THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPURUC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Feasibility Study Report VOLUME - IV Agriculture VOLUME - IV (b) Annexure - 14 Agricultural Planning May. 2007 Addis Ababa WATER WORKS RESIGN & SUPER VISION ENTERPRISE • ASSOCIATION WITH ICT IKTtlWMTlHim CMSnbWK MB HCHWCIMTS WOU NT. ITO P O Box 256J. Addis Ababa Ethiopia Tel (251)1 61-1501/631890 Fax (1251)1 61537 lE~niaif w w d seutclecoin net elARJO-DEDESSA IRRIGATION PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT CONTENTS OF THE REPORT SERIAL NO. 1 2 3 VOLUME NO. PARTICULARS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MAIN REPORT Part I - Report Part II - Maps & Drawings ANNEXURES 4 VOLUME -1 SURVEY AND INVETIGATION (ANNEXURES - 1 to 3) Volume -1 (a) Topographic Survey. Geomorphological Studies & Geological & Geotechnical Investigation Part I - Report 5 Volume -1 (b) Part II - Appendices 6 VOLUME -II NATURAL RESOURCES (ANNEXURES - 4 to 6) Forestry, Energy & Catchment Development Plan VOLUME - III WATER RESOURCES (ANNEXURES - 7 to 51) 7 Volume - III (a) Meteorological & Hydrological & Hydrogeological Studies Dam & Appurtenant Works 8 Volume - III (b) Part I - Report 9 10 Part II - Drawings Volume-III (c) irrigation & Drainage Part I - Report 11 12 Part II - Drawings Volume - III (d) Hydraulic Structures Part I - Report 13 Part II - Drawings VOLUME IV AGRICUTLRUE (ANNEXURES - 12 to 58) 14 Volume-IV (a) Soil Survey & Land Evaluation 15 16 Volume - IV (b) Agricultural Planning Volume - IV (c) Livestock, Fisheries Agricultural Mechanization & Agricultural Marketing VOLUME - V ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO - ECONOMIC ASPECTS (ANNEXURES-19 to 25) 17 Volume-v (a) Environment, Health & Socio-economic Aspects 18 Volume-v(b) Organization & Management, Physical infrastructure. Resettlement, Financial & Economic AnalysisAnnexure -14 AGRICULTURAL PLANNINGArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS table of contents LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES APPENDICES ACRONYMS ix 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 I 2.2 1.2.3 1.3 Food and nutritional security status..................... National and regional agricultural policies National agricultural policies Regional Agricultural Programs Arjo-Dedessa irrigation project Review of Previous Studies 1.3 1Study by USBRi 1964) 1.3.2 Study by WAPCOS (1990) 1.3 3 Study by BCEOM (1999) 1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY 1.5 APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGY 2. SOIL, CLIMATE AND LAND USE 2.11 Soils 2.2’ Land use 2.31 Climate.. 2 3 I Temperature.. 2.3.2 Relative Humidity 1 . I 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 .5 6 8 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3 5 Wind Speed Sunshine Hour........................................ Rainfall .............................................. 2.3.6 Reference Evapo-Transpiration (EToy 3 EXISTING SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURAL STATUS 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 INTRODUCTION Socio-economic Status of Farmers Social Services 3.2.1 1 Educational institutions. 3.2.1.2 3.2.1.3 3.2.1 4 3.2 1.5 3.2 1.6 3 2.1 7 3.2.1 8 Health.._ Water supply....................... .............. Road and other infrastructures Community participation Gender Issues................................... Sources of Income Availability of labour 3.3 CROP PRODUCTION 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Production and productivity of crops 3.3.2.1 National status 3.3.2 2 Oromiya Regional Status 3.3.2 3 Production Status in Project Command Woredas 3.3.3 Existing Status of Farming System 3.3.4 C~rop yields 3.3.5 Size of holdings 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.3.8 3.3.9 Cultural practices Agricultural Extension Credits Storage 3.3.10 Marketing. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 13 13 13 14 14 15 .15 .15 15 16 .16 16 17 17 17 .17 .17 IB IB 20 20 21 23 23 23 24Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 3 4 Livestock Production--............................................................................................................................................ 24 3 4./ Status of Livestock................................................................................................................................................. 24 3 4.2 Status of livestock in Oromia Region 25 3.4 3 Project command and catchment area........................ .................................................... 26 3 4 5 Status of feed resources................................................................................. ............ ........................................... 2 7 3.5 Fishery and Fish Production27 3 5 1 Introduction....................................................................................... .....................................................................27 3.5 2 Present status of fish production ...........................................................................................................................27 3.6 Farm Machinery and tools.28 3.7 agricultural research centers 4 DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS31 4. l Major Production and Development Constraints31 4 Li Inadequate input supply31 4111 improved Vaneties -............................................................................................................................ -..................... 31 4.11.2 Quality Seed .............................................................................................................................................................32 4.1.13 Fertilizers-.................................................................................................... -............................................................32 4.114 Agro-Chemicals_........................................................................................................... -32 4.11.5 Farm implements -............................................................................................................. -.................................... 33 4.1.2 4 13 Problem of Drainage 4.1.4 Shortage of Natural Draft Power Hazaras 4 15 Poorly Developed Research-Extension lineage 4 16 Inadequate Extension Service 4 17 Poor Marketing System and Low Market Price for Produce 4. i.8 Poor or inadequate Rural Credit............................................................................................................................. 4.1 10 Health Problem........................................................................... .......................................................................... 35 4.2 4 I Pr 9 i odnuade ctioqunsatpe tortanenstpor ialst n................................................................................................................................................. et work................................................................................................................................. 36 5. PROPOSED CROPS AND CROPPING SYSTEMS 38 5.1 Introduction-.......................................................................................................................................................... 38 5.2 Cropping systems-............................................................................................................................................. 38 5.3 Crop Planning39 5.4 Existing status of Farming System41 5.5. Land use and Soils~.................................................................................................................................... 42 5.6. Government Poucy towards agriculture-................................................................................................... 42 5.7 Criteria for crop Selection............................................................................................................................ 43 5.8. Climate of the Project Command44 5.9 Response of crops to Irrigation.....................................................................................................................44 5.10. Economic Considerations............................................................................................................. ......................... 44 5.11. Marketability of Crops ...................................................................................................................45 5.11.1 Cereals 43 5.11.2 Puises 45 5.11.3 Oilseeds45 5.11.4 Fruits and Vegetables....................................................................................................................................... 4^ 5.11.5 Fodder Crops and Cultivated Grasses46 5.11 6 Coffee jg 5.12. Existing Major Crops of Project Command and Catchment48 5.13. Proposed Cropping pattern and crop calendar49 5.14. Proposed Integrated agricultural Production................................................................................................59 5.15. Conclusion 6. CROP WATER REQUIRMENT_____________________________ 6.1 introduction 6.2 Procedure for Calculation ”’"*’’’*’ZZ**"*******”*" 6.2 / Calculation of Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) a 9 2 rJe eC!l° °f vaiue*f°r cr°P coefficient ...................................... n 6 3 Sni 6.3 sources of Climatic Data praCtiCe andlocai conditions.. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 63 63 63 63 63 64 64 11 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Prt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning 6.4 Estimation of ETo64 May 2007 6.5 Cropping Pattern.......................................................................................................... ..........................65 6.6 Planting Dates and Crop Calendar-..................................................................................................... 66 6.7 Crop Coefficient (Kc)...............................................................................................................................t>6 o.8 Effective Rainfall67 6.9 Calculation of crop water requirement67 6 9 i Cropping pattern and Intensities 67 6 9 2 irrigation scheduling and Water management 68 7. CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES-------------------- ---------—----------- ----------------------------------- ------------------- 74 7 I Introduction74 7.2 RJCE (Oryza sativa) Local name. RUZ74 7.2.1 introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 74 7.2.2 Growth Stages 7.2.3 Varieties76 75 7.2 4 Climatic requirements76 7 2.5 Soils-................................................................................................................................................................. 76 7.2.6 Preparation of mainfietd -......................................................................................................................77 7.2.7 Nursery raising or Raising Seedling! 7.2.8 Transplanting and Spacing ............................................................................................................................ 7.2.9 Fertilizer management 7 2 10 Water management 7.2.1 i Weed Control- 7.2 J2 Harvesting ..........................................................................................................................................79 7.2.13 Yield....»...........................................................................................................................................................80 7.2 14 integrated crop production strategies 80 7.2.15 Nutrient management.....................................................................................................................................80 7 2 16 Crop management............................................................... ........................................................... 81 7.2.17 Water Management 81 7.2.18 Integrated diseases and Pest Management 82 7 2.19 Rice-Fish Integrated farming system85 7.2.20 Nutritional Quality.......................................................................................................................................... 85 7.3 MaIZE(Zeamays).................................................................................................................................................. 85 7J. I Introduction85 7.3.2 7 3.3 Climatic conditions 86 Varieties .86 7.3.4 Soils........................................................................................................................................ ............................ 87 7.3.5 Field Preparation 87 7.3.6 Time and method of sowing87 7.3.7 Seedrate.............................................................................................................................................................. 87 7 3.8 Manure and Fertilizer88 7.3.9 Intercuiture„.......................................................................................................................................................88 7.3.10 Water requirements88 7 3.11 Inter cropping-..................................................................................................................................................89 7.3. J2 Harvesting and yield 89 7 3.13 Pests and disease controls 89 7.3.14 Chemical Conrrot Measures include.............................................................................................................. 90 7a Wheat (TRiticum spp )’............................................................................................... 90 74.1 Introduction 9/ 7.4.2 Varieties..............................................................................................................................................................9/ 7.4.3 Climatic Conditions 7.4.4 Soils 7.4.5 Crop rotation 7 4.6 Field Preparation 7.4.7 Time and method of sowing.... 7 4.8 Seedrate and spacing $2 9 j q2 92 93 9 J 7.4.9 Manure and Fertilizers ................................................................................. .................................................. 93 7.4.10 Intercuiture 7.4.11 Water requirement 7 4 12 Harvesting * ......................................................... 95 94 .................................................... 94 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intereontlneiital Consultants and Technocrats Pit Ltd. 111Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning 7 4 13 Yield 7 4.14 Pest and diseases control 7.5 Sunflower......................................- 7.5 / Introduction 752 Variety 7 5 3 Climatic Conditions 7.5 4 Soils 7.5.5 Field preparation 7 5.6 Time of sowing 7 5 7 Seedrate and spacing 7 5.8 Manuring......................................................... 7.5 9 Heeding ........................................................ 7.5.10 irrigation 7.5 11 Cropping systems 7.5.12 Harvesting and post-harvest processing 7.5.13 Insect-pests and diseases 7.6 GROUNDNUT ( ARaCHIS H YPOG AEa j 7 6.1 introduction 7.6.2 Varieties 7 6.3 Climatic conditions -........................................ May 2007 7 64 Soil 7.6.5 Cropping System 7 6.6 Field preparation 7.6. 7 Time of Sowing 7 6.8 Seed rate and spacing 7.6.9 Manuring 7 6.10 intercut lure.. 7.6.11 Water requirement ....................................................................................................................................... 104 7.6.12 Harvesting 104 7 6 13 Yield104 7.6.14 Pest and diseases 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 98 99 99 100 100 100 101 102 102 102 102 102 103 103 103 104 7.7 Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)105 7 7.1 introduction........................................................................................................................................................... 105 7.7.2 Varieties105 7 7.3 Climatic conditions................................................................................................................................................106 7.7.4 Soils106 7.7.5 Cropping system.................................................................................................................................................... 106 77.6 Field preparation106 7 7.7 Time and method of sowing106 7.7.8 Seedrate ana spacing107 7 7 9 Manuring J07 7 7 10 Intercuiture108 7 711 Water requirement 108 7 7 12 Harvesting........................................................................................................................................................... 108 7 7.13 Yield..................................................................................................................................................................... 108 7 7.14 Pest and disease.................................................................................................................................................. 109 7.8 Field peas(P/sizmSativum L.)109 7.8.1 introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 109 7 8.2 Varieties................................................................................................................................................................ 109 7.8.3 Climatic conditions110 7.84 Soil.......................................................................................................................................................................... U0 7.8.5 Cropping System110 7.8.6 Field Preparation/10 7.8.7 Time and method of Sowing /10 7.8.8 Seed rate and Spacingla 7.8.9 Manuring/ / / 7.8.10 Intercuiture / / / 7.8.11 Water Requirement. .. .................................................................................................... .................................../// 7.8.12 Harvesting and Yield 7.8.13 Pests and Diseases Control113 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. / J2 IVArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 7 9 Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) 7 9 1 introduction-....................................................................................................................................... 7 9 2 Varieties................................................................................................................................................ 7. 9 3 Climatic Conditions y 9 4 Soils 7 9 5 Cropping system 7 9 6 Field Preparation 7 9 7 Time and Method of Sowing 7 9.8 Seedrate and Spacing 7 9 9 Manuring................................................................................................................................................... 7 9 10 lntercuiture - 7 9 1 1 Water Requirement................................................................................................................................. 7 9 12 Harvesting ............................................................................ 7 913 Yield........................................................................................................................................................... 7 9 14 Pests ana Diseases 7 9 15 integrated Pest management 7 i 0 Soybean (Glycine max L.merr;.................................................................................................................... 7 10 1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 7 10.2 Varieties.................................................................................................................................................... 7 10 3 Climatic Conditions.................................................................................................................................. 710 4 Soils 7 10.5 Cropping system 7 10.6 Field Preparation 7 10 7 Dme and Method of Sowing 7 10 8 Seedrate and Spacing 7 10 9 Manuring 7 10 10 lntercuiture.. 7 10 11 Water Requirement 7.10 12 Harvesting................- 7 10 13 Yield 7 10.14 Pests and Diseases ................ 113 1/3 113 114 114 114 114 114 115 115 115 115 115 116 116 116 i 16 116 117 118 118 118 118 118 119 119 119 119 120 120 120 7.11 Haricotbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris;........................................................................................................... 121 7.11.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 121 7.11.2 Varieties121 7 11.3 Climatic Conditions ..........................................................................„...................................................... 122 7.11.4 Soils 7 11.5 Cropping system ....................................................................................................................................... 7.11.6 Field preparation...................................................................................................................................... 7.11.7 Time and method of sowing.......................................................... ..„ 7.11.8 Seedrate ana spacing..................................................................................................................... „ 7 11.9 Manuring 7.11.10 lntercuiture 7.11.11 Water Requirement................................................................................................................................ 7 11 12 Harvesting. 711.13 Yield................................................................................... LL.ZL.ZZZ*..* J.........124......... ......... 122 122 122 122 123 123 123 123 124 7 11 14 Pests and Diseases. 7.12 FababeaNS (V/c/a FABA L)....... 7 12.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... 7.12.2 Varieties 7 12.3 Climatic conditions 7.12.4 Soils 7 12.5 Field preparation 7 12.6 Time and method of sowing 7.12.7 Seedrate and spacing 7.12.8 Manuring 7 12.9 lntercuiture .. 7.12.10 Water requirement 7.12.11 Harvesting 7.12.12 Yield 7 12.13 Pests and diseases Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 124 125 125 125 125 126 126 126 126 126 .126 127 127 127 127 vArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning 7.13. Potato (Solanum tuberosum).......................... 7 13 1 Introduction .................................................. 713 2 Varieties 7 13.3 Climate........................................................... 7 13.4 Soils 7 13.5 Propagation 713 6 Seed plot technique 7 13 7 Seea size and spacing 7 13 8 Pre-sprouting of Seeds................................... 7 13 9 Seed-bed Preparation ... 7.13.10 Time and Method of Planting 7.13 11 Manuring..................................................... 7 13 12 Interculture................................................... 7 13.13 Irrigation...................................................... 7 13.14 Harvesting and Post-harvest Management 7 13 15 Physiological disorders................................ 7 13 16 Diseases and insect-pests 7.14 Onion ( allium Cepa)— 7. /4. / Introduction................................................... 7 14.2 Varieties.......................................................... 7 14 3 Climate............................................................ 7 14 4 Soils................................................................. 7 14.5 Planting........................................................... 7 14 6 Transplanting................................................. 7.14.7 Nursery Raising 7 14 8 Planting by bulbs 714.9 Direct Sowing................................................... 7 14.10 Planting by Sets............................................ 7 14.11 Manuring................................................ 7 14 12 Inter Culture................................................. 7 14.13 Irrigation ........................................... _........ 7 14.14 Harvesting..................................................... 7.14 15 Yield May 2007 127 . 128 128 . 128 128 128 .129 129 129 129 129 130 130 130130 131 131 .... 131 131 131 132 132 132 132 132 133 .... 133 133 .... 133 134 134 .... 134 7 14.16 Post - harvest management. 7.15 Carrot (Daucus ......................................................................................................................................... 135 7 15.1 Introduction 7 15.2 Varieties135 7 15.3 Climate135 7.15.4 Soil135 7.15.5 Land Preparation—................................................................................................................................... 73& 7.15.6 Sowing-..................................................................................................................................................... t3^ 3 7.15.7 Manuring-1 & 7.15 8 Inter Culture136 73 7.15.9 Irrigation- & 7.15.10 Harvesting and yield 7.15.11 Insect-Pests737 ^ 37 7.16 TOMATO (LYCOPERS ICON ESCULENTUM)............ ..............................................................-............. 137 7.16.1 introduction.......................................................................................................................................... W 7 16.2 Varieties...-.....................................................................................................................................-I3 ' 7.16.3 Climate................................................................................................................................................. I37 7 16.4 Soils^8 7 16.5 Nursery Raising................................................................................. ..~ 7.16.6 Planting138 7 16.7 Training and pruning 138 7 16.8 Manuring 139 7.16.9 Interculture and aftercare...-.............................................................................................................. 7 39 7 16.10 Irrigation................................................................................................................................................. 339 7.16.11 Harvesting................................................................................................................................................ 339 Yield...................................................................................................................................................................... 339 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. VIArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 7 16.13 Physiological Disorders 7 16 74 Diseases and Pests......................................... 7 17 Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea var. Capitataj 7 17. J Introduction ....................................................... 7 17 2 Varieties 7 17 3 Climate 7 17 4 Soils 7 17 5 Planting 7 17 6 Manuring 7 17 7 Interculture 7 17 8 Irrigation 7 17 9 Harvesting 7 17 10 Yield 7.17 11 Diseases ana Insect-Pests 1.18 SUGARCANE (SACCHARUMSPP)...... -............... 7 18 / Introduction............................. -- 7 18.2 Varieties 7 18.3 Climatic conditions 7 18.4 Soils 7 18 5 Field preparati on— 7.18.6 Propagan on and planting 7 18.7 Time of sowing 7 18.8 Manuring 7 i 8.9 Water requirement 7 18.10 Inter culture 7 18.11 Harvesting and yield 7.18.12 Diseases and pests.. 7.19 ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SaTIVa)............................ 7 19 I Introduction 140 140 140 140 140 141 141 141 141 141 141 142 142 142 142 143 143 143 144 144 145 145 145 146 146 146 . 147 147 140 7 19.2 Varieties............................-................................... 7 19.3 Climatic conditions............................................... 7 19 4 Soils....................................................................... 7 19.5 Field preparation.................................................. 7 19 6 Time and method of sowing . 147 . 148 148 . 148 148 7 19.7 Seed Rate 148 7.19 8 Cropping System~....................................................................................................................................................149 7 19 9 Manure and fertilizer149 7.19.10 Intercuiture 149 7.19.11 Irrigation149 7 19.12 Cutting management~........................................................................................................................................... 149 7 19 13 Yield„..................................................................................................................................................................... 150 7. 19 14 Insect-Pests and Diseases150 7.20 Napier grass (Pennistum purpureum).... 7 20.1 Introduction ~..................................................................................................................... 7.20.2 Varieties 7.20.3 Climatic condition 7.20.4 Soils 7.20.5 Cropping systems 7.20.6 Field preparation 7.20.7 Time and Method of Planting... 7.20.8 Seed Rate 7.20.9 Manure and Fertilizer 7 20.10 Irrigation 7.20 11 Cutting Management 7.20.12 Yield 7 20.13 Insect-pest and Diseases 7.21 Coffee (coffea arabica) 7.21.1 Introduction 7.21.2 Varieties 7.21 3 Climatic conditions....................... Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 150 150 151 151 151 151 151 151 152 152 152 152 152 152 .152 153 153 . 153 VII In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Ar jo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning 7.21 4 Soils........................................................................................ 7 215 Propagation ..................................................................................... 7 216 Cultivation................................................................... .................... 7 217 Planting and aftercare..................................................................... 7 2 i. 8 Training and pruning................................................................... 7 219 Soil management 7 21 10 Fertilization.................................................................................. 7 2111 Weed management........................................................................ 7 21.12 Irrigation....................................................................................... 7.21 13 Harvesting ana post-harvest management 7.21 14 field............................................................................................... 7.21.15 Physiological Disorders........................................................... 7.22 IMPROVEMENT OF GRASSLANDS...................................... 7 22 1 Protection from grazing ................................................................ 7.22.2 Bush cleaning.......................................................................... 7.22 3 Reseeding............................................................................... ......... 7 22 4 Fertilizer application...................................................................... 7 22.5 Grazing Management .................................................................... 7.22.6 Silvopastorai management......................................................... 8. POST-HARVEST technology and storage........................... 8.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 8.2 Post Harvest Losses.............................................................. -.......... 8.3. Post harvest Operation and Value addition......................... 8.3.1 Unit operations........................................................................ 8.4 POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY ......................................... 8 4.1 Rice or Paddy ................................................................ ................. 8 4.2 Wheat................................................................................. 8 4.3 Maize......... -....................................................................... 8.4.4. Pulses............................................................................................... 8.4 5 Oil Seeds............................................................................... 8.4.6 Fruits and Vegetables..................................................................... 8.4 7 Milk and milk Products....................................................... 8.4.8 Meat and Meat Products.................................................................. 8.4 9 Fish....................................................................................... May 2007 .............................. 153 .............................. 154 154 154 ..............................155 ............................. 155 ..............................156 .........................156 ............................... 157 .............................. 157 .............................. 157 .............................. 157 ............................... 160 ............................... 160 ............................... 161 ............................... 16! ............................... 16! ............................... 161 ............................... 162 ..................... ~......... 164 ......._....................... 164 ................................ 164 .......... ... .................. 164 ................................. 165 ................................. 165 ................................ 166 ................................ 166 ............................... 166 ................................ 167 ..................................167 ..................................167 ................................ 168 ................................ 168 8.4.10 Poultry and Egg.................................................................................................................................................. 169 8.4.11 Mushroom....................................................................................................................................................... 169 8.4.12 Honey.................................................................................................................................................................169 8.4.13 Flowers.................................................................................. ................................. _....................................... 170 8.5 STORAGE............. ................ w ................... ................................................................... .. ............................... 170 8.o Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................................... 171 9 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH______________________________________________ ______ _________ ______ ______ 172 9 l Introduction................................................................................................................................................. „............... 172 9.2 Status of agricultural Research in Ethiopia................................................................................... „.................. 172 9.3 Status of National Regional State Research............................................................................................... 173 9.4. New Proposal........................................................................ ................. .. ........................................................... 175 10. COST OF CULTIVATION OF PRINCIPAL CROPS...................................................... ................................ ................. ............ 176 10.1 Introduction ........... .................................„................................................................................................................176 RECOMMENDATIONS___________________________________________________________________________________ _ REFERENCES___________________________________ IJU Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise VIII In Association vtth Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 summary of meteorological characteristic of project area.......................................................................... 1l Table 3 1 Population characteristics of project command and catchments................................................................. i3 Table 3.2 Major socio - economic Features of Population and other details of project command WOREDAS (AS ESTIMATED ON JULY, 2006)............................................................................................14 Table 3.3 mean area (ha; production (q) and yield (q/ha) of crops in deferent woredas of project COMMAND ....................................................................................................................................................... 19 Table 3 4 holding size of the farmers in project area............................................................................................... 20 Table 3.5 Present Status of Weeds, Insect Pests and Diseases.............................................................................. 22 Table 3.6 Livestock Population in Project command and catchment............................. .. ............................................... 26 Table 5.1 Existing crops and their groups................................................................................................................. 47 Table 5.2 yield of major crops under different level of Technology at arjo-Dedessa...................................... 49 Table 5.3 Proposed Cropping Patterns (Phase -1 & II)..................................................................................................... 51 Table 5 4 (a)Cropping pattern - distribution of area under Phase..................................................................................52 Table 5 4(b)Cropping pattern - distribution of area under Phase...................................................................................52 Table 5.5(a)Cropping pattern - distribution of area under Phase II.............................................................................. 53 Table 5.5 (b)Cropping pattern - distribution of area under Phase II..............................................................................53 table 5.6 Crop Calendar................................................................................................................................. -........................54 Table 6 i values of ETo for Arjo Dedessa irrigation project.......................................................................................... 65 Table 6.2 Cropping Pattern and Crop Calendar for Arjo-Dedessa irrigation Project.............................................. 66 Table 6.3 Monthly average and 75% & 80% dependable effective rainfall.................................................................. 67 Table 6.4(a)Crop water requirement in phase i-Rotation -1 at 75% Dependability in Arjo-Dedessa irrigation Project unit in mm...................... ..................................................................................................... 69 Table 6.4(B)Crop water requirement in phase i-Rotation -2 at 75% Dependability in Arjo-Dedessa irrigation Project unit in mm ...........................................................................................................................70 Table 6.5(a)Crop water requirement in phase II-Rotation -1 at 75% Dependability in Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project unit in mm .......................................................................................................................... 7l Table 6.5 (b)Crop water requirement in phase II - Rotation -2 at 75% Dependability in Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project.......................................... w ................................................................................................. 72 Table 6.6 Gross water requirement at primary canal head (month wise)............................................................... 73 Table 7.1 Chemical control of various diseases and insects-pests.........................................................................82 Table 7.3 Nutritive value of green fodder............................................................................................................... 147 Table 7.4 nutritive value of Napier grass on dry matter basis................................................................ . ..............I50 table 7.5 Disease and insect- pests.............................................................................................................................. 159 Table 7.5(a)Cultivated grasses and legumes......................................................................................................................163 Table 7.5(b) List of multipurpose trees (MPTS)........................................................................................ _........... _........ 163 Table 9 1 list of latest improved crop varieties from Bako Research center...................................... ..................... 174 Table 10.1 Cost of cultivation of Paddy (Rice)............................................................................................................ 176 Table 10.2 Cost of cultivation of wheat....................................................................................................................... 177 Table 10.3 Cost of cultivation of Maize.................. ..........................*..1.777.. J..... 177 Table 10.4 Cost of cultivation of Groundnut.............................................................................................................. 178 Table 10.5 Cost of cultivation of Potato..............................777*777777*777777777178 Table 10.6 Showing expected increase in productivity in command area under........................................................... 179 Table 10.7 Showing expected increase in productivity in command area under irrigated production SYSTEM IN PHASE-II WITH 156% CROPPING INTENSITY (YIELD IN TONNES)........................ 180 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise ,x In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 LIST OF FIGURES Figure - 1(a): CroppingPattern - Phase -1, Crop rotation 1 ............................................... 54 Figure - 1(b). CroppingPattern - Phase -1. Crop rotation 2................................................. 55 Figure - 2(a) CroppingPattern - Phase - II. Crop rotation -1............................................... 56 Figure - 2(b): CroppingPattern - Phase - II, Crop rotation -2............................................... 57 Figure - 3 Schematic diagram of integrated and sustainable farming...................................... 60 Appendices Appendix - l(a) Physical and Chemical properties of the mapping units................................. 184 Appendix - i(b; Crops Suitability of Arjo-Dedessa Command Area......................................... 187 Appendix - II Land Use for Arjo - Deoessa Command.......................................................... 188 Appendix - III Estimated Maximum Temperature at Arjo-Diddessa Project Area (in°C)......... 189 Appendix - IV Estimated Minimum Temperature at Arjo-Diddessa Project Area (in oC) 190 Appendix -V Estimated Relative Humidity at Arjo - Deaessa Project Area (in°C)...................... 191 Appendix - VI Estimated Mean Daily Sunsnme Duration at Ago Diddessa Project Area (in nrs/day).........................................................................................................192 Appendix - VII Estimated Mean Monthly Rainfall at Arjo-Dedessa Project Area (in mm)...... 193 Appendix - VIII Estimated Mean Daily ETo of Arjo-Deoessa Project Area (in mm/day).......... 194 Appendix - IX Estimated Mean Monthly ETo of Arjo-Dedessa Project Area (in mm/day)..... 195 Appendix - X Estimate of Area Under Cultivation and Production of Major Crop for Peasant Holdings in Ethiopia (2003 - 04)........................................................ 196 Appendix - XI Estimate of Area under Cultivation and Production of Major crops for peasant holdings in Oromiya Region (2001 - 02)......................................................... 197 Appendix -XII Cropping pattern, 2005......................................................................................... 198 Appendix -XIII Seed Requirement for Arjo-Dedessa Project Command.................................... 199 Appendix -XIV Status of Agricultural Extension by Zone 2000/01 & 2001/02............................ 200 Appendix - XV Summary of Discussion....................................................................................... 201 Appendix - XVI Organizational Structure..................................................................................... 205 Appendix - XVII Annexure showing the details of cost and income at the existing level of cultivation (Rainfed production system)............................................................ 206 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Ar jo -Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning ACRONYMS May 2007 ADLI AIDB BARC Agricultural Development Led Industrialization Agriculture and Industrial Development Bank Bako Agricultural Research Center BCEOM French Engineering Consultant in association with ISL and BRGM BC ratio Benefit Cost ratio BOA Bureau of Agnculture BOFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development Cm Centimeter CBE Central Bank of Ethiopia DA Development Agent DAP Diammonium Phosphate EC Ethiopian Calendar ECe Electncal Conauctivity ETo Reference Evapo transpiration ETB Ethiopia Birr ETFRUIT Ethiopian Fruit FAO Food and Agriculture Organization 9 GV gram Granulosis Viruses GDP Gross Domestic Products GOE Government of Ethiooia ha Hectare HYV High Yielding Variety 1 &D Irrigation and Drainage IAR Institute of Agricultural Research IPR Intellectual Property Right KC Kg KO 2 t Crop Coefficient Kilogram Potassium Oxide Liter m Meter M Million Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise XI In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Prt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 M.D Man day mm millimeter MoA & RD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MPTs Multipurpose Trees NCR National Commodity Researcn center N Nitrogen NGO Non Government Organization NPV Nuclear Polynedrosis Virus OD Oxen-day ONRS Oromiya National Regional State PjO5 Phosphorus Penta Oxide q RH Quintal Relative Humidity RIR Rhode Island Rea RARCU Regional Agricultural Coordination Unit SAERAR Sustainable Agriculture ana Environment Rehabilitation Program Sec Second STC Science and Technology Commission TLU Tropical Livestock Unit USBR United States Department of intenor Bureau of Reclamation WAPCOS Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) Limited WTO World Trade Organization Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise xn In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning AGRICULTURAL PLANNING 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Food and nutritional security status May 2007 Agriculture in Ethiopia is to overcome several challenging situations to achieve success to steer the country out of imports-based food security to the position of self- reliant food security The concern of food security has to be associated with due emphasis to be given to ensure agricultural sustainability and environmental stability Food, nutrition and environmental security cannot be attained without an immediate check on the runaway population growth, which has a great implication on economic growth, food security, equity and rural welfare The major cause of household and individual level food insecurity is the lack of minimum purchasing power essential for economic access to balanced diet The famine of jobs or lively hood opportunities leads to the famine of food at house hold level, thus emphasizing the need that the development strategies lead to the job oriented economic growth. To achieve the goal, the agricultural research institutions ana agricultural development organizations, Doth in government and non-govemment sectors nave to work together in an integrated manner to achieve the triple goals of “more food" “more income" and more jobs. To keep pace with rapid rate of population growth, the country need to produce or import extra quantity of food grains annually, besides significant enhancement in the production of livestock, fish and horticultural products This has to be accomplished in the present scenario of declining total factor productivity growth, shrinking arable land and holding size, depleting natural resource case, increasing biotic ana abiotic stresses and an out dated knowledge transfer system. Availability of water and energy at present remains a constraint The slow growth of employment in agriculture and other sectors threatens the income base and food entitlement of poor. Health and education deficiencies, female illiteracy and gender inequities, and growing feminization further restrict both income and employment opportunities Declining capital investment and resource availability constraint the development of physical and social infrastructure particularly, in rural sector. Domestic market imperfections, price volatility, food quality and safety and phytosanitary concerns are critical. The world trade organization (WTO) and energy. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regimes affect the free flow of advanced technology and knowledge. The globalization of markets will influence domestic production, employment and price stability. The country's Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise i In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Prt Ltu.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 trade prospects would hinge on such factors as price competitiveness, quality and consistency of supply 1.2 National and regional agricultural policies 1.2.1 National agricultural policies The Federal governments of Ethiopia have initiated and introduced a number of reforms aimed at transforming the previously centralized economic policy to new and free marketing economy The agricultural strategy currently in use, was formulated based on characterizing of agricultural sectors and outlining the major issues and constraints, hindenng the production and productivity of the sector in the country The strategy formulated is called “Agricultural Development Lea Industrialization (ADlI)" the main objectives of the strategy are: • improving quality of life of rural people, • Increasing production of food supply in order to feed not only the population of the sector but also the population of other sectors, • increase and diversify the production of raw matenals for industry, • Increase and diversify the production for export and • To make agriculture the driving force for economic development. The objectives have been aimed to be met through the improvement of productivity of smallholder farming and commercial extensive and intensive agricultural development. 1.2.2 Regional Agricultural Programs Oromiya National Regionai State (ONRS) has also adopted the federal agncultural development strategy and formulated the same depending on the resource social and political condition of the region for a period of five years 1.2.3 Arjo-Dedessa irrigation project Arjo-dedessa imgation project is one of the projects, proposed to be considered in Dedessa river basin in Oromya National Region State covering parts of 03 zones namely lllubabor. East Welega and Jima. On the basis of imgation potential indicated by various internal and external agencies and policy of Ethiopian Federal government on food security, it has been planned to develop irrigated agriculture in Arjo-Dedessa command area using Dedessa river as source of water to increase the yields of field and horticultural crops and other related enterprises in Bedele, Borecha, Jima Arjo and Limu-seka woredas. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Is Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 2Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 The gross command area is estimated to be about 17825 hectares. The net command area situated at left bank is estimated to be about 7,450 hectares (55%) and 6,215 hectares (45%) lies on the right bank of Deaessa River It is located in about mid-way between the towns of Bedeie and Arjo. The right bank of command falls in East Welega Zone (Jima Arjo Woreda) ano left bank command area in lllubabou Zone (Bedeie and Gechi Woredasj The lower reacn of potential irrigable area is situated aiong the Dedessa River adjacent to Arjo town. It can be accessed through the all weather Beaele-Nekemte road. The middle part of the command area on left and right bank can be reached by dry weather road from Bedeie The rignt bank area can be reacned from Arjo- Bedeie road The upper part of left bank command area can be accessed through-Gechi. The aam-site is located in Jima Zone naving estimated area of reservoir of 8,500 hectare situated in Borecna and Limu-Seka woredas. This can be reacned through Jima-Limu Genet -Atangc all weather road 1.3 Review of Previous Studies The Ethiopian economy is dominated by small holders and their subsistence agriculture, which account for 46 percent of GDP and 85 percent of employment. Since agriculture is one of the most important sectors of economic development of country, all future trend of development of this sector would be guided by the efficiency of management of this sector along with other relevant resources. In this context, in the past several studies, both by external ano internal agencies have been conducted in the country Some of the studies conducted by external agencies have been reviewed and their relevant findings are given. 1.3.1 Study by USBR (1964) The U.S. Departments of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) conducted a reconnaissance level study of land and water resource of Blue Nile Basin in 1964 The report gives detailed accounts of the development plan of land and water resources of the above basin for enhancement of area under irrigation and introduction of improved production technologies to replace the existing farming practices. According to this study the farming in Arjo-Dedessa Project command is at rudimentary stage and at subsistence level. Heavy rain and day time temperature, insect-pests, malaria and other human and animal diseases and other factors have adverse effect on farming in this area. This report Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 3 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants end Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dcdessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 has generally not provided in depth details of land potentiality and water potential for agriculture specifically for the proposed command and catchment area, but attempted to give the descnption of crops and their suitability Although according to the aoove study farming in Arjo-Dedessa River Blue-Basin is practically non-existent Under such circumstances the study could not provide specific details for the development of agriculture in the command except that the soil appears to be fertile and suitable for cultivation. 1.3.2 Study by WAPCOS (1990) Water and power consultancy services (India) limited (WAPCOS), during 1988-1990 in collaboration with Ethiopia \/alleys Development studies Authority carried out the studies of all 14 river basins of Ethiopia based on the secondary data without collection of the actual field level data. On the basis of reconnaissance level study, they prepared the preliminary water Resources development Master Plan for the country. This plan indicated water resources potential and utilization for the next 50years covering various aspects of agriculture under irrigated and rainfed agro-ecosystems and other water use areas. They also made efforts to delineate the agro-eco-regions of the country land use pattern, soil characteristics, land use capaoilities and discussed their significance for agncultural production and land use planning The study also highlighted the cropping plans and crop calendar for the project command as a general guideline. The study related to agronomy discussed the charactenstics of traditional agro-climatic zones and ecological zones on the basis of interrelated pnysical, abiotic and biotic parameters and indicated the length of crop growing period, the cropping systems at vanous altitudes and temperature regimes. The details of major vegetation types for different soils have also been mentioned but they are not specific to the command area. The study has also divided the country into 7 thermal zones from the crop production point of view particularly under irrigated production systems These are based on the altitudes ano temperature regimes for a particular altitudes along with the crops as per their adaptability for the entire country The general guidelines for crop selection critena pertaining to the climate and soils have been discussed along with crop production practices in the country as a whole with a brief review of livestock management under mixed farming system. 1.3.3 Study by BCEOM (1999) BCEOM- French Engineering Consultant in association with ISL and BRGM provided consultancy to Ministry of water Resources, GOE. Since 1994 in 3 phases which was completed in 1999. They prepared integrated Development Master plan for Abbay River Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 4Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning Ma y 2007 Basin cased on several previous studies, which generally focused on irrigation and use of extensive resources of the basin This also included the above studies of USBR (1964), and WAPCOS (1988-90) The study also aimed at the exploitation of existing water potential of the aoove basins for the overall improvement in agricultural economy through enhancement of agricultural and livestock productivity These reports reviewed the over all situation of markets for food crops and livestock products, role of livestock in farming system, poverty ano socio-economic condition of farmers of the basin. The study found the climatic unreliability, particularly insufficient rainfall ana absence of irrigation as one of the important reasons for low production and poor productivity The report also discussed the agricultural system existing in the region and zone in which the present project command falls The report related to agnculturai plans described various production constraints of the above basin ano suggested strategies for ennancement of production and productivity under the existing potentials of soils and climate both under rainfed and irrigated production systems It also discussed the status of agricultural research, technology innovations, their dissemination in relation to research-extension and farmers linkages, their weakness and strength in the light of the present agnculturai polices of the Federal Government and the Oromiya Regional State government for food and nutritional security. 1.4 Scope of Study The overall program of the project in the project command and watershed area is to integrate the agricultural production with its various facets namely crop, livestock, horticulture, fishenes, forestry etc keeping in view the climatic and soil parameters in the existing socio-economic conditions both under rain-fed and irrigated agro-ecosystem. While making the appropriate agricultural pian for project command and water shed, the overarching concerns would be of nutritional and livelihood security, poverty alleviation, gender equity, ecology and environment, and competitiveness in terms of cost and quality. This will include the following broad aspects: • Study of existing farming systems and agnculturai development pattern of project command and watersned area in association with socio-economic situations. • Selection of most suitable crops, fruits, vegetable, livestock, apiculture etc. and their most appropriate integration with suitable economic return for different size of irrigated farm holdings. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 5Ar Jo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 • System approach having economically dynamic and efficient cropping pattern involving selected food and cash crops ana other enterprises appropriate under the prevailing climate, soils and added irrigation conditions • identification of most appropriate agro-tecnniques and input support services for the farmers for increased farm productivity • Renovation of existing grasslands and rejuvenation of forests for economic production of livestock and sustainability of environment. • Need assessment ana introduction of improved post harvest technologies and value addition 1.5 Approaches and Methodology Comprehensive questionnaires including all required parameters of faming and house holds were developed and administered to the farmers of randomly selected kebeles of command area. After the collection of these information for the command area, the same have been analyzed ana critically evaluated for the development of agricultural plans as per the objectives listed above. The secondary data have already been collected from government offices of woredas responsible for the development of area and used in the preparation of the plan The details of existing status of farming have been given in subsequent chapter of report. This has helped in obtaining the information on crops, vaneties being grown, the existing potential both under rainfed and available irrigated production system. This will further include the study of current farming system, crop rotation and cropping intensity, the status of agricultural support services, strength and weaknesses of present research-extension- farmers' linkages including its impact on technology generation, assessment, refinement, dissemination and adoption. The study aiso included the type and number of crops being grown, their socio-economic importance and marketability to decide on the future crops to be included in the selected cropping plans in the light of country's need Efforts have been made to select the crops and cropping pattern with appropriate varieties that may be adaptable to the present soil, climatic, socio-economic situation of the project command and catchment and are responsive to irrigation water and other production inputs giving high and sustainable yield. The crop budget and yield projections of the system has been worked out taking important crops. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 6 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Ar jo -Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 The water requirement of duly selected crops and cropping pattern has also been worked out following standard scientific procedures suggested by FAO, l&D paper No.56. The important agnculturai constraints have been studied and analyzed to formulate suitable development strategies including rural based agro-industries Based on the aDove the suitable integrated and sustainable system for production has been suggested Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 7Ar jo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning 2. SOIL, CLIMATE AND LAND USE 2.1 Soils May 2007 Soil types and their physical, chemicai and biological properties greatly influence the crops and their performance. Some of the physical properties that affect the crop growth are soil depth organic matter content, texture, structure, infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, available soil moisture and soil strength The chemical and biological properties are equally or sometimes more important to determine the quality and sources of nutrients to oe used for high yields The bulk of project command and soil is vertisols. These are reddish to dark reddisn brown and black, dark grey to brownish grey in colour They are characterized by surface cracks when dry Vertisols have moderate fine granular structures on the upper layer with medium to hard coarse to very coarse sub angular and angular blocky and pnsmatic structure in sub-soil. The soils are moderately well drained to well drained except the soils of the valley of the gentle slopes, which are imperfectly drained The details of soil physical and chemical properties are given in annexure-l(a). The major textures of the project command soils vary from sandy loam to clay for reddish brown soils and clay to heavy clay for vertiosoi. The soil depth varies from 50 cm to 500 cm indicating mooerately deep-to-deep soils The mean value of soil PH is 6.7 with average electrical conductivity of 0.23 ds/m indicating that the soils are free from salinity The soil organic content of project area ranges from 0.29 to 1111 %. The other details are given in the above annexure and sectoral report of soils and land capability classification. At present the crops being grown in the project command and catcnments are maize, sorghum, teff, baney, wheat, horse beans, field peas, noug, sesame, linseed, rapeseed, potato, onion, cabbage, pepper etc. The other crops like rice, groundnut ana carrot have been newly introduced in project woredas The crop suitability in project command area are given in annexure l(b). 2.2 Land use Land is one of the most essentiai natural resources, which is non-renewable. It supports life in all forms through vanous production systems and provides a social environments in terms of shelter, roads and other facilities. The land has several constraints like it cannot be enlarged to meet the growing needs. It is subjected to various types of degradation like erosion, salinization, water logging, creation of ravines and gullies etc. Therefore, utmost efforts should be made to manage the existing land resources as efficiently as possible. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 8 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo -Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning May 2007 The present land use of 04 woreaas are presented in annexure-ll The average cultivable land occupies 36.76% of the total area of all woreaas followed by uncultivable land (21 44%). cultivated land (17.65%) and grassland (14.12%). The other land uses are forest and woodland (8 55%). land occupied by buildings and settlement (1.04%) and swampy or water logged (0 45%). Woreda wise details have Deen given in the above annexure The project command area is sparsely populated with very iow cropping intensity of about 15- 20%. 2.3 Climate Distribution of crops their production and seasons of cropping are influenced by climatic factor sucn as temperature and rainfall to a much greater degree than other environmental factors. The crops differ in their response to day and night temperatures and humidity etc. and react differently to the change of levels of these factors. Soil factors such as texture, structure, depth and topography affect the moisture storage capacity of soil influencing crop growth ana the crop production in command will be largely controlled by climate and soil interaction The summary of the meteorological characteristics of project command area for the past 44 years from 1961 to 2004 is given in table 2.1 2.3.1 Temperature Mean monthly temperature in project area vanes from 20°C in December to 25.4°C in March. The average minimum temperature vanes from 15.89°C in May to 23.63°C in March and the maximum temperature ranges from 22.34°C in August to 27 72°C in April. Air temperature regulates the growth and development of many plants by regulating the rate of biochemical processes. The growth of many crops ceases below a critical temperature of 5°C or above 35°C adversely affecting the yield. The monthly mean temperature for maximum and minimum are given in annexure III and IV. 2.3.2 Relative Humidity The mean monthly relative humidity (RH)in project area varies from 56.63 %in March to 88.63% in September. The perusal of monthly minimum and maximum relative humidity showed that it was generally, lowest in February and the highest in July The maximum and minimum of the monthly mean humidity is given in Annexure V The relative humidity influences the evaporation, disease prevalence, ripening and maturity of crops. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 9Arjo -Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning 2.3.3 Wind Speed May 2007 The average wind speed (m/sec) vanes from 0 48 in NovemDer to 1.08 in April. The wind speed taken at 02-meter height will be influencing the evaporation and evapo-transpiration Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning Table 21 summary of meteorological characteristic of project area May 2007 | Jan TFeb | mar | May Jun r Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monthly Mean Temperature In °c Average 21.9 23.15 254 2505 24 03 22 09 21 32 21.19 21.83 22 35 22 14 1999 min 19.5 20.44 23.63 1626 15 89 20.96 19 99 1988 21 06 20 19 19 08 16 92 max 24.6 24.9 27 37 27 72 26.19 2341 22 72 22 34 232 24 25 25 05 22 88 Relative humidity (%) Average 64 77 58.97 56.63 67.97 7572 81 07 87 46 88.52J 88 63 84 55 7937 7244 min 51.5 432 45.09 57.42 65 23 65 8 61 77 72.23 82 49 74 24 67 67 55 37 max 77 3 71 68 64 08 82 17 86 18 90 3 98 1 97 53 95 67 94 73 93 19 85.13 Wind speed (m/s) Average 0.62 0.8 1 1 08 1.04 086 062 0.51 0.5 0 51j 0 48 051 min 0.62 0.8 1 1.08 1.04 086 062 0.51 05j 0 51 0 48 0 51 max 062 0.8 1 1 08 1.04 086 0 62 051 05 0.51 048 0.51 Sunshine hours ( irs/day) Average 8.155 7638 7452 7 287 7.624 6 061 3.703 4 059 6.164 7.855 8 325 8 306 min 6.05 4.905 4 592 3 304 5.428 3 364 2 277 1.6 2 622 5.778 0 112 6 634 max 10 9 919 9744 944 10 15 8.12 5445 62 9 12 10.08 10 201 10 02 Rainfall (mm) Average 15.3 184 536 69 5 1808 243 245 9 238 3 2286 115 5 31 4 12 7 (1452 9) min 0 0 0.8 5.1 37 5 100 3 1 1362 135 3 141 3 85 06 0.0(990 6) I max 45.5 57.6 161.7 139.9 392 7 437 6 487 6 3466 343 1 259 9 150 7 53.1 (2114 5) Estimated reference Evapotranspirat on (ETo) Monthly 115 115 143 135 134 107 91.8 965 114 125 114 107(1397) Daily 37 4 11 4 62 4 51 4 33 358 2 96 3 11 3 81 4 03 3 79 3 44 Figures in parenthesis indicated the total. 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