Summary of Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Feasibility Study

™F FEDERRl BEMOCHATK REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
ArJoDedessa Irrigation Project Feasibility Study Report
VOLUME - V
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
VOLUME - V (b)
Annexure  -  22
Annexure  -  23
Annexure  -  24
Annexure - 25
Organization and Management Settlement Planning
Physical Infrastructure Financial and Economic
Analysis
Miy. 200?
Addis Abibi
WATER WORKS DESIGN & SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
IMTWMTMmi WWHITHK ANf! nrHNMMK INntR Pin ITO
Tel 61 
P 0 Box 2561. Addis Abate Ethiopia
Fax (12*1)1 6l5VIE-inail u u d sc/Hdecom nci elSER'AL. VOLUME NO
2
3
ARJO DEDESSA IRRIGATION PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT CONTENTS OF THE REPORT
PARTICULARS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
MAIN REPORT
Parti - Report
Part ii - Mapa & Drawings
ANNEXURES
VOLUME!
4 VCflume -1 (aj
5 Volume * L (bt
6              VOLUME -II
SURVEY AND INVET1GAT1ON (ANNEXURES -1 to 3} Topographic Survey Geomorpnalogcai Studies & Geoiog<an & Geotechnical inrvestjgaiKin
Part I ■ Report
Part II-Appendices
NATURAL RESOURCES | ANNEXURES - 4 Io 6)
Forestry Energy & Catchment Development Plan
VOLUME -III
WATER RESOURCES {ANNEXURES - 7 Io 11)
7
Voiune - III laj
MereorDlogca^ & nyoroiogical & Hydrogeclogcal Studies
Dam & Appurtenant Works
6
Volume-lll£bf
Pan I - Report
9
1C
Part II - Drawings
Volume - III (Cj
irrigation & Drainage
Part I - Report
11
12
Part II-Drawings
Volume - til (dt
Hydraulic Structures 
Part I - Report
13
Pan li - Drawings
VOLUME IV
AGRICUTLRUE lANNEXURES - 12 to IB)
14
Volume - IV (ar
Soil Survey & Land Evaluation
15
Volume - IV’Lb)
Agricultural Planning
IE
Volume-IV(c)
Livestock, Fisnenes. Agricultural Mechanization 4
Agricultural Marketing
VOLUME - V
ENVIRONMENTAL  AND  SOCIO  -  ECONOMIC  ASPECTS
lANNEXURES - 19 to 25)
volume-v(i)
Environment. Health &. Socio-economic Aspects
18
volume - v (b|
Organ>zaton & Management. Physical infrastructure
Resettlement. Financial & Economic Anita'SAnnexure - 22
ORGANIZATION AND
MANAGEMENTFeuLMllly Sllitfy Arjo DcdeSH ImiaUah Project nrg nnl?*Hnn and Managopient Aspacis
May 200?
TABLE OF COMTE NT
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PROJECT FEATURE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDmOW.—..
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LIST OF TABLES
TaBl E 2.2 (A) ESTftMTES 0* POPtjLaTON DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE KEBELES <N Tm[ COMMAND AREA, 2006
9
Table     2    2    ib^    Estates     of     Porjiation     Distributions     of     the     kebelcs     ifc    the     Reservoir     area.    200fl    io
Table 4 1 MANPOWER (REQUIREMENT FOR Phase I. THE PlanmnG. DE&Gn ANO IMPLEMENTATION ... Table 4.2 MANPOWER Rf QUiREMENT FOR PHASE II OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
29
...............— 39
LIST OF FIGURE
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LOCATION Map FOR the ARX>&D0€SSa IRRjQaTIOn COMMAND AND R ESLMVO M ..
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31
The ORGANIZATION OF OfiOMlA IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
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Figure 3 2
Proposed Organization structure for Birr ano kog* Project m the amhara
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Figure    3   3
Proposed Organization Structure for the Koga irrigation Project__________________ __
___ ____ _24
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Proposed       Organization       Structure       for       the       planning       Design       and       impllwln
fation       28
Figure    4   2
Pft&POSED ORGahlJATXiFi EmLfCTTJHl roA PhaSE II OPERATION amC MahTEnamGE Phase
38
Figure 51
RCXE OF WUA IN OFTTIWZATJON OF AGRICULTURE PRCKKCES
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Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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to AuPcUOflu ■ttl tnLfrcoaUDEfitiL EosnilCiccs ud Tk tmOcnU Pvl Ua.Ar Jo Dedesia ImfiUon Project
ud Management Study
Ma? 2007
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
1        INTRODUCTION
1.1     Objective of (he study
The organization arw management study component of me Arjo-Diddcssa irrigation Project is aimed ai complete assessment ot current policies relatea to irrigation development and management and other teitvanl policies  involvement of stakeholders  including institutions at federal and regional levels, options for future ownersnip ano management of the scheme ana possible ways of financing operation ana maintenance costs The study is also aimed at raying gown important prerequisites and framework for future transfer of the project id the '0C3l ano/or regional government user association or any other relevant body
T hrs  pert  of  1he  SluOy  also  proposes  the  liming  of  management  transfer  functions  to  be iransfened  or  to  oe  retained  and  supports  required  from  the  federal  and/or  regional government    Proposals    also    mciude    organizational    options    needed    for    project implementation  and  during  operation  phase  the  detailed  manpower  requirement  together witn  the  functional  as  well  as  position  descriptions  1or  (he  management,  operation  ana maintenance  of  the  scheme,  and  the  training  requirement  for  the  proper  running  of  lhe project during its operation phase
1.2     Scope of the Study
The scope of the study is limited to assess and define institutional and legal requirements for the ownership, supervisiorugovemance ano management of the imgation system dunng lhe project implementation and operation phase The scope atso extends  to assessing regional and incai institutions ano stakeholders to be involved in the various phases of the project cycle. Assessment ot existing iaws ano policies pertaining to rural land ownership tana use policy: waler resources development ana management policy particularly irrigali&n policy  policies  regarding federal and regional government structure and deveippmeni Strategy  and the tocat socio-economic  condition, which are highly  critical are wrthm the scope of the organization and management study
1.3    Methodology
Review   of   secondary   sources   and   primary   data   collection   through   interviews   and observations are (he maior methodologies adopted tor acqumng the relevant data and
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
Id ArtOCUflsa *iui Ltarcntaceul CmsdUmb mt TwtiMcrsu hn. Ltd.
IArjo Dedtm LTTtfiUon Project
inrormatjon  lor  the  organffsiian  and  management  study  The  major  documents  reviewed and the primary data colleclKjn methods which are »he basis of this study are
(■) Previous Irrigation Feasibility Studies
(if) Literature on irrigation Management Systems
(in) The Ethiopian vVater Resources Management Policy
frv) interviews wrth Stakeholders and.
tvj Field Visits and Observations
1.3.1    Review of Previous Irrigation Feasibility Studies
The major previous irngalion feasibility studies reviewed lor the purpose of this study are
•    Waranciti- Bofa I rngalion Project Institutional Study
•    Kesem-Kcbeoa Dam irrigation Project Instrtulionak Study,
•     Dabus irrigation Project Feasibility Study .Organization and Management and;
■   Amibara Drainage Project. Phase II.
■    The Koga irrigation feasibility study
1.3.1.1       Walerichta-Bofa and Kasem-Ketwna
The first two, Welencrb-Bofa and Kesem Keoena. have little relevance Io the cunent project on the ground that the purpose ol Lhe irrigation is for Che development of sugar cane as a raw material tor sugar industry  the owner of wnicn is  predetermined. government through ns sugar factory - existing or to be established.
1.3.1.2       Dabus and Amibara Projects
The Dabus  irrigation and the Amibara Drainage projects  feasibility  studies  have been used to a limited extent depending Oh the ownership and management option recommended. It nas  to be noted that the two projects  are designed under government ownership and management, not unoer community  or private ownership and management. The organizational options  are dependent upon who will be (he owner and lhe major purpose it
■s  intended  to  serve  The  current  project  under  study  is  different  in  scope  purpose  and  the larget     community     tram     these     projects     which     were     implemented     under     the spciafast/command economy and, therefore should be analyzed in that conlexl.
1 3,1-3 Koga Irrigation Project
The  Koga  irrigation  Project,  which  ts  currently  under  construction,  has  many  aspects  m common with the envisaged ArjoDeddessa irrigation Project, including its scope, approach
Water Warks Deisi^ & Supervision Enterprise
Ln with tstenantlaaital CpumUxhb ud Tecknocms Pvt Ltd.
2Arjo Dtdtts* lrTU»non Project
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ana the nalure of stale under whicti the project ioea *s  cohceiveo and developed The experience and organizational recornmendalions of the Koga irrigation Project ,s. therefore, a Lddul reference as they nave some relevance to the current irrigation leasibirity study
1.3.2    Reviews of Irrigation Management Systems
This includes reviews Qf documents and/or electronic materials on irrigation and drainage systems  and their managements, irrigation systems  management transfer guidelines  and practices  in different odunlnes, and other related secondary  sources  Among the reviews mane, some oi them are discussed nere under
1.3.11 Transfer of Irrigation Management Services, Guidelines
FAO's  img-abon and Drainage Paper, no 58 provides  important policy  issues  concerning irrigation management transfer ana the expenencts  m other Afncan ana Asian countries According io this guidebne. recent trend m irrigation systems management and policy world Over emphasize* locaiftteneficianes rnvorvement and actrvc participation starting early from rhe ouisei. ie. from new identification through preparation, design, construction, impremwiTahon and finally operation and maintenance erf the scheme
The guideline also provides a numoer of alternatives for me ownership ana management of the irrigation scheme, including
a)   Handover of the management to regional states.
b)  Handover of the management to the local water users association (WUA)
c)   cease/contract nut the management ot the scheme
1.3.2.2   Journal of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage
The Other important source reviewed « the Joumgs  of the International Commission on Imgatioh- ano Drainage (2002) uol.51 (3j. This  assesses  the different policy  issues organization structures  and experiences  of different European countries  m the
transformation of imganon management syslems
1.3.2.3        Productive Water Points in Dry land Areas: Guidelines on Interacted
Planning for Rural Water Supply
A  book  erttflfeo  'Productive  Water  Ppinls  in  Dry  la  no  Areas  Guidelines  an  Integrated Planning for Rural Water Supply' by Chnd Lovell, has been published by ITDG Publishing London  (2000}  with  |he  Centre  of  Ecology  and  Hydrology  in  Greai  Britain  ano it provides useful information and guidelines on developing a new water point, making effecinre use of rt, community participation, management of productive water points, and others As mosl oi
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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the management and community participation aspect of rural waler supply u very much similar to irngation water the guideline ano other issues  addressee in this  boo#; have relevance to this irrigation management ano operation siuay
1.3.3      Review    of    Ethiopian    Water    Resources    Management    Policy    and    other Retevant Policies
The comprehensive Waner Resources Management Policy has Deen criticaily assessed as it is  the major guiding document Ot water resources  development and management pariicutfrly imgalion Other relevant policies Such as agricultural policy and land-use ana lenure systems  have been also included in the analysis  of the organization and management studies
1.14 interviews with Stakeholders
interviews and discussions have been made with major stakeholders not only to acquire information on current practices but also to ascertain their vwws in assessing the future organization and management of the nngaiion scheme. The Irrigation and Drainage Development Studies  Department of the Ministry  of Water Resources  nas  provided important suggestions  and assistance requires  in the consultant's  encteavor towards collecting relevant data and information Officiate and experts in the Wo*eda and Regional Agncuhure ano Rural Development irrigation Development Authority and Water Resources Bureau nave aisa provioed information on current practices m the iocality and the region
1.3,5 Visits and Observations from Small Scale Irrigation Projects In Oromia
Field visit was  matte to community  based irngatton sites  particularly  the Balbata and Wadecha Jmgalion Scheme of the East Shawa Zone or Oromia. The visits have tc develop a very  good understanding about how this  local community  is  managing the irrigation seneme the relationship between local community  and Woreda Agricultural Bureau and Zonal levet Irrigation Authority  ana issues  concerning water charges  and subsidy requirements Current problems related to the operation and maintenance of the scheme rights  of access  to water especially  at distribution and water course levers  of irrigation systems nave been ateo observed
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4JLrJu Dedesu Ifflfiduo Project
May 2007 2b project feature and socio-economic condition
2.1     Project Area
The proposed project is  wcat*3 in West Oromia at aboui mid-way  between She towns  of Bedelie ana Arp in the valley  d Diodessa River The ngnt bank  of lhe command area lies in Jimma Arp Woreda jtfioer Ess! i/Vollaga Zone of Drumia, and the left oanh command area in Beodelle and Gachi Waradas under lllubabura Zone
Until Ehe recent new settlements the commarwi area was reportedly non-inhabstM
Currently however, there are new settlements areas namely Dena ba Meta BeddedS3 and
ChetJ occupying Ehe areas within lhe wmmano area and Ehe surroundings.
2.2     Command Area
The gross command area is estimates to be about 17.025 ha falling mainly in Bedele. and
Jima-Arp Woredea. very small portion of the irngatHe area falls in Gechi worede Out ot this 
6027 ha is located on lhe Right Bank canal anq Che remaining 1099B ha lies on the left
Bans The net command area is 13 665 na wnicn is 76 66 % of the gross command area Out of this, about 7.450 ha (55%) of Che net command area lies on the left bank and the remaining 6,215 ha (45%} on the right bank of the Dides&a River The command area can
be accessed through me all weather Beoaele-NakamEc road.
2.3     The Dam and Reservoir
The Ago Dcdessa Dam sde and reservoir area is  localed m Jimma Zone The geographic pbSition of the dam stte (a*is) n UTM fS 257565 m E ano 0907545 m N (E 36*48’ 20" N 8*12' 2(T) The reservoir area is estimated to be about B.50D na falling in Borecha and bmu seka Seredas
The dam lilt is located al about 7km on the road from Umu-Genet to Alango and 16 km to lhe left from Dora elementary  school to Mero (Moga private farm camp) The Dam axis  is about 5km from Moga camp. The location of the dam srte reservoir area and command area are shown in Fig 2 1
The reservoir area tan be accessed through Jimma - Limu Genei- Atango all weather road II is located at about 1Q3km from Jimma to Atango and 46 km from Atango to Oeneba settlement area
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Arjo-Dedessa Catchment and                     Areas
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Orc animation and Management Study
2.4    Features of the Project
The proposed Ago-Diddessa Irrigation Project consists of the following constituents
May 2007
a)  40  meters  high  eann  aam  on  ma«n  siream  of  Dtdoessa  River  The  submergence area  of  the  reservoir  is  87  85  square  km  ;8785ha)The  gross  and  trve  storage
3
capacities are 1341 18 Mm and 466 49 Mm  respectively
bj Canal System
The length of main canal is 104 Km ano the total net command area is 13665 ha
The details are as follows
(i)    Left Bank Mam Canal - This is 60*m tong with a head discharge of 9 02 mVs.  The  command  area  is  7450  ha  There  are  46  secondary  canals  off taking from the mam canai
(ii)    Right Bank Main Canai - This is 44 km long with a neaa discharge of 7 52 m^s.  The  command  area  is  6215  ha  There  are  41  secondary  canals  off taking  from  the  main  canal  The  Salient  Features  of  the  irrigation  system a re provided in Table 2.1
Table 2 1         Saltent Featu res of the Arjo-Didctessa Irrigation System
Particulars
Commana Area
Length o< Canai
Full Supply Levei at otMa«e Discnarge?Canai capacity al off
Unit       Right Bank           Left Bank               Total
hr        6215                  7450                    13665 km         44                       60                        104
masi
m'j's
1348                   1348
7 52                   9 02                    16 54
Number of secondary canals              NO        41. .                    46                        67
2.5     Socio-Economic Conditions
2.5.1  Population in the Command Area
According to the results  o1 the socio-economic  survey, the population size of the rural communities  of the two Woredas  Beddeile and Jrmma Arjo wnere the major part of the gross  command area is  located, are estimated at 117, 598 1.85 % of the Worada total population; and 81. 504 |88 % of the \Noreda total populationj respectively  The other woradas in the direct influence of the irngation projects are Borecha with a total population see of 45,000, Gechi, 62, 739 and Llmmu Sexa, 156, 733.
’be  socio-economic  study  further  indicates that there  are  15 kebeles  falling  partially within the reservoir and another 15 keberes falling almost fully within the command area The
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7Arju Dtdessa                    Project Organization and Mm again wit Study
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estimated population size of these Ke be its falling tn the command and reservoir areas are estimated at 74 46 people, and 13, 127 househoKis. The details are available in Table 2 2 (*) lor the command area and 2.2 (bj for the reservoir area
2 5 2 Major Diseases
The major diseases  prevailing in the two Lorettas  where tne major parr of the command area lies, according to the results  of the socio-economic  survey, are malaria, upper respiratory  tract infections, rheumatic  pam, intestinal parasite, diarmea gastritis  anemia, unnary  Tract infections  and skin infection Most of the mentioned diseases  are caused by lack  of oaianceci dier, poor hygiene ano sanitation, which can be alleviated through expanding primary health care services
2.5.3  Health Services
According to the National Health Policy  of Ethiopia, the ratio of health institutions  to population is stipulated to be 5.000 people per health post and 25. DOO people per heaHh center The situation in the i/Vpradas  in the project area, however shows  34 health posts with a ratio of 1 8.322 populations  Most at the health institutions  art with Sub-standard facility ano inaoeguate manpower
2.5.4   Water Supply
Though the project itm has high wster resources poiemiai and high rainfall tiom year to year (between 1600- 2400mmj. rural population nas madequaie access to pals ole waier Thus the people are cortipelted Io use nadiiicmal schemes «h) unsafe waier sources Such as ponds, rivers, unproieciea springs  and hand du-g well*. Considerable numbers  of popuianon are, therel'hrc, Suffering From water bom diseases.
2.5.5   Road and Other infrastructures
In isrms of infrastructure the command area is nearer to Nekemte. Jurima-Afjo and Beddelte towns wilh infrastructure facilrtrts like electric power, telecommurncation and postal services The Nekamle-Seaoete ell weather road also crosses the command area of the project Wcweda capitals m wruch the command and reservoir area falls are accessible through all weather roads, among which Beuoelle and Gechi nave asphart link roads Postal ana telecommunication services are available in ail vvoreda capitals m the command area Atango and Yanfg towns have no electne supply Rural keoeles have no access to telecommunication services
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2.5,6   Schools
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According to the -esuils of the socio-economic survey, currently, the numbers of primary schools auailaoie in me woredas in the command area are very low compares to the school ago population. Furthermore, the ava-dabte schools have awrtcward classrooms with critical snortage of faolrbes.
The enrcwmenc raho is mucn more less tor guis than boys in the areas Other proDiems retain to primary education m this are as *dentifiM during the socio-economic survey are
*    Higdi Student per Class Ratio
•    -imrted access to senooi due 10 economic pxoocems
■   inadequate School facility
■   Inadequate number and quality of teaclwi
Table 2 J {aj Eiflmatci of Population Distributions of the Ke boles in the Command
Area, 2006
Z&ne
Woreda
Household
Population
Kebeiet
Maie
Female
Total
Maie
Femaie
Total
Lilonarie
193
17
210
553
625
1179
Ctiafreja*aa
384
42
426
1,258
648
2 106
6ed©4e
BeKelrchbrflk-
366
48
414
033
555
1 496
Blldimidsfu
392
13
405
1,406
1 225
2,713
Cnilalobildima
334
4.3
377
1.018
734
1.752
Amoewla
386
16
404
1,190
819
2,018
1
a
-C
KblOSifir
541
35
576
1 737
1,107 |
2,924
Harotalega
31D
12
322
1 666
1,499
3.187
3
Sub total
8 Kebekes
2.9D8
226
3,134
5.774 ,
7,603
17,377
Chitutwsena
273
B
281
671
015
1,666
Geter*
Mams
244
9
253
764
734
1,518
\ebftlo
260
12
272
043
709
1,632
Wakel
245
4
249
772
722
1.494
Sub total
4 keteiea
1,022
33
1,055
3,270
3,060
6.330
Lugama
339
11
350
729
335
1 D64
Jima-Arjo
Meta
1.199
92
1,291
4,310
2,149
6 459
s?
LU ■=
Bedhasadede ssa
3D3
31
334
813
861
1,674
“ a> s
Subtotal
3 Kebflies
1,B41
134
1,975
5,652
3,345
9,197
5,771
Grand total         IS                                       393
5,164
16,896
14,008
32,904
Source Compiled based on information obtained from Bedefe. Getchi. and Jima-Arjo Woreda Administration Offices
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9Arjo Dedem Imnboo Project
Taele 2 2(b) Estimates of Population Distributions of the Kebeles in trie Reservoir
Area. 2006
Zone       Woreda
Household
Population
Kabales
Maia   Female   Total
Maie    Femaie     Total
E
i
■
a
Cnewo
Nataro
Agriearoa
Darasidan
Chuiu
Gohjo
fieieka
Marxafo
Buko
Belati
Gutxahcxa
224 14 236
459 29 466
362 23 365
619 643 1,261
1*2» 1318 2.586
1.001     1 040     2,041
255 42
315 20
297
335
552
371
638 1.190
905 1,776
Borocha
321 20
179 ' 11
341
6B7
921
1 607
322
322
7
190
329
513
971
1,007
1,430
7
329
1.243
53
1,296
49M_ 459
489
5 447
871
6484
1.360
11 931
513
22        535
1 041
1 4232
2.273
Sub total
11
Kebeles
4.516       248    4,763   13,129     15,536     28.662
Wmamanbo Medaja^a
624         35        659      1.918     1 980
3,898
376         8        354
*
E
Limu-Seka
1
|
Ge mi a
ToKuma
4&t            12        493
1 450 1 461
1 110 908
2,911
2,018
Damme
554             -         654
2.474      1 594
4 068
Subtotal J 4
2,145       55      2,200     6,952       5.943     12,895
Grand  total               15
6,660       303     6,963   20,081     21 479     41,557
Source Com pied based on nformati Woreda Administration Offices
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IOM°  Dedeua  Irrtfidoo  Project
Organization and M
MayZMT
3.       ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
3.1      Review of Policies Related to irrigation
3.1.1   Ethiopia a Water Resources Policy
The government ol Ethiopia has  adopted a comprehensive V-'arer Resources  Management Policy in 1999 Among Ihe fundamental pnncipws on which this policy is based. 35 seated m the preamble, are
•    In prqer to significantly contribute to devejooment. water snail ne recognized bDlh as economic and social good
•    Waler resources developmenl shall oe underpinned on rural centered, decentralized management, participatory approach as well as integrated framework
•    Management Of water resources snail ensure social equity economic efficiency 
system retiaoilHy ana sustainability norms
•    Promotion ol Ihe participation of all slake hokJers. user oommundies, particularly 
women s participation in the relevant aspects of water resources management
The above major policy  principles  emphasize efficient and effective utilization of water resources  on the one hand and the puDlic  nature, i e. communities  rights  10 the use of water resources  on the other It also underlines  Ihe necessity  of community  ana other Slaveholders' involvement and participation in the planning, development ano management of water based development schemes
The  Imgatenn  policy  (page  32)  which  >s  among  the  major  water  resources  policy  also states that, among olner things.
The pohcy is
■ TO promote decentralization and usftrS-oased management of irrigation systems laving into account the special needs of rural women in particular
•    Establish water allocation and priority settings cnteria based on harmonization of socul equriy, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability requirements
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11Arjo tateui Iirificon Project
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•      Enhance  greater  parttapaiioc  py  the  regional  ana  federal  governments  in  the development ol large scale irrigated farms in hign water potential basins but with low population oensih
Furthermore the policy (sub article 8. page 33; provides tor the following
•     Promote meaningful participation of individual farmers. cooperatives and all other stakeholders in ail pnasos of tne planning, studies, implementation, and ooeraiion ana maintenance of smafl, medium and large scale imgaiion farms
•     Develop systems for harmonious co-existence of indigenous people and irrigation projects
The policy  provides  Tor locat peop'a'beneficianes  involvement and active participation through out the project pnases as this is one of the ways to ensure sustainability of lhe project and etficiem and effective utilization of the scheme for (he intended purpose
3.1,2  Policies or Land Tenure
The current Ethiopian government constitution stales  that land is  a common property belonging to the state and lhe community Arbcie 40 (3) of the constitution stales that lhe nght io ownership of rural ano urban ano as well as of all narturai resources is exclusively vested in tne state ana m the peoples of Ethiopia The article further slates that land is a common property of the nabons. natoonalfbes and peoples of Ethiopia and shad not be subject to saie or other means  of exchange Such ill-defined ownership or common ownership o( rural land usually leads to irrespons*ie use of the land and other related natural resources This has been observed over me past decades in lhe socialist military regime and the current government Individual fanners, jnless  they  are given exclusive rignls arm ownersnip on 1heir individual headings, feel thal ibey have lhe nght to claim new and additions* plot of Iana at any time without payment Under such condign, farmers nave no incentives  to conserve andior make long term investments  on their p-esrr-.i land homings The absence ot proper land jse planning and the vaguely defined land tenure system, i.e between slate ownership ana community ownership have therefore resulted m improper land use and lack of any conservation measure.
The proclamation NO.45&T2005, on lhe other nand. gives the right lo hold and use rural land, allows transfer of rural land use, rigffla ano obligations to heirs. The practicality of this, however was limited because the allocation or rural tan® 1o each individual farmer t» still not realized in many pieces
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3-2 Current Trend and Experiences in other Countries
As sludges and experiences show, varying level of participation is required by drfferem role players  few sustainable development lo lake paace This  re. especially  hue in the case of irngation projects  Success  depends  oh achieving the right balance, in the process  that is demand driven and peopte centered but wnich recognizes  external support Studies  also show that the one element common to irrigation schemes  is  that they  are all farmer- managed Cooperation in irrigation management among stakeholders  is  based on unoerstending of the common responsibility  for the construction, operation and maintenance of the water delivery  systems  Village and communities  agree on cooperative structures for common water use
The general trend follows  a liberal water act where associations  are given concessions, made responsible for the maintenance of networks, collecting fees, mediating m internal disputes  distributing water and improving and modernizing irrigation systems, etc  These fads  are evidenced in the following some European countries  as  selected cases  in the Journal: of irrigation ano Drainage Vol 51 (3j. 2002, by  International Commission on irrigation and Drainage (iClD CllD)
3.2.1  Spam
According lo the Journal of irrigation and Drainage Vo*. 51 (3) 2002, the water code enacted in lhe 19* century  in Spam entrusts  lhe administration of the waters  to the users, who have to establish their regulating organisms  anc  authorities  by  popular election The acknowledgement of farmers  associations  as  democratically  organized instrument and their rights  and duties  nas  Become a standard practice in Spain. There is  a general consensus that waler user associations  are irreplaceable organizations  of the private sector in water management and snoute assume a leading roie m (he field of operation and maintenance of irngation Systems
3.2.2   Siovenia
In Siovensa. for example, according to the Journal of irrigation and Drainage, two ministries are responsible for agncuflural water management works  the Ministry  of Agriculture Forestry  and Food, and lhe Ministry  of Environment and Physical Planning System operations  and management are earned out by  an enterprise having a contracl for these services  wflh the Ministry  of Agricutture Forestry  and Food Farmers  are obliged to pay  for the opetanon ana management on the basis of their plot size Payments are made through a regular slate taxation system with a special account ai the Ministry  ct Finance for chat pjrwse
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13Arjo Dedessi JmrabDn Project Oreaakition and JMaaageineDt Study
3.3 3 Hungary
M*jr2KT7
Tha water iaw tn Hungary  puts  a clear structure, accurate allocation of functions  and responsibilities  among the state, self government, and water users. The slate has  me responsibility  fur hydrological suffices  and the management of ttie water systems  Tne
•unctions  of  selr  governance  in  the  field  of  communal  doming  waler  supply,  sewerage wasie  water  treatment  and  storm  water  drainage  local  land  drainage,  control  of  inunoation py floods and excess runofl are specified
in areas  forming water management unrt, interested parties  may  establish associations  for performing public  functions  of local interest Associations  may  be classified into two mam groups  water management associations  for a particular catchrnems  area in wnich the impad ol an intervention at a point spreads out lo lhe entire area, lhe benefits or harm of when accrue tc  all property  owners  in the caicnmenls. and public  water utility  associations esiaplrsned for the implementation of the water supply or waste water facilities
The Ministry of Environment and The Ministry  of Agriculture and Rural development are in charge ol the majority  of waier affairs  All functions  associated with the use of water >n agriculture are assignee to lhe competence of the Ministry  of Agnculture and Rural Development
The operating enterprise aiso prepares financial planning for the next year on the basis of wnicn the Ministry  of Agncutture. Forestry  and Food determines  the annual charges  that nave 10 « paid by the farmers However farmers do HOT pay any charge for water use A charge for irrigation water is explicitly etcludeu m the provision of lhe water act.
3,2.4  The Experience of India
in India as  elsewhere m Asia Imgaiiun Departments  cannot ano de HOT control irrigation systems right down lo each farmer's outlet Major components like head works (dam and/or oarragej. mam and branch canals  and/or major distributions  are managed by  govemmenl organizations  The components  of lhe canal sysiem like distributaries  and minors  are managed erther by  government organizations  or by  beneficianes/stakeholders. However small systems like water courses and tie d canais are entirely operated and maintained by framers The farmer organizations for irrigation management can be an important means of ensuring good system performance On large systems major components are controlled
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dp and Management
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and   managed   by   fmgalion   Department?   However   al   tourer   system   levels   tew! organizations can perform the 10*0 wing functions
«r Water allocation, I * . deciding now water wi^De dislnbuied
Uj Waner distribution <e. actuaify managing wafer flows
Cj Maintaining smaller ejiannois and structures
d)  Solving disputes
e)  Collecting water charges
For urjer systems  a publbc  agency  accountable to the waler uW<5 a required wmth operate the mam system in consultation with 1ne user groups so thaL an adequate water supply h delivered perocfcally ano rehaWy TO channel headword through 1he command area of IT* system Beww mu headwork the relevant water user group wo uld be responsible fqr day-co-oay  operation ano maintenance activities. Beyond operalihg and mamtaming the mam system 5 facilities me agency aiso should have a rule to provide technical assistances and occasional financial and other aid for emergency repairs or Significant mpderncration
r
prog ams
3.3    institutions and Stake holders Analysis
in general, the major partners h irrigation senemes worigwioe are the following
3.3.1   The State
Tne stale can t» vreweo M federal, regional, end local level The rules the stare at different ieveis  piays  are very  crudal in banging acout sustamaure oeveiooment through different development programs including irrigation schemes
The state at national ievei sn&uid create a national strategy and enaufing environment withm which successful protects can develop The federal government, through its respective line ministry. Ministry of water Resources, is responsible for acquiring me cult of th* capnai investment both tor Iho physical investment and human capital development
Th* ministry is aiso responsible lor large Scare irrigation Scheme identification, planning ano design, contract supervision facilrlalion and Community moPil^zation in cooperation win regional ano local authorities, training bf users m operation and maintenance ol Che system and for providing technical advisory MMCtS
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15tedesi* trTtf itkiD Projcd
3.3,2 Non Governmental Organizations (NGOsji
NGOs  can facilitate development ai district a-ffl community  levels. Sometimes  they  are employed an contractual oasis through the Iocal authority to assrst tor institutional capacity ouiloing ar village level, formulation of social contracts, constitutions  and Dye-laws, community mooifizaLion ano participatory plannmg. provision of training courses, contract supervision on benatf of the community: and provision of contracting services for scheme construction ano upgrading
3.3.3  The Private Sector
Private firms  and individuals  al distncl and community  levels  can be employed on contractus* oasis tnrougn the iccai auihorrties or NGOs or the comteurnty to provide design ano construction services, training courses, agricultural inputs Such as seeds, fertilizer and peswwes, to pilot mancelmg arrangements, etc
3.3.4  The Community
Tne users have an wnpotWrt ,pole tc play in devetopmenlaj works They should take initiative ana responsibility  for lr*e Development of their schemes  la make effective use of 1he services provioed. ano to assume responsibly for ownership, operation, maintenance and payment for their water use
3.4          Current     Governance     Structure     in     Ethiopia     for     Irrigation     Management
Elhwpia ntrwaoays follows the oecemralrzea sysiem of governance The Federal Ministry, of Water Resources <s responsible (or overall Supervision and policy issues related to targe scae water resource developments  and trans-regwnal and trans-national rivers  The Ministry  n also in charge of conducting trans-OOundary  ano trans-fegional rtver basm master pian studies  ana lhe preparation, detailed design and construction up to implementation of large scaie water resources projects based an the identification under the master plan. As  such projects  entail huge financial outlays  ana nence raising of foreign funds  through credit and financial aid the responsibility  for securing, negotiating and administering the proper spending of the fund is entrusieo to the Federal Ministry of Waler
Resources
The Feaerai Water Works Design and Supervision Enterpnse (WWDSE) is responsible for conducting studies related Io waiter resources development (reconnaissance master plan pre-leasibifity feastbilrty} and lhe design and contract supervision of irrigation systems and
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16Arfe Beftna frnfilM Ptojbci
other water resources  development works  Wef Works  Design and Supervision Enterprises are also currently’ opened in regional 513’es like Ororrna to perform small water resou'ces development studies. <3tSign and supervision under the regions junsdiction
Waler Wonts Construction Emerpnse is another government institution whicn ptays a role in the Lonsiruciion oi major water resources development structures (irrigation, potable water supply  Waw for industry  etc.; Such enterprises  are also estaolished and operating in regional states like DrumiS ano Amhara
Regional and local governments have also a *ery important stake m development projects Regional govarnrhiwits through the respective bureaus such as Water Resources Bureau, irrigation Development Authority. Agricultural ano Rural Development. Environmental Protection and Rural Land AdmintftrilJon, and others are responsible for devising regional poAcvH and strategies, tor creating conducive environment and lof providing 1he required lecnn cai supports
Since Regional Slaves are autonomous in their internal artairs the way different sectoral Bureaus are organized in drfferenc regions cauvd be different though wi most Cases, there are simifanties than differences Such differences are evidenced, for example, in the way water resources bureaus are organized in Chroma and Amhara Regions 
unlike in Amnara. wnere Water Resources Bureau ns in charge of Irrigation Development as well  as  water  supply,  there  is  an  independent  authority  ie,  imgation  Development Autnorrfy, to io&k after irrigation development m Oromia. Accordingly, small scale irrigation development functions including the study, design and supervision, maintenance, control of water-borne  diseases  related  io  irrigation  are  entrusted  to  the  Irrigation  Development Ajthorrty  Ac  present  Irrigation  Development  Authority  have  branch  offices  at  Zonal  and Wofflda levels The Zonal offices are established in four especial zones, i e , Central Branch ^Aaamaj, Eastern Branch (Harar). Western Branch (Nefcemie;, ana Southern Branch (Bale- Rooej Where there are no Special Zones there are Zonal Imgation Development Bureaus The organization of Oromia irrigation Development Authority 15 indicated m Fig.3 1
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Organizario^DdMajiaKtineB^tudj^jiay^M^
Figure 3.1- Tha Orginaalion of Oromia irrigation Devetopfflem Authority.
The Regional Agriculture ano Rural Devatopment Bureau responsible for agricultural extension services, lhe supply  of agricultural mputs. etc. Env*onmental Protscfron and Rural Land Administration is another slakencioer responsible tor sustainable developmental SCtnCies and lhe snmmretration pt rural lands. There are arse other sta*e holders bke the Water Works  Construction Enterpnse. Cooperatives  Coordination Office Women s Affairs and Zone and Woreaa Administration mcauworeaa authorrlies are arse the mam actors m facilitating the development process  tnrpugh organizing the community  - the mam stakenoiders
3.5     The Experience df Small Scale Irrigation Schemes in Oromia
Weodecha ana Belbeia are small scaie irrigation schemes located m Ada a a Woreda of East Shawa Zone These two irrigation scheme are built about 25 years  ago, dunng the Derg regime According to the news ot the local people traditional irrigation systems arc m enslenoe for generations  in that area ana it is  in support of tms  local knowledge and expenence that the aam located at atom 30 Km from Godino and Goha Warqu Kebele lhe owner and mam peneficianes of the irrigation, is constructed
The location of 1he dam is 1ar away from the present owners, on the joint/boundaries of the three waradas  - Sangafa. Gimbichu ana Ada's  There is  no nver flowing into fhe dam during dry season. The source of the water in the dam is only ram The volume of lhe water tn the dam is. therefore, dependent upon the amount of ram and the level of usage Since me numbers ol users are increasing from tune lo time, the availability of water <s highly decreasing in recent limes
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ISAijo De less* Irrigation Project Organization and Management Study
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The mnabitants  surrounding the dam nave no arty  direct benefit from the scheme The people in lhe nearby area, therefore, nave resentments towards (he scheme They have lost ihe grazing area ror their cattle The* cattle are taken away  Dy  the swamp and the waler during rainy seasons. For them, (he scheme has negatively affected Itieir livelihood
Thus resentments Dy (he people surrounding me dam, is creating problems on the safety of tne scheme According to the water committee members  ana (he Woraoa Agricultural and Rural Development Bureau, an intentional carnage was  Mused to lhe scheme by  jnknown peop<e some lime ago and fl was maintained oy the assistance from 1he Oromia irrigation Development Aumorrty, Central Branch The guard at [he site aiso has  compramis  on the misconducis Of the people in the area concerning (he seneme
il is evioent mat me people in Hie surroundings cannot use lhe irrigation scheme due to the topograpny  However  this  cannot  oe  an  excuse  IO  deny  lhem  any  sort  of  benefit  from  the water  that  directly  or  indirectly  affects  their  everygay  lives  and  has  covered  large  area  of then  grazing  and  farm  lana  Such  social  costs/beoefits  need  io  oe  properly  Mdresseo during project preparation.
There are a number of ways to enaDie the people in the surrounding areas lo be benefited fTom me scheme and crealmg leeling of ownership. Enacring them to use the waler for dmking and irrigation through 1he use of water pump wrtn lhe necessary trainings and aovtce can reouce or eliminate Such resentments Establishing social services like clinics schools that also mane use of the water and benefits lhe local community is also one of lhe options available
The irrigation seneme is totally owned Dy the down stream farmers - Godino and Goha Warqu Farmers Associations Currently there are about 170 lamdy heads using the seneme in the two keoeles. according to the information of a committee member from Godino
The irrigation scheme is managed by a committee of 7 members - Chairperson. Secretary Accountant Auditor ano other three members The members of lhe commniee provide free services and will be on duty far three years unless there is emergency condition in which me general meeting is called (or reelection of some or all of the committee members
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19Arjo Dedessa Imjntkic Project
The users  do all minor maintenance such as  clearing canals  and other simpte maintenances The woraaa Agncuhure ano Rural Development Bureau provides occasional advices to Ihe farmers Major maintenances beyond the capacity of th* local people and the woraoa Agriculture Bureau will txr referred to the Oromia Irrigation Development Authority, Central Brancn (Adamaj
Operation costs saiary lor tne Wired guards of the dam and the l/Vatw usage Controller wnich are hrnea oy the waler committee, ano some olher operation cosis are paid from the revenue from the water cnarges The rate of wader charges are determined tty th* user's joint agreement The current raterpraciice is 10 birr per Qari a year, > e , <0 bin per ha The revenue from  lhe  water  charge  is  inadequate  to cover  extra  costs  other  than the routine operation and maintenance costs according to the mfonnafron from lhe committee memner
The three guards are paid 100 Birr eacn a month While the Water Usage Controller is paid 750 B«rr a month Bolh the guaros  ano lhe controller are recruited Dy  th* committee l.nemseves.
There are also upper stream users  like Kataba and Ghimbi Farmers  Associations  These two nebeles, nowever. are not using me scheme in an organised manner They chant form a committee to administer rts usage, they don't pay water charges - generally they are not 'osponsible for the management of 1he scheme But there is no ground Tor any one to deny 1heir ngnts to use lhe scheme
3.6      The Experience of the Koga Irrigation Project
Koga Imgatipr. Project located in the Amnara National Regional State, is  currently  under construction According to me information omameo Hom me project manager, about 7000 ha Will oe cultivated using the irrigation scheme. The fund lew construction of the project is obtained from th* African Development Bank through long term loans ano grants Chinese contractor is carrying out the construction of the senerne at present
3,6  1 Steering Committee
The organizational structure Tor the Birr and Koga Project, as proposed m the Feasibility Study, indicates that Doth projects woulo oe supervisee jnder a smgie project management a Steering Committee to be established at regional level. The regional administration would
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provide directions co lhe project Ihrougn thss commitlea committee, as prchnided in the proposal is as Follows
May 2007
The composition of tne steenng
Head Production ano Cons-Uuction Sector of the Region .... ............................... Chairman
Agricultural Bureau nead1 .......... ......... . .......... ..... ............ .......... -................ Member
Natural Resources Bureau r*ead .         ............ ......................... . Member
Public         Works         Bureau         mcm           --
■         ■—■         ....         Member
i-ieahh Bureau
.............. ,........................ .. .........
.      ...
Member
Finance Bureau ............................ _ ........... u. .. ■ ■ ■..■. ........... ....... ............ Member
Pfenning and Economic Development Bureau
..      ....................... Member
Current pracfices, however show a shghify  different structure with a major deviation in reporting “eiattonrshlp from what was origin ally proposes The project is. in practice, under ire direct supervision of Mirusiry  of Water Resources, through a coordinating office astab^isneo unoer the Ministry  The reiatonstup oetwecn the Amhara Water Resources Bureau and the Koga Project Sue office m Banir Oar is  loose The regional steering committee which was recommentfeoi io play a supervisory role, is now serving as an agenl 1or lhe mam steering oommihee under the Ministry ol Water Resources
3.6.2    Functions of Project Coordination Office
The Koga Project Coordination Office under the Ministry of Water Resources, rn addition to
its supervisoiy rone, is also a facilitator. in charge of fund administration including
transfer mg funds to the project, commumcaung wth relevant authorities such as Ministry of pariance and Economic Cooperation and the funding agencies for the release of funds Functions like coordinating framing programs lor capacity building through grants from the African Oevempment BanKB recrufbng1 technical ano professional project staffs, and
providing other aaministrative supports are also performed by the project office in Addis 
The Koga Project Coordination Office <s currently staffed with a Project Coordinator a Secretary, a Water Resources Engmaer an irrigation Engineer, an Economist (MonftOhng
and Evaluation Officer), a Training Officer and a Liaison Officer
3.6.3    Project Site Office
The site project office, which is  nawd in Bahir Dw it responsible for the design, implementgiion. arw for coordinating the ponstnicSon phase The coord"natinxj and (solitating ACthHbH Qf the site project office includes functions such as follow up [he
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21AiJd Dedess* ImgiUoo Project
OrgulzadQ^ndM&JugemcntStQd^
M*T 2007
activities  tH  me  consultanvconstruction  supervision  coordinating  all
stakeholders  in  me
region sucn as Water Resources Bureau. Agriculture ana Rural DeveiopmenL. Cooperatives Coordination Office Environment Protection and Land Administration Bureau. Woman s Attaxs. the Wcxeda Admirnjlration, and Zone Administration, for the proper implementation of  the  project  identifying  individual  hoidmgs  requiring  compensation,  commamcalmg  with the   relevant   authorities   lor   resettling   those   indrvidualsAamilies   to   be   moved   from construction sites, and handing over freed lands id the contractor are also Some or me responsibilities of the site project office The regional sleerrng committee's major role rs to create an enabling environment for the smooth flow of information ana cooperation among stakeholders and the project s«le office The proposed organization structure tor the Birr and Koga In-igairon Project, m the Amhara Region as given tn the feasibirty study, is indicated
Fig 3 2
The organization structure proposed tor Birr and Koga Project is divided in two phases pre- implementation and implementation phases However the proposal doesn't depict whal wpuid oe the organization ol the irrigation project during post implementation phase i.e dunng operalion and management phase The detailed organization structure for pre- imprementateon and rfhpiemefliation phase, tor Birr and Koga is indicated in Fig 3.3
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22M? iltaesn 1 mutton Project
MW 2007
Figure 3,2: Proponed OrganLUUon Structure for Birr and Kofl* Project In the AmlWt Region.
Water Wcrlu Design & SuperriKtoa EnterpriM
[qAMMUeIm *111 iBurwrsHaia tiL Cwanhwra TechnotnU Ftl LtH.
23irjo D*4fE3i LmgiUoi Project OrgMladon and MinflggtMiU Study
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Figure 3.3: Proposed O^pnttsHon Structure for the *OQ* Irrigation Project
Wuer Work; Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Aisockitlnn w^Lh lBCBP»nttn a nJ Ca nsnitaiju gad Twtmocrm Ki Lei
24Arjo Dcdessa IrrtgaUiM Project Organization and Management Study
4.1 Project Phase
The Orgamration and Management options tar AfjOdidOessa irngalion Proped are seen in two major ph Het (t) Planning, design and Implementator Phase, and (n) Operaton and Management Phase
4.11 Phase t: Pi a nn I ng, Desig n and I'm p lame ntaiion
This pnase is divided mtn two Prt-consiructon phase and construction anti implementation phase Dunng the pfe-constructidn pnase. the following work wOu»O be carnea out
•    Resource moDiliraton
•    Detarled and final design preparation
■   Preparation of tender aocumenls for construction of (he scheme
•    Preparation of frameworks for farmer participation
■   Conoucting land negotiations and Iwmulatrng raaatHanwit plans
- Liaisonmg with funding agencies
v Recruitment ana Training of project staff
The construction and implementation pnase encompasses the penod over wnrch the actual construction is  carried out and competed oefexe operation commences  This  phase involves  aominrslrafjon of connect, supervision ui contract works, quality  control, and momranng and evaluation, establishment of WLA. the provision of extension and other project services shall commence and all the necessary tachn'cai assistances a no iramngs ferine operation and maintenance oi the system will be undertaken intensively 10 facilitate Pte 1/mely nandover o1 the system s operation and management at quaternary and tertiary lew) tc the Water Users Associations (WlJASj
4-1.1.1 Pro posed OrganiraEion Structure
Ownership ano management responsibilities W entirely entrusted (0 the Federal Ministry ol Waw Resources at this phase of me project. The Ministry n, maraiore. responsible tor me overall management of the project through an moependant project coordinating office for 1he preparatory  works, deiaitad design and crMistnidion adLvrtXS The Ministry  is  also mandated to secunng the necessary budgeVfuntJ for me pfQjfrtl and far negotiating With fund ng agenCi&S. Upon securing the necessary fund from rnta^nal and external sources. the Ministry Wliil hire consultants and contractors for the oeS'gn, supervision and construction at the irrigation scheme.
Waler Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
Ln JLMfOEllUrtjD Wl1^ CutCITCIiHllEnitll COQSU ItlUCS Uld Tcichuo-crst! Pvl Lid.Arjo Dedcssa Irrt^AUon Project
OrgaoLzAtJo^n^anageroemStud^
May 2007
The current organization of (he Koga tmgalion Project <s assignee on rhe oasis rd the above roles assignat) to the Ministry o( Water Resources by making the neCMsary adjustments on the  proposed  organization  structure  tor  Ute  project  Among  the  adjustments  made  is  the estaollsnment of steering committee ano project coordination office art federal level under the  Ministry  The  rong  hierarchies  at  regions,  level  including  lhe  General  Manager  ano Regional  Development  Executive  Committee  are  therefore  replaced  by  the  Federal  revel ertCLrtrva committee and the Ministry of Water Resources, the supreme supervisory body This   revised   Structure   o!   the   Koga   Project   <5.   therefore  recommended   With  some modifications nor the preparatwr* and implementation phases of the ATjO-Chdaessa irngalmn Project
Accordingly an moepenoent Project Coordination Office similar to the Koga Project will be established under tne Ministry  or Water Resources  (MoWR) wrlh ils  office in Addis. The Extension ana Agncutturai Services  Departments  which were separately  proposed for the Koga project have been merged together under the current proposal for Arjo-Diddessa Prayed. because these two services  are support services  to be given by  the Bureau of Agriculture and Rur&i development at fulf scaie The unit under mt project only  indicates temporary  assignments  to the project ircrn the concerned Bureau for providing extension services  ana agncutturai advices  in the irrigation command area The Audit Service proposed for the Koga Project has peen cancelled under the cunent proposal since placing an Auditor in the SMe Project Manger office is enough for this purpose
The Project Coordination Office will be responsible for overseeing (he proper project impiemematiori and fund administration - transfer ol lands, negotiating for release of funds wflh relevant government atehnmies  ana donors, investigating requests  from the proyecl office ana taKing decisions  ar forwarding proposals  for the higher authority  For Uns  a competent anti qualified Projeci Coordinator will be assigned or hired Additional technical and support slafts will also be assigned or hired as required under the Project Coordinator
There will be a Project Office cased m Jimma Arjc  to coordinate and closely  supervise project impemenlalMn The Project Srle Office will be directly  responsible to the Project Coordinator under the Ministry  and will cany  out both pre'CanstfudiOn/preparatory  works and activities  during construction up to Tina* transfer of the seneme to 1he Regional Authonfy Such lunations include cocHdmalmg and facilitating local resource mobilization,
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26Arja Dsdfisi lmgstiM project Organization and lUMgoment Study
May 2W7
detailed design preparation, tender document for construction, preparing frameworks  for continuous  participation of iQCSi communities  in project planning oeveiopment and ope<a1>on. organizing water users associations m coordination with relevant Tvdreda level secltK Bureau and Woreda administration, Lino negotiations  anq resettlement pians  and recruiting and learning local project staffs
The sue office else will aiso perform functions  such as  foWow up the activities  of the corKutiant/construetion supervision, coordinating all stakeholders  m 1he region such as Water Resources  Bureau. Agriculture and Rural Development. Cooperatives  Coordmawn
■DHice.  Environmental  Protection  and  Land  Administration  Bureau.  Womens  Affairs,  the Woreoa Administration and Zone Administration, etc lor trie proper implementation pf the project,  laentrtving  individual  noidmgs  requeing  compensation,  communicalmg  with  the reevanl  authorities  for  resettling  those  individual  ami  lies  to  de  moved  from  construction Sites ann handing over Treed lanos to the contractor are aiso some of the responsibilities ot ine Project Office The proposed organizational structure Chart and required manpower of re   Project   Office   for   planning,   design   and   implementation   pnase   lor   Arjo-DidtJessa irrigation Project is given m Fig n 1
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Figure 4.1: Proposed Orga million Sl/uctu-re for the Planning. Design and
Implementation
Phase
4.1 J.2         Manpower Requirement for Phase I
The manpower requirement far Phase I. planning, oesign and implementation phase for Arjo-DfOaess-a irrigation Project is estimated based on the experience of the Koga irrigation Project which is  currently  operational The estimated manpower as  per the above organizational structure is given m Table 4 1
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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OrffafllMOgn and Management Study
Table 4.1 Manpower Requirement for phase I: the Planning, Design artO
Implementation
Ml? 2007
« Education                            ___ 1 EktHtn*nc«
Minimum Requirement
Locator Job Title
1 Project Coord-natJO* i Office
s
Salary
Estimate
1 1 Project Coord nator                 1
BSc   Civii/lmgation   Engineering
1 2 Engineer
1   BSc CiviVIrngalion Engineering
1 3 Economist                               1
BA Economics
1 a Training Coordinate*              1   BA Management
12 Tear?
lOYears 
iDYears 
lOYears 
1 5 Secretary                                1
2     Protect Site Office
Diploma Secretarial Science            6 years
2 1 Project Manager
2 2 Secretary
2 3 Auditor
1 BSc Cwii/lrngati on Engmeenng 10 years
Diploma.  Secretariat  Seance        5 years
1   BA, Accounting                                 8 years
4000
3500
3000
3000
1500
3500
1500
2500
3    Aomin and Finance Uni1
3 1 Project Admin & Finance 3 2 Financed Officer
3 3AcCOunts Clerk
3 4 Cashier
3 5 Personne. i Recocd Cwk 3-6 Purchaser/Generai Serv
3 7 Driver
3 8 Guard
3.9 Cleaner
3.W Oflice BoyfGin
4     Piann.ng, M & E Team
4 1 Team ^eader
4.2 Watershed Mgmt Eng 4 3 Agricultural Economist
1
1
1
i
i
1
R
R
2
1
Ba, Management
BA. Accounting
10 years
5 years
Diploma Accounting                         6 years 
12+ 1, 10+ 1
6 years 
Diploma Management 6 years Diploma, Management 6 years Grade 8 3* gr drwing license 4 years Litrate, and operate nand gun
Read and write 1 years
Read and write
2 years
3000
2500
1500
1000
1500
1500
700
250
200
200
1
1
1
BSc, Civil Engineer
BSc. CivilAA/atcr Resource Eng BSc Agricultural Economics
1QT12 yrs  3500
0 years  3000
B years 2700
'5
Irrmabon EncjineenfiQ Team 5.1 Team Leaae*
BSc  Cwl/Inegation  Engineer
10 years         3500
5  2imgation  Engineer
53SufV&yQr
E    Contract Aomm Team 6 lTearn Leader
6 2irrigation Engineer
1
1
1
1
1
&Sc, CtviMImgation Engineer         3 years 
Surveyor
iQ years
3000
2700
BSc,       Civil       Engineer       or Economist
BSc Civil/Imgalion Engineer
10J12 yrs
10 years
3500
3000
7
Agriculture      Extension      ana Community Coordinat an T
7 1 Team Leader
1
7 2 Community Organizer
1
t
7.3AgncufturaJi5t
1
BSc, Social WonuAgnculture BSc. Social Vrcwk
BSc Agnculture
12 years
10 years
10 years
3500
3000
3000
R - As Required
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Organization and Management Study
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4.1.1.3    Function*! D«>trlption of til* Proposed OrganizitlomI Structure
(if The Fetierai Steering Committee
The feaerai steering committee is responsible for me overall management of the project II also serves as aovuory tway for the nighest decision making body - the Ministry 01 tA/ater Resources In particular it performs Che following
* Attracts  screens  ano selects  a project coordinator and other professional and administrate staffs for the project coordinator office and the site office and submrts proposals io the Mimsuy lor final approval
■     Evaluates  progress  reports  ana  other  periodic  reports  of  the  project,  make  the necessary  comments  and  amendments  and  submits  to  the  higher  authority  those requinng decisions.
•      Evaluates   project   performance   through   pre-established   evaluation   measures   or sianoords anchor other means as deemed necessary and submits evaluation results for the decision of the higher oooy
•     Evaluates  periodic  budget  requests  from  site  offices  and  submits  proposals  to  the Ministry
■     Evaluates  consultant  reports  dn  construction  progress  and  requests  for  payment from the consultant and the contractor and suomds proposals to the Ministry
*     Evaluates  reports  from  regional  steering  committee  and  submits  propossis  10  the Ministry tor appr oval
(il| The Regional Steering Committee
The members  will oe drawn from major stakeholders  like the Regional irrigation Development Authority, Water Resources  Bureau. Agnculturai Bureau. Environment and uand use, Women’s  Affairs. Cooperatrves  Coordination. Health, and Bureau of Finance The Ororrna Regional Slate will appoint the board members  and the chairmen Preferably the cnairman would be the viator Resources Bureau neao
The regional Steering committee will ad as  a branch office for the federal steering committee and will closely supervise the site project office in particular, the committee will perform the following major functions
■ Evaluation of matters related to local disputes concerning the scheme, closely works with local ano regional euthorrties to peacefully resolve such problems
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^0Arjo Dedtssi Irrigation Project
•     Submission o1 repons requiring me tedera- lerti decision 1o lhe federal steering committee
•    Reserving conflict of inieiesis between rhe different regional Dureaus concerning life project
, Working ci&sery  wflh the site project office m mobilizing the locsi community's participation Suring lano negotiations determining resettlement requirements, and nanding over project site 10 contractors for construction
■   liaison mg between the project management and me beneficiaries
■   Performing other related functions as directeo by lhe regional administrator
(iiij The Project Coordination Office
The project ajordinalmn office will oe responsible tor overseeing the proper project implementation ana tuna administration, overall managemeni. facilitating smooth communication oeiweec  the donors  ana 1he supervisory  body  the Ministry  of Water Resources, tn particular, the Coordination office will be responsible for
•     Administration ano Transfer of tunas negotiating for release of funds with relevant government authorities and donors,
•    Scrutiny ot requests from the project office and forwarding decision proposals Oh Hie same 1or consideration of the mghe*- authority
•    Monitoring and evaluation ot the construction activities and supervision works
•     Reviewing ano evaiuatior of consultant's reports and forwarding proposals to the htgner aufhqnty
•     In coordination with regional stakeholders and steering committee conducting iong- lerm and short-ierm training need assessments anc coordinate its implementation
•    Adnumstratioh of funds for capacity Duildmg of staff as well as beneficiaries training
•      Liaison  between  the  site  project office and the Ministry of  Water  Resources  the owner of the project
•    Performance of other reialed functions as directed by lhe Minislry
(fvj The Site Project Office
The Site Project Office will directly report to the Project Coordinator under the Ministry and win be responsible for close coordination and facilitation of the project ptannmg. design and implementation ana in particular will perform the Ipllow.ng activities
• Coordination and Close supervision of project planning, Oesign and implementation
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•       Carrying   out   ooth   pfe-consiructionJpfHparatory   worts   and   activities   dunng construction up to final transfer of the scheme to toe Regional Authority
•    Coordination ana tacit nation of local resource mobilization, detailed planning. design preparation of tender document for conslniction
•      Preparation  of  frameworks  tor  continuous  pamcipalor  of  local  communities  <n pro|rd planning development and operation,
•     Organizing  Water  users  Associations  (WUA),  lano  negotiations  and  resettlement p :anS
•    Recruiting and training iocai prayed staffs
•    Following up the activities Ol the consultanWconstruetion supervision
■  Coordination  or  all  stakeholders  m  toe  region  such  as  Waier  Resources  Bureau, Aghcuffure     and     Rural     Development.     Cooperatives     Coordination     Office. Environmental  Protection  and  ..and  Administration  Bureau,  Women's  Affairs,  the Woreaa  Administration  and  Zone  Administration  etc  for  the  proper  implementation of to# protect
•    identifying individual holdings requinng compensation.
«  Communicating  with  the  toievam  authorities  tor  resettling  those  individuals/lamilles to oe moved from construction sites, ana
•    Handing over freed lands to toe contractor
» Evaluation of consultants reports ano make payment approvals for the contractor
•     Conducting other reiatod activities as dtfectea by toe Project Coordinator and/or the Regional Steering Committee
tv) Administration and Finance Unit
The Administration and Finance Unit ot toe site project office will be responsible for aommreieung the num an, financial ana maienat resources of the project and will ensure the limeiy preparation of financial reports, and proper utilization of project finance transferred co tne project office The und m particular will perform toe lollowmg
» Planning, organizing coordinating and controlling the proper utilization of the human financial and materials resources of the prqjecl
•     Administration  of  the  project  finance  in  accordance  wrth  the  requirement  ol  the project  owner  and  finance*  and  submission  of  period-ic  financial  reports  to  all concerned
Waler Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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*     Ensuring  timeiy  preparation  of  periodic  and  annual  financial  reports  ol  me  project, checks for accuracy ana report to management and donor organizations
. Recrunment ol «ocai Staffs wrthm (Me mandate given lo the Protect Office paymen! of salaries  end  Benefits  according  to  the  rules  and  procedures  established  for  the project administration
♦     FqHow  up the timely transfer of project funds from the Project Coordination Office and rts timely deposit in respective bank accounts
•     Control  of  project  budget  ano  their  utilization,  ensuring  proper  fund  utilization  lor intended project activrties
*     Ensuring  that  financial  documents  are  well  organized  maintained  at  a  safe  place, protected from any loss ana damage and filed property.
•     Organizing compile personnel record, ensuring 1hat Iney are kept in safe place and protectea from any damage and loss
•     Ensuring  the  fulfillment  of  logistic  services  to  supfiorl  project  implementation  and control rheir efficient juration.
•     Effect  small  procurement  of  goods  ano  services  within  the  limits  provided  by  the Project Coordination Office
•    Performance of other related functions as directed by tne Site project manager
(vij Planning, Mcnhcnng and Evaluation Unil
The Planning. follow-up and Evaluation Unri will be responsible for project planning monrtonng ano evaluation functions, developing monitoring and evaluation standards systems ano eidicalors, momtonng ano evaluation of project implementation planning project budgets ana acUvrbere. preparation ol monitoring and evaluation schedule The Unit «n particular will perform the following
•    Evolving systems and procedures lor project panning, monitoring and evaluation and ensuring its rmp*emenca!ion
•    Preparation of semi annual, annual, short and long term activity and budgetary plan of the project
- Follow jp and monitoring the proper *np»emeniation of the project plans and report to concerned authorities
Water Worts Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Association wtLti Intorwnttnsiul CensuJUuts ud Tecluocnu Pvt_l_uJ.Arjo Dedessa IntfaUoti Project
OrginiMiion tadManagementStudy
* unoertake project monitoring on project site* to ensiure that projects  are being implemented m accordance with designs, standards and the pre-set objectives and goals
■    Suggest remedial measures For any deviation and snorttalts observed on the project implement at ion.
»  Conduct  mid-term  and  post  implementation  evaluation  of  projects  together  with concerned   stakeholders   using   established   stanoara   evaluation   procedures   and indicators idenlrfy impact of the project, ana report on the finding
-  Stuay  the  existing  evaluation  metnoocilogy  and  mdicatort.  identity  weaknesses  and gaps, and suggest measures tor updslmg and improvement
■    Follow up and expedite protect monitoring ano evaluation with well designed M&E schedule,  make  effective  communication  with  stakeholders  in  order  to  undertake coordinated and planned M4E
■     Prepare  penodic  ano  annual  program  performance  reports  and  submit  to  the concerned authorities.
♦   Undertake other activities as directed Dy the Site Project Manager
(vli) Engineering Unit
The Engineering Unit will oe responsible for assisting the consultant and the contractor on lecnmcaVengineenng activities, for evaluating contractors  and consultants  reports  and proposing payment approvals revising the locations;' site delineation at the time ol handing over the site to contractors, conducting surveys  to detineale and quantify  individual holdings  wrthm tne reservoir ana commana area The Engineering Unit in particular will perform iTie following operations
*     Revew designs, drawings and reiaied documents of the dam ana canti works and ma*e the updates whenever considered necessary
•     Review specifications, bill of quaniftres ana lender documents and recommends the required changes.
•    Review and recommend contract assignment ana sub-lettmg of works
» Review engineers cosl estimates of the dem and irrigation systems
■   Review and update contracl documents
*    Make site vufls and prepare monthly construction progress reports
•    Review and recommend variation orders
Water Works Design & Supervision tniurprLse
la lUmrUduO with loumstutuiu Censultuu ud tNhncienu Pn Ltd.
34Ar JO Ceflfss* LmgsLiMr Project
Or£tttUailoni£dMiD8g&nien^Ludj^^
« AdviS* or claims ano dispule settlements, extension of tirr*t and nom .nation of 6Ub- oanlractnrS-
*    Prepare completion report9 and certify provision ai acceptance Ifom contractors
*    Approve payments for 51e workers hired Dy the projecl
Jviil) Contract Administration Unfc
The Contract Administration Hurt wilt W primarily  responsible far ensuring whether lhe consultant and lha contractor are property rfascharging Wteir responsibilities, for fallowing up the 1m*ely preparation <jf supervision reports and adherence to me cehliact agreement The unit m particular wilt do the following
» Ensure (he ninety preparation fit specifications, bill Of quantities and tender
documents
■   EnsLire timely preparation o( engineers cost estimate
< Ensure that (he construction of the project is being carried out th accordance with the designs and specifications
*    Control ano ensure quality ot workmansnip for CNil works and equipments
■   Ensure that tne construction ano supervision work is oemg cameo oui m accordance
with the contract agreement
*    prepare lechnrcai proposals as well« proposals for resolving claims ano disputes
(lx) Agriculture Extension and Cornrnunity Coordination unli
Tnn team wifll responsible for providing assistance and hMh io the Wfflthu nrty/lhe farmers in proper utilization Of irrigation waler, modern farming, inputs  ulKization. ano cultivation piCtices  providing training and experience sharing organizing the farmers  in waler users associations etc in particular the Unit Will ba responsible Tot lhe following
*    Providing assistance and advice to water user s association members and other farmers tn tne area of water utilization, improved farming methods, selected seeds and otner nputs
- Providing guidance and technical services Id the tOmmunity b form associations, assisting n formulaiting iOgal and procedural works to establish such association, ie preparation pf establishment protocol, administrative guidelines and eslaDlishment of weter service providers (W3P)
■   °rowding trainings and Claritica1«ns On lhe relationship between WliA management board and the WSP
Waler Works Design & Superilsfan Enterprise
35
la AiEocLiDdi! wlilj Quit re gii tin tn t*J Ceuultiflts and Tschirn tri Is Fin LtdArjo Dedessa Inlfailon Project
^anizatJo^n^UDAgpmenUUiady
-    Ass-sting in regal and p rouMtural worts Io estaMtsh such association . • preparation af establishment protocol aamimslratrve guidelines and estabk$hment cu warm service providers (WSP)
-    Provides training on the preparation of contract rJocumerhs to be used as between WuA and W5P and Other related activities
■ Training and eouCflhng the local represenralivcS ir the managemem operation and mainieriante Ql rngetion systems proper wa(H usage ana urher rotated matters
* Performance or other ntited functions as directed Dy the project manager 4.2      Phase II: Operandn and Maintenance
JM7
Phase il reales 10 the period durtng which the scheme fully or pad .a > r.ci -Ties opeWron* ano is  transferred 1a the Ororma Jmgatmn DcvdOpmenl from 1he Ministry  of Water Resources operated and managed by rhe AulhMity and Ine toc3'rarmerj Upon complete n of trie construction phase (Phase f), the Ministry or Water Resources will bansler the Me project office wnn rtS facKH OnU manpower and the irrigation scheme to the OromM I rngation Development Authority
The prefect under the guidance ano support of the Irrigation Development Authority  n particular and rhe re*evan! stakeholders  in general wiH continue Io provide lechn-ca- supports  ana advices  tn hie Water Users  Associations  (WUA) m rr*e command apea
orgamre trainings and experience Shat mg progiams, and enn*n es rhe Confidence of
c
the
local people m rhe scheme through various awareness creaHCm programs
The irngatkin Development Authority  will closely  superVite &na provide all the neoMJry budget. mahpe^r art) supports  required lor running the proiecl The Authority  wit also h? responsible fur thft oporMiVI ano maintenance of the Scheme, by irwoAnrH) local people Provithng &n-|he-|Qb trsmmg to enhance rhe capacity Pl locals To operate ano mair-ia n the scheme trtldbliining susiainabw ana apprOprioie waler charge and tee- csUKtxKi Systems wiU tie among (he major runciiohs of Lhe Irrigation Development Aufhonry T he Authority w 1 also have Ihe responsibility  of budding up the locai community's  capacity  tiy  tutu's management, opeiation and maintenance of the scheme through providing conn-nudus  pn job training locai^ m abroad, transfer experience or elected membert of the puasantuvtor users association'!. Facilitating of visits 10 areas with frslablished waler users astax .ahems
Water Works Design 1 Supervision Enterprise AsiMifcdfrn with [ni«rtDnaaME*LfMiihLuDU T*cta«mti Fn ltdAfjo DedesHi lrritALlMi Project
The Agricultural and Rural Development Bureau will be responsible for providing effective extension services, for improved and modern farming for intensively  irrigated agricultural system and water management in the field or irrigation and advices on input supply fiucfi as seiecTed seeds  pesticides, ferftfizer. etc. These functions  will be earned oui through assigning appropriate staff from the respective oureaus  The proposed organization of the project for Phase It ,operation and maintenancej will be as given in Fig * 2
4.2.1  Manpower Requirement for Phase II: Operation and Maintenance
The number of manpower required and trie skill needed depend on the size of the scheme, tne method of water distribution ano the number and sae of the farms. The proposed manpower for Arjo-Diddessa irnggtion project rs, therefore might be revised and amended oased on me aoove operational requirements during the actual operation ano maintenance
.mgatic-n operation staffs commonly required m large imgation projects are Gate Operators. e ump   Operators   (when   water   pumps   are   used)   Water   Guards,   Irngation   Assistants (Superintendents).  ana  rogation  Engineers  As  large  scale  imgalion  farms  are  new  to Ethiopia,  there  is  no  domestic  experience  to  be  used  as  a  base  for  estimating  the manpower  requirement  According  to  literature'  however,  each  Water  Guard  can  look  after 100 to 150 ha or more, depending on the type of system and the size and number of (arms An Irrigation Assistant car. supervise four or more Water Guards covering about 500 ha An imgation Engineer on the other hand, could be responsible for up to 2000 to 2500 ha or more Depending on the above assumptions, the manpower requirement for operation and maintenance management and support services are provided in Table 4 2
s ------------- — ------------- ----------------
-
Melvyn Kay Surface Irrigation Systems and Praolice Cranfietd Press. England
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In AiiocLitioD with laumBtiuaial CdbiuIIuu ud Technocrats Ptl L14.
I"1Ar] o Dedtsii Irrlgiut>a Project
Organization and Management Study
Figure 4.2: Proposed Organization Structure for Phase II: Operation and Maintenance Pnase
Oronna Agriculture & Rural
Development Bureau
Mzy 2007
■■---------------------------- "
Ckomia irrigation Develooment Authority .
K
ArjO'Diddessa Project General Manager
Other Large
1—,t
ge Scate t •.
Irrigation I
Projects , |
. _____________________________ —•
_=s
Community Coordination
and Training service
cz
Agricultural Extension
Department
rT
>
jT
*S
Operation
J
Department
Maintenance
Department
Z------------------*----------- ■■ "
Administration
and Finance
<_____ __ ___ _
irrigation Engineers 
irrigation Assistants 
Water Guards 
---------
Engineers
• Civil
■ Mechanical
□Bpartment Head
Secretary 
Gale operators 
Reserve Weir
operator
■ Electrical
Inspectors 
Overseers 
Machine
Personnel Officer Finance Officer
Agricultural
Operators 
Drivers 
Tradesman
Clerk (personnel & Accounts; Cashier
Dr.ver Purchaser
Extension  Workers 
Store Keeper
irrigation   Extension
Janitor
Workers
Agronomist
■ Mechanics
Guard
■ Welders
■ Carpenters 
Laborer
Watchmen
Vater Worts Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Axndatton with iMertoadBeBtU Ceuidtutz u4 I st hotter* tr Pn Ll±
38Jtrj 0 DidtEsi Irritation Project
May 2007
Table 4.2. Manpower Requirement for Phase II. Operation and Maintenance
Job Tliie/Locjtlon
#
Minimum Requirement
Education | Eifl*n***»
S*l#ry
Estimate
1
Protect Manner & Office 1 1 General Mange*
1 2 Secretary
1
1
ImgattorVCiviF Eng . BSC
SecretanaS Science Dip.
B years
2 years
3500
1500
2
Operation DHifl-ifnen1
2 1 Department Manager 2 2 Irngalicn Engineer
2 3 irrigation Assistant
2 4 waer Gua^c
2 _■ GateyCanai Operator 2 6 Reserve We* operator 2 7 Mam canai □pefalxx
1
2
10
30
R
R
R
irngahon/Civil Eng 0Sc ImgahotVCivil Eng BSc lmga1ionl Diploma Grade 6. and training |mg Grade 6. and training Grase fi.aind training Grade 6 and training
6 years
4 years
4 years 
0 years 
0 years 
0 years 
0 years
3200
3200
2500
SOO
400
400
400
3
Matnlcnj)H£f Department
3 1 Department Manager 3.2 Civil Engineer
3 3 Mechantcai Engineer
3 4 Eiecincai Engineer
3 5 Maintenance Supervisor 36 Excavakx Operator
3.7 Deter Dperaw
3 3 Mote* Grader Operator 39 Roller Operatex
S.lGLow EM Dperai&r
3 11 Small Crane Operator 3 T2HeaMy Truck
3 13Piek-Up (ruck Driver 3 la Senior Mechanic
3 15 Mechanic
3 15 Winters
3 17 Carpenter
3 10 LaDorer
1
1
1
1
2
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
2
4
R
Mechanital/Cnril Eng. BSc Civil  Engmer  SSc Mechanical Engineer BSc Eteclnca* Eng, BSc irngalion Eng Diploma
&  ^rade appropriate kcense a^Graae apptopnale license &pGrade appropriate license S^Gaaoe. appropriate itcemw B*Grade.app*opna1e license 0”Grade1apprapna1e license 8 pGrade.appfopnaie license B^Gfade.appropnale license
Lr
P
0  grade, driving license
M&onanic. Diploma Welding. Diploma
Carpenter craining/exper^nce
6 years 
4 years 
4 years 
4 years 
6 years 
2 years 
2 years 
2 years 
2 years 
2 years 
2 years 
2 years 
2 years 
8 years
2 year*
2 years 
8 years
3000
3200
3200
3200
2500
1000
1000
10OD
600
1000
400
1000
5M
1000
700
7M
SOO
Darty
4
Aqncutlur^i E ^cn^n Pffpt
4 i Oeparimmi Manager
4 2 Agronomist
4 3 Agricultural extension Markers 4 llTigatiDnExtensiDn Workers
i
5
7
6
AgrOhOmm. &&C Agronomist. BSc Agriculture, diploma Imgatxsn diploma
6
1
2
3200
2700
2000
2000
5
Community CoorUrt and Trg^.nq 5 1 Community Coordinator
5 2 Traninq ccordmairx
2
1
Social Work, 0A Management. BA
3500
3200
6
AaminiStaUQhJgfl FirVSntfiJPH^ B 1 Opurmenr Mean
B 2 Secneiary
5 3 Personnel Officer
fl 4 Finance Off«r
B.5 Clertciptflonnel ft Aectxmlii
6 6 Casnier
8 7 Driver Purchaser 6 3 Store Keeper
B 9 janitor
6 -0 Guard
R- As Required
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
R
R
Management BA Secretarial Science, cent Management, dipkxna Accounting, diploma Secondly Scho&l Accounting, Certificate Secondary School, Drtwtg Secondary School
Read and- Wnte
Read & Write, operate gun
---------------
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
—=------------, 3500
1000
1500
1600
700
700
700
700
200
250
Wttsr Worts Design 1 Supervision Enterprise
Ln JisiMUdon ma iDtatwatlOaUJ DamuIluu mi TpOagmls Prl LitArjo Dedess* trriffztfon Project
4.2-2 Functional Descriptions of the Proposed Organizational Structure
The project office wall be responsible for organizing the community, tor capacity  building, providing assistance ano advices  in agriculture and imgaition Systems  management, operation and maintenance ot irrigation schemes In particular it will perform (he following
4.2.2.1    Organizing Functions
This includes advisory work (or the need of organizing and strengthening VW A. preparation of me necessary legal ano procedural works to estaoiish such association. i e.. preparation of estadishment protocot, administrative guidelines, and establishment of water service providers  (WSP), the relationship between WUA management ooard and me WSP
preparation or
contract documents to &e used as relerance between WVA and WSP  and
t
other   related   activities   These   tasks   are   entrusted   to   the   Community   and   Training Coordination Unit and will be the primary responsibility of the community organizer
4 2.2.2 Capacity Building
This will inc*u« training and educating local representatives rn the management operation, and maintenance of irrigation systems, proper water usage and other related matters  For capacitating the community  the training coordinator In coordination with other stakenokiers. will organize on-the- job trainings  workshops, seminars, ano visits  lo established irrigation associating
4-2,2.3 Operation Functions
The operation functions inckide the following major tasks
■   Maintenance of the irrigation system
*    Assessment ot water requirements and warier Supply,
■   Conveyance and distribution of water.
■   Dfstnbujjon of scarce water during water stress periods,
*    Drainage of excess water from fields and eventual reuse or removal
Major operation stalls and their job descriptions are as foltows.
(i)    Irrigation Engineer
An  Irrigation  Engineer  is  responsible  for  the  operation  of  the  whole  irrigation  system  In particular ne/she will perform the following
« Supervising irrigation assistants
■ Prepanng irrigation plans
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Atsocii.don with IntereoatUiHntiJ Cosndtuta ind Teetaaomu Pvc Lid
40Arjo Dedeua Imgaunn Project
•
'.Poncing c-iosely with agricultural staff to plan the supply and demand for waler
•
Reporting all maintenance needs to the maintenance department
-
Reporting to he general manger cm the irrigation system and <ts future needs
(ii)
Irrigation Assistants
The  tasir  of  irrigalioh  Assistants  wilt  tie  to  coordinate  the  wort,  or  water  Guards  which include
•    Collecting information from water guard on water requirements, maintenance news 
and land preparation ano passing inis to the imgalion Engineer
« Passing instructions on waler allocations from the Irrigation Engineer to 1he water
Guaros
-    Organizing training courses for Waler Guards, Gate Operators and irrigators
(ill) Water Guards
Water  Guards  are  me  main  link  between  the  engineers  who  operate  ths  system  and  the irngators m the fieio Their major jobs will involve me following
■ rieipng irngators with water management problems
•    Pasting instructions to gate Operators
« Collecting requests for waler from irrigators
•    Reporting problems cm iand preparation and canal maintenance
(jv) Gate Operator
Gate Operator is  responsible for adjusting (he gates  on head and cross  regulators  and canai outlets. Gate operators will normally work closely with the water guards who will pass on instructions  :o them about when to open or close canals  or to change the flow Gale operators  may  also carryout routine maintenance on the gates  such as  greasmg and removing trash which may cause blockage
4.2    2.4 Maintenance functions
This ts the toirtine work which must be aone to keep an irrigation scheme in prope r working order II involves  Cleaning and repairing canals  and drams, repamng structures  and canai linings and cleaning and luoncating gates There are throe types of maintenance
(I) Routine Maintenance
Routine  maintenance  refers  to  the  simple  and  regular  jtts  which  are  done  as  routine  On fixed interval Such as cleaning and greasing o1 gates, keeping structures clear of floating
Water Works Design & Superpi&ton Enterprise
41
In AmKLitJnn with I a leno a Ela eala I Cuosatuau utLTHlmctnu Ihi Lid.Arjs Dedeiu Irrigate frojeei
OrgAalTAUop imd Muq.igement Study
debris and filling m small ram parleys on canai and drain embankments
(H)        Annual Maintenance
Mijr 2Qg7
This  is  usually  cleaning  ana  reshaping  of  canals  and  arams.  repairs  to  structures  ana grading embankments io improve access roads etc This is done once m a tear
{ill)        Emergency
These aro popiems  that occur unexpectedly  such as  a canal ban* preaching 0< gates jamming Nonnalfy  machines  and labor would oe diverted from routine maintenance to nandle and emergency
(tv) inspection
An irnportam pad of maintenance work is inspection This is regular examination of canals, drains  ano structures  and ihe reporting of any  problems  to the group responsible for organizing maintenance Day-to-day  inspection of farm channel and water courses  wouW normally  be done oy  the imgators. Distributaries, brancn and main canals  would be inspected by Gate Operators and irrigation system operating staff In addition 10 maintaining the imgaiion ano aramage system Maintenance Department is  also responsible for maintaining <1s own machinery ano equipment
4.12.5 Agricultural Extension
’he Agncuhurai Extension Department is responsible tor providing assistance and advree io the communrfyrthe farmers  in proper utilization of imgaiion water modern farming, inputs utilization, ano cuflivalion practices  providing training and experience shanng. organising the farmers in waler users associations etc The d nit also provides advices in other areas of agriculture such as fishery animal tearing, agricultural marketing and related functions like environmental protection.
Waler Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
-C
In MtMkiSob Willi [ELBEttuHutnlii Cnntlufii ind TfttaMTiu. ptl Ltd.Afjo CticiSA [rrimnon Project
OrgaJUzadDD and Managameni Study
5. INTRODUCTION OF PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION
MANAGEMENT
5.1   Background
Hay 2007
inigatipn tresis with two most important natural resources ■ «and and water With increasing pressure d explosively growing population. bo1h these resources are becoming scarce day by  day  Significant  conceptual  changes  have  taxen  place  ri  the  fiexJ  cf  irrigation  dunng recent rimes atlhough irrigation is practiced since time immemorial One of the significant changes  in  the  field  of  irrigation  is  its  transformation  from  subsistence  10  optimization Earlier  me  objective  of  irrigation  project  was  to  protect  the  crop  trom  the  failure  due  to shortage or failure of ram and thereby provide suMatence to the farmers against famine, wnere as now it is mtenoea lo optimize the agricultural production from the available land ar*d  waler  resources  Another  important  conceptual  change  rs  regarding  conservation  of water by reducing the waslagertosscs and improving the water use efficiency in order to meet the increasing demand Of waier tor imgation as well as mat for other sectors Now it IS being realized that a drop of water saveo tn one part can become a source of bread m anolher part of a country or a region. Participatory irrigation Management (PIM) is expected to  play  a  vary  important  roe  to  alleviate  some  of  me  deficiencies  chat  prevail  m  the performance of imgation projects
tt  is  consideratJ  worthwhile  therefore,  to  discuss  tfi  br«t  the  conditions  prevailing  in  the existing major vngotnjn prefects. iU maior deficiencies and maladies m the background of the desiraM charactenstics as welt as me expected performance of me irrigation project? this will help in appreciating the need for and the role of (he PIM
5.2     Important Features of Major Irrigation Projects
Before discussing the introduction of PlM in Ajo-Diddessa Imgation Project, it is considered rerevanT to discuss the important features/characteristics of major irngalion projects which necessitate me introduction of PlM
5,2.1  implementation of Major Irrigation Project by Government
Waier resources deveiopmam projects m generai and imgation projects m particular act as a comer stone for albround development of a region It A generally planned implemented
fl star Works Design A Supervision Enterprise
43
In Auobiban nil Outran On cd LU Cwalunu mfl Teebaocnu Frt. Ltd.At}d DedeiEi trrigsllon Project
ana operated by govemmeni/public enterprise because d th* rofl&wmg main reasons,
besides others
* The requsrBfflerrt of taprte* mvesLment is vary lugh
* The gestation period is very long
* The accrual a! benefit it very slow
* There are a large number of intangible benefits compared to tangible benefits
* Cost recovery is very 5*ow and al times very poor
■ in view pf increasing cost of operation and maintenance in mosl of the cases the
project is not self-sustaining
5.2.2    Components of Major irrigation Projects
The main componenis/constituents of a major irrigation project are as follows
(i)          Head Aorta: This comprises aam m case of reservoir scheme and/or a barrage or wexr in lhe case of run-oU the rival scneme SomeUmes it comprises ooih - a dam creating a reservoir and a weir or a barrage down scream of the dam from whera  the  canals  take  off  in  case  □(  Arjo-Dictdesse  irrigation  system  the  head wo<k comprises a dam and canal systems take eft directly from the dam.
(Il)  The  canal  system:  This  is  another  important  component  and  rt  has  tne  following elements
*    Primary Canai (Distribulanes-)
■ Secondary Canan (Minors)
« Tertiary Canals (Water Course.!
*    Quaternary Canal (Field Channel)
*    Fteld Canals
For the convenience ol plannrng ana operation lhe entire canal system has been broadly classified into the following two caregores
a; Macro irrigation system -This compnses the pnmacy and secondary canal systems
&) Micro imgation syslem - This comprises the ungaiion syslem below secondary 
canals, i.e ternary and quaternary canals including the field canals
Il may ce noted that while the primary canal plays the important rote of conveying/carrying the irrigation water inside lhe command area, lhe secondary canal helps m the distribution of irrigation water within all the parts of Us command The most important and critical rote of delivering the irrigation water Io the fields  of indrviduej farmers  IS performed joinlfy  by quaternary ana field canals. The tertiary canals acl as an interface between the macro and
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
44
Id JttSKtellOB vi IS InUH&DtiAcBUli CflB5ll]ti.aLt tnd Tft£ha0cftl3 Pvt LtS.AT]* DtdeSsS UTi£itiCE Project
G^^^Mdo^andJianlgenisn^tu^
mrcro irrigation  systems  and hence they are purpose  of  planning  design  and  operation
M»y2M7
in
cluded
irt DQlh
Ihe sub com
ponents lar
fhe
It
muSl
OU  emp
hasized  mat
interaction
and
involvement of real slikehcHdera - uMrs  of imgalion water. i.b farmers  is  very  essenfiai and critical al miCM irrigation level, though it is needM at macro level affiO bul the level of interaction is CM retfucea magnitude
5 2.3 Phases of Major irrigation Project
A ma|or irrigation prefect passes thrdugn ihe following rwc phases
(i)     Implementation     ph»t:     This    includes    investigaton.     planning,     design     snd construction This 15 1he mitiai period of the project «d co nsum pHon Of resources is very huge
fu) Operation irwt maintenance phase. A.1 ths  phase lhe rear accrual of oenefils Stans arid continues throughout Che Ufa Of the project The requirement ol fund H very small paring the period as compaieO to implementation phase, bul -1 is very critical as the quality oi service 1o be delivered io the i*wr& (farmers) depends very muon on the quality  of maintenance of 1he irrigation system in this  phase Ihe recovery at capital investment jfc also envisaged.
Since the irrigation projects  are implemented. mainiamecJ  ana operated Dy  QttniHnent agencies  tpuDliC aHtwpnH*) and services  n Id fat finally  delivered to the large number of farmers  having small holdings, [he interaction between the officietsTmanagerg, or service providers and farmers {users of service) is very essential . which in present case »S very poor ar completely lacking
5.2.4 Desirable ChuracteHstJas of irrigation Systems
m  order  mat  the  irrigation pro  jet I  performs  satisfactorily  and  the  accrual  of benefit  is  as envisages The following characteristics are desirable
(i)    Reliability:  The  irngation system  shoula  be  reliable.  This  requires  that  the system would  Pt  «faihlainad  well  so  that  there  is  n&  disruption  oi  service  The  system jnould be operated Quite regularly
(ii)    Timelinea*:  The  system  should  be  able  [0  supply  quite  ifi  limes  as  per  rne requirement of ina crop so inai optimum production is obta.neo
(iii)    Adequacy:  for  optimum  production,  supply  or  irngaiion  in  lime  is  not  enough Along  with  timely  supply  the  irrigation  water  must  be  adequate  to  meet  1ne requ irement of crops
Watst Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
4$
In AssKUtion- wits laumnttaaul CaHiultMts md
|>vt Led.Arjo Dedessa Irrtfiuon Project
Organizatior^nMfai^i^inen^^L—
(iv)     Equitable   Distribution   It   is   one   of   the   most   important   characteristics   The available   irrigation   water   must   be   distributed   equitaWy   amongst   the   farmers (beneficiaoesj    in    the    entire    command    This    cngractenstK    assumes    more importance ourmg the shortage period
(v)    Flexibility:  There  should  be  flexibility  in  the  system  to  meet  the  situation  arising out of sudden changes in demand or availability it should also be capable to meet the requirement arising due to long range change in the system
5.2.5 Maladies of Existing Major Irrigation Projects
The  performance  evaluation  oi  several  existing  irrigation  projects  in  developing  countries like India reveats the following startling facts
(i)   The   development   of   irrigation   (i.e.   utilization   of   potential)   is   very   slow   and unsatisfactory Even after several years of fuD implementation of the project, entire area under the command (as envisaged in the project report) is not able to receive irrigation
(u)   The delay or ag in utilization of irrigation potential created at huge cost is having very  adverse  impact  on  overall  national  economy,  besides  the  lack  of  accrual  of benefit to the farmers in the command area
(iii)   The water use efficiency is very tow as there is huge water tosses
(iv)   The distribution ot water within the command area is not equitable - fields at the tail end of command area either do not receive adequate water or do not receive water al all.
(v)   The delivery of irngation watBr is not to the requirement of crops and. therefore, the yields of crops rs not optimum
(vl) The system ts not financially serf sustaining
rvli) The canai system is not properly maintained as adequate fund is not available since the water rates are very tow in view of poor paying capacity of the farmers tn the absence of optimum yields of crops
(viii) One of the main reasons for all these maladies is very poor or comptete lack of interactions or involvement of local farmers - interaction between the real users of Irrigation water and the officiatsJmanagers (service providers) of irrigation system involvement of stakeholders - farmers in this case, in operation and management of the irrigation systems ts considered essential as remedial measures for alleviating the maladies outlined above
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
la Jkiiodidon will inurtoadaenul CoaralUnts ud Tsclrotnti Pvt UdArj a DcdrsBi InigiUOB Project
Org&DizadDD and Management Study
5.3 Development of Irrigation in Major Irrigation Projects 5.3,1  Past Experience
May EDO?
Major irrigation projects are ptanneo. resigned. imp*ementeo. maintained and operated ny the government agency  or public  enterprise. Bu: trie main objective ot the project is  to
□edrver imgatior water to the fields of each and every individual farmer This tasw becomes very huge and complex especially wnen the holdings are ^ery small as n is the case in most of  developing  countries  it  is  here  that  the  roie/mvorvement  of  farmers  assumes  greater importance The experiences snow that the development or irrigation takes a long time The process from wr*en 1he scheme becomes ready to deliver irrigation water to 1he fields of individual tanners ano rfcs able to cover the entire command as envisaged in the project re pod has been defineaflermed as Development of Irrigation Since the lasx of constructing irrigation  channels  oelow  quaternary  canals  is  of  very  huge  and  comptex  magnitude because 01 large number of fragmented Reais and small holdings of individual farmers, the government  agency  or  public  enterpnse  responsible  fo*  implementing  and  operating  the irrigation  projects  limit  their  activities  m  the  beginning,  to  tertiary  and  quaternary  canal*, and  subsequently  the  activities  for  expanding  the  micro  irrigation  system  below  tertiary canals are taken up which continues at very s*ow rale ano takes a long time to complete the same n the entire command
The experience in some of the major irngation projects  «n Ethiopia like Amrbara and Metahara projects snow that small farmers were not involved as Amiparg is a state farm and Meiahara is  owneo and managed by  sugar factory  However the experience in deve*optfig countries like India, where several major irrigation were completed as early as middle of the nineteenth cenrury ano where a large number of major irrigation projects are being implemented lor more than naif a century the development of irrigation is very slow and it acts  as  a major constraint for optimal accrual of benefits  as  envisaged from ihe project
The experiences  in India show that earlier when the major irrigation projects  were imptementea during the nineteenth century, the government agency  responsible lor implementation and operation of the project limited their activities  for construction cl irngatior Channels up to a block of 200 ha However, m view al delay exorbdant delay m development of irrigation leading to delay  m accrual of benefits  notwithstanding me huge investment already made and aiso m view ol the urgent need for fast development of
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irrigation benefits ro< economic reasons the size o1 200 ha block was reduced lb 100 ha which continued for some time and now this nas been reduced to 40 ha Which <s generally considered the command o1 quaternary canal (waler course] The head regulator or wa:er course (Which is equivalent to quaternary canal} is populany called as outlet
5.3.2   Outlet
An outlet has  beer defined as  the iasl masonry  structure on government owned canal system - minor (ternary) canal and /or oistributanes (secondary canal), it acts as the head regulator for the water course (quaternary  canal) The government agency  responsible far implementation, operation and maintenance of the system supplies  irrigation waier at this pomi to the group of farmers wdhin the command of the oulret » e the cammana of the water course (quaternary  canal) The distribution is  managed jointly  by  1he farmers themselves
Though the command area of outlet [and consequently 4s discharging capacity,i depends on several factors - like soil type, stope of the >and type o1 crop its waler requirement ana method of irngalton. lhe average command area is kepi around 40 ha and the discharging capacity of the water course (quaternary canal) rs kepi around 30 to 50 Iner /sec (1 io 2 cubic feet per second). The modem trend is to design a modular outlet depending on all the relevant factors in special caste m highly sandy soil the capacity may be as high as 70 to 64 liter (2.5 to 3 cubic teer per second) The mam consideration rs that the capacity of water course i quaternary canal? should be such thai the farmers are able to manage lhe scheme by  themselves  conveniently  and most efficwnlly  While a ogger size may  result in unwarned wastage due to over size, a small size w»ll ieaa to inefficiency as water will not oe ante to (low fast and will trickle beiow resulting into tosses
Though lhe delivery of irrigation water at outet for use by farmers is the responsibility of the government agency m charge of operation ano maintenance of the irrigation system their responsibility does not stop there completely The government agency is expected to help and assist the farmers in managing and distributing the irrigation water among themselves The general concept prevailing at present is  to provide channels  SO that canal water reaches  a sud command ol 5 io B ha within Che command of water course These are constructed sometimes entirely at government or project cost, sometimes suitable grant is provided and sometimes  «tt enttreiy  io the beneficiaries  But in all cases  technical guidance and assistance are provided by the government agency to the farmers for
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planning design arid coflStrudJon of lhe component inside the command of waler course even though the cost is met by farmers themsetwss. In view of its rote and importance in acluai accrual of benefits  and quality  of irrigation service Outet has  a key  and pivotal position in P1M
5.3.3    On-Farm and Off-Fami Development Works
The development of imgation as discussea stove take* a song lime in normal way and the accrual of benefit is delayed causing adverse economic impacts. In orae< to accelerate me development of irrigation me folowing two types of aclivrlies are required
(ij On-Farm Development Works - This mcluacs the following works
ai Construction ol water course (quaternary canal} and field channels - with associated strueiures like turn-out, Toad crossing if any. etc.
b} Construction of ftekl drams with the command of waler course i.quaterna'y canal}
c)  Construction si approach road nghi ot way to facilitate mdiwlual farmers to reach
their tela
d)  uana leveling
(■} Off-Farm Development works - These relates to the inlrastructurar fiaciIrtHs-s tor lhe following
a, Supplying ana making available agncudural inputs like
•    Seeds
•    Fertilizers
•    Insect sides
b} ^oan for working capital
ci Facility for sicrage /processing anoi'or transportation
d) Marseiing ol agricultural produce 10 help farmers in getting reasonable price
While on-larm development works are taken care of by 1he government agency responsible Ipr operation ana maintenance ot the system, off-farm development works which relates to infrastructural works  are taken care ol by  other government agency  due to the difficult nature ol the activibes Oi-iarm and Otfrfaim development works are also very much linked with activities associated with PIM.
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5.4 Experiences of PIM in other Countries
5.4.1    World Overview
The new paradigm of irrigation management can be called 'userism" or managemeni control by the users in many countnes The management erf irrigation system rs transferred lo the local water users associations, in Latin America irrtgalion agencies are transferring systems ic users associations, in Eastern Europe water user associations are taking over management functions  in Egypt and Morocco, strong irrigation bureaucracies  are encouraging the formation o-l waler users associations lo manage the secondary distribution system in China PIM1 has  been an integral part of the irrigation sector for a number of years In Indonesia, an Misting management turnover program is being extenrted to units larger man 500 ha in Pakistan planning is  underway  to transfer irrigation management from government controlled system to 1armer$ water users' associations  The Philippines. Mexico and Turkey  nave made significant progress  in managing irrigation system by farmers PlM is aiso getting importance in already existing or proposed irrigation systems in mdia and especial attention is oe*ng given for quick, smpiemeniabon of PIM
5.4.2    The Philippines Case
in Philippines  PlM approach began in :970wlw president Marcos  ordered the National irrigation Administration lo move towards  setf-financmg As  a result, water users associations' were formed at grass root ieve* to take over operation marntenance and lo conlnbule to caprtal costs of investment of (he system Beginning in 19S0. this organizing approach was  applied lo the staie-run-systems  that had no prior history  of self management Thus lot of improvement was made both through direct recovery of waler fees and the replacement of some government functions by association s vofunteers in spite of all efforts  only  5% of area has  been formally  transferred to water user associations  The Bulk of the area is still jointly managed by secondary level association
5 4,3 The Mexico Case
In Mexico dunng 1900's when government faced extreme shortage of funds the state run management of imgalion systems was transferred to associations of users In 1990 Mexico
transferred the first irngalion distnct to the users, by 1995 more than 75 % network was transferred to 315 irrigation associations As a resufl. the user s organizations became
financially self sufficient with users paying the fees to cover the costs of operations maintenance and administration The farmers inrtialty reluctantly agreedl for this new role
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HdwCvSf, many farmers who ate commercially oriented agreed CO Me over entire system involving management repair of system. etc  For them a is  a 'win' situation and for me government as well
5,4.4 The Turkeys Case
In case d1 Turkey PlM it emerging as another exompie o1 dramatically rapid transfer of management raspohfiibiiny from the government farmers In Turkey Che irrigation policy has allowed Che transfer dl irrigation systems CO farmer! smee 19S4 In 1993 government offered a mart attractive package IO lure farmers ibid seif-management and called the program as me Ajcctteraiea Transfer Program
Any asaociaXin Chai looks over (Ull operation ano partial maintenance tit the system would be Excused tram any  water tee TlW agency  delivered water just below the head-works (uWlty a over diversion^ and continue IQ provide equipment for cleaning thr mam canals The associations  hire their own tmgmeers  and office slaff and set their Own Operational plans  Agency  staffs  mat were displaced by  the program were guaranteed reassignment The results  were impressive and wrlhm three years  irrigation Systems  well iranjlerred 10 407 legally registered associations
5.4.5   The Pakistan C„e
Or April 10 2000 farmer organization in Mulhern PunjBD Signed the nisionc  Irrigation Management Transfer (imT) agreement This  was  me first transfer in Pakistan ana landmark m the irrigation management ruscory of Pakistan
The government bf Pakistan nas Cten introducing mstrtutional restructuring IT1 ihe irrigation
ano drainage sector wflh me aim of mtreasnsg farmers' parncipatian m system
managernem Pilot experiments on farmer organizations at disinbuianes leivei were initiated
in early 1995
In Che province of Punjab, the on-farm water mansg&meni iOFWM) Department and nternalipnai Irrigation Management InsHute (ILMI) undertook institutional reform experiment
on three distributaries  with financial assistance from the World Sank  and the Royat Netherlands  Government. The transler agreement was  Singed by  farmers  organisations (FGsi of the Sifjawan and Bhutan distribute neS (OTgantZeti by OFWAN) and the Harks 4-R drstributary s ^organized by UN l.l m southern Punjab. Officials frpmOFWM. INPlM and UM I lacil tatted the negutiatHjris on IMT
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After the iMT agreement, government stall were completely withdrawn from dislributanes were farmers or organizations {FOs) were complete operaltan ano maintenance (0 S M) or
tne system and assessment ano collection of tne irrigation fee through their own hire d siaff
Al present. INPIM Pakistan hag 245 registered memttefs The membership covers a broad Cross section of professionals and farmer memDers from government, NGOs, internationaE
and national research organizations and FOs
The  PlM  program  has  also  Deen  implemented  in  other  several  countries  like  USA.. Colompia China '/tetnam. Holism. South Korea and Sc Lanka
5.5      The India Case
The intraauction of PlM in tndia is being implemented on a very large scale Since irngalion is a slate Subject in the country, the different stale governments have enacted special laws to facilitate the speedy and elective implementation of PlM Special funds are being made avails Die ano its implementation rs monitored intensively by the central government Several NGOs and international agencies are involved m the task
5.6      Role of PlM tn Arjo-Diddessa Irrigation Project
Participatory  irrigation  Management  (PlM)  has  assumed  importance  because  of  its  role  in improving the water use efficiency and quality of irngalion services in view at the followings
*    nvge financial 'equipment Itx imgalKJh sector
*    increasing demand for other sectors
« Overall scarcity of water
Besides, there is a significant increase in demand for irrigation requirement as the nngation facilities  are bemg expanded considerably  to meet (he demand for the ever-growing population. PlM <s aiso exported to p<ay important rote in improving the quality of irrigation services, which is  essentially  needed to obtain optimum agricultural production with available iana and water resources as indicated in Fig 5.1
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Organization and Management Study
Figure 6.1 - Role of WUA in optimization of Agricultural Produces
Farmers and WLAs Effort
Mujr 2007
E
Haro
ware
Canal
system
>- u*l
C jB
Son
ware
Operating system
irrigation Water
irrigated
+ Agriculture
Farming --
___ I
Agncullural inputs (Seed, fertilizer Pesticides, wonting capital, etc ) Knowledge
technique equipment J (or Improved farming
„
Extension services
£'
zj
a
lo
<■________
Optimized
AgncuRurat Production
The PIM ts expected to perform the following tasxs
(IJ Operation and maintenance of micro irrigation components
(it) Allocation of water among the farmers
(iiij Actual distribution of water among me farmers in light of allocation ^rvji Assessment and collection of water rates from the beneficiaries
v) Resolution of conflict among the farmers/benehcianes
(vi)         Planning ano implementation of pian ftx development/improvemenVmoderriizalion of tne already «Bttng schemes
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5,6  Introduction of PlM in Arjo-Diddesa Irrigation Project
In view al the role PIM is expected to piay in improving tne wafer use efficiency and yKSte of inigaiea crops  it « proposea to innoduce lhe PlM mlo tne proposed Arjo-DitWessa irrigation Project As discussed above it is proposed 10 introduce me PlM at micro urigatior level its organizational structure ano other particulars are discussed be tow
5 6.1 Level ol Organization
5.6.1 i Outlet Level
Tne pnmary or the lowest level of organization will be at outlet level All the oeneficianes 
. e the farmers whose land falls unaer the command of quaternary witl become members erf the  General  Assembly  at  outlet  The  General  Assembly  veil  ei&ct  Executive  Cornm.ttee comprising  ol  five  to  seven  memoers.  which  will  manage  the  day-to-day  affairs  of  the system The general tody will arse elect two members to represent the outlet committee at the higher levels - one at lertiary canal an<j the other at secondary canal levei.
5.6.1.2      Tertiary Level
A tertiary level committee will be constituted with lhe elecied memoers from alt the outlets 
Thu commitlee mil manage the oay-to-day worn for the tertiary canai as outlet commhee
does for the quaternary canai This will be responsible for reserving disputes out among
farmers ol different outlets
5.6.1.3      Secondary Level
A secondary Canal level committee will be considered with electea members from all lhe oultels. The organization will be called Water users  Associations  (WUA) All the elected members from the different outlets m Che command of secondary canal will form 3 General Body  of Water user Association The General Body  will elect an executive committee comprising of 5 to 7 members 10 manage the day-to-day affairs
5.6.14 Project Level
There will be a projecl revei committee of termers' representative having one elected memoer from each secondary  level commitlee (Water User Associations) Thrs  commitlee will DC responsible for
■ Operation and maintenance
•    Water atiocalion
•    Resolution, of conflict among different WUAs
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5.6.2    jurisdiction of WUA
in general the jurisdictions of WUA should coincide win the jurisdiction ol secondary canal However the area of WUA should not be too b-V) or too small A command area of 200 to 500 ha rs considereo quite suitable for mVUA The area under eacn WUA fihoutd be sucn that it is convenient to manage and al the same time it should be economically viabtt and swr sustaining In case 1he command area of the seconoary canai is less than 200 ha. it will t>e  combined  wrth  other  the  secondary  canal,  and  m  case  the  comma  no  area  of  the secondary canal is very &g (bigger than 500 ha). H wll de divided into more than one WUA oy adjustment ot ine command area with that of other adjoining secondary canal in any case the area under WLA should be clearly defined by nyoraute boundary and snould form contiguous common area falling on oniy one side or ine pnmary and secondary canals
5,6 3 Organization of WUA
The proposed WiJAs  may  be organized under existing irrigation laws  or cooperative society3 laws  Suitawe modification or enactment may  nave to be made in hgM of the requirement tor proper functioning of WUA
5.6.4 Responsibilities of WJA
The WLA* may be entrusted with the lollowing responsibilities
(I) To undertake the maintenance and up-k<tep of the canal system including relaTed structures, unaenaire routine /annual and/or especial repairs
(ii)  To cany out the operation of the canai system to supply irrigation waler
(iii)   To prepare plan for allocation of a*a labie irrigation water
(ivj To Deliver imgalion water to individual farmers in accordance with the approved plan to water allocation
(vj To regulate supply m the canal for distribution of water in accordance with the approved ptan for water allocation
LVi) To ensure equitable distribution of irrigation water among the farmers
tvli) To prepare assessment and collection tyf waler rates from the beneficiaries 
(Viii) To prepare annual budget lor rhe financial year and maintain proper accouhl of the same
(ixj To undertake regular audit ot the account
i,x) To prepare special plan for especial repairs/deveiopment /modernization and undertake the same
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fn| Tq make arrangements ror lhe tunes required for special repaar and-'<?r
modern ization
(xii) To resolve any conflict oetween individual farmers or between different
committees
5.6.5   Availability of Funds
A  pan  01  water  rates  collected  by  WUA  will  oe  made  available  to  it  tor  meeting  its requirements of fund for discharging its oay-lo-day duties in cage of especial repairs and/or modernizing the scheme special fund will be made available The WUA will eiso make ils efforts to mobilize its own resources
5.6.6   Transfer of the Scheme
The ownership ot lhe components of tne irrigation system falling under the jurisdiction ol WUA wll be translerreo io WUA under a Memorandum of understanding (MOU) to be signed by Che government agency ana repfesBrrtafrvft Of the WUA
5-6-7 Timing of Transfer
The  organization  ot  WUA  requires  motivating  (he  farmers  orgamzing/eslablishmg  WUAs registration ot WUA before it starts working It aiso requires capacity build mg and imparting training to the farmers to prepare them co ta*e up the responsibilities to be entrusted to the WUA This es a very slow process and it es  expected to take iong lime especially in Arjo- Dddessa command area as there fs  no experience to the farmers tor irrigation from major canai Therefore, till such time wnen the WUAs are well organued, (he entire system will be managed oy the government When the WUAs are establishes organized lhe components of  micro  imganon  will  oe  transferred  to  WUAs  tor  maintenance  and  operation  ana  other major components of the project like aam diversion weir and primary and secondary canals will remain under the full control of government agency
5-6-6 Preparation for Organizing PIM
Establishing WUA Tor introducing PlM is not an easy task, it is very huge ana complex task II requires  additional resources  in terms  of money  ano manpower io establish WUAs However in view of advantages  of PIML rl is  considered! necessary  to invest additional resource io organize/estabtisn WUAs for introducing PIM
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5.6.9 Mannaf for introducing PIM
A aeigdea manual for introducing Pertwipator^ imgairtn Management wiK fte prepared Thu manual will provide
•    Guidance lo< organizing WLA
•    Define procedure to organize Afferent EommUSses
■ Define foies and respons-ibtfities of (he different committees
•    Rules lor lunctioning of (he deferent commfltEes
•    Requirement of (faming for (he officjals invoked in organizing (he WUAs
•    Requirement of training for the
■   Farmers
• Members of WUA
■   Other funaionanes of ■MjA
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6 TRAINING REQUIREMENT
6.1     Need for training
May 2M7
in wew o1 ihc change tn concept of irrigation projects from subsistence to opfimization and the overall scarcity of water in the background of rapidly increasing demands for water IM irrigation and outer sectors as wefl, irrigation projects are required Io oe planned, designed consUvctM. maintained ana operated m such a way 1hat agricultural products are opbmired wnh available resources ot land and water This can be achieved to a greater extern by aoopting new methods  and techniques  developed for imgal«n science and irrigated agricultural larmmg tn the background of recent scienlrfic end technological developments m me fre-a of knowledge ano eouipmenrs Therefore there is urgent ana essential need for imparting training 1c all wno are mvoireo in irrigation management systems These include the following
(J) Irrigation Engineers mclufrng other supporting staffs mat are responsible for
actrvlies rerated to the planning, oes*gn. implementation and opera1»on
« Agricultural scientists including extension workers who are expected io provide assistances and guidance in the field of imgaleq agricultural farming to the farmers 
(ml Water users associations These include tne members and the officials ot the
Water user associations proposed to Pc formed for introducing Participatory irrigation Management They are the representatives ot the real beneScianes. i.e farmers
(ivj Farmers  They  are the DenefiCianes  and the important stakeholders  They  are loose who are going to optimize the agncutturei produces wrth limded land and water resources
6.2     Type and Scope of Training Required
The type, ievel ana scope of training required for the groups  mentioned above will be drfferem Some may  require trtensrve training and exposure to practical expenences  in other countries having commendable experiences m imgaled agriculture like India Others may require snon term tours anq ioca» trainings for skill upgrading
Smw large scale irrigation systems of the Arjo Diodessa type are new to Ethiopia project staffs. particularly those wno Will be responsible for the planning and management of (he irrigation systems  will required trailing. The personnel responsible for operation and maintenance will need to have practical orientation and experience transferred from other
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countries.  Local  e*penence  transfer  ano  visits  to  existing  irrigation  schemes  can  also enhance the Knowledge and experience or newly recruitedtassignea project staff
It is  not only  the tracing which is  essentially  needeo Interactions  among the various groups anc professions are also very important. Props* interaction among the memoers of the various  groups  who are involved wi irrigation systems  management will neip ir» urraErstandiAg the real proBiem at the grassjools revffl! and ihereoy in providing appropnate solution leading to optimization of the agricultural production
6.3       Training for Project Staffs
The major project staffs  that require sicifi upgrading training and experience transier are those who are responsible for the overall management of the project. operation staff and maintenance staff The details are as follows
6.3.1    Training for Irrigation E ng i neera
(i)          Maintenance of irrigation systems
•    Irrigation channels
■   Structures at macro ana nwro levers
(w) Operation of the irrigation Systems
•    Water dralnbuton lo command area
■   Delivering water io mdrvrauai fields
*    To achieve
■   Reliability
■   Adequacy
*    Equitadility
•    Flexibility
(lii) irrigation scheduling to suit the requirement tor
*    individual crop
•    Stage of crop development
*    Rooting oeptn
*    Climate faclors-evapO'iransprfahDn
•    Soil cnaractensiics-water holding capacity
■   Depth ana duration or irrigation
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(Iv,- Water Management
•    Rational waler supply/oelrvery lum-by turn as per fined schedule
•    Method or irrigation
*    Measurement of discharge al different levels
» Water allocation to
•
Different irngahon systems
•
individual farmers a nd fie OS
i Assessment of water use efficiency at macro and micro level
» Preparation of irrigation reports
*    Assessment of waler rate
6.3.2      Training for Agricultural Aspects
(i) Cfop planning and cropping pattern with respecl to
« Lana and SChI charactensucs
■   PrtvaHrng climatic conditions
■   Crop characteristics
■   AvadaMity of imgation water
* Soap-economic aspects
*    A variability cl labor
*    other inputs -seed, fertilizer
*    Marketing facilities
(ii)  Crop i farm budgeting
(iii)  Crap water requirement
(rvj Water management
(vl Methods Of .mgation
(vi)  irrigation Schedule
(vii)  Modem methods of irrigated farming
It may pe noted that while training for inigation engineers are required to concentrate on the engineering aspect of irrigation, irrigation engineers are also required lo acquire adequate knowfeoge about crop, soil land characteristics  crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling . water management ana methods of irrigation These items are common to all groups as they are very base, especially in large scale irrigation farming
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6 J,3 Training for Members of WUA
The members of WUA ore required to develop proper and aoequale Knowledge and jndwManding of the following aspects.
(i)  Participatory irrigation Management
(ii)  Aspects of irrigation engineering
(m) Agricultural aspects
(iv)  Administrative and Financial aspects *Mse are discussea hereunder m onef
6.3,1   1 Participatory IrngaPOn Management
M*y 2QW
This *S a comparatively new subject and it has got considerable importance m development of imgabon, accrual of benefits as envisaged in the project feasibility report. optimization of agricultural production with available limled land and water resources, improving the water use efficiency  and achieving desirable characteristics  of irrigation system like reliability, timeliness, adequacy. ano equtiapie distribution of water This  has  tne following principal components
(;) Motivating ana organizing WUAs mitijlly
(i) Delineating the hydraulic boundary of WUA, and noting election for office bearers
(h) Performing fiera wonts which include the following
»  Maintenance  of  canal  system  including  inigatrOh  channels  and  structure  at micro level
•  Operation  of  the  canal  syfiiom  for  conveying,  distributing  .  and  delivery  of irrigation    waler    including    regulating,    discharges    and    measurement    of discharge
(iv) Performing office work ana maintaining proper accounts and records
(V) Assessment of water taxes ano collection of tr# same
B.3.3.2 Aspects of irrigation Engineering
As discussed above m the previous section, |he members and officials of WUA ere required to maintain and operate lhe canal, regulate the discharge, distnbute and Anally deliver the irrigation water to individual field of the farmers With this end in view they are required to have some oasic/prtjlttninary  knowledge of the following issues  for which framing it very essential:
* Maintenance and operation of canal
- Regulation and measurement of discharge
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•    Preparation of plan ftrt waler allocation ano its implementation
•    RasoivUon of disputes rotating to waler allocation and its distribution
•    Methods or irrigation
•    Water managemem. etc
6.3.33 Agricultural Aspects
May 2W7
The basic objective of irrigation project is io oplimrze the agricultural production (or which the role af farmers is wery cruoai and vital Farmers cannot achieve these objectives without scund Knowledge and Know-now of modern intensively irrigated farming This includes Ihe following
*    Crop planning and cropping panem
*    Crop budgeting
•    inputs and cultural practices
•    Crop-soil-water relationship
•    Crop water requirement
*    Irrigation scneouie
6.3.3.4     Administrative and Financial Aspects
For performing She tasks  assigned to WJA, the members  have to underrate several admmisvatrve jobs like conducting meetings. functioning 01 offices snanng responsibilities among office holders  and recruited service providers, communicating wtln farmers  and contractors  about existing problems  ana alternative solutions, etc  Sirrtfarly  they  have to oeals with finances in connection wrtn discharging the duhes assigned to them as WUA For this  rney  are again required to acquire adequate knowteoge of boon Keeping and maintenance of accounts and records including audit records
6.3.4   Training to Farmers
Farmers are primary users ol irngation water, irrigation engineers, agricultural scientists and WUAs are Inere to help ana p*ay a role in aetvevmg the basic objective of the irrigation projects to optimize the agricultural production Science and technology have played a great role m increasing the agricultural productivity and will continue to play this role in future Therefore, it is very essential that the farmers in general must be exposed and made aware
□( new methods and technology related 1o intensively irrigated farming, items of training for the farmers will include all the dems under irrigation engineering and agricultural aspects as
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
tn AmixUQqd with iKfimada eaut Cornsultaau ind. Tsctaocn lb FVl led.Arj  Odessa IrrUttm Project
discussed aoove far the members of WL-A However the training co the farmers will not oe as iniensjve as requires for the members of WUA
6.4     Training targets based on th* proposed organization structure
6.4.1   Training for Management Positions
Usually training for management ano supervisory positions should concentrate o-n enhancang the management ano supervisory skills. in proper utilization. maintenance and acquisition of human, financial ana matenai resources, proper pianiung. follow up and evaluation, motivation ana maintenance of harmonious relationships witnm and without This can oe acquired trough experience sharing ano exposure to developed irrigation management practices abroad Shun term trainings are also available locally, such as lhe Ethiopian management instrtute These trainings shouio be arranged for the following
•       General Manager
•       Department Managers
•       Operation and Maintenance Supervisors
6.4.2   Training for Operation Staff
Operalrqn sraffs require short term trainings ano work visits on the following
*    Maintenance of 1he irrigation system
*    Measurement of water requirements and supply
*    Conveyance and distribution ot waler
*    Distribution of scarce water auring water stress periods,
*    Application and drainage oi excess water from fields and eventual reuse or removal *    Preparing irrigation plans
These training are required for the following posriions-
■
Irrigation Engineers
•
irrigation Assistants
•
Water guards
•
Gate Operator/Canai Operator
• Reserve Weir operator
■ Ma»n Canal Operator
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
Ju AjiocIlUdo mill tMtnodtomtil Cnssttuta ud TcctinncTsu Pn. LuiArjo Detect InlEadan Project
O^ankaUo^ndJJiMgemefi^tiid^
6.4.3 Training for Maintenance Staff
MaySOQT
Maintenance staffs need 10 have framings Oh the maintenance of irrigation structures and the maintenance oi their own machinery and equipments The vanous equipment operators also require skill upgrading training on how !C properly  operate the machinery  anp equipments  Such trainings  can be organized Dy  the local equipment Others  Equipment operator trainings are also avairao.e locally in government institutions such as the Ethiopian Roads  Authority  and the Productivity  improvement Center and other private training institutions  The maintenance staff also requires  trainings  in nandting emergency maintenances that occur unexpectedly such as canat bank breaching or gates jamming
The maintenance staffs memoera for whom such trainings are required include
•
Crv4 Engineers
•
Mechanical
■
Electncai Engineers
■ Maintenance Supervisors and
« Excavator Operator
•
Dozer Operator
•
Motor Grader Operator
•
Roller Operator
•
Low Bed Operator
•
Small Crane Operator
•
neavy Trues
•
Pic*;-up true* Driver
■       Senior Mecharw
•       Mecnantc
•       Weioers
- Carpenter
For operators and maintenance line personnel arranging local trainings and worx visits will
be more economical and effective than loreign trainings Advisory staffs such as extension workers and community organizers aiso require toreigr, short term trainings anq work tours
6.4.4   Training for Farmers Representatives
Th* will include training ano Mucalmg local representatives  in the management, operation, and maintenance ol irrigation systems, proper waler usage, and other related matters For cgpacitartirvg tne community. !ne training coordinator in cwrdinatian win
Water Worts Design & Supervision Enterprise
Ln AUKlldoa «llb laLnrcnnflaeaul CnonnllUU Lad TechnqrriU Ptl Ltd.
MArjo Dedessi Irrigation Project
Qrganteauo^Waan^emeflt^tud^ilaj^w^
other stakeholders  will organize on-tne-joo trainings, workshops  seminars, ana visits Io established irrigation associations  Building local people s  capacity  1or operation an j management is  given a nign pnorrty  because it is  one of the activities  most hkeJy  1o enhance susta-naoility  ana effectiveness  of irrigation systems  Exposure visits  la successful schemes  group meetings  between new and well established schemes  are useful ways  for communities  to exchange experiences  exp-ore the various  leadership slyies and management options, ano focus on gaps m their skills ano Knowledge
Training methodologies snoutd locus on learning by doing Therefore, on ihe job training and pamcipaimg locai representatives  m 1he operation and maintenance of the scheme before iransferrmg the scheme to WUA u nghry recommended Tne training should be in the wai language appropriate for drfferent age. genoer and class groups ana (he prevailing levei o1 literacy The ijrairung areas to be provided incKicte. but nor Jimded to
■   Community management structures ano the r roles (management boards, general
assembly, water service providers,)
■
■
Constitution and Dye-laws tor governing the use Ot irrigation systems Members nghls
■
Participatory oecision-makmg
*
Accountability of leaders
*
Trangparency in financial management
*
Setting development goals ana objectives
*
Planning and budgeting skills including setting of water charges
*
^eaoership/managcmenl skills
*
Monitoring ana evaluation mechanisms
*
Record keeping ano accounting procedure
*
Financial management skills
*
Community conflict resolution skills ano mechanisms
*
Negotiation Skills, contract with private sectors, with suppliers of inputs, buyers of
thew produces and with extension agents
*
Procurement and marketing strategies
*
Strategic planning
*
Social contracts with dtslnci/woreaa councils
*
Constitution and byelaws ratified by the woreda council
*
1
Registration of water commrttee, WUAs management board by the district council
*
Security of tenure guaranteed by the district council
*
Arbitration mechanisms headed by the dratnci cDuncJ
Watflr Works DmIjjij & Supervision Enterprise
In AwcUUad wltn litcrtantmtnol omtultuu ud Twimocrau Pvt. Ltd
65Arjo Dedessi imgiim Project
Orgaolution and Management SUjj
7       OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
7.1 Community Ownership and Participations
May 2W7
Local owneisnip of the resource is  now recognized a best approach Tex  sustainable resource use and development Recent trend in irrigation systems management and policy world over, lhereiore emphasizes  Bocai/benelicianes  involvement antf active participation starting early  from the outset, e . from need identification through preparation design, construction, implementation ana finally operation and maintenance of the scheme
Communities are much more likely to loo* afle* and pay for the upkeep of tne<r irrigation schemes and water supply systems if they know that cney belong to them and not Io tne state NGO or other outside agency The local community should therefore be involved at all stages of tne resource development from rts inception through panning and construction to maintenance and management The state authorities must be very clear on handing over this responsibility for ownership to the locat people concerned
□braining  the  local  communities  trust  and  confidence  and  their  consent  is  the  most important  step  m  oeveloping  communrty-oasen  projects  No  work  should  be  done  or meeting  neid  in  an  area  until  meal  leaders  and  officials  have  oeer  consulted  The  local ieaoers ano officials have the power and access to organize meetings to be attended by ail prospective use-s Such meeting wiN focus or aspects like
•       The   orientation   of   all   prospective   jserj   on   the   policy   and   guidelines   lor imptemerrcatsDn  This  win  include  initial  discussion  on  responsibility  for  ownership construction,    operation    and    maintenance,    potential    productive    activities    land allocation  membership,  access  for  different  user  groups  non  membership  and  why participation  by  the  poor  requirements  for  domestic  and  productive  water..  potential management arrangements ana tariffs for services proviaeo. ano formation or water users associations and committees
•      Participatory   village   mapping   of   community   structure,   number   and   location   of households   attended'   families   vflfttyM   wards,   roads,   schools   clinics,   business centers, administrative boundaries, and the anticipated user-group boundaries
•     issues concerning aown stream, population should also be discussed with both the upper   steam-user   groups   and   independently   with   the   down   stream   population inemsetves  Down  stream  population  have  equal  rights  on  the  water  and  their consumption Io* domestic and othe* oroductrve purposes should not be jeopardizes
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In MiOcLttkia with [uteftftBOaeatti Coorulmu md Techaomts Pvl Ltd
fi*AfjD Dedessa Irrtg*U00 Project
OrfiniMtlonaninianagernen^tudj^h
•  Discussions  should  also  address  rhe  upper  stream  communities  Itupygn  which  the mam canals pass but cannot make use of 1he imgatKjn scheme ai their present land holdings. These people snould be provided some benefits m one way or another for example through providing a plot of land m 1he irrigable areas so 1hat 1hey can be included  in  the  user-group  The  other  option  mighl  be  providing  them  with  waler pumps  so  that  they  can  use  the  water  for  domestic  as  well  as  Other  productive purposes
7 2 Mem bers h ip by the Poor a nd the Ma rginalized
All necessary chons snouid also be made to ensure the membership of the poor and the marginahzeo such as women memoers. These groups are most in need ol improvements twi are often not leached because they iugk capitaf. less healthy or live far from the water source Developments  than target specific  group however, can create divisions  within a community User communities should be encouraged to develop enabling strategies in the form of sooal contracts, constitutions  and other mechanisms  which ensures  at least
represenolion by l^e pooresl and most lAJlnerabte groups 7,3     Development of Organizational protocol by the Water Users
Associations
Otnpining >egai slalus is the frrtt and foremost important step for an organizalmn to operate The prerequisite tor this is Io nave organizational protocol! and operating procedures developed in line with operational requirements ana m the context of the riahonai/iocal laws 
In spite of the differences in nadOHa./local requirements for developing such organizational proloCCW ano operating procedures many of the item! to be included in such documents 
have become common or standardized Some of the documents and their common
elements ar- tne following
7.3.1  The Social Contract
The social contact is a document imich sets out the agreement between the community and the local authority  It outlines  obfrgations, clarifies  misconceptions  and enhances community's sense Ot ownership of the schemes It can be referred to whenever there aifr disagreements It should be dratted in local language and agreed by al poor to signing ip public by elected community representatives and a government officer A format of Social contract developed for groundwater scheme and small dams are provided in the box 7 1
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
la Ajsoelitloa irltb lntxt™dntiiLiJ CmnulunU md Tuhnoertu Pit Ltd.
6?JLrJo Dedesu Irrigation project
OrgAmatio^B^Jaoa<emeciSrudy^—
7 3.2 The ConstJtutionnWemorandum of Association
The constitution is  a document lhat outlines  now the irrigation system and associated productive activities will oe managed II is a community initiative wrlh (he guidance of NGOs ana government project starts  Project staffs  m cooperation with local authorities, explain the importance of lhe constitution to suslamatxlrry  and gwe examples  of constitution that have oeen dualled by  other communities  They  lacilitaie meetings  and can provide guidelines on drafting The community is asseo to come up with Iheir own constitution Then Che draff win be commented by members and laciluators and finally the community adopts lhe constitution by vote
The constitution provides  guidelines  on membership equity  m participation of the poor financial contributions  and jser fees, cost recovery  and operation and maintenance partner mechanisms, reinvestment of revenue rights  of access  particularly  for non WUA members wishing to use the waler for productive purposes  waler ccmmitieej’management board election procedures  lhe role of live committee and their period in office treasury arrangements  d-spulc  resolution procedures  etc. An outline of the constitutori is  given m Box 7 2
Box 7 1 - Social Contract lor Farmer Managed Irn gallon Scheme
Productive water point name .... L £^ca I AulhoriTy 
. ....
.. > B ..............     .... .... .... .......
Ownership
ConsIruclijBn ■
LjOvern meni win provide
................................................................... ................... ..........................
..... ......iu.i; ...^n■ ■■■■>■>. .... , u.lg..................................
The community will provide
Communriy responsibility
All management decisions 
upkeep, mamienance and repair ........................ ..........................................
Any future improvements ....
Agnmenl Communrtv 
Government  Date
Source    Ctws    Lovell.    Productive    Water    Points    in    Dry    land    areas   Guidelines   far Integrated Planning for Rural Water Supply LTDG Publsihing London.2000
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
la feittiiitaa with Lnterantlnenul CftuwitM is iad Teehawrata Pn. Lid.Arjo DedjesM trrlgidon Project
Organization md Management Study
7.3.3 MuhJ-Purpose Orientation of irrigation Systems
MiyzW7
There is another increasingly important way in which irrigation management organizations are changing and this may require a fundamental change in the way irrigation -system* are managed after Iransfer In many developing countries 1he vas1 majority of public irrigation syslems were originally designed and constructed tor the sote purpose of delivering and disposing  of  water  Tor  agriculture  Over  the  last  three  decades,  population  increases, economic  diversification  and  increasing  shortages  ot  water  have  meant  tnat  people  are often  using  irrigation  systems  to  supply  multiple  uses  of  water  including  for  washing emtnes. Mrthing livestock. recreation, moustry. energy generation and even dnnking water Where vngalion Systems are nemg useo for such multiple uses, new WSPs may need to re define the functions or the water service 10 incorporate such mulbpre use services m1o thesr lonnal management system Such demands cannot be ignored ano tne WUA witl have io organize itself to represent the needs of ris widening base of slaveholders This may mean that  women  who  use  water  for  domestic  ano  other  purposes, those  who tend  livestocK. industrial users ano so oh m»y need to be representeo m 1he organization.
Wattr Works Design & Sup ervlsloo Enterprise
la AssocLiUen inti IjnetwnaotnuJ rnni-ulLuits ud Terha cents Pvl ltd
69Aris Dttesu Irtlaatton Projeci
Box 7,2 - Water Usees Association s Constitution Name of lhe association
.□cation
Objective of ihe Association Objective 01 the constitution
Bl
n
Memwsnip Rights of access Termination of membcrsnip
New membership
j Ban iiiaui uni ■ inrieriii” ■
■ r;
. .,ii i i k i . .. ■ i i i i r ■ i r rr- -■
... . ... .. . .
i ■>■ uri ii
General meetings
RrgTits Of th# community
,-a.■.■..ja-.a..-1 i.a.i jbii i laaia ■ maarrii ■ a-ararr--
Obligation ot members Voting
Quorum.
Management board
Ejection process 
Term of Office
Duties
Powers
User fees
Payment Joe -repairs and maintenance Bankin^re-mvesimem of revenue Reislers and records 
I
II
... ...........
...--a . .......... a it t.ia .a, a. a a a a.a a
ni tfi 1‘i-rri ■ ii-rrarnai ■ ■ ■ ■ ihbbi.1 ■ i.ijj ...
i = rii|qBt-iBi ■ iifri-ei i ■ ■■! ■ ■BBLiBBi.a ■ ■ laaa,
I ■ '■ 1 ■ ■ I I 1 1 ■ I ni
■ viran riiinn ■ ■ ■ 4---,
New projects/using waier for ottier productive purposes cases of multipurpose use)
For members of the initial proje
ct
■■ ITTfM !■■■■ 11 I I* . I I J.
For non m-emtiers of the initial
project
•Ft I I I I I
Settlements of disputes 
■■-■■■ jirH'ium i.i..... riss-ri i laiiaii ii--
'F- iri iiiJ-
Management boero '‘numbers
-t ari-
■--ri-i’iiani ■ ■ u-a =. . ....... .fes
Government wflness
Dale.
Source Chris Lovell Productive Waler Points in Dry land areas Guidelines for integrailed Planning for Rural Water Supply. IlDG PublSihmg London 200D
Water Works Design & Supervision enterprise
In Aatoctsdoo with lnt£tt4oQnenuJ Cownltuu and TwtmocraLs t*yi_ Ltd
70An n exu re - 23
SETTLEMENT PLANNINGirjo tadtua irrlfiUOB Project S<ttlement Fluming
Miyaior
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SETTLEMENT PLANNING,,—.
nrn
I INTRODUCTION....
I h General AaC aground
11.1. Expanrncaa /n Oava^NTff CmriM
U.2. CMIMf Wiccwraa on Damopmanr
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...
I 3 SCOPE OF THE STUnr
1.4 METHODOLOGY....
JJ RFJfHUWXT Revie* OFETHKRan ExTflrFXfi T.5.1. Dwp i Ruifflt^wr
1S.2 Tflr Aacanf VaAunwy Rm
2. I -EG AL AND POLIO ISSUES —.
2.1 IrfTFtMAFK^AL PROVBXM ...
2 2 Relevant National 1 fewl Provgiohs
2.X I FAt fffiraprfOT ConrbtLrtion
2.X2 TJia Ethrapdan CAiV Cod*
XXX flaMftfarawf ana
2.3. Exrtnjexe of Koga Iriucatmjn pbcmect
X DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA
i
1
CfcpAKWIMfH
-II.
• ■••**■■■■■ inn nir -i.
. aiaa iia..aaaaa. .2
IIIIIMI1I1J—III ■kail.
III
mmiB.iii—ii.ui'
' ■ 11 V •* 11111
Frariwworir oF ERA
111111I JII11111
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...J
.J
a
..I
B
..?
? jfl?
12
B
13
3.2 HKMJkjHTS-:>f THE SoCM>£CDNOiLfic FUTURES
n
mu      in
,.J4
12. f L/Y*VAOOd
XXX Ufltfe tftv Pro/acr Jfflpwi Zena
J.2.J. Poptdaffen .
XXS. PrerfWwMi ftJffilvtWM
if
uiirmi.
XXI. Non-Gov*mffl#flf Orpanrzafionj
3 3          Social Services.             .................... ..................................
XXX waortb SorvfcM
113 Iftfr Supply
13.4. Othw ^^4tructur»i ano Strricu
21
2/
4. PRO JECT CM PACT ZONES...
................................
24
4.1 GfMfX-k               ................... ....................... ...........................
4.2. PROffiRTTES TO *£ AFFECTED AND CATEGORIES OF COMPENSATION
44.1 CoftWWM) Pnjp.rti'.*
4.2.2. InOtWUtt PrvpTUti
4.J. REKABU-rTATIW        ...................................... ......................................................
4 4 Estimated number of wolunre displaces Hm isehoum 44.1 HWHtfwMl frwr                     Attwvrtr A^i
<4.2 HouiaAoftfJ from cm Cftfflnwntf Ama
X PROPOSED RS ETTLEMENT ACTIONS.
25
__
tm.iu—..
...
... ■,l.. ............
;
lu .il„„,„1| 1Bi
0
...................... .................................. V.J
Jf
3Q
5. i bmtocucratt Nero...
5.2. Mechanisms
5.4 Corr Estimates-
5.3 U«MTAXTCcraD£B*rKMi ... 3.B. RESETTW4XT SITES______
min
mil.
mi
-•-■■■.■ >ii>— J4J
iiiii
■■i-iiiii
HI1Ui.M..,
vn ll
|
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mu
31 -31
..... . 33
1
mmArjc D4<as» JirlftUoD Project
Sfl [tinmenI Planning
5.i.)        <jtr<zj»        fax        StMcttm        of        ff5rt»*
tf.A S«4Ktrf 5rt»j
*. STAKEHOLDERS' PERCEPTION aND PARTICIPATION^
4 J S*tOAL Shiathm rm ark? Dedccsa
111111 M111 l-M. 11
my 2007
..... ... ...... JJ
56
Illi MM . . .Ilfaalllll
4.2 P&JfiiTs PEBCEFTHJN
4,2. f Poirt/v* //npK»
4.2.2 Wgtfr* impact!
61 Percepthis nr lqcju Government RfHtEJ&TATiSiTi
4.3 1 P*4ftfri- Aj^piCM
4JL2 Wig*f/w* i/np jciji
■b * PRORXED MrriuATKAh MEaSURF
6.5 Ci>WNrTY PaRTKAPaTION             .XAII1I1. — .
■0.6 GENDIJt touts......
4,ft fninxiurtoryWqtw
4-4.2. Gpndor tetw m Wi* f fihjcpfan Centm
Illlllll
III
■■■•—■ lllf I
iiiiiiH.iniB'iiiin mu >?
J’
FHiiraaNlu
„,_3I
Illi I
4|
4.
42
4i'
iiiiu-u^iii
4.4. J. SJtiMi/oH q/
4.4.4 PnRpMetf m*ajur»j
Art th* Pro/ecf Wchrodu
_ ..............
Mill
7. RESPOr-tflBI UTILS OF STAKEHOLDERS....
7 I LOCAL ijQkTRNMEHT &CCrt3
7 7 THEPROJa’?
75           COMMUNITY 6a.M n ORGANIZATIONS....
CONCLUSION AND MCOMENDaTIOKS
t.
4J —.45
•llllliriMHMIlllll
pmnrHMMiiB
IIWJJII
45
47
I 1111 ■’■ 11111
44
UST OF TABLES
TaBlF   3   1   POPULATION   OiSTfiiBUTaQMS   IN   TN£   GOWWMJ   AMD   J^KRVGIR   AREAS.   2006 lAfct J ? PqpulaTOm O$rniBtfnows. in ix Command ano reservoir areas. 2D0fl
IJ
______to
Table 4.1 Table 4.2
TaBlI 4 1
Tabu     <2
T«4.3
Table 4.4
KEBELES f AldlW              the Project impact Zone jCcmmand areaj
SWMARY OF Trf PROJECT IMPACT ZONE (RFSfRvtffl AREA)______ __________________________ 2<
PREuMHAft-r GOST ESTIMATES OF REtt FTLEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM W RESERVOIR AREA..  32
COJT tSTMATE FOR PROPER Ttf S OF PEOPLE TO BE RESETTLED FROM THE COMMAND ARE A |2
Estimated cosj for Replacement of Social Service fac*jyie5„_
PRf uwRAfl* Cost Estimate of compfh$a non for Communal Properties at the Resettlement Sites .
32
Wamr Woriti Batten & Supervision Enterprise
5 5SSSArj 0 Defam Intuition Projttl
SetUenaen^Iannln^^^^
SETTLEMENT PLANNING
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General Background
ItoyBWT
The ItvelihDod of (he Ethiopian peasants depends on ramfetf subsistence agriculture hpm lime immemorial wrth no significant mange to date Th«s  nas  rendered the country  unable to properly  reed rts  people Moreover, several severe oroughfs  (prolonged dry-spells  J  have oc tuned in the list loo oecades entailing severe famines that claimed the lives of several people ano namperea the country s socio-economic oeve*opmenl
in tact, it was the tmpenai governments attempt to hi« the effects of the 1&7J-74 famine Wai aroused wortd indignation and eventually contributed to Haile Setassie's demise. Between 19S4 and 1986. drought and famine again nrt Ethiopia and may nave claimed as many as 1 million hves and threatened nearly fl million meme
In several studies  related to proclem, it n« Men attempted to snow the practical application of dry-spell analysis on long records of daily rainfall data for justifying the failure of ram-fed egnculture. especially in semi-and and and areas of the counflry
Accordingly bestoes resettling people from drought prone areas to many parrs of the country perceived to have more dependable rain patterns and relatively *ss populated and more fertile lands, inverting on the development of lange scale irrigation protects is believed to result in providi ng a susfainame sotobon for the problem
However   both   measures   have   required   the   involuntary   displacement   of   people,   with disastrous Mnseq uences which the successive regimes could not adequately manage
1.1.1. Experwncei In the Developing Countries
Obviously  pfobiems  related to dovctopmenl-induced displacement and resettlement were not peciJiar » the cases of Ethiopia m the past, poor rural peasants have been the unintended victims of resettlement often induced by the ntrodutbon of large-scale devetopmenl projects in the world's  developing countries  Forced by  an urgent desire to achieve rapid economic progress, many developing countries, particularly tome In post independence Africa, resorted to the executon □< large-scale devotopmmi projects In the decades following the 1960s. The
VlUr Works Design SuparrUton Enterprise liudMluTUl tiunnuauj C4Bnhuti LM TKhDKntiFrt. LtA
1Arju Detail Irrigation Project
vogue Uw the construcDon of targe hyoroelecinc power plants, commercial plantations and the kke around Africa during the posi independence period, and was supposed to provide the investment prerequisites that paved the road to economic utopis Many of these undertakings however resultea m the displacement □( large numbers of poor peasants, and raised a Ml c< questions in academic and other circles about rgnorea anthropomorphic and poverty alleviation issues
1-1.3. Current Discount on Development and Displacement
Despite Observable reluctance on the part of many national governments and/or relevant Line Ministries, there seems to De a growing concern Doth on the part of donoMender agenoes and implementing countne* m terms of mitigating the negative impacts of large scale projects such as dams, and ensuring the safety and Denehts to which dislocated people are <egaHy entitled ft <5 therefore with a renewed hope of such developments that this assessment ana the resurtarH resettlement plan are pursued
There a a general cwisenl that displaced persons Should be assisted in their efforts to improve then former production level*, rncome-earrung capacity ana Jiving standards, or ar least restore the levels they wdutd have Deen without the project, as pointed out in the VVortd Bank documents
it is atso oeheved that In situations where specific resettlement policies or guidelines are not in place. other international covenants and treaties that provide specific or comprehensive rights for people displaced Dy development projects, may be relevant
tn Ine with thu oevetopment approach, this assessment aimed at identifying the social adverse impacts that may be emutod Dy the envisagea irrigation project, with particular focus on (be situation of people to be displaced, and pointing out possible mecnanums for mitigating such Tipaots
1.2.   Objectives of the Study
The major Objective of the settlement planting study I* to assess and analyze the impacts of the Arjo Dedes* imgation Project on nature' and social environments vis-t-vn the need for resetting certain proportion of the intiaWtems of the project area* The meat significant part of the study ra establishing baseline Inflormaton on possible dislocation of people from the project area and related adverse impacts of the project ap as to design mechanisms by which
Water Works Detip] 4 SuperrMoD Enisrprlso
2*rjo Drdesis Irrigation Project
Settlement Planning
Kay 30(J7
occurrences are avoided or si least mitigated The baseline information will also serve as a benchmarx against which future mnnttonng and evaluation of achievements of the resettlement program will oe measured
Specific objectives of the study include assessing and acquiring information on.
>       impact   areas   ano   population   structures.   property   and   common   areas   mventory. environmental and other constraints where the project is planned to oust
X  Resettlement  Policy,  d  any  Legal  Framework,  Definition  of  affected  tanas.  Compensation ana entitlement entena eic
>     iOenlrficetion  of  tradtiional  systems  which  regulate  access  to  land,  water  toresl,  uses  of resources in production systems, including farming, liiresiocx rearing, etc.
>        inventory     of     social     service     structures     such     as     schools,     medical     facilities, commurncailons/transpcri networks, water supply schemes etc
> Participation of Aflecfea Peopte - Strategies lor direct or indirect participation in aeaswn-making, implementation, operation, and evaluation of the resettlement of oolh settlers and host populations.
>     Gender  specific  proPiems  and  issues  including  traditionally  ascribed  status of  women,  its impltcations on lheir peculiar vutneraolMy to harms induced Oy resettlement.
X   iinruiubonai   Assessment,   Oepartmentf5>/line   agencies   responsible   for   the   resettlement program;  Capacity  at  government  organizations  at  various  levels  to  co-pian  and  execute the  resettlement  programs,  capacity  ouHding  requirements  (inefudmg  training,  logistics, and techncei aswlancej
>    Cost estimate, and implementator. mechanisms for imbursement of compensation
1.3.   Scope of the Study
Tha assessment primarily focused on the collection and analysis of data and information that have direct relevance to problems of settlement and which the settlement planning should necessarily isxe Into account.
Al components of the feasibility study have a social dimension, and it should be noted from the onset, that there may be ■ lot of overlapping activities as regards the social assessment objectives of the various sectoral teams Involved In the general feasibility study of the project. It was thus inevitable Io come up with a lot of similar data and information by ditte rent teams, and especially with those dealing with me socio-economic aspects of the project ve*.Arjo [ trig i ci on Project
SetUeniein Planning
mram
Thia is oecause a> teams octamw statistical and olher secondary data from the same sources, that IS. the various sector offices of the project Wtwedas. and often interviewed the same govemmern representatives Moreover, some quantitative data thal resulted from the househoKJ survey by the socio-economic team have wen made use of in the report
1.4.  Methodology
Qualitative research method with different techniques of data collection was used m this study. The techniques included
•     interviewing ot Key informants
•     Conducting Focus Group Discussions
•     Review erf Relevant Documents (Secondary data collection)
•     Literature review
■ On-Srte Observation
(ij Key frifonnants frifwviewa (K70
Key informant (in-depth) .nterviews were conguciea with local people (farmers), informal
■eadersresteemed   ekJera,   religious   leaders,   representatives   of   keOete   and   wgreda   level administrative oodm and heads of relevant seel oral offices
fW> Focus Group Discussions
Focus  Group  Discussions  (FGOSj  were  heW  with  villagers  ranging  from  eight  to  twelve  m numOer and disaggregated in age, sex. ana occupation
(Hi) Uttraturt review
Available and relevant literature, from al possible sources of such information including University libraries, libraries of MoWR and the Internet were reviewed so as Io be informed of tuner I theoretical discourse on such development undertakings as well as to team from (ha expencnctw (both successes and failures) of lanilgr undertakings elsewhere in the country
(hr) AcQUisWoii of Secondary Data
Second nano Information related to the land tenure and land use patterns of the people under population size, age and sex structure and ethnic composdiqn, social service prwaion
nrtrtutkxn and their inifriJUonai capacities, bvelihood situation and major economic Kthfaes. pianned and ongoing development programs m the area, etc were collected from the archives of the zones and Woredas of the project area.
IM LUAr]t> Dedeasa IrrifidOQ Ftfljeei
Settlement Planning
1.5. Res&tilementi Review of Ethiopian Experiences 1.5.1, Derg's Roaettiemant Programs
May aw?
Lfttle is written about development inbucec resettlemem programs in Ethiopia. Bui rts Experience in resettlement in general has never been applauded cy academics and (he international community
Following  ir»e  1984  ana  i98€.  arougnr  and  famine.  wnich  claimed  as  many  as  1  million  lives and  trweaieneo  nearly  6  mifbon  more,  the  Owg's  government  embariiec  on  forced  'esetUemeni ana  villagizalion  in  the  mid-1980s  as  pari  of  a  national  program  to  combat  drought.  avert famine, and increase agricultural productivity. Resettlement, the regime s tong-term sOfution to the  drought  proclem.  involved  the  permanent  relocation  of  about  1.5  million  people  from  me drougni-prqne  areas  of  (he  north  io  the  south  ana  southwest,  where  population  w«  relatively sparse and so-called virgin, arable land was plentiful.
Development speciatsls agreed on the neeo for resettlement of famine victims m Ethiopia, but once the process had begun, there was widespread crrbctsm that resettlement was poorty planned ana haphazardly executed eno thus increased the number of famine deaths. Moreover, critics cnarged that the government forcibly relocated peasants, in lhe p’Otoss braakmg up thousands of families Thousands ftteo died of malaria and sleeping sickness because Of poor sanitation and inadequate health care m newly settled areas.
A   Pans-based   inrtemafronai   doctors   organization.   Doctors   without   Borders   (Medione   sans Frontier*},   estimated   that   the   forced   resettlement   and   mass   deportation   of   peasants   for purposes of  resettlement endangered the lives of 300,000 because of shortages of food, water, and  medicrne  Other  mtemationa;  organizations  accused  the  Ethiopian  government  of  moving peasants  to  resettlement  areas  without  adequate  preparation  of  such  basic  Hems  as  housing. w«ie<   seeds,   and   tools   Because   of   widespread   criticism,   the   MengAiu   regime   temporarily hatted  the  resettlement  program  in  mid-1936  after  600.000  people  had  already  been  already repeated The program was resumed m November 1887
Some sources voiced suspoon that the regime* primary motive in resettlement was to depopulate the northern areas where ft faced insurgencies Resettlement, the argument went, woLrtn reduce the then guerrillas’ case of support Another Western objection |p the resettlement program related to the long-term government policy concerning peasant farms. Astern countries, on whose support the resettlement program depended, did not w*m to
Water Works De sigs t Supervision Enterprise
5Arj o Dedeua Irrlfttioo Project
Settlement Planning
My 2007
sponsor a plan in which recruiLs labored For Cdmmunisi’Styfe DoltectivM and state farms Be that as it maf. the resettlement progrsm rtfl ■ long rasUng scar in Ethiopia's resetttoment history
1.S 2. The Recent Voluntary Rwq-ttlem Silt
The more recent resettlement program of the present regime S hardly ratter as lar as the response of the imemationai community is Doncerncd OtSpriS I he fact that this o-^e *3 claimed 10 De voluntary as opposed to the cieahy forcM progr&m of lhe Derg
A-Mnrdmg [tj articles wntlen by Marc JMy (2WM) and Rl BULLETIN (3 Oultelin of a
Humanrtartan Organization. R.etuget inlemalionBlf, the plan fo< this latter resettlement program
was announced in June 2003 with the srated aim nt moving 24 million people over three years
Clow IO half of the total numoer to M resettled were io oe drawn from the highlands of
Amtiara lhe epicenter of the famines of (he 19705 and QOs The Government appealed to the inwrnahonai Mmnuxirty to provide St 70 mtfrian to support the program, pomlirig out that d represent™ onry haff of what the US alone hM proirxiea m emergency Mditfarbce m 2003
in hgm at lhe bitter taste the massive and highly coercive resettlement program of the mra 13SOs had left the minds Cif Doth dOnurs and many Ethiopians, a new program four limes targer than the previous one, gives nseioahMt o( questions The first Mt Ol questions revolve around the management ado Im piemen ration of the project and the second around whether m fact resettlement u any sort of rong iwm solution at all.
These writers noew th*i the government manual for the resettlement program stresses its vdurtliry rmurw ano rays □ utthe guidelines for Us management and impiememation However, domra fears nave to some extern been sutwta nt raved as impiemenulidh Of (he program has fth occasion deviated seoousry from the procedures laid down m the guidelines
It w» birther noieo mat during 2003 and 2004 the program was implemented in an i ntonsislenl and hiwried manner resulting In ■ variety ol different problems dunng registration, transport, site
precaution am Service pwraioo leading Io ■ va nary of health and envirenmorrtal problems. As
■ result Sri unknown number of people dwd from disease and hunger. The Overall picture II far from uniform, however and there is evidence that many r cm them hive fared well and intend (O
mske ■ go Of It Oh their new lands The witters dllmM that there was evidence of settlersArjO Detfessi Irrtf ittnn Project
Setd8men^l*QDiD^———
returning  to  their  ongingk  homes  (e  g  yvolayita  30%  Korte  49%;  Basneto  69  %.  j  as  a  proof  for the shortcoming of the implementation as well as the question around Its voluntary nature
Another major area of criticism revowed around the tact that many decisions are centrally made with rhe expectation that they would tie regionally implemented without due regard to the training and capacity of local officials This, according to the critiques. entailed much needless Suffering that is the result of inadequately prepared officials implementing an over ambitious panning targets. Not only IS the training and capacity of local offidars inadequate, funding for ste selection and preparation was also said to oe grossty inadequate The result is that people are Brought to resettlement sites that have no reliaMe water sources and adequate health services no sufficwnl agricultural iand end that is often thickly forested The access roads Become inaccessible wner. it rains. It is noteworthy that the vast majority of the population in the project impact Zone of which some are to tie relocated ere resettles who were brought here as a result of the 2MV2DO4 resettlement program
tn sum. the resettlement programs and their implementation by both governments have evOKCd negative responses from academics and the international community at large, and have swiousty maned the uuntrys resettlement history
Wttftr Worki Culp] & Supervision Enterprise
ta AumUHai eitfe talmwttoalal Cauattuu Ui T«c*Mcnti hit U±AfJO Dndesaa Irrigation FTOj*n
2. LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES
2.1, International Provisions
The major constraint related lo resettlement programs has been not only the fact than RWSt States have nol yei signed legally Ohding mtamariional documents that provide apecrfc <* compfetiensivfl ng tits for d-splacen caused due to osvolOpmenl projects, but nave no naHonaF policies co aeai wrth the problem
Even at international level there were no Specific poltaas for regulating displacement and resettlement, unlit the Wo nd Bank issued one In 1990 However many international treaties and OOVensmt are thought LO be relevant These mrernalional ihsiruments include the International Covenant on Crvll and Political Rights (ICCFRj, thfl IntematwnaJ Covenant on Economic. Social and Cultural Rights (JCESCR), the ILO Convention Concerning mdiganous and Tribal Peopte in lopependeru Coumnes. lhe Convention on Access lo InftKmatiOh, Public PadKip9l4n m Deoston-Making and Access to JuStiC* n Environmental Matters, and the Convention on the Elimlnslion 0* All Forms of Racial Oscnminetion (CERDJ. The most promising developments', according to BarulcisKi (2001). are Jsoft laws - such as lhe resettlement gLetielines uf the Witrtd Bar*'
Tolhfl I'M COM4 bo added (bo OECD Gwdellnei For Aid Agencies oh Involuntary Displacement and Resettlement in Development ProjedS a no the UhJHCfl Human fights GurMlines on Oeveiopmern-Baitd CiSpiiMmwil. Unlike many oeveiop.ng oounlnes, however Ethiopia it a signatory most Of the mjj&r international treaties and covenants.
The World Sank was lhe first multilateral lending agency tn aacpr a policy For Resettlement mo Rdhatiililaliwi (RftR) The Banks present policy is contamed m the document "Involuntary RBSttOement." Operational Diredrve {OD) <.30, adqpied in June ISM
Operational OirectivM (OD), 4.30 broaoenj (hr treatment of rwttiemeni issues twyOhd hydropower and mgation protects to aril types fff irwestmenl Operations. It emphasises the need
fart
- Minlmning involuntary resettle manr.
« Providing people displaced Dy a project with the means lo knprpve. or al least restore, Ihfct Former Svmg standards, earning capacity and product™ levels.
Water Wortti Dwlpn tSuperrtMoD Enterprise
PfLUAArjc Dcdsua Jmruiob frsj ect
-     Involving both nraettfers and hosts r> resetllement actMtea
* A Mhfrbound r-ewtlfement plan, and
-     Valuation and compensaHPn principles for land ano other aSSMS affected by the project
It was mjrti htf beneficiary governments wourt ano Jhduio agapl lhe policy Id the realises tn their perspective counlnes and abide by A
In many lltutom however project Spensers - oe 1hey governments, mulu-laleral W bilateral development agencies. « private d eve topers - had no polices ar guide I ires on involuntary resenlemern l[ was common For slates to h»«e policies an emirerW domain, many of which dealt sorely with the legar process df expropriation, a number of which them outlined compensation mechanisms, out none or them atalt in detail with resettlement In ways that would prevent possible impOvefrsnment
2*2. Relevant NaLunai Legal Provtelona
Despite lhe tact (hat a specific po;cy and guideline for resettlement docs np| tiosl, mere « 3 number Of nfltm teJiMatrOhS and legal provisions (besides the international irealies). which count be sad relevant Io and applicable on resetllemenr processes and implementation These ate ducussea here under in brnsi
L21 The Ethiopia n Cormltotion
The Constitution (FORE 1995) comamt articles, which are retavanl Io development projects. In the section that deals with democratic nghs. Adlcfe 43 gh« the ngnfl tn people Ip improved living stsndaros ano to tunamaplc oeveicpmem Article 92 st Chapter IQ ndKea the foUawng objectives
■Cemacpmenr pna.iucrs shad not Mmjportfwta ifw envfrwimflnj
flfppfe nave fhr nghi to tLW coniulfefwi and rhe expiwtwpn of vfewS m (fie pfenning tna ifflpfeffienteffcvi o/envwpnmefWar pofioes and prrypctJ ffiat affect tffem *mcfl/
Article -iO stales that ownership of both artaci snu nxai land is vesl« in the State and the people, mo is common property, wtweh h not sut^eci w sate or other means of exchange Then H continues to say -Peasants have the right |d oHam land without payment and are protected against eviction from land in their possession Ful right |D immovable property and permaneffl improvements Io tana M vested Ih individuals who have buHt ths property or made the improvements, bul government may expropriate such property for public purposes, subjed
Water Worta Design & SngarrMon EmerprlieJLrjo Dtdeut Imfttloo Pro] ert
SentamenitPlirLCLln^
to  lhe  payment  in  advance  of  compensation  commensurate  Io  the  value  Df  the  property  or alternative meads of compensation, including relocation with adequate Stale assistance'
2.2.2    The EtM loplao Civil Code
As per the Ethiopian civil code Mo 1 $5/1960, Articles 146G-14S6- expropriation rs possible only for projects at public utility and only immovabte could be expropriated. Therefore development protects that require me expropriation of immovable should not only De assessed on the basis of (heir objectives. put also on the.r contribution to serve public interest al targe, since for no ether reason or purpose could expropriation be effecteo
Article 1474 underlines that compensation due to expropriation snail be equal to actual amount of damage causea oy the expfopnation as assessed oy a committee organized for the purpose. wTiile Arboe 1477 states that the decision of the commitiee on the amount of compensation due can be subject Io appeal and the court of appeals shall give the final decision
in the event of partial damage the CWil code has an amde (article 1469), wh«n states
■Where   parbai   expropriation   renders   the   remaining   part   useless   entrfiec   stakeholders   shall have the right to demand than the whole immovabre be expropriated and compensation be paid for  that  loo.  Where  the  court  of  appeal  increases  the  amount  of  compensation,  the  additional amount  shall  be  paid  with  m  one  month  from  the  verdict.  This  includes  any  additional  cash compensation to those who had received compensation m krrxT
in articles 14S0-HB8 of lhe avil code smci ano compulsory pnnciptes are established like
"Those  who  nave  legitimate  entitlements  over  immovable  snail  be  property  and  directly  notified of the eminent expropriation'
X2.3 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Framework of ERA
Although there is no guideline tor resettling households to be displaced by large-scale irrigation development projects, the resettlement and rehabilitation framework q( Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA), which whs published tn February 2002. is found relevant to other development nquoed dispiaoemenis.
ERA'S Resettlement and Rehabilitation Framework (Feb.2M2) dearly states that
Water Works Deden L Superrtslon Enterprise
lEHdetide em taureaattaataL Crordtuu ud Tae^awnta Prt Lii
- 10Arjc DbObibi IrrifHim Project
SeUJemem^hELnlnj^ ^^jarEOO^^
—
By signing the credit agreements (cm the RSDPSP (credit 3032) and the RRP (credit 436) with international Development Association. the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia committed
Usetf  to  atMfe  by  1he  involurnary  resettlement  policy  of  the  World  Bank  and  both  parlies  00
agree on the fact thai development projects should not be realized at the expense of the people affected by the projects Thug, the tegtn framework of the RSDPSP are the Ethiopian consiitution as transcended into the ERA procedures and the World Bans Operations* Directive (ODj 4 30 on involuntary resettlement and its operational pokey as spelied out in the resettlement and rehabilitatjon guidebook (ERA 2002 13)
Thfs  and  other  guiding  pnncipie  of  ERAS  resettlement  and  rehabrlitation  framework  emanated from World Bank's operational directive 4 30. which states as follows
"Where large-scale population displacement ts unavoidable, a detailed resettlement plan, tmeuote. and budget are required Resettlement plans Should be built around a development strategy and package aimed at improving or at least restoring the economic base for those rewcatec Esrpenence Indicates thai cash compensation atone is normally maoequate. voluntary settlement may form part of a resettlement plan provided that measures to address the special circumstances of involuntary resettlers are included Preference should be given io tand-based resettlement strategies for people dislocated from agricultural settings If suitable iano ts unavailable non ianq-oasea strategies built around opportunities Tor employment or self-empioymmi may oe used'
WWi regard to projects that entail very small scale relocation of people the World Bank operational directives 4.30 specifies that wnere only a few people (e.g., Isas than 200 Households are to be relocated, appropriate compensation for assets. Kjgishcai support far moving, and relocation gram may be the only requirements However, the principles on which compensation is to be based in> the same as for larger group
it la therefore oehevea that these resettlement ano rehabilitation legislatives, policies and directives are relevant to a.nd could be applied in planning and implementing of resettlement
■ng  renabilitabon  program*  of  the  project  under  discussion  with  minor  adjustments  as  deemed necessary
WLU*.Arjfl fretftEsi lirlgmon Project
Settlement Platitijh
3.3. Experience of Koga Irrigatfon Project
ApjJi Ifwn ERAS Mpene*»ce for reseflhcmenl. an Imgabon Project similar 10 (he ano under diacirtjHjn. j.a rtoga imgation Development Pnppdt tt &aid to hS'r’S adopCM a new resefflemanl guidenne for nousahOldS displaced from 1he command and reservoir BfW
Effort was made 10 coniBct people from Che Koga project as well as Che Ministry of Water Resources to gel inform aton on their resettle men I directives and impfemenialion processes however according M (he project coordmalioc office the project U Still under rmptomentation. ano the piennea resettlement program is not yet reaped Instead whet hai been done so far was paying out compensation I cm nousaholdS WhOM immovable properties Oh the land that Is Ming -jsm tor structure taifding hil oeen damaged or expropriated
AS tor houses that fall wrihm the reserve* and command areas, 1M project tMk into account only the -atar cost mat IS roqu*ed CO tjuild a nouse similar to the one demolijheo by the project eased C-n the rationale that the material could be reused ft* (he new taridmg the new one - ■ logic Chat court not bt rtry convincing, W is narrt !a unaersland how grass Of corrugareu won sheet from a demplisned house could be used for constructing new one
Housenorts (hat has to St their crop and forest land wen? a HO given compensation based Oft the average annual income from the land For three years iccnsiruchon period). It ts MJUmed that Vfttf three years the hOUMhOWS will have land from imgated areas that can generate better income. However, much of crops. that mouOCd Mffw ano hurt UMS, not produced in Aijo-
□edessa  command  due  10  (he  difference  in  aqro-climata  condit.ons  between  (he  jwo  fxc-ject areas and tittle can be learnt from the experience
As rar IS resettlement is concern^, there « hardly any replicable experience To learn from since the project did hot yet practically implement rls resettlement program Yel the plan suggested Uy the resettlement planning consurttnl a found 10 Mr hot bsEically dfflfrWtt from the one pre-posed here
Water Wcrita DeiJjn 4 Suponlaian EnterprtseJLrjc OfldtBa imciaoa Project
SetUftmentHannln^^^
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA
3.1. General Features
M*y 2007
Ago-Dedessa irrigation Project is one of the imflalron projects identified in the DedCSJa River Sub Basin under Abay River Basin The Project site is located in the Western Part, of Oromia Regional State, in Eawom Wollega. utubabor ana Jimma Zones The specific Woredas are Bedeie Gacni, Borecha. Woredas of lllubabore zone and Lwnu Seka and Jimma-Afjo Woredas ol Jimma ano Eastern- Wollega zones respectrvely. Bedete the capital of Bedelc Woreda is aoout *00 km away from Addis Apsna Arjo, the capital ol Jeune Arp woretfa is about 56 km far from Beoeie towr. Gecni Woreda is located between Dedessa River and Bedefe town Borectia woreda lies between Gachl ano Deoessa to the reft sue ol the main road. Amago the capita* Of Lvnmu sekB wweoa rS about Tl9 km away from Jimma town
The project implementation would provide migalion facilities in about 13.665 hectares of land in the command area, and would involve submergence of 8,500 hectares tn the reservoir The tecnmcai planning report a«o reveaied mat 55% and 45% of the command area lies on the left and ngu sides ol the Deodessa River respectively The right bank of the command area ties in East Woieg* Zone (Jimma Arjc woreda) and the «ft bank command area lies in lllubabor ipne (Bedoelle, and Gecm Wocedajj Bedelle and Jimma-Ago Woredas get the largest proportion of the command area white Gecm gets the smallest
The Arjo Deoessa Dam site ano reservoir area IS located in Jimma Zone. The geographic position of the dam site (»ui) in UTM is 257565 m E and 0907545 m N (E 36d 48' 20T, N 8° 12 2CT). Th* reservoir area is estimated to be about 8 500 ha falling In Borecha and Limo seka woredas
The Dam site is located at about 7km on the road from Limu- Genet to AtanjO and 16 km Io the left from Dora elementary school to Mero {Moga private farm camp). The Dam axis is about 5km from Moga camp The reservoir area can M accessed through Jimma - Umu Genet^ Aiangc all weather road. II is mealed at about iQJkm from Jimma to Atango and 4B km from Atango to Deneb a sefltement area
ht-UtArjo nmem IrrtfaUoii Fruj Brt
SetttementPlinninj^^^
3,2 Highlights on the Socio-economic Features
3,2.1 Livelihood
MAJ axr
The socioeconomc leatures of the project area are fairly exhaustively described in the socioeconomic report however some of the major relevant socioeconomic features are considered as a preiuoe. in this report too. The economy of the sub-bastn is mamly based on mned rarmmfl (crop producoon ano livestock reanng)
Mixed farming system with special emphasis cm wop production (mvohnng a lot ol toiling, but with absolutely minima' potential 10 change the living standard of the farmers for the better), is the economic basis of the pMpfs tn the stvoy erea .westock keeping «s significant part ol the rvousenolq investment. Fattening bulk for sell is parlicuiarty practiced by (he new settlers mainly those who came from Easl Oromia
Simtef to the altuabon prevailing m moil parts of rural Ethiopia, the frying standard of the people here loo is hand to mouth. The Arjo Dedesa irrigation Project is primarily intended to enable the farmers io produce sufficient loro so as to meet the requirements of the fast growing population ana ensure food security at the household level, though it might also have the potential co conmbure to the overall development of the country
3.2.2. Kebele* Unde the Project Im pact Zone
it is estimated that a total of 30 nebe-es from the three zones and five woredas described above will fall within the command and reservoir areas Of the project. Out of these. 15 keoeies, almost an partially fa> under the proposed reservoir and 15 Kebeies, almost all My fall, under the proposed command area The tuggcst number i.e. 23. ol these kebeies are from three woredas of Borecna. Geclu and Bedelle. from IBubibor Zone, Jimma Ar)o under East Wotlega. and Umu Sefca under Jimma Zone, have the smallest numbers. 3 and 4 neoeles respectively The command area fate in eight kebeles of Bedelle woreaa, 4 kbeies ol Gechi woreda in
lllutiaoor  and  3  Ketwes  from  Jimma  Arjo  unoer  Jimma  Zone  The  reservw  area  fans  under  11
kbeto ol Bowha woraaa. Ifluoabor Zone, ano 4 keoeies of Umu Seka woreda. Jimma Zone
This means that while the benefit of the proposed project is meant to reach all residents of the 170 kebeles tn the 5 project Woredas and indirectly to the surrounding areas intruding urban centen. the negalwe impact will fall on those living m the 15 kebeles whose land and other unmovstw properties win ftiity ger submerged under the reserve The households under 15
Water Works Design & SapenUon Rnterpriae
------- 14
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3.2.4. Major Ethnic Group* and Inter-Ethnic Relations
MayEOQT
Afihougn different ethnic groups live in the study areas, the Oromo, including those native to the areas ano those recently resettled by the present government, is by tar the largest group. B5% The other m^or group consists of Amhara which constitutes 7% of the total papulation Other groups account tor the remaining 0%. The litter groups and the overwhelming majority of the Amhara dwell m the urban centers predominantly engaged m business, though there are some hvmg in rural areas
Though the first batch ot Amhara settlers, now Inimg in rural areas are assumed to have come to then lllybabor Province, with Depzmacn Tessema Nadew. the first provincial Administrator of Minilik II, after the incorporator of the province Into the newly built nabor.. there are some who came to resde there as a result ot Derg's resettlement program intended to resettle people from aroughbprone. less fertile areas of highland Ethiopia, in the aflermath of the 19S4 famine.
The said resettlement program aiso included Tig rians and Kembata*, though there are few of these in the project area The Gurage, (*na ot course some Amhara and Tignans) are said to be vOturnary migrants who came to pursue better lite engaging tn different lands of small Businesses predominantly in urban centers
tn Sprie ot the currently advocated ethnic polities and the restructuring of the regions along ethnic lines, which » often criticized by many tor setting off mter-ethnic conflicts and social discord elsewhere In the coirrtry, the different ethrito groups m the study area so far live in peace ano mutual respect. The Fact IJiw a tot of inter marriage tia taken place between the native Oromos and the other groups must have contributed to the currently prevailing peaceful coexistence.
While the recently settled Oromo groups from East ana Central South Oronua have no difficulties to get Hong with thee native brothers, the officials of the surveyed woredas noted that there are no significant conflicts altnbutaute to ethnic differences, as e whole. The Otten observed minor conflicts ere rented to resource drstnbufran and regulation of resource utilization, mostly between the native Oromos and the newly resettled ones, implying that the probtom ts predominantly economic than ethnic oriented.
Water Works Design fc Superririon Enterprise
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17Despite  the  appreciably  peaceful  ■jo-enislenW.  iiowevef  1*e  study  revCVS  there  •$  Still  a  iWCd lOf targeted interventions by all cwwrred Oodi®. and particularly by government
MminrelraUve structures. 10 further smoothon the relationships among the vartQjs groups irrespective oi ethnic differences
With regard B religion, 1he diimbulion appears p be mere or less equivalent According to the tiDusenoid survey 51% Of the Ifflai sureeyCO households are Christians, 41% Muslims and Che remaining a% unspeertea
12.5 Traditional institution*
Ethiopia tS a country cl varieties Of cultural groups with more of ItSS distinct indigenous prrctces and traditional social institutions, the MKMl service of which ranged from regulating crmmunai labor ona Punsi ceremonies to admmistenng .resource use and resolving all sorts of conflicts
The Oromo are one of the groups who have rich tradifcn* and SPCitf institutions, sutfi as the Gads institution These inslrlirtons and Che persons leading them used 10 emm a religious OHegacy and transcendental authority which were unquestioned and taken for granted by (he society However. (heir religwus aura add assocatefl respectability and acceptsdlltty were eroded by anti-raligiOuS an(i-[radrtnjn, Marant propaganda and harsh measure* during the 1? years of the Derg regime re Bic Mient that some ot them altogether ceased Io e»st (Keiklachew Gebba Hydra Power Project. 2004).
The Ohly community based institution, wnicn barn on strafed ramSrkab4e resilience in the face af the severe M«»st persecution is the bunw association caned fd/r in Amhartc, (also called by rhe same name In many parts of Eihiopia;, wtiutn e Still CAStent In almost all Ethiopian communbes, including the project areas, having more or less similar structure and hmditwia Though the main function currently undertaken and, probably (hat necessitated the estabiisnn*enl or ftflrs, is burring pf the dead, and financially assorting and conacling the families Of the deceasea, there ra an mcroasing interest among many ritemeUXLtl and lout NGOs as will « donors Id uM these ins Irinin} ns » channel |q Beal development
Thh interest emanated ftwn the search for sustainable and human centered develOpmanf Strategies call roc an Active and genuine participation of the local people K a believed that wortmg In partnership wflfi community-bawd wganuatiOds. would develop a lense pf
Water Worfci tailgn & SuperrtsLon Eaurpriae
U a—nrtiHaa aim laUHMbAtal UuefeMU Ud TkAsmmu frt Lti
ISArjo Dtfesss irrigttioB Project
Settlement Planning
■ayztxrr
ownership by communities woulo smoolhen 1hp handing Over of project CMJl puls al the phasing out of projects. enhance self-reliance, facilitate genuine participation and hence, ensure
susiamaoihty   (Kelklachew.  ASDA,  2006)
in  Oorrna  too  lhe  role  and  authority  of  currently  active  traditional  institutions  do  not  formally exceed  regulation  ol  bunai  ceremonies,  ano  coordination  of  iat»r  force  ounng  peak  agricultural seasons  as  well  as  nouses  and  fences  building;  ana  other  aclivrties  such  as  aiwtralmg  minor conflicts,  resource  aliocalfoh,  especially  forest  trees  for  honey  proAiCtion.  Such  institutions  are locally called Tufa and Tute.
As jusi indicated, one of the mam functions of the Haditiona. social institutions in lhe study areas was conflict resolution of ell sorts Although minor conflicts are still resolved through this traditional mecnamsm, major conflicts, tor example those involving homicides, are no longer dealt wrln these traditional systems but are referred to the court of taw Yel what ever the case may be It is a ways first l«en to the Keoefo aomirusiration ana It is the Kebele administrations that decides wnich cases should be taken to the legal court and which ones should be artxirwed according to tradition
Despite the fact that the Kebeie is a formal government administration unit, the individuals in leadership are always from among the people ano are part ano parcel of the tradition Thus in a way they seem to play lhe roe of mediating between tradflfon and mooemify
Under  all  circumstances,  the  culture  of  respecting  eiders  and  religious  leaders,  listening  lo  and valuing their advices H still strong a! community tevats
Thus there is no doubt that convincing these social group* of the benefits and rationale of development projects and winning their support has tremenoous values in populating any development projects and ensuring the support and acceptance of the focal people Indeed the formal government institutions Including the different sectoral offices and even the Police, more often than fWlr make um of the good wrf of such Individuals and the focal social institutions In the* effort to attain any developmental or political goals. The same method could be applied in relation to lhe project under discussion, and especially In forms of amoothening the resettlement process
19Arja Dedtlsa Irrtfiuoa Project
Settlement Planning
5,2,8. Non-Government Organizations
Htyaw?
NGOs activity »n all the study Woredas is practtcaUy negligible. White lhe local ethnic- based NGO. Oromo Development Association (ODAj  is  involved in famr'y planning and reproductive hearth activities in collaborblior' with Packard Founaaton in art Woredas of the three Zones. 1ne  only  NGD  active  in  some  Woredas  of  flliba&or  zone  is  Menscncn  Fur  Menschen  The assessment team had the opportunity to witness a ceremonious reception for the founder and director of this NGQ m Yanfa town. In reialipn to the organizations pledge to start operabon in Borecna Woreda soon Menchwn fur Menchten u engaged in diverse development activities in UlrtMoor  zone,  which  include  puiidmg  school  infrastructures,  opening  of  boarding  school, establishing ver clinics provision of portable water ana promoting reforestation
It could thsretore pe plausibly concluded that little can oe expected of NGOs, 85 modem civil society organMaLons to assist in and help to realize the resetuemehl program in the area However the few NGOs operating tn the area could t?e approached to involve tn the rehabilitation phase of the resettlement program m terms of provis-on of sooai service facilities
Water Works Design & SuparrMon Enterprise la UucUQm vufc toiwuatliuul CousMuti ud Tttfcutreu Pro. Lil
20**]• IMma Irrigation Pnj jflrt
Seitlpjn&D L PtUhnlnV
3.3     Social Services
3.31 Education:
May 2007
The distribution of educational institutions and sludeffl enrollment raw vanes among Wo red aS tailing jngep the proper impact zoW However, a common trend far all emerges exhibiting a critical dispgnfy between services provision and trie demand for il
According to interviewed officials from the edocaliOn offices of the iflOWdas, and slBUStical repons tram the same office*, the number d educational institutions does not maten the mag-dude OT school age population in lhe WondB it vras confirmed that the educational problems m 1he Wrxenas are nci annbulible mere:y to HHmtabori Of the number of institutions. Out a-sc la the lack or shortage 0l OMiC equipments rnttudmg desks and chairs all HTt> of lead .ng aids, libraries aM other educational matenal
-
The average ciass sire and Itatner-pupl ratio were reported lo be 70 and 1 $5 respectively
More importantly lack ol leathers n the requirto number and qualification nas Iremendous
Wverse rmpad on lhe quality ot service with long iMfrng repercussion on The desire to quality Modems 10 jO<n injtrfLrtes of rligner -earning and hence producing wel! educated H/lure criizens Whereas BedeW arw Jimp-Aqc nave one preparatory school each and Bede* has one
technical scnoc- There are no such institutes in lhe other W wed as
Moreover the efWOllmem raw is generally lOw. While that 0< lemale I* much less as compared 10 IMI Of male and the problem h more pronounced tn rural areas Structural problems that emanate from 0*enD perception oi women s social stalos and their Culturally ascribed rotes, has Significant impact On stranding giris education
3,3.2. Health Services
The current sleiua ci health care prcvi^on is much below the minimum standard as is the Bduabon In the educalion sector Met Only the health service provision Fatifrlns am in adequate « compared W the general populated *Ue tul also the capacity wf service delivery of the ettfbng families is below the expected standard
□ffrpits attribute this pobtem tn lack at budget, mgh turn over qf be*Hh prafesvohals. arxl lack of neCMMry medical equipment ahd medicines Community members, who parfropaled In
Water Worts Design 4 Supervise □ EnterpriseAr)t> Be dMJi EfflgiUcB Project
focus group discussions, wn lie confirming the just mentioned problems also mentioned JBck o! commitment cm 1hc pan of service providers as one major factor that worsened the health service provision.
Tne statistical reports from all surveyed Woreoas that listed the top tan diseases in their respective Woreda also indicated that most of the diseases from which the people are suffering are potentially preventable which include maiana. UPI. intestinal diseases caused by parasites, diarrhea, skin infections. etc they could have seen alleviated through the appropriate implementation of the preventive health care strategy that is given much emphasis in the current nealth policy of the country Contrary to what is set as minimum standard in the heatlh policy document, current ratio of health care institute and population in tne assessed Woredas slands ar 1 nealth post to t2.DOC people cn the average, while the recommended standard is 1:5000
Assuming that the existing service provision would further pe negatively impacted by 1he project since same facilities wiM fall m the reservoir areas, orxj need to displace some proportion of the population and might create problem of access to the existing facilities It couW be concluded that actuate attention should be given |o nealthcart provision during the implementation
Lack of adequate hearth caro services were stressed even more among the recently resettled population, wtm compiained that the government offices have failed to live up to then words in this regard They reported that much of the promises pledged oy the government during the campaigns to convince these people to volunteer for resettlement remained unfulfilled
ThkS encounter haa a significant influence on people s perception of the envisaged project and al ma put*c life improvement promises to be expected When discussing spout the possibility of relocating some farmers from the reservoir end command areas and the projects' intentions to do the relocation with the necessary measures to fulfill the sooa> service provision requirements, most partlopants expressed their skeptxnsm referring to their recent experiences pf unfuffiiM promises.
3,3.3. Water Supply
The  scarcity  is  observed  also  in  water  supply  in  the  study  area  The  number  of  potable  water supply schemes ■■ well u the capacity and regJanty of the services of schemes is found to be much below the demand of the population.
Water Works Design * Sopmlalon Enterprise
is AMatfada* m* EsiarwodantaJ CsuaEuts ud Tscbaotrat* Fn. Ltd.
22*Tje Dfdtsaa lmtiucn Project
SerUemcmhanni^g
MayZOOT
ParaijQ»csi1y, the project area is rich n water resource* (which is th® very reason for ils idenlrticabon far the envisaged project), out the vast ma|Orily of the people have no access to poiaoie waler in sufficient quantity and at reasonable distance
H seems Ihai lhe Amnaric saying ’yabayin Trj wuha lemaw/1 (the children of Abay are dying of thirst) perfectly fits Although the potable waiw service coverage is below the national standard m Hl Woreoas. the situation in Borecna (where its 11 icebeles are estimated to be at least parity affected Py the reservoir) is even more pronounced, the current coverage rate being only less Chan 3%. tpilo*«l by Limu-SeM The rughesl is reported to oe that ol Beaele (39%)
owing |q its iong-standing status as an Awrapa The fact that many of the top ten diseases are water oom ano related mtechons also confirms tne magnitude of the problem
3.3.4. Other Infrastructures and Service*
Although all the major towns (capitals) of the project Woredas have alhwealher roads almost
all the rural keoeles intruding kebeles where the reservoir »no the command areas fall in, have
no all-weather roads and are accessible only during ary seasons All but Yanfa have postal and lelecommmcalian services, though the systems is retativery modem in Bede® and only three of them (Getcfti, Bede* and Jimm* Aqoj nave elecrnc power
Despite this fact however what focus group participants in the rural xebens emphasized most was, lacr cfl access roads to the nearest urban carters, which wuuia have gwen them invaluable service in terms of gelt ng be«er mameis for their products, alleviate accessibility prodems to health Irntftrtwn*. especially during the mon frequent encounter* of prolonged labor and comphcabons of delivery of women. They txttedy complained about the fact that they art Often compelled to carry pregnant women and seno-usty sick or accidentally injured patients a long way wnereby many cases of deaths on the process have oeen encountered
On the whole SOCrt service provisions and mfrasiructure facil lies are at rudimentary stage* in all Woredas and almost non-e»5tent m the rural xeoeiei
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!■ Awctadn eld htirranrliitij Cvrunliuti ud TKkaauiu pyt Lii
21Arjo               [rrigidM Project
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4.  PROJECT IMPACT ZONES
4.1.  General
As nas wen already mentioned in the preceding parts the project impact zone consists of five woreoas locaiw m three zones (Eastern Aetega. IllutwbOf end Jim* Zones) of Oromia Region There are 30 Ketwe Administrations, which are affected &y the project Frfleen kebetes are falling in the command area These Bre shown in Tatwe 4 1. Another fifteen Kebeles are lading in reservoir area, are shown In Tab# 4.2
T»bM * I KitMJles
unflflr Bw P?ai*CJ Impad Zo*ie (Command A/ea^
Zona
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Tibk 4 Z SwrtMfy BW PrQHCI Impaa ZWW [RWff Atm|
Zona                 Woraoi
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P*ffly
DarModan
Partly
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Water Warks Dwlfn A Superrtslon Enterprise
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24Arjo ItedBui InitiUiMi Project
Seulmen^linniii^
These Kabales account to IB percent of Ihe toiai (170} Kebeie Ad monstrations found in the five Worenas tali ng under the prefect impact zone. The benefit gained from tne envisaged pr-oiec, #111 not be limited to kebeies falling tn the command and reservoir area, but wilt extend directly or indirectly to otter members of the community found in rhe near by areas including urban canters
tel.  the  main  project  anpact  zones  can  be  grouped  into  the  following  three  categories
1j The area to be inundated ^reservoir arttz occupying about fl.&OO ha of land, Witt about 2
3 km racfius cl buffer area tarea around tte water body),
2) About 13,665 na of imgated tend (command area; with vanous levels of the canal
systems snd access roads, and
3? The areas tn which the d<splaceo people wici be resettled
4.2.  Properties to be Affected and Categories of Compensation
As is common m any large scale oevelopmen; initiatives, it is inevitable (hat tte implementation of this project wiil entaii expropriation of land and certain magnitude of damage on properties of tte people residing In the direct impact zones of the project The properties that may befall sucn damages are categorized In to two categories These are communal properties ana individual properties end (he resource category determines the type al compensation
4.2.1.   Communal Properties
As has been mentioned In the preceding parts, tte project cavers vast area and most Itkety many aooal service facilities like school*, health posts and potable waler supply schemes located with in those Kebeies filing In tte project impact zone wU| be affected In addition, some religious institutions such as Churches and Mosques falling with in the project area will also be affected This indicates that the resettlement program requires careful consideration, especially in preventing damage to communn properties Witt rel^ious or cultural significance, since moat of them could hardly be replaced or compensated for
4.2.1.1.   Community CompeneaUon
Thrs includes compensations for kw of communal properties like social services (schools health Cenwr/Post, water supply schemes, etc), cultural centers religious Insbtuftona. and granng land Here the compensation 4 nor canted out on mdlviduBl basts, but 4 is done on cwwnunriy levci
Vater Works Design & Superriirion Enterprise
In AsaadadM eliti bdan»flmtli Csankuti ud TactauJcrsU ht U4it] 3 Dfdeui [mflUDtt Project
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in Doth cases me people are entitled to M compensated for me loss of their properties, in ime with lhe current development apprwcn as weff as the relevant «gal and policy precisions discussed in lire preceding seciians
As indicated m the section that dead with the socio-economic profile of the prayed Woredas. me status of soctai service infrastructures <s much txriow recommended standard in the entire Wtxedas The situation n ihe protect impact tone is no exception In (act some of these latter ne&etes haw no Such tacilrties al all Bui this ooes noi mean inar the people are not entitled for Such services
The project is thus obliged not only to compensate for fully or partiaSy damaged a demodished infrastructure but also Id provide the communities with new services andfor upgrade existing ones onng them doser to or ar par with the recommended standard
4J.1.1 Communal properties Found tn the Command and Reservoir Anu
It ts dear that Ihe project should replace what ever service provision institutions finfrastruclKes there were within m ine reservoir area, and in some pahs of the command area, In wh<h
ranous systems of canals, access reads, ano other project related irrfrastructures are tp be constructed
Owwusiy the prayOd actrvities might not affect communai properties in the command area <n lhe same degree- a those in the su bmergence area, but some of the service provision facilities would somehow be damaged The project should make sure that all SuCh facilities are restored and equipped at a different piece within the same area notwithstanding the need to further capacitate the nomaffeaed ones.
n IS expected that while resiomg the facilities al resettled afete tlheir level and Standard wifi noi remain ■» existing, but would be improved In light of modem lacilrties
The assessment reveaied that there are no communal properties of religious and or cultural significance n th* reservoir area, ft ts true that there are a lew mosques and religwu a centers within the recently established sefttemem areas. However these are newly built in a temporary bass and have no nrstoncal significance and can easily be replaced The Tew Churches in the ofd sefflement areas (now mostly In the command area), which probably have historical
Vater Woria Design & Supervision Eoierprlae la iiriifUri ma [iitrrrerlamnJ CwUtuti ud TacMaoeriti Pit WAri d Hedessi IrticaUoa Prtjca
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Significance are also omit on paces not fit for angation, or canal routes and access roads, such as pelts of hits and thus coukJ nardly be affected Moreover it is assumed that the project will lane all technically possible precautions to avoid damage on Such institutions There « Iherdore no need co replace such religious ana cultural heritages, even if n were possible to repace them
Nevertheless avaiiaole data showed Chai there are 30 scnoois. 34 health facilities. 30 residence houses of DM. and 30 Habere offices, in the 30 project impact KeDefes Of these, 15 d each Kind are wflhm the reservoir area White the vast majority <ac to®3i 00%) of (he latter may neMtabry be demdisned. it a assumed that pray 20% of those wrthin the command area will have similar fate The 20% estimate is amved at by considering that only * kebeles From Gecni fall within the command area onry partially ano that there it high probability of Sparing some within the 11 kbaes of Bedeiie lhai entirety fall wrthin tne command area
Based on ths dwcuiaL-on the project wdl oe required co trurkd or rejuvenate a Imai of 15 Schools. 15 neafth institutions, 15 kc«ie offices, ano 15 DA houses. Of these. 7 form each kind are to
be built In the 7 selected resettlement sites, wMe the remaining nuaget should be expended for eUnci repamng or upgrading facilities anorpr building new ones within the commano area
wnere from people may nqr be dislocated The estimated cost f&r these s presented in the
rerevani section.
As regards lacilibes m the resettlement sites, the responsibrfity of the project rs not limited to compensating to what the people lost in the*r previous settlements, but io ensure that the facilities are of bettor capacity and quantity to be able to pfovioe better services to resettiers as wed as people from the hoat communities
4,2.2. Individual Properties
Sy individual property, It H meant the properties the indiwduats residing in the project impact zones may rose owing to the implementation of the project The compensation In thig case shall consist of paying out money for oemoiisneo housing units, frx home gardens and all perennial crops and trees on them, tar toss of opportundiee due io relocation; and compensation for lime and labor used to wt up new farms and homesteads elsewhere
Water Wort a Dwlgn & Snperrisfon EnterprlaB
-27
htLtf.Ar)? Dedexia Lmf aUoa Projecc
Settleineni Planning
May 3007
The mdividiutte whose pro-pedies would tre expropriated or damagoo are io ot? treated differentially according lo the degree ol damage and the proMDllfty of their dislocation and resettlement as presentea in the following sub-sections
4.2.2.1 Individual Compensation
individual   compensation   snail   consists   of   compensalion   for   demolished   nousmg   unites, compensatipn  for  home  gardens  ano  an  percrwiai  crops  ano  roes  on  them.  compensation  ft* IQ*i of Opportunities due to relocation, and compensation for time ano labor used IO sei up new farms ano homesteads elsewhere The com necessary for this is provided in section 4 4 below
4.3. Rehabilitation
Besides compensation for lhe properties thai 1he displaced people nave to lose Doth at individual ana community levels, as discussed earlier it is imperative that appropriate mechanisms d rehabiMatng them are in place moeed rehabilitaition « understood as part and parcel of resettlement m Current resettlement approach Rehabilitation measures may include provision of a package of support items ano programs
The package may consist of provision of grain aid till the re-settlers collect lhe first harvest after resettfcmenr. provision of loans, prpvrston of fertriizera ano processed seeds (free or for credit) provision of training in soil and water management, livestock breeding, and other vocational training opportunities
Given  that  resettiers  mignt  not  gel  enough  grazing  und  for  their  livestock,  or  compounds  with enough  puce  for  ouitding  bams  for  cattle,  ill  might  M  necessary  to  train  ano  hetp  them  own moderrvtross  breed  animals  with  high  leva,  of  yimds  with  fewer  livestock  heads,  the  output  of wmch  mignt  oe  mucn  smaller  in  compansor,  as wed  as methods  of  preparing  feed  from  lhe  by products  of  crop*  and  even  production  of  Irrigated  fodder  crops  The  cross  breed  varieties  of oxen a isO nave h>gner traction power Chan the local ones
in snort, the project has to consider the necessity rehabilitating in line with integrated rural development, with all it* components at new settlement sites for the ttspuced people as wen as their ho*t communities. This may, however, require assessment study at ■ taler stage of the project implementation process to identify the peope's felt needs and priorities
Water Works Design & Supervision EnterpriseArjtt Dedeui Imf aboa Project
SeUlement
4 4 Estimated Number of Would-be Displaced Households 4,4.1  Households from the Reservoir Area
M>y 2007
As  nas  been  aescribea  in  the  preceding  sections,  (he  project  implementation  would  sumerge about 6.500 ha under the reservoir
Based on (he existing settlement pattern and pop^alion oenjrty of the project area, it is estimated that about 6.3?5 people clustered into 1.275 housenoKis. are living in kebdes anchor villages ihat are expected to oe suDmergea permanently under the reservoir Desprte the fad that all the 15 neoeies to be affected oy the reservoir will do partially submerged. it is assumed that all resioents wouia be resettled just to De on the sale side This is aiw essential from social ana cunurai considerations Accordingly the number of households to be dislocated is 1,275 Of 1hese 10% are estimated to hart houses with roofs of corrugated iron sheet, while the res! have houses with grass thatched roofs
4.4-2 Households from the Command Area
The  iotal  estimated  number  of  poops  living  in  the  command  area  is  10,696,  the  number  of households oemg 2100
Given that mosl of these kfebeies are sparsely populated ano most are to be only partially affected, it is assumea that only 10% uf the total population residing in these fcebtes might need to be resetl led Moreover It is assumed that mere may be a possibility of accdrtwnoaatrng some 01 them within the already easting settlements. The number of households to De dislocated will thus amount Io 430.
4.4.3,  Total house hold to be resettled:
Thus the total number of rwuse n«d to be resettled would be 1695 say 1700 as given
below
HHa tor toll resettlemem from reservmr area ........................... 1275
HHs tor parti a > resettlement from common area
(Only 20% of 2100)
Total HHs io oe resettled ...............
.............................. *28
„................................. 1695
s«y ...........-......... 1709
29
lalr| B DedtMa JiTtf itlM Project
5.  PROPOSED RSETTLEMENT ACTIONS
5.1. introductory Noles
in proposing ihe resettlement plan of Arp Deaesa Irrigation Development Project, the experiences of revelopmem projects in the rcao sector, discussed earlier, have been ta«en into account
IE should be rerteralM that unlike previous targe-scale irrigation projects impfementOO with the objective pt improving the level of agricultural produce of the country as a whole, and which were ownea and managed by the central government the proposed irrigation project is meant to be for the people themselves Hence, as a matter of pnnciple, the plan should, and of course gwes. adequate attention to avom altogether, or «i least minimum g the possibility of displacing andror resettling of people
5.2. Mechanisms
The plan thus should involve mechanisms oy wnich negative impacts that may po»£ly follow the implemenration wtucn may not (0 go beyond a rearrangement of the current settlement pattern And it is possible to amve at a consensus wtth all stakeholders on how Id go about the rearrangement, and how io ensure everyone would equally and fairly benefit from the project This « especially true for most of the proied are* given the relatively sparse pattern or setflemem and avanabiwy oi uninhabited <and.
in aodit on. »the Imgated rand a for the displaced people, it a proposed that no compensation for loses of land I* Id be made, instead resettlement site and the rngaled farm will be provided The ctKnpensatipn will rather be tor costs of relocation (transfer}, demolished houses, fences, and aarnagerVabandoned perennial crops and trees
As Observed, the types of house* in the area are dommantfy two types Wood and mud wall with corrugated iron sheet rocrfi, predominantly wooa and mud wall with gross roofs. Mui of the houses have wooden fences and around the bouses few perennial tram, except those owned by the recent settlers. The perennial trace are estimated Io be 10-12 on the average end sometimes include fruit trees such as mango.
Water Works Design A Supervision Enterprise
30
la
ibrtLU.Uedem intgiuufl Project
5-3. Options for Resentament
Two opi- on s cou'd Be proposed tar rdfiCtlting the wOdld-pe displaced hnusehOldS
The firs! option is paying Out money for the irntnritfual rIHS for the fiaufiCS ana other properties to he demolisned an that tacn HH will rebuild aa ne wishes in toe area CO De provided The proposeo psyrnem rate based on previQus experience is BS follows.
- Bi t 1 200 per m’for nnyses wrth corrugated iron sheet and wood and mud wall
■    Birr 600 per Hi* tor houses wrthgrtJS root ana wood ano mud wall
» Birr BU for woooen lence per meter engir
■    Bifr 1.000 Serf each HH assuming the DOS! or transferring snd interruption.
•     Birr 60 for perennial trees
* Payment lof *ach HH TO De displaced tor the nirmtwr of cansl/MCffon period {yWV Ifl WtiJrJi farmers will not get benefit from the tondj based on the average annuel income oi HH in their previous residence
The second option y to consirucr standardized residence for alt the displaced households at project cost ano provide the finished houses. Still payment has to be maoA tor transferring fe the ntvr site and fix trees
SXCpBt Estimates
Based  on  the  above  sampiei  count  snd  rnaajixemem  data,  the  cost  of  resettlement  m   estimated to be about 105 million *hU presemea aj fellows
For resememem of HH from reservoir Brea For niMfttemeni cl HH from common area For Replacement of Social service
For compensation Tor commind prpparfn
Table
Bin 37,961.220 00 (TaDie 4 1) Birr 12,589,860 00 (Tabic 4.2)
Bin 5.815,700 00 (Table 4.3) Brr 6.647.300 QQ CTsbte 4 4)
Birr 13.009.1 WOO
PtLLiLArja lit tie 311 LmgiUon Project
Sflttlenwni PtawJH
Tibia 4,1. Preliminary coal esbmaies, oi t«etflemen| pl pecc-e from Vie rvMfvak area
MifEpg?
Items
NUW3E.R
Rate
T OTAL VALUE
RElOCaTOh costs
1275
HJW
1,275,000
rtOtfSESwlTHCOWluQAlEO 5K£T ROOFED
127X42
1200
5,400,800
HOUSE5 With Qftua FlpCFE 0
1,148X20
600
19.286.400
Fences
1.275X65
80
8,03,000
P9BKH. TREES
1.275X12
60
916.000
Sus Total Estmatw Cost
34,510,200
CwiWEMCIES <10%)
3.451,020
Gfl^NP Td-TAl, Coat
37,951.220
T* b k 4X Cost estimate fcr pec-frme a at people 10 be resettieO From the command area
tltrm
Nixnbe*
Rilt
Total valut
RfikKHfcwi oasa
420
1000
4J0.WW
rlfiutai *.m CprTugn ed Snwt twUP
44X42
1200
J 217 GOD
HotiMl wrih grrasa roa^HJ
376 X 26
600
6,318 800
Fmcei
♦20X65
B0
J 164.000
Tmi
420x12
60
302.400
Tdui E               Coil
11.4*5600
OoflMiglfWrtl 10%
1.144 080
Grind KUl Cena
12,Mi flflo
TiMe 4-J. Esbmared ccwHor Repiacemefli ol Social Service iKiIrfres
FiKMM
Nl#TTM^ ■‘fHJijrrfHj
ElhmiAHd mtti al &ri
p*i uflfl
14V
SfflWSHt.
7                               400000
J.MbOOO
^riMiihgorii.
7                               250,000
1.75O.WQ
DM Mush
7
50400
352 BOO
Keit*H? offices,
T
55 000
385 000
T&iil
5.2BJ, HO
COfllingEnaioa. 10%
S287W
FpEa^
f.ffB.W
TaM U. Prertminary Coil Estimate ol C0mpoft«t>0n lor Communal Propefow at the
Resettie'nem S Its
FmMH
humor rnqured
Em™W Cwt m
Total
ScTwcm
B
400000
3,200.000
Heaflh P«n
B
250 000
2000 MK
DAi‘ HCU?*I
9
5b 400
403.300
fl
55 000
440 000
To«al
CwrtingrncrtS- 10%
to* 3M
G/iflO FoW
Titer Tort* Design 4 SuperrlslOQ Enterprise la LMKuda vnhiwtfnam«tticemkuii udiKteMiwrn Ln5.5 Important Considerations
The following points are s»so among ihc lectors of utmost importance, *hlth need consideration at the latter stage of the feasibility study, fur realizing effective resettlement program
>   Conducting census of housenoids located m the project impact zone
> Conducting inventory of the nousehoJU properties. which will be affected by the project (all properties li*D*e 10 oe damaged including the type ana size of each house, and holding and other immovaWe assets) tnould oe identified end recorded
> As rt has been cited on The World Bank Resetitement Gurtelin*. the tacai peopre have to participate actively in all the process of the resettlement program through their representatives
>    Ensure that the institutional capacity of the concerned line agencies, at least at wored3
rs enhanced so as to enable them io implement the resettlement program
efficiently
in addition, difference in terms of resource possession, the magnilude nt the project impact on of each nouwhotd should be Kjemrfieo, i e some families may lose their homesteads by iiundalion but not Ihelr farm pwts or vice-versa, others might DC compelled only to rebuild their rouses further back hum Pit project structure while others might have to >eave their Kebeles lor good. Thu makes Doth compensation and rancatian very complicated
5.5.   Resettlement Sites
5.6.1   Criteria for Selection of Resettlement Sites
While tweeting the resettlement sites the foUcxteng criteria have been taken mto consideration
-  The  sites  must  be  marginal  lands  (not  suite  We  for  irrigated  agneutture  with  in  or out of the command area;
•     The MftUfflM sites must not be to fv from the firm (not more than 5-1Q KM)
•       The  sites  muai.  as  much  **,  possib*  be  aoser  to  already  established  services (markets    toad,    health    services,    education    services,    etectnedy,    water    supply, telephone, bank, ■dmlrwstrabve, etc.)
■ The community has to agree on the probable sites for SMtJement
Water Worts Design & Supervision Enterprise
3J
humAijo Dedtu* Irntixi4a Project
Settlement Planning 
As   inchoated   earlier,   the   irrigated   farm   is   planned   for   (he   community  the  settlement  area snoura be close to the command area so that they can easily access their farms.
Therefore the selection of the settlement area should take into account means rn **nch the physical and psychological convenience or resellers is ensured without adversely affecting thar qf the nost communities Existing social services as weH as resources is anolher imperative consideration Besides, the sarecteo settlement area should be examined in terms of its convenience for neaffli. for example It Should not De water logged, which creates an armpspnere wnch will be conoucive Tor mosquito weeding
Since livestock and livestock products constitute considerable proportion of the household income m the prefect areas, the residential area must constoer the availability of place for constructing bams and feeding trpugns
5.6.3. Selected Sites
Accordingly seven srtes i m Jimma Aqo. 1 in Limu Seka, 2 m Borecha. 1 in Gechi. and 2 in Bedele worcoas are selected All these sites are located at the periphenes of the command area from lhe respective directions of the mentioned woredas
It would De best If a block containing four residential bouses, Suitable for humans and livSWCK movements to and from residential area, with garden and cam areas (similar to the sketch shown m Fig 5 1} is selected
Water Worts Deslpj L SupcrrieLon Enterprise
34
Pkltld.Mrjfl tedBUft ImtiUnn Project
Setttainut Planning
Figure 5.1 Proposed settlement sketch
my 2007
R           R               R           R            ft
R          R           R                 ft
R
R
H
11*
H
HR
H
H
—
R
R
H
1
H J
R
H
H
RH
|«wH
R
RRRRR
RRRRR
R
R ft . t t '4
R
R
H
H
HH
H
H
ft
R
H
H
R
R
RRRRR
R          ft            ft               R            R
As already indicated alternates for minimizing the number of livestock currently owned oy the cotemunily stwiad oe provided in the form or improved livestock breeds, along wth iruning in metpiods of preparing feed from the by products of crops arwvor production pf irrigated fodder crops
Water Worts Doilpi & Supervision Enterprise owliGoa ittliiB!aiiiteMtU cunltaati aadTKhBKfwtaArjo Dedejii [m£iti no PHjeel
SBttU^o^knhl nt;
6.  STAKEHOLDERS' PERCEPTION AND PARTICIPATION B1    3 pedj l Situatla n i n Arjo Ded d«a
May 3007
Il should be noted from the outset that the srtuatron in AljD Dedessa i4 flUde differem, Sintie the maponty gl [he people to 6e alTeCIK t>y the project are new settWS not yet aoequately e&lstJishea in me area This has troth pwilive and negative influences Ort Che Client nWri TO restme toe p*fljtci pec pre
The negative sice pl 1he situation is lhai these peopie reft then homes m Eastern and South eastern Qramia wflh the expectation «j escape ths food Mflaency resulting from recurrent drairgnL, land shortage ana *dil wgradaflion baa at name Although their resettlement was on voweary bast*, fl fl obvious Thai leaving one’s &rtn. pta« cnee and tor 01, tw muHrfacet psychological and social impacts and it IS assumed that it has latoen Those pwptt quite 5 long time to get over me trauma *<XJ nostalgia ano adjust themselves W the inevitable reality, atlFrough rt may PC SfflOJit to conclude that they have a>eady gel Over It They might have cwne tq Bunk Chat the present settlement fl TOr r home a.no have surely 1ned to sslatHish themselves, ana the process aOvrously has inflicted on them a rot m terms of psychological and physical strains Thus, the rota of resettling mese peope again m>ghi be perceived by them io pass in IhewmetraumatK situation They already experienced
Secondly as discusswns with vancus Focus groups indicated, there are a lot pf uhlulMled promises regarding the provision ol todai slices, and other Supports in Their Effort? tC rehaCtlilaCe lhemwrve* that m^jhi make them sxe plica towards new, Similar, ptedges related to the prcyea-induced displacement This, presumably, would make Convincing them and getting their cOrtWfli and wiftngness rather difficult.
On 1he positive srie, the taa that they n new comers and stiH srrange to the locality This co Jd mean Diet the sense of belong ng to The area rf not deep-rooted and not hanJ to deal with The reelings Ike The land or ffy forefather*’ oxM PM be there in the way we sensed ft n Gumare Tkfl wlti make flepKenwnt less secslimmrat and hence less difficult tn implcmem
MWWver given the I act that the area » relatively tapradly populated, there is a poui&hty in which the dflplscement will not go beyonq a rearrengamenl ot letttemenl within the I fleeted
brt-ua.*rjo Dedesu Irrigation Project
Setdomcnt Planning
May 3)07
Wrxedas  ano  the  areas  they  nave  ho*   started  to  irve  in,  and  this  will  certainty  have  an appeasing etfed to a cwiain extent
6.2.  People's Perception
fn the FGDs conouctM with community members ai different Sites in the study area, the participants were requested to express thar perception of the project oolh positive and negative The resutls are discussed in brief hare under
6.2.1 Positive Impacts
As regards positive impacts that they expect to result from the implementation of the proiecl
the*r response was encouraging II was however difficult to determine al this stage whether the response emanated from expediency or it was a neartielt one. given (he pan-Ethiopian culture
o( secrecy ano the longstanding rraddion of government-people relationship The positive
impacts of the protect as they perceive it included
•      The  access  roads  that  they  expected  to  have  wnen  they  were  resented  here  but  could not  materialize  wtxad  be  constructed  due  to  the  impiemornalion  Df  the  project,  which would ennance iocai trade and sale of local products at Petter pnce
•      The  project  would  create  a  tot  of  employment  opportunity  for  them  with  the  affect  Of augmenting their income
•      Even  thougn  some  nousenoids  wpulo  be  resettled  the  project  would  pay  reasonable compensation  for  amenities  tost  in  the  process  too  the  resettlement  area  would  not  be far horn thew present residence
•       The  resetltera  wouM  be  provided  wtth  corrugated  iron-roofed  houses  instead  of  their grass tnaicheo ones
-   Social   services,   which   they   were   aspiring   for   including   heahh   facilities,   schools,   vet clinics,  and  the  like  will  be  provided  In  the  resetllement  areas  and  the  people  would  have the privilege of benefiting from these services
•      Resoraers  wolM  be  given  better  land,  or  al  least  equivalent  to  what  they  had  before, and  woud  be  provided  wtth  all  sorts  of  agncJturat  inputs  free  of  change,  at  least  until they establish themselves in the new settlement areas.
•      They  will  engage  m  fishery  as  a  resuh  of  the  reservoir  and  Supplement  tlwr  agricultural income, etc.
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
tn imdatlH au* MarustteKtat Cumtaau set reckanow                  Hl LU.Arjo Dedeuft irrigation Prelect
SeitJeffijDtPlanDlD^
6 2.2 Negative Impacts
Regarding  their  apprehension  of  the  negative  impacts  the  project  may  bring  about.  FGDs  and mdiviouii imetvirwees Stated as follows
•      Il  would  displace  some  households  and  rt  court  not  oe  known  for  certain  wnelner  the displaces  would  get  enough  lano  m  the  resettlement  areas  or  whether  they  would  still have access to envisaged irrigation
•     Part of the natural forest may be damaged
•     The resettling households. would lose grazing Janos wntch will nave negative Impacts on K«pmg  of  Irvesioo.  especially  Fattening,  tha1  jsed  to  be  one  major  area  of  economic engagement and source of considerable portion of their household income
•     tt court be assumed From this fact that their previous experience in resettlement has had an   effect   Oh   their   acquisition   of   Knowledge   and   awareness   relevant   to   resettlement issues
Thus rt court oe sard that at least some proportion of the residents of the impart zone Woredas woutt not see negatively either the imptementation of the project or the possible resettlement Lhat would loi:ow
5.3.  Perception of Local Government Representatives
□ucussions  were  also  nert  with  the  officials  of  1he  impact  Waredas  regarding  Ebe  advantages and  disadvantages  of  the  project  They  were  of  the  opinion  lhat  the  project  has  immediate  and tong-term  benefits  for  the  toe*  people,  the  region,  ano  the  country  at  large,  though  R  may  also entail some negative impacts
6.3.1  Positive Impacts
The aavamagss o< the protect m envisaged by them were Vie following
•     Provide employment opportunity to the people at the project construction phase
•     Provide employment opportunity, though may be limfteg, at the Operational phase
•     improve Inter-Woreoa and IrHra-Wcred* communication, especially of roads
•      Ba  poaalbre  to  introduce  different  fish  vanehes  in  the  reservoir  and  make  the  people Benefit tram fishery
Water Works Design & Supervision Entarprlte
ffn Ltd.Arjtt Dedtwi Irrifilloii Proj rd
M*yMW7
6.3.2  Negative Impact*
Regardmg [he possible negative impacts they mentioned
•     The inevitabrlity of resettling some households and the problems associated with it
» Damage CH > certam magnitude on the naiurai foresl
•      Possib*  spread  of  water  borne  diseases,  winch  is  already  'he  mam  health  problem especially of manna as a result of the stagnation of waiflr in the reservoir area
6.4.  Proposed Mitigation Measure
Both FGD participants including Wtxeaa level Officials and individual key informants were also requested to suggest possibfl means or mitigating the perceived negative impacts of the project Thetr s uggesltons are as foltaws
•      Precaution  should  be  taken  in  resetting  people  and  ensuring  that  they  would  be  able  to improve their standard of living and income earning capacity they had prior Io (he project impiemeniaiion. or at mast restore me levels they would have been wt1 hom the project
•       Ensuring   (he   laimess   of   compensation   disbursement   Dy   involving   the   beneficiaries themseives  and  commrxiity  e»aers  and  religious  leaders  m  the  committees  or  taskforces of  the  implementation  of  the  program-  precaution  to  avoid  corruption,  nepotism  and partisanship
« Taurng appropriate measures Qi capacitating Woreda ano zonal iflvei offices relevant to the implementation trf the resettlement program (Specific areas of human capacity building identified included provision trf training in participatory development practices, community based natural resource management monitoring and evaluation, etc}
•     Triming of oenefiaanes m fishing and marketing of fisn
•       Mechanisms   to   prevent   the   possible   occurrence   of   malarial   infestation   should   be designed Defore the implementation of the project
•      introducing  modem  breeding  system  and  vaneties  of  an*nai  feed  may  compensate  for the loss of grazing land and people s fear erf its negative impacts on cattle breeding
6.5 Community Participation
Participation  Is  defined  as  '•  process  of  communication  among  local  people  and  development
■gents  owing  which  local  people  take  the  leading  role  to  analyze  the  current  silualion  and  to plan, implement and evaluate development activities (FAO, 2002 6)
-
Witw Wcriu Design 4 Superrislon Enterprise
la knsdidn wftk touruadanul Cttnkuu ud Twkaaaat> fin. LU.Arjn Dtdttlk IrrtfiUuD Pftj «t
My 2007
The word participation has oecom-e almost a cliche often claimed by NGOb, and as of record limes by government organ nations as a oasis for sustainable development Bui it is used with a range of meanings White it can refer to genuine intent to hand over the power to interpret analyse and come jp with solutions to development problems to the communities themselves, m many cases, imposition of government interests have been justified by cursory consultation processes, wtiich are then referred to as participatory.
The    common    approach    of    government    structures    claimed    to    be    ensuring    community participation is. wonting m coltaoaralion with traditional community-based organizations
The other option, wmcn is usually used particularly in dissemination OT information and obtaining consent tram me community A using the new socia-polilicai and administrative structures established by the current government at grass roots level known as ■yellmat budenocn' ^development teams) that compnse 20-30 nousenoids
tn both cases genuine community participation does not seem to be a reality in the complete sense ul the term It was ooserved that in meat cases government representatives seemed to tend 10 equaie in1orm«ng the Mimmunftes about a development plan with the rhetoncaliy up neld approach of participating communities through out the project Cycle Thus, despite a recognizable change tn development approaches DO the part of the government agencies, the longstanding lop-aown approach goes not swm to have altogether ceased to exist
In current discourse around development-induced resettlement nt emphasized that avoiding the negative social and economic impacts of projects on indigenous people and creoling in people's minds the sente or ownership of the project, couid be achieved only through (he genuine participation of the same people through out the process
However, the field assessment In the Arjo Dedassa project woredas revested that llttte is done
by all concerned bodies n terms of information dissemination and awareness creation, which
are the first steps kn the process of rrvtXvtng the people throughout the project.
Even the local government administration and me various relevant offices, which were wpposeo lb play the leading rote in the Information dissemination and awareness creation campaign, were to a large extent, unaware of what their mandates, respcnsibiirties and duties * 1 retallon to the prefed actually ere. Thm a tot of ambivatenai. misconceptions andtor misjudgments were ooserved
Water Works Dail^u & Supervision BntarprtH
40
la AnsdaHoa sltk laiaraasttaBtal Gauntest. aM Twhsncrits Pn. Ltd.Arjo Dtdesji Unfadon Prelect
Pan o1 toe t*amc lor failure to prepare the minds of the people to be genuine partners in the implementation process goes to MoWR. the project management, the project staff, wno have been in the fieia. gut they nave done little in response to this deficiency at differing oegrees
it 13 nopea ths! oy now the officials of the woreoes are tetter informed and they are engaged m puolic consultations and convincing lhe people about the advantages Qt the project, informing them of possible side effects with plans to mitigate them Despite the tact that such aspects of the project activity snou»d have teen done ngm rrom the inception, one could nope that rf still is not yet too late
6.6.  Gender Issues
6.6,1 introductory Notes
As is the case in many development interventions, one cruoai cut often-negledea issue, in
retain to oaveiopmem-fflciuced displacement and resettlement. is gender consideration,
in line with many research oulpus. a World Bank research demonstrates compelhngiy that
greaier gender equality transates into gre»Ter economic growth, less poverty and more suslarnabte development (World Bank 2001 )
World Bank investments m many countries mainly composed of environmental and (nfrastnjcrure projecis *tth environmental impacts, sadly nave neglected gender ConsHtoratiOhi
It h therefore imperative to take all necessary a priori arrangements to ensure that women get the share they deserve, no< only tram the project's snticipateo benefits, but also in terms of participating through out the process including piaymg cl decision making, rotes
1.6.2. Gander leeuee In the Ethiopian Context
Ethiopia is > signatory of The UN Convention on the Elimination cl All Form* of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). ano other major international human righto instojmerito. which provided S strong basis for ■ policy frlmewh to integrate gender into the social. political
economic, and legal spheres of the country. A 'Wonwni Policy* was formulated in 1993. To facilitate policy mptememabon st the Federal eno regional levels, toe Federal Women'* Afton
Office was established ih the Prime Mmtoter's Office and Women'* Affwrs Departments andVjc Dedessa lmjiUDn Project
Bureaus   have   beer   orgamlM   in   16   sectoral   Ministries   ana   in   all   Regronal   Governments respectively
Moreover, effort has aiso been made to address women's issues and the problem or gender inequality ano gender based discrimination in the government's other hey sociai sector poh&es, program oocuments, and legislations melting ffw EducafJon FWtey. We MeaWi Poffcy, We H/bWDS Polfcy. We .'ator Procramafrort. We OvjT Service /mprwemenf Policy, fte Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper the Policy on Industrial Development. We Rural Development Policy ano ffw Fooa Security Strategy Paper, among OWers
Each  of  these  policies,  programs  ano  legislations  are  mlended  to  eliminate  gender  inequality ano tt*e removal of legal and customary practices th at militate against the fuir implementation of womens    economic    eno    social    rights    including    property    rights    and    access    to    gainful employment   Desprte   these   all   embracing   legrsiattves   and   policy   measures,   however,   the economic and socraistatus of women m the country remained far from improved.
indeed a seemingry narsh statement forwarded by Wood Bank president Mr James Woffenscnn wnen they were reviewing the report from Elhropian perspective, tells an important pan Of the sic ry of whai makes poverty, in Ethiopia so pervasive He writes.
',,. On another level, gender inequalities hinder devdopmem While disparities in the basic rights, in schooling, credit ano jobs. or m the ability to participate ih public life take their most dined loi on women and girls, the full costs of gender inequality ultimately harm everyone Evidence brought together tn this report shows this unambiguously. A central message is clear ignoring gender disparities comes at a great cost to people t well-being and to counties ability to grow susiainabty to govern effectively and thus to reduce poverty ’ (OHCHR. Fact sheet on Harmful IradifKNiat Practices, No.23).
6.6.3 Situation of Women In the Project Woredu
In Hne with the )U« menUoneo measures (Men Dy the government to deal with gender-related problems. Women s Affair* Offices responsible to promote gender equity arid eventually da away with women i subordination to men, are established in all project Woreoas
Notwithstanding  the  las  that  perceptions  *nq  practices  aaep-rooted  In  culture  and  iradiitons could not be disordeo overnight, aenmptashmont* so far attained in terms of the
Water Works Design & Snperrtelon Enterprise
Pvt LitDedtSSl Itrlg-itl on Pmjnrt
Mnpwemenls ct women's wcial and economic status, B minimal to J*> the leasi Traditional practices thai vimjie (he legal and human rights Cf women are Still potent. Among lh& harmful rrafrlionai practices prevalent m Ihe area, discriminatory [XOpeny and inheritance nghlS, pmygymy aarly marriage, levirate marriage (wife WtefUnceJ. female genilai mutilation ! femaie circumcision). marriage by abduction ana rape are the mam
Despite 1fte legacy adinovwediged Bfitittarriertt trf women 10 own land equally wilh men since ine tano reform proclamation pf fee Iasi regime which still remains enforce, traditionally they are neither entitled to inherit fea wealin of then talh&rs, nor Io Cake their share duh ng Orvorce Religion (Islam Chnstianity ano Traditional Religions} and culture art the main ccntribuling factors lor thrs reality
Concerning gender drviston ol iflbor oesioes their rote in reproauchon, women's snare of productive activities and burdens of nouscnold ChtMM are cumbersome as U Ihe case in most societies
Afthough cnns+dfrriCHt *nprovernenr is observed regarding school enrollment d gms during the I«J1 decade or sc andnuhtedly parents still prefer to send their poys !P scnppl than their daughters. Even when they are sent Id SChOOi it U very lilc«y that they are the majority among dreppuls owing to eahy mamage and arse to the distance of scnoc s from residences which manes the 1rav& of gins ny ffiemsotvei rtfy difficult Tfws latter problem has also to do with Che prevalence ol rape and aMtodfon Women have a iso no say In family planning, be t bwlh spacing or limiting the number of children
It  Foltewa  then,  that  me  envisaged  imgaWi  project  ta  Kirs  necessary  precautions  to  ensure  ftiai the implementation of Ihe prej«l CWitritoules to the Improvement Of women s lrv« In the area
fi.6.4. Proposed measures
PoMitne measures to be considered in enter to avoid W St least mitigate the vutoerabflily pf women Io various advene impacts during the implementation of fee resettlement program include the fonoiMing
’ GMuretherepresentetionandpnMerKeofwomwfrpmdtth^McioecortoniicgrQiJps in aQ meetwigi related io resentemem planning;
* Ensure fell mtrelings/Donsuiteltons are organized at a time when women rmd it ccnventera to attend, ao that th™ maximum pamapatton can be eniurec,
Wtter Wart? De sign k Supervision Enterprise
43*r]o Dedust Irrigation Project
Settle meat Planning
mjaxF
•     Involve Woreda and Kebefo revd Women s Affairs Offices and various *omen s groups Or networks (formal or informal) through out the processes of the resettlement program
•     Involve women in the inoemniticarticin of affected persons:
•     Consider separate meet n js for wmert, so that they can freery discuss their apprehensions and set forth possible solutions,
■ Ensure women's involvement in the preparation and review of resettlement plans as well as impiementaifon. and monitoring of the same.
•     It is important that women's associations are vested with authority both within their communities and within wider regional and state processes, so as Io preempt situations wnere women are mere tokens m deasran*m»k.ing processes.
- The project should suppon the different government bodies in availing loan and credit schemes for women.
. The project should help promole awareness creaiMn campaigns to the effect that
women shall abandon or combat harmful traditional practices, and are enabled to assert their legal, economic end soaai rights.
•     The project should <000y for the proper enforcement ol the legislations that outlaw women $ discrimination.
•     Promote FP/RH programs so as to alleviate women s vufoerability to reproductive hearth problems (including fnawmai morpidity ana mortality ■ and burdens of reanng unlimited number Ot cmklnen
Water Worts Design L SuperriiloQ Enterprise
b AuMlitlM with IntwtiwttomtaJ UcnMuu ud TKkaocnta m Lid.ATjl JtdMU Irrlfitlco Pro J rut
Settle tnrnt Plftimlmr
- .*
7. RESPONSIBILITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS
May MK7
Il r otivious trial the project is Of great important* npf only fw (he immediate Beneficiaries the people fcymg in IhB wionfly & trie project but ai Regional and National levels and toe responsibility of ensuring (hat the project is implemtMiM fis intended a no the that tne ex peeled benefits at tfi levels are reaped
Particularly  in  relation  Io  reseltltmeni  and  renabihlaWto,  the  npns  snare  Of  the  responsibility  W vested  rn  government  organizations,  starting  from  the  Federal  10  the  regional  aftf  wonedas invefi  However  tn  practical  terms.  more  nelevanl  are  (he  project  ana  the  Administrations  of  Hit prefect   WoreOas.   S3   well   as   the   beneficiary   commundres   This   Mcduse   toe   Wuredas   are endowed   wrtri   the   responuWity   ano   mandate   or   promoting.   planning   and   implementation   as well  as  overseeing  oeveloprrent  aclvmes  to  their  domains,  as  a  result  or  the  recent  moves towards decentraluabon qE administration and devolution of power
In 1ne follow ng sub'Sectipns are attempt to has Deen made outline some of the institutional SnO public responsibilities and mandates of these entities
7.1 Local Government Bodies
As poinled out aonve, the move towards cemraliMtion 4 affected following the procramabon Nu 455^005 whicn mandated the Woreda administrations to plan ana impiemenl all OEVtHopmenl rrtltiStrras as mil as resefflemenr programs The Faderat govemmtnrt's sustainable oeva^pment and poverty reduction program (SDPRPj >denllfiei decentralization as the Key to rsaucing poverty and deepening democracy
The reality », however, that
have major capacity gaps, in teweis of staffing, m (he
(Khntcal  ano  proteMiong.  skilFs  of  Haft  rn  planning  and  monitoring,  and  to  coordination  and management.
Consequently there u a disparity between toe responsibdity (hey n endowed with, and toe
aciu*! capacity toe? hive In terms of human *nd other resources to carry our tfwj rMpans*|[iiy
II could thus be pcausJbty assumed tfi« the prortet wOredas twe the earn* deficiency and may
rack to* capacity in property tmplemenimg (he setMmtnE program
Itfcdowa  (hen  that  the  project  tiaa  Io  pan  and  execute  programs  (o  (he  effect  that  the  capagty Of its local partners is adequately ennanceo One area pl the problem totaled to this deficerwy
Witer Worts Deslcn L Suporrtjlon Enterprln wftk latmtmtu CnuiHut, IM
~------ <SiR_rJn
ftajret
ni jPlAtinlh?
relevant  to  resefflemenf  II  assumed  «l  be  reluctance  W  recogiiM  1he legal  enUt'emtnr  of rejettlres to partiapare in the fXDCW and 1a claim their nghrtS. wnen Btojf 1hir*K. U ytoleWd Th s popiem  15  m  Urn  assumed  to  be  spHl^cr  horn  previous  expemnces  *  resettlement especially  which  Of  lhe  Dt<gs  pernd  ^.ch  Mt  cneretoehico  by  force  and  little  mncecn  to frumjn ana iegai ngnis or rhe peepte
If tn.4 assumption ti hwitf to be th*, toe capadly anMing endear should commence from lhe enhancement Of awareness of the wflredas officials and familiarjJng them with modern de^elcpmaHl ihewies ibs well as pencipies and Ifjjiiialians rMitd to resettle mtn! programs
Once Hus ft ensured. 1he wwettas administration and return sector offices SfWUto assume their w and carry out their res pon six'rbeS. wh'tn mciuoe
* Enjsging in repeated public dialogues and wmsultahw with people m toe project srees. so as IP creme awareness among the people that the project is meanfl to toe latter's advantage
*     Counseling  avi  nelping  resellers  to  get  OW  rne  possiftte  trauma  as  a  mutt  of  toerf dislocation;
* Partaking to toe establishment of Resettlement Committees that irfl pay decarve role m the execution of toe resettlement and Compensation processes ^1h members from retevam woreoas offices, toe project staff am the community
■   rdentrty.r.g   approve   rw^nlement   fenc   in   Consultation   with   the   people,  wiBlin   their respective woreoas
* investing adequate tone on follow up of ths resettle mem process end oneirrin j that all toe necessary social services are in place s ng the rehabilitation measures are properly planned Snd IffljStflTBnlBd.
. Ensuing M eonpaniwru am Iiaeum law, and Ere Iran of MnupBon and ntfalism.
. Enuring If. gaum and .a,« pireapM<n „ 1([ea(ri
imp**™ntatian in general ina rhe resettlement process in particular
Watef Works toW« t Soperrtslen Emerpmia
46Arj □ Drdeasi [nriraUGn Rrofeci
- Creabng enabling Hwiroomenl (or appeal by people *no fett misireited or u^ar paid
■ Preventing possriw conflicts or managing (hem properly when encountered erf rehabilitation
-
a^e in place
They Sfiouia not. however. oe left by IhemsfilvCS iwirfe domg all or these actwihes The dose and timely suppon of me project » we-1 as the Regional and Zonal Administrations should be at nand
Eflually important, dui often i*c*ing factor e Itie commitment ol officials and staff at all levels in the administration >aoder Tins is an issue that deserves close monitoring and prompls rectifying measures from all concerned oodies
7.2 The Project
The project is responsible for the overall in-plementalion of rhe mgalion scheme and all acirvites that are related id this tasx ** one way or another. Besides the realization of the preset, its major and challenging responsibility u ensuring ir*at the projefl implementation is execulCd witn little negative impact on me peopre and lanmg appropnale mitigating measures wnen such impacts are unavoidaBe
Ono of me latter is the resettling trt a certain prapoTMr of the people from the kebeles falling m the project impaa zone To successfully cany out this latter responsibility it is expected to
*     Bstartisn an moependent office to plan and execute the resettlement program and the paying out of compensation*
*      strengthen  the  capacity  trf  the  Mxeoa*  adm^stralion  and/or  the  relevant  offices thereof
*     partake In the establishment pl resettlement committees In heip the execution of the resettlement program
• ensure the active paitctpahon of the community in the reMfflemenl process
’   allocate   the   necessary   cudgel   f
or      resettlement   and   compensabon   as   well   a*
remuMation  and  replacement  and/or  provision  of  sooai  service  in  the  new  settlement areas and n the command area, and property expend the seme
to              WWkB 4 £uPflrriaion EnterpriseArj n Dcitssi IrrtgiUoD ftej nrt
Setikmct Filming
7.3 Community Based Organiiation®
MiyZOtf
Several studies attest Him Ethiopia Js rrcn in the wge tjn/ersrty of ris informal vpanteafast Howwsc *mie these organizations are alien at the greatesl importance in me SMJS1 and Monnmit lives of their niters |nc> are net always appropnBto rthictaa For
»Mr«S’irtg wot* OevBiDpfiient issues.
On the other Mrtfl. ine format ovil society »Mf S relabvery ■*"* and u nd crate veld pod as ccmpa<ed with nBtghMimg eounlnes Dd O never*hclpss malunflj and ass-j^'hg lhe QTHi'acftfiibei erf crwii Mewses else*nere
■n rurat communities m particular. these eiformai organizations aft the Bedrock <H frwal and economic hte The World Bank sftrty of assonaBonal life round thar most Of the households m 1her  sample  nMnged  to  five  iHomUJ  assPMtipns.  and  some  memrjers  df  PPnsMnty nwe (JHappmg Hon $faw Acron m Erftnpm. WOifo SanfINTRAC 2MM)
Toe same fl true 10 the projBd wexedas Almost all Mutt resents Belong lo the [racfttidnai social insbtutrtn hWwn as idtf. wf.ile vanovs survgraups oeong to semi-reiigiouS associations sucn as Manter as well as later and financial associations Buch as JiggeflMofwonie* and fluP. respectively
Mpwprer due 10 ine orHanitBlionai mandates ano vtswn these metrldtjcnvatMCialiCms lade the capacity tc carry out oerflopmeftl activities ft the sense that formal assocLahons could
IMtmethWeM tteM community stiuetves espwd-'y Mirs, Could piay impowtf rotes in muting foe smooln esrecuflon of the reseffletHfll program More speerfiealy they can help resole possible conflicts they can neip identify Illegal diimim* (people wtip ve not residents pf the pnoiea area), they can rWJt ater end can be offMfore vehicles Of information disseminata* end ewarerwss craaten
it  IS  tterefom  auvnaue  that  foa  ™i  wwwa  administrates  imohe  and  make  UM  £rf  these luocdfoftt ft actnniies nsiatw n the reuffiemsnl program
48Ado IfrtftHOB fYQjBCt
SottlamMi Pltnndur
MiTtotr
CO NC LUSION AND R EC OMEND ATION S
imgalion primers ero pnmanly                 wrth and implemented tt "P™* peopledwW
And economic conditions l a-'gc numbers t* peoprt are likely » »bcr^Meo
The Arc DffliKa irrigation Project e one <M tne most valuable projects for rhe peep# in tt»d area. Oromia Region ano ihe nunW U »N                   B™0 MCunty imprart Irving standard
<k per pies tt Btso eraM eraatKM* Of a number of naw emptoymenl upportunihtt. mciaatt foreign eaPUnge earnings and Will Mip cmalion of marker tor other JMlors
The current discourse around deveidpnenr-inducW resettlement ftoWa 1hel avtading 1h* regairrt sooal and economic impacts of projects on indigenous people and creating m peope s minds IM sense o( DMWH* of Che pioieCi could be achieved onty flsrougn Ihe genuine partopalion gl the same people ihrpugn out the process
Resettlement and rehabilitation programs to be mOBJlbr need Co be jMperly plshned and effiotmuy m- pemenieu For thrt 10 happen ft requires adcquaiv organization ai capacity of not only Ihe project ana ihe organization behind bul atSO of H slflkehoiders especially Worwa and Zone relevant sectoral offices that wouio assume the lions stia^e of the responsibility qH the tHK
Equally mppnanr. may be even more sc, is the effect or indeed partKipaton of afleded people in oecnion-malung. mptemenHdon. operation, and evatoaltOh OS the resediment program from Itw perspectives of Doth settle n. and nnsr popuiabdns Development plans for the settlement areas. detaifed engineering puns and layouts. egncultural deveropm&fiL packages, nonagnctfural emjxymanl jwatages. monitoring arrangements, and environmental protection mechanisms mouM Ew IhOugm of well aneMOTWrid and ihOuld be in pace it Ihe ftghl lime
individuals and pwnmunBM effected by (he pfCjSd have Ip be mr^M^ for and fnptementmg the reseffiemefll arid tehabUtUttofl *» well aa mmpenufon pcogrem*. a detailed invositgalKfl Should be conducted; inventory of rejourn Of tach htwehMd. and degree bf
damage 10 re entailed by the projecr tnoum re
IM recorded U the latter stage <rf the
settlement  punning  Iftfoftnation.  on  the  average  tool  eatimate  of  costs  fry  big,  mKtum   and small IMuMS both grtM thatched and comigated irorwoofed calegoflti of reutt*. fru-1 andVjq Dt dtMi Irrlpdco Project
Settlement Planning
Maj W
other perennial trees, etc, snould aw) be obtsmed and documentcd so thal it would w possibw tc deariy Know the cwnpenjalKMi rates for each category of property
Compensation and rehab^tabWi is not and snould not be planned al individual household rivel alone The community snouid tfSO be compensated for asses of communal properties like sodai  service  facilities  (sdhcocs,  health  cerneffpost,  waier  supply  schemes,  etc),  cultural centers, rebgious u*sMutwns (if anyj and grazing land it should aiso De noteO that providing socia service facilities does rwc necessanly ano axclusivecy be limited to replacing tasMS of already resting ones Bui providing such facilities where there were none, and contioering the status of those that enst« the nest communities and expandtng them so that they are capaWe tc accommooase the settler population, snquici also be thought of and appropriate study rfreefeo to oenofying these should be conducted
AHhougn basic information on most of the issues reevam to settlement ano rehabilitation pianrmg has wren collected. understandably accomplish ng these prerequisites was not POSS4K m the one-week pnrtmnary flew wsessmem For one thing (he taking of inventory of the irxiivxluai amevuiies of paenbal resettles was not possible both due Io the shortage of the fieri work ano (or the fad fhai a definite aecsion of Che estimated command an<j reservou area was w yet leached by then
Secondly, the location of potential host communities was not yel k»fsufieo and the Ktommodwon capacity of eacr ngt known The Utter has aiso to do with the fad that Che wqreda officials were not awaro of the magnitude of the teu and were not sure whether there was law in their respective domains available uninhabited land that could meet the requirement More importantly, mosi of the community members with who the appraisal of the said plan and the inventory had id be done, had no adequate knowledge of the project by then However fir? »waned thai tM has already been accomptsned by now
An i«epen*m office. wNcti will have the mandate to module between the project and the local people must be esaolohec for (he success and smooth operation of the planned oeveiopmenr The independent office to be established may have higher decision-making body may be a board, which will have members from rwevanl government offices, representatives of the community and the prDjeetimptemenbng agency.Arjo bedeuj IrTtfidM Project
SetttemanLPlAnmng^^^
May 2007
The    on)   oevwpmerit   office   (Agneofluri   oITkhj    P*Sy   crucial    ro*    in    C-DWlMnp   lhe
teffWl      MwkKtog      nodBFft      agncvflurai      pcwucOon      IMhnotagy      «**«■      for      Timers      Id      be
willed           (Dairy           puuhr>.brt/wpir^.Mr1ieu<lureeiC.J           AMfltffiUPirttntotog<?nflrfferwnl           wpeds 
Of agricultural deirttpHnc hw to « P^n InCkdog f*W ptonnmg. ano sandahan for all members <rf the community
peCdKbon.
Fofta* in lhe cnafrng the wmrwityi iwwwwst hM io be senotrsly cons.dered Nd to be Jeff K N tlH been in the past PUWing the community waders m tfrtL 1*07 can tmmg tha islue to the 0TMS fbor revel {to the vai' m^orty of the commwrfy members, inciting women and CflilOnBfi)
The srtiiemcnr pian ws ?o awsid* she already conscruciM service giving nfrMtructures such bs Lie schools. hearfh Pearts veiennary posts In addrtjon lhe settlement should consider (he exist, ng religious rftsirtuflioriS
The rural deveopmcnC office (lhe wweoa agncultuT Office, logelher lhe coopBcilrvo promotion office 91 the Zone nas to start prepay Che prcura for the a&lHWHMMrnt cf lhe cweralrves in the planned development area rf H «s decided to imptemoftl the proP0«d development project
Registrabcki Of nouteewj In eacn Keoele asscaaEwn nas to ce dona as Barty as posable OTervAse. rf late, may create problem by attracting people from Kebetes outside the Kebeles cumntiy csflsaerefl
B-asea <xi lhe results of the Assessment presented m the report, it is recammeweid that
* « wttrfM longer hekwcrt m aiwgwd to carry oul Ite mriicat«l tfnveaUgirtion and cietajted nwwitory or the praperbw at patrriai diiplacees and the r roMurew. « w?il as ^entity -vj mit comrmmttei and then paermji, H that K woutd be possib.t to further improv the luggwied resettiemenl ana renebilrtabai part ana mi ptemenc rt in 3 more viable manner
* An ndependent office wnch will have the mandane to mednt* Otrtween toe project and the cca people mute be Hlabto-« tpr the luccau *nj cmooth operation or the planned oewtapment The independent office s be tstjbjhed may have higher rjyr»™i-mating body may be a board when WH have membera from relevant govern, nene officer, represenlahves of the commixirty and the project mplemwtatkon ager^y
e   The   ruo   <J*WWU   office   (*grc -ure   offfcej   thbuid   piay   cam    n*   m     organic   the
y
nnmert introducing modem agixurturn ptotfeefron technology tumble for former to be
■Bffled (Davy poutfry. bee keeping, hcrfwffijre, fchmg. «C.j
FTLUiMo Mmh Irrigation Prajea
SjltlHflMm Planning
Bay £00?
•      A  continuous  rating  «i  different  Mpeea  of  agriCk*1ural  as  w  cflw  development acfrvibes hw to be given including family planning, enwonmental protection and »*Maton tar ail memoers of the convnurrfly. etc
•    Fallow up in Lermi or ensuring |h» ennanccrnem Of Ine community 5 aMWtnMt has to M swroujiy considered and anoud net m jndemvned as ii has been m the past
•    It is unponar i to make uuc of me informal community leaders to bring the issue to the grass rocn «vei (to the vast majority erf me communrfy members mciudmg <ncmen and children)
•    The settiement pan has to consider the further capacitating or already constructed service gMng mframcturw such as schools. neartn peats, and veterinary posts, while providing new ones m the new wttiemeni areas
- The resePJemeni program snoutd consider the existing religious msbiutons
■   Tne rur® development office (the woreda agriculture offce.i together with lhe cooperative promoDon office at the Zone nas to start preparing the ground for the establishment of cooperatives m the panned devriopnwn? area to efficiently implement the proposed devBCpmfrni project
■   Regatrwtion of households in each Keoete association nas w be done as early as possible Otherwise, rf lace. may create pra&em by attracting peapie from Kebeies outside of lhe Iterates currently consdeted
•     Acbre and genuine participation of the Communities of the project impact zones in a*
•ctMttes of the resettlement program shcuto be ensured
»   Ensure   the   tall   participation   of   women   tn   the   resettlement   program,   as   well   as mplemerrtatxxi of other measures that wcufc neip mitigate genoer -specific problems, listed in secbc-'i 7.3 aoeve.
•  The  mu  sWenodtn.  especially  the  Administrations  of  the  five  project  woroOas  and  the Project, should exart all possible energy ana time lor the successful implementator of the resedtement ano rehabilitation program by putting into acton their responsibilities listed m section 8 1 and 8.2. respectively,
Water Worts Design 4 Supervision Enterprise
la Auxtaitai srtii tnimsattMBud Cunltuu ud Tactawcriti Pit Ltd.AR JO IJEDESSA-COMM AND AREA
Fig 5 2
SELECTED RI SETTLE MENT SITES
L^adL
A/         bMffc
A/ Manner
k-^ii s s
A/    1 srrtDI L-Mb««wi ■.uca F>T***1             Ri.wJ
M     ftcwiiknMU ^i«n-
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I
JAnnexure - 24
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTUREIrju-DeAtMa trrtgiticn Project
Physical Infrismiran
Mm zoo?
Table of Content
ACRU/Ml vs     MUIIIIIIIIII
i. introduction... ....
i KSemia.
I 2 OBECnVES
I I NT.-UV MiTHtKX.HWV
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I EXISTING SITUATION
2 J IteAL'AI*:                              r
1 2 Waier Sum ¥ aKE Saxitathtm
2 iEnergy si.tr ■'
2 4 COioMtiMCATICH
2 J 11-XiSJSC UMTH
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DtSPLrtCEM ENT OF PEOPLE
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4.       RESETTLEMENT OF THE DISPLACED PEOPLE 5 DEVELflFM EN7 OF JNHUSTHVCTVHE
5 S ACCESS ifl U A4jS———————.................. . ...................... mm . ._^ M«iiiiuiiimiiL- n!r»i!.Liiiriiit!T—"!nH^tm--;“Hi-'-- —
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6.1 AaXTSS Roads
............... ...............
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------ --------------------------- ----------14
---------------------------- ----------- li
aNNKM.
WiUr Worts Desfcn & Supervision EMterprtse la Amemia.     latFrmfliMuj ccukuti ud Tietamu fn WitfMErtHJi (rnfiUsa Project
PhyflaJ Infrtotructnn!
Way ZOO?
Liat of T^bfss
r^u 5 J           PMurcJin mclutiw ft* wn festrn.MtH.-T 5rrt. Gsowth A*te 2 IS
r«BL£ J !       h<I UH fl » *■ *w DEMAfTi 111UCATES Fl l" I r-t R.F M r i S-mENT 5nt T**U4 f           Ccnno W*mt V.7CL1 VHt**4 AMDS*SIr**V FaCUIVS
T*mj 4 J csTjuAn'f«iin*»i.tLmM- mviudf^ i*iutci shah
WiLar Wariu Design t SuperrislM Enterprise
b juumtun vtu bwiwnatsnuj CgmIIxiiU iai Tfctaa mu Fn LtdIdcDcdEsu irnEaaM Project
Physical Infruinitturo
Acronyms
ADC Average Daily Demand
Bh
CFT
CT
DW
OWD
HOW
Bore noe
Community Facilitation Team
Care Taken
Deep Well
DomesK Water Demand
riant) Du9 Weil
HDW                      Hano* Dug Welt
HH
LU
LWD
rtjusenold
Jrtstocr Units
Livestock Water Demand
mVC/D         CKK Meier Per Cspiral Per Day mdc                 Maximum Daily Demand
PA
3F
Peswol Association
Sanitation Facilities
SPM                          Strategy Plan Ana Management
sw
SWL
TO
TSP
VIP
Shallow Weil
Static Water LavW
Total Depth
Technical 5ewwe Pravtaera VSrtlilSIM Improved Urtnnt
WaSH                        Water SandMion Ano Mygwne WC                            Water Comm4tat
Water Works Deslfn & Supervision Enterprise
u dnaciadn wta Lfl Coaiultuu ud TrthBeenu hn. U4M* fetem imoun pujrei
Fhypical Infrajjinjtiure
1. INTRODUCTION
11 General
The Deoessa Rivtr is the largeM Intdiary c-1 the B^e Nile (Ahay) It contributes
M*y 2007
25% df
me total annual how Of Apay at [he Ethio-Sudan fiordef The three major nwefS that flow into
DtUesse River are Ang&r ano Warns River* from the east, and Oa&ariB Rnrer from the v*es1
The Dedesse Rwer has 3 svatersned area of scour 34,000 fcm2
The ArjO'DMcSsa Pwjcd MS wen laentrfiedi as ■ mulli-fturpoM project having potential tor
powflr and irrigation in the study carried oifl hy US Bureau of Reclamation rn 1958 -
The
CojMi area ts located on both sides of relatively Hal. DOhomrand adjaceril IO the river and n smaller oart Of th# aborning higher and hilly lands The tower reaches Ct the comma rid area art srtoatefl amng the Deoessa River near Arp Town The topography nr the area is characterized by Large expanses qf gently eloping J rid The gently sloping mils become progressively Steeper on colh sides Of DeceSM River The elevilrOfi of 1he projed area averages about El 1350 10 1330 masi, and lhe annual rainfall averages t452mm and 15 concentrated mostly from Jun# 10 Sepiemper
Trie Arp - Deoessa imgafion Paged consists 01 Odessa Dam and Reservoir, prim ary and secondary canals, damage engnnets in the command area The grass command Orta Of the Ap - Dedessa Project is abend IT 825 ha. and the cultivable command area 4 13.6€5 ha
The prajKl « localeO m E«t Wrwga. jnq lllubsbor Zones and in Jim* Special Zone of Oromrys Region The commend afcO On the fight wn« Ot the Dcdcssa River ties in Ji me-A go rtoreda Of East W»fla Zone and in Umu-Swa Worada m Jima Zone The commano area on me left Mfdr lies in Bwete. Data and Gecht Woreqaa of lllubapcr Zone
It a required Io identity *ntf finalise sever*! idti Sven as Efles for sefliemeffls, dams and rpjsrvoii agro-industries, markets, schools, health facilities, community centres, || Is d*o requre to pro vide access lo these sftes, Doth fcrtamai and axtamai row tmtwcm, provision erf energy, water hJPPb. seffiemer.t ihetera. marvet*. schools. physical health facilities, facilities for transport and cwnmunicalkfflS, etc required for development Of ArjoDedessa Irrigation Project for effective and lusrainabie development of the project area. Physical infrastructure
______________________________________________________________________ 1
Waler Worts Design 4 Supervision Enttfpriso
UiflKUdM WUA ItilwieoodaeEcil Ccuvituta ud Tediopnafj Ptl U4JrMEfeju [rrtfjCJsD Pnjtct
FtiysmaJ lafruuncnm
My 2007
planning wrfl Mcwnmcdate. mcrefore ttie mucsl mfrasirudure requirements for different moots n 1he Aqo-Dedes$a Project
U Objectives
Ttie cnjBcDvej of 1he fiurn lafraslftrcturt Sfuoy are M follows.
■   Ta assess the eiiJlmg srtuelron of MH nfrwtrudUrt for the Dwessa Catchment ana COmnarK? area
■   To assess Wk need and recomm«ia solutions wth costs the access road required in the catcnmenr. command area ancr resettlement sites
' To study the social infrastructure requirements (scflOOll. nea'li" facilities. mantels cTC) for MHSM and prejefl personnel
•    To Study [he water supply and sanitation TKiIrty requirements (Of affected peap'e and projed personnel anJ water far [rvejlocHs
•    To determine the nounag needs di the resettlement sites far affected n&U WhQlM .
> To examine the requ rement for reiJiential and non-nesmential accommodalHM S for officiate ancr staff require? for operation and maintenance or th* preyed
« TO Stuffy energy and com m unreal ion requirements for resettlements 5 des
•    To BShnwe costs for the entire required Infrastructure
1.3 Study Kethodorcigy
To meet II* above slated oejeerres, the faikjwinq melMdOtOfly has oeen adopted,
1,11 LfferaUire and Map Review
Al the rjeginnlTfl 0l the Stwy relev an 1 repwis. documents, data and mformahon concerning the csicnment ano the command area nave been MlteCled. revrewM and anafySed
m addition ip the Mera documenta waned potcres siraiegrea.. guideline*
reads,
wfter Supply e(W UftMoa emnrwwiwnt. ttnoots health fealrtrtra. neniemqtits. houarng
■ouran. etc twvt been a so assessed and reviewed
Uttaui maps oh different icalea we also cptiecttd and studied
----------------- —_____________________________________________________ 2
Witer Wtwti Dmicd 4 stapffvlslon Entaruriae
ta JiKEUfl« vttt iBteranttaBdai tttahuiTi md Tsttaomo M Lti4rj d fledem im^iuon Prtij set
Physical Infrisiruciiire
1.3.2 Interviews
■ar 2007
rnformalioe has been obtained from interview! of resource persons in the Mo'A'f?. Oromiya Water Bureau Limu-Seka. Bedtle and Gechi Worodas etc on access and transport, water supply and sanitation, settlements, housing patterns, population ethnicity cultures and religions. Ine style, etc
1.3.3   Consultative Meetings
Consultation wrfh local people, in particular project affected people were earned out Local administrative officials, local knuwledgeatrfe people PA leaders, etc were contacted and consulted
1.3.4   Direct Observation
Site visits nave oeen earned out Dtfect observations on access difficulties, water supply and sanitation proolems schools, sanitary facilities, dwelhng patterns, reactions and attitudes Of affecied people on the project, etc have been maae
1.3.5  Dau Collection
Dunng the field wars, data on consimctbon marenais, isoour availability focai costs, site Information, awareness about the imgaftor project by local people, reaction of elders. *ocal cor.Pds on water and grazing, etc have been collected and anatyseo
3
Wstar Worfce Design & Supervision Enterprise
MU, tan..
IM. LU.I
I
Arjotadem imgadeN Pfttject
Physic*] [nfriscnjclur?
2 EXISTING SITUATION
2.1 Road and Transport
Miy20C7
Arjo-Derfegsa  irrigation  Project  can  be  reached  from  three  directions  through  all  weather  road, Addis  Ababa  JimaBeaeie  Road  with  a  total  length  of  483  km.  Aadrs  Abaoa-Ambo-Nekemt-Arjo Road  having  a  length  oi  460  km,  and  MeUu-Bedelc  Road  117  km  The  Deaessa  River  is  about IS   km   from   Arp   Town   and   about   36   km   from   Beda-ie   Town   The   Project   area   extends upstream  from  the  Deaessa  River  Bridge  (or  about  32  km  on  both  sides  of  the  rtver  The mddle  pan  of  the  cammano  area  on  the  right  bank,  can  be  accessed  from  Argo-BedeJe  Road at  a  distance  of  about  10  km  Beaessa-Meta  settlement  area  n  located  at  a  distance  27  km  on the  lett  s»ae  of  Ai^Bede*  Road.  The  left  bank  cornmana  area  is  located  at  about  39  km  from Gechi-Chara-Cheb   satlfement   area   The   upper   end   of   the   command   area   can   be   reached through  Jama-Limu  Tenet-Lang  Seka-Atnago  all  wealher  road.  There  rs  an  all-weather  road  26 km  bong  from  Arnago  io  Koma,  and  an  eatth  road  about  24 km  long  from  Koma to Maribo near the proposed dam s4e
The Aqo-Dedessa Dam site and reservoir area are totaled in Jrma Zone The dam site is located 1.5 km ws of Wama-Dedessa Confluence There is an all-weather road 26 km long Beadle to Koto Sire Settlement Clearing for a trail of ctoui 27 km from Koto-Sire io the proposed cam site has been recertify made
The ail weather road from Jlma passes through Mena. Limu-Kossa. Llmu-Genet and Limu- Sexa Woredas For Che most pan the Jlma-Biltoa Babu-Ambuye-LfcmL Genet-Limu Seka and Arnago all weather roaa dnnaes the Deaessa and Gib«e Basins Atnago Is the Capital City of Llmu-Seka Woreda; and one has to turn towards wen to reach the oam site through Koma and Maflfco areas. The Llmu-Seka i/Voreda. where part of the reservoir area falls, has a very limited 9(1 weather roads wrth a total length of 72 km There are several dry weather roads The roads in Llmu-Sefca Woreda area are as follows :
Wiuir Works Design & SucwnrisEo □ Enlarpdae
tfl
041ata"
C,njnj^ts TMhBocrut, Pn. It4HU
Ar jo Dedeui lrri£iHu) Frcjeci
Physical Infrastructure
All Weather Roaot:
1     Atnago-Aiga                      46km 2    Atnago-Koma                    26km
__________ May 2QQ7
Total
72km
Dry Weather Roads.
1    AtnagonCfteri Aiga           42km 2    AmagfrOefleoa                  56km
3    Aga-Benja
36km
4 Kwna-Maribo 24km
5 Sanio-Aietworx 1Bkm
€    KHtu-Cheba
20km
7
Atnago-OrrmaKa
6km
8
BefijS-AMyi
20km
9
Benia-Bifc? Goshe
34km
10. Koma-Cnen Alga              24km
Total
The  woneoa  rural  roads  office  nas  a  plan  to  carry  out  al  the  level  of  all  weatlxsr  roads  the sxwvuctrtn of the following roads
1    Alnago-Aga-Benj® road 70km
3.    Saka-Atnago                  17km
3     Atnago-Deoeba              56km
Total
143km
The »h» run! <oed office m M«o ohdm.ee, co™ln«aioh o< roMs M<llng l0 ,Mlem|_nl
»<> Bee™ B                                         KWh.™, „e „ si,. 29km
«« office The
iOWffi.
cofkslnjct&d
mad office io
orw
™ hmhM
tab0Ur th, foilawing di> weed,., roa,s htvt
5
Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise
li jkiioettEbM with TiuraadunuJ taanttaam ud TtcliBecnu Ptl LulMrjc tedB&ii irrlfiikn Project
Physiol Infrastructure
MV 20C7
1    Ras Yura-Beran i Teba 2    Octo'Otfd Odo
6km
4 5km
3    K.tKec-ha-Lebsiij
5km
4    Daba-Tj-ema
6 5km
5    Bos£*e-Bosok.e DaKui
7km
6    Hana teme^AWe Gobcno
6km
The  following  road  tracks
provide  limited  access
in  Dedessa  catchment  dunng  tlw  ary  season
using 4-wheel drive
t Sedew-Dcoesta River
31km
(Downstrea m ol Dam Srtej
2. Atjo-lhud GebeyS-Gombo
19km
3 Fan'a-Bipii
13km
4 DcmpiSmesd
12km
5 Arp Gebeya-Nun u-Woma Adore 42km
The network of roans nave been snown in Fig2 T
2.2 Water Supply and Sant ration
The major lawns m th# Deaessa River B»m near the prayed area are Bedele, Arp, Gecfti, Demfc, Tom. Llmu Genet and Alnago These towns have water supply coverage ranging from 25% to 100% The sources of watar supply tor towns and rural areas are spnngs. hand’dug wets, shallow weds and rivers Most of the njrai areas use traditional sources of water like nvert ana n»nd-dug wells Shallow wells provide waler suppry for most of settlement srtes
The water supply office of the Lrmu-Seka woreda has reported that there are 372 HDW, 26
developed spnngs, and ■ lew shallow wells. For new settlers at drffercnt settlement Mes. IB
developed springs and 22 shallow wells have been pravrdeo. The depths <jf shallow wells
range Iram 42 meters to 74 meters The woreda water supply coverage has been reported to
be about 13% which is very tow
6
Water Worts Design & Supertlaion Enterprise
u luocUdM with LntwwMttiisfinL Cauaituiu ud T«fcnno*ta PtL Ltd.oooouo
ROAD NETWORK MAP UNDER ARJO-DEDESSA PROJECT
LEGEND
Dam site
Existing All Weather Road ^/Existing Dry Weather Road
Proposed roads /X/Rivers
/\/ Catchment boundary G Villages
© Towns
■ Kott Kato Hot Spring TEXT Settlement sites
TOERAL DB^OCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
I **orcT
ARJO-DEDESSA IRRIGATION PRO Cl
Ofinr
MINISTRY Of WATER RESOURCES I
‘-ONSU1.7ANT
wait r wuRjrs design a*                    1
blJKRVl «ION |NJERiH** «l
I
Us
w title
ROAD NETWORK M#>
LtvDER ARJD DEOE96A PROJECThftujj IntfidM frnjwi
Pbyjical lutrastrurture
2.3 Energy Supply
May 2007
The major ltrwnt *ang (he road IrcK-ra Jima to Beoele nave eiecmcal energy supply Th* rurri artas and the small lows (fl the project area use firewood animal Cfung. agoresidue. Kerosene lor hghurrg am axwing
2.4  Communication
Tiro major towns di the project area hire Wler commumcaHdn services Such as telephone and postal MmOSS ttWpsrea iq energy supply The rural areas do noi nave telephone as wets bb postal Mrwaets
2.5  Housing Units
ExcCM tor me lowns, mnSI Of mra reuses in the project am hire irwJrIirjnal tukuJs with mud walls, rhatcnad root and earth floors In some lukuls anxnats are a -so kept tn the house during tire nigh!. M<J3t of the tuKulS 00 not nare windows and adequate varrtilatian is lacking The rx?u$e units in 1W rural areas are scattered' and 1hrt Scullion ItH made K difficult to provide adequate water supply SChOM. ne«nh lacilrtes elc Tor the rura- people
2.6 Schools
The major icrwns in the pro;eci area hive den-ternary Knodts and junior high schools The rwst ateBS have limited number of e.ememary schools The schools that are available provide generally base education at H grade levefs.
27 Health Facilities
The rnaior towns nave health camera, health poets, clm>a, etc. Hui me rural areas led! even npalth posts m aoeqrele number and they greatly softer from water tWm and wal&r related toaatM SanrUtwn facilities m lhe mapr towns are generally traditional pit latrines, and they ire IWC property utilized ErWMmenW sanrtahon is very poor and many U9e 'qpeP-fie*d' Irw jefecfllion In rural areas almost ill people use 'open-fiefd" for detection There U oonsderablfl & hygiene education and xanttry promobon
7
Water W&rts DsstCP & Suparrisipa EsterprlaB
ta IwfUtlu Vttt latBttsni«tu Uuukuts Ml Ttckucnu Hl Lift.lt]c Uedkm Imgtdon Project
Physical Infrastructure
3. DISPLACEMENT OF PEOPLE
M>7 3007
Due to the Deoessa irrigation Project, people in five worddas —  Bedele Gecht, Sorecha. Jima- Arjo and umu-seka - are parity or fully affected. The reservoir area affects partly the people in eleven keOeles in Borecha woreea and four kebeies in Limu-Seka woreoa. while the command area affects fully the people m eignf kebeles In Bedele wweda and three kebekes in Jims-Aijo woredi Pul partly 1he four keoeies, m Gechi wcweds
infrastructure tacilities. religious institutions ano cultural heritages that currently exist m these kebws will aiso be affected The people affecled by the project will also lose individual as well as communal properties The project is expecteo to compensate the people fully or partially for lost properties
The jeot-Esa I rogation Project is envisaged IP displace 1275 households (HHsj in the reservoir area and 2lD0 HHs m commanc area Taking the household size as 5,1 the population Io be displaces amount io 6503 in the reservoir area and 10 71D in the command area. The poputal^n affected in the reservoir area win oe fully displaced and that in command area will be partially displaced
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------ Water Worts s Design A Supervision Enterprise
li isudi aou with toimMHanuj cwmitiaW *vd Tttia«rtti fvt Lu.Arjo Dedeu* Irrigation Project
Physical Infrastrocmre
4. resettlement of the displaced people
May 2007
The affected HHs to me reservoir area i1E75 hHs.i will be fully resettled The affected HHi m the command area 21PO HHs will be rescued parlralty in order to arrive at reasonable number Of HHs IO be resettled tram the command area, ri has been assumed that 20% of c|ie bouM noris of 1he command area will be required 10 be resettled, Thus. th* total number of nouseoolos KJ « resettled will Dr as given beiow.
e HHs tor lull Resettlement from reservoir area
1275 HHS
* HHs for partial reStWemenr (2tBi o+ 21 CH J
420 HHs
*    Total HHs to t* resettled
1695 HHS
■
=
1  4  generally  consdared  foif  to  take  the  rolsi  HHs  Id   be  resettled  tS  SS  1695  During  the preparation  of  Ltw  aewiten  'RescItlcmonL  Action  Plan",  thfl  number  shewn]  be  finalised  The resettle men] pl about 1700 HHS naa been taxen m preparing the current re sett tern er I plan, It (he resettlement sdeS have been sefectao eacn site having 340 HHs to be resettled
These Sites MvC been selected on (Ik basis O< the tpll&wing criteria
*      The  SlW  should  be  doser  10  ttic  command  area,  where  fanners  irt  expected  <S adapted irrigation farming
- The «re should ba locaredan non-agricultural land
■ The *Ae shOuK be away from marshy flrfta
.   The   She   SHOOK)   be   ckw   to   axrsbng   mfraslnjctural   faeiltlies.   (he   market,   health facilities. telecommunication facilities
The map available in Flg5.2 shew? (he tocaHon of fhre sites selected for resettlements.
The afTsaed P«P“ 
resettled Ou! they should also be economically
nhaEillttalBd   They   should   get   not   than   what   Urey   have   before   (hey   are   dislocated.   They jnould also have preference for employment
____________________________  _______________________  9 Witer Worts Design & Supemsion Enterprise
Is AuediElafl with lauran^ii snuJ CwuahiBti ud TecJJuwjcTt ta Ftl ltd.ARJO PEPESSA-COMmaND AREA
S£LE<-rEDRfsLTTI.EME^ SITES
Fig 5 2
/V     □an So A/    Uan    Hj!<T
A/
■i
ftj'Tf
LhEriBF
h • v*-"1 Nl-" R —J
1-xrt'
^JbtriHHArJO Dedflau IrrlgiUM Project
Physiol Intfrastrucnirt
5 DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
May 2007
The infrastructure to he developed conarsis of roaa network for ihe waiersncd and rfisefllernem
■tin   water   supply   and   HnUUWT.   energy   Supply,   housing   jnlls   tor   displaced   people,   schools neatlh laoilmes eng accommoaabon to* lhe project Mail
5.1   Access Roads
7  he  access  roeos  envisaged  include  for  (he  Deoessa  carcn  merit  as  well  SS  for  resettkjmenl areas.  Farm  roads  are  not  rncluded.  at  present,  tn  this  proposal  The  roads  that  are  proposed
COnMSl of the following
No
Road Name
Approximate Length
1
Kama- Manto- Dam srte
3-0 km
2
Gucha Resemement-Cihara
TfcKm
3
Chara-Gecm
18 km
4
KQfoSire Resettle mant-Dam Site
25 km
5
Chancho resettlement-junction on Ai)p-&e<Jele Roaa
37 ton
6
Kola.1i Re^ettlement-Ctiilb Resettlement
11 Km
7
Cnltvi Resettlement-Junction on Kettteto Spnng/Mame
Road
S km
8
Ketketa rial Spring - Marne Raaa
1_ _____________________________________________ —
12 km
5.2   Water Supply and Sanitation
5.2.1 Affacwd Population and Prajactton
Due    to    Hw    Dedraa    Ifflptfan    Project    1?W    HHs    are    taken    *    affetlcd    HHs.    The    0ffeHfi<j
popuiriton heccoes B670 taking Uta Hu ton 5.1. Th® population of 867  art to
0
r^tllerrent   srt«.   MCh   having   1734   people   or   340   Hhi   inrltalty   The   projections   of forihfl year 2020 w*th a growth rate ot 2 3% M avetlaote ra TipIh 5 J
,n5
Wu ahon
|
11Arjo Detern tmc*tioo Project
Physical Infrastructure
Tiblt 5.1 Projected population for each Resettlement Site, Growl h Rate 2 3%
KiyBOCT
No
Year
Projected
Population
Projected
1
2006
1734
340
2
2007
1774
346
3
2008
1815
350
4
2009
1857
364
5
2010
1900
373
6
2011
1944
381
7
2012
1989
390
8
2013
2035
399
9
20t4
2DB2
408
10
2015
2130
418
11
2015
2179
427
12
2017
2229
437
13
2018
2280
447
1U
2019
2332
457
15
2020
23*6
458
5,2.2  Water Demend Estimates for Affected Population
rtawtf oemwios for affected populatons are estimated The per capital water demand per day far rura areas range, from 15-25 Ipcd tn order to estimate the current and the projected (2020) water demand fex tne affected peorxe 15 Iped and 25 Ipcd are used respectively. No allowance has been mean for commercial, institutional am industrial water demands in the water demand estimates For LmestoO waier demand. 2 Livestock Units (LU) per person and 25 hires per LU per day ere used Constdenng system esses, a nominal 5% of the domestic water demand is taken. The combined total of the domestic demand, the frveslOtt demand and the losses 15 taken as ihe average dsihf aerrtano tor rural waler supply In order to arrive at the maximum aai'y demand a lacior ot 1 15 has been used on the average daly demand
Both the zurront ano ihe projected (2020.) waler demands are cafculaied using ihe above nicihocioiogv
12
Water Worts Dsslfn & Superrtsloo EnUrptLiB to MMdattM wtiM letameBnaioL CwnKuti ui TKhaocrata Hi. Led.Ar] 3 DEOtssi lrrl£>tlga PrejMl Phjsjcti iDfrsitmcnire
Year 20M
DomntiC Water Demand (CWDj
Lrvtttat* Waler Cerna no lWD
15 Ipcd
0.015 fflBfctf o 050 m3/drd
Sysum krtses —5% ol DWD
0.05 X 0 015
O.D0075 ml'cJu
Average DaiLy Demand. ADD
DWD + LWD + SL
0.015  +  0.O50  *  0  00075
0 OB5?5 mjrpftl
r/aumdm Dail? Deming. r.1DD
MaKimirm oerr arc per persc^ per «r
r
Taka
Year 2020
DomesliC Waler Demand (DWD|
jrtatock Waler Demana, LWD
1 15ADO
1 15X0 06575 0.07561 rrtVcm 0.07561 X 365 27 59766 m37yr 2? miryr
25 Ipcd
0 025 mlfc/tl
0.0M mSrtTd
Syiiem Kissri —5% nT DWD
0 05 it 0.025 m3rtfd
0.00125 m3tod
Average Daily Demand, ADD
DWD * LWD » SL
0 025*0.050 * 0 00125
0.07625 m^cftl
Maximum Dail j Demand, MOD
1 15 ADD
1 15X0 07625
0.0070675 m3tard 0.0676075 M 365 32 maiyr
26 m3 ertj
I
13
aibflltcfcwaali hvLiiAr jo Dcdtm Imuaunn Project
Physlo.1 Infrastruttura
iliyZW?
Toiai water demand estimates for rural areas based on affected population are presented m Table 2 for one resettlement site
Table 5.2 Projected Waler Demand Estimates for one Resettlement Site
■■ -—                        ™ I—- |
NO
Year
Projected
Population
Water Demand
mS/year
Water Demand iped           __
1
2006
1734
48552
2
2007
1774
49672
3
2006
1515
50828
4
2009
1657
51996
5
2010
1900
53200
15
---I-
a
2011
1944
62208______
7
2012
1989
63648
B
2011
2035
65120 ______
9
201*
2082
66624
25
to
2015
2130
68160
11
2016
2179
69726
12
2017
2229
71320
13
3010
2280
72960
14
2019
2332
74624
15
2020
2386
76352
5.2.3 Sanitation
Sanaabon ol affected people in the settlement sites is given ,p«ial attention. San.tation facr ihes hygiene promotion ano awareness creauon of samtal^n among the people are to be prowled. Traditional pit latrines and VIP latrines will be tou* with active partic^ation of resettled population n each household. schools ana market place, -0^ Pits* in tha outskirts of resettlement trtes would De provided for dispose, of soi« wastes using manpower Dr .nimal drawn carts Proper use of sanitation facilities should be promoted m households, schools ano market places and the use of 'open.fwd’ for defecation should be d.scouragnd
5.2.4 Livestock Water
of -wqul. .uppo for l„,sraat io be mW. »«, „m0„ " pwoOinj POOOK w.»r to, bum.„ oon.ompta, SpW,.. iw,,
lm ^
Mb, .«
i.
bx
b Wfbdn,
BM n
MW,
>b ,efK< w
springs, hand-dug wells, shadow welts and deep weds will be used
14
Water Worfca Deden A Supervision Enterprise la tooetsdos wttt IstBrtradamtaJ CMadtuu u4 TkHmosO Pvl Ltd.Arjo tedcsM liTitiUtHi Pro] act
PbrticanntrujTueUf^
5.2.5 Housing Units for Resettled Population
The current gwellmg units In the project area art the traditional tuKulS- The housing unite are umEtruclKi out of stftks. mud and grass They are without partial rooms and window for vcntiiaLion and pay light These houses have earth floors and they are often dark msitP. and smoke-filled Usually anenals are also Kept m (he house during the mgM These are noi generally healthy dwellings since more than 6 persons live In one-roomed and un vent dated tukul The environment Is favourable for the transmission of communicable diseases. This type of housing nas 10 change m the new resettlement srles for better living
An improved ana better nousmg will be introduced irr the resettlement sites whereby the houses are partitioned, ventilated and provided with day light, etc The houses will have Irving and dining rooms parent bedroom, Children bedroom, Kitcnen. store room and animals room The house* will have appropnate windows and cemenl floor The mam house will have 50m7 floor aTea The land-hoicfing of one nou« hold ft envisaged Io be 25 m * 25 m.
F^ure 5 2. Shows typical pian tor l-lhs in one Blocs
5.2.6  Energy for Resettlement Sites
The people living al present in the prayed area generally u*e fire wood, animal dung, agnresrtut. charcoal and kerosene for cooking and lighting This has caused considerable wforestaton In the area Total dependence on firewood in the resettlement sites will be difficult, sna consequently altemalive sources Of energy have Io be looked mto The other energy options available are mogas tolar energy, wino energy and etadnoty
Because Of the existence of livestock m the area, more use of animal dung and biogas Could be attractive Additionally also the use of solar energy for individual household ind the community through sour cells including photovoltaic would be other possibility For the resettlement sites in Decessa irrigation project tCHar energy is proposed
6.2,7  Education
in one resettlement ike Eheni will be 340 HHs to be settled Initially The population at one site w« be 1734 people The current schools available in rural area, are mostly pnmary schools in me resettlement sites the schools to be provwed are mostly going to be primary schools at the suite Stage.Hfdrsu. Ifflciuon Project
PbjsltiSInfrisirucLure
PTimar^ schOots for b33tC education, gndH 1*4, and for general education. grades 5-8 using lhe MoE standard are proposed lo be bum al each of resettle™™  sues with appropriate sandary lecitflres Separate for bays and girls at different Sites wflhin the school Compounds. Pc La Im water supply for drinking and washing will be pro video for sludenLS tn adddiDrt to lhe above play grounds for students will atSO 00 provided. Since the present problerri in the scncrals m the area 11 a mgh dropout Of students, program for educational pngmalion need la te earned out among lhe resettled population to mane meir children to continue to go to sthocu
S.2.0 Heatttr
in me project area several water-bo™  and water related diseases are reported to exist, in the new resettlement sites. sim^ar diseases are expecieo to occur Five resettlement sites each having 340 HFES or 1734 people, have peen proposed The policy of MaH is ore nealth post for 5OD0 people Thereiore. -Inrrially one "Health PosT will be constructed in each resell le me nt sKe wi1h complete facilities basec on the Morl pol'cy and standard 11 is expected from HeaHh Bureaus of the woreoa administrations that 3D« rseatlh officers arid sanitarians will be continuously assigned to me health Posts, and Ihel adequate drug-supplies at all tr™  will be ptOihded
For better a»d nepllhy environment ol resettlement srtes, pits" TOT disposal pf solid wastes will x provided near the outskins d lhe seflbement sites inching the schools Health rducstion, sanitation and hygiene promotion program ne« 10 be earned out among the resettled population Tor creating more awareness.
____ _______________________ __________________________________________ 16 Water Horta Dsstfg & Snparrigtou EnUrprUc
1* UWCtitng Wilt I StWM fl Ha th til Co pud he u LSd T*tH*4
Prt Ufl.Atjq Detect [mg atl du Ftu] Dei
6 ESTIMATED COSTS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE
Cosis tor prodding infrastructure to Dedessa watershed and resettlement areas such as access roaos, water supply and sanrtation power for cooking and fighting housing unrts schools ana health facildtes are estimated
61 Access Roads
1)            Kama - Manbo - Dam site Roan
• Lenglh of the road                SC                30 km
• Standard of the roao          =                  RR 50/Ds 6
■ Cqsl per Kilometre            =                  1 .000,000 Bin
• Total com ot the road            ■                    KJ 000,000 6>rr 2)           Guch Settlement - Chara Road
• Length of the road
• Sianaard or use roaa
• Cost per Kiiomeire
« Total cost of the roan
Chara - Gechi Roaa
• Length pl the road
* Stanoara of the road
• Cost per kilometre
• Total cost d the road
V                 i8tw
■                 RR 50fDs 6
K 1.000,000 Birr
■ 18,000,000 Birr
3)
■                  18 km
■                  RR 50/Ds 6
■                  1,100,000 Birr
V 18 OOO.Mo Birr
*)
Kolcsinr Settlement - Dam site Road
• Length trf the road
» Standard ol the roaa
■               25 km
s: RR MUDaO
■ CoM per Kilometre             ■                 1.000,000 Birr
« Total coat Of the road     ■'                25.000,000 Bn
Water Works Design & SuperrUion Enterprise
17
b, iwdaBnw wits lauruaUaenu.1 Cauakaata ud TackMcrau tn. LUIrjs tefcm Inlntltt Project
HiyticxJ InfrmnMtttre
5) Chancno Settlement - Junction on Kon*'B«fele Road
•     uMHjth of tt*e ro*j            ■         0.7 km
•    Siandaro or the roaa      =         RR50/Ds6
•    Cost per Kilometre          =         10.000 Bin
•    Toiai cost of the road       =         0 700 DO Birr
6)       Koiat" Settlement Ctvflu Settlement Road
MyaBT
*
Length of the road
=
11 km
•
Btandara oi the road
*
RR WDs 6
•
Cost pec Kilometre
■
1.000.000 Bm
*
Total ctrel O( the foaa
■
11,300,000 Bin
7j Odu Settlement! - Junction on hetteto Spnng - Marne Road
*
Length el me road
=
6 urn
*
Steward of the road
=
RR 5Q/Ds 6
*
Com per kiomstre
-
1,000,000 Bm
.
Total Cttrt Of the road
=
B.000.000 Bin
8) Ketketo Hm Spring - Marne Rosa
*    Length of the roan          ■       12 km
«    Slandara at the road     ■       RR 5o/Ds 6
•    Cost per ktkxnetre         ■       1,000.000 Birr >   Total COM Of the roao  ■       12,000,000 Bin
• GrouW Taal O & 8|i           =          128,700 00 Birr
_______________________________________________ 10 Wttar Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
I* imdactaii wUfc Id wftnuQnen’A] taMulttiHi icd Tirfrwcran
FvlLliAijb Dedmu Irrtjitlcia Project
Physical Intrisxnictare
6.2 Water Supply and Sanitation
May 2007
The population in each resettlement s4e m 2006 is 1734 and the water demand rs 46.552 midyear The population reaches 2386 Dy the year 2020. and the yearly water demand 76,352 midyear A yield of wells 1 60 ips in 2006 ano 2 50 Ips in year 2020 will satisfy the demand In eacn resettlement site two shallow wets are proposed For all settlement sites, ten shallow wells with an average depth ot 6G meters will be required The details of cost for waier supply schemes and sanitary facilities are available in Tabie6 1
Table 6.1- Costs of Water Supply Schemes end Sanitary Facilities
NO
Description
unit      Quantity
Nd                 2
Unit
Rate
---------------- 1
170.000       340.000
55 000          55.000
25.000
Total
Amount
in Birr
1     Waiter Supply
• SMttw Weft. SO m deep compete win gravel pecking, casings, pipes ana fittings pump etc
• Masonry Reserve* 25 m3 capwty
• Distribution System
• Water Pants
No
LB
1
n
No              6
30.000
100 000
Sut> Total
600 OCO
2
Pourer
• Supply of generator
■ Construction of Generator Itonie
NO             3
NO             2
40.000
40.000
120.000
80.000
Sub Total
200 000
3
Sanitary Fac^tes.
* Hh VIP ^ainnes
• School VIP ^atnnes
« Heanh Posts VIP Lamnes ! • Common VIP Jtnnes
Sub Tola._____________
No           34D
No              5
Nc              1
No              1
450       153.000
12.000         60.000
12.000         12,000
35,000          35.000
41     .rvestoo Water
• Mang-Dug watts. (7-10m Oeep i        NO complete WtTi accessories
1          « Cattie Trough — complete                 No SdbTeMl______________    J          T
2
30,000
20 000
260 OOC' 60.000 40 000
,
100 000”
Toni Cost ter water suppry scheme a, sanitary facilities and water for Irvestoc* for one site ^oftjouttnSer 1.160.000 and the ratal cosl for sH* to 8m 5,800.000
________________________________________________________________ 19 Water Worfcs Dulfn & Soperrbkin Enterprise
U iXMKUOM WtlX liurmattttatal Cwoiiuti ue TaetaMCnli m LtiArjo Dedem Irflfifltm Proj ect
Physical htra_strut(tin!
6,3    Energy Supply
May 2007
in addition io limited use 01 firewood animal dung agnrEsrdue, the u>e of biogas andfor solar cells for lighung and moking is proposed The cost of solar cells tpaneS) has been estimated as foflows
* One solar panel for 2 HHs and 2 solar panels for one Block are assumed
Cast of one solar panel
CO51 04 2 Miar panels lor one Block
B 6,000 Birr.
£              16,000
number el Blocks tn one Resettlement site at miliaify
stage
■              65
Cost of Solar Panels ter one Site
s
65 x 16.000
■
1.360.000
> Cost ot Sour Panels ter 5 sites
=
1,360,000x5 = 6.600,000
6,4  Hosing Unrt*
The cost of Housing Units is based on the esbrnatrnn of the requirement far one HH The homestead of one HH cohsjsis of the main house. VIP latrine located Outside the house a bam ano 8 fence The main house consists of Ihmg room, dinntng room, a kitchen, a store room and two teo rooms (one for adults and another for children) and one animal room for smalt animals (cahtes. sheep, goats, etc). The house wiH be constructed out of HCB or bncks with cortegaled uon-Sheer roofing or grass ano cement floor
•       Cosi nf mam house
• VIP lamnc (tee sanitation >
»      Livestock Bam
■     Outside Fence
*      Ictal Cost for one HH
■     Total Cost for 3*0 HHs
n      I... One settlement site
30.000
■
Total Cosl f<X 5 settlement sites
20
2000
1000
33,000
33,000 X 34C
B*r 11,220.000
11.220,000 x 5 ■ 56,100.000 Birr
Water Worts Design & Supervision Enterprise
“A TKhMcrtla Wt Lw.Arj-o De dun tmridcE Prater
Physlct] Lolrastmerurf
6.5    Schools
M«? 2007
»
Scnools For banc eduofllion. grade IfrrtlS M for pne sile
■
1OO.0QO
■
School lor general equc^lion, grade fevflLt 5‘& for one si'e
B
100.000
-
Toiai school cosl lor both basic 300 general eqijCHlran for we srte
= Birr 200 000
'
Total m*i lor schMi in live sites
=
Birr 200.000 x.
5
Birr 1,000 000
6 6 Health F*clll'ke»
• Providing one neanh pool Tor one SrW
♦    neslth posts tor true
6 J Project SuH Accommodation
= Birr 120,000
= Bin 600,000
Manpower required for implementation, operation and maintenance has bean efflTUted The aslimalBd rn ar, power inctuoes management staff, senior professionals, junior professionals a up- profess too a I and shilled personnels and different support staff The accammodal ions provraed are as follows.
1]        Type A House 4 no
Fpt Managers and Senior Professionals
2]        Type B house 26
For Junior PwfettiPnal*
3;       TypeCHouse 13 hO
For Sup-Profession a la and Skilled Personnel
TypeD house Sno
Far Suppod Sufi
5j        Office Building       .  1 no
6)         Store Building       .  1 no
7)         Pnmary Scnooi     .. 1 no
B) Clink:              . 1 no
S) water Supply 1 no
10) Poww Supply 1 no
21Arjo Dedess* Irrigation Project
Physic*! Infrastructure
Tabla 6,2 Estimates OOstof twiWing requtrtd fn* tuojed Jhaft
May20C7
HO
Hem
1
Urih
Quantity
Estimated
Unit Coat
Birr
Total Cott
Birr
1
"A" House
Na
4
250 OOO
1.000.000
2
"B‘ Ho UM!
Na
H
230,000
5 990,000
3
X* House
NO
13
220.000
2.660.000
4
■0‘ House
Na
5
220.000
1 100.000
5
Office Building
Na
1
300.000
300.000
ft
Store Buik>cg
No
1
200.000
________________
200.000
7
Primary Schoo
No
1
220.000
220.000
B
Cimic
No
1
220.000
220 000
9
water Supply
No
1
250.000
250,000
10
Power Supply
NO
1
100,000
100.000
11
Toto & shower for X" House
No
1
100.000
100.000
12
Toilet & abower kx *0* Houae
Nd
1
150.000
150 000
13
Service Quarter Hx X and "D"
House
Na
2
100.000
200.000
Total
12.500.000
________
22
V*Uf Wort* Dasfcn 4 $Up(irTUlan
In iU3*dinoB via. laMMattaMii CciuulKati ■■* TKtinnLra.il Ptl Ud.Ar)o betessi Irrljitlon Project
Physical     Infrastructure
myswr
6.8 Summary of Cotts in Birr 1) Access Roaos
1
2B.7OO,O[KI
21      Water Supply and Sanitation
5,000.000
3) Energy Supply...........................................
e BOO,ODO
4} Housing Units .............. .......................................
56 100,000
5) Scfiools........................ ........................... . ........... „
1 000,000
B| Healtfi Facilities .........................................
.
600,000
?) housing ter Protect Staff 12,680.000
Grand Total ............. 211 680.000
I
il
23
Water Works Dasleti & Suponlilon Enterprise
tn Juinuifloo eta iitsrwcniiatU C^MUiana ud TKhnccrtu Pn. LUteflusa Lrrtiiflon Prtjwi
Physical Intnstruciwe
7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
May 2007
r ne  accesstturrty  st  the  Deoeua  Imgabon  Project  rj  very  limited  There  is  no  an  all-wWthtr P 5M  that  passes  Ifiroujri  [nt  project  area  ejfcepn  lor  tne  Bedele-Arto  Road  at  the  *ov*er periphery  and  jma-0ipa-BswLitnu  Genet-ATniJG  'WO  on  the  upper  periphery  and  roads  that W  te  Kotasire  anp  Manpp  areas  The  project  area  <3  Vmiy  populated  Very  recently  people ham  Eastern  Harerg*  have  oeer  resettled  near  Che  project  ares  There  are  dry  weather  madi arc Traces that prcvvae            to most of these Sc Che men! srles
Most of the hand-dug and shallow wel Is m the lower pal 0 project area have sJlalkiw depths
r
Fare  resetbemem  sles  have  been  proposed  on  Die  periphery  of  [he  command  area  The  S103 fave teen sereded such That people will not be very Tar from rne< farms
The panopalor- at the people Io oe resettea is very rtaL m the planning pf oeta.ieo resetCement programme A good Oti Of prpjcfi promotion «s required among the oasm peep e to appreciate 'Jie benefits of the project
The proviitori o! miraslrucl'jre in the project area <5 dpeaed io create Jotj for the local people during cocslrvdwn cH ro*». water supply schemes, sanitary facilities schools an<f hoafth
promcrtrtn <rf health and hygiene education should be made, among the people Of The basin regarding Iht water home and waler reUlod diseases
24
frn.Lt*Arjn DtflMsi tnicaUM Project
rays1c>nnfr*smictur^^
REFERENCES
MayZOOT
1     Rural Roads Study Report. ERA. volume II. Technical Reports Conder Province. 19?6 Addis Ababa
2    National Wafer Suppty and Sanitation Master Plan Volume II. Environmental Support Project. Component 3, DHV Consultants Dec 2002
3    Land and Water Resources of the Blue Nile Basin. Bureau of Reclamation USA, 1964
4     Water Supply ano Sanitation Study. Atmay River Basin Master Plan Study. BCEOM. Sept 1998
5     Guidance Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes. OFID, UK. 1998
6     Sooo-economic Feasibilrty Study Report, Gumar* Irngation Protect 2006
? Report on Putfic and Environmental HealtTi Impacts of Gumara Irngation Project, 2006
8    Gumart irrigation Project. Setfement Planning. 2006
9    Rom Sector Development Programme <1997 - 2007} ERA Jan 1996. Addis Ababa 10. Rural Road and Transport Strategy ERA, June 1999. Addis Aoaba
11  Road Sector Develop
12  rnenl Programme, E RA Feb 2000
13. Water Sector Development Programme, WWDGE, June 2002 Addis Ababa.
HlLtt.Mo Dtfteui ]Rl£>jj(jD FTcjtrl
Pbyiicil [nfristnictura
ANNEX
Anno A:            Summary of Road Standards
Summary of Road Standards
Design Snan darcfa vj Road ClasBlflGdOcn and ADT
Mm 2007
ElHiijr
Trrfk
Fie*
IMLDTJ”
rridui mi
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wm
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MUI
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imo
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14
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n
IM
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w
—
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70
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so
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&
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1
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e
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5
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£
«
$0
so
OSS
10O-W
F—a
70
1
70
—
*
60
w
»
OSS
5fr10Q
jnp**o
SO
M
SO
_________
40
XI
50
F
£
E
D
£
R
05?
40
Ki
M
40
K
M
dm
,
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IX^Ml
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50
■■
.
oi?
M5
«0
w
40
30
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+0
□915
0-15
Urp*^
33
—1
M
40
M
30
44
" The deiagn n»wiy Crtffe frx 4 ftew-fnendeO to be nd mor* than cne Design Standard sE#p tn excess Qt th# fl™  ffrW AAOT lexrtjdmg DST) "For traffic wjium# nwe than i5<xX> a dtfferam dftBign approach tnaLid t* Wiowwd “ TM wndm O? <acn i*n« it 3
26
Vater Woriu Design & SJuperrtelon EaierprUfl*aasnJ$
?006I
I
I
I
0-0 MOU3H
I
I
IL WO______ IW . JOtU .
I
3
a
s.
I
T
'
1
!
B
5
i
7
3
t
t;
£
ii
H
H
■5
B ft
1*8
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lh
41b i    '■
I4
4
s■
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£ 1^' B; H
'h
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i
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>d
1i? 8
5& ?
1
G 2fl C = SAnnexure - 25
FINANCIAL AND
ECONOMIC ANALYSISArjo Dedem Imjiuoa Project FlnancLal and Economic Analysis
MtJ 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TA Bl E OF CONTENTS
11ST OFTaRI F
. a.,^,1,________________ ......... ...... ..nu.i«HCT>r~—"
____ ________ ___ ____ __.J
1 tct inn.' a mm fy
a iimiiA'ni-rrma
___ „
_____ ________  —J
i isTonnimos
h
1 HWVi-V ■!■ IU.TI ■------------------.usum.—Uiiim-IHIIIIH-—
1 iltTUfilifil rtf'A
7 i FHMJhW~iA! Arilil ¥CK.
J ," jP LtaflntFtim HI* E JfiJHc=! Ji’ I .■.unii'jP.
J I jPziHA’f r.*x J^rrifjwd!
J i J i1 hscoHJin     Fikr/f,r
7 7 FTTHnKTHH* AfiML YKLS... .. .....
4
5
5
'■"     fjT OfliJffllC' JyC's’CE'
...».i.iu-;;m,iiiiuuim ■ ■■■miiiPiiiwiiiTmiEgmimmiinrirBiai ■is-Mir-i. • ■■r-ir.ii ■ ■iBinn.irtmT
3. RESULTS
.... .... ...................... -
t
3I
J1t
LxBtlNQ Sm-'AHOh...................... ... .......... —--------- -------------- £i45h"X O W*Af ptrfJ-em ml Frfirf Arwri
-f f •
r*vtv""vtii<viiifl ■ ■■ >iiani.it
12
1J 2 farwvufitfiinf L-rcppi^ jpn
PWKTSmjATMM----------- ----------------------
«uiiuimi!iiiii!viriif waiirarttt .miiaiiii*aii^iik-iiA..i.
III.
127
alfiMinj* .snj tvojifiiflg jnwiupjy
iiirim iiiii.i^ii_.
mi ■ ■■
j J J DfweiqjMwnr cf Jirfcofirf ,{jfr<Wnu-*
J 2 J                   mMF>M prI«J
J.J< Cwp SuRpl
-----------
J 2 5 F<vm Staler _     ■■..........—- J 2 ft         iu Jrour Itat JfrtfpSWd fropf
i!it*~in'RriiiNiiii.iiii
*
9
ID
J7
..... . ?      ... . . if . 2
/J
ll"IIHIIII^
ii-itf-m
3 3 Result of the financial analyshjbase roNDmowj
J 4 iTNSTTvmr ANALYSIS
3.5 RESULT Of W ECCXJWC A MAX Y$ IS..
J.b SENSmsnY AkaLYSB JECWOMKI...
4. CONCLUSIONS.
■ ■imiHiiiiMi.
'IMli.ii
im
../J
-.16
.... 20
22
lb
Viter Torts Dwlfn ASapenhlon Enterprise              '
in nwcLiu with taeittnunui Cemltuu ud Tedm^r^ m LmArjc Dtdesii LrrlgiUon Preset
Financial and Economic Analysis
HQ 3007
LIST OF TABLE
1
TaBlE 3.1
TAM 3 2
Table 3 3
Table 3 4
TaDi£ 3 5
TdBLF 3 6
Table 3 7
Table J 5 TaIuF 19 Table ll© Table. 311
T*bl£) 12
TfcBLlS 13
lASLf 3.14
TasiE 3 LI Table 3iC Table 3 17 Table 3. I* TableJ  « Table 3 20
Ejlstwg cropping pattern of the project area ano annual expansion i
41 ■■ "i■ iiri-.-i-■■“■ •> ii—’I
„9
NEI RETURNS per HECTARE of ^ANDUNDER the LXlTrNG CROPPING PATTERN .. Annual  Net  Return  from  Eajtwmg  cropping  pattern  (imthout  project)
uanO allocation ano CacjPpwg Intensity (With PROJECT)....................... ...........
..iliiri"*1
.■ill ■■ ii--un.i——" 1
Yield Build-up over years (With project)..........
Byproducts OVER years (With project}.............
Farm GaTT price of CROH and SEEDS......... -........ .
Prices of inputs  —.............................
.■■■■■J*
>.MI UHffif-----****
, _ I. ■■■■W.M.Mi.Mi. ll H ’ " ’ '
9
.... IO
.... H
12
ni
NET Rm.TtNSPEi hectare (FINANCIAL)
Annual Net Returns hum propositi cropping pattern (financial).....................
.. .................... -M
Financial Analysis (Base casE)._
-
.■uuiLi
I* i.irir1
Summary of Base Financial analysis andsenseit-tty tests........... .... Sensitivity ’est . increase COS’ by 5% and no Change on benefit steams (Financial) .
U—il II II
15
4*
..-lain ii - iri-i 1 "7
SEN$mvm test, decline  in  benetits  by 5% and  no  change  on  cost  steams  (fenancial) .,
i.u. .■ II ir-ir—'
.i~~. ■■ uiri” •■
..... ..aui.mi ir
— II
..19
SEHSITTVmr TEST. DECUNL IN BENEFITS BY 5% AST) INCREASE IN COST BY 5%
Natiohal Parameters to be used for Economic Analysis
Result of the Economic analysis (Base concxtion i........ ....... Summary of Ba$f economic analyses and sensitivity tests
iuh.ii iiji. ii irir-r-r
2?0
■Mali .bbl 11811*11 I*
.iianiKiri'-i1
. —it .          .            ■  * ■"    ■ ' ‘     22
SENSjTMTY TEST, INCREASE COST BY 5% ANO NO CHANGE ON BENEFIT STEAMS ........... ...........
SENSHTrVTTY TEST DECLINE IN BENEFITS By 5% AND NC CHANGE O COST STEAMS ................................... ....................
24
ii iff-1 r*—
.■.■.■.■■Uikiitiibi 25
TaBUE 3 21
Sensitivity test OECi <ne in benefits by 5% ano increase in cost by 5%
AMCX 1 1
Annexi2
Annex 1 3
Amo   1  «
ANKJ, 1 5
ANNEX 1 6
Aivcx 1 7
Annfx 18
Annex  1.9
A*£X1.1
AnNL>2 1
ANNEX 2.2
AMMLX2.3
ANUX24
ANNEX 2 S
Annex 2 6
ANNEX 2.7
Annex 2 fl
Amcx?    9
Annex 2 1
Annex 3 1
Axrt X 3 2
AN*tX« 1
LIST OF ANNEX
CHOP BuOGET PER HECTARE FOR MajZE          PROXC T)......................................................................
BUDGET PER HECTARE FOR RCE
.......“............. .. .......~...........................
r ixv BUDGE’ PER ICCTARE FOR WHEAT (WITH PROJECT)...................... ..................................
_        Ri mc5ET PER HECTARE FDR GrOlWO MUT {WITH PROJECT) .................... -...................... ..
CROP BUDGET PER HECTARE TOR SOYA BEAM (WITH PROJECT} ..... ............ . .................................... . CROP BUDGET PER HECTARE FOR POTATO (WITH PROJECT)—...
p™ BuogeI PER KCTAAE FOR OHKX (WITH PRO^CT)................................ -....... —................. .............. -
Crc* Budge5 per hectare for Sesame (with project)
...... ........... —...........
33
34
crop Budget per hectare for Coffee (wtth project ) ............................ —™........... -
RuDGET PER HECTARE FOR ALFALFA (WITH PRO^CT) —................ ........... .............................. -
S Budget per kctare for Ma1Ze (with racMCT/ Economic ,................................................
Crop Budget PER hectare FCR R'CE (WITH PROjECTZECO+OMIC)....... .............. -..........
«___ BUDGET PER HECTARE FOR WHEAT (WITH PRQXC-TJLCOWOMIC) ............... ...............
r&c¥» fiuOGE’ PER HECTARE FOR GROUND NUT (WTM PROJECT/EQOMOMlC}.-------------- ........------
mnp Budget PER hectare FOR Soya beam (with projEct/ecqiomcj.................... .............
rshTP budget pfr hectare for Potato (WiTH^OJSCTJteccjHQMiC)..................... .. ...................... .
■-«&rjp Budget per hectare for Gwon (with projgct/econqmic)......... . .................. . ....
nai
III
■iFiwiiai au 37
'-■s-irii ii m ■■
IB
'l-IBII BUkai
39
40
■II II ilk...
..4L
II .. ..
42
Prop Budge’ per HECTARE FOR SESAME CwTTmRROKCTJECQNOWICJi.. ............... .......
Budget PER hectare for COFFEE (with ptojcct/eco*™cj -------- ------------ ... ... ....
Budget PER hectare for Soya bean (with paoject^oomomiC)........................ .. PxftM BUDGET I NET RETURNS) FOR TYPICAL SMAllhCA DER F ARMER WITH PROUEC T TO . Lsu BUDGET (NET RETURNS] FOR TYPICAL SMALLHOLDER FARMER WITHOUT PROJECT
YEAR WISE ESTIMATION OF COST EXPENDITURE..............................................................
Water Works Dul£n L Snporrtslon £ntcrprlae
m Af-ort.*"" with laLBTMntiiiait*! CoMUlixnts ud Twhaocnu m Ltd.
........ ..
............. ......
4J
......... ...............
III
45
.4*
<7
■ • .49
SO
2JLrj o Sisi rrTijiflon Project
Ftnuclal ind Eeonnmlc Analysis
1. Introduction
suyzwr?
Aip-Deoessa irrigation Project has identified numerous programmes lor implementation over varying periods of planning honzon However, the programmes predominantly related to irrigate agnculture have Been consiaered for the Economic and Financial Analysis It is because irr gation projects generally serve the agriculture sector They not only reduce the risk assoc ared a th weather uncertainty out also exhibit a rapid visible and aromatic impact on agricultural productivity It is evident that the yield s of cereal crops produced with Irrigation in 1995 exceeded rainfecj agnculture y»eWs by 115 percent m devetoping countries collectively and by ISO percent in sirtj-Sanaran Attica. North Africa and west Asia (FAO)
The new agncultural technology requires optimal seal moisture as a pre-requisite io effective dtiliration or ulber proouctivrty enhancing inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizers, chemicals ano improved farm equipments ano machinery Moreover irrigation schemes allow multiple cropping and thereby increase the levei of cropping intensity, which is essential to meet the challenge of acute land scarcity Besides imgadon schemes create employment opportunity for unemployed and under employed labour force and landless farmers
A  FAO  study  indicates  tnat  Mrf  10  tia  land  is  irrigated,  generation  of  employment  opportunities increase From 01° 24 persons
However, supply of water for imgabon is unoer pressure due to increasing demands of other water-using sectors increases tn household and industrial demand far water are expected fa create scarcity of water for imgation. Nevertheless, governments in developing countries as well as mtemationai funding agenow including donors have justified allocation of water to agnculture on grounds of food security and economic development In the developing world
In v»ew of the magnitude and extent of abject poverty in the country, the government of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FORE) has committed towards poverty reduction by making it the W ry ortui of development policy which aims at achieving thus by linking water resources davetopment precess with g rowth process that is fast and broad-based The key elements of the
g0VW
mmanfs    development    strategy    indude    among    others,    the    AgricUiunil    Development    Led
lndustnslimil’n (ADU). To (his end. increasing productivity of land and water resources is the onty realist opton to raise the living standards of the common man and fa ensure food security in Hw country through Green Revolution
______________________________ ———■ ------------------------ ---------- - _ 1
----------------- Water Works Dc&lgn & Superrtslon Enterjirls♦
in usodatten via hLureoutliiBnisI Ccanltuti tad TcetmMrati Pn. Ltdirjo DedtIM Irrigation Project
FtaantliJ ind Economic Afliljsls
2.   Methodology
2.1. Financial Analysis
May 2007
The financial anaiyus u intended to assess the financial impacts on project participants In case of this project, therefore this analysis attempts to assess the financial effects on in# farm families as well as on the public sector agency wtncn win be rnvoiveo m investing in. and operating me project it shows the rate of return to the project which indicates the degree of financial viability of the project The analysis ano .ndicaies the net returns, which will accrue to the smallholder lirmers
Tins analysis involves me comparison of the financial situation "with project" with that of the
■withoui  project"  in  making  this  analysis,  all  tne  relevant  cost  ano  Denefit  Hems  with  ana  wrthaul the  prcject  have  been  be  identified  ana  valued  wth  appropriate  pnees  and  incremental  net  returns win the project nave been computed
Direct oenefiis from increased production case of a production onentea project like this one. is the mosi important tangible benefit in financial analysis only the tangible benefits nave been quantified ano analyzed
in an irrigation project gross ano net returns with and withoui the project will be achieved out of
crop production Therefore, m order to esbman the gross, net and incremental net returns, crop
buogets with and without me project have been prepared
2,1.1 Prices
Both cost and benefit items have be assumed m constant terms This means prices will not vary With inflation over years The capital cost of the project used m the analysis are estimated by tne design engineers at the scheduled rates for the year 2006 and prices of inputs arm outputs are the current m artel pr»oM at the farm gate for the year mentioned
2.1.2 Measure* of Financial Viability
internal rate of return (IRR). net present value (NPv). anfd. ubeenne-fnirr _c_o_s_t _r_a_ti_o _(B__C_R) haww
to Mteflnme the financial viability of the project
Since costs are incurred .( different levels and different quarts of yers over the life of a project, present values of both and benefits n, '
______ _____________________________________________________ Water Works fcsfca 4 Stt^nrtelon 
f been ufied
difterent
e been <Mermined tn
--------------------- ------ , 4
la imcUttu Wlib laicrronifcRnui ConsnJUnu
T J--
.Ar][}               Imgadsn Project
Financial and Economic Analysis
May 2007
order    to    compare    them    The    FlRR    and    FWPV    nave    been    determined    by    discounting    the incremeniai net benefit (return) stream or incremental cash flow
2.1.3. Project Life Period
The life ol the major components of the project like aam canal etc is considered as 100 years
however the economic life of such capital assets is shorter The effect of sucn capital assets for
whicn investment is maae al the mlbU stage on (he rate of return based an discounted cash flow
after 40 years ts so insignificant that it makes htrie dirferenc* in the degree of viability of a project
Therefore, a pen&d of 40 years was considers appropriate for lhe praiect analysis.
2.14, CHacounting Factor
For this stuffy tne oppenunny cost of capuai of 10% was used as cu(-orf rale as recommended by
DPSA (1 ggcij ana FDRE gov&rnmen( recent policy.
As mdicatea earner het Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Rato (BCR) and Internal Rare of Return (IRR) ere used in determining tr*e financial viability of trevelcpmenl projects. The three commonly us« indicators of protect un&tjalihy were computed using the following formulae'
a.      Net Prase nt Value
Where Bt
Cl
-  benefit in year t
= cost in year t;
-  1, 2, 3. ...i
■ number of years.
= interest (discount) rate
b.        internal Rate of Return
0
Or
WMbt Waits Bcslffii A Supervision Enterprise                 "—
In AnHirtra with iDUttutautai temitmu
Tociuimmu Pn. LtiJLrjo Deikwi lmgitJon Project
Financial And Economic Analysis
Where, LOR = lower discount rate ai wtirch ns NPv is positive.
UDR = upper discount rate at wnicn its NPV is negauve. MPVi = Met Present Value at the lower discount rate, and NPV2 = Mei Present Vatue at the upper discount rate
Moy 2007
The formal selection criterion for the intemat rate of return measure of project worth is to accept all independent projects having an internal rate erf return equal to or greater than the opportunity cost of capital The decision entenqn in the Ethiopian context is to accept a project if it's IRR i$ above me opportunity cost of capital i.e ?0%.
c.        Benefit Cast Ratio
F-I
ILxll
This  indicator  is  equivalent  lo  the  ratio  of  the  presen!  value  of  oenefts  io  the  presem  value  of II ms. is ho tadadon of tods, th, deus™ ^eoon |, „ aKep, 8ny projK(
greater Mn 1 fh m efud, M It™ measuies «
viability cl the project
2 J, Economic Analysis
The OU-pose Of economic soa^s of . P-Oiec w meiau t
,
pso^t make .o M national mcom. orner „ 
project
As in the case of finance analyse, the aconom.c Bnaty3is (nTOlw
USK) *
„
it „ worthwr,e ,o J* £
1 ,n me
economic outcome of the 'with project' with that of the 'wthout pro Sct- T P " ™ <* the
wiwecn the financial mo economic anatysi, are phew USed jn ana[ys|s m,tn drt|ftren«
38
2.2.1 Economic prices
Prices u»d in the economic analyse is „,
r     pncei rtflectlr>3
opportunity cMt whereo fhFrtet pnew that *re
Water Works Design & SuperrUlon Enterprise
Of the
* n8'ZSre d* "Oi often reflect
ft
la Ui<-dirtaa wltAtnurtenttMaial Cwnlanti and Ttchiwcrttx Ptl Ltd.Aijo Dedem Inljiflon Project
FWuclil md Economic Analysis
M»r2W7
sucn opportunity cost value because there are various imperfections in the market Economic prices are jsm to adjust the market pnce distortion in such a way that they reflect the rea> value of the investment, inputs and outputs that assure (he rational allocation of resources at national levei
in order 10 oerermine the appropriate pnces. conversion factors to convert financial values into economic values were used The Nafionai Economic parameters prepared by DPSA following well known tittle and Mimees methods of project analysis has been applied to adjust ttie market distortions in pnce for the economic analysis
2.3. Sensitivity Analysis
An assessment was mane of the extent to which the proposed investment implies risk for the country and for the project Risks shcwd have been identified and their possible impacts on the financial ana economic viability oi the investment and pn its sustainability nave been examined Three possible scenanos have been considered ne<e Iw sensitivity test. These are,
A 5% increase tn the cost stream and no change in the benefit stream A 5% dedine m benefit stream ano no change m cost steam
A 5% Gedine in benefits ano a 5% increase in cost
Water Works Design A Supervision Enterprise
Is with latiROBtinutal Coaniluti ud TBchnocnts Pvt i_mArjfl Dftdfsj* irrlgidou Project
Financial and Economic Analysis
3.      Results
3.1      Existing Situation
3.1.1 Existing Cropping pattern and Yield level
May 2007
The project area is located in Angar- Dedessa sub - basins Deti&ssa along with tne Anga sub
basin is the left bank tributary of Abbay River. These two sub-basins have calchmer,^., area.- ni
19630 sq km and 790i sg km. respectively and are spread over rones of East and West
Weega lllubabor and Jimma of Oramia Region, and some parts of Kamasne zone under region 6
The  existing  cropping  pattern  includes  both  the  cropping  pattern  of  the  command  arsa  ano  the area to oe inundated by the reservoir. It is deoveo from Woreda revel data that 17 65% of the totai area  is  currently  covered  with  crops  The  area  Id   be  affected  by  Aqo-Dedessa  irrigation  project maudes   the   gross   command   area   of   17.826   hectare   and   6,500   hectare   of   land   that   will   be inundated  by  the  reservoir  This  bongs  the  total  area  to  be  affected  by  the  project  area  to  26.325 ha. Therefore, the opportunity cost or i? 65% of the area td  be affected by lhe project is calcinated to  be  4  646  hectare  and  is  considered  for  the  estimation  of  forgone  benefits  due  to  the  project Table  3  1  Shows  me  proportion  of  land  allocated  id   major  crops  currently  growing  in  the  project area  on  4,646  hectares  in  addition,  annual  expansion  of  cultivated  land  has  Deen  assumed  to  be 1% and estimated fix Foreseeable future.
Table M; Extetin9 cropping pattern of tha project area and annual expansion
Perce
nt Ittel
21%
11%
10%
Area
CrO£ 1  Maae
2 Wheat
3_Bartet_ _
4.
5 FInger null1
S~ Filed
V Niger l™ "(j Potato _
flow___
Y1
y3           y<
y  y?
£
975. T
985 5       995 3  1005 3    1015.4      1025.6
5ii 1 516 2
454 6 469.3
521.4’    528.5      531.9
537?
474.0 478.7      483.i|        488."/                           0
1035 6 1046 1
542,5_ 648 0 493 2 498 /  5
.         ._ 1??5.6;1793
1056.6 553.4
31
36%
8%
4%
16727^
1689 4     1706,31723 4       1740.S 1758 fl!
278.5      281.6       284 4,
185.9      187 J;
tsae’
267.2
191 &
290 l’ 293 /
193.4 1953
11%      511 1       5162
521 4
526 6       531.9
1%,
1O0%. 4846
48.9
47 4      47.9
537.21
48 &
4592.       47M.fl|4787 2
.48 4
4835.9
Water Worts Design & Superrhlco Enterprise
In wodatiM with latenAntlfiatal Ceiuultuia ud T«lreocr*t5 Pre ltd.
SJLrj o Dedma Imjidon Project
Financial ud Economic Analysis
3.1.2. Returns from existing cropping system
May 2007
The cost of cultivation and y>eW revels of easting cropping system available from the agronomic report nave been adapted to estimate the gross and net returns for a hectare of land The details are available m Tab*e 3 2
Table 3.2zN«t returns per hectare of land under the exiting cropping pattern
1
S/N Crap
C»l of
cultivation
/ha
Yield
tpUha)
Pdce/qt
Gross
return /hs
Net return
/ha
—1 ----------------- ZWheat
1 Maize
659. OCi         14 30        150.00       2145 00        1286.00
1134 D0|_         7 50      260.00       1950 DO          816 00
IBa-fey
961 50           5 70       170 00        969 00                7 50
4 left
1062.00*          4 Q0       300 ODi 1200 00
ijaoo
5 Finger miffe
t        920 00         10 00        ioo od       1000.00             72 00
6 F<ted peas
933 OOf          6 00      300 00 1800 00                  067 00
’Niger rnoug;
890.3D           4 00      320 00]
1280.00          390.00
e Potato
2082.50         50 00        BO 00
4000.00        1917 50
The annual net return from the crop pattern ng without project for future years is available in Table 3.3
Title 3 3 Annual Net Return from Exiting cropping partem (without project)
Perea
Croc?
nl
ETB
126730!
Y,
128001 &
J
. X?.
.y.3
if
y?
YB
21%
1254707
129281 &
1305746
1310804
1331992
1345312
1356765
Abeai
11%
417057
421226
425440
429895
4339921
4383321
442715
447142
451614
BarlS
y Teff
10%
3485
3520
3655
3590
3626
3661
36994
373B
3774
30%
23DB31
2331*0
235471
237826
240204
242606
245032
247402
249957
Finger miM
8%
20072
20*273
2D47&
20880
208B71
21Q96
21307
21520
21735
Ftei
peas
4%
161136
162747
154375
166018
167679
169355
171&4&
172759
174487
Ntfer
inaul. Potato
11%
199329
201322
203335
205369
207423
209497
211592
213708
215845
1%
69094
59985
90885
91794
93712
93639
94575
65521
964 76
TDBJ
1D0%
2375601
2399559 2423555
2447790
2472266
2496991
2521961
2547101
2572852
Water Worts Design & Supervision Enterprise
la AMcdadou with Intarocntiaeatal CcninitXBti and TschnocnU Pvt Ltd
9Arjo Dedews InintloB Project
FlnuclaJ tod EcoootnJc Analysis
3.2   Project Situation
May 20(17
3.2J Lino allocation and cropping Intensity
A   total   al   10   crops   nave   considered   fw   with   protect   case   The   food   habit   of   lhe   targeted communrty   and   productivity   of   each   crpps   were   considerea   in   selecting   these   crops.   That   is cereals,  pulses  oil  seeos  ano  vegetables  are  requirements  tor  housenords  consumption  Besides export  crops  such  as  coffee  and  sesame  were  considered  from  the  national  economic  point  of mew  Since  livestock  is  also  pan  of  the  livelihood  of  the  people  In  the  command  area,  land  is  also allocated for a fodder crop
land allocation io different crops and cropping intensity nave been considered for the net irngabte area of 13.665 nectare. Since irrigation allows two to three crops to be grown within a year considering population growth and .abor availability and effective use of the irngation system, a cropping intensity of 173% has been adoptee at full development phase Table 3 4 shows the development of cropping intensity over time with protect
Table 3.4: land allocation and Cropping Intensity (With project)
—_—■          ------------ -- i—1
n      -
Total *n each Tiara
s*
Crop
1
«
7
1
» ftaboYw
1
MiM l%l
5%              157
30%
40%                 50%
Hl
«J2Sj 2049 7^
4099 5
Met               6832 5
J
Rice [%
1%' 11%
20%
45%                 45%
Ha
136 6'
1503 15               2733
6149 25           6149.1?
3
wne<%>
2%
10%
I              14%
25%
30%
Ha
273.3
1366 5,           19131
3416 2 5
4099.5
4
Groufto Nut [%)
2%
5%l                 5%
B%                   6%
Ho
273 3
ft» 25              653.25
619.9                aig.s-
£
Beanj^J
2%
3%
S%
s%
10%
273.3
409 05
633.25
683.25
1366
6
PctbIQ • >.
1%
2%
........... .... **
5%
5%
Hl
136 65
2731               546 6
683.25
7
t%
2%
3%
5%
683 25 5%'
Hi
136.651
273 1            409.95
683.25
a
Sesame [%]
1%
2%
3%
5%
Hl
2733
403.95
M3 25
—-----
683 25
6%
9
Cohe« 1%J.
10%
1D%
io%!
10%
Hl
1366 5
1366 S
10%|
1366Ji
1366 5
1368 ~5
.
1iX
4t1>f1a (%}
G%|
6%1
Hl
B1B.9]
819 9
019 9
rotal OM
25%
60%
100%|
>52%
Hl
173%:
\T
___
—J
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Association with lntareonUneatal Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Uir
10Aijo Dodeisi ImpiUoB Project
Flnincial ind Economic Analysis
3.2.2. Development of Irrigated Agriculture
May 2007
The first 4 years  of the project penoo is  planned for the construction of irrigation infrastructure ano tana development On the 5th year only  25% of the command area will De covered under irrigation ano oy  year 6 60% of the command area will be covered unoer irrigates  8y  year 7 all the commano area will oe developed fully  Year 6 and 9 area assumed io be period of intensifying the irngateo area to its full development.
The   annual   development   ano   yields   build   up   for   proposed   crops   and   including   by-products   are snown in table 3 5 & 3 6 respectively
Table 3.5: Y>eid Build-up over years (With project)
YlaM of mun
jUacre 2P.ce jyvbwt 4 □rounfl &Spy*tMn
"gFottlo
~7?Ofifon____
170
9Cofle
-5
iBArlalf
eb____ sggj
Tib>* 3 6: By-products over years (With project)
By-product* qtl/hi
S/n_
1
Crop
5
8
7
f9
I Sabove
Maize
70
77
as
«               ioq
2
3
Ricw
55
61
67^
73
1<X>
W«t
55 61
67
73
BD
* Ground n'Jt
40
44
46
53
60
6
Soyabean
42{
46
51
55
6
iPpiatc
79
77
65
9S
IOC
7
B
OriKXi
ig
11
IE
I3j
14
5eurne
35
39
42
45
47
?
Coffee
&
Q
□
30
40
AH»Ha               -
Water Works Design & Superrtslon Enterprise
li Aswelatira with IntercaQtliieatxl Coaxultuits ud Teehnocnu Pvt Ltd
HArjo Did«ia Inlfiflan Projaet
Unuciil and Economic Analysis
lttysw?
3.2.3. Input and output prices
A  Mnstam  pnce  of  2006  for  inputs  and  outputs  are
used  for  the  financial  cost  ano  benefit
estmaiion? Both ttie output prices ano inpirt pnces are famr. gate prices to refled the income ano expenses  ot the fam housenoid in (he projeci area These are a^ailaoie at Table 3 7 anu 3 8 respectively
Title 17: Farm gits poet of crops and seccn
srw       Crop
Ouipun
PncfJ^1!
$HD
Prtwrqt
...
2
3
1     Waze                   150 00                    4W
Wheat               260 00                    400
Bare.
170.00                    17a
4
Te*f
300.00                    30a
5 ingef rnillel
r
100.00                      IM
B 'Jed peas
300.CO                    300
7 Niger ino^.i
320 00                    320
B Poiaio
60 CO                   100
9 Oimon
100.co                W-
TO Ara
250.00                     5K
11 Soyabean
380.cd                   500|
11 Crounonui
300.0a                 1000
12 Sesame
550.00J                  BOO
13 Coffee
leoo.ow   25 per Medhn-
ia |AJia*a
BOO                  5wc:
Tahir J-8- ft™* IJ,P'*U
Input Price
Unit
Unit
iprice
Human Dl»f
PD
&
Ch«f> tabor
00
20
Fertilizer
dap’
Quintals
395
Urea
Quintals
330
Chemicals
Birr
-[.
Too«
Peoe
30
S»c*L ____
Pe»
_______ 3
Water Works Design & Sopenteion Enterprise
U Atiodaitoe with toterwathuntal Consultants ud Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Aijo Dtdflssa Irrigation Project
Financial and Economic Analysis
May 2007
3.2,4. Crop Budget
Crop budgets  were prepared tor al J  crops  proposed for irrigated agriculture under with the project case basec  pn the yield build jp land allocation, cropping intensity  and input and output prices indicated m the relevant tables  Land (ax  of ETB 35 and 70 per year was  considered for annual crops  ana coffee, respecbvely  Pie crop Duagets  for ten types  of crops  for financial analysis  are given in Annexes 1 ' to 1 10 and (hose for economic analysis in Annexes 2 1 to 2 10
3.2.S. Farm Budget
Crop production under irrigation involves  muon increased quantity  of tabor in view of the requirement of labor involved in irrigation, it is  considered that one hectare of irrigated land is  more likely  to oe optimally  utilized oy  a smallholder farm (amity  Majority  of farm holding size is  less  than a two na Hence one nectare model has oeen considered for farm budgeting
The farm budget is  prepared for typical smalt farm holding of one-hectare sue cansidenng family labor under imgaiw agnculture and crop intensity  of 173% at full development Allocation for individual crop for farm household follows  the proposed cropping pattern for the whole area It is also considered the consumption need of a smallholder household that is  a combination of cereals, pulses, oilseeds  ana vegetables  Similarly  farm budget was  prepared for exiting situation to show tne forgone income of a typica. farm household
The result snows  that the annual net return to a small farmer household from the exiting cropping pattern from two hectares  of land is  estimated to be ETB 1022 while the annual net return from irrigated agnculture from a hectare of jna with 173% intensity  and with application of improved farm input at full development is  esbmateo to oe ETB 24.327 This  amount drastically  changes  the economic  status  of farm households  In the project area The details  of the farm budget for both with and without project’ cases are given in Anne* 3. i & 3 2 respectively
3.2-«. Returns from the Proposed Crops
Even the food nabrt of the targeted community « taken of
mduaed in (he proposed cropping pattern arnong
ieading ones A net return from a hectare of potato, coffee and na *OytW*n
* r«ponslw crops an- a(so
Bre
estimated   to   be   ETB   23,620   19.87B   ana   15.540.   respectively   Estimate   <*V’,QPmem     B,8S*   »»
and returns from the whole command area for each crop wina
3.9 4 3.10 respectively 
Water Works Design A Supervision Enterprise
081 'WU™ per
are shown in Tables
13Arjo Kkdeu* Mfidou Project
Financial and Economic Analysis
Miy 2007
Tibk 5-9: Net Returns per hectare (AmikibI/
Annuli return! I ETB 11 yaara
5
<I7
J
♦ htabowa
7.21?
l ~ - —-»F
►
SMS ~~j.wl 6.651~
-
XWhwt
1 Maize
tjjGfPund nut
bSc^a DMn
bPpiaid
7 Own
e Snw
gtcortee
8,832 , 7 547'
B55^
a.5S^~
7,2l7p~                   8.83
5 66L
9.665] 15,540
8,48 a 9.1431 9842] 10.587]
.5516' 6 3S& 7 286' 8 307]
1
13 224 1S5 1075-1.' i67'I.8,.f6i.6- 99?
- 15; '■
7 Qm]~ __7814        6,1W|
?52&!      ~3 KOj 3.73 &..
■                  eJjjSS         18 Hfij
oi 7om                     7,06a
6
14,564
13 454
23 626
13 *19-
4.292.
29 376
7 495
Table 3,ID: Annual Net Returns from proposed cropping pnem financial)
Total Command Art* [ha)
SrrtCrop-________
13SS5 ____ _______________ Total In —ch Yaart_________
1MM*
_
;-Rfca ________ _
" SWheaj_______
4 G-rOUng nLrt
rjfeqa         Bq*1
' t-Pouw
" TjOnion- ____ —
&Sew** ______
cn-pttge
iJjT&tti R«um*
3 849 772 12 553 181 27 264 698 »mo <s_
906 wj.lJt4 6*9. 23 382 079 59 435 134!
2 319 907] 12,494 jjfil] 11828228 36 168 691
1 507,386] 4,344104] 4,977,983 flail 176
1224.794| 2 017 569          3 889,326         4,226,666] 1.5M.221 3 614.U 9j 8,226,67?] _11,657,441
901 SOT 1,938.79d            3,l2l,236{          5.575:651] 0|      8W35J 1,287 03a] 2,551,778]
3.3.   Result of the financial Analysts (base condition)
TM NPv oriw
oe^B 0. the pro,™ ,0% aiKounting faaor B
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rate of return (IRR) for the financial casn fig* fwno l0 M 15 Pto,ea . im««, 'due .. 2006 «nSU„, pop. The result o, thp
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Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
IB iworixU&u will IntercontrnmUi CoqsuJiub and TodutKriti Pit Ltd.Arjo Serial Trnficon Project
Financial and Economic Analysis
3.4.   Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitrvity analysis was wnduaed following three conditions These are
i     A 5% increase m the cost stream ana rw cnange m the benefit stream ii    A 5% decline in Benefit stream and no change in cost sieam
m A 5% decline in benefits and a 5% increase in cost
M*y2W7
The summary of Base Financial Analysis ano results of sensitivity analysis ana given al Table 3.12
TiHr 3.12. Summary of Bim Fiiaachl uiiy» ■ad ifijilvnry teats
Conditions
Viability Criteria
I—------------  ■
FNPV
FlRR
F B/C
Base case
607 522,908 93
1547%
1 867
6% increase in cost
570,062,785
14.97%
1 778
5% decline in benefits
539.686,636
14 95%
1.774
5%  increase  m  cost  and  5%  decline in benefits
502,226.432
14 46%
1.689
The  resdil  snows  ihai  the  financial  prospect  is  very  stable  despite  Changing  conditions  in  cost  and Benefit estimations The result of the sensitivity tests is given m Tables 3 13 3.14 and 315.
Wittr Works Deslpi & Supervision Bute nj rise
Id AnodnUn with InUwotlDUitei Conwltanu and Tectmocnts Pvt Lti
I6Arjo Dedessi Irrlfiaon Project
Flninclil ind Economic Analysis
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19
Water Wortu Dealpi L Supervision Enterpriie
[n. usoeUtiea with Entaretrnttniattl Cvunltuts urf. Tectaocrwti Pn. LutAijo Dttlessa Inipttra Project
Financial ud Economic Analysis
3.5. Result of the Economic Analysis
MayZW?
The economic  analysis  of the project is  based on me cropping pattern, yield build up and iartd a 1 locator as  well as  cropping intensity  considered for the financial analysis. However the economy? analysis  considers  the adjustment for prices  based on national and international situations  Appropriate conversion parameters  prepare by  DPSA (i990i is  useo io reflect the economic prices of the inputs and outputs to farm operation and the capital investment
The ENPV ol the incremental benefits of me project at 10% discounting factor is estimated to be ET0 1,311 8 million Wth the same discounting factor the EBCR was  found to be 3.173 The internal rate of return (E1RR) for the economic cash flow is found to be 22 06% The details of cash flow, for the economic  analysis  are avalac>e at Taoie 3.17 The results  indicated mat the project rs economically viaoie The conversion factors given at Table 3 16 nave been are applied under tne project
Table 3-16: Catena, Parameters to be used ror Eoonom ic Analysis
Parameters
i Unwilled rural
i_2 C
cr ilizer
l
l~3 piemicais and cberrwcai products
a Ccmstructon
Conversion factors
0.55
0.90
0.B0
0.75
sg ■
2.00
1.10
Mace
1 92
RM
1 20
Tefl
202
fiiney
1.88
Finger millet
1.20
Vegetates
1.50
Pulses
1 IB
o,needs
1 16
ftjfarta
1.00
r 6 Di8£™  *
ntr  ,a
10%
The Conversion factors are based on the World Price Numeraire
Water Works Design A So penis I on Enterprise
h UBOCUtton with tntarcMdaraul CmnJtanti ud Technocrat Pvt Ltil
20Aijo &edem Int^itiDn Project
Financial and Economic Analysis
Table 3 17 Result of the Economic analysis (Base condition)
May 2007
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21
Water Work* Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Assodetto* with interconlDUklil CodjuIemu and Technocrat* Ptl Ltd.AtlQ Deita» Irncatta) Project
Financial od Economic AnsJysLs 3.6 Sensitivity Analysis (Economic)
May 2W7
Sensitivity  lest  for  the  economic  analysis  was  also  conducted  following  three  conditions  as  m  the case qf t+ie financial analysis These are
i. A 5% increase m the cdse stream and no change m the benefit stream
n ft 5% decline m benefit sueam ana no change in cost steam
iii           A 5% decline in benefits and a 5% increase in ccfii
Th® summary erf Base Econ-omrc Analysis & results uf sensmty analysis are given at Ta Die 3 18 Table 3-11: Summary of base ercuwrmt' analysis and sensiiiviiy icscs
Condition*
Viability Criteria
ENPV
EiRR
E &C
Base cue
1,311 793,765.24
22.06%
3 173
5% increase m cost
1,260,296.610 98
21 43%
3 022
5% decline in benefits
1,214.700,930 72
21.40%
3.014
5%  increase  in  cost  ana  5%  decline in oenefits
V* 83,213.764 46
20 78%
2.S7T
_____________
I
The  result  shows  that  the  freedom  ic  prospect  ts  very  stable  -despite  changing  conditions  in  cost  arid benefit estimations The result of the sensitivity tests >s given in Tables 3 "19, 3.20 and 3 21
®orta "wto <> Suptrrtsio^^^z-------------------------------------- ---------
■«.^»..™u™t«c.os 1UlUuaTX“tMsPvlLti
,
22Ar)0 Duhsai taiganan Pcqj ecl
HnmclaJ and Economic Analysis
Tabla 319- Sansilsvity fest. Inoraaw cost by 5% and no Change on benefit steams
May 2007
>nr ifwtttriwnt bin
15 202 OK
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Table 3 21 Sensitivity test. decline in -benefwts by 5% ^nd increase in by S10
Mir 2007
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Vater Works Design 4 Suptrrteloa EnterpriseArjo Didessi IrTigiOw Project
Financial and Economic Analysis
4. Conclusions
M»y2OT7
Arjo-Dedesa irrigation Project located in the western Oromia has significant contribution to socio economic situation of region and the project area The income of people in the project area will increase to lhe level that they can tie able to pay for social services such as scnooi. health et The increase in production from a given area ot land ana employment opportunity will create other corwibution of the project The project will aiso create a srtuation where the community will get access to technologies Moreover the analysis of tangible benefits and costs has snown that the project is viaDie and stable in Doth financial ano economic aspects
Water Worts Design A__S_npe ____rr_is__lO__Q__E_nt__e_r _pr_i_s_e_________________________ 26 tn AvodaPaa with iBUreeadnental Csunltuti od Technocrat* Pvt_ Ltd,Ufa               Irrtodon Project FTnanclil ud Economic Analysis
May 2WJ7
Annex I. i rop Sujgd for F inane iflJ Analysis
Annex 1,1 Crop Bugger per hectare for Maize (wrtri p<O(ecf,l
SN
ITEMS
QTf
Total in aich Vein
UNIT
5
>
7
B
9 AatKive
1
COST
11
Human L6K* Ift PD
w
Pneeiunrt
e
44B
448
446
448
448
12
•Own in Oxf ft Days
12
PncWuM
20
24C
240
240
240
240
13
5tM mi ftg
____
Pnet'unrc
25
4
100
1ft)
100
100
100
14
-DAP m Kq
so
----------
PncauHit
3 95
197 5
197 5
197 5
197 5
197 5
1 5 LKva
200
Prra’unrt
3-3
660
660
660
6S0
660
■ —------ ------------------- "=7
:
16 PmiicmM*
■■*-*—       ■ Prx» unit
L$
250
263
276
289
304
17 TwU
LS
Pnctfunrt
30
30
30
30
30
16 hSacfci
Pnceunrt
3
106
TlO
116
122
150
I $ l non Tax
LS
Pywjsi'uM
35
35
35 1
35
35
-d
Tgttl Coal
2,MS
2,083
1102
2 111
2.184
2
Relijrn
2-1
i «skJ ai qt L*rn*ij
■,*kKi qt I6y produdll GfOW® Return
35
37
39
41
50
TO
77
65
93
100
Pric^qt
Mifi prcJUt- i ETB1
IM
5250
5.513
*T8®J
6 078
7.500
—
Um jimduet <ETB)
35
2 450
2.695
2 96513 261
3 500
iiMii firosJ Rrtum
7,700
•joe
8.753
9,338
11,000
rrrr
L-s^y l-TiffiFSSffi rJ
A>Ji 1
Water Warts Dwl^n & Supervision Enterprise
Id ijsDCltHon wltA In ter ecu clou LU CtjqsuJtaniD ud Technocrats Ptl Ltd
27Dwteui Imgacton Project
Flnincljd and Economic Analysis
Annex 1 2 Crap Budget per hectare for Rice [with project)
Hay 2007
1---------
ToiaI Ir rath
tan
S.N
ITEMS
•v’n
UNIT
5
6
7
8
■
Aabove
1
COST
11
Viuman Labor « RD
92
Pnce/unit
e
736
738
736
736
736
i 2 Owen m Oien Oa^s
27
PnotAimi
20
MO
540
540
540
540
1 3 Seed m Kg
30
iPfie&unrt
5
150
' 150
150
; is*.
150
i 4 DAP m Kc
50
Prtt'uM
3 95
197.5
197 5
197 5
197 5
197.51
1 ----- 1-----------1 1,1 ---------------------
PncMnit
t 5 Mw
200
33
660
660
660
660 1
560
16
.
p
PcsiK^dea
LS
Pnpa/nM
355
373
391
411
432
Tf
TfiWb
LS
—
Price- jnrt
30
30
30
30
30
1s
Sack*
Pncw/urM
3
$0
99
109
120
1B0
and Tax
LS
-
PhdftAinrt
35 1
35
35
Wlh
35 J
j
TrtllCOM
2,764
2,820
2.84?
2.679
2.960
Rrtum                                 j
j
2.1 *1
■!
CeW   n   qt   (iw,, feta m qt [by product)) SlCH RPturn
30
33
36
40 1
60
55 i
01
87
73 J
100
Piricaiql
J
I
Jin product |ET0)
250
r soo
B.25O
9.075
9 983
15 OCC
$¥-product i’ETBi
35
925
2110
2 329
2 562
3 500 1
Otil Grow R*tum
1»,«S 10.388
11,404
12,845
IB 500
QS.ta
8l?:■ '1
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
b> iHMUtke Uta lAttrantlDutal
ind TKhnocnu Wt Lui.iqo Dedem Im^tlDo Project
Financial and Economic Analysis
May 2007
Anna* 1.3. Crop Budgei per hectare fa* Wheat (wr1h project j
S.N.            ITEMS
OT,
UNIT
Total In •■ch ¥tir$
5
5
7
«
9 3aD«va
t COST
i 1 Human Laoor in PD
56
^’ncft'unrt
8
464
464
464
464
464
i 2 Oner m Oxen Days
36
Fwunir
20
520
520
520
520
5M
1 3 Swd in Kj
125
Pncfrunrt
4
500
500
500
500
500 _
14
DAP m Kg
50
Prc^iinn
3 95
197 5
197 5
197 5
107 5
197 5
15
Urea
200
Pnc^iHrt
33
660
560
660
660
16
Pe«iGrt>t*
is
Pncartinfl
300
315
331
347
365
>7
TmM
LS
Pncerunii
30
30
30
30
30
i6
Sacn.E
PntflAjnri
3
105
110
115
122
165
15
Lana Tan
LS
PnetfunH
35
35
35. ..
35
35
"Total Cott
2.812
2,132
2,853
WTB
2.936
9
Rslum
2,0X1« at \rnarn)
irt nt Jhw nffoduetl!
35
37
39
41
55
61
87
73
80
Grona ReLum
PrtcWqt
55 J
M n product: ETH
260
9.100
10 534
14 300
AMiEroduci -’t»ts
40
22WJ
%555_
2.420
TO 033 2 662
2.928
3.200
Tnraii Gn-iu Return
11,300
12.695
13,463
17,500
3        " .■:7 :■ *Tm>UaTL
l
LdS
.1 r ,
' ’ll
'
Viter Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
29
InA&iKUflon with IntaramtiAatil ConroJUDH ud Technocnta Pn LnAijo Ditasw IntgitfoB Prcjart
FlnincHJ and Economic Analysis
Miy W
Annex 1.4. Crop Budget pet Hectare for Ground Nut iwrth protect)
Total In each fear*
I9
S.N                    ITEMS
QT/
UNIT
5
B
7
8 i&atove
1 COST
1 1 Human L4DC* m PC
79
PnGBiund
8
632
832
63? i_632
632
i 2 Oren m Osen Days
21
Pnce/unrt
2D
420
420
420
420
420
1 3 Sm4 in Kjj
100
Priwumt
10
1OM
1C0D
1000
1000
-.000 |
1 4 DAP m. Kg
ISO
1 ----- —“"I
Fnce/u-nrt
3 95
592 5
592 5
592.5 J
597 5
------ - -—
592.5
15
Ursa
0
- nee.'un^
:
33
0
0
0
0
0
16
PetUMles
dS
Pne*unfl
400
420
441
463
4S6
"l 7
Toato
LS
_____
Pficei*unri
30
30
30
30
30
A
SaeMi
Fncfl-'unri
3
7S
83
91
100_
1&
Land Tas:
LS
---------------1
1
35
35
JF.J
35
35
Tcrtll Cost
j,t«
3.212
3.272
3,344
n
2
Return
7«5» »l q< ,m»in> Yield in qubjfprajuctlj lGra®J R»mrr>
25
28
30
33
SC
40
44
4B
S3
SO
Pl*K«/ql
"'Kirnproduct I ETBj
300
9 993
is.ooo
Rv-pro4uCt [E7B i
30
7 500
1,200
8.250
8 075
1 320
1 452
J 597
1 BOO
Trti>i firwi Rwturft
5,700
8.670
10JZ7
ii,sag
14,600
i
Water Wort# Design t Supervision Enterprise
30
Ln inr4**1*1 wia Inwrcoutinwai Ccturaliaxti and Technocrats Pvt Lid.Afjo Psdtii, lmg> nan Project
Finiflcla] ind Economic Analysis
Anno 1.5 Croc Budget per rectare for Soya bean (*dti project)
Total in each T»»«
5.N.
ITEMS
QT.'
UNIT
5
8
7
s
9
iabovt
1
COST
.
1* Hurn gri LlPCir m PO
48
PnctWit
0
364
3EM
364
' 364
3fl4
——jj—■ ■ - --      ——        -— 1 2 C-ne-n n Onen     ?
14
Pncft’unrt
20
280
2M
280
260
250
1 3 ISeeowi Ka
50
^ncftunl
5
300
300
300
3CX>_
300
Tt\
JAP m Ko
54)
Fnctfunit
3.95
197 5
197 5
197 5
197 5
197 5
i 5 urea
0
<T<*uHrt
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
1 6 PeiltoMS
LS
Fntt/urtri
240
252
265
270
292
i7
LS
Pncfifijnrt
3D
30
30
30
30
1 e ,5»cki
1------ — PncMffid
3
42
45
48
54
».
1 9 Land Tax
LS
jPhCtfwiit
35
35
35
35
35
7ot»lCt<[
1 M»
r
1,52*]
1.659
1 S56
1.57S
2 ArEuffl
2.1 Yew tr (fl ijrrUHinj Yeld m n (by product}] GroM«*wm
14
15
IB
IB
36
42
46
51
55
Rnc«Jql|
Mm ixwiu« <£TB)
360
5.040
5.400
5 760
5 4BO
7.20c
■ ■prodMCt lETBj
25
950
1 0451
1 150
1 264
1 375
n
□ill Grxrt* Return
5,990
6 445
5.910
7.744
8 575
1
SjntiffliiiSLalD 1. -'Lsi^Exi^
Lsnd
LMJ
Wittr Worts Design A Supervision Enterprise
In Allocution vtm law rtcntmealal CcnmlLujcj iad Technocrat* Prt Ltd
31Arjo Dsdtssa Irrlgatim Project
Financial and Economic Analysis
Annex 1 e Crop BuageL per hectare lor Potaio (,w*th project!
May 2007
Tot*
in each 7*ar*
S.N.
ITEMS
QTF
UNIT
s
6
--------
7
r—
8
9
Sabova
1 COST
1 • Human Labor in PO
122
F-rwunfl
8
976
976
976
976
- 9Z®
__
1 2 Oxen m Oxer. Da™?
12
-.7-
Price,jnrt
20
240
240
_ __
240j
240
240
1 3 Swd m Kg
2500
Pnet'unfl
1
2500
2500
2500 |2WC
2500
1 4 DAP <1 Kg
100
PnwAinit
395
395
395
395
395
395
1 5 Urea
200
Pnealunri
33
&6G
660
560
660
560
1 6 PestcKta*
LS
Pnahumt
400
420
441
463
488
1 7 Twt
LS
Pnc*un«
30
30
30
30
30
1 B Sack*
PncaAjnrt
3
600
660
7?fl
799
1050
1 9 Land Tan
LS
PrcruM
35
35
35
35
Tout Com
5.83®^
6.91*
8,003
6.098
6,372
2
Return
2,1
•
Y>*id n <H i.majn‘i
200
220
242
266
350
/■ir tn tn <bv oroduClH
70
77
85
93
100
Cm» P«tum
PrleWqt
iMwi ?roa dO (ETB
80
16 000
17 600
19 360
21.296
28.000
£.•»            > E TBI
20
1 400
1 MO
1 694
1 663
2.000
—
"TctlL Grata Return
17.400
19.140 21054
23,159
M..0M
Net Return {EJ0,
ItwKSfl
Water Worts Design & Superrlaioii Eaterprias
h iMMUUDD with rnurantliimtu CoomUmu and TxXncaiB Pvt Ltd.Aijo Dtdessa Imjatiuo Project
Financial and Economic Analysis
An nex 1,T Crop Budget per hectare for Onton (with project)
M*y 2DCTZ
Total Io v«ch Tear*
S,N
ITEMS
or/
UNIT
1--------
5
&
7
*
9
iwbove
1
COST
11 1
Later in Man aa^s
85
PrBfe'irmt
8
6BC
660
6*0
680
680
11 2 iOwn n Qs^n Days
2®
jPnwi’unrt
20
560
560
560
560
560
1 3 Sew m Kg
15
(PnceMM
300
1050
1050
1050
1OM
1050
i 4 CAP m Ko
100
PnC&uM
3 95
395
395
395
395
395
B1 5
Urea
100
Prcfutlrt
33
330
330
330
330
310
16
PWSiCidM
LS
---------- '
PncCiiiM
22D
231
243
255
267
17
’«*$
<S
PnceAinrt
30
30
30
30
30
1B
S&Gtaj
Pncarurifl
3
3DD
315
331
347
510
1 ■& Land Tin
lS
Pn»unN
35
35
35
15
35
TotU Coil
3.VW
3,62*
3 5S31
3.682
3J57
2
11 Y xnd *i flUmain) Ya« m qr (by product) Gro»» R*>urn
100
105
110
116
170
10
11
12
13
14
PrtCtJqt
I
Win product ETC
100
10.000
10 500
11 025
11 576
17 030
lyjjfljduct fETBj
20
200
220
242
366
277
q
rn4ik Grow Rwturn
10.300
10,720
11 267 11,M2
17.277
1 f* II
"JJi!
rg
[-jffljl M
|
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprtse
to tuodatlon with Interconttnental Consultants ud Technocrats Pn Ltd.itjo Mum Cnintifli]. Prjjpfl
Flnujclil md Economic Analysis
An »■ i S crew Budgei per noctw For Stwriw i.mrth pr^ctt)
3.N.
HEWS
UNIT
»
&
7
•
Albova
1
COST
11
Laoar h Maa day*
51
“-----------
Prefund
e
408
408
[ 4DB
408
AM. .
12
Oisni in tan Dap
ii
L—
Fnc#runr|
20
240
240_
240
240
24D
13
SwJ ip Kg
7
PncaruM
8
55
SB
56
5S_
14
DAP in Kg
0
l— i
Pncpjurtt
3 95
0
0
0
0
0
rTS
UIna
0
Prcft'unt
13
<3
0
0
0
0
16
Rnbcitfrs
LS
Pr^-fe'L^it
200
210
221
232
2*3
17
Toots
LS
PriMi'ijnri
30
30
30
30
1 fl
Sacks
Potfr'unfl
3
15
15
18
21
3*
19
Lans Tn
LS
P^ce-uns
35
35
15
35
35
j
Toul Cwt
W4
954
1008
1022
1038
2
ReLifRI
a1
’
Y*Ml IP Ufl.fHMUfy
s
5]
e
7
8
V«ld irnH (by product)
35
H
42
45
47
J
GnpU Return
Pnc^qt
■-----
__
Mm^racodJETB)
550
27W
2 750
3 300
3 850
4400
H
Bji -product iETB
20
700
770
847
906
433
—
T-otll firm Frtum
3,480
3.520
4,147
4,758
5.333
CtiilEllJUi'1 Lr1 .
ffiur Works Design A Supervision EmBrprtfl?
to uudidaD will tattramflnuanj
-r«imocr>11 LulArjo Dedessa [minion Project
Flninclil ind Economic Analysis
Annex 1,0 Crop Budget per rtecrare lor Coffee {#ith project)
May 2007
Tool in each Years
SN
QT
ITEMS luNTT
p
1—
6
|7
«
9
Aabove
1 .COST
T
1
J I 1 abof in Man oj-.j
300
1
Price-unit
E
’JOO
960
%0
900
960
1 2 (Oxen in Oxen Doss         12
Price1 unit                       20
240
o
0
0
0
1.3 SrcdFinus m number 2000
Priwunk                          0.25
500
0
0
0
(0
1.4
DAP in IQ                        J 50
PriccAinii                         3 95
592.5
592-5
592.5
592.5
592 5
15
L. rea
ISO
Price unit
3.3
495
495
[495
495
495
I. 6
Pesticides
ir.s
PnwunH
1
2fi0
294
309
324
340
17
Tools
15
Price* unit
JO
30
30
JO
30
18
Sacns
Prict'umt
5
a
0
0
30
36
1.9 j
]
.and Tax
ls
H
ViaAmrt
70
70
70
LQ ...
70
otal CoM
4,608
2.442
2.459
2.502
2,524
2 blclum
C Yield in £i[,I main}
)
J 1
0
10
12
D
30
40
(
fteJd tn qrr.fby product; Truss Return
}
)
Price, qt
X
fin product |JTB
1800 '
)[
)
D
18,000
21,600
i
ft
1 v-product (F TB i
20 f
[
)
J
500
800
ecaJ Gross Return
K
F[
•____
)
18,600
22,400
Ma
Vitor Works Design & Superrlalon Enterprise
35
IB AMoeittlon with intercontinental Couultants ud Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Aiju Dtdtssi Irdfiau Pnject
Financial ud Economic Analysis
Annei 1.10 Crop Budget per Hectare fw Alfalfa (with project)
M*y2OO7
□T/
UNH
Total in aach Years
S.N
ITEMS
----------—
5
6
7
8
9 4»l>ov*
1
1t
T-----    "----------------------- Labor <n Man days
(COST
11
125
PflC&Uflrt
B
t ODD
250
62 5
12
□xflr m Oieri tors
12
fPricarUM
20
0
0
240
0
0
1 3 Swd m rta
3
Fjrc*unrt
5DG-
i0-
r0
1 500
0
0
14
LAP <1 Kg
50
T
;
PncMiM
39$
L°
.
0
19B
19B
190
5
Urea
□
—----- .
Pwwunrt
3.3
0
0
0
0
16
Felt£40H
LS
■ --------*
PfiMMUnri
0
0
100
100
100
1 7 715015
lS
Prc**un«
—
0
0
30
30
30
18
Sac*!
PmiXlHN
3
D
0
0
0
0
19[
.arx) Tax
LS
Priwuftt
0
0
35
35
35
-[
Tptti Cose
a
0
3103
513
425
2
2.1
[
^rEiim
------------j
fewIndKnuifl)
F ield m ?! (by product? ;rws Rfiurn
0
0
900
aeo
990
01
0
0
0
0
----- -J n
-
j,n p£&juce i ETB)
Pricft’qi
8
0
a
7200
7 680
7.920
— +
1
jy-p’aduct ;ET9
0
□
0
0
0
ntaiGrosi Return
0
o
7,200
7.590
?,»20
xz.
...Il .
Water Worts Design & Supervision Enterprise
in MMCUOeu With lnuireoatlaM taJ Cainltutt ud Toetmoerau Pvt Ltd.
36Dtf eui Irrigation Projaci
Financial and Economic Analysis
Anfrex 2: Crop Buagti for Economic Analysis
Annex 2.1 Crop Budget per nectar* lor Maize twilb project CconDrmcj
May 2007
S.N
ITEMS
UNIT
5
6
7
6
9 Aabovo
1
COST
J—----------------
1
11
nyrnan Labor m PD
56
Pncfr'UrM
44
246 4
246 4
246 4
>246«
246 4
i 2 Oxen in Oxen Days
12
Prrcerunrt
132
132
132
132
132
13
Seen m Ke
25
Fncerunrf
7 66
192
192
192
192
192
1 4 DAP <i Kg
50
Priafljnil
3 9105
P i95 525
195.525
19S53| 195 526
1 5 Urea
200
Pnca/unfl
3.267
653 4
653 4
..-
553 4
6534
653 4.
1 6 Pestcdts
LS
PncwuHfl
200
210
221
232
243
17 lw»
LS
Pnca/unil
30
30
30
30
30
1 fi Sack®
—-
Pntfe'UM
3
105
110
TIB
122 J
150
1 9 Land Tax
LS
Prca/uM
35
35
35
35
35
Tot** Cmi
1.789
1.805
1.B21
1.137 |
1J77
Return
2,1
YeW n qt i/nainj
35
37
39
41
50
Y»eO n q>  Ifcy produc
.
Cross Raturn
t^
70
77
65
93
100
PrlcaJqt
M4i prpdQCMETB
266
id 060
10 564
11 113
11 669
14 40a
Sy-f-rgduCt ETH
30
2 100
2 310
=795.
13,454 ——
1*464
. .3=™
Tot*i Grax* R*tum
12.180 12.894
fc. . •• i ■ - - —
_
17,400
1039 d 11 039
11.634512 627
■15.523'
■
Water Works Doalpi i Supervision Enterprise
hl uiocudon wi th lDtertflnOnflDtil Crmsnltmu md Ttetnoerais Ptl LidJLijo Dedesix Intuition Project
Fininclil and Economic Analysis
Annex 2.2 Crop Budget per hectare for Rice (with projecVeconomic)
QTj
Tnl
iHn each Years
S.N               ITEMS
UMIT
1
5
c
7
8__
9 AlDOve
1 COST
r
1 1 Human Latxx m PD
92
Pnce^unit
404 e
4<M 8
404 8
404 8
404 8
l 2 Oxen m Oxen Da^s
27
Pnce/unrt
11
297
237
297
297
i 3 Seeo in
30
Pnce/unrt
6
ISO
^80
180
160
180
1 4 DAP in Kg
50
Pnea,un<
3.9
195 5
195 5
195 5
1955
195 5
i 5 urea
2®
PnceAjnrt
3 267
553 4 j
653 4
653 4
653 4 J
653 4
1 6 PesccKXt
lS
PncenjnH
284
290
313
______
329
345
1 7 TocU
LS
Price'ufMt
30
30
30
______
30
30
1 8 Sec*$
Pnc&un*
3
90
99
109
12D
IM
1.9 Land Tax
LS
P nDfc‘un it
35
35
35
35
35
Total Cost
2,170
2.193
2 218
“r3**
3.32J
2 Return
2.1 View in qt
YmM inqtjby proc-jctj.i Grot* Return
30
33
36
40
60
55
61
87
73
100
Prlce/qi
MmjwoaiKl ;ETB)
300
9 000
9.900
10.890
11 979
18 OOO
Byproduct iETBj
35
1 925
2 118
2 329
2 562
3.500
Total Groat Return
10.925
12 018
13,219
21,600
2 2      ’ Net Return (ET0);
.771«.™
®®2S
12.297
19 179
Water Works Design & Superrialon Enterprise
In Aasocueon with InUrconttnentu Couaituu and Technecnta PvlDfltau Imp* tf on Project
jFlflanelal and Economic Analysis
Annex 2.3 Crop Budget per Hectare for whea: (with project/econo-rriicj
Kljr2aO7
- 1 -----------------------------------—■
------------------------------- — 
i
Toiai m etch Tears
S.N                ITEMS
QT/
UNiT
5
6
1
7
6
fl Aabcwa
1 COST
U
Human ^®kk m PD
M
Pncwufirf
255 2
255 2
255 2
2562
255 2
i 2 Oxen ¥i Oxen Davs
26
Pncfc'ufirt
11
265
286
286
2&8
266
13
Seed mi Kg
125
Pncwunrc
<4
550
r 5&o
...
550
550
550
■   i —■—- ■ ■——“--------- Pnwunfl
1 4 DAP ifi Kg
1
— — 3 91
50
1*95 53
|195 S3
195 53.
les.ss
195 53
l5
Urea
200
JpncwuM
3 27
653 4
653 4
653 4
6534
653 4
16 FMlHZKlfrl
US
Pncerunri.
240
252
265
278
292
17
Tqqii
LS
.1
PncwuM
30
3*.
30
30              30
1&
Sacks
Prswuntr
3
105
110
116
122
165
'$
Luna Ta*
lS
PneeAjnfl
35
35
35
35              35
—
loin Colt
2,350
2.367
2.3B5
2,44)5
2462
Return
Yield n qt
YiM m qi fby prMudlj Groei Return
35
37
39
41
55
55
61
67
73
N
Prtcefqt
Mm pnjflixrr .ETB
2BC
10.010
10 511
11.036
11.588
^JS/ZSO
3j pnxiuCl i ETB
40
2300
2 420
2662
2.928
3.200
Total Groei Return
12,210 12.S31
13.696
14.516       16,930
wnflsaSfcuritaL©
:.
J
■..1
iTRicnrrni
EEtE §
Water Worfcs Design & Supervision Enterprise
In liHdttiDO with IcureootfaieDtal OnuuLtuu ud Tectaocnu Pvt LteAHQ Dahm lnif»Con Projscl
RmntliJ ana Economic Analysis
Ann«x 2.4 Crop Buoget per hedare for Ground NUl Iwitn prQ)ftcVeconomic}
MiyZOTT
---------------- 1
Tctt
in each Years
S.N.
ITEMS
OT.
UNIT
5
5
7
fl
s
Aatrovv
1
COST
11
Human -itor m PD
79
L-
H
Phttnjnfl
44
347 6
547 6
347 6
347 6
347 6
12
—„
Oxen in Oxen Days
21
Pnceurrt
11
231
231
231
231
231
7T
Seelm Kg
100
Pncejufw
ns
11BC
-180
11B0
1100
1100
14
D*P n Kg
ISO
—
PnMfljrfl
s«i
586 SB
MS 58
586.SB
506.58
586 60
—
15
Urw
0
PriCfciunrt
3 27
0
0
0
0
0
16
Pesbcdti
US
—
PnWJuhrt
320
336
353
370
339
v'
loots
LS
Pncc-'unrt
30
30
30
30
30
13
SkH«
F norju hit
:
3
75
63
91
too
150
19
Land Tax
LS
Pnw/unii
35
35
35
35           35
Tour Co*t
2m
r
2J29
2,854
2,MO
2.M9
j
Return
n ql <m»m| Y>eW*i<tb!fPrai**))
Gkw Wttum
25
26
30
33
50
40
44
46
53
60
PrtC^qE
Minjprodud ETB
35*
B.ftSO
9 735
io ms
11 779
17 700
Bv^redifF. (ETB'1
30
1 2DD
1 320
1 *62
1.597
Li.eoo
I—'
Tnt>i Aros-i Return
10.050
11,055.12,1 iP
13,377
It. 500
^L-‘ J
BfrffllstESTfo
E3L
Water Worts Design & Sapentslon Enterprise ----------- ---------
m AflKiitioa with taiflrtutiiiratu Ctamitanu ind Tedmocnt, Prt Ltd.
40Arj d tadtsii ifTigiani ProjMi
Flume111 in d Econom le Analysis
Armen U Crop Budget psr nectare Fof Soya bftin (with profMt/econpmiC)
M»y2W7
OT
Total »n aach T*ar»___________
3 N.                  ITEMS
UNtT         6
■
9
9 aitbovc
i ::O5T
1
L
i 1 Human Liftar m PD
| 49
PflCSAjM
44
211 2
211.2
211 2
2112
2ii.;__
1 Z Oxen ui'-Oxen Day-
14
-_
PnMAjnfl
11
164
154
154 _
154
154
i 3 ■ eea i  k
n
60
Pnc^unit
69
3M
; 354
354
354
I 3=*
1 4 DAP m K j
60
... 1
rncflj'una
3 Si
195 53
195 53
[ 195 S3
795 53
156-53
1 5 Urea
0
f"
-
Pnce^unri.
33
0
D
0
□
1 fi - tilKKMt
LS
pftsaAinfl
240
252
265
279
292
1 7 Took
LS
PvnAjM
30
30
30
30
30
1 9 3>ckt
PfKft.'unri
3
42
45
49
54
60
1 $  »nd Tr<
_
PiKlkW
LS
35
3O
36
35
35
Tgul Cwrt
1.292
1.3771
4.292
1.312
1.331
j Return
2,1 1 ri4 «i qirmflir'i) tYHiOrtqifby procuctjl
<irc*S
14
16
IB
19
20
38
42
46
si
55
Pnce?qi
W jaxiuct (ETBj
424 9
5.947 1
e 372
6797
7946
B.496
(ETB i
25
ftso i
1 045
1.150
1.264
1 375
■ IT ■ ■        **J|'
1 .fr jyl?
’|
■ ■ n ■! J
41
* mUr«
ntlnBattl CQtl5Ql[Mta
Ttclinoents luAij» Mem IrrifttioB PtoJmi
Financial and Economic Analysis
*nn*j 2.6 Crop Busgel per hedare lor Potalo {wiih prajectfeccwioniKj
suy 2007
r
Toll! In »ath Yi*f*
S.ft.
ITEMS
QT7
UNIT
—-----
5
6
7
6
9
Setrove
1
COST
1 1 human Laoor in PD
122
[Pncwunrt
NS
536 0
536 8
536 8
536 a
536 8
17
O*tn tfl Dann Oaf i
12
Pnc&’umt
11
132
132
132
132
132
13
Seed -n Ks
2500
Pncwunrl
15
3750
3750
3750
1-3750
3750
1 4 SAP Ifi Aq
100
—E-----------
Pneei'unrt
3 91
3*1 05
391 05
3*1 M
3*1 05
391 OS
1 5 'jre*
2CC
Pnje/ufiil
3 27
653*0
653 40
653 40
^633 40
653.40
1 6 Pw'cides
lS
PrcrtiM
320
336
353
370
3B9
1 7 |Toc*»
_
PriCtNM
LS
30
30
30
30
M
—■"
i B fesda
Preei’unfl
3
600
660
726
79*
1050
1 *r
<ana Ta*
iJS
Prte. jHfl
35
35
35
35
35
lotei Coal
1.440
5,524
6,60?
6,497
6.967
2
Return
2-1
YiM mqt (man;
200
______
220
242
266
350
Y«idii»<Jt (byproduct
70
77
65
93
100
Grow Return
Pn«rql
Mtn proud i ETB:
v20
24 000
26 400
2*040
31 944
42 OOO
By -product [ETB)
2D
1 400
1 540
1 6*4
1B63
2000
Totii Gra** Return
J6E4M
27.140
30,734
33.107
44000
pSfflSiSSJ
ISE
Viter Works resign & Supervision, Enterprise
42
“ warn. Mtn u.«„00OB«lltt
j ccmi^u Tw*^„uArjfl DnttBiu IrrlffjUon Project
Flnmclil lad Economic Analysis
Annex 2.7 Crop HuOgei per rectare (Of Orwon {with pfQjecbBCQnomtCj
M»y2007
Toral in aaeh Yean
t
S.N              'TEWS
QTJ
JWIT
5
C
7
9 Aabove
1 COST
1 1 Lawx n Man flays
OS
|
Pnctjurf
44
374
374
374
374
1 2 Oxen m Oxen Day*
2B
p 74
■ neft'unrt
n
aqa
300
JOB
100
306
1 3 Seen m Kg
35
FneeAurvt
454J
1575
<575
1575
1575
1575
*4
DAP m Kj
IOC
Pnwwini
3 91
391 Di
391 05
391 05
1 5 Urea
100
391 05
: .j
391 05
PreeAinfl
3 27
326 70
326 70
326 70
326 70
326 70
1 6 Peslicrtes
LS
Pnceuurrf
176
105
194
204
214
* 7 "Toas
LS
Pnc*'unrt
30
30
M
30
30
■ a Sacks
PfeeAjnl
3
315_
331
347
510
11
_ PncWunt
a<iO Tax
lS
35
35
»
35             35
Total Cwt
3,516
3.540
3.565
1
3.764
2 Rolvirn
"£l *Wd r
VMd n Ol.tbV prtXfJd)
100
105
110
116
170
TO
n
12
13
14
Grass Rnl'J™
Pdcej'qt
Mm prw>u« i'ETB’
150
15 000
15,750
16 536
17 364
25 500
6y pfoauci ETB
ZO
200
220
242
266
277
Tfltal Gran Return
115.200
15,070
16700
17.631]
25,777
ItEzWI
WiMr Wortfl Dfiilfn t Snpcrvtslcn Enterprise ------------- ------------ in uwd*aw wrn Intcrcononiatu Cotunlunu ud Twkocnb Pn Ltd
43Afjo Deduu IrrtfukD Project
FlaaitciiJ and Economic AuiJysls
Annex 2.8 Crop Budgei per hectare for Sesameiwflh projecf economic)
Miy2W7
Is H              JTEMS
QT^ Tollii in each *eara
r----- -
unit fl s 7 B
9
&9bov«
1   COST
1 1  Mto* n Man aays
51
p nomine
44
i2 O»n ri Oa»n Day*
12
Pnceiunfl
11
224 * [224 fl
132  f 132
224 4 I *.32
[224 4
t
132
_ 224 4 13?_
l 3 Seed rfl Ag
7
PncwunH
9 44
66 OB lee 08 [66 06    66 OS   66 OS
l4 CAPn«g
0
r          J           _____ J
Rnpatanfl
3.91
D.00 i D«> coo     0 00       ooo _ _____
-■-■------------------------------------- Pncwurm
i 5 Urea
0
3 27
000     ODO    ooo     ooo
1 6 P Ci1 £ I MS
LS
PnC&ijM
1*0      153
176      185
ooo
194
1 ? ^IKts
IS
30
30
30
30
30
1B
Prcc/uHC
3
15
15
IB
21
24
1 9 LarM Tbi
LS
.i
.Pnce’uflil
35        35
35
35          35
Tpti> Coat
«2
570
532
594
706
2 Return
mi 4 Vaffijui in ni 1 TiMni
nme id rmuby product}
’Gro’ts Return                     Pric*rrt
5
5
6
7
8
35
39
42
45
47
Min pnjduci £T0
Bj' rrcxJuct LifeTBj ------ - ^ToUl Gro»» Return _
649     ; ZU
324S
r uu J.H3|
3.245
f T■7AW
4.015
3,B94i
RJ7
<741
4*43
■WK
efIAJ
6 44 9
Sj®2_
y
6.125
•-E            jjKJI47&?l _S 42p__
Witfl r Works Design & Sup errtsLon EnterprLa e
l> usodiUoD with imireaittaMLui CamnltMu utd Todmoetiti Pvt Ltd.DkIrmi imntiM mij«t
Financial ud Economic Analysis
Anne* 2.9 Crop Budget per hectare for Coffee iwilh projectfecont>mic)
May 2007
OT/
Total In each Years
S.N              ITEMS
UNIT
5
7
■
9 &above
1COST
1 1 LBtww iH Man -day;
300
1
Pnwutin
44
1320
" 528
52a
528
528
i 2 Oxen m Own Days
12
Pnw/uM
11
132
0
0
0
0
1 2-Seedlings m numoer
2000
PmAjnn
05
1000
0
0
0
0
t 4DAP in Kq
150
Pnc&unri
3 91
506 58
508 53
586 55
588 58
5M 58
i 5trt*a
150
Pncetarw
327
490 05
•90 05
490 05
490 OS
490 05
i 6Pc5W»oes
LS
Pnceruflll
224
235
247
259
272
1 ’Toca
LS
Pncaftjnn
30
WJ
30
30
30
USackt
Pnca-unrr
3
0
0
0
30
36
1 9| #nd T-l*
,
PneeAinfl
lS
i
TO
70
70
70             70
*?To«l Ccwt
3.1M
1,940
1 952
1.994
2,013
2 Return
1.1 Yieifl ffi qi trnnn.1 Yafl m if (bk producri Chjw Rwuro
0
□
0
>0
12
0
□
0
30
40
Pf1c*iq1
Min prpduEt [ETB1
3600
0
0
0
36 000
43 200
—      X-JL       _
Total firois Return
nv-CfoduO I’1ETB ■
20 J D
0
0
800
800
0
0
0
36 500
441 DOO
mr rErEtiS
JjSjf
Water Works Design I Supttj-rLsLon Enterprise "
t> uuKUtUm wIihlnurtMtlBmul C<n»uliuu ud Twhnocm, Ptl Ltd.
45Ujb Dedesn Imptfn Pn?j«c
Finaaclal and Econamlc Analysis
Annex 2.10 Crap Bix^et per hedarp tor Soya bean (with proj ecUeton wnicj
Tom fcn tach Year*
ITEMS
QT?
UNJT
5
fl
7
8
9 Mbov*
1
COST
r—
11
=.ac<x in Mar Sa .<
125
jPnca'iMit
fl
1 00D
250
B2S_
i2
uien n Oxen Days
12
rraceiunrj
20
0
0
243
0
0
13
Sees in n-i
3
Pnc«uM
SOT
0
0
i 500
0
.0 .
l4 DAP mKq
50
Pnce.Lirt
3.95
0
0
190
IM
1SB
15
Urea
0
PrtWunH
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
1 fi httHCinM
LS
Pnce/uM
.J
0
0
100
100
100
17
TCW«
LS
PnteJurwC
o
0
30
30
30
<a
Satti
PnC*L>nri
3
0
0
0
0
0
19
Lend Tax
LS
Prcwuflrt
0
0
35
35
35
1
—
Tot** Cost
0
0
SI 03
513
425
2 Return
in m (ffllinr
Y Hjtd Ml « (by produa) jrDM Rrtum
0
0
900
960
990
0
0
0
0
0
Prlcftjqt
1
1
^■in wooiio -ETB
fl
0
0
7.200
T.BSO
7920
3- prttJuct iETB
0
0
0
0
0
Tniai Gross Ratuffl
0
•
7,200
T,6SD
7,920
■reyjguaEu
Water Worts Design & Supervision En tarp rise
[n luaditLcn •ItlilatercoatfaiHJttJ CmntituLis end T«hn»cr*u Pn. Lui
46Aijo Odessa Inipaen Pnjett
Financial ind Econo ml c Analysis
Annex 3. Farm Buaget
Annex 3.1 Farm budget (het Returns) for typical smallholder farmer with project to
lull development
M*y 2007
I
I
I
I
I
Wivr Works Desl^n 4 Supervision Enie^^—
lnHBOcUEiM With hiureontinantil CouqJixqu ud Tecbnotnu Pvl L( J
47
jDUU9L Lnigittan Project Financial and Economic Analysis
Yurt
St  Cfflfi
5
5
7
1 9a
8 abov«)_
9 CcWw
Ne: reiurrVha ET6
-♦606      -2+42
■2,456
16 098
19.076
Croc Inert "y %;
1O%|       10’- -
1
10%
10%
10%,
A>*ea 'ha;
01           0 1
Ql|                6 1
0.1
1
Nel return'ha; I ET'B. Crop Interarfr;%)
A** r»a
HOttMhQHJ tftcom* PT M I
7 ogb
7 4?5.
s%
QOS             0.06,          0.06 245 65] 424 05<_ 449 7
4*3-30 3341 44          »M1 83       14172.55 24327,76]
Wbujt Work® Design & Supervision Enterprise
Ta ujDcUtton with tBureooilDBotaJ Ceanltuis ut Tuhnocnu Pvt.Mo DBdws* tmpftflu Project
FliuiUI ud Economic Auilysls
Miy 20
Annes 3.2 Fa™ budget (Net Returns) fcf tyoicaf sma'lbCJder tamwr withe J project assumiM ewstna sluatxxi io continue
■1
270 Cb
11
0 11
*
biL «s* 7i
F
B-jhej
return ;ETflj
2 Wheat
fret MjOTftt (ETBj____
PtfBffiof area wered
Area
'Nd retijm'M ;ETB,i
Pemter i'M www
Area |h*.<   _ ____
_Ne: wur-i £TB.____
ijeff
_JNet rtiurw** iCTB.1
PfTOfrl fl 3f*i cflvWKI
2?gw
. ®1*
11%
on
39.76 3
10%
__ i*JU {hl?
jkfl rwum i ET&!___
Stage*
Net retynvhf jETB;
npwri tH n> rewd
Wm_____
a
45 6-9
4 31          4 32
feFetipw_____________
Mt rttumftrt FTBj
Sere#* rtf cuwrt^
a«jm;____
V»neflxr_LETBl_
ri^oriw
Ptrt*TCConf rta awwe
ZZE«M
_h^>e’t rrww-ertrjri HETBj_       _
wwj' -_ - -
~"hMH rwhmtJ jETBj______
~                 C**f,a aS?**i
MSftj
ArrtLMI
-
ithm (ETBj_---------------
0 01
19 IBj 19.18
4l1.il 611.13
1H1EL
Min
Ifr.lj
aiw
»™l»l DHIfl I SuMHUIoataunM..'----------------------------
49irjo DeduM trrlfitlon Project
Financial and Economic Analysis_______________________________ M»y2OO?
Azirvex 4.1 YEAR WISE ESTIMATION OF COST E>PENDH URE
n
N
1--------
1
ITEMS
TOTAL
COST
-------
EXPENDITURE
Prr-
comhn titan
CobiIt union nhtic
1
L ipinl cxwi
V preliminary
H Reubiliiitioffi
X buildings
R’Commufikilkxi
Yeu
111 )C»f
2nd year
lid >car
J
4th yew
^lh year
—      - Mh tear
LI
Tuhycar Rih yew
5.7*0,772
1496300
1*70360
37406?
fl
0
0
fl
0
1.2
0
1)3800000
6ft mDOC
40140000
53520000
334501MO
o
□
fl
fl
LJ
176XI.HXXI
0
1902001
5072000
5072000
6)4000
0
0
0
0
14
0
72000000
7200000
2(600000
21600000
21600001
0
0
0
— —
0
1.5
X- 1 nvironnseni
17*000
0
0
445CH-
44500
44500
44500
0
0
0
fl
L6
Dam corutruction ewcepi Hwn 1 J -
16
3I8W288
0
47,772.343
79.620.572
17
79.620.572
95544,686
■ntl construction
4549581 )'•■
15,924.1ft
o
0
45,495,814
ft
II 3,739,53'
136,487,442
136,487,442
22,747.'>Of
n
0
U
0
1 {^fl| CAJMtaf COSl
995,839,190
17,288,300
161,995,0!'
273.970,669
271.8)6.514
212.076.62H 38.672,07]
0
0
fl
21*
MM cost
5854SOO
0
0
-■I 1
0
Q
525000
1230000
2049750
204975“
t
Jr»nd total
1.001,693,^99
|7,288,1M
161,995.017
273,970,667
271,836,514
232.O7ft.Ws
39,197,071
].23O,ihhi
2.049,750
2049750
■
——
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pn LidDate Due
I
I
I
I

Summery

Project Overview

The Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project is a major development initiative in Ethiopia's Oromia region, aimed at creating irrigation infrastructure for 13,665 hectares of land through construction of a 40m high earth dam on the Diddessa River.

Key Project Components:

Earth dam with 8785ha reservoir area
104km canal system (60km Left Bank, 44km Right Bank)
87 secondary canals
Command area covering parts of Bedelle, Jimma-Arjo, Gechi, Borecha and Limu Seka Woredas

Organization and Management

Implementation Structure:

The project will be implemented in two phases:

Planning, Design and Implementation Phase: Managed by Federal Ministry of Water Resources through a Project Coordination Office
Operation and Maintenance Phase: To be transferred to Oromia Irrigation Development Authority

Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM):

The project emphasizes Water Users Associations (WUAs) at different levels:

Level	Coverage	Responsibilities
Outlet Level	Quaternary canal command	Local water distribution
Tertiary Level	Multiple outlets	Dispute resolution
Secondary Level	200-500ha	Operation & maintenance
Project Level	Entire project	Overall coordination

Settlement Planning

Impact Assessment:

30 kebeles affected (15 in command area, 15 in reservoir area)
Estimated 14,085 households (73,157 people) affected
9% of households are female-headed

Resettlement Plan:

Key considerations include:

Land-based resettlement strategies preferred
Compensation for lost assets and properties
Replacement of social service facilities
Special attention to vulnerable groups

Key Challenges and Recommendations

Challenges:

Historical distrust of resettlement programs due to past experiences
Limited social service infrastructure in project area
Need for extensive training programs
Potential conflicts over resource allocation

Recommendations:

Early and meaningful community participation
Clear compensation policies and mechanisms
Capacity building for WUAs and project staff
Gender-sensitive approaches
Integration with existing traditional institutions

Project Benefits

The project is expected to:

Transform subsistence agriculture to commercial production
Enhance food security in the region
Create employment opportunities
Improve rural infrastructure and services
Serve as model for participatory irrigation management