* W?
ETH/88/013
Field Doc. 18
Government of Ethiopia
Water Resources Development Authority
BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT
Annex C:
Soil Suitability and Land Evaluation Report
United Nations Development Programme Food and Agriculture Organization of the United nations
Addis Ababa June 1992The designations employed  and  the presentation  of material in this publication  do  not imply  the expression  of any  opinion whatsoever on  the part of the Food  and  Agriculture Organization of the United  Nations concerning  the legal status of any  country, territory,  city  or area or of its authorities,  or concerning  the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................  i
1  -     INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 1
2  -    THE ENVIRONMENT....................................................................................................  3
2.1    - Location, access and extent of project area......................................................  3
a.         Location...................................................................................................  3
b.         Access......................................................................................................  3
' c.           Extent......................................................................................................... 3
2.2    - Climate................................................................................................................  3
a. 
General Characteristics............................................................................ 5
b. 
Soil Moisture Regime
c. 
Soil Temperature Regime........................................................................ 5
2.3    - Natural Vegetation and Present Land Use........................................................ 5
2.4    - Physiography, Geology and Drainage.............................................................. 8
3  - SOIL SURVEY METHODS............................................................................................  11
3.1    -    Pre-survey activities.......................................................................................  11
3.2    -    Field Operations.............................................................................................  11
3.3    -    Post-Fieldwork Activities..............................................................................  12
4  - SOILS        AND DESCRIPTION OF SOIL HAPPING UNITS.....................................  13
4.1    -   The Soils and their Taxonomic Classification..............................................  13
4.2    -   Detailed Soil Map Legend.............................................................................  15
4.3    -   Description of Soil Mapping Units................................................................  20
5  - IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY................................................................................. 2 9
6  - LAND SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATED AND RAINFED AGRICULTURE. 30
6.1 - Land Development Requirements and Limitations
for surface Irrigation..................................................................................  31
a.        Vegetation clearance............................................................................  31
b. 
Removal of Surface Stones..................................................................  32
c. 
Land Levelling.....................................................................................  32
d. 
Land Development classes...................................................................  34TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
6.2    - Evaluation of the Soils (Soil Fertility).........................................................  34
6.3    - Crop Requirements and Crop Suitability
of the Soils and the soil mapping unit.......................................................... 37
6.3.1      General description of suitability
classes and subclasses...................................................................  37
6.3.2      Major requirements of the crops shown
in the        crop suitability 
table.......................................  39
6.3.3      Major differences in land evaluation
for irrigated 
and   rainfed   agriculture..........................  45
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................  47
APPENDICES:.....................................................................................................................  49
I         Detailed Soil Profile        Descriptions and
Analytical Data.................................................................................  49
II          Hydraulic Conductivity 
ar.d
infiltration Rate................................................................................  69
III           laboratory procedures........................................................................  74
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure      A:      Irrigated      Crop      Suitability      Map      of
the Bale Gadulla Site................................................................................  iii
Figure 1         -         Location Map......................................................................................  4
2  -           Mean monthly         rainfall, Goro...................................................... 7
3  -          Mean monthly         air temperature,            Goro.............................  7
4  -           Areal photo-interpretation map 
of
the       Bale-Gadulla       (phase       I)       area. 
Approx scale
1:50,000...............................................................  9
5  -
Schematic Cross-Section of the
Bale-Gadulla (phase I) area.......................................................  10
6  -
Soil Map of Bale Gadulla feasibility
Study area.................................................................................. 19
7  -
Optimum Altitudes for Major Crops
in Ethiopia................................................................................. 38*
4LIST OF TABLES
Lage
TABLE   1 -   Rainfall, Goro............................................................................................  6
2  -  Air temperature,            Goro....................................................................  6
3  - Hectarages (and % of total area) of all
mapping units...............................................................................................  28a
TABLE  4 -   Chemical Analysis   of the Weib river
irrigation water....................................................................................... 29
5  - Preliminary land levelling class.es and
related mapping units and their extent...................................................  33
6   - Land development limitations, requirements
and classes of all soil mapping units...................................................... 35
7  - Irrigated crop suitability of the
Bale Gadulla (phase soil mapping units................................................. 43
8  - Rainfed crop suitability of the
Bale-Gadulla (phase I) soil mapping units.............................................        44
9  - General land evaluation for irrigated and
rainfed crop cultivation of the Bale-Gadulla
(phase I) soil mapping units....................................................................  46I
L
r
iSummary and Recommendations
The      area      surveyed      for      the      Bale      Gadulla,      phase      I      feasibility      study, covers about 968 hectare.
Of      this      approximately      46      ha      (or      4      of      the      total      area)      is covered by Kubsa village.
In  total about 583  ha (of 6  0  ixx% of the total area) is moderately well suited  for irrigated  crop  cultivation.  It consists of nearly level to  gently  sloping  (li/a-3% slopes),  very  deep  (3-8m depth  upto the bedrock) ,  somewhat imperfectly  drained,  slowly  permeable,  black cracking clay (or silty clay) soils.
These lands have been  somewhat downgraded  because of difficult work ability  for seedbed  preparation  and  problems related  to  restricted subsoil drainage (suitability subclass S d,)
a
Approximately  218  ha (or 2  2  of the total area) has been downgraded  as only  marginally  suitable for irrigated  crop cultivation.  It consists mainly  of the same black  (sometimes brownish  black) cracking  clay  soils,  but either < 3m deep  to  the underlying  bedrock  and/or very  sodic or with  3  :/»-4% slopes and thus more subjected  to  erosion  hazard  (see suitability  subclasses: S.d' a. Sj^d, S.d' 3 and S,d' w)
The remaining 120 _n.ha (approximately) or 12 of the total area, 
consists of steep rocky hills, footslopes and steep sideslopes
(slopes > 4%) and is therefore not suited for irrigation 
development (suitability subclasses: N,sr. N.se)
It may  further be noted  that,  although  a very  large part of the project area (about 401i/s ha,  or 41% of the total) is covered  by common  to  many  surface stones (of vesicular basalt),  their removal (by  hand  picking) would  only  take (or cost) about 13  mandavs per hectare (or 40  Birr per ha) and  this will amount to  a stone heap of about 112m5 stones per ha,  which  may  be used  for other purposes, such as the construction of roads or walls.
To  enable the construction  of the irrigation  scheme,  only  the river terraces (T-mapping  units),  covering  about 393  ha (or 41% of the total area) are in  need  of some low vegetation  clearance requirements,  while all the other suitable mapping  units are already cultivated (rainfed).
Moreover, about 132 ha (or 13i?>% of total area) of more or less
suitable lands are in need of medium levelling/grading (with
2i/>-3%     slopes)     and     about     112>/<     ha     (or     lli/»%     of     total     area)     of     high levelling/grading operations.It should  finally  be noted  that,  due to  the low annual rainfall, about 583  ha (or 60i/>% of the survey  area) will be upgraded  from only  marginally  suited  under the present rainfed  conditions (class Sj)to  moderably  well suited  (class S,) under irrigated  conditions. This may  roughly  indicate an  expected  productivity  increase from below 40% to  about 60% of that achieved  from ideally  suitable land under the same level of inputs.K
i1.       INTRODUCTION
The      report      outlines      the      results      of      a      feasibility      soil survey     of     only     a     small     part     (called     phase     I)     of     the     Bale Gadulla      area,      which      had      already      been      studied      in      rather detail    by    a    Korean    soil    survey    team    together    with    a    national counterpart       staff       of       WRDA,       in       1990,       at       an       overall observation density of about 1 per 6 hectare.
Afterwards,     however,     update     and     improvement     of     the     soil and       landform       characterizations,       the       soil       mapping       accuracy and reporting was felt to be needed.
The      present      study      is      based      primarily      on      a      detailed aerial         photo-interpretation         (scale         1:50,000)         in         combination with     about     78     additional     field     observations     and     study     of     the previous soil survey data (about 75 observations) and maps.
The         new         observations         included         71         auger         hole observations      made     at     regular     intervals      of     about     200m     along transects        located        more        or        less        perpendicularly        to        the physiographic          mapping          units          orientation,          and          including numerous (about 85) soil surface observations as well.
Furtheron     7     soil     profile     pits     were     dug     upto     2m     depth and     4     deep     borehole     were     drilled     upto     the     bedrock.     All     this amounted     to     an     overall    observation     density     of    about    1    per    4 
hectare-
The       soil       profile       pits       were       located       on       representative sites,        described        in        detail        and        sampled        for        laboratory analysis,         while         infiltration         and         permeability         tests         were
executed in triplicate near those pits.
Final
soil
boundaries
were
traced 
on 
1:5,000 
scale
topographic
field 
sheets, 
which 
were
later
reduced 
to 
1:10,000 scale final maps.
The complete soil survey and mapping methodology is
described in chapter 3.
The study was conducted in consultation with Ato 
Mekuria Tafesse, General Manager WRDA and National Project
Coordinator ETH/88/013, Mr. S.Thirugnanasambanthar, FAO team
leader, and the members of the Steering Committee for the
UNDP assisted projects in the irrigation subsector.
The     work     was     executed     in     the     field     with     the     assistance of      WRDA      technical      staff,      including      Ato      Girum      Asfaw      (the national       soil       survey       counterpart)       and       Ato       Melesse       Kumsa (national      soil      survey      assistant)      and      Ato      Mesfin      Kidane      and Ato         Birhane         Gashu         (topographic         surveyors).         The         deep boreholes      and      their      descriptions      were      made      by      Ato      Teodros G/Egziabher (geologist) and Ato Bulcha Nigatu (driller).
14
r1The
terminology 
used 
for
soil
description, 
taxonomic
soil
classification 
and 
irrigability 
evaluation 
in
the
report     is     explained     in     USDA     (1951     and     1988)     and     FAO     (1976, 1977, 1979, 1985 and 1988).
Of         the         4         different         soil         series         identified         in         the project        area        only        three        have        been        tentatively        named,        and described       in       detail       in       this       report,       since       the       fourth       one       is very       limited       in       extent       and       not       suited       for       irrigation       because of steep slope and relative shallowness.
The       three       major       soil       series       are       very       similar       in       most profile         characteristics.         They         are         all         very         deep,         somewhat imperfectly        drained,        black        to        brownish        black,        moderately        to very        strongly        alkaline,        occasionally        sodic,        medium        to        highly calcareous, non-saline, cracking clays (vertisols).
Their       names       (see       below)       are       derived       from       the       Kubsa village       located       in       the       phase       I       area,       the       Weib       and       the Asendabo rivers, respectively.
Their classification are:
differing 
characteristics
and 
taxonomic
1.         Kubsa soil series (Chromo-Hypo-Calcic Vertisols; FAO, 
1988/91) Brownish black clay (with 15-32% silt and 65-
85% clay), and a calcic horizon of soft powdery lime in 
between 60-110cm of the surface.
These      soils      have      both      a      rudic      (=surface      stones)      -      and      a sodic (ESP upto 28) phase.
2.                Asendabo         soil         series         (Pelli-Hypo-Calcic         Vertisols;         FAO 1988/91)       Black       Silty       clay       (with       30-55%       silt      and       45-65% clay)        and        a        calcic.horizon        of        soft        powdery        lime        in between 60-120 cm of the surface.
3 - weib SQil, series (Pelli-Eutric Vertisols.- FAO, 19 88/91)
Black Clays (with 9-37% Silt and 60-90% clay) and a
very deep (below 125cm) or no calcic horizon.
They      mostly      have      a      rudic      (=      surface      stones)      and      rarely a sodic phase.
Complete         description         of         these         soil         series         (and         their phases)       is       given       in       appendix       I,       together       with       the       analytical results        of        the        soil        samples        taken        and        of        the        infiltration and         permeability         tests.         Determinations         of         intake         family         is given       in       appendix       II.       Total       depth       of       the       (sub)       soils,       until the bedrock and brief descriptions is given in appendix III.
2I2. THE ENVIRONMENT
2. i Location, access and extent q.£ the prelect ar.aa
a.    Location
The project area lies in a valley on the left bank of the Weib river in Gadulla awraja, about 30km from Goro, at an altitude of around 1900m. (see figures 1 and 2).
' Its location is roughly in between 07° 06' and 07° 09' Northern Latitudes and 40° 22* and 40’ 24' Eastern longitudes, or   according   to   the   Universal   Transverse   Mercator   Grid Designation (Zone 37, clarke 1880 spheroid) in between 16,000 and 19,500m North and 652,500 and 657,500, East.
The area can be found on 1991 aerial photograph no 0034, run  B2  (contract  ET  1:10,  scale  l;50:000).  and  on  250,000 scale toposheet.
b.   Access
The project area is about 30 km from Goro, and about 80 km  from  Robe.  Between  Robe  and  Goro  there  is  a  good  all- weather  dirt  road.  From  Goro  the  road  deteriorates  and  for the last 18km it is no more than a track to Kubsa village located in the project area.
c.   Extent
The area surveyed for the phase I project covers about 968  ha.  of  which  about  60i/2%  (583  hectare)  are  moderately suitable for irrigation development.
2.2 Climate
a. General Characteristics
Meteorological data for the project area are not 
available. The nearest meteorological station is at Goro; 
monthly rainfall and temperature data for this station are 
given in Tables 1 and 2 and in Figs. 2 and 3.
Rainfall  is  eratic  at  Goro.  in  the  11-year  period  for which  records  are available, the maximum annual rainfall was 1,383 mm and the minimum 351 mm.
The me_an annual rainfall is about 723.9 mm: about 50% of it is received during March, April and May (Belg) and more than 25% in September and October (Mehr), while the other 7 months  are  relatively  dry,  having  only  20%  of  the  total annual rainfall.
3"-’T I"'.!SUD A N
FIGURE I PROJECT LOCATION
ETHIOPIA
SOMALIA
MOGADBHOThe  survey  area  has  an  elevation  ranging  from  1790  to 1915m.
Air  temperatures  at  Goro  (which  is  located  at  an elevation  of  about  2,000m.)  are  very  uniform  throughout  the year.  On  the  basis  of  the  three  years  of  available  data, mean  monthly  temperatures  vary  between  17.3      ~c  (June)  and 19.6°c  (January).  Mean  monthly  minima  vary  between  7.4'C 
(October)  and  11.6’C  (January),  while  maximum  vary  between 24.4 C (June) and 28.2°C (February).
c
The  mean  monthly  pan  evaporation  varies  from  128  mm (September) to 180 mm (March) with a mean annual of 1732 mm.
The  mean  daily  wind  velocity  varies  between  1.5  m/sec. to  4.0m/sec.  with  the  high  wind  speeds  occurring  from  June till August.
b.   soil moisture regime
No exact data on soil moisture are available in the 
Bale-Gadulla area. It has thus to be estimated from the 
rainfall data.
The  somewhat  imperfectly  drained  and  nearly  local  to gently  undulating  upland  Vertisols  are  considered  to  have  an Ustic  soil  moisture  regime,  which  means  a  dry  upper  subsoil for at least 90 days (cumulative) and at least moist in some parts for at least 90 consecutive days.
c. Soil Temperature regime
This has also to be estimated from the climatic (air temperature) data.
The mean annual soil temperature at a depth of 50cm is most probably higher than 15’C and lower than 22’C, and the difference   between   mean   summer   and   mean   winter   soil temperature is less than 5'C, and thus it is classified as Isothermic■
2•3 natural vegetation and present Land use
The  nearly  level  terrace  landforms  (see  T  -  Mapping units)  along  the  Asendabo  river  are  not  cultivated  and covered  by  a  medium  dense  bush  forest  of  Acacia  and  often short  and  tall  trees.  These  areas  are  presently  used  for grazing.  The  more  undulating  landforms  (see  V-mapping  units) are almost entirely cultivated.•able 1. Rainfall, Gone
Mean aonthly rainfall (■■) based on 11 years' data, 1976-86 Jan Feb Mar Apr Nay Jin Joi Aug Sep Oct Mot Dec Total 14.5 21.2 110.6 136.6 135.3 46.2 12.1 32.0 111.9 77.1 21.3 5.1 
723.9
Table 2. Air teiperature, Gorro
Kean aonthly air tenperatores Ideg.C based on 3 years' data, 1982, 1984, 1965
Jan        ?eh            Mar           Apr            Hay        Ju:          Jul          Aug           Sep         3::
De:          Meis
Mm
11.6
10.5
10.1
1C.2
9.7
10.1
10.0
10.3
9.3
7.4      10.4
10.0
i:.o
Mean
19.5
19.4
18.6
13.0
*" •?
17.3
17.5
IB.4
17.9
17.1      18.9
1S.8
13.3
Max
27.6
28.2
27.2
25.7
24.4
24.4
25.2
26.5
26.5
26.7      27.4
27.5
26.6
6Fig. 2
Mean months rainfall. Gcrro
Q
o
□ min.
r meon
O max.
7[ z
L
JFarming  practices  are  traditional  ploughing  by  ox.  The main  rainfed  crops  are  maize,  barley,  wheat,  oats,  sorghum and  different  spices.  (cumin,  fenugreek  and  coriander).  In terms  of  land  area,  barley  is  the  most  important  crop. Barley, wheat and Oats are all grown in both seasons and so are the spices, but maize seems to be usually grown in the Belg only.
2.4 Physiography, Geology and Drainage
As  can  be  seen  on  the  1:50,000  scale  Aerial  Photo Interpretation  map  (Fig.  4)  and  the  schematic  cross-section 
(Fig.5) of the Bale Gadulla (phase I) area three (or four) major landforms have been distinguished. They are:
P=  The  Plateau  with  undulating  summit  (Pj  above  2300m elevation   (often   with   large   State   Farms)   very,   steep 
escarpments soil map).
(P )  and  steep  lower  foothills(=H  on  the  final 
a
All these units, except H, are located outside the area surveyed.
v= The undulating Older Valiev Bottom, which is 
predominantly cultivated and mostly covered by common to many basaltic surface stones. within the phase I area, its 
elevation ranges from 1825-1900m.
This  unit  has  been  subdivided  mainly  on  the  basis  of slope (degree and form) into:
VI - undulating or convex upper part
V2 - gently undulating lower part
V3 - level to gentle concave drainage ways and depressions
T=  Nearly  level  River  Terraces  along  the  Asendabo river.  They  are  covered  by  medium  dense  Acacia  bushes  and with  few  or  no  surface  stones.  Their  elevation  ranges  from 1785-1840m.  Three  different  Terraces  have  been  distinguished Tl,   Ta     and   Ts     (upper-,   middle-,   and   lower   terrace respectively).
A= Alluvial valleys of the Asendabo dry river bed (A,) and the Weib river (partly a deep canyon)
The plateau and foothills, as well as the valley bottom and terraces are underlain by vesicular basalts (similar to the surface stones) of the lower Tertiary (Paleocene Oligocene- Miocene) Trap series (Ashangi group), according to the Geological Map of Ethiopia (Scale 1:2 million), compiled by V.Kazmin (United Nation, 1972).
Both rivers, the Asendabo and Weyib, are draining the area to the Southeast into the Wabi shebelle river system.
8•e jp&r-W
&Flfl. 4
Aerial Photo-Interpretation Map of the Bale-Gadula area (PhaseI) and Surroundings Approximate Scole - 1:50 OOO
L.A.Van Sleen.FAO- Expert
22 February 1992
9
ET HIO__________ Bz 
ST03
0034
7600                   2O-I-I99|IJ
t. IFig. 5; Schematic cross- section of the Bale - Godulo ( Phase I)area
- Dense forest
< Tf1? - Medium dense ocacia shrub forest Common to many surface stones
Knick
S |WN W
I
10SOIL SURVEY METHODS
3.1  pre-survev activities
Maps  and  reports  of  the  1990  Korean  soil  survey  were collected  and  studied  as  well  as  the  1991  (scale  1:50,000) aerial photographs, which were interpreted in detail.
A   preliminary   physiographic   legend   for   soil   survey purposes   was   established   and   on   the   basis   of   photo interpretation  mapping  units,  transects  for  highly  Intensive soil  survey  observations  and  representative  sites  for  soil profile  pits  and  deep  borehole  drillings  (upto  the  bedrock) were located.
All  this  was  then  transferred  to  1:5,000  scale  topo sheets, with lm. contour intervals to be used in the field.
3.2  Field Operations
Systematic  soil  survey  work  for  the  feasibility  study of the Bale Gadulla (phase I) area started on 23 January and was completed by the end of February 1992.
The soil survey fieldwork involved.
Systematic  auger  hole  observations  upto  200cm  depth were  made  along  the  transects  at  intervals  of  200m, over  a  total  length  of  about  14km.  In  total  71  auger holes were made.
In  between  these  auger  hole  observations,  continuous so-called,  (shallow)  soil  surface  observations  were made  with  special  attention  for  changes  in  soil  surface colour,  stoniness,  slope  and  vegetation  cover  etc.  In total at least _8_5 of such observations were recorded by a brief code and/or boundary line plotted on the map.
Detailed  soil  profile  descriptions  were  made  on representative  sites,  including  soil  sampling  for laboratory  analysis.  In  total  7  soil  profile  pits  were made upto 2m. depth.
Near 1 of the above mentioned soil profile pits a deep borehole was drilled upto the bedrock.
Thus in total 71 + 85 + 7 = 16‘3 new observations were made. This  together  with  the  approx  75  old  observations  over an  area  of  about  968  ha,  resulted  in  an  average observation density of 1 per 4ha.
Besides    lafiltration-and    permeability    tests    were executed in triplicate on all 7 soil profiles sites.W Bl U,.f L [
IF
I’
I
r
13.3  Post Fieldwork activities
After  completion  of  fieldwork,  all  data  had  to  be interpreted,  including  the  laboratory  results,  which  were received from WRDA's laboratory on 24 and 26 March 1992.
PF  values  and  bulk  densities  to  be  determined  by  the national Soils Laboratory, however, where only received on 17 April  1992,  and  the  calculated  results  of  the  infiltration and permeability tests were also handed over by the national 
counterpart on 17 April 1992.
Correctio
n
and update
of 
the 
final 
(1:10,0
00 
scale)
draft 
soil 
map and 
legend, was 
compl
eted 
on 10 
April 
199
2, whi
le the 
final
(draft) 
Irrigability
Map 
was 
complet
ed on 
21 
April
1992, 
after receipt of all the data.
The  feasibility  draft  report  (including  the  drawing  of schematic  cross-sections  and  graphs  and  small  maps)  started in early april and was completed on 4 May 1992, when it was handed over to the project staff of WRDA for final checking, typing and drawing.
124.   SOILS AND DESCRIPTION OF SOIL MAPPING UH1TS
4.1 The soils and their Taxonomic classiiicatigp
Inspite  of  the  18  physiographic  soil  mapping  units delineated,  soils  within  the  phase  I  project  area  are  very uniform and similar in profile characteristics.
Apart  from  one  unnamed  soil  series  occurring  on  the alluvial-colluvial  footslope  (HJ  below  the  steep  rocky  hill 
(HJand which is very limited in extent (15w« Ha only) and not suitable  for  irrigation  development  because  of  steep  slopes 
(8-9%) and not very deep soils (<_ l»/>m to the bedrock) all other (three) soil series differ only from each other in soil colour  (very  slightly:  Pellic  or just  chromic),  depth  (or presence)of a calcic horizon (within or below 125 cm of the surface) and soil texture: being either silty clay (with 31- 53%  silt)  or  clay  (with  <  32%  silt)  and  slightly  in  soil reaction  (pH)  being  either strongly  to  extremely  or moderately alkaline.
Otherwise  these  three  soil  series  (collectively  covering about 938 ha(or 97% of the project area), are all very deep, somewhat   imperfectly   drained,   black   to   brownish   black, moderately  to  very  strongly  alkaline  (occasionally  sodic), medium  to  highly  calcareous,  non-saline,  cracking  clays  (= Vertisols).
Their  tentative  names  (see  below)  are  derived  from  the Kubsa Village located in the phase I area, the Weyib river, forming  the  southern  boundary  of  the  phase  I  area  and  the Asendabo  river,  forming  the  north  and  eastern  boundary, respectively.
These  three  soil  series  are  described  in  detail  under appendix  I,  together  with  their  laboratory  analytical  data. Their  main  characteristics  and  diagnostic  criteria  are  as follows:
Kubsa—Spill—Series: They are the dominant soils of the undulating  or  convex  upper part  of  the  Older  Valley Bottom (V.), partly dissected and with 2;/i-7% slopes and predominantly  cultivated  and/or  covered  by  Kubsa village,  and  with  common  to  many  surface  stones  of vesicular basalt.
They  are  very  deep  (3-4m  deep  to  bedrock),  somewhat imperfectly   drained,   very   slowly   permeable,   slightly   to highly calcareous (9-25% Ca Co,) with a calcic horizon within 125  cm  depth,  moderately  alkaline  in  the  topsoil  and  very strongly  alkaline  below  (PH(H,O)  8.0-9.4),  sodic  below  20cm depth (ESP 9-30% of CEC), brownish black, cracking clays (65- 84% clay in the fine earth fraction) .
13Representative profile: BAGO01
These 
soils general
ly 
occu
r on the undulating or convex 
upper
part 
of the Older 
Va
lley 
Bottom in association with the 
Weyib
soil
series  havi
ng 
a
deeper  calcic  Horizon  (=below 
115cm
 depth 
or more).
According  to  the  revised  (1988)  legend  and  the  (June 1991) annex 1 of the FAO/UNESCO/ISRIC Soil Map Qf the World, these   soils   with   fine,   cracking   clays   and   intersecting slickensides   within   100cm   of   the   surface,   have   been classified  in  the  soil  group  of  Vertisols  and  in  the  soil unit Calcic Vertisols (VRK), (=having a calcic horizon within 125cm of the surface) and soil subunits Hvpo-Calcic Vertisols (=  the  calcic  horizon  consists  of  concentration  of  soft 
powdery  lime).  And  because they  have  chromas,  moist  of  1.5 or  more,  they  may  receive  the  prefix  chromi,  thus  Chromo- 
Hvpo-Calcic Vertisols.
Similarly
to 
the above, 
these 
soils
have 
been classified 
in  the 
order
of 
Vertisols  in  the  U.S
.Soil 
Taxonomy  System 
(Key, 
1988), 
and 
suborder  Usterts  (=
=ustic 
soil  moisture 
regime) 
and g
reat 
group chromusterts (= 
having
chromas moist, 
of  1.5
or 
more)
and  subgroup  Udic 
Chromu
sterts  (=having 
cracks  that  remain  open  from  90  to  150  cumulative  days  in most years) .
2-  Wevib  soil  series:  They  are  the  dominant  soils  of  the phase  I  project  area,  covering  the  gently  undulating  lower part  with  many  surface  stones)  and/nearly  level  to  gently concave  depressions  and  drainage  ways  (with  few  surface stones)  of  the  predominantly  cultivated  older  Valley  Bottom, as well as the Upper and Lower River Terraces without(or few) surface stones.
They  are  also  very  deep  (mostly  3-8-.?2m  deep  to  bedrock), somewhat  imperfectly  drained,  very  slowly  permeable,  slightly to  moderately  calcareous  (8-15%Ca  Co,),  with  no  calcic horizon  within  125cm  of  the  surface,  strongly  alkaline  (PH 
(H,0)  8.2  -  8.6),  only  occasionally  sodic  (ESP  of  36-39% below 40cm depth), black, cracking clays (60-90% clay in the fine earth fraction).
Eepr.ssent.ative Profiles: bagoo4, bagoos, bagoo6, bagoo7.
Similar  to  the  Kubsa  soil  series,  these  soils  have  been classified  in  the  subgroup of  Vertisols.  according  to  the 
fAQ/UNE CQ/—ISRic(1988) 
S
revised  legend  and  in  the  soil  unit 
Eutr 1?—V.fi f 11S Q1 s ( =not having a gypic or calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface but with a base saturation of more  than  50%  throughout  the  profile).  Because  of  their chromas, moist of 1, they have given the prefix Pelli. Thus Pelli-Eutric Vertisols.
14In  the  US  Soil  Taxonomy  System  (Key,  1988)  they  are  also Vertisols  (=order)  and  Usterts  (suborder)  because  of  ustic soil  moisture  regime  and  great  group  Pellusterts  (because of chromas  1),  and  subgroup  Udlc  Pellusterts  (=having  cracks that  remain  open  from  90  to  150  cumulative  days  in  most years.
3-  Asendabo  soil  series:  They  are  the  dominant  soils  of the  non  cultivated  Middle  River  Terrace,  predominantly  with no  (or  few)  surface  stones and  medium  dense  Acacia  shrub land.
They  are  similar  in  all  aspects  to  the  Kubsa  soil  series, but  always  black  in  colour and  with  a  higher  percentage  of silt (31-53% silt in the fine earth fraction) and thus siltv clavs.  They  have  a  calcic  horizon usually  between  63-117cm of the surface and they are moderately alkaline.
Representative profiles: BAGO02 and BAGO03
Similarly to the Kubsa soil series they have been classified in  the  soil  subunit  of  Hvpo-Calcic  Vertisols 
(FAO/UNESCO/ISRIC  legend,  1988/91),  but  with  a  prefix  Pelli, because  of  their  chromas,  moist  of  1,  thus  Pelli-Hvpo- Calcic Vertisols.
Likewise, in the US Soil Taxonomy System (key 1988) they are classified in the subgroup of Udic Pellusterts.
4.2 Detailed Physiographic soil map legend
On  the  basis  of  physiographic  landform,  slopes,  surface stoniness  and  land  use  and  vegetation  cover  types  and  soil taxonomic  characteristics,  the  following  physiographic  soil mapping  units  were  delineated  within  the  phase  I  Bale- Gadulla project site.
15•: . J -> ?■
' t- .1
' 
‘ 'St
■' ’ I
X
■,r ■. ■
■jSttr'/-"
 .'!■
:/f< ?src-
*> *r
•■' <v
V «
• -x, •
■ • '; .
r
IPhysiographic Soil Map Legend of the Bale-Gadulla Area
Kappmj   Physiographic Description, Unit    inducing vegetation cover
Syibols   type, slope classes and
depth to bedrock
Soil series naie (Soil
Taxonciy, FAO 1983
variants, phases) and
■ago. soil profile characteristics
Irrigation
Suitability
subclasses
P •
Plateau, outside project area
not surveyed
not relevant
H
Steep Hills and footslopes; pred.
under grassland and iany surface 
stones
Hl
Very Steep and Rocky Suiiits
lockland (vesicular basalt)
I2sr
and upper slopes
H2
Steep footslopes |8-9t slopes:
Hot naied (Mollie Flnvisols,
N2s
< 1 ]i deep to bedrock
rudic phases).
Moderately deep, well
drained, brownish black,
silty loai over gravels
Pred. Cultivated, Undulating Older Valley Bcttoi
V*. Undulating or Convex Upper Part: pred: 3-h deep to bedrock:
Coiscn tc iany surface stones 
•.vesicular basalt)
711 Strongly sloping J-71: slopes)
Rubsa soil senes iCbroii-Eypc-
Nied
upper slopes; acre dissected
Calcic Vertisols; scdic,
rudic phases (see V12 unit)
712 Gently Convex Lower Slopes
kubsa soil senes (Chrcii-
S3d’a
(2|-3l slopes.
Hypc Calcic Vertisils, sodic,
ridi: phase]. Very deec
soiewha: imperfectly drained,
brownish black, crackicg clays
with a calcic toricor within
12fci depth (Repr. prefile B-'.)
V2 Gently Undulating Lower Part; pred. 5-Sli. deep tc bedrock;
Conon to iany surface stones 'vesicular basalt}
Vll     Nearly level to very gently undulating suaoits 1            slopes
Neyib soil series 'Belli-’utnc
Vertisols, rudic phase;, very deep, soiewhat uperfectly drained, Mack, cracking clays
(Rear. profile: B-'l
Slow
V22
Gentle convex |2|-4’. slopes)
Weyib soil series: rudic phase
Sldw
as above
V23
Convex (3HM slopes
Neyib soil series: Rudic phase
S’ed
as above
V2J
Deep (i-lk] Sideslopes to Weyib
veyib soil series : Rudic Phase
Nied
16Physiographic Sell Nap Legend of the Bale-Gadnlla Area
Napping
Physiographic Description,
Soil series naie [Soil
Irrigation
Unit
including vegetation cover
Tuoaoij, FAO 1336
Suitahilit:
Syibols
type, slope classes ana
variants, phases, and
subclasses
depth to bedrock
najcr soil profile characteristics
Biver valley. 
as above
V3 Nearly Level to Gentle Concave Drainage lays and Depressions;
Pred. 3-5i. deep to bedrock; aostly none or
 few surface stones
V31
Narrow, Concave drainage ways:
Beyib soil series: as above,
Sued
|3j-U slopes)
but act rudic
V32
Broad depression without surface
Neyib soil series, non rudic
S2dw
stones
V33
Broad  depression  with  iany
ieyib soil series (Feili-futnc
S-ad
surface stones.
Vertisols, sodic, rudi: phase
Very deep, scievhat uparfectly
drained, sodic cracking clays
•iRepr. prefile: B-E
T     Nearly level River Terraces With Scattered Bush Vegetaticu Upper Terrace
TH     Slightly convex Suir.ts: upto 2Jk slopes; few rock outcrops. pred,
<jj deep to bedrock
Weyih soil series ,’elli-mr::
Vertisols)
(See T12 unit!
S2d M
T12    Nearly   level   rants;   1-ljl   Slopes; pred. 3-U. deep to bedrock
12     Middle Terrace
weyib soil series Fellt-Iutnc Vertisols. non-rudt: phase)
llepr. profile:
S2dw
t:i
Transitional  fcotslopes  below  5:
Asendabt soil series .Belli-
E-'k slopes; nany surface stones:
Nied
Hypc-Ca’.c.c Vertisols, radio
pred>-2i, deep to bedrock
phase . Very deep, soiewhat
uperfeotly drained, black tc
brownish black cracking, silty
clays, with a calcic htrinin
within 12‘ci depth
(kept, profile. S-2
TH
Very gently sloping 2k slopes ;
Aseodabe   soil   series   i?elli-Sy?c
Ccncn to aany surface stones: pred
Calcic Vertisols, rudic phase);
ildw
>:i. dee? co bedrock
T23     Nearly  level  smuts:  l-l|k  Slopes
pred. >5i. Deep tc bedrock
Aseadabc soil series (Felli-Syp:
Calcic Vertisols, uoa-rudi:
but sodic phase)
Very deep, sciewbat uperfeotly
$2dv
17Physiographic Soil Map legend of toe Bale-Gadulla Area
Mapping
Unit Syibols
Physiographic Description,
including vegetation cover
Soil series naie (Soil
Taionoiy, PAC 193s
type, slope classes and
variants, phases and
irrigate
Smtabilr
scbclasse
depth tc bedrock
aajcr soil prorile characteristics
drained, black, cracking, sodi:
silty clays, wit: a calcic
•
horicon within 125 depth
[Bepr. profile: B-3)
T24
Sideslopes [31*41 slopes) with
Asendabo Soil series as
Sld'e
few rock outcrops; pred. <3i
above: slightly rocky phase
deep to bedrock
?3
Lover Terrace
nearly level ;< 1A slopes;: pred. 3-5i deep to bedrock
leyib soil series [Pelli-Sntric
S2di
Vertisols).
very deep, soievhat mperfectly
drained, black, cracking clays
[Bepr. profile: 3-4).
A
Alluvial valleys, outside project
area
lot surveyed
S:r
relevant
Al
A2
Asendabo dry valley, with
basaltic
Veyib valley
18Iv--
PHTSIOGRAPHIC SOIL MAP LEGEM) OF THE BALX-GAOJLA
AAtA
MAAHXC UMT JTWtQLS
zrxsyr.anr--~
a. —
R
**-’ —•
MV M«WM
—
f )J 7  1  / /
• 1       \ V
H v\>7/
.      Aid_WJz>
1    \
■ \- a^c-‘ y« 
1 \ ) '2\'
\ /             12                \ ►    7
i ••'■p /f *1Z'
GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
unopTfao- e th /m /ois
HROJECT:                             STRENGTHEMM}
TIC OESCN GAFABUITCS OF WRDA
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DAtA»MP“1   «•  Fig_6 6EWcc=Z-"'-
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19I
c4.3 Description of physiographic soil mapping unlXfi.
in  this  section  the  18  mapping  units  shown  on  the physiographic soil map (scale 1:10,000), are described in more detail and their hectarages (and percentage of total area) are given.
Mapping Unit H.: Steep, Rocky Hills 14xlx ha(lP  Qf total areal
a
This unit is too elevated (above command elevation), too steep  and  too  rocky  for  any  irrigation  development.  It  is covered by grassland and many rock outcrops and surface stones of vesicular basalt. Irrigation suitability subclass: N,sr.
Mapping unit H,: Steep Fox>tslopes;  8-9%  SlQPes; 15i ha  (<?£  lit Qf
total area)■
Moderately deep, well drained, good permeable, yellowish brown to brownish black, silt loam over gravels. It occurs on the steep alluvial-colluvial footslopes below the steep rocky hills.
Brief Profile Description
0- 35cm Brownish black, strongly calcareous, silt loam
35- 75cm. Dark yellowish brown, strongly calcareous silt loam 75-140cm. Dark yellowish brown, strongly calcareous gravelly silt
loam.
140cm. Rock (vesicular basalt).
The natural vegetation consists of grassland soil reaction (pH) is strongly alkaline. 
This unit is too steep for irrigation development. Irrigation suitability subclass: N .
2
Mapping Unit V.T;
Kubsa soil series, strongly 
Rudic phase.
Approx. 39* ha (or 4% of total area)
sloping,
Very  deep,  somewhat  imperfectly  drained,  very slowly  permeable,  slightly to  highly calcareous,  moderate  (topsoil)  to  extremely 
( subsoil) alkaline . _sodic ( subsoil) , brownish black. cracking clays.
It occurs on the moderately dissected, undulating upper part of the older valley bottom. This unit is partly covered by Kubsa 
some grassland and some cultivated lands and all of it has common to many surface stones of vesicular basalt.
201
- . -.-r.Brief Profile Description
A.
0-20cm.
Brownish  black;  well  developed,  very  fine  and  fine 
subangular  blocky,  strongly  calcareous,  ClaY-  pH8.0 
A          20-63cm.  Brownish  black;  moderately  development,  medium  to 
s
Bk
63-110cm.
coarse,  angular  blocky  including  wedgeshaped; strongly  calcareous,  cracking  clay.  pH  8.4  (9% exchangeable sodium percentage).
Brownish  black;  moderately developed,  medium  to coarse,  angular  blocky  including  wedgeshaped; extremely  calcareous,  with concentrations  of  soft lime  concretions  or  pseudomycelium;  cracking—cl^Y• pH 9.4 (27% ESP).
u
B  110-170'cm Brownish black; moderately developed, medium to 
coarse, angular blocky including wedgeshaped; extremely calcareous, cracking clav. pH 9.2 (29% 
E.S.P.)
This  soil  is  in  general  only  marginaLly  suited  to most  (climatically  adapted)  crops.  Its  suitability is mainly downgraded because of its extreme sodicity in  combination  with  restricted  subsoil  drainage,  and also  to  some  extent  because  of  its  difficult workablity for seedbed preparation. This
particular mapping unit, however, is considered as 
not suitable at all, because of its steep slopes 
(and erosion hazard).
Irrigation suitability subclass: Nlse 
Land development requirements of this unit have 
been rated as high because of its severe 
topographic limitations.
Mappxnq Unit V12:       Kjjbsa—S-Q.ilseries, gently (2>-3%) sloping,
Uldic Rudic phase.
approx. 68 ha (or 7% of total area).
similar  to  V..  above,  but  only  gently  sloping  and thus less subjected to erosion hazard.
This  unit  occurs  on  the  gentle  convex  lower  slopes of the upper part of the older valley bottom
Its suitability for irrigation development has been               development has been downgraded because of restricted subsoil drainage 
in  combination  with subsoil  depth  (3-4m) marginally suitable.
high sodicity and limited upto the bedrock, as only A further limitation is its 
difficult workability, as           workability, mentioned Irrigation suitability sub          suitability class: S, . 
4
development requirements of this unit* ‘are 
because of moderate topographic limitations.
above. Land 
medium
21IMapping unit v„: wevib soil_____ series <—nearly lfiYfel—tQ YerY geatlY (lxz^-2%) Slopes. Rudic phase Approx. 166v. ha (or 
17$% of total area).
Very deep, somewhat imperfectly drained, very slowly permeable,  slightly  to  moderately  calcareous, strongly alkaline, blasK, cracking clays.
It  occurs  on  the  nearly  level  to  very  gently undulating  summits  of  the  lower  part  of  the  older valley  bottom.  This  whole  unit  is  cultivated  and with  common  to  many  surface  stones  (of  vesicular basalt).
Brief Profile Description
;
A  0-20cm
A, 20~57cm
B  57-122cm
a
Black;  well  developed,  fine  and  medium,  subangular blocky; strongly calcareous siltv clay. PH 8.6.
Black;  well  developed,  coarse,  angular  blocky including wedgeshaped; strongly calcareous , cracking clav. PH 8.0.
Brownish  black;  well  developed,  coarse,  angular blocky  including  wedgeshaped;  strongly  calcareous cracking clay• ph 8.4.
B, 122-160cm Black with grayish brown concentrations of soft lime concretions;  extremely  calcareous,  cracking  clav. PH 8 . 4
This  soil  is  in  general  moderately  well  suited  to most  (climatically  adapted)  crops.  Its  suitability is  somewhat  downgraded  because  of  its  difficult workability  for  seedbed  preparation  and  problems related  to  restricted  subsoil  drainage.  Irrigation suitability subclass: S2a.
Land development requirements are low, except for 
the possible need to construct a drainage system of about lmeter deep ditches at regular intervals. 
Depth to bedrock of this unit is about 5 to 8J 
meter.
Mapping Unit V2i: weyib soil series, gently (21-3%) sloping, Rudic 
phase
Approx. 47 ha (or 4v<% of total area).
Similar to V21 above, but it occurs on the gentle convex slopes of the lower part of the lower valley bottom  and  is  slightly  more  subjected  to  sheet erosion.
Irrigation suitability subclass: sadw
Land  development  requirements  are  low  because  of light topographic limitations only.Mapping Unit V„: Wevib soil series.—(3i~4%) SlQPiDQ, rufllC Pha5.S
Approx. 36|ha (or 31% of total area)
Similar to Vn (and V„) above, but it occurs on the somewhat steeper convex slopes of the lower part of the older valley bottom, and is thus more subjected to erosion hazard, for which reason it has been down graded  as  only  marginally  suitable  for  irrigation development.
Irrigation  suitability  subclass:  S,,d.  Land development  requirements  of  this  unit  are  medium due to moderate topographic limitations.
Mapping Unit v„: Wevib soil series, strongly (4-7%) sloping. rudls
phase.
Approx 44 ha (or 41% of total area).
Similar to V„ (and V„ and v„) above, but occurring 
on  the 
steep 
sideslopes
of
the  lower 
part  of 
the 
older 
valley 
bottom 
and 
severely 
subjected 
to 
erosion hazard. This unit is too steep for gravity irrigation  development.  Irrigation  suitability subclass:  N,„.  Land  development  requirements  of their unit would be very high, due to very severe topographic limitations.
Mapping,Un.lt vj;: wevib soil series (31-4%) sloping
Approx. 19 ha (or 2% of total area.)
Similar to v„, but it occurs on the narrow slightly concave, narrow drainage ways, traversing mainly the upper part of the older valley bottom. Mostly there 
are only few or no surface stones on this unit. Irrigation suitability subclass:S,tJ
Mapping Unit V12 :Vfeyib soil series, nearly level (<l%) slopes. 
Approx. 57 ha (or 6% of total area).
Similar  to  V1;,  but  occurring  in  the  nearly  level broad depression and mostly without (or few) surface stones.
Irrigation suitability subclass : Sja.
23!Mapping Unit V„: wevib soil series, nearly level (<1% slbPesJ-L 
rudic, sodic phase
Approx. 21 ha (or 2j% of the total area).
Similar to V„ above and also occurring in the nearly level,  broad  depression,  but  with  common  to  many surface stones and with sodic phase.
Brief Profile Description
A..  0-15cm    Black; well developed, very fine, subangular blocky; strongly calcareous, clay PH 8.2
A.   15-40cm   Black; moderately developed, coarse, angular blocky including wedgeshaped; strongly calcareous , cracking clav. PH 8.0.    (9% exchangeable sodium percentage, ESP) .
B
u
40-115cm  Black; strongly developed, coarse, angular blocky including wedgeshaped; strongly calcareous , cracking clav. PH 8.6 (36%ESP).
Bk 115-160cm  Black,  with  grayish  brown  concentrations  of  soft lime  concretions,  extremely  calcareous,  cracking clay. PH 8.4 (39% ESP).
This unit is marginally suited to most (climatically adapted)  crops.  Its  suitability  is  mainly downgraded  because  of  its  extreme  sodicity  in combination  with  restricted  subsoil  drainage,  and also  to  some  extent  because  of  its  difficult workability for seedbed preparation.
Irrigation suitatility subclass : S,..,
Mapping—Unit T.. : WgYib—soil series, slightly convex (uoto 21% 
%l.Qpe$ )—with few rock outcrops .
Approx. 17 ha(or lv«% of total area)
Similar to V12, etc, but it occurs on the slightly convex part, with few rock outcrops, of the upper river terrace. This unit is uncultivated and 
covered by medium dense Acacia shrubland and with few or no surface stones. Subsoil depth to the bedrock is generally in between 2-3m only. This 
unit has been downgraded as only marginally suitable f°  irrigation development because of restricted 
r
subsoil drainage in combination with limited subsoil depth.
Irrigation suitability subclass: sia, 24Mapping unit TX1: wevib soil series, nearly level (1-1* sl9Pes_l 
Approx. 89$ ha (or 9j% of total area)
Similar  to  Tu above,  but  occurring  on  the  nearly level upper river terrace summit and with 3-4m deep 
(sub)soil upto the bedrock.
Brief Profile Description
A-  0-23cm  Black;  moderately  developed,  very  fine  and  fine, subangular blocky; strongly calcareous, clay. PH
8.4 .
AB 23-70cm  Black;  moderately  developed,  coarse,  angular  blocky including  wedgeshaped;  strongly  calcareous,  gracXluq clav. PH 8.6.
70-150cm  Black;  moderately  developed,  coarse,  angular  blocky including wedgeshaped; strongly calcareous , cracking clav.PH 8.2
Bk 150-160cm  Black,  with  bright  brown  concentration  of  soft  lime concretions;  extremely  calcareous,  cracking  clay, pH 8.4
This unit is moderately well suited for most (climatically adopted) crops. It is only somewhat 
downgraded because of difficult workability and restricted subsoil drainage. Irrigation suitability subclass: S„,.
Mapping Unit TJ;:     Asendabo soil series, strongly (6-7%) sloping^ nudic Phase
Approx. 6iz« ha(or v<% of table area).
Very deep, somewhat imperfectly drained, slowly permeable, slightly to highly calcareous, moderately alkaline., black, cracking siltv clav.
It occurs on the transitional footslopes below H, sloping to the middle river terrace summit. It is covered by dense Acacia shrub vegetation and many surface stones o-f vesicular basalt.
Brief Profile Description
A
x 0  -  20cm  Black;  moderately  developed,  fine  and  medium, subangular  blocky;  slightly  calcareous,  siltv  clav. PH 8.0.
Black; 
blocky;
moderately
moderately
developed, coarse, subangular calcareous, cracking siltv clav.
PH \8.2 .
25Bk    63-108cm  Black;  moderately  developed  coarse,  (sub)  angular blocky  including  wedgeshaped;  strongly  calcareous 
(many lime pseudomycelia, cracking (silty) clay, PH 8.0.
Bl 108-165cm  Black;  moderately  developed,  medium  and  coarse, angular  blocky,  including  wedgeshaped,  strongly calcareous, cracking(silty) clay. PH 8.2
B , 165-190cm Black; as above, (siltv)clav PH 8.4
u
These  soils  are  generally  moderately  well  suited for  irrigation  development;  only  downgraded  because of  difficult  workability  and  restricted  subsoil drainage.  This  mapping  unit  however,  is  not suitable because of steep slopes and erosion hazard.
Irrigation suitability subclass
Mapping unit t„: Asend^bp §oii series vexv. gently (2%1 sloE-ina. 
rudic phase
Approx. 10 ha (or       of total area).
Similar to TM  above, but occurring at its foot and very gently sloping.
This unit is therefore moderately well suited for irrigation development as discussed under T„. Irrigation suitability subclass: Sld,
Mapping Unit T„: Asendabo soil series, nearly level I1-1U slopes). Approx. 142|ha (or 14J% of total area)
Similar to T,, above, occurring on the nearly level middle terrace summit, but with no (or very few) surface stones.
Brief Profile description
A.   0-15 cm
AB 15-73cm
73-117cm
Black;  well  developed,  fine,  subangular  blocky; moderately calcareous; siltv clav. PH 8.0.
Black; moderately developed, coarse, angular blocky including  wedgeshaped;  strongly  calcareous  cracking siltv clav. PH 8.2
Brownish black; moderately developed, coarse angular blacky including wedgeshaped; strongly calcareous; cragking (Silty) clav. PH 8.4.
26B„  117-210cm  Black;  6trongly  developed,  coarse,  angular  blocky including  wedgeshaped;  strongly  calcareous  ,  crackinq 
(siltv)clav, . PH 9.2.
Likewise  to  the  T„  unit,  this  unit  is  mgderatelY well suited for irrigation development.
Irrigation suitability subangular: SJ4,
Mapping  Unit  T„  :  Aser.dabo  soil—series\—(     3-4.U—SlOPlAQi—SQmewhat rocky phase
Approx. 57J ha (or 6% of total area).
Similar to T„ above, but occurring on rather steep sideslopes  of  the  middle  terrace  with  a  few  rock outcrops.  Depth  to  bedrock varies  generally  between 2-3m only.
This unit is only marginally suitable for irrigation development because of restricted subsoil drainage in combination with limited (sub) soil depth. And erosion hazard. 
Irrigation suitability subclass S34..
Mapping Unit T,: Wevib soil series, nearly level(<l% slopes) 
Approx. 70jha (or 71% of total area)
Similar  to  Tllf but  occurring  on  the  lower  terrace summit  and  with  3  to  5m.  (sub)soil  depth  to  the bedrock.
Brief Profile Description
A. 0-17 cm      Black; well developed, very fine, and fine subangular blocky; strongly calcareous, clav. PH 
8.2.
AB   17-65cm Black; moderately developed, coarse, angular blocky including wedgeshaped; strongly calcareous, cracking clav, PH 8.4.
B
u     65-117cm Black; strongly developed, coarse, angular blocky including wedgeshaped; strongly calcareous, cracking clav. PH 8.2.
117-182cm  Brownish black; strongly developed, medium, angular blocky including wedgeshaped; strongly calcareous, with many soft lime concretions, cracking clav. PH 8.2.
182-195cm  Brownish    black;    moderately    developed, subangular blocky, clav, PH 8.2 .
medium,
27E
11This unit has been somewhat downgraded because of difficult workability and problems related to restricted subsoil drainage as moderately suitable for most (climatically adapted) crops.
Irrigation suitability subclass: S2dw
This remaining 46 hectare (or 4.75% of total area) are covered by Kubsa village, which is located on 15.5ha of Vll and 28ha of V12 and 2.5ha of V13 soil mapping unitsTable     3:     Showing     hectarages     (and     X     total     area     of     all     mapping Units occuring in the phase I> Bale Gadulla Area
+--------------------------- I Kubsa Village;
+-------------------------- I including Vll
I                          V12
| 
+- I +■
V13
Subtotal Kubsa Village
I  Hl
I
+■
H2                                                        1
—-
1              46.00 |
1               14.75 |
15.25 |
I
+■
Subtotal H land type                            1         30ha
|
--------------------- 4.
4.75 |
1.50 | 1.50 |
3.00X1
Vll
1
39.50 |
4.00 |
I V12 
I
7.00
- -----------------------------------------------
-
| Subtotal VI subland type |
+-
I ' V21
I  V22 
I  V23
I  V24
+-
I Subtotal V2 subland type |
1
1
1
1
166.75 
| 
47.00 
| 
36.25 
I
44.00 |
------------------- ► 17.25 |
43.75 |
3.50     |
4.50     |
294.00 |
30.00 1
+-
I  V31
I  V32
I  V33
1
19.00 |
2.00 |
1
57.00 |
6.00 |
1
21.00 |
+-
I
+-
2.50 |
Subsoil V3 subland type
|
97.00 |
10.25 |
I  total V-land type
I  Til
1
948.50 |
51.25 |
I  T12
1
17.00 |
1.75 |
+■
I Subtotal Tl-sub land
+■
1
89.50 |
9.25 |
type I
106.50 |
11.00 |
I  T21
I
T22
I1 123
1 1 -
6.75 | 10.00 |
I
T24
h------------------------------------
II Subtotal T2-subland
1 I                 T3-subland
1 142.50 |
1 57.50 |
0.75 | 1.50 |
14.50 |
6.00 1 -------------------- 4.
-----------------------------------
|     Total     T-land     type
f -------------------------------------
|  Total area +-------------------
type |
type |
216.75 | 70.50 |
1 393.50 |
I 968ha
|
+---------------------- +
22.50 |
7.50 | -------------------- 4.
41.50 |
100.00X1 ------------ +
28atr
n5.   IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY
The study area is to be developed by using the water of the Weyib river.
The  quality  of  this  water  seems  to  be  highly  suitable for irrigation and no hazardous effects on soils are expected over its long-term use. As can be seen in Table 2, the Weyib river has low soluble salts and therefore no salinity problem and pH reading falls in the normal range.
Toxic  elements  like  sodium,  chloride  and  boron  are  too small and will cause no problem for irrigated crops.
Table 2, shows the chemical analysis of the Weyib river water. It was copied from the Korean report.
Table 4: chemical analysis of the wevib river irrigation water
Chemical Conductivity PH
(SC,) 
0.08 dsm":
7,11
Cations [in meg/1)
Sodium (Na")
Potassium (K")
Calcium (Ca")
Magnesium (Mg"")
Anions (in meg/1)
Chloride (C1-) Floride (F-)
Bicarbonate (HC-,
Carbonate (CO,--)
Sulfate (SO,--)
0.24
0.04
0.36
0.16
0.08
0.56
nill
Phosphate (PO,--)
Nitrate (NO,-)
Boron (mg/1)
Water  analysis 1aboratory services.
were
carried out at WRDA's water
296. LAND EVALUATION FOR IRRIGATED AND RAINFED AGRICULTURE
Some  factors  that  effect  land  suitability  for  surface irrigation  are  permanent  and  others  are  changeable  at  a cost.
Typical  examples  of  permanent  factors  are  climate, macrotopography, soil depth to bedrock and soil texture.
Changeable  characteristics  which  may  be  altered,  may typically    include    micro-relief,    vegetation,    stoniness, 
•salinity, depth of groundwater and some social and economic conditions(e.g. land tenure, accessibility).
The  costs  of  necessary  land  improvements  have  to  be estimated  so that economic  and environmental consequences of development can be predicted.
In   section   6.1   Land   development   requirements   and limitations   for   surface   irrigation   are   discussed   and categories  or  degree  classes  defined  such  as  for  bush clearance,  land  levelling  and  removal  of  surface  stones  on the  basis  of  an  estimation  of  the  costs  for  improvement. Table   6   summarizes   the   land   development   limitations, requirements and classes of all the soil mapping units shown on the soil map.
In section 6.2 the physical and chemical properties of the   three   identified   soil   series   (Kubsa-,   Weyib   and Asendabo) are discussed and evaluated.
In section 6.3 the potential (post development) 
suitability of the soil units delineated, has been worked 
out for a wide range of climatically suitable crops, both 
for irrigated and rainfed cultivation (see table 7 and 3 respectively).
Then   on   the   basis   of   these   two   aspects   (land development   classes   and   potential   crop   suitability)   a general land evaluation for both irrigated and rainfed crop cultivation  was  made  for  all  the  soil  mapping  units  (see table 9) .
6 • 1 Land—Development------ Requirements and Limitations for Surface Irrigation
Permanent limiting factors for irrigation development in the Bale-Gadulla (phase I), scheme, consists of steep, rocky hills and steep footslopes only, while the surrounding high plateaus with steep escarpments confine the project to the old river valley bottom with river terraces, only.
Changeable Limiting factors for irrigation development in the Bale-Gadulla scheme include:
30p
•••A’.a)    medium  dense  vegetation  cover,  comprising  mainly  Acacia bushes and thornscrubs, on the river terraces only (=T- landtypes).
b)     Common  to  many  surface  stones  of  vesicular  basalt, covering most of the older valley bottom (landtype V).
c)   Slopes and other topographic limitations
ad a- Vegetation clearance
In order to be able to construct the irrigation scheme, the area will have to be cleared of existing trees, bushes and shrubs. In the phase I area, only the river terraces of the T-landtype are covered by medium dense low Acacia shrub vegetation  with  scattered  trees.  This  area  comprises  about 393 ha (or 41% of the total phase I area) and the clearing reguirements of these T-mapping units are considered as low.
Mapping units of the older valley bottom (V-landtype) are all cultivated and do not need any bush clearance.
ad b- Removal of surface stones
All the mapping units of the (gently) undulating or convex upper and lower part of the older valley bottom (V, and V, mapping units) are covered by common to many surface stones (mostly 10-30cm in diameter). These stones, however, do not occur within the soil profile, but they make the use of mechanized agricultural equipment impracticable and will thus have to be removed.
Manual picking of these surface stones, to clear an area of lOXIOmeters, resulted in a stone heap of about 1.125m  and was completed by 2 man in 30 minutes. Thus about 112m’ stones PSIhd, may be cleared in 20x30x100 minutes = 100 manhours, or 13 mdnddYS ■ At a labour cost of 3 Birr per day, this will be about IQ Birr pgr ha, Which is a negligeable amount.
J
It may further be noted, that clearing the topsoil upto about 2.Q. cm depth, resulted in an additional stone heap of only 0.15 m’ per 100m  (= 15m  per hectare).
1
1
Moreover, these topsoil stones, are generally smaller in size,  with  diameters  ranging  from  5-10cm.  Therefore,  these few, and small topsoil stones may be left in the soil without causing any problem.
To conclude, stone removal requirements are nil to very low. (even in the most dense stone cover units) and do not have any influence in the irrigability evaluation of the phase I project lands.
31ad c-      Land levelling
After construction of the irrigation and drainage system, land levelling will be necessary for the furrow irrigation to ensure  a  proper  water  flow  in  the  furrows  and  homogeneous moistening of the soil profile.
To  enable  the  irrigation  engineer  to  calculate  an accurate   estimate   of   levelling   requirements   and   costs, representative  sample  fields  should  be  selected  and  measured in  detail.  In  this  report  however,  only  very  general qualitative   classes   of   levelling   requirements   have   been distinguished mainly on the basis of slopes (classes).
32k
I
•1    ~ >J i-^i------------ --------- 1 i:Table 5: Preliminart land levelling classes, and related mapping units and their extent
+
I
I
I
+
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-+----------------------------------- +---------------
Land levelling catagories
Low grading/levelling
1   Slope
| 
| Area
1   Classes          | Soil Mapping Units | Total 1%I
1      % Of       1
|       Total |
1         ha
1
1
-+------------------------------------ +--------------
— +------------------------------- 4.
| < 2%
requi rements                                1 *1
1 1 1
1
| V21
1 V32
| V33
| T12
| T22
| T23
| T3
|  166.75 | |  57.00 | | 21.00 |
|          89.50 | | 10.00 |
|  142.50 |
I          70.25 |
17.25
6.00
2.25
9.25
1.25
14.50
7.50
+
+
| Subtotal
| 
557.00 | 
58.00X1
+--------------
|   Medium
--------
I 2.5 - 3% |
- +---------------------
Til
1
-------------- — 17.00 |
1.75 |
| grading
I
1
1
| T12
1
68.00 |
7.00 |
| V22
1
47.00 |
4.75 |
+--------------
--------
- +---------------------
--------------4.-----
| Subtotal
High
| 3.5-4% | V31
| 
36.50 |
3.50
grading
1 
1 V23
I
19.00 |
2.00
1 1
I
57.50 |
6.00
-------------------- +-----
I Subtotal
+•
Excluded:
too steep 
|     > 4% |
or     rocky,     or     otherwise     | 
not suitable
|
----------------------------------------- +--------- ------ + _
1  Subtotal                               1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Hl
H2
VI1 
V24
T21
Kubsa Village
14.75 15.25 39.50 44.00
6.75 46.00
1.50
1.50
6.00
4.50
0.75
4.75
---------------+— ------------- +
--- __ -------- - ------------------------ +---------
------------------------------------------ +---------
166.25 |
Grand Total
1     968.00 | 
--------------- +—
17.00%|
100%) --------------+
33d. Land Development classes
In summary of the above, it may be noted, that the medium dense  vegetation  cover  of  Acacia  shrubs  (on  the  river terraces) as well as the common to many surfaces stones on most  of  the  cultivated  older  valley  bottom  surfaces,  both require  only  low  development  efforts  (and  costs)  and  are therefore allowed in land development classes DI.
Thus the only remaining factor of importance for the land development classes in this phase I project area, is formed by the different slope classes.
Of this latter, the low grading category has been allowed for in land development class 1, and medium grading in land development class 2, while high grading will come into land development class 3 and the remaining units will be excluded of any irrigation development.
In  6  table  below,  the  type  of  limitation  and  their development  requirements  as  well  as  the  land  development classes have been summarized for all the soil mapping units.
6.2 Evaluation of the soils (soil fertility)
About 938 hectare (or 97% of the total phase I area) is covered by very deep, somewhat imperfectly drained, black to brownish black, moderately to (very) strongly alkaline, medium to highly calcareous, non-saline, 
(occasionally sodic), cracking clay soils.
On the basis of only minor variations in soil colour (either black or brownish black), presence or absence of 
a  calcic  horizon  within  125  cm  of  the  surface,  soil texture (being either silty clay with 31-53% silt or clay with less than 32% silt), or soil reaction (PH of the upper and lower subsoil varying either in between 8.0- 8.6 which is moderately alkaline, or in between 8.4 - 9.4 which  is  strongly  to  very  strongly  alkaline),  three different    soil    series    have    been    tentatively distinguished. They are named Kubsa, Asendabo and Weyib soil series and respectively classified as Chromi-Hvpo- calelc-, Pelli-HYPO-Calcic. and oelli-Eutric Vertisols.
The physical properties of these dark-coloured, cracking clay soils are moderately good.
They are difficult to work for seedbed preparation and somewhat imperfectly drained with (most probably) slow to very slow permeablities although the values obtained from the field tests are somewhat higher than expected. These values vary in between 0.24-0.73 meter per dav. which is moderately slow to moderately rapid. These relatively high values may be the result of insufficient pre-wetting and thus not closing all the shrinkage cracks.Table 6: Land Development Limitations, requirements and Classes,
of all soil Mapping units in the Phase I, Bale-Gadulla area
I...................
1          ' Type of Degree of Liiitations
1 1
•4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I Development Requirements
□ Cl 1
”••4
| Land |    Area            |
-1      1nnaont
I Mapping 
1 Topography I Vegetation |
Surface
i Levelling|
Bush 1
Stone
i Classes I
9a 1
L 1
I Units
1 slopes I
1
Stones
Meioval 
| Clearancel
Clearancel 
|
i
1
|V12 1 2.5-3 •  | Cultivated | Many I Medium | Hone  | Lew 1 D2L  | 69.90 | 7.00 |
|V21 1 1.5-2  | Cultivated j Many 1 bow  1 None  ) Low 1 DI  | 166.75 | 17.25 |
1722 1 2.5-3  | Cultivated I Many I Nediui | Hone  | Low 1 D2L  | 47.00 | <•75 |
|V23 1 3.5-4  | Cultivated | Many 1 High  | lone  | Low 1 D3L  | 36.25 | 3.50 |
|V31 1 3.5-4  | Cultivated | few-none 1 High  | lone  | loie 1 D3L  | 15.00 ) 2.00 |
|V32
|V33
1 <2 1    Cultivated |  few-none 1 Low        | lone       | Ione       1 DI           1   57.00 |   6.00 |
1 <2 |    Cultivated | Many       1 Low        | lone       | Low
1 01 |   21.00 |   2.25 |
ITU        1 2.5        | Acacia Shrub 1 Few        I Mediui |     Low        | Low        1 D2L          I   17.00 |   1.75 |
IT12       1 1-1.5      |  Acacia Sbrubl None       1 Low        | Lov        | Hone       ! DI
39.50 |   9.25 |
l?22 1 2 | Acacia sbrubl Macy 1 Low  | Low Low 1 DI  ! 10.DC | 1.25 1
IT2- I 1-1-5  I Acacia Shrub) None 1 Low  | Low  | None I DI  | 142.50 | 14.50 |
|T24       1 3.5-4      | Acacia Shrub! V.few r.o| High
Low        | Low        | DSL          I   57.50 |   6.0D 1
IT2        1 <1         I Acacia Shrub) Nene         1 Low        | Low        | Hone       i DI           !   73.25 |   7.50 j
1
I
Total area to be developed
Excluded. because net      suitable fcr irrigati  on
1 301.75 32tl
I
ievelopient: 31, Hl, Vll, V24 T1 1 and Idsa 7
il’age
1
j
ri
I
Grand Total
i
m j
....
4
35The same can be said of the relatively high bflg10 infiltration rates measured in the field, varying mostly in  between  5.8-7.3cm  per  hour.  These  values  indicate moderate to marginal suitability for gravity irrigation.
Total  available  moisture  measured  on  undisturbed core samples of 4 different soil profiles vary in between 183-350mm over 1 meter which is rather high, (silty clay to  clay  textures  usually  show  values  of  available moisture in between 180-250mm only).
Top   soil  structure  of  these  soils,  however,  are generally  very  good,  fine  to  medium  size,  subangular blocky and friable when moist.
The chemical properties of these soils are generally good  except  for  their  soil  reaction  (pH)  which  is moderate to (very) strongly alkaline (pH 8.0-9.4) causing limited  availability  of  micro-nutrients  and  occasionally sodicitv problems, which will require addition of gypsum. At  higher  pH  (>8.5)  values,  availability  of  phosphorus also  decreases  in  the  presence  of  calcium  and  boron toxicity is common in sodic soils (pH>9.0).
Cation Exchange capacity (CEC) is high to extremely high (62-81 meq/lOOgr soil) and exchangeable bases of Ca and Mg are very high and of K high to very high and base saturation % is very high.
Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) is mostly below 15%  but  occasionally  27-39%,  which  may  cause  future physical   problems   through   clay   deflocculation.   These high  ESP  levels  may  have  deterious  effects  on  the structural  stability  of  these  soils  and  their  physical response  when  water  is  applied,  especially  since  they contain  expending  type  of  clay  minerals.  The  presence of excessive amounts of exchangeable sodium promotes the dispersion  and  swelling  of  clay  minerals.  The  soil becomes  impermeable  to  both  air  and  water.  these  soils will  thus  require  gypsum  application  without  which  50% yield reduction may occur.
Organic carbon content is high in the topsoil (2.4- 3.3%) and medium in the subsoil (0.7-2.0%). Nitrogen is high to very high in the topsoil (0.15-0.86%) and medium to  very  high  in  the  subsoil  (0.10-0.98%).  Available phosphorus varies between 76-925 ppm (or 11.4 to 138 7 kg per ha) which is slight to high.
36I6.3 Crop Requirements and Crop Suitability .of the SQ.llS and
the soil mapping Units
6.3.1 General Description of suitability—classs.6—and 
subclasses
Most  crops  are  tolerant of  a wide range of soil conditions. Varieties of some crops can be bred, to suit 
(or  tolerate)  particular  soil  environmental  conditions. Crop yields also depend greatly on management: by good management or use of special techniques, a skilled farmer may be able to produce satisfactory yields from a soil relatively  unsuited  to  the crop.  Good  crops  can sometimes  be  obtained  from ’poor1 soils  too,  in  years with  favourable  weather.  Besides,  the  suitability  of soils for irrigated crops Intends to be independent of rainfall characteristics.
The  crops  for which the suitability of the soils has been rated here, are those adapted to the climatic environmental (altitude) conditions (see figure 7).
The land suitability classes quoted in table 7 (for irrigated)  and  table  8  (for  rainfed)  are  defined  as follows:
51 
= 
Highly suitable
52 
= 
Moderately suitable
53 
= 
Marginally suitable
N1 
= 
Presently not suitable
N2 
= 
Permanently not suitable
The  subclasses  are  indicated  by  using  lower  case latter  suffixes  for  the  major  limitations:  the  first suffix being the most important limitation.
They are:
c  =  climatic  conditions  not  well  suited  to  the  crop (temperatures too low)
r = restricted rootability - limited depth to bedrock rock outcrops.
s = Very steep slopes
e = (sheet) erosion hazard (moderate steep slopes) 
w = difficult workability for seedbed preparation and/or too 
heavy topsoil causing poor aeration or prevailing peg penetration (groundnuts) and/or causing losse at 
harvesting.
d  =  problems  due  to  restricted  subsoil  drainage  or  poor aeration, but at least 3m deep upto the bedrock. These soils  may  be  artificially  improved  for  instance  by ditches of 1 m. or more deep at frequent intervals.
37HOPTIMUM ALTITUDES FOR MAJOR CROPS IN ETHIOPIA
38d1 = restricted subsoil drainage as above and in combination with limited soil depth (e.g 2-3m depth only) as a result of  which  the  groundwater  table  will  build  up  rapidly under irrigation, to reach within the rootzone.
p  =  only  for  rainfed:  rainfall  restricted  or  too  erratic; hazard of perodlc drought (800-1000mm annual rainfall).
a  =  Soil  reaction  (pH)  too  high  (=alkaline)  and/or  even sodic.
In table 9 the dominant suitability for most of the climatically  adapted  crops  is  given  for  all  the  soil mapping units; both for irrigated agriculture as well as for rainfed. Also the extent (and % of the total area) is given for all the suitability subclasses.
6.3.2   Major   requirements   of   the   crops   shownintheCE2P suitability tables
Maize  has  relatively  high  moisture  and  nitrogen requirements and a shallow rooting system (mainly within 40cm). It is killed if the rootstone is waterlogged for more than about a day. It tolerates a wide range of soil reaction.  With  rainfall  less  than  800mm,  in  the  Bale Gadulla  area,  the  dark  coloured  cracking  clay  soils  of this  area  should  not  be  placed  higher  than  suitability class  3  because  of  drought  hazard  during  the  growing season.  Thus  suitability  subclass  fi,.:  (P  for  low rainfall), provided that no other limitations are present which require them to be placed in a lower class. For irrigated  conditions  these  soils  should  not  be  rated higher than class 2, because of difficult workability and restricted  subsoil  drainage:  suitability  subclass  and whenever the subsoil (upto the bedrock) is less than 3m. deep,  they  should  not  be  rated  higher  than  class  3: suitability  subclass  SJd.w   (d'  =  risque  of  rapid  build up of ground water table within the root zone).
wherever these soils are sodic they should also be rated as class 3: suitability subclass
Whea.t is deep-rooting, has only a moderate moisture requirement, is tolerant of short period wetness in the rootzone (but not sustained water logging) and tolerates a wide range in pH.
Wheat grown in the rainy season is susceptible to disease and difficult to weed and is not recommended, at present.  Therefore  suitability  subclass  (for  rainfed): Nlc.  For  commercial  production,  however,  it  requires  to be grown with irrigation in the dry season.
39r-The 
dark-colour
ed, 
cracking 
c
lay 
soi
ls
of 
this 
area 
can 
be 
included 
in 
class 
2,
where
they
can
be 
artif
icial
ly   draine
d, 
provided
there 
a
re 
no 
other 
limitations,  requiring  them  to  be  placed  in  a  lower class.  Thus  suitability  subclass  (for  irrigated conditions):
For  Sorghum.  any  soil  receiving  less  than  800mm, annual rainfall, should not be placed higher than class 2, because of drought hazard during the growing season, under rainfed cultivation. Thus suitability subclass:
■
Under   irrigated   conditions,   the   dark-coloured. Cracking  clay  soils,  can  be  placed  in  class  1,  where there are no other limitations, such as wetness or depth. But because of their somewhat imperfect interal drainage, they are rated in suitability subclass Sa-.
Rainfall  is  too  low  in  this  area,  to  provide adequate moisture for rice during the growing period and these soils are thus rated as not suited for rice under rainfed.   suitability   subclass:   But   under   irrigated conditions they may be well suited.
For  groundnuts  temperature  conditions  are  rather too  low,  and  with  annual  rainfall  below  800mm,  these soils should not be placed higher than class 3. Besides, the  heavy  topsoil  textures  of  these  cracking  clay  soils are  preventing  the  pegs  from  penetrating  while  clay topsoils  are  also  unsuitable  since  this  increases  losses during   harvesting.   Therefore   the   suitability   subclass under  rainfed  will  be  ,  provided  there  are  no  other limiting  factors  to  put  them  in  a  lower  class.  Under irrigated  conditions  they  may  be  placed  in  class  2  or suitability subclass iCB.
Yields of beans are reduced by short-periods of 
water logging. Therefore, these somewhat inperfectly 
drained, cracking clay soils should not be rated higher 
than class 2; or suitability subclass SldB, for both, 
rainfed and irrigated cultivation.
Likewise   for   Soyabeans,   can   these   dark-coloured cracking  clay  soils  be  placed  in  suitability  subclass 
'   for   irrigated   conditions.   And   because   of   low rainfall in suitability subclass under rainfed.
SafXlQWer  and  sunflower  are  also  very  sensitive  to water  logging  and  impeded  drainage  and  are  therefore likewise  placed  in  suitability  subclass  under  rainfed conditions,  and  because  of  the  low  annual  rainfall  of less  than  800mm,  in  suitability  subclass  S,  «  under rainfed conditions.
40Potatoes are best grown on an acid soil, while the somewhat  imperfectly  drained  cracking  clay  soils  should not  be  placed  higher  than  class  2,  since  potatoes  are very sensitive to waterlogging for more than 1-3 days in the surface layer.
Without  irrigation  potatoes  can  only  be  grown  in the rainy season, but since annual rainfall is less than 800mm, they should not be rated higher than class 3, or suitability subclass .
With  irrigation  available,  it  is  possible  to  grow three crops in the year (although preferably not on the same  land,  because  of  disease  build  up)  and  these strongly  alkaline  clay  soils  can  thus  be  placed  in suitability subclass:
Tomatoes  do  not  well  under  alkaline  conditions  and the plant is not frost tolerant.
with less than 800mm annual rainfall, these somewhat imperfectly drained clay soils should not be rated higher than class 3, or rainfed suitability subclass: S,„. while under   irrigation   they   may   be   rated   as   suitability subclass S,d..
Kenaf  is  sensitive  to  water  logging  and  to  ensure even fibre quality, irrigation is necessary in this area with  less  than 800mm annual rainfall. For under rainfed conditions these soils are thus rated as not suitable for Kenaf or suitability subclass
But for irrigated conditions these somewhat imperfectly drained clay soils may be rated not higher than suitability subclass £, .
d
Dark-coloured  cracking  clay  soils  can  generally  be placed in class 2 for citrus. if artificially drained to 1  meter  depth  and  irrigated.  However  the  high  altitude (above  1800m)  is  another  limitation  downgrading  these soils  as  class  3,  or  suitability  subclass  provided there  are  no  their  limitations.  Under  rainfed  these soils  are  not  suitable  because  of  low  rainfall,  or suitability subclass &CI).
For Bananas> these clay soils can be placed in class 
2, if they are drained to at least 60cm. but temperatures 
are rather too low, for which reason they have been downgraded as class 3, or suitability subclass And 
under rainfed as suitability subclass
For  Qgffee  and  Tea,  these  heavy  clay  soils  would not be placed higher than class 3, because of restricted permeability and aeration.IlAlso the calcareousness and higher pH (even 
sodicity) is another limiting factor, and rainfall is too low (should be above 1300mm). So they are not suited 
for rainfed cultivation, or suitability subclass: 
But assuming irrigated conditions, suitability subclass 
may be £34,, provide there are no other limitations.
For  Tobacco  temperatures  are  also  rather  too  low and  so  is  the  rainfall.  therefore  rainfed  suitability subclass        But for irrigated conditions these some
what  imperfectly  drained  clay  soils  may  be  rated  not higher  than  suitability  subclass  S,<e,  since  it  is  very intolerant to water logging.
Cotton is tolerant of moderate to strong alkalinity (so long as this is not accompanied by impeded drainage 
which is the case with the dark clay soils) . It requires higher  temperatures.  With  rainfall  of  less  than  800mm annually,  these  cracking  clay  soils  can  not  be  placed higher than suitability subclass S,,..
Under     irrigated     conditions     these     somewhat imperfectly drained clay soils should also not be rated higher than class 3, or suitability subclass £c4.
Because    of    sunshine    and    hot    temperature requirements, and of not being tolerant to water logging, these black cracking clay soil should not be rated higher than  class  2  for  Sugarcane.  And  because  of  annual rainfall  being  less  than  800mm,  these  clay  soils  are rated   for   under   rainfed   conditions   in   suitability subclass £3,. only.
Under irrigated conditions these clay soils are suitable for sugar cane cultivation, if they are adequately drained, by means, of ditches 1 meter or more 
at frequent intervals or cultivation of the crop on cambered beds. Irrigation suitability subclass: £,el.Table 7: Irrigated Crop Suitability of the
Bale-Gadulla (Phase I) area
♦...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1
I Crops
|
1
Soil Napping Units: Soil series, variants and phases
II
I 4----+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r-—4. . . . . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . .  t. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4
I    I    Hl    |    32    |V11    |    V12    |    V21    I    V22    I    V23    I    V24    |    V31    |    V32    |    V33    I    T11    I    T12    I    TH    i    T22    |    T23    I    T24    I    T3    | 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4----4. . . . . . . . . . . 4—-4. . . . . . . . . .  4. . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . *. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4--™4. . . . . . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . .
.Maize       |N2rs|N2s       |Hled|S3ad       |S2dw       |S2dw       |S3ed       Hied       |S3ed       |S2dw       |S3ad       |S3d'w|S2dx       Hied       |S2dw       |S2dw       |S3d'e|S2dw       | frteat       |H2rs|N2s       |Nled|S3d'a|S2dw       |S2dw       |S3ed       |Nled       |S3ed       |S2dw       |S3da       |S3d'if|S2dw       Hied       |S2dw       |S2dn       |S3d'e|S2du       I tBarely       |N2rs|N2s       |Bled|S3d'v|S2dw       |S2dw       |S3ed       Hied       |S3ed       |S2dv       |S2dv       |S3d'       |S2dv       tiled       |S2dv       |S2di       jS3d'e|S2dv       I IScrgnua       |i2rs|l2s       |lled|S3d'v|S2dw       |S2dw       |S3ed       tiled       |S3ed       |S2dv       |S2dv       |S3d’       |S2dv       tiled       |S2dv       |S2di       |S3d'e|S2dv       | Hice |K2rs|I2s Hie |S2e |S1 |S2e |S3e |Ile |S3e |S1 |S1 |32r |S1 |Ile |S1 |S1 |S3re |S1 I
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 — ..*. . . . . . . . . 4—-4. . . . . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . 4. . . . . . .  4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . .  4 ——4——4——4- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
I         Groundnuts|N2rs|N2s
IBeans
|!2rs|M2s
I     Soya     Beans|X2rs|K2s
tSaffloier |I2rs|H2s
ISunflover             |N2rs[H2s
|S3ev|S2cv |S2cw |S2cw|S2cm |S3cv |S2cw |S2cw |52ev |S32v |S2cv |S3ew |S2cv |S2cw |S32v |S2cw| |S3ed|S2dw |S2dw |S2dw |S3ed |S3ed |S3ed |S2dv |S2dv |S2(h |S2dv |S3ed IS2d» |S2dv |S3ed |S2dv | |S3ed|S2dw |S2dw |S2dw |S3ed |S3ed |S3ed |S2dw iS2dw |S2dv |S2dw |S2cw |S2(h |S2dw !$3ed |S2dv
iS3ed|S2dw |S2dv |S2dw |S3ed |S3ed |S3ed |S2d« |S2dw |S2dw |S2dv |S2dv IS2dv |S2d» |S3ed |S2dv !
|S3ed|S2dw |S2cw |S2dv |S3ed |S3ed |S3ed |S2dv IS2dw )S2dv | S2dw |S2dv |S2dv |S2dv |S3ed'|S2dw [
potatoes |X2rs|I2s
|S2ediS3d'a|S2da
iS’da
|S2ed
|s3ed
l$2ed
|S2da
|S2da
jS3d'a|S2da
IS3ec
|S2da
|S2da
|S3ed'|S2da
|
IToiatoes |N2rs|N2s
!S3ed|S3d'ajS3da
|S3da
S3da
|S3ed
|S3da
|S3da
|S3da
|S3d'a|S3da
|S3ed
|S3da
|S3da
|S3d'a|S3da
I
I Lena! H2rs|X2s
|S3ed|52d |S2d
,S2d
|S3ad
|S3ed
|S3ed
|52d
|S2d
|S2d |S2d
!S3ed
|:2i
|S2d
|33ed |S2d
I
t
ICitrus             |l2rs|I2s |S3:d|S3cd |S3cd |S3cc ;S3cd iS3cd |S3cd |S3cd |S3cd |S3cd |S3cd |S3cd |S3cd |S3cd |S3cd |S3cd | tBananas         H2:s’I2s |S3cd|S3cd |S3cd |S3cc |S3cd I33cd |S3cd IS3cd |S3td IS-:* !S3:d |S3:d |52:d IS3cd |S3cd !S3:d 1
t“” .......
.4...-.4.... .I----------..
7
[Coffee        |S2rs|I2s        |Nlda|Nld'a|S3da        |S3da        IS3da        |S3de        |S3ca        |Sida        Hida        :Jild'a.S3da        |S3de        Is’da        Hida        Hl:'a;S3da        ;
|7ea
HlrsH’s   HldaHld'a|S3da
iS3aa    |S3da |S3de          |S3da |S3da        |Hlda   Hld'a|S3da            |S3de          |S3sa       Hida |rJ'a,S3da             .
(Tobacco                   |I2rsH2s   |I2S |S3dc             |S3dc     |S3dc    |S3dc |N2s            |S3dc |S3dc        |S3dc   |S3dc          I Side |H2s              i’-dc     |S3dc |S3dc          iS3dc :
-
-4••••••• •••■4
iCctton
|N2rslN2s   |S3ed|S3cd           |S3cd     |S3cd    |S3cd |S3ed          |S3cd |S3cc        |S3cd   iS3cd          |S3cd |S3ed           |S3:d     |S3cd tiled             |S3:d |
(Sugar Cane|N2rs|N2s               |S3edH2d'             |S2cd      (52cd    |S2cd |S3ec          |S2cd |S2:d         jS3c'    |M2d'          |S2cd |S3ed           SZcc      |52cd H2d’          |S2:dI       2d:n|       2djl|       odzxl       3d;s|       sdzxl       :dzx|       odzx]       3d’K|       adzxl       adjal       sdzxl       adzxl       adzxl       :dzx|       adzxl       sdjK|       szx|sizx|       oaaaqoil
l8pd;x!Tpd-x|B9d:xis;dZX!B3diX|«?dzx|8pdcK!spd:x|t?d7X|«pdZK|tad7K|tpdcX|»pdZK|?pdZH|
?d?xi
s?H|S-ZNl
??ll
l’PdZI|tpdzx|epdZl|8?d-K|tpdzx|Bpdzx
epd;X|Epdzx|tpdzxHpd’K|EpdZK|tpdZX|epdzx|Epdzx|
*dzx|
fdZKl
edclil
HXlsaZHl                   «JP3I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ♦. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *. . . . . . . . +. . . . . . .  ♦. . . . . . . . +. . . . . . . +. . . . . . . ♦. . . . . . . f. . . . . . . . .....4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *
i      dJESl      dajsi      catSi      datsl      d=ES|      datsi      d=>£S|      docSj      d3£Sl      dots!      datsi      a=ES|      d=ES|      catsl      dats,      dats|      s;xisi;x|      sebezesi
I      dazxl      dazxl      dazx|      dazxl      dazx|      dazxl      dazxl      dazxl      dazMl      dazxl      dazxl      d=ZHl      doZNl      dazxl      dajxl      dazxl      szx|sJ’K|      stu:ij|
f. . . . . . . . +. . . . . . . . ♦. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  -. . . . . . . . +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +. . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . 4-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *. . . . . . . . E. . . . . . . r. . . . . . . . t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i—-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r
I       dzx|       dzx|       dzxl       dzx]       dzx|       sdzx|       dzi!       d?H|       dZKi       dzx|       sdzxl       djxj       dzx|       dZMl       d£N|       sdZKi      SZXlSIJXl                   iEU9X|
I pd»S| »dts| pdzsl pd£Sl sdESl pd£S| pdtsl pdtsl pd£S| 9d£S| sdtS | ed£sI pdtsl pdtsl pd£S| sd£S| I pd£S| ad£S| pdESl ?d[S| 3d£S| pdtsl pdcs| pdtsI pdCSl adtsl ad£S| adtSI pdfSl pdtsl pdtsl sdts| I pdESl ad£s| pdcsl pdasl dsrsl pdtsl pd£S| pd£S| pda«| adfs| dsts| ad:s| pdtSI pdtsl pdtsl dstSl I pdES| adtsl pdtsl pdtsl dstSl pdas I pd£S| pdtsI pd£SI adtsI sdtSl adtsl pdtsl pd£S| pd(S| dstSl I pdtsl 9dtS| pdtsl pdtSl sdzxl pdtsl pdtsl pdtsl pdtsl sdtsl sdZKl sdtS| pdtsl pdtsl pd£S| sdzxl I *PZS| patSl BPZSl *PZ$I pstSl *PZS| *PZS| >PZS| *PZSI P?CS| patsI pa£S| *PZSI »PZS| *PZS| ps[S| | Md£S| *dtS| *d£S| MdtSl *six| MdtSl MdtSl *d£SI MdtSl *dtS| Mill MdtSl *dtSI MdtSl *d£SI «IK|
'ZK|sizx|
sacjEicil
szxlsazxl saoquoal
szx|s;zx| JMoijnnsi
SZX|3JZX| BMUJISl
SZK|sazxlsueas eiosl
SZX|SJZN| SDESEl
szx|sjzx|sinapmi5|
4. . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4-
1 dzi| adjt|
- - - - - +-
dzil
- - - - - 4. . . . . . . . 4-
dZl| adzxl               dZXl
— — 4. . . . . . . . 4-
dzxl adzil
- - - - - 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . .  4-
dzxl adzxl adzxl adjxl
dZK|
- - - - - 4. . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . 4-
dzxl dzxl adzxl
—.4—-4-
SZXISJZXI
■. . . . . . . . . . . 4
anx|
1 dzs| adzsl                  dZSl       dZS|      adtsl       dZSl    >PCS| adzsl            dZSl                adzsl adzsl adzsl      dZSl                dZSl adZS| adtsl
SZM|SJZM|
inqfeios|
1 dzs| adzsl
dzsi      dzsi adtSl              dZSl    iPSSl adzsl              dZSl                adzsl adzsl adzsl      dZSl                 dZSl adzsl adtsl
S?X|SIZX|
i[ai!8|
I Bill 2IM|
3ll|
OIMl
31X|
3IX|
31X| 31X|
31X|
3IX| 3iN| aiNl
3IH|
31X| 31X| OIX|
SZN|SIZX|
'.taqxl
1 dzsi adtsl
dtsl
dtS|
adtsl
dtsl
dtS| adt'l
dtS|
adtsl adtsl adtsl
dtS|
d£5| adtsl asiKl
SZNISJZRI
azrexl
1 £1 1 Hl 1
£Zi 1
III 1
IZ1 I
ZU 1
IU i HA |
lit. 1
lEA 1 HA I £ZA I ZZA 1
IZA | ZIA I UA I   ZH I IE 1
r»« —-1---»-4«
1
1
1
1
saseqd
puE siiiuh
‘sauas [tos ■ s;tb
d 6nTddex -jcs
1
Sdoia 1
eeh (i asend) En^-apa aqi jo Mmqurns doao pajnii
H :e a^qBi-6.3.3     Major Differences in Land Evaluation for irrigated
and rainfed agriculture
As can be seen in table 9 below, all class 2 land for under irrigated conditions have been downgraded to class 2 to 3, mainly because of low annual rainfall, especially for as far as the non-cereal crops are concerned, but also for wheat 
(see table 8, above).
On  the  other  hand,  somewhat  steeper  sloping  mapping units,   which   were   considered   not   suitable   for   gravity irrigation  development  have  been  classified  as  marginally suitable for under rainfed conditions.
Thus as a whole about 92.25% of the total area is mostly only   marginally   suitable   for   rainfed,   while   introducing irrigation would classify about 60.5% of the survey area as moderablely suitable for crop cultivation.
45Table 9: Comparing general land evaluation for irrigated and
rainfed cultivation of the Bale-Gadulla, Phase I, areaa
I
Irrigated Agriculture                       1
Rainfed Agriculture
1 Irrigated                1 Sell |
Extent
1 Suitability
i napping '•
| Rainfed
■| suitability
1 Soil |
1 Rapping |*
Extent
I
|
1 Subclasses           I Units !
Ba I t of | Subclasses I Units |
ITotal areal                                           1 1
x‘""1
3a 1 t Of |
1
11
ITotal area|
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
|S2dw
IV21
|
166.75 |
17.25
|S2-3pd
IV21
1
165.75
1
17.25 |
|S2dv
IV22
|
47.00 |
4.75
|S2-3pd
|V22
47.00
1
4.75 |
|S2dv
IV32
|
57.00 |
6.00
|S2-3pd
IV32
|
57.00
| 6.00 |
|S2dw
IT12
|
89.50 |
9.25
IS2-3pd
IT12
1
89.50
1
9.25 |
|S2dw
IT22
|
10.00 |
1.25
|S2-3pd
1722
|
10.00
1
1.25 1
|S2dw
IT23 -
|
142.50 I
14.50
|S2-3pd
1723
1
142.50
1
14.50 |
i'ldw
|T3
1
70.25 |
7.50
|S2-3pd
173
70.50
1
7.50 |
♦......................... .............................................................. ♦........................... ♦................... +...................♦..................... ♦
(Subtotal 52
| 583.00 | 60.50t|Subtotal S2-3
I 5B3.00 |
60.5311
|53d'a
|S3da
|S3ed
|S3ed
|S2d'e
IS-n'u
|V12 | 68.00 |
IV33 I 21.00 |
7.00 |S3pe
2.25 iSlpe
|V12
I 68.00 |
IV13                  1       36.25 |
|V23                1          36.25 1                 3.50 |S3pe
|V31
I 19.00 |
|V31                I 19.00 |
I7--4 1 57.50 |
2.00 >S3pe                              1724                 1       57.50 |
6.00 |S3pe
i.75 |S2pd'
I 39.50 i
.Til
-1 Aft 1
1  • < • V |
I 218.;' I
r.oo .
I Subtotal                   S3
|S2Sr
|H2s
Wed
im                   i 14.75 |
la:
|V24
1 15.25 |
I 44.00 j
22.5i|S3pd
1.50 |S3ps
1.50 |S3ps
1 SO x...........
|V11
’Til
i
I
|V32
i
i
I 21.00 |
i
i
i
1
|V24
I 44.00 1
1721                  1          6.75 I
7.00 |
3.50 1
2.00 |
6.00 |
4.00 !
1.": ' I
1
2.25 |
1
1
4.50 |
0.75 |
I Nied
1
5.75 |
0.75
A nn
isubtctal
S3
! 309.00 J
31.7541
I Nied
|V11
|
39.50
.... .........
1
1
11
|N2sr
IHl
I 14.75 1
1.50 1
1
1
11
162s
1.*d"
i 15.25 ■
1.5C .
•subtotal N
IKubsa Villa!        :e
I 120.25 |           12.25 |Subtotal
46 I             4.75 IKubsa Village!
IN
.........X.............X_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1       30,00
1 46.00 |
3V
4.75V
I C-ratd Total
1 968 Ha |
lOt.CCV
963 Ea
100V
46REFERENCES
AID - USDA 1988, Key  to  soil  Taxonomy,  by  Soil  Survey staff,  SMSS  Technical  Monograph  No.  6, Washington, D.C.
Australian  June 1987 Assessment  of  Agricultural  land
Agricultural Consulting and Management Co. PTY, Ltd.
suitability in South-Eastern, southern, South-Western and and Western Ethiopia, Vol, II-
Mena-Berbere, LUPRD, Ministry 
of
Agriculture, Ethiopia.
Brammer, H.
1975,
Crop  suitability:  Technical 
Guide  No. 
7, 
FAO
FAO
FAO
FAO
Land  Use  Branch,  Dep.  of  Agric,  Mt. Makulu, Zambia,
1976,     A  Framework  for  land  Evaluation,  Soils Bulletin, No, 32, FAO, Rome.
1977 ,
1979,
Guidelines  for  Soil  Profile  Description, 2nd Edition, FAO, Rome.
Soil Survey Investigations for Irrigation, Soils Bulletin No. 42, FAO, Rome.
FAO
1978-81,  Reports,  of  the  Agro-Ecological  Zones project, World Soil Resources Report, No. 48/1.
1985,     Guidelines: Land Evaluation for Irrigated Agriculture, Soils Bulletin No. 55. FAO, Rome .
FAO/ISRIC       1989,     FAO-ISRIC Soil Data Base (SDB) , World soil Resources Report, FAO, Rome.
IILRI Michael, A.M.
1974,     Drainage  Principles  and  Application,  III Survey and Investigation, Wageningen.
1990,      Irrigation: Theory and Practice. Vikas Publishing House, PVT LTP, New Delhi.
Kazmin,V. 1972, Geological  Map  of  Ethiopia (scale 1:250,000).  Geological  Survey  of Ethiopia, Min. of Mines, A.A.
Munsell
Oyama, H. & H.Tekera USDA
1954,     Munsell Soil Color Charts.
1967,      Revised Standard Soil Color Charts.
1951,      Soil survey Manual, Agr. Handbook No. 18, USDA, Washington.-? ■ '
-a•
•USDA
1978,
WRDA      May 1990, WRDA/FAO   March 1992 Zimmerman,      1966, J.D.
Bureau  of  Reclamation,  Drainage  Manual, Denver.
soil  and  Land  Suitability  of  the  Bale- Gadulla area, Bale Region
Agro-Socioeconomic  Survey  for  proposed Irrigation  project  at  Bale-Gadulla (unpublished).
Irrigation, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Detailed Soil Profile DRsrriptlcn 
and Anatyt ? cal P ' >
48IAppendix I
Detailed Soil Profile DEscriptions and Analytical Data
49SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Sheet/Grid: /1800N 53A5E
Location : Near Bench lark -13,
Survey Area : Bale Gadulla
Author)s) : Lucas Van Sleen Girui Asfaw Nelese Kuasa Classification FAO: Calcic Vertisol(1988} Chroiic Vertisol (1974) -
ST : Udic Chroausterti clayey, iontaorrilonitic(calc.) Soil Cliiate: ustic isotheriic
Topography : gently undulating
Eleient/Pos.: interfluve- upper slope
Flooding : nil
Land Use * : Urban
Vegetation : short grassland
Species :
Parent Material: in situ leathered over volcanic ash
Rock Outcrops : very few - Surface Stones : conon stones
Erosion: nil and nil
Drainage : iaperfect, internal drainage: very slow, external drainage: rapid Intertable: not observed
Moist Cond: dry 0 • llOci
Huian Infl: fertilizer application
Reiarks:
Saiples: A: 0- 20 B: 20- S3 C: 63-110 0: 110-170
Profile: 8AG001 Unit: M2 Status:
Coord          : N 1 -06-M5 E AO -22-10
Elevation: 1812 i
Date             : 11/02/02
sodic phase
,, Local Series ; (ubsa Soil series
Land       Fori:       valley
Slope     :     2     -     81
convex
Micro Top: even
Grasscover: >70t
• derived froi basalt
Sea1ing/Crusting: nil
Eff. Soil Depth: > 150ci
Al 0-20 ci 10YR 2/2 (aoist) and 7.SYR 2/2 Nixed, clay, strong very fine subangular blocky structure,
very hard (dry), sticky (wet), plastic (wet), conon very fine pores, strongly calcareous, aany very fine and fine roots, field pH: 8.0, dear siooth boundary.
AB 20 - 63 ci 10YR 2/2 (aoist), clay, aoderate coarse wedge shaped angular blocky structure,
extreiely hard (dry), very sticky (wet), very plastic (vet), iany distinct
intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, conon very fine pores, strongly calcareous, conon very fine and fine roots, field pH: 8.A, clear siooth boundary.
Bk 63 • 110 ci 10VR 2/2 (aoist) and TOYR 2/3 Nixed, clay, loderate lediui and coarse wedge shaped angular blocky structure, extreiely hard (dry), very sticky (wet), very plastic (wet), iany distinct intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, conon very fine pores, iany fine irregular
soft calcareous white concretions, extreiely calcareous, few very fine and
fine roots, field pH; 9.0, clear siooth boundary.
Bu 110 - 170 ci I0YR 2/2 (aoist), clay, loderate lediui and coarse wedge shaped angular blocky structure, very hard (dry), very sticky (wet), very plastic (wet), iany distinct
intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, few very fine pores, few fine irregular
soft calcareous white concretions, extreiely calcareous, few very fine roots, field pH: 9.0,
Print Gate: 03/07/S2
50J
3
1
3
3
J
SOIL A I A L I S I S I IS D L1 S
PIOPILL BAG001
D1PTH pH
IC P C I C«CO3 CaSO4 CIC Cl Xg I Hi PBS I fixed
To til Act.
H2C I iS/ci ppi weight t  t  leq/lOOgr loll ---I
A              0     20           0.0     0.0            0.1         0          3.34     0.28            0.0      10.1          0.0                71.6 62.5     4.5       1.7         1.6        98             0.0
B            20     63          B.<     0.0            0.1         0          1.92     0.43            0.0         9.2          0.0                70.0 63.0     5.2       0.9         6.5      100             0.0
C          (3 110           M   0.0            0.8        0          1.19     0.09            0.0       24.6          0.0                79.9 57.4     6.3       1.5       22.0      100             0.0
D             no no              9.2     0.0            1.1        0          0.96     0.35            0.0       19.9          0.0               73.0 60.1     7.2       1.6 21.6             100             0.0
J
3
Particle size (weight 4)
CICclay MITHODS
vcS cS IS fS »fS cSi fSi Claj
! ieq/100grl23456?99
A0
0       3       0       0       0 32 65
0
3
3
3
3
B0
0       2       0       0       0 20 78
0
C0
0       1       0       0       0 15 84
0
DO 0
1       0       0       0 17 82
0
Print date: 03/01/92
3
3
3
3
J
3
I
IIsoil PHYSICAL PROPEITIES
PROFILE: BA6001
IHFILTRATIOW (ci/hr)
1             0.0
2              0.0
3              0.0
SURFACE STRUCTURE STABILITY INDEI: 0.00
METHOD:
DEPTH (ci)
BULI DENSITY
MATER CONTENT (weight I)
(9/cc)
0.03bar O.OSbar 0.Ibar 0.3bar
l.lbar
l.lbar 5.0bar
IS.Ibar
A 0 20
1.21
52.72
69.3
63.1
62.1
B 20 53
1.55
65.35
62.2
57.0
62.3
C 63 110
1.31
77.12
60.0
67.2
66.0
o no no
1.32
73.62
56.3
52.6
36.5
Print date: 03/07/92
/
BAGQQ.1
Available Moisture
0 - 20cm =
(Fc-pwp)
X   20   X
20 - 63cm =
(Fc-pwp)
BD =
2.61cm
X   43    X
63 - 100cm =
(Fc-pwp)
BD =
15.36cm
X   37    X
BD =
16.05cm
35.02cm over 100cm depth
52soil PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Profile: BAG002 Unit: T-21 Status:
Sheet/Grid: /1S50N 5AOOE
Coord : N 1 -07-00 E 10 -22-30
location : 300 aeters,NE of Bench aark-11.
Survey Area : Bale 6adulla
Elevation: 1001 a
Author(s) : Lucas Van Sleen Girua Asfaw Nelese Kuasa
Date : 12/02/92
Classification FAO: Calcic Vertisol)1988) Pell ic Vertisol (1974) - Rudic phase
ST ; Udic Pellustert, clayey, aontaorriloniticfcalc.),, local Series ; Asendabo Soil Series
Soil Cliiate: ustic isotheraic
Topography : gently undulating
Eleaent/Pos.: Alluvia) Colluvial footslope- liddle slope
Flooding             :   rare
Land Use ’          :   traditional       grazing
Vegetation          :   seai-deciduous           shrub
Species              :   Acacia
Parent Material: colluviua over in situ leathered
Rock Outcrops : nil - Surface Stones : aany stones
land Fora; valley
Slope : 2 - 81 concave
Micro  Top: even
Grasscover: 10-301
■ derived froa basalt
Erosion: slight sheet erosion and slight deposition by vater
Sea 1 ing/Crusting: nil
Drainage : aoderately veil, internal drainage: slow, external drainage: rapid
Intertable: not observed
Moist Cond: aoist 0 - 20 , dry 20 - 63 , aoist S3 - !90ca
Eff. Soil Depth: > 150ci
Huaan Infl:
Reiarks:       Asendabo       soil       series,Calcareous       pseudo-aycelio       in       between       2O-63ca       few       and       aany       in       betieen       63-lOlca       depth.Crac ca wide at SOci depth.
Saaples: A: 0- 20 B: 20- S3 C: 63-108 0: 108-165 E: 165-190
Al
0 - 20 ci
9YR 2/1 fioist) and 10YR 2/1 Nixed, silty clay, aoderate to strong fine and lediui
subangular blocky structure, friable (aoist), very sticky (wet), very plastic (wet),
aany very fine pores, few aediua subrounded basalt rock fragaents, slightly calcareous, aany
very fine and fine roots, field pH: 7.8, dear saooth boundary.
AB
20 - 63 ci
9YR 2/1 (aoist) and 7.5YR 2/1.5 Nixed, silty clay, aoderate coarse subangular blocky structur
extreaely hard (dry), friable (aoist), very sticky (wet), very plastic (wet), few
very fine pores, coaaon aediua subrounded basalt rock fragaents, few fine irregular
soft calcareous white soft segregation, aoderately calcareous, coaaon very fine and
fine roots, field pH: 7.8, clear saooth boundary.
8k
63 - 108 ci
10YR 1.7/1 (aoist), clay, aoderate coarse subangular blocky structure, extreaely hard (dry),
friable (aoist), very sticky (wet), very plastic (wet), coaaon distinct
intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, coaaon very fine pores, few aediua subrounded
basalt rock fragaents, aany fine irregular soft calcareous white soft segregation,
extreaely calcareous, coaaon very fine and fine roots, field pH: 7.6, .
gradual wavy boundary.
Bui
108 - 165 ci
10VR 2/1 (aoist), clay, aoderate aediua and coarse wedge shaped angular blocky structure,
aany proainent intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, coaaon very fine pores, few
fine subrounded basalt rock fragaents, coaaon fine irregular soft calcareous white
soft segregation, extreaely calcareous, few very fine roots, field pH: 7.8,
clear saooth boundary.
Bu2
165 - 190 Cl
7.5VI 2/1 (aoist), clay, aoderate coarse wedge shaped angular blocky structure,
friable (aoist), very sticky (wet), very plastic (wet), coaaon distinct
partly intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, coaaon very fine pores, few calcareous white
soft segregation, extreaely calcareous, nil roots, field pH: 7.8,
Print Date: 03/07/.
53SOIL ANALYSES RESULTS
PROFILE: BAG002
DEPTH pH
EC P C N CaCO3 CaSOA CEC Ca Mg ( Ma PBS < find
Total Act.
H20 I iS/ci ppi weight I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  leq/lOOgr soil —1
A 0 20 8.0 0.0 0.6 0 2.85 0.21 0.0 0.6 0.0 65.0 57.5 7.5 1.5 0.6 100 0.0
B
’ 20
63
8.2     0.0
0.1
0
1.79     0.57
0.0
1.1
0.0
69.6
60.5        7.0       2.9
0.5
100
0.0
C
63
108
8.0     0.0
0.8
0
1.09     0.10
0.0
6.1
0.0
71.2
67.0        6.0       7.0
1.0
100
0.0
D
109
165
8.2     0.0
0.3
0
0.80     0.60
0.0
11.9
6.0
65.2
19.5        6.5       2.2
1.5
100
0.0
E
165
190
1.6    0.0
0.5
0
0.80     0.03
0.0
13.2
0.0
63.6
60.5        6.5        1.0
2.1
100
0.0
Particle size (weight S)
CECday METHODS
vcS cS iS fS rfS cSi fSi Clay teq/1OOgrI23A56789
A     0     0      1        0      0        0    66   53                0
B        0     0      1        0      0        0    66  SS                0
C       0     0      3        0      0        0     3B    59                0
0        0     0      1        0      0        0      31    61                0
E       0     0      2        0      0        0      33    65                0
Print date: O3/O7/S2
54r.
r;
L
C
Isoil P H V S I C A L PROPERTIES
PROFILE: BAG002
INFILTRATION (ci/hr)
1              1.9
2            27.B
3              0.0
METHOD:
SURFACE STRUCTU
RE STABILITY
INDEX: 0.00
DEPTH (ci)
BULK DENSITY
WATER CONTENT (weight 1)
METHOD
(9/cc)
O.OJbar I.ISbar O.lbir OJb.r
1.Obar
3.Obar S.Bbar
IS.Obar
A 0 20
1.21
51.12
69.3
63.9
62.0
B 20 13
1.22
53.86
66.3
66.3
37.S
C 63 108
1.25
51.66
68.0
66.1
37.3
0 108 165
1.26
55.09
68.8
62.5
33.1
£ 165 190
1.26
56.07
67.9
66.0
31.1
Print date: 03/OJ/92
BAG 002
Available Moisture
0 - 20cm =    (Fc-pwp)         X    20    X   BD     =     3.20cm
20 - 63cm =    (Fc-pwp)         X   43    X   BD     =     8.51cm
63 -100cm =         (Fc-pwp)    X   37    X   BD     =     6.54cm
18.25cm over 100cm depth
55■           .■■■■■
,■              ■ ' S-SOIL PROFILI DESCRIPTION
Sheet/Grid: /192OR 5460!
Location : 55Di,SW of Asendabo river or l.lki « of BM-U.
Survey Area : Bile Gadnlla
Autbor(s) : Lucas Van sleen Glrue Asfaw Melese Imsa
Classification FAO: Vertisols[1988)
ST : Udic Pellustert,
Soil Cliiate: untie lsotbenic
Topography : flit
Ileient/Pos.:          terrace-          liddle          slope
Flooding               : nil .
Land Die               : traditional       grazing Vegetation            : seii-deciduous           shrub
Species                : Acacia
Parent Material: fluvial deposits over in situ leathered lock Outcrops : oil - Surface Stones : fev stones
Irosion: slight sheet erosion
Profile: BAG003 Unit: T-23 Statue:
Coord          : II 7 -07-10 I 40 -22-45
Elevation: 1833 I
Date             : 12/02/92
Pellic Vertisol (1974) - sodic phase
clayey, iontiorrilonitic(calc.),, Local Series : Asendabo Soil Series
Land !on: valley
Slope : 0.7 - 21 straight
Xicro Top: even
Grasscover: >701
- derived froi basalt
Sealing/Crusting: nil
Drainage : loderately well, internal drainage: very slow, external drainage: slow
Vatertable: not observed
Moist Cond: loist 0 - 15 , dry 15 - 200ci
Buian Infl:
Reiarks: Asendabo soil series.Cracks at SOci depth.
Saiples: A: 0- 15 B: 15- 73 C: 73-117 D: 117-210
Al 0 - 15 ci 10YR 2/1 (loist), silty clay, strong fine subangular blocky structure, very hard (dry),
Iff. Soil Depth: > 150ci
friable |ioist), very sticky (wet), ver? plastic (wet), iany very fine pcres.
extreiely calcareous, iaoy very fine and fine roots, field pH: B.2, gradual siooth boundary.
AB 15 * 73 ci 10TR 2/1 (loist), silty clay, loderate coarse wedge shaped angular blocky structure,
extreiely hard (dry), very sticky (vet), very plastic (vet), iany distinct
intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, iany very fine pores, extreiely calcareous, iany very fine and conon fine roots, field pH: 3.0, gradual vavy boundary.
8k 73 - U7 ca 10TR 2/2 (loist), silty clay, loderate coarse wedge shaped angular blocky structure, extreiely hard (dry), very sticky (vet), very plastic (vet), iany distinct
intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, conon very fine pores, iany lediui spherical soft calcareous white soft segregation, extreiely calcareous, cciion very fine roots, field pH. 8.0, clear irregular boundary.
BU 117 • 210 Cl 10TI 2/1 (loist), silty clay, strong coarse wedge shaped angular blocky structure, extreiely hard (dry), very sticky (wet), very plastic (vet), iany proiinent intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, fev very fine pores, conon lediui spherical soft calcareous vhite soft segregation, strongly calcareous, nil roots, field pH; 7.8,
Print Date: 04/07/92
56• • . . - . - • « ■SOIL AIALTSIS I I S U L T S
HOflLI: BAG003
DIHB pH
IC P C I CaCO3 ClSO4 C1C Ci Ng I li PBS I filed
Total Act.
H20 I iS/ci ppi weight t 4 leq/lOOgr toil —I
A
0 15
8.0     0.0
0.1
0
2.40     0.16
0.0
4.6
0.0
70.6 65.0 10.2     1.7       0.3       100
0.0
B
15 .73
3.2     0.0
0.3
0
1.89     0.27
0.0
11.3
0.0
79.0 65.0 14.5     1.2       0.5       100
0.0
C
73 117
1.4     0.0
0.3
0
1.03     0.74
0.0
21.9
0.0
71.5 60.0 13.5     0.9       6.1       100
0.0
0
117 210
5.2     0.0
0.4
0
0.47     0.49
0.0
13.1
0.0
77.2 64.5 15.0     1.4       6.3       100
0.0
Particle size (weight l|
ClCdiy KT1ODS
vcS cS IS fS vfs cSi fSi Clay ieq/100grl23456789
A         0     0      2        0     0         0    53    45                0
B         0     0      2        0     0         0    43    55                0
C        0     0      2        0     0         0    35    S3                0
D        0     0      2        0     0         0    44    52                0
Hilt date: 03/07/92
571
'1 1
13
13
'Z
13
aSOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Sheet/Grid: /IKON SHOE
Location    :    H5a    SV    of    Asendabo    river    or    1.5ka    NE    of    BN-11. Survey Area ; Bale Gadulla
Author(s) : Lucas Van Sleen Girua Asfaw Nelese Kuisa
Status:
Classification FAO: Vertisols(1988)
ST : Udic Pellustert
Soil dilate: ustic isothenic
Topography : flat
E1eient/Pos.:         terrace-         aiddle         slope Flooding              : rare
Land Use             : traditional       grazing Vegetation           : sen*-deciduous         shrub Species               : Acacia
Pellic Vertisol (1974)
clayey, aontaorriloniticfcalc.),,
Profile: BAGOOi Unit: T-3
Coord          : N 7 -07-15 E 60 -23-10
Elevation: 1129 a
Oate             : 12/02/92
Local Series : Veieb Soil Series
Land Fora; valley
Slope        :        0.3        -       0.71        straight Micro Top: even
Grasscover: >701
Parent Material: fluvial deposits over in situ weathered
Rock Outcrops : nil • Surface Stones : very few stones
Erosion: slight sheet erosion and slight deposition by water
Drainage : aoderately veil, internal drainage: very slow, external drainage: slow Intertable: not observed
Moist Cond; aoist 0 • 17 , dry I) - 117, aoist 117 - I95ca
Huaan Infl:
Rewarks: Veyib soil series.Cracks lea wide at GSca. Saiples: A: 0- 17 B: 17- 55 C: 65-117 D: 117-182 E: 182-195
- derived froa basalt
Sealing/Cristing: oil Eff. Soil Depth: > 150ca
Al
0-
1? Ci
10YR 2/1 (aoist), clay, strong very fine subangular blocky structure, friable (aoist),
very sticky (vet), very plastic (wet), aany very fine pores, very few aediua
subrounded basalt rock fragaents, extreaely calcareous, aany very fine and
fine roots, field pH: 8.2, clear saooth boundary.
AB
17 - 65 Ci
10YR 2/1 (aoist), clay, aoderate coarse wedge shaped angular blocky structure,
extreaely hard (dry), very sticky (wet), very plastic (wet), aany distinct
intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, aany very fine pores, extreaely calcareous, coaaon
very fine and fine roots, field pH: 8.0, diffuse boundary.
Bu
65 • 117 Ci
lOVfc 2/1 (aoist), clay, strong coarse wedge shaped angular blocky structure,
extreaely hard (dry), very sticky (wet), very plastic (wet), aany proainent
intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, aany very fine pores, extreaely calcareous, few
very fine and fine roots, field pH: 8.0, gradual wavy boundary.
Bk
117 - 182 Ci
10YR 2/1 (aoist), day, strong aediua wedge shaped angular blocky structure,
extreaely hard (dry), friable (aoist), very sticky (wet), very plastic (wet), aany proainent
intersecting slickensides on pedfaces, aany fine irregular soft calcareous white
soft segregation, extreaely calcareous, few very fine roots, field pH: 8.0,
clear saooth boundary.
Bu
16? - 195 ci
7.SIR 2/2 (aoist), day, aoderate aediua subangular blocky structure, friable (aoist),
very sticky (wet), very plastic (wet), coaaon distinct intersecting slickensides
on pedfaces, few very fine pores, extreaely calcareous, nil roots, field pH: 8.2,
Print Oate: 01/07/92
58RSOIL A H A I Y S E $ RESULTS
PROFILE: BAG006
DEPTH              PH
H2O X
EC P C II CaCO3 CaSOh
Total Act.
iS/ci ppi weight I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  I. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A              0     11           8.2     0.0            0.5        0          3.16     0.19           0.0          1.0        0
B            11     65           8.8     0.0            0.3        0          2.00     0.15            0.0        9.1        0
C            65   111            8.2     0.0            0.1        0          1.36     0.01           0.0          7.6        0
0          111   112            8.2     0.0            0.1         0         0.81      0.08            0.0         7.8        0
E          162   195           8.2     0.0            0.2        0         0.61      0.06            0.0      10.9        0
CEC        Ca        Mg        X        Na        PBS        I        filed leq/IOOgr soil ---1
0          16.6   65.0      12.0       2.2       0.3        100             0.0
0            n.o   60.5      11.5         1.6      0.3          99             0.0
0          76.0   65.0      15.0        1.1       1.7        100             0.0
0          76.0   68.0      13.5       0.8        0.8          17             0.0
0          10.2   66.5     13.5        0.9       0.8        100             0.0
Particle size (weight 1)
CECday METHODS
vcS cS IS fS wfS cSi fSi Clay ieq/10Ogr123A56783
A         0    0        2      0        0        0    36      62             0
6         0    0        2      0        0        0    35      63              0
C        0    0        2      0        0        0    19      19              0
0         0    0        2      0        0        0    19      19              0
EOO3OOO178O 0
Print date: 03/07/92
59SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PROFILE: BAG004
INFILTRATION (ci/hr)
1              5.9
2              5.8
3              0.0
SURFACE STRUCTURE STABILITY INDEX: 0.00
NETHOO:
DEPTH (ci)
BULK DENSITY
(«/cc)
WATER CONTENT (leifht I)
O.OTbar O.OSbar O.lbar O.Jbar I.Obar 3-Obar S.Obar IS.Obar
METHOD
A0
0
0.00
•
Print date: 0A/07/92Sull PROFILE DES26IPTION
Sheet/Srid:        ;i725K        5SACE
location : SM-17.
Survey Ares : Eale Gadulla
Author^) : Lucas van Sleen Girua Asfaw Melese Kuisa Classificatior rd Vertisols) 1988) Pelh’c Vertisol f!9H)
Profile: BAG005 Unit: V2I Status:
•oil Jiaate: ustic isotheraic
Topography : gentiy urdu ating
Eleaent/Pc?.: '‘nterfluve- lower slooe
Zoord : H 1 -06-30 E AO -23-90
Elevation; 1638 a
Gate               : 13/92/32
• Rudi: phase
ET : l’;ic Pellustert, ciayey, lor.taor-i'cniti •'sale.),, Local Series : ve a: So ’ Eerie-
.and Fori: an
•iooe : 2 • 31 con e.
Flooding             : nil
land Use            : •raoitionel dryland fariing- crocs: wheat
Vegetation :
Species                :
Parent      Material:      in      situ      weathered      over      volcanic      ash Rock     Outcrops     :     nil     -     Surface     Stones     :     iany     stones
Erosion: nil
Drainage : Moderately well, internal ora;na:e: very slew, external drainage: slow
Vatertable: not observed
Hoist Cond: aoist 9 - 20 , dry 20 • 51 , woist $7 - i?2cs
huaa: Infl: ploughing
Remarks: Cracx- lea wide st SCcb depth and oeecer.
Micro Tec: ’o* g’lgr
Grasscover;
- derived fro« basalt
Sealing/Crusting: nil
Eff. Soil Depth: ; t:Cu
:a :0*E 2/i ■ioir.j, c'av. str:r: coarse wedge shaped ang. a- &»::»» sr-icc. ?
e-r-esel. *arl .-r -ti-Jt •«ei.,l ven plastic 'wet . >aty d;r;-r
r.ersectiri:- s ic.r-^er ••
e:. cost;- . • e zi- e>:reie;. .a creius. : ;xi'
■ fine “oc:. ‘
:
:
I, ?**.-e tc- : =
:? - KI ci i?i I. ’ao’s*. , :.=
•:
. s--e *eige =‘e:e: r.. er t :
?
extreme t ‘an :c"v),
friacie
(iC'-ti, .•?•»
i=-;i
;-;v
nte^sef*n: «» #e*:
r
ijes on
ped’a.rs ccaio'i »ery ’i^ po -s. e.’*e?e’
••    _• • ..* •;»
ve » fine roots, r e : c ’ S.2, graces :f = :i’a  ocuroari.
r
y
_
61soil ANALYSES RESULTS
PROFILE: 5AG005
OE :’TH                dH
EC f-
H CaCO3 CaSG4 CEC Sa
Total Act.
H; <
p 3S k fixed
H?v X          ii/ci ddi weight •
:
=oi' —t
A
0      20
8.5      0.0
0.3
0
2.79
0.22
0.0
10.3
3.0
5:.4
52.5
10.6
1.:
’ ■?
92
3.0
E
23      5’
e.o   0.0
0.2
0
-.21
0.3S
•3.0
12. £
3.0
56.3
56.9
14.2
3J
0.5
ISO
o.e
?
57    122
8. A      0.0
9.1
0
1.34
0.22
0.0
12.4
0.0
53.8
58.0
U.9
1.3
0.8
100
0.0
0             122    150              8.4      0.0               0.1          0          0.81        0.81             0.0       15.3             0.0              65.4    54.0       13.5          1.1         2.8          100               0.9
Particle         sue (weigh: •-)
.ci cS iS f$ vfS cSi fSi Cla? »eq/i9C$r123*56733
0SOU PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Sheet/Grid: /I7100N 56L9E
location : 7$a of pond or 1 07 5i ESE of BN-17.
Survey Area : Bale Gadulla
Author)5) : Lucas Van Sleen Girua Asfaw Nelese Kuasa
Classification FAO: Vertisols(19B8)
Soil Cliaate: ustic isotheraic
Topography : alaost flat
Eleiaent/Pos.: depression- lower slope
Flooding : rare
Land Use : traditional dryland faraing- crops: wheat
Vegetation :
Species                 :
Parent Material: in situ weathered ever volcanic ash
Rock jutcrops : nil - Surface Stones : nan* stones
E'osicn: nil and slight deposition by water
Profile: 6AG006 Unit: V-33 Status:
Coord : N 7 -05-00 E AO -23-30
Elevation:
1810       a
Date : 13/02/92
Pellic Vertisol (1974) - sodic phase
.
ST : lldic Pellustert, day,/, «ontiorri1onitic(calc.),, Local Series : Wefeb Soil Series
Land Fora: valley
Slope             : 0.7 - 2t concave
Micro Top: even
Srasscover:
- derived froa basalt
Sealing/Crusting; nil
Drainage : aoderately  well, internal drainage: very  slow, external drainage: slow
Watertable: net observed
Noh: Cond: aoist 0 - IS , dry 1$ - 115, noist 115 - 160c®
Huaan Infl: ploughing
Ruarks: Neyib soil series,socic phase.Cracks 2ca wide at SOca depth and deeper.
Samples: a: C- IS 3: 15- AG C: AO-115 0: H5-160
tff. Soil Depth: ? ISOci
0
:• cr ‘Ob’ 2 ' acuv. ciav. s-rcng »r. -ir.e suca.K.is- :
struct.re, •«’» nsr: ;-y .
rriao’e r.st), ve-y 
wet), very piasti. (•?::. ary very fine ores. very few
aeciuTi
sjb’turied
basalt
rx<
-ragaents,
extresei
cs’tre^s.
»err
tine
and
f-re roo
ts, field cm: :.3, grad
ual sacov. boundary.
IS •
iC :s
;hy. aoderete coarse weoge
shaceo angula
r Jacky structure,
*), very stick, {wet;, ve'y p’
asr: •a: , aary 
distinct
--■Ct; 0:
CtlfOv 
*ef f ’ini DC*eS, Jzr
1
153'JJ
rock fragaen:-, extreaely ./care:.•. coaacn ve*» f:>: end
pH: 8.5, diffuse ooundarv.
iO ■ 11$ ca 101R 2/i itJst), c a*, strong coarse »ea:e shaoea sng/ar block, structure,
extreaely hard (dry), verv sticky 'wet), verw plastic (wet), aar.y prsainent
intersecting          siickensi:es          or.          pedfaces,          coiaon          very          fine          pores,          extreaely          calcareous,          coaacn very fine •wj, field pH: 5.2, clear wavy boundary.
Ek       11$     153 ca 10H 2/1 (aoist) ano 10YR 2.2 Nixed, else, locerste coarse wedge swpea ar-guhr b’^ck, structure,
r
f*iatie (aoist), very sticky (wet), very plastic (wet , aar.v prcainent
inte secting slickensides or. pedfsces, ::->Dcr. very f oe sores, very few aeci*;?.
subrounded basalt rock fragaents, concn aediea irregular soft calcareous white concretions, eitreie’ calcareous, few verv fine roots, fie’c pH: 3.0.
Print Cate. 11/0: 32
63■&
PROFILE: SAG006
DEPTH pH
EC P C M CaC03 CaS04 C!C Ca Mg I Ha PBS K filed
Total Act.
E2C
X
■S'ci
ppg weig
ht i
-1 --
.................
—•• leq/lOOgr soil --
A
A                0      15
3.2
0.0
0.1
0
3.30 0.2?
0.0
7.6
0.0
71.4   50.0       12.3
1.1
0.3      100
0.0
B               •5      40              8.0      0.0              0.1          0              2.0C 0.12                 0.0      12.2              3.0              59.0   57.5       13.6         0.9            6.2       100                0.0
C              40    115              8.6      0.0              0.5
fl
V
0.90 0.13                0.0         14.6           v.O             66.2   *7 *       12.5          0.7         24.2      L I -               0.0
D            115    150              8.4      .* r.             1.2
Particle size (weight I)
vcs CS is fs Vfs cSi fsi clay ieq/100qri:3456789
ft
V
0.72 0.34                  0.0      15.0              0.0             73.4    57.5       r* tv • J     1.1         26.5      10 *2             C.O
CECclay METHODS
A0
0
2
0
0
0
37
61
0
53
0
L
0
3
0
18
30
0
V3
3
i
0
a
0
13
80
0
n0
0
L
a
0
Vr.
0
29
n
64
!soil PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PROFILE; BAGCOo
INFILTRATION
1                 7.3
2                 7.2
3                1!,2
SURFACE STRUCTURE STABILITY 11031; C.OC
DEPTH (ci) BULK DENSITY WATER CONTENT (weight I)
.**v
METHOD:
METHOD
(g/cc) O.OBbar 0.05bar O.lbar 0.3bar l.Obar 3.0bar 5.0bar 15.0bar
A C 0 
0.00
•——•••—- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  - - - - - - - - - - -  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  * Print date: 11/05/92
I
65SOIL PROFIL8 DESCRIPTION
Sheet/Grid: /134CN 5540!
Location : l’Oi HE of BM-13..
Survey Area : Bale Gadulia
Author(s) : Lucas Van Sleen Girui Asian Xelese Euisa
Profile: BAG007 Unit: M2 Status:
Coord : S 7 -06-40 E 40 -21-10
Elevation: 1834 l
Date               ; 13/02/92
Classification FAO: Vertisols!19331
ST : Udic Peilustert,
Soil cliaate: ustic lsctbenic
Pellic            Vertisol            (1974)
clayey, jcntacrriicniti
Topography : flat
Eleseou.’Pcs.
o.“ - 2t stiaignt
A
flooding
Land Use
Vegetation
Species
; terrace- lower slope
: rare
: traditional grazing
: seii-deciduous shrub
: Acacia
Land Pora: valley
Slope
Micro ?cp: even
Parent Material: fluvial deposits over
in situ weathered
Rock Cutcrops : very  few - Surface Stones : very  few stones
Erosion: slight sheet erosion
Drainage : ncderately well, internal drainage: very slow, external drainage: slow
intertable: not observed
Moist Cori: 101st 0 - 23 , dry 23 - 150, loist 150 - 160ca
Euaa: Infl:
Remarks: Weyib soil series,cracks 1.5cj wide atJOci.
Grasscover: >704
- derived fro« basalt
Seaiing/Crusting: nil
Iff. Soil Depth: > 150:2
: 10-150
1•
21 :5
• ■: 22- ’2
I■
:>2:C
clay, arderaie very :;:e subire.’.ar blirsy srruru.re. friable :11s: .
A:
23 - 70 C3
very
?27P.
suicky        '•«:        ,        very        pias:::        ,we:;,        j-r.y        very        fi:e        p::es.        lasy        very        fine        ar: rrers, field pH: i.5, rlear sjicu: br.r.:e:y.
2’I licisi', clay, soder-re ccarse sedee shaped angular blcrky sururuur-
e
exzrejely  bard -dry’., very  sticky  we:
intersecting slickensides csdc-ces. aan? ver;
.. very veplrasy rir iwteeasuj:, jany disrirr:
e ceres, very few aedius
subrru-ded basal: rock fracserrs, rrssr: very
diffuse rrir.dery.
e rorts, field pH: s.l.
- ::i C5
Ek
:r .
1ST?. 2.". iris:; and 20??. 2  2  Mixed, clay. irderaie rr-rse vedje shaped arr.'.-r blir-.y  a
friable mist . 7ery snaky very plasrir . r::jr: crrsiren:
iruerserii:: slirkeuiides. r::::r. very firs cire:. sar.y radius irrerilar sef:
cakaracu- ■hire s;f: secre:a-.i:r. rcris, field pH 3.2.
Pritt 2e:e II I:
ure.
66L1
]
]
SOIL ANALYSES ?. Z S U L T S
PROFILE: BAGOO?
DEPTH pH
EC P C M CaCO3 CaSO4 CBC Ca Mg K Ma ?BS I fixed
Total Act.
J
3
1
H2O I iS/ci ppa weight I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ieq/100gr soil —I
A C 22 3.4 3.0 0.1 0 2.50 0.15 0.0 8.4 0.0 71.0 55.0 12.5 C.7 0.6 98 0.3
3                 22 73                8.5      0.0             r              0           1.69      2.33               0.3        10.5            o.c              71.0   55.5       12.5          1.2         0.7            98
nr
V.J
C 70 150 8.2 0.0 0.1 0 0.99 0.04 0.0 15.4 0.0 53.4 59.5 15.5 1.4 1.4 100 0.0
D 150 160 3.4 0.0 0.1 0 0.81 0.50 0.0 11.2 0.0 62.4 50.5 15.0 1.4 4.0 0 0.0
| Particle sice (weicht V CKclay METHODS
vcS cS aS fS vfs :Si fSi Clay ieq/100grl23456739
3
r
c   0 2 0                        3        0 24 74
0    0 i C C C 12 35
0
1
3
67■v
OIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PROPILE: BAG0C7
INFILTRATION 'ca/hll
1                6.0
6.8
3               0.0
METHOD:
SURFACE STRUCTURE STXBfLITT INDEX: 0.20
DEPTH (Cl)                   BULK DENSITY
(S/cc)
WATER CONTENT (weight *
I
METHOD
0.03bar O.OSbar O.lbar 0.3bar l.Obar 3.0bar 5.0bar
58.53                51.6             45.4
lS.Obar
A 0 22
1.17
43.0
3 :• 70
1.46
53.22
48.2
27.2
36.S
: ’c iso
1.27
5:/.7
16.7
25.7
35.S
: :se i$e
1 Z 1
4 . wt
is c:
5C.8
42.-
Z “  1
-■ . 1
BAG 007
Available moisture
0-23 cm = (Fc-pwp) x 23 x BD 23-70cm = (Fc-Pwp) x 47 x BD 70 - 100cm = (Fc-Pwp) x 30 x BD =
=     4.18cm
= 11.27cm
5.86cm
21.31cm over 100 cm depth
68IAppendix II Hydraulic Conductivity and 
Infiltration Rate
69Hydraulic Conductivity
Introducti on
To           determine           the           hydraulic           Conductivity,           permeability           tests were       performed       in       most       of       the       distinguished       soil       units.       The       test were        executed        according        to        the        inversed        auger        hole        method        as described           in          "Drainage           principle          and          applications          Volume          III, Surveys        and        Investigations".        The        principle        is        similar        to        the        auger hole      method,with      this      difference      that      in      the      i      n      ver      sed      auger      hole method     the     Rate     of     fall     of     the     water     level     in     the     hole     is     measured instead of the rise.
Procedures
Test
locations 
were
situated
near
the
r
epr
e
sentat
i
ve
soil
pits.
This 
gave
the
advantage
th
at
the
locatio
ns 
and
conse
quently 
the
soil
units 
and
the
textural
seq
uence
of
the
soi
ls 
to
be
tested
were known. Three augerings  were made near the representative profile pits  up to one meter depth. After augering the holes  were filled with water and the profile described. The first filling was done to reach a wet condition in the profile as  under irrigation. The water filling was  done from a jerican so carefully  inorder not to disturb the wall of the hole by  a flow of water. After the water of the first fill drained away  the actual width and depth of the auger hole were measured. In some profiles  it was  observed that during the first fill the wall of the auger hole collapsed causing a wider and less deep auger hole.
For measuring the rate of fall of the water level a float and
a measuring tape installed an a standard were used. After
installation of this equipment the hole was filled for the second
time. The rate of fall was measured after 0.00 sec, 15 sec, 30 sec,
60 sec, 120 sec 180 sec, 2^0 sec, 360 sec and 5A0 sec.
Result
At      the      time      of      Survey      work      it      was      observed      that      the      srackina clay       soils       and       cavities       in       the       surface       and       sub       soils,       which       ar* visible       during       augering,       were       impossible       to       examine       because       of       the water       flowing       away       through       the       cracks       and       cavities.       The       procedure used        for        the        execution        of        permeability        test        can        be        limited        or influenced       by       the       presence       of       soil       cracks,       holes       created       by       roots, worms      or      larger      animals      and      the      presence      of      thin      sand      lenses      may give        unreliable        figures.        The        test        results        are        presented        in        M/day for       auger       holes       upto       one       meter       depth.       The       classification       of       the Hydraulic conductivity is based on the following description:-
70z- •Very slow
Si ow
Moderate 1y slow Moderate Moderate 1y rapid Rapid
Very rapid
< 0.03 m/day
0.03 - 0.12 m/day
0.12 - 0 . U9 m/day
0.U9 -        1.55 m/day 1.55 - 3.05 m/day
3.05 - U.59 m/day > u . 58 m/day
Source:- Soil Conservation Service, USDA Dec. 19A9
Results of Hydraulic Conductivity tests
Soi 1
Mapping
iJ nit
Near
Soil
Tests 
resell t
M/day
Classifies-
ti on
Remar k
B-2- 1
b-2-2
B-2-3
8-4-1
B-4-2
B-4-3
B-6-1
B-6-2
B-6-?
B-7- 1
B-7-2
B-7-3
0.55
0.66
0.73
-
-
-
0.32
0.24
0.28
0.55
0.40
0.30
Moderate
ii
ii
-
-
-
Moderate 1y Slow
Moderately Siow
Moderate 1y Slow
Moderate
Moderately Slow
Moderately Slow
Due to crack
and clay
c1ogg i ng
Infiltration Measurements
The          infiltration          capacity          refers          to          the          vertical          entry of       water       into       the       soil       surface,       for       these       measurements       the       doube Ring       in       filtrometer       has       been       used.       In       here       the       initial       intake       rate and       the       equilibrium       of       the       basic       intake       rate       has       become       constant after several hours are the two interest figures.
The       rate       o       >       infiltration       is       measured       by       observing       the fall       of       water       within       two       concentric       cylinders       driven       into       the       soil surface.      The      use      of      a      double      ring      with      measurement      confined      to      the inner        ring,        minimizes        errors        due        to        flow        divergence        in        direction other       than       the       vertical.       To       avoid       unreliable       results,       water       of       the same       quality       as       will       be       used       for       irrigation       should       preferably       be used      for      six      hours.      It      does      not      work      very      well      on      cracked      clays as       the       water       disappears       too       fast       and       results       are       too       variable       but they indicate important aspects of soil physical properties.
Evaporation rates are usually too low to be significant but if the infiltration rate is very low and the weather is hot and
dry it is necessary to correct for evaporation. It is after convenient to carry out the test close to a sampled profile so that the complete description on the soil is obtained.
71Procedure
Near          the          representative          soil          profile          the          pairs          of          cylinders should        be        installed        3-10        meters        apart.        Drive        the        cylinders        in        to the       soil       to       a       depth       of       approxi       mate       1       y       10-15       centimeters.       Place plastic       or       your       hand       over       the       soil       to       dissipate       the       force       of       the water         inorder         to         reduce         turbidity.         Prepare         every         thing         ready         for
all
replicates          before          starting          the          test.          Fill          both          cylinders          to
a      depth,      of      about      10      cm      and      record      the      time      and      the      height      of      the water      in      the      inner      cylinder      using      a      ruler      or      a      hook      gauge.      Do      the same       for       the       replicates       and       repeat       the       measurement       after       15       min, 30     min,     z*5     min,     60     min,     90     min,     and     120     min,     and     each     hour     for     the remainder of the test.
The        infiltration        rate        can        be        measured        either        by        measuring        the distance       of       the       water       surface       from       the       top       of       the       cylinder       before, and      after      topping      up      or      by      measuring      the      amount      of      water*      (using      a graduate         cylinder)         required         for         topping         upto         a         fixed         hook         gauge. The        former        method        is        simpler        when        different        diameter        cylinders        are used.       The       outer       cylinder       should       be       kept       at       approximately       the       same level as the inner one.
It       is       important       that       it       should       never       be       filled       up       higher       than the       inner       cylinder       or       the       measured       water       level       may       rise       instead       of fall.       The       recordings       should       be       entered       on       a       form       and       the       average hourly          rates          calculated.          The          curves          of          infiltrations          versus          time should      be      plotted      on      graph      paper      and      the      cumulative      amount      of      water
infiltrated          also          plotted          as          a          check.
If          one          cylinder          gives 
different        rate        from        the        others        it        should        be        rejected        and        taking the averages.
72LI
cr—-------------------------------------------- —------- ---------------------------------------------- ------------ 1 Infiltration Measurement results
i
Soi 1
Mappi ng
Unit
Near
Soil pit
Test result
Cm/h
Remark
1-2-1
B-2-2
B-2-3
8.9
27 . 8
Impossible to
insert the ring
due to burried
stones♦
B-4-1
B-U-2
B-U-3
B-5-1
B-5-2
B-5-3
B-6-1
B-6-2
B-6-3
B-7-1
8-7-2
8-7-3
5.9
5.8
-
7.0
9.3
26.5
7.3
7.2
11.2
6.0
6.8
Due to crack
Due to crack
Due to crack --------------------------------------------i
For interpretation of the made to FAO soils bulletin U2. figures are mentioned.
If the infiltration excess of 12.5cm/hr, gravity because of difficulties with percolation losses.
With rate in the surface waste of water may
obtained data, references can oe In this Publication, the following
ra ^-          after          six          hours          remains          in rrigation           may           not           be           practicable, water distribution and excessive
order of
be excessi
magnitude             of ve. •
Op t i ma 1
i nfi1tration
0.7cm/hr and   3.5cm/hr
rates are considered
0 . i            0.2cm/hr to be be tween
same
in the subsoils. ° Tne crack* and
Looking      to      the      figures      of      the      results      they      show      7      - Tunny       results       are       also       obtained       du-       to       th-      erVk-      Lw
11.2        and cavitiesAppendix III
Laboratory Procedures
«-
■■■■
• • iijll
74J
Description               Method
Procedure
Texture               Hydroieter              Height 50 g soil, if the soil is sindy weitht 100 g.
Transfer to the dispensation cop and fill 2/3 with water. Add 10 ci3 calgon solution stir for 30 linotes pour into the ledinentntion cylinder and lake up to 1 di3 with water. Heep the sediientation cylinder in a constant teiperature hath at 20 C,
if this is not available keep the cylinder on the vork bench. Mix the suspension very well. lote the tine is soon as the cylinder in kept at rest. Take the teiperntut ud the hydroieter reading nt the end of 40 sec., 4 nin and 2 hours.
PH viter
Ratio 1:2.5
Potentioieter          Height 10 gi of soil saiple and add 25 il of distilled water. Shake for 30 ninutes using electrical shaker and let it for overnight. Using pH neter leisure the PH.
pH Potassioi
Chloride
Ration 1:2.5
Potentioieter          Height 10 gn of soil saiple and add 25 il of
0.01 Nicii solution shake for 15 ninutes ud take
the pH reading
Organic
caton *
Valkely and
Black Chronic
acid oxidation
Take soil saiple < pass it through 0.2 n sieve weight 1 gi or less i transfer to conical flask
Add 10 il of potassini dichronate solution ud swirl gently the flask to lix the reagent with the soil. Add 20 il of cone. B2S04. Swirl the flask and allow it to stand for about 30 ninutes, add 200 il of distilled water to each flask, place
10 il of phosphoric acid. Cool it using ostwald pippet add two or three drops of diphenyl aiine indicator solution. (Titrate the excess dichronate with Mohr'salt solution) carry ont -Jie Bluk titration the sane way.
Calciui
Carbcnate
Bernard's
Calciieter
Place 0.1 gi of soil in a conical flask using siall test tubes add m diluted Bd in to conical flask pour the BCl froi the neter. De, triple 0.1 gi of calcium carbonate as standard
Klectrical
Conductivity
of Saturation
Extract
Conductnetry Take 50  gi of soil and using  distilled water lake saturation till the soil show falling  freely  froj spatula take the SC reading
75Exchangeable CitiOll Sodiua
itioniui
Acetate aethod
Tine photoaeter
Tike 10 gt of soil ud leach the soil by Rental Aitoniii Acetate till the total volute 250 il Standardized the flue photoaeter using potassiua
studards ud run the extract. 
,
Calciui s Magnetiui
Titration Take 25 te the extract ud titrate the extract
by 0.01 1 IOTA cotplex
•cic
*
Calciui
Chloride
*
a. 4 * ’ r
Take  10  gt  of  soil  ud  aatuated  with  1  l  caci2, 2820   let   it   for   over   light   ud   leach   the   soil   till the   solatioi   cotes   150-501   tl   discard   the   solution ud  equilibrate  with  0.1 I CaC12,  2120  replace  the
(Calciu  ioa  with  l  ■  Potusiu  nitrate  aid  collect in    500    vibluetric    flask.Titrate    the    exesi    chloride using  ISCM  or  Mercuric  nitrate  ud  titrate  the
calciui in.' -
76

Summery