FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCE FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN OF BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE) Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats PVT.LTD.(ICT)Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN OF BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT FINAL FEASIBILITY REPORT VOLUME 2 MAIN REPORT WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2*Main Report LIST OF VOLUMES VOL1 Executive summary VOL 2 Main Report VOL 3 Annex 1 Meteorological and Hydrological Study VOL 4 Annex 2 Geological and Geotechnical Investigations VOL 4 Annex 3 Hydrogeological Study VOL 5 Annex 4 Soil Survey VOL 5 Annex 5 Land Evaluation VOL 6 Annex 6 Socio Economic Study VOL 6 Annex 7 Settlement Study VOL 7 Annex 8 Irrigation Agronomy VOL 7 Annex 9 Farm Mechanisation VOL 7 Annex 10 Agricultural Marketing VOL 8 Annex 11 Livestock study VOL 9 Annex 12 Environmental Impact Assessment VOL 9 Annex 13 Watershed Management VOL 10 Annex 14 Institutional Dev. VOL 11 Annex 15 Financial & Economic Analysis WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report TABLE LIST LIST TABLE OF CONTENTS OF OF OF CONTENTS1 TABLES..,X FIGURESX ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSXI 1. INTRODUCTION1 1.1 Project Location1 1.2 The Project COMPONENT1 13 COMMAND AREA-2 1.4 Figure 1.1 Project Location Map4 1.5 THE CONSULTANCY TEAM5 1.6 Submission of Interim Report5 1.7 The Draft Feasibility Report6 Catchment area2 1.8 RECEIPT OF COMMENTS AND SUBMISSION OF FINAL FEASIBILITY REPORT7 2. METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS8 2.1 Project Area Location8 2.2 Review of Previous Studies..9 23 Scope and Methodology9 2.4 Rainfall Analysis9 2.5 REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ETo)10 2.6 Data Analysis........................................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.6.1 Monthly summory... ................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.6.2 Frequency Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................12 2.6.3 Roinfall-lntensity-Durotion12 2.7 RIVER FLOW ANALYSIS13 2.7.1 Dota Availability ........................................................................................................................................._...............13 2.7.2 Monthly and Annual flow13 2.8 DESIGN FLOODS 2.9 DEPENDABLE FLOW14 2.10 SEDMENTATION 2.11 DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 3. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS18 3.1 GEOLOGY 3.1.1 Regional Geologicol Units............................................................................................................................................................................. ..................... „i8 3.1.2 Tectonics 3.2 Seismicity of the Project Area19 3.3 Geotechnical investigation21 3.3.1 Geotechnical investigation along weir axis21 3.3.2 Geotechnical investigation along canal routes22 3.4 Geophysical investigation23 3.5 Construction material23 3.6 Chemical analysis result of Weyib river water24 3.7 SUMMARY24 4. HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY26 WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report iFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report 4.1 ObjectivesZb 4.2 Location-............................................................................................................................................................................26 4.3 Geology22 4.3.1 Regional Geology~........................................................................................................................................... & 4.3.2 Locol Geology..........--...................................................................................................................................... 22 4.3.3 Hydrogeologicol data 4.4 Topography, climate, hydrography28 4.5 GROUND WATER POTENTIAL29 4.6 Water supply for settlement areas once irrigation starts30 4.7 Predicting the groundwater level rise under irrigation31 4.8 Water logging and water level rise management option32 4.9 Conclusion and Recommendations32 5. SOIL SURVEY STUDY33 5.1 INTRODUCTION33 5.2 The land Use and Vegetation Cover33 5.3 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................................................................... 33 5.3.1 Field Investigations........................................................................................................................................ -33 5.3.2 Post Fieldwork Stoge~-................................................................................................................................... 34 5.3.2.1 Laboratory Analysis.................................................................................................................................. 34 5.3.2.2 Legend Construction and Thematic Map Preparation35 5.3.2.3 Presentation of Results............................................................................................................................. 36 5.4 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS36 5.5 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS37 5.6 Hydrological CHARACTERISTICS37 5.7 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS37 5.8 THE SOILS OF THE STUDY AREA37 5.8.1 Soil Classification System37 5.8.2 Soil Mapping Units-38 5.9 Description of Soil Mapping Units38 5.10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION40 5.10.1 Conclusion....................................................................................................................................................... 40 5.10.2 Recommendation41 6. LAND EVALUATION STUDY42 6.1 Scope42 6.2 SOILS42 6.3 METHODOLOGY43 6.3.1Generol43 6.3.2 Definition of Key Terms/Phroses43 6.4 LAND CHARACTERISTICS43 6.4.1 Land Qualities 6.4.2 Land Use Requirements 6.4.2.1 Land suitability classes 6.4.2.2 Class determining Factors 6.5 Land Evaluation procedures 6.6 Land Utilization Types (LUTS) and Land Use Requiremenis (LUR) 6.6.1 Land Utilization Types......................................................................................................................................... 47 6.6.2 Land Use Requirements (LURs) 6.7 Land Suitability Classification 6.7.1 Land Mapping Units 6.8 Land Suitability Characterization by Land Units WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report j]’Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report 6.9 Land Suitability Maps............................................................................................................................. -............................................. 52 6.10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................................................................... 52 7. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE................................................................................................................. 53 7.1 Location...............................................................................................................................................................................................— 53 7.2 Hydrology & Water Resources.......................................................................................................................................................... 53 7.3 SURVEY WORK.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 54 7.4 GEOLOGY.........................................................................................................................................................-............. -......................... 54 7.5 DIVERSION STRUCTURE.......................................................................................................-............................ .................................... 54 7.5.1 Design Criterio ond Basic Concepts............................................................. .......................................................... 55 7.5.2 Detailed Design..............................................................................~.............................. ...... -------- --------------------56 7.5.3The Gates required are os follows.................................................... ........................................ ...... .........................57 7.6 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE.................................................................................................................................................................. 57 7.6.1 Soils of the Commond Area............................................................................ —------ ------------------------------------- 57 7.6.2 Cropping Pattern............................................................................... -.............. ........................................................58 7.6.3 Efficiencies of irrigation system................................................................ -.............. ............................................... 59 7.6.4 Salient Features of the Canal System.............................................. ......................... ...... ......... ....... ...................... 59 7.7 STRUCTURES ON CANALS AND DRAINS............................................................................................ _................................................61 7.8 Head Regulator............................................................................................................................ .......... ...................... —................ . 63 7.8.1 Alignment of the HR....................................................................... ................ ........... ..... .......................... ............. 63 7.8.2 Components of the HR......................................................................................._................. ............ ......................63 7.8.3 The Sill Levels................................................................................................... ...... ........... .................................... 63 7.8.4 Discharge Measurement at the Head Regulator............................... .............. ............................... .......................63 7.8.5 Discharge Evaluation........................................................................................ ...... ....................... ......... ...... ......... 63 7.8.6 Scouring Sluice Gates............................................................................... .............. ............ .......................... ........ 64 7.9 Road Network...................................................................................................................... ......................................... . ....................... 64 8. SOCIOECONOMIC STUDY....................................................................................................................... 65 8.1 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................................................................................. 65 8.2 GORO WOREDA SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE........................................................................................................................................ 65 8.2.1 Physical Setting................................................................................................................................................... ..66 8.2.2 Relief66 8.2.3 Drainage............................................................................. ....................... ......................... ............ ............ ............66 8.2.4 Season..................................................................................................... ~............. ............... ~..............................67 8.2.5 Climate.................................................................................................................. .............................. „......... .......... 67 8.2.6 Wildlife............................................................................................................... ....... ........ . .......... .......................... 67 8.2.7 Population. .................................................................................. .......... .................._......................................... .......... ......................68 8.2.8 Rural Settlement Pattern...................................................................... ... ................ ..... ...... ............ _.......... ........... 68 8.2.9 Agriculture...................................................................................„............................................„............................. „6S 8.2.10 Infrastructure and social facilities.................... .......................... „......_............ .................... .......... ....... .......... .....69 8.2.11 Water.................................................................................................................................. „........._.......................59 8.2.12 Energy supply.................................................... ............................................................................ _......... ............ 69 8.2.13 Education................................................................................. .................................................................... ........69 8.2.14 Health and diseases......................................................................................................... _........ w........ ..... ..........70 8.2.15 Sociol Security....................... ................................... ............................................................................................. 71 8.2.16 trade, Tourism and Sports........................................................................................................... .......................-71 8.3 Problems and Potentialities................................................................................................................................................................ 71 8.4 DETAILS OF BALE GADULA PROJECT AREA........................................................................................................................................72 8.4.1 Commond area population..................................................................................................................................... 72 8.4.2 Income Generation........................................................................................................................ -........................ 73 8.4.3 Social services Agriculture and food supply socio-Cultural, resettlement and compensation issues................... 73 8.5 PRA AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION........................................................................................................................................................ 75 8.6 POTENTIALSAND PROBLEMS OF THE PROJECT AREA..................................................................................................................... 75 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report illVolume 2-Main Report 7 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 8.6.1 Potentials of the Project orca for Social and Economic Development $ 8.6 2 The project Area Problems7$ 8.7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEN DATIONS75 8.7.1 Conclusion75 8.7.2 Recommendation...7° 9. SETTLEMENT STUDY77 9.1 Scope of the study77 9.2 Socioeconomic Impacts of the Proposed Project77 9.2.1 Positive Impocts of the Project77 9.2.2 Adverse Impacts of the Proposed Project77 9.2.2.1 Displacement of Households and Population77 9.2.2.2 Loss of Social Services and Religious Institutions78 9.2.23 Spread of HIV/AIDS79 9.3 COMPENSATION79 9.3.1 Compensation Standards $ 7 9.3.2 Compensation for Loss of Cultivated Land and Crops-....................................................................................79 9.3.3 Compensation for Residential Land, Houses, and Fixtures80 9.4 Compensation and Valuation Methods80 9.4.1 Basis of Compensation—.................................................................................................................................. 80 9.4.2 Compensation for Land..................................................................................................................................... 80 9.4.3 Compensation for Private Houses-................................................................................................................... 81 9.4.4 Compensation for Public Infrastructures82 9.5 Summary of Compensation and Rehabilitation Costs82 9.6 Proposed Resettlement/Rehabilitation Activities83 9.7 Institutional Arrangement and Implementation Strategy85 9.8 Monitoring and Evaluation85 9.8.1 Internal Monitoring85 9.8.2 External Monitoring/ Evaluation 86 9.9 Resources86 9.10 CONCLUDIONS AND RECOMMEDATIONS86 10. AGRONOMY STUDIES88 10.1 AGRICULTURE STUDIES88 10.1.1 Approaches and Methodology88 10.1.2 Land Use of Goro Wereda—89 10.1.3 Crop Production-.............................................................................................................................................. 89 10.1.4 Production and productivity of crops90 10.1.5 Existing Status of Forming System.................................................................................................................. 90 10.1.6 Cultural practices91 10.1.7 Cropping Pattern and Crop Rototion 10.1.8 Harvesting, Threshing and Cleaning92 10.1.9 Agricultural Extension.......................................................................................................................................93 10.1.10 Credits-........................................................................................................................................................... 93 10.1.11 Storage 10.1.12 Agricultural Research Centres94 10.2 Development constraints and Potentials 10.2.1 Major Production and Development Constraints 10.2.2 Productions potentials....................................................................................................................................... 95 10.3 Crop Planning 10.3.1 Criteria for Crop Selectiong? 10.3.2 Climate of the Project Commond 10.3.3 Response of crops to Irrigation WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project 10.3.4 Economic Considerations Volume 2-Main Report 10.3.5 Marketability of Crops•.......................................................................................................................... -; 10.4 Proposed cropping pattern and crop calendar 10.5 Crop Water requirement......................... 10.6 Cropping Pattern RECOMMENDED 10.7 Conclusions 11. FARM MECHANISATION 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 Use of Improved Farm Machinery. 11.3 Scope of the study 11.4 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 11.5 Bale agricultural development enterprise105 11.5.1 Farming at the state farm105 99 102 103 103 103 103 104 100 11.5.2 Fully mechanized operations at the farm.............................................................................................................. 105 11.6 Major Mechanization problemsobservedin Bale agricultural development enterprise (State Farms) 107 11.7 Agricultural mechanization service enterprise108 11.8 Present status of use of farm machinery by the farmers in the area109 11.9 Sources of Farm Machineries109 11.10 Farmers in the Irrigation Command area110 11.11 Small Scale Irrigation practices & use of farm Machinery110 11.12 Farm machinery requirementIll 11.12.1 Method of approachIll 11.12.2 The total investment cost works out to Birrs 309,480,000Ill 11.13 Workshop (Maintenance)112 11.14 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS112 11.14.1 Conclusions112 11.14.2 Recommendations.. 113 12 AGRICULTURAL MARKETING 115 12.1 FINDINGS of the marketing study115 12.1.1 Transport Facilities115 12.1.2 Storage Facility in the study area115 12.2 The marketing channel and supply chain of farm produces115 12.2.1 Wheat„............................................................................................................................. „...................-................. 115 12.2.2 Spices...................................................................................................................................................................... 115 12.2.3 Pulses............................................................................................................................................ ~jp 12.3 Farm product price trends in the study area117 12.4 Opportunities and threats facing developing countries119 12.5 Product Qualify Standards120 12.5.1 Oilseeds................................................................................................................................ ~.............120 12.5.2 Pulses120 12.5.3 Spices and herbs121 12.6 Trade-related measures that restrict entry to EU market121 12.6.1 Sustainable development for businesses................................................ ..121 12.6.2 Ecolabels122 12.6.3 Environmental standards122 12.6.4 Health and hygiene issues: HACCP122 12.6.5 Fair Trade and social responsibility122 12.6.6 Packaging, marking ond labelling123 12.7 Recommendation123 13. LIVESTOCK, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES STUDY124 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report 13.1 Livestock Resources..................................................................................................................................................... 13.1.1 Background.................................................................................................................................................... 224 13.1.2 Livestock Development Policy.......................................................................................................................224 13.1.3 Livestock of the Project Arco............~.............................................................................................................^24 13.1.4 Livestock Management.................................................................................................................................. 226 13.1.5 Livestock Stocking...........................................................................................................................................226 13.1.6 Livestock Ownership........................................................................................................................................126 13.1.7 Livestock Breeding.......................................................................................................................................... 126 13.1.8 Feed Resources.............. ~............... —........................................................................................................... 126 13.1.9 Livestock Water............................................................................................................................................... 127 13.1.10 Livestock Diseoses...................................................................................................................................... 127 13.1.11 Livestock Development Activities................................................................................................................ 128 13.1.12 Livestock and Livestock Products Utilization............................................................................................... 128 13.1.13 Livestock Markets and Marketing................................................................................................................ 129 13.1.14 Extension Service.........................................................................................................................................129 13.1.15 Opportunities ond Constraints..................................................................................................................... 129 13.1.16 Proposed Interventions................................................................................................................................ 130 13.2 Apiculture Resources Base of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project..................................................................................... 130 13.2.1 Honeybees.......................................................................................................................................................................................130 13.2.2 Honey Bees Resources in the Project Area................................................................................................. 131 13.2.3 Honeybee disease and enemy...................................................................................................................... 131 13.2.4 Honeybee Flora (Melliferous Plants)..............................................................................................................132 13.2.5 Apiculture Development Potentials in the Project Area................................................................................. 132 13.2.6 Honey Harvesting........................................................................................................................................... 132 13.2.7 Marketing....................................................................................................................................................... 133 13.2.8 Opportunities & Constraints........................................................................................................................... 133 13.2.9 Proposed Interventions...................................................................................................................................133 13.3 Fishery Resources........................................................................................................................................................................ 134 13.3.1 Bockground............................ ~...................................................................................................................... 134 13.3.2 Fish Resource Monogement and Policy........................................................................................................ 134 13.3.3 Fish Species Diversity.................................................................................................................................... 134 13.3.4 Fish Production of Bale Godula Irrigation Project Area................................................................................. 135 13.3.5 Fish Marketing.................................................................................................................................................135 13.3.6 Opportunities and Constraints........... —.......................................................................................................... 135 13.3.7 Proposed Interventions.....................................................................................................................................135 14. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY...................................................................... 136 14.1 Physical Environment................................................................................................................................................................... 136 14.2 Hydrology........................................................................................................................................................................................136 14.3 Water Quality................................................................................................................................................................................. 136 14.4 Land Use and Cover.......................................................................................................................................................................136 14.5 Potential PHYSICAL Environmental Impacts........................................................................................................................... 137 14 6 Downstream Impacts........................................................................................................................................................................138 14.6.1 Lesser Availability of woter downstream.......................................................................................................... 238 14.6.2 Impacts on Biological ond Ecological Environment......................................................................................... 240 14.6.2.1 Loss of Vegetation.................................................................................................................................... .. 14.6.2.2 Impacts on Wildlife..................................................................................................................................... 14.6.2.3 Introduction of Pests and Weeds............................................................................................................. . 14.6.3 Socio Economic Impoci..................................................................................................................................... .. 14.6.4 Potential Positive Imports................................................ -................................................................................ 241 14 7 Public Consultation.......................................................................................................................................................... ... 14.8 Institutional Framework................................................................................................................................................ ... 14.9 Capacity Strengthening................................................................................................................................................. ... WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report viFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report 14.10 Environmental Monitoring and reporting.................................................................................................................................. 143 14.11 RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................................................................................................... 143 15. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT............................................................................................................. 144 15.1 Objectives................................................................................................................................................................................................ 144 15.2 Polices, proclamation and strategies.............................................................................................................................................144 15.3 Methodology and Approach...............................................................................................................................................................144 15.4 Bio-physical Features..........................................................................................................................................................................145 15.4.1 Londform Characteristics............................................................................. ............. ......... ............ ........ -........... 145 15.4.2 Climate................................................................................................................................ ........... ............ -......... 146 15.5 Agro-climate and Ag ro-ecological zones................................................................................................................. -..................147 15.5.1 Agro-Climatic zone........................................................................................................................-........................ 147 15.5.2 Agroecological zone............................................................................................... — ---------- —--------------— 147 15.6 Hydrology and Water Resources.................................................................................................................................................... 147 15.7 Land use/cover.......................................................................................................................................................................................148 15.8 Soils.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 149 15.9 STATUS OF LAND DEGRADATION.........................................................................................................................................................149 15.9.1 Soil Erosion Problem....................................................................................................................—........—......149 15.9.2 Deforestation Problem..............................................................................................-............................................. 149 15.10 Crop productions and farming system and Livestock and Infrastructure........................................................... .. ......... 149 15.10.1 Farming system...................................................................................... —..................... —~— ----------------- ----- 150 15.10.2 Livestock Production...................................................................................................... -....... ........... ......... —.... 150 15.11 Women in development activities..................................................................................................................................................... 152 15.12 Sources of Fuel wood/Energy.............................................................................................................................. ........................ 152 15.13 Water Supply....................................................................................................................................................................................... 152 15.14 Social Services and Infrastructures............................................................................................................................................ 152 15.15 WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE......................................................................................................................................... 153 15.16 WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS......................................................................................................................................... ... 153 15.16.1 Development potentials and opportunities.............................................. ..................................... -...................... 153 15.16.2 Crop Production................................................................................................................................................... 154 15.16.3 Intervention strategy and activities for crop production and cost................................................. ....................... 154 15.17 Soil AND WATER CONSERVATION....................................................................................................................................................... 155 15.17.1 Development potential and main constraints............................................ ............ . ...................... ~.................... 155 15.17.2 Intervention activities and strotegy...................................................................................................................... 155 15.17.3 Estimated cost of soil and water conservation activites shall be approx (OOtf Birr).......................................... 156 15.18 Livestock development and regulatory function......................................................................................................................156 15.18.1 Development potential and main constraints........................................................... ........................................... 156 15.18.2 Intervention strategy............................................................................................................................................. 157 15.19 IMPROVED STOVE PROMOTION.......................................................................................................................................................... 157 15.19.1 Activities................................................................................................................................................................ 157 15.19.2 Cost of activity........................................................................................................................................................ iss 15.20 Capacity building and community asset creation......................................................................................................................... 158 15.20.1 Inputs for Strengthening Capacity.........................................................................................................................ISS 15.20.2 Community Participation...................................................................................................................................... ISS 15.20.3 Demonstration.......................................................................................................................................................15s 15.21 Activities.................................................................................................................................................................................................159 15.21.1 Launching workshop.............................................................................................................................................159 15.21.2 Institutional Capacity building...................................................................„........................................................... 159 15.21.3 Community training...............................................................................................................................................159 15.21.4 Provision of equipment, hand tools and materials.............................................................................................. 1S9 15.22 Organization and Management.......................................................................................................................................................... 159 15.23 WATERSHED DECELOPMENTIMPLIMENTATION................................................................................................................................ 160 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report viiFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2-Main Report Feasibility Study and DetaiI Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 15.23.1 Implementation Pion __________________ 15.24 Major Stakeholders and institutional arrangement for THE watershed development intervention . 160 15.25 Institutional Arrangement161 16. INSTITUTIONAL STUDY163 16.1 Objective of the Institutional Study163 16.2 Meetings held with various Authorities163 16.3 Institutions to be Involved in Implementation and Operation of the project163 16.4 Organization Structure FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF the Project163 16.4.1 High Executive Committee - (HEC)163 16.4.2 Project Coordination Office (PCO)164 16.4.3 Steering Committee at Oromio Regional State in Bale Zone165 16.4.4 Project Implementation Unit (PIU)166 16.5 Project Management167 16.5.1 Technical Advisory Committee167 16.5.2 Project Monogement Unit (PMU)168 16.5.3 Location of Project Management Centre:................................................................................................... 168 16.5.4 Proposed Manpower Requirement169 16.5.5 Proposed Solary Scale171 16.6 Cost of implementing the proposed salary scale173 16.6.1 Cost of Construction Phase173 16.6.2 Cost of Management Phose (PMU)173 16.7 TRAINING173 16.7.1 Bole Gadula Project Management Center - Staff Training173 16.7.2 Troining of Farmers174 17. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS176 17.1 METHODS OF ANALYSIS176 17.2 Financial and Economic Analysis176 17.3 Measures of Finanoal Viability176 17.4 Sensitivity Analysis 17.5 COST ESTIMATES 17.5.1 Initiol Investmentus 17.6 Project Benefits 17.6.1 Crop Productionjyg 17.6.2 By-Product Production 17.7 Crop Budget of With and Without the Project179 17.8 Sensitivity Analysis 17.9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report viiiFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2-Main Report LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Volumes of Draft Feasibility Report6 Tadle 1.2 Volumes of Final Feasibility Report7 Table 2.1 The Extreme values of rainfall at 72hr of 5 stations in the Project area12 Table 2.2 Results of flood frequency analysis in different frequency distribution14 Table 2.3 Decadal value flow at diversion point in different dependability rate15 Table 2.4 Observed Sediment Concentration data at three stations in Weyb River basin16 Table 3.1 Summary of test pits and Auger holes along Bale Gadula Main and Secondary Canals22 Table 3.2 Location and Elevation of Measuring Lines in Bale Gadula weir site23 Table 4.1 Water points within the Bale Gadula Irrigation Command area Note that NF means Non functional wells or schemes 28 Table 4.2 Physico Chemical Characteristics of Weyb River Water30 Table5.1 Soil Field Activities Achievement34 Table 5.2 Legend Description39 Table Table 6.1 6.2 FAO Land Land Suitability Suitability Classification Limitations Levels45 (Sub-Classes)46 Table 6.3 Summary of Actual Land Suitability by LMU and LUT51 Table 6.4 Summary of Actual Land Suitability for Different Crops in Bale-Gadula command Area52 Table 7.1 Design Flood tor Headworks55 Table 7.2 Final Hydraulic Design Parameters56 Table 7.3 Details of canal system60 Table 7.4 Details of structures on canals62 Table 7.5 Details of Road Network64 Table 8.1 Altitude and Climate67 Table 8.2 Goro woreda population (2003-2008)68 Table 8 3 Number of school by type &level (2003-2008)69 Table 9.1 Kebles falling in command areas of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project78 Table 9.2 Compensation Cost for Residential Dwellings: Bale Gadula Irrigation Project81 Table 9.3 Number and Types of Social Services Proposed as well as amount of budget needed82 Table 9.4 Summary of Affected Assets and Compensation Cost83 Table 10.1 Land Use of Goro Wereda89 Table 10.2 Holding size of the farmers in project area91 Table 10.3 Present status of weeds, insect pests and diseases92 Table 10.4 Cropping pattern for Bale Gadula irrigation project during main (Genna) season (September - December) Table 10.5 Cropping patterns for Bale Gadula irrigation project, during belg (Arfasa) season / March - June/ 101 Table 11.1 Different agricultural machinery available in the Enterprise in 2009105 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report ixFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report Table 11.2 Statement showing yield in Q/ha of wheat and barley (main crops) of the farm105 Table 11.3 Information indicating details or Major work shop equipments107 Table 11.4 Detail indicating number of Technicians and operators in the workshop107 Table 11.5 Detail showing Types of farm machinery available in the enterprise109 Table 11.6 Distance between rows and plants of selected fruits and vegetable producedin irrigation area.... Ill Table 11.7 Machinery Requirement of the area:ill Table 12.1 Export market potential for farm produces from Ethiopia118 Table 13.1 Livestock Population in the Project Area by Kebele (Heads)125 Table 13.2 Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Livestock Population by Kebele (TLU)125 Tablf 13.3 Uvestock Holding Per Household125 Table Tabie 15.1 Slope categories of Bale Gadula watershed145 15.2 Major rivers/streams of Bale Gadula watershed148 Table 15.3 Land use/cover in Bale Gadula Watershed (ha)148 Table 15.4 Uvestock Population Distribution in the Watershed (Number)151 Table 15.5 Livestock Population Distribution in the Watershed (TLU)151 Table IS.6 Estimated cost of activities related to Soil Conservatjonal156 Table 16.1 Manpower Requirement of Project Coordination Office/Addis Ababa/165 Table Table Table Table 16.2 Project 16.3 16.4 Coordination Project Project Office/Addis Implementation Manager's 16.5 Administration Ababa/166 Unit167 Ofrce169 Service169 Table 16.6 Water Management & Environment Protection Section170 Table Table Table 16.7 16.8 16.9 Technical Technical Summary of Services Services Staffing CIVIL170 Mechanical170 Plan171 Table 16.10 Minimum and Maximum Salaries of Job Grades according to the Proposed Salary Scale172 Table 16.11 Cost of Staff of Construction Phase173 Table 16.12 COST of PMU173 Table 17.1 Estimated Initial Investment Cost (OOOBirr)178 Table 17.2 Results of Sensitivity Analysis180 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 The estimated reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in the project arean Figure 2.2 Seasonal distribution of mean monthly flow (Mcum) different stations13 Figure 3.1 Seismic risk map of Ethiopia20 Figure 3.2 Location map of the proposed quarry sites25 Figure 5.1 Bale-Gadula Soil observation point Figure 15.1 Mean Monthly Rainfall of Stations in and around Ball Gadula watershed145 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report XFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project_ ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Volume 2-Main Report ADB ADF ADLI API BAGID BoA board CSA Cs CaCO3 CEC cm DA DM DFR ECc Africa Development Bank Africa Development Fund Agriculture Development Lead Industrialization Apiculture Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Bureau of Agriculture Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development Central Statistics Authority Cediment concentration Calcium Carbonate Cation Exchange Capacity Centimeters Development Agent Dry Matter Draft Feasibility Report Electrical Conductivity of Saturated Paste Extract ESP ECw ERA Exchangeable Sodium Percentage Electrical conductivity Ethiopian Road Authority EVDSA EA EIA EMP EPA EC EC EU FAO FTC FU FDRE FC G GDMP GDP Ha HO 22 HCI HH Ethiopian Valley Development Authority Environmental Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management Plan Environmental Protection Authority Electro conductivity Ethiopian Calendar European Union Food and Agricultural Organization Farmers Training Centre Feed Unit Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Field Capacity Gram Genale Dawa Master Plan Gross Domestic Production Hectare Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrochloride household IFAD ILCA K Km KCI LUT LUP Lit Lab.Tech LDME International Fund for Agricultural Development International Livestock Centre for Africa Potassium Kilometres Potassium Chloride Land Utilization Type Land Unit Map Liters Laboratory Technician Livestock Development and Marketing Enterprise WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report lts/hd/day mg/l m3/s Mg m masl mm M MoWR MoARD Mm3 m 3 m.ton MOFED N.A NCD NGO NLDP Na NWRC Natural NMA NRS NFPA °C OIDA Q PA PRA PASDEP PWP pH REA SAR STDs TLU TB ToR UNESCO UTM UNDP USD VLU WAPCOS WWDSE WHO litres per head per day Milli gram per litre Cubic meter per second Magnesium Meter Meters Above Sea Level Millimetres Mole Ministry of Water Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Million metre cube Cubic meter Metric ton Ministry of finance and Economic Development Data not Available New Castle Disease Non Governmental Organization National Livestock Development Project Sodium Water resources Commission National Meteorology Agency National Regional State National Forest Priority Area Degree Celsius Oromia Irrigation Development Authority Discharge Peasant Association (kcbele) Participatory Rural Appraisal Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty Permanent Wilting Point Soil Reaction (log H’ions, acidity, basicity) 10 Regional Environmental Agency Sodium absorption ratio Sexually Transmitted Diseases Tropical Livestock Unit Tuber-Closis Term of Reference United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Universal Transverse Mercator United Nations Development Programm United States Dollar Veterinary Livestock Unit Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) LTD. Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise World Health Organization WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 1. INTRODUCTION Volume 2-Main Report The Main Report contains an abridged form of the Feasibility Study for BALE GADULA Irrigation Project The Feasibility Study has been undertaken by a multidisciplinary team consisting of experts from Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE) Ethiopia, as Lead Consultant and Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats (ICT) Pvt. India as an Associate Consultant. Several local consultancy agencies have also been associated with the study team. The Feasibility study has been completed in accordance with Terms of Reference (TOR) which forms a part of contract agreement for the study, executed between the client. Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR), Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) and WWDSE, the Lead Consultant The objective of this Project is to provide irrigation to about 5000 ha area in the area of Weyb River near in Goro woreda by diverting the flow of the river through a canal system taking off on the left bank. The Headworks for diversion of water of Weyb River will consist of a weir across the river. One head Regulator shall be constructed on the left bank integrated with the weir structure. A total of about 5000 HH can be provided with irrigation water if one ha is given to one HH. 1.1 PROJECT LOCATION BALE GADULA Irrigation Project is administratively located in Bale administrative zone of the Oromia National Regional State (ONRS). Goro is the project woreda and the Goro town, the capital of the woreda is located 82km East of Robe town which is currently identified as the capital of Bale zone. Robe is located 380km from Addis Ababa in a general South-Eastern direction via Asela (a town located 175km from Addis Ababa & capital of Arsi Administrative zone). Goro town is located 494km from Addis Ababa, the capital of the nation. The proposed weir site is located 9km from Goro town in its general North direction. 1.2 THE PROJECT COMPONENT The Bale Gadula Irrigation Project envisages the following: i) A 46 m long and 2.5 m high diversion weir on river Weyb about 20.0 kms from Goro WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report IFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report ii) One main canal off-taking on left bank from the diversion weir branching into various canals to irrigate about 5000 ha. 1.3 COMMAND AREA The command area is located on the left bank of the Weyb river. The command area is bounded by a chain of ridges as local mountains (above 2000masl) in its genera North direction. Weyb River is circumscribing the command area from its general south and south eastern direction. On the right bank of the Weyb River a chain of ridges having an altitude of above 2000masl is also circumscribing the project area. A very long and narrow low-lying plain area (1800masl and around) is created in between the two chain of ridges which is currently envisaged as the command area for BAGID project. Geographically the project command area is located extending from 7°6’N to 7°9’N and 40°18'E to 40°37'E. 1.4 CATCHMENT AREA Bale Gadula watershed is located in the Oromia National Regional State, in Bale zone and in some extent in west Arsi zone. This watershed falls in Gassera (13%), Adaba (6%), Agarfa (11%), Sinana (24%), Dinsho (15%), Goba (14%), Goro (6%) and Ginir (10%) woredas. Most of the watershed lies at higher altitude where there is fairly regular precipitation throughout the year. The principal river of this watershed is Weyb River and it originates from 4200 m high in Dinsho and Adaba woredas. The river begins from the area where dominant land cover is grass/shrubed grass and passes moderately cultivated smallholder farms of perennials and annuals with patches of plantation and natural forest. It also cascade down the watershed through intensively cultivated smallholder farms, state farms, and private mechanized farms before reaching the proposed diversion point. The total watershed area is approximately 306,322 hectares. The project area lies on the upper most section of the Weyb River catchment. The River Weyb, which is one of the three main rivers in the Genale -Dawa Basin, originates in the Bale highlands at the Peak of Sante Mountain. The Weyb watershed upstream of the diversion site is characterized as gently sloped plateau watershed with almost circular shape. Its catchment area at diversion point and downstream gauging station are 2950.7sq.km and 3498.5 sq km respectively The watershed highest and lowest elevations are 4345 m above mean sea level, in its WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 2Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report south-western part and 1739m above mean sea level, in its eastern part respectively. So the general slope of the catchment becomes 2%. The second class that covers the large share of the catchment (77.16%) is in the altitudinal class of 2300-3200. The last portion that covers 6.18% of the catchment area is in the altitudinal class of 1500 -2300. In general these altitudinal shows that the whole catchments lay in the Highlands. Similarly the command area lay in the 3rd class, which is in the altitudinal range of 1500 -2300. The river network of the catchment is mainly described by the three major tributaries of the Weyb River that flow in parallel. The first tributary called Denka which flows about 53kms before joins Weyb rivers covers the Western wing of the catchment area. Whereas the second and the third tributaries that placed in the middle and eastern wing section are flow about 64kms and 60kms are called shaya and Tegona respectively All of them are join the Weyb River from the western direction There is no eastern flow tributary of the River weyb before the diversion point. About 75% of the catchment area covers by two major soil groups called cambisols, livisols and the remaining 25% include three soil groups called vertisol, regosols and Leptosolos. Whereas the command area mainly characterized by vertisolos. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 3Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Project Volume 2-Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation FIGURE 1.1 PROJECT LOCATION MAP WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 4Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 1.5 THE CONSULTANCY TEAM Volume 2-Main Report It consists of Water Works Design and Supervisions Enterprise (WWDSE) Ethiopia as Lead Consultant and Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats (ICT) Pvt. Ltd (India) as Associate Consultant. Several local consultancy agencies have also been associated. The various experts included are Irrigation and drainage Experts Hydraulic engineer, Hydrologist, Geologist, Geohydrologist, Watershed Management Specialist, Agronomist, Farm Mechanization expert, Agricultural Marketing expert, Soil Survey experts, Land Evaluation Expert, Livestock expert, Environmental Expert, Settlement Planner, Institutional development expert, Financial Analyst etc. The Team Leader from India joined on 29th May 2009. Immediately after his arrival they along with local consultants prepared Inception reports for the project in June 2009 1.6 SUBMISSION OF INTERIM REPORT In the month of October 2009, the Interim report was submitted. It contained the following; Vol. I Vol. Il-Annexure I Main Report Data base Meteorological and Hydrological Investigations Vol. Ill-Annexure II a Data base for Auger Holes Observations Vol. Ill-Annexure II b Data base for profile pit, lab analysis, Infiltration and Hydraulic Conductivity Vol. IV-Annexure III Questionnaires for HH survey Vol. IV-Annexure IV Primary Data from HH survey Vol. V- Annexure V Planning and design criteria for works under Bale Gadula irrigation project Part I Choice of Head works Part II Planning and Design Criteria for Diversion Work Part III Planning and Design Criteria for Irrigation canal net works Part IV Planning and Design Criteria for Drainage system PartV Planning and Design Criteria for Hydraulic Structures Vol. VI - Annexure VI Crop Planning Vol. Vl-Annexure VII Crop Water requirement WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 5Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources ^gasibihty Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 1.7 THE DRAFT FEASIBILITY REPORT The Report on Feasibility Study comprises the following: - Executive Summary - Main Report with an Album of Maps & Drawings Volume 2-Main Report - Annexures of Sectoral Reports - Sixteen Annexures in twelve volumes The broad lay out of the Report is as follows: Table 1.1 Volumes of Draft Feasibility Report Volumes / Chapters Sections / Subjects Annexures VOLUME - 1 Executive summary VOLUME - 2 Main Report VOLUME - 3 Meteorological and Hydrological Investigations Annexure 1 VOLUME - 4 Geological and Geotechnical Investigations Geo-hydrological Study Annexure 2 Annexure 3 VOLUME - 5 Soil Survey Study Data base for Auger hole Observation Data Base for Profile pit Hydraulic conductivity & Lab. Analysis Annexure - 4 Annexure - 4a Annexure - 4b Annexure - 4c VOLUME - 5 Land Evaluation Annexure 5 VOLUME - 6 Irrigation And Drainage Design of Weir and Head Regulator Annexure 6 VOLUME - 7 Socio Economic Study Land Evaluation Study Annexure 7 Annexure 8 VOLUME - 8 Agronomy Study Farm Mechanization Study Agricultural Marketing Annexure 9 Annexure 10 Annexure 11 VOLUME - 9 Livestock study Annexure 12 VOLUME -10 Environment Impact Assessment Study Watershed Management Study Annexure 13 Annexure 14 VOLUME - 11 Institutional Development Study Annexure 15 VOLUME - 12 Financial Analysis Annexure 16 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 6Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report 1.8 RECEIPT OF COMMENTS AND SUBMISSION OF FINAL FEASIBILITY REPORT Comments have been received from the client and a meeting was held in the ministry of water resources regarding the draft feasibility report and more comments were received and discussed. Finally the comments have been replied and incorporated in the Final Feasibility Report. Volume 6 concerning the Irrigation and drainage and Design of weir have been removed as the detailed design report has already been submitted. The final feasibility report contains the following: Table 1.2 Volumes of Final Feasibility Report VOLUME - 1 Executive summary VOLUME - 2 Main Report VOLUME-3 Annex 1 Meteorological and Hydrological Study VOLUME - 4 Annex 2 Geological and Geotechnical Investigations VOLUME - 4 Annex 3 Hydrogeological Study VOLUME - 5 Annexure -4 Annexure - 4a Annexure -4b Annexure-4c Soil Survey Study Data base for Auger hole Observation Data Base for Profile pit Hydraulic conductivity & Lab. Analysis VOLUME-5 Annex 5 Land Evaluation VOLUME-6 Annex 6 Socio Economic Study VOLUME - 6 Annex 7 Settlement Study VOLUME-7 Annex 8 Irrigation Agronomy VOLUME - 7 Annex 9 Farm Mechanisation VOLUME-7 Annex 10 Agricultural Marketing VOLUME - 8 Annex 11 Livestock study VOLUME-9 Annex 12 Environmental Impact Assessment VOLUME - 9 Annex 13 Watershed Management VOLUME-10 Annex 14 Institutional Dev. VOLUME - 11 Annex 15 Financial & Economic Analysis WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 7Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report 2. METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 2.1 PROJECT AREA LOCATION The command area of the project area is located in Oromia Region, Bale zone, Goro wereda. Whereas, the catchment area is stretch out on other 4 werdas of Bale and west Arisi zones. Geographically it is located in the range of 6° 50' 41.33” - 7°25'37.78' N and 39037'24.81” - 40°28'54.31” E. similarly, the project area is hydrologically located in Genale Dawa Basin on Weyb River. Figure 1.1 River Network of Weyb River. Figure 2.1 Catchment Area Map of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 8Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 2.2 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES Volume 2-Main Report There are two main previous studies, which are reviewed to understand the background of the project. The first study is Bale Gadula Irrigation project pre feasibility study which was done at 1988. The study analyzed the climatic data of the project using two stations called Sinnana and Goba. This study is not of much use in view of the latest data The second study document that referred in relation to the project is called Genale Dawa Master Plan study. This study was done by LAYMEYER INTERNATIONAL Engineering and consulting Service in 2008. As the study sated that Genale Dawa river basin has an area of 171,042 Km2, covering parts of Oromia, SSNRP, and Somali regions. The total mean annual flow from the river basins is estimated at about 5.8 BMC. The basin falls mainly in the arid and semi-arid zone and is generally drought-prone with erratic rainfall. About 85 irrigation potential sites are identified in the basin, out of which, 18 are small-scale. 28 are medium-scale, and 39 are large-scale. Bale Gadula irrigation project is one of the large irrigation projects in the basin as well it also pointed as the first large area irrigation project on the Weyb River. As per this study it had a potential to irrigate 4500ha. 2.3 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY The scope and methodology included Collection of Data, Checking of Data quality and quantity, Extreme flow frequency analysis, Dependable flow analysis, Design flood analysis, Water demand situation, and drainage analysis. 2.4 RAINFALL ANALYSIS NMSA rainfall data were made available from five metrological stations, which are Goba, Robe, Sinnanalll, Ginir, and Goro. Starting from 1970 the available rainfall data is summarized in the following tables which provide that 2 stations (Goba and Ginir) have 37 years, sinana has 25 years, Robe 23 years and Goro has only 6 years rainfall data. With these stations, the pluviometric network for the whole basin reaches a density of about 1 station for each 700 km2, which is more than satisfactory according to international WMO standards. Since we have sufficient year data for all stations except Goro we excluded the years those have 10 days missing in a month and four and above month missing in a year from the summary analysis. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 9Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 2.5 REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ETO) Volume 2-Main Report Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is the rate of evapotranspiration from a hypothetical crop with an assumed crop height of 12cm, a fixed canopy resistance of 70sm-1 and an albedo of 0.23 resembling the evapotranspiration from an extensive surface grass of uniform height, actively growing, completely shading the ground and not shortage of water (FAO 1990). Penman-Monteith methods is selected for the estimation of the project area reference evapotrnspiration based on the first rank that giving be the study done by comparing about 20 indirect computational methods of ETo from the different groups (FAO 1990 and George etal 2002). It is also recommended as FAO standard method to compute ETo. Values recommended are given in table 1.2. 2.6 DATA ANALYSIS 2.6.1Monthly summary If we aggregated the accessed daily data in monthly format and generate different monthly information that helps to understand the climatic characteristics of the project area and the seasonal distribution of the rainfall. With these analyses we observed that Ginir will be the best stations that can be used to transfer data to Goro station due to its distribution similarity. The command area mainly represent with the Goro meteorological station. However the Goro station has only six year rainfall data only. So data transfer from other stations is essential. With their similarity in seasonal distribution Ginir station is selected as the best data for transferring meteorological data transferring to Goro station. WWDSE In Association with ICT 10 Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Figure 2. 1 The estimated reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in the project area | Name of Station I .- Latitude Longitude Altitude Item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Goro 7° 40.467° 1816 Tmax 24.99 25.96 25.78 24.48 24.33 24.21 24.06 24.82 ' 25.45 23.65 23.82 24.32 -------------- ■ Tmin 14.45 15.22 1572 15.05 14.98 14.27 14.19 1408 14.51 14.65 14.29 14.15 I - —| RH 54.88 51.88 57.46 72.42 73.04 74.00 72.25 69.22 66.49 69.44 64.42 61.06 SH 7.60 8.45 7.80 6.85 8.26 8.11 6.87 6.95 6.55 6.42 7.55 8.40 ws 1.74 1.89 1.93 1.95 1.75 2.23 2.57 2.53 2.18 1.68 1.63 1.69 ETOday 4.11 4.71 4.72 4.13 4.17 4.12 4.04 4.31 4.29 3.79 3.83 3.94 The ETo used for command area EtO th mon 127.56 131.76 146.17 123.79 129.12 123.57 125.37 133.64 128.81 117.47 114.8 122.21 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report I IFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2-Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 2.6.2 Frequency Analysis Determination of the frequency of occurrence of extreme hydrological events like floods, drought, and maximum rainfall are important in water resources planning and determination of maximum discharges pass through culverts and bridges. There is a definite relation between the frequency of occurrences and magnitude; the ordinary events occur almost regularly than the severe storms. The reasonable length of record for frequency analysis should be more than 20 years. But due to the limitations of the rainfall data availability in the project area we use 15 year for the lower boundary for frequency analysis. Table 2.1 The Extreme values of rainfall at 72hr of 5 stations in the Project area 1 Return period 2 5 10 25 50 100 200 500 1000 10000 72hr max. Rain fall Robe 53.4 78.2 92 8 110.3 123.1 135.7 148.2 164.6 1770 2183 Sinanna 51.6 70.5 81.5 94.9 104.6 114.2 123.7 136.2 145.6 1770 Ginir 73.3 126.0 156.8 194.1 221.3 248.0 274.5 309.5 335.9 423.4 Gasera 49.8 102 7 127.3 | 156.2 177.3 198.0 218.6 245.7 266.2 334.1 Goro The frequency analysis doesn't computed due to number of data year limitation The frequency parameters of Goro station is taken from the Ginir station using the data transfer equation that develops between the two stations. 2.6.3Rainfall-Intensity-Duration The design rainfall-intensity-duration relationships are obtained directly from the time distribution of rainfall, simply by converting the rainfall during a given duration to rainfall intensity in millimeters per hour. Maximum Intensity in mm per hour is derived for various durations and return periods for short durations of rainfall ranging from 5 minutes to 120 minutes. The value of rainfall intensity is computed by considering the proportion of the rainfall at the time of concentration using the of 24-hr rainfall. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 12Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia* Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 2.7 RIVER FLOW ANALYSIS 2.7.1 Data Availability Volume 2-Main Report There are four Hydrological gauging station are available in the project area namely Agarfa, Denbel, Robe (shaye), and Alem Kerem. The first three stations are upper stream of the project area, whereas the AlemKerem exists at the downstream, which is the best station among the available hydrological stations in the project area. The Hydrology department of MoWR, provide daily mean, max and min flow of these stations which used for flow analysis in different time scale. 2.7.2 Monthly and Annual flow As shown in the above table all the stations have daily data for 24 for 3 stations, and 21 years for the remaining one. This further summarized to monthly and annually basis in order to see the seasonal variation and temporal trend of the data. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2. 2 Seasonal distribution of mean monthly flow (Mcum) different stations As it described in the above figure the seasonal distribution of all the stations have similar characteristics with two peaks at April and October. The variation among the stations is also clear show the influence of the catchment area in the river flow.Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2-Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 2.8 DESIGN FLOODS In case of weirs, they are designed hydraulically for a flood frequency of 100 years and free board is provided for 1 in 500 years flood (i.e structurally safe for 1 in 500 year flood The methods used for ungauged catchments include rational approach, Empirical equations and Envelope curves. Whereas the gauged catchments most commonly used two approaches namely, Unit hydrograph approach and Flood frequency analysis. In this time we prefer to use the flood frequency analysis approach. Flood frequency analysis considered the annual peak flows at site for all the years. The method gives the magnitude of peak flood at the desired recurrence interval or return period. So it is carried out in order to obtain estimate of the 1,000 years return period flood peak at the project diversion point. Table 2.5 presents the frequency analysis results of different frequency analysis distributions and the results gain by Gamble is preferred due to its best fitting for this project. Table 2.2 Results of flood frequency analysis in different frequency distribution Return period l Lower limit Gumbel Log- Pearson III Log- Normal Upper limit 100 year 255 46 255.46 235.7 257.8 255.46 200 year 281.20 281.20 256.5 267.4 281.20 500 year 315.08 315.08 286.2 298.5 315.08 2.9 DEPENDABLE FLOW Dependable yield /flow / of water from a surface /stream/ source defines the availability of water for continuous manner during projected future conditions, including a repetition of the most severe drought or record, without creating undesirable effects on the project. If we consider the irrigation project we have to forecast the water availability in the different season. Because of the extreme variations in seasonal and monthly distribution of the annual runoff there is a great need to develop sound procedures which will enable to forecast the river dependable flow. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 14Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report The dependable How of the river at the diversion point is computed using Gringorten (1963) plotting position formula, which gives us P= (m-0.44)/(N + 0.12) * 100, where P is the probability of the event of the given amount of flow, m is the rank of flows with their descending order and N is the number of years. The computed dependable flow at 60%, 65%, 70%,75% and 80% are presented in the following table and chart. Although the dependable flows in different rate are presented, 80% dependable flow is recommended for the purpose of design for more confidential water availability. Table 2.3 Decadal value flow at diversion point in different dependability rate Month Dec. 80% D 75% D 70% D | 65%D 60%D Month Dec. 80%D | 75%D | 70%D 65%D 60% D 1 0.242 0.252 0316 | 0.341 0.366 1I 0.724 0.936 | 1.200 1 824 1.952 Jan 2 0.215 0.247 0.275 0.302 0.331 July 2 1.730 2.421 | 2.839 4.051 5.847 3 0.189 0.204 0.229 0.289 0.318 3 4.946 6.120 | 7.829 8.993 10.585 1 0.168 0.190 0.221 0.249 0.295 1I 9.783 10.904 | 12.988 15.422 16.273 Feb 2 0.188 0.208 0.213 0.220 0.237 August 2 13.567 16.799 | 17.821 19.626 21.194 3 0.163 0.180 0.186 0.170 0.186 3 14.389 15.465 | 15.832 16.361 17.731 1 0.154 0.159 0.179 0237 0.249 1 11.649 12.300 13.168 14.022 17.428 March 2 0.168 0 206 0.235 0.290 0.326 Sep 2 8 261 9.000 9.102 9671 10.167 3 0.219 0.253 0.264 0.340 0482 3 10.692 11.572 11.824 11.896 12.831 1 0.389 0.545 0.684 0.741 0.933 1 12.034 14.061 14.721 15.408 17.392 April 2 0.631 0758 0 844 1.175 1.363 Oct 2 6.677 7.904 9.570 13.437 14.456 3 1.714 2.872 5.255 6.197 7.403 3 4.756 4.881 5.053 8.525 12.018 1 2.540 3.238 3 524 4.070 5.162 1 1.569 1.888 2.133 3.002 3.679 May 2 2.111 2.387 2.656 [ 2.861 2 896 Nov 2 1.168 1.233 1.490 1.633 1 656 3 0.783 0.896 i 0.967 1.170 1.754 3 0.743 0.836 0.924 1.C64 1.151 1 0 744 0.906 1.278 1.506 1.659 I1 0.541 0.682 0.713 0.718 0.923 June 2 0.898 0.937 1.003 1.138 1.288 Dec 2 0.431 0.461 0.581 0.700 0.874 I3 0.553 i 0.614 0674 0.963 1.108 3 I 0.369 ' 0.391 0.411 0.548 0.620 2.10 SEDIMENTATION Measurements of suspended Sediments have been carried out at three stations in weyb River. But the measured data are very few and defragmented. In most case the sediment sampling is taken into three verticals at a given cross area and the observed sediment data is recorded based on the average of the three verticals. The observed data of the three stations in the basin is presented below in table 2.5. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 15Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2-Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 2.4 Observed Sediment Concentration data at three stations in Weyb River basin Robe Denbel AlemKerem No of Verticals Flow (m3/sec) Sed Con (mg/l) No of Verticals Flow (m3/sec) Sed. Con (mg/l) No of Verticals Flow (m3/sec) Sed. Con (mg/l) 2 0.180 172.975 3 0.264 87.800 3 1.574 141.33 3 0.443 72.500 3 0.986 84.313 3 5.536 149.12 3 0.600 130.453 3 4.335 161.397 3 15.528 208 37 3 0.610 88.467 3 7.253 138 157 3 16.895 190.07 3 0.860 122.853 3 7.402 190.937 3 24.136 189.83 3 1.639 149.287 3 7.406 137.773 3 1.665 197.940 3 7.414 115.703 3 1.799 249.314 3 1.845 55.700 3 2.864 116.500 3 3.469 105.023 3 4.827 336.060 3 6.737 88 177 3 9.324 89.300 3 10.016 151.250 The last data of discharge as 10.016 cumec has got sediment 151.25 mg /litre i.e. about 151 ppm which is low as the discharge is low. By equations it comes to 16.61ton/sqkm/year, which is considered as small in comparison to with countrywide figures of other rivers.. The scale of classification usually cited in Linsely et al (1975), the sediment yield is very low and within the low range of values specified for forested catchments (below 100 tone/sq.km/yr). WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 16Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2-Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 2.11 DRAINAGE ANALYSIS The surface drainage related to the design of cross drainage structures and field drainage is treated in this section. As design criteria different flood estimation methods have been adopted depending on the size of the catchment area of the cross drainage as follow: i) for catchment area less than 0.5km2-> Rational Method ii) for catchment area greater than 0.5km2-> The United States Soil Conservation Service method (SCS). The frequency (return period) of the flood for the design of drainage structures depends on the risk likely to be encountered during the anticipated service life of the cross canal So the drainage facilities have been designed for recurrence interval considered as 25 year. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 17Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2-Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 3. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS There are different perennial and intermittent tributaries which flow to Weyib River along its course. Generally, Weyib River flows along a fault line, which has a general direction N1000W or S800E (Anania and Theodros, 1992). Most of the catchment area is covered with forest so that there is no high sediment transportation in the river. 3.1 GEOLOGY 3.1.1 Regional Geological Units The documents covering the regional studies reviewed in connection with regional geology of the project area are Geological map of Ethiopia 1:2000000 scale compiled by Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys (1996, September), Genale- Dawa River Basin Integrated Resource Development Master plan- main Report (2007, July) and Geology of the Dodola area relatively detailed geological mapping in a scale of 1:250,000 conducted by the Geological survey of Ethiopia (1997 E.C). According to these studies the regional geology around the project area comprises: 1) Precambrian crystalline basement rocks, 2) Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic sedimentary Successions, 3) Tertiary Volcanic successions, and 4) Quaternary Volcanic rocks and unconsolidated alluvial deposit. 3.1.2 Tectonics The faults/lineaments, anticlines and synclines are traced from the geological map of Ethiopia having a scale of 1:2,000,000 and from structural map produced during the feasibility study. Sets of NE-SW, E - W, N-S and NW-SE trending lineaments/faults (figure 4.) exist in the nearby area These structures may be structurally related to the reactivation of earlier regional faults Furthermore, synclines and anticlines which are result of metamorphism are observed on the basement rocks. These rock units are exposed on south west part of Bale Gadula irrigation project site (figure 4). WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 18Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2-Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project However, Bale Gadula irrigation site is located more than 160 kms from the main Ethiopian rift. Meanwhile, as it can be inferred from the structural map of the project area there are no structural features which probably risk the proposed structures. 3.2 SEISMICITY OF THE PROJECT AREA According Ethiopia 100 year return period, 0.99 probabilities by Laike Mariam Asfaw, (1986) the country is divided into zones of approximately equal seismic risks based on the known distribution of the past earthquakes. Fig indicates that the Bale Gadula weir site and it is command area is located with intensity Zone 5 with ground acceleration of 0.02g in Prominent joint trend in the area is NW - SE, Generally, the aperture or the width of the joint opening vary, in general the aperture becomes tight with depth. WVVDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 19Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2-Maln Roport Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project Figure 3. 1 Seismic risk map of Ethiopia WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study RoportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 3.3 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION 3.3.1 Geotechnical investigation along weir axis Volume 2-Main Report The geotechnical work is carried out on weir foundation, at crossing structures foundations and along main canals and secondary canals. One borehole namely BHBG-1 having a depth of 16.65m was drilled at the right bank of weir foundation. Finally site was changed for weir location and shifted to 500 m downstream of investigated site. The coordinates of the centre of new site at weir are 647536 E and 788627 N. The geological conditions are same at site and hence no new bore hole was considered as required in the present stage. During construction stage, investigations at new site will be carried out. Laboratory analysis Disturbed and undisturbed soil and rock samples; 1 and 2 respectively were collected for laboratory tests from weir foundation sites. The samples were analyzed in the laboratories of the Water Work Design and Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE) and Construction Design share Company (CoDShC). Soil sample analyses were made at WWDSE laboratories. Meanwhile, rock samples were tested at CoDShC . One soil sample was tested and 1 rock sample was analyzed. (See Table 6: Summary of Laboratory Test Results). The type of tests conducted for the soil samples were: Grain Size analysis (hydrometer); Atterberg limits; Standard proctor; specific gravity; Dispersion (double hydrometer) Shrinkage limit and Odeometer consolidation .permeability and triaxial tests. Meanwhile; the type of strength test conducted on rock samples are unit weight ; specific gravity; water absorption (%); Bulk density: modulus of elasticity ; UCS; point load and Potential Alkaline reaction (Both in dissolved silica and reduction in Alkaline). Based on the aforementioned laboratory test results and including data collected from borehole logs, important geotechnical parameters have been derived. These are utilized for design of the diversion weir; the optimal canals and crossing structures with respect to stability, water tightness and workability WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 21Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2-Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 3.3.2 Geotechnical investigation along canal routes The total number of the test pits and auger holes excavated along the main canal is 18 and 42 respectively and the excavated depth varies from 1m to 3.0m.The length of secondary canals is 68.3 km and 25 auger holes drilled with a maximum investigation depth of 2 meter 9 double ring infiltration tests were conducted within a representative main canals test pits. At Asendabo crossing point two test pits at the right and left side were dug Table 3.1 Summary of test pits and Auger holes along Bale Gadula Main and Secondary Canals Canal name i Canal Length (km) Number of Test pits Total Depth (m) Number of Auger holes Total Depth (m) Double ring Infiltration test Disturbed Sampling Bale Gadula main canal 34.7 16 42.9 17 38.55 9 BG-Secondary canals 68.3 - 25 44.35 9 At Gully crossing 2 2.4 Total 103 20 45.3 42 82.90 9 9 From the test pits, Auger hole investigation and surface observation, it is inferred that the main canal route has only two soil types and rocks exposed at the flat and slightly gently sloping topography of the command area and in the gully areas. These are: • Black cotton soil: this soil type is exposed in almost all parts of flat and slightly gently sloping topography of the command area and the main canal. The thickness of this soil group is greater than 3m in most of the test pits where as in MC-TP1 and MC-TP13 the thickness is 0.7m and 1.5m respectively which has underlined by basaltic bed rock. The soil is generally clay material with a considerable content of calcareous minerals having high plasticity in nature and highly consolidated Cracking is very common for the formation in all locations when there is no water. In situ permeability tests had been conducted in some of the test pits to characterize the soil conductivity, and the soil has been found low permeable to impermeable. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 2 2Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report • Red Silty clay; This soil exposed only in one test pits and Auger hole along the main canal route, i.e., in MC-TP9 and MC-AU8. The total estimated length of this soil material is less than two km. The thickness of this soil group along the canals is in the range of 1.2 to 1.5m and underlined by a highly weathered basaltic rock fragments and big boulder size weathered rock. In general the soil is red, dry to moist and stiff to firm silty clay. In situ permeability test result shows that this soil group has exhibit low to moderate permeability. • Exposed rock is Basalt: the exposures of this basaltic along the main canal are found at the gully known by the name Asendabo River. This is the type of rock formation which covers the project area as a bed rock unit. In the crossing area the rock unit is characterized by jointed fresh scoraciouse basaltic rock exposures. 3.4 GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION Geophysical surveys namely electrical imaging and vertical electrical sounding were conducted at Bale Gadula weir site. Measuring lines and those locations in Bale Gadula weir site are as table below: Table 3.2 Location and Elevation of Measuring Lines in Bale Gadula weir site Start point No TM-ID End Point Easting Northing Elevation Easting Northing Elevation Line length 1 TM1 646933 788540 647101 788530 157 2 TM2 646940 788404 647088 788384 157 3 TM3 646979 788572 647040 788386 196 3.5 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Assessment of availability of various construction materials suitable for the purpose of constructing weir and canal at close proximity to the proposed sites was initially conducted from digital elevation model (DEM) and regional geological map. Meanwhile, a close visual investigation using test pits and trenches is on progress. These pits and trenches will be excavated manually for the purpose of geotechnical characterization, sampling and volume estimation. Several laboratory tests will be WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 23Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2-Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project made to determine suitability of various materials Based on the initial assessment, the construction materials which will further studied included the following: • Sand for concrete aggregate and Masonry • Rock quarry for coarse aggregate and masonry According to Bale Gadula irrigation project report, 1992 the proposed sand borrow area and quarry sites were indicated The proposed sand borrow area is found in Toggona river 74km from weir site near Robe town. The bottom of the hill is covered with cobbles and boulders which have been transported from the hill due to gravity. It is possible to use them as a source for aggregates. In addition, both sides of the valley, which are very near to the weir site, can be used as a quarry sites. Meanwhile, delineation of these quarry and borrow areas and looking for additional material sites is on progress. 3.6 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS RESULT OF WEYIB RIVER WATER If the CR value is >1 the water is corrosive. Therefore, it is desirable to determine the corrosivity ratio coefficient, CR for the safety of the concrete and other reinforcements, particularly when the foundations are laid down in the zone of subsurface water. From the chemical analysis water quality tests the results indicates that the CR value for the Weyb river water is 0.1 which is lower than 1.0. This implies that the Weyb water is non corrosive in nature. 3.7 SUMMARY The project area lies in low seismic risk hazard zone of Ethiopia thus the probability of occurrence of earth quake in the area is least. The weir site is characterized by residual soil and alluvial overburden material underlain by volcanic rock units. As far as the weir site geological condition is concerned the selected area is suitable since strong and sound bed rock is at a suitable depth. There is adequate construction material in the vicinity of the project site. Since there is no indication of active fault systems in the project site there will not be major risk as far as geological structures are concerned. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 24j I rj Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2-Main Report Figure 3. 2 Location map of the proposed quarry sites WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study RoportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 4. HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY 4.1 OBJECTIVES The principal objectives of the hydro-geological study are Volume 2 Main Report i) To assess the groundwater potential and its quality for the water supply system of the irrigation project, ii) To predict the groundwater level rise and change of water quality on the irrigable land under the impact of irrigation, and iii) To determine the requirement of subsurface drainage and to predict time for the construction of the subsurface drainage facilities to avoid water logging during irrigation development. In order to address these objectives a number of activities have been carried out. The activities include collection, review and analysis of available reports, data and maps. Collection of relevant information related to borehole, hand dug well, springs yield, location, and geology. Field survey has also been carried out for the purpose of sampling water points, mapping the terrain and landscape. Physico-chemical analyses has been conducted on selected water points for the purpose of determining water quality, water quality impacts, and water quality determination for different water uses. 4.2 LOCATION The Bale Gadual Irrigation Project Site makes a small part of the Bale Highlands. The Bale Highlands are known for their massive volcanic chains, intervening plateau and depressions. The basaltic highlands of southern Eastern Ethiopia are scarcely investigated compared to other volcanic terrains of Ethiopia. However a few geological studies exist on the Mesozoic sediments bordering the bale highlands from East and South. The volcanic products are mostly basaltic, ryholitic and trachyte. The volcanic missives are dominated by tracytic with typical characteristics dominant large phenocrysts of feldspars. Some intervening depression and intermountain valleys are filled sites of alluvio lacustrine sediment accumulation. Glaciations of the Bale Mountains during the last glacial maximum has also led to formation of glacial deposits, moraines and has left glacial landscape in the highest places of the Bale Mountains. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 26Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report Existing hydrological, hydrgeological, climatological, geological data has been gathered from various sources. These include BALE GUDULA IRRIGATION PROJECT- PHASE I- MAIN REPORT, By Water Resource Development authority, Addis Ababa. 1992, GENALE -DAWA RIVER BASIN Integrated resources development master plan study report, Ministry of Water Resources, 2007, EGS, 1996. Geological map of Ethiopia at 1:2000000 scale. Ethiopian Geological Survey, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, EGS, 1993. Hydrogeological map of Ethiopia at 1:2000000 scale. Ethiopian Geological Survey, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, EGS, 1972. Geological map of Ethiopia at 1:2000000 scale. Ethiopian Geological Survey, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In these reports the geological and hydrogeological results were depicted at the scale of 1:2000000. There reports provide general information as to the lithologies, age relationships, and groundwater occurrences. However there are not at the scale required in this particular study. Furthermore this is a significant mismatch between the maps geological or hydrogeological maps produced by these investigations This necessitates a detailed field investigation in the project site to as to attain the objectives. It should be noted that the Ganale Dawa River Basin integrated master plan study report provide the most accurate geological map of the region. 4.3 GEOLOGY 4.3.1 Regional Geology From the review of Genale-Dawa River Basin Integrated Resource Development Master plan study the Genale-Dawa river basin comprise i) Precambrian crystalline basement ii) Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic sedimentary successions iii) Tertiary volcanic successions and iv) Quaternary volcanic rocks and unconsolidated alluvial deposits. 4.3.2 Local Geology Three principal lithologies underlie the Gadula plain and its sholders (figure 1). These are Mesozoic sediments at the outlet of the Wayibe River from the Gaduala plain, basalts belonging to the trap series, and younger basalts belonging to the quaternary. Aerially less extensive alluvio-colluvial materials mantling the topography particularly along the foot hills of the escarpments bounding the Gadula plain are also notable WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 27Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report The Gadula plain and the irrigation command area is entirely underlain by Quaternary basalt lithology. Overlaying the quaternary basalts rests layers of colluvial deposits, black cotton soils. The Weyb River flows along a fault line, which has a prevalent direction N1OO0 W or 800 E. At the field outcrop both basalt units are s dense black with vesicular textures. 4.3.3 Hydrogeological data Hydrogeoloical data (well logs, spring yields, well depth, yield, SWL, etc) are scarce. For a site of thousands of sq km the number of identified water points does not exceed 10. Table 1 shows the water points and associated hydrogeological data. The data has been compiled from previous works and current field investigation. Table 4.1 Water points within the Bale Gadula Irrigation Command area Note that NF means Non functional wells or schemes. UTM N UTM E I Water Point Name Depth (m) SWL Yield £L/SL Number of Users Remark 667575 784572 I Bale Dureni Spring 2.5 Population of 1 Kebele I 664178 780630 Bale Alem Kerem No 1 93 NF 663729 780088 Bale Alem Kerem No 2 NF 658012 782490 Waltai Negaya No 3 92 NF 657319 782613 Waltai Negaya No 2 89 NF 657086 782985 Waltai Negaya No 1 89 NF 650924 I 787142 Sinana Dinsho 93 NF I 650580 I I 787352 | Sinana Dinsho 85 I NF It is noted that out of the drilled wells all turn out to be not functional. This probably is related to deeper water table than the drilled depth. 4.4 TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, HYDROGRAPHY Topography, climate, hydrography, and land use are important elements that determine the groundwater availability, groundwater circulation, recharge and discharge processes. These factors obviously are determinants of impacts of WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 28Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report irrigation on groundwater, water logging conditions, salinity buildup and overall water resources availability. The Bale Gadula project site is a flat basaltic plain secluded between flat topped plateaus from north and south (figure 2). The southern boundary of the project area is bounded by the Waibe River which cut as much as 100 meter below the Gadula Plain. A closer look at the plain itself shows that the plain is formed by combination of erosional processes aided by faulting and tectonics. The Waibe River follows a regional fault that run East West. Regardless of the fact that the Gadula plain is bounded by highlands from north and south, the plain itself is an isolated plateau secluded between the highlands. This should make the plain site of recharge rather than site for groundwater discharge. Any regional groundwater flow emerging from the north should discharge at the foot of highland (eg. Bale Durem spring is manifestation of such a process), while in the southern part of the plain any groundwater emerging from the south should discharge to the Waibe River before reaching the Gadula plain. The fact that the northern and eastern boundary of the Gadula plain is bounded by the Asendabo dry stream is an indication of minimal groundwater inflow to the Gadula plain from the North. 4.5 GROUND WATER POTENTIAL Groundwater potential is measured by a) rate and sustainability of recharge, b) storage and tramsimisivity characteristics of the aquifers and c) the suitability of the groundwater for different uses. From existing literature recharge rate in the Bale plateau and upper Waibe catchement is estimated at 100 mm/yr. Regardless of the high recharge rate a number of wells drilled into the quaternary basaltic volcanic and in the trap series basalts turn out to be dry (table 1). Generally the topography around the Gadula plain favors formation of springs and presence of wetlands in the depression. However the number of springs emerging in the project area does not exceed 5 in number and discharge rate of the only prominent springs are low (less 2.5 l/s). Measurement of EC value of the Waibe River during the dry season show a value less than 500 micro simens/Cm. Because of scarcity of water points intensive measurement of EC and water quality was not attained However the combination of geology, topography and drainage should result in low TDS of the groundwater and WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 29Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report surface waters. This is suitable for irrigation and domestic water supply. Table 2.3 show the river water is suitable for irrigation and domestic water supply. Table 4.2 Physico Chemical Characteristics of Weyb River Water pH EC TDS Na Mg Ca K HCO3 Cl SO4 NO3 PO4 Weyib at Gadula 6.92 97 66 7.9 3.6 8.4 2.5 61.49 3.09 0.38 0.05 4.6 WATER SUPPLY FOR SETTLEMENT AREAS ONCE IRRIGATION STARTS The hydrogeological investigation envisages to propose best alternative water supply source in line with the settlement or resettlement options that is proposed by the Socio economic survey. The socio economic survey indicate the need for resettling or relocating the population is minimal or insignificant See excerpt below: "One of the expected adverse effects of the Bale-Gadula irrigation project is the displacement of families and population from their homes Nonetheless, during the fieldwork it was observed that, the proposed irrigation command area is very sparsely populated. In addition almost all of the residential houses are concentrated around the Kebele administration offices forming well patterned rural village town, where social services like school, health post, grain mills, farmers’ training center, mosques and other infrastructures are relatively available. Kebeles falling in the command areas of Bale Gadula irrigation projects are depicted in Table 7. The total population living in five Kebeles falling in the command area was estimated at 16,472 people in 2008 of which 8068 are male and 8404 are female. Weltai Nagaya Kebele is located along the bank of Web River, which is technically not feasible for irrigation. The other Kebeles(Bale Anole and Bale-Gadula) are located along the gravel road that connects Robe town, the capital of Bale Zone with Ginir Woreda traversing Goro town. Moreover, in all of the villages found in the proposed irrigation command area, there is at least one health post, one primary school, two mosques, three grain mills, one framers' training center and Kebele administration office Thus, the relocation of these villages to other places could not be technically, economically as well as socially feasible so as to realize the implementation of the proposed irrigation project WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 30Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report Thus, the project engineering design is undertaken so as not to disturb the existing villages. However, 230 households and 1,610 populations who are haphazardly settled in the proposed irrigation command area may be relocated during project implementation. In this scenario, the number of households to be displaced from their residential area will be insignificant. As agreed with engineering design team of the project, these villages will be excluded from command area. They should not be relocated so as to minimize the adverse impact of the project on local community. Only those households which are haphazardly settled will be relocated during the implementation of the project”. Under this condition of no major resettlement need water supply for domestic water use for the community need to consider the following options: • Under the present condition depth to water table exceeds 90 meter. But once the irrigation starts option may exist in the command area to drill shallow wells and hand dug wells and tap infiltrating irrigation water. The exact location of this wells should be selected based on post irrigation practice site investigation, and • Use of community based surface water purification system. Therefore the irrigation practice itself would favor easy availability of water resources within the command area its surroundings. 4.7 PREDICTING THE GROUNDWATER LEVEL RISE UNDER IRRIGATION Data requirement for prediction of groundwater level rise include transmisivity of aquifers, hydraulic gradient of groundwater's, and boundary conditions around the impacted aquifers. However obtaining the stated data under the current project may be costly or may not be necessary. This is because groundwater table is very deep, and the topography favors easy discharge of the infiltrating irrigation water to adjacent gorges. Water level rise is estimated at 1.8 meters/year. Assuming unsaturated thickness of 100 meters, it takes more than five decades for the groundwater to rise to the surface. Assuming a k value of 0.1 m/day (this is high value) for the basaltic outcrops of the area and hydraulic gradient of 0.1 for the Gadula plain, discharge cross section of WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 3 IFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report 36000 meters (figure 4 ) and aquifer thickness of 100 meters annual discharge from the plain is estimated at 36000 m3/day. It should be noted that total annual recharge from irrigation and rainfall (0.36 m/yr) is far lower than the total amount of subsurface discharge from the command area suggesting no major water logging or water level rise problems in the Gadula plain. 4.8 WATER LOGGING AND WATER LEVEL RISE MANAGEMENT OPTION Management option for water logging and salinity buildup is depends whether such problem is going to be encountered or not. From the simple Darcy calculation in section 3.2 it is predicted that neither permanent water logging nor salinity buildup would be encountered in the Bale Gadula irrigation project site. The possibility of encountering temporary depression storage and lower grounds and formation of short lived water logging may not be avoided. This kind of short lived surface accumulation of irrigation water is entirely related to non groundwater related processes. 4.9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The Bale Gadula Irrigation project site because of its favorable topography, geology and hydrograpy should not encounter a major water logging problem or salinity buildup once irrigation started. Even under condition whereby subsurface discharge is not taking place the plain, more than 10 decades has to pass before the deep groundwater rises to the surface. Community based surface water purification systems are the best option for domestic water supply in Irrigable area, as groundwater level is deeper and experience show drilled wells in the region fail to provide water. Another option for the community water supply may be to drilled shallow wells and hand dug wells once the irrigation starts so as to tap infiltrating water. Site visits, hydrogeological investigation, water quality data all lead to the conclusion that groundwater level rise and salinity are not major challenges if irrigation starts in the Bale Gadula plain. Furthermore the deep water table is indicative of limited option for use conjunctive surface water groundwater irrigation. The author recommends that not need of drilling peizometirc wells or no need to design drainage channels as the treat water logging and salinization is minimal. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 32Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report 5. SOIL SURVEY STUDY 5.1 INTRODUCTION The Bale Gaduka Irrigation Project is planned to be conducted in Goro woreda, Bale zone, Oromia Regional State following the course of Weyb River, which stretches from west to east in the zone. The Weyb River sub-basin is found in Genele-Dawa River Basin. The Weyb, having its source in Bale Mountain, drains into Genale River. The soils of the study area have been investigated during pre-feasibility level soil studies of the Bale-Gadula Valley (EVDSA, 1990). The present soil survey of the Bale-Gadula irrigation project covers an area of about 7739 ha in Bale-Gadula valley. 5.2 THE LAND USE AND VEGETATION COVER The land covers of the study area include manly intensively cultivated land, residential area and grazing land. The land use of the area is principally intensively rainfed peasant cultivation of cereals, spices and pulses The major food crops grown in the project area are cereals, pulses, spices and oil seeds. The major cereal crops are maize, wheat, barley, teff and oats. The man pulse crops are haricot bean, pea. chick pea and pea; Spices that are grown in the area are coriander, black cumin and fenugreek. Shallot, flax and most of the people are mainly engaged in subsistence farming system. The family is the major source of farm labor. Children also contribute labor, particularly to livestock tending. 5.3 METHODOLOGY The methodology included preparation for field work; construction of preliminary legend, satellite imagery is made available, Data from secondary source, planning for grid review of previous studies, Study of imageries and Field investigations. 5.3.1 Field Investigations In the present study rigid grid survey technique was applied with an average observation density of one per ten ha. However, the observation density has varied between one per 4 ha and one per 30 per ha deepening on the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the area. The group has made a total of 779 auger hole observation, dug 75 profile pits, and 8 infiltrations and hydraulic conductivity measurement and collected 182 soil samples from 48 profile pits. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 33Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report Figure 5.1 Bale-Gadula Soil observation point Table5.1 Soil Field Activities Achievement Sr No ' Activities Unit Number of Observation Number of samples 1 Sampled Profile Pits No 48 182 2 Non Sampled Profile Pits No 27 3 Auger Boring No 779 4 Deep Boring No 8 5 Infiltration Rate No 8 6 Hydraulic Conductivity No 8 5.3.2 Post Fieldwork Stage Prior and during this stage a systematic re-interpretation of aerial photographs and/or imagery, field and laboratory data entry, analysis and interpretation of the results, final legend construction, thematic map preparation and report writing were be made. 5.3.2.1 Laboratory Analysis • Soil samples collected from natural horizons (ranging from 3-5 samples) of representative profile pits were analyzed for usual physical and chemical WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study ReportFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report characteristics. Bulk density and moisture characteristics were determined from core ring samples while deep auger samples were tested for salinity. This has been served for the purpose of soil classification and assessment of fertility level. Soil pH was measured ratio of 1:2.5. in H O and 1 M KCI at a soil/solution 2 • Organic carbon (OC) was determined by the wet combustion procedure of Walkley and Black method. • The available phosphorus content of the soils has been determined by 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate extraction solution (pH 8.5) method of Olsen. • Electrical conductivity (EC) was determined at a soil/water ratio of 1:2.5. • The cation exchange capacity (CEC) were determined by saturation with 4 (ammonium acetate) at pH 7 and subsequent replacement of NH * NH OAc by NaCI extraction. • Particle size distribution was determined by hydrometer method following pre-treatment with H O 4 2 2 to remove organic matter and dispersion aided by sodium hexametaphosphate. • Exchangeable Ca & Mg measured by following ammonium acetate leachete using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). • Exchangeable Na & K has been measured by Flame Photometer. • The free CaCCh content of the soils was determined by acid neutralization method. • Total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldah method. 5.3.2.2 Legend Construction and Thematic Map Preparation Initially the command area was mapped by the help of GIS based on the slope condition to identify the potential and less potential area within the pre-determined boundary. A 1:50,000 scale aerial photograph purchased from Ethiopian Mapping authority were located on topographic map prepared by the project GIS. To ease the aerial photograph interpretation topographic map having photo index and different land features such as streams, road and etc were re-digitized and produced base map The aeria photographs were interpreted using table stereoscope. The WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 35Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report properties used to draw boundaries on aerial photographs and satellite imageries are land and soil characteristics Characteristics that have direct relation with soil formation used in delineation of boundaries on aerial photograph include soil gray tone difference, slope, vegetation, drainage pattern, etc. The soil boundaries were transferred from aerial photographs to the digitized base map and produced interpretative soil map. Primary legend was constructed for interpretative soil map based on major land characteristics such as slope, soil gray tone difference, vegetation cover and drainage pattern. As discussed in above, observation pointes (auger, profile pit & profile pits with field physical tests etc) were located on base map to assist the re-interpretation of images in combination with field and laboratory data. The delineated mapping units as per interpretation are characterized using field and laboratory data. Following detail analysis of field and laboratory data and characterization of each mapping unit legend was again rectified and finalized. Parallel to soil map production all observation points located by GPS readings were entered in to database and is connected to GIS to produce location map. The soil map and the observation location map were used together by overlaying one on the other. The 1:10,000 soil-terrain map with final self- contained legend has been prepared. 5.3.2.3 Presentation of Results The following standard soil report and thematic maps (with complete self-contained legend) at appropriate scales will be presented, but not limited to: • Project location map • Location map of soil profile pits, auger holes, deep borings, infiltration and hydraulic conductivity test sites • Soil at 1:10,000 scale • Standard soil survey report, with all necessary tables, appendices and annexes accompanying the report. 5.4 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Study was carried out for Effective Soil Depth, Soil Colour, Soil Texture, Soil Structure, Consistence, Surface Cracks and Bulk Density. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 36Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation ProjecJ 5.5 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Volume 2 Main Report The overall organic carbon (C) content on surface soils, varied from 1.02%, to 6.97% with an average of 3.19%, indicating that the level of organic carbon is in high level. In most cases the organic C decreased with profile depth downwards. In present study the organic matter content on surface soil is between 1.75 to 11.99%, being an average is 5.49% and its content below surface soil is ranging from 0.17 % to 5.20% with an average of 2.56%. Generally, the organic matter is at high level. In dark gray soils with somewhat imperfect drainage the amount roots on upper surface are many, but in depth it is minimized In the well drained reddish soils have many fine and medium and very few coarse roots have been observed mostly on the top soil up to the depth of 40-50cm. The abundance of roots decreased to deep depth and very few coarse and fine roots have been encountered in depths from 50 to 200cm. In the case of the present investigation the main biological features are the termite colonies and casts/nests. However, the amount of termite or ant channels and nests are differing from soil to soil. The biological activity in reddish brown soil is more intensive than in dark grey to black soil due to favorable condition. The amount of ants and termite are mostly few in numbers in these soils. 5.6 HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Hydrological aspects studied are Drainage, Infiltration Rayte, Hydraulic Conductivity etc. 5.7 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS Chemical properties of soil such as Soil Reaction, Electric conductivity, Calcareousness, Mineral nodules, Cation exchange capacity, Base Saturation, exchangeable Sodium, Exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, Exchangeable Magnesium, cationic ratios, available phosphorus, Sodicity etc have been studied and their effect is discussed in Conclusions and Recommendations. 5.8 THE SOILS OF THE STUDY AREA 5.8.1 Soil Classification System The soil classification was carried out according to the World Reference Base for Soils Resources (FAO, 2006). Based on field morphological observation and WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 37Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report laboratory analytical data the soils of area soils of the area have been classified on hierarchical system, with increasing specific criteria used to differentiate soils up to the lowest level of the system. The classification has three levels. At first level the classification is based on the recognition of diagnostic horizon, the second level on diagnostic properties and the third level is subdivided on the basis of diagnostic materials. Soil classification of the project area is based on field morphological characteristics, which were observed and measured or inferred from field observations. In addition to the morphological properties, physical and chemical properties of the soils such as textural class, and content of free carbonate were used to define the soil classes. Soils were further subdivided based on soil phases, which indicate surface and subsurface features of land that have an impact on soil management and agricultural use. The physiographic position, drainage characteristics of the soil, soil depth and textural classes were also important to the soil classification in the area. Accordingly the soils of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project broadly fall into three major units, including Nitisols, Luvisols, Vertisols and cambisols. Nitisols and Luvisols occur on upper plains, while Vertisols occur on the lower plain. 5.8.2 Soil Mapping Units The soils are categorized into 19 soil mapping units by using the differentiating criteria: including Physiographic position (terraced, depression or concave surface), Micro-topography (termites, gilgai), Surface slope, soil depth, Erosion hazard, Stoniness and Chemical characteristics (sodiciy and calcareousness). The map legend has been prepared based on the data obtained from field survey and laboratory analysis. The map unit has been drawn on the basis of the land characteristics such as soil depth, slope class, land form, water logging and stoniness. 5.9 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL MAPPING UNITS In this section the description of each soil mapping units and their extent and distribution have been presented in Table 10.1. The soil variation in the project area mainly depends on land and physiographic position. The landscape of the project area is grouped into four based on landform and presence of termites i.e. very gentle to gently undulating plain. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 38Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadu]a lrrigation^Project^ Table 5.2 Legend Description Volume 2 Main Report Sr. No i Mapping Units Description 1 VB2VRpe-kB Very deep, clay, very dark gray (10 YR3/1) over black (10YR 2/1), imperfectly drained strongly develop sub-angular blocky-structure, Consistence is hard when dry, friable when moist and slightly sticky and slightly few or no stones, developed on qently undulating plain (1-2%), (Pelli-Calcic Vertisols} 2 VB2VRso-kB Very deep, clay, very dark gray (10YR 3/2) over very dark grayish brown (10 YR3/1), imperfectly drained, common stones and boulders, sub-angular blocky structure, Consistence is hard when dry, friable when moist and slightly sticky and slightly , gently undulating plain (1-2%), ( Sodi-Calcic Vertisols. Pellic). _____ 3 PiVRso-kC very deep, clay, very dark grayish (10 YR3/2) to very dark brown (10YR2/2). imperfectly drained, fine granular over angular to sub angular blocky structure, Consistence is hard when dry, friable when moist and slightly sticky and slightly few and Common stones and boulders, slightly eroded, developed on gently undulating plain (2-4%), (Sodi-Calcic Vertisols, (Chromic). 4 PiVRpe-kC Very deep, clay, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) over black (10YR2/1), somewhat imperfectly drained, granular structure over sub-angular blocky structure, Consistence is hard when dry. friable when moist and slightly sticky and slightly, slightly eroded and Common stones and boulders, strongly calcareous, developed on gently undulating plain (2-4%), (Pelli-Calcicc Vertisols). 5 VB1VRso-crA Very deep, sandy clay loam over clay, black (10YR 2/1) over very dark brown (10YR 2/2), imperfectly drained, sub angular blocky structure, Consistence is hard when dry, friable when moist and slightly sticky and slightly plastic, Common stones and boulders, developed very gently undulating plain (1-2%), (Chromi-Hyposodic Vertisols, stony phase). 6 VB2VRpe-kB Very deep, clay loam over sandy clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) over very dark gray (10YR 3/1), imperfectly drained, fine granular over sub-angular blocky-structure, common surface stones, developed on gently undulating plain (2-4%), (Pelli- Calcic Vertisols). 7 VB2VRpe-kB Very deep, clay, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) over very dark brown (10YRR 2/2), somewhat imperfectly drained, weak fine granular over moderate fine and medium sub-angular blocky structure, common to many surface stones, extremely calcareous, developed on gently undulating plain (1-2%), (Pelli- Calcic Vertisols). 8 VB1VRpe-kA Very deep. clay, dark gray (10YR 4/1) over dark brown (10YR3/3), somewhat imperfectly drained, sub-angular blocky structure, moderately eroded and common stones and boulders, developed under dense shrubby wood land on nearly level (0-1%), (Pelli-Calcareous Vertisols). 9 VBIVRso- peA Very deep, clay, very dark gray (10YR3/3) over black (10YR2/1), fine moderately developed sub-angular blocky over medium moderately developed sub-angular blocky structure, common surface stones and boulders, developed on nearly level (0-1%). (Sodi-Calcic Vertisols (Pellic) 10 VB2NTeu-rB very deep, sandy clay over clay, sandy clay over clay), well drained, fine weakly developed sub-angular blocky structure, strongly calcareous, common surface stones and boulders, developed under on very gently undulatinq (1- 2%), (Eutric Nitisolsols). 11 VB2VRhyso- peB very deep, clay, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) over very dark brown (10YR 2/2), imperfectly drained, sub angular blocky structure moderately eroded developed under on very gently undulating (1-2%), (Hypo-sodic Vertisols^ (Pellic). 12 VBIVRhyso- crA Very deep clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) over very dark gray (10YR3/1), imperfectly drained, weak fine granular over moderate medium sub angular blocky structure, few surface stones , developed on nearly level land (0-1%). (Chrom-Hyposodic Vertisols). WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 39Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report 13 VB2LVeu-rB Very deep, clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR4/2) over dark brown (7.5 YR 3/2), well drained, moderate medium granular over sub angular blocky structure, many stones and boulders, developed on very gentle undulating (1- 2%), (Dystric Luvisols, Rudic). 14 VBUVeuB Very deep, clay, 7.5YR 3/3) over very dark brown (7.5YR2.5/2), well drained, moderate medium granular structure over strong medium to coarse sub- angular blocky, extremely calcareous, developed on very gentle undulating land (1-2%), (Eutric Luvisols). 15 PiLVhyC Very deep, clay loam over clay, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) over very dark brown (7.5YR3/1). well drained, sub angular blocky structure, moderately sodic, developed on undulating land (2-4%), (Hyposodic Luvisols). 16 VBILPeuA shallow, silty clay loam, is very dark grayish brown (10 YR3/2), excessively drained, moderate fine granular and/or wedge shape over sub angular blocky structure, extremely calcareous, very few on non stones, developed on nearly level to level (0-1%), (Eutric Leptosols). 17 PiVRca-rA Very deep, clay, very dark gray (10YR3/1), imperfect drained, moderate fine granular over sub angular blocky structure, extremely calcareous, common to many surface stones, developed on nearly level to level (0-1%), (Calcic Vertisols, Stony phase). 18 PiVRhy-peC Very deep, clay, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) over black (10YR2/1), imperfect drained, moderate fine granular over sub angular blocky structure, extremely calcareous, very few on non stones, developed on undulating sloppy land (2- 4%), (Pelli-Hyposodic Vertisols}. 19 VB1VRso-kA Very deep, clay, black (10YR 2/1) over dark gray (10YR3/1), imperfect drained, moderate fine granular over sub angular blocky structure, extremely calcareous, very few on non stones, developed on nearly level land (0-1%), (Calci-Sodic Vertisolsols). R= Steeply land, Side slopes, Stony, and Bad Land 5.10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 5.10.1 Conclusion Feasibility level soil study had been carried out in Bale-Gadula Irrigation Project covering 7739 ha of land. The main objective of the investigation was to provide detail information on the land and/or soils of the study area, which may form a basis for confirming/rejecting the irrigation potential, crop selection, irrigation design and agricultural input requirements such as fertilizer application. The present investigation adopted rigid grid survey techniques. The auger soil description has been made every 250 x 400m along transect to a depth of 1.20m. One auger observation represents for 10 ha area and the achieved observations include a total number of 779 auger observations and 75 profile pits observations, and 182 soil samples were collected from 48 profile pits and analyzed in WVVDSE soil laboratory for standard analysis. Infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity were measured in situ at 10 representative sites each in triplicates. To check the depth of WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 40Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report the impervious horizon and to monitor the fluctuation of the water table 10 deep borings were made by auger boring from the bottom of the profile pits below 2m depth down to a depth of 3-5m on model profile sites. The most extensive soil unit is Vertisols. The soils of project area have been grouped into 18 soil mapping units based land form, phases such as stoniness and soil depth and soil units and in addition to that there have been identified 1 miscellaneous land unit. Soil nutrient status of the project site is generally moderately to high. The content of organic carbon of the area is very high; the soils have very high CEC & BSP and their soil reaction slightly acidic to extreme alkaline. Generally, value of CEC is very high. The content of phosphorus is from very low (0.00 ppm) to Very high (58.51 ppm) and the average value 3.38 ppm, indicating that in the project area there is deficiency of phosphorus. Thus, supplementary phosphorus fertilizer is highly required. The total nitrogen content of the soil is medium to high. The overall nitrogen value is between 0.01 and 0.69%; with an average value of 0.19%, showing that the status of total nitrogen is meium to high. Hence, application of supplementary nitrogen fertilizer is good. The presence of free carbonate indicates that exchangeable Ca, which usually implies favorable soil physical conditions, dominates the clay complex. Excess Ca, however can lead to deficiencies of some elements. In present work some results showed that the content of CaCO3 is very high, ranging from trace to 32.31% with an average value of 17.09%. In general the overall content of exchangeable Ca is very high (18.53 meq/100g soil) to very high (75.94 meq/100g soil) with average of 47.10 meq/100 grams of soil. The overall exchangeable Mg is o high, varying from 0.90 to 70.78 with average value 15.49 meq/100 gram of soil. The reserve of K is medium to high (0.25 to 19.35 meq/100g soil with an average value of 1 11 meq/100g soil. Generally, the major constraints of the area are sodicity. erosion hazard, stoniness and dense vegetation cover. 5.10.2 Recommendation For existing constraints the measures such as Gypsum application, Addition of organic Manure, Measures for fertility, Fertilizers' use, Soil erosion Control, Levelling, Stone picking are recommended. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 4 lFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report 6. LAND EVALUATION STUDY 6.1 SCOPE The scope of the present study includes: • preparation of land unit maps from detailed thematic maps, • comparing the principal land quality of the study area under actual conditions with land use and environmental requirements of the land use types (LUTs) to be considered, • detailed land suitability assessment of the study area for irrigated agriculture development, and • preparing land suitability maps at 1:10,000 scale. 6.2 SOILS The soil texture of the project area is fine and medium and the predominant texture is clay, with average clay content is 62.05%. The soil nutrient status is generally moderate to high. Organic carbon content is very high, ranging from 1 02 to 6.97with an average value of 3.19%. Total nitrogen is very high, varying from 0.08 to 0.69% with an average of 0.34%. The soils have very high CEC, ranging from 37.98 97.28 meq/100g soils, with an average of 64.18 meq/100g soil. The BSP is very high, rating from 61 to 151% with average values of 61%. In most result the BS% is greater than 100% due to high presence of CaCO3. Soil reaction is slightly acidic (pH=6.33) to strongly alkaline (pH=9.07). However in most cases the soils are alkaline. Phosphorus content is low in most of soil units, varying from trace to 58.51 ppm with mean value of 3.38 ppm. EC values of all mapping units are very low, and thus salinity should not be a problem. The value of ESP varied from 0.32 to 47% with an average of 12.22%, indicating that in some mapping units the soils are sodic. The average values of exchangeable calcium, magnesium and potassium are very high, with average values of 47.10, 15.49 and 1.11 meq/100g soil, respectively. The soils have low to very high exchangeable sodium, rating from 0.13 to 20.26 meq/100d soil and its WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 42Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report mean value is 5.43 meq/100g soil, showing that in most cases are the exchangeable sodium is very high. The major constraints of the area are erosion, surface stoniness and some chemical characteristics, such as occurrence of high ESP and free carbonate, are toxic for plants. 6.3 METHODOLOGY 6.3.1General The physical land suitability evaluation has been made for the Bale-Gadula on the basis of the FAO framework for land evaluation. This methodology is outlined in "soil bulletin no. 55, (FAO, 1985): guideline for land evaluation for irrigated agriculture" and in "soil bulletin no 32: a framework for land evaluation", the approach in the evaluation process is identification and description of land utilization types (LUTs) and specifications of class determining land use requirements (LURs) for each selected LUT. Then matching the LURs with the land qualities of each soil mapping unit (SMU) described in soil survey study (please, refer to soil survey report of Bale- Gadula irrigation project), hereafter referred to as land mapping units (LMU) had been performed. Therefore, the main source of data for use in this land evaluation exercise is the soil survey investigation results of the Bale-Gadula area besides that there have been used the data of others studies data such as agronomic, socio economic and hydrological studies of the project area. 6.3.2 Definition of Key Terms/Phrases The FAO definition of key terms was employed in here as it appears. The entire land evaluation methodology used, is the FOA (1976) methodology and all key terms define those used and defined in the same source. The definitions of these terms are presented for the purpose of easy accessibility for the users of the report. 6.4 LAND CHARACTERISTICS 6.4.1 Land Qualities Land Quality (LQ) is a complex attribute of land which acts in a manner distinct from the actions of other land qualities in its influence on the suitability of land for a specified kind of use; the ability of the land to fulfill specific requirements for a LUT. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 43Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 6.4.2Land Use Requirements Volume 2 Main Report Land Use Requirement (LUR) is a condition of the land necessary for successful and sustained implementation of a specific Land Utilization Type. 6.4.2.1 Land suitability classes The FAO Framework encompasses the following four levels of land suitability classes. At the highest level there are two suitability orders, Suitable (S) and Not Suitable (N). Suitable land is land on which sustained use of the kind under consideration is expected to yield benefits that "justify the inputs and development costs, without unacceptable risk of damage to land resources." Not Suitable indicates that the land has qualities that appear to prevent sustained use of the kind under consideration. At second level the suitability orders are divided into three classes, these are: Class S1, Highly Suitable; Class S2, Moderately Suitable; Class S3, Marginally Suitable; Class N1, Marginally Not Suitable; and Class N2, Permanently Not Suitable. Fewer or more Classes can be designated as appropriate. Only classes with significant economic differences should be distinguished At third level there are a number of classes, which reflect the kind of limitation that restricts the suitability of land to a specific land use. Subclasses, reflecting a requirement or limitation are denoted by a letter suffix, these are s, t or d indicating a soil, topographic or drainage deficiency, respectively. The subclass codes were defined for seven LUTs, based on surface irrigated agriculture, implying medium to high input levels. The boundaries between suitability classes are subject to revision with time as technologies develop or socio-economic and political changes occur. However, the not-suitable classes are physical and permanent. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 44Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigatior^Project Table 6.1 FAO Land Suitability Classification Levels Volume 2 Main Report (FAO, 1983) (After Ir.C.Sys 1991 and H. Huizing, ITC 1992, 0) Order Class Name Definition S Suitable The land can support the land use. Benefits justify inputs without unacceptable risk of damage to land resources. S1 Highly Suitable Land without significant limitations. The potential yield level expected is 85% or more of optimum yield. S2 Moderately Suitable Land having limitations that either reduce productivity or increase the inputs needed to sustain productivity levels compared with those needed on S1 land The potential yield level expected is 60-85% of the optimum yield. S3 Marginally suitable Land with limitations so severe that benefits are seriously reduced and/or the inputs required to sustain productivity are such that this cost is only marginally justified. The potential yield level expected is 40-60% of the unsuitable optimum yield. N Unsuitable Land that cannot support the land use sustainable, or land on which benefits do not justify inputs N1 Currently unsuitable Land with limitations to sustained use that cannot be overcome at currently acceptable cost N2 Permanently unsuitable Land with limitations to sustained use that cannot be overcome Note: Table 5.1 classification levels represent those used by the FAO but some modifications and updating have been made by different authors based on research results on some definitions of yield level, factor ratings, etc based, however, on the FAO system. 6.4.2.2 Class determining Factors Limiting factor is defined as a land quality, or its expression as a diagnostic criterion, adversely affecting the potential of land for a specified kind of use or service (FAO WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 45Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report 1976). It is a variable affecting agronomic, management, land development, conservation, the environment or socio-economic conditions that has an influence on the outputs and inputs of a specified kind of land use, and which is used to assess the suitability class in which a land unit should be placed for that use. The major land qualities which are worth to best describe the area for making the suitability evaluation and be considered as the major limiting factors or class determining factors are listed as follows. Some of them are not at their affecting limits, but are put here to show their significances. Table 6.2 Land Suitability Limitations (Sub-Classes) Sub-class /suffixes Description C Climate (Temperature regime): Land units having either very low or very high temperatures below or above the critical temperatures, which may cease the plant growth and may have adverse effect on rate of plant growth, depending on the type of plants and varieties to be grown. Thus adaptable crops should be carefully selected for evaluation. D Oxygen availability: Land units having soil drainage deficiencies, ascribed to poor soil drainage that may be due to high ground water table, flooding, slow infiltration, slow permeability, slow surface drainage (low physiographic position) or some combination of these. N Nutrient retention: Land units having poor capacity of soil to retain added nutrients as against losses caused by leaching, these by organic matter. Thus, additional input is required to conserve organic matter and improve soil structure and require fertilizer application. Z Nutrient availability: Land having poor capacity to supply crop with nutrients, ascribed to pH, nutrient availability is lower in pH <6.0 and >7.5 by fixation, CaCO . 3 w Workability: Land units with poor workability, ascribed to heavy clays, low organic matter content, very firm consistence and occurrence of hiqh amount of stones and gravels in the surface layers. T Land preparation and clearance: Land having topographic limitations ascribed to unfavorable slope angel, micro-relief coupled with excess rock out crops and denser vegetation covers, which needs a higher initial land development cost, requiring land leveling (or short channel lengths and drop structures), grading, terracing, clearances of rock hindrances and vegetation clearances. E Erosion hazard: Land having an increased water erosion risk under irrigation. Conservation practices and surface drainage control are required. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 46Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Project^ 6.5 LAND EVALUATION PROCEDURES Land evaluation included the following procedures: Volume 2 Main Report - Delineation of land units in a map based on the soil survey results and other data, - Translation of the characteristics of each land-mapping unit into land qualities, - Selection of crops or land utilization types (LUTs), - Determination of the requirements of each selected LUT, - Matching the requirements of each LUT with the characteristics of each of the land mapping units, - Land suitability classification, and - Presentation of the results. The land suitability of a land unit for irrigated agriculture, based on the different Land Utilization Type (LUTs) considered, were determined by comparing the land use requirements for irrigated agricultural with the land qualities and/or characteristics of the land unit. The values of each land quality or characteristic were checked against the class limits of land use requirements for irrigated agricultural, for each LUT separately. Thus suitability assessments of the land units were made for each land use requirement separately. The overall suitability of a land unit was then determined on the basis of the suitability ratings, referred to as partial suitability of the individual land use requirements for the LUTs under consideration separately. 6.6 LAND UTILIZATION TYPES (LUTS) AND LAND USE REQUIREMENTS (LUR) 6.6.1 Land Utilization Types The present land suitability study has identified and defined a number of land utilization types (LUTs), as follows: - Pulse crops, including haricot bean, pea, chickpeas and others, WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 47Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report • Cereal crops, such as teff, wheat, and maize are preferable as a third crop in the dry (Bega) season, ■ Rainfed maize - irrigated flax - pea cultivation is a feasible cropping pattern (LUT), ■ Rainfed cereals (maize, wheat) - Irrigated vegetable (cabbage, onions, and carrot,potato etc) cultivation, • Rainfed forage - cereals LUT, ■ Rainfed Teff- irrigated chickpeas - spices such as black cumin, • Irrigated rice could be economically sustainable in the Project area, and therefore a rice-pulse-cereals, or a rice-cabbage-wheat cropping patterns can be used in the study area, • Irrigated coffee cultivation can be intercropped with leguminous species such as forage trees (Sasbania, Leucena, Leuccephala) and other fruit tress or cereal crops between plants, ■ Irrigated papaya and banana cultivation. Pasture development has been considered under low to medium input levels and medium labor intensive production system in the project area. 6.6.2 Land Use Requirements (LURs) Land Utilization Types (LUTs) are characterized by the sort of land use requirements (LURs), which are the conditions of land necessary for successful and sustained LUT. Land use requirements take into account the range of physical, chemical and climatic characteristics of the Project area, as well as descriptions of land unit maps showings the description of the various land units and land characteristic values obtained from the results of a land resources survey. A crop requirement depends on the land characteristics and qualities that would be required to reach acceptable crop yields. Land use requirements also include a set of limiting values. These define the degree of limitation of a specific value of a land quality or characteristic that may have an WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 48Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report adverse effect on sustainable production. Land use requirements may include crop requirements, management requirements and conservation requirements (FAO, 1983). The land use requirements are described by the land characteristics or land qualities needed for sustained production. A land characteristic is a measurable attribute of the land. Land quality is a complex attribute that has direct impact on land use, but cannot be directly measured. Different crops (LUTs), different irrigation methods and management systems have different ecological requirements. Thus, the agronomic, land development, management, conservation and environmental factors, and the relevant class determining factors were considered and defined as variables that affect the performance of LUTs on a specific land unit. Subsequently, the suitability of land units for a specific use were established by considering each land unit and rating its qualities or characteristics relevant to that LUT. These requirements are listed in Appendices 1 to 5 in terms of land quality, together with ranges of suitability for the land characteristics that have been used to assess each land unit. The land use requirements are described by the land characteristics grouped to land qualities needed for the required sustained irrigated agriculture production for the LUTs considered, as described below (see also Crop Protocols in Vol. 8 of this Report). Land use requirements for irrigated Wheat, Onion, citrus fruits and Peas are discussed in the report VOLUME 5 ANNEX 5 of DFR. 6.7 LAND SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION Suitability is a measure of how well the land unit qualities match the requirements of a specific type of land use. Matching land use to land unit is the essence of land evaluation. The suitability classification aims to show the suitability of each land unit for each land use. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 49Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report Appendices 1 to 5 present the land use requirements for LUTs considered as a guide in assigning land suitability classes. The land mapping units were delineated and are described in brief hereunder. 6.7.1 Land Mapping Units Land mapping units are areas with land qualities that differ sufficiently from other land units to affect their suitability for different land uses. Land units are areas of land with specific characteristics. They are normally represented within a boundary on a map in order to create a visual geographical framework. The core land resources data of paramount importance for land evaluation are soils, climate, present land use and land cover. The purpose of identifying land units is to provide a mapped basis of relatively homogeneous areas (land unit map) to be used as building blocks for land evaluation. Land units are described in terms of their characteristics and qualities. A land characteristic is a fairly simple attribute that can be measured or estimated, such as soil texture, effective soil depth, drainage, topography and ability of soil to retain nutrient. Land Quality is an attribute of land which acts in a distinct manner in its influence on the suitability of the land for the LUTs under consideration. In the present study land qualities comprise water availability, soil depth, hydraulic conductivity, drainage, soil workability, susceptibility to erosion and water-logging. Land units are described by their main characteristics, which are these properties of the land that can be measured or estimated. In this study the main land characteristics considered, are slope and soil drainage classes and soil depth. The costs of necessary land improvement have to be estimated in detailed study to predict the economic and environment consequences of development. Based on land characteristics 20 land mapping units have been identified. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 50Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 6.8 LAND SUITABILITY CHARACTERIZATION BY LAND UNITS Volume 2 Main Report Land suitability was assessed for selected potential crops under irrigation. These are rice, wheat, maize, potato, vegetables, and livestock pasture. The results of matching the land use requirement of each selected crop with the conditions of each land mapping unit, are discussed in this section. The individual class-determining factor of each land use requirement has been combined with each land unit and a tentative land suitability classification was obtained. Table 6.3 Summary of Actual Land Suitability by LMU and LUT Area Final Suitability Soil Mapping Units (HA % Citrus Wheat Onion Pea VB2VRpe-kB 98 1.3 N1z N1z N1z N1z VB2VRso-kB 209 2.7 N2z/a N1z N1z N1z/A PiVRso-kC 88 1.1 N1z S3w/k/d N1z N1z/A/r PiVRpe-kC 231 3.0 S3z S3w/k/d S3z/w/k S3d/w/k VB1VRso-crA 206 2.7 N1z S3z N1z N1z VB2VRpe-kB 874 11.3 S3z S1 S3z S3d/w/k VB2VRpe-kB 53 0.7 N2t/z/r/w/k S1 S3z/r/w/k/t S3t/n/k VB1VRpe-kA 584 7.5 S3z/r/w/k S3z S3r/t/d’ S3d7w/k/r/t VB1VRso-peA 607 7.8 N2a N2z S3e/d/r S3d/a/e VB2NTeu-rB 512 6.6 S2n/w/k S2r/w/k/t S2w/k/t S3r/w/k/t VB2VRhyso-peB 718 9.3 S3d/w/k/t/z N1e N1e N1e VB1VRhyso-crA 445 5.7 S3z/r/w/k/e S3e/d' S3e S3d/e VB2LVeu-rB 468 6.0 N1r S3r/w/k/t S3r/w/k/t S3r/w/Wt VBILVeuB 200 2.6 S2r/w/k/t S3e S3e S3e PiLVhyC 67 0.9 S3z S3d7e S3z S3d/e VBILPeuA 610 7.9 N2r S3w/Wr/t S3w/k/r S3w/k/r PiVRca-rA 313 4.0 N2w/k/n S3r S3w/k/z S3z/r/k PiVRhy-peC 225 2.9 N2w/k/n S3r S3w/k/z S3z/r/k VB1VRso-kA 532 6.9 N1z/a N1z N1z N1z WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 51Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 6.9 LAND SUITABILITY MAPS Volume 2 Main Report The following Land Suitability Maps have been prepared for selected important irrigated crops: Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Citrus, Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Wheat, Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Onion, and Actual Land Suitability Map for Irrigated Pea. 6.10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the result of detailed soil surrey the evaluation of land suitability has been carried out of the present study. Results of the land evaluation study are summarized Table 5.3, showing the area of the land under different land suitability classification for different crops. Table 5.4 shows summary of land suitability for different crops proposed in the Bale-Gadula Command area. Considering the climatic, soil and socio-economic factors among the proposed wheat, onion, pea and citrus would be preferable crops in the study area for commercial purpose. Other crops such as cereals and pulses can be grown for local consumption and market. Table 6.4 Summary of Actual Land Suitability for Different Crops in Bale-Gadula command Area Crop Suitability Classes S1 (highly suitable) S2 S3 (Moderately (Marginally Suitable) suitable) Sub Total N1 (Currently Unsuitable) N2 (Permanently Not Suitable) Sub Total Grand Total Citrus 712 2919 3632 1391 2716 4107 7739 Wheat 927 512 | 3437 4876 2164 699 2863 7739 Pea 5189 5189 1851 699 2549 7739 Onion 512 I 4677 5189 1851 699 2549 7739 WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 52Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 7. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE 7.1 LOCATION Volume 2 Main Report BALE GADULA Irrigation Project is administratively located in Bale administrative zone of the Oromia National Regional State (ONRS). Goro is the project woreda and the Goro town, the capital of the woreda is located 82km East of Robe town which is currently identified as the capital of Bale zone. Robe is located 380km from Addis Ababa in a general South-Eastern direction via Asela (a town located 175km from Addis Ababa & capital of Arsi Administrative zone). Goro town is located 494km from Addis Ababa, the capital of the nation. The proposed weir site is located 9km from Goro town in its general North direction. The command area is located on the left bank of the Weyb River. The command area is bounded by a chain of ridges as local mountains (above 2000masl) in its genera North direction. Weyb River is circumscribing the command area from its general south and south eastern direction. On the right bank of the Weyb River a chain of ridges having an altitude of above 2000masl is also circumscribing the project area. A very long and narrow low-lying plain area (1800masl and around) is created in between the two chain of ridges which is currently envisaged as the command area for BAGID project. Geographically the project command area is located extending from 7°6’N to 7°9'N and 40°18'E to 40°37’E. 7.2 HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCES Weyb, river is the only available river that can serve as water sources in the project area. Weyb River is circumscribing the command area in the general south direction. The hydrograph at Weyb watershed is gauged at the Goro-Ginir main road bridge located d/s of the proposed abstraction point. Recording has been made since 1986 and mean daily hydrograph data from 1986 to 2005 was made available for the study of the BAGID project. At mean annual runoff of 385mcm, the mean annual inflow for the Weyb watershed is recorded to be 12.16m /s/day. Mean daily minimum monthly inflow is recorded to be 3 WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 53Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Minlstry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report 0.95m /s/day and it appears in January. The mean daily maximum inflow, at 34.2m /s, is observed to happen in August. 3 3 Hydrologic variability index (HVI) is observed to be considerably high. It is nearly 40% for the annual series and more than 80% for the Belg and Meher seasons. These features of the Weyb watershed hydrograph are given due emphasis in this interim phase and dependable flows available for 80% of the time has been used to plan crop and irrigation water requirements of the project area. The dependable base flow was computed by the project engineering hydrologist. 7.3 SURVEY WORK During the inception and interim phase a surveying work for the command area has been conducted and base map at a scale of 1:10,000 has been prepared. Detailed layout design for the irrigation system layout is then completed accordingly. According to this layout design work the gross command area for BAGID project is estimated at 6150ha with a net command area of 5176ha. Currently preparations of soil and land suitability base maps are completed. The detailed layout design has used these maps as a base map to finalize fixing the boundary of the command area. According to the TOR of the assignment the target from the client side is to develop a 5000ha net command area in the Weyb watershed. 7.4 GEOLOGY Engineering Geology is described in VOL 4 Annex 2 Geological and Geotechnical Investigations. The foundation level geology shows rock and thus there is no problem at all founding the weir on available foundation strata. 7.5 DIVERSION STRUCTURE It is geographically located at UTM 595446.1756 East and 708386 North. Diversion Structure could be either a Weir or Barrage. Main aim is to create a pond so that water can be diverted into the Main Canal. The Head Regulator for the Main Canal has been integrated with the Diversion Structure. A low height weir only suffices the irrigation requirement and it has kept the Hydro-mechanical Equipment minimum. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 54Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report The project area lies in low seismic risk hazard zone of Ethiopia thus the probability of occurrence of earth quake in the area is the least. As far as the weir site geological condition is concerned the selected area is suitable since strong and sound bed rock is at a suitable depth. There is adequate construction material in the vicinity of the project site. 7.5.1 Design Criteria and Basic Concepts Design criteria had already submitted at the time of Inception report. Only relevant parts are repeated for quick grasp of the subject in various design reports. The design seismic coefficient shall be adopted for importance factor of 1.5 and as such the head works components shall be designed for 0.03 as horizontal and 0.015 vertical acceleration. Hydraulic design of weir and protection works has been done for 100 year and 500 year frequency floods respectively, which are given below. Table 7.1 Design Flood for Head works Station Name 100 year 500 year Bale Gadula Weir 255 m3/s 315 m3/s WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 55Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Mlnistry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 7.5.2 Detailed Design Table 7.2 Final Hydraulic Design Parameters Volume 2 Main Report S.No Description Unit Weir Under sluice Head Regulator 1 River bed level masl 2073.50 2073.70 2073.50 2 H.F.L (For 500 year) masl 2078.60 2078.60 2078.60 3 Afflux M 2.60 2.60 2.60 5 Crest level masl 2076.00 2073.70 2074.30 6 Height of weir M 2.50 0.20 0.80 7 Height of Clear Opening M - 2.50 2.20 8 Pond Level masl 2076.00 2073.70 2074.30 9 Lacey’s waterway M 85.72 10 Waterway M 42.50 2.50 2.00 11 Thickness of Divide Wall M 1.00 - 12 Overall waterway M 46.00 - 13 Looseness factor - - - 14 Discharge Cumec 282 33.00 3.561 15 Total Discharge Cumec 315 3.561 16 Cistern Level masl 2073.20 2073.20 2073.10 17 Cistern length M 13.50 13.50 7.00 18 U/S Floor Length M 8.00 8.00 2.25 19 D/S Floor Length M 18.70 18.70 26.965 20 Total Floor Length M 26.70 26.70 29.215 21 Minimum Floor Thickness M 0.75 0.75 0.50 22 Maximum Floor Thickness M 1.75 1.75 1.00 In addition to the Hydraulic Design of the Diversion Structure, hydraulic Design of the under sluices and Head Regulator has been carried out. Structural design of all components such as piers, floors, Raft of the under sluices, Brest walls of under sluices and Head Regulators etc has been carried out. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 56Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project^ 7.5.3The Gates required are as follows 1) Sluices - service gate (2 nos. 1.25 wide and 2.30 m high) Volume 2 Main Report 2) Sluices-Emergency Gate (one number 1.25 m wide and 2.30 m high) 3) Head Regulator Service Gate (2.0 m wide and 1.70 m high) 4) Head Regulator Emergency Gate (2.0 m wide and 1.70 m high) 7.6 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE All the work has been carried out on the basis of maps provided by WWDSE or survey organization through WWDSE. There have been problems in obtaining maps, and adjustments have been made wherever discrepancies were noted. Therefore the figures of areas and flows can be considered reasonably accurate. While the construction work is taken up, actual survey is a must so that accuracy in construction and design can be achieved. The net command area now assessed works out to 5150 ha. The command area lies only on left bank of the River. The command area stretches over some parts of Goro, Sinana and Ginir Woreda 7.6.1 Soils of the Command Area Soil study had been carried out in Bale-Gadula Irrigation Project covering 7739 ha of land. The land cover of the project area is intensively cultivated land. The major land use is agro-pastoralist. Soils of the project area are developed on colluvial and alluvial process. The soil classification of the study area has been made based on the World Reference Base for Soil (FAO, 2006). As a result of the investigation nine major soil units namely: Vertisols, Cambisols, Luvisols, and Leptosols. The most extensive soil unit is Vertisols. The soils of project area have been grouped into 18 soil mapping units based land form, phases such as stoniness and soil depth and soil units and in addition to that there have been identified 1 miscellaneous land unit. Soil nutrient status of the project site is generally low to moderate. The content of organic carbon of the area is moderately high, ranging from 0.21 3.91% with an WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 57L Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2 Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project average of 1.18%; the soils have very high CEC & BSP and their soil reaction slightly r £ acidic to extreme alkaline. The CEC value of the project soil types is very high, ranging from 3.2 to 118.33 with an average value 56.2 meq/100g soils. The content of phosphorus is very low to low and the average value 2.99 ppm. Supplementary phosphate will be required. The total nitrogen content of the soil is medium to high. Nitrogen value is between 0.02 and 0.39%; whereas the average value is 0.1%. Supplementary nitrogen fertilizer would be required. Generally, the content of exchangeable Ca is high, which ranges from 3.62 to 86.46, with average of 30.07 meq/100 grams of soil. Exchangeable Mg is high, varying from 1.34 to 40.77 with an average value 9.16 meq/100 gram of soil. The reserve of K is low to high (0.64 to 5.63 meq/100g soil with an average value of 0.648 meq/100g soil). The EC value of all mapping units is low and thus salinity will not be any problem. The soil is in some cases calcareous and sodic. The major constraints of the area are soil sodicity in some areas, soil erosion, dense vegetation cover and surface stoniness. 7.6.2 Cropping Pattern Detailed agronomical studies have been carried out and two cropping patterns have been considered. The cropping intensity is 173% in Scenario I and 158 % in scenario II with Sugarcane in 50% area. Water is not adequate for 100% sugar cane. The crops included are Wheat, Maize, Rice, Pulses, Forage and Fruits and vegetables. In the first scenario group crops food crops, pulses, oil and high value horticultural crops are selected to be developed entirely by small holder agro pastoralist /farmers. In scenario 2 in addition to food crops, with 50 percent total area coverage, sugar cane has been recommended to be developed by commercial farmers. Corresponding water requirements were determined and compared with the 80% dependable flow in the river Bale Gadula and corresponding cropping Pattern is recommended for two scenarios. WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 58Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gaduia Irrigation Project 7.6.3 Efficiencies of irrigation system Volume 2 Main Report For the purpose of estimation of irrigation requirements, the various canal efficiencies are taken as under: Water application efficiency = 70%, Distribution Efficiency (Secondary (lined) & Tertiary canals combined) = 90%, and Conveyance (Main canal (lined)) efficiency = 95%. Effective rain fall has been accounted in the estimation of irrigation requirement. The overall project efficiency is equal to 60%. This is also on a conservative and safer side, as the efficiency increases with the experience of irrigation. Farmers themselves also improve their application efficiency. Finally efficiency is also checked after detailed design and found O.K. Besides this some flexibility is added at appropriate places. The distribution system has been planned for the entire command area and detailed planning, design and estimation of quantities has been carried out. The maps of command area show all important features like settlements, roads, foot paths, ditches, gullies, trees etc. 7.6.4 Salient Features of the Canal System The salient features of the Canal System are as follows: Main Canal -1 (MC-1); 30.9Km long for Q = 3.651 m3/s Secondary canals - 30 No.; Total Length = 59.45 Km Tertiary canals - 150 No.; total length = 160.35 WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 59Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 7.3 Details of canal system Volume 2 Main Report S. No. Name of Canal Head Discharge Length CCA Net CCA m3/s Km ha Ha 2 Bale Gadula Main Canal Secondary canals 3 SC-1-1 0.023 0.48 35 35 4 SC-1-2 0.067 0.42 100 100 5 SC-1-3 0.198 3.91 295 295 6 SC-1-4 0.084 0.89 125 125 7 SC-1-5 0.077 0.82 115 115 8 SC-1-6 0.074 0.86 110 110 9 SC-1-7 0.090 2.48 135 135 10 SC-1-8 0.127 3.03 190 190 11 SC-1-9 0.134 1.67 200 200 12 SC-1-10 0.245 3.97 365 365 13 SC-1-11 0.114 1.68 170 170 14 SC-1-12 0.144 1.89 215 215 15 SC-1-13 0.074 0.76 110 110 16 SC-1-14 0.231 7.87 345 345 17 SC-1-15 0.087 1.20 130 130 18 SC-1-16 0.131 2.25 195 195 19 SC-1-17 0.144 1.73 215 215 20 SC-1-18 0.060 0.61 90 90 21 SC-1-19 0.070 0.82 105 105 22 SC-1-20 0.067 0.99 100 100 23 SC-1-21 0.111 2.29 165 165 24 SC-1-22 0.184 1.68 275 275 25 SC-1-23 0.080 1.45 120 120 26 SC-1-24 0.111 1.59 165 165 27 SC-1-25 0.131 3.50 195 195 28 SC-1-26 0.131 3.47 195 195 29 SC-1-27 0.194 3.83 290 290 30 SC-1-28 0.134 1.35 200 200 31 JSC-1-29 0.067 0.82 100 100 WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 60Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 7.7 STRUCTURES ON CANALS AND DRAINS Volume 2 Main Report As shown in the general layout map of irrigation and drainage system of the area, the canals are aligned in flat/gentle and steep slopes. They also traverse across-hilly area, natural drains, villages, access roads, etc. Describing these ground conditions assist in establishing systematic approach to categorize canal x-sections and hydraulic canal structures. All the canal structures such as C.D. Works, bridges, escapes, head and cross regulators etc. have been shown in the map as well as marked in the longitudinal sections of the canals. All structures are so planned that they are combined with other structures so that number of structures and their overall cost has reduced considerably. Whenever there is inadequate headway (difference between canal bed level and high flood level of drain at the crossing point of a natural drain to pass its design discharge under the canal, one alternative would be to shift canal alignment towards downstream of drainage to get adequate headway. Other alternative would be to shift the canal alignment towards higher levels i.e. towards upstream of drain and provide a canal siphon or a super passage (over chute). Both have been carefully examined and suitable choice is adopted as per site conditions. Possibility of diverting small drain to big drain or shifting canal alignment so that only one cross drainage work is required after confluence of two drains, has also been explored and done. A total of 2702 canal and drainage structures are provided as given below WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 61Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 7.4 Details of structures on canals Volume 2 Main Report SN Name of structure MC-1 SC’S TC’S Total 1 Aqueduct 2 No No 2 2 Head Regulator 1 52 no 27 3 Escape Head 1 No No 1 4 Cross Regulator 1 26 No 27 5 Broad Crested Weir 1 26 No 27 6 Partial Flume Module 1 - - 1 7 Tail Cluster 1 30 150 181 8 Road Bridge 1 - - 1 9 Culvert - - 10 Drain Culvert - 30 150 180 11 Canal Siphon 1 - - 1 12 Supply Canal Fall (Type A and B) 202 488 - 690 13 Supply Canal Falls (M-1 and M-2 Types) - - 1530 1530 14 Falls in Drainage Systems (Type-A and B) - - - 790 Total 212 640 1850 2702 WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 62Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation^Project^ 7.8 HEAD REGULATOR 7.8.1 Alignment of the HR Volume 2 Main Report The head regulators of the BAGID project located on the left side of the river bank is aligned at 105° to the weir axis. An alignment of HR ranging from 90° to 120° is thought to be optimum both for proper abstraction and exclusion of the incoming sediment. 7.8.2 Components of the HR The HR has four major components, (i) the inlet sill located u/s of the canal sill; (ii) the canal sill that receives partially de-silted water from the inlet sill box; (iii) the settling basin following the canal sill, largely used to settle the sediment entering passed the de-siltation process at the inlet sill box; and (iv) the intake gate that is located at the head of the main canal. As the sediment load of the river is low, final decision shall be taken regarding the settling tanks whether they should be provided or not. 7.8.3 The Sill Levels The inlet sill level, the canal sill and canal intake levels are fixed based on the WSP computations of the command system. Head losses in these sill levels is taken into account while computing the WSP of the command system. A Head loss through head regulators and head requirements for discharge measurement structures is also accounted in the computation of the WSP for the command system. 7.8.4 Discharge Measurement at the Head Regulator The Canal Sill and the Canal Intakes are designed with head regulating structures where discharge measurement is compounded with them. At these two head regulators a broad crested type discharge measurement structure is used. A slab is designed on top of these head regulators to facilitate gate operation/regulation and discharge measurement activities. The broad crested weir is a gated orifice type. 7.8.5 Discharge Evaluation A rectangular shaped broad crested weir is used in both cases. The usual formula used to evaluate the discharge is presented as: 0 = l.7QC Zff15 r WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 63Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report Where: Cv is the correction coefficient for neglecting the velocity head in the approach channel, Cd the discharge coefficient, L weir length and H flow depth over the weir. 7.8.6 Scouring Sluice Gates Two scouring sluice gates at the left side of the river bank with a width of 2m each are designed to exclude the sediment that settles before it gets the settling basin of the head regulator. These sluices are all designed as sliding metal gets and the design work has taken the following design parameters/loads into account: • The different loading against the gate, • The hoisting device (semi automatic operation), • The water tightness and seals, and • The material for construction 7.9 ROAD NETWORK The road network in the BAGID project is designed to constitute two levels: (i) access road, and (ii) farm roads. Access roads are designed to run along the main canal route. Farm roads are located within the farm designed to access blocks and tertiary units. The length of roads in each road levels is provided below. Access roads are designed to have 9m width including the drainage ditches and farm roads are designed to have 7.5m width including drainage ditches. Table 7.5 Details of Road Network Type of Road Unit Length Access Road Along MCs Km 35 Farm Road Along SCs Km 60 Farm Road Along TCs Km 165 WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 64Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project— 8. SOCIOECONOMIC STUDY 8.1 OBJECTIVES Volume 2 Main Report The socioeconomic study is aimed at identifying the resources (labour force, land, water etc) skills in the project area, present economic activities, problems ambitions and objectives of the population in the project area and the surrounding, to ensure their active and positive participation in the project. In particular, special attention is given to the assessment of situation of women in the project area and role of women in the proposed project of Bale Gadula Project. Investigation are also aimed at identifying the available markets input supplies, support services and social services, infrastructure services in the environs of the projects area. The assessment of social and economic impacts negative and positive of the project are properly carried with the beneficiaries and concerned stake holders. The food securities of the project area have been assessed. The developmental potentials and constrains are identified. 8.2 GORO WOREDA SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE According to the projected population of the Bureau of finance and economic development of Oromia, department of population, the population of the woreda during the past four years (1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998) is 91,932, 94475, 64,204 and 65,909 respectively. As the figure indicated in 1997 and 1998 the woreda population reduced from previous year because Dawe Qachen is splited from Goro woreda at the end of 1997. In 1998 from the total population of the woreda have 5 percent share among of the total population of Bale zone. The settlement patterns of the woreda have a great variation because the physical factors (climate), availability of resources, fertility of soil, land form/topography, socio economic situation and demographic factors of the kebeles. All this characteristics can be analyzed by population density, which express the distribution of the population per unit area. According to the project of Bureau of finance and economic development of Oromia during the past four year (1995-1998) settlement pattern of the woreda is 36.9. 37.31, 41.51 and 42.57 per km2 respectively. Goro is the 7lfl largest Woreda of Bale zone with area of 4510.09KM2. The Woreda Sub-divided into 26 kebele & 2 urban centers according to the recent Oromia regional WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 65Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report 2 state restructuring of the woreda. The two urban centers are Goro town the centers of the woreda & Maliyu town both having their own Municipalities in Goro woreda as main town centers. 8.2.1 Physical Setting It is located in the north central extreme parts of the Goro woreda It is bounded by Sinana woreda in the East, Ginir woreda in the South and west and Berbere, 2 Guradhamole and Dawe Qachen woreda in the north. . It has a total area of 1339km which made it to be ranked the 14th largest among the zonal woredas. The area of the woreda leads the woreda to have a share of 1.9 percent from the total area of the woreda (69,661km ). Goro woreda is one of the administrative territories of Bale zone with an area of 1339 km2 (133,900ha). The area of the woreda leads the woreda to have a share of 1.9 percent from the total area of the zone. The woreda has a distance of 60 km from Robe capital of Bale zone and 490 km from center of the country capital Addis Ababa. The land use of Goro woreda highly comprises of moderately cultivated land. Moderately cultivated land found in southwestern, north western and in some part of the woreda north and southeast. The highest elevation of the woreda is Dadimos Mountains that have an elevation of 3000m above sea levels, which found along southeastern part of the woreda; whereas the lowest point of the woreda is roughly below 760m which is situated along Weyb River. 8.2.2 Relief In the woreda there are about 4% of plain land, 33% of rugged terrains, 2% of valley (gorges), 15%of hills and mountains. 8.2.3 Drainage In the woreda there are numerous springs. Among this some are like Dadimos spring, Chafa spring, Burka spring, Kegelo spring, Fenkel spring, Rayitu seida spring and Mana Goro spring are the major ones. In the woreda there are numerous artificial or manmade ponds. Among this pond Beli Akia and lltoke lleni ponds are the main artificial ponds that are found in the woreda WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 66Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Mlnistry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale^aduJjJrrigation^Project^ Volume 2 Main Report In addition the perennial and seasonal rivers of the woreda have served various purposes for the local people. It serves fresh water for cattle and drinking for human beings 8.2.4 Season Goro woreda has two types of rainfall regime. The first regime is characterized by one long rainy season that extends from March to Augusts. But months with highest rainfall concentrations are June, July and Augusts. This type of rainfall covers all part of the woreda except small parts of the margin of southeast part of the woreda. The second type of rainfall in the woreda is the one with spring and autumn maximum. It is influenced by equatorial a westerly and easterly wind that prevails over the area. This type of rainfall covers the margin of southeast part of the woreda. 8.2.5 Climate In the woreda the amount of temperature that receives is greatly modified by latitude and longitude extent Based on altitude the woreda are classified in to three-agro climatic type namely, High land, Semi High land and lowland. Table 8.1 Altitude and Climate Agro climatic zone Altitudinal range Ave. annual temperature (°C) Ave. annual rainfall (mm) Area coverage In ha in percentage High land 2300-3000 12 920 34,922 16 Semi High land 1500-2300 19 720 106.983 49 Lowland 1200-1500 35 630 75,695 35 Source- Goro woreda Finance and Economic development office, 2008 8.2.6 Wild life Lion warthog, Fox, wild pig, Hyena, Gazelle Minillik Bush, Wild cat, Giant forest hog, Antelope, Rabbit, Anteater, Mountain Nyala, Monkey, Ape, Tortoise, Snake, Lizards are found in the woreda. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 67Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 8.2.7 Population Table 8.2 Goro woreda population (2003-2008) Volume 2 Main Report Residence Sex 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Male 3420 3583 3753 3926 4106 38507 Urban Female 3381 3546 3719 3890 4069 36640 Total 6,801 7,129 7,472 7,816 8175 75147 Male 41939 40,030 27948 28618 29306 4880 Rural Female 43192 44,316 28784 29,475 30182 4809 Total 85,131 87,346 56,732 58,093 59488 9689 Male 45359 46613 31701 32544 33412 43387 Total Female 46572 47862 32503 33365 34251 41449 Total 91931 94475 64204 65909 67663 84836 Source-Bureau of Finance and Economic development of Oromia As the above table shows that within the woreda during the past four years the number of female and male population is relatively equal both in rural and urban area. 8.2.8 Rural Settlement Pattern The inhabitant of rural settlement is mainly engaged in Agriculture. Large population of Goro Woreda is living in rural areas which estimated around 93 % Out of total population of the Woreda. In rural areas of the Woreda temporary and scattered rural settlement are the common settlement. Scattered Rural Settlement is those homesteads are separated by relatively long distance This type of settlement is common in those woredas because peoples owned land privately in abundant. 8.2.9 Agriculture Agriculture is the back bone of the Economy of the Woreda. It provides means of occupation for almost all population of the Woreda. In Goro Woreda sedentary Agriculture is dominantly practiced in the highland and Semi highland areas of the Woreda where as Animal rearing (pastoralist way of life) is in the lowland and boarder area WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 68Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Project 8.2.10 Infrastructure and social facilities Volume 2 Main Report Modern and efficient transportation and communication systems are not yet developed in the Woreda. But the most widely used means of transport are road transport. Goro is poor in this sub sector of the economy. In Goro Woreda the major means of communication are Telecommunication service and postal service. But the expansion and coverage is limited to urban areas of the Woreda. In Goro Woreda there is a great limitation in Telephone density. In majority of Woredas kebeles there is limited access of telephone service and in some area there is no telephone service at all. Now a days there are 2 telephone stations in the Woreda out of which the existing are giving service as follows; 1 Automatic Digital and 1 are Pay station. Postal service Goro Woreda is delivered through post offices classified under Agent. In places where such office is not available, the post man delivers the mail. As the available data indicated, in 1998 EC., there was 1 postal institution in the Woreda which is an agent one. 8.2.11 Water Source of drinking water is tap, river, lake, pond, and protected wells/springs. Only 26.7 % of Population is supplied with potable water. 8.2.12 Energy supply Energy supply is Fire wood, Dung, Crop Residue charcoal and kerosene. 8.2.13 Education The Educational system comprises both formal and non-formal sectors. Formal education includes primary and secondary education, technical and vocational education, tertiary education. Table 8.3 Number of school by type &level (2003-2008) Year Number of school by level 1-4 5-8 9-10 11-12 2003 16 I6 1 0 2004 18 6 1 0 2005 22 6 1 0 2006 22 J 6 2 0 2007 22 10 2 0 2008 20 13 2 0 Source- Goro Woreda Education Office 2008. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 69Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report So far, education has been characterized by unjust and uneven distribution of educational institution in the Woreda Relatively there are large numbers of primary education school and less number of secondary school, which are confined only in urban areas of the Woreda In Goro Woreda there is no secondary schools and technical/vocational centers owned by non-government. Non-government educational participation is highly concentrates on primary education expansion. 8.2.14 Health and diseases Health institutions are unevenly distributed across Goro Woreda. The existing are concentrated in urban area but currently health posts are expanding in rural areas from time to time. In Goro Woreda, in 2006, there are no hospitals, 1 health centers, 4 health post and 7clinics and 4 rural drug vendors. The situation of Medical Personnel in Goro Woreda over the past four years shows a declining trend. For example, at the end of 2006 fiscal year there are 9 Nurses. 5 Health assistants, 2 Sanitarians. This is because of low infrastructure facilities, which have seriously contributed for declining number of medical personnel. Goro Woreda has poor health status which attributable to preventable infection diseases and nutritional deficiencies Poor access to health facilities of the Woreda has contributed to the poor health situation. Although the major health problem of Goro Woreda is basically infection, however, non-infection diseases such as Bronchi pneumonia, Gastritis & Duodenenties, Muscular Rheumatism, and Hypertonic with Heart, Other Helminthes, and Typhoid Fever are the major diseases in the Woreda. There were 6 Nurses in the Woreda in 2005. But in 2006 the number of nurses increased to 9. Accordingly, there has been improvement in population per Nurse Ratio; i.e population per Nurse has decreased from 10,700 to 7,323. The major health problem in the Woreda emanate from the prevailing adverse personnel and environmental hygiene and poor nutritional condition. The health sectors are facing a great challenge from lack of skilled manpower. The current; trend will be aggravated unless appropriate measure is taken to curb the situation. Although basically the major health sectors problems are Lack of resource to address the priority of health problems. Lack of health personnel, Shortage of public health WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 70Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Project^ Volume 2 Main Report facility, Shortage of medical facility, Lack of facility such as electricity, transport, communication, High prevalence of communicable disease. 8.2.15 Social Security In Goro Woreda the trend of unemployment is aggravated from time to time. This is due to rural to urban migration, Population growth and the society attitude toward work is low. But in the Woreda there are no well organized data regarding system for unemployment. During the past four years the crime recorded in the Woreda increased from time to time. For instance, in 2003, 15,357 people committed crime where as in 2006, 28,317 peoples committed crime. 8.2.16 Trade, Tourism and Sports Cash crops are mainly produced for market in order to generate income to the country. The Woreda is well known for producing coffee. Coffee is grown as forest and garden coffee Followed to coffee the major cash crops are the following; Sugar cane, Chat, Potatoes, Sweat potatoes, Fruit, Vegetable. The level of sport activity in Goro Woreda is at infant or at lower stage and the youth develops their skills and performance at school level. Out of school the majority Woredas youth have trained any kind of sport activity everywhere. At Woreda level there is no stadium. In the Woreda there is no well organized any kind of sport club. The existing club train only when there is competition. The major sport activity of the Woreda is Athletics, Football, Volley ball, Table tennis and cultural sport. 8.3 PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALITIES The main stay of the economy of the region, in particular the Woreda is Agriculture. This economy sector is hindered by various factors. Among this factors income inequality, Rapid population growth, Physical limitation (geographic limitation), Lack of infrastructure and communication facility, lack of modern technology are the challenging factors that aggravate the problems regarding economic condition. When population growths rapidly problems related to the demand for food supply, health facility, schools, transportation, communication, employment are aggravated. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 71Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report For instance, with regard to health facility and school, rapidly growing population will most certainly generate heavy demand for service provision. Environmental problems become serious problems from time to time because of negative changes in the equilibrium of soil, vegetation, Air and water which leads to continued environmental degradation. The major factor of environmental degradation is deforestation, soil erosion and overgrazing etc. The potentiality of the Woreda is crop production, irrigation, livestock rearing, and mining high. But the existing potential is not fully utilized due to social, economic, cultural and political constraints. The Woreda have quite enormous potential of 534,929.8 hectar of cultivable land and 72306 hectares of land suitable for crop production and irrigation. Agriculture currently utilized only 395,078hectares and 9,215.2 hectares Goro have endowed with various water resource, mineral resource and forest resource. In the woreda it is estimated that there are about 55 Perennials Rivers, 18 seasonal rivers and 70 springs. In addition there are 2,084,956.02 hectares of land covered by forest out of these 809,127 hectares of land have natural forest which has value maintaining ecology of the woreda. Even if nature endowed the various mineral resources it is still untouched. 8.4 DETAILS OF BALE GADULA PROJECT AREA 8.4.1 Command area population As per the sample survey result, 91% of the households are male headed and 9% of which are female headed. The average family size of the Bale Gadula kebele population living in the command area is 7 with share of 51% of female and the remaining 49% male. With respect to the community ethic group and religion it was uniform in character. All the respondents were found to be Muslim and the ethnic group was Oromo. The dependency ratio was seen to be 1.58: 1 or 61%. Concerning the marital status of the household heads large share (90%) of who are married, 7% are widowed and 3% are single. 89% of the household heads were born at the same place and the remaining 12% came from somewhere else starting to reside in the area since more than 10 years ago. As to the distribution of house hold heads in educational level, it was found that large majority (82%) of the household heads are VVWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 72Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report under the range of between read and write and high school. The remaining household heads are illiterate. 8.4.2 Income Generation The basic income source is farming, consisting of 59% mixed farm, 16% only crop production and 15% live based on livestock. Almost all (99%) of the interviewed households produce and generate income from crop and livestock. 8.4.3 Social services Agriculture and food supply socio-Cultural, resettlement and compensation issues Diarrhea, Malaria, Headache and Typhoid are major health problems. Health services are poor, 38% of the family are actually using family planning service 32% of HH use protected spring and river water, 26% use Hand dug well and 10% use piped water. Distance of water supply varies about 10km to 2 hrs walking. About 37% the community members pay for water which is in average about 9.50 Birr. Water is fetched by wife, female children and all house hold members. The major sanitation facilities are poor. All the people use wood as fuel. People are poor and many do not send their children to school. The most common diseases are malaria, diarrhea, TB, Intestinal parasite, eye disease, STD, Headache Typhoid and others. 61% say that there is absence of Health service. Transportation and communication is poor. About 99% of the community own land for its land use right. The land is used for crop production, grazing, backyard and for-forest. About 2% people irrigate land using water Form River, 98% people depend on rainfall which is very erratic. No land shortage problem is reported because from they own one has to more than 7 ha of land. For the last ten years crop production is increasing and 40% of the community are food self sufficient throughout the year. Those people who are not self sufficient in food, they earn by labor, by selling livestock, getting aid from NGO, food security program and sale of forest products etc. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 73Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report About 70% of the community wants to change rain fed farming to irrigate farming. About 5% of crop producers get credit from government, 8% get from private individuals and 1% from cooperative but 86% do not get credit. Crops are affected by different weeds. People use hand weeding and about 91% farmers apply chemical herbicides. Farmers use hand weeding. For thrashing, 88% Farmers use animal. About 95% of the farmers are interested to own their own trees, about 70% the community members own papaya fruit tree. The community use black cumin and other spices. All 100% of interviewed HH, in all kebeles namely, BaleGadula, Bale Anole, Isarni Sagido, woltai Weyb and Woltai Negaya own livestock suich as are cow, oxen, bulls, heifer steers, calves horses mules donkeys, sheep, goats, poultry modern and traditional beehives. According to the house hold survey and PRA result the communities are willing to carry all type of livestock production such as fattening dairy farming, poultry for broilering chicken meat production and egg production and honey production. The community is willing to receive improved breed and use modern technology. The command area communities are organized under formal organizations such as Eddit, kebele farmers association, cooperative services, and women, youth etc associations to participate in social and economic and political affairs. They are also organized under informal or non-governmental organization such as mosque religious affairs) mosque eddir, mosque debbo, mahiber of the mosque etc. The community solves their all problems in a meeting with their 5 to 11 esteemed elder's leadership. They also carry Judiciary activities chaired by elders or by kebele judiciary committee. The community participates in development programs through formal or informal organization. Communities want to contribute to the project for development. The people know about the project and want early implementation. Women are participating in WID and GAD activities in their respective command area kebeles. The society is male dominated. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 74Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation^ Project 8.5 PRA AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION Volume 2 Main Report There were 61 participants who are the woreda sectoral stake holders including the all sector extension workers and the woreda chief administrator The Goro Woreda capital Goro town mayor and municipality workers and important NGO representatives were included also. During the public consultation people wanted that villages in the command be not shifted. However the canalization is proposed in area where villages with their infrastructure exist and therefore the problem of settlement is minimized. 8.6 POTENTIALS AND PROBLEMS OF THE PROJECT AREA 8.6.1 Potentials of the Project area for Social and Economic Development Bale Gadula Project is planned to be cultivated under a mechanized system to irrigate 5,000 ha of land but according to the prior study of Water Resources Development study the total irrigable land has been identified to be 20,000 ha. Hence the area has more agricultural land to be mechanized. The area has labour force potential, c) Physical setting potential, d) Drainage potentials, f) Wild life Potential, g) Livestock Potential, h) Market potential 8.6.2 The project Area Problems Erratic rainfall and drought, Accessibility, Awareness and know how and Social service and infrastructure. 8.7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEN DATIONS 8.7.1 Conclusion • The people have already heard about the Bale Gadula Project, they feel that it should be implemented early. Their attitude was found to be on whole positive. Of course they knew that some negative impacts would befall both on individual households as well as the community at large. But they thought that the benefit by far would out weight the cost. • The area is pastoralist and low land with meager and erratic rainfall pattern, moisture stress in the soil making production difficult and crop and livestock production, thus the community appreciate and accept the project. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 75Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report • The community understands population pressure unemployment, environmental degradation, social and economic problems; criminal offences can be handled by the project implementation. • The project area has been considerably supplemented by forest products animal husbandry and the wet land have been the basis for their economic life and they are very much worried for the loss of their land and wet land resources. There is also another worry related to lack of trust on the capacity and commitment of local officials to implement the project and can keep the community benefits. • The socioeconomic feasibility study was carried according to TOR of the client and the report has been prepared giving due importance for the quality. 8.7.2 Recommendation • Strategy of compensating for the loss of any resource should not only be designed but it should also be told to the community as part of the mobilization process and building a sense of confidence • Introduction of modern livestock production and crop production should be accompanied with appropriate training both the promoters. Experts, local officials and the beneficiary community that the project is planned to be owned by the communities in each of their respective command area kebeles and to the woreda people as appropriate • Popular community participation must be given due attention, with a greater attention to gender issues and participation. • A mechanism of grievance airing and complaints presenting of affected and beneficiaries people should be in place before the project implementation. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 76Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2 Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale GadulaJrrigation_Projec£^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 9. SETTLEMENT STUDY 9.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study mainly concentrated on five kebeles: -Walta i-Weyib,Walta i-Nagaa.Bale- Anole and Bale-Gadula .Of these Kebeles, Walta'i-Weyib is partly affected by the irrigation main canal and the rest will be affected by the project irrigation command area. Of the three Kebeles that would be included in the irrigation command area, two kebeles, Bale-Anole and Bale-Gadula would be almost entirely affected by the project being in the command area, while the remaining two kebeles- Walta i-Weyib and Walta'i-Naga would be partially affected in varying degrees. 9.2 SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 9.2.1 Positive Impacts of the Project The Increased Agricultural Productivity, Job Opportunity, Income Generating Schemes for Women, Socioeconomic Infrastructure Development and many others as discussed in various reports. 9.2.2 Adverse Impacts of the Proposed Project 9.2.2.1 Displacement of Households and Population One of the expected adverse effects of the Bale-Gadula irrigation project is the displacement of families and population from their homes. Nonetheless, during the fieldwork it was observed that, the proposed irrigation command area is very sparsely populated. In addition almost all of the residential houses are concentrated around the Kebele administration offices forming well patterned rural village town, where social services like school, health post, grain mills, farmers' training center, mosques and other infrastructures are relatively available. Kebeles falling in the command areas of Bale Gadula irrigation projects are depicted in Table 7. The total population living in five Kebeles falling in the command area was estimated at 16,472 people in 2008 of which 8068 are male and 8404 are female. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 77Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report Table 9.1 Kebles falling in command areas of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Population in 2008 S.N Kebele Male Female Total 1 Weltai Weyb 2538 2600 5138 2 weltai Nagaya 1056 906 1962 3 Bale Gadula 1499 1481 2980 4 Bale Anole 1820 2226 4046 5 Elani Sogido 1155 1191 2346 Grand Total 8068 8404 16472 Source: CSA, 2008 Weltai Nagaya Kebele is located along the bank of Web River, which is technically not feasible for irrigation. The other Kebeles(Bale Anole and Bale-Gadula) are located along the gravel road that connects Robe town, the capital of Bale Zone with Ginir Woreda traversing Goro town. Moreover, in all of the villages found in the proposed irrigation command area, there is at least one health post, one primary school, two mosques, three grain mills, one framers’ training center and Kebele administration office. Thus, the relocation of these villages to other places could not be technically, economically as well as socially feasible so as to realize the implementation of the proposed irrigation project. 9.2.2.2 Loss of Social Services and Religious Institutions The project is expected to provide infrastructure and social service development on the one hand and creates loss of social service on the other. The RAP study team has tried to identify the type and numbers of social services that may be affected by the project in consultation with local community members. However, almost all of the existing social services like primary schools, health posts, grain mills, pastoral training centers and Mosques are concentrated in relatively big villages where Kebele administration offices are located. These villages have already been excluded from irrigation command area by the project design team. Thus, the adverse impact of the proposed project on these services and institutions will be insignificant. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 78Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources FeasibilityStud y and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 9.2.2.3 Spread of HIV/AIDS Volume 2 Main Report Large scale Irrigation projects and other similar type of project workers and truck drivers are considered to have high potential for the spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases due to their mobility from one project site to another. 9.3 COMPENSATION 9.3.1 Compensation Standards The recent law to apply for compensation in Ethiopia is Federal Legislation on Expropriation of Land for Public Purposes and Compensation Proclamation No. 455/2005. This new legislation established detailed procedures and setting time limits within which land could be acquired after request is received from the proponent, principles for assessment of compensation for properties on the land, and for displacement compensation. It also empowered the Woreda administration to establish valuation/compensation committees to value the private properties affected by the project and appropriate compensation for eligible persons and organizations. In the case of public-owned infrastructures to be removed from the right-of-way, the owners of the structures would assess the value of the properties to be removed. Additionally, the legislation provided for appeals from valuation decisions but such action should not delay the transfer of possession of land to the proponent or contractor appointed by the proponent. The compensation standards to be adopted for the Bale-Gadula irrigation Resettlement Action Plan are briefly described as follows: 9.3.2 Compensation for Loss of Cultivated Land and Crops Permanently cultivated land lost due to the project shall be compensated on a land- for-land basis. In case there is shortage of land, crop loss shall be compensated in cash for the project affected persons at a rate equivalent to 10 times the Average Annual Output Value (AAOV) for a stipulated number of years. This time frame is considered sufficient for a household to be re-established elsewhere. Temporary loss of cultivated land shall be directly compensated in cash at a rate equivalent to AAOV for the number of years that the land is not available for cultivation. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 79Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 9.3.3 Compensation for Residential Land, Houses, and Fixtures Volume 2 Main Report Residential land, houses, buildings and other fixture losses will be directly and fully compensated at replacement cost free of demolition expenses and salvaged materials. Compensation for residential land will be paid to the responsible unit that will, in consultation with the village committee, make available replacement plots within the community. Houses, out-buildings, apartments and related fixtures will be compensated in cash at replacement cost with money paid directly to the PAPs. Renters of affected houses/buildings will be guaranteed of a rent contract at the same rental terms In addition, other compensations will include Resettlement Allowances for Home- Owners, Compensation for Loss of Businesses or Employment, Moving Allowance: Compensation for Public Services, Compensation for Vulnerable Households etc. 9.4 COMPENSATION AND VALUATION METHODS 9.4.1 Basis of Compensation Compensation valuations methods are based on similar projects implemented in the country and is calculated according to 2009 replacement rates and values. Any further adjustments that may be necessary can be done in consultation with the respective Woreda compensation/ resettlement committees that will be established prior to the commencement of the Project. 9.4.2 Compensation for Land Land is the most valuable resources that household own in general and rural household in particular Access to land usually determines household food security and economic status. Compensation is based on the productivity of the land and on current market prices of affected crops. Compensation for permanently lost land is usually paid for ten years a time period which is believed sufficient to establish alternative reliable income sources. But our assumption is that the households who are expected to be relocated from command area will be provided with the same amount of farmland they may lose due to the irrigation structures after two years the fact that about 5,000 hectares of arable land will be irrigated. Hence, about 310 households will lose around 620 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 80Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources FeasibiIity Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Jrngation Project^ Volume 2 Main Report hectares of farmland due the construction of canals, access roads and other irrigation structures for about two years, till the irrigation infrastructures fully established. Compensation for cultivated land not for grazing, forest and other types. World Bank law on resettlements advice that, some types of loss such as fishing, grazing, or forest areas, cannot easily be evaluated or compensated for in monetary terms. Attempts must, therefore, be made to establish access to equivalent and culturally acceptable resources and earning opportunities. In the project area crops are harvested twice per year. However, in calculating compensation cost it is assumed that land is rested every other year as there is no shortage of land in the area. The calculation of compensation for land is based on the average yield and current prices of the crops indicated in Table 8. Accordingly, the average yield/hectare of all crops is 20 quintals. The average current prices of all crops are 650 birr per quintal. The construction of project related physical infrastructures is expected to affect 620 hectares of farmland. A result about 24,800 quintals of production is expected to be lost for two years. Thus, the total cost for compensation of lost farm land is Birr 16,120 000 (24,800 quintals X 650 Birr = 16,120,000). 9.4.3 Compensation for Private Houses A total of 230 houses will be affected by the Project, of which 70 %( 161 houses) are corrugated Iron Sheet and 30 %( 69 houses) are thatched roofs. The majority of houses in the Bale Gadula irrigation project area are of corrugated Iron Sheet (CIS) roofing. All of the walls of the houses are made of woods and their floor is made of mud. Table 9.2 Compensation Cost for Residential Dwellings: Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Type of Houses No. Houses Unit price(Birr) Total cost(Birr) allowance for relocation(40%*) Total Compensation(Birr) CIS 161 30,000 4,830,000 483,000 5,313,000 Thatched roof 69 15,000 1,035,000 103,500 1,138,500 Grand Total 230 5 865.000 586,500 6,451,500 10% for mobilization and transportation costs, Source: Computed from Survey Data, 2009 WWOSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 81Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report This compensation is only for 230 households dispersedly located in command area of Bale Gadula irrigation project. Other households as agreed with the engineering team are restructured within the existing Restructuring existing villages in such a way that it is suitable for farmers to carry out modern irrigation practice is the best option. 9.4.4 Compensation for Public Infrastructures Public infrastructures such as schools, health posts, clinics will not be affected by the project as agreed with engineering design team. However, some social services have been proposed to be constructed by the project since the existing ones are not sufficient to accommodate the labor forces that may be deployed to the project area and as an indirect compensation for the loss of grazing and woodlands owing to the project. Table 9.3 Number and Types of Social Services Proposed as well as amount of budget needed S.N. i Type of social service Number Unit cost (Birr) Total Cost (Birr) 1 Health Center 2 1,500,000 3,000,000 2 Water Supply Schemes 2 500,000 1,000,000 3 Construction of Veterinary Clinics 2 500,000 1,000,000 Total 6 2,500,000 5,000,000 Source: Computed from Survey Data, 2009 9.5 SUMMARY OF COMPENSATION AND REHABILITATION COSTS The overall budget for execution of the resettlement and rehabilitation activities related to the Bale-Gadula irrigation project area is summarized in Table 11. Overall about Birr 28,950,075 is required to properly settle and rehabilitate project affected people in the project area. The total cost excluding public infrastructure cost is estimated at 23,950,075 Birr since public infrastructures are not directly affected by the project, rather it has been included to make the project attractive to local communities. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 82Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 9.4 Summary of Affected Assets and Compensation Cost Volume 2 Main Report Item for Compensation Quantity Unit of Measurement Total Cost of Compensation(Birr) Private Houses 230 Number 6,451,500 Public Infrastructure 6 Number 5,000,000 Farmland 620 hectare 16,120,000 Sub-Total 27,571,500 Administration M& E cost (5%) 1,378,575 Grand Total 28,950,075 9.6 PROPOSED RESETTLEMENT/REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES The following activities should be accomplished before the actual resettlement/rehabilitation program is carried out; • Opening of project Coordination Office at Woreda Level, which will coordinate the resettlement and compensation activities, • Establishing asset valuation/compensation committee at Woreda Level, who will undertake the execution of the proposed activities, • Censes inventers of the Affected Resources: Conducting valuation and registration of, housing units, farmlands, grazing lands and trees by household, which could be affected by construction of access roads, camps, canal construction and other irrigation infrastructures, • Resettlement Site Selection and Approval: Resettlement site selection shall be carried out before the actual civil work starts, • Construction of Residential Houses: the construction/or compensation for residential houses should be carried out before the actual resettlement occurred, • Expansion of Access Roads: - Developing access road facilitates the implementation of development activities, including efficient and speedy delivery of inputs, as well as having a wider socio-economic impact by opening up access to markets, and other social services such as schools and clinics. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 83Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report Thus, the expansion of dry weather road, which will serve all project affected Kebeles should be carried out by the irrigation project, • Expansion of Schools: - During the field survey it was found out that, there was only first cycle elementary schools in project affected Kebeles. Hence, the expansion of these first cycle elementary schools to second cycle elementary schools as an indirect compensation for the project affected households has been proposed, • Expansion of Health Facilities: -The development of health infrastructure is paramount important in improving the health and general well being of households who are supposed to be displaced from their original residential areas. However, the services of available health posts have been limited to family planning and environmental education. Thus, the upgrading of two health posts to health centers has been proposed. • Construction of water supply schemes: -Without the provision of clean water supply, it can be illusion to think improving the health and socio-economic well being of the society. However, the water supply system of the project area has not been developed to meet the needs of the population. As a result, the development of 4 water supply schemes like shallow wells fitted with hand pump have been proposed, • Construction of Veterinary Clinics: - Since livestock production is the second livelihood sources of the households, the provision of veterinary services to the project affected community is vital in improving the health and productivity of livestock resources and as an indirect compensation for the lost communal grazing areas and bushes. As a result, the construction of two veterinary clinics has been proposed, • Provision of Training on Income Generating Activities: -The project affected people should be assisted in skill training based on need assessment to supplement their income and that will provide a sustained source of income over a longer period of time, WWDSE In Association with IC7 Final Feasibility Study Report 84Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrjgation Projcct Volume 2 Main Report • The program should also provide training for expertise at Woreda level, so that they could implement resettlement and rehabilitation program, natural resources conservation and environmental protection, watershed management health and other activities. 9.7 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY The Ministry of Water Resource is responsible for the overall coordination, planning and implementation of irrigation project in general and resettlement/rehabilitation program in particular. However, the actual implementation of land acquisition and resettlement work will be carried out by Woreda compensation/relocation committee and government line offices particularly the woreda land administration and environmental protection office with strong backup from woreda administration office. The committees required include Woreda Compensation and Relocation Committee, Grievance Redress Committee, Grievance Redress Mechanism. 9.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 9.8.1 Internal Monitoring The project shall establish an internal monitoring system in the project office and engage the services of an external agency to evaluate resettlement and compensation out puts and outcomes. Resettlement and rehabilitation activities of the irrigation subproject should be regularly supervised and monitored by the government implementing bodies such as Goro Woreda Administration, Goro Woreda Land Administration and Environmental Protection Office in collaboration with Zonal and Regional line departments as well as the Ministry of Water Resources The purpose of monitoring is to check the reality of the reports (physical performance and budget utilization) submitted and to see the actual achievements on the ground Review meetings shall be organized on quarterly bases at project site. The participants of the meeting shall be representative from the Ministry of Water Resources, representative from the Regional government, members of Woreda compensation and grievance redress committees, Kebele leaders, religious leaders, community representatives and other relevant local stakeholders. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 85Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 9.8.2 External Monitoring/ Evaluation Volume 2 Main Report External monitoring and evaluation should be carried out to check whether program activities had been accomplished as per the existing government legislation, proclamations, laws and regulations or not. 9.9 RESOURCES In order to carry out the activities stated above human, financial, material and organizational resources should be arranged. The Ministry of Water Resources is responsible to allocate budget, which is sufficient for the execution of resettlement and rehabilitation activities. However, the Oromia National Regional Government via its Zonal and Woreda level structures can provide technical inputs. A Implementation Schedule is given in the report. 9.10 CONCLUDIONS AND RECOMMEDATIONS During field survey it was realized that irrigation canals will affect plots of some farmers. Yet other farmers whose land has not been touched by canal will use the water to irrigate his crop. Under such scenario farmers during consultation have agreed to compensate for those affected. The socioeconomic situations of the project area has been documented to assist implementers take due care during implementation of the project. All potential impacts of the project on land and other assets such as residential houses, public infrastructure has been identified and compensation rules have been established for each. Public consultation was also conducted to solicit their impression about the project and preference for compensation. Land-for Land for lost land if free land available is the first choice for project affected people. Sufficient compensation cash should be given where sufficient land is not available and for demolished assets. Additional supportive measures such as giving priority in land allocation and income restoration should be given for vulnerable It was learnt during survey that Bale-Gadula irrigation project rarely affects cultural properties. In case it happens restoration and relocation for cultural properties should be in place priori of civil works. Key institutions that should be involved in the implementation of RAP and/or project include Ministry of water resources, Agricultural WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 86Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation^roject Volume 2 Main Report and Rural development office, Woreda administration, NGOs and CBOs The importance of monitoring, and evaluation plan for RAP cannot be overemphasized. The need for strong M & E that keep organization on right track has been stressed. The total estimated cost for compensation and others is about 28,950,075 Ethiopian Birr. This study has found that Bale-Gadula irrigation project will not cause serious external relocation of people in the project area. The contributing factor to minimum relocation is the settlement pattern of villages in the area. Almost all the villages are well patterned and big with basic socioeconomic infrastructures and are not technical advised to relocate them. The best option for Bale-Gadula irrigation project to have minimum impact and cause least relocation is to keep the current settlement pattern intact and design appropriate irrigation structures around residential areas. No canalisation is provided in the lands of the villages existing in the command. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 87Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 10. AGRONOMY STUDIES 10.1 AGRICULTURE STUDIES Volume 2 Main Report The scope of study include Selection of most suitable crops, fruits, vegetable, spices etc. and their most appropriate integration with suitable economic return for different size of irrigated farm holdings, efficient cropping pattern under the prevailing climate, soils and added irrigation conditions, Identification of most appropriate agro techniques and input support services for the farmers for increased farm productivity and assessment and introduction of improved post harvest technologies and value addition. 10.1.1 Approaches and Methodology Comprehensive questionnaires including all required parameters of faming and households were developed and administered to the farmers of the selected kebeles of command area After the collection of this information for the command area, the same have been analyzed and critically evaluated for the development of agricultural plans as per the objectives listed above. The secondary data have already been collected from government offices of woredas responsible for the development of area and used in the preparation of the plan. The details of existing status of farming have been given in subsequent pages of the report. This will further include the study of current farming system, crop rotation and cropping intensity, the status of agricultural support services, strength and weaknesses of present research-extension-farmers’ linkages including its impact on technology generation, assessment, refinement, dissemination and adoption. The study also included the type and number of crops being grown, their socio-economic importance and marketability to decide on the future crops to be included in the selected cropping plans in the light of country’s need. Efforts have been made to select the crops and cropping pattern with appropriate varieties that may be adaptable to the present soil, climatic, socio-economic situation of the project command and are responsive to irrigation water and other production inputs giving high and sustainable yield. The crop budget and yield projections of the system have been worked out taking important crops. The water requirement of duly selected crops and cropping pattern has also been worked out following standard scientific procedures suggested by FAO, l&D paper WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 88Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report No.56 and the software - 4 version 4.3. The important agricultural constraints have been studied and analyzed to formulate suitable development strategies including rural based agro-industries. Based on the above the suitable integrated and sustainable system for production has been suggested. 10.1.2 Land Use of Goro Wereda Table 10.1 Land Use of Goro Wereda SN Type of Land Area % 1 Cultivable Land 79916 33 2 Cultivated Land 43448 18 3 Annual Crop 43448 18 4 Natural Pasture 27723 11.5 5 Forest and Bush 39804 16.4 6 Marginal Land 43403 17.9 7 Others 7989 3.3 Source: Goro Wereda Agriculture and Rural Development, 2009 10.1.3 Crop Production Distribution of crops, their production and seasons of cropping are influenced by climatic factor such as temperature and rainfall to a much greater degree than other environmental factors. The crops differ in their response to day and night temperatures and humidity etc. and react differently to the change of levels of these factors. Soil factors such as texture, structure, depth and topography affect the moisture storage capacity of soil influencing crop growth and the crop production in command will be largely controlled by climate and soil interaction. The existing status of crop production, cropping system and farming system scenario of Bale Gadula irrigation command was studied through a comprehensive questionnaire consisting of all production parameters. These questionnaires were completed by personal contact and through kebeles of the selected woredas for collection of primary data. The secondary data on land use, area and production of crops along with inputs distribution were also collected from agricultural and rural development offices of woredas and Bale zone under which the present irrigation project falls WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 89Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 10.1.4 Production and productivity of crops Volume 2 Main Report The yield of maize per hectare (13.3qt/ha) is lower than the average yield recorded at the national level and it is lower than the yield obtained at regional level. The total hectare under wheat is the highest followed by tef and barley. Rice has not been introduced in Goro woreda. The trend of crop production of the individual farmer in their holding for the last 5 years has shown an increasing trend as have been indicated by 93% of the sample farmers during the interview. The food production of last year was insufficient by 59 % of the families interviewed during the survey. The major reason recorded was bad weather condition of the season and shortage of inputs. The actions taken to fill the food shortage gap are: labor sales of the family members, sale of livestock, remittance from other people, aid from government and NGOs borrowing and sales of forest products, out of the sales of live stocks is the first. The data generated have also revealed the requirements of food crops per a farmer HH per annum. Hence, the maximum requirement being 75qt where as the minimum is 6qt while the average is 23qts per farmer house hold 10.1.5 Existing Status of Farming System Several natural factors influence the farming system of the project command area. Among these the altitude, soil and climatic parameters are the major factors. The rain fed crop cultivation integrated with live stock rearing is the principal farming system in most part of the project command. The project command is sparsely populated with a few small holders; hence major portion of land is yet to be cultivated. However, on the basis of the statistics available from the related woreda, the presently cultivated area is under wheat (32%), followed by black cumin (21.7%) and tef (10%). Mixed Farming System, the farmers are generally rearing livestock mainly cattle along with the crop cultivation. Some of the farmers have sheep and apiculture. The grazing areas are about 11.5% but existing grasses are of poor nutritional value in the absence of any legume. Generally farmers are growing crops on both during wet and belg seasons; hence the double-cropping is predominant in the project command. The cropping intensity is very low and yields are also low. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 90Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 10.2 Holding size of the farmers in project area Volume 2 Main Report Holding size ( ha) No. of fanners Percentage 0.6-1.0 4 5 1.1-2.0 25 25 2.1-3.0 60 60 3.land above 9 10 Total 98 100 Source: Reconnaissance study 2006. 10.1.6 Cultural practices Land preparation is accomplished by using local wooden plough drawn by a pair of bullock or by digging with the help of indigenous tools. The plough is locally called "maresha". The number of ploughing depends on the intensity of weed infestation, crops to be sown and size of the seed of the crops. Small seeds require good soil tilth for proper germination. The planting involves the time, date and methods Most of existing crops, except chickpea and potato, are planted during wet season starting from May in Bale Gadula irrigation command woredas under rain fed production system. Chickpea requiring less water may be sown in September. Potato is planted as rain fed as well as irrigated crop twice in a year. Common method of planting for field crops is broadcasting of seed followed by light mixing. The project area farmers are mostly using the seed from their own previous year crop produced, hence, germination remains poor. This is required to be compensated by using high seed rate to get near optimum plant population. As per the information received from woreda. a small number of farmers of the zone used improved seed. The types of seeds used by the farmers of the area was 62.2% of the farmers were used the local varieties retained by them from the last cropping season. No farmer has been utilized the improved varieties alone. However, about 33.7% of the farmers were used in combination of local and improved varieties. The farmers are using only Urea and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus respectively. No specific data is available on the quantity of fertilizers being used by the farmers of the project command However, the WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 91 T ' T.' -‘-J—'Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report information available from Goro woreda indicate that during 2000 E.C in Goro 3253 quintal DAP and 1677 quintal urea were supplied to the farmers. To maintain the soil fertility, the farmers are generally using the cow dung, crop rotation and system of intercropping. A few farmers growing vegetables are using small quantity (50-100 kg/ha) urea and DAP with irrigation through local waterways. General information on the incidence of insect-pests and diseases for the zone is available for different crops along with plant protection measures. The extent of losses of crops and their thresh holds values are important for planning the control measures at economic level. Similar is the status of weed infestation both in rain fed and irrigated crops and grazing lands. The present status of common insect-pests, disease and weeds are given in table 7.3. Farmers do not follow any chemical control measures but they do uproot the weeds from the crops like maize, sorghum, tef etc. Table 10.3 Present status of weeds, insect pests and diseases Type of crop Weeds Insect-pests Diseases Maize, sorghum and teff Sorghum helpense .Lantana camara Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus spp , Amaranthus spp. Digitaria spp. Striga & Plantago Stock borer Termites, Grass hoppers. Weevils Leaf blight, Root rot, Rust, Covered smut Sesame and pepper Same as above Bollworms Root rot, Rust Powdery mildew Source: Reconnaissance level study (2006) 10.1.7 Cropping Pattern and Crop Rotation In project command, there is common practice of mono cropping and intercropping under rain fed production system. Under irrigated production system, a few farmers are growing 2 crops on a small part of their holdings. 10.1.8 Harvesting, Threshing and Cleaning The crops are harvested at maturity by family labors on small farm holdings and by employing laborer at larger holdings. The crops are harvested between September to WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 92Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of B^I^GadulaJrrigatiori^rojec^^ Volume 2 Main Report December depending on their duration and varieties. The mam tool being used for harvesting is locally made sickles. Threshing floors are specifically prepared for threshing the crops either by beating with the sticks or taking the help of oxen for trampling to separate the grain from straw or stalk depending on the crop type. After removal of straw or the grains are being separated from chaff and dust by winnowing with the help of wind. 10.1.9 Agricultural Extension The crop yields have remained low due to several problems, among which the low level to technologies utilized by the farmers as a result of poor agriculture support services is the major. Currently existing support services are inadequate to alleviate the problem of small holders. The agricultural extension services are one of them. The number of Development Centers, Development Agents and the centers having no Development Agents are of greater importance. The status of development centers having development agents are given for the project command area. DAs are the main extension workers to carry the technological messages to the farmers if regular programs of capacity building at zonal and woreda levels adequately equip them. 10.1.10 Credits On the basis of house hold survey data, it has been observed that only 30 percent of farmers availed the credit facilities, the remaining 70 percent did not get the benefit of credit facilities due to various reasons beyond their control. The farmers, who availed the credit, used the same for purchase of fertilizers and other important inputs. The source this credit are government, private and cooperative 10.1.11 Storage The common types of storage facility available for the farmers in the project command an area is made of wood and grass "Gotera" and constructed both in and outdoors while in highlands of it is made of mud and grass. The structure is cylindrical in shape and its height ranges from 1.5 to 2 meters. The capacity of these varies from 5-8 quintals. As per the report received from the farmers, there is considerable loss of grain due to rodents, weevil infestation and theft from these stores. There is no improved storage facility available even at retailer and whole sellers' level due to short period storage needs. The total post harvest losses WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 93Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report including storage varies from 30 to 35%. Thus, the traditional storage being used by farmers and traders have made significant contribution towards the loss of produce. This may also be due to lack of extension towards construction of proper and scientific storage and lack of credit facility for their construction. 10.1.12 Agricultural Research Centres There is one major research centers in the vicinity of project command area; Sinana research center. This research center is functioning independently in the Oromiya region, which is mandated for research on cereals, pulse oil seeds and vegetables around the project command. The scientific staff strength of the center is reasonable. 10.2 DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS 10.2.1 Major Production and Development Constraints Bale Gadula irrigation command is very thinly populated with a very low cropping intensity. A lot of potential land is still left uncultivated. The crop production technologies are still very traditional though mixed farming system is common in the area. In crop production there is very limited introduction of modern inputs like fertilizer, improved crop varieties, quality seed and agro-chemicals. Moreover, different natural hazards such as recurrent drought condition, land degradation due to erosion and rapid deforestation, hail and frost damage, flood and drainage problem etc. have resulted in poor yield in both project command area. Though extensive area is not yet being used for agricultural activities due to low population the government is active to arrange the resettlement of more farmers by promoting the resettlement scheme to bring more land under cultivation. During socio-economic household survey, a number of production constraints have been identified. Out of these, the important ones are inadequate input supply, Improved Varieties, Shortage of Quality Seed, Lesser use Fertilizers, Agro- Chemicals, Farm Implements, and Shortage of Draft. Power, Natural Hazards, Poorly Developed Research-Extension linkage, Inadequate Extension Service, Poor Marketing System and Low Market Price for Produce, Poor or Inadequate Rural Credit, Health Problem. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 94Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2 Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigatior^Project_^^^_^^__^^^^^^_^^^^^_ 10.2.2 Productions potentials Bale Gadula project command, despite the number of agricultural production constraints, has fairly high potential that can be exploited through comprehensive integrated agricultural development program, sound and applicable rural credit system, well developed infrastructure etc. The existing farming systems being practiced in the project command is very traditional and leads to low level of output. Through proper utilization of resources, particularly the water resources and by solving the other major agricultural constraints mentioned above, the current low level of production can be enhanced. The major potential areas requiring intervention are as mentioned below: • There is a good scope of development of agriculture under irrigated production system by exploiting the existing irrigation potential and utilizing the water available in Weyb River. There is already indication of enhanced productivity per unit area by using the small scale irrigation. However, the yields of crops are not as high as expected with irrigated farming at present. The reason for this is lack of know-how among the farmers, lack of staff of relevant supporting institutions, inadequate extension agent coverage and lack of institutional support, absence of proper agricultural inputs (seeds, varieties, fertilizers, improved farm implements etc), lack of credit facilities, under developed rural infrastructures etc. Thus to achieve good results and utilize the potential of the sector the irrigated agriculture is to be fully supported and the respective and relevant back up services must be strengthened specially related to extension and credit. • The Rain fed Agriculture in area of the project command can also produce more than one good crop in a year if proper soil and water conservation measures and early maturing genetically potential crop varieties are introduced. These may be supported with quality seed and need based fertilizer application. Supply constraints and financial limitations at farm level pose a considerable hindrance to the simultaneous adoption of a comprehensive input package of fertilizers, improved varieties, quality seed and agro chemicals along with the adoption of improved package of production practices and soil moisture conservation. The increase in yield will solve the financial limitations and other constraints of small holders WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 95Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report To improve the productivity of small holdings, and to exploit the potential of the latest technologies and other inputs, the research extension linkage has to be made very strong, and the need based capacity building at all stages including the farmers is essential. Diversification of cropping pattern is important in the project command both under irrigated and rain fed production system There is good potential in the area to include cash and commercial crops along with the high value cereals, pulses and oil seeds. This may include coffee, fruits and vegetable crops, important cereals like rice and wheat, oilseeds like groundnut and sunflowers etc. The enhanced production of these may encourage the establishment of agro- industries in the area to benefit the people. 10.3 CROP PLANNING Presently, there has been positive trend of switching over the varieties, which are relatively insensitive to photo-period and temperature. This provides with a considerable amount of flexibility in handling the material. Although the photo sensitive materials are also very useful in certain situations. Hence, it is better to have both, kinds of materials. Sunflower is one of the examples that can be grown year round. In crop planning, the main considerations to be given are: • The soil of the project command, • Climatic condition of the area, • Cost, income and risk involved in growing crops, • Capital, labour and other resources availability, • Special needs of the farmers - home requirement of food grains, fodder for cattle etc, and • Scientific advances made through research. Crop management is the judgment and decision making on how best the present way of cropping can be suitably modified so as to give best results desired It requires efforts to integrate resources, technical knowledge and experience to maximize profits It should be done taking farmers into confidence to consider alternatives to prepare best cropping plan to suit the conditions with optimum utilization of available WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 96Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report resources. Cropping pattern is a very variable item and farmers will decide after they get water from the project. 10.3.1 Criteria for Crop Selection The choice of a crop for a particular area under irrigated agro-eco-system is dependent on its potential response to irrigation, location specific environmental conditions, socio-economic situation, marketability and expected profitability. The climatic parameters determining the choice of a crop are temperature, sunshine or radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, precipitation and evapo-transpiration. Like climatic factors, the physical, chemical and biological characters of soil and soil depth also, have direct influence on the performance of a crop. The crops widely vary in their response to irrigation. Therefore, under the irrigated agro-ecosystem, with assured availability of water, the efforts are made to select the most economical, high yielding and highly irrigation responsive crops, which fit well in the production system with high degree of input- use- efficiency, eco-friendly and helping in sustainable agricultural production The crops like vegetables, fruits, rice, wheat and maize are highly responsive to irrigation while some of the legumes/pulses and oilseeds respond moderately. On the other hand crops like tef and barley have ability to tolerate drought but show only marginal response to irrigation and other inputs. Besides, the above factors, the present land use, social considerations, liking of the farmers, their attitude and ability to successfully cultivate a particular crop also determine the choice of a crop and cropping pattern. 10.3.2 Climate of the Project Command Distribution of crops, their production and seasons of cropping are influenced by climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature to a much greater degree than other environmental factors. The crops differ in their requirements of day and night temperature, humidity, sunshine etc. and react differently to changes in these factors. Accordingly, the meteorological data estimated for the command area on the basis of the meteorological station of Goro wereda has been considered for project command. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 97Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 10.3.3 Response of crops to Irrigation Volume 2 Main Report Based on the investigations conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) at its research centers, it has been established that various crops respond differently to irrigation in their performance and productivity. The crops like tef (Eragrostis tef) has ability to tolerate both water logging as well as drought to certain extent but its response to irrigation is marginal. But crops like vegetables, fruits, rice, maize, and wheat are highly responsive to irrigation. 10.3.4 Economic Considerations National and international prevailing prices greatly influence the choice of the crops. Market trends for at least past 5 years may indicate the status and priority. Some promising crops with high export potential may be considered for inclusion or the crops, which are being largely imported like food grains get priority. Accordingly it has been proposed to enhance the area under high yielding varieties of cereals like rice, wheat and maize along with fruits, vegetables and Coffee under irrigated agro-eco systems. 10.3.5 Marketability of Crops The extent of commercial production of various crops depends on their scope and marketability both for domestic consumption and export purposes. Therefore, the marketing review of major crops of the country is very important. Crops such as Cereals, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fruits and Vegetables, spices, Fodder Crops and Cultivated Grasses, all are required to be grown and are marketable 10.4 PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN AND CROP CALENDAR In general a soil depth of more than 100 cm is suitable for all the crops recommended for cultivation in the project area. The introduction of high yielding photo-insensitive dwarf varieties of rice and wheat and high yielding medium duration hybrids and composites of maize have been proposed to be grown in rotation of cereal - cereal. The project command is also suitable for cereals. The above proposed rotations should have proper intermix of legumes and pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, forage crops of short duration etc. instead of long duration low yielding traditional varieties which are being grown in the existing farming system. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 98Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2 Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project The above cereal-based rotations in the cropping system will be able to provide adequate food grains due to their 4 to 5 times high yield potential with optimum production inputs. The proposed crops like maize, wheat, rice etc. are already being grown by a few farmers in the command area, which indicates the suitability of climate and soil for these crops. Wheat is another important cereal crop already being grown wherever moisture is available. To maintain the sustainable agricultural production, it has been proposed to grow pulse crops, oil seeds and vegetables as a part of the cropping pattern. In the existing farming system of command mixed farming is a common feature. This is dominated by cattle followed by sheep. This system of mixed farming need to continue, hence the cropping system includes the perennial legumes and grasses to support the livestock with nutritive feed along with other feed resources to enhance the production of milk and meat and also to provide encouragement for product preparation and agro-industries. 10.5 CROP WATER REQUIREMENT As recommended in FAO Publications three steps are involved in the calculation of the crop water requirement or by utilizing the software Cropwat 4 version 4.3. The physical process in which water travels through the plant from its roots up wards in to the leaves and out into the air is called evapotranspiration. The crop water requirement is dependent on the meteorological factors, and Reference Evapotranspiration (ET ) presents the effect of meteorological factors. The 0 following Meteorological factors are taken into consideration for calculation of Reference Evapotranspiration by Modified Penmam Method (FAO I & D paper No. 24) & Penmam Monteith Approach (FAO I & D paper No. 46). WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 99Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 10.6 CROPPING PATTERN RECOMMENDED Volume 2 Main Report Cropping Pattern Adopted is given in table 10.5 and 10.6 depending on the availability of water in river Weyb. Table 10.4 Cropping pattern for Bale Gadula irrigation project during main (Genna) season (September - December) Growing period /day/ No Crop Area of coverage %/ L.G.P /days/ Planting Harvesting Second planting Remark 1 Cereals 39 1.1 Wheat 20 120 10-Sep 7-Jan 15-Mar 1.2 Rice 5 130 10-Sep 7-Feb 10-Mar 1.3 Maize 14 150 10-Aug 7-Jan 5-Mar 2 Pulses 14 2.1 Chick pea 7 120 15-Aug 12-Dec i> ii 2.3 Haricot bean 7 110 20-Sep 18-Jan >■ ii 3 Spices 7 3.1 Black cumin 5 150 5-Sep 3-Feb Mach 10 3.2 Coriander 2 150 10-Sep 7-Feb II II 4 Vegetable s 4 4.1 Onion 2 130 1 -Sep 8-Jan 20-Feb 4.2 Red pepper 2 145 1 -Sep 23-Jan 10-Feb 5 Fruits 3 5.1 Citrus 2 Perennial 15-Sep - - Harvest!- ng starts after 5 years 5.2 / \vocado 1 i > ii i> H - - Harvest! ng after 7 years 6F c orage rops 7 M >» • - T ota I 74 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 100Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2 Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadul^rngation Projec£^ Table 10.5 Cropping patterns for Bale Gadula irrigation project, during belg (Arfasa) season / March - June/ Growing period/ day/ No Crop Area of coverage /%/ L .G. P /day/ Planting Harvesting Second planting Remark 1 Cereals 51 1.1 Wheat 26 130 15-Mar 20-Jun 1-Sep 1.2 Rice 5 130 10-Mar 20-Aug 5-Sep 1.3 Maize 20 120 2-Mar 31-Jul 25-Aug For green cob 2 Pulses 12 2.2 Chickpea 6 100 1 - Apr 10-Jul - One season 2.3 Haricot bean 6 120 1-Apr 30-Jul 20-Sep 3 Spices 5 3.1 Black cumin 3 150 5-Mar 3-Aug 20-Sep 3.3 Coriander 2 150 1-Mar 28-Jul >i ii 4 Vegetable s 4 4.1 Onion 2 130 10-Mar 10-Jul 18-Jul 4.2 Red pepper 2 145 1-Mar 24-Jul ii • • 5 Fruits 3 5.1 Citrus 2 Perennial 5.2 Avocado 1 ” II 6 Forage crops 7 »> M Total 82 This cropping pattern is adopted finally for Bale Gadula Project WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 101Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 10.7 CONCLUSIONS Volume 2 Main Report The important conclusion from the above study on agronomy of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project, in view of the introduction of irrigation production system is very important the introduction of high yielding, photo-insensitive varieties which are resistant to biotic and biotic stresses and responsive to irrigation water and other production inputs. It is better to ensure adequate production and supply of quality seed of improved varieties introduction for this area at reasonable and affordable cost. The supply of adequate and making available of chemical fertilizers and other agro - chemicals at the kebeles or if possible at village level supported with credit facilities and encourage the farmers for their need based use is not questionable. The establishment of mechanized farm operations at the eve of the irrigation application would facilitate the activity of the project. Introduction of high yielding input responsive crops in the cropping systems and increasing cropping intensity at least in the range of certain percentage initially for high production and better employment. Improving the level and number of extension agents, credit facilities, transport and storages of the projects ahead of the beginning of the activities is a must. By increasing the number of research centers and qualified research staff with more funding support will strengthen the applied research for rapid technology generation in irrigated production system to increase the production the crops suggested for the area. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 102Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2 Main Report FeasibiIity Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadu|aJrrigation Projcct^^ 11. FARM MECHANISATION 11.1 INTRODUCTION In Ethiopia, oxen are the main power used for land preparation. The traditional plough (Maresha) is used to till the land and this age-old local plough is not properly turns or pulverizes the soil. Usually primary opening of the fields is done during the dry months of March to June. It has been noted that late season ploughing requires high draught power, which is usually difficult to meet by oxen having limited availability of dry season feeds. Moreover, as sowing/planting season approaches quick preparation of land is needed to accomplish the planting activity for proper crop growth and yield. Lack of adequate draught power leads to delayed and improper seedbed preparation and overall inefficient farm operations. All operations from tillage up to harvesting, etc done manually, where as threshing is done by oxen This leads to time consuming on one hand and inefficiency on the other. 11.2 USE OF IMPROVED FARM MACHINERY In the modem era of scientific development and available technology, use of Farm Machinery has become the only system in the developed countries and increasing the same with faster speed in the developing countries to boost agricultural production. Tractors and other farm machineries have been found very helpful not only in carrying out land preparation efficiently in shorter time but also for planting/Sowing in line with proper spacing, tillage operation, use of fertilizers, spraying and dusting pesticides, harvesting, threshing, winnowing and transporting the produce for processing storage, marketing etc. Investors, who have large area of cultivation, inevitably need adequate Farm Machineries. They can also hire to surrounding peasants for selected farm activities especially for harvesting the crops. 11.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the study includes: • Assessment of present status and availability of farm machinery both with investors and farmers in Oromia regional sate and Bale zone where Bale Gadula irrigation command area is found, • Their efficiency and utilization hours per day per month, per year and idle WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 103Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project period or no work, • Operations that are being carried out, • Uses for other purposes, • Facility for tractor operators and training, Volume 2 Main Report • Repairing facility or workshops for farm machinery and availability of technicians, • Perception of investors and farmers about the work of farming and other activities and use of farm machinery, • Availability of credit facility, • Availability of spare parts, diesel, engine oil and other necessities, • Estimation of future requirement based on discussion with farmers, investors, dealers and experts on farm machinery, and • Incentives if any from the Government in terms of reduction in interest rate on credit and increasing duration of returning period of the loan. 11.4METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY Assessment of previous studies , Field Survey Prior to field survey questionnaires were prepared to fill in discussion with, Farmers, Investors and specialists at regional, zone, woreda level, researchers on mechanization & irrigation crop-production, Extension workers, machinery dealers etc And repairing workshops, technicians, and tractor operators. Future Requirement of Mechanization Irrigation water is a precious resource and its efficient utilization needs to be planned to make the farming profitable and sustainable. After the introduction of irrigation in the area, there will be a need for land leveling or easing of agricultural operations, where farm machinery would be helpful. Moreover, the cropping intensity would be increased, which help in increasing agricultural production many folds. Thus 2-3 times farm machinery operation; operators, technicians and repairing workshops would be required. All these requirements will be estimated based on established known norms. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 104Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 11.5 BALE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISE 11.5.1 Farming at the state farm Volume 2 Main Report Table 11.1 Different agricultural machinery available in the Enterprise in 2009 I------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Machines Make Qty. Horse Power Remarks Tractors MF399, 470,Newholland, NTP1025. baltra 72 85-120 Mostly European Make Combine harvesters Class and Newhollad 20 120 Germany Ploughs Nardi 120 - Mostly 4 bottom Disc harrows DLA 53 - Two gangue Planters 3 - seed drills Trailers IFA and Zmay 75 4- 6 tons In spite of the huge investment injected to the farm the production per hectare was low. Table 11.2 Statement showing yield in Q/ha of wheat and barley (main crops) of the farm No Type of crop Production year 2007 2008 1 Wheat 24.79Q/hr 21.69Q/ha 2 i__________ Barely 17.46Q/ha 18.10Q/ha The Researches and some studies at site showed that if proper agricultural techniques were used it could get much more yield than that was being obtained. 11.5.2 Fully mechanized operations at the farm The farms are fully mechanized and most of the farm operations like primary tillage, harrowing, planting spraying, harvesting and transporting were done by machinery. Reports delivered by state farm in different time showed that there was a shortage of daily labourers during weeding and harvesting time. The Machinery operations practiced in Bale agricultural development enterprise were WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 105Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources FeasibiIity Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project I) Primary Tillage, The following problems were observed on the Farm: a) Too many dead /back furrows and micro- undulations, Volume 2 Main Report b) c) Uneven ploughing depth in the field and at head lands, Un ploughed spots, and d) Too many ridges throughout the field. ii) Secondary Tillage- Problems Uneven ploughing and disking operations result, in an undesirable seedbed not suitable for proper seed germination lii) Planting and Fertilizer application Planting in rows provide favorable condition for seed germination and plants growth. On the farms seed drills were available, but not used properly. They used spreaders like RDMD and others for broad casting fertilizer and seed together. iv) Intercultural operations These refer to those tillage operations, which are performed after planting. These operations are intended to weed control, pulverization of the soil to retain moisture, improve aeration, incorporating fertilizers and providing plant support. Danish and other cultivators were allocated for the farm but since planting was done by broad casting, these operations were not fully practiced. v) Harvesting Harvesting operation for agricultural production system is considered to be the final stage of crop husbandry and combine harvesters are used to harvest wheat, barely beans and rape crops. vi) Transportation Tractor drawn IFA and Zmay Trailers were used for transporting gram from the field to the storage area, labourers and water, food and other supplies from the town to farm area and within the farm itself. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 106Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report 11.6 MAJOR MECHANIZATION PROBLEMS OBSERVED IN BALE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISE (STATE FARMS) i) Machinery selection problem, ii) Low Machinery availability, iii) There was no mechanization plan iv) Improper operation and handling of machinery v) Lack of trained manpower: The mechanization problems indicated resulted in: a) Low production of crop per ha, and b) High cost of production. Table 11.3 Information indicating details of Major work shop equipments S.N Machinery and model Quantity Remarks 1 Work shop tools Unknown This workshop Equipment 2 Mobile welding machine 3 has been 3 Lath machine 2 found very 4 Injector tester 1 useful 5 Battery charger 5 6 Torque wrench 5 7 Grinding machine 10 Table 11.4 Detail indicating number of Technicians and operators in the workshop S.n Particulars Qty.(No.) Remarks 1 Work shop head 4 I 2 Mechanic 49 I 3 Welders 18 I I 4 Electricians 12 5 Mechanization head 4 I 6 Generator operators 7 7 Machinist 1 Serve as clerk at the workshoD Tractor operators Technical dept head Technical expert 168 1 1 I WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 107Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report The farms give Tractor and combine rental services to the needy farmers during harvesting period at a rate of birr 12/quantal and for ploughing at a rate of 400birr/hactor for model farmers. The enterprise also has two seed cleaning machines that helped it to prepare its own seed and give support to the farmers by supplying seeds. 11.7 AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION SERVICE ENTERPRISE i) The rental services Agricultural mechanization is one of the Commercial Farm machineries rental service enterprise in the Oromia regional state around Bale.Arsi and Shoa zones, which undertakes farm machinery rental service at present The enterprise has started machinery rental service in 1988 to support farmers' co operatives in different parts of the country such as a. Gojam b. Arsi and Bale c. Wellaga and Shoa ii) Mechanization Extent The office of the Enterprise is in Addis Ababa town and organizes activities, gives effective support and logistics for the farms rental service station. The Enterprise gives Semi- mechanized farm operations for the farmers. Ploughing, harrowing and harvesting operations are done with machinery. iii) Workshop and Allied Facilities Each farm machinery rental service station has its own workshop, Technical section, mechanization, technicians, operators and other staff. The workshop also gives maintenance services with modest charge for other Governmental, non-governmental and investor's machinery. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 108Federal Democratic Republic of Ethlopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project iv) Type of machineries available in the farms Volume 2 Main Report Table 11.5 Detail showing Types of farm machinery available in the enterprise No. Machinery type and model Quantity Remarks 1 Tractor Beltra 120 12 80-85 Horse power 2 Tractor ZT 300&303 21 80-85 Horse power 3 Tractor Belarus’ 80/82 42 4 Planters 8 Mounted type 5 Nardi disc harrow 19 6 DLA disc harrow 20 7 MF Planters 28 8 Rigger 7 9 Trailers single & two axle 59 10 Water tankers 10 11 Chopper 2 12 Row planter 5 13 Disc plough MF 2 14 Leveler 1 15 Rotary cultivator 1 I 11.8 PRESENT STATUS OF USE OF FARM MACHINERY BY THE FARMERS IN THE AREA In the major portion of the Bale zone, farmers are planting serial crop. The present market price of these crops is increasing. As a result of the high price their living standard is changing dramatically and there is a shift from using drought animal to tractors and other farm machineries. During the field study and assessment survey, discussion has been made with Bale Zone Administration Offices, agricultural department heads, Goro woreda agricultural office and farmers those who are living in the irrigation Command area and there is a demand to use improved farm machineries. 11.9 Sources of Farm Machineries In Bale zone farmers are familiar with the use of farm machineries especially for harvesting serials. There is high scarcity of combine harvesters during harvesting period that raises the cost of harvesting serials. There are three sources from which farmers can get machinery rental services a) Private investor, b) Individual farmers those who have farm machineries, and WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 109Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report c) State farms and agricultural mechanization. There are about 192 privates investors in the zone who are involving in agricultural, especially on serial production. These investors came to the area with different agricultural machineries and mostly they don’t use the full capacities of their tractors and they rent their extra capacity for farmers at a rate of 900-1200 Birr/ha for ploughing and 25birr/quantal for harvesting. 11.10 FARMERS IN THE IRRIGATION COMMAND AREA Bale gadula Irrigation Project command area is located in Goro woreda of Bale zone and most of the farmers in the woreda produce maize, Sesame, spices, teff and sorghum in two seasons as a major crop. In the woreda more than 90% of the farmers use ox for farm operation. Even though there is a demand from the districts farmers, the use of farm machineries is limited to ploughing and harvesting. The average land holding of each farmer in the woreda is more than 1.75 hectors. The woredas are divided into two climatic zones, the mid high land and the lowland characterized with erratic rainfall and in both climatic zones farmers are practicing mixed farming 11.11 SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION PRACTICES & USE OF FARM MACHINERY 160 household families are using irrigation and cultivate 120.29 hectares of land. The major crops grown are: Serials, pluses Banana. Onion, Mango, Tomato, Guava, Cabbage, etc. To lift the water from the river diesel pump with horse power ranging from 3.8 hp-10 hp are used by the farmers They also use gravity and treadle pumps for diversion and to irrigate their farms. Furrow irrigation is extensively used in the area with two irrigation cycles. i) First cycle - September - Feb ii) Second cycle - Feb - June In the Irrigation area vegetables are also used for Intercropping between fruits. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 110Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigatjon Project Volume 2 Main Report Table 11.6 Distance between rows and plants of selected fruits and vegetable produced in irrigation area No Types of crop Distance between row Distance between plants 1 2 3 4 5 Banana Papaya Mango+ Avocado Tomato Onion 3mx3m 3mx3m 5mx5m 0.9m -1.0m 0.5m - 0.6m 3m x 3m 3m x 3m 5m x 5m 10 cm 10 cm Farm operation for irrigation like ploughing, harrowing, levelling, furrow opening is done by oxen drawn plough and planting is done manually The Major problem of farmers using irrigation is shortage of supply of diesel pumps and the diesel fuel 11.12 FARM MACHINERY REQUIREMENT 11.12.1 Method of approach Recommendations on farm machinery requirements should have been based on intensive field test results. However, in the absence of dependable information evaluation of actual field operation reports backed with some theoretical consideration may suffice the requirement. Table 11.7 Machinery Requirement of the area: No Type of Farm Machinery Requirement Remarks 1 Tractors 75-120 HP 20 2 Ploughs ----------------------- 1 20 3 Disc Harrows 10 4 Ridgers 6 5 Fertilizer Spreader 6 6 Trailor 5T-7T 11 7 Row Planters 6 8 Threshers 12 9 Combine Harvesters 6 10 Water Tankers 10 11 Knabsack sprayers 16 12 Vehicles 5 11.12.2 The total investment cost works out to Birrs 309,480,000 To develop the 10,000ha under irrigation in two seasons, a minimum of 34,630,000.00 Birr investment on Farm machinery and vehicles is required. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 111Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 11.13 WORKSHOP (MAINTENANCE) Volume 2 Main Report The workshop should be designed for repairing tractors, agricultural implements, vehicles etc. In general the workshop is responsible for maintenance activities and reconditioning parts and component items which are removed from the machine on a periodic basis or due to un predictable causes of failure including engine, gearbox, radiator, starter, dynamo, injection pump, water pump, hydraulic units and Fast moving items deal with replacing or changing of parts such as filters elements, bearing, bushings, belts, chains, bolts nuts, bulbs, fuses etc. Detailed study for workshop maintenance etc has been carried out and it is found that two workshops of 1183m2 area are required. The construction cost at present per unit area of m2 is approximately Birr 2500 and to build one unit farm work shops and other related office needs an investment of 1183m2 * 2500Birr = 2,957,500 Birr. Annual expenditure 825,000 Birr. To accomplish the task the work should be equipped with all the necessary equipments. To equip the two unit workshops nearly about 79 line items which cost approximately 2,000,000 Birr are needed. 11.14 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 11.14.1 Conclusions Presently in Goro Worerda, where Bale gadula irrigation commands area is found, land preparation is done by oxen driven plough (Maresha), prior to rainy season. Since the land at that time is very hard, the seedbed preparation is not done properly. Sowing of crops is done manually by broadcasting method. Intercultural and all other operations including dusting and spraying are also done manually. Presently, there are a number of investors, Enterprises like Bale agricultural development and agricultural mechanization enterprises, private commercial farms etc. who are having a number of tractors and farm implements. Investors have more than 350 tractors and other farm machineries. The Investors, Enterprise, etc. rent tractors and farm implements to the farmer for various farm operations. The rate of hiring has been noted around 900-1200 Birr per hector for ploughing and 12-25birr per quintal for harvesting. The investors and enterprise are not in a position to meet WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 112Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report the full demand of the farmers at a proper time particularly, for land preparation and harvesting purpose. To meet the requirement of land preparation, sowing, interculturai and other operation, the requirement of farm machinery for proposed irrigation has been estimated taking certain assumptions like output of a machine, efficiency, effective work time per day, etc The requirement of tractors has been worked out to to be 20 for irrigated agriculture of 5,000 ha to be covered under different crops in two seasons Beside tractors, a number of farm implements have been also proposed. These included ploughs (20), disc harrows (10)), rigger (6), fertilize spreader (6), row planter (6), threshers (12), combine harvester (6), etc. A cost estimate of 30,480,000 Birr has been estimated for investments on farm machinery and vehicles. The cost for farm machinery hiring has been worked out to be 554 Birr/hour. Proper arrangement for repair and maintenance of farm machinery should be ensured. Accordingly workshop equipped with about 79 line items has been proposed with the estimated cost of 2,000,000 Birr. Skilled /trained and experienced manpower were proposed including administrative cost of 825,000 Birr. 2,957,500 an investment on workshop for maintenance is recommended 11.14.2 Recommendations It is expected that commissioning of the irrigation project would take around 8-10 years and there would be considerable changes. The study should be reviewed in accordance to the technologies available and any other changes. • Need and extent of tractors and related farm machinery has been assessed in this study. However, there are a number of Investors and Enterprises who are also having a number of tractors and farm implements, which may be used by the farmers. However government may help and encourage both sides. Government can also strengths the existing agricultural mechanization enterprise unit in the area to the hiring charges modest. • Farmers, farmers unions and co-operatives have to be facilitated with credit for hiring of rice husking and polishing machine and tractors for timely and appropriate farm operations. • Investors have to be encouraged by the government to develop a good farm WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 113Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report mechanization system for their own work and rent to the farmers. They need support for providing help in procurement of tractors and farm implements from abroad on easy terms of excise, import license etc., getting spare parts of agricultural machinery easily, and providing facilities for modernizing I starting the workshop It would be of a great help if they are provided required loan on easy terms and land to establish the workshop. • In the beginning fanners may be provided some subsidy for hiring of the farm machinery, later on farmers would be self-dependent on economic front when irrigated agricultural attains potential yield. • Agricultural extension service support should be provided to farmers to introduce improved agricultural production technology, including land preparation, adequately line sowing and adopt timely and proper fertilizer and pesticides applications. • Research on farm machinery may be initiated on different aspects of maintenance of machinery and taking up appropriate farm operations. • Training courses on maintenance of machinery servicing and farm operations may be taken up by the government for training of technicians, operators and farmers. • Proper monitoring and evaluation system has to be developed by the related departments to examine constraints and to take up remedy measures as per the merit. • Quarterly and yearly conference of related government offices, investors, technicians, experts, farmers etc. for keeping transparency and planning for the future scenario, must be organized. WWOSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 114Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2 Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail DesignofJ3ak^GadulaJrngatic>M^roject^^^^^^^»»«^^^^^^^^^^»^^^^MM 12 AGRICULTURAL MARKETING 12.1 FINDINGS OF THE MARKETING STUDY 12.1.1 Transport Facilities Even though the woreda has enormous agricultural production potential, the existing market infrastructure and the level of its development is still at a low level. This is particularly the case for the road and transport infrastructure because except the main road that connects Goro with Ginir and Robe, there is a lack of adequate all weather road network that connects kebeles and villages with the main market in Goro There is very poor road network in Goro woreda including the roads that connect kebeles and villages with the main markets of the woreda. Also, the major road that crosses Goro with the zonal capital, Robe town has been severely deteriorated and is particularly difficult to pass for heavy tracks that are loaded. 12.1.2 Storage Facility in the study area The lack of storage facility causes product quality deterioration which is one of the handling problems of farm products destined for market. This is particularly the problem of small producers whose poor storage causes the deterioration of product quality. However, since small producers supply their product to market soon after harvest, the duration of storage in the traditional storage is relatively shorter. Thus, products that are marketed soon after harvest like wheat and spice those farmers in Bale Gadula supply to market are mostly stored for quite short duration and hence one will not observe significant quality deterioration. 12.2 THE MARKETING CHANNEL AND SUPPLY CHAIN OF FARM PRODUCES Three most important agricultural commodities which have high commercial value namely wheat, various spices and pulses have been discussed below. 12.2.1 Wheat Bale zone in general and in particular Bale Gadula and the neighboring woredas like Sinana are among the major wheat belts of the country that produce and supply a large volume of wheat to the domestic market. Wheat producers in these areas supply their produces either directly to local market traders and/or through brokers or WWDSE lit Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 115Volume 2 Main Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources commission agents that assemble the product and deliver it to wholesalers that in turn supply to the central market and/or food factories. Thus, in the marketing channel and the supply chain of wheat, the product passes from the producer to local traders and/or brokers/commission agents that assemble at the level of local market. Then, the product is delivered to the wholesale buyers and the wholesalers transport the product for destination to 1) central and/or regional market that redistribute it to retailers and consumers; 2) to food factories that purchase it to further process and produce wheat floors. In the case of durum wheat, pasta and macaroni factories undertake bulk purchases for use as an input in their food processing factories. Therefore, in this case, the supply chain involves numerous market participants like producers, brokers/commission agents, wholesale buyers and food factories (flour mills and pasta and macaroni factories) that play an important role in the marketing channel to facilitate product delivery to its final destination, i. e., consumers and/or food factories. 12.2.2Spices The most important spices that have commercial importance are cumin black, fenugreek and ginger. Over the past four years particularly since 2004, the volume of supply of these spices has been increasing in response to rapid growth in prices. As these spices have good demand both in the domestic market and internationally, production has been increasing significantly. The spices produced in the study areas are assembled by local traders who sell them to wholesale buyers that come to the region. A large number of local traders, commission agents and/or brokers that represent wholesale traders play an important role in the marketing channel and supply chain of spices. At the local market, local traders, commission agents and/or brokers will buy the produces from farmers and assemble it for the wholesale buyers. Then, they deliver the product to the wholesale buyers from the central market that in turn distribute the products locally and/or clean and export them abroad. Thus, the marketing chain for the product starts from the origin i. e., the producers and then passes through local traders, brokers and commission agents that assemble the product at the level of the local market. Then, it will be delivered to the wholesale buyers who would distribute it to retailers and/or undertake the cleaning and packaging for export to the international market Final Feasibility Study Report H6Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Project^ 12.2.3 Pulses Volume 2 Main Report Major pulses produced in the woreda and the project site includes lentils, field peas, horse beans and chick peas. Farmers directly sell their produce to local traders or assemblers that come to their villages and/or to retail traders, brokers and commission agents who assemble the produce in the main markets particularly Goro and Meniyu market. Since wholesale traders can’t directly purchase the product from farmers, it is through the retail traders, brokers and commission agents that produce is delivered to wholesale traders. Then, the wholesale buyers transport the products through the following marketing channels: o Supply to wholesale traders in the major regional markets like Awassa and Shashamanne that redistribute to retail traders and consumers in towns and small markets, o To central and/or regional market wholesale traders that supply the products to wholesale traders in other regions or to local food processing factories, and o To export traders that do the cleaning, sorting and packaging for supply to export market. Each of the above supply chains involves numerous market intermediaries that provide specialized services. Thus, starting from the point of production to its final destination (consumers), the product passes through all the major players that operate at stage in the marketing chain. 12.3FARM PRODUCT PRICE TRENDS IN THE STUDY AREA In order to understand price development in the local market, the local market price data which were available during the field work have been collected and analyzed. For Bale Gardula irrigation project, the market and prices of farm products in Goro woreda has been used because it is more relevant since Goro market is in close proximity to the project location. Based on the price data available for the period 2000 - 2006, the general prices trend of five major cereals namely wheat, teff, sorghum, maize and barley produced in the woreda have been analyzed. Prices of all products depict similar trend as the change in the price of one product pushes the price of its close substitute like the prices of white and mixed teff and also that of maize and sorghum. It is also important to note that average price of each of these produces WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 117Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report was stable prior to 2004 while the price rise was more significant during the following years. The average price of lentils is much higher than the prices of the three other pulses namely horse bean, chick and field peas. Generally, pulse prices remained relatively stable prior to 2004 and then after, a steady rise in prices took place during the subsequent years. Goro woreda has also an enormous potential for the production of commercially important spices like Cummins, fenugreek and also ginger. Even though these spices are produced by small scale farmers in the woreda, there are also good prospects for the growth of production since the products fetches higher prices and diverse market outlets especially the export markets. Analysis of the available price data also indicate that spice production and marketing is one of the available opportunities for the envisaged irrigation project. Table 12.1 Export market potential for farm produces from Ethiopia Ethiopia’s Exports of Major Agricultural Commodities during 2005/06 - 2007/08. Agricultural Commodities Exported Export value in million USD & volume in '000 tons by year 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Coffee Value Volume 354.3 147.7 424.2 176.4 524.2 170.7 Oilseeds Value Volume 211.4 265.7 187.4 235.0 219.0 152.1 Pulses Value Volume 37.0 110.4 70.3 158.8 144.5 233.0 ; Chat Value Volume 22.3 89.1 92.8 22.7 108.2 22.4 Leather & leather products Value Volume 75.0 15.4 89.6 15.8 99.2 14.9 Source: National Bank of Ethiopia & Ethiopian Customs Authority Apart from the major export commodities indicated on the above table, the other commodities that Ethiopia exports include cut flowers and foliage, live animals and meat, fresh vegetables, herbs and spices. Nevertheless, except cut flowers and foliage, live animals and meat, the quantity of particularly herbs and spices exported every year is quite small despite the enormous export market potential for these WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 118Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project^ Volume 2 Main Report products especially in the EU market. The most important export commodities in which the country has advantage including the herbs and spices that have market potential and the major importing countries of these products have been assessed and discussed with detail in the following. Major exportable commodities are grains, Pulses, Seeds, Sesame, Com flower, spices and herbs etc. 12.4 OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS FACING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES The available opportunities, constraints and threats faced by developing countries that export farm products to EU are discussed with respect to specific commodities. Generally, on the basis of the EU market potential and imports of member states, developing countries have opportunities in the export of organic products. The reason is that c Germany and the United Kingdom are the biggest importing countries of organic products in the EU. The Netherlands is also a major importer and plays a role in the re-export of (processed) organic food products. o Coffee, tea, sunflower seeds and Soya oil are important organic products that are imported in the EU while protective measures for grains imported in the EU restrict their imports except basmati rice. o Organic products are imported from developing countries from all over the world. The wide range of products, the use of local structures and the relatively easy way of conversion give Africa opportunities in exports of organic products, o Developing countries have enormous market opportunities for the export of spices and herbs particularly in the most important spices and herbs that EU member states import including pepper, vanilla, paprika, mixtures, nutmeg (4%), saffron and ginger. In general however, food products (including grains and pulses) destined for the end user have to comply with the requirements of the Council Directive 89/395/EEC (amending Directive 79/112/EEC) and any subsequent legislation concerning the labeling, description and advertising. This legislation is, however, more relevant for importers than for exporters of grains and pulses, as these produces are generally traded in bulk and are not directly exported to the end-users. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 119Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 12.5 PRODUCT QUALITY STANDARDS Volume 2 Main Report Product quality standards which exporters should be able to meet in order to be competitive in the EU market are briefly discussed below with respect to the major export commodities relevant to the Ethiopian producers. 12.5.1 Oil seeds The EU member countries import relatively minor commodities, such as sesame seeds and hemp seeds, for further processing. Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum), also known as benniseed, gingelly, sim sim, and til, are supplied to markets in North America, Europe, and East Asia by countries in Africa, Latin America, and South Asia. Cooking oil can be extracted from sesame seeds, and this is their main use, especially in Asia. In North America and Europe, raw sesame seeds are generally used for toppings on breads such as hamburger buns, bagels, bread sticks, and other baked goods. Restaurants and natural food store customers purchase sesame seeds for use in ethnic dishes. Middle Eastern countries use sesame seeds for tahini paste and halvah, as well as for oil. The value of sesame seeds depends on their purity, expressed as a percentage, and oil content, which should exceed 50 percent. Hulling seeds, or removing their thin husk, increases their value as does bleaching hulled seeds. Moisture content and free fatty acid content are also important in assessing value. The highest-quality sesame seeds are found in Central America, primarily in Guatemala. Other oil seeds covered within this market survey are palm nuts & kernels and shea nuts (karite nuts). There are no fixed EU quality standards for the oil seeds. In practice, importers have defined their own quality standards and are willing to pay more for better quality. 12.5.2 Pulses Within this product group, the focus will be on specialty beans like kidney beans, chickpeas and broad & horse beans. Although the trade in the mentioned groups is small, they are important for exporters from several developing countries, as they are important suppliers for the EU market. So far, there are no specific quality standards for pulses. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 120Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale^adujaJrrigation^Project^ 12.5.3 Spices and herbs Volume 2 Main Report The European Spice Association (ESA), representing spice associations in EU 1 countries, has developed an "ESA Contract ’ which indicates minimum quality standards for imported spices, methods of arbitration and enforcement procedures. The ESA specifications of quality minima for spices and herbs are the proposed legal minimum standards for selling into the EU. As of April 5, 2002, EU-wide maximum levels apply to aflatoxin in the following spices: Capsicum spp, Piper spp, nutmeg, ginger and turmeric. The maximum levels for aflatoxin are listed in the Commission Regulation 472 (16 March 2002). The harmonized sampling plan for aflatoxins was published in Commission Directive 98/53/EC. Sampling methods for aflatoxin in spices, to be applied as from February 28, 2003 onwards, were added to Commission Directive 2002/27/EC. The EU wide maximum levels set are 5 pg/kg for aflatoxin B1 and 10 pg/kg for total aflatoxins. The European Commission will review the maximum limits for aflatoxins by the end of 2003 and, if appropriate, reduce them to take account of the progress of scientific and technological knowledge. It is important to bear in mind that most European importers at this moment refuse to accept any traces of aflatoxin in organically produced products. Further, fumigation and irradiation is not allowed in organic products; alternatives are: deep freezing, steaming or pressurizing in autoclaves. 12.6 TRADE-RELATED MEASURES THAT RESTRICT ENTRY TO EU MARKET As compared to product quality standard, trade related regulations such as health and safety, environmental as well as other aspects of EU market regulations have become obligatory for suppliers that export products to EU market. Environmental aspects of products have become a major issue in Europe in recent periods. 12.6.1 Sustainable development for businesses The concept of sustainable development, adopted by nearly all the countries in the world which participated in the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Conference, represents the philosophy that economic development should automatically take into account the issue of the environment, recognizing the fact that polluting activities now will have great (negative) impacts on the way future generations can live. In this respect all parties, including the general public but also growers, are asked to accept their social responsibility and minimize the environmental impact of their activities. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 121Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 12.6.2 Ecolabels Volume 2 Main Report The hallmarks for environmentally sound products are normally referred to as Ecolabels. Such a hallmark indicates that the product (including its full production process) has a reduced impact on the environment, compared to similar products. Ecolabels have been developed at various levels. Labels, referring to the organic production of food could also be considered ecolabels. Organic production is the strictest of the environmentally sound agricultural practices. As a consequence, if your product is already labeled for organic production, (other) labels with less strict requirements will in most cases be less interesting when marketing the product in the European market 12.6.3 Environmental standards The ecolabelling procedures are purely aimed at the products (not at the manufacturing process) and indicate that the product with a label has a reduced impact on the environment. If a manufacturer wants to indicate to external parties that he is manufacturing in an environmentally sound way, then he can comply voluntarily with the ISO 14001 amd EMAS Both standards are based on the ISO 9000 series of standards for quality management. 12.6.4 Health and hygiene issues: HACCP The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system applies to the food processing industry in the EU. The EU Directive on Hygiene for Foodstuffs (93/43/EC), which became effective in January 1996, stipulates that: 'foodstuff companies shall identify each aspect of their activities which has a bearing on the safety of foodstuffs and shall ensure that suitable safety procedures are established, applied, maintained and revised on the basis of the HACCP system. 12.6.5 Fair Trade and social responsibility In most Western countries, more and more attention is paid to the social conditions of the producers of the goods that are imported. The goal is to assist small producers to gain direct access to the export markets and to guarantee decent working conditions on plantations and in factories. A uniform European logo for these products was introduced in the beginning of 2003. Social issues also play a major role within the WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 122Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2 Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale GadulaJnngation^Projec^^ organic movement. This has resulted in the adoption of a sep arate chapter on so cial justice in IFOAM’s Basic Standards. 12.6.6 Packaging, marking and labelling Apart from the safety aspects and the protection against damage, the focus of packaging is definitely on environmentally friendly transport - as well as sa les- promotion packaging. 12.7 RECOMMENDATION In order to be successful in the marketing of its produce and also in devising an effective marketing strategy, the following recommendations would have vital relevancy. • Oilseeds and pulses are among important farm commodities for which there is huge export market potential. • In the long - term, the project should devise an effective marketing strategy in order to be a competitive exporter of the products that it will produce. • The study has found out the growth in the production and supply of spices particularly Cummins, Fenugreek and ginger which fetch high prices. Based on the assessment of export market especially the EU, spices and herbs are among the exports of developing countries that have enormous market potential. Therefore, in order to produce and export these commodities, detailed agronomic studies should be conducted to identify and select species or varieties that meet the export market quality standards as well environmental and health safety requirements of the products. • Generally, the marketing of the farm produces that the project will supply would depend on the availability of infrastructure needed for an efficient delivery of the produces. Thus, the road network and poor road condition in the vicinity of the project as well as the road that connects Goro with the central market should be upgraded through regular repair and maintenance. Link roads from production area will also be required. • Traders in the study area do not have access to standard storage facilities and as a result, the products they purchase have to be delivered soon in order to avoid the deterioration of product quality. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 123Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 13. LIVESTOCK, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES STUDY 13.1 LIVESTOCK RESOURCES 13.1.1 Background Volume 2 Main Report To escape from the vicious circle of poverty, the federal government Ethiopia has launched a strategy, ADLI and a program, PASDEP. Increased agricultural productivity is a key to reducing poverty in Ethiopia. It is well demonstrated that farmers are benefiting from irrigation directly through increased and more stable incomes for their family. Already dams, wells and water harvesting structures built in Ethiopia have improved agricultural productivity and generated income enabling farmers to cope up with drought and famine. Irrigated agriculture enabled farmers cater livestock products like milk and milk by-products, and vegetables. Irrigated farming is making household members fully occupied in intensive crop-livestock production and minimized migration looking for jobs in urban areas mainly Addis Ababa and big regional towns. 13.1.2 Livestock Development Policy As part of the Agricultural Policy, the Livestock Development Policy and Strategy is prepared. The main objective is to develop the livestock resources in a better and productive manner so that it will contribute to the social and economic development of the country. 13.1.3 Livestock of the Project Area According to data obtained from wereda agriculture and rural development office, all farmers in the project area are mixed farmers. Since livestock population of all kebeles that would be affected by the envisaged irrigation development is not obtained from kebele level survey as shown in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2 below, it is difficult to estimate the total livestock population in the project area. The estimated total livestock population in the project area will be shown in the household level survey data collection and analysis report. The livestock population of affected kebeles compared to the wereda's livestock population is about 27.33% as shown in Table 1.6 below. The table shows that cattle are the leading population from the kebele's livestock population followed by mules Donkey population follows in the third order, goat marching in the fourth order. Major WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 124Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report livestock species in Bale Gadula Irrigation Project are cattle, sheep, goats, equine and poultry. The livestock population is estimated at 25,418 TLU, including poultry, cattle 20,565.93, sheep 145.11, goats 688.61, donkey 1199.35, mule 2315.51, horse 444 44, and poultry 58.63 TLU. Table 13.1 Livestock Population in the Project Area by Kebele (Heads) Werda Kebele Cattle Horses Mules Donkeys Sheep Goats Poultry Camel Bale Anole 6480 41 101 932 81 1701 2207 0 Bale Gadula 4785 305 153 1069 764 611 1578 0 Goro Issani Sogido 3054 0 305 407 0 2443 1120 0 Weltei Negaya 2617 43 85 234 0 553 958 0 Sinana Weltei Weyb 9773 153 1069 764 611 1578 0 0 Total 16936 388 644 2642 845 5308 5862 • Source: Estimated from Household Level Survey, March, 2009 Table 13.2 Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Livestock Population by Kebele (TLU) Werda Kebele Cattle Horses Mules Donkeys Sheep Goats Poultry Camel Bale Anole 4989.6 33.62 70.875 633.42 8.1 170.1 22.07 0 Bale Gadula 3684.45 Goro 250.1 106.89 726.852 76.35 61.08 15.78 0 Issani Sogido 2351.58 0 213.78 276 896 0 244.32 11.2 0 Weltei Negaya 2015.09 35.26 59.57778 159.1578 0 55.32222 9 58 0 Sinana Weltei Weyb 7525.21 125.46 748.23 519.18 61.08 157.79 0 0 Total 20565.93 444.44 1199.353 2315.506 145.53 688.6122 58.63 0 Source: Calculated from Table1.4 above Conversion factor for Cattle 0.77, for Shoats 0.1, for Donkey 0.68. for Mule 0.7, force Horse 0.82, for Camel 1.22 and for poultry 0.01. Table 13.3 Livestock Holding Per Household Wereda Kebele TLU/HH Bale Anole 7.32 Goro Bale Gadula 9.67 Essain Sogido 6.09 Weltei Negaya 6.09 Sinana Weltei Weyb 17.95 Project area Average 9.34 Source: Household Survey, March, 2009 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 125Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report The highest TLU per household is recoded in Weltey Wey kebele, (11.28 TLU/HH), and the lowest livestock holding is in Issani Sogido Kebele (6 09 TLU/HH). 13.1.4 Livestock Management Livestock management is similar in all kebeles in the project area. Mixed farming is the dominant livestock production system where both day and night management are similar in both kebeles. But it does not mean that there will not be variation among individuals management Slight differences may occur, but the general pattern is similar. Traditional livestock management is a salient feature in the project area like in most parts of the country. 13.1.5 Livestock Stocking There is no data showing the livestock stocking rate of kebeles in the command area. But based on the available livestock population and grazing/rangelands of the kebeles the average stocking rates are 2.97 TLU/Ha. 13.1.6 Livestock Ownership Private livestock ownership is the main livestock owning system in the project area. According to the information from experts, livestock owned by a household indicates the relative wealth and social status in the community. Livestock possession is strongly linked with the tradition of the people. People pay due attention to those having more animals than others do. The community respects those farmers having more animals. 13.1.7 Livestock Breeding Traditional livestock breeding is the dominant system in the project area. However, physically good-looking bulls, rams and bucks are selected for breeding but controlled mating as a breed improvement technology is not practiced. Physically poor looking males or females are sold or castrated respectively. 13.1.8 Feed Resources According to the household level survey result, 89.77 % of respondents replied that the major feed source for livestock in Bale Gadula Irrigation project area are grazing and crop residues. Scavenging is main sources of feed for poultry including, grain, crop rejects, household food leftovers and backyard green forages. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 126Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report There is a declining trend in the status of grazing land in the project area as shown in the table above crop residues and natural pasture are the dominant feed source for livestock. The forage is included in the cropping pattern and feed shortage can be managed. 13.1.9 Livestock Water Water is the major body component of animals constituting about 75% of body mass. It is critical feed for the survival of livestock. In the project area, water for livestock is obtained from rivers Weyb River is dependable livestock water source in and around the project area. Water shortage months are January and February. Farmers follow traditional coping mechanism to overcome water deficit. During thse months, water from canals can be used for livestock. 13.1.10 Livestock Diseases A wide range of livestock diseases and parasites exist in all the ecological zones of the country, which is one of the causes of such low productivity of livestock. But neither wereda nor kebele agriculture and rural development offices do have annual mortality rate estimates. The livestock master plan study, 2007 shows the mortality rate at 8-10% for cattle, 14-16% for sheep and 11-13% for goats (MoARD, Livestock Master Plan Study, 2007). Like other parts of the country, livestock diseases are rampant in the project area affecting all livestock species. The livestock, which are generally local breed/types withstand the disease load to a certain extent, but succumb when it combines with feed stress The available veterinary services are poor and hampered by shortage of manpower, veterinary equipment and drugs Livestock carry heavy internal and external parasite burdens. Economic losses also occur indirectly through the slow growth of animals, low fertility and decreased work output that results from morbidity. In addition to low productivity, the prevalence of livestock diseases prevent the country from exporting its live animals and meat, resulting in reduced foreign exchange earning potential. The types of animal health infrastructures available in Goro Wereda and Kebeles in the project area include clinics at different levels (type A to D). There is one type D WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 127Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources FeasibllityStudy and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report veterinary clinic at Bale Anole kebele in the project area, but no private clinics or drug shops in the Project area. According to the household survey result farmers treat their livestock for different diseases From those interviewed households 30.6 % replied local veterinary service (veterinary service from kebele and wereda agriculture offices) treat our animals, 23.5% Community Animal Health Workers, 19.4% Community Animal Health Workers and Local Veterinary Service. According to the household survey, 15.3% of the respondents relied as they pay less than ETB 20.00, on the contrary 27.6 % replied “we pay greater than ETB 100.00". 13.1.11 Livestock Development Activities According to the household survey result agro-pastoralists of the project area need to run improved livestock production. Most of the farmers like to run both dairy cattle production and fattening. Farmers keep multipurpose cattle to provide milk and draught power. Animals are meat sources only at the end of their productive life. Meat animals, cattle catered to market are in poor condition to produce meat of adequate quantity and accepted quality for commercial markets i.e. farmers are not practicing modern fattening practice apart from conditioning animals for market supply. 13.1.12Livestock and Livestock Products Utilization Livestock are the source of a wide range of products and benefits to agro-pastoralists and the community at large. Accordingly, it produces food, power, and clothing, sources of cash income, as well as hides and skins, which are most important foreign exchange earner to the country, next to coffee. Another, non-monetary aspect of livestock is the social contribution, providing a high value as source of security and capital accumulation. It has also high place in the cultural setting of the community, especially for the pastoralists. Cattle and goats are milk sources in the project area. Milk is one of the most important livestock products in the project area used as food source for the whole family unlike for children in other mixed farming areas. It has a high food value and its derivatives are the main components of the traditional diet like butter used as sauce sweetener and soft cheese "Ayeb” and yoghurt. Milk product, butter is also used for cosmetics, women hair dressing. There is no data on the annual milk production in WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 128Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadulalrrigation Prgjec^^ Volume 2 Main Report the project area. Kebele level survey result as confirmed by household shows that the average milk yield per cow per day is 1.15 litre. Based on the household survey livestock population result, estimated milk production from the existing livestock population is about 4, 109, 217 liters per annum. The highest proportion of milk produced is used for consumption in Weltei Negaya Kebele than in others. From estimated 4,109,217 litres of milk produced in the kebels about 60% is used for home consumption. If the milk produced is divided into the estimated population in the command area, the per capita consumption will be to 212 litres. This amount used for home consumption, is far higher than the national per capita consumption 19 litters/ head/ annum (NLDP, 2007. The estimated milk sold for local market is about 945,120 litres. The remaining balance, 698,566 litres is changed to butter 13.1.13 Livestock Markets and Marketing Based on service provided i.e. function of markets, by categories of buyers and sellers in each market, livestock markets in Ethiopia follow a three-tier system namely: primary, secondary and terminal as Standard set by the X-livestock Market Authority and put into a national standard by Ethiopian Quality Standards Authority. Normally, live animal trading commences at the primary and ends at terminal markets, passing through secondary markets. But there are no terminal markets in the project area. Not only terminal markets but also primary markets are not available in the project area Farmers sell animals at Goro or Ginir livestock markets 16 to 22 km. Both large and small ruminants and poultry are sold in Goro market and Ginir markets. 13.1.14 Extension Service Livestock extension service has been started recently both at national and at regional level. Previously it was run together with crop production extension service with one extension agent. Currently livestock extension workers are specifically trained to run the extension activity. The system need to be strengthened. 13.1.15 Opportunities and Constraints The project area has potential for livestock development. The agricultural policy and strategy, feed resource, climate, the tradition of the people, other agro-ecological factors and deep rooted farming system are opportunities for producing livestock and livestock products. The opening of an all-weather road in the neighboring Wereda, WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 129Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report Berbere about 35-40 km from Goro town that connects Berbere Wereda with Goro Wereda is another opportunity for live animal marketing. The indigenous knowledge of agro-pastoralists and established livestock management system are additional opportunities for livestock production in the project area. Despite the potential for livestock development feed shortage is the prime bottle neck for livestock production in the project area. Feed that could be produced from the available feed resources in the project area is not less than the maintenance requirement of the available livestock at the disposal of farmers. Nevertheless, due strong dry season all palatable feed sources turn to be unpalatable, as a result farmers suffer from feed shortage. Consequently, farmers migrate to other kebeles where there is palatable feed source or daily move their animals to hillsides where there is browse. The critical bottlenecks towards the development of livestock area are feed shortage during dry season, Diseases, Poor Management, Poor Genetic makeup, Lack of Infrastructure and facilities and weak extension Service emanated from lack of facilities. 13.1.16 Proposed Interventions To overcome the above mentioned constraints and make the sector a profitable enterprise, the interventions and strategies include Awareness Creation and Training on Feed Production and Conservation; Improve the Management of Pastures and Natural Grazing Lands both in Quality and Quantity. Residue Quality, Improvement, Development of improved forage production through extension package, Promote forage seed production and multiplication, and cuttings distribution, Irrigated Pasture Development, Veterinary Services Improvement, Cattle breed Improvement, Improved Poultry Pullets and Cockerel Distribution and Cattle Fattening. 13.2 APICULTURE RESOURCES BASE OF BALE GADULA IRRIGATION PROJECT 13.2.1 HONEYBEES According to MoARD (2007), there are three types of apiculture production systems in the country: smallholder traditional apiculture production system, smallholder improved apiculture production system and commercial apiculture production system. Final Feasibility Study Report 130Federal Democratic Republic of Ethio pia-M inistry of Water Resources Volume 2 Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project The smallholder traditional ap iculture production sy stem tends to have fewer hives, but with larger colony s izes kept in traditiona l hives. The smallholder improved apiculture production system involves either transitional or frame hives or both but, with a limited number of colonies (up to 100). This system strives for maximum output, highest productivity and highest quality table honey. The commercial apiculture production system has started very recently. It aims at increasing the productivity of honey and producing large volumes of table honey, propolis, pollen, other hive products and package bee production. Apis mellifera is the honeybee species indigenous to Africa and to Ethiopia in particular. The Apis mellifera, due to its wide adaptation to different geographical environments, consists of twelve races (sub-species) in Africa. According to a recent report on morph metric characterization of honeybee races, five races were identified in Ethiopia. These include Apis mellifera jemenitica, Apis mellifera monticola. Apis mellifera scutalata (Ayalew, 1992), Apis mellifera bandassii (Radolf et al, 1996) and Apis mellifera woyi-gambela (Amsalu et al, 2002). 13.2.2 Honey Bees Resources in the Project Area Honeybee species available in the project are is Apis melliferea monticola. There is huge number of wild honeybee colonies in the project area. According to Goro wereda agriculture and rural development office, there are 5914 traditional, 51 transitional and 679 transitional and modern hives in the wereda. According to household survey result estimate, all Kebeles in the project area own 5531 and 225 Traditional and Frame hives respectively. 93.5% and 30.82% of the wereda s beehives. The percentage of beehives does not include beehives from Weltei Weyb kebele, because the kebele is in another wereda. 13.2.3 Honeybee disease and enemy The productivity of honey bees depends on many factors. Bee diseases and enemies are part of production constraints. There is no information with regard to honeybee diseases in the project area. Bee enemies vary from place to place, ants and spiders are some of the known bee enemies in the project area WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 131Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 13.2.4 Honeybee Flora (Melliferous Plants) Volume 2 Main Report Plants, which have benefits to the honeybees in terms of, supply of nectar and pollen are commonly referred to as honeybee flora or bee forages. Honeybee flora includes trees, shrubs, bushes, and herbs. Most of the bee forages in the project area are natural while very few agricultural plant species. The dominant bee forage species available in the project area is Acacia species. There are two honey flow periods, April to May and September to October. According to the wereda’s apiculture expert there are limited bee forages in the project area. 13.2.5 Apiculture Development Potentials in the Project Area A study of potential areas for apiculture development in the country was conducted by Gezahegne et al (1992). Areas were prioritised based on coverage of natural vegetation (honeybee flora), temperature, altitude, rainfall and relative humidity. According to this report, three groups of potential areas were categorised, from high through moderate to low. In the project area Goro and Sinana weredas are grouped as medium to low potential weredas respectively. Beehives holding in the project area ranges from 2-30 per beekeeper. Table 2.3 shows the minimum and maximum holding size of all type hives in the project area. 13.2.6 Honey Harvesting Honey harvesting is in two seasons, peak harvest at June and lean harvest at October to November. Honey flow periods are from September to October and from May to June Honey harvesting is usually done in the evenings (6:30-8:00 pm) when the bees are less active. During harvesting farmers use mostly animal dung smoke to chase off bees from honeycombs. Such activity has an impact on honey quality, because smoke absorbed in the honey gives smoky taste. The annual honey harvest from hives owned by farmers in the project area of the Bale Gadula Irrigation project is estimated at 43,442 kg from traditional hives @ 7 kg/hive/annum and 4,500 kg from modern hives (Frame plus Transitional) @ 20 kg/hive/annum From the estimated honey production, the amount of beeswax that could be produced is about 4.344.2 kg from traditional hives (10%) and 4.5-9.0 kg (1-2%) from modern hives. This is the estimated nntpntiai^.._^ . Hnal Feasibility Study Report 132Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of BaleGadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report traditional hive is sold in the crud state. Hence, end users than primary producers use bees wax. 13.2.7 Marketing Honey is the only honeybee product marketed in the project area. Goro town market is where honey market actors, honey brewers, consumers and small traders meet Nearly all beekeepers sell honey in market. Almost all honey supplied to market is in the crude form. Selling price of honey is reported to vary from time to time, and is influenced largely by the supply, customer preference and quality. The price decreases during the main honey flow periods (June to July and November to December) when supply is large, and increases in the off-season (January to April) and. Market price ranges from Birr 25-30 per kg. 13.2.8 Opportunities & Constraints The project area has potential for apiculture development. The honeybee flora, availability of bee colonies, climate (well defined season of flowering), other agro- ecological factors and farming system are favorable environments for maintaining honeybee colonies and for honey and beeswax production. Spices production is one of the opportunities for beekeeping as it uniformly flowers at same time and enables to produce honey that can be labeled as known source. Deep rooted experience and indigenous knowledge of bee management are additional opportunities. Bimodal rain is another opportunity that enables honey production two times in a year. Despite the potential for apiculture development, use of insect and herbicides, the attitude of farmers to change traditional honeybee production system into modern production system are major constraints. Low level of awareness about the value and benefits of apiculture in the area of crop production and forest development, and lack of trained extension workers and lack of hive management knowledge resulting in absconding are other bottlenecks for apiculture development in the project area. 13.2.9 Proposed Interventions To overcome the above mentioned constraints and make the sector a profitable enterprise, the interventions and strategies include Distribution of Modern Hives, Awareness Creation and Training on Beekeeping, Strengthening extension services, WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 133Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigatior^Projoct^ Volume 2 Main Report 2 Enhancing development of technologies and empowering rural women through apiculture. 13.3 FISHERY RESOURCES 13.3.1 Background Ethiopia is endowed with a number of natural lakes, dams and large rivers containing substantial quantities of fish stocks. The total area of the lakes and dam/reservoirs stands at about 7,000 to 8,000 km and the major perennial rivers stretch over 7,000 km in the country. Most of the lakes are located in the Rift Valley basin except for Lake Tana, the largest lake in the country, located in the north-western plateau. Ethiopia depends on these inland waters for domestic supply of fish as a source of protein and as alternative source of income for many of the rural community. The overall potential annual sustainable yield of the country from the lakes, reservoirs and rivers combined is roughly estimated at about 50,000 - 60,000 tones (t). This includes a potential yield of about 35,000 to 40,000 t/yr from the lakes and reservoirs and about 20,000 t/yr from the major rivers. These estimates, however are based on very limited data and will need to be updated as further biological investigations and data collection from the fisheries are made (RVLBMP, 2008). 13.3.2 Fish Resource Management and Policy The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD) is the federal body responsible for the fisheries and aquaculture sub sector. At the regional level, it is the Bureaux of Agriculture (BoA). There is a Fisheries Team at the Ministry and a Fisheries Desk at the Regional Bureaux to plan, follow up and monitor fisheries development programmes. The Fisheries Policy is linked to the overall agricultural policy of the government in that it is based on ensuring food security through increased production, employment creation, foreign exchange earnings through export promotion or import substitution. 13.3.3 Fish Species Diversity There are over one hundred fish species occurring in the combined water bodies (lakes and rivers) of the country (Golubtsov and Mina, 2003; JERBE 1998). nnai feasibility Study Report 134Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report The most common fish species Genale Dawa Basin are Anguilla species locally known as “Mijilge”, Cypernid group including Barbus species, Labeo Species and Tilapia Spp. 13.3.4 Fish Production of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Area According to Goro wereda beekeeping and fisheries expert, fish production in Bale Gadula River is minimal practically only very few individuals catch fish for sell. Farmers do not catch fish considering fish as rejected animal for food. Anguilla species are considered as snake and people reason out for not eating fish 13.3.5 Fish Marketing In most parts of the country, fish is sold fresh or frozen, whole, gutted or filleted. In the project area, though small in quantity, gutted fish is supplied to Goro town. 13.3.6 Opportunities and Constraints The availability of fish species already adapted to the existing aquatic environment of Weyb River is an opportunity for future fish development in the project area. The other opportunities are fish demand in Goro town, a kg of fish meat costing not less than ETB 20 and the growing number of government civil servants in the town feeding on fish meat. Despite the opportunities, social taboo and food habits of the people, lack of awareness of the community and local development offices and poor attention given to sector are bottlenecks to the development offish resource of the project area. 13.3.7 Proposed Interventions To overcome the above mentioned constraints and make the sector a profitable enterprise, the following interventions and strategies are proposed. Awareness Creation and Training on Fish Consumption. Arranging farmer’s day to demonstrate fish cooking. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 135Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report 14. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY 14.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The command area is located between the two hills. The elevation of the command area ranges from 1021 to 2121 masl. The major land form of the command area flat plain that is suitable for irrigative agriculture. The landform along the Weyb River is rugged, broken gorges and sharp escarpment on both sides of the river. The highest elevation of Goro Woreda is Hollechis Mountain that has an elevation of 2800masl and Dadimos Mountain with an elevation of 2580masl. The lowest point of the woreda is roughly below 760masl which is found along Weyb River. 14.2 HYDROLOGY Weyb River is the main tributaries and perennial river that drains to Genale river basin system together with small intermittent seasonal streams which terminate flowing during dry season. These rivers include Bodoge Ro’o, Grasa, Garbachira, Dayicho and Walashe. Other major rivers and springs found around the proposed project area are Togona. Shaya, Manna Cheffe, Asindabo, Borku, Leman. Mirgiftu, Finchewa, Killisa, Fenkel etc. Among these rivers Togona, Shaya and Manna Cheffe are perennial tributaries of Weyb River Preliminary assessment made by Goro Woreda Water Resource Office indicates that these rivers are potential for irrigation. But only about 117 hectare of area is cultivated under irrigation, which serves about 100 farmers. Major crops cultivated through irrigation include vegetables, and chat. Ground nut is also cultivated in limited amount in Melka Butta kebele on Cheffe Manna River. Among these rivers Weyb River can serve as potential for eco-tourism since it passes through Sof-oumar cave, which is one of the tourist attraction area and under process to be recognized by UNESCO. 14.3 WATER QUALITY Water quality of the river is very suitable for construction as well as irrigation. 14.4 LAND USE AND COVER There are different lands uses and cover practices in the proposed project area. The dominant land use in the proposed project area is cultivation, followed by forest area and grazing land. The other major land cover in the project area is vegetation. The hill in both sides of the command area is covered by natural vegetation. Parts of the WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 136Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Project^ Volume 2 Main Report kebeles in command area are also covered by bush and shrub. Land use and cover estimate of kebeles within the command area were estimated by development agents of each kebele. There is lack of comprehensive and updated data at kebele level. 14.5 POTENTIAL PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The potential environmental impacts of the proposed project are categorized in to three interrelated categories: physical, biological & ecological and socio economic impacts. For each category the potential negative impacts are analyzed and the proposed mitigation measures are outlined. Soil erosion can result both during the construction and operation phases During the construction phase the impact will arise due to: borrow pits and quarrying for construction materials, poorly designed and managed construction sites, and removal of vegetation to develop access routes or for construction activities Mitigation measures to avoid or mitigate the anticipated impacts to acceptable level are many and can take care of adverse effects. The laboratory results of water quality analysis indicate that the source water for irrigation is suitable for irrigation and no salinity problem is expected. Data from the soil survey indicates that the pH of the soil in the command area ranges from 6.33 to 9.35 with an average of 8.30 indicating no problem of soil acidification. The catchment of the proposed project area is exposed to erosion that can trigger the problem of sedimentation. Poor watershed management will cause the sedimentation of water bodies, which will have a long-term and cumulative impact on the aquatic system. Therefore effective implementation of the program of Watershed Management will have to be carried out. Water-logging is common problems in irrigation projects, but in Bale Gadula. it is not expected as the slope of land is sufficient for good drainage. The use of agrochemicals to boost production can result in an excess of nutrients that can cause problems in water bodies and to health. Possible mitigation measures to minimize the anticipated impacts include monitoring of pesticides and chemicals used for agriculture, adoption of recently introduced Integrated Pest Management, rotating crops- changing crops planted in a field each WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 137Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Projcct Volume 2 Main Report year so that one crop’s pests don’t have time to multiply uncontrollably, planting rows of hedges or trees in and around crop fields. These hinder insect invasions and provide habitats for their natural enemies, adjusting planting times- ensure that major insect pests either starve or get eaten by their natural predators, application of organic wastes from animals and crops and most important is training to farmers. The proposed project will acquire temporary or permanent land during the construction phase for various activities. The land to be acquired is of mainly agricultural and grazing lands. The loss of agriculture land or grazing land could adversely affect the agricultural or fodder availability. The development of irrigation schemes is often associated with an increase in intensity of human activity in areas surrounding the scheme. The increase of human activities in the project area generally results in an increase in pressure up on the natural resources. An increase in livestock numbers, especially cattle and shoats, which graze in the grasslands and scrub and this cause damage to this resources, and decrease in the area of agricultural land without a similar decrease in population numbers. Accordingly planning is needed to ensure that adequate inputs are available and appropriate conservation methods are implemented so that a sustainable form of agriculture can be developed that will maintain the living standards of both the incoming population and of the hosting community whose land they may be sharing. Training should also be an important component to be provided for acquiring new skills. 14.6 DOWNSTREAM IMPACTS 14.6.1 Lesser Availability of water downstream Implementation of the proposed irrigation project will require diversion of Weyb River. This will bring considerable reduction in the river flow. This modification in the river regime may have detrimental effects on water quality, water availability for riverine vegetation in the downstream area. The river is used for different purposes below the diversion weir i.e. for domestic needs, livestock, irrigation, ground water recharges, and for riverine ecology. The Weyb River stretches more than 500 km downstream up to Kole, which is close to Ethio-Somalia border before it joins with Genale River. The reduction in flow will 138Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigatjon Project Volume 2 Main Report 3 3 have serious adverse impacts on the downstream river users and ecology. Most of the perennial rivers joins Weyb River upstream of the diversion weir except Manna Chefe which confluence Weyb river downstream of the diversion weir. It is indicated in the hydrology report that the trend of discharge rate of the Weyb River is declining from time to time. There is also time where the Weyb River dries upto three months downstream in Afder zone of Somali region. There is water demand on the river because alternative water sources are very limited. Most of the villages in Dawe Kachen Woreda and Afder zone of Somali region use Weyb River as source of water supply. Major towns such as Hargele and Melka Chereti get water supply from same river. The design and feasibility study of Hargele and Cherety town was competed in 2005 by Waterworks Design and Supervision Enterprise. Currently its construction is at its final stage and it will be handed over to the regional government in near future. The feasibility study comprises two phases, phase I (2016) and phase II (2026). The feasibility study indicated that the total population of the two towns will reach 24431 by the year 2016 and maximum water demand of 1427.22m / day or 520935.3 m / year. By the year 2026, the total population will be 34682 and water demand 2856.46m3 / day (1042607.9 m3/ year). The requirement of 1427 cubic m/day and 2856 cubic m /day is equivalent of about 0.05 cumec. This is very little. Weyb River has rich riparian vegetation that can be affected by flow reduction because of the proposed project. The Sof Umar cave which is the potential tourist destination area will be also affected through the impairment of its aesthetic value and recreational boating. The people living downstream of the proposed project area are mainly pastoralist and their livelihood is dependent on livestock production. The reduction of significant downstream flow can definitely have impacts on their livelihoods. At national or regional level guideline, no guideline is developed regarding to release of minimum flows from dam or diversion by the responsible authority. However, if we consider the practice of other countries for instance, UK the Environmental Protection Agency of UK has adopted guidelines to release flows at least equal to 95% time on a daily basis. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 139Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project^ Volume 2 Main Report The most important mitigation measure is to determine a minimum flow (often termed an "environmental flow" or "ecological flow"), and assure that this minimum flow is maintained, especially during seasonal low flow periods. As per record the minimum flow at Alemkerem downstream of the Weir site is 0.04 MCM in Feb and 0.16 MCM in January i.e about 0.00.0165 cumec and 0.06 Cumec. A flow of about 0 1 cumec released from this weir of Bale Gadula Project will be sufficient as downstream of the weir as other streams are joining the Weyb River. It is learnt that Oromia National Regional State has planned to cultivate about ten thousand hectare through irrigation downstream of the proposed irrigation project. This matter need to be looked into. 14.6.2 Impacts on Biological and Ecological Environment 14.6.2.1 Loss of Vegetation A possible impact associated with irrigation projects on vegetation is direct loss of some species that are used for different human needs. The proposed project area is surrounded by forestland in both sides of the command area. It represents different indigenous and exotic species that has both ecological and economic function. Different activities during the construction phase especially access road can result in tree felling. The land use and cover pattern of the command area is mainly grazing and cultivated area. Therefore, possible impacts associated with vegetation are limited. Possible mitigation measures to minimize the impacts include provision of subsidized kerosene to labour and technical staff involved in the construction activities, restoration of areas affected for temporary use after project completion, minimizes the off-take of woody biomass by the workforce and promotes the use of improved fuel wood stove and other biomass saving devices. 14.6.2.2Impacts on Wildlife Adverse impacts may be result in due to destruction of habitats due to increased areas coming under agriculture or fodder production, dumping of waste, increased use of agro and other chemicals, leading to degradation of the environment, toxicity in non-target species, and the degradation and destruction of the food-chain; this would also impact the bee population of the area and hence impact honey production WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 140Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale^adi£la_lrngation^rojec^^ Volume 2 Main Report and the associated farmers' livelihood, disruption of animal corridors, feeding grounds or breeding habitats. The impact can be minimized through appropriate handling of wastes, construction of crossing structures for migration route and other protection and conservation practices and awareness creation activities 14.6.2.3 Introduction of Pests and Weeds During the operation phase, irrigated agriculture often provides improved conditions for crop diseases to develop, particularly fungal and bacterial foliage diseases. Increase in the moisture regime and humidity due to the introduction of irrigation system and intensive cropping may further increase the probability of the introduction of new weeds and pests in the area. Irrigation schemes might be infested by exotic species of aquatic weeds, which can provide a favorable and protected habitat for disease vectors such as snails and mosquitoes. 14.6.3 Socio Economic Impact Health Impacts-water born diseases, Population Change, Displacement, Impacts on Cultural and Religious Values, Water Use Conflicts, Workers Health and Safety. 14.6.4 Potential Positive Impacts The major potential impacts of the proposed irrigation project include creation of employment opportunities for local people and people coming from other places, development and improvement of infrastructures like road networks, health services, education, drinking water supply and sanitation facilities, development of small scale agro-industries in the project area; increased agricultural productivity; increased income and poverty reduction through increased agricultural production, employment and income generation possibilities; and improvement in livestock development due to enhancement of fodder requirement and veterinary services. 14.7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION Community consultations were held with community representatives of Weltei Naga Balle Anole and Balle Gadula kebeles on June 9 and 10, 2009. The participants were selected from the religious leaders, elder people, youth and women. Kebele cabinets were also participated in the meeting. Forty-seven participants were took part in the two day meeting WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 141Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project The meeting was directed on the following issues: Volume 2 Main Report • information disclosure with regard to the proposed irrigation project, • current socio-economic and environmental problems occurring in the study area, • expectation of the local people from the proposed irrigation project, • fear and threat of the local people on the proposed irrigation project, and • lesson to be taken from similar projects and any recommendation for successful implementation of the proposed project. 14.8 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK For effective implementation of environmental management and monitoring plan an environmental management unit at woreda level should be established that comprises professionals from Woreda Administration Office, Environmental Protection Land Administration and Use Office, Agriculture and Rural Development Office, Health Office, Water Resource Development Office, Women Affairs Office, Finance and Economic Development Office and NGO representative. The major responsibilities of the unit will include monitoring and guiding the implementation of the EMP, monitoring against various environmental parameters - e.g. water quality testing, compilation and analysis of data, ensuring appropriate mitigation measures are undertaken and where required appropriate rectification actions are implemented, to ensure that environmental impacts are adequately managed, undertaking capacity building activities for the implementation of the EMP at the local level in coordination with other Woreda-level professionals and the regional Land and Environmental Bureau. At kebele level environmental management cell should be established that consists of members from kebele development agents, health extension workers, kebele cabinet, representatives from project affected people, women's representatives, youth association and other community based organizations. The Environmental Management Cell will be responsible for executing day-to-day activities of Project environmental safeguard measures, following the annual and periodic activity plans, preparing reports on implementation of activities, overseeing the execution of environmental safeguards during construction, reporting to the woreda any WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 142Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale GadulaJrrigation^Projec^^ Volume 2 Main Report unforeseen environmental concerns identified during Project construction and work along with the Woreda environmental unit to rectify the problem and working closely with Woreda environmental management unit for the execution of any additional environmental actions identified during the construction and operation phases. 14.9 CAPACITY STRENGTHENING In order to implement the EMP, there is a need for a good understanding of a wide spectrum of environmental management, monitoring and planning issues The identified activities need to go beyond the simple implementation of an action plan, but to monitor and where require correct systems to safeguard the environment. However, the present system and institutional mechanism do not have adequate resources and capacities to implement the identified plan. 14.10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING Environmental monitoring for the Project is best achieved through the use of indicators that can be conveniently measured and evaluated periodically to establish trends of impacts. An IMPLIMENTATION PLAN is prepared The organizations responsible to undertake mitigation activities are entrusted to collect data on the impact, mitigation, and enhancement indicators and report them to the regional and Woreda EPLAUA and Woreda Environmental management Unit regularly for review and approval. 14.11 RECOMMENDATIONS Major issues to be considered to meet project objectives and ensure sustainability of the project and protection of the environment include Strengthening of traditional conflict resolution mechanism, Public consultations and stakeholder inclusion during project implementation, adherence to national and international laws regarding to conservation of cultural heritage having international significance, proper and timely provision of compensation for affected and lost resources, undertaking training and capacity-building activities for farmers and other stakeholders to ensure the proper implementation of environmental safeguards. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 143Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project^ 15, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 15.1 OBJECTIVES Volume 2 Main Report The specific objectives include assessing the biophysical and socio-economic constraint and potentials of the watershed, assessing land degradation status and identify and recommend proper land and water protection/conservation interventions, preparation of integrated watershed development plan and estimation of the cost required for implementing the proposed watershed management plan. 15.2 POLICES, PROCLAMATION AND STRATEGIES The government of Ethiopia has issued many policies, proclamations and development strategies. Such as Ethiopian Constitution, Agriculture-Led Industrialization ( ADLI ), Rural Land Use and Land Administration, National Population Policy, Food security strategy, Natural Resources and Environment Policy. 15.3 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH The methodology for biophysical and socio-economic studies comprised field measurements, survey and investigation of the study area, interviewing key informants and households, group discussions with the communities in the sub watershed, collection of relevant secondary data, review of literature, documents, and analysis of data. Methodology pursued included Direct measurements on slope lengths inclinations, elevation of various sites, dimensions of rill, and gully erosion and effective soil depths, Estimation of vegetative cover and observation of the farming systems, Evaluating the technical aspects of the existing soil conservation measures (indigenous and introduced measures) and taking records of physical achievements. Taking inventory of soil and water conservation measures undertaken by various organizations, Taking inventory of indigenous conservation measures practiced by land users, Interview and group discussions. On farm, group discussions with focus groups comprising elders, women, youth and adult farmers, Exchange of views, interviewing and collection of information from Development Agents (DAs), subject matter specialists, policy makers and experts at Woreda, zonal and regional levels, Formats, checklist and questionnaires, Review of previous study reports, Collection of secondary data and information from WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 144Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balo Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report government organizations and other relevant institutions, Interpretation of topographic map (1:50,000), Collection of data on rainfall, soil physiochemical properties, yield of various crops and cropping calendars, land use/cover and farming systems, Climate and hydrology from the sector reports, Socio-economic information from sector reports, Information on various parameters of soils from soil survey report. The collection of data is carried out in woredas/kebeles representing various land use/cover, soil type and farming systems. Analysis of data and information and Design possible interventions are discussed in details in the report Review of previous studies was carried out. These include Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Soil stability and Land Evaluation Study Report carried out by EWRDA 91992), Genale dawa River Basin Integrated Resources Development Master Plan Study, 2007, Environmental Study, Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation Study, Hydro- geological Study, Forestry Study, Ethiopian highland reclamation study (EHRS, 1986), and Woody Biomass Study (2005), Soil erosion Assessment by HUDSON, Ethiopian and Land Use/cover Map of Ethiopia, The Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project etc. 15.4 BIO-PHYSICAL FEATURES 15.4.1 Landform Characteristics Size: Bale Gadula watershed is relatively large; but the volume of runoff at weir site is very small. Shape: The watershed is Oval-shape and long which have a number of tributaries discharging to the main channel. Slope Shapes: The dominant slope of watershed is in the range of 0 to 3 %, which is 54% of the total area of the watershed. Generalized slope categories of Bale Gadula watershed is given in Table15.1. Table 15.1 Slope categories of Bale Gadula watershed Slope categories Code Slope class % Flat or almost flat 1 0-3% 53.6 Gently sloping 2 3-8% 18.3 Sloping 3 8-15% 12.9 Moderately steep 4 15-30% 12.0 Steep 5 30-50% 3.0 Very steep 6 >50% 0.2 Total Area 100.0 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 145Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 15.4.2 Climate Volume 2 Main Report The main climatic information that is most important for watershed management is rainfall and temperature Others like evapo-transpiration, relative humidity, solar radiation are subsidiary for planning watershed management. Moreover, the importance of such climatic data can be implied from rainfall and temperature. Rainfall: The monthly rainfall within and nearby areas of the watershed were collected from Six metrological stations namely, Adaba. Agarfa, Dolo Serbo, Gassera, Ginir and Goba Robe. Peak rains in the watershed area are observed to concentrate between the months of March to April (30%) and July to October (45%). Almost all months of the year receives certain amount of rain, with the minimum being in the month of January and December. Figure 3.2 shows graphical representation of monthly rainfall for stations in and around Bale Gadula watershed. The annual rainfall in the project area ranges between 810 around Adaba to 1286mm around Gassera, average being 1075mm. ——Adaba —Goba Robe —.—Ginir ——Delo Sebro + Agarfa —Gasera Figure 15.1 Mean Monthly Rainfall of Stations in and around Bale Gadula watershed Temperature: The air temperature ranges from <7.5 °C in the Southern part of the watershed to 21 °C in the Northeastern part of the watershed. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 146Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Project 15.5 Agro-climate and Agro-ecological zones 15.5.1 Agro-Climatic zone Volume 2 Main Report The watershed constituted the four major traditional agro-climatic zones. These are Woina Dega, Dega, Wurch and Alpine, those are falling from low to the highest elevation in the watershed respectively. Woina Dega agro-climatic zone occur in Sinana, Gassera, Goro and Ginir woredas. It receives a good amount of rainfall twice in a year. Farmers cultivate many varieties of crops such as wheat, barley, sorghum and oil seeds. Dega agro-climatic zone occur in Goba, Sinana, Gassera and Agarfa woredas. It is moist and cool, receives rain twice in a year, and forms a bimodal type of rainfall pattern. The amount and distribution of rainfall in this zone is adequate to grow crops in each rainy season. Because of the climate is conducive with good properties of soils, people prefer to grow annual crops and thus most of the area is under smallholders’ private and mechanized state and private farming. Crops being grown in this zone include wheat, barley, pulses and oil seeds. The upper most agro-climatic zone in the watershed is Wurch. It comprises of the cold, coldest and wet portion of the watershed. It mainly occurs in Goba, Dinsho and Adaba woredas. Due to frost hazard, only those crops that tolerate frost and cold climate survive and mature in the zone. 15.5.2 Agro-ecological zone Precipitation, soils, altitude, temperature, evaporation, farming systems and vegetation are the usual classification components, singly or in a combination. 15.6 HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES The main river is the Weyb River which emerges from the mountain chains of Bale Mountains in Adaba and Dinsho woredas. This river is supplemented by its tributaries, Denka, Weyb, Shaya and Tegona Rivers, which emerge within the mountain chains of Bale Mountains. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 147Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Projoct Table 15.2 Major rivers/streams of Bale Gadula watershed Volume 2 Main Report Watershed area River Station 2 (km ) Historic mean 3 (m /s) Denka (tributary) at Dinsho 89.6 1 Weyb at Agarfa 794 4.58 Weyb at Denbel 1048 4.32 Weyb near Alem Kerem 3723 12.36 Shaya (tributary) near Robe 451 4.91 Tegona (tributary) at Goba 84.4 1.29 Flash floods are common during the rainy season, due to high intensity storms and the denuded landscape, which has little vegetation left to retard run-off. Soil erosion is common on this watershed The Weyb River and its tributaries serve the community as drinking water supply for livestock and human. It was once used for traditional irrigation to small area of land owned by few households and for sugar cane production around Bale Gadula. Springs: conditions necessary to produce springs are numerous and are related to many and various environmental factors. Communities at various sites of the watershed use spring water for domestic consumption and livestock uses. Water also provided to the community from hand dug wells and mainlines. 15.7 LAND USE/COVER Table 15.3 Land use/cover in Bale Gadula Watershed (ha) S.No Land Cover Percent 1 Intensively cultivated Land 46.4 2 Moderately cultivated land 18.4 3 Afro Alpine and sub Adro alpine Vegetation 6.6 4 Forestation 12.0 5 Woodland 6.4 6 Shrub Land 5,98 7 Grass Land 4.4 Source: Woody Biomass Study, 2002 Genale Dawa Master Plan Study and Field Survey, 2009 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 148Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale GadujaJrrigation^Projec^^ 15.8 SOILS Volume 2 Main Report According to FAO/UNESCO soils classification, Eight major soils have been identified for Bale Gadula watershed; namely Vertisols, Leptosols Nitisols, Luvisols, Cambisols, Histosols, Regosols and Fluvisols. 15.9 STATUS OF LAND DEGRADATION 15.9.1 Soil Erosion Problem In the Bale Gadule watershed, erosion again is a well-known problem responsible for rapid degradation of soils of the area. Most erosion occurs on the cultivated lands in the form of sheet, rills, and often gully erosion, consequently rapid soil fertility and yield decline is reported Although much has been done to promote soil conservation, the cultivation of slopping land with inadequate conservation measures is still a serious problem in the watershed 15.9.2 Deforestation Problem Expansion of agricultural lands has resulted in a large scale reduction in land under forest. All the forests within the watershed are highly disturbed since they have been logged until recently. Under the existing, practice almost all accessible natural vegetation of various types, i.e., woodlands, bush/shrub lands and forest lands are under serious damage. 15.10 CROP PRODUCTIONS AND FARMING SYSTEM AND LIVESTOCK AND INFRASTRUCTURE Population growth and increased demand for cultivated lands leads to a rapid increase in the intensity of land use in the expenses of natural vegetation in the watershed. Fallowing is eliminated and steep slopes over 30% are cleared of vegetation and cultivated. Soil fertility has declined under continuous cultivation and mono cropping of wheat/Barley. The dominant farming system occur in the watershed is the seed-farming complex, one major characteristic of the seed-farming complex is the reproduction of nearly all crops by seed. The crops are mainly cereals, pulses and oil crops. Mono cropping of mainly wheat and/or Barley has lead to pest, weeds and disease which annual devastate the larger part of the harvest. Diseases, pests and weeds are considered to be a major contributing factor for poor yield in the area particularly on wheat and pulses. African bollworms and rust are major problems for crop production in the watershed WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 3 49Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources FeasibilityStudy and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation Project 15.10.1 Farming system Volume 2 Main Report Agriculture is the principal occupation of the area. The farming system is cereal dominant; yoked-oxen cultivation and mixed farming where livestock production is undertaken complementary to crop production. Farming is mixture subsistence and for market and crop, production is carried out largely under rain fed condition. Land holdings are relatively better and it ranges between 2 to 5 ha which support the basic requirements of the farming communities. Mechanized farming is common and also draught animals do seedbed preparation and cultivation. The use of modern inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizers and agro-chemicals is widely practiced except on time unavailability problem. Mainly Maize, sorghum, teff, wheat, coriander, Cummins are grown. 15.10.2 Livestock Production Livestock husbandry is also an integral part of crop production and contributes to the household economy. It is used as draught power, milk, meat and source of income to cover expenses. Because of the increasing human population and the need for additional cropping areas, the grazing land had diminished gradually and the pervious grazing land has been overgrazed and become barren. On the other hand, the livestock population is steadily increasing, exerting excess pressure on the already reduced carrying capacity of the small plots of grazing lands. Consequently, the whole watershed is extensively overgrazed and resulted in soil erosion and degradation. There are obvious signs that the livestock population in the area is much more than the optimum size, which the available feed resources can sustainably support. Livestock production in the watershed area is very much constrained by shortage of feed. Serious shortage of livestock feed is prevalent in the area. Although the actual number of livestock held by each farmer is difficult to ascertain, the livestock population for the watershed area, as estimated by the woredas Agriculture and Rural Development Offices are presented in Table 15.3 Cattle constitute by far, the largest type of livestock followed by sheep and goat. There are also significant numbers of equines of which horses represent the good proportion. Bale Gadula watershed is estimated to contain 286,128 cattle, 147,918 sheep and goats ana 77,340 equines (horses, mules and donkeys); a total of 511,386 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 150Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadu|aJrrigation_Projec£^ Volume 2 Main Report head corresponding to an estimated 360,412 Tropical Livestock Units (TLU). The estimated populations of the various livestock species in eight woredas of the watershed are given in Table 5.2. These population estimates have been converted into TLU and are given in Table 5.3. Conversion into TLU leads to a more realistic assessment of the nutritional requirement of the livestock, allowing a clearer indication of grazing/ browsing pressure upon the available herbage within a specific area. Table 15.4 Livestock Population Distribution in the Watershed (Number) Woreda Ox Cow Bull Heifer Goat Sheep Horse Mule Donkey Adaba 4660 5823 3217 5375 1302 8560 2923 698 1535 r Agarfa 9088 11354 6274 10481 2538 16691 5699 1362 2993 Dinsho 9088 11354 6274 10481 2538 16691 5699 1362 2993 Gasara 10602 13247 7319 12228 2961 19473 6649 1589 3492 Ginir 932 1165 643 1075 260 1712 585 140 307 Goba 11651 14557 8043 13437 3254 21399 7307 1746 3837 Goro 4660 5823 3217 5375 1302 8560 2923 698 1535 Sinana 19224 24019 13271 22171 5369 35308 12057 2881 6331 Total 69906 87342 48258 80622 19524 128394 43842 10476 23022 Source: Agriculture and Rural Development Offices of respective Woredas and field survey 2009. Table 15.5 Livestock Population Distribution in the Watershed (TLU) Source: Table above; converted to Tropical Livestock Unit WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 151Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report Livestock constitute a large component of the agricultural sector and directly connected with the production and productivity system of the area. About 20 percent of the total land, area is utilized for raising livestock. 15.11 WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES Women are mainly involved in home management, child caring and in farming activities. Women play a major role in all agricultural activities and in particular in the management of livestock (milking, production of by products, rearing of poultry, etc.). Apart from agriculture, there is no major economic activity for women, which enables them to bring in additional income to the family. Very few of them are engaged in retail. Women at the community level are under-represented in decision-making bodies and thus their problems and concerns are not fully addressed or accommodated in many of the community level development activities. 15.12 SOURCES OF FUEL WOOD/ENERGY Animal dung is intensively used on the higher altitude of the watershed whereas fuel wood is dominating as the elevation descends. 15.13 WATER SUPPLY Water for livestock and household consumptions are collected from rivers; streams and hand dug wells and water distribution points from mainline by the women. Most of the inhabitants use unprotected spring and rivers. Women participants in the focus group discussion complain about the distance traveled to fetch water from the river. The villagers who are living away from the Main River or water distribution points travel about 2-2.5 km to fetch water for home consumption. Safe and adequate water is often so scarce and humans and livestock use the same sources. 15.14 SOCIAL SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURES The infrastructure resources in each of KAs include school, health post and rarely water supply facilities. There are also administration office and agricultural development (extension) station in each of the KAs. There are postal and telecommunication services in all the woreda centres; the rural community members have to go to the respective woreda towns to get these services. As perceived by community members, the most important and highly valued asset, among these WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 152Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadu|aJrrigation Projec^^ Volume 2 Main Report infrastructures, is potable water supply. Many people get water from rivers and streams. Small and big markets in the watershed serve as grounds of exchanging goods and information for the community and also all transactions and existing social service provisions are available in those markets. Farmers sell most of the time wheat among the crops and small ruminants among the livestock. 15.15 WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE Short term - To reduce soil erosion and flood hazard on the downstream utilities, - To reduce further expansion of gullies, - To improve household income, - Harvesting surplus water to create water sources in addition to ground water recharge, and - To minimize unwise use of natural resources through awareness creation and training. Long term To increase the production and productivity per unit area of land, - To increase income per capita and improve the livelihood of the farming community, and To attain economical and ecological sustainable development. 15.16 WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS 15.16.1 Development potentials and opportunities The watershed is endowment with deep and fertile soil types suitable for agricultural development and conservation and also favorable agro climatic condition for both livestock and crop production. Strong and cooperative community members, who have a strong desire to bring a positive change or development in the watershed, through participatory system, project designing, implementation, monitoring and evaluation process, Committed Local, Regional and National governments, having much concern to develop and sustain the watershed resources. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 153Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 15.16.2 Crop Production Volume 2 Main Report Conservation based intensive agriculture is possible in many areas of the watershed. The resources base includes copious quantities of agricultural lands, suitable soil and topography, many micro-climates which will permit production of high value marketable crops and a broad range of agricultural products for home, local and regional consumption, for processing, export and import substitution. However, Inefficient, inadequate and untimely agricultural inputs supply and not-self sustained seed supply system, inappropriate provision of fertilizer, chemicals and improved agricultural tools supply system, poor post harvest handling poor market system, change of climate are the main causes for low yield. There is no diversified agricultural production system. Other good potential of the area is that crops are planted in two cycles: the first cycle is Belg, from March to July. The second cycle is Meher, from May-July to December- February. 15.16.3 Intervention strategy and activities for crop production and cost According to the field examination and considering the current agricultural development experience and government strategy, i.e. Agriculture Led Industrialization is possible to propose the following basic development strategy can be applied. Establishment and promotion of sustainable seed supply system, Fixing responsibilities of stakeholders, Strengthening or Establishment of groups I associations for input supply system, Promotion of diversified crop production strategy, Establishment of village level market system (for perishable horticultural products), Strengthen improved agricultural techniques and demonstration, Exercise and promote improved crop management practice, Crop Rotation, Cover Crops and Green Manures, Compost, Manure, Agro-forestry, Multiple cropping etc. The Watershed Management Project Office will coordinate the overall activities of the watershed interventions. The technical team will be drawn from the representatives of the sub watershed, beneficiaries, kebele administrations, wereda administrations, Wereda agricultural rural development offices, funding and co-implementing agencies and Chaired by the Bale Zone Administrative Council representative. Monitoring and Evaluation is very important for successful implementation. Estimated cost for crop production improvement shall be around 27,814,600 00 Birrs. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 154Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Volume 2 Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balc^adula^Irrigation^Projec^^ 15.17 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION 15.17.1 Development potential and main constraints Vegetation covers are very few in the watershed area and in tensively cultivated. The natural resource of the area is generally degraded. There is moderate to severe soil erosion due to water resulted in removal of the topsoil layer and formation of rills, deep and wide gullies. The proposed interventions places emphasis on reducing soil erosion and combating land degradation in all areas with particular attention on the farm land, formed gullies and rills, improving community awareness and capacity building both at community and Woreda technical staff levels. 15.17.2 Intervention activities and strategy The proposed interventions places emphasis on reducing soil erosion and combating land degradation in all areas with particular attention on the farm land, formed gullies and rills, improving community awareness and capacity building both at community and Woreda technical staff levels. The intervention activities are Rehabilitating Gullies, Soil. and Stone bunds, Cut-Off Drain, Waterways, Vegetative Barriers, Inter-Terrace management Practices such as Agro-forestry. Woredas and Kebeles stakeholder including watershed committee will organize and coordinate the overall implementation of the program and Watershed Management Project shall be responsible in facilitating the implementation process, managing and provision of technical assistance and planting materials. There activities will include Strengthening of Watershed committees, Awareness creation and Participation, Low input and Incentives. Periodic Maintenance Schedule: Extension on SWC, Recording of activities etc. Implementation schedule for soil and water conservation activities is given in the Final Feasibility Report Vol 9 Annex 13. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 155Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation ^roject^ Volume 2 Main Report 15.17.3 Estimated cost of soil and water conservation activites shall be approx (000’ Birr) Table 15.6 Estimated cost of activities related to Soil Conservational Planning year Intervention Unit Target Unit Cost Total Cost Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Promote and strengthen watershed based soil and water conservation (both physical and biological practice) to retain rain water where it is needed and drain safely excess water to protect soil erosion and reduce erosion associated hazards on 130.000 cultivated lands. ha 130,000 I I 4.396 571480 142870 57148 20000 Promote and strengthen re-aforestation to maintain natural vegetation and rehabilitate degraded lands and at the same time to contribute towards fulfilling the requirements for fuel wood, construction wood lumber and fodder. 50,000 3 150000 37500 15000 5250 Promote and strength agro-forestry practice to improve soil fertility and then to increase the i productivity of 6,500 ha agricultural land. Seedlings 2,000,000 0.001 2000 500 200 70 Promote and strength community feeder road construction km 300 27 8100 2025 810 283.5 Capacity building to adequately provide the necessary technical and material support in designing appropriate water harvesting and soil conservation structures and in implementing them for efficient use. i no ----------------r i 60 200 12000 6000 1500 3000 I I L 15.18 LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATORY FUNCTION 15.18.1 Development potential and main constraints Farming system in the watershed area encompasses the raring of livestock production and there is already developed potential experience to improve the livestock management and development. It is realized that if the feed resource and WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 156Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report Vet. Service is improved there is a big potential for livestock market (after fattening) and milk chain market establishment for good household income (considering Robe- Goba Milk Processing Factory and the advantage of using the newly constructed high way roads which will connect the area the main outlets). 15.18.2 Intervention strategy Considering the potentials and constraints to improve the livestock management and development five basic strategies with different approaches and techniques can be developed such as improving the feed resource, over sowing grazing areas with legumes, Re-vegetate soil conservation structures, Establish hedge rows with fodder/fuel wood trees, and Plant degraded area with fodder crops. Oats, vetch, etc are the main options, Production of seed of all the species mentioned by peasants on a contract basis, improving the feed and shelter house, strengthen the Veterinary service, Cattle improvement and fattening and milk chain establishment. Implementation Schedule is given in the report. The cost of Livestock Development shall be approx. 37,786,000 Birrs. 15.19 IMPROVED STOVE PROMOTION Energy saving devices is believed to be one of the mechanisms to conserve forest /wood resources owing to their heat absorption and dissipation efficiency. In the action, areas where there is an acute shortage of fuel wood coupled with extremely high price of the same, fuel saving devices need to be introduced. These devices are tested very well for their efficiency in minimizing fuel wood consumption by at least 50%. The model stoves to be demonstrated are stoves that are aaapted and designed to comply with the cooking habit of most of the people. 15.19.1 Activities The overall activity of the program is organization, facilitation and coordination of the program with different stakeholders. Each stakeholders involved in the program will have different activities: . TOT Training workshop at woreda level for all stakeholder staffs, • Identify and establish workshop sites (about 200 m ) in sub centres or small towns at each woreda, with due consideration of the availability of water, • Purchase a sets of Shaping moulds from Technical and Vocational Training Centre, 2 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 157Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Minlstry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project^ Volume 2 Main Report • Establishment of 12 producer groups comprising of more than 80% women and from other vulnerable members of the communities, • Purchase cement from distribution centre and red ash and or sand, and • Technical training of producer groups for FSS and promotion. Each of the 12 producer groups will receive a 4 day on-the-job training session in their communities. 15.19.2 Cost of activity The cost of activities will be 972000 Birrs. 15.20 CAPACITY BUILDING AND COMMUNITY ASSET CREATION 15.20.1 Inputs for Strengthening Capacity Watershed Management Project Office will provide training opportunities for woreda agriculture office staffs on rain-fed, agro-enterprise, soil and water conservation techniques and data collection methodology. The project will also organize experience sharing visits to other project sites within and outside the watershed area, so that stakeholders and community members can learn about the best practices being implemented in other areas and by other organizations. 15.20.2 Community Participation The project will promote active community participation in the planning, implementation and monitoring of project activities. For example, Watershed Development Committees (WDCs) will assist project, the project staff and the woreda ARD offices in developing a community land use plan and selecting beneficiaries for interventions. Also, on a quarterly basis, the WDCs will identify perceived strengths and weaknesses of specific interventions, in order to improve the design of current and future natural resource management projects. 15.20.3 Demonstration Field days will also be used to demonstrate specific technologies to large groups of farmers and policy makers. Field visits will be used to acquaint small groups of farmers with new production technologies and market-oriented capacities and to encourage farmer-to-farmer transfer of best practices WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 158Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 15.21 ACTIVITIES 15.21.1 Launching workshop Volume 2 Main Report The workshop will be attended by representatives from all segments of stakeholders Aware all partners about overall implementation of the program and Internalize the component to be implemented at the watershed area and briefing on each components regarding implementation modality and stakeholders responsibilities 15.21.2 Institutional Capacity building Field visit for experience sharing to Agricultural Research Institute, selected and sustainable projects etc, Opening up training and discussion forum for the staff and partners and providing the required teaching aids to the program and collect reference books/materials in relation to integrated rural development, guidelines and other relevant publication. 15.21.3 Community training These are the types of training identified and proposed for implementation such as (1) Farmers Training on Soil and Water conservation (Gully rehabilitation, Physical structures, biological conservation (2) Farmers Training on Private nursery establishment and administration (3) Community Training on Garden farming (vegetables, fodder, spices, homestead plantation, marketable crops) (4) Community Training on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (5) Training on Irrigation management and fruit tree plantation (6) Women Training on handling & processing of vegetable product. 15.21.4 Provision of equipment, hand tools and materials Well-trained and aware community will need appropriate resources and hand toois, for implementations of knowledge gained from training and carry out the expected responsibilities. The concept of community capacity building training cannot be made operational unless adequate hand tools are available. Hence, after the accomplishment of training the provision of appropriate hand tools is compulsory. 15.22 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Bale Zone Administration will be fully responsible to organize woreda stakeholders for the activities and WMPO will make capacity need assessment and implementations of capacity building program Implementation Plan is given in the VOL 10 Annex 14. Cost of Capacity Building /Training works out to 1,536,000.00 Birrs. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 159Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project— 15.23 WATERSHED DECELOPMENT IMPLIMENTATION 15.23.1 Implementation Plan Volume 2 Main Report Watershed implementation plan is multi-disciplinary, involving social expert, conservationist, agronomist, animal husbandry, etc. The development plan may include adoption of simple, traditional measures, like bunding, bench terracing, afforestation, etc. It also includes drainage structures such as cut-off drain and waterways. Gully rehabilitation is also a big volume of work that requires special attention during the time of integrated watershed development plan. Fuel and fodder are the basic need of the farming community which needs due place in watershed development interventions. Implementation may not take place immediately and in view of the large volume of inputs required, it has to be phased over a period of time two. three or more years. Plan of implementation of watershed management intervention should also take into consideration the farming calendar of the farmers. As such, it should not interfere with the normal agricultural operations. Therefore, selection of appropriate season from the view point of technical aspects and farming systems should be one of the major considerations in planning implementations of interventions (See section on agronomic practice and farming system). 15.24 MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR THE WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTION There are several institutions at different levels having direct or indirect responsibilities relevant to sustainable watershed development. The most appropriate institutions and responsibilities for the implementation of watershed management plans is outline below. 15.24.1 At the Federal Level the Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and their subordinates will play a crucial role in making real interventions on the ground. 15.24.2 The Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development will have the primary responsibility for the program implementation. The responsibilities and roles in particular to the implementation of Watershed Development component include Provision of technical support for planning and implementation of the Watershed Development activities including the preparation of program management guidelines, workshop training for program management focal WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 160Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrriqation Projcct Volume 2 Main Report staffs, Technical support to regions and woredas in the adopting and implementation of the Community Based Watershed Development Guideline, in the capacity building and enhancement of woreda/kebele staff and local institutions, Provision guidelines to undertake reform measures in the extension system and the research-training- extension linkages, Provision of management guideline with special attention to staffing of the program management coordination units, focal points, desks at the different levels. 15.24.3 At the Regional Level The Bureau of Water \Resources and Agriculture and Rural Development will have critical roles and responsibilities in the implementation of recommended activities for watershed development. These include Review and approval of capacity building and enhancement initiatives, Support and facilitation and supervision of capacity building and enhancement activities at the woreda and kebele levels, undertake strengthening and reform measures in the extension services and the linkages of research, training and extension services at the region, woredas and localities, Determine staffing assignments for Watershed Development, desks and focal points, Maintain the partnership arrangements in program implementation. 15.24.4 At the Zone, Woreda Level, Kebele The Zone and Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Offices will have decisive roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the Watershed Development activities. 15.24.5 The Watershed Teams will: Supervise implementation of watershed development activities, Provide induction to farmers and DAs on technologies in the Guideline, Monitor and prepare activity reports on watershed development activities, Support training of farmers in new technologies. 15.25 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT Integrated Watershed Management Implementation Project will be initiated and coordinated by the project Steering Committee with representatives from the following stockholder institutions. The role of the steering committee is to provide overall guidance and oversight for the project. • Bureau of Water Resources VVWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 161Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project • Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development • Bureau of Finance and Economic Development • Local University • Regional Agricultural Research institute Volume 2 Main Report A Project Management Office consisting of a project coordinator, assistant project coordinator, subject matter specialists (Watershed management expert, SWC expert, sociologist, Agronomist, Livestock specialist etc.) secretary, accountant and cashier. The project centre/office will be established at Robe town. The role of the project office is to coordinate various stakeholders and implement the day-to-day activities of the project. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 162Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design o^Ba£e Gaduja^lrrigatior^Projec^^ Volume 2 Main Report 16. INSTITUTIONAL STUDY 16.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE INSTITUTIONAL STUDY The objective of this institutional study is to prepare an institutional set-up required to manage the process of construction and also the operation on behalf of MoWR. The study will also prepare the list of equipment and manpower required for the entities to be proposed to manage the irrigation infrastructure created. 16.2 MEETINGS HELD WITH VARIOUS AUTHORITIES A brief meeting was held with the zonal administrator in Robe, as he was leaving his office for a meeting with his staff. He introduced the team to some of his senior zonal staff and arranged for a joint meeting the following day with sectoral zonal heads and bureau representatives. The other meetings held were with Joint Meeting with Zonal Sector Chiefs. Oromia Water Woks Construction Enterprise-Robe, Dollomena Wereda Administration, Chief Administrator), Harenabulk Wereda, Chief Administrator). Oromia Regional State Officials, Oromia Water Works Construction Enterprise, Oromia Regional State Bureaus, Oromia Ag. & RD Bureau Head Irrigation Department), Cooperative Promotion Bureau etc. 16.3 INSTITUTIONS TO BE INVOLVED IN IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION OF THE PROJECT The government institutions that will be more directly involved during implementation and operation of the project are Ministry of Water Resources, River Basin Authorities (there is basin authority for Genala Dawa Basin), Water Resources Development Bureau of Oromia, Water Resources Development Bureau, Agriculture & Rural Development Bureau Environmental Protection, Land Use & Administration Bureau, Cooperatives Promotion Office, Pastoralist Development Office etc. 16.4 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT The following organizational arrangement is suggested for the construction phase. 16.4.1 High Executive Committee - (HEC) The federal steering committee is responsible for the overall management of the project. It also serves as advisory body for the highest decision making body - the WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 163Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula lrrigation^Project Volume 2 Main Report Ministry of Water Resources. In particular it will select a Project Coordinator, Evaluates progress reports and other periodic reports of the project, make the necessary comments and amendments and submits to the higher authority those requiring decisions, Evaluates project performance through pre-established evaluation measures or standards and/or other means as deemed necessary and submits evaluation results for the decision of the higher body, Evaluates periodic budget requests from site offices and submits proposals to the Ministry, Evaluates consultant reports on construction progress and requests for payment , evaluates reports from regional steering committee and submits proposals to the Ministry for approval. The High Executive Committee is assumed to act as the highest decision making body in all matters concerning the project. It shall be located in Addis Ababa, in the Ministry of Water Resources. To enable the High Executive Committee obtain the attention of offices directly related to the project, it shall be organized as follows: 1) Minister of State of the MoWR - Chairperson 2) A representative of the MoA & RD - Member 3) A representative of the EPA - Member The following bureau heads from Oromia Regional State are also suggested to be members of the committee 4) Water Resources Development 5) Agriculture & Rural Development 6) Environment Protection, Land Use & Administration 7) Cooperative Promotion 8) Health The Project Coordination Officer shall act as the secretary of the Committee. 16.4.2 Project Coordination Office (PCO) The project coordination office will be responsible for overseeing the proper project implementation and fund administration, overall management, facilitating smooth WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 164Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report communication between the donors and the supervisory body, the Ministry of Water Resources. In particular, the Coordination office will be responsible for Administration and Transfer of funds, negotiating for release of funds with relevant government authorities and donors, Scrutiny of requests from the project office and forwarding decision proposals on the same for consideration of the higher authority, monitoring and evaluation of the construction activities and supervision works, Reviewing and evaluation of consultant’s reports and forwarding proposals to the higher authority, training needs evaluation, Administration of funds for capacity building of staff as well as beneficiaries training, Liaison between the site project office and the Ministry of Water Resources, the owner of the project and Performance of other related functions as directed by the Ministry. Table 16. 1 Manpower Requirement of Project Coordination Office /Addis Ababa/ S No Job Title No of Position 1 Project Coordinator 1 2 Secrertary 1 3 Civil engineer 1 4 Economist 1 i 5 Financial officer Total 5 I 16.4.3 Steering Committee at Oromia Regional State in Bale Zone A steering committee composed of representatives from zonal departments related to the project shall be established at zone level to guide and assist the Project Implementation Unit. It also communicates with project coordination office on matters of major situations affecting planned progress of construction. If the three projects are to be implemented simultaneously they shall be served by one steering committee to be organized at the zonal town, Robe-Goba Organizing a steering committee for each project would be technically unnecessary and might prove costly to benefit from his influence in the zone; the head of zone administration shall chair the committee. If, however, the projects are to be implemented at different times, a similar committee shall serve each project Members of the steering committee shall be zonal WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 165Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula jrrigation^Project^ Volume 2 Main Report department heads of Water Resources Development, Agriculture & Rural Development, Environment Protection, Land Use & Administration, Cooperative Promotion, Pastoralists' Development Office and the PIU manager shall act as secretary to the committee. 16.4.4 Project Implementation Unit (PIU) A Project Implementation Unit shall be established for the Project Implementation. However, as the PIU does not get too involved in the day to day activities of the project, preference is given to locating it at Robe. In the event that the three projects are to be implemented at the same time, the PIU has to be located at Robe any way. The overall responsibility of this unit shall be to follow up the construction progress and facilitate matters for unimpeded advancement of project implementation. The Project Implementation Unit will be accountable to the Project Coordination Office, specific responsibilities of the manager of the PIU are too closely work with the supervising engineer for the irrigation project, monitor construction progress by comparing to planned construction schedule, identify factors causing and likely to cause delay in construction progress and take timely action to avert such delay, communicate with relevant regional bodies for them to take required action for the smooth progress of construction of the project, make periodic report to the Project Coordination Office on matter of construction of the project, review payment certificates submitted by the consultant and dispatch timely request to the PCO for payment, prepare annual budgetary requirement for payment to the contractor and supervising engineer, perform all other duties required for the smooth progress of the construction phase. Manpower requirement for the Project Coordination Office and the Project Implementation Unit is shown here under. Proposed salaries for jobs in the project coordination office and implementation units Table 16.2 Project Coordination Office /Addis Ababa/ S.No Designation No Monthly Pay 1 Project Coordination Officer 1 6000 2 Secretary 1 3000 3 Civil Engineer 1 5000 4 Economist 1 4000 5 Finance officer 1 4000 Total 5 22000 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 166Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 16.3 Project Implementation Unit Volume 2 Main Report S.No Designation No Monthly Pay 1 Project Manager 1 5000 2 Secretary 1 2000 3 Civil Engineer 1 4000 4 Agricultural engineer 1 4000 5 Head Administration and finance 1 4000 6 Accountant 1 3000 7 Cashier 1 1500 8 Driver 1 1000 9 Guard 3 500 Total 11 Based on the proposed staffing plan and salaries, estimated annual cost of salary for the PCO is Birr 264,000 and for the Pill Birr 312,000, i.e. a total of Birr 578,000 for the two offices. But there will be extra expenditure on appointing consultant for construction supervision and quality control and designs at that stage. Supervision of construction works, Design of works at site, Quality Control and related matters like Measurement of works, Billing and Payment, Contract Management etc shall be carried out by consultant to be appointed for this purpose. 16.5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 16.5.1 Technical Advisory Committee The proposal for the final phase of the project, i.e. operation and management of the Bale-Gadula Irrigation Project, is that a semi-autonomous government entity, named Project Management Center, and under the general supervision of the Genale_Dawa River Basin Authority, which have to be created. In case the project is taken up before the creation of the authority the PMC shall be put under direct charge of a high powered committee of MOWR or STATE Government of Oromiya Technical/Advisory Committee will be composed of: a. Head, Woreda Administration Chair person b. Head, Water Resources Development Desk D/Chair person c. Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Desk d. Head, Woreda Cooperatives Organization Desk Member Member WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 167Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale^£dula lrrigation^Projec£^ Volume 2 Main Report e. Head. Land Use Admin. & Environment Desk Member The PMC shall act as secretary for the committee. The role of the committee is to advise the PMC achieve its goal by providing technical assistance and expertise in various fields. 16.5.2 Project Management Unit (PMU) Major functions Major Functions of PMU units in the organization structure can be outlined as follows: 1. Manager: Bale Gadula PMU: The manager of the scheme will be accountable to the High Executive Committee temporarily, until the basin authority is established. The manager will be responsible for the over-all planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling of the activities of the PMU. 2. Administrator will be responsible for personnel administration, book keeping and accounting, Store administration, general service provision, and records management. 3. Water Management & Environment Protection Section: Water Management & Environment Protection Section will be responsible for water supply and control, environment and health protection, permit and fee collection and management and data collection and management on water supply and use. 4. Technical Section Civil and Mechanical: Technical Section Civil and Mechanical will be responsible for Construction Supervision of Infrastructure, Buildings , Roads, Diversion Weir, Main, Secondary and Tertiary canals, Network structures., Flood protection dykes if any, Drainage systems and Maintenance of equipment, machineries, vehicles etc. All repair and maintenance of equipment, machineries, vehicles, motor cycles etc would be handled by a central workshop. The number of technicians, suggested in this report, to be assigned to the central workshop is only for the initial phase. Additional technicians may have to be recruited from time to time as the need arises. The proposed organization structure and manpower for the Bale Gadula Irrigation Project, PMC is presented on the following pages. 16.5.3 Location of Project Management Centre: Bale Gadula Project office (PMC) will be located relatively centering the command area adjacent to the bale Dorina Village The site is ideally located at the foot of the WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 168Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report hi)), wholly raised level, facing the command east to three directions. From here, the irrigation command area can be accessed using gravel surfaced roads which will be constructed following the implementation program. 16.5.4 Proposed Manpower Requirement Though the three project management centers are going to have similar organization structures they will slightly vary in their manpower needs, particularly at their middle and lower echelons. Yadot & B/Gadula Project Management Centers have similar staffing plan except for their Gate keepers. The proposed staffing plan for the project management center is as follows Table 16.4 Project Manager’s Office S.No JOB TITLE No of Positions Grade 1 Project Manager 1 15 2 Secretary I1 8 Total 2 Table 16.5 Administration Service S.No JOB TITLE No of Positions Grade 3 Head, Administration Service 1 13 4 Secretary Typist 1 6 5 Personnel Officer 1 10 6 Clerk, Personnel & General Service 1 4 7 Clerk, Records and Documentation 1 4 8 Training Officer 1 10 9 Head, Finance Service 1 13 10 Accountant 2 9 11 Head, Stores 1 8 12 Purchaser 1 7 13 Store Keeper 1 5 14 Cashier 1 7 15 Driver II 1 7 16 Driver I 9 5 17 Assistant Driver 1 3 18 Head, Guard 1 3 19 Guard 6 2 20 | Cleaners 4 1 Trotal 35 I WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 169Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Table 16.6 Water Management & Environment Protection Section Volume 2 Main Report S.No JOB TITLE No of Positions Grade 21 Head, Water Management Unit ( Irrigation Engineer) 1 14 22 Head, Environment Protection & Sanitation Unit 1 12 23 Water Management Expert 1 10 24 Environment Officer 1 10 25 Gauge Readers and Gate operators Diversion Weir 9 3 26 Gauge Readers and Gate operators at other Regulators 8 3 27 Statistician 1 9 28 Data collectors 2 4 29 Wireless operators 4 4 30 Messengers 6 2 Total 34 Table 16.7 Technical Services CIVIL S.No JOB TITLE No of Positions Grade 30 Head Technical Unit 1 14 31 i Head Civil Engineer Diversion weir 1 13 31 Foreman Civil Eng Diversion weir 2 10 32 Head Civil engineer Canal System 1 13 33 Foreman Civil Eng Canal system 4 10 34 Supervisors 6 8 33 CAD Operator 1 5 Total 16 Table 16.8 Technical Services Mechanical S.No JOB TITLE No of Positions Grade . 35 Head Mechanical Unit 1 13 36 Machine Operator 2 7 37 Assistant Machine operator 2 5 38 Head Workshop 1 12 39 Maintenance Foreman 1 10 40 Senior Mechanic 1 9 41 Mechanic 1 8 42 | Electrician 1 6 43 Welder 1 6 44 Assistant Mechanic 4 5 Tatal 15 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 170Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project^ Volume 2 Main Report The staffing plan proposed for the Project Management Center is summarized in the following table: Table 16.9 Summary of Staffing Plan Section Number of Staff 1. Project Manager’s Office 2 2. Administration Section 35 3. Water Management Section 34 4. Technical Section civil 16 5. Technical; Section mechanical 15 Total 102 16.5.5 Proposed Salary Scale Based on the results of the survey and taking into account the remoteness of the location of the project site, a salary scale is proposed for the PMC. In designing the proposed salary scale the objectives, duties and responsibilities of the project and its working relationships with regional and federal offices and water users was also seriously considered. The proposed salary scale has 15 grades and each salary grade has a base salary, eight step salaries and a ceiling/maximum salary. Like the salary scale of the Federal Civil Service, it is an integrated salary scale with overlapping salaries in 4-5 grades. The lowest grade has a 400 Birr base salary and 850 Birr ceiling. The base salary of the highest grade, grade fifteen, is Birr 4070 Birr. The proposed salary scale is presented on the following page One of the factors considered to determine base salaries for job grades is the labour market in the region. During its study visits, the consultant has carefully noted entrance requirements for various jobs to design a salary scale that would adequately attract and retain qualified employees at various levels of the organization WWDSE in Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 171Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale GadulaJrrigation^rojec^^ Volume 2 Main Report Table 16.10 Minimum and Maximum Salaries of Job Grades according to the Proposed Salary Scale JOB TITLE GRADE Min - Max 1. Cleaner 1 400 - 850 2. Messenger 3. Guard 2 500 - 950 4. Ass. Driver 5. Head, Guard 6. Gate Keeper 3 600-1110 7. Clerk 8 Data collector 4 700-1270 9. Store Keeper 10. Assistant Mechanic 11. Driver I 5 800-1470 12. Welder 13. Secretary Typist 6 900- 1670 14. Machine Operator 15. Purchaser 16. Cashier 17. Driver II 7 1110-1970 18. Electrician 19. Mechanic 20. Secretary 21. Head Stores 8 1370-2270 22. Senior Mechanic 23. Accountant 24. Statistician 9 1670-2720 25. Sanitation Officer 26. Environment Protection Officer 27. Water Management Officer 28. Training Officer 29. Personnel Officer 10 1970-3170 30. Maintenance Foreman 31. Civil Works Foreman 11 2270 - 3620 32. Head, Workshop 33. Head Civil Works Unit 34. Head, Environment Protection & Sanitation Unit 35. Head. Water Management Unit 12 2720-4070 36. Head. Administration Service 13 3170-4520 37. Head, Water Management Unit 38. Head, Technical Unit 14 3620-5120 39. Manager, Project Control Center 15 4070 - 5720 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 172Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project 16.6 COST OF IMPLEMENTING THE PROPOSED SALARY SCALE Volume 2 Main Report The assumption is that all positions will be occupied and average of pay scale is considered for estimating expenditure. 16.6.1 Cost of Construction Phase Table 16.11 Cost of Staff of Construction Phase S.No. Organization Monthly expenditure Annual Expenditure 1 Project Coordination Office 22000 264,000 2 Project Implementation Unit 26000 312,000 Total 578,000 16.6.2 Cost of Management Phase (PMU) Table 16.12 Cost of PMU S.No. Organization No of Employees Monthly expenditure Annual Expenditure I 1 Project Manager’s office 2 6715 80,580 2 Administrative Unit 35 37745 452,940 3 Water Management and Environment Protection Unit 34 39895 478740 4 Technical service Civil 16 39535 474,420 5 Technical Service Mechanical 15 27500 330000 Total 102 1816680 16.7 TRAINING 16.7.1 Bale Gadula Project Management Center - Staff Training The Consulting Firm that would be charged with the supervision of the construction of the project should provide a water management specialist to be assigned to the Project Management Center of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project and supervise water management activities for at least three months initially. This water management specialist may either be an Ethiopian national if the supervising firm is a local firm or an expatriate, if this field has been covered by an expatriate firm. In the case of WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 173Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Minist ry of Water Resources Volume 2 Main Report Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gad ula Irrigation Project Bale Gadula Irrigation Project, the irrigation system design has been carried out by national engineers. During this period Ethiopian personnel for the Project Management Center should be recruited to work on their respective assignment. This activity is expected to establish the system of water delivery to irrigators. At this point the whole project network would not have been in full operation. Therefore, when all the network of canals is completed and full water supply is to be delivered to all the farms, the Water Management Specialist should be recalled for another three months to monitor performance of project personnel and to provide additional on-the-job training to the staff. Formal training for project staff in project management will be limited to higher management and administrative and financial staff at the Ethiopian Management Institute (EMI) at Debre Zeit or in Addis Ababa. The current practice of management training by EMI is short term training in ' Basic Management Skills” in Debre Zeit for 12 days or at the EMI headquarters in Addis Ababa for 10 days. For the few professionals among the staff short term orientation programs of about three weeks, can be arranged, preferably in India, where there are numerous irrigation schemes in operation. This orientation program may be arranged through the Indian Embassy or through WAPCOS with which the Water Sector, i.e the Ministry of Water Resources has had good relationship for a long time. The total training expenditure including the orientation program is estimated at Birr 453,000.00. 16.7.2 Training of Farmers The direct beneficiaries of the irrigation project will be small-holder farmers owning and operating farms of half a hectare. The people now living in the project area are mostly pastoralist with limited experience in farming, and even that only in rain-fed farming. Irrigation is unknown to them. So training of the farming population in irrigation practices and crop husbandry will be extremely important for the project to be successful and sustainable. In this respect the relevant regional bodies especially those under the regional Agriculture & Rural Development and Water Resources Development Bureaus of the Oromia Regional State will have the primary responsibility of training and providing WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 174Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report support to the Water Users’ Associations. An adequate number of extension cadres supplied by the water users’ associations need to be trained in irrigation practices and up-keep of on-farm structure, that is maintenance of field canals and collector drains as well as farm roads. These trained extension workers will in turn train individual farmers. The overall responsibility to take the lead in facilitating training programs to be conducted for farmers will be that of the Project Management Center. The Agriculture & Rural development office would actually supply the staff to train the WUAs and cadres of the farming community. The Cooperative Promotion Office is also expected to train the WUA’s in basic data recording and accounting final Feasibility Study Report 175 -X.T-Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report 17. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 17.1 METHODS OF ANALYSIS Here are discussed financial and economic analysis, project evaluation methods, sensitivity analysis, projections of financial statements etc. 17.2 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Crop budgets and farm budgets both for the existing (pre irrigation) as well as proposed crops under post irrigation stage have been prepared. While preparing the budgets for proposed crops under irrigated conditions yield build up for these crops for 5 years was studied. Cost of cultivation of crops was computed on the basis of input use and their prices. The inputs included in computation of cost of production are human labor, oxen labor, seed, fertilizers, pesticides and farm machineries. Expenses on land rent, depreciation of machineries and contingencies or miscellaneous have also been included. Gross returns were computed by utilizing the information on crop yields and producers prices. Net profits were calculated by deducting the cost of cultivation from the gross returns under both the situations of with and without the project. Gross returns were computed by utilizing the information on crop yields and producers prices. The farm gate producers’ prices for the proposed crops are computed using the available cost and crop production. The established crop prices are used to evaluate the benefit of the project while the existing is evaluated based on the current price of the base year 2009. Farm budgets were computed for a representative farm keeping in view his land and other resources for the existing and proposed crops at post irrigation stage.Net profits from production of crops were calculated from the gross returns and cost of cultivation under both the situations The crop wise net returns per ha and area devoted to various crops on the basis of cropping pattern have been used for computing the total net returns from crops for each year. The economic crop budgets were prepared using conversion factors for Ethiopian economy and financial parameters. 17.3 MEASURES OF FINANCIAL VIABILITY Benefit cost ratio (BCR), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and net-benefit -investment ratio (N/K) have been used to determine the financial viability WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 176Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale GadulaJrngation^Projec^^ Volume 2 Main Report of the project. Since costs are incurred at different levels and different quantities of benefits accrue in different years over the life of a project, present values of both costs and benefits have been determined in order to compare them. In this study, the four measures of project viability were used to determine the viability of the project The viability of the project is also supported using the results of the financial statement, efficiency and ratio analysis. 17.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS In sensitivity analysis an attempt is made to examine the implication of increased cost of investment on the internal economic or financial returns. Projections of returns and costs are uncertain and subject to change. Reworking an analysis to see what happens under these changed circumstances is termed as sensitivity analysis. In this analysis an assessment will be made of the extent to which the proposed investment implies risk for the project. 17.5 COST ESTIMATES The project will involve various types of costs that will be incurred throughout its entire life. These costs are one of the basic parameters that serve for the estimation of the viability of the project. Therefore all the cost categories that could be identified at this level of study are estimated and incorporated in the cost stream estimation. Financing is usually arranged on the basis of the costs established in the feasibility studies of projects such as this type. The estimates of costs are done on the basis of more extensive identification of all the types of the cost of the project with great care by collecting reliable data and information. If the project costs are not properly identified, it could result in over estimation of the net benefit and similarly, under valuation of the costs also leads to the same result like the above one. Thus, detailed cost estimate are needed for determining the economic merit of a project, appraising its financial implications and arranging financing for it. The cost components are categorized under major categories of initial capital, replacement cost and annual operating cost. Among other things, the initial capital includes operating & working capital costs. The operating capital would be used to finance the operating expenses required prior to the start of production. The annual operating cost consists of operation and maintenance, management costs and other fixed and variable annual operational costs. The initial capital investment cost will be WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 177Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale GadujaJrrigation^Project^ Volume 2 Main Report required to establish the irrigable farm whereas as the periodic replacement costs will be needed to replace all or parts of the depreciated machineries and equipments. The prices for both cost and benefit items will have to be constant. In other words, prices will not vary with inflation over years, although consideration will have to be given if there is a distinct possibility of changes in relative prices of the inputs and the outputs of the project. Machineries and equipment could be purchased from the local market through the licensed imports. 17.5.1 Initial Investment The initial investment cost of the project is summarized and presented in Table 17.1. The cost comprises of initial investment, physical contingency of 7.5%, and estimated payment of 15% Value added taxes The economic lives of investment costs are also included in the table. The investment cost is categorized under foreign and local cost components for which the foreign component is nil for this specific project. The detailed financial cost estimate including unit costs, quantity, total costs, local and foreign components are provided year by year for the various project components. Table 17.1 Estimated Initial Investment Cost (OOOBirr) Estimated Cost ((OOOBirr)) | Financial Plan In Local Currency No Activity Description (Total Cost Local Foreign Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 1 'Head Works | 10,271 | 10,271 I - 10,271 I ‘ 1.1 Diversion Weir 5,864 5,864 - 5,864 1.2 Bale Gadula Main Canal Head Regulator I 4,406 4,406 4.406 2 (irrigation System 332,059 332,059 39,406 292.653 2.1 Bale Gadula Irrigation System. 332,059 332,059 39,406 292,653 3 (Cross Drainage I 1.437 1,437 - 1,437 3.1 Bale Gadula Cross Drainage Structure 1,437 1,437 - 1,437 4 Site Investigations 187 187 187 - - 5 Project Management Unit ■Pmu) 22,859 22,859 15,316 7,544 - 6 I Access Roads To Pmu & command Area 4,559 4,559 3,055 1,505 - - S.Total 371,371 371,371 18.557 58,724 294.090 7 Others 29,150 29,150 15.042 14,042 67 7.1 ■Settlement 28,950 28,950 - 14,975 13,975 7.2 Environment And Ecology 200 | 200 67 67 67 '• Total 400,521 | 400,521 33,599 72.766 294.156 I - Physical Contingency 40.052 40,052 I 3,360 7,277 29.416 I - Vat G. Total ---------- - 66,086 | 66,086 | - | 506,660 I 506.660 | WWOSE In Association with ICT 5,544 12,006 48,536 - 42,503 92,049 372,108 Final Feasibility Study Report 178Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report Replacement cost of items of lesser life, annual operating cost, Fixed and variable operating costs, etc have been considered for determining the Total Investment Cost. 17.6 PROJECT BENEFITS 17.6.1 Crop Production The volume of production that could be produced is a function of the area of irrigable land that comes under irrigation and the annual yield build-up pattern. During year 1, the total volume of production will amount to 781,416 qt. During the second year, the production would increase to 963,785qt. The volume of production shows annual increment and reaches its optimum production level of 1,674,368qt in year 9th. At optimum level, there would be annual production of 151,616 qt of wheat, 38,625 qt of rice ,150,586 qt of maize, 10,712 qt of chickpea,20,085 qt of haricotbean. 11,948 qt of blackcumin, 7,416 qt of coriander, 55,620 qt of onion, 43,260 qt red pepper, 82,400 qt of citrus fruits, 20,600 qt of avocado and 1,081,500 qt of forage. Over the entire analysis of 300 years time, 47,456,691 qts of crop would be produced. 17.6.2 By-Product Production The production of by- products are directly proportional to the quantity of main crop productions. The production starts at a minimum level of 99.769 qt during year 1 and reaches its optimum level of 191,168 from year 9th on wards. 17.7 CROP BUDGET OF WITH AND WITHOUT THE PROJECT Crop budget with the project is estimated for situations of with and without the project conditions. Total annual net returns from existing crops are M Birr 65.2. Since, this is existing situation of production without irrigation project; this benefit is also termed as without project benefit. The annual net return from the Crops from the condition with Project has also been determined and is M Birrs 478.90 17.8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS The purpose of sensitivity analysis is to identify the factors that can affect the project. More over it helps to propose precautions that should be made to protect the project from the unfavorable situations. Important variables that are supposed to be changed are crop yield, investment costs, crop prices and operating costs In all of the cases, fne worst case that may challenge the normal operation of the project is assessed. It WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 179Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report is relevant to test them all simultaneously at 10% variances compared to the base case scenario i.e. • A 10% increase in the costs and no change in the benefits, • A 10 % decrease in benefits and no change in costs, and • A 5% decrease in benefits and a 5 % increase in costs. The result of sensitivity analysis has shown that assuming an increase in cost by 10% and with no change in benefits and a decrease in benefits by 10% and with no change in costs, as well as a decrease in benefits by 10% and increase in cost by the same amount resulted in BCR more than 1 and IRR also more than 10%. Thus, the project is economically viable in the proposed cropping pattern. Table 17.2 Results of Sensitivity Analysis 1 No 1 1 1.1 1.2 2 'I j 22 3 I 3.1 i I I 32 Variables Entire Project NPV B/C i IRR IRR Farmers NPV B/C Financers (OOOBirr) Ratio (OOOBirr) Ratio IRR NPV (OOOBirr) B/C Ratio Base Case I I I Before Taxation 26 0% 2.369.440 j 2.31 33.9% 1.713,429 2.31 17.7% 656,011 2.31 After Taxation 23 7% 1.608.142 1 63 32.0% 1,177,604 1.64 14.5% 369,026 1.51 Decline of production by I 10% I Before Taxation 254% 2.215.793 227 32.8% ! 1,609,772 2.27 17.5% 606,022 2.27 After Taxation 23 1% 1,490,914 1.60 30.8% 1.095,708 1.62 14.3% 337 639 1.49 Cost by 10% I I Increment of Before Taxation 26 5% 2.521.005 2.34 34.9% 1,815,892 2.34 18.0% 705,117 2.34 After Taxation 24.2% 1,723,709 1 65 33 1% 1,258,541 1.66 14.7% 399,755 1.52 Decline of 1 Production and I 4 simultaneous 1 cost increment 3y 5% I before Taxation 26 0% 2,369,440 2 31 i 33 9% 1.713,429 2.31 17.7% 656,011 2.31 4 2 ; After Taxation 23 7% 1,608.142 1 63 32 0% --------- J 1,177,604 1.64 14.5% 369.026 1.51 WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 180Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Balc GadulaJrrigation^Project^ 17.9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Volume 2 Main Report The Bale Gadula Irrigation Project has as its objective the production of about 1,674,368 qt of crops annually on net harvestable area of 5,150 ha The crops will serve for the consumption and for the market. Under the existing cultivation wheat, maize, chickpea, haricot bean, black cumin, coriander and red pepper crops are grown by the farmers. The irrigation would commence in about 75% of the net irrigable area in the 4th year. The same would gradually increase and full development of irrigation would take place in the 8 years. One type of cropping patterns has been proposed. The cropping intensity is 156% with total cropped area of 8,304 hectares. The total cost of the project amounts to be Mbirr 5,544 2 that would be incurred throughout the life of the project. Of this, Mbirr 557.1 is for initial investment, Mbirr 0.2 for replacement of assets and Mbirr 3,586 for taxes and Mbirr 1401 for operating costs The initial investment consists of Mbirr 506.7 investment, M Birr 44.4 of operating cost and Mbirr 6.1 working capital. The replacement cost would be incurred in some interval time of the project period and all would be financed by the Financer. In addition to this the annual organization and management as well as maintenance expenditures would start from the 4th year. There will be two partners that will participate in the project. These two partners are the Financer and the farmers. The financer is recommended to be a government for the easy mobilization and start of the project. The project would be implemented by the fund that would be obtained in the form of recoverable bank loans. The loan is planned to be repaid within 15 years time at an equal annual payment of MBirr56 There would be two partners taking part in the project. The government would take the responsibility of financing the investment costs and fixed annual operating costs. On the other hands, the farmers would cover mainly the annual variable operating costs which are directly related to the inputs of the farming activity. Accordingly, the government will cover about 32.8% of the total Investment and operating cost whereas the farmers will cover 67.8%. Considering the payment of income tax, the government will cover about 28.9% and the farmers cover about 71.1% of the total tax amount. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 181Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia-Ministry of Water Resources Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bale Gadula Irrigation Project Volume 2 Main Report The benefit streams are estimated by the established farm gate selling prices of the crops. On the basis of the cost and production level of the project, the average farm gate selling prices of the the proposed 12 types of crops is established at Birr 783.0 per qt. consisting of Birr 569/qt of the farmers’ and Birr214/qt of the Financer's share. The estimated share is done on the basis of their cost contributions. The annual revenue at full scale of development is estimated at Mbirr 526.4. Currently, crop production takes place at a place where the project is going to be implemented. The farmers would be involved in the production of crops after the implementation of the project. On the basis of the crop budget estimates, the farmers could get a net additional income of Birr 160.72/ha as the result of the project. The level of unskilled rural labor employment will increase from the existing level of 1.3 Million maydays to 3.31 Million mandays It was found that the project could remain viable under all the sensitivity tests. Under the base case scenario and considering the payment of income taxes, the IRR, the B/C ratio and the NPV of the project amount to 26.0%, 1.7 and Mbirr 1839 respectively. The financial discounting factor which is used for the financial analysis relates to the lending 7.5% interest rate of the Development Bank of Ethiopia. The result of the financial IRR is therefore higher as compared to it for both before and after the payment of taxes Its economic IRR and B/C ratio amounts to 32% and 2 8, respectively. The economic discount rate is 10.23%. In view of the above findings, the project deserves priority and it is recommended that the project be implemented as early as possible. WWDSE In Association with ICT Final Feasibility Study Report 182.1 J J ] ] ] 1 ]l 1 II
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