Mtoistry of Water Resomce$ Basin Development Study Department t A\'sha Basin Reconnaissance Phase Studs THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC RE Pl BL1C OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES J) EASIN RECONNA1SSAM 'E PHASE MASTER PLAN Volume ]; Executive SummaryPreface The dry basins reconnaissance phase study has been ccndu-icd by lhe expert# polled urn from the basin development study department Dau collection and rapid field visit was made for three dry basins simultaneously vjz. Ogaden, Aysha and Denakil between June and August 1999, then the report production was almost completed in May 2000 Tiie report is divided in co VI volumes made up fiom works, conducted during the study phase. Each volume has sections depending on the details of the sector % olumc I Executive bummarv Volume U Xatura! Resources Volume Hi Agriculture Volume H Water Resources Volume V Sucio-Ecunurtiy Volume VT Fiwirnnment List of experts produced these report are. Eyiiachc* Ytiayew Lreology ana Mincralogx Abcbe Gulma Sciiumon Mengistu Vn.ire H '$ela«ie Soil survey and Land evaluation Land use Cover Forestry and Energy FcLiiimcd Sintaythu Tilahun Xfckonncn Worku Isavas Manam Wildlife and Towimi .Agronomy Livestock. Ran 2c land. Apiculture and Fishery thrum Admasu tlvdrolotfs Hy drcgealujy Belay Tcgcgn U ubshet Alemay ehu Abnei G.Mcdhin Crpshu K ebede NCclaku Vbcbu Gctachc* Bcvene Ycycsus ’.York BeJiele Dams and Hydropower Irrigation and Drainage GcotechlUcis and InfnniruvLure AgriculruT.il FeonnmiCK DcUkc-graph* Sod and Water Conservation Er/.-jonmen: and Environmental Health iPreface The dr)’ basins reconnariiance phase srudy has been Maducwd oy die experu polled gui from ine easin development study oepJWtmeni Dili collection and rapid field wii was made for three dry* basin* simultaneously viz Ogaden, Aysha and Denakih between June and August 1999. then the report production was aimosi completed in May 2000. The report is divided in U> VI volumes made Up hum works conducted during like study phase Each volume has sections depending on lhe details of the sector. y oiumc i Executive Sumnurv Volume II Natural Resources Volume LU Volume IV Agriculture Water Resources Volume V Volume VI Sucuu-Ecunomy F.nvifrmment List of experts produced these report are. Eyiiachew Yiiayw treoiogy and Xbncralogx Abebe Gulma Solomon XlengHtu \mjre H Seb^ie FcLiiLrncd Smt ayehu Tilihun Xkkoniwn Worku Mavis W Mariam Soil survey and Lsnd rxaiuinon Land use Cover F«re«ary and Energy Wildlife j.hd Tourism Agronomy Livestock Range land, Apiculture and Fishery I kdTukpgv Gtrwn Atfrnasu Hydrogeology Belay fegegn Wubehct .Akmayehu Abaci G.Medhin Crnshu Kehcde Dams and Hydropower tmgai’on and Drainage GeuULhjiicLs and Inft JsirucLurc Amicuiniral Fconomic^ Xluiaku A be bi GcLachcw Beyene Ycysaus Work Bskdc Demography Soil and Waler Conservation Environment and Environmental Heiliht wctilne Summary. Aytfii Biiifl Rerorinjitwnce Phd.xc Mister Plj* I Art l ME SI M\KRV i. maoDirnov.----------- I J METHOOTMjDLiY J AATI RAt RE5OI; RCE5 * I 1 1 r—ii iiiajibik ••— mmi BJiriii— •••-i ■ an .ii*..-- r-m an 2 & Gwiogi „ • —mil 2.2 Gh'imikpiioldca *m> soils 23 t-SM’HM CLrtlH . . 2 4 Fmesiri .. .. 25 E*tRCd -■—•Ill-Ill UlUil BIIIUII.U. — 3 3 .5 20 Vk'B in i/r *mj Tourism J, AGRICI LTVRE...... JJ AGRDSOMS ... 3 2 LIV t Stim k 4.U UER RESOl RCtS................ 4 * HtTHUR.lill £* 1 J 4 |> \MS A Ml LWUPUlk I R 5. SOCIOECONOMIC STI DIES 5.1 ObMntfie n EM I'ROMFS I ft I SiJH CiFSM Hl VIKA it—11. i- ia&—a. * mu a bub. ... Pill ■* o Ifr 13 *3 14 15 — 17 IS I* .V i aiu.k.i- Minitln id W jii-r Refciwrtfrik Slum -.-k*pmcri Sfc*d>I xr. i: I-r 5 umnury A^n.i Rjj-m Re;%«nndi■<>aii;e t'h.nf M.r^ir- I' . F. xeem h e Su mm ary 1. Introduction Mini Mr) of Water Resource* is an executive body fur the administration and nuiUL.-rmen’ □ f all *atcf resource* of rhe cuuntry to develop and utilize ail water resources of ihc counlry. it must be required to prepare Riser Basin Master Plan for all banns 1 he Aysha, bavin is one of them m the program 1.1 Oiyecffves of the study (If the ifticndcd three phases of the study to be conducted consecutively, this phase i- the first a nd aimed ai accnmpltshing the follow mg tasks ■ hi collect all existing mforniution and dau nn previtnis studies • to nuke field * Kit at all accessible ureas of the basin ■ lo create preliminary database, ideniify information gaps and prepare tentitive methodology for the subsequent phases of the study. 1. 2 Methodology lhe melhodolog) adopted fo attain the above objective imludc. colJeciui^ and analvMfi^ all relevant liLeraiurcs, available study documents and reconnatwance field visit l . all l Mudy area 1.3 The project Area I he basin founds m nnrhtem part ol Somali regional s.u:c. 111 Stands1 /one Its knal • 1 bounded by to'-li latitude and 4? a kmgilude 1h< altitude sanattor. in ih<* Kv, ranges I rum I TiK> m a * I and 5”? m,a s I R« 'fa mi\istrh 01 v> Mi k k>sui m is 11 \ms im\ I iopml mmi inSummary Aysha Reconn jj«incg Ptu« Mailer Pbn ____________________ 2. Natural Resources 2.f Geo/ogy In (h« Aysha Basin vanooj girt logical formations are occurred from precambrian tu quaternary The Arhran formation consist of the Alghe Group BioLlLc and hornblende gneisses, granulite and magnetite w ith minor roctewrimtentary- gneiss In the CreLaceous, the major formation are Amba Aradom formation ( sand stone, conglomerate and shale and Hamanlei formation (Oxfordian lime stone and shale). The Camozoic iTcrtiarvi Volcanism resulted to lhe Afar senes (mildly alkaline basalts!. Dahh formation t fissural basalts and how erratic flow l and mabla and Arba Courjcha formation Quaternary sediments, (Superficial cover), an alluvial and lacustrine deposits and Alkaline olivine basalt flows are the major onces Ditkrent geological Structures 1 faulting. folding, foliation) associated with Archesn. Sedimentary and Vokamc rocks are formed as a result of sedimentation and sdcamsm respectively 2.? Geomorphology a nd soH's A review of the collected date and information^ on geomorphology and mhK by \jslu basin reveals the following. hl general I ihiopia has got 12 physiographic regions o| whuh onl» une physiographic region i.c Northern Rdi und t oaslal Zone occur; in the bj-on. and n i* ckteTociensed b\ the low al I Hude plains i below 1000ml ■with vokamc and lift Undkm> niatnk covercil by shalkiw soils anJ mils atTccted bs salinity, I he region consists ol a number ol land umi% i. see figure I I soils repot! i land unit 1M1| moderate relict hilly Jet eloped on Hjnuuv rocks- wnh piling, low to rncdiiim alinuJL (4-Hi 12<Him I computes of ruck outcrops. Mutiny and yen shallow voite MirixU i. iiI W FtniMjrcm IIjaia Ik-s rKupmerir \iio<i>. IEwutne SuTmury. Aythj Dawn KecofrnanianCr Phjrf Slawer PFjwi h railed moisture staring properties The unit consists of Rock outcrops, lilhic Lcplosds and lulric RegtrtoN 11 ihic rhase i Land unit (DI-) lava plal forms and plains and intensively faulted lava fields with Caull scarps and grabens filled with alluvium colluvium, low altitude below J>l)Om , comprise? lhe soil unit as land unit (DH. j Land unit DPr saline alluvial col Imai plains, low all iiudc below 500m and composes- ol soils of varying colour. tcMure. structure, consistence and drainage bui with fertility Matus and rnoisiure staring propenies adversely affected by presence of soluble salts al iescls that ire high enough lo interfere with crop growth The mam soil units occurring rn lhe land unit are Haplic an J SodiC SoloncTuks, Haplic Gypsisok I saline phased Land unit DP*. stem, sandy and saline alluvia! fan*. low altitude below 5i»m and eomprittl well dramed. deep, yellowish brown io d-ok brown often stratified stony loams and loamy sands with moderate natural feruhly. m<>deraie moisture storing properties. Main soil units occumng in the land uni: are Runic Fmisob. Calcic FIuvjsoIs, Eulric Rcgosoh. Uaplic Xelosols ( stony phew i Land unit Dx. complexes of dissected \ ok anic piedmum plains, lava platform v. vokam-u cones. *ents and craters low al I Hude below lOOOm, The major soil units occurring in the land unit arc the same as land units DI I. and Dl. By Integrating daLa on rainfall, potential wapunanspirjik-ii growing periods, lempcutuie regimes, land forms and soils, de Pauw defined I-to agio- ecological /oiks in the eountrv and mapped al lhe scale ol I XQUO.lHHl of which only three agix^ixologual zones are represented in the Aysha basin 4 see appendix ir, lhe soil report > Only lhe Bercha and KolLi iradilional cl until ic zones tKcumng in lhe hasm The hav.n areas do not have a growing period from rainlall ihai is adequate in- support cicn u Minifltx i^r W .iici kcwiiiia’i Es_iviii BdCli^rnprii aE return e Jyjrnm**n.. A phi Baiun Reconnwuancc Thaw Mulct PI mi drought resistant crops in years. Hence. (he entire area of the basin is nun Surtablc lor ram fed agriculture. The land evaluation for irrigated agriculture will depend on the availability and (he qualny of imgalion waler and lhe land resources, security. distance to market, economic liability, socio-economic factors and others These all should be deeply studied during survey and analysts phase. 2.3 Land u$e/Cow The practicing of Agriculture in Ethiopia for many centuries ha> resulted in lhe present condition of Land resources Land use is the end produci of activities on Land resources by human population thal lives in a particular place regularly Xtrlhodology lhe Methodology used to prepare the present Land use and Land lover maps o! the basin ■aas the Land use and Land cover maps of lhe whole of Ethiopia and topemaps of scate 1.25i>J'11 h ■ lhe base maps were prepared by digitising and drawn ihc basin boundary at a scale nl I 1000-000 in GIS section Then using lhe base maps, the mapping units were identified, and verified in lhe field After the necessary correctbona made, the final present I jid usr and ljnd cover maps of the basin has been given io lbc cartographer^ for final cartographic design m the GIS section lhe land cover types iJciilitied t:i ihc slud) arc. open shrub land open grass land. perennial swamp, exposed ruck surface, exposed sand and soil surface, scrub and grass vegetation , expired nxk surface with Mattered scrub and grass vtgctaUcn A study ot naiural vegetation in ihc basin has v aluc to the ague Jiunxl. since the nature* of vegelaliun is, to ,i c<insiJL-rablc extern cuntmllcJ bi climate soil and topography, which are the principal physical (actons determining agrivdlural pou-noals. it is a uschil indication ol *uch poienual Although the nature of ncctlat - is laic.’ly dctcnnm.\l bv mwI climate and topography, there is an inlerrebliun between all kwtotx which form rx integrated ecosystem «• • * Mkiikv1rh nil WaK‘< KruMircK, ll-wm I Sr* clupmefii M.,______ Execul.ive SuHimtr), AysJifi Bavin RkwipiIiMWC PhiK- Mosier Pljfi________________ Livestock production is the main Land-using acciviiics of the basin The open grass lands Consist of a raiher sparse cover nt gruss with scattered Wees and shrubs^ many of trees and shndu making an important contn button to stock feed. hut the grass co* er is further reduced by poor management and due to the moLSiurc stress, therefore attention should be gi«.cn io the waler shade management in Che basin with adequate land treamu-nl by conserving rhe excess run of! from various parts of the water ihade dun ng lhe rainy Season in the small dams, lor the dner time use Most of the basin areas are hare lands, which arc no significant use for the surrounding pastoralists due lo the overgrazing and completely devoid of natural vegetal ion Affof esratiun program should be practiced on the degraded landb 2. 4 Forestry I he prognosed and already sensed impact of rewurves degradation on human w clfare should he tranquihzed. to anam the latter an integrated and sustainable resource development planning is high required balh globally and nationally. 1 be ^udy of Ay sha basin is a contribution toWvd this, In comprehensive term the objective of this forestry sector study is fundamentally; preparative analysii of problems and potential pertaining io Ibreury in the basin. 1 h< Aysha basin aquirc fully one Worcda I Aysha i in Snmlk fonal administration o: ^\RS V irf.irrnation fmm C$A 1<*Q7 alleys, a lutal ■! ■ in- population in lK 5 Basin As a ielauon of the basin area and tout population %hou s, Xy-du ba>m is one ol the sparsely populated arc of the country w ith j dcriMlv ol 2<* persons I’ct knv As identified from climuic climax vcgeiatiori map of the country lhe bavin is-ondowed w ith jLCdLij wood land and steppe vegetation /ones I he accacia wood land konsiijute about 52 S%i>ljhir’ lotal area while lhe remaining vccetamm. steppe region anJ halopatu icgetJl ion constitute sonik Zs.Uband iH.2^ percent revpo'luc XlniiOi) lM X’ia.ivp Rywjhi-..e-, ll^i.iii LkvcliipHrmi Vnd■___________ Evwun'tC SgffrflWy, Aysha Bum Reconnjmincr Phase Mailer Plan Assuming ihat acCKia wood land as a potenttal gum and frankincenM beating tree species ecosy sirm. a toial of 22"67fc ha of gum and incense potential may exist in the basin. Currently the vcgeiatiun of the basin is identified so be overgrazed and degraded. The efTort 10 replace this through a forestations is not reported at all. Among major problems lack of research and extension, lack of mfrastructure tendency to maximize herds and traditional range management practices. To alhuate the problem the following; are major possible areas of mwneniion. • Den elopmens of fodder bank: • E st abl ishmcnl of nursery: * Capacity huiIding. 2.5 Energy The major sources of energy m most developing countries is toima^s lhesc include dungxrop residues and luchvood The latter is mainly derived from natural woodlands, trees on farm land, tropical high forests and tn small degree fuel wood plantation^ ]r. the bastn the present energy produemm capacity of woody biomass is estimated ba*cd on type and extent of land-use land cover estimated by bnd-use expert and optimal iuelwLiLkli productivity ol those land use land cover units uxiiinaud K master-land uk plan studies 1986. Accordingly the annual productivity 1> eMimjicd to be 32b m annun-. While the pradlictix ity os dung to 644M annum Nd data on crop residue is an ail able From the demand side, rough cMimalc shows that 1 he demand supply show % 4 very big gap w hich needs actum Gcal annum is produced Miuiiiiry Lit Wj|£i HkiiLTnrrei Hjkih_________ Eaecuhsg S^mnuf],1. Aysha Bftgn RccwfiMUMiwe Rim Mmff Pl>fl Moreover. the study further identified issues hkc ^canity of in forma Lton shorta-zc of man-power. poor end-use efficiency aiui lack of regional level energy policies as imponam point in problem profiles of the basin. Tr> mitigate or to alluviate the above problems the following arc mayor areas of intmencwns in future perspective*:- • Promotion of bio-gas technology. • Alternative energy sources; • Affomiaton. • Capacity building. 2.6 VUrM/rfe and Tourism There is no any u'mpcchcnMvc study conducted on .he historic.ii as well a> current Matus ol the wildlife resource of the Aysha Basin Weortfuig in information obtained form elders, the past history of wildlife. the whole bastn was Known to be inhibited by a large number of wildlife, big and small Large I ngulates were common everywhere throughout the basin, and were in balance m:h the corresponding large predawn who were significant in controlling their pupu-atioii Irom increasing beyond I he carrying capacity of the area The existing situation of Wild Fauna obsmed during field visit u js some three Sneftimening Ga/elk a number pt Dick Dicks. Wanlwg>. Squirrels and Rahbrth hj%< been spotted Several specie-’- ul birds jnot identified i were seen alone the road jjcm ths basin. Ihe local people were reported that, the presence of I cupjid. I ion. IJyciu. Baboon, lox arid other small I'onnsol wildlife According tn the result of U ildh.it luiuii undertaken in Jijiga and Shinde /.me of Rcciaw I ne. Somalia, there are rwmerou* lierenuk. Gazelle and l oses in the Shindc -‘one Ihi* programme ol counting aimed ai uncnlorying and evaluation of the m/c and diMfibWion of wildlife in the two zimes and at ilu preparation of a heller tons-ersation and uiiniful strategy Hut the obiecmc ol the study was not succcvdiilly a^omplishvd Jut to astral reasons the main ones being ascribed io bad security siiuatu-m and macccs^ibilny Mm«i|ry cil W jia RewuiftA. Stain Drfcrhiptnml Si mAtsccuCnc Summary, Ajyihu Daw Rcconnuwance fhjic Stabler Plan Regarding to the wkEdhfe cnnscn Dijon currently there is no any area set aside in lhe b^sin lhe pLiFp«-»*e nf corner* nt rm of w il-JI'-fc There ic neither the policy. prog^mmc* ar ! strategy nor docs a legal body (hat is responsible for Lhe proiecttoci of rhe resource Factors affecting wildlife and natural environment arc, climate, population and their Use Slocks, poaching, depredation, burning, etc. Cumtuly tourism, in any of its form is non-csisrcni in the basin There is neither any study conducted so fat in tourism industry nor does any plan to undcrukc lhe same in the near future The mam bottleneck to this being the storage of information on lhe resource, lack of appreciation by regional decision makers and absence of expert* p.truly dealing with the development of lhe sector. Dul- to these reason*,, lhe tourism industry is not making any coni ribui ion to thy overall development of the region as wdi as the national economy. The basin has a goad potential and opportunity t‘u< development of the Sector these arc wildlife resource*, laudfonmsr hoc spring, archaeological and cultural attractions, historical resources etc. Mam Constraints to the Dcvelopnienl of Tourism in the Aysha Basin is belies cd to hav c a very promising tourism potential which needs to be properly identified, developed and promoted 3. Agriculture J, J Agronomy tnfurmilion from elders hung neartn rhe area it h indicated ihjj crop production jctniti. m the area is not significant and the pfudurtion is negligible However. lhe elders indicated thaL there is IraJitictnuI practice c.r gwwtnj; ^’rchuin in the b.iMii llnx^h n |\ ii»sigmliLjnt tri general, there i> hrile nr no iniormaihui with regaid to factor*: and LxpeTLunce ut crop production m ibe hastn This is bcvau« of that then has been Imle or no studs and research made about the basin iwi only lor crop production hut iImj lor other Sisr-o economic factor* I he retort-, tins repurt -w.il! not try io get m tn ihc sobjutL based on the scxniy .ovJ unreliable inlormatum Ihii, 11 will try in indicate Lhe reasons tor m lhe area and recommend w lul ha* to be done in the luimc cl information Mini sin. -ill W j(fi (tuMMirCr* Pj>ih Ik trhipirtrflii Siy.b 4Ewiwe Summary, Aviha Du in Rrconnaiyjance Phj« Mliter Plan The causes for lack of information include 1. As indicted above, there 15 11 rile or no study. survey and research made spec! fk 10 the basin, 2. Information collected based on visits, interviews with (hr community elders, though scanty has not been well organized and documented Even this scanty mformaiion is said to be found in. Dire-Pauj in the former agriculture office, which. is out side Lhe basin. 3 The Ayisha Agricultural office is not organized and it is said I hill there is onlj one agricultural professional in the basin,. 4 The regional agriculture bureau whish is located at Jijiga said that there l$ no infomuLion with regard (o crop production in the basin. The reason is explained in such j way I ha I little or no attention was given to crop production fur lhe fact that its comribulion very minimal iii lhe Socio-Economic lite ol the people. Hence, il is recommended. a the need for socio-economic sun ey in 11k basin, whiih. is important nut only for crop production, bui also fur all other initiations of development interx cntiun Hence, the regional govcmmcfil has to make socio- econoniic surveys prun to making ans development endeavor? in the basin h Extensive and well organized field work considering 1 amping »n the acej i> imperative $0 as to materialize the objectives specified in this *tudy J.2 Lfr« Stock Livestock production is a buck bone in the agricultural system of Ethiopia Sinnlatk it play? a crucial rule tn the project area among pastoral inMbiUiiil in I heir d.ivto Jav ucimiics lhe area is characterised bv dtftcrcni climatic features which t ^nd Mihmliv 1 I U jerr Rcsdflftri ttji-in ncvelnpriKnl Mi>>F i-rvu’j -r Sunirnary. Ayshi EJiOn RrotihSistancePhiiie MaSIci1 erratic rain, hot and type icmpcwurc, high evapotranspiration as well as recurrent drought The people are puwrahsts and kept diverse animals mainly as soufve of milk, but the production) of local herds are poor. This harsh environment an nor suitable For crop production, and also the vast rangeland provide enough forage main during the wei season As a result seasonal men ement of people w ilh their herds are a common practice. The gracing area in the rangeland arc deicfLorated to the lowcM level of production due to manmade and natural dkSMcrS. Therefore, the vegetation cover is dominated by unpalalable xcrophylic species which include sparsely distributed bushes, annual undercut cry and a vast bare ground area. The ecological nature of the Ha sin is suitable only for livestock rearing The total liveswk bionuis in Ayishi Basin is expected lo be about bl5?6 TIT’; which include 32422 cattle, 111678 sheep. 43630 goals, 3242 equines and 18813 cornel. The density ol % ruminant per km‘ is 3,8 for tattle. 13 3 for sheep, S 2 lor goats, and 2 2 for canicL which gives the overall density of 7 3 TLL per km‘ The proportion of grazing animals TO total livestock in percentage is estimated to he 70.2 The grazing animals include cattle sheep and equines. Type and productivity of local breeds is rotated to prevailing ugto- ecological feature of lhe Basin, which by large is harsh. E ivcttock breeds found in the region are a result of years of natural selection and they have developed ability to resist the prevailing hostile climate. The productivity ot local bluet) is very small Juv to env iron mental stress and geneirual inheritance. or the interaction of those two I jchmv Disease is lhe second most important constraint in animal production which cause death ol animals and production loss t seiithougk the Regional Bureau 01 Vgncuhnre jnJ South last Rangeland Project |SI-RJ\ arc supposed to provide veiLTinan. Hffkc* thiLnkghLHH the region, there is no veterinary activities in ik \ysha llasin except lew champagnes unco tn a blue moon lhe actual fact m iHu Basin arc there k tu> veterinary clinic, vci Mall arc very few and other vet inlraMiuUure arc not existing lhe num reason lor those shortfalls are lack ol irnuugh budget and Lranspon IjhIukv ^borUgc of trained man power mismanagement ot existing resources und absence of diseases Ministry kii W ilei R^iiiii.ixcs. Bdun LT^xeiuirwiKisi Sludst ictivlhT SunfiiMLQ. Ayflha BilrSifi RtCWnaiViianCg PftJte ■M-MhST Pi-ui surveillance- Therefore^ lhe pastoralists aie forced 1a buy dn*g from open nwkd and weal sick animals wilhtMit considering proper dosage and empire date of medicine According to the document obtained from the SERF di teases like protozoa and ncketliiak bacteria and mycoplasmal, viral, endoparasitic and ccoparasahc arc common in the Basin. The occurrence oT former mentioned and other diseases are caused lhe highest mortalily rate of 15 % for goal. |0% for sheep. 8*# for cattle and 8% for camel. Weight losses due to endo-parasrtes infection base been estimated as 20 kg fur tank. 5 kg for adult sheep and 20 kg for adult camel Shortage of ruminant feed is one of the major factor Lhal contributes io low produciujly of local animals Feed resources provide croeidly required nutrients for all clashes o! animals in order to fulfil maintenance and production requirements. However. imbalance I ceding are the major factors contributing to low productivity of livestock m the BaSan Natural pastures are the major source of livestock feed, but cannot satisfy nutritional requirement of lhe mu mats particularly crude protein and energy Junng the dry season In ihe Ayishu- Bum rangeland is rhe sole source of animal feed. which is managed by clan ownership communal system. This rangeland is showing an increasing sign ol deterioration, bush encroachment and loss of species diversity Fodder conservation and supplementary feeding are nol practised due lo extensive nature of husbandry When feed is critically short the pastoralists arc usually migrate io Jijiga, Daketa and even up to Somalia and Djihuuii The study ideruified ihe crude dry mailer requirements ol 615-b I LI1 as N0J9J ions of DM Similarly, livestock required a certain amount water for their routine physiological ailitiiics depend oil the climate, the type of ration available and lhe purpose Lor which the animal is kepi The total water rcqmremencx ofilic ba-in livcsiock ix calculated us *>75801 cu.nil per annum The Basin is known bs pour marketing infrastructure and Loose marketing linkage between producer and local consumer lhe marketing Systems ale wadillonjl by which ammiis are bought. and void on the baxm of negotiation. without any standaid entena \ 11 available market* in inc Basin arc priirurily level while secondary and icrtwnjl arc found at Dirvdaw a and Djibouti 11 has been reported lhal the overall supply of livestock toi Ministry n| W afcr FtrwMKr*. li-ixin fkeifkifiiFirtH Study I*B^ecurn t Sumnwy, Aytha Bmn Rce^naiiiiFi« Phase Mtwtr Pbn_____________ _ demesne market* is insignificant, but most of ihc them ire sold io lhe illegal trader or Irek ihcm ko neighbouring counlnes. The off-lake rale of meat, hides and skins are small due io lack of demand and absence of intensive lit estock management. The off-like rile of canle, sheep, goat? and camel is 6.9%, 16.3%, 27 1% and 3.3% respectively Therefore, 2237 cattle, 18203 sheep, 11823 goals and 620 camels are sold in the market annually. 4. Water Resources 4.1 Hydrology The mean annual rainfall amount variation between the two mcccoralogtcal stations in ihe basin Aysha and Deceit is 325 mm 18? mm respcctn ely. The maximum and minimum daily temperature are in the range of 31.3 and 18.2 “Ca mean daily temperature over ihe basin amounts to be 24.8 Mean wind speed mcr the basin us 2.4 m i. mean sunshine hours 67 % and mean of total radiation Tounds to 46S cal Cm day The Altitude evaporation relationship region wise expressed by formulas As the Aysha basin ik a part of Awash bism. regionalization of evaporauon based on data collected for Awash master Plan. I he ba%m has regional relationship for estimating evaporation. Surface water resource potential of the basin as the WAPCOS repon indrcalcs ls almosl negligible. Ifiordvr to satisfy the water demand of the pastoralists in the bftsin water could he supplied by drilling of boreholes For the next phase of the study it was proposed n> took after the establishment or upgrading of meteorological stations Combining historical and newly collected data the quality of the proposed w ork xould be strengthen Mminry til Waiei Rcwim EkiM bctctoffflw'il Studs I1T Summary, AySna Basin Recofinjfcssjjn-e Flute Ma.-tie PLin 4,2 Mydrogeo/ogy Hydrogeological siudies made an the Aysha are not lhai much detail and de not indicate the ground water recourses The Afar group cover large pan of this basin h is disected mostly by East-West trending faults and occasionally north-south trending faults (Geological map of Ethiopia. V.ks^mrn. 1572). The basalt series will some silicic centers near the lop. and interbeded uneonsoltdaLcd sedinrwnis. This basaLt is fresh and highly jointed. it naturally has a high degree of permeability. A borehole of 60 km south west of Aysha town yields 51 sec w iih a draw Down of only 0’m STesfaye Chernet,l*)93j The Amber Aradoni formation is the one which is highly iatenlizcd. where it also acts as an aquiclude below the Tertiary Volcanics and causes a spnng line in between According to the Hydrogeological map of Ethiopia, 1993 there are three major aquifer suhdivisions. Extensive aquifers with intergranular permeability. exploitable aquifers with fracture and or kansttc permeability, main geothermal areas with common occurrence of thermal ground waler in fractured Volcanic rocks and subordinate unconsolidated sediment* The first t)pc of aquifer ha^ high productivity and it corns the southern and eastern part cd Aysha town, with the itiial dissoheJ solid?- ranging from Vi "■ ppnito l?u«i ppm 1 he second two types ol aquifers have moderate producti* ily. and they emers the west ol Aysha town. with the total dissolved Mihds between I 5W ppm to ?OOti ppm I here arc a lol of fractures trending cast wevi that are important lor ground water desekipmcnl The recharge estimate lor this one is SOmm ytar as shown hi the hUmgcolognal map of Ethiopia Mtiimn nr Waler Reftwrcev Bain Dca ttopm ni Siu.K 14FjiwoUlc &umrnar>. Aylha Baiin RccwinuiM.'nce Phurf Master Plan Even though the rainfall in lhe area below SOOmm, it is expected that some amount of percolation is possible Thus limited resoufets can be found in lhe area b> performing detail investigation. 4- 3 Irrigation and Drainage The Water resource potential of the basin, according to WAPC06, 1990 study as observed from the point of view of Lts contribution (0 lhe countries potential is almost negligible. There is no any perennial ri ver existing in the basin except a few traces of dry streams filled v. uh sands. In the determination of the pcnennalicy of the basin in irrigated agricuStuTt. site identification was earned out through map investigation (mainly with top-maps of scale 1:250.-000). About JiJOOha of land has been identified to be potentially suitable for irrigation from onl> 3 sues identified on maps. This estimated arts of irrigable land is identified based on only its topographic suilabihix with respect to the selected water sources. This selected water sources on the other hand, arc dry streams which come into life only in the short winy season, and vanish inlo the sandy stream beds other wise There fore, these streams would only be capable of supplying adequate water to Lhc $a identified potential land, if storage dams arc constructed abo*e lhe propose dtsersLon sues. In general, the study has come up with a conclusion that the Cota! basin area is identified 10 bE a s cry low potential irrigation area due to mainly of water constraint A general nxnmmendalion is hnwocr given on how to improve the existing wuici rc>. urccs that could be shadowed UfldcT lhe sands of lhc stream beds and Lhe seasonal run oil that are generated from the surrounding water shed areas, Therefore such recommendations as, lhc use of rain water harvesting technique^ construction of small oarage earth Jarm. sub-surlace dams and shallow wells arc pfuposed to make irrigation posable in the basin al small scale Data gaps of the sluds are identified. among which lack of topographic map* 01 scab- 1_______ _ ____ F tftwlive Summary Aysha Bia* RftXHmamjrec Phase Mas err P’an compililion from related study sectors. art Io be mentioned. These are however meruioned io hr improved' solved in the next phase study 4.4 Dams 4 Hydropower Aysha basin contribution to the countries water resources is negligible. The basin has and chmaiic conditions and doesn't have any perennial streams but there arc seven dry Streams The mean annual rainfall of the basins is below 400 mm and the evaporation estimated lo be above 2000mm per year. Dunng the field visit no suitable dam site has been identified The topographic maps available foe ibe purpose of this stud) were of the wale 1:250,000 survey. which is far too small, a scale to be much practical used for dam site selection, for the determination of the small-scale reservoirs and dam site potential areas the mentioned scale topographic maps with the contour line interval of 100m, cannot be used, instead a 1:50.000 mapping is the minimum requirement for this purpose. For rhe purpose of irrigation and hydropow er development in lhe basin, no dams would hast to be considered. There arc some strong evidences that there mav not be suitable dam sites However, these conclusions from such shoa field visits may no", be decisive, the mam limitation to reach final conclusions al ihai stage being again the as ulahihiy of suitable topographic maps and hydrological data. When ihis becomes available, then, lhe existing resources would be v erified. To develop hydropower through a storage scheme the following points should K taken into account I Availability of suitable dam sites - Dam sites can be identified cither from small scale topographic map> i t 5iJ OuO) or aivd by field v isit Xhitim, ia| W jjfr UrmHjrcrv Shtin DtvelopHicnt SiwlvExecutive Summary, Ayihj fij&ifl Rctonrtaiteiinhlt PhMc MaSICf FUfl 2 Assessment of stream (lows> Due lo the absence of Hydrological gaguing staiicms in the basin, there as no data for estimation of annual sediment yietd for calchment and monthly stream flows of the ns ers. 5. Socio-Economic studies The Government of Ethiopia ha^e gi^en due attention to study all the Tcsourecs within Aysha basins. Therefore, the dry basin integrated development master plan project is envisaged to study all the resources within lhe basin andi identify relevant project to-do. elop them. The study consists of xanous disciplines such, as agriculture, water resources, Sdcio- rccmomws, natural resources and cm ironment. This report w ill deal w iih some general aspects of the socio-ccoftumics of the dry basin. En general the report gives some ox er view on the following topics:- I Agriculture and associated services such as rural credo, extension and marketing; 2. Exist ing soc ial sen ices.; ? Existing Institutional set-ups and investments . 4 Social Anthropology: 1 he agriculture of the area is at subsislem level and very backward Ml service* like lhe marketing, crudiit, extension services arc inadequate Iriifnj^iiLelutes such a> Paii'p-ort means, roads, stores, and communication network are insufficient and mostly sen ice urban renters raihcr than (he rural sector lhe existing social sen ices arc located Lit irum the population and rtwy arc inadequak- t.* «Tve the existing population Furthermore, schwls and hcallh institutions arc vcry small hi number anil iliey are under stafled and under ei^iEippcd the Drue supply and di unbutton for bulb human and animals is ven few as compared to the acute demandEsccutiivc Summary Aysha Own Pkiw Marter Plan The institutional scvup follow ihc same pattern as of ihc ocher regions of the country. The house ol people’s representative and th# presidential and prime ministers of lice with all the lines ministers du come bl the federal state level Then the relevant bureaux al lhe regional level departments at ihc zonal level, offices at ihc VVereda level and peoples Teprcsentauvc councils ac ihc peasant association les el arc the existing Tnsiiiutianal setup al the different levels of govemmeni administration. 5.1 Demography The dominating tribe is Issa, one of the Somali ethnic groups with various types of cultural backgrounds residing within Lhe basin. The Aysha basin 35SS% live w iihin the rural area and (he rest live wLthm the urban area, [n the Aysha basin rhe sex ratio of lhe basin was 100.02 which means that there is no significant difference between the tw o sexes The type of living quarters are divided into conventional and non-convcniional. Out of the total population the married populahon in lhe basin within the Muslim society as polygamy type of marriage throughout the basin. Mom of ihc population within ihc dry basin arc illiterate, education and health institution i$ ai a very low level both in number and capacity. Even all ihe other w^ial infrastructures such postal telecommunication road and others arc very backward Therefore invic is a very hnuledand deem po^xihiliLy of exploiting or harnessing va«t potential natural resources of ihc area unk^ and otherwise the infrastructure ol'the urea is well developed Il is envisaged in the near future tha: the government j% well as all the non governmental donors should focus io alleviate Ihc problems o! ihc indigenous people of Lhe Ixwn it. order to sustain Ik and exploit the potential natural resources of the area tor rhe benefit nt the people. Mwiln cifWjil<r Kcioui .ev lijsin tl*v chipiticflC Slud-, I*Summary. Aythj Basin Rfconnaniawt PtifcM MifflCT Pkw - 6. Environment 6.1 So// Conserva/Zon Soil erosion is a major problem affecting Ethiopian agriculture particularly on the highlands where uucnsite agricultural activities are undertakings without any consenaiion measures Today, many reports indicated that more than one billion ton of tup soils are eroded by water mainly from agricultural lands by different types of soil erosion In the Eastern parts of the country particularly Ayrfu Basin suffer with wind erosion instead of want erosion, these leads to the area become desert after some tame in the future if the siination arc Continued like this. Major muw* of land degradation in the Xysha Basin; • DefciresLatian • Population pressure • Frequent occurrencc of drought • Erratic rainfall To esmnate ibe sod loss nite of the Xysha Basin. currently ii is difficult mhcl- there iv no any data $ available in the area octi in the Bureau ol’ Agriculture of Somali XatviMUl Regional Stale |SRXs>. In future while pluw It and 111 study programme to be ci indue kJ the sod loss rate nl the Basin. Elusion hazard map oi the Basin can jK indicated Soil and water converxaiHin Sod iMid water Lunscruiion nicdsur-es ju nol practiced m live Basin he it physical or biokigicah mikc i he area * holly grazing lands and the farmers are nomads, only i en. kw Mimitn i>l W .iir» RrMmrre* D-iuti t*v»ck*pnicni S’ud-*____ EibEhIhe Surnrrjjy Ay? hi Basir- IteflnflaifrMrKc P^me Mister Plin treat are under cultivation of sorghum and maize where the rainfall is adequate. The rainfall in this Basin is errane and unreliable Water harvesting techniques such as construction of micro-basin, ponds, diversion of runoff to cultivated fields etc. are more useful io these Basin if introduced and practiced widely Propose soil and water conservation measures for the Basin. I Rehabili tation of degraded areas 2. Reclamation of grazing lands ? Introduction of waler han esung 4 Plantation of dtoughi resistant specious on denuded areas 6.2 Enrfranmint an of Enwronmenfa/ Heafth Based on the review of previous studies conducted in the basin and field t ml. the major env irnnmcntal issues described to be scarcity of w ater for human and In cstock consumption which brought about a problem to undertake industrial Jt agricultural aern it) 1 he harsh cm ironmenLai conditions nf the basin and extreme aridity and dryncs?. & other ecological parameters of the area reduce the density of the in habitants A the livcswk population. Shortage of water and low facility ot (he health institution & manpower l> lht- major and causes of health problem of the basin No recorded data was found to show rhe prevalence of the diseases, however, gardu amroba are common health problem of the Mwimry ul W j<cr fU^urcc*. Bj.mii ffcii ciopffwr Mw.kEaecum* Sunitnary, Affii ftaain RreoiwiSrtrKe PhW Mtfler Plan______________________ basin dui; jo iKc shortage -of adequate i safe water Malaria due to unexpected rain_ pneurncwiia & upper re\piraiors lnfeclioti tURt) conjurtvlis and Irachama are ahn common di$ca«s 15 a result of inadequate sanitary facilities & water, Generali s due to the absence of industrial & agricultural development activities in the basin no significant enuronnwntal a-clivines and difficuh to recommend for future environmental condition of the basin which will be incorporated m the master plan in this reconnaissance studx of the dry basin master plan project. Mirfwr) of Water ttvStwr^-rv Bjmr Drictapmefti Sluds
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