AcC- 330 H FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCE FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN OF BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT 04/13/2009 VOLUME -6 ANNEX - 7 SETTLEMENT STUDY FEASIBILITY FINAL REPORT MAY 2010 SINTN OF WATER RESOUR RY AND OCUMENS TATION SERY in association with Waler Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (wWDSE) Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats PVT.LTD.(1CT) Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Setlement Study FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN OF BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT DRAFT FEASIBILITY REPORT VOLUME 6 -ANNEX 7 SETTLEMENT STUDY INSTRY AND RESOURo NYAT la MAY 2010 wWDSE In Association witth iCT Final Feasibility Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX7 Settlement Study List of Volumes in the Final Feasibility Report VOL 1 VOL 2 VOL 3 VOL 4 VOL 4 VOL 5 VOL 5 VOL 6 VOL 6 VOL 7 VOL 7 VOL 7 VOL 8 VOL 9 VOL 9 VOL 10 VOL 11 Annex 1 Annex 2 Annex3 Annex 4 Annex5 Annex 6 Annex7 Annex8 Annex 9 Annex 10 Annex 11 Annex 12 Annex 13 Annex 14 Annex 15 Executive Summary Main Report Meteorological and Hydrological Study Geological and Geotechnical Investigations Hydro-geological Study Soil Survey Land Evaluation Socio Economic Study Settlement Study Irrigation Agronomy Farm Mechanisation Agricultural Marketing Livestock Study Environmental Impact Assessment Watershed Management Institutional Dev. Financial & Economic Analysis WWDsE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Sottlement Study TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES......... ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION, 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.2. METHODOLOGY 12.1. Data Source and Collection 1.2.2. Suvey Methods and Data Collection Instruments 1.3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 2. LOCAL INSTITUTIONS/ORGANIZATIONS. 2.1 FORMAL LOCAL INSTITUTIONS 2.2. INFORMAL/COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS 3. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS 4. SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT... 4.1. PoOSITIVE IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT 4.2. ADVERSE IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 4.2.1 Displacement of Households and Population. 4.2.2. Loss of Social Services and Religious Institutions 4.2.3. Spread of HIV/ADIS. 4.2.4. Community Disarticulation.. 4.2.5. Increased Morbidity 4.2.6. Economic Loss and food Insecurity. 4.2.7. Influence on Indigenous Culture. 4.2.8. Loss of Grazing Lands. 4.2.9 Ecological Imbalance. 5. POLICY AND LEGAL ISSUES PERTINENT TO COMPENSATION 5.1. WORLD BANK PouCY ON INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT 5.2 COMPENSATION ELIGIBILITY 5.3 CoMPENSATION STANDARDS. 5.3.1 Compensation for Loss of Cultivated Land and Crops S.3.2 Compensation for Residential Land, Houses, and Fixtures. 5.3.3 Rese ttlement Allowances for Home-Owners. 5.3.4 Compensation for Loss of Businesses or Employment.. 5.3.5 Compensation for Public Services.. 5.3.6 Compensation for Vulnerable Households 6. PROPOSED RESETTLEMENT OPTIONS AND COMPENSATION..... 6.1 CONSIDERED OPTIONS FOR SETTLEMENT 62. COMPENSATION AND VALUATION METHODS 6.2.1. Basis of Compensation 6.2. 2. Compensation for Land 6.2.3. Indigenous Trees 6.2.4. Compensation for Private Houses 6.2.5. Compensation for Public Infrastructures. 6.2.6 Summary of Compensation and Rehabilitation Costs ......... 7. RESETTLEMENT ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTATION 71. PROPOSED RESETTLEMENT/REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES wWDSE In Association with ICT 1 3 3 3 5 7 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 15 16 1 19 19 20 20 20 21 22 22 24 25 26 26 7 27 29 29 Final Feasibility Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 7.2. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY 7.2.1. Woreda Compensation and Relocation Committee 7.2.2. Grievance Redress Committee.. 7.2.3. Grievance Redress Mechanism. 7.3. MoNITORING AND EVALUATION 7.3.1. Internal Monitoring 7.3.2. External Monitoring/ Evaluation. 7.4. RESoURCES. 8. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE. 9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. REFERENCES.. VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study 30 31 32 33 33 33 34 34 35 36 40 7332229922022= LIST OF TABLES TABLE 4.1: KEBLES FALLING IN COMMAND AREAS OF BALE GADUALA 0RRIGATION PROJECT. TABLE 6.1: MAJOR CROPS PRODUCED, YIELD/HECTARE AND PRICE/QUINTAL TABLE 6.2: COMPENSATION COST FOR RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS: BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT TABLE 6.3: NUMBER AND TYPES OF SOCIAL SERVICESs PROPOSED AS WELL AS AMOUNT OF BUDGET NEEDED TABLE 6.4:SUMMARY OF AFFECTED AsSETS AND COMPENSATION CoST. TABLE 8.1: RAP IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND RESPONSIBLY BODY. 26 27 27 28 35 wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study PAP PAF BoFED CSA RAP STD AAOV CIS Project Affected Person Project Affected Families Bureau of Financial and Economic Development Central Statistical Authority Rehabilitation Action Plan Sexually Transmitted Diseases Annual Average Output Value Corrugated Iron Sheds WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report iii Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 1. INTRODUCTION VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study J J J J In Ethiopia, the displacement of people ue to Irrigation Projects had not been the concern of the government in the past regimes. Consequently, most of the development programs had been in conflict with the interests of local people and a number of communities have witnessed serious resource depilation and economic as well as social impoverishment as a result of displacement in the name of "development": However, Dams/ Diversion Structures for irrigation to promote food self sufficiency and the production of cash crops as well as dams for hydropower will be further promoted with likely displacement effects in the future. Thus, before such a project could be implemented, the preparation of resettlement and compensation action plan would be required. Bale Gadula Irigation project is envisaged to transform a traditional subsistence agricultural society into modern irrigated agricultural farming. In addition, this project may not only provide the desire benefits but can also leads to significant adverse impacts on economic, social, and environmental aspects of the local communities. Meanwhile, the population to be displaced is assumed to continue their livelihood moderately at the relocation site. Moreover, the project-affected households are assumed to get appropriate compensation for the lost assets and other assistances until they become self-sufficient. The issue also is whether to shoft the small villages or not and adjust canalization accordingly. Cognisant of this fact, the Ministry of Water Resources via Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise is committed to carryout a resettlement and rehabilitation plan of Bale-Gadula Irrigation project so as to indicate the extent of losses that may be incurred due to the implementation of the project and determine the types of intervention to resettle and rehabilitate project affected families. Accordingly, this document is a socioeconomic study and Resettlement Plan (RAP) prepared for the Bale-Gadula Irrigation Project being undetaken by Water Works Design and Supervision enterprise. It identifies people affected by the project, the nature and degree of the impacts on them, measures to be taken wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 1 Federal Democratic Republic, of Feasibility Study and Detall Deslgn of Ethlopla- Ministry of Water Resources Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study LJ J to minimize the cffects and compensation and other assistance to be delivered to affected people for unavoIdable impacts. The socIO economIc study had already been cormpleted. It will be interesting to study the affects of the proposed irrigation project on the people as far as their settlement/resettlement is concerned Thus, the documents Socio Economic Study and Settlement study will baseline information about the project area and a benchmark for detailed engineering design and project implementation. The study concentrated on resettlement action plan and some issues regarding compensation. Under this section attempts have been made to indicate some adverse impacts of the proposed project on households and population; private and public assets, activities to be carried out and responsible stakeholders to resettle the displaced households; some legal and policy issues pertinent to compensation; institutional arrangements needed to implement resettlement and compensation, implementation schedule and estimated COsts for the implementation of the proposed activities. 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The irrigation project involves acquisition of land for canal alignment and other irrigation components. This will cause displacement of people and may require involuntary resettlement of some of the project beneficiaries that fall within the command area. These are serious problems, if not handled proactively as these are the major components of the socio-economic impacts which may lead to loss of land, crops, dismantlement of production systems, disintegration of the social fabric and loss of various social values, propagation of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and pandemic of HIVIAIDS besides physical deterioration of the environnent, such as soil erosion, shortago and contamination of water etc The overall objective of ths Rosettloment Action Plan (RAP) Is, there fore, to indicate the inpact of Balo Gadula Irrigation project on human life, settlement, oGcupations, cconomic and socio cultural aspects of the local communities and indicato the nature of loSSOs that may be incurred and types of compensation and wWDSE In Assocatlon with CT Final Foasiblty Study Report ) Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX7 Settlement Study rehabilitation needed for the affected community. More specifically the study tries to: ldentify the number and nature of the project affected households and population, Explore the types of cultural values, social institutions and networks that may be affected by the proposed scheme, Indicate the types of losses incurred to the displaced households and population and ldentify the resettlement options for the displaced households and propose the types of compensation that would make the project attractive to the affected communities participants Estimate the amount of budget needed for the resettlement and rehabilitation of the affected communities. 1.2. METHODOLOGY 1.2.1. Data Source and Collection RAP is an information-gathering and analytical prOcess that helps to design development that has minimal impact on affected communities. Its objectives are to evaluate all physical or economic impacts, displacement, or temporary or permanent loss of assets or facilities that may be experienced by project-affected communities. Thus, the consultants have applied a variety of methodologies to ensure that impact and compensation assessments are baSed on Current and up to-date information. Accordingly, data were obtained from secondary and primary SOurces. 1.2.2. Survey Methods and Data Collection Instruments The study used a wide range of survey tools including census survey, sample survey and asset inventory as deemed necessary. A variety of data collection instruments were also employed including structured and semi-structured questionnaire interview, focus group discussion, key-informant interview and public consultations. The questionnaire was administered to the PAP by trained enumerators with close supervision by the consultants. Focus group discussion and key informant wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Fcasibility Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study interview was quided by checklist. Key variables included in the census survey include household characteristics, income sources and economic activities. Asset inventory encompass household infrastructure (homestead, fences and nouse. trees, commercial properties) and public infrastructure (school, clinics, churches). All relevant data that help to apply the full definition of resettlement were fully captured and used in the analysis. Readers should note from the outset that resettlement does not necessarily involves relocations of people rather resettlement" means all the measures taken to mitigate any and all adverse Impact of the project on PAPs/PAFs property and/or livelihoods including compensations, relocations (where relevant) and rehabilitation. It is in this line that the data for this study was collected and accordingly interpreted. Moreover. the team reviewed all relevant documents including the national egislative proclamation and procedures on expropriation of properties for public Durposes and compensation payments (Proclamation No.455/2005 and Regulation No.135/2007), the Federal Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamations (Proclamation No.456/2005; and relevant legal documents Dublished by the Oromia National Regional State. Further, data were also obtained from the regional Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BoFED), Department of Statistics and Information Centre; and the Central Statistical Authority (CSA) releases were used to acquire information on denographic and population variables. 1.3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY This RAP document covers only households and socioeconomic infrastructures and services that are directly affected by irrigation and drainage structures such as primary and secondary canals, access roads, camps, quarry sites and require cornpensation and rehabilitation measures in order to mitigate adverse impacts. wWDSE In As, ot)ation with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 2. LOCAL INSTITUTIONSIORGANIZATIONS 2.1 FORMAL LOCAL INSTITUTIONS VOL 6- ANNEX T Settlement Study The new decentralization policy of Ethiopia passes decision making power to the lowest administrative levels. Accordingly. Woreda is bestowing with the responsibility of overseeing and implementation of government programs and strategies at local level. The highest decision making organ at the Woreda level is the Woreda administrative council, which is an elected political arm. Representatives from each Kebele administration are members of the Woreda cOuncil. Thus, the council will assign cabinet members for the Woreda administration. The majority of the cabinet members are the heads of the Woreda sector offices. The Woreda administration has the responsibility to facilitate and monitor development activities that fall within its jurisdiction. Under the Woreda administration, Kebele is operating at the community level in both urban and rural areas. In addition to Kebele administration, there are also women and youth associations which are supported by the government. These administrative structures are responsible for coordinating and organizing development activities at community level. 2.2. INFORMALICOMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS Social institutions play an important role in the overall development of a nation. They are bases for modern institutions. In Ethiopia like in other parts of the world there are many informal institutions established for different purpose. The vital roles of informal local institutions are manifested in mediating and channeling access to livelihood resources, providing strong social value or safety nets, and facilitating local self-governance. Local institutions mediate and channel household's access to a wide rage of livelihood resources and serve as gateways to livelihood secuity. The most common informal organizations that exist in the area are Iddir, debo, wenfel and Ekub. lddir is the most important traditional support system. It is meant for hard time and involves some contribution in cash andlor in kind regularly. wWDSE In Associatlon with ICT Final Foasibillty Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study About 41 % of the respondents have participated in lddir. Debbo (the traditional labour pool system) has long been one of the most important support system. About 34% of the respondents have indicated that they have been involved in Debbo. Ekub is another most common traditional money saving and credit system prevalent in many areas in Ethiopia. A group of people come together and collect fixed amount of money for specific period and take the money turn by turn either through lottery method or depending on conditions agreed by group member at the out set. The support system is temporarily formed and exists until all the group member gets the fixed amount of contribution they agreed upon. In-the project area small proportions of respondents have reported they were involved in Equb. Equb is now weakening in many rural areas owing to the expansion of formal saving and credit systems in rural areas. The low proportion of participation in Ekub may attribute to such expansion of saving and credit system. wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 6 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study 3. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS Attainment of the MDGs of eradicating poverty and ensuring food security is possible only through community participation in development programs. The envisaged project is one of the government endeavors to this end. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to see the willingness and participation of the local community in development programs. The results of the socioeconomic survey indicate that, people in the project area were involved in different kinds of development works. The majority of them have participated in natural resource development related activities. Around 60 percent participated on afforestion works, 20 % on soil and water conservation and 19 % on construction and maintenance of social infrastructures and service. Respondents were also asked on the awareness about the proposed project. The overwhelming majorityy (85%) knows about the project and only 15% reported that they did not know the proposed project till the commencement of the survey. The success and sustainability of development project largely depend on the acceptance of the project by target beneficiary. Accordingly, 72 percent of the respondents welcome the proposed development project. The high rate of acceptance of the project by community may attribute to project nature which is agricultural project which in turn is the livelihood source of the whole community of the area. Good awareness raising work might have also contributed to good acceptance of the project. wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study J J J J J 4. SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 4.1. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT These are Increased Agricultural Productivity, Job Opportunity, Income Generating Schemes for Women, Socioeconomic Infrastructure Development and many others as discussed in various reports 4.2. ADVERSE IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 4.2.1 Displacement of Households and Population One of the expected adverse effects of the Bale-Gadula irrigation project is the displacement of families and population from their homes. Nonetheless, during the fieldwork it was observed that, the proposed irrigation command area is very sparsely populated. In addition almost all of the residential houses are concentrated around the Kebele administration offices forming well patterned rural village town, where social services like school, health post, grain mills, farmers training center, mosques and other infrastructures are relatively available. Kebeles falling in the command areas of Bale Gadula irrigation projects are depicted in Table 7. The total population living in five Kebeles falling in the command area was estimated at 16,472 people in 2008 of which 8068 are male and 8404 are female. Table 4.1: Kebles falling in command areas of Bale Gaduala Irrigation Project S.N Kebele 1 Weltai Weyb Male 2538 Population in 2008 Female 2600 Total 5138 2 weltai Nagaya 1056 906 1962 3 Bale Gadula 1499 1481 2980 4 Bale Anole 1820 2226 4046 5 Elani Sogido 1155 1191 2346 Grand Total 8068 8404 16472 Source: CSA, 2008 wWDSE In Association with CT Final Feasibility Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study Weltai Nagaya Kebele is located along the bank of Web River, which is technically not feasible for irrigation. The other Kebeles(Bale Anole and Bale-Gadula) are located along the gravel road that connects Robe town, the capital of Bale Zone with Ginir Woreda traversing Goro town. Moreover, in all of the villages found in the proposed irrigation command area, there is at least one health post, one primary school, two mosques, three grain mills, one framers' training center and Kebele administration office. Thus, the relocation of these villages to other places could not be technically, economically as well as socially feasible so as to realize the implementation of the proposed irrigation project. Thus, the project engineering design should be carefully undertaken so as not to disturb the existing villages. However, 230 households and 1,610 populations who are haphazardly settled in the proposed irigation command area may be relocated during project implementation. In this scenario, the number of households to be displaced from their residential area will be insignificant. As agreed with engineering design team of the project, these villages will be excluded from command area. They should not be relocated so as to minimize the adverse impact of the project on local community. Only those households which are haphazardly settled will be relocated during the implementation of the project. 4.2.2. Loss of Social Services and Religious Institutions The project is expected to provide infrastructure and social service development on the one hand and creates loss of social service on the other. The RAP study team has tried to identify the type and numbers of social services that may be affected by the project in consultation with local community members. However, almost all of the existing social services like primary schools, health posts, grain mills, pastoral training centers and Mosques are concentrated in relatively big villages where Kebele administration offices are located. These villages have already been excluded from irrigation command area by the project design team. Thus, the adverse impact of the proposed project on these services and institutions will be insignificant. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Rosources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6. ANNEX7 Settlernent Study J J 1 1 1 1 4.2.3. Spread of HIVJADIS HVIADIS pandemic has been emerged as a major health hazard in Ethiopia affecting mainly the working age group (15 to 49 years) who are supposed to be highly productive. Large scale Irrigation projects and other similar type of project workers and truck drivers are considered to have high potential for the spread of HIVIAIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases due to their mobility from one project site to another. This is partly because construction workers are mostly young. sexually active group of the population, mobile and are forced to live in hotels and camps without their families. Impacts from the construction camps will be severe if camps are built close to the local settlement areas. The impact from the construction camps that are constructed close to settlement areas may contribute more to the spread of communicable diseases such as STD and HIVIAIDS. The other impact is transmission of HIVIAIDS from local sex workers to the project workforce. Hence., when dealing with the pandemic problem, not only the project workers shall be assumed as carriers, rather, they may be equally vulnerable from local carriers (eg local sex workers). 4.2.4. Community Disarticulation D1splacement is not merely the loss of income, land, shelter or food. It will also leads to the dismantling of existing social networks, fragmentation of communities and interpersonal ties, which further leads to powerlessness, dependency and vulnerability Displacement would also change the current social composition of villages, church congregations and schools and require the abandonment of burial sites Unless it is carefully planned, the resettlement process would cause social disrupttons, such as the disintegration of long standing social support networks in the displacement area There would also be problems of adjustment in the resettlenent aroa, especally for the elderly and households with school age children lhe conbined effect of displacement tends to lessen people's material well being. limit their choices and control over their circumstances, and increase social tension and conflict (institutional Risk). WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 10 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study J 4.2.5. Increased Morbidity Malaria is currently becoming the most pandemic disease in the project area. Irrigation water storage and canals can also offer suitable breeding areas for malaria-carrying mosquitoes. The quarries reated by gravel mining for access road and canal construction, if not properly rehabilitated, can also become seasonal pools of water that might promote for the breeding of mosquitoes and. thus transmit malaria to the populations living in the project area. Besides, irigation water storage and canals can also offer suitable breeding conditions for snails that act as an intermediate host of schistoma germs that cause bilharzias. 4.2.6. Economic Loss and food Insecurity One of the adverse effects of the irigation project is the displacement of families and population from their homestead. farmlands, pastures lands and other Iivelihood options. Accordingly, nearly 620 hectares of farmland, 80 hectares of grazing lands, 300 hectares wood lands will be permanently lost due to the construction of access roads, canals, camps and other irrigation structures. In addition, around 400 hectares of grazing land, 1,500 hectares of woodlands, and 3.100 hectares of farm land will be affected by the proposed irrigation command area. This would lead to impoverishment due to landlessness, joblessness and loss of access to common property resources, which is termed as economic risks. 'Expropriation of land removes the main foundation upon which people's productive systems, commercial activities, and livelihoods are constructed. Destruction of community productive bases in agriculture, forests and water can give rise to food shortage, leading to malnutrition and hunger. Changes in cropping patterns in the new irrigation set up may lead to increase in income but it need not translate into gender equity. People who live downstream may suffer from the loss of the annual flood below the irrigation project, which devastate traditional floodplain farming, fishing and grazing. In addition, an increase in the irrigation facilities may lead to a change in the cropping patterns, such as the introduction of water intensive cash crops. When cash crops and green revolution techniques are introduced women are disposed of their roles as agricultural producers. This leads to a change in gender-based wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study division of labor in agricultural activities as a result of gender insensitive planning up gradation skills are rarely targeted at women. Thus, women's access to resources will mediated via husbands or wider kinship network besides Commercial cropping requires the investment capacity in support structures like loans for seeds. Moreover, the expandability of farmland will rarely be possible when sons get married and families grow. In order to overcome such risks the World Bank has recommended two basic strategies for economically and socially re-establishing those dislocated communities from rural settings. These are non-land based and land based strategies. The non-land based strategies are aimed at wage employment generation through the industrial or service sector or the local or regional economy with the purpose of income restoration. When the displaced are deprived of their assets the bank encourages compensation for land, housing and infrastructure, based on replacement value, or the level that would enable the recipient to buy land of comparable quality and quantity elsewhere, rather than assessed value. 4.2.7. Influence on Indigenous Culture The existence of camps for the construction wWorkers close to settlement areas could influence negatively on local life style and sometimes may lead to cultural and social conflicts. To avoid such type of conflicts and problems the establishment of construction camps should be in planned way without negatively affectíng the local resources and local people life style. In addition, the proposed irrigation project tends to encourage population densities to increase either because they are part of a resettlement project or because the increased prosperity of the area attracts incomers. Thus, sufficient infrastructure provision should be considered. 4.2.8. Loss of Grazing Lands The proposed irrigation command area is expected to affect more than 400 hectares of grazing lands found in the proposed irrigation command area which has been serving as the sole dry and wet season pasture for local agro wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 12 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study 1 pastoralists. In addition, the proposed irrigation project may reduce water supply to downstream users, especially during the late dry season when natural river tlows are at their minimum. Therefore, the project affected households need to be provided with land for agriculture and pasture to replace what they lose due to the irrigation project. Provision must be made for an adequate area of irrigated pasture or irrigated farming; what ever is feasible and advantageous for them. 4.2.9 Ecological Imbalance More than 1500 hectares of woodlands will be cleared for the proposed irrigation command area, the construction of canals, access road and camp. Without appropriate environmental management and monitoring measures, the proposed irrigation project will create serious ecological imbalances both at the project site and in adjacent areas. Excessive clearance of natural vegetation cover in the command area, for example, can affect the microclimate and expose the soil to erosion, leading to a loss of top soil and nutrient leaching. The removal of roots and vegetation disrupts the water cycle, increasing the rate at which water enters rivers and streams, thereby changing flow regimes and increasing siltation in the downstream zZone. The destruction of natural habitats in this manner and the creation of agricultural monocultures also impacts on the local flora and fauna reducing biodiversity. The introduction of exotic species of plant or animal may oust indigenous species or introduce disease agents, which may affect plants, animals and/or man. Fertilizers and pesticides are widely applied to correct imbalances. These can percolate through the soil and/or be carried away in the drainage water polluting both groundwater and surface waters especially in the downstream zone. The nutrients in fertilizers may give rise to eutrophication of surface water bodies and promote the growth of aquatic weeds. Pesticide residues are hazardous to the health of both men and animals. This cumulative effect may impair the long-term viability of both the project and economic activities in the surrounding area. The following sections briefly describe three imbalances that are common problems on irrigation schemes: WDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 13 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study 4.2.10 Pests and weeds Irigated agriculture often provides improved conditions for crop diseases to develop, particularly fungal and bacterial foliage diseases. Diseases and weeds can also spread quickly via the re-use of waste-water and drainage water. Any change to a more uniform environment on the project lands is likely to favour vigorous species adapted to a wide variety of conditions. Species, such as insects and rodents, are often regarded as pests. The preferred habitats of natural predators, such as snakes, birds and spiders, may be reduced by land use changes and by the increased use of pesticides. Local or newly imported varieties of weeds may thrive in the irrigated environment and reduce agricultural productivity. 4.2.11 Animal diseases Animals are subject to a similar range of water related diseases as humans. They may also act as reservoirs for human water-based infections and infections with water-related insect vectors. Thus, the promotion of animal husbandy as a secondary, income generating activity for farmers in newly irrigated areas should be carefully evaluated for its possible environmental and health risks. wWDsE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 14 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study J J 5. POLICY AND LEGAL ISSUES PERTINENT TO COMPENSATION The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia states the right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the state and in the people of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the nations, nationalities and the people of Ethiopia and shall not be subjected to sale or exchange It is also stated that, the Government of Ethiopia is entitled with a power of expropriating private property for development works it carries for public purposes/services. However, on the other hand, the holder of the land has the right to use, mortgage and transfer his holding through succession. The holder of the land has constitutional right not to be evicted from her/his legal holding. Moreover, the Constitution states that all persons who have been displaced or whose livelihood has been adversely affected because of state programs have the right to Commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation including relocation with adequate state assistance. In relevance to this, Article 7(1) of the revised Proclamation No. 455/2005 a Proclamation to Provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation, proclamation, page 3124 states that, a landholder whose holding has been expropriated shall be entitled tO payment of compensation for his/her property situated on the land and for permanent improvements he/she made to Such land. Sub-Article 7(2) indicated that, the amount of compensation for property situated on the expropriated land should be determined on the basis of replacement cost of the property SubArticle 7(5) stated that, the cost of removal, transportation and erection shall be paid as compensation for a property that could be relocated and continue its servIce as betore Article 8 (1) stated that, "A rural landholder whose land hold1ng has been permnanently expropriate shall, be paid displacement compensation which shall be cquivalent to ten times the average annual income ho sccurcd during the five years preceding the expropriation of the land". wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 15 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study Similarly, Article 8(2) states that "A rural landholder or holder of a common land whose landholding has been provisionally expropriated shall, in addition to the compensation payable under Article 7 of this proclamation, be paid until repossession of the land, compensation for lost income based on the average annual income secured during the five years preceding the expropriation of the land. provided, however, that such payment shall not exceed the amount of compensation payable under Sub Article 8(1). Sub Article 8(3) further stated that, where the Woreda administration confirms that. a substitute land which can be easily ploughed and generate comparable income is available for the landholder, the compensation to be paid under Sub Articles (1) and (2) of this article shall only be equivalent to the average annual income secured during the five years preceding the expropriation of the land. Regarding valuation of property, Proclamation No. 455/2005, under Article 9(1) provides that, "The valuation of property situated on land to be expropriated shall be carried out by certified private or public institutions or individual consultants on the basis of valuation formula adopted at the national level". It also states that "where the land to be expropriated is located in the rural area, the property situated thereon shall be valued by a committee of not more than five experts having the relevant qualification and to be designated by the Woreda Administration. 5.1. WORLD BANK POLICY ON INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT According to the World Bank's policy guideline on 'involuntary resettlement', involuntary resettlement may cause sever long-term hardship, impoverishment, and environmental damage unless appropriate measures are carefully planned and carried out. The Bank's guidelines on involuntary resettlement were meant to overcome the shortcomings of the resettlement experiences in the pre 1980 period and improve the outcomes substantially. wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 16 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study According to the Bank's policy, particular attention shall be paid to the needs of vulnerable groups among those displaced, especially those below the povety line, the landless, the elderly, women and children, or other displaced persons who may not be protected through national land compensation legislation. In addition, the implementation of resettlement activities shall be linked to the implementation of the investment component of the project to ensure that displacement or restriction does not occur before necessary measures for resettlement are in place. These measures include provision of compensation and other assistance required for relocation, prior to displacement, and preparation and provision of resettlement sites with adequate facilities, where reguired. In particular, taking of land related assets might take place only after compensation has been paid and, where applicable resettlement sites and moving allowances have been provided to the displaced persons. Preference should also be given to land- based resettlement strategies for displaced persons whose Iivelihoods are land-based. These strategies may include resettlement on public land, or on private land acquired or purchased for resettlement. Whenever replacement land is offered, resettlers are provided with land for which a combination of producive potential, locational advantage, and other factors is at least equivalent to the advantages of the land taken. If land is not the preferred option of the displaced persons, the provision of land would adversely affect the sustainability of the project or sufficient land is not available at a reasonable price, none land-based options built around opportunities for employment or self-employment should be provided in addition to cash compensation for land and other assets lost. Payment of cash compensation for lost assets may be appropriate where livelihoods are land-based but the land taken for the project is small fraction of the affected asset and the residual is economically viable, which include active markets for land, housing, and labor exist, displaced persons use such markets, and there is sufficient supply of land and housing, or livelihoods are not land VwWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 17 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Desian of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlernent Study based. Cash compensation levels should be sufficient to replace the lost land and other assets at full replacement cost in local markets. Moreover, displaced persons and their communities, and any host communities receiving them, are provided with timely and relevant information, consulted on resettlement options, and offered opportunities to participate in planning, implementing, and monitoring resettlement. Appropriate arid accessible grievance mechanisms are established for these groups. In new resettlement sites or host Communities, infrastructure and public services are provided as necessary to mprove. restore, or maintain accessibility and levels of service for the displaced persons and host communities. Alternative or similar resources are provided to Compensate for the loss of access to community reSOurces (Such as fishing areas, grazing areas, fuel, or fodder). Patterns of community organization appropriate to the new circumstances are based on choices made by the displaced persons. To the extent possible, the existing social and cultural institutions of resettlers and any host communities are preserved and resettlers' preferences with respect to relocating in pre-existing communities and groups shall be horned. 5.2 COMPENSATION ELIGIBILITY All project affected persons and organizations (whether public or private) who lose land, buildings/houses, crops or sources of income shall be compensated or rehabilitated according to the types and amount of their losses (permanent and temporary). The cut-off date for compensation eligibility will be set by the Woreda compensation committee and the project implementing body before the beginning of actual project civil works and following the valuation and registration of all lost assets. Cultivating land, constructing buildings or settlements in the proposed irrigation project areas after the cut-off date will not be eligible for compensation or Subsidies. Besides, compensation will not be paid for any structures erected, or Crops and Compensation. trees planted purely for the purposes of gaining additional wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 18 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 5.3 COMPENSATION STANDARDS VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study J The recent law to apply for compensation in Ethiopia is Federal Legislation on Expropriation of Land for Public Purposes and Compensation Proclamation No. 455/2005. This new legislation established detailed procedures and seting time limits within which land could be acquired after request is received from the proponent, principles for assessment of compensation for properties on the land, and for displacement compensation. It also empowered the Woreda administration to establish valuation/compensation committees to value the private properties affected by the project and appropriate compensation for eligible persons and organizations. In the case of public-owned infrastructures to be removed from the right-of-way, the owners of the structures would assess the value of the properties to be removed. Additionally, the legislation provided for appeals from valuation decisions but such action should not delay the transfer of possession of land to the proponent or contractor appointed by the proponent. The compensation standards to be adopted for the Bale-Gadula irrigation Resettlement Action Plan are briefly described as follows: 5.3.1 Compensation for Loss of Cultivated Land and Crops Permanently cultivated land lost due to the project shall be compensated on a land-for-land basis. In case there is shortage of land, crop loss shall be compensated in cash for the project affected persons at a rate equivalent to 10 times the Average Annual Output Value (AAOV) for a stipulated number of years. This time frame is considered sufficient for a household to be re established elsewhere. Temporary loss of cultivated land shal be directly compensated in cash at a rate equivalent to AAOV for the number of years that the land is not available for cultivation. 5.3.2 Compensation for Residential Land, Houses, and Fixtures Residential land, houses, buildings and other fixture losses will be directly and fully compensated at replacement cost free of demolition expenses and salvaged materials. Compensation for residential land will be paid to the responsible unit that will, in consultation with the vllage committee, make available replacement VWwDSE In Assocíation with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 19 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study plots within the community. Houses, out-buildings, apartments and related fixtures will be compensated in cash at replacement cost with money paid directly to the PAPs. Renters of affected houses/buildings will be guaranteed of a rent contract at the same rental terms. 5.3.3 Resettlement Allowances for Home-Owners In addition to the compensation for houses and land, relocation allowances will be paid to PAPs. These relocation allowances cover relocation and resettlement costs, including rent of temporary accommodation that may be due between the period of demolition of the old house and the construction of a new one (i.e. transition allowance). The cost of moving all household items and any salvageable materials to the new house, or from the rented house to new house (.e. moving allowance) will also be paid. These allowances will be payable as a lump sum to PAPs. 5.3.4 Compensation for Loss of Businesses or Employment The transition allowance for a commercial business moving from old premises to a new one will be calculated on the basis of total after tax profit during the six months prior to relocation as declared by the business to the tax-collection agencies. The transitional allowance for employees' loss of income will be equal to the total sum of earnings (including basic salaries and national subsidies) of all registered employees (including those retired) for 6 months prior to relocation. These allowances will be paid on a monthly basis for up to 6 months from the date of removal from the original premises. Moving Allowance: The allowance for transport and re-installation of the equiprnent of enterprises will be based on regulations stipulated by the Federal and Regional State. An allowance equal to the actual expenditure on renting storage space will be paid for temporary storage (if any). 5.3.5 Compensation for Public Services All the public buildings affected will be replaced or paid in cash directly to its Owners. New schools and health facilities will be re-constructed before the affected one is demolished. WwDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 20 Federal Dermocratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula irrigation Project 5.3.6 Compensation for Vulnerable Households VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settiement Study Maximum care will be given to the vulnerable groups. defined as those already experiencing hardship (e.g. as a result of extreme poverty. sickness, female headed households, the aged. etc.) and for whom loss of land/property could lead to further hardship. In order to ensure that resettlement does not further exacerbate the conditions of these groups, certain incentives will have to be offered to them in consultation with community representatives. 1 1 1 wWDSE In AsSsociation with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 21 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study 6. PROPOSED RESETTLEMENT OPTIONS AND COMPENSATION 6.1 CONSIDERED OPTIONS FOR SETTLEMENT Option : Relocate All Villages in the Command Area to other Places This is the worst option from human development perspective and ideal in terms of constructing all irrigation structures. Under this scenario Villages found in all project affected Kebeles have to be relocated and settled elsewhere. The worst thing about this option is unavailability of enough unoccupied residential land in and around the proposed irrigation project area, except forest lands. As a result, this option has many challenges, costs and Consequences: Suitable and enough resettlement land that accommodate all is hardly possible to get nearby; Many social infrastructures ike schools, health posts, grain mills, Mosques, farmers' training centers and Kebele Administration offices that have been built in many kebeles including electric power transmission lines will be lost: In almost all village there are cultural assets like Mosques and grave yards; Farm site and residential place get very far apart, making farm management difficult for farmers or walking distance to farmland will substantially inc1eases; Convincing both host and displaced people about relocation and how to compensate for hidden costs is high; Dismantling the old infrastructure and reconstruction of new require hug fund; Congestion in one place may result in undesirable results such as spread of HIVIAIDS, disease outbreak, vulnerable people such as women, children, disabled, old people could be victimized; wWDsE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 22 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Option I: Phase Based Interior Resettlement VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study J J 1 Phase 1: Develop irrigation infrastructure on vast non-residential areas Areas ocupied by residential places/villages is minimal compared to the total land estimated (5000 hectares) to be irrigated. So it is of paramount importance to firs just concentrate on developing irrigation schemes on non-residential farmlands and let people see the results of that development. Making the irrigation schemes functional and reality on such non residential area alone is great achievement for the project when we see it from the success rate of past large scale irrigation development interventions in Ethiopia. We do not have good success record on irrigation development on such large area. Past documented research results show that the majority of large scale irrigations in Ethiopia and in Africa in general have failed. Phase 2: Moving People to Selected Villages Based on the success of phase one, villages with less developed infrastructure and less populated could be relocated to relatively big villages ,which have access to primary school(1-8 Grade), electricityy transmission line , small shops ,health posts and the like. Farmlands available near these villages should be made available for resettlement of displaced people from the other villages. In turn equivalent land should be given for host farmers as compensation at the places left by the displaced people. If irrigation on the non-residential farms succeeded and people reap the benefit, they can easily be convinced to make optimal win-win negotiations and arrangements. Under this scenario replacement cost for public infrastructure is estimated at half of the amount for scenario one. Option Il Leave the Villages Untouched and restructure This is the other extreme potion on continuum of resettlement plan of project affected people. This is an ideal system from social and people centered development aspect. After all development is about people and people should be better-off from pre-project levels. This option calls for designing and building Ww.DSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 23 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study J J 1 1 1 1 1 additional structures to safe people from displacement and at same time develop all lands falling in the command areas. Building access roads, bridges may cause the project to incur additional costs that under normal circumstances would have not been needed. But the cost under this Scenario is much less than option one when social aspect is taken into account. What makes this option less costly is the settlement pattern of the villages. The settlements of the villages has some suitable patterns iie. they all are settled near the bank of Weyib River and along the gravel road that traverse to Ginir, which under normal circumstance is not recommended for irrigation Under this scenario very few households are affected by canal and associated structures. Advantages of this option include the following but not limited to: " Farmers have chance to closely monitor their irrigation farms which need intensive care Social tie among community maintaine; Cultural properties will be saved " Public infrastructures already under development such as electric transmission lines will be saved Therefore, the study team strongly recommends the third option be considered. Accordingly all compensation and resettlement related costs have been calculated based on the third option. 6.2. COMPENSATION AND VALUATION METHODS 6.2.1. Basis of Compensation Compensation valuations methods are based on similar projects implemented in the country and is calculated according to 2009 replacement rates and values. Any further adjustments that may be necessary can be done in consultation with the respective Woreda compensation/ resettlement committees that will be established prior to the commencement of the Project. wwWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 24 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 6.2. 2. Compensation for Land VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study J 1 1 Land is the mnost valuable resources that household own in general and rural household in particular. Access to land usualy determines household food security and economic status. Compensation is based on the productivity of the land and on current market prices of affected crops. Compensation for permanently lost land is usually paid for ten years a time period which is believed sufficient to establish alternative reliable income sources. But our assumption is that the households who are expected to be relocated from command area will be provided with the some amount of farmland they may lose due to the irrigation structures after two years the fact that about 5,000 hectares of arable land will be irrigated. Hence, about 310 households will lose around 620 hectares of farmland due the construction of canals, access roads and other irrigation structures for about two years, till the irrigation infrastructures fully established. We have also calculated compensation for cultivated land not for grazing, forest and other types. VWorld Bank law on resettlements advice that, some types of loss such as fishing, grazing, or forest areas, cannot easily be evaluated or compensated for in monetary terms. Attempts must, therefore, be made to establish access to equivalent and ulturally acceptable resources and earning opportunities. In the project area crops are harvested twice per year. However, in calculating compensation cost it is assumed that land is rested every other year as there is no shortage of land in the area. The calculation of compensation for land is based on the average yield and current prices of the crops indicated in Table 8. Accordingly. the average yield/hectare of all crops is 20 quintals. The average current prices of all crops are 650 birr per quintal. The construction of project related physical infrastructures is expected to affect 620 hectares of farmland. A result about 24,800 quintals of production is expected to be lost for two years. Thus, the total cost for compensation of lost farm land is Birr 16,120,000 (24,800 quintals X 650 Birr = 16,120,000). OP sTRY WATBR BRARY AND RESOUP wWDSE In Association with ICT OCUNIEN TATION SER Final Feasibility Study Report 25 Feasibility Study and Detail Design Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX7 Settlement Study Table 6.1: Major Crops produced, Yield/hectare and pricelquintal Predominant Crops Maize Teff Wheat Barley Species of different types Yield Per/ha(g) Current Pricelqt 20 12 15 12 12 Onion 36 Garlic 34 Average 20 400 700 350 220 916 650 1200 650 1 Source: Goro Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Office, 2009 6.2.3. Indigenous Trees Bale Gadula irrigation project area is very rich in indigenous tree species. Land use pattern of the area indicates that woodland covers 30% of the total land areas of the project command area. Major species of tree found in the area that have high economic value include Cordia africana locally called "wodeesa", "Ejersa", "Hindhessa". These indigenous trees found in the area have multiple purposes are the main sources of fodder for livestock, fuel wood and construction. Under such scenario it is hardly possible to value the compensation for loss of indigenous tree species in the project area. However, it is advised that the project should use the state-of-the-art irrigation technology to minimize the impact on the indigenous trees in the area. 6.2.4. Compensation for Private Houses A total of 230 houses will be affected by the Project, of which 70 %( 161 houses) are corrugated Iron Sheet and 30 %( 69 houses) are thatched roofs. The majority of houses in the Bale Gadula irrigation project area are of corrugated Iron Sheet (CIS) roofing. All of the walls of the houses are made of woods and their floor is made of mud. Compensation for a house will be paid at the rate of 30,000 Birr per house for corrugated Iron sheet, and 15,000 for a house with thatched roofing. A 10% mobilization and transportation cost will be added to this amount. Accordingly, the total compensation estimate for residential dwellings is Birr 6,451,500. wWDSE In As5 ociation with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 26 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study Table 6.2: Compensation Cost for Residential Dwellings: Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Type of Houses CIS No. Houses 161 Unit price(Birr) Total cost(Birr) *10% for mobilization and transportation costs; Source Computed from Survey Data, 2009 This compensation is only for 230 households dispersedly located in command area of Bale Gadula irrigation project. Other households as agreed with the engineering team are restructured within the existing. Restructuring existing villages in such a way that it is suitable for farmers to carry out modern irrigation practice is the best option. 6.2.5. Compensation for Public Infrastructures Public infrastructures such as schools, health posts, clinics wil! not be affected by the project as agreed with engineering design team. However, some social services have been proposed to be constructed by the project since the existing ones are not sufficient to accommodate the labor forces that may be deployed to the project area and as an indirect compensation for the loss of grazing and woodlands owing to the project. Table 6.3: Number and Types of Social Services Proposed as well as amount of budget needed Thatched roof 69 Grand Total 230 30,000 4,830,000 15,000 1,035,000 5,865,000 allowance for relocation(40%*) 483,000 103,500 586,500 Total Compensation(Birr) 5,313,000 1,138,500 6,451,500 Type of social service Number Unit cost (Birr) Health Center 2 Water Supply Schemes Construction of Veterinary 3 Total Clinics 2 2 2 1,500,000 500,000 500,000 6 2,500,000 Total Cost (Birr) 3,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 5,000,000 Source: Computed from Survey Data, 2009 6.2.6 Summary of Compensation and Rehabilitation Costs The overall budget for execution of the resettlement and rehabilitation activities related to the Bale-Gadula irigation project area is summarized in Table 11. Overall about Birr 28,950,075 is required to properly settle and rehabilitate project wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 27 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study affected people in the project area. The total cost excluding public infrastructure COst is estimated at 23.950,075 Birr since public infrastructures are not directly affected by the project; rather it has been included to make the project attractive to local communities. Table 6.4: Summary of Affected Assets and Compensation Cost ltem for Compensation Private Houses Quantity 230 Public Infrastructure 6 Farmland Sub-Total Administration M&E cost (5%) Grand Total 620 Unit of Measurement Number Number hectare Total Cost of Compensation(Birr) 6,451,500 5,000,000 16,120,000 27,571,5c0 1,378,575 28,950,075 wWDSE In Associatlon with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 28 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX7 Settlement Study households who are supposed to be displaced from their original residential areas. However, the services of available health posts have been limited to family planning and environmental education. Thus, the upgrading of two health posts to health centers has been proposed, Construction of water supply schemes: -Without the provision of clean water supply, it can be illusion to think improving the health and socio economic well being of the society. However, the water supply system of the project area has not been developed to meet the needs of the population. As a result, the development of 4 water supply schemes like shallow wells fitted with hand pump have been proposed, Construction of Veterinary Clinics: - Since livestock production is the second livelihood sources of the households, the provision of veterinary services to the project affected community is vital in improving the health and productivity of livestock resources and as an indirect conmpensation for the lost communal grazing areas and bushes. As a result, the construction of two veterinary clinics has been proposed, Provision of Training on Income Generating Activities: -The project affected people should be assisted in skill training based on need assessment to supplement their income and that will provide a sustained source of income over a longer period of time, The program should also provide training for expertise at Woreda level, so that they could implement resettlement and rehabilitation program, natural resources Conservation and environmental protection, watershed management health and other activities. 7.2. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY The implementation of resettlement and activity and need the involvement and cooperation of various government institutions, NGOs, private sectors and communities at large. Thus, building broad base of participation and support of all stakeholders will be critical to the successful implementation of the program and to the sustainability of program compensation program is multi-sectoral wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 30 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study results. Thus, the following are some among the institutions that are directly or indirectly have stakes for the successful implementation of resettlement and Compensation activities of Bale Gadula irrigation project: The Ministry of Water Resources, The Oromia National Regional Government, The Oromia Region Finance and Economic Development Bureau(BoFED),Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau(ARDB), Water Resources Bureau(WRB) and Food Security Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission Bale Zone Administration, Bale Zone Finance and Economic Development Office, Agriculture and Rural Development Office and Water Resources Office Dalo-Mena Woreda Administration, Dalo-Mena Finance and Economic Development Office, Agriculture and Rural Development Ofice, Water Resources Office, Health Office, Women Affairs Office, Cooperative Promotion Office, Kebele Administration Offices of each affected kebele Project Affected Persons(PAPs) 7.2.1. Woreda Compensation and Relocation Committee The Ministry of VWater Resource is responsible for the overall coordination,. planning and implementation of irrigation project in general and resettlement/rehabilitation program in particular. However, the actual implementation of land acquisition and resettlement work will be carried out by Woreda cormpensation/relocation committee and government line offices particularly the Woreda land administration and environmental protection office with strong backup from Woreda administration office. The compensation/relocation committee would be responsible for the planning, coordinating and nonitoring of compensation and relocation activities. The following are members of Woreda compensation/relocation committee: 1. Woreda Administrator (Chairperson) 2. Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Office (secretary) 3. Woreda Land Administration Department 4. Representative of Ministry of Water Resources wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 31 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Desian of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 5. Representative from local CBO VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study The following are the duties and responsibilities of Woreda Compensation/ Relocation Committee: Establishing kebele level implementation committees, Clarifying policies and operational guidelines of kebele compensation committees, Coordinating and supervising implementation by kebele compensation committees as Stipulated in federal and regional guidelines, Ensuring that appropriate compensation procedures are followed, Overseeing Project's requirements related to the social environment Undertakes inventory of the lost assets due to displacement and value the amount of compensation to be paid for each household, Certify eligible individuals for compensation and effect the payment with project coordination office, Select and approve resettlement sites with displaced households and host communities, Follow up the construction of social services and infrastructures with project cOordination office, Advise resettled households on income generation opportunities including crop production, livestock rearing and other off farm activities and Provide general counseling and monitoring services to the resettled population 7.2.2. Grievance Redress Committee In addition to the Woreda compensation/relocation committee, grievance redress committee should be established before the implementation of resettlement/ rehabilitation program. This conmmittee is composed of representatives from various government line offices, Kebele administration offices and project affected community members. The committee is established to monitor and conduct hearing on the complaints and grievances of affected families regarding their dislocation and losses pertinent to the acquisition of land, houses and other wWpSE In Association with |CT Final Feasibility Study Report 32 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlerment Study assets including livelihood disturbance by the project. The committee is also responsible for ensuring compliance with the requirements for compensation and resettlement including provision of opportunities to the affected persons/families in the form of livelihood and financing assistance. 7.2.3. Grievance Redress Mechanism Grievances related to any aspect of the resettlement and rehabilitation activities will be handled through negotiations aimed at achieving consensus. The project affected persons shall be provided with a list of contact persons who are members of the Grievance Redress Committee. Accordingly, project affected persons complaints and grievances will be brought to the attention of the concerned authorities through these contact persons who shall be responsible for ensuring that these complaints or problems are properly channeled to the appropriate authority. The process will involve the case or complaint being referred first to the duly designated commurity organization, which ill review its merit and/or provide immediate response. If the case cannot be acted upon or resolved at this level, but found meritorious it will be referred to the Grievance Redress Committee for appropriate action. If this first conciliation attempt fails, the case may be brought by either party to the concerned Woreda office. Again if this fails, then government body at the Zonal and Regional level may be requested to a conciliation meeting. The decision Regional authority passes will become final. Those complaints who succeeded in their appeal i.e. if their case is accepted should receive compensation they are entitled as per the compensation procedures and norms stipulated in this document. 7.3. MONITORING AND EVALUATION 7.3.1. Internal Monitoring The project shall establish an internal monitoring system in the project office and engage the services of an external agency to evaluate resettlement and compensation out puts and outcomes. Resettlement and rehabilitation activities of the irrigation subproject should be regularly supervised and monitored by the government implementing bodies such as Goro Woreda Administration, Goro wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 33 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study Woreda Land Administration and Environmental Protection Office in collaboration with Zonal and Regional line departments as well as the Ministry of Water Resources. The purpose of monitoring is to check the reality of the reports (physical performance and budget utilization) submitted and to see the actual achievements on the ground. Review meetings shall be organized on quarterly bases at project site The participants of the meeting shall be representative from the Ministry of Water Resources, representative from the Regional government, members of Woreda compensation and grievance redress committees, Kebele leaders, religious leaders, community representatives and other relevant local stakeholders. On the other hand, independent local consultant(s) should be contracted to carry out external monitoring and evaluation of resettlement activities of the subprojects. 7.3.2. External Monitoring/ Evaluation External monitoring and evaluation should be carried out to check whether program activities had been accomplished as per the existing government legislation, proclamations, laws and regulations or not. This will enable the implementing government line offices to comply on missed involuntary resettlement provisions. After this, the next hiring of the external monitor should be at least after 4 cropping seasons or twNO years after the implementation of the project to evaluate the socio-economic impact of resettlement/rehabilitation on project affected households. 7.4. RESOURCES In order to carry out the activities stated above human, financial, material and organizational resources should be arranged. The Ministry of Water Resources is responsible to allocate budget, which is sufficient for the execution of resettlement and rehabilitation activities. However, the Oromia National Regional Government Vie its 7onal and Woreda level structures can provide technical inputs. wWDSE In Association with |CT Final Feasibility Study Report 34 Feasibility Study and Detail Desian of Bale Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry Gadula Irrigation Project Settlement Study 8. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE Table 8.1: RAP implementation Schedule and Responsibly body S.N 1 2 3 5 7 9 Activities Project Introduction and Awareness raising to Gov Offices Project Introduction and awareness raising to PAP Select RAP executing Committee at Woreda level Select RAP executing Committee at community level Mark & list Houses touched by irrigation Design Mark unoccupied land for replacement Ear Mark Land for Public and Private replacement ldentify Vulnerable Groups & give priority Construct new public infra structure Discus Compensation Norms with 10 PAPs 11 12 Distribute Compensation benefit to PAPs according to impact type Make internal Relocation for PAPs 13 Demolish Private buildings 14 Demolish public infrastructures Supervise the land acquisition and 15 16 17 Compensation process Make internal evaluation of RAP implementation Conduct External Evaluation of RAP implementation Responsible body /Organization/persons MOWR MOWR MOWR Woreda RAP Committee Woreda RAP Committee Community RAP committee Community RAP committee Community RAP committee Community RAP committee Private contractor MOWR & Woreda MOWR and woreda Community RAP committee Community community MOWR MOWR External Consultant(s) Months 1 23 4 L 6 7 wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 35 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL ANNEXT Settlement Study 9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Bale-Gadula Irrigation Project is one of the three key irigation projects being developed by the Ministry of VWater resources in Oromia National Regional State. Bale Zone. The project is located in Goro Woreda at about 70 kilometers from Robe town, the capital of Bale Zone. This document specifies the procedures that the proiect executing agency should follow and the actions it should take to properly resettle and compensate project affected people and communities. It was developed in line with World Bank standard for RAP preparation and briefly describes policies and procedures that will be applied during the entire life of the schemes construction on matters of acquisition of land and displacement of households. A wide range of data collection tools were employed to achieve the set study objectives. The result of the impact analysis of the project shows that the project will impose some social, economic and environmental adverse impacts, so that internal relocation is inevitable. Some internal displacement will likely occur. For those who will be internally displaced equivalent land within the community should be given. To minimize adverse impact maximum effort is being taken by professionals working on the project through re-adjusting the design work. Relevant Ethiopian government Legal laws and World Bank policy on land ownership, acquisition laws, and transfer for development purpose were consulted and presented in way project implementers use for successful implemertation of the RAP. During field survey we have realized that irrigation canals will affect plots of some farmers. Yet other farmers whose land has not been touched by canal will use the water to irrigate his crop. Under such scenario farmers during consultation have agreed to compensate for those affected. The socioeconomic situations of the project area has been documented to assist implementers take due care during implementation of the project. A potential impacts of the project on land and other assets such as residential houses, public infrastructure has been identified and compensation rules have been established for each. wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 36 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study Public consultation was also conducted to solicit their impression about the project and preference for compensation. Land-for Land for lost land if free land available is the first choice for project affected people. Sufficient compensation cash should be given where sufficient land is not available and for demolished assets. Additional supportive measures such as giving priority in land allocation and income restoration should be given for vulnerable. It was learnt during survey that Bale-Gadula irrigation project rarely affects cultural properties. In case it happens restoration and relocation for cultural properties should be in place priori of civil works. Key institutions that should be involved in the implementation of RAP and/or project include Ministry of water resources, Agricultural and Rural development office, Woreda administration, NGOs and CBOs. The importance of monitoring, and evaluation plan for RAP cannot be overemphasized. The need for strong M & E that keep organization on right track has been stressed. The total estimated cost for compensation and others is about 28,950,075 Ethiopian Birr. This study has found that Bale-Gadula irrigation project will not cause serious external relocation of people in the project area. The contributing factor to minimum relocation is the settlement pattern of villages in the area. Almost all the villages are well patterned and big with basic socioeconomic infrastructures and are not technical advised to relocate them. The outcome of this study should be used as guide line in implementation of some unavoidable internal resettlement. It should not be considered as panacea to all situations likely to evolve during project implementation. The study team believes that many things which were hidden during data collection may unfold during actual implementation of the project. The envisaged project benefits large number of farm households. The Bale-Gadula irrigation project when fully developed is estimated to irrigate about 5, 000 hectares of lands. Taking the average 1.5 hectares of irrigable landholding in Oromia Region, the project will benefit 3,333 household heads when implemented. During public consultation many though liked the plan to introduce modern irrigation to area, but were doubtful on the practicality of such wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 37 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study large scale irrigation. People were not match concerned about project impact in displacing people rather on the realization of the project. Prior to expected start-up date of civil works of the project affected people should be compensated, and if relocation is necessary, their resettlement site developed including the provision of lost community resources. The best option for Bale-Gadula irigation project to have minimum impact and cause least relocation is to keep the current settlement pattern intact and design appropriate irrigation structures around residential areas. In terms of Compensation preference consultation held with community revealed where possible for lost land land-for- land rule should be applied and if land is not available sufficient cash compensation should given for project affected people. In addition, the following mitigation measures should be taken to make people in the project area better-off against pre-project situation. Give due attention to vulnerable groups such as women, children, disabled and old people during project implementation Civil work should be at the onset of dry season when there are less farming activities Intensive awareness raising activity on the project benefit, side effects, roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders should be carried speially with community Sufficient preparatory work and consultation with community should be undertaken before embarking on civil works Use state-of-art irrigation design suitable to the area so as to minimize land lost do to irrigation structures. Allocate sufficient human power, budget and other resources during the implementation of the project Involve the community in all project phases and let them build sense of ownership to the project The opportunity Cost of land that will be temporarily occupied during civil Works will be high. Hence, avoid usual gap apparent between the completion civil work and actual project implementation. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 38 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX7 Settlement Study The Executing Agency (EA) should ensure that financial and physical resources for resettlement and rehabilitation will be made available in the right amount at the right time, All legal issues on land appropriation and compensation should be carefully reviewed and appropriately applied for the issue at hand, Prior to expected start-up date of civil works the project affected households should be compensated, and if relocation is necessary, their resettlement site developed including the provision of lost community resources, Additional supportive measures such as giving priority in land allocation and income restoration should be given for vulnerable, Land-for Land for lost land if free land available is the first choice for project affected people. Sufficient cash compensation should be given where sufficient land is not available and for demolished assets and Strong monitoring and Evaluation system should be in place wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 39 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project VOL 6- ANNEX 7 Settlement Study REFERENCES Central Statistics Authority. 2008. Addis Ababa. Education Sector Development Program (ESDP) of Ethiopia,( 1997/98). Ethiopian Economic Association (2004/05). Transformation of the Ethiopian Agriculture: Potentials, Constraints and Suggested Intervention Measures. REPORT ON THE ETHIOPIAN ECONOMY. Volume V 2004/05. Addis Ababa. FAO, (2003). Livestock Sector Brief FAOSTAT data (2004). [http:/lapps.fao.org/faostatlform] The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. August 21, 1995. Addis Ababa The World Bank Operational Manual Operational Directive (Od 4.30) June 1 1990. Weib River medium scale Irrigation project Feasibility study Annex lll Socio economic conditions, Farming systems and land use by Ethiopian Valley Authority July, 1992 Addis Ababa, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Water Resources Wabisheble River Basin Integrated Resources Development Master Plan Study, by WWDSE in Association with WAPCOS, Bale Gadula Irrigation Project pre preliminary Design report of command area volume 1 Technical Report by Water Resources Authority June, 1990. Physical and socioeconomic profile of Bal zone department of planning and Budget March, 1999 E.C Bale Robe. wWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 40
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