannot afford to take risk and create conditions where serious fluctuation in production might occur year after year. Presently, there has been positive trend of switching over the varieties, which are relatively insensitive to photo-period and temperature. This provides with a considerable amount of flexibility in handling the material. Although the photo sensitive materials are also very useful in certain situations. Hence, it is better to have both, kinds of materials. Sunflower is one of the examples that can be grown year round. In crop planning, the main considerations to be given are: • The soil of the project command, WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies • Climatic condition of the area, • Cost, income and risk involved in growing crops, • Capital, labour and other resources availability, • Special needs of the farmers - home requirement of food grains, fodder for cattle etc, • Scientific advances made through research. Crop management is the judgment and decision making on how best the present way of cropping can be suitably modified so as to give best results desired. It requires efforts to integrate resources, technical knowledge and experience to maximize profits. It should be done taking farmers into confidence to consider alternatives to prepare best cropping plan to suit the conditions with optimum utilization of available resources. 4.4. EXISTING STATUS OF FARMING SYSTEM The farming system in the Project command area is affected by a number of natural factors. The major ones are the altitude, soil and climatic factors afotfg with the socio-economic situation. The rain fed crop cultivation with mono-cropping pattern and mixed farming is the dominating farming system in most part of the command woredas. The most important climatic limitation of crop production and crop duration is the quantity and distribution of annual precipitation and mean maximum and minimum temperature. The present land use system of the Project command woredas indicates that on an average there are only 17.9% cultivated land and 33% cultivable land. The area under grassland and pastures is 11.5%. All the cultivated area is found in Goro Woreda. The existing dominating crops are wheat, barley and tef under cereals, haricot bean, chickpea and lentil as pulses; and linseed and noug as oilseeds, though other crops like black cumin and coriander etc. are also being grown along with vegetables and fruits and stimulant crops but with low hectare mainly due to various reasons. Being mainly pastoralists, the farmers are also rearing livestock mainly cattle, goats and sheep with a few poultry birds and apiculture. The cattle are given WWDSE In Association with ICT ’ Final Feasibility Study Report 33Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies more importance as they are the main source of power for field preparation, planting and threshing besides providing milk and milk products and meat for sale and home consumption. They are also the source of cash income during the period of distress for the family. Large numbers of farmers donot have oxen, hence; cultivate their land by using indigenous manually operated hand tools and equipments. The yields are by and large very low. The overall cropping intensity of the project command is about 20 percent. 4.5. LAND USE AND SOILS Land is one of the most essential non-renewable natural resources. It supports in all forms through various production systems and provides a social environment in terms of shelter, roads and other facilities. The land has several constraints like it cannot be enlarged as per the continuous growing needs of the population. It is subjected to various types of degradation like erosion, salinization, water logging, creation of ravines and gullies etc. Therefore, utmost efforts should be made to manage the existing land resources as efficiently as possible. In Bale Gadula Irrigation command Project, the major part of the area still remains virgin and fallow with sparse population of growing trees due to very low human habitation. There are only limited settlement and livestock population. Grasslands, pastures, forest and woodland occupy more than 27.9 of the area. The soil of the command area is fertile and dominated by Vertisols, which covers 85% of the land. The remaining 15% are reddish-brown clay. The soils are deep to very deep and marginally suitable for irrigation. The PH value varies from 6.5 to 7.0. 4.6. GOVERNMENT POLICY TOWARDS AGRICULTURE The Federal Government of Ethiopia has formulated the agricultural strategy called ADLI that is "Agricultural Development Led Industrialization" with overall framework of policies and priorities of agricultural production has been mentioned in the previous section of this report. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 4.7. CRITERIA FOR CROP SELECTION VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies The choice of a crop for a particular area under irrigated agro-eco-system is dependent on its potential response to irrigation, location specific environmental conditions, socio-economic situation, marketability and expected profitability. The climatic parameters determining the choice of a crop are temperature, sunshine or radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, precipitation and evapo-transpiration. Like climatic factors, the physical, chemical and biological characters of soil and soil depth also, have direct influence on the performance of a crop. The crops widely vary in their response to irrigation. Therefore, under the irrigated agro-ecosystem, with assured availability of water, the efforts are made to select the most economical, high yielding and highly irrigation responsive crops, which fit well in the production system with high degree of input- use- efficiency, eco- friendly and helping in sustainable agricultural production. The crops like vegetables, fruits, rice, wheat and maize are highly responsive to irrigation while some of the legumes/pulses and oilseeds respond moderately. On the other hand crcfcs like tef and barley have ability to tolerate drought but show only- marginal response to irrigation and other inputs. Besides, the above factors, the present land use, social considerations, liking of the farmers, their attitude and ability to successfully cultivate a particular crop also determine the choice of a crop and cropping pattern. 4.8. CLIMATE OF THE PROJECT COMMAND Distribution of crops, their production and seasons of cropping are influenced by climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature to a much greater degree than other environmental factors. The crops differ in their requirements of day and night temperature, humidity, sunshine etc. and react differently to changes in these factors. Accordingly, the meteorological data estimated for the command area on the basis of the meteorological station of Goro wereda has been considered for project command. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 35Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 4.9. RESPONSE OF CROPS TO IRRIGATION VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Based on the investigations conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) at its research centers, it has been established that various crops respond differently to irrigation in their performance and productivity. The crops like tef (Eragrostis tef) has ability to tolerate both water logging as well as drought to certain extent but its response to irrigation is marginal. But crops like vegetables, fruits, rice, maize, and wheat are highly responsive to irrigation. The existing traditionsal irrigation practice by the faremers is gravitational furrow system for all crop types 4.10. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS National and international prevailing prices greatly influence the choice of the crops. Market trends for at least past 5 years may indicate the status and priority. Some promising crops with high export potential may be considered for inclusion or the crops, which are being largely imported like food grains get priority. Accordingly it has been proposed to enhance the area under high yielding varieties of cereals like rice, wheat and’-TTiaize along with fruits, vegetables and Coffee under irrigated agro-eco-systems. 4.11. MARKETABILITY OF CROPS The extent of commercial production of various crops depends on their scope and marketability both for domestic consumption and export purposes. Therefore, the marketing review of major crops of the country is very important. 4.11.1 Cereals The cereals and pulses production in Ethiopia has remained almost static with a little fluctuation due to droughts or erratic behavior of rains. The annual production during 2001-2002 was about 11.21 million tons but due to increasing trend in population, the per capita food availability is declining. Hence, with the increasing demand of food, there has been significant increase in the import of food grains. Top priority will, therefore, have to be given to food production. Hence, the selection of crops and cropping pattern purely based on economic consideration will neither be realistic nor in the national interest. Keeping this in WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFedera l Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies view the priority has been given to select most productive cereals like rice, wheat and maize due to their high yield potential and good response to irrigation. These crops, accordingly, have been given due importance in proposed cropping patterns. 4.11.2 Pulses The pulses play an important role in nutritional security providing adequate proteins in the human diet and also improve the soil fertility, by rhizobial nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere. Though, national consumption of pulses is low but there is considerable export market. Therefore, the pulse crops have been included as a component of the cropping pattern to sustain the crop productivity and part of nutritional security. 4.11.3 Oilseeds Although per capita edible oil consumption is low in the country, the present level of production is unable to meet the domestic needs. Therefore, the oilseeds have been added as one of the components of the cropping pattern to meet the domestic requirements and existing quantity of exports to earn foreign exchange. This will also help in appropriate use of natural resources and maintain the eco- friendly production system. This will also promote the agro-industries at local level. 4.11.4 Fruits and Vegetables About 95% of the total quantity of vegetables marketed in the country comes from peasant sector where as 75% fruits from the state sector. The local consumption of fruits and vegetables are very limited. Only a small proportion of population with high income appears to consume fruits. There also seems to be the deficiency and inadequacy of quality control, grading, packaging, storage, marketing infrastructures, transport etc. adding to the unit cost of the produce. Though ETFRUIT is engaged in export of high value fruits, vegetables and cut flowers to Europe and Middle East by air, difficulties are being faced to have adequate facilities of cool chambers, cold storages and appropriate transportation systems from different parts of the country with minimum spoilage. There is, WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 37Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies however considerable scope to increase the export particularly to Middle East and other African countries. Therefore, based on the suitability, reasonable percentage of fruits and vegetables has been included in the cropping pattern. The production of vegetables like tomato and potato will help in the promotion of agro-industries for production of tomato and potato products for their exports to neighboring countries. It has, therefore, been proposed to grow vegetables through out the year as a part of the cropping pattern for maintaining the continuous supply of materials for processing. The crops/varieties will be selected as per the climatic suitability and requirements. 4.11.5 Fodder Crops and Cultivated Grasses The livestock are one of the important components of Ethiopian agriculture to provide major part of energy for farm operations besides milk, meat, hides and manures The importance of livestock is to continue even in irrigated farming system to sustain the productivity. To enhance the productivity of livestock, it is necessary to provide them adequate and nutritive feed and forages in addition to crop residues and other farm by products. Hence, adequate provision has been made in cropping pattern to grow annual and perennial forage crops and cultivated grasses to provide year round fodder to cattle. Existing crops and their groups Cereal ~ Maize -Teff — Sorghum — Barley “ Wheat — Finger millet Pulses “ Haricot Bean - Soy bean _ Field peas ~ Field bean “I-------------------- Oilseeds ““ Soy bean Sesame “ Groundnut ~ Noug — Lineseed "7 1 Vegetables Fruits & Stimulants Forages ” Potato - Tomato - Cabbage — Papper ” Onion - Carrot - Papaya Napier glass “ Mango - coffee ~ Sesbania spp WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 38Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 4.11.6 Coffee VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Among the stimulant crops, coffee is one of the important cash crops of the country. Currently, a very few number of farmers in project command woreda are growing Coffee arabica, which is most important as export commodity. This needs to be encouraged by introducing new high yielding varieties and improved processing technology to enhance the productivity per unit area and to generate more employment. 4.12. EXISTING MAJOR CROPS OF PROJECT COMMAND AREA. The crops being grown in the project command area are almost similar except the variation in their hectare as has been indicated by woredas Agricultural and Rural Development offices. The list of the crops group wise is given in table 7. The productivity / ha over the woredas has been worked out based on the primary and secondary data obtained from survey of house holds and from woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Offices respectively and given in Table 7 a along with the experimental yield, yields from state and cooperative farms and yields from demonstration centers. 4.13 PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN AND CROP CALENDAR The cropping Pattern proposed is given in Table 8 and 9 for irrigated production system on the basis of altitude, agro-climatic parameters and land suitability. In general a soil depth of more than 100 cm is suitable for all the crops recommended for cultivation in the project area. The introduction of high yielding photo-insensitive dwarf varieties of rice and wheat and high yielding medium duration hybrids and composites of maize have been proposed to be grown in rotation of cereal - cereal. The project command is also suitable for cereals. The above proposed rotations should have proper intermix of legumes and pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, forage crops of short duration etc. instead of long duration low yielding traditional varieties which are being grown in the existing farming system. The above cereal-based rotations in the cropping system will be able to provide adequate food grains due to their 4 to 5 times high yield potential with optimum production inputs. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 39Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Projec^^ VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies The proposed crops like maize, wheat, rice etc. are already being grown by a few farmers in the command area, which indicates the suitability of climate and soil for these crops. Since, these crops suffer due to moisture stress in dry season, the irrigation would help to provide need-based moisture and encourage the use of other inputs for their high productivity. In areas where the land suitability indicates large part of Vertisols with water logging problems with long wet season. Such area are proposed to be cultivated with high yielding varieties of rice having fine long grains for increasing the food grain production and to contain the rice import to the country. Wheat is another important cereal crop already being grown wherever moisture is available. Since, the soil and climate are favorable for its growth, the intensification of crop in larger hectare by introducing new varieties of bread and durum wheat responsive to nutrients and water would enhance the productivity at least 4-5 folds as compared to sorghum and tef. Since maize is already an important and productive crop of the project command, the replacement of local variety with full season (90-110 days duration) hybrids and composites with high yield potential and better nutritional value will fit very well in the proposed cropping pattern. To maintain the sustainable agricultural production, it has been proposed to grow pulse crops, oil seeds and vegetables as a part of the cropping pattern. In the existing farming system of command mixed farming is a common feature. This is dominated by cattle followed by sheep. This system of mixed farming need to continue, hence the cropping system includes the perennial legumes and grasses to support the livestock with nutritive feed along with other feed resources to enhance the production of milk and meat and also to provide encouragement for product preparation and agro-industries. The above proposed patterns are in line with the current policy of Federal Government of Ethiopia on agriculture has given in the former section of this report to attain the self-sufficiency in food production, full and efficient utilization of land and water resources and maintain environmental and ecological balance while attaining maximum agricultural production potential. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 40Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies The yield is likely to be improved further by introduction of improved tools and bullock-drawn implements for timely field operation in phases. This type of partial mechanization would improve the efficiency of labour force, reduce their drudgery and also boost the rural based agro industries generating more employment opportunities. This will help in improving the economic situation of the people by providing better nutrition and marketable surpluses, at the same time provide healthy environment. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 41Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 5. CROP WATER REQUIRMENT 5.1 INTRODUCTION The calculation of crop water requirement is a very important aspect for planning of a cropping system for any irrigation project. There are several methods and procedures available for this. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has also made available several publications on this subject including the issues related to this. The pain of calculating Pennman figures is now removed by an excellent piece of software named CROPWAT which is available on application from FAO’s Land and Water Division in Rome. 5.2 PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION As recommended in FAO Publications three steps are involved in the calculation of the crop water requirement or by utilizing the soft wear Cropwat 4 version 4.3. 5.2.1 Calculation of Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) The physical process in which water travels through the plant from its roots up wards in to the leaves and out into the air is called evapotranspiration. The crop water requirement is dependent on the meteorological factors, and Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0) presents the effect of meteorological factors. The following Meteorological factors are taken into consideration for calculation of Reference Evapotranspiration by Modified Penmam Method (FAO I & D paper No. 24) & Penmam Montieth Approach (FAO I & D paper No. 46): - Temperature - Relative Humidity - Wind - velocity - Sunshine hours WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 5.2.2 Selection of values for crop coefficient: The effect of crop on its water requirement is represented This is presented by the relationship between reference VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies by crop co-efficien t (K ). c Evapotranspiration (ET0) and crop evapotranspiration ETctop or ETC as ETcrap C O. The values for crop = K ET coefficient vary with the crop, its stage of growth, growing season and prevailing water condition. The second step is required to select suitable values for crop coefficient. 5.2.3 Effect of agricultural practice and local conditions This requires evaluation of the effect of climate and its variability over time and space. This also needs to evaluate the effect of soil water availability and agricultural and irrigation practices. The three steps as enumerated above will be able to give the crop water requirement during its crop period at monthly interval. This requirement will be in the field. Therefore, the losses in the irrigation system have to be incorporated to arrive at the water requirement at the head of the irrigation system. 5.3SOURCES OF CLIMATIC DATA There is an only one observation station for recording climatic data near by the project area. This meteorological station is located at Goro wereda. Thus, Goro observation station is the only station, where recorded data are limited for some climatic factors are available and the number of years are few. The climatic data measured at this station are only rainfall and temperature. Therefore, the climatic data of Goro have been used for calculation of Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) after adjusting the same for elevation difference. The summary of the Meteorological characteristics computed for the project area is given in Table 1.2 along with their characteristics and other details. 5.4 Estimation of ETO and Crop Water Requirements ETo has been calculated by the Modified Penman-Monteith method on a monthly basis using estimated climatological data for the project area. These have been calculated by Penman-Monteith approach with computer programme available in WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 43Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies FAO I & D paper No 56 and the soft wear Cropwat 4 Version 4.3. These values for the mean daily and mean monthly are available in Table 1.2. ETo has also been calculated on the basis of average monthly climatic data. The average monthly values of ETo derived from the monthly values of ETo calculated for each month for every year of record and those calculated on the basis of average monthly climatic data tally very closely. Seventy five percent dependable values of ETo based on non - exceedence probability have been selected for planning. The calculation of Crop Water Requirement is given in Annexure I. 5.5 Cropping Pattern The Project is being planned for cultivation of cereals, pulses, oil seeds, horticultural crops and forages. Therefore, the crop water requirement has been calculated based on the proposed percentage of land allocated for the different crops. The details of cropping pattern are given in Table 5.1 to 5.4. 5.6 Projected output With the adoption of this cropping pattern, proper optimum watering, Proper fertilizers use, proper pesticides and insecticides etc, proposed projected outputs of crops under irrigated farming is given below in table 5.5 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 5.5.1 Proposed projected outputs of crops under irrigated farming. Crops Unit Project years Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Wheat Yield (qt/ha) 48 52 56 60 64 Maize Yield (qt/ha) 56 62 70 78 86 Rice Yield (qt/ha) 45 55 65 70 75 Chickpea Yield (qt/ha) 12 14 15 16 16 Haricot bean Yield (qt/ha) 22 25 28 30 30 Black cumin Yield (qt/ha) 18 22 I 25 28 29 Coriander Yield (qt/ha) 25 27 30 34 36 Onion Yield (qt/ha) 120 175 220 250 270 Red pepper Yield (qt/ha) 150 Citrus Yield (qt/ha) 400 — — — 400 Avocado field (qt/ha) 200 — — — 200 Forage 'ield (qt/ha) 1500 - WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 45Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Alternative 1 Table 5:1: Cropping Pattern and Crop Calendar for Bale Gadula irrigation project during main(Genna ) season (September - December) No Crop Area of coverage/ %/ L.G.P /days/ Growing period /day/ remark Planting Harvesting Second planting 1 Cereals 50 1.1 Wheat 30 130 1-Sep 5-Jan 15-Mar 1.2 Rice 5 130 5-Sep 10-Jan 10-Mar 1.3 Maize 15 150 25-Aug 5-Feb 5-Mar 2 Pulses 12 2.1 Chick pea 7 120 1-Oct 10-Feb •« it 2.2 Haricot bean 5 110 20-Sep 20-Jan >t ii 3 Spices 9 3.1 Black cumin 7 150 20-Sep 25-Feb Mach 10 3.2 Coriander 2 150 20-Sep 25-Feb it ri 4 Vegetables .4 4.1 Onion '2 130 10-Aug 15-Dec 20-Feb 4.2 Red pepper 2 145 • 1 It 10-Jan 10-Feb 5 Fruits 3 5.1 Citrus 2 Perennial 15-Sep - - Harvesting 5yrs 5.2 Avocado 1 it ii ■i n - - Harvesting 7yrs 6 Forage crops 7 n >i »l >» - • Total 85 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 46Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Fuislblllty Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 5.2: Cropping patterns for Bale Gadula irrigation project during belg (Arfasa) season./ March - June/ No Crop Area, /%/ L.G. P /day/ Growing period/ day/ Remark Planting Harvesting 2nd planting 1 Cereals 45 1.1 Wheat 30 130 15-Mar 30-Jul 1-Sep 1.2 Rice 5 130 10-Mar 30-July 5-Sep 1.3 Maize 10 120 5-Mar 5-Jul 25-Aug For green cob 2 Pulses 30 2.2 Chickpea 20 100 12-Mar 5-Jul - One season 2.3 Haricot bean 10 120 15-Mar 25-Jul 20-Sep 3 Spices 6 3.1 Black cumin 4 150 10-Marj 15-Aug 20-Sep 3.2 Coriander 2 150 10-Mar 15-Aug II II 4 Vegetables 4 4.1 Onion 2 130 20-Feb 10-Jul 10-Aug 4.2 Red pepper 2 145 10-Feb 15-Jul II II 5 Fruits 3 5.1 Citrus 2 Perennial 5.2 Avocado 1 II II 6 Forage crops 7 ,, 71 Total 95 TOTAL INTENSITY=85+95=180% The water requirement of this alternative was compared to the 80% dependable flow of river and it was found that there is great shortage of water. Hence another alternsative will be tried WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 47Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies No Crop Area of coverag e/%/ Alternative 2. Table 5.3: Cropping pattern for Bale Gadula irrigation project during main(Genna ) season (September - December) Growing period /day/ L.G.P remark ('days/ P anting Harvesting Second planting 1 Cereals 39 1.1 Wheat 20 120 10-Sep 7-Jan 15-Mar 1.2 Rice 1 5 130 10-Sep 7-Feb 10-Mar 1.3 Maize 14 150 10-Aug 7-Jan 5-Mar 2 Pulses 14 2.1 Chick pea 7 120 15-Aug 12-Dec nn 2.3 Haricot bean 7 110 20-Sep 18-Jan HU 3 Spices 7 3.1 Black cumin 5 150 5-Sep 3-Feb Mach 10 3.2 Coriander 2 150 10-Sep 7-Feb Hn 4 Vegetables 4 4.1 Onion 2 130 1- Sep 8-Jan 20-Feb - 4.2 Red pepper 2 145 1 -Sep 23-Jan 10-Feb 5 Fruits 3 5.1 Citrus 2 Perennial 15-Sep Harvesti ng starts after 5 years 5.2 Avocado nn // H Harvest^ ng after 7 years 6 Forage 7 crops un H II - • Total 74 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 48Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources ££gsiblHty Study and Detail Design of Baie Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 5.4: Cropping patterns for Bale Gadula irrigation project during belg (Arfasa) season. I March - June/ No Crop Area of coverage /%/ L.G. P /day/ Growing period/ day/ remark Planting Harvesting Second planting 1 Cereals 51 1.1 Wheat 26 130 15-Mar 20-Jun 1-Sep 1.2 Rice 5 130 10-Mar 20 -Aug 5-Sep 1.3 Maize 20 120 2-Mar 31-Jul 25-Aug For green cob 2 Pulses 12 2.2 Chickpea 6 100 1 - Apr 10-Jul - One season 2.3 Haricot bean 6 120 1-Apr 30-Jul 20-Sep 3 Spices 5 3.1 Black cumin 3 150 5-Mar 3-Aug 20-Sep 3.3 Coriander 2 150 1-Mar 28-Jul 4 Vegetables 4 4.1 Onion 2 130 10-Mar 10-Jul 18-Jul 4.2 Red pepper 2 145 1-Mar 24-Jul // // 5 fruits 3 5.1 Citrus 2 Perennial 5.2 Avocado 1 // // 6 Forage crops 7 // Total 82 This cropping pattern is adopted finally for Bale Gadula Project WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 49Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 5.5. Proposed projected outputs of crops under irrigated farming. Project years VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Crops Unit Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Wheat Yield (qt/ha) 48 52 56 60 64 Maize Yield (qt/ha) 56 62 70 78 86 Rice Yield (qt/ha) 45 55 65 70 75 Chickpea Yield (qt/ha) 12 14 15 16 16 Haricot bean Yield (qt/ha) 22 25 28 30 30 Black cumin Yield (qt/ha) 18 22 25 28 29 Coriander Yield (qt/ha) 25 27 30 34 36 Onion Yield (qt/ha) 120 175 220 250 270 Red pepper Yield (qt/ha) 150 Citrus Yield (qt/ha) 400 — — — 400 Avocado Yield (qt/ha) 200 — — — 200 Forage Yield (qt/ha) 1500 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 50Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 6. CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTION The Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) through a network of Agricultural Research centers in country has been engaged in conducting the agricultural research mainly on rain fed crops for development of production technologies on various crops for different agro-climatic regions. Only very limited efforts have, so far, been made on the generation of adequate appropriate technologies for irrigated production systems with high-yielding, genetically high potential and high input -use efficient cultivars to achieve the food and nutritional security along with efficient land-use and high profitability. Hence, it is necessary that applied research related to irrigated crop production technology under the agro-climatic condition of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project command is separately perused to develop location-specific agro-techniques and varieties and hybrids for intensification of production system. This will help in attaining high level of production from different crops as well as full and efficient utilization of available land and water resources. While the above efforts may take time and more resources, the agro-techniques and varieties developed under irrigated production system of the appropriate part of the world may be introduced and tested for their adaptability and immediate use. Meanwhile efforts have been made by consultant to include the crop production technologies of the important crops identified for the command area that can be authenticated as and when more and better information generated by the local research centers. The present information given is a collection of materials from IAR and other authenticated sources and experience of the consultant on crop production and management in irrigated production system for most responsive, efficient and potential crops for the Bale Gadula command area. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 51Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 6.2 RICE (Oryza sativa) Local name: RUZ Introduction VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Rice {Oryza Sativa) one of the three most important food crops in the world, forms the staple diet of 2.7 billion people. It is grown in all the continents except Antarctica, occupying 150 million ha, producing 573 million tones paddy, with an average productivity of 3.83 tons /ha. The cultivation of rice is of immense importance to food security of many countries particularly in Asia. Rice provides 32-59% of dietary energy and 25-44% of the dietary proteins in 39 countries of the world. Rice belongs to the genus oryza, sub-tibe oryzea of family Poasea. It is one of the few crop species endowed with richest genetic diversity. There are 21 recognized species in genus oryza and they show a remarkable range of adaptation to different habitats. The sub-species or varietal groups of 0. sativa viz.,indica, japonica and javanica are the result of centuries of selection by man and nature for desired quality and adaptation to new nitches They are believed to have evolved from 3 different populations of O. nivara existed then in deferen? regions. The hill rices of south - east India, the japon/ca-like type of south-west China and hill rices of Indo-china are said to have directly evolved from the annual wild species of the respective regions. Rice is known to have grown in china for more than 4000 years ago. Cultivated rice plant is an annual grass with round, hollow and jointed culms, flat leaves arid terminal inflorescence, called panicle. Each culm or tiller is a shoot, which includes root, stem and leaves. There are two types of roots in rice-primary (seminal) and secondary (adventitious or crown). The crown roots are two types - original and superficial roots. The roots have root hairs, which are tubular extensions of outer most layer of root. These root hairs help in water and nutrient uptake. These are generally short-lived. At later stages of plant growth roots develop horizontally from internodes and form superficial or mat roots. The rice is essentially grown in waterlogged areas or the area having plenty of irrigation to support in case of failure of rain. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 52Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies In Bale Gadula Irrigation Project command there are quite small hectarage prone to water logging conditions with low permeability due the nature of the soil. Rice is the most suitable and economically viable crop for such areas under irrigated agro-ecosystem. In Bale Gadula Irrigation Project command there are quite small hectarage prone to water logging conditions with low permeability due the nature of the soil. Rice is the most suitable and economically viable crop for such areas under irrigated agro-ecosystem. Growth Stages Normally cultivated rice varieties take 110-210 days from germination to physiological maturity of seed for completing their life cycle. The life cycle can be divided into 3 important phases vegetative, reproductive and ripening. The vegetative phase is most variable and highly influenced by day-length and temperature in photo or thermo-sensitive varieties. This is the main determinant of total growth duration of a variety. The reproductive phase (panicle formation to flowering) requires about 35 days while ripening (flowering to harvesting) requires around 30 days. Hence, the long or short duration of a variety is determined by the length of their vegetative phase. Varieties The traditional rice farming systems broadly include wet land or lowland, and dry land or upland systems. The cultural practices developed for these systems depend on soil type, season, rainfall pattern, irrigation source and other growing conditions. The introduction of high yielding, photo-insensitive, semi-dwarf varieties /hybrids have shown more responsiveness to nutrients and other management practices. The varieties of indica group are photosensitive and japonica group photo-insensitive. The varieties also vary in their grain quality, length of grain and cooking quality. A large number of such high yielding varieties have been developed for irrigated agro-ecosystems and water logged conditions in other countries particularly in south-east Asia. Such high yielding varieties of WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 53Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies semi-dwarf, photo-insensitive nature may be introduced and tested at the research centers in or near command area as early as possible to see their adaptability for cultivation both in wet and dry seasons in irrigated agro-eco- regions. Climatic requirements Rice is grown successfully in different part of the world from 39°S (Australia) to 50° N latitude (china). It can be grown successfully in different eco-systems from shallow (up to 30 cm) to deep (1-6m) water. The optimum climatic requirements for its optimum growth include 20-35°C temperatures through out the crop duration, clear sky during the day for better interception of solar energy and high photosynthetic activities and low night temperature for reduced maintenance respiration. Rice can grow successfully up to an altitude of 2500m. The response of rice to temperature differs with the variety. Germination normally does not occur at temperatures below 12°c. Rice seedlings from nursery can be transplanted in the field when daily mean temperature is about 13-15°c or more. Temperatures between 22-30°c are ideal for growth at all stages. Soils Rice is grown in all types of soils. However, soils capable of holding water for a longer period such as heavy neutral soils like clay-loam, clay or loamy are most suited for its cultivation. The most important group of soils for successful rice cultivation are alluvial soils, red soils, laterite or lateritic soils and black soils with PH value ranging from.5 to 8. Because of its better adaptation, it can.also be grown in highly acidic (PH 3.0) to highly alkaline (PH 10.0) soils, though the productivity remains low under such adverse situations. The decrease varies from 10% to 50%. Preparation of main field The main field is dry ploughed 2-3 weeks before planting and sub-merged with 5- 10cm of standing water. If possible 10 tonnes of dung manure or 10-20 tonnes of green manure (sesbania, crotaiaria, or Gliricidia) is incorporated and field is WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies levelled properly. The field should be flooded with water (15-25 cm) at least 3 days before transplanting and recommended basal dose of fertilizers be incorporated before the lost puddle. Field is nicely leveled after puddling. In general rice fields are comparatively small in size and have bunds all around to impound water. Nursery raising or Raising Seedling Choice of method of raising nursery depends on soil type, irrigation water availability and seasonal factors. There are 3 recognized methods of nursery raising namely dry nursery where dry seeds are sown in dry seed-beds; wet nursery where in sprouted seeds are grown on moist puddled soil; and dapog method where in a very thick stand of seedlings is raised without any contact with or use of soils. i) Wet nursery Seedbeds are prepared about 25 days before the scheduled transplanting time by ploughing the field twice in dry conditions and puddling later in standing water (2-3 cm deep), 3 times at 5 days interval. The total seedbed required is 10% of the total area of transplanting. For every 100m2 seedbed, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied at the rates of 0.5 - 1.0 kg, N, 0.5 kg P2O5 and 0.5kg K2O before final leveling of nursery bed. During low temperature period the quantity of nutrients should be doubled. The seeds are soaked in gunny bags for 48 hours to incubate them beneath rice straw with occasional sprinkling of water. The seeds may be treated with pyroquilon or tricylazole at the rate of 1 g/kg seed. Sprouted seeds are broadcast uniformly on the prepared seed-bed. To protect young seedlings from gallmidge and stem borer, apply carbofuran or phorate granules at the rate of 1.0 kg a.i. per ha. The water level is maintained at 2-3 cm depth. N-fertilizer is top dressed at the rate of 0.3 to 0.6kg N/100m2 nursery-beds. Weeding is done manually 15 days after seedling emergence. The seedlings are ready for transplanting in 25- 30 days after germination. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 55Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project ii) Dry nursery VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies The procedure for raising dry nursery is similar to that for raising wet nursery except that the field is ploughed 3-4 times at 5 days interval at the onset of mansoon or in wet season. The dry seeds are sown either broadcast or in close lines and covered with a thin layer of soil. Wherever, monocotyledonous weeds pose problems, butachlor (1.0kg a.i./ha) is applied or hand weeding is taken up once a week after sowing. Dry beds are irrigated frequently in areas of calcareous and highly alkaline soils. Seeds should be soaked overnight in 2% ferrous suphate solution to save the nursery from the malady of chlorosis caused by iron deficiency. Seedlings are ready for transplanting in 20-25 days after germination. While uprooting the seedlings, adequate moisture should be ensured in the seed-beds to avoid root damage. iii) Dapog Nursery This nursery can be raised at any location in just half the time required for normal nursery. Although, this method requires more care, it saves water and expenses on nursery uprooting. Seedlings can be transported easily over long distances and used in mechanical transplanting. Only a small area of 30m2 is required to raise seedlings sufficient for one hectare. Mat nursery is raised at any flat surface including cement floors, which should, however, be lined with polythene sheets to prevent direct contact between seedlings and surface. A mixture of soil and farm yard (dung) manure in equal proportion is sprinkled as a thin layer before sowing. Pre-germinated seeds are sown on the top of the polythene sheets at the rate of 1 kg seed /m2. Seed is irrigated to 1-2 cm water depth after 6 days. Seedlings are ready for transplanting 14 days after sowing. Transplanting and Spacing The 25-day-old seedlings (4-5 leaf stage) uprooted from the nursery-beds and transplanted in well leveled puddle fields having 3-4 cm deep water. The transplanting should be done at a spacing of 20 cm x 15cm or 20cm x 10cm with 2-3 seedlings per hill in line planting system but it is 10cm x 15cm in random planting. In dapog nursery, 14-day-old seedlings are planted with 5-6 seedlings /hill. In direct drilling of rice, seed is planted in rows 15-25 cm apart. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Transplanting should be done in June-July after the out break of rains. Dry season crop is transplanted in December-January. Fertilizer management In all 80-100 kg nitrogen is applied in 3 equal split dose, one - half (40-50kg) as basal dose, one fourth (20-25kg) as top dress at early tillering stage and the remaining (20-25kg) a week before panicle initiation. In areas, where top-dressing is not possible due to excess standing water, nitrogen should be applied as a basal dose in the form of neem-cake or coltar coated urea. Alongwith N as basal dose, 40-45kg P O 25 and 30-40 kg K O depending on soil 2 test value should also be applied. In normal soil, zinc sulphate at the rate of 40kg/ha should be applied once in 3 crop seasons but the quantity may be increased to 100 kg/ha in saline- sodic soils. Use of green manures or biofertilizers such as blue-green algae or AzoIla would provide at least 25-30 kgN/ha as partial supplementation to inorganic fertilizers. Water management Proper water-management facilitates good tillering and better nitrogen uptake and helps reduce weed population. Uniform leveling of field and proper drainage are most essential for an effective water management in irrigated field. It is ideal to maintain 2-5cm water through out the growing season. The total water requirement vary from 497 - 658 mm depending on the crop season. Weed Control Weeds cause as much as 10% yield losses worldwide. Hand -weeding should be done before fertilizer application at least 2-3 times at 20 days interval starting 20 days after planting. In acute problems of weeds, herbicides such as Butachlor (1.5kg a.i/ha) Anilophos (0.6 kg a.i./ha), Pentilachlor (0.4kg a.i./ha) or any one of them in combination with 2,4-D (0.4kg a.i./ha) should be applied followed by need based hand weeding 20 days later. In general, puddling helps in better control of weeds. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 57Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula (rrigation Project Harvesting VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Harvesting should be undertaken as soon as rice grains mature, not with standing the stalks remaining still green to avoid grain shattering and development of sun cracks. In early and medium duration varieties 25-30 days after flowering and 35- 40 days after in late varieties, are considered proper stage for harvesting. Field should be drained when the grains in the lowest portion of the panicle are in dough stage (about 20 days after 50% flowering) to facilitate proper filling and hardening of grains. The moisture content of paddy at harvesting should be around 20%. The harvested grains should dry under the shade to bring down the moisture content to around 14% for storing and milling. Yield Under good managements with the high yielding insensitive semi-dwarf varieties, the transplanted rice will be able to yield at least 60-65 q/ha. Under local conditions, some farmers have already observed the potential of the project command area. Integrated crop production strategies Various integrated crop-management practices have been developed and are being adopted in other countries for sustainable use of natural resource bases in general and soil and water in particular, besides other production inputs like fertilizer, pesticide etc. Nutrient management Fertilizer is the most important input in crop production Area-specific fertilizer recommendations are largely based on short-term trials, which do not give precise idea of their long-term impact on resource-base, productivity, environmental quality and human health. Excessive and exclusive use of inorganic sources of nitrogen over years would bring in new problems like threatening of soil productivity on a sustainable basis. Continuous and intensive cultivation of rice in a field for 5 years or more using only inorganic sources of nutrients would drastically reduce the soil-carbon content showing the deficiency of N, P, K, Zn and S. Addition of dung or farm yard manure at the rate of 10 tonnes per hectare WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 5SFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of B a I e G a d u I a Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies to supplement 50% of the recommended dose of N+P+K+S+Zn is essential for maintaining soil fertility. The practice of raising pre-wet season green manure crops like sesbania or crotalaria helps ensure production sustainability in rice based cropping systems. The agronomic efficiency of green manure nitrogen in terms of yield responses is relatively more during wet cropping season than during dry season. Practical and easy - to use diagonistic methods have recently been developed for major nutrients (NPK) to predict the status of soil-nutrient supply and to determine variable fertilizer needs of the crop. Chlorophyll meter method is one of the excellent techniques to measure the leaf N-status of rice and synchronize N application with crop demand. Crop management Crop rotation or growing more than one crop in sequence in a year on the same land is a practice followed in general. Crops are chosen for rotation keeping in view climatic suitability, sustenance of soil fertility, socio-economic needs of farmers, market demand etc. With the advent of high yielding photo-insensitive varieties of rice and wheat, cereal based (rice-wheat etc) or mono crop based (rice-rice etc.) cropping systems have replaced the age old practice of multi-crop rotations involving invariably a legume. Rice-based cropping systems are the most common form of intensified agriculture for enhancement of food production per unit area to sustain the food security. It can be made possible in many developing countries only by extensive adoption of short duration varieties of wheat and rice resulting in increased cropping intensity. Crop rotations increase the yields and facilitate sustained productivity through increased nitrogen supply, improvement of soil health, water and nutrient availability, and improvement in soil microbial activity, improvement in weed control, decreased disease-pest pressure and availability of growth promoting substances originating from crop residues. Water Management Quantum of water needed for growing rice is determined by climatic, soil and water management factors. The amount of water consumed by rice for producing WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 59Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigatlon Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies one kg grains is far greater than that required for most of the crops. Daily water requirement for meeting evapo-transpiration, percolation and seepage losses would vary from 5-12 mm/day depending on the season and soil related variability. The total water requirement to grow a mid-early (110days) rice variety is estimated to be between 800-1500mm which includes 250mm water required for land preparation and 50mm for nursery raising. The water required to complete tillage and prepare land for transplanting is much less than the actual amount of water used for this purpose. The same holds true for various stages of crop growth as well. This results in water losses by surface runoff, percolation and seepage. When all losses accounted for the water-use-efficiency in most irrigated systems is 30-40% in wet season and 40-60% in dry season. About 40% less water is needed for growing transplanted rice without affecting yield, if the conventional shallow depth water (5-7 cm deep) regime is replaced with saturated soil regime (1-2cm deep). Integrated diseases and Pest Management Diseases and insect-pests take a heavy toll of rice crop. Some of.th.e diseases likely to occur are false smut, sheath rot and bacterial leaf blight and insects-pests like brown plant hopper, white backed plant hopper, yellow stem borer and rice hispa. The damage caused by these is estimated to the range of 10-51%. There are certain varieties resistant to the above. Chemical control is another effective and readily available tool. However, Integrated Pest management (IPM) combines several techniques such as cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical to sustain productivity with minimum adverse effect on environment. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 6.1: Chemical control of various diseases and insects-pests VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies No. Stage Thresh hold level Recommended Control i False smut Flowering - Apply chlorothalonil 40sc @ 2ml/liter ii Sheath blight Pre-tillering to booting 5% or more affected tillers/m2 Apply carbendazim, hexaconazole (contaf 5EC) @ 2ml /litre, or propiconazole (Tilt 25Ec) @ 1ml /litre, reduce or delay top dressing I of N fertilizer and apply in 2 or 3 split doses iii Sheath rot brown spot or grain discoloration Flowering and after Light Apply mancozeb (dithane M-45) or carbendazime @0.1% during early morning or after noon. iv Stem rot panicle initiation to booting Moderate spray mancozeb (dithane M-45) @ 0.1% or add organic manure to reduce disease incidence. V Bacterial leaf blight Pre tillering to mid-tillering Panicle initiation to booting Light 2-5% disease severity Light to moderate Reduce N application and apply N in split doses. Skip top dressing of N fertilizer vi Blast Nursery Light Spray carbendazim or ediphenphos @ 0.1% Table 6.2: Some pests and recommended pesticides I No. Stage Thresh hold level Recommended Control Brown plant hopper Planting to mid-tillering 5-10 insects/hill Spray carbaryl (0.75kg a.i/ha) monocrotophos, phosalone, BPMO 1 @ 0.5kg a.i./ha, acephate w.p. @ ■ 0.6kg a.i./ha, fipronil sc @ 50g a.i./ha, ethofenprox EC @ 75g a.i/ha, apply carbofuran granules @ 1 0.75 kg, apply carbofuran granules @0.75kg, a.i./ha, phorate granules ■ @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha or fipronil granules || @ 75g a.i./ha Panicle initiation and after 5-10 insects/hill Preferably apply carbo furan @ 0.75 ■ kg a.i./ha, phorate granules @ 1.25kg a.i//ha, fipronil granules @ 75g a.i./ha or spray as ■ recommended earlier. ii Green leaf hopper - Planting to pre-tillering and mid tillering and after 2 insects /hill in tungro endemic areas, 10 insects per hill in other areas Spray monocrotophos, carbaryl, ™ phasalone @ 0.5 kg a.i./ha, cartap wp. @ 300g a.i./ha, ethopenprox EC @ 75g a.i./ha, apply carbofuran " granules @ 1.25kg a.i./ha, phorate granules. @ 1.25kg a.i./ha or fipronil granules @ 75g a.i./ha. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies iii Leaf folder Planting and after 1-2 damaged leaves /hill Spray monocrotophos, chlorpyriphos, quinolphos or phosalone @ 0.5kg a.i./ha, apply cartap w.p.@ 300g a.i./ha, fipronil sc @ 50g a.i./ha or cartap 4G @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha iv Stem borer Nursery Planting to mid-tillering Moderate to severe incidence 5% dead hearts or one egg mass/m2 Panicle initiation and after 1 moth/m2 Apply carbofuran, phorate granules @ 1.0 to 1.25kg a.i./ha, spray monocrotophos @ 0.5kg or carbaryl @ 0.75kg a.i./ha Apply carboburan (0.75 kg a.i. ha), phorate, quinolphos, cartap or sevidol granules © 1.0kg, phorate @ 1.25 kg, fipronil granules @ 75g a.i./ha Spray quinolphos, phosalone, monocrotophos, chlorpyriphos or endosulfan @ 0.5 kg a.i./ha, cartap w.p.@ 300g a.i./ha or fipronil sc© 50 g a.i./ha, Repeat 7-10 days after or apply carbofuran, isazophos granules @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha or phorate ganules @ 1.0 kg a.i/ha i) Cultural control Many cultural practices like repeated ploughing or deep ploughing expose many insect-pests and kill them. Suitable crop rotation interrupt the relationship between host plant and pest, interplanting of trap crops. ii) Biocontrol Use of living antagonistic organisms, insect specific predators, parasites and pathogens. iii) Use of biopesticides Use of biopesticides derived from micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses and fungi for pest control. The nuclear ployhedrosis viruses (NPV) and granulosis viruses (GV) have a high degree of host specificity and do not affect non-target organisms. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Nutritional Quality VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Among cereal proteins rice protein is biologically the richest by virtue of its high true digestibility (88%), high lysine content (4%) and relatively better net protein utilization but it has only 6-8% proteins 6.3 MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) Local name: 'Bekolo' Introduction Maize (Zea mays) is grown for grain as well as forage. Maize is one of the most important cereals of the world and ranks as a first followed by rice, wheat and millets. It is said to be the native to the Americas-region of Central America. Present world production of maize is about 445 million tons from about 118 million hectares. Out of many crops grown in this country, maize, which is comparatively of recent introduction, ranks first in yield/ha, fourth in total grain yield and fifth in total hectarage (after teff, barley, sorghum and wheat). The crop is used as a staple food for humans and fodder for livestock. Different types of food, like, 'Injera', porridge, malting and brewing products etc. are prepared from maize. The green cobs are roasted. In future, maize can be a source of starch, protein and oil. Maize is fermented and distilled to provide industrial products like ethyle, and butyl alcohol, acetone, glycerol and acetic acid. Maize is also a cheap and major ingredient for animal feed. Varieties There are seven main groups of maize varieties, namely, dent corn, flint corn, sweet corn, flour or soft corn, waxy corn, pop corn and pod corn. Major area under maize is covered during wet season as rain fed crop. In the absence of regular rainfall, production remains low. Varieties/hybrids vary in their duration from 60-70 to 100-110 days from seed to seed. After emergence the grain colour also varies from yellow to orange and white. Mainly flint kernel type is preferred one. Based on the maturity period, the varieties can be grouped as full season maturity, medium maturity, early maturity and very early maturity. Hybrids and composites of full season maturity group-require 100-110 days or more to mature. These cultivars are more suitable for the areas having assured rainfall or sufficient WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 63w V V I Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Fcasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula !rrigationj*roject VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies irrigation water during the crop-growing period. Similarly, the medium maturity group cultivars requiring 85-95 days to mature can be grown under both rain fed and irrigated production system. Climatic conditions Maize because of its many divergent types, is grown over a wide range of climatic conditions, ranging from near sea-level to several thousand meter above sea-level from temperate to tropic. Maize is essentially a warm weather crop. It is widely cultivated from sea level upto an altitude of 2,400m where mean daily temperatures are above 15°c. Adaptability of varieties and hybrids in different climates vary widely. The right choice of the variety should be such that the length of growing period of crop matches with the length of growing season. Maize is a sun and water-loving crop and long hot growing season with plenty of sunshine is favorable. If the mean daily temperature during the growing season is above 20°c, the crop takes much less period to mature than in lower temperatures. At temperatures ranging between 10 to 15°c, the seed setting is generally hampered. Optimum temperature for germination isJT3° to 20°c. The crop fails at temperatures above 45°c. It can tolerate hot and dry weather conditions provided there is sufficient moisture in the soil. Temperature requirements, expressed as the sum of mean daily temperatures are 3,700 degree-days for late, 2,500 to 3,000 for medium and 1,800 degree-days for short duration varieties. Maize is very sensitive to frost particularly at seedling stage. The growing period can be reduced with irrigation. Soils Maize can grow on any type of soil ranging from deep heavy clays to light sandy ones. However, heavy dense clay and very sandy soils are not so suitable but heavy soils with clay content possess a high water holding capacity, organic matter and nutrients. Deep, fertile, well-drained medium soils (loam to silty loam) are most suited to the crop. The crop is susceptible to water logging and poor aeration conditions. The fertility demands for grain maize are relatively high and, in general, the crop can be grown continuously as long as the soil fertility is WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 64Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies maintained. The crop is moderately sensitive to salinity but a soil Ph in the range of 7.5 to 8.5 supports good crop growth. The yield decreases under increasing soil salinity. Field Preparation A clean, smooth, deeply ploughed but firm seedbed is ideal. It is desirable to give first ploughing with mould board plough to bury the previous crop residues. Two to three subsequent harrowing may be done to obtain fine tilth. Surface drains can be provided under conditions where water logging is suspected. Time and method of sowing The date of sowing has to be suitably adjusted to realize maximum yield potential by making best use of natural precipitation. Maize is generally sown in June or even earlier with the outbreak of rains. Late maturing varieties are essentially sown early Dry season maize can be sown with irrigation in December-January. It is generally sown by seed drill in rows spaced at 60 to 75cm apart. Spacing between plants in a-row is kept at 18 to 20 cm. The depth of sowing is about 3- 5cm. Spacing varies with variety and agro-climatic conditions. In wet season crop a population of 70,000 and December crop 90,000 plants /ha should be maintained at harvest for good yield. Seed rate A seed rate of 20 to 30 kg/ha is sufficient for the seed crop depending upon the variety/hybrids, seed weight and agro-climatic conditions. In case of fodder, the seed rate is raised to 40-50 kg/ha. When mixed with sorghum or any legume, the seed rate is reduced. It should be ensured that the seeds have at least 95% germination. Seed lots with less than 80% germination are likely to impart poor seedling vigour. Manure and Fertilizer Fertilizer is one input, which plays a vital role in obtaining optimum yield. Maize is a heavy feeder of nitrogen, phosphorous, potash, calcium and magnesium. Maize contains more N in its grains than any other soil-derived nutrients; hence require WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 65Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies more of N for its production. Fertilizer application to provide 80-120 kg nitrogen, 40-60 kg P2O5 and 30-40 kg of K2O per hectare may be given depending upon soil fertility, variety grown and adequacy of water availability. One-fourth of total nitrogen and total quantity of phosphoric and potassic fertilizers may be applied as basal dose at the time of sowing or applied in bands 5-7 cm deep before sowing. The rest of N should be applied in two equal doses as side dressing. When the crop is at knee high stage (20-30 days after germination) and rest of N should be applied after the emergence of flag leaf but before tassels emergence. Zinc sulphate @ 10 to 15 kg/ha may be applied as basal, if zinc is deficient. The fertilizer should be applied 10-12 cm away from the base of the plant to avoid any leaf injury. Interculture Weeding can be done either manually or mechanically between the rows. However, within row itself it should be done by hand. Two to three timely wee dings may be necessary to keep the field completely free from weeds and attain high yields. The crop may be earthed up to provide foF better standability. Weeding after flowering may damage lateral roots. Weeds can also be controlled by the use of herbicides, like Atrazine @1.0 kg a.i. ha as pre-emergence application after sowing combined with 1-2 hand weeding. Water requirements Maize is an efficient user of water in terms of total dry matter production. It is potentially the highest yielding grain crop among cereals. The water requirement of medium duration crop is between 500 to 800 mm depending upon climatic conditions. The crop coefficient (Kc) for different growth stages are: initial stage 0.3-.0.5 (15 to 30 days), development stage 0.7-0.85 (30 to 45 days), mid season stage 1 05-1.2 (30 to 45 days), late season stage 0.8-0.9 and at harvest 0.55-0.6 Frequency and depth of irrigation has a pronounced effect on grain yield. Crop is tolerant to water deficits during vegetative and ripening periods and sensitive during flowering period including tasselling, silking and pollination. Severe water stress during flowering may result in little or no grain yield due to drying of silk. Water deficit during grain formation may lead to reduction in grain size and yield. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Waterlogging, particularly during flowering and grain formation stages may reduce grain yield upto 50%. Most of the roots of maize are concentrated in the upper 0.8 to 1.0 m depth and 80% water is depleted from this zone. The optimum water depletion level is about 40% in establishment period, between 55-65% during vegetative, flowering and grain formation periods and upto 80% during ripening period. Inter cropping Short duration varieties of Pulses, most vegetables, and oilseed crops can successfully be intercropped in maize. Though maize yield under inter cropping is not less than that of the sole maize, rather enter crop yield is a bonus to the farmers. Short statured varieties of maize with erect leaf orientation Performs better under inter cropping as they not only avoid over-shadowing of the intercrop, but also make a better use of sunlight. Harvesting and yield Harvesting of crop is done when grains are nearly dry and do not contain more than 20% moisture. The appearance of the plant may be misleading particularly in case of high yielding hybrids whose grain may dry while the plant may still look green. Ears (cobs) are removed manually from the plant and dried in sun before shelling. In case of delayed sown crop the field is required to be prepared for next season by harvesting whole plant and cobs removed later on. All parts of the plant including the cobs, from which the grain has been removed, are utilized. In experimental plots, yields upto 120q/ha have been obtained. However, under good field conditions, yield between 60 to 70 q/ha of seed can be expected. Pests and disease controls The various pests and diseases inflicting maize and their cure are as follows: a) Busscola fusca (maize stalk borer): Mostly found at elevations ranging from 1,235 to 2,600m. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 67Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Cultural control measures include i) horizontal laying of stalks in the open field for several weeks, VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies ii) removal of all trash stubbles, volunteer plants after harvest and destruction of all wild host plants, iii) early planting iv) some hymenopterans parasitoids are known among which Apanteles seasmiae is the most widespread internal larval parasitoid killing 25,4% - 32.7% of the pest v) no resistant variety is available in the country to date, hence generation of resistant hybrids or composite is important. Chemical Control Measures Include i. Endosulfan @ 1 kg a.i. /ha three applications or ii. Carbaryl @ 1.3 kg. a.i./ha; three applications iii. Ziazinon @ 10 kg. a.i./ha; three applications. b)Chilo Partellus (spotted stalk borer): To control 0.1% endosulfan (35 EC) should be applied on 10-15 days old crop, followed by second application of 4% Endosulfan granules at 15kg/ha in plant whorls a fortnight later, if necessary. c) Heliothis armigera (African bollworm): Their existence is found at altitudes of about 1,500m. The same control measures as for maize stalk borer may be adopted. d) Rhopalesiphum maydis (Maize aphid): Cultural control measures are i) Timely harvesting and ii) Use of lodging resistant varieties. Chemical control measure include (Aldrin 40 WP @ 20-40 g a.i./1 Okg) of seed as seed dressing e) Spodoptera exampta (Army worm): Use light and pheromones traps to predict outbreak. Seed dressing with insecticides and/or fungicides is not effective. f) Diseases a) Southern corn blights (Heieminthosporium maydis) b) Brown spot of corn (Physoderma maydis) WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 68Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Spraying fungicides and sowing of resistant varieties, hybrids or composites can control the diseases. 6.4 WHEAT (TRITICUM SPP.) Location Name: 'Sinde' Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the important or second food crops of the world. The total world wheat production is estimated at 585 million tons from 214 million hectares during 1999-2001. There are three important species of Triticum namely T. aestivum. T. durum and T. dicoccum under cultivation. Out of these T. aestivum, the bread wheat and T. durum, the macoroni wheat are important. T.dicoccum, the cultivated emmer wheat is grown in limited area. Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) is grown in largest area from sea level to an altitude of 3500m. Triticum durum is second most important species with good number of semi-dwarf high yielding varieties. T. durum is a very good species for export due to its quality. Wheat crop was domesticated in the Near and Middle - East. Hundreds of preparations are made from wheat like bread, Indian 'Chapati', mixed with teff to prepare "Injera", Products like macaroni, spaghetti, noodles, porridge and host of backery products. Wheat straw is used as fodder for cattle. Bread wheat is the latest introduction in Ethiopia and has become a major cereal crop of the country. Durum wheat is indigenous and traditionally planted on heavy black clay soil (vetisols) at high altitudes. It is called "Yekinche Sinde" because of its association with above soil. The status of wheat cultivation in Bale Gadula is much better than the other cereals in area and yield per unit area. Varieties For obtaining the maximum yield, under good management and optimum conditions, the choice of appropriate variety plays a very important role. In the absence of right variety Proper technology cannot be applied effectively. Appropriate plant height, maturity, duration, disease resistance, fertilizer responsiveness, lodging and heat tolerance during grain filling period as well as WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 69Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies shattering tolerance are some of the important features of a variety suitable for cultivation under irrigated conditions. Tall growing varieties have good performance under low input conditions but show low yield potential and poor disease resistance. Under irrigated agro-ecosystems, introduction of semi-dwarf varieties having high yield potential at all level of fertility has helped in high yields. These varieties are able to produce from 4.5 tonne to 6.5 tonnes and withstand fertilization upto 120kg N/ha. Such varieties are currently available in many countries under most irrigated production system and cultural environments namely early sown, late sown and very late situations. Semi-dwarf varieties are available for all the three wheat species for cultivation, in many wheat growing countries of the world. Development of wheat varieties is a continuous ongoing process, since most of the varieties in due course of time become susceptible to new forms of prevalent wheat diseases particularly rusts. Varieties that become extremely popular and cover more extensive area fall prey to new rust virulence more rapidly. Therefore, the coverage of very large area under one variety is discouraged and more than one variety should be made available for cultivation. More varieties need to be introduced for high yield from other countries till local research stations develop suitable and location specific high yielding varieties. Climatic Conditions Wheat is grown in a wide range of climatic conditions. The crop is considered as rain fed in the temperate climates and as a winter rainfall crop in subtropics. It is also grown in highlands (above 1500m) of tropics near the equator and in tropical regions away from equator where the winter rainy season is long. Wheat is sown when average daily temperature falls to 22-23°c for good germination. Mean daily temperature for optimum growth and tillering is between 15 and 20°c. The crop can also be grown in temperature ranges of 12.5-15°c and 20°-22.5°c with reduced level of production. Temperatures of less than 10-12°c during the crop duration is hazardous. The high temperature of both the ends of crop season determine the duration of crop. The crop is tolerant to frost of short durations. At WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies the time of maturity, comparatively warmer climate is required. Optimum altitude range at which the crop growth and yield are highest is 2000-2600m. Soils Wheat is grown in a wide range of soil types from sandy to clayey. Most suitable soil is medium textured sandy loam to clay loam having good drainage, high water holding capacity and fertility. The crop is moderately tolerant to salinity and optimum PH range is 6 to 8. Durum wheat is considered more suitable for cultivation on heavy and black soils whereas aestivum is grown in all types of soils. ECe at germination should not be more than 4 mmhos/cm. Yield decreases with increasing salinity. Crop rotation With the increased emphasis on intensive cropping and high yields, the rotation pattern is rice-wheat as most productive one. A pulse crop is generally taken between these cereals to enrich the soil. Maize - wheat or wheat - maize is another important rotation of the area. Very intensive cropping sequences involving the raising of 3 crops within a year can also be followed by progressive farmers. This may involve raising a short duration variety of maize or rice, followed by short duration oilseeds, potato or peas for 60 days, followed by wheat sown in January Field preparation Wheat crop requires well pulverized but compact seed-bed for good and uniform germination. To obtain well-pulverized soil having fine tilth, one deep ploughing with mould board plough is followed by 3-4 ploughings / harrowing. The field should be well leveled to obtain a uniform and good stand for efficient irrigation. It should be ensured that the field is completely free from weeds and clods. Recently zero-tillage and minimal tillage sowing practices using a specially designed zero-till seeding cum fertilizer drill have been introduced to save the time required to prepare seed-bed in rice-wheat rotations. This would reduce the cost of cultivation in weed free area. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 71Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Time and method of sowing VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies The time of sowing wheat has a pronounced effect on the yield. Optimum dates for sowing in Ethiopia are considered from 25th June to early July on red and dark grey soils depending upon the onset of rains. The optimum period for seeding dry season crop is mid November to December. For seeding durum wheat it is first fortnight of July or mid November. The crop is sown by both broadcasts as well as drill methods. Drilling the seed gives uniform and good stand with high yields as seed is placed at a uniform depth. This also helps in early emergence of vigorous seedlings. The depth of sowing should not be below 4-5cm for semi dwarfvarieties since they have short coleoptiles. Seed rate and spacing Seed rate of the crop varies according to the soil type, climate, method of sowing and seed size. In general depending on the type of soil, the rate of seeding varies from 125-150 kg/ha for bread and durum varieties. In general the irrigated and timely sown crop is planted at 22.5 cm spacing between rows. Under ideal conditions of irrigatjpjfcand fertility, closer row spacing of 15 to 20cm is adopted. When raised under unirrigated or rain fed conditions, wider spacing of 20cm or more is preferable. Manure and Fertilizers To achieve high productivity levels use of synthetic fertilizers is very useful and essential. Large quantity of plant nutrients are removed from the soil along with the harvest of grain and straw. They are mostly N.P.K along with small quantity of several others. For sustainable production use of 5-10tons of farmyard manure 4- 5 weeks before sowing is important. The fertilizer dose recommended for timely sown irrigated wheat is 80-150 kg N, 40-60kg P O 2 5 and 30kg k O based 2 on soil test. Half dose of nitrogenous and full dose of phosphatic fertilizers are drilled before sowing and balance dose of N is applied as top dressing at active tillering stage. Green Manuring with vetch has been found to be effective in increasing crop yield. Where green manure preceeds wheat, the farmer should give all the phosphorous that is subsequently used by wheat crop. In cropping system involving rice-wheat rotation, all the potassium needed under this system should WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies be given to the rice crop and all the phosphorus to wheat crop, and N to both crops. Interculture The crop may need one or two weeding. First weeding is done after 3-4 weeks of sowing followed by second weeding after 6 to 8 weeks depending upon the intensity of weed infestation. Weed can also be controlled by the use of herbicides. Keeping weeds under control is very crucial for achieving high yield levels. For control of non-graminaceous broad-leaf weeds, a spray of 2,4-D, sodium salt @ 625g a.i./ha in 750 liters water 4-6 weeks after sowing is effective. For control of foxtail and wild oats, use of Isoproturon @ 1.0kg a.i./ha as Pre emergence 2-3 days after sowing is quite effective. Water requirement Water requirement of high yielding crop is between 450 to 650 mm/season depending upon climate and length of growing period. The crop coefficient (Kc) during Tnitial - stage is 0.3 - 0.4 (15-20days), development stage 0.7-0.8^(25-30 days), mid-season stage 1.05-1.2 (50 to 65 days) late season stage 0.65-0.7 (30 to 40 days) and at harvest 0.2-0.25. In case of high yielding dwarf wheat, the most critical stages of water requirement is crown root initiation or CRI stage (20 to 23 days after sowing), followed by late tillering, late jointing, milk and dough stages. Moisture stress at any of these stages singly or in combination would seriously affect the crop yield. Among these, CRI stage is most critical for irrigation since the crown roots are formed at around 2 cm of soil depth irrespective of depth of seed placement and this is the level which is subject to fastest drying. Under dry soil conditions roots fail to grow and subsequently result in yield loss. The rooting depth of wheat is comparatively shallow and about 80% of soil moisture is extracted from the topsoil layer of 60cm. Moderate moisture stress is experienced by the crop at moisture depletion levels of 60 to 70% of the total available soil moisture. The crop is generally irrigated by border and basin systems. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 73Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies The irrigation to wheat crop under medium soil conditions can be scheduled as under: i. 1st watering at crown root initiation, after 3 weeks of sowing. ii. 2nd watering at late tillering stage iii. 3rd watering at heading or bloom stage iv. 4th watering at early dough stage v. 5th watering when the crop top is heavy. In case of sandy soils two more irrigations can be given. Harvesting The crop is harvested when grains are fully developed and become dry. The plant also becomes dry and brown in colour. Harvesting may be done manually with the help of sickles. It can also be harvested and threshed mechanically with the help of combines. The crop is transported to the threshing floor, allowed to dry and threshing-winnowing operations follow. The seed is stored in bags after drying only. Yield Yield of the crop depends on agro-climatic conditions, inputs applied and other factors. Under irrigated conditions, yield may vary from 30 to 60 q/ha depending on management practices and the level of inputs used. The progressive farmers may always harvest 60 q/ha and above. Pest and diseases control Wheat mostly suffers from diseases only. For the control of rusts (Pucinia spp.) of different kinds, it is recommended to grow rust-resistant varieties. Three rusts namely leaf or brown caused by Puccinia recondita, Stripe or yellow rust caused by P. striformis, stem or black rust caused by P. gaminis tritici are most important It is better to grow the latest rust resistant variety. Loose smut caused by Ustilago tritici is another important disease and can be controlled by growing resistant varieties. Hot water or solar heat treatment to seed is effective to control smut Roughing of affected plant is also done. Before WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 74Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies sowing the seed may be treated with systemic fungicides namely carboxin or carbendazim @ 2.5g/kg seed. For the control of rats the following measures may be adopted i. Field rat control: Zinc phosphide (2%) baited on wheat grain. ii. Mole rat control: Zinc phosphide (5%) baited on potato tuber. iii. Storage rat control: Zinc phosphide (1%) baited on wheat grain. Alternatively, brodifacoum (0.005%) can also be baited for the aforesaid three situations. 6.5 CHICKPEAS (CICER ARIETINUM L.) Local name 'Shimbra' Introduction Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) like other pulses, is a rich source of protein for human diet. It is believed to have originated from Southwest Asia but it was first domesticated in Middle East. It is widely cultivated in India, Mediterranean area, the middle East, Ethiopia, Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Peru. Total world production of chickpeas is about 6 million tons. The seed is eaten raw when green, roasted, parched or boiled in split form and used in many other preparations for its flour. Green foliage is used as vegetable. Germinated seeds have medicinal value. Soaked grain or husk are fed to horses and cattle respectively. Chickpeas are an important highland pulse in Ethiopia. The crop ranks third in terms of yield per hectare, gross production and hectarage after faba beans and field peas. The crop is generally grown as a rain fed mono-culture. The protein content of grain is about 24%. It is grown in a rotation with cereals and cash crops and acts as a fertility restorer. The plant is a small herbaceous annual 25 to 50cm tall with erect much branched stem. The fruit is an inflated pod about 2cm long and 1cm broad and germination is hypogeal. Varieties At various agricultural research stations, hybridization and selection methods were adopted for varietal developmental work but only limited information are available WWDSE In Association with ICT FfoalFeasibiHty Study Report 75Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies for improved varieties for the project command area. Hence, it is recommended that promising varieties with disease and insect-pest resistance may be introduced and thoroughly tested as a part of on-farm testing for enhancement of productivity. Climatic Conditions Chickpeas require cool and dry climate. The crop is well adapted to arid and semi-arid regions with low to moderate rainfall. Heavy rains after sowing or at flowering and pod formation stages are harmful. Frost is also injurious to the crop. The optimum mean daily temperature for the crop is between 15 to 20°C, although it can also be grown at temperature ranges between 12.5 to 15°C and 20.0 to 25.0°C. Similarly, most suitable altitudinal range is 1,800 to 2,400m. It can, however, grow at altitudinal ranges of 1,200 to 1,800m and 2,400 to 2,800m with reduced yields. Optimum rainfall for the crop is 650-700mm/season or cultivated in Irrigated production system. Soils- The crop requires deep heavy soils with good water retentive properties though it grows well in all types of soil. Deep alluvial clay is ideal. The optimum PH range is 6 to 7 and the crop is highly sensitive to acidic or alkaline conditions. The crop requires well-drained and well-aerated soil conditions. Cropping system Chickpea is generally rotated with maize, rice or any such cereals or oilseeds. It can also be sown as intercrop with wheat, barley, rapeseed and mustard. Field Preparation The crop does not need any thorough pulverization of soil and can be sown under rough field conditions. One or two ploughings including one deep ploughing, maybe adequate. Ploughing in August will help to keep the field weed-free. The crop is generally sown in cloddy fields. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 76Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Time and Method of Sowing VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Since the crop is sensitive to heavy rains, sowing is done in 2nd week of August or early September when rains recede. Yield increase due to sowing during this period has been found to be 25 to 50%. Dry season crop can be sown in December and January. The crop is sown both by broadcast and drill in rows. Drilling seed in lines at an optimum depth of 6 to 8cm gives uniform stand and high yields. It also reduces the incidence of wilt. Under irrigated conditions, when double cropping can be practiced, sowing time will have to be enhanced. Seed rate and Spacing The crop is generally sown as rain fed and on conserved soil moisture. Comparatively higher seed rate of 65 to 100kg per ha or more is adopted depending upon size of the seed and method of sowing. The crop is sown at a close spacing of 30cm between rows and 5 to 10 ems between plants within a row at a depth of 7-10 cm. It is desirable to treat the seed with Rhizobium culture to encourage fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Manuring The crop being leguminous, the application of large quantity of fertilizer is generally not required. However, phosphoric fertilizers @ 30 to 40 kg P O5/ha 2 may be beneficial in phosphorus deficient soils. A starter dose of N is needed for initial growth of plants and development of nodules in roots. Only 15-20 kg N/ha along with 40kg P O required. 25 Interculture In order to keep the field completely free from weeds, one weeding after about 3 weeks of sowing may be desirable. Since the crop is sown at a comparatively closer spacing, thick canopy gets developed during a short period, which has a smothering effect on weed growth. In case of luxuriant plant growth tips are nipped to encourage branching and flowering resulting high yields. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 77Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of 8ale Gadula Irrigation Project Water Requirement VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies The water requirement for chickpeas is comparatively low. The crop is drought resistant. Since the crop is deep rooted and its length of growing period is also short, most of the water needs are met from the conserved moisture. However, the crop responds to irrigation, if made available. One or two irrigations at growth formation, flowering and early seed formation stages may be beneficial. Moisture stress at seed formation stage may adversely affect the grain development and yield. The seeds remain less developed and shriveled under such conditions. Harvesting The crop matures after 100 to 125 days depending upon the variety and climate. When the seeds in the pods develop fully and get dry, plants are either pulled or cut with the help of sickles. The harvested plants are brought to the threshing floor allowed to dry and then threshed. The seeds are stored in gunny bags after complete drying. Yield The crop yield varies from year to year depending upon weather conditions. Under good conditions, grain yield is as high as 20-25 q/ha. Pests and Diseases a) Pests: Cutworm (Agrotis psilon h.) is controlled by dusting the crop with 10% BHC. Pod borer is another major pest. b) Diseases: Among the common diseases are wilt (Fusarium oxysporium), root wilt (Rhijectonia batalicola) and collar rot (Sclerotium spp). These diseases cause yield losses up to 50-80%. In order to control wilt avoidance of late sowing and water logging conditions are recommended. For collar rot, long crop rotation and soil drenching is recommended. Use of disease resistant variety is another important aspect. For wilt and root rot seed should be treated with fungicides namely carbendazim + Thiram (1g + 2g/kg) at sowing. Seed dressing with bioagents Trichoderma viride @ 4g/kg seed + fungicide carboxin (Vitavex) @1.0 g/kg seed should be followed. VVWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 78Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Integrated Pest management VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies To control pod borer, it may be useful to use sex-pheromone traps (5 traps/ha) at flowering and pod formation stages. Economic thresh hold limit may be 1 larva/5- 10 plants. Cultural practices include deep summer ploughing, clean cultivation, inter cropping with linseed etc. Collection and destruction of larva also helps control the borer. To have biological control spray of polyhedroxis virus (NPV) @ 20 larva equivalents (LE)/ha on noticing eggs of Helicoverpa armigera. Apply 3 sprays at weekly intervals. For chemical control use Endosalfan (0.07%) or Monocrotophos (0.04%) as soon as economic threshold limit is crossed. 6.6 Haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Local name: Boloke Introduction Haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris): is one of the important leguminous crops grown as a vegetable. It is consumed as fresh tender pods, shelled green beans and dry beans. It is a very good source of protein in human diet. It contains 1.7g proteins, 50mg calcium, 28mg Phosphorus, 1.7mg iron, 132 mg carotenes, 0.08 mg thiamine, and 0.06 mg riboflavin and 24.0 mg vitamin C per 100g of edible pod. Total world production of dry beans is about 18.7 million tons from about 30 million hectares and the green beans of 2.2 million tons from 0.4 million hectares. The origin of the crop is said to be North, Central and South America (Mexico) where it is being cultivated since pre-historic times. It is difficult to meet the ever- increasing human needs for protein from meat, eggs, millcand fish as the increase in their production is at a slow rate. The protein demand can be easily met by the increased production of grain legumes. Haricot beans, in general, are better than meat with respect to both quantity and quality. Its protein content ranges from 20.1 to 27.9% depending upon the variety. Chemical composition of seed is water 11.0%, protein 22.0%, fat 1.67%, carbohydrate 57.8%, fibre 4% and ash 3.67%. It is often eaten along with cereals which are advantageous to balance the diet. Haricot beans are exported from Ethiopia and therefore it has acquired economic value. Most of the production of haricot beans comes from peasant farmers who do not have necessary inputs due to which a low average yield level of 600 kg per WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 79Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies ha is obtained. The crop, therefore, has great potential for increased production in the country. This holds true for the Bale Gadula situation also. Varieties The main activity under breeding programme is to identify high yielding varieties with wide adaptation. Similarly, species suitable for export should have medium size and shape and white seed coat with good flavor for canning. It is therefore essential that high yielding medium duration and photo-insensitive varieties of the crop are evaluated for year round cultivation both for domestic consumption and export. Haricot beans for commercial and export use should have the following characteristics: i. Seed should be of suitable size (medium), shape (usually pea bean and white seed coat(export) with good flavor for canning. ii. All the seeds (100%) should soak when left in water for 16 hours or even less. Climatic Conditions The crop is not suited to the humid, wet tropics. Excess rain and hot weather cause drop of flowers and pods and increased incidence of disease. Optimum mean daily temperature ranges between 15 and 25°c. The crop gives reduced yield when minimum temperature drops below 10°c. At high temperatures, the fibre content of the pod gets increased. In general high temperatures are conducive to germination. It takes about 7 days to germinate at 25°c and 12 days at 18°c. Extreme high temperatures interfere with pod filling while low temperatures are unfavorable for vegetative growth. Most of the varieties are not affected by day length. The length of growing period varies from 60 to 90 days for green pods and 90 to 120 days for dry bean depending upon variety and climate. The crop is most suited at the altitude range of 1400-1800 and marginally between 1000 to 1400 and 1800-2100 meters. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report soFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Soils VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies The crop can be grown in a wide range of well drained soil types from light sandy to heavy clay. Most suited are medium-textured, deep loamy soils, which should have good fertility The optimum soil PH range is between 5.5 to 6.8. Haricot beans are sensitive to soil salinity. The yield decreases at varying levels of ECe is:0% at ECe 1.0 10% at 1.5.25% at 2.3, 50% at 3.6 and 100 % at ECe 6.0 mmhos/cm. Cropping system The cop is prone to soil borne diseases. It is, therefore, recommended to be grown in rotation with wheat, maize, sorghum, onion, sweet potato, cotton, etc. It also helps in restoring soil fertility. Field preparation The field prepared for haricot beans is comparatively rough and there is no need of fine tilth. After one initial deep ploughing with mould board plough, two harrowings/ploughings are given. It should be ensured that the field is completely free from weeds and the clods are not too big. Time and method of sowing The wet season crop is grown in June- July after the out break of rainy season. Dry season crop is sown from December to January. Sowing is done both by broadcast and line methods. Line sowing by drilling is recommended to obtain a uniform and good stand. It should be ensured that the seed is placed at optimum depth of 5 to 7 cm where there is adequate moisture, too deep sowing being undesirable. Growing periods calculated from different altitudes are 1200 m-84, 1600 m-96, 1800m-103 and 2200 m-115 days. This can be used as guideline for deciding the sowing date depending upon rainfall. Seed rate and spacing Optimum seed rate varies from 40 to 60 kg per ha depending upon the variety and agro climatic conditions. The seed is drilled in rows 40 to 60 cm apart depending upon type of variety i.e. erect or climbing. With the facilities of irrigation, spacing WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 81Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies and seed rate are comparatively reduced. Close spacing is given to erect type and wide spacing to climbing ones. Spacing also depends upon method of harvesting and purpose of planting i.e. green pod or dry seed. For dry seeds, closer spacing is generally adopted. Plant to plant spacing varies from 5 to 10 cm for erect and 10 to 15 for climbing types. The seed may be inoculated with Rhizobium phaseoli culture to encourage fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by quick nodulation for high yield. Manuring Although haricot beans are a leguminous crop and capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, a starter dose of 20 to 30 kg N per ha through chemical fertilizer is desirable. Application of 40 to 60 kg P2O5 and 50 kg K per ha through chemical fertilizer is also recommended depending upon the soil tests. All the fertilizers are drilled in the soil before sowing. Application of 25-50 tons of farmyard manure per hectare at the time of land preparation helps in increased yield and quality of produce. Interculture One weeding can be given to the crop manually after abut 2-3 weeks of sowing to keep the field completely free from weeds. About 2 weedings may be needed till the plants are grown enough to smother the weeds. A pre-emergence application of Alachlor at the rate of 2 to 2.5 kg /ha is recommended for effective weed control. Water Requirement The water requirement for haricot beans varies between 300 to 500 mm per season depending upon climate and crop duration. The crop coefficient (KC), for different developmental stages of green bean are; during initial stage 0.3-0.4 (15 to 20 days), development stage 0.65-0.75 (15 to 20 days), mid- season stage 0.5- 1.05 (20-30 days), late season stage 0.9-0.95 (5-20days) and harvest 0.85-0.9. For dry bean the Kc values are; during initial stage 0.3-0.4 (15 to 20 days), the development stage 0.7-0.8(15-20 days), mid- season stage 1.05-1.2 (35-40 days), late season stage 0.65-0.75 (20-25 days) and at harvest 0.25-0.3. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 82Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Highest yields are obtained when frequent irrigations are given at flowering and pod-formation stages. Water depletion at these critical stages should not go below 40 to 50% of total available soil water. Severe water stress during vegetative period would retard plant development and adversely affect the yield. When grown for seed purposes, water depletion at ripening period should not be below 60-70 days otherwise the grain may not fully develop and get shrunk, resulting in low yield and poor quality. In case of dry beans, water supply is discontinued 20-25 days before harvest while for green beans it is continued till the last picking. The plants are susceptible to water stress at critical periods of growth - pre -blooming, flowering and pod filling stages. The frequency of irrigation depends upon season, soil type and organic matter content. Harvesting Green pods are harvested in 3 or 4 pickings by hand over a period of 25 to 35 days. For dry seeds, the crop is harvested when the leaves turn yellow, plant starts drying, pods are fully matured and become dry. Harvesting is done with the help of sickles. The plants and pods are allowed to dry in small heaps in the field. The produce is subsequently brought to the floor and subjected to threshing and winnowing. The seed is cleaned and dried before storing. Yield About 15 to 20 q/ha of dry seed are obtained under good conditions. The yield of green pods varies from 60 to 140 q/ha depending upon the variety, location and soil fertility. Pests and Diseases a) Pests: Beetle (Madurasia obscurella) and Jassids (Empoasca kerri) can be controlled by the application of phorate 10 G or Disulfotan 5 G granules @1.5 kg/ha at the time of sowing or dusting 5% BHC. Stem fly (Ophiomyia phaseoli) can be controlled by carbofuran (35% L.) @ 0.28g product/kg seed. Seed dressing with aldrex-T is also recommended. African bollworm (Haliothis WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report S3Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation^Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies armigera) can be controlled by single spray of 150 g a.i. of cyermethrin and sowing of trap crops like lupin, pigeon pea, maize and sunflower. b) Diseases: Bean rot (Phytophthora parasitica) and leaf spot (Cercospora cruenta) can be controlled by spray with 1% bordaux mixture 0.2 ziram. Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas Phaseoli indicus) can be controlled by growing resistant varieties, crop rotation and use of disease free seed. Bruchids (Callosobrushus spp.) is best controlled by primphos methyl at 4-5 ppm. 6.7 Black cumin / Nigella sativa) Local Name ‘ Tikur Azemud ’ Introduction Black cumin belongs to the Umbelliferae family is a seed spice native of Eastern Mediterranean region. It is the dried seed like fruit of a small herb, about 45 cm in height. The crop is cultivated in large in Southern European and Western Asian countries. In Ethiopia the major black cumin growing areas are located in the central high land of Bale, some part of Arsi and Western Shoa zones of Oromia region and, the areas around Lake Tana, in the western Gojjam and North Gonder zones of Amhara region. Black cumin is an expensive crop among spices and it is considered to be a commodity crop. Because, it products are used for flavoring of foods and beverages, culinary purposes and for different medicinal purposes. General growth requirements Altitude: - 1600 -2000 meters above sea levels is the optimum elevation for our cases. Rain fall: - 120 - 400 mm rain fall during growing period is required for optimum yield. Heavy rain fall at initial stages harms the crop. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 84Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Temperature: - cool climate condition is suitable for the plant to grow successfully. Soils: - black cumin can grow on wide rang of soil types. Ranging from sandy loam to clay loams. However, soils with good drainage and rich in organic matter help to give better yields. (A.A Farooqi, “production technology of medicinal and aromatic crops" - 2001) In this respect, in Ethiopia, the black cumin growing areas are mostly black moisture holding type soils. Irrigation requirements: - black cumin does not require frequent irrigation. A light irrigation is given after sowing. At initial growing stage may require slight water at 3 - 4 days interval and in later stages at weekly intervals. Care should be taken at irrigation that water does not flow too fast in the beds otherwise seeds may be washed out and gather together towards bunds resulting in the uneven distribution of plants. (A.A Farooqii,” 2001) Variety. - Derbera (229806) The variety can give seed yield about 17 qt/ha. Cultural practices Land preparation: - plowing, harrowing and leveling of the land managements are similar to that of vegetable crops like carrot, onion e.t.c... Planting date: - under rain fed production from second weeks of August to 1st week September, and under irrigation January would be the optimum planting time in the areas around Lake Tana Planting methods: - black cumin seeds can be sown directly both by broadcasting and row planting methods. If broadcasted has done, seeds have to be mixed with soil with the help of rake. However, under irrigation, seeds can be sown in rows 20 - 25 cm apart with spacing 5 - 6 cm between plants. (J.S.Pruthi, “Minor spices and Condiments 2001, A.A Pruthi “production technology of medicinal and aromatic crops’72001) WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 85Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Seeding rate: - Seven kg I ha are required for broadcasted seeding and 5 kg / ha is for row planting is needed. Seeds are sown thinly at 1 cm depth only. Thinning of excess plants has to be done after 2 -3 weeks intervals for row planted. Fertilizer application: - before plowing 100 -150 qt/ha of manure can be applied. In addition, some farmers in the West Shoa and Arsi zones are applying about 100 kg DAP fertilizer before sowing in basal form application. Crop protection Weed control: - frequent weeding is essential, especially during the early growth stage First weeding, when the plants are 5 cm tall. Entirely, black cumin needs 3 -4 weeding during the growth periods. Insects and diseases control: - at early seedling stages cut worm and bore worms may attack the plants at field level. The controlling methods are:- ■ Following the rotation system • Use clean seeds • Apply registered insecticides when the infestation rate reaches beyond economic thresh hold level (more than 5 %). ■ No serious diseases observed and reported yet. Harvesting and post harvest managements: - the crop is ready to harvest after 150-170 days duration. The fruits I capsules/ split under pressure of fingers and show black colored seeds with emitting odor. Whole plant can be harvested by uprooting the plants with hands or with help of sickle and stayed in the sun for drying. Then the seeds are separated by rubbing the dried plants by hand or threshing on sacks or canvases. 6.8 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Local name: 'Dinich' WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 86Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Introduction VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Potato (Solarium tuberosum) is supposed to originate in Europe. It is semi perishable in nature due to 80% water in the tuber. Therefore, post production management of potato is very important. In Ethiopia potato is grown very widely mainly as irrigated crop. It is a very important vegetable crop in the Bale Gadula command area. Varieties There are three types of potato varieties, early, medium and late depending on their duration from tuber to tuber. The present released variety of Irish potato is zengena (200-01) having a potential to yield 30-35 tons/ha and resistant to late blight with high dry matter content and suitable for processing. Climate Potato is largely grown in cool regions, where mean temperature does not normally exceed 18°c. Optimum temperature for potato growth and development ranges between 15°c to 25°c. Minimum night temperature is of great significance for tuberization and yield. Temperature below 21°c is favorable for tuber formation. There is little if any, tuber formation at temperature above 29°c. At low temperatures the vegetative growth of the plant is restricted. That is why potato is grown as summer crop in the hills and cool season crop in tropics and sub-tropics. Long photoperiod promotes haulm growth and delays, tuberization and maturity where as short photoperiod reduces haulm growth but tuber initiation is early and the crop maturity period is reduced. For best yields, potato crop needs long day conditions during growth and short day condition during tuberization. Soils Potato can grow in all types of soils but light, well drained sandy loam soils are best-suited. Potato plant prefers soils in acidic to neutral range (PH 5.5 - 7.5). Black soils are, however, prone to cracking on drying and expose tubers to sun and tuber moth infestation. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 87Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Propagation VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Potato is conventionally grown vegetatively using tubers as planting material. Each tuber has several eyes distributed over its surface with each eye having 3-5 buds, which develop into sprouts. When planted in soil, the sprouted tuber establishes itself into a plant. Each sprout, on emergence above the ground, develops into stem bearing leaves and branches. The quality of seed is most important to ensure good crop production. This is because, seed tubers account for about 40-50% of the total input cost. Seed plot technique This technique of seed production envisages raising a crop (using healthy seed) during the period when aphids (vectors of virus diseases) population is very low. Rogue the diseased plants periodically. Finally de haulms the crop before the aphids reach the critical level of 20 aphids per 100 compound leaves. The seed potato produced in the plains gives better plant stand in all potato-growing regions because of its better physiological stage for giving quick emergence and faster growth of haulms. Seed size and spacing All sizes of tubers can be utilized as seed but medium sized (25-55 mm or 25-27g) often called as seed size is better than other grades. Even in seed size tubers of 35-45 mm or 45-50g are ideal. Comparable yields can be obtained by planting medium sized tubers (35-45) at 60cm x20cm spacing and large-sized tubers (45- 55mm) at 60 x 55 cm spacing, keeping the plant population at 83000 and 67ooo plant/ha respectively. For small-sized seed (25-35 mm) a population of 11000 plant/ha (60cmx15cm) is ideal. The optimum seed rate for getting high yield is 20- 25q/ha for 15g seed, 25-30 q/ha for 30g seed and 30-35 q/ha for45g seed size. Pre-sprouting of Seeds Pre-sprouting of tubers before planting ensures multiple, stout and healthy sprouts which help in quick emergence and uniform stand of crop. It also increases the number of tubers and leads to larger proportion of seed-sized tubers. For pre- WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies sprouting the tubers are kept in shade in diffused light in baskets or trays or spread in thin layer on the floor. Seed stocks are examined twice a week to remove rotten tubers. One week pre-sprouting period is enough for all sizes tubers. Seed-bed Preparation The seed-bed is properly prepared by a deep ploughing followed by harrowing to get a fine tilth free from weeds. The number of harrowing depends on weed infestation and type of soil. Time and Method of Planting Potato can be planted at least twice in a year, August-September and December- January. At higher altitudes (2500-3000m), the crop should be grown during summer when free from frost and very low temperatures. The tubers are planted in lines 60 cm apart. The furrows are opened and tubers are kept in furrows at a distance of 20cm from tuber to tuber and covered with soils using ridger. The planting should be done in the morning or in the evening to avoid heated soil covering during mid-day in plains. Manuring Nitrogen is the most important nutrient for potato crop. A mature potato crop yielding between 25 and 35 tons /ha need about 120-150kg N/ha. The peak period of N uptake varies from 40-70 days or more depending on the altitude arid duration. The nitrogen application increases the plant growth, leaf area, tuber number and tuber size. The maximum N responses is recorded in alluvial soil followed by red and black soils. Potato varieties also differ in their N requirements. It is recommend to apply 15-20 tons/ha farm yard (dung) manure and incorporated in the soil before planting. Half dose of N and full dose of P2O5 and K2O is applied in furrow and mixed in soil at planting. The remaining half dose of N is applied at the time of earthing-up. P is the second limiting nutrient in potato production. It is generally applied at the rate of 45kg P2O5 / ha. On an average potato crop WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 89Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gjdula lnigation Project^ VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies remove 150 kg k / ha. Therefore, about 100-115 kg K/ha is required to apply. The fertilizer application should be based on the soil test value. Interculture Earthing up and weeding of potato are done as soon as weeds emerge and potato plants are about 8-10 cm tall. The final earthing up is done 28-35 days after planting and half dose of N applied at this stage. Irrigation Water forms about 80% of potato tuber. Therefore, adequate and regular water supply is needed for its sustained growth. The quality of water used for irrigation is also important. Water with high quantity of salt is undesirable for potato. The first irrigation is given immediately after planting, second at 12-15 days of sowing (2- 5% germination). Subsequent irrigation is given at weekly or 10 days intervals. Water stress reduces tuber yield and increase the proportion of small-sized tubers. Harvesting and Post-harvest Management Potato tubers are harvested as soon as they mature. In loam or heavy loam soils tubers should not be allowed to remain in wet soil after maturity because the lenticels on their surface may proliferate and impart unacceptable look to the tubers in wet land. After harvesting, tuber should be surface dried and kept in shade in heaps for about 10 days or more. The produce should be graded on the basis of tuber size and bagged for marketing. Physiological disorders These are normally caused by unfavorable environmental conditions due to physiological imbalance. They are non-parasitic and affect the quality of produce. These are internal brown spot scattered through the flesh of tubers. Black heart caused due to air storage at 35° to 40°c. Hollow heart, an irregular cavity in the center of tuber due to rapid bulking over-sized tubers and chilling injury at 0°c causing discolored blotches in the flesh of tubers. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 90Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Diseases and Insect-pests VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies The following diseases are likely to occur: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans ), leaf-spot complex (Altemana spp.), Stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani), Dry rot (Fusarium spp.), Bacterial wilt (Ralastonia solanacearum), soft rot (Erwinia spp. Pseudomonas spp and Bacillus spp ), common scab (Streptomyces spp.) Severe mosaic (PVY), Crinkle mosaic (PVX + PVA) and leaf roll (PLRV). The insect-pests are Aphids (Aphis gossypii), Mites (Hemitasonamus latus), Tuber moth (Pthonmaea operculella), Cutworm (Agrostis ipsilon), and golden cyst nematode (Globodera pallida). 6.9 Onion (Allium Cepa) Local name: 'shinkurt' Introduction Onion (Allium Cepa) is one of the most important commercial vegetables grown on many parts of the country including the Bale Gadula area having favorable climate and soil with adequate rainfall or irrigation. Varieties There are not many onion varieties developed in this country. There are two types, the local and imported variety. In general onion varieties else where are grouped broadly in to two common onion and multiplier onion. The common onion is further grouped into 3 subgroups based on the color of the skin—red, yellow and white. There is a need to have more varieties of onion on the basis of yield, soil and location specificity like other onion growing regions of the world. Climate Onion is a cool season crop. However, it can be grown under a wide range of climatic conditions. It grows well under mild climate without extreme heat or cold or excessive rainfall. In area where average rainfall exceeds 750 mm -1000 mm in the wet season, it can be successfully grown during dry season. The ideal temperature requirement of onion crop is 12.8° to 21°c before bulbing and 15.5° - 25°c for bulb development. Very low temperature in early stages favors bolting WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 91Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies whereas sudden rise in temperature favors early maturity resulting in small-sized bulbs. Soils Onion can be grown on all types of soil. However, deep friable loam and alluvial soils are best for its successful production. Good drainage, weed free and presence of more organic matter in soils favor good production of crop It cannot be grown in alkaline and low lying marshy lands. The optimum pH is 5.8 to 6.5. Planting Common onion can be grown by raising seedlings in a nursery and transplanting these in field, planting bulbs directly in the field, broadcast or drilling seeds directly in the field and planting sets for production of onion in wet season. Transplanting This is most commonly practised for irrigated crop. It gives high yield of large sized bulbs. Seedlings are first raised in nursery. Nursery Raising A nursery bed of 3m x 0.6m size may be raised up to 15-25 cm with a distance of 70cm between the beds to facilitate inter-cultural operations. Generally sandy loam soils are preferred for nursery beds. The edge and top of the bed should be quite firm to avoid pit formation during rain or at the time of irrigation. The top surface up to 2-3cm should be enriched with fine, sieved and decomposed farm yard manure or compost after sowing. Seeds are sown in lines 4-6 cm apart. Sowing should not be done more than 2- 3cm deep. After sowing beds should be mulched with dry grass or straw or any other such material to maintain and preserve the required soil moisture. As and when there is lack of moisture in the bed, it should be watered by sprinkling can. After germination, dry grass or mulching material should be removed and nursery should be protected from heavy rain, heat or direct sun. VVWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 92Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies About 10-15 kg seed is required to raise seedlings for planting one hectare. The seedlings are ready for transplanting 7-8 weeks after sowing or after attaining a height of 20-25cm. Over-aged seedlings result in bolting, taking longer time to start growth and under-aged seedling do not establish well after transplanting. Planting by bulbs This is practised to meet the demand of green onion far salad Bulbs are dibbled at 15cm on the side of 45 cm wide ridges or in beds. This can also be done in furrows. For planting one hectare 750 kg medium sized bulbs are required. The secondary bulbs developing from mother bulbs have market for green onion. Direct Sowing Onion can also be sown by direct seeding. The soil is thoroughly pulverized and made free of clods. Varieties capable of having big sized bulbs are grown in rows 30cm apart. Seedlings 6-8 weeks old may be thinned. A light irrigation is given immediately after sowing. Interculture and irrigation is repeated after every 10 days. Planting by Sets Sets are small-sized onion produced by seedlings to mature in the nursery beds as such instead of transplanting them. Those are used to get an early crop to get more prices. For planting one hectare 5-8 kg seed is adequate to raise enough number of sets in 200m2 area. Nursery is prepared as mentioned above. The seedlings are allowed to remain in the nursery till their leaves fall and they form small bulbs (sets) due to less spacing. Later dig out 1.5-2.0 cm sized healthy sets for planting The sets are planted 10cm apart in rows on both sides of ridges spaced at 35-45 cm spacing. A light irrigation is given immediately after planting the sets. In multiplier onion, bulbs are first separated and then bigger-sized bulbs are used far planting. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 93Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula irrigation Project Manuring VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Onion needs a heavy dose of fertilizer for good yield. But the fertilizer requirements depend on soil type and type of crop. Farmyard or dung manure at the rate of 20-25 tons/ha may be incorporated in soil one month before transplanting. The crop requires 150 kg N, 50 Kg P and 50 kg K/ha. Full amount of P and K and half dose of N is to be added just before transplanting. The remaining quantity may be given 20-25 days after transplanting in case of sowing by sets and multiplier onions. It is applied at the rate of half of the remaining N in case of seedling-transplanted onion at 30 and 45 days after transplanting respectively. Inter Culture The crop should be kept weed free at the initial stage of plant growth. Chemical weed control along with hand weeding is recommended often after 10 days of transplanting. Baseline @ one liter per ha or stomp @ 3.5 liter/ha immediately after transplanting are quite effective to control weeds. Irrigation The water requirement in general depends upon plant, its growth stage, soil type and its climatic conditions. Onion is a shallow rooted crop with roots generally contained within 8 cm of soil surface. Water requirement of onion, therefore, is less in the beginning. Water is a critical requirement at the time of bulb formation. Frequent light irrigation at weekly intervals promote proper bulb development and good yield. Harvesting Onion is ready for harvesting in 2-3 months after transplanting for dry and green onions respectively. The optimum time for harvesting bulbs for sale or for storage is when leaves start falling. The crop can be harvested a week after the falling of 50% leaves. Multiplier onions are harvested when 50-70% leaves have fallen. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Yield VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Common onion varieties yield up to 250-300 q/ha, small-sized pickling type variety 160-200 q/ha and multiplier onions 150-180 q/ha. Post - harvest management Onion bulbs are thoroughly cured before being placed in storage. The purpose of curing is to remove excess moisture from the outer skin and neck of onion to reduce losses due to diseases. The time for curing largely depends upon the prevailing weather condition The fully cured onion shows the light neck and the dried scale rustle. After curing, the onion should be graded for local market and export. Then filled in jute bags for transportation. They should be packed in 14-15 kg cane baskets for export purpose. Insect-pests Thrips (Thrips tabaci), mite (Aceria tulipae), onion fly (Delia antiqua), cutworm (Agrotis ispilon) 6.10 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Local name: ‘Tematim’ Introduction Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is most important remunerative vegetable. A rich source of minerals, vitamins and organic acids, tomato fruits provide 3-4% sugar, 4-7% solids, 15-30 mg per 100g ascorbic acid, 7.5-10mg/100 ml titratable acidity and 20-50mg /1 OOg fruit weight of lycopene. It is widely grown vegetable in the country. Varieties There are large number of varieties and hybrids of tomato in the world, developed for various purposes. Though good work has been done on tomato varietal development in the county but not many varieties are available so far. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 95Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Climate VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies In general tomato, a warm-season vegetable, is grown in cool season also. The optimum temperature required for its cultivation is 15-27°C. At high and low temperatures, there is low germination of seeds, poor plant growth, flower drop, poor fruit set and ripening. At high temperature generally, the quality of fruits is poor and there is high evidence of sunscald. Under extreme high and low temperature conditions, the yield and quality of fruits is reduced. Mild winter condition is ideal for seed germination, plant growth, fruit set, fruit development and ripening. Excessive rains adversely affects the fruit set causing flower drop. Soils Tomato is grown in varied type of soil-sandy loam to clay, black soil and red soil having proper drainage. However, Sandy loam soil, rich in organic matter is ideal for its cultivation. The PH of the soil should be 7.5 to 8.5. Tomato can tolerate moderate acid and saline soils. Red and black soils are good for commercial cultivation. Nursery Raising For raising the seedlings for one-hectare 250m2 area is required. Generally in wet season 7.5m x 1.2m x 0 1m beds are prepared. The beds are covered with a layer of farmyard manure and sand mixed in equal proportion. The farmyard manure should be used @ 4kg/m2. To protect from the incidence of damping off of seedling, the beds should be treated with 10% formaldehyde. Before sowing the bed should be drenched with 0.2% Dithane M-45 or treated with Difolaton or Capton. Solarisation is also useful to reduce the incidence of damping off. The seeds should be treated with Thiram or Bavistin @ 2g/kg. Soon after sowing the bed should be irrigated with rose can and covered with paddy straw. The beds should be irrigated every day morning. Seedlings are ready for transplanting 4-5 weeks after sowing. Before transplanting seedlings are hardened by withholding the water 4-5 days before uprooting. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 96Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Planting VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Transplanting can be done in June-July and November-December. Staggered planting is preferred to have regular and continuous production. The recommended spacing is 60cm x 45 cm and 90cmx30cm. Flat and raised bed methods are used. Raised beds economise watering, facilitate better drainage, reduce the incidence of pest and diseases and also has the advantage of staking. Hybrids are planted at wider spacing from row-to-row and close spacing from plant-to-plant. Training and pruning Training helps in better utilization of light and air. The fruits are trained under leaves to protect them from sunscald. Training, pruning or pinching are required to produce quality fruits. In indeterminate tomatoes, training increases the number of fruits with uniform size increasing yield and quality of fruits. In field crop the training is done with the support of bamboo sticks and rope. If there is excessive growth pinching or pruning of side shoots improves size and uniformity of fruits. Pinching of the main shoot at the top improves the size of terminal fruits. This is done in indeterminate varieties when plants attain the maximum height. Manuring Application of N,P,K and Boron is essential for high yield. NPK 120: 60: 50 kg/ha should be used. A high level of N at seedling stage and moderate level at flowering and fruiting stage is required. The application of P improves the root development whereas K promotes color of fruits. For better utilization of N split application and band placement are ideal, use of green manure and organic manure is very useful for the crop. Boron is applied as Borax @ 20-25 kg/ha as soil application. Borax improves stage, size and color of fruits. Interculture and aftercare Weeding, hoeing, earthing up and mulching are very important. About 2-3 hoeing are essential at the initial stage of plant growth. Two earthling up are sufficient for optimum plant growth. Normally weeding is done manually to keep the field clean. Weeds can also be controlled by using herbicides like pendimethalin @ I kg ai/ha WWDSE In Association with ICT ‘ Final Feasibility StudFReport 97Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies plus one hand weeding 45 days after transplanting. Since 40-45 days after transplanting is the most critical stage of crop weed competition in tomato, weeding at this stage is quite essential. Irrigation Frequent irrigation is essential for optimum plant growth, fruiting and yield. The crop should be irrigated at 8-12 days interval or even more frequently depending on the temperature and humidity. Generally open furrow method of irrigation is followed. Harvesting Tomatoes are harvested at several-stages like mature green, turning pink, red ripe and over ripe The stage of harvesting depends upon the purpose for which the crop is harvested Generally the harvesting is done at mature green to turning stage for distant marketing. For fresh consumption pink to light red tomatoes are preferred. To increase their shelf life after harvest tomatoes are cooled rapidly at 13°C. After harvest they are graded into A,B and C grades by hand or machine. Yield On an average the crop yields 250 q/ha. However, the hybrids with staking produce more than 400 q/ha. Physiological Disorders There are number of disorders caused by adverse environmental conditions during growth and development, storage and marketing. Out of these fruit cracking, blochy ripening, puffiness. Cat facing and sun scald are important ones. Diseases and Pests Damping off (Pythium spp. And Phytophthora spp.), Aternaria blight (Alterneria solani), septoria leaf blight (Septoria lycopersici), bacterial wilt (Ralastonia Solanacearum). Leaf curl (transmitted by whitefly), Tomato mosaic (transmitted by contact and seed), spotted wilt (transmitted by thrips). The major insect-pests are fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), white flies (Bemisia tabaci), mite (Tetracychus WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 9SFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies cinnabarinaes), Mealy bugs (Ferrisia virgata), leaf eating caterpillars (Spodoptera litura) and thrips (thrips tabaci). 6.11 NAPIER GRASS (PENNISTUM PURPUREUM) Introduction Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is a perennial grass of tropical and sub tropical region providing green fodder to the livestock through out the year. The grass is said to be originated from South America. This grass has been named after Col. Napier. The Napier grass fodder contains 8-10 per cent proteins, 31.6 to 41.0 percent Nitrogen free extracts. This grass has been crossed with pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) to produce hybrids, which are very high yielding with good fodder quality. The introduction and developing the existing pearl millet especially by irrigation become very important for the project. Table 6.3: Nutritive value of Napier grass on dry matter basis Chemical constituents Napier grass (percent) Hybrid Napier (percent) Proteins 8.2 10.2 Ether extract 1.8 2.1 Crude fiber 34.0 30.5 Ash 10.5 16.2 Nitrogen free extract 34.6 41.0 Phosphorus - 41.0 Total digestible cons tituents 41.1 0.37 Varieties There is no specific variety of Napier grass but during 1953, pearl millet was crossed with napier grass to produce hybrids. These crosses have the ability to tolerate drought conditions with high yields and more leafiness. In India, now there are large numbers of hybrids under cultivation in different areas. There are a few grazing type, high tillering hybrids with more persistency and high carrying capacity. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 99Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Climatic condition VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies The grass can be grown in tropical and sub-tropical climates with temperature ranging from 15-35°c. The plants are very susceptible to frost, hence can not be grown in regions experiencing frequent frost.. It can be grown at different frost free altitudes. Soils The grass can be grown on wide range of soils having fairly good water holding characteristics. The grass grows well on loam to sandy loam soil with good drainage facility. This can be grown on soils having PH value ranging from 6.0 to 8.0 Cropping systems This is a perennial grass. Once planted it gives good production at least for 5-7 years. During severe winter with very low temperature, the growth is reduced, hence the grass can be intercropped with suitable legumes. Field preparation . The field should be ploughed and harrowed to get a weed free fine tilth. The field should be well leveled and laid out in suitable blocks before the grass is planted. Time and Method of Planting The grass does not produce viable seed, hence propagated vegetative through stem cuttings. The planting should be done from June to August during wet season for better establishment. The stem cuttings taken from mature part are planted in rows 90-100 cm apart at a distance of 60 cm. The cuttings are planted in small pits at an angle of 45° and the soil around the cuts are made compact. Generally, two budded setts are taken. While planting one bud is kept inside soil and other on the soil surface. Seed Rate To plant one hectare, normally 12000 to 14000 setts or stem cuttings are required. These may weigh from 12 to 14 quintal per hectare. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Manure and Fertilizer VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies To harvest high fodder yield, application of high doses of NPK are required. If cow dung is available, one should apply 125-150 quintal well decomposed cow dung and 50-60 kg N per hectare. The cow dung manure should be applied at least 2-3 weeks before planting and thoroughly mixed in the soil by ploughing or harrowing. The nitrogen in the form of urea should be applied after each cutting for good regrowth. Irrigation The grass should be irrigated during dry season as per the requirement. To get good fodder yield of high quality generally 800-900mm water per year is needed. The frequency of irrigation depends on the soil type and temperature. Generally it may vary from 10-20 days. But effort should be made to irrigation the crop after each cut to enhance the rate of regrowth and growth. Cutting Management The grass normally ready for first cutting 90 days after planting. There after the cutting can be taken after 45-60 days interval depending on the variety or hybrid and management of crop. The cutting should be done having a stubble height of 15-20 cm from the surface of the soil to get uniform and fast regeneration. If properly managed, the grass can give economic production at least for 6-7 years. Yield A well managed grass field can provide 600-800 quintal green fodder per hectare from Napier grass and 1500-1600 quintal green fodder per hectare from pearl millet x napier hybrids in 6-8 cuttings. Insect-pest and Diseases The incidences of insect-pests and diseases have not been serious limitations so far. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 101Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 6.12 CORIANDER (CORIANDRUM SATIVUM) Introduction VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Ethiopia is gifted with a diversity of traditional seed spices such as coriander, fenugreek, black cumin, white cumin and other herbal plants. Investors and small- scale farmers in the country nowadays accredit coriander, one of the oldest seed spices grown by human kind as early as 5000BC. The crop is mainly grown for its aromatic leaves, stems and seeds. Almost all parts of the plant are used in flavoring Ethiopian traditional dishes in rural areas, traditional medicine and as sources of income significantly contributing to the national economy. Lack of detailed technical knowledge by producers and little attention and consideration given to the crop during the past in respect of its production, protection and post harvest handling has resulted in underutilization of the crop far below its potential. This note provide the general information about coriander production practices. Classification • Coriander belongs to the genus Coriandrum is in the family of Apiaceae, the former Umbiliferae. This family comprises 455 general and 3600- 3751 different species. The genus cordiandrum includes two major species viz. the cultivated species C. sativum and the wild species C. tordylium. Coriandrum sativum L.(2n=22) has different synonyms. Two main groups of coriander other than Sativume namely Microcarpum and Indicume are known to exist with distinct nine eco-geological types: European, North African, Caucasian , Central Asia, Syrian, Ethiopian, Indian Bhutanic and Omanic reflecting the evolutionary pathway of the species. The three main groups differ in content and composition of the essential oil of the fruit. Fruit size and shape are importand traits to distinguish the groups. Fruit size, which is correlating with fruit weight, has proved to be a very useful trait to distinguish Sativum and Microcarpum, which also differ by other characters: length of vegetation period, plant height, branching, vegetative production and leafy characters. The crop also has different local names such as WWDSE In Association with ICT Flnai Feasibility Study Report 102Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies dimbilaale/deboo/shukar (Afan Oromo), dimbilal ((Amharic), tsagha/zagda (Tigrigna), tibichota (Konso)), coriander (English), dhanya (Hind), coriander (German) and Kuzbara (Arab). • Coriander is an annual herb grown as both ganna and bona season crop under bimodal rainfall conditions in Ethiopia. The plant has tap root system with epigeal germination. It can reach 0.20 to 1.40m height under favorable conditions. The stem is hollow and with several umbels bearing flowers at the top. Maturity of fruits under Ethiopian condition can range from 3-6 months. Fruits are globular in shape up to 6mm in diameter. • Origin and geo-graphic distribution The exact origin of cultivated species coriandrum sativum L. is said to be a controversial issue and remain unclear. However, southern Europe an Asia minor have been reported as native places for the crop. Specifically, Italy is supposed as the native place of coriander. The crop has been widely distributed from these places to the other parts of the world forming several eco- geographic types of coriander. Diederichsen, Axe'l. 1996, gave key for the determination of these geographic types as follows: • Ethiopia type: Longest basal leaf twice pinnate, margins of the leaflets saw-toothed, at least seven basal leaves, flavor of the leaves not very aromatic, weight of 1000 fruits greater than 8g, stems and flowers with out anthocyans, or anthocyans not very obvious, fruits with low essential oil content. Typical of Ethiopia WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 103Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 6.4: Chemical composition of coriander fruits Component Content (%) Water 11.37 Crude Protein 11.49 Fat 19.15 Crud Fiber 28.43 Starch 10.53 Pentosans 10.29 Sugar 1.92 Mineral Constituents 4.98 Essential Oil 0.84 Main components % of total essential oil Linalool 67.7 Alpha-pine na 10.5 Gama-terpinene 9 Geranylacetate 4 Camphor 3 Geraniol 1.9 Medicinal values Almost all parts of coriander plant mainly the leaves and fruits are traditionally used to treat several human and animal diseases. Coriander fruits are believed to help I digestion affecting the digestive system of both human and animals, remedy for halitosis and used in several pharmaceutical industries. The essential oils have antibacterial effects. It is also used as a drug, to disguise unpleasant medicine, as ingredient in several compound preparation an a seasoning. Spicy dishes are related to healthy life styles in most of the rural areas. • Ecological adaptation Coriander is adapted to a wide range of soil types. However, production can be maximized under sandy loam and well drained loam soils with PH rang eo f4.5-8.0. the optimum PH for WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 104Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies production is 6.3 coupled with optimum growing temperature of 18°c. Being a tropical crop, it is well known for its tolerance to heat, drought an frost damage. • Production during the pat decade world production of coriander fruits has been estimated as about 600,000t per year (Diederichsen Axel, 1996) with global area of 32,000ha and average fruit yield being 1500kg/ha. However, with the current alarmingly increasing demand, one of the world most producers, India a lone produces 224,200 tons on an area of 385,300ha. The world major producers of coriander fruits are Morocco, Canada, India, Pakistan, Romania, Hungary. Poland, Guatemala, Mexico, USA and USSR. Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Somali and Tunisia are also other producers in Africa In Ethiopa the crop is produced in Oromiya National Regional State. Goro, Dhidhese, Sayo, Limuatinanago and Limu-saka and in Amhara region: Danbiya, Chilga, Elmanadensa, Mersa and other parts in Bardar areas. The southern region (Wango, Kindokisha, Humbo and Western Abaya) and some parts of tigray (Aksum and Shire) also produce considerable quantities, generally, production and productivity under Ethiopian condition is very low which is attributed to several production factors. Agronomic Practices Improved varieties and research efforts from SARC Even though there are no improved varieties officially released in Ethiopia so-far, there are potential promising selections from Sinana Agricultural Research Center (SARC) which were verified as candidate genotypes for release in 2005/06. Moreover, improved varieties of the crop are also available for introduction from world major producer countries such as morocco, India and Canada. Selections such as CIMPO-S33 (small seeded) which requires 143 days to mature with fruit yield of 2.1t/ha and essential oil content of 1.3% has been released from India including other selections like UD1, UD20, UD21, CO1, CO2 and CO3. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 105Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Promising coriander selections VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Because there are no any improved coriander cultivars grown by farmers and investors, promising lines were selected to fulfill the immediate need of small and large scale farmers. Relatively high yielding coriander genotypes form the 2003/04 evaluations were selected and analyzed for oil contents. Three of the selections, 229710, 229711 and 229713 were verified during 2006 bona production season for release for production under Bale condition and similar agro-ecologies in the country. Therefore, promotion of these genotypes will be of highest priority in the forthcoming activities in collaboration with stakeholders. Table 6.5: Yield (biomass and fruit) of promising selections at Sinana during 2004 Genotypes Biomass yeld (qt/ha) Mean Seed uield (qt/ha) Mean Sinana Goro Sinana Goro 229710 candidate) 14.48 11.42 12.95 8.40 5.82 7.11 229711 candidate) 13.84 4.75 9.30 7.03 2.36 4.69 229713 candidate) 20.93 10.01 15.47 9.30 5.33 7.32 240557 13.39 7.53 10.46 6.53 3.78 5.15 Local check 14.98 4.53 9.75 6.07 2.22 4.15 Mean 15.52 7.65 11.59 7.47 3.90 5.68 Table 6.6: Mean seed yield advantage of promising coriander selection over local variety Candidates Mean Yield Seed yield Advantage (%) Seed yield advantage (qt/ha) 229710 8.4 5.82 38.387 162.16 0.38 1.62 229711 7.03 2.36 15.82 6.31 0.16 0.16 229713 9.3 5.33 53.21 140.09 0.53 1.40 Local check 6.07 2.22 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 106Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 6.7: Some agronomic traits of promising coriander selection during 2004 Genotypes Days to maturity Mean Plant height cm) Mean No. of umbels per plant Mean Days to flower 229710 (candidate) 134.2 3 134. 36 134.3 0 77.3 0 69.7 5 73.5 3 118.4 0 87.5 0 102. 95 74 229711 (candidate) 131.7 5 120. 63 126.1 9 92.7 5 61.3 3 77.0 4 106.0 0 48.5 0 77.2 5 72 229713 (candidate) 141.7 5 123. 63 132.6 9 74.7 5 55.8 1 65.2 8 131.7 5 37.9 4 84.8 4 76 240557 128.2 5 125. 06 126.6 6 89.2 5 72.3 3. 80.7 9 72.75 93.3 8 83.0 6 74 Local check 168.0 0 105. 50 136.7 5 84.5 0 43.0 0 63.7 5 22.03 21.0 0 21.5 2 77 Mean 140.8 0 121. 83 131.3 2 83.7 1 60.4 5 72.0 8 90.19 57.6 6 73.9 2 75 Land preparation Land be better prepared during dry season of the year in order to expose weeds seed banks and soil born insect pests to drying sunlight. The field is ploughed repeatedly 3-4 times following onset of rainfall, leveled and brought to a fine tilth. Clods are broken and stones removed from surfaces. It is critical that seeding be done on a clean field because the crop may take a long time to emerge and the canopy closes very slowly Seed Sowing Coriander is grown from seed. Seeds are usually sown either broadcasting or using rows. However, sowing in rows is preferred to facilitate cultural operations and improve yield.. Seeds can be split into halves either by rubbing with hands or foot before sowing. The soil should have sufficient moisture during sowing. After sowing the seed should be covered slightly with soil to avoid seed damage by birds and other animals and facilitate fast germination. Time of sowing can vary WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 107Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies from place to place depending on agro-ecological conditions. For example, in Bale, coriander can be grown twice in a year. Therefore, owing time is from mid September to end of October for bona production season and may-June for the Gann production season. Seed rate and Germination When coriander seeds are sown in rows, a spacing of 15cm between plants an 30cm between rows should be maintained with a seeding depth of not less than 3c. depth of sowing also varies with soil types. The lighter the soil, the deeper the seeds should be sown. Although seeds should be intact, research in India has indicated that there is not difference in germination between whole and split seed, provided that germination levels are confirmed to be high(>80%). To enhance germination seeds should be soaked in water for a duration of 12-24 hours and then kept wrapped in polythene sheet. Generally a seed rate of 25-30 kg pr ha and 10-15kg pr ha can be used for rain-fed and irrigated crop respectively. Weeding "- Coriander fields need to be weed free through out the growing season. Hence, maximum care should be taken to keep the field free of weeds especially during early stages when growth of the crop is slow. Weeding is carried out two to three times, the first weeding in the young crop is particularly important. The first weeding can be undertaken 30.45 days after sowing. Research done in 1989 in India, central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, revealed that unrestricted weed growth reduced the seed and oil yields of coriander. Therefore, weed management is important and needs to be implemented as seed yield and quality (contamination) can be dramatically affected. Fertilizer Application and Manuring Positice response has been reported in coriander to the application of nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen improves the plant height, number of branches and grain yield. A basal application of 10-25 tones of farm yard manure pr ha has also been recommended at the time of land preparation. Research reports from India WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 108Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project______________________________ Agronomy Studies suggested application of 30-60kg per ha nitrogen and 40kg pr ha phosphorous. Nitrogen is applied in two equal splits, the first dose is given basally at the time of sowing followed by a second dose after one month from sowing combined with the first weeding the thinning operations. Growers should also note that application of nitrogen up to 50kg pr ha increases seed yield markedly. Too much of nitrogen delay ripening and reduce the yield. No information is available regarding fertilization of coriander under Ethiopia conditions. Irrigation Coriander is usually grown as a rain fed crop in Ethiopia and irrigated coriander production id not common. However, a world major producer country such as USSR, India and Morocco produces coriander under irrigation. Continuous and uniform supply of moisture in the soil is desirable for coriander. Therefore, irrigation water depends much on the climatic and soil conditions. The crop receives the first irrigation immediately after sowing. One time irrigation is given on the third day of sowing. Thereafter, irrigations are given at 7-10 day intervals depending up on the rain fall, Irrigation in the early vegetative phase and flowering stages is more crucial than in late maturity stages. Over watering is likely pre dispose the crop to wilt attack. Maturity and Harvesting Maturity is determined by the eco-geographic types of coriander. Under Ethiopia conditions, the crop is ready for harvest in about 90-160 days of sowing depending up on varieties and frowing conditions. Plants are harvested when the color of grains changed from green to yellow or brown color and fully mature. It is proper to harvest the fruits, when 95-100% of fruits have turned yellow. Harvesting is undertaken with an open front header, while ensuring that the fruits are not smashed and retain their round globular shape. Under Ethiopian condition manual harvesting is usual. Delayed harvest leads to shattering of grain at the time of harvest and splitting of fruits during subsequent threshing operations reducing the grain and oil quality of the corp. Rainy and cloudy days should be avoided during harvesting. Dry land yields are in the range of 1.1-1.2 t/ha in 450-500 mm rainfall areas while irrigated areas yields 1.8-2.5 t/ha. However, institute of Biodiversity WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 109Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Collections (IBC) from northern Ethiopia yielded up to 0.71 t/ha while Arsi-Bale collections yielded up to 4.6 t/ha under research management. Post-harvest handling Mechanical harvesting simplify post-harvest handlings. When coriander is manually harvested, plants (pulled or cut) are piled into small stacks in the field to dry for 2-3 days The fruits are then threshed out over a clean floor by beating with sticks or using oxen or other animals. The produce is winnowed, cleaned and dried in partial shade to lower seed moisture level for storage. During drying, adequate care is taken not to expose the grains to rain or damp weather as otherwise the grains become discolored. Over exposure to hot sun is also undesirable as it reduces the oil content and affects the quality. Storage Storage life of coriander is a function of storage environment, quality of produce fan storage structure, Coriander should be free of unmillable materials such as dirt, sticks and stones as this reduce shelf life introducing storage pests. The produce, when processed should have a minimum putity of 99.5% (by weight) of whole seed to be acceptable to most buyers when to be delivered to markets. Aeration is useful reducing moisture content. However, coriander seed readily takes up other odors, so store away from gasoline and other herbicide. During storage remove green materials such as weed seeds as quickly as possible, since aeration will be diverted around to this in the storage bin, resulting in the possibility for spoilage .Split fruits either during threshing or storage is usually not accepted on the world markets for medicinal purposes. Thoroughly dried fruits, stored under dry conditions will maintain the essential oil for several years with out loss. Ones the fruit have been crushed, the essential oil will quickly disappear. The color of the whole seed is critical for nearly all markets, with poor color seeds attracting heavy price penalties or even failure to sell. Good color coriander fruits are considered to be very light brown or golden. Poor colored coriander is caused by weather (rain) damage or moisture stress and in appropriate storage conditions. Weather damaged seeds also runs the risk of carrying fungal spores in the storage , which are even harm full to humans. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report noFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 7.IMPROVEMENT OF GRASSLANDS The existing grasslands in the project command and catchment can be improved for their high productivity, good quality and payability by adopting ecological succession, assisted and intensive management. This could be done by providing protection, soil and water conservation, bush cleaning, reseeding, fertilization, cutting and grazing management. In project command and catchment, the most dominating grass in community grazing land and other vacant waste and uncultivated land is Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum), which is not very nutritive but low in productivity. Besides Kikuyu, there are other grass species growing widely. They require good management. 7.1Protection from grazing Protection from biotic interferences brings remarkable recovery of vegetation. Though there are many methods of protection but in project command and catchment, the most cost effective method of protection is live - hedge fencing to protect the large area. The suitable species like Lantana camara, Agave sislana, Jatropha and Opuntia can be used. The concept of social fencing in a participatory management is also found most effective and of low cost. 7.2 Bush cleaning Heavy infestation of unpalatable bushes in grazing lands not only adversely affects the availability of open space for growing grasses but also the forage production. These can be manually removed. Sometimes use of herbicides on the cut stumps will be able to kill them to stop coppicing. 7.3 Reseeding For improvement of deteriorated grassland, it will be important to replace low yielding annual grasses by reseeding with high yielding perennial grasses and legumes, which are adoptable to the prevailing conditions of the command and catchment. The grasses and legumes may be Panicum maximum, Dichanthium WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 111Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies annulatum, cenchrus crliaris, Stylosanthes hamata, and Macroptilium atropurpureum. These have self - seeding habit with good persistency. 7.4 Fertilizer application Though it is not possible to apply fertilizers in grassland by individual farmers but based on parcipatory mode, if about 40kg N and 20 kg P2O5 could be applied, the yield of forage will increase by 100% along with quality improvement, particularly the crude protein in grasses. The addition of appropriate proportion of legume would also have similar effect 7.5 Grazing Management The greatest single factor that causes deterioration of grassland is over-grazing. During course of grazing some grasses are preferred whereas, others are avoided. On account of this selective grazing, desirable species tend to get depleted in grasslands faster than undesirable species. Most of the perennial grasses, utilizing the reserve food material stored in the lowest part of stems, crown portion or under ground parts, produce new shoots after cutting or grazing. Due to overgrazing, the regeneration of these grasses and legumes are poor or negligible due to continuous drain of food reserve. Tbis reveals the need for some period of gap or rest from cutting or grazing for regrowth of the grasses and legumes. It is, therefore, essential to follow or design grazing systems namely continuous, deferred, rotational or deferred rotational with the help of the village community. The stocking rate should not exceed the carrying capacity of the grassland. In continuous grazing system animals are made to move freely in the entire area. It affects the soil health due to runoff and soil erosion. Deferred system involves the compartmentalization of grassland and keeping one of the compartments unutilized until seed setting. In rotational grazing all compartments are grazed in rotation. The deferred - rotational grazing is a combination of 2 and generally considered the best system from all point of view. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Preject 7.6 Silvopastoral management VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Considering the continuous pressure on cultivable lands and deterioration set in on the grazing land, it is imperative to look for alternative land - use systems that integrate the concern for productivity, conservation of resources and environment and profitability. Agro-forestry technologies namely silvipasture, hortipasture etc. hold promise not only for bio-remediation of degraded habitats but also forage production to meet the demands of livestock and environmental security in the project command and catchment. Wood perennials having fodder and fuel and timber value should be introduced systematically and managed scientifically. This will help in optimizing land productivity, conserving species, soils and nutrients and producing forage, timber and fire wood on sustainable basis. The tree selection should be based on its easy regeneration capacity, coppicing ability, fast growth, nitrogen - fixing ability, fodder value, high nutritive value with less toxic substances and high fuel value. The additional forage availability through such system is likely to reduce the grazing pressure and thus have important environmental implication. The system allows a good growth of grasses and legumes underneath. Some of trees are Acacia spp., Albizia spp., Managofera indica, Leucaena leucocephala etc. A list of grasses and legumes with their expected productivity are given in table and a list of multipurpose trees (MPTs) in table 7.2 (b). WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 113Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 7.1: Cultivated grasses and Legumes S.No Grasses and Legumes Productivity of green forage (tonnes/ha) 1 Pennisetum purpureum 70-100 2 Panicum maximum 70-140 3 Setaria ancepts 50-90 4 Brachiaria mutica 100-190 5 Brachiaria ruziziensis 70-90 6 Brachiaria brizantha 50-80 7 Cenchrus ciliaris 15-40 8 Cenchrus setigerus 10-30 9 Chloris gayana 20-35 10 Dichanthium annulatum 20-35 11 Urochloa mosambisensis 40-60 12 Sorghum sudanense 50-80 13 Leucaena leucocephala 60-120 14 Sesbania sesban 50-110 15 Macroptilium atropurpureum 15-25 16 Stylosanthes species 30-55 Table 7.2: List of multipurpose trees (MPTS). S. No MPTs S. No MPTs 1 Alnus nepalensis 8 Morus alba 2 Bauhinia purpurea 9 Populus spp. 3 Casuarina equisetifolia 10 Sesbania spp. 4 Gmelina arborea 11 Terminalia spp. 5 Emblica officinalis 12 Acacia nilotica 6 Grewia optiva 13 7 Eucalyptus spp. Hardwikia binata 14 Albizia lebebeck 7.7 IRRIGATION METHOD RECOMMENDATION Recommended method of Irrigation is by Furrows. Furrows are designed to be the last conveyance unit in the command system of this project. Furrows are arranged to directly off-take from Tertiary canals( which are field canals ). Optimum furrow/corrugation slope is designed to be 0.75% for furrows and 1.0% for corrugations and optimum furrow length is computed to be 200 m. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 8. POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY AND STORAGE 8.1 INTRODUCTION Man, basic drive is food to satisfy his hunger. Most of the agricultural produces such as cereals, pulses, fruits, vegetables, milk, eggs, fish and meat constitute food materials. After production and before consumption, all such type of food materials are subjected to several adverse physical and chemical factors. They are also affected by microbial and parasitic agents causing spoilages or lead to diseases when consumed. To prevent these losses (both qualitative and quantitative) and prepare food for immediate or future use some processing, preservation and storage practices are required. These practices require a multi dimensional perspective because food security is a physical, environmental, economic and social issue. This multi disciplinary approach for food security may perhaps be the simplest definition of post-harvest technology. The post harvest technology includes various facets of processing after harvest including the rural level agro-processing. 8.2. Post Harvest Losses Due to non-availability of appropriate processing and preservation technologies and inadequate facilities for their handling, transportation and storage at least 12- 15% or more food grains, 20-30% horticultural produce and 15-20% animal and fishery production are lost annually. The adoption of suitable technologies for processing, preservation and storage of food and other farm products result in conservation, value addition, income and employment-generation for the benefit of both producers; the farmers and processors. Value addition is important and critical due to socio-economic and industrial factors as it makes production more lucrative and also generates interest in large section of rural population in agricultural and horticultural activities. 8.3. Post harvest Operation and Value addition Post-harvest operation relates to all operations such as cleaning and grading (separation), drying or dehydration, storage, extraction, milling, fortification, packaging, transportation and handling carried out on a biomass from stage of WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 115Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies harvesting till its consumption. Post harvest management also enables creation of agro-processing industries at the rural thresholds to produce value added products assuring greater financial returns and generation of employment opportunities, thus having a greater potential in reviving rural economy. Operations performed vary from crop-to-crop due to varied physico-chemical nature of different products. For example production of rice from paddy, split pulses and pulse flour from pulse grain and extraction of oilseeds involve different set of unit operations. Thus, the operations are unique for each crop as well as vary from commodity to commodity and are location-specific. They are different for adoption at the farm level, village level and at organized industrial level. 8.3.1 Unit operations Food Crops cleaning grading curing Shelling decortications parboiling dehusking polishing size reduction expelling or extraction mixing blending fortification packaging quality control storage transportation marketing Fruits and Vegetables washing cleaning grading packaging dehydration bottling & canning refrigeration pickling transportation storage by product or residue utilization Animal Products (meat and milk) Slaughtering Dressing Cutting Packaging refrigerated storage cooking or curing Smoking Handling transportation Marketing abattoir management and waste management tanning of skin and hides, collection processing and utilization of by products (horns, hooves, bone, blood) milk and milk product processing by products or residue utilization There will be different unit operation for poultry products, fish products and others. Value addition to food itself can be of various types namely isolation of constituents that provide avenues for expanding food uses (essential oils, vitamins WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies etc) processing for transformation into products with precise utilization, formulation with multiple ingredients to promote health and well being, improved nutritional quality by enriching with nutrients that are otherwise deficient. 8.4 Post harvest technology The following small-scale rural industries can be developed at the village or kebele by encouraging the interested farmers and others. 8.4.1 Rice or Paddy The rice or paddy upto 5-10% losses are due to shattering of grains at the time of harvesting. There are losses at the threshing floor due to threshing, cleaning, drying, storage and processing operations. After harvest the biomass is heaped before threshing causing a loss due to birds, rodents and weather hazards. Thus, the total losses may amount to about 15%. Out of these losses at least 60% can be avoided by using simple and improved post-harvest equipments namely cleaners, graders, driers, metal bins and improved milling equipments. Before consumption milling is essential for both raw and parboiled rice. There are two types of milling home pounding and mechanized rice mills. The major by products of rice milling are husk and bran. 8.4.2 Wheat Wheat is consumed mostly in the form of flour, obtained by milling of grains. A small part is also used as breakfast food namely wheat flakes, puffed wheat and shredded wheat. Wheat crop suffers severe harvest and post harvest losses if appropriate technology is not adopted, particularly during harvesting. Storage life of wheat product is rather low. There are stone burr grinders to give 90 to 95% extraction in the form of whole meal floor. In modern milling process, the wheat grains are cleaned to remove various types of impurities before milling. The reduced endosperm is used as flour whereas the germ, bran and residual endosperm obtained as by product are used as animal feed. In milling of wheat in roller mills, the grinding is carried out in 4-5 stages based on the gradual reduction WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 117Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies process to have different fineness of products having low medium and high gluten content. Protein-displacement milling is also practiced which provides means of obtaining various fractions from given wheat markedly different in protein content, suitable for different uses This process consists of fine grinding of wheat and air classification of flour particles to yield fractions with different protein contents. 8.4.3 Maize Maize is used for food, feed, and for manufacture of starch, corn sugar, dextrin syrup, industrial alcohol and alcolholic beverages. Milling is the most important operation in the processing of maize. Maize is milled either by dry or wet process. In both the processes, the germ is separated from grains to extract and recover germ oil, which is a variable product. In dry milling, the maximum amount of grit with minimum amount of flour is obtained. The yield of product in dry milling is 40% grits, 20% coarse meal, 10% fine meal, 5% flour and 14% germ. Wet milling of maize is done to obtain starch, oil, cattle feed and products of starch hydrolysis (liquid and solid glucose and syrup). The by product of wet-milling have number of uses like nutrient for micro-organisms, maize oil for edible purpose (cooking oil), protein concentrate, maize bran and oil cake for animal feed. Porridge and corn flakes are prepared from grits. 8.4.4. Pulses Processing of pulse is of primary importance in improving their nutritive value. The losses in pulses go up to 20% including field level losses. Milling of pulses involves removal of outer husk followed by splitting of grain into two equal halves. Pre-milling treatments affect the percent recovery of processed pulse. Common types of equipment used in pulse milling are disc-Sheller, cylinder-concave dehusker, rubber-roller Sheller and hullers. 8.4.5 Oil Seeds The losses include 5-15% in harvesting 2-5% in threshing, 2-3% seed cleaning and 10-15% in storage. The major post harvest operation of oil seed crops WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 118Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project_____________________________ Agronomy Studies include drying or curing, cleaning and grading, pre-treatments, oil expelling and extraction, refining, packaging and utilization of by products. There are two processes for oil recovery, seed crushing and solvent extraction. Extraction or expelling of oil is done by using mechanical expellers. Oil seed cake is the major by product of oilseed processing industry and fed to animals. It has high amount of proteins and 1.0 to 1.5% oil. Solvent extraction method is more efficient. Filtration and refining of crude oil is also a basic unit of oil mills. 8.4.6 Fruits and Vegetables Fruits and vegetables are important supplements to the human diet, as they provide essential minerals, vitamins and fibers (roughages) required for maintaining health. There are two post-harvest approaches to solve the problem of losses, occurring from 20-30%. One is the creation of cold storage or cool chain facilities for fruits and vegetables producing regions and in major urban consumption centers to ensure supply of fresh fruits and vegetables throughout the year. In another approach, the fruits and vegetables can be processed and preserved for a long time with benefit of value addition. The products may be fruit and pulp, Jam and Jelly, Pickles, ready to serve beverages, synthetic syrups, squashes, tomato products (ketchup, puree and juice), and canned vegetables. These can be done in fruits and vegetables processing industries. Small and cottage industries can also be developed in kebeles or villages and women entrepreneur can be gainfully engaged in such activities. Keeping in view the vast scope of fruit and vegetable processing industry, there is need of developing packaging stations with facilities for sorting, grading and processing. For export, world-class cool chain, pre-cooling units, grading and packaging units, cold storage in production and exit points and refrigerated transport are essential to compete in export with rest of the world. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 119Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 9.COST OF CULTIVATION OF PRINCIPAL CROPS The cost of cultivation of 11 important crops included in the cropping system under irrigated production system is given in Annexure V- The rate of various inputs being used and their price have been collected from relevant woreda offices during the detail study of the project command area. The benefit cost ratios of the crops are also given to exhibit their profitability status. The minimum expected yield per hectare, total production and additional production due to irrigation from various crops and commodities over the current production level are detailed in the annexure. The rates of labour and machines etc are taken on actual basis derived von the basis actual household survey. It was found that a tractor can be hired for full day in Birrs 900.00 It will plogh about 4 to 5 ha. So per hectare rate is only Birrs 200.00 per day. All farmers are not going to get operation done by machines. Considering that large numbers of farmers will have small land holdings, in which mechanization may not be possible, it will be to assume rates of machine component on an average basids.. We have taken a general rate for macines as Birrs 1500/ha for some crops assuming two operations for ploghing and some other machines will also be used. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 120Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 10. CONCLUSIONS The important conclusion from the above study on agronomy of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project, in view of the introduction of irrigation production system is very important the introduction of high yielding, photo-insensitive varieties which are resistant to biotic and biotic stresses and responsive to irrigation water and other production inputs. Better to ensure adequate production and supply of quality seed of improved varieties introduction for this area at reasonable and affordable cost. The supply of adequate and making available of chemical fertilizers and other agro - chemicals at the kebeles or if possible at village level supported with credit facilities and encourage the farmers for their need based use is not questionable. The establishment of mechanized farm operations at the eave of the irrigation application would facilitate the activity of the project. Introduction of high yielding input responsive crops in the cropping systems and increasing cropping intensity at least in the range of certain percentage initially for high production and better employment. Strengthening of linkages among researchers, extension specialists, development agents and the farmers and conduct more number of demonstrations of composite nature on the holdings of selected farmers for popularization of agro-techniques, improved crops, implements and others. Improving the level and number of extension agents, credit facilities, transport and storages of the projects ahead of the beginning of the activities is a must. By increasing the number of research centers and qualified research staff with more funding support will strengthen the applied research for rapid technology generation in irrigated production system to increase the production the crops suggested for the area. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 121Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies REFERENCE 1. Dereje Regassa, Meheretu Fufa, Dereje Hailu and Abdo Wayoma, 2005.Coriander production: Hand book for producers, Farmers and Investors. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2. UNDP, FAO, 1992. Bale Gadula Irrigation Project, Agriculture Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 3. Ministry of Water Resources, 2008. Government Financed Bale Gadula Irrigation Development Project. Addis Ababa. 4. The Unpublished Data, 2009.Bale Zone, Goro and Dolo Mena woreda reports. 5. MoA and Rural Development, 2007. Crop variety Register. Crop Development Department. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. '6. Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), 1994, Agriculture sector strategy, Addis Ababa Ethiopia. 7. BCEOM - ORSTOM, 1992. The Wabi - Shebele Survey (1969- 71), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 8. WABCOS, 1990. Pre - Feasibility Water Master Plan for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 122Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources ‘lity Study and Dotail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studios ANNEXURE I: CALCULATIONS FOR CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS CROPS Table 1 Calculations for crop water requirements for various crops all by 80 % dependable rain fall. Main CROP- SEASON Forage (15 Sep to 14 Sep) Area 7 %, Duration 365 days. (All in mm / ha) PARTICULARS Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July 1 2 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks 3 4 5 6 Period in days 7 8 31 9 10 11 12 13 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 ETo monthly 122.7 131.9 145.7 122.7 129.6 Crop coefficient 122.7 125.5 133.3 129.9 116.6 114.6 133.9 0.22 0.16 0.36 0.66 1.01 0.71 ETcrop monthly 0.19 0.22 0.45 0.52 1.03 0.77 27.0 21.1 52.4 81.0 130.9 87.1 23.8 29.3 58.4 60.6 118.0 103.1 ETcrop for the period PSI Sub-total Re monthly 0.0 0.0 6.3 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 Re for period 0.0 0.0 6.3 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 NIR (mm) 27.0 21.1 46.1 10.1 76.0 87.1 23.8 29.3 12.7 2.5 108.2 103.1 Total in , MJ/ha 270 211 461 101 760 871 238 293 127 25 1082 1031 For 7% area, M3/sec 18.9 14.77 32.27 7.07 53.2 60.97 16.66 20.51 8.89 1.75 75.74 72.17 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 2 Main CROP- SEASON Avocado (15 Sep to 14 Sep) Area 1 %. Duration 365 days. (All in mm / ha) PARTICULARS Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug I Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Period in days 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 ETo monthly 122.7 131.9 145.7 122.7 129.6 122.7 125.5 133.3 129.9 116.6 114.6 133.9 Crop coefficient 0.22 0.16 0.36 0.66 1.01 0.71 0.19 0.22 0.45 0.52 1.03 0.77 ETcrop monthly 27.0 21.1 52.4 81.0 130.9 87.1 23.8 29.3 58.4 60.6 118.0 103.1 ETcrop for the period PSI Sub-total Re monthly 0.0 0.0 6.3 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 Re for period 0.0 0.0 6.3 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 NIR (mm) 27.0 21.1 46.1 10.1 76.0 87.1 23.8 29.3 12.7 2.5 108.2 103.1 J Total in , M /ha 270.0 211.0 461.0 101.0 760.0 871.0 238.0 293.0 127.0 25.0 1082.0 1031.0 For 1% crop in M3/sec 2.7 2.11 4.61 1.01 7.6 8.71 2.38 2.93 1.27 0.25 10.82 10.31 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Roport 124Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 3 Main CROP- SEASON Citrus (15 Sep to 14 Sep) Area 2 %. Duration 365 days.. (All in mm / ha) PARTICULARS Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Remarks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Period in days 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 ETo monthly 122.7 131.9 145.7 122.7 129.6 122.7 125.5 133.3 129.9 116.6 114.6 133.9 Crop coefficient 0.22 0.16 0.36 0.66 1.01 0.71 0.19 0.22 0.45 0.52 1.03 0.77 ETcrop monthly 27.0 21.1 52.4 81.0 130.9 87.1 23.8 29.3 584 60.6 118.0 103.1 ETcrop for the period PSI Sub-total Re monthly 0.0 0.0 6.3 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 Re for period 0.0 0.0 6.3 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 NIR (mm) 27.0 21.1 ' 46.1 10.1 76.0 87.1 23.8 29.3 12.7 2.5 108.2 103.1 Total in , M3/ ha 270.0 211.0 461.0 101.0 760.0 871.0 238.0 293 127 25 108.2 1031 For 2% area in M3/sec 5.4 4.22 | 9.22 2.02 15.2 17.42 4.76 5.86 2.54 0.5 21.64 20.62 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 125Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 4 Main CROP- SEASON Wheat (10 Sep to 7 Jan.) Area 20 %. And 30$ Duration ,120 days. ( All in mm / ha) PARTICULARS Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Remarks 9 10 11 12 1 13 Period in days 20 31 30 31 6 ETo monthly 129.9 116. 114.6 133.9 122. ETo Daily 4.33 3 76 3.82 3.94 4.09 Crop coefficient 0.45 0.52 1.03 0.77 0.22 ETcrop monthly 38.97 60.6 118.0 103.1 5.4 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 Re daily 1.52 1.87 0.33 0.0 0.0 Re for period 30.4 58.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 108.57 2.5 108.2 103.1 5.4 Total in , M3/ ha 1085.7 25.0 1082.0 1031.0 54.0 For 20% area in M3/sec 217.14 5.0 216.4 206.2 10.8 Z For 30% area in M3/sec 325.71 7.5 324.6 309.3 16.2 Table 5 Main CROP- SEASON Rice (10 Oct. to 18 Feb.) Area, 5 %. Duration , 130 days. (All in mm / ha) PARTICULARS Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Remarks 10 11 12 1 2 13 Period in days 21 30 31 31 12 ETo monthly 116.6 114.6 133.9 122.7 131.9 ETo daily 1.1 1.1 0.95 0.95 0.95 Crop coefficient 0.52 1.03 0.77 0.22 0.16 ETcrop monthly 12.01 118.0 103.1 26.99 1.82 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Sub-total Re monthly 58.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Re daily 1.87 0.33 0.0 0.0 0.0 Re for the per. 39.27 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 72.74 108.2 103.1 26.99 1.82 Total in ,000 M2 727.4 1082.0 1031.0 269.9 18.2 For 5% area in m3/sec 36.37 54.1 51.55 13.495 0.91 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 6 Main CROP- SEASON Maize (10 Aug. to 7 Jan.) Area, 15 %.and 14% Duration , 150 days. ( All in mm / ha) F PARTICULARS Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Remarks 8 9 10 11 12 1 13 Period in days 21 30 31 30 31 6 ETo monthly 133.3 129.9 116.6 114.6 133.9 122.7 ETo daily 4.30 4.33 3.76 3.82 3.94 4 09 Crop coefficient 0.19 0.45 0.52 1.03 0.77 0.22 ETcrop monthly 17.16 58.4 60.6 118.0 103.1 5.40 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.8 00 0.0 Re daily 0.0 1.52 1.87 0.33 0.0 0.0 Re for period 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 117.16 12.7 2.5 108.2 103.1 5.4 Total in ,000 IVp~ 1171.6 127.0 25.0 1082.0 1031.0 54.0 For 15% area in m3/sec 175.74 19.05 3.75 162.7 154.65 8.1. For 14% area in | m3/sec 164.02 17.78 3.5 151.48 144.34 7.56 Table 7 Main CROP- SEASON Chick pea (15 Aug to 13 Dec.) Area , 7 %. Duration ,120 days. (All in mm / ha) PARTICULARS Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks 8 9 10 11 12 13 Period in days 16 30 31 30 12 ETo monthly 133.3 129.9 116.6 114.6 133.9 ETo daily 4.30 4.33 3.76 3.82 3.94 Crop coefficient 0.19 0.45 0.52 1.03 0.77 ETcrop monthly 13.07 58.4 60.6 118.0 36.41 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.P 0.0 Re daily 0.0 1.52 1.87 0.33 | 0.0 Re for period 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 NIR (mm) 130.7 12.7 2.5 108.2 36.41 Total in , M3 1307.0 127.0 25.0 1082.0 364.1 For 7% area in M3/sec 91.49 8.89 1.75 75.74 25.487 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 127Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 8 Main CROP- SEASON Haricot beans ( 5 Sep to 23 Dec.) Area 7 %.and 5% Duration 110 days. (All in mm / ha) PARTICULARS Sept Oct Nov Dec Remarks 9 10 11 12 13 Period in days 25 31 30 22 ETo monthly 129.9 116.6 114.6 133.9 4.33 3.76 3.82 3.94 Crop coefficient 0.45 0 52 1.03 0.77 ETcrop monthly 48.71 60.6 118.0 66.74 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 Re daily 1.52 1.87 0.33 0.0 Re for period 38.0 58.1 9.8 0.0 NIR (mm) 110.71 2.5 108.2 66.74 Total in , M3/ha 1107.1 25 1082.0 667.4 For 7% area in M3/sec 77.497 1.75 75.614 46.72 For 5% area in M3/sec 55.35 1.25 54.1 33.37 Table 9 Main CROP- SEASON Black cumin (5 Sep to 3 Feb.) Area, 7% and 5 %. Duration 150 days. (All in mm / ha) PARTICULARS Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Remarks 9 10 11 12 1 2 13 Period in days 25 31 30 31 31 2 ETo monthly 129.9 116.6 114.6 133.9 122.7 131.9 ETo daily 4.33 3.76 3.82 3.94 4.09 4.71 Crop coefficient 0.45 0.52 1.03 0.77 0.22 0.16 ETcrop monthly 48.71 60.6 118.0 103.1 26.99 1.51 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Re daily 1.52 1.87 0.33 0.0 0.0 0.0 Re for period 38.0 58.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 110.71 2.5 108.2 103.1 26.99 1.51 Total in , M3/ ha 1107.1 25.0 1080.2 1031.0 269.9 15.1 For 7% area in M3/sec 77.497 1.75 75.47 72.17 18.89 1.057 For 5% area in M3/sec 55.35 1.25 54.1 51.55 13.495 0.755 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 128Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 10 Main CROP- SEASON Coriander (10 Aug. to 7 Jan) Area, 2 %. Duration, 150 days. ( All in mm / ha) PARTICULARS Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Remarks 8 9 10 11 12 1 13 Period in days 21 30 31 30 31 6 ETo monthly 133.3 129.9 116.6 114.6 133.9 122.7 ETo daily 4.30 4.33 3.76 3.82 3.94 4 09 Crop coefficient 0.19 0.45 0.52 1.03 0.77 0.22 ETcrop monthly 17.15 58 4 60.6 118.0 103 1 5.40 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Sub-total Re monthly 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 Re daily 0.0 1.52 1.87 0.33 0.0 0.0 Re for period 0.0 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 117.15 12.7 2.5 108.2 103.1 5.40 Total tn , M3/ ha 1171.5 127.0 25.0 1082.0 1031.0 54.0 For area 2% in M3/sec 23.43 2 54 . 0.5 21.64 | 20.62 1.08 Table 11 Main CROP- SEASON Onion ( 1 Sep. to 8 Jan. ) Area , 2 %. Duration ,130 days. (All in mm / ha) PARTICULARS Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Remarks 9 10 11 12 1 13 Period in days 29 31 30 31 7 ETo monthly 129.9 116.6 114.6 133.9 122.7 ETo daily 4.33 3.76 3.82 3.94 4.09 Crop coefficient 0.45 0.52 1.03 0.77 0.22 - ( ETcrop monthly 56.51 60.6 118.0 103.1 6.3 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 45.7 58.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 Re daily 2.52 2.87 0.33 0 OJ 0.0 Re for period 73.08 58.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 83.43 2.5 108.2 103.1 63 Total in , M3/ ha 834.3 25.0 1082.0 1031.0 63.0 For area 2% in M3/sec 16.69 0.5 21.64 20.62 1.26 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 129Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 12 Main CROP- SEASON Red pepper (1 Sep to 23 Jan.) Area , 2 %. Duration, 145 days. (All in mm / ha) PARTICULARS Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Remarks 9 10 11 12 1 13 Period in days 29 31 30 31 22 ETo monthly 129.9 116.6 114.6 133.9 122 7 ETo daily 4.33 3.76 3.82 3.94 4.09 Crop coefficient 0.45 0.52 1.03 0.77 0.22 ETcrop monthly 56.51 60.6 118.0 103.1 19.79 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 45.7 58.1 98 0.0 0.0 Re daily 1.52 1.87 0.33 0.0 0.0 Re for period 44.08 58.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) Total in , M3/ ha 112.43 2.5 108.2 0.0 .0.0 1124.3 25.0 1082.0 1031.0 197.9 For area 2% in M3/sec 22.48 0.5 21.64 20.62 3.96 Table 13 Belg crop- season wheat (20 mar. To 28 jul.) Area ,30 % and 26%. Duration ,130 days. (March to June) PARTICULARS Mar Apr May Jun Jul Remarks 3 4 5 6 7 Period in days 11 30 31 30 27 ETo monthly 145.7 122.7 129.6 122.7 125.5 ETo daily 4.70 4.09 4.18 4.09 4.05 Crop coefficient 0.36 0.66 1.01 0.71 0.19 ETcrop monthly 18.61 80.98 130.89 87.12 20.77 ETcrop for the period - PSI 100 Re monthly 6.3 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 Re daily 0.20 2.36 1.77 0.0 0.0 Re for period 2.2 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 16.41 10.08 75.99 87.12 20.77 Total in , M3/ ha 164.1 100.8 759.9 871,2 207.7 For area 30% in M3/sec 49.23 30.24 227.97 261.36 62.31 For area 26% in M3/sec 42.67 26.21 197.57 226.51 54.60 WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 130Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 14 Belg CROP- SEASON Rice (10 Apr. to 26 Aug.) Area, 5 %. Duration, 130 days (March to June) PARTICULARS Apr May Jun Jul Aug Remarks 4 5 6 7 8 13 Period in days 20 31 30 31 25 ETo monthly 122.7 129.6 122.7 125.5 133.3 ETo daily 4.09 4.18 4.09 4.05 4.30 Crop coefficient 0.66 1.01 0.71 0.19 0.17 ETcrop monthly 53.98 130.89 87.12 23.84 23.65 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Re daily 2.36 1.77 0.0 0.0 0.0 Re for period 47.2 54.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 106.78 75.99 87.12 23.84 23.65 Total in , M3/ ha 1067.8 759.9 871.2 238.4 236.5 For area 5% in M3/sec 53.39 37.99 43.56 11.92 11.83 I 0.66’ 1.01 0.71 | 0.19 | 0.22 | Table 15 Belg CROP- SEASON Maize (2 Mar. to 31 Jul.) Area, 10 %. And 20% Duration , 150 days. (March to June) PARTICULARS Mar Apr May Jun Jul I Remarks 3 4 5 6 7 13 Period in days 29 30 31 30 30 ETo monthly 145.7 122.7 129.6 122.7 125.5 ETo daily 4.70 4.09 4.18 4.09 4.05 Crop coefficient 0.36 0.66 1.01 0.71 0.19 ETcrop monthly 49.07 80.98 130.89 87.12 23.08 Etcrop for the period - PSI 100 Re monthly 6.3 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 Re daily 0.20 2.36 1.77 0.0 0.0 Re for period 5.8 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 143.27 10.08 75.99 87.12 23.08 Total in , M3/ ha 1432.7 100.8 759.9 871.2 230.8 For area 10% in m3/sec 143.27 10.08 75.99 87.12 23.08 For area 20% in m3/sec 286.54 20.16 151.98 174.26 46.16 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 131Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gaduta Irrigation Project Table 16 Belg CROP- SEASON Chick pea (1 Apr. to 10 Jul.) Area ,20 % and 6%. Duration ,100 days. (March to June) VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies PARTICULARS Apr May Jun Jul Remarks 4 5 6 7 13 Period in days 30 31 30 9 ETo monthly 122.7 1296 122.7 125.5 ETo daily 4.09 4.18 4.09 4.05 Crop coefficient 0.66 1.01 0.71 0.19 ETcrop monthly 80.98 130.89 87.12 6.92 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 Re daily 2.36 1.77 0.0 0.0 Re for period 70.8 54.9 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 110 18 75 99 87.12 6.92 Total in , MJ/ ha 1101.8 759.9 871.2 69.2 For area 20% in m3/sec 220.36 151.98 174.24 13.84 For area 6% in m3/sec 66.11 45.59 52.27 4.15 Table 17 Belg CROP- SEASON Haricot beans (1 Apr. to 30 Jul. ) Area 7 %.and 6% Duration 120 days. ( March to June ) PARTICULARS Apr May Jun Jul Remarks 4 5 6 7 13 Period in days 30 31 30 29 ETo monthly 122.7 129.6 122.7 125.5 ETo daily 4.09 4.18 4.09 4.05 Crop coefficient 0.66 1.01 0.71 0.19 ETcrop monthly 80.98 130.89 87.12 22.31 ETcrop for the period - PSI 100 Re monthly 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 Re daily 2.36 1.77 0.0 0.0 Re for period 70.8 54.9 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 110.18 75.99 87.12 22.31 Total in , MJ/ ha 1101.8 759.9 871.2 223.1 For area 7% in m3/sec 77.13 53.20 60.98 15.62 For area 6% in m3/sec 66.11 45.59 52.27 13.39 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 132Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Ba I e G a d u I a Irrigation Project Table 18 Belg CROP- SEASON Black cumin (5 Mar. to 3 Aug.) Area, 4% and 3%. VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies PARTICULARS Mar Apr May Jun Jul Au 9 Remarks 3 4 5 6 7 8 13 Period in days 26 30 31 30 30 2 ETo monthly 145.7 122.7 129.6 122.7 125.5 133.3 ETo daily 4 70 4.09 4.18 4.09 4.05 4.30 Crop coefficient 0.36 0.66 1.01 0.71 0.19 0.22 ETcrop monthly 43.99 80.98 130.89 87.12 23.08 126.10 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 6.3 70 9 54.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Re daily 0.20 2.36 1.77 0.0 0.0 0.0 Re for period 5.2 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 138.79 10.08 75.99 87.12 23.08 126.1 Total in , M'/ ha 1387.9 100.8 759.9 871.2 230.8 1261.0 For area 4% in M3/sec 55.52 4.03 30.40 34.85 9.23 50.44 For area 3% in M3/sec 41.64 3.02 22.80 26.14 6.92 37.83 Table 19 Belg CROP-SEASON Coriander (10 Mar. to 28 Jul.) Area, 2 %. Duration 150 days. (March to June) PARTICULARS Mar Apr May Jun Jul Remarks 3 4 5 6 7 13 Period in days 21 30 31 30 27 ETo monthly 145.7 122.7 129.6 122.7 125.5 ETo daily 4.70 4.09 4.18 4.09 4.05 Crop coefficient 0.36 0.66 1.01 0.71 0.19 ETcrop monthly 35.53 80.98 130.89 87.12 20.78 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 6.3 70.9 54.91 o?o| 0.0 Re daily 0.20 2 36 1.77 0.0 0.0 Re for period 4.2 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 131.33 10.08 75.99 87.12 Total in , mV- ha 20.78 1313.3 100.8 759.9 871.2 207.8 For Area 2% in m3/sec 26.26 2.02 15.2 17.42 4.16 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 133Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation P roject VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Table 20 Belg CROP- SEASON Onion ( 10 Mar. to 18 Jul. ) Area, 2%. Duration, 130 days. (March to June) PARTICULARS Mar Apr May Jun Jul Remarks 3 4 5 6 7 13 Period in days 21 30 31 30 17 ETo monthly 145.7 122.7 129.6 122.7 125.5 ETo daily 4.70 4.09 4.18 4 09 4.05 Crop coefficient 0.36 0.66 1.01 0.71 0.19 ETcrop monthly 35 53 80.98 130.89 87.12 13.08 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 6.3 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 Re daily 0.20 2 36 1.77 0.0 0.0 Re for period 4.2 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 131.33 10 08 75 99 87.12 13.08 Total in , M3/ ha 1313.3 100.8 759.9 871.2 130.8 For area 2% in M3/sec 26.26 2.02 15.2 17.42 2.62 Table 21 Belg CROP- SEASON Red pepper ( 1 Mar. to 24 Jul.) Area, 2%. Duration, 145 days. (March to June) PARTICULARS Mar Apr May Jun Jul Remarks 3 4 5 6 7 13 Period in days 30 30 31 30 23 ETo monthly 145 7 122.7 129.6 122.7 125.5 ETo daily 4.70 4.09 4.18 4.09 4.05 Crop coefficient 0.36 0.66 1.01 0.71 0.19 ETcrop monthly 50.76 80.98 130.89 87.12 17.70 ETcrop for the period PSI 100 Re monthly 6.3 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 RE daily 0.20 2.36 1.77 0.0 0.0 Re for period 6.0 70.9 54.9 0.0 0.0 NIR (mm) 144 76 10.08 75.99 87.12 Total in , M3/ ha 17.70 1447.6 100.8 759.9 871.2 177.0 For area 2% in M3/sec 28.95 2.02 15.2 17.42 3.54 1 - — ------------ — — ~ WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 134Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Tabic 22 Sumr nary c Area of / Belg 0.3 >f CWR of coverage Ha BG irr igation project f or Croppi ng Inter isity 18 0%)7 a Crop type Wheat Meher Unit Jan 0 Feb 0 Mar Apr 49.23 30.24 May 227.97 Jun 2261.36 July Aug 62.31 0 Sep 0 Oct 0 Nov Dec 00 Total 631.11 0.3 .. 16.2 0 00 0 0 00 325.71 7.5 324.6 309.3 983.31 ■ 0.05 ------------ ’ 0 0 0 53.39 37.99 43.56 11.92 11.83 0 0 0 0 158.69 Rice 0.05 13.49 0.91 0 0 0 0 0 36.37 54.1 51.55 156.42 Maize (green) 0.1 0 0 143.27 10.08 75.99 87.12 23.08 0 0 0 0 0 339.54 0.15 8.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 175.74 19.05 3.75 162.7 154.65 523.99 0.2 0 0 0 220.36 151.98 174.24 13.84 ' 0 0 0 0 0 560.42 chick pea 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 91.49 8.89 1.75 75.64 25.48 203.25 0.1 0 0 0 110.18 75.99 87.12 13.39 0 0 0 0 0 286.68 Hari Cot Bean 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 55.35 1.25 54.1 33.37 144.07 0.04 0 0 55.52 4.03 30.4 34.85 9.23 50.44 0 0 0 0 184.47 Black cummins 0.07 0 1.05 0 0 0 0 00 77.49 1.75 75.47 72.17 227.93 0.02 0 0 26.26 2.02 15.2 17.42 4.16 0 0 0 0 0 65.06 Corriander 0.02 1.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 23.43 2.54 0.5 21.64 20.62 69.81 0.02 5 00 26.26 2.02 1S.2 17.42 2.62 0 0 00 0 63.52 Onion 0.02 1.26 0 0 0 0 000 16.69 0.5 21.64 20.62 60.71 0.02 0 0 28.95 2.02 15.22 17.42 3.54 0 0 0 0 0 67.13 Red Pepper 0.02 3.96 0 0 00 0 0 0 22.48 0.5 21.64 20.62 69.2 Citrus 0.02 0.02 5.4 | 4.22 | 9.22 2.02 15.22 17.4 4.76 5.86 2.54 0.5 20.62 20.62 108.36 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 135Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 22 cont... VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Avacado 0.01 0.01 2.7 2.11 4.61 1.01 7.6 8.71 2.38 2.93 1.27 025 1082 10.31 54.7 Forage 0.07 0.07 18.9 14.77 32.27 7.07 53.2 60.97 16.66 20.51 8.89 1.75 75.74 72.17 382.9 C.lntencrty 95% 95% % Total CV/R M3 71.09 23.06 375.59 444.44 721.92 827.59 167.89 382.23 540.9 56.37 918.71 811.48 2704.45 Crop area 4200 4450 Ha 2100 700 4200 4200 4200 4200 4350 1450 4450 3950 39SO 3900 Duty L/S/Ha 0.026542 0.0095321 0.1402292 0 0.2695341 0.3192863 0.0626829 0.1427083 0.2086806 0 0.3544406 0.3029719 M3/ha 71.09 23.06 375.59 | 444.44 | 721.92 827.59 167.89 382.23 540.9 156371 918 71 811.48 M3/ha*0.7/0.6 82.9383 26.9033 438.188 518.5 842.24 965 522 195.872 445.935 631.05 65.8 1071.828 946.727 Capacity at Canal Head in M3/sec 0.15483 0.0556 0.818 1 1.57228 1.8625 0.36565 0.832465 1 217303 0.12 2.06757 1.76734 for 5000 ha 80% dependable Runoff Bale Gadula Maximum Capacity at Head of Canal 2.1 cumec 0.226 0.2 0.205 0.768 1.412 0.6 2 8.6 7.05 5.25 0.88 0.4 There is shortage and hence this cropping pattern is not acceptable WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 136Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources 22L1 c'jf^^j^^^ndDotailDGsign of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studios fable 23 Summary of CWR of BG irrigation project for Cropping Intensity 146% Crop type Wheat Are covera BcIr 0.26 a of RC/Ha Meher Unit 99 Jan 0 Feb 0 Mar 42.67 Apr 26.21 May 187.57 Jun 226.51 July 54.6 Aug 0 Sep 0 Oct 0 Nov 0 Dec 0 Total 537.56 0.2 ,, 10.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 217.14 5 216.4 206.2 655.54 o.os 0 0 0 53.39 37.99 43.56 11.92 11.83 0 0 0 0 158.69 Rice O.OS 13.49 0.91 0 0 0 0 0 36.37 54.1 51.55 156.42 Maize (green) 0.1 0 0 143.27 10.08 75.99 87.12 23.08 0 0 0 0 0 339.54 0.14 7.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 164.02 17.78 3.5 151.48 144.34 488.68 0.06 0 0 0 66.11 45.59 52.27 4.15 0 0 0 0 0 168.12 chick pea 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 91.49 8.89 1.75 75.64 25 48 203.25 0.06 0 0 0 66.11 45.59 52.27 13.39 0 0 0 0 0 177.36 Harl Cot Bean 0.07 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 77.5 1.75 75 61 46.72 201.58 0.03 99 0 0 41.64 3.02 n.8 26.14 692 37.83 0 0 0 0 138.35 Black cummins O.OS 99 13.49 •0.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 69.39 5 37.99 43.5 170.12 0.02 99 0 0 26.26 2.02 15.2 17.42 4.16 0 0 0 0 0 65.06 Corriander 0.02 1.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 23.43 2.54 0.5 21.64 20.62 69.81 0.02 s 0 0 26.26 2.02 15.2 17.42 2.62 0 0 0 0 0 63.52 Onion 0.02 1.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.69 0.5 21.64 20.62 60.71 0.02 0 0 28.95 2.02 15.2 17.42 3.54 0 0 0 0 0 67.13 Red Pepper 0.02 3.96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.48 0.5 21.64 20.62 69.2 Citrus 0.02 0.02 5.4 4.22 9.22 2.02 15.2 17.4 4.76 5.86 2.54 0.5 20.62 20.62 108.36 Avacado 0.01 0.01 2.7 2.11 4.61 1.01 7.6 8.71 2.38 2.93 1.27 0.25 10.82 10.31 54.7 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 137Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gaduia Irrigation Project Table 23 cont.... VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Forage 0.07 0.07 18.9 14.77 32.27 7.07 53.2 60.97 16.66 20.51 8.89 1.75 75.74 72.17 382.9 Glntencity 72% 74% % Total CWR M3 78.64 22.76 355.15 241.1 537.13 627.21 148.18 357.9 445.11 57.37 783.32 682 75 Crop area 4200 4450 Ha 2100 700 4200 4200 4200 4200 4350 1450 4450 3950 3950 3900 Duty L/S/Ha 0.029361 0.0094081 0.1325978 0 0.200S414 0.2419792 0.0553241 0.1336246 0.1717245 0 0.3022068 0.2549096 0.31 l/sec/ha M3/ha*0.7/0.6 91.74667 26.553333 414.34167 Capacity at Canal Head in M3/$ec 0.171271 0.0548804 0.7734873 for 5000 ha 281.3 626.65167 731.745 172.87667 417.55 0.543 1.1698246 1.4115451 0.3227238 0.7794766 80% dependable Runoff Bale Gaduia 0.226 ‘ 0.2 0.205 0.768 1.412 0.6 2 8.6 519.295 66.93 913.87333 796.54167 1.0017265 0.125 1.7628729 1.4869729 Maximum Capacity at Head of Canal 1.76 cumec 7.05 5.25 0.88 0.4 shortage is in 4 months can be accepted WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study RoportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project ANNEXURE II: CROP TYPE AND SEED RATE VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Crop type Seed Rate Remark 1 Maize 25 2 Sorghum 20 ♦ 3 Wheat 150 4 Barley 125 5 Emmer Wheat 125 6 Tef 30 7 Finger Millet 30 8 Soyabean 100 9 Harricot bean 100 10 Field pea 150 11 Fababean 200 12 Lentil 80 ♦ 13 Chickpea 125 14 Linseed 40 15 Rapeseed 20 16 Sesame 7 17 Pepper 1 (Seed) 18 Tomato 0.35 (Seed) 19 Onion 5 (seed) 20 Potato 2000 (Tuber) 21 Garlic 1000 (Bulbe) 22 Finugreek 40 23 Black Cumin 7.5 ♦ 24 Groundnut 100 (Shelled) 25 Forage Oat 120 *:+ or - on the given figure based on the seed size. Source: Ethiopian Seed Enterprise, 2008. Note : Since the area of each varieties are included no calculation was required. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 139Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies ANNEXURE III: ESTIMATE OF AREA UNDER CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CROPS FOR PEASANT HOLDINGS IN ETHIOPIA (2003 - 04) Mchcr (Main Season) Belg (Drv Season) Total Crops Area (000,ha.) Production (000, q.) Area (000, ha.) Production (000, q.) Area (000,ha.) Production (000, q.) Productivity Q/ha. Cereals 6,993.69 90,007.29 784.25 2,638.14 7,777.94 92,645.43 11.91 Barley 920.13 10,796.89 155.31 76.87 1,075.44 10,873.76 10.11 Maize 1,367.12 25,429.65 424.00 2,009.15 1,791.12 27,438.80 15.32 Sorgham 1,283.65 17,424.54 52.18 418.29 1,335.83 17,842.83 13.36 Millet 304.76 3,051.01 - 304.76 3,051.01 10.01 Teff 1,989.07 16,773.48 73.54 97.31 2,062.61 16,870.79 8.18 Wheat 1,098.91 16,144.41 67.42 36.52 1,166.33 16,180.93 13.87 Oats 30.05 387.34 11.80 - 41.85 387.34 9.26 Pulses 1,066.36 10,195.70 95.42 33.04 1,161.78 10J28.74 S.80 Chickpeas 154.28 1,359.30 13.81 168.09 1,359.30 8.09 Field Peas 211.56 1,703.65 17.20 228.76 1,703.65 7.45 Haricot Beans 183.75 1,721.53 57.21 33.04 240.96 1,754.57 7.28 Horse-beans 382.00 4,268.92 - 382.00 4,268.92 11.18 Lentil 52.06 352.75 5.74 57.80 352.75 6.10 Vetch 82.71 789.55 1.46 84.17 789.55 9.38 Oil seeds 570.79 3,128.62 8.39 579.18 3,128.62 5.40 Lin seed 142.90 773.63 7.62 - 150.52 773.63 5.14 Neug 281.72 1,189.95 - - 281.72 1,189.95 4.22 Sesame 91.53 614.62 - 91.53 614.62 6.71 Ground nut 20.22 207.15 - 20.22 207.15 10.24 Sunflower 8.40 50.43 - 8.40 50.43 6.00 Rape seed 26.02 292.84 0.77 26.79 292.84 10.93 Others 40.27 24,667.30 1.59 41.86 24,667.30 589.28 Fenugreek 17.13 124.54 1.59 18.72 124.54 6.65 Sugarcane 23.14 24,542.76 - 23.14 24,542.76 1060.62 Total 8,671.11 127,998.91 889.65 2,671.18 9,560.76 130,670.09 13.67 Source: Bureau of Finance and Economic Development - Statistical Abstract, 5'1' Edition (2005) WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 140Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies ANNEXURE IV: ESTIMATE OF AREA UNDER CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CROPS FOR PEASANT HOLDINGS IN OROMIYA REGION (2001 -02) Metier (Main Season) Belg (Dry Season) Total Crops l’roductivi ty Q/ha. Cereals TefT Barley Wheat Maize Sorghum Millet Oats Pulses Horse beans Field Peas Harecot beans Chick Peas Lentil Vetch Oilseeds Niger seed Linseed Rapeseed Ground nut Sunflower Sesame Fenugreek ,. 2,911.03 762.12 367.43 545.92 729.46 437.40 49.34 19.37 357.15 137.38 64.71 63.45 55.64 14.00 21.97 194.94 93.15 68.82 5.50 10.10 0.92 9.91 6.55 Area (000 ha ) Production (000, q.) Area (000, ha.) Production (000. q.) Area (000,ha.) Production (000, q.) 44,250.94 7,132.52 4,773.40 8,595.22 16,603.87 6,355.85 546.50 243.59 3,739.07 1,674.20 567.64 558.90 587.09 87.53 263.71 948.57 .324.26 391.21 44.25 77.56 6.14 64.97 40.18 356.14 22.11 100.34 45.84 159.59 18.87 0.16 9.24 54.19 1.20 18.27 32.40 0.63 1.55 0.13 6.88 0.05 3.14 ♦ 0.03 • ♦ 3.66 994.76 32.24 185.90 62.44 602.66 101.39 0.05 10.09 155.66 4.36 18.28 130.78 1.21 0.91 0.13 3.04 - 1.23 ♦ ♦ • ♦ 1.80 3,267.17 784.23 467.77 591.76 889.05 456.27 49.50 28.61 411.34 138.58 82.98 95.85 56.27 15.55 22.10 201.82 93.20 71.96 5.50 10.13 0.92 9.91 10.21 45,245.70 7,164.76 4,959.30 8,657.66 17,206.53 6,457.24 546.55 253.68 3,894.73 1,678.56 585.92 689.68 588.30 88.44 263.84 951.61 324,26 392.44 44.25 77.56 6.14 64.97 41.98 13.85 9.14 10.60 14.63 19.35 14.15 11.04 8.87 9.47 12.11 7.06 7.20 10.45 5.69 11.94 4.72 3.48 5.45 8.05 7.66 6.67 6.56 4.11 Total 3,463.12 48,938.58 417.21 1,153.45 3,880.33 50,092.03 12.91 Source : Ethiopian Agri I Sample Enumeration Result for Oromia CSA (CSA2003) WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 141Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies ANNEXURE V: COST OF CULTIVATION OF WHEAT UNDER RAIN FED CONDITION Table 1: Cost of cultivation of Wheat under rain fed condition Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost JETB) I. Operational cost 3476.82 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - qt Urea - Lt. Gunny bags & others 60 10 1.25 1.5 20 30 718 719.55 1200 300 897.5 1079.32 II. Fixed cost 44 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 20 24 20 Total I + II (Total cost of cultivation)............................................................ 3520.82 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 20763 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 28.5 718 20463 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 20 150 3000 Net income 17242.18 Benefit cost ratio 5.0 : 1 Table2-: Cost of cultivation of Rice under rain fed condition. Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost JETB) I. Operational cost 4928.87 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - qt Urea - Gunny bags & others 95 30 0.3 2.5 20 30 1100 719.55 1900 900 330 1798.87 ||. Fixed cost 44 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 20 24 20 Total I + Il (Total cost of cultivation 4972.87 Til. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 13100 1 Yield per ha & value quintal 11 1100 12100 ”2 Yield of by product quintal 10 100 1000 ^Met income 8127.13 Benefit cost ratio 1.6:1 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 142Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 3: Cost of cultivation of Maize under rain fed condition. VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost (ETB) ® 1. Operational cost 2876.32 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - qt Urea - Gunny bags & others 55 15 0.25 1.5 20 30 988 719.55 1100 450 247 1079.32 II. Fixed cost 44 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 20 24 20 Total 1 + II (Total cost of cultivation 2920.32 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 27000 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 30 800 24000 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 20 150 3000 tai Net income 24079.68 Benefit cost ratio 8.2 : 1 tar Table 4: Cost of cultivation of Chickpea under rain fed condition. Items Unit Inputs/hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost ___ (ETB)J I. Operational cost 2400 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - qt Urea - qt Lt Gunny bags & others 40 15 0.6 3 20 30 1100 80 250 800 450 ■ 660 | 240 250 II. Fixed cost 44 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 20 24 | 20 1 Total 1 + II (Total cost of cultivation)...................................................... 2444 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 9900 1 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 9 1000 9000 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 6 150 900 Net income 7500 Benefit cost ratio 3.1 :1 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 143Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 5: Cost of cultivation of Haricot beans under rain fed condition. VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost (ETB) 1. Operational cost 2380 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - qt Urea - qt Lt Gunny bags & others 32 15 0.8 3 20 30 1000 80 250 640 450 800 240 250 II. Fixed cost 44 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 20 24 20 Total 1 + ll (Total cost of cultivation)............................................................. 2424 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 8900 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 8 1000 8000 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 6 150 900 Net income 6476 Benefit cost ratio 2.67 : 1 Table 6: Cost of cultivation of Black cumin under rain fed condition. Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost I. Operational cost 2229 55 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - - qt Urea - — qt Gunny bags & others 36 12 0.12 1 20 30 1500 719.55 250 720 360 180 719.55 250 II. Fixed cost 44 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 20 24 20 Total I + II (Total cost of cultivation 2273.55 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 19860 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 13 1500 19500 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 6 60 360 "Net income 17586.45 Benefit cost ratio 7.7 :1 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 144Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 7 Cost of cultivation of Coriander under rain fed condition. VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Items Unit Inputs 1 hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost \ (ETB) I, 1. Operational cost 2109.55 | Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP-- qt Urea — qt Gunny bags & others 30 12 0.12 1 20 30 1500 719.55 250 600 360 . 180 ® 719.55 250 II. Fixed cost 44 | Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 20 24 ’ 20 Total 1 + II (Total cost of cultivation 2153.55 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 13860 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 9 1500 13500 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 6 60 360 Net income 11706.45 Benefit cost ratio 5.43 :1_____________________________________________________________ Table 8: Cost of cultivation of Red pepper under rain fed condition. Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost (ETB) I. Operational cost 9319.1 L Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - - qt Urea — qt Gunny bags & others 60 16 15 2 20 30 400 719.55 1200 480 ■ 6200 || 1439.1 | II. Fixed cost ____ 1 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 20 2»0 1| Total I + II (Total cost of cultivation) ___ 9363.1 1 I III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 40250 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 100 400 40000 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 5 50 250 Net income 30886.9 Benefit cost ratio 3.3 :1 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report k I 145Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detoil Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 9: Cost of cultivation of Onion under rain fed condition. VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost (ETB) I. Operational cost 2979.32 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - - qt Urea - — qt Gunny bags & others 60 15 1.5 20 30 719.55 250 1200 450 1079.32 250 II. Fixed cost 44 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 20 24 20 Total I + II (Total cost of cultivation .................................................. 3023.32 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 13000 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal- 22 500 12500 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 10 50 500 | Net income 9976.68 | Benefit cost ratio 3.3 :1 Irrigated and Optimum Inputs. Table 10: Cost of cultivation of Wheat under Irrigation condition. Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost (ETB} I. Operational cost 4457.1 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - - qt Urea- — qt Lt Gunny bags & others 40 1.25 2 20 1500 718 719.55 800 1500 718 1439.1 II. Fixed cost' - 84 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% L 24 60 24 60 Total 1 + II (Total cost of cultivatio n "ill. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value 4541.1 (Gross income) 53968 1 Yield per ha & value & value quintal 48 718 48718 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 35 150 5250 Net income Benefit cost ratio 10.9 :1 49427 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 11-: Cost of cultivation of Maize under Irrigation condition. VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost _1etb} | 1. Operational cost 4193.4 ■ Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - - qt Urea — qt Lt Gunny bags & others 40 0.25 2 2.0 20 1500 988 719.55 93.15 80 1500 I 988 1439.1 186.3 II. Fixed cost — 84 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if anv For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 60 Total 1 + II (Total cost of cultivation)................................................... 4277.4 1 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 56 800 44800 i 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 45 150 24 60 51550 6750 Net income 47272.6 - Benefit cost ratio 11.1 : 1 ------------------ ) | Table 12: Cost of cultivation of Rice under Irrigation condition. Items I, Operational cost Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous Unit man days pair days qt DAP - - qt Urea — qt Lt Gunny bags & others Inputs I hectare 95 0.3 2.5 3 Cost (ETB) per unit 20 1500 1100 719.55 Total cost (ETB) 6109.37 1900 1500 330 1798.87 93.5 280.5 300 300 II. Fixed cost 84 Land tax paid For one ha yearly Depreciation of farm implements if Improved plough @ 5% any__________________________ _________ ________________ Total I + II (Total cost of cultivation)....................................................... 24 60 n ta k k ii III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 45 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 20 1100 100 Net income 24 60 6193.37 51500 49500 2000 45306.63 Benefit cost ratio 7.3 :1 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report I 147Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 13: Cost of cultivation of Chickpea under Irrigation condition. VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost (ETB) 1. Operational cost 3450 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed ’ Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - - qt Urea------ qt Lt Gunny bags & others 40 0.6 3 20 1500 1100 80 250 800 1500 660 240 250 II. Fixed cost 324 Land tax paid 1 Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 300 24 300 Total 1 + II (Total cost of cultivation )................................. ..................... 3774 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value I (Gross income) 13200 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 12 1000 12000 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 8 150 1200 Net income 9426 [ Benefit cost ratio 2.5 :1 Table 14: Cost of cultivation of Haricot bean under Irrigation condition. Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost (ETB) I. Operational cost 3590 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days - qt DAP - - qt Urea - — qt Lt Gunny bags & others 40 0.8 — 3 20 1500 1000 80 250 800 1500 800 - 240 250 ||. Fixed cost 324 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any Total I U (Total cost of cultivation 24 300 + For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% L 24 300 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value ... (Gross income) 3914 23200 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 22 2 Value of by product & yield quintal 1000 22000 8 150 [Net income 1200 I Benefit cost ratio 4.92 : 1 l 19286 WWDSE In Association with ICT — Final Feasibility Study Report 148Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 15: Cost of cultivation of Black cumin under Irrigation condition. VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Items Unit Inputs I hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost (ETB) I. Operational cost 4089.1 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - - qt Urea----- qt Lt Gunny bags & others 36 0.12 2 20 1500 1500 719.55 250 720 1500 180 1439.1 250 II Fixed cost 324 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 300 24 300 Total I ♦ II (Total cost of cultivation) 4413.1 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 27480 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 18 1500 27000 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 8 60 480 Net income 23066.9 Benefit cost ratio 5.2 : 1 Table 16: Cost of cultivation of Coriander under Irrigation condition. Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost | (ETB) I. Operational cost 3969.1 | Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - - qt Urea — qt Lt Gunny bags & others 30 0.12 2 20 1500 1500 719.55 250 II. Fixed cost 600 1500 180 1439.1 | 250 d 324 1 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 300 24 300 Total I + II (Total cost of cultivation) 4293.1 | III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 38100 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 25 1500 37500 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 10 60 600 Net income 33806.9 Benefit cost ratio 7.87 :1 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 149Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigatjor^Project Table -17: Cost of cultivation of Onion under Irrigation condition. VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit 1. Operational cost Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous Total cost (ETB)____ 6248 87 man days pair days qt DAP - - qt Urea------ qt Lt Gunny bags & others 60 3 2.5 20 1500 500 719.55 250 1200 1500 1500 1798.87 250 II. Fixed cost 224 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 200 24 200 Total 1 + II (Total cost of cultivation) 6472.87 HL Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 48400 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 120 400 48000 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 5 80 400 Net income 41927.13 Benefit cost ratio 6.5 : 1 Table 18: Cost of cultivation of Red pepper under Irrigation condition. Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost JETB) I. Operational cost 6248.87 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days qt DAP - - qt Urea — qt Lt Gunny bags & others 60 3 2.5 20 1500 500 719.55 250 II. Fixed cost 1200 1500 1500 1798.87 250 224 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any Total I + II (Total cost of cultivation For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% ................................ 24 200 24 200 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 6472.87 60800 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 150 2. Value of by product & yield quintal 400 60000 10 Net income 80 800 Benefit cost ratio 8.39 :1 --------------------- 54327.13 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 19: Cost of cultivation of Citrus. VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost JETB) 1. Operational cost 22217.3 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days Seedlings DAP - - qt Urea — qt Lt Gunny bags & others 220 6.0 20 2500 4000 719.55 5000 2000 4400 2500 4000 4317.3 5000 2000 II. Fixed cost 1024 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 1000 24 1000 Total 1 + II (Total cost of cultivation)..................................................... 23241.3 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 400 400 160000 2. Value of by product & yield quintal Net income 136758.7 Benefit cost ratio 5.9 : 1 r Table 20: Cost of cultivation of Avocado. Items Unit Inputs / hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost JETB) 1 I. Operational cost 21817.3 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days Seedlings DAP - - qt Urea — qt Lt ’ Gunny bags & others 200 6.0 20 2500 4000 719.55 5000 2000 4000 1 2500 I 4000 1 4317.3 5000 2000 ■ I II. Fixed cost 1024 | Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 1000 24 woo 2 I Total I + II (Total cost of cultivation) 22841.3 ’ III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 80000 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 200 400 80000 | 2. Value of by product & yield quintal Net income 57158.7 ft. Benefit cost ratio 2.51 :1 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 151Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 21: Cost of cultivation of Forage Crop. VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Items Unit Inputs 1 hectare Cost (ETB) per unit Total cost (ETB) I. Operational cost 14817.3 Human Labour Oxen days Machine Seed Fertilizers Pesticides Miscellaneous man days pair days Seedlings DAP - - qt Urea------ qt Lt Gunny bags & others 100 6.0 20 2500 2000 719.55 2000 4000 2500 2000 4317.3 2000 II. Fixed cost 1024 Land tax paid Depreciation of farm implements if any For one ha yearly Improved plough @ 5% 24 1000 24 1000 Total I + II (Total cost of cultivation 15841.3 III. Yield and production per hectare & Gross value (Gross income) 112500 1. Yield per ha & value & value quintal 1500 75 112500 2. Value of by product & yield quintal Net income Benefit cost ratio 6.1 :1 96658.7 WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irngat.on Project _ VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies ANNEXURE VI CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 ............................................................................................................................................ ***************** - Crop » 12 - Block f - Planting date ................. ..................................................................................................................... : CITRUS (70% cover, cool season 15 Nov.) : (All blocks] : 25/6 - Calculation time step =------ 10 oay(s) - Irrigation Efficiency = 70% ______________________________________________ Date ETo (mm/period) (*) Planted Crop Area Kc CWR (ETm) Total Rain Effect Rain Irr. Req. FWS — (nnn/period) (1/s/ha) 25/6 5/7 15/7 25/7 4/8 14/8 24/8 3/9 13/9 23/9 3/10 13/10 23/10 2/11 12/11 22/11 2/12 12/12 22/12 1/1 11/1 21/1 31/1 10/2 20/2 2/3 12/3 22/3 1/4 11/4 21/4 1/5 11/5 21/5 31/5 10/6 20/6 41.55 41.25 40.97 40.73 40.53 40.36 40.23 40.13 40.07 40.02 40.00 39.99 39.99 39.99 39.99 39.98 39.97 39.94 39.91 41.98 42.57 43.08 43.52 43.85 44.09 44.23 44.28 44.24 44.12 43.93 43.69 43.40 43.08 42.74 42.39 42.04 20.90 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0] 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.23 0.36 0.43 0.45 0.39 0.25 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.37 0.54 0.59 0.52 0.38 0.20 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.21 0.33 0.40 0.41 0.35 0.23 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.32 0.47 0.52 0.47 0.35 0.18 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.51 0.35 0.23 0.17 0.15 0.21 0.33 0.52 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.50 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.21 0.38 0.54 0.58 0.29 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Total 1523.76 20.67 4.93 16.26 0.01) * ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. lilial 1 Kac. uc , C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGACI1R.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT + Final Feasibility Study Report 153Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 ****************************************************************************** CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 Climate and ETo (grass) Data Data Source: C:\CROPWATW\CLIMATE\BALGCLIM.PEM Country : Ethiopia Altitude: 1816 meter(s) above M.S.L. Station : Goro Latitude: 7.00 Deg. (Nort h) L ongitude: 40 .47 Deg. (Ea st) Month MaxTemp MiniTemp Hu midity Wind Spd. Sunshi ne Solar Rad. (deg.C) (deg.C) (1) (Km/d) (Hours) (MJ/m2/d) ETo (mm/d) January 25.0 14.4 55.0 147.0 7.6 19.2 4.09 February 26.0 15.2 52.0 162.0 6.4 21.5 4.71 March 25.8 15.7 58.0 164.0 7.8 21.5 4.69 April 24.4 15.1 72.0 173.0 6.8 20.0 4.10 May 24.3 15.0 73.0 155.0 8.3 21.6 4.17 June 24.2 14.3 74.0 190.0 8.1 20.7 4.09 July 24.1 14.2 72.0 225.0 6.9 19.1 4.06 August 24.8 14.1 69.0 216.0 6.9 19.7 4.31 September 25.5 14.5 67.0 190.0 6.6 19.5 4.32 October 23.6 14.6 69.0 147.0 6.4 18.7 3.77 November 23.8 14.3 64.0 138.0 7.6 19.4 3.82 December 24.3 14.1 61.0 147.0 8.4 19.9 3.94 Average 24.6 14.6 65.5 171.2 7.5 20.1 4.17 Pen-Mon equation was used in ETo calculations with the following values for Angstrom's Coefficients: a = 0.25 b = 0.5 ******************************************** ****** w .*****<wt<m*#t*<>< + w#t w< * C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGACLIM.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 154Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 ********ill***i****iii+i** + i*******it*- + + * + *ir*********t***i*******t************ Crop Water Requirements Report ★ IT**************************************************************************** - Crop # 4 - Block # - Planting date : Haricot beans : [All blocks] : 5/9 - Calculation time step = 10 Day(s) - Irrigation Efficiency = 70% Date ETo (mm/peric Planted Area Crop Kc CWR (ETm) Total Effect. Irr. Req. FWS Rain Rain >d) (!) ------ (mm/f >eriod) -- ■ (1/s/ha) 5/9 40.12 2.00 0.01 0.32 0.26 0.24 0.08 0.00 15/9 40.06 2.00 0.01 0.32 0.38 0.35 0.00 0.00 25/9 40.02 2.00 0.01 0.43 0.44 0.40 0.03 0.00 5/10 40.00 2.00 0.02 0.63 0.44 0.40 0.23 0.00 15/10 39.99 2.00 0.02 0.83 0.37 0.33 0.50 0.01 25/10 39.99 2.00 0.02 0.92 0.22 0.19 0.73 0.01 4/11 39.99 2.00 0.02 0.92 0.02 0.02 0.90 0.01 14/11 39.99 2.00 0.02 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.02 24/11 39.98 2.00 0.02 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.02 4/12 39.96 2.00 0.02 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.74 0.01 14/12 39.93 2.00 0.01 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.01 Total 440.03 7.38 2.13 1.93 5.47 [0.01] * ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. A*******-***************-******-************************************************* C:\CROPWATW\RE PORTS\BAGAHAIR.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 155Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrjgation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 * + **★»♦********«■*♦***♦**★★* CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 ***♦*******♦**♦♦♦*♦**♦*********♦***** Crop Water Requirements Report - Crop 4 2 : Rice - Block U : [All blocks] - Planting date : 5/9 - Calculation time step = 10 Day(s) - Irrigation Efficiency = 70% Date ETO Planted Crop CWR Total Effect. Irr. FWS Area Kc (ETm) Rain Rain Req. (mm/period) (%) (1/s/ha) 5/9 40.12 5.00 0.05 2.11 0.64 0.59 1.51 0.03 15/9 40.06 5.00 0.05 2.10 0.94 0.86 1.24 0.02 25/9 40.02 5.00 0.05 2.10 1.11 1.00 1.10 0.02 5/10 40.00 5.00 0.05 2.15 1.11 1.00 1.15 0.02 15/10 39.99 5.00 0.06 2.25 0.93 0.83 1.42 0.02 25/10 39.99 5.00 0.06 2.35 0.54 0.49 1.87 0.03 4/11 39.99 5.00 0.06 2.40 0.04 0.04 2.36 0.04 14/11 39.99 5.00 0.06 2.40 0.00 0.00 2.40 0.04 24/11 39.98 5.00 0.06 2.40 0.00 0.00 2.40 0.04 4/12 39.96 5.00 ’ 0.06 2.40 0.00 0.00 2.40 0.04 14/12 39.93 5.00 0.06 2.40 0.00 0.00 2.40 0.04 24/12 40.27 5.00 0.06 2.42 0.00 0.00 2.42 0.04 3/1 42.10 5.00 0.06 2.53 0.00 0.00 2.53 0.04 13/1 42.68 5.00 0.06 2.56 0.00 0.00 2.56 0.04 23/1 43.18 5.00 0.06 2.44 0.00 0.00 2.44 0.04 2/2 43.59 5.00 0.05 2.19 0.00 0.00 2.19 0.04 12/2 43.91 5.00 0.04 1.93 0.00 0.00 1.93 22/2 44.13 5.00 0.04 0.03 1.67 0.00 0.00 1.67 0.03 Total 739.89 - 40.81 5.31 4.82 35.99 (0.031 * ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. **ir*********************«*********#t*»****JI*t<t1tt>Ai4t4t44> ^^ |k C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGAICIR.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 2/10/2010 ****************************************************************************** Crop Water Requirements Report *************4*****♦***************<*******♦************♦********************* VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 - Crop fl - Block fl : (All crops] : [All blocks] - Calculation time step = 10 Day(s) - Irrigation Efficiency = 701 Date ETo (mm/peri Planted Crop CWR Area od) (%) Kc (ETm) Total Rain ------ (mm/ Effect. Rain period) -• Irr. Req. FWS ■ (1/s/ha) 1/1 41.98 58.80 0.34 14.46 0.00 0.00 14.46 0.24 11/1 42.57 15.60 0.15 6.29 0.00 0.00 6.29 0.10 21/1 43.08 14.00 0.14 5.92 0.00 0.00 5.92 0.10 31/1 43.52 14.00 0.13 5.71 0.00 0.00 5.71 0.09 10/2 43.85 14.00 0.12 5.48 0.00 0.00 5.48 0.09 20/2 44.09 14.00 0.12 5.23 0.00 0.00 5.23 0.09 2/3 44.23 18.00 0.12 5.22 0.00 0.00 5.22 0.09 12/3 44.28 55.50 0.26 11.67 0.00 0.00 11.67 0.19 22/3 44.24 69.00 0.31 13.61 2.78 2.48 11.13 0.18 1/4 44.12 69.00 0.33 14.60 12.81 11.13 3.47 0.06 11/4 43.93 69.00 0.41 17.89 18.77 16.32 1.57 0.03 21/4 43.69 69.00 0.55 24.18 20.29 17.77 6.41 0.11 1/5 43.40 69.00 0.69 30.14 18.10 16.05 14.10 0.23 11/5 43.08 69.00 0.77 33.27 13.17 11.90 21.37 0.35 21/5 42.74 69.00 0.77 33.08 6.75 6.28 26.80 0.44 31/5 42.39 69.00 0.77 32.76 0.91 0.88 31.88 0.53 10/6 42.04 69.00 0.76 31.94 0.00 0.00 31.94 0.53 20/6 41.71 69.00 0.68 28.19 0.00 0.00 28.19 0.47 30/6 41.40 62.00 0.50 20.82 0.00 0.00 20.82 0.34 10/7 41.11 57.00 0.36 14.78 0.00 0.00 14.78 0.24 20/7 40.85 24.50 0.17 6.86 0.00 0.00 6.86 0.11 30/7 40.63 14.00 0.13 5.23 0.00 0.00 5.23 0.09 9/8 40.44 14.00 0.12 4.96 0.00 0.00 4.96 0.08 19/8 40.29 21.20 0.14 5.56 0.10 0.09 5.46 0.09 29/8 40.18 61.10 0.26 10.42 4.77 4.44 5.98 0.10 8/9 40.10 74.00 0.31 12.35 11.02 10.16 2.19 0.04 18/9 40.04 74.00 0.33 13.07 14.92 13.62 0.00 0.00 28/9 40.01 75.40 0.41 16.34 17.00 15.38 0.97 0.02 8/10 39.99 76.00 0.57 22.73 16.39 14.72 8.01 0.13 18/10 39.99 76.00 0.73 29.22 12.72 11.39 17.83 0.29 28/10 39.99 76.00 0.84 33.71 5.55 5.07 28.64 0.47 7/11 39.99 76.00 0.85 34.09 0.00 0.00 34.09 0.56 17/11 39.99 76.00 0.86 34.28 0.00 0.00 34.28 0.57 27/11 39.98 76.00 0.86 34.29 0.00 0.00 34.29 0.57 7/12 39.95 76.00 0.80 32.04 0.00 0.00 32.04 0.53 17/12 39.93 75.40 0.64 25.61 0.00 0.00 25.61 0.42 27/12 19.95 74.00 0.52 10.35 0.00 0.00 10.35 0.34 Total 1523.76 686.34 176.05 157.66 529.23 [0.24J * ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting, m*************************************************************************** C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGALIR.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 157Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Proje ct VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 it***************************** - Crop # 3 - Block # - Planting date CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 ***»***♦♦♦♦**♦♦****»♦********♦*******«******** Crop Water Requirements Report : MAIZE (Grain) : [AU blocks] : 25/8 - Calculation time step = 10 Day(s) - Irrigation Efficiency = 70% Date ETo Planted Area Crop Kc CWR Total Rain Effect. Rain Irr. Req. FWS (ETm) inun/ period / I ®) X/ S/IldJ 25/8 40.22 18.00 0.05 2.17 0.64 0.59 1.58 0.03 4/9 40.13 18.00 0.05 2.17 2.17 2.01 0.16 0.00 14/9 40.06 18.00 0.06 2.41 3.31 3.03 0.00 0.00 24/9 40.02 18.00 0.10 3.86 3.95 3.59 0.27 0.00 4/10 40.00 18.00 0.14 5.48 4.03 3.63 1.85 0.03 14/10 39.99 18.00 0.18 7.10 3.45 3.09 4.01 0.07 24/10 39.99 18.00 0.21 8.48 2.12 1.91 6.57 0.11 3/11 39.99 18.00 0.22 8.64 0.25 0.24 8.40 0.14 13/11 39.99 18.00 0.22 8.64 0.00 0.00 8.64 0.14 23/11 39.98 18.00 0.22 8.64 0.00 0.00 8.64 0.14 3/12 39.96 18.00 0.21 8.38 0.00 0.00 8.38 0.14 13/12 39.94 18.00 0.17 6.87 0.00 0.00 6.87 0.11 23/12 40.09 18.00 0.13 5.20 0.00 0.00 5.20 2/1 20.94 18.00 0.09 0.10 2.06 0.00 0.00 2.06 0.07 Total 541.31 80.09 19.92 18.09 62.63 [0.08] * ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. C: \CROPWATW \ RE PORTS \ BAGAMZIR. TXT WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 15SFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 *****♦****»*******♦********■*****♦**♦*♦**+*♦****♦**■************************** Soil Data ■it***-******-****************************************************************** Data Source: C:\CROPWATW\SOILS\BAGASOIL.SOI : Medium I Soil description Total available soil moisture = 137.4 Initial soil moisture depletion = 15 Initial available soil moisture = 116.8 Maximum infiltration rate Depth of root-restricting layer =2.00 = 264 mm/m depth. % mm/m depth. mm/d. m. ************************************* C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGASOIL.TXT 4 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report t 159Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 ****************************************** Crop Water Requirements Report CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 ********************************** - Crop # 1 - Block r? - Planting date : Spring Wheat : [All blocks] : 1/9 - Calculation time step - 10 Day(s) - Irrigation Efficiency = 701 Date ETo Planted Crop CWR Total Effect. (mm/period) Area Kc (ETm) Rain Rain Irr. Req. FWS (1/5/na] 1/9 40.15 40.00 0.12 4.82 3.88 3.60 1.22 0.02 11/9 40.08 40.00 0.12 4.81 6.70 6.16 0.00 0.00 21/9 40.03 40.00 0.12 4.80 8.48 7.72 0.00 0.00 1/10 40.00 40.00 0.18 7.29 9.05 8.17 0.00 0.00 11/10 39.99 40.00 0.30 11.82 8.22 7.37 4.46 0.07 21/10 39.99 40.00 0.41 16.36 5.78 5.19 11.17 0.18 31/10 39.99 40.00 0.46 18.40 1.55 1.43 16.97 0.28 10/11 39.99 40.00 0.46 18.40 0.00 0.00 18.40 0.30 20/11 39.99 40.00 0.46 18.39 0.00 0.00 18.39 0.30 30/11 39.97 40.00 0.46 18.39 0.00 0.00 18.39 0.30 10/12 39.95 40.00 0.40 15.89 0.00 0.00 15.89 0.26 20/12 39.92 40.00 0.28 11.35 0.00 0.00 11.35 0.19 30/12 41.51 40.00 0.17 7.08 0.00 0.00 7.08 0.12 Total 521.56 157.79 43.66 39.63 123.30 [0.16] * ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. **H**»*****»****************it ******>**< **♦****♦«*«,***»*» *»«* *************** C: \CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGAWTIR. TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 160Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 3/20/2002 CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * < * < T ** * -* *xt**t+*i i*iT*ftTTtit + t**trri*T+***ii***i**i***t****»* Crop Water Requirements Report - Crop f 10 - Block # - Planting date : Chickpea : [All blocks] : 15/3 - Calculation time step = 10 Day(s) - Irrigation Efficiency = 70% Date ETu Planted Crop Area Kc CWR Total Effect (ETm) Rain Rain Irr. Req. FWS (mm/period) ( I) -------------- --- (mm/peri od) ■ (1/s/ha) 15/3 44.28 5-. 00 0.02 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.01 25/3 44.21 5.00 0.02 0.88 0.41 0.36 0.52 0.01 4/4 44.07 5.00 0.03 1.18 1.09 0.95 0.23 0.00 14/4 43.87 5.00 0.04 1.73 1.42 1.24 0.49 0.01 24/4 43.61 5.00 0.05 2.26 1.45 1.27 0.99 0.02 4/5 43.31 5.00 0.06 2.49 1.22 1.09 1.40 0.02 14/5 42.98 5.00 0.06 2.47 0.82 0.75 1.72 0.03 24/5 42.64 5.00 0.06 2.45 0.34 0.32 2.13 0.04 3/6 42.29 5.00 0.06 2.43 0.01 0.01 2.42 0.04 13/6 41.94 5.00 0.05 1.95 0.00 0.00 1.95 0.03 23/6 41.61 5.00 0.03 1.10 0.00 0.00 1.10 0.02 Total 474 .80 19.84 6.78 6.00 13.84 [0.02] * ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. *O*M*i*tTi»*iOiiOit*t»*x»i*Ot*ir******'*»'***ti*-»»tiii*i:H********M**O*** C:\CROPWATW\RE PORTS\BAGCH21R.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 161Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources FeasibiIity Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 3/20/2002 *itr**t*Hi**** **************** CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 a********************************************** Crop Water Requirements Report - Crop # 5 - Block S - Planting date : Chickpea : [All blocks] : 1/10 - Calculation time step = 10 Day(s) - Irrigation Efficiency = 701 Date ETo Planted Crop CWR Total Effect. Irr. FWS Area Kc (ETm) Rain Rain Req. (mm/period) (1) ----- (mm/perio d) — (l/s/ha) 1/10 40.00 2.00 0.01 0.32 0.45 0.41 0.00 0.00 11/10 39.99 2.00 0.01 0.32 0.41 • 0.37 0.00 0.00 21/10 39.99 2.00 0.01 0.43 0.29 0.26 0.17 0.00 31/10 39.99 2.00 0.02 0.63 0.08 0.07 0.56 0.01 10/11 39.99 2.00 0.02 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.83 0.01 20/11 39.99 2.00 0.02 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.02 30/11 39.97 2.00 0.02 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.02 10/12 39.95 2.00 0.02 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.02 20/12 39.92 2.00 0.02 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.02 30/12 41.51 2.00 0.02 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.77 0.01 9/1 42.45 2.00 0.01 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.01 Total 443.76 7.43 1.23 1.11 6.45 (0.01] * ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting, c:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGCHIR.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 162Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 ******************************************************************************* Irrigation Scheduling Report CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 ******************************************************************************** * Crop Data: - Crop # 10 : DRY BEANS - Block # :1 - Planting date: 15/3 * Soil Data: - Soil description - Initial soil moisture depletion: 15% * Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: - Application Timing: : Medium Irrigate when 80% of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. - Applications Depths: Refill to 100% of readily available soil moisture. - Start of Scheduling: 15/3 Date TAM (mm) RAM (mm) Total Rain (mm) Efct. Rain (mm) ETc (mm) ETc/ETr a SMD Interv (Days) . Net Lost Irr. (mm) User Irr. Adj . (mm) 1 (mm) (mm) 22/3 54.7 24.6 0.0 0.0 1.8 100.01 20.4 7 20.4 0.0 26/3 62.4 28.1 2.9 2.9 1.8 100.0% 4.2 31/3 72.0 32.4 7.1 7.1 1.8 100.0% 6.0 5/4 81.6 36.7 10.3 10.3 2.0 100.0% 4.9 10/4 91.2 41.1 12.6 12.6 2.5 100.0% 3.6 15/4 100.9 45.4 14.1 14.1 3.1 100.0% 4.1 20/4 110.5 49.7 14.7 14.7 3.6 100.0% 6.3 25/4 120.1 54.0 ' 14.7 14.7 4.2 100.0% 11.3 30/4 129.7 58.4 14.0 14.0 4.7 100.0% 19.7 5/5 137.4 61.8 12.7 12.7 5.0 100.0% 31.6 9/5 137.4 61.8 0.0 0.0 5.0 100.0% 51.5 48 51.5 0.0 10/5 137.4 61.8 11.0 0.0 5.0 100.0% 5.0 15/5 137.4 61.8 8.9 8.9 5.0 100.0% 20.9 20/5 137.4 61.8 6.6 6.6 4.9 100.0% 39.0 23/5 137.4 61.8 0.0 0.0 4.9 100.0% 53.8 14 53.8 0.0 25/5 137.4 61.8 4.2 4.2 4.9 100.0% 5.7 30/5 137.4 61.8 1.6 1.8 4.9 100.0% 28.4 4/6 137.4 61.8 0.1 0.1 4.9 100.0% 52.8 12 52.8 0.0 15/6 137.4 64.9 0.0 0.0 4.3 100.0% 52.4 11 52.4 0.0 Total 135.6 124.6 396.8 100.0% 230.8 0.0 0.0 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 163Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project * Yield Reduction: VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage - Estimated total yield reduction * These estimates may be used as guidelines * Legend: 1 = 0.0% # 2 = 0.0% 3 = 0.0% U 4 = 0.0% = 0.0% and not as actual figures. TAM = Total Available Moisture = (FC% - WP%)* Root Depth [mm]. RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * P [mm] . SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit [mm] . * Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGCHIS2. TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 164Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 *******♦**♦*♦**■* + <♦♦**•***********************♦******★************************* Irrigation Scheduling Report * Crop Data: -Crop #5 - Block r : DRY BEANS :1 - Planting date: 1/10 * Soil Data: - Soil description - Initial soil moisture depletion: 15% * Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: - Application Timing: : Medium Irrigate when 80% of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. - Applications Depths: Refill to 100% of readily available soil moisture. - Start of Scheduling: 1/10 Date TAM RAM Total Efct. ETC ETc/ETm SMD Interv. Net Lost User Rain (mm) Rain (mm) Irr. (mm) (mm) (mm) (%) (mm) (Days) (mm) Irr. (mm) Adj. (mm) 1/10 41.2 18.5 11.3 6.2 1.6 100.0% 1.6 6/10 50.8 22.9 11.3 8.0 1.6 100.0% 1.6 11/10 60.5 27.2 10.8 8.0 1.6 100.0% 1.6 16/10 70.1 31.5 9.8 8.0 1.6 100.0% 1.6 21/10 79.7 35.9 8.3 8.0 1.7 100.0% 1.7 26/10 89.3 40.2 6.2 6.2 2.2 100.0% 5.5 31/10 98.9 44.5 3.5 3.5 2.7 100.0% 14.5 5/11 108.5 48.8 0.3 0.3 3.2 100.0% 29.1 9/11. 116.2 52.3 0.0 0.0 3.6 100.0% 42.9 39 42.9 0.0 21/11 137.4 61.8 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 50.7 12 50.7 0.0 2/12 137.4 61.8 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 50.6 11 50.6 0.0 13/12 137.4 61.8 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 50.6 11 50.6 0.0 24/12 137.4 61.8 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 50.5 11 50.5 0.0 7/1 137.4 71.1 0.0 0.0 3.3 100.0% 58.3 14 58.3 0.0 Total 61.5 48.2 371.3 100.0% 303.6 0.0 0.0 * Yield Reduction; - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 1 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage 2 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 3 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 4 = 0.0% WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 165Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project - Estimated total yield reduction VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies = 0.0% * These estimates may be used as guidelines and not as actual figures. * Legend: TAM = Total Available Moisture = (FC% - WPI)* Root Depth [nun]. RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * P SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit * Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. ************************************************** ******************************* C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGCHIS.TXT [mm] . [mm] . WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 166Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 *****H*i**ir**K**i***H*** + **H**********tH*******'H*H****H**H******i*H* Irrigation Scheduling Report * Crop Data: - Crop # 12 : CITRUS (70S cover, cool season 15 Nov.) - Block ? : 1 - Planting date: 25/6 * Soil Data: CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 - Soil description - Initial soil moisture depletion: 15S * Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: : Medium - Application Timing: Irrigate when 801 of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. - Applications Depths: Refill to 100% of readily available soil moisture. - Start of Scheduling: 25/6 Date TAM RAM Total Efct. ETc ETc/ETn SMD Interv. Net Lost Rain (mm) Rain Irr. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (») (mm) (Days) (mm) Irr. (mm) 11/7 192.4 96.2 0.0 0.0 2.9 100.0% 78.2 16 78.2 0.0 7/8 192.4 96.2 0.0 0.0 2.8 100.0% 77.2 27 77.2 0.0 27/8 192.4 96.2 1.5 1.5 2.8 100.0% 55.0 1/9 192.4 96.2 3.8 3.8 2.8 100.0% 65.3 6/9 192.4 96.2 5.9 5.9 2.8 100.0% 73.5 8/9 192.4 96.2 0.0 0.0 2.8 100.0% 79.1 32 79.1 0.0 11/9 192.4 96.2 7.6 5.6 2.8 100.0% 2.8 16/9 192.4 96.2 9.1 9.1 2.8 100.0% 7.7 21/9 192.4 96.2 10.2 10.2 2.8 100.0% 11.5 26/9 192.4 96.2 11.0 11.0 2.8 100.0% 14.6 1/10 192.4 96.2 11.3 11.3 2.8 100.0% 17.2 6/10 192.4 96.2 11.3 11.3 2.8 100.0% 19.9 11/10 192.4 96.2 10.8 10.8 2.8 100.0% 23.2 16/10 192.4 96.2 9.8 9.8 2.8 100.0% 27.4 21/10 192.4 96.2 8.3 8.3 2.8 100.0% 33.1 26/10 192.4 96.2 6.2 6.2 2.8 100.0% 40.9 31/10 192.4 96.2 3.5 3.5 2.8 100.0% 51.4 5/11 192.4 96.2 0.3 0.3 2.8 100.0% 65.1 10/11 192.4 96.2 0.0 0.0 2.8 100.0% 79.1 63 79.1 0.0 8/12 192.4 96.2 0.0 0.0 2.8 100.0% 78.0 28 78.0 0.0 5/1 192.4 96.2 0.0 0.0 2.8 100.0% 76.9 28 76.9 0.0 1/2 192.4 96.2 0.0 0.0 2.9 100.0% 77.0 27 77.0 0.0 28/2 192.4 96.2 0.0 0.0 2.9 100.0% 77.3 27 77.3 0.0 26/3 192.4 96.2 2.9 2.9 2.9 100.0% 71.9 28/3 192.4 96.2 0.0 0.0 2.9 100.0% 77.6 28 77.6 0.0 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 167VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula irrigation P 31/3 192.4 96.2 7.1 5.7 2.9 100.0% roject Agronomy Studies 2.9 5/4 192.4 96.2 10.3 10.3 2.9 100.0% 7.0 10/4 192.4 96.2 12.6 12.6 2.9 100.0% 8.7 15/4 192.4 96.2 14.1 14.1 2.9 100.0% 8.9 20/4 192.4 96.2 14.7 14.7 2.8 100.0% 8.5 25/4 192.4 96.2 14.7 14.7 2.8 100.0% 8.0 30/4 192.4 96.2 14.0 14.0 2.8 100.0% 8.1 5/5 192.4 96.2 12.7 12.7 2.8 100.0% 9.5 10/5 192.4 96.2 11.0 11.0 2.8 100.0% 12.6 15/5 192.4 96.2 8.9 8.9 2.8 100.0% 17.7 20/5 192.4 96.2 6.6 6.6 2.8 100.0% 25.1 25/5 192.4 96.2 4.2 4.2 2.8 100.0% 34.9 30/5 192.4 96.2 1.8 1.8 2.8 100.0% 47.3 4/6 192.4 96.2 0.1 0.1 2.8 100.0% 61.4 10/6 192.4 96.2 0.0 0.0 2.9 100.0% 78.5 Total * Yield Reduction: 246.3 242.9 1033.6100.0% 779.0 0.0 0.0 1 = 0.0% 2 = 0.0% 3 = 0.0% 4 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage - Estimated total yield reduction = 0.0% * These estimates may be used as guidelines * Legend: and not as actual figures. TAM = Total Available Moisture = (FC% - WP%)* Root Depth RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * p SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit * Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. *************************************** C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGCIIS.TXT [mm]. (mm). [mm]. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 168Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 • Crop Data: - Crop f 9 - Block I CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 ♦<<*♦♦*<♦♦<*<♦♦•*•♦*♦*♦♦*♦****♦******* Irrigation Scheduling Report : Pulses :1 - Planting date: 15/3 * Soil Data: - Soil description • Initial soil moisture depletion: 15? * Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: •* Medium - Application Timing: Irrigate when 80? of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. - Applications.Depths: Refill to 100? of readily available soil moisture. - Start of Scheduling: 15/3 Date TAM RAM Total Efct. ETc ETc/ET m SMD Interv. Net Lost User Rain Rain Irr. Irr. Adj . (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (?) (mm) (Days) (mm) (mm) (mm) 26/3 62.4 37.4 2.9 2.9 1.8 100.0? 24.5 31/3 72.0 43.2 7.1 7.1 1.8 100.0? 26.3 5/4 81.6 49.0 10.3 10.3 2.0 100.0? 25.2 10/4 91.2 54.7 12.6 12.6 2.5 100.0? 24.2 15/4 100.9 60.5 14.1 14.1 3.1 100.0? 24.4 20/4 110.5 66.3 14.7 14.7 3.6 100.0? 26.7 25/4 120.1 72.1 14.7 14.7 4.2 100.0? 31.7 30/4 129.7 77.8 14.0 14.0 4.7 100.0? 40.0 5/5 137.4 62.4 12.7 12.7 5.0 100.0? 52.0 8/5 137.4 82.4 0.0 0.0 5.0 100.0? 66.9 54 66.9 0.0 10/5 137.4 82.4 11.0 5.0 5.0 100.0? 5.0 15/5 137.4 82.4 8.9 . 8.9 5.0 100.0? 20.9 20/5 137.4 82.4 6.6 6.6 4.9 100.0? 39.0 25/5 137.4 82.4 4.2 4.2 4.9 100.0? 59.5 27/5 137.4 82.4 0.0 0.0 4.9 100.0? 69.3 19 69.3 0.0 30/5 137.4 82.4 1.8 1.8 4.9 100.0? 12.9 4/6 137.4 82.4 0.1 0.1 4.9 100.0? 37.3 10/6 137.4 82.4 0.0 0.0 4.9 100.0? 66.4 14 66.4 0.0 Total 135.6 129.6 396.8 100.0? 202.6 0.0 0.0 * Yield Reduction: - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage £ 1 = 0.0? - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage § - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage S 2 = 0.0? 3 = 0.0? 4 = 0.0? WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 169I I u g g Q g i i g i i I i i l I l Foderal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Fna«lhliiK/ ct.iHu nnd n^taii noclnn nf Rain Gadula Irriaation Prolect VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies - Estimated total yield reduction = 0.0% * These estimates may be used as guidelines and not as actual figures. * Legend: TAM = Total Available Moisture = (FC% - WP%)* Root Depth (mm). RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * P [mm] . SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit [mm] . ♦ Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGHAIS2.TXT WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 170Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 ****************************************************************************** Irrigation Scheduling Report * i ****** * ******************************* ************************************** * Crop Data: - Crop 4 : Pulses - Block “ : 1 - Planting date: 5/9 * Soil Data: - Soil description - Initial soil moisture depletion: 15% * Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: : Medium - Application Timing: Irrigate when 80% of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. - Applications Depths: Refill to 100% of readily available soil moisture. - Start of Scheduling: 5/9 Date TAM (mm) RAM (mm) Total Rain (mm) Efct. Rain ETc ETc/ETm SMD Interv. Net Irr. (mm) (mm) (») (mm) (Days) (mm) Lost Irr. (mm) User Adj. (mm) 5 - 6/9 43.1 25.9 5.9 5.9 1.6 100.0% 3.5 11/9 52.8 31.7 7.6 7.6 1.6 100.0% 3.9 16/9 62.4 37.4 9.1 9.1 1.6 100.0% 2.8 21/9 72.0 43.2 10.2 9.2 1.6 100.0% 1.6 26/9 81.6 49.0 11.0 8.1 1.8 100.0% 1.8 1/10 91.2 54.7 11.3 10.0 2.3 100.0% 2.3 6/10 100.9 60.5 11.3 11.3 2.8 100.0% 4.0 11/10 110.5 66.3 10.8 10.8 3.3 100.0% 8.7 16/10 120.1 72.1 9.8 9.8 3.8 100.0% 17.0 21/10 129.7 77.8 8.3 8.3 4.3 100.0% 29.2 26/10 137.4 82.4 6.2 6.2 4.6 100.0% 45.7 31/10 137.4 82.4 3.5 3.5 4.6 100.0% 65.2 - 1/11 137.4 82.4 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 69.8 57 69.8 0.0 5/11 137.4 82.4 0.3 0.3 4.6 100.0% 18.1 16/11 137.4 82.4 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 68.7 15 68.7 0.0 1/12 137.4 82.4 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 69.0 15 69.0 0.0 Total 105.3 100.1 368.8 100.0% 207.4 0.0 0.0 ♦ Yield Reduction: - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 1 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 2 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 3 = 0.0% WWDSE In Association with iCT Final Feasibility Study Report 171Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage § 4 = 0.01 - Estimated total yield reduction VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies =0.0% * These estimates may be used as guidelines and not as actual figures. * Legend: TAM = Total Available Moisture = (FC% - WPl)* Root Depth [mm], RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * P [mm]. SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit [mm]. * Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGHAIS.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 172Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 3/20/2002 CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 **********•****♦*****♦********■****♦***♦*******•**********♦*♦*************+****** Crop Water Requirements Report Crop # 8 Block # Planting date : MAIZE (Grain) : (All blocks] : 5/3 - Calculation time step = 10 Day(s) - Irrigation Efficiency = 701 Date ETo Planted Area Crop Kc CWR Total Rain Effect. Rain eriod) -- Irr. Req. FWS (ETm) (mm/peri<D d) (%) ----- (mm/] p - (1/s/ha) 5/3 44.26 10.00 0.03 1.33 0.00 0.00 1.33 0.02 15/3 44.28 10.00 0.03 1.33 0.00 0.00 1.33 0.02 25/3 44.21 10.00 0.03 1.48 0.83 0.73 0.75 0.01 4/4 44.07 10.00 0.05 2.36 2.19 1.90 0.46 0.01 14/4 43.87 10.00 0.08 3.34 2.85 2.48 0.86 0.01 24/4 43.61 10.00 0.10 4.30 2.90 2.54 1.76 0.03 4/5 43.31 10.00 0.12 5.10 2.44 2.18 2.92 0.05 14/5 42.98 10.00 0.12 5.16 1.64 1.50 3.66 0.06 24/5 42.64 10.00 0.12 5.12 0.69 0.65 4.47 0.07 3/6 42.29 10.00 0.12 5.07 0.03 0.03 5.05 0.08 13/6 41.94 10.00 0.12 4.89 0.00 0.00 4.89 0.08 23/6 41.61 10.00 0.10 3.97 0.00 0.00 3.97 0.07 3/7 41.31 10.00 0.07 2.98 0.00 0.00 2.98 0.05 13/7 20.55 10.00 0.05 1.12 0.00 0.00 1.12 0.04 Total 580.91 47.55 13.56 12.00 35.55 [0.04] * ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGMZ2IR.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 173Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigatior^P£Qjc££ VOL 7-ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 Irrigation Scheduling Report * Crop Data: - Crop * 8 : MAIZE (Grain) - Block # : 1 - Planting date: 5/3 * Soil Data: - Soil description - Initial soil moisture depletion: 15% * Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: : Medium - Application Timing: Irrigate when 80% of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. - Applications Depths: Refill to 100% of readily available soil moisture. - Start of Scheduling: 5/3 Date TAM RAM (mm) (mm) Total Rain (mm) Efct. Rain ETc ETc/ETm SMD Interv. Net Irr. (mm) (mm) (t) (mm) (Days) (mm) Lost Irr. (mm) User Adj. (mm) 18/3 60.5 30.2 0.0 0.0 1.3 100.0% 24.8 13 24.8 0.0 26/3 72.3 36.1 2.9 2.9 1.3 100.0% 7.7 31/3 79.7 39.8 7.1 7.1 1.5 100.0% 7.6 5/4 87.1 43.5 10.3 10.3 2.0 100.0% 6.4 10/4 94.5 47.2 12.6 12.6 2.5 100.0% 5.4 15/4 101.9 50.9 14.1 14.1 3.0 100.0% 5.4 20/4 109.3 54.6 14.7 14.7 3.5 100.0% 7.1 25/4 116.7 58.3 14.7 14.7 4.0 100.0% 11.3 30/4 124.1 62.0 14.0 14.0 4.4 100.0% 18.5 5/5 131.5 65.7 12.7 12.7 4.9 100.0% 29.4 10/5 137.4 68.7 11.0 11.0 5.2 100.0% 44.1 13/5 137.4 68.7 0.0 0.0 5.2 100.0% 59.6 15/5 137.4 68.7 8.9 5.2 5.2 100.0% 5.2 20/5 137.4 68.7 6.6 6 6 5 2 100 0% 24 4 56 59.6 0.0 . . . . 25/5 137.4 68.7 4.2 4.2 5.1 10C.0% 45.9 27/5 137.4 68.7 0.0 0.0 5.1 100.0% 56.2 14 56.2 30/5 137.4 68.7 1.8 1.8 5.1 100.0% 13.6 4/6 137.4 68.7 0.1 0.1 5.1 100.0% 39.0 8/6 137.4 68.7 0.0 0.0 5.1 100.0% 59.3 12 59.3 20/6 137.4 72.8 0.0 0.0 4.7 100.0% 60.0 12 60.0 0.0 0.0 15/7 137.4 107.2 0.0 0.0 2.2 100.0% 85.7 25 85.7 0.0 0.0 Total 135.6 131.9 475..5 100.0% 345.6 0.0 0.0 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies * Yield Reduction: - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 1=0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage #2=0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage I?3 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 4 = 0.0% - Estimated total yield reduction = 0.0% * These estimates may be used as guidelines and not as actual figures. ♦ Legend: TAM = Total Available Moisture = (FCI - WP%) * Root Depth (mm). RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * P [mm]. SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit [mm]. * Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. ******<•**********************************■*****’*******’************************* C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGMZIS2.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 175Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula_lrngation_Project_ VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 ************************************************** *♦ CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 ************************** Irrigation Scheduling Report * Crop Data: - Crop # 3 : MAIZE (Grain) - Block n : 1 - Planting date: 25/B * Soil Data: - Soil description - Initial soil moisture depletion: 15% Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: : Medium - Application Timing: Irrigate when 80% of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. - Applications Depths: Refill to 100% of readily available soil moisture. - Start of Scheduling: 25/8 Date TAM (mm) RAM (mm) Total Rain (mm) Efct. Rain (mm) ETc (mm) ETc/ETm SMD (%) (nun) Interv. (Days) Net Irr. (mm) Lost Irr. (mm) User Adj. (mm) 27/8 44.2 22.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 100.0% 8.3 1/9 51.6 25.8 3.8 3.8 1.2 100.0% 10.5 6/9 59.0 29.5 5.9 5.9 1.2 100.0% 10.7 11/9 66.4 33.2 7.6 7.6 1.2 100.0% 9.0 16/9 73.8 36.9 9.1 9.1 1.2 100.0% 5.9 21/9 81.2 40.6 10.2 10.2 1.5 100.0% 2.3 26/9 88.6 44.3 11.0 9.0 1.9 100.0% 1.9 1/10 96.0 48.0 11.3 10.5 2.4 100.0% 2.4 6/10 103.4 51.7 11.3 11.3 2.8 100.0% 4.3 11/10 110.8 55.4 10.8 10.8 3.3 100.0% 9.0 16/10 118.2 59.1 9.8 9.8 3.7 100.0% 16.9 21/10 125.6 62.8 8.3 8.3 4.2 100.0% 28.6 26/10 133.0 66.5 6.2 6.2 4.6 100.0% 44.6 29/10 137.4 68.7 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 58.9 65 31/10 137.4 68.7 3.5 58.9 3.5 0.0 4.8 100.0% 6.1 5/11 137.4 68.7 0.3 0.3 4.8 100.0% 29.7 11/11 137.4 68.7 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 58.5 13 23/11 137.4 68.7 0.0 0.0 58.5 0.0 4.8 100.0% 57.6 12 5/12 137.4 68.7 0.0 0.0 57.6 4.8 0.0 100.0% 57.6 23/12 137.4 90.7 0.0 12 0.0 57.6 3.3 0.0 100.0% 73.6 18 73.6 0.0 Total 110.6 107.9 444.! 9 100.0% 306.2 0.0 0.0 • Yield Reduction: WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 176Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX fl Agronomy Studies - Estimated yield reduction - Estimated yield reduction - Estimated yield reduction - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 1 = 0.0% in growth stage 12= 0.0% in growth stage # 3 = 0.0% in growth stage « 4 = 0.0% - Estimated total yield reduction * ********************** * These estimates may be used as guidelines and not as actual figures. * Legend: TAM = Total Available Moisture = (FC% - WP%)* Root Depth [mm]. RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * P (mm). SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit [mm]. * Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. ****************i************************************** C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGMZIS.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrngation Prgjgct VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 ★**♦**»♦***♦*♦*♦*****♦** CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 ********************************** Irrigation Scheduling Report * Crop Data: - Crop # 11 : Pasture (perannual, cool season 15 Nov.) - Block * : 1 - Planting date: 20/6 * Soil Data: - Soil description - Initial soil moisture depletion: 15% * Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: : Medium - Application Timing: Irrigate when 80% of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. - Applications Depths: Refill to 100% of readily available soil moisture. - Start of Scheduling: 20/6 Date TAM RAM (mm) (mm) Total Rain (mm) Efct. Rain (mm) ETc (mm) ETc/ETm SMD Interv. (») (mm) (Days) Net Irr. (mm) Lost Irr. (mm) User Adj . (mm) 27/6 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 100.0% 44.9 7 44.9 10/7 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 100.0% 45.8 13 45.8 23/7 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 100.0% 45.4 13 109.9 55.0 0.0 45.4 5/8 0.0 0.0 3.5 100.0% 45.0 13 18/8 109.9 55.0 0.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 100.0% 44.7 13 44.7 27/8 109.9 55.0 1.5 1.5 0.0 3.4 100.0% 29.3 1/9 109.9 55.0 3.8 3.8 3.4 100.0% 42.6 2/9 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 100.0% 46.0 15 6/9 109.9 55.0 5.9 5.9 46.0 3.4 0.0 100.0% 7.8 11/9 109.9 55.0 7.6 7.6 3.4 100.0% 17.2 16/9 109.9 55.0 9.1 9.1 3.4 100.0% 25.1 21/9 109.9 55.0 10.2 10.2 3.4 100.0% 31.9 25/9 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 100.0% 45.5 23 26/9 109.9 55.0 11.0 0.0 3.4 45.5 0 0 100.0% 3.4 1/10 109.9 55.0 11.3 11.3 3.4 100.0% 9.1 6/10 109.9 55.0 11.3 11.3 3.4 100.0% 14.8 11/10 109.9 55.0 10.8 10.8 3.4 100.0% 21.0 16/10 109.9 55.0 9.8 9.8 3.4 100.0% 28.2 21/10 109.9 55.0 8.3 8.3 3.4 100.0% 37.0 24/10 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 100. 01 47.2 26/10 109.9 55.0 6.2 3.4 29 3.4 47.2 0 0 100.0% 3.4 31/10 109.9 55.0 3.5 3.5 3.4 100.0% 5/11 109.9 55.0 0.3 16.9 0.3 3.4 100.01 33.5 9/11 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 100.0% 22/11 109.9 55.0 0.0 47.2 0.0 16 3.5 47.2 0 0 100.0% 45.1 13 45.1 0.0 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 5/12 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 100.0% 46.2 13 46.2 0.0 18/12 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 100.0% 47.3 13 47.3 0.0 30/12 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 100.0% 44.6 12 44.6 0.0 11/1 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 100.0% 47.6 12 47.6 0.0 22/1 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 100.0% 44.6 11 44.6 0.0 2/2 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 100.0% 45.1 11 45.1 0.0 13/2 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 45.6 11 45.6 0.0 24/2 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 46.0 11 46.0 0.0 7/3 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 46.2 11 46.2 0.0 18/3 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 46.3 11 46.3 0.0 26/3 109.9 55.0 2.9 2.9 4.2 100.0% 30.7 30/3 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 47.5 12 47.5 0.0 31/3 109.9 55.0 7.1 0.0 4.2 100.0% 4.2 5/4 109.9 55.0 10.3 10.3 4.2 100.0% 14.9 10/4 109.9 55.0 12.6 12.6 4.2 100.0% 23.3 15/4 109.9 55.0 14.1 14.1 4.2 100.0% 30.1 19/4 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 46.8 20 46.8 0.0 20/4 109.9 55.0 14.7 0.0 4.2 100.0% 4.2 25/4 109.9 55.0 14.7 14.7 4.2 100.0% 10.2 30/4 109.9 55.0 14.0 14.0 4.1 100.0% 17.0 5/5 109.9 55.0 12.7 12.7 4.1 100.0% 24.9 10/5 109.9 55.0 11.0 11.0 4.1 100.0% 34.3 13/5 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 100.0% 46.4 24 46.4 0.0 15/5 109.9 55.0 8.9 4.0 4.0 100.0% 4.0 20/5 109.9 55.0 6.6 6.6 3.9 100.0% 17.2 25/5 109.9 55.0 4.2 4.2 3.9 100.0% 32.5 28/5 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 100.0% 44.1 15 44.1 0.0 30/5 109.9 55.0 1.8 1.8 3.8 100.0% 5.9 4/6 109.9 55.0 0.1 0.1 3.7 100.0% 24.6 10/6 109.9 55.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 100.0% 46.8 13 46.8 0.0 Total 246.3 205.8 1369. 4 100.0% 1147.6 0.0 * Yield Reduction: - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 1 = 0.01 - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage £ 2 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage $ 3 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage £ 4 = 0.0% - Estimated total yield reduction * These estimates may be used as guidelines * Legend: = 0.0% and not as actual figures. TAM = Total Available Moisture = (FC% - WP%)» Root Depth [mm]. RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * P [mm]. SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit [mm]. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 179Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project * Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGPAIS.TXT VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Final Feasibility Study Report ISOVOL 7- ANNEX 8 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Agronomy Studies FeasibIlity Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula IrngatioryProjec^^ 3/20/2002 ************************************************* CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 iJ .4.i* 4+ + + + ****** + *************** * Crop # 11 - Block # - Planting date Crop Water Requirements Report : Pasture (perannual, cool season 15 Nov.) : [All blocks] • 20/6 - Calculation time step = 10 Day(s) - Irrigation Efficiency = 70% Date ETo Planted Crop Area Kc (mm/period) (%) CWR (ETin) Total Rain Effect. Rain Irr. Req. — (mm/period) ---------------- FWS (1/s/ha) 20/6 30/6 41.71 41.40 41.11 40.85 40.63 40.44 40.29 40.18 40.10 7.00 7.00 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 2.48 2.46 0.04 0.04 10/7 20/7 7.00 7.0C 0.06 0.00 0.00 2.45 2.43 0.04 0.04 30/7 9/8 7.00 7.00 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 2.46 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.39 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.41 2.45 2.50 2.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.50 1.04 1.41 0.00 0.00 2.42 2.41 0.04 0.04 19/e 29/8 7.00 7.00 0.02 0.47 2.38 1.93 0.04 0.03 8/9 18/9 7.00 7.00 0.96 1.29 1.42 1.09 0.02 0.02 28/9 8/10 40.04 40.01 39.99 7.00 7.00 1.58 1.51 1.17 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.43 1.36 0.95 1.02 0.02 0.02 18/10 28/10 39.99 39.99 39.99 39.99 39.98 39.95 39.93 40.86 42.28 42.84 43.31 43.70 43.99 44.18 44.27 44.27 44.19 44.03 43.82 43.55 43.24 42.91 42.57 42.22 20.98 7.00 7.00 1.05 0.47 1.33 1.91 0.02 0.03 7/11 17/11 27/11 7.00 7.00 O.OC 0.00 0.00 2.41 2.45 2.50 0.04 0.04 7/12 17/12 27/12 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 U.Ufc 2.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.54 2.59 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 2.70 2.81 2.85 0.00 0.00 2.70 2.81 0.04 0.04 6/1 16/1 7.00 7.00 0.00 0.00 2.85 2.88 0.05 0.05 26/1 5/2 7.00 7.00 2.88 2.91 2.93 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.91 2.93 0.05 0.05 15/2 25/2 7.00 7.00 2.94 2.94 0.05 0.05 7/3 17/3 7.00 7.00 0.00 0.01 - 2.93 2.23 0.05 0.05 27/3 6/4 7.00 7.00 16/4 26/4 7.00 7.00 6/5 16/5 7.00 7.00 26/5 5/6 7.00 7.00 15/6 7.00 2.93 2.91 2.90 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.57 1.25 0.00 0.01 0.81 1.66 2.03 0.71 1.44 1.99 1.61 1.02 0.35 1.77 1.75 1.49 1.14 0.04 0.02 1.44 0.93 1.14 1.40 0.02 0.02 1.82 2.33 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 2.57 1.25 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.04 Total 15 23.76 95.85 17.24 15.43 80.42 [0.04] * ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * ****<,♦******»*★♦*** ****************************************** C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BADPSTIR.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 181Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 3/20/2002 ******************************************* CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 *********************************** Crop Water Requirements Report - Crop ft 1 : Rice - Block ft - Planting date : [All blocks] : 10/3 - Calculation time step = 10 Day(s) - Irrigation Efficiency = 70i Date ETo Planted Cr op CWR Total Effect . Area Kc (ETm) Rain Rain Irr. Req. (mm/period) (i) FWS (1/s/ha) 10/3 44.28 5.00 0.05 2.32 0.00 0.00 2.32 0.04 20/3 44.26 5.00 0.05 2.32 0.10 0.09 2.23 0.04 30/3 44.15 5.00 0.05 2.32 0.80 0.70 1.62 0.03 9/4 43.98 5.00 0.05 2.37 1.30 1.13 1.24 0.02 19/4 43.74 5.00 0.06 2.47 1.47 1.29 1.18 0.02 29/4 43.46 5.00 0.06 2.56 1.36 1.20 1.35 0.02 9/5 43.15 5.00 0.06 2.59 1.04 0.93 1.66 0.03 19/5 42.81 5.00 0.06 2.57 0.59 0.54 2.03 0.03 29/5 42.46 5.00 0.06 2.55 0.12 0.12 2.43 0.04 8/6 42.11 5.00 0.06 2.53 0.00 0.00 2.53 0.04 18/6 41.78 5.00 0.06 2.51 0.00 0.00 2.51 0.04 28/6 41.46 5.00 0.06 2.49 0.00 0.00 2.49 0.04 8/7 41.16 5.00 0.06 2.47 0.00 0.00 2.47 0.04 18/7 40.90 5.00 0.06 2.45 0.00 0.00 2.45 28/7 40.67 5.00 0.04 0.06 2.30 0.00 0.00 2.30 0.04 7/8 40.48 5.00 0.05 2.04 0.00 0.00 2.04 17/8 40.32 5.00 0.04 0.03 1.78 0.00 0.00 1.78 27/8 40.20 5.0C 0.04 0.03 1.52 0.27 0.25 1.27 0.02 Total 761.35 42.14 7.05 6.25 35.89 [0.03] * ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. * Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. **************************»*****t**»«**********<4t>#twtt4i#4wt4t<l C:\CROPHATW\REPORTS\BAGRI2lR.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 182Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 *********************************************************************************** Irrigation Scheduling Report ********************************************************************************* * Crop Data: - Crop r 7 - Block rr : Rice :1 - Planting date: 10/3 * Soil Data: - Soil description : Medium - Initial soil moisture depletion: 151 * Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: - Application Timing: Irrigate when 801 of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. - Applications Depths: Refill to 100% of readily available soil moisture. - Start of Scheduling: 10/3 Date TAM RAM Tota 1 Efct ETc ETc/ETm SMD Interv. Net Lost User Rain Rain Irr. Irr. Adj. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (») (mm) (Days) (mm) (mm) (mm) 10/3 41.2 8.2 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 10.8 0 10.8 0.0 12/3 45.3 9.1 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 9.3 2 9.3 0.0 14/3 49.5 9.9 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 9.3 2 9.3 0.0 16/3 53.6 10.7 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 9.3 2 9.3 0.0 18/3 57.7 11.5 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 9.3 2 9.3 0.0 21/3 63.9 12.8 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 13.9 3 13.9 0.0 24/3 70.1 14.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 13.9 3 13.9 0.0 26/3 74.2 14.8 2.9 2.9 4.6 100.0% 6.4 28/3 78.3 15.7 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 15.7 4 15.7 0.0 31/3 84.5 16.9 7.1 7.1 4.6 100.0% 6.9 2/4 88.6 17.7 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 16.1 5 16.1 0.0 5/4 94.8 19.0 10.3 9.3 4.6 100.0% 4.6 8/4 101.0 20.2 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 18.5 6 18.5 0.0 10/4 105.1 21.0 12.6 4.6 4.7 100.0% 4.7 13/4 111.3 22.3 0.0 0.0 4.7. 100.0% 18.8 5 18.8 0.0 15/4 115.4 23.1 14.1 4.7 4.8 100.0% 4.8 19/4 123.7 24.7 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 24.0 6 24.0 0.0 20/4 125.7 25.1 14.7 0.0 4.9 100.0% 4.9 24/4 134.0 26.8 0.0 0.0 4.9 100.0% 24.5 5 24.5 0.0 25/4 136.0 27.2 14.7 0.0 5.0 100.0% 5.0 29/4 144.3 28.9 0.0 0.0 5.0 100.0% 25.0 5 25.0 0.0 30/4 146.3 29.3 14.0 0.0 5.1 100.0% 5.1 4/5 154.6 30.9 0.0 0.0 5.1 100.0% 25.5 5 25.5 0.0 5/5 156.6 31.3 12.7 0.0 5.1 100.0% 5.1 10/5 164.9 33.0 11.0 11.0 5.2 100.0% 20.1 12/5 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.2 100.0% 30.4 8 30.4 0.0 15/5 164.9 33.0 8.9 8.9 5.2 100.0% 6.6 19/5 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.2 100.0% 27.3 7 27.3 0.0 20/5 164.9 33.0 6.6 0.0 5.2 100.0% 5.2 25/5 164.9 33.0 4.2 4.2 5.1 100.0% 26.7 6 26.7 0.0 30/5 164.9 33.0 1.8 1.8 5.1 100.0% 23.8 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 183Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 31/5 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 100.0% 28.9 6 28.9 0.0 4/6 164.9 33.0 0.1 0.1 5.1 100.0% 20.3 6/6 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 100.0% 30.5 6 30.5 0.0 12/6 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 100.0% 30.4 6 30.4 0.0 18/6 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 100.0% 30.2 6 30.2 0.0 24/6 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 100.0% 30.1 6 30.1 0.0 30/6 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 100.0% 30.0 6 30.0 0.0 6/7 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 100.0% 29.8 6 29.8 0.0 12/7 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 100.0% 29.7 6 29.7 0.0 18/7 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 100.0% 29.6 6 29.6 0.0 24/7 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 100.0% 29.5 6 29.5 0.0 30/7 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 100.0% 29.1 6 29.1 0.0 5/8 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 100.0% 27.3 6 27.3 0.0 12/8 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 100.0% 29.4 7 29.4 0.0 19/8 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 100.0% 26.9 7 26.9 0.0 27/8 164.9 33.0 1.5 1.5 3.3 100.0% 26.1 28/6 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 100.0% 29.3 9 29.3 0.0 1/9 164.9 33.0 3.8 3.8 3.0 100.0% 8.5 Total * Yield Reduction: 140.9 59.9 842.9 100.0% 769.0 0.0 - Estimated yield reduction - Estimated yield reduction - Estimated yield reduction - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage in growth in growth in growth stage stage stage u 4 = 0.0% 1 = 0.01 2 = 0.0% 3 = 0.0% - Estimated total yield reduction ♦ These estimates may be used as guidelines 0.0% and not as actual figures. ♦ Legend: TAM = Total Available Moisture = (FC% - WP%)* Root Depth [mm). RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * P SMD ® Soil Moisture Deficit * Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGRIIS2.TXT [nun] WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and DetaiI Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 *■*♦***********<♦**<<**********<*******■»■*■**♦********■*****************♦********* Irrigation Scheduling Report **♦★<♦**■*■**★****♦♦♦****■*****************★***♦*****■**************************■**' ♦ Crop Data: - Crop # 2 : Rice - Block U : 1 - Planting date: 5/9 * Soil Data: - Soil description - Initial soil moisture depletion: 15% * Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: : Medium - Application Timing: Irrigate when 801 of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. - Applications Depths: Refill to 100% of readily available soil moisture. - Start of Scheduling: 5/9 Date TAM RAM Total Efct. ETc ETc/ETm SMD Interv Net Lost User Rain Rain Irr. Irr. Adj. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (%) (mm) (Days) (mm) (mm) (mm) 5/9 41.2 8.2 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 10.4 0 10.4 0.0 6/9 43.3 8.7 5.9 0.0 4.2 100.0% 4.2 7/9 45.3 9.1 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 8.4 2 8.4 0.0 9/9 49.5 9.9 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 8.4 2 8.4 0.0 11/9 53.6 10.7 7.6 4.2 4.2 100.0% 4.2 13/9 57.7 11.5 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 12.6 4 12.6 0.0 16/9 63.9 12.8 9.1 8.4 4.2 100.0% 4.2 18/9 68.0 13.6 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 12.6 5 12.6 0.0 21/9 74.2 14.8 10.2 8.4 4.2 100.0% 4.2 23/9 78.3 15.7 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 12.6 5 12.6 0.0 26/9 84.5 16.9 11.0 8.4 4.2 100.0% 4.2 * 29/9 90.7 18.1 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 16.8 6 16.8 0.0 1/10 94.8 19.0 11.3 4.2 4.2 100.0% 4.2 4/10 101.0 20.2 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0% 16.8 5 16.8 0.0 6/10 105.1 21.0 11.3 4.2 4.2 100.0% 4.2 10/10 113.4 22.7 0.0 0.0 4.3 100.0% 21.4 6 21.4 0.0 11/10 115.4 23.1 10.8 0.0 4.3 100.0% 4.3 15/10 123.7 24.7 0.0 0.0 4.4 100.0% 21.9 5 21.9 0.0 16/10 125.7 25.1 9.8 0.0 4.4 100.0% 4.4 20/10 134.0 26.8 0.0 0.0 4.5 100.0% 22.4 5 22.4 0.0 21/10 136.0 27.2 8.3 0.0 4.5 100.0% 4.5 26/10 146.3 29.3 6.2 6.2 4.6 100.0% 21.3 27/10 148.4 29.7 0.0 0.0 4.7 100.0% 26.0 7 26.0 0.0 31/10 156.6 31.3 3.5 3.5 4.7 100.0% 15.3 3/11 162.8 32.6 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 29.6 7 29.6 0.0 5/11 164.9 33.0 0.3 0.3 4.8 100.0% 9.3 9/11 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 28.5 6 28.5 0.0 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 185Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula IrrigationJ^roject VOL 7- ANNEX B Agronomy Studies 15/11 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 28.8 6 28.8 0.0 21/11 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 28.8 6 28.8 27/11 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 28.8 6 28.8 3/12 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 28.8 6 28.8 9/12 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 28.8 6 28.8 15/12 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 28.8 6 28.8 21/12 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 28.8 6 28.8 27/12 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 28.7 6 28.7 2/1 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 100.0% 29.2 6 29.2 8/1 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 100.0% 30.2 6 30.2 14/1 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 100.0% 30.5 6 30.5 20/1 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 100.0% 30.7 6 30.7 26/1 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 100.0% 30.4 6 30.4 1/2 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 100.0% 28.7 6 28.7 7/2 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 100.0% 26.9 6 26.9 14/2 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 100.0% 29.1 7 29.1 21/2 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 100.0% 26.5 7 26.5 1/3 164.9 33.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 100.0% 27.1 8 27.1 Total * Yield Reduction: 105.3 47.9 816.1 100.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 768.1 0.0 0.0 - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage 1 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 2 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 3 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage 4 = 0.0% - Estimated total yield reduction = 0.01 X These estimates may be used as guidelines and not as actual figures. * Legend: TAM = Total Available Moisture = (FC% - WPI)* Root Depth RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * P SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit (mm). (mm). [mm] . * Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. *i**t**************************»*********i***4 c:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGRIIS.TXT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 186Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 h ************************ h * h h ***** ** CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 Hi******************************** Irrigation Scheduling Report * Crop Data: - Crop « 6 : Spring Wheat - Block # : 1 - Planting date: 15/3 * Soil Data: - Soil description - Initial soil moisture : Medium depletion: 15% * Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: - Application Timing: Irrigate when 80% - Applications Depths; Refill to 100% of - Start of Scheduling: Date TAM RAM (mm) 31.9 37.1 42.3 47.4 52.6 57.7 62.9 68.0 73.2 78.3 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4 Total Rain of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. readily available soil moisture. 15/3 Interv. Net Lost User Efct. Rain ETC ETc/ETm SMD Irr. Irr. Adj. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (») (mm) (Days) (mm) (mm) (mm) 26/3 31/3 5/4 10/4 15/4 20/4 25/4 30/4 5/5 10/5 15/5 20/5 23/5 25/5 30/5 4/6 7/6 21/6 Total 2.9 2.9 1.3 100.0% 19.2 7.1 7.1 1.3 100.0% 18.8 10.3 10.3 1.3 100.0% 15.1 12.6 12.6 1.3 100.0% 9.2 14.1 14.1 1.6 100.0% 2.1 14.7 9.6 2.2 100.0% 2.2 14.7 12.1 2.8 100.0% 2.8 14.0 34.0 3.4 100.0% 4.6 12.7 12.7 4.0 100.0% 10.7 - 11.0 11.0 4.6 100.0% 21.5 8.9 8.9 5.0 100.0% 37.1 6.6 6.6 4.9 100.0% 55.2 0.0 0.0 4.9 100.0% 70.0 69 70.0 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.9 100.0% 5.7 1.8 1.8 4.9 100.0% 28.4 0.1 0.1 4.9 100.0% 52.8 0.0 0.0 4.9 100.0% 67.4 15 67.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 100.0% 67.7 14 67.7 0.0 135.6 127.9 419.9 100.0% 205.0 0.0 0.0 * Yield Reduction: - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage U 1 = 0.01 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 187Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies Estimated yield reduction in growth stage r 2 = 0.0% Estimated yield reduction in growth stage r 3 = 0.0% 0.0% Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 4 = 0.0% 0.0% Estimated total yield reduction = 0.0% These estimates may be used as guidelines and not as actual figures. Legend: PAM = Total Available Moisture = (FC% - WP%)* Root Depth [nun]. RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * P (mm]. SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit [mm]. Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. **** C: \CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGWHIS2.TXT H * K * *****.** * ** * t *« t M 1 Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies 2/10/2010 CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4.3 Irrigation Scheduling Report * Crop Data: - Crop r 1 - Block ? : Spring Wheat :1 - Planting date: 1/9 * Soil Data: - Soil description - Initial soil moisture depletion: 15% ’ Irrigation Scheduling Criteria: : Medium - Application Timing: Irrigate when 801 of readily soil moisture depletion occurs. - Applications Depths: Refill to 1001 of readily available soil moisture. - Start of Scheduling: 1/9 Date TAM RAM Total Efct. ETc ETc/ETm SMD Interv. Net Lost User Rain Rain Irr. Irr. Adj. (ram) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (%) (mm) (Days) (mm) (mm) (mm) 1/9 41.2 20.6 3.8 3.8 1.2 100.0% 3.6 6/9 51.5 25.8 5.9 5.9 1.2 100.01 3.7 11/9 61.8 30.9 7.6 7.6 1.2 100.0% 2.1 16/9 72.1 36.1 9.1 6.9 1.2 100.0% 1.2 21/9 82.4 41.2 10.2 6.0 1.2 100.0% 1.2 26/9 92.7 46.4 11.0 6.0 1.2 100.0% 1.2 1/10 103.0 51.5 11.3 6.0 1.3 100.0% 1.3 6/10 113.4 56.7 11.3 7.7 1.9 100.0% 1.9 11/10 123.7 61.8 10.8 10.5 2.4 100.0% 2.4 16/10 134.0 67.0 9.8 9.8 3.0 100.0% 6.6 21/10 144.3 72.1 8.3 8.3 3.6 100.0% 15.1 26/10 154.6 77.3 6.2 6.2 4.1 100.0% 28.5 31/10 164.9 82.4 3.5 3.5 4.6 100.0% 47.3 5/11 164.9 82.4 0.3 0.3 4.6 100.0% 70.0 65 70.0 0.0 20/11 164.9 82.4 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 69.0 15 69.0 0.0 5/12 164.9 82.4 0.0 0.0 4.6 100.0% 69.0 15 69.0 0.0 Total 109.1 88.6 394.5 100.0% 207.9 0.0 0.0 ’ Yield Reduction: - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage £ 1 = 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage # 2 = 0.0% WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 189Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 7- ANNEX 8 Agronomy Studies - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage “ 3 - 0.0% - Estimated yield reduction in growth stage 3 4 = 0.0% - Estimated total yield reduction = 0.0% * These estimates may be used as guidelines and not as actual figures. * Legend: TAM = Total Available Moisture = (FC% - WP%) * Root Depth [mm]. RAM = Readily Available Moisture = TAM * P [mm]. SMD = Soil Moisture Deficit [mm]. * Notes: Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting. To generate rainfall events, each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm. Only NET irrigation requirements are given here. No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations. **** *ti»*t*****‘**»********************itt»*****O*l*t*irOtt*t*Ot*i* r*i*t*iv , 1 C:\CROPWATW\REPORTS\BAGWTIS.TXT Final Feasibility Study Report 190t = ■ H k IT K M k k k k k k k
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