THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Feasibility Study CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT PLAN (FINAL) Frhniary, 2007 Addis Ababa WATER WORKS DESIGN & SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE IN ASSOCIATION WITH z INTIRCOMTINENTAI CONSUITANTS AND HCHMOCRATS INDIA PVT LTD PO Box 2SM. Addis Ababa Elhiopia 7c! (251)1 61 15O|/6aI8W Fa\ (1251)1 6I577IE mail « u dseTrfldccoro nci clArja Ded«M [mcatlon Project CAUhfttentsDeTei&prnealplaa February 20OT Table of Contents TABLE ul < O\TfMS LIST £H 1 ABLE* LISI 'OP FIGI J RES IJSt OF ANNEXES ACRONYMS LXECITIVESLMMaR^ L iNJROLHCTFO^ 1 I GFNEHAI 12 objectives i’ 2 J Gtw/aJ otyttfirH- / 2 2 S^rfiTr/iL' ttyt€Ji i E*4 13 Methodology and AffMACk / J i* ■I J -' Ari ■ a Review >f Pm vtoub. snresii am; w-mlks 1 DESCRIPTION OF W ATERSHED 2.1 BiD-PHTSICaL f IaTL’RES ... 7 J t Oiwh* Lana L j* ama rdpugFiiptiv Jill L««cr J i 1 4 T<XKjg’i£hy J a .7 . .13 JJ 2 j’ 2 Sflii’j 2 t 7 1 Sall i jrtd f Ci'>a53?j7cGyrfl»T 2 I 3 2 L MO C3B*D«Hp' Cu»»rf>&M«A J / M MW nt JOUnCV. J 2 J 4 Sail tfWMif 2 J J I* lifrf Stncjuurtirj 2 j 6 £jc/wfjrflc*-i iM.VtN/rjnd m>vMv" ronarrvoiiaft ae/jvirjirj 2 : SOC W-ECONOHIC CONDi 1 IO-sS 2 2 •' Orwtifinqp^ 2 .2 ilrarimir J 2 J / a "in^f i vdttfl 23 37 32 If rr J 2 j il !Vf5i-Xl! J 2 J dpiCtJWfli' OCJR UirJ .ir.-. j J. !.ir iift.j!i.'! nil J 2 C P*« jpJnuni Jrtrfpria™ ftaTdlf ulQta C<MWHMMU> J MAJOR PROBLEMS OP WATERSHED.. J. L 1-AnD DE-GRADATION.—. J j 2 S(hJ muif/Ji in voter J f 2 Or/iww^rdfr^MT 1'Shortage of crazing land and livfstuck feed J J SCCIOEiZDMJMli. fflDflUM_________ J J I' i'n«:ri.k'4'UL?l'd* ■CXi/.'i'iii.uiT J-U m St 3J2 rttanfif hanh waiter 3 3 3 /mpropff Loju* tar J EXISTING OPWlRttMTIES AN D fi£VELOPMEAT STRATEGIES 4 I DfVELCRMENT POTENTIALS-................ ........... -I ■ 1* i4iburtrlun* r^nroli' and WOTP rfJ0|*JTf: 4 ■ 2 4 raifci&fJin- Air x'Tjjfui^i'tf u<c_Li 4 i‘ J Water Works Design & Superrtslon Enterprise In A-55odi(e with InijtrcootiiirauiCodsuIiadU and Technocrats Pvt LedArjn ^etl-tisa Irrigation Project Caubgitnu PeMclopjnefit Plan February J^fr7 J >' 4 Sod tafJiJirv .iRifVLHif-nwrtf FT.W < 2 OPFOB TUN 171 EE J ■' i C^pivrwHbVieT^i^rJfa biuu^i i iimiiiihihi- iimtmni1 --•■■fii Ffiaurcrj ■j ; qpporfHHlHn 4 2 (M vi io*ncnt Strategies .. J6 56 5‘ K ...5H 5 PROPOSED M ATER5HED DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS 5 3 Criteria f<m selection ............................. ...................... -.......... 5 2 Soil aND UaTER CONSERVATION INTFRVENTICWB 5 2 / f AyiKTiiJ .tffuuumr 5 2 1 I So* Duntn S9 S 2 1 2 Farvp fju tetftcft 5 2 I 1 Culcrtl tira-nj 5 2i4 *nn Overflow e*nn JJJ ^otofito; AvImsiMRM l| !«■ § J 2 1 Cr?p rounein S 2.2 2 AG-Cpton C" D’‘JBHiL fltjfeftuNif Green morAJFff and Fefl^Zeri. r 5 2 2 5 Slrp Mixed *nd tnitreiopping 5 2 2 * R™x* 5 2 2 5 C$hic*j« tvmrtg S 2 2 fi CompoM ntfuig 5 2 2? Graii ylnpa ?2J J'^ri- r.njirni irru'jiiiira 5 2 3 * Amy cropping 5 3 3 2 Multi-Storey Gardening 5 2 13 £it»Wijrmieni ol! Ddtfe<--zone •grtHoreib’y $ J Li V tST<XL WAhAGtvtENT liMTfRVFivTxjNi... — 5 J J Firn a^iee 5 J 2 cpiicui 3 4 Rr. i m iiA.sXi PRi.'TfC T10N 5! Spring develofmfvf —...................................................... > to 3X vi .erwis f i.ii <CIS3 RjfiND... S 7 ESTABLISHMENT OF new S. KhFRjfA amd n thingthfninu c* the old 4 x H PANSION Off SMAh.1 Scale irrigation schemes ................_.... S-9ftM<Y ATOSTRaTECHC ISSUES..._.—............................................ ............................. .................... . 5 9 J I'njerveftf^na wiiA rr jprfj J 9 J SN-flffjTK- cMndkrafiiiMi to EMFI EMENTATION PLAN.... «. i General schedule h 2 Timf schedule and phasing 6 .J RI ■ V :rfcf mFsr rji rwvTS Illi III Hk Bl Rl o 4 Implementation stratech ■■ irriiiiaiiin iiiiihi bi: ■■■■ mi .ji;. 64f 6j2 6-J 4 J4 ft 45 64 ft 64 7 645 64 P ■ ApifmrmoviG^I Of 'J Ar IAJFZV rnfjiwj jhauJiT 5w Pl-Oli’rjhriJ iojic ffl ftf FTipeCMtf C«i”|r»1liWJ> V-aftas rA Aswll i-£nj;- drcuiji * dfA and fOCiU' mp^r.-fnctl. Linkdjfrr »rJ6 FfjpuiQr eUfAliiin MwiCf Fur*1 J'wtf-ceSJY/iedtfip'i ItactrnNtM of iv f*k- nr wemrn /Vi'yihfii’ Cwr-jKcffj^p . , 3*4 54 54 04 nmmu i Ml. FYexriMtav /v-Dpaced awoiMs 55 W W 55 *5 56 T U ATERSIIED MANAGEMENT APPROACH AND action PLAN. ? i Social Structlhes . ______ 7.2 ACTIO* Plan ....................... .......... ......... „„„ " J I ^oniFdri Arjcwre ’22 tanc2-£mred‘i»eJir*Nrej ’ 2 j Aw ■•.jnff Oiir-cd aeukirEfj- 90 91 1 flr yj Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise h Assume with latcreftnUncnQJ Cftusttltanu and TflcbnacTiLS P9L Ltd. e 11Arjo Deaesia [nig a lion Project Cikninenu Development Plan Februm 2EKT7 "24 T 2J ’26 PrmJ^i.wi Jpjff "U ftuifW.rljf u”U Cqpdtity- Jhu'tXHtf 06 ■W 727 ’.’f Fwtojr* fl/P^wArrw P^w'icrj Ltowgtrfwjtf i/ffiMonrri and FiHflriarf toourau’ wi H ESTtMATlOh OF COST FOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT ... * tolAEF ITS EXPECTED REFERENCES ANNEXES....—.... 10* ------ im LIST OF TABLES 1 DOMINANT lanC uSFAAnO COwfA 0* n*WATERSHED ev WDREOa Table 2 2 GENERAL 3LOPE CATEGORIES OF ARjO-DEDEJa WATERSHED AREA AiSC PROPORTIONS Table 2 3 OrtRAC TERiEDOS OF QlFFERE NT J^D USES OF WATERSHED anQ LAND ClASS UNIT TNEH.E 2 4 Summary i> _and Classification and land Class Jmt with Major l ba iing Factors IK 20 JK ii r*Mt 2 5 Sol AhC water COnsErvA’ION MEASURES rMPi FmEnTEO B* WOREDaS IN The WAllftSMED- BETWEEN 2004 AND 2006 Table 2 6 FCPulaTiun C* RESPECTIVE WOREDaS in THE WATERSHED ..................... .3? ........ ............ All TaBlE2 7 In/ESTOCX POPlaaTjOn in Tm£ WATERSHED fir WQREDa _________________ ... 43 Table 2 6 STOCKS RATE OF GRAZING tANClS IN THE WOREDAS T-.B4.E 3 J Poplaation w wofitDA Supplied with Potable Water TaHlF 4 1 HMaTKWv project^ STUPED IN the PROjEC f AREA ......................... ............................. ........ 44 . ___________ __ Table 5 1 0mc*5 of mieMnTkh; rq« Six *wj watt p CONSERv*!^* w Ankj-DepeSS* WAfEfrbHfu Ta*LC 5 1 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE By Phase AND YEARS.......................... . (? ■*fii.Ee ? Inputs required fop implementation Of watershed devEuQpmeat ACTrvmes________________________ to 52 5$ bl Table B 3 lH5TirunOMS**C*qSFDF{>lMF-A-NINrATON&FDEVr'.OPULhTPi_^FrtirktHrRM^R ROiES......................................... K" Table B 1 COSTS FOR Civn. WWU3._............................ ....................................... ................. ........................ ~.................... ......... 161 table B 2 COSTS fOR INPUTS and W.tEflW.5 Taele B 3 STADONAflVAwaimiTBME Tables j SALAXT FtRDlEM^T^NSJCRTATK^.. ......................... |« mJ ....................... ................................................... |U> Tab^e B 5 Summary 0* COSTS ... . .............................. Jfu Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Aisoclale with fnlcmontlBeaul CobsuIUdl* and TcthniKrttj Pvt Lti. „ 111Art* Deduai ImeaUDD Project Celchroenu OevtlopiEcnc Kaa February 2007 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2 l Figure 2 2 FiQuRt Z 3 Figure 2 4 Figure 2 5 FiQuftt 2 o FiCuRf 2 7 favE r Morphology ... • ■ f I f— 11111 ■ I ■ 111 ■ —M ■ ■« Average montML* Rajnf^l o# Stations in am? AwounoArjo Ctdfs* Watershed Average Monthly Temperature of Statics in ano around Arj&Cecess* SuDPt DaTEGORiES FOR ARJO-OtDESSA WATERSHED 13 is 1D iiiirEi-i Aammirtir1 2'l SOILS map Of AfeX> D£MMiAWAlCNSw£D ... ......... LAND CaPaBliTY CLASSIFICATION map FOR AAjQ-OtDESSA WATERSHED MM M l M—Mill 2& ____30 Figure 2 k Soil loss rate m*pwr the watershed rtrn lwti i ■ ■ ■ —<i mu: u .—it. Figure 5 1 Figure ? * DEvEtOPK NT ajar EOft ApjO-DEOESSA WATERS-hCD Social MMUZATIOn AiTCftNAHvtS .... ... FiGUHE 7 2 AC FiON plan For Natural Resource ManagemCnt . Figi*! ? 3 F-GuflE 7 4 AC FiON Plan FQR LAND-BASED SYSTEMS Ac TlON Plan: FOR NDn lAnC: - Ras-LC ACWlTIES rtllMII 9J Figure 7 5 Action plan for jharketing FX^rtt 7 6 F-GufiE 7 7 PHOCmCHOh SYSTEMS l*MXYWG LAND BaSFL) ACWf lES. . i m 1111 ■ 11111 Miiui i Financial STRUCTURE miriiu F<hAiE 7 fl FUNOFlOw 34 f4t ft 92 .. 9fj5? 97 99 llXl LIST OF ANNEXES ANNEKURE A/1 AvERaGE mCnTmlv Rainfall 0* SiATCNE IN and aROUno the ARjD-OEDESSa WAriBSMED (MM| I09 ANhrTxufiE AfJ ANNEXUHE Au'l ANNOUflE HMiMMwanC MViVL* s-’AarakS-N^rtSAAiMJHtllK: AA.O-DCMVi W^rRMO .... I 09 DFSiQn DN£NSiONS OF SPRlWAYS FOR $$ DAME FOR RAlrfALL INfENSI TV OF 100 • 150MNVHR 110 RE vised work norms fm aCTm hes PROPOSED .............................. annCxuRE A/5 Recommenced Species fqa Plating. annExuRE A!6 packages of Production Practices Of Crops III I1i 313 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Associate with loifftoctlEcntU Couumau and Technowau Pvt Ltd. , |\Arjo Dcdessfi Errtg&UDii Project CaidunmU Pevtiopmant Plan Acronyms February 2EW7 AMAREW - Amhar a Mucro-enterpnse Development Agricultural Research. Efle^sian and Watershed Management Project BOARD ■ Bureau of Agricuilure and Rurel Development BPEDG CEC - Bureau pr Planning and Economic Development 1&r Qromia - Cat-ion E Mcnarngeacie Capac ity CWT - Community Watershed Team Cm C3A - Centimeler - Central Statistical Authomy C5E ■ Conservation Strategies of Ethiopia EEPA ■ Ethiopian Environmental Protecton Aurthonly EFAP - Ethiopian Forestry Action Program EHRS FAO - Ethiopian Highlands Reclamation Study - Food ano Agriculture Organization FORE - Federal Democrats: Republic o1 Ethiopia FYM - Farm Yard Manure GTZ - German Technical Cooperaton Ha - Hectare Km - Kilomeier LOU LUPRD - Land Class Unh - Land use Planning and Regulatory Department M - Meter MERET ■ Managing Environment Resources tc Enable Transition la more Sustainanie Live-^hoods MoA - Ministry of Agriculture MqARD - Mmistry ol Agriculture and Rura. Development MqWR - Ministry of Waler Resources OIDA - Oromia Irrigation Development Authority PO RCSO SLM - Persons days * Regional Conservation Strategy of Oromia - Sustainable Land Management TLU - Trope al Livestock Urwt USAID - United States Agency for International Development WBlSPP - Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project WFP - World Food Program Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In AiiflclitB with iDimaoUiaut Cquisatlanu and Technocrats Pn U4 ,Dtdma IrrtgutlQn. Project CatctuDEOts DeweiQpme.nl Flan EXECUTIVE SUMMARY February 200? Watershed management is lhe process of formulations and carrying out a course of action involving the manipulator! of resources in a watershed to provide goods and services without adversely affecting the soil, vegetation and waler base Watershed management helps to plan on optimum use of resources within n The activities employed in the watershed as pari of watershed management programme help 10 ensure prateciion, improvement and rehabilitation of certain resources Prevention and control of erosion, consequently reduction Of sect mentation of reservoirs and other important assets is one of the advantages of watershed management Above all the improvement of land productivity and waler availability at a certain location, thereby improving tne livelihood of the community is important aspects of watershed managem&ni in irrigation development projects, the upstream and downstream benefits of the community could only be ensured through watershed management programmes considering l.ne holistic approach m addition to the benefits obtained from irrigation projects. The life span of irrigation projects depends on the management and development interventions earned out in the watershed of the project In this regard, treatment of the watershed with various sod ana water conservation help to reduce sedimentation of irrigation dams and field structures. protect flooding of down stream side of the projects arid ensure equity of benefits from development interventions On the basis al these a study of Arjo-Dedesa watershed has been conducted as part of Arjo- Dedesa Irrigation Prefect The watershed covers about S56.436ha including the reservoir area Oui of the total watershed area 33 5 pci cent is cutftvated. 15 per cent is grazing and 24 5 per cent is under forest □< bush land cover About 5& 2 per cent of the watershed has stope less than or equal to 3 per cent A study conducted on Che biophysical and socio-economic conddions of (he watershed shows that land degradation in the form of soil erosion, shortage of livestock feed as compared to the number of livestock, lack of community awareness in natural resources conservation and other socio-economic problems are enormous Poor farming systems lack of interventions to halt soil erosion, oeforestation and others is tremendous The result of land! capability classification shows that about 35 4 per ceni of the watershed rs classified under land capability class k which does not require soil and waler conservation interventions technically but still need some modifications and improvements m tradihonai systems Moreover, the weakness of attention given to proper implementation of policies and Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise la Associate wtlb iHSTHQUamal ronsnlLants ud TeehDocnu fht Ltd.Ar]& Dsiitssa Lrflfacton Prejea CateiiHienM CtTtloptncnr Plan_________ Fcbmary ZW7 strategies that help to ensure resources conservation in a so-called resource potential area in a Sustainable manner are one of rhe reasons for increasing rale of resources deterioration Pertinent iq these problems, development interventions have been proposed To mention lew. the proposed interventions include soil and water conservation measures such as soil bunds, terraces, cut-off drain*, SS dams, grass strips, alley cropping and etc. livestock management nursery rehabilitation and establishment and others In ehrs regard 82139 6 ha of land will be heated with sol bunds 24867 ha wiih fanya juu terraces, 32km ol gully wi?l be treated with SS dams and stone and live check dams Further development and improvement of 10 springs, treatment of 41232 2 he wrth grass stops. development of 954 km new access roads, rehafoiitation of 19 and establishment of TO nursery sites from which 100 million planting materials are to be produced and preparation of 10,000 compost heaps which are expected to beheld 10. 000 households have been proposed These interventions are proposed to be i rr.pl emen ted over 6 year's period Along wdh these intervention*, strategies for impiementation ano mshtulions responsible For carrying out the implementation of proposed interventions have been indicated. After implementing the proposed mtervenbon* as indicated in the development plan, it rs expected that erosion in the watershed and sedimentation and flooding in the downstream wifi be mirumal and loletabte. The enisling traditional systems cF resource management and awareness of the community would certainty be better Moreover, through implementation of agro-fewestry practices at household level, the encroachment of people to forest areas and destruction of trees in natural forests would be controlled provided that the land use and administration by-laws and guidelines are in place A total cost ol project has been estimated to be 301 J million Ethiopian Birr over six years period of the project These costs include costs lor cml works, inputs required salary, per diem and. transportation If 10 per cent of this cost is covered by the labour contribution of the community tne project investment would be about 271 17 million Ethiopian Birr Water Works & Suparrision Enterprise In Associate with IntcrcOTUnailil CoMKutS udtttliJDMrm M Ltd. .Ajjfl Detest brlgaUon Project Ciuhiiitnia PeTFlopincBL Plan February 2flOT_ 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Watershed Management is an rittalKe process of integrated decision-making regarding uses and modifications of lands and waters within a watershed This process provides a chance lor stakeholders to balance diverse goals and uses for environmental resources, and 10 consider how the«r cumulative actions may affect tong-term sustainability of these resources. Human modrficabons of lands and waters directly after deivery ol water sediments, and nutrients, and thus fundamentally alter agncultural activities Peopte have varying goals and values relative to uses of local land and water resources Watershed management provides a rramewoffc for integrated decision-makrng where we strive to (i) assess the nature ano status erf the watershed ecosystem {nJ define short-term and Jong-term goals far the system (iii) determine objectives and actions needed io achieve selected goals. (rv/ assess oeneffts of each action, (v) implement desired actions. (vi) evaluate the effects of actions and progress toward goals, and (vii) re-evaluate goals and objectives as pan o! an iterative process Watershed management related to agricultural activities involves the planning and execution of need based soil and water conservation practices and other socio-economic interventions Which will consequently control the soil toss, reduce the run-off and improve the livelihood of the community and thus vaII provioe more time of concentrabon for run-off water to infiltrate into soil which will finally conlnbute to ground water It is. therefore, essential to have a watershed as a basis for planning and implementation of various soil and waler conservation programs Watershed management is the integration of appropriate technologies and strategies within the natural boundaries of a. watershed or dr&nage ba&in for optimum development through conservation regeneration and judicious utilization ol all resources -land, water, animal and human within a particular watershed The dynamic processes of the biosphere and ine effects o1 vegetation and soils on these processes such as interception, evaporation, transpiration infiltration. percolation, and surface run-off, subsurface and ground flow all are affected by land management activities on the watershed An improper and expioilive farming practice in the watershed leads Io resource deteriorations. noth ex-situ and irksftu Watersheds with degraded uplands result in sedimentation of reservoir and irrigation structures with frequent Hooding at Water Warks Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Associate wtth latertDcdDenul CoasuituU ud Technocrats Pvt. Led. R -1Arjo Oedewa Irrigation Project Catchments Devctopmeni Plan February 2007 down stream al the outlet of the watershed system proper watershed! management schemes greatly supplement the susiamabilrty of these <ngation schemes, in addition Io the multiple outputs 10 be dewed including forest livestock, and crop products and fishery on upland watershed A %Bud> conducted on Arje-Dedcsa v-arcrshed suggests that the vegetal cover is relatively g«ri and soil erosion is minimal, in many pl^escs except in areas where foresi clearing is caking place particularly that of Borccha and Dcmbi areas The major chaitcnge is seen tc be tow awareness- of the community in natural resource conservation. Demographieslly. there is tav. population pressure Vr here by many- areas -of land are available for culViv^l iopi The explo isaiiun. of natural resources is gening induced u uh Lite need to open new land fur cultivation and cutting o! trees for sale. In many places the depth of soil is good enough co ^upporl agricultural activities without exicmai inputs. Howtrti. many pans of the soil need buffering; with basic siibsLances owing to acidic nature of soils that limit crop production _.ana degradation in Che watershed is associated with deforestation and improperly laid nut of drainage channels m “he cultivated lands The number of livestock 15 found tn be incompatible with carrying capacity or existing grazing lands It has been observed that there is high rale of over grazmg on both grazing lands and cultivated lands during dry penods Failures n1 so«l and water conservation structures are also highly correlated with free grazing of livestock 1.2 Objectives 121 General objective The general objective of teasibikty study at Arp-Dedesa watershed as part of Arjo-Dedesa Irrigation Prefect, r& assessment and identification of biophysical and socio-economic patenWais and problems of watershed along with the resource base, and to give recommendations nni development options that could be applicable ih solving the walershed problems it is also aimed at improving the livelihood of the communrty in the watershed m- the long run equitably through implementation of various mterventrens with due consideration 10 upstream- downstream interactions and reduce competrhon for resource, consequently avoiding conflicts that may arise from inequitable distribution of development and resources between the up stream and down stream community owing to development of irrigation project from which the diown'Stream community benefit. Furthermore the obieclftie of feasibility study of watershed! Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Associate wim iBttrcMUntfiiil MmHavcs ud TecLnotnu Prt. Lid- B 4Arjo Dedcssa Irrlf Atlcn PrtsJ eet Ci-idimEna DeieiopnieBit Flap February 2007 managernem includes- protection of the watershed resources fr-om degradation 3 nd rehabilitation of degraded areas or Arp- Dedesa watershed thereby increasing the prodmclrvity o! agricultural lands in the watershed protection of the existing natural resources especially than of soil water and vegetation. protection of the irrigation dam from sedimentation and Flooding, with due consideration to holistic and integrated approach so that the developmem of irrigation protect would be sustainable. 1.2.2 Specific objectives The specific Libjc-LiiMth irtcLudc inc following Identify rhe biophysical ano socio-econumit problems of ihc wiKtshed for different land uses. Identify areas vulnerable to toil erosion and recommend appropriate soil and water conservatism mciiMicc*. for both afttote and non-arabtc lands tJiar may help io hall erosion identify appropriate inlervcnliwt> and prepare ihc waccrsiied develupmeni plan atong with injuiuLHMii responsible for the umpJemcritacion of lhe development plan Estimate ihc cost required for mptefficnling the proposed warersned managemenl plan Indicate tine monitoring and evaluation systems to effectively implemenl lhe plan and ensure sustainability 1.3 Methodology and approach 1.3.1 Methodology The methodologies folfowM for conducting lhe study of ArfO-Dedesa watershed management are » Review of previous studies and works ■ Review and collection of secondary data al national, regional waredas and watershed levels ■ Delineation of watershed from topographic map cf 1 50.000 stare and interpretation of lhe land uses slopes and other’ dharaderstics of watershed, from topographic maps and aenai photo • Field observation to cross-check interpreted information from maps and ascertain lhe actual and current reality on the ground, and collection of primary data on biophysical and socie-economic situation Waler Works Design & Supervision Enterprise [d AssQcJklt wLLb luttieoudiiEtiul Cauiuluats mH Teehnaenu Pvl LtjL . 5AfJ® iTTfEitlon Project LaichmeBB Beffctopnent Plan February 2007 • Land capability classification was conducted using lhe methodology adopted by Escobedo (1080) land classification for use in soil conservation in Ethiopia The method attempts to identify the MOST SUITABLE LAND USE for sod conservation requirement • The Soil Loss Rate Map has been interpolated trom the study reposts of EHRS, and BCOEM <1999j and assessed and acquired field data based on the limiting parameters 01 soil erodibiirty rainfall tmtttty slope steepness and length, vegetal cover and management practices 1.3.2 Approaches The assignment of watershed management study was undertaxen considering the (o*Qwing five stages and approaches Review of past studies undertaken and to identify data gaps along with recommendation Of inlocmation and data gap filling ii Field investigation data colleulton and consultation w in Woreda and concerned experts ana Regional officers m Analysis of Resources and idenfrfocation of constraints iv OeSMjn of project components and Cost Estimates v Project monitoring ana evaluation Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In liao-cWi with JflicrcDttdntatiJ CcnsuhaQU ind Tecbiwcnts Pvl Ltd. #Arjo Ded«$a Irrigation Project CalclamefluBEveanpEneftL FJm 1.4 Review of Previous Studies and Works February 2007 Sail tro-bicxi by warer is the dominant type of sen I erosion in Ethiopia and is the mosl important tause of soil erosiom in Ethiopian Highlands, wiihin uhkh Arjo-Dcdcsa watershed 15. found. The effect of sod crosuort i$ Inss of sod, removal of organic matter, depfehon of nutrrcms, coriMqucnliy causing decline m land productivity, sedimentation of tracer reservoir* and inc like Currently. Ethiopia i$ facing severe land degradation mainly arising from soil erosion problems. The Ethiopian Highland Reclamation Study (EHRS) esnmaicd that nearly I 9 billion tons of fertile soil is lusi from highlands annually through water erosion alone Thu amount is equivalent to an average soil Joss of 330 tons per hectare per year from cultivated lands Allowing for rc-dcpcrailicm of soil in the bottom lands, the net soil toss from cultivated hands has been estimated to be 100 tons per htetire per year, which is equivalent to 8 mm of soil depth per annum The study further estimated rhat 50% uf the highlands are significantly eroded, 25% seriously eroded, while 4% have reached a point of no economic use It also eviunaied that there is an average annual land productivity decline of 2 2% due to soil erosion. Hurm (198-4) estimated rates of soiJ erosion on croplands ana found so be 42Vha on average, while this rate Jias reached up to 3MtAn on individual fields On the other hand, soil formation rates were estimated to vary between 2 and 22 tonsha per year 11k variations arc based on iJie differencej in agro-ccologic zones, altitude and local situations At present oay Ethiopia forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate and the area cowered by forests at present is only 2 4 percent compared to die estimated *0 percent initial coverage The primary causes of natural forest destruction are agricultural expansion, both through shihrng cultivation and 1he spread of sedentary agriculture the demand for increasing amounts of construction material, fust wood and charcoal Charcoal production is commonplace in the arid, semi-arid and dry humid parts of the country (CSE. 1989) Using fire to fumigate bees and to lacititate hunting is also very common The major source of household energy is biomass A 1SS4 estimate indicated that 94 0 percent of the total energy consumption in Ethiopia was made up of biomass fuels consisting of fuel wtwd animal dung and crop residue (EFAP 1 994) Fuel wood use makes up fit 8 percent of these traditional sources while animal dung and crop residue make up 9 4 ana 6 4 percent, respectively Traditional fuels make up 99 9 percent of lhe rurar energy consumption and the rural population consumes 86 7 percent of the total net energy (EFAP 1994) Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise * 7 In AssocLite with laterenadntfltal PMSdlUB ud TechaiMTita Pvt Ltd zlAfjg Di-desea irrtEHton Project t*tcbni«iu Development Flin February 2M7 in addition lo the deforestation caused by understandable needs, negligent es well as wanion destruction (such as by fire), do contribute to deforestation These types af deforestation have become increasingly frequenl in the last 20 years CX SO This has been a penod tn which secumy ot land tenure and access to natural resources were undermined by unpopular policy measures sucn as frequent redistribution of land and restrictions m Cutting and utilizing trees, even m one’s own backyard Serious destruction gf forests has occurred between the tall of the previous government and the stabilization of the present one Forest and generally biomass degradation, as wed as consequent land degradation, lead 10 the destruction and erosion of biodiversity of both plants and animals More specifically, the destruction of habitals. the introduction of a narrow spectrum of crop vaneties, recurring droughts, as well as wars and conflicts could be menboned as the most common causes for the erosion of foresl cover and Mdiver&ily in Ethiopia Ethiopia’s largely poor rural population, driven by poverty, attempts to satisfy their survival needs through the clearing of more forest land for agricultural purposes (CSE 1905) Based On the evaluation of foresl conditions in the country EFAP (1994) recommended the expansion of tree plantations tn agncultural areas mixed with agricultural operations as means of abating forest degradation and associated problems To evaluate the soil erosion status. EHRS used depth of soil as an important indicator than soil Oeplh affects both soil water nokjing capacity and plant rooting depth providing a direct link between erosion status and productivity Soil scientists now recognized that soil loss has the greatest impact on crop yields through the reduction in soil depth (WBISPP. 2004) The critical depth bekJw which crop yield is affected is between 00 and 100 cm The same study showed thal sorghum and pulses are not affecled until soil deplh reaches 77 cm. indicating drought resistance charactenslics of IbflSe crops Barber <1904) assumed this depth Iq De 10 cm lor Cultivated lands of Ethiopian Highlands that is expected to reach in year 2010 rf the Rends of land use practices continue * Similar situation of the time Correlating the soil depth wdh agro- Bcotogical Zones, EHRS found that deeper soils being associated with the higher potential zones, including the present study area, and correlation with allitufle showed that shallower soils are occLrmng especially a! higher altitudes The decline in sod depth being effected by soil erosion. 1 educes soil moisture storage and thus, reducing the ability of crops to sustain development and survival during 1he mid-penod of rainfall The situation is exacerbated by increased runoff owing to reduction in vegetation caver and reduced soil mfiltfalran due to removal Of top-soils and dogging of sent pores by finer soils Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise tn Aiw elite wl Lh lntar«itiflturaLiJ Cauultuu md Tectentenu Ptt, Ltd. _ *trio Deitesia [RlfUlan Frtlttt Calcbments H*vt^pracnl FL*a frajhid in from upslapB Side Removal of Chip residue? and animal dung pnmanly for fuel Petmiajy EOftF also breaches the natural eyeing of nutrients in 1ne environment further bnpcvgnshmg lhe soil fNCS 1969) Concefn over land degradation. and impacts of it on land productivity and livelihood's of people came to prominent* after me i&?4 drought in recognition tyf the severity of erosion m Ethiopia and snmulaied By recurrent famines especially the major femmes of 1972 and 1984. the government of Elhiopia. assisted Uy FAO undertook a major study on soil erosnon in the Highlands of Ethiopia |EHRS 1985) Recognizing occurrences of soil erosion and recurrent OroughL with international assistance ann especially in association with the WFP. the government has made a major effort to implement soil conservation measures Between 197B and 1984. 590 00km o! contour Bunds covering SOLI .OflOha of cultivated land were implemented along with 6Q0 QMkm diversion chtcnes 1 tQOkm check dams in gullies, and 470,000km of lerraces afloreslation nn l50.000ha of sloping land (Hurm 1935 as quoted by ECEOM-1999) These measures have oeen implemented mainly in Harifghc, South Wstfti South Gondftr North snows. Ttgray and Arbammcn areas, which were affected by drought The recent report pt Ethiopian Envlnnnwilai Protection Authority tEEPA, 2003) showed that between i995 and 1999 i264924Tia on-farm lerraces i 15398ha sod bunds, and 45794113 check dams, I2337ha micro-basins. 5fi*Gha cut-off drains were implemented across the country Generally speaking IO lhe past, focus ha.s been given to physical S&il and water conservation activities Since 1974 the previous government gave much attention io implementation of soil and waler conservation measures as a means of abating land degradation and established Community Forest and Soil Conservation Department (CFSCDj wrthm the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) to plan and oversee conservation and community forestry projects by watershed countrywide The soil and waler conservation and community forestry programmes were then implemented on watershed bases from 190Q up td 1991 During these periods the sue Of watersheds considered as development jn<1 was 2G.DD0 to AO.QOOtia (BCEOM. 1999) In a more gatwa) way (he study of swt erosion situation and the efforts made so far m soil and water cwswvatwn were earned out and given in Abbay River Basin Master Plan pra|ect report This report would he relevant to the targei area of study The study indicated mat soU erosion m the basin and also in Ethiopia as a whole has reacned at the alarming stages and is increasing under 1he combined pressures of increasing population and 0e-vegetalK)n tn light Of this the study further suggested that soil and water Mnservabon strategy should focus on conserving Watsr Works Design & Supervision Enterprise la iVkocLiLb wLlB iBEfere-otiElBrjirjil C'DHEUltants usd TeeLu dcfiu Pi l Lid. 9Arjc Dtdcssi bngaUoa Project Cacdimaals DcTclopTOtac Plan 2D0? currently productive la no at Ine expense of reclaiming degraded lands In principle, soil erosion is directly linked wflh the disturbance o1 soil ch land through cultivation. and thus strategy □* erosion control must focus on protecting cultivated land Extensive assessment and evaluation of the soil and water conservation measures implemented in me country was earned By Donald, 198^ under EHRS project According to this report, attention was given to physical measures arid insufficient aitenljon has been given to the Biological and ecological aspects o! conservation The study further recommended greater attention to identifying and exploiting locally available plant material for stabilization of Dunds and improvement of pasture and to the selection of Me species for different ecological conditions, with out ignoring the need to have quality works of physical measures based on standard norms Moreover, the measures were implemented here and there with out due consideration to watershed It was just in 1980's that a watershed approach was started tn planning and implementing soil and water conservation works [John et al 1984) The activities conducted since then concentrated on sol and stone bunas, terraces, cutoff drains gulty control check dams and forest tree plantation with major emphasis to degraded hilly areas Dunng these periods until the recent limes of the fall of Dergue regime, watershed management programmes conducted have experienced three-fold major constraints Firstly. the planning of watershed works was top down and aeodeo by technical experts, secondly the size of watershed for planning was arge 20-40 thousand hectares and thirdly, the watershed management mtervenlvons were biased to soil and water conservation measures emphasizing on degradeo communal and tally areas with little attention to individually held farmlands (personal view) The lessons Learned from this experiences pushed MoA and support agencies like FAO 10 initiate pilot watershed planning approaches on a bottom-up basis, using smaller units and following community-based approaches resulting in introduction or minimum planning and sub-watershed approach and initiating a shift from larger watershed to smaller watershed as a planning unit This approach was tested at pilot stage through FAO technical assistance from FAO under MoA during 190a - 91 During the last ten years, with support from WFP under ME RET project. GTZ, USAID under AMAREW project and other organizations, the FDRE has worked with communities wittan micro-watersheds to develop and implement natural resources conservation and Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Associate with taurtoBtineoliJ: CflnsuJLinlA and TeebaocTics Pvt Ltd. -it t 1Desmsil iiflfMjMi project Cilgbmnta DitTetopffltal Flm February 2007 community watershed management plan* To reinforce such efforts guidelines on watershed management planning have seen published by the MoARD arU a^e general,? accepted by almost all practitioners Thts wOuni give a favorable condition for implementation of watershed management programmes at community level Water Works Design & 3upenri*ion Enterprise la Assutate Intaron ttirn L*J CoamLUutf todTwtawtiCs Pvt. Ltd..Arjc Dciesaa Imgiuon Project Ctiehtaenu Development Flip February 200? 2. DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHED The ourreni conditions and clWBClenslics o1 watershed are described under this topic to have a Clear pclure of biophysical amd socio-ECDn-Ortiic situations 2.1 Bio-physical features 2.1.1 Climate, Land Use and Topography 2.1.1.1 Location Arjo-Dcdesa watershed which is ongmabng mainly from dense iorest hilts of Sigma, Gera, Mana. Goma and Hint? of other Woretfas. is the area that drams water to Dedesa River, one Of rne tributary rivers to Apbay basin The walershea covers the whole of Ga-jnma, Borecha. Deaesa and SeLema Wandas and pans of Sigmo, Gera Mana, Limu Kosa. Lirnu Seka and Gelchi Woredas It is located in Gromta Regional State parts of Jima and lllu-ababora Zones The watershed can be accessed Ihiough Jimma after 30 tom drive on all weather roads towards Agarp town It fs located ar 360 tom from Addis Ababa and 60 km from Beaele town towards Jimma Geographically fl is located between 36=02 and 36,3fl6 East Longflude. and between 7"43 55 and 8d1353 North iawde The watershed covers a total of 555.436ha, excluding die command area and inclusive of reservoir area The elongation ratio (index oF shaped of watershed is computed io be 0 34 showing weak relief and gentle ground slope, and having a short and w?de shape nearly squat The map available in Fig J.l shows the morphology of River Dede&sa The map shows that Dedesa River has many networks o" tributary rivers The major tributaries ol Dedesa river include. Ater Geda which is originating from Gaway, Larten Chngo Alara Suga and Dapara m Sigmo hills, ftra. which is originating from Muje. Dusta. Dapara and Gabasa forest -n Toba. Aweyitu which is originating from Awanu Buftire Gabisa ano Tjliku Bore m Aggro areas, and Gebs. which is originating from Kebe-recho forest, Kube forest and Wcja forest in Dembi Wjter Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In AMMlate wltft JccmMatliiEiinj QOIBillCMU and Tcthnocrats Ptl Ltd 12Fin. -3 1 R1VPP MnRPwrsi nc;Y <%£ npfKM SWHOCJUTK -r-'-RBijr or rrmoru M.Q-MD41U HMBPIff WMItt mowKji harnun Bin WTU .T’liArje Muis IrTi^jLilnn Projtcs CfcicbmcnU PEvrtaiHntnt Flan 2.1 1 2 CHimate Febrairy 2&Q7 The climate of Ethiopia is influenced by seasonal variations ift the intenropical Convergence Zone (« T C Z) The seasonally changing northeast and southwest trade winds, each containing different amounts q4 humidity converge in thrs equatorial tow pressure zone in addition to orog*aphically determined rainsiomis.. intense precjpiEahon Otten PMuflS primarily from thermal convectron Annual preciprtaEion is concentrated dunng penods when the son is at its peak in the form pl Jong or snort1 rams The long rams are known as Krwtf and the short rams as 0e/g The main climatic information [hat is most important for watershed management is rainfall and temperature Others Tike evapo-transpiralton relative humidily. sotar radiation are subsidiary for pljmfimg watershed management Moreover the importance of such climatic data can bo implied from rainfall and temperature The monthly rainfall wrfftin and nearby areas of the watershed were coaected from four metrological stations namely. Agero. Bedeie Dembi and Jimma Che details of whch are given in Annexes Aj1 and from these data a representative values were reckoned Pea« rams m the project area are observed io concentrate between the months of March to October Almost all monihs pl the year recedes certain amount of ram. with the mrnimuni being m the month of January Figure 2 2 shows graphical representation of monthly rainfall for stations in and around Ago-Dedessa watershed The annual rainfall m the project area ranges between 1535 co 2214mm average being 1035mm Waur Works Design & Superrtsinn Entarprlse B U tn tamlatt a1tb lH1'TCDatmenq|J CMauHnU and TtthflocrtLi PTL Ltd. "iArjo Dede»a Irrlgilion Project Citttoenui Development Plan Figure 22 Average Monthly Rainfall of Stations in and Around Arjo-Dedesa Watershed February 2007 The area is characterized by a numio tropical climate of heavy rainfall in its upper highlands Almost 70% of the total annual rainfall rs received during Kiremt The maximum and minimum monthly temperature vanes between 22 4 - 30 9° C and 8 4- 14 4°C respectively Figure 2 3 shows graphical representation of average monthly temperature at stations n and around Arjo-Dedessa watershed The average wind speed »s 56*cm/day Monthly evapotranspiration vanes between 3 32 and 4 Trnm/day The attitude ranges between 2006 and 3467m above sea level The dominant agro-ecology ts Wet Weyna Dega Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Io Assttloie «1lh lotercootineaUl CoosolUots nd Technocrats Pvt. Lid . 15At]* ImfaLlcM Prnjeet CmhmttiLs Dcvelnpmem Flan Ftgu re 2.3 Average Monthly Tempsraturr or Snikonj m and Arou nd Aqo-ttedessa hatershed February 2007 NtoMw 2.1.1.3 Land (Jse/cover the dvmrfiGIllVi ind mapping Of I Me present land uM classes uF watersheo is essential part ul waiershed management The way a gryen land und is used determines the hydrologic characteristics Qi watershed and development [Mte«DalS and cnnslrainrts A plan of watershed management should be Cased on the type of land UM along wiLh other (actors Chai define Lhe cnnditHins Moreover the type ol land development imerverrtion +s directly relaled to the land use Thus lhe identification and mapping of the land use/cover for Arjo-Detiesa watershed was made and three major and dominant cla&SCS of land use Have been identified Details are available in Figure 2 4 01 the total watershed area of 556 436 ha considered for watershed management program, excluding the roMM area, 186571h* (33.5%) a cuMwated. 02 011 <15%) grwmg. l365fl0ha .24 5%) is Tomsi or bush iano. 246 2 Wil (4 5%) is open wood land 4791 ha (0 36%) as wet or nomp 52314ha (9 4%) unused area and lhe rest 6B560tia (12.3%j ■& under difterent USES such as setnemem. cemetery guiiy. reads, etc TlTese details are available mlablez. 1 Water Warks Design & Supervision Enterprise Ed, Asssdau *1ifi [DlriconUDcnts] Dsurihutj uuj TicliBomii PrL Ltd. aArju Deta-s a Jmgatkia Prajject CalJhmeots DeqtlopnMiH Plan fiJ Cufpvated land February 2007 Cultivated land is devoted io annual crops and perennial crops such as fruits and coffee Some cultivated lands exist in ihe form of cultivated land with scattered trees culbvated land with rrees and shrubs, ana seasonally cuttivafied lands Annual and Perennial crops cover an area of about 80 2% and 19 8% of the total cuflivaled land, respectively The dominant slope is flat to almost flat (0 - 3%) and gently stoping <8 - 15%) in the Order of 72 2 and 20 3 percent respectively This indicates that cultivation taxes place on almost (lai slopes Fores t’fcush /and Forestfbush area includes both naturally and artificially developed ones. 11 accounts few about 24 5% of the watershed indicating the presence of better forest cover aoout 8 limes more than the percent forest cover for 1he whoie country which is 3% only The dommarn slope of the forest or bush land is gently sloping (8 - 15%) and sloping (15 - 30%) in the order of 45.6 and 17 23 percent of the loLai foresCbusn land, respectively (Hi) Grazing /and Grazing land covers 82811 ha. which is 15 percent of the total walershed area. Grazing area is often found mixed with open wood tree Stands The major grass species identified in grazing tangs include Cenchrus sp Sereto. ura sp Hypa^mena sp . Pennr.se/urn sp ana Tnfofrum sp ana Elephant grass The dominant trees and snrubs that are found on grazing lands indude Juniper sp , Temwaija sp . Eucalyptus sp Acacia sp 0/ea A/racana. Podocarpus gracfli, GW) mecnxyfes. JuniperDus pwera and Fjcl-s sp The forage production in the grazing lands is markedly affected by free grazing owing to ammai trampling that influence grass rejuvenation during the ramy season However, it is found that overgrazing is minimal and is not as such a serious proolem during the wet season due to the 'act that grass regeneration is fast owing to the availability of aacquate ram and moisture Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id tasueiitE with. IntettnodnaHaiCoMuliiim ud Technocrats Fn. ted. , 17Arjo Dedens* Irrieabon Project Cate bm rats PcTelopipriit Plan Table 2 1; Oominant land usc.'land cover of the watershed by Woreda February 200? Source:- Agriculture and Rural development offices of respethve Woredas ( June 20061 and Oronua BoFE D Abalracl 2000 Waler Works Design & Supervision Euler prise In Assotlatr wlttlnterwmlliiMrtll CnoinHanti ini Tsctiwrals Pit LidA-rjo Ik a™* lTTl£«tlfln Project CatchaeBU DeieloprornL Plan (nr) Open wood land February ZOOfr The open wood land, which accounts for 4 5% of the total area, is found in some cases combmeo wtlh grazing tands bui identified as open wood lands Woodlands are defined as lenos covered by ihe open stand of trees taller than 5 m but shorter than 20 m and vflth a canopy cower ol more than 20% (EFAP 1994) Woodlanas are found on slopes along lhe rivers on top of hills and on plains There <s no distinct slope range (or this land use Open wood ignds are located in all types of slope ranges The commonest species of wood trees are Acacia Commiphora Eucalyptus species Prates, Enca, artorca. Hypencum poor stands of jerfluperous praters and Hygema Woodlands are important sources of Fuel and construction materials for rural as well as for the urban community They are also sources ol minor lOffrS-l products such as myrrh and honey Open wood land is considered to be the main source of fuel wood and income for a family [v] Wei or swamp Wet or swamp areas are commonly existarrt on the lower tanks of risers and land sinks These lands are used as grazing land during the dry periods and in same cases used to produce maize crops by the res.dual moisture CuHwation ol vegetable and some fru 1 trees ts also carried out by Lhe nearest fanners when the water subsides during the dry periods after three to lour months of the eno of rainy season The area covers about 0.86% ol the total watershed area if is located mamiy on slopes less than 3 - 5%. ivi) Un-used land Un-used lands include beds of seasonal rivers, and peaks of hills and Small patches of abraded sleep areas These areas have no any cover except in some case* where small plants of ferns are found on hili peaks (vik} Miscellaneous tends lands which are mapped as miscellaneous refer to those areas occupied by scattered rurafc villages and rural towns roads and other uses Estimation of lhe size of such areas seems to be tiresome However assumption was made on the average size o! plots occupied by each rural and urban house and this has been correiated wrth the total number of households located in the study area and 1he size of roads and width ol iwer beds Based on this area devoted io miscellaneous use ts reckoned to be 68560ha and is 12 3% of the total study area It should be 1 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise la Anodite *1 lb In rtreanilinjntal Cqbeu Hants aad TttHiitc rats Pvt LbL 19Arjn Btdcssa trtlfidsn PtdjwI noted 1i*at the gardens oi farmers which are under torn uses m «K m snOthdi way were not mcnrfeo m im class of land use Rawer such areas are consioered as cultivated uno T»bte.2,J General wpe cattjcriei ffl Aqa- DtJeW wawnhwl area and jraportani Average slope (%J Area coverage (Ha) Proportions of total (%) Flat or almost liar. 0-3 329690 4 59 2 Gemiy sloping. 3-5 121557 6 21 9 SlOjJMHJ ft-15 53348 7 9.6 Moderately 5*eep 15-30 30452.3 55 Steep 30-50 16491 7 3.0 Very steep >50 4587 3 OB Tout 556,436 too 2.1.1.4 Topography Slope of we wajersneo is categorized as indicated m Table 2 2 and snown m Figure 2 5 The categonzaficn is as per practice prevalent in Ethiopia for soil and water conservaHon Such classification and categorization rs also useful tool for land capability clswdicauon The characteristics of Wo different land uses and identified band class ends (LOU) are indicated in Taele 2 3 Tapie ? 2 depicts than the dominant stope □( walershed IS tn the range of Q to J ptf'Ceffl average being 2 1 percent, wfiith rS adequate slope to initiate erosion Cuitiyafwn ta*es place in most gf (his slope range Soil and waler losses from field are influenced by the sleepness. length and shape oi slopes The Shape of slope is enpreawd m terms of Curvature Slopes may Ee roughly convex or concave Convex slopes increases m Steepness toward the bottom Thus, runoff velocity also increases toward the bottom ol Slope Where as concave Slopes flatten out loward the bottom of the slope and sediment carried m runoff waler settles nut as flow velocity decreases With intense rains and high velocity of flows, however water may concentrate in ccnHM Slopes and star, guftng If gulfing d«s ng! occur [he area toward the bottom Of Slope accumulates high organic matter and Surface soil, and becomes mare valuable as cropland 0n convey slopes there & eg deposition. only removal and these Slopu become progressively poorer Slopes of Af)0-0edesa walershed areas WO more tn OOncave Lype Of slope curvature that has minimal cause to generale erosion and run-off Watar tforks Design & Supervision Enterprise In AssiKkxttwhii tn lercDEdnenn] CoOSUllasU ud Trchoiarrats m ltd. Ifl* I I I 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I I I h.BEII■II I I 1 I I i ■ ■ ■ ■I iM Ar> Uedem Lrflf lUOD Fr(]«c[ CaitKrpsuu Developmen! FUn 2 V 2.2 Land Capability ClassKiCitiOn February 2VT ■ ■ ■ M IM Land capnur ly cLassi'ical on reltrs co 3 systematic arrangement of different kinds of land according io those properties Ehat dwerrnme the aburfy of the land to produce on virtually pefmanent oasis It is the basis of watershed management and devetopm&nt programmes. The basic principle oi soil and waler conservation is to use the land according to Us needs Therefore classifying the lend according to its capability rs a prerequisite and important for piannmg implementation and execution of soil and water conservation programmes The land capabHxy classes to* Arjo-Dedessa watershed have been identified based on the assessment of lire major limiting ladars (directly or indirectly) to use the land in a sustainable manner and the obtained plass units a/e primarily categorized as SOIL CONSERVATION REQUIREMENT CLASSES The major limiting factors considered for this purpose are one or twu qi land features including Slope. Soil depth Past erown. Soil inriltration. Water-logging. Top soil texture and Stonmess or Rockiness The assessment of each feature was made for each type of present tana uses in ranges of stopes as indicated in Table 2.3 for the watershed OeUMminaton 01 the soil conservation requirement class is made following The procedures adopted for Ethiopian conditions by Escobedo (19BB> The land capability classification map for Arjo-Oedessa watershed is available m Figure 2.7 IM The different land uses classified In the same landi class ufiri. however they vary in the limiting listers, are grouped under similar soil conservation requirement class For example, a grass iand that rs ideniified as class ll-> means, il is classified as class two land capability unit with major Imp fling factor bc-ng soil depth A cultivated land that is identified as class Me means, fl is classified as Class two land capatMtrly unit with ma^or limning factor being erosion Although these two land uses are different in their limiting tactors, both betang to the same capability- cum-SOil conservation requirement class and in final mapping they were put under rand class l| Tabte 2 3 indicates the leafturtl of different Band uses Table 2.4 gives the different land uses with the mapor IlmMwvg factors and land capability class unit vwthm which they belong Water Works. & Supervision Enterprise In Assoebit® wide falmnttMinli CcmlCuta ujO TcctujocrmPYL Ltd 27 ■d> rj o DfitfB&sa lrrlt&UoD Project Caithttiflou Development Plaji 1 able. 2.3 Charicigiiilicv of diKerenl land umi <i watershed and lard class unn February 2007 - Land use and slope (%) Inhhfation Land U»c Cultivated I oresVbush Grass land Wood tand Slope |%| 01 1 li B IS 1S30 IMO ifiO 03 M B 15 imo 30 50 >eo w M fl 15 ISM 30 50 *30 03 3ft 014 Area (Ha) 117539 7 23321 4 iroioe l«f»n IM21 1 IM 51 wen s JMTJft IB299 0 2105 0 1229 0 5041*? 1BT2J fl? £955 ■ 5790 B 2732 0 02 B 171B1 7 322? ft Proportions of IXU In % Soil depth (cm] 100 I w 1Q0 I5Q 75- IJ5 501$ SOW >130 Mio <00 150 100150 55 95 55 05 *1M >1W 100 150 100 ISC >150 SoM Texture fiS e*n-i aw aw rM*r. r<w <** aw aw tC **h aw *Wrr > k*-" Ow ton <‘W kOtm tw IU*H’ riww Stpninoir Water Rockiness (%) logging Paet Erpaion to 125 f ft to* SB 01 SB 3 210 1)4 4 fl 16 00 ftio 20 2 14 ro 33 01 692 13 0 Good (pj>] G*dd Good CrfwxJ Good G-txxi Owl COM G« GC-M MnWW Norw to Norw to Nrr* N-xe Hom iMQrtr **• HW Non, to filprt: Sig*" Ml NJ NJ N&-* SbQ* Ml Ciayt? Mrtaiilfi • if <15 <15 <15 15 50 15 50 * ■! <15 • 15 15 30 1530 15X2 «15 -1$ <15 1040 15-30 15 » <15 -U <15 M ImfirMi art M! ciw ta-m Good CIW Cr«Xl Ciw cw fc*ni Good Good Cityw WLrttiiie Nrwrw NJ Nor* to to None Si ^hl NJ >150 CtWW *150 L»i*y art InfermS ar* NJ 1B37 4 74 MoW'iie S<x* S*0M Land ClM« Unit (LCU) 1 II III IV VI VII 1 n m IV VI VII IIL III. Ill IV VI VII, IIL 111. lit Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise tn AMKiite wilb launr OJttowUI Cmifaurt* ind Twfeocrits Pvt U1Arjo Dtdessa Irrigation Projetl CUchmaaU Devttopinciil Plan Fehruiry 2007 Wet o< swamp land Misc«nBn«Qu* 15 36 30 50 -id M J fl 3e £ IS 30 W Utt J S45 9 4*5 6 *2* e tow 3 15591 5 sm? CO W IM 24 W0-150 20 •?« 26 Mt 50 75 2*2 50 M JO 75-56 S*1 cam ■ fl tafcn f'lWr C^f C*i- C*r*r 5*M? kjim finest Good Pox Pb« MuMt flMd 15 36 15 30 15 30 <« <15 <15 is 30 15 H . Mwt SifiM Mn S*0N Mcxw S«»rp Md flesi/4i NJ *"4fritndl ttrip tnj M* NMB «PO* ai? NW Ubjdr- M* IVt Vk Vllp V V IVn IVO vmd Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 29 In Aueclali with IntereoaLioBDUl CoartltMU ud T»afaotr«s PtL LidArjc btdfua ]rtlji[Lon Project C-ncnmeau De?*jDpen*rtL Flin Tab It U So mnwrv of Land ClmifitaUon 'nd Land Cfa* Unh w ith Ma I dr Limiting Factor* 2007 PtrwM-nl Land Ute G Rivaled Forest C^trvaSed Faren Curated Fount Grajirg Wood’ land weeaiand Wood land CulLmfltea Form Grazing iZmooo iano Slope range (%) Area (Ha) {Refer to Table 2.3) Major Limiting factor (a) Land capability or soil conservation requirement class Land Class Unit (Haji Area (Ha] 0-3 117530 7 Mon? 1 197154 2 __________ ) % of totaf 354 0-3 79614 5 3-0 233214 Slope II 3-a 79614 5 0-15 0-15 17910 8 IU 102935.9 105 65412.8 11,0 18299 0 a-i6 0-3 6956 1 171817 3227 0 Soft dcjjlh. Erosion Slop* 3,0 | 8-15 1037 4 15 M 167914 Slope 15-30 6554 9 Erosion 15, W 5796 0 Jnfinrafljo^ 15 - 30 1409 7 rv 97821.6 17.6 Misctiianwus htacelianeous CLdlrvJiea Forest Graz'Jig Wood land Cuttiva'Bd Forest Grazing Wood .and Miscellaneous ^Ve’jSwBTip WWSwamp 3,8 50597 3 R - 15 165915 ■1 30-50 10821 1 VI 16334 8 2-0 30-50 2185 0 30-50 27328 30-50 595 9 Slope, Soil oepin. fr»ion 6l«pe VII 3366.2 0.6 >50 * 50 >50 >50 186 6 1229 0 02 8 496 6 1371 2 46664 water- logging V 4791.0 0.9 3-8 124 0 ____________ Water Works Design & SupsrvislQD Eme rp ris e [a *jFoclatB wttli latercnnttflttml Crrasulianu and Twlmacnu Prt Lid. 31lrrtgiUon FroJ«< CaichmcoLs DeveJopitfec-m Plan February 2007 The results of the Rand capability nr sod conserwafliari requirem*rti classification show that the major limrfing factor of the land use m the watershed is slope That means with the esisting condition even though Bre area receives high amount of rainfall if the vegetal caver of (he land is good and so-’ is deep the sod erosion rs affeaed Slope only On the other hand, soil erosion m many places <3 none to slight owing to the fad chai 8 (hick, vegetaiion cover neglects the effect 0* all cHher factors such as climate topography soil and Others. A bare land on flat land is mere susceptible io erosion than sloppy land covered with thick, vegetation From categorization of Ifte watershed according (0 crude land' capability classification (Table 2 4) about 197154 2ha (35 4%) ps classified as class J Class I land is chafKtttrized by very good rang in all aspeds and very favorable for agricultural purposes if other minor factors such as acdUy are not the limiting lectors Such type of land can be cultivated wrthout any tnierveniions However preventive measures are ci tantamount importance tor projection from mtsuse and funner cause of degradation through adjustment of management practices Table 2 4 shows that 19 5 percent of the watershed area is grouped under capability class II Aboui 11 0 percent of the watershed ■$ classified is capability class III and lhe other major class is class IV which accounts for about 17 6 percent Class VJ accounts for 2 9 percent, foftowed by class 11 that covers C 6 percent The part of lhe watershed lhat is affecled by water-logging or pHmnnc or temporary swamps accounts for only 0 9 portent Class II can be used for agncutturai purposes with some adjustment in agronomic aspects such as crop rotation smp cropping and manuring that helps to increase 1he yield of crops The rest of capability classes eicepi daw J that requires simple agronomic and soil management measures, need some interventions. particularly vegetative measures and water disposing structures to get ride ol excess water in the form of run-off 2.1.3 Forest resources According to some studies in the high rainfall areas of lhe southwest highlands. mcHtding the current study area, the ongmal vegetation of lhe highlands was broadleaved montane high fores! (WBlSPP, 2004) Moreover, in lhe wetter western lowlands inclusive of lhe tower sides of Arjo-Oedessa watershed, this is replaced by Combretum-Teminalia woodlano According to lhe wifcrmation obtained from the Agncuiture and Rural development offices of respective Wcwedas WBISP? (20WJ. RCSO (2000) and map dehneatichn results about 136560ha ol the watershed is covered with forest, which accounts for 24 5 percent o1 the watershed This coverage ts much higner than the regional coverage ol Orqmia representtng 3.2 percent (RCSO. 2000} Where as the national forest cover is 3 56 percent On the other hand, among Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Jo AssneLite with tnlmvaflnailil Cnnj-utLHnu mfl s 3- Pvt Ltd.lrj<i Dcfflssa IfflfAUon Project CatflimcnLs Dcvetopimem Pjaa 2007 ine forty-three identified1 high natural forests in Oromia as Regional Forest Pnorrty AMU (RFPA$) those found in Wrfega Jimma and lllubabor are dominantly mixed broad leaves These broad ieaveo forests consist of dningera ado/fi frettofler spp m association with Ekepergw Afbrzia. Sosqd/ecs. Fagercpsjs Pegecrm. Syzygium. C/btan. CWtt, Rp/yscras and ScfteffTera (RCSO. 2000) These are homes for coffee Arabica The nwxed broad leaved forests in chssE areas are under erpiodation and provide parts of lumber which is now marketed in many parts of Ethiopia Forest ns the mam sources of energy. construction material and income to the community in the watershed rt has been observed that m many areas of the watershed forests are under severe threar due to lack of proper management of the forest, need (or opening new cultivated lands and forest tree marketing The high foresLs suffer from the problems and issues concerning lack of legal status, unclear land tenure for farmers weakness of institutional capacity weak or absence of coexistent extension service, absence of collaboration of acfrvibes and integration of plans, archaic utilization procedures and access co revenue Trees rtJent4«ed in the woodfanos on hulls and highlands of the watershed include Acacia abysirtrca. Pmrea Enca artKres Hypencum. poor stands of Jt/mperaus procers. Hygrinta, etc On the other hand the lowland woodlands include vanous species of Acacva. Commiphora Combmrum Crtrton Oxjrfhamera and so on. Constraint and issue concerning the management, conservatiorvprotectron ot woodlands and bush lands are poor management system of these lands by the bocal communities (EFAP tgfMj Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise # Id taocUte m tnlef rottHgaut CoMulLutt ind Tecbjujcrats Pvl Ltd J±rI I IIllIIIII1IBI* 1■ ■■■■■■lliiiilllll III■filllllllllI I I I I I I ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■ I I I I 1 I I I I L■ I I I 1 I I I I 1r I I I t I ■L L ■1■1n ■ ■ 4r ■I■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ n n ■ ■Ja a in ■ ■ ■ i i i i iI I I I I I I I a ■ ■ ■ I l,W- * ’.f, ijf - wr, ■ v I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I ■ ■ ■ D ■ ■ LII ■ I I I I I I I I I In k I i I l I i i i* * EI >* * I n l ■ I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I Iw B ■ ■ U ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■i * ■ M ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Ml* * * w ■ ■ ■ !■ M M ■* * ■ ■* * ■ n n■ ■ ■ ■Illi■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ I I I 9 E 11111111I I I I I I I I ■ ■ II IIi I I I I I I I ■ « D H ■* * B B ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ *■ !■ m m ■* * * R 0 0 0 0 0FIG. SJ WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT CP **«=*. 1Arjo Dedeua Imgadoo Project CiUhmeDti Development Plu 6 IMPLEMENTATION plan 6 J General schedule February The plan of implementation of the proposed watershed management interventions discussed in this section includes time schedule for implementation of the measures, for showing the setfusnee of activities, list of inputs required: strategic issues that should he considered for Successful implementation and institutions that should he responsible for implementing’ the proposed development mterveniion-s-, without disregarding the existing government structures These atl have been considered by toofcmg unto the actual situation of the country in general and the community and the Woredas in lhe watershed in particular 6-2 Time schedule and phasing Implementation of watershed management interventions requires sequencing of acfivrbes on the basis of priority and prcrcqimutes Planning for the implementation, thus, should take into c&nsfltration sequencing and phasing of mteivenlrons. For example, rt is nol wise to plan implementation of tree planting before seedling production is carried out As a general rule, physical measures should be constructed where necessary before plantations In sod and water conservawDn for watershed management the fust year oT the watershed management programme as devoted to capacity building {where required) and development of physicaf measures and nursery establishment for seedlings production In subsequent years, it will be possible io take-up construction of physical measures- simultaneously with seedling production and esiablishmisflt of plantations Plan of implementation of watershed management intervention should also lake into consideration the terming calendar of the farmers. As such, it should not interfere wtlh the normal agncultural operations. Therefore, selection of appropriate season from the view point of technical aspects and farming systems should be one of the major considerations m planning implementations of interventions The duration of implementation period will depend on the quantity or work involved to achieve each intervention which indirectly depends on the size of areas to be treated, availability of inputs, etc Waler Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Bl In Awdau wlcli biEAmaitiDeaui CensuJtuu ud Tettmocnu Ptl LtdArja Beam* IrrlfUJoD Project Citchmenu Derelspracnt Plan With the basic points discussed earlier the plan of implementation at proposed aelMlws February 200? Ar^Dedessa watershed has been prepared and presented in TlWe 6.1 implementation of the proposed waiersned development interventions has been planned io be carried-out »n two pnases. each phase havmj a period of 1hree years Thus, all the proposed measures would De in place a1 the end of sixth year Tabw £.1 ImpIvHwntalign schedule by plWM and yuan 1-------- IZ ‘' Phase 1 Phase II Activity Uni L Quantity 1 2 3 Sb 5 6 sum Soil bund Km 54760 7 17D0 2015 10000 F-dnyj |lhj seii*ace SS items Ci/iotf o*aiM Km 1857*0 5T5 5640 2050 M’ 900 56.0 225 281 5 M3 1314240 368000 145600 24OQDC1 Grassed wflfleAvJyS M1 lieoa 5760 54WJ 640 Stone- check damj M* 3?1 60 150 61 Live cnee* oamj M* 062 230 120 165 Grass strips Km 20ftl6 1000 1750 7500 CampMt rnanvig No to 000 1000 2000 2000 Nursery rentaoiMaiion No 18 9 a Nursery eslJblrt.hi*n<ri| No Seed cciiie-ciic'n 10 11544 7 2503 112 5 12000Q - 07 366 1500 - - - Trees Legumes Grasses Friwt irees Piltwig Seedling jxcxfcjctnn Qrl 1D 5 5 250 100 150 4 15QO0 3400 112 5 26000 0 50 150 54XM 2000 - a ■■ a *• Kg 50 ZD 30 Kg 65 30 35 ■ •9 to 11OM Z2M 22M 22M to 100 M MM TOM 20M Seedling planCBC»on Nd SOM iw 1-8-M 18M Access rdad Km 964 200 150 200 Spring’ oweiopmcni 10 Nq 1 242 22M 20M 1BM 200 2 1500 0 2470 112 5 1600 00 - 50 1O0 5000 1500 A *■ ■ o ■< ■■ 22M 20M 18M 204 - * .. ■r - - - W ® Wifton Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise * tn Associate with TntertoaUaeatu CcuQlUfiU isd Teckm&criu Pvt Ltd.Atjo Dtdessa Irrigation Project Caiebtntntt Ikvelopimni Flan 6.3 Requirement of inputs February 2(W inputs are resources such as labour equipments planimg materials, etc . which are required la impkcmentatKjm of the activities Table 6 2 shows the list of inputs atong wdh tlwif quanirty and lime when these inputs are required The period of time when these inputs are required should correspond with quantities of activOies mat require the inputs The inputs identified as requirements fpr implementation of the proposed development interventions are ihose of tatxwr, seedlings of trees anq grasses, equipments for nursery and surveying activities and the *ke However since labour and seedlings are included m the activities only equipments and olher inputs are indicated in the Table 5 2 TaWe 6.2 gives the detail of inputs required for implementing me aclivnies indicated «n Table 6 1 Tabla 6-2 Inpjlj rnwHM «W mplemen«|.cfi erf watershed development aclrvrtws Type of input ’■j un 1 Quanti !■ Input* required by period year - ~J Phase N j ~MI_ 1 4 5 6 Clinometers Phase I 23 1 Water level Altimeter Compg$$ No 20 20 No 60 60 NO 20 20 NO i 20 20 1. A Axe Hoe Rake Sfravci hano saw Measuring tape< 50m | No 20 20 MO too 100 No 250 260 No 100 100 ND 250 250 ■1 A T A '• 1---- I Watering can No 50 Wheei barrow No 30 Root pruning scissors No 60 No 20 20 Carsen hgje m 1300 1300 50 30 60 Hammer Scfcle Garden Ion? Spray ,nap sack) No 50 50 No 50 50 No 50 50 ■: Sna^pernng r«e No 18 No 40 Barbed wire Polythene tube m 20000 ai 1000 Qi 1 55 40 18 2000 Fertilizer 0 1QQ0 55 ■,irjo DfijMSH tmiadan nvjca CawnnuDB UevetafffitoL Ru February SOOT 6.4 implementation strategics The proposal ano plan of watershed management interventions alone w - "CH ensu e 1 f effectiveness <rf watershed management programmes Effect rye implementations of 1 * trapesed uiteryeniions should be part c watershed management plan tor wtv>ch setting sfralegw* ln*i ensure effective impfemerflalion oi lhe proposed development interventions required Conjuferabon of fee implementation strategies dvnng the preparation di the project plan «s useful 10 make a:i preparations poor io embarking Ohio me imptemental i$n With ihm logic me strategies for impicmenralHxi of use development interventions have been mdicaied as f allows 6.4.1 implementation of the Interventions should be participatory in real sense there shoula be participation al all slages of watershed management planning stating from problem KJemitaalion ihrougrwwt all ptocesses up Io resource mobilisation and maintenance Utter implementation AKhntKjh an effort has Peen made io involve the community during fiew investigation of the problems, It >3 not up to expected level Thus wh*e ■npiementmg the proposed interwrtions. every rand user and others should participate while Deciding lhe exact positwn of the measures 6.4.2 Watershed logic Io be respected. This strategy requires technical consideration of lhe onentalion of the watershed, in Which implementalKtn oi development interventions should commence from ridge 1ha1 i$ the lughest part of lhe watershed to lhe valley TM will reip to systematically treat the bigger watershed through lrealmg 1he smaller ones 6.4.3 Community capacity building With lhe embng capacity or 1he 1 armers m planning and laying out physical measures and. technical capacity of the Development agems. it would be difficult to implement the interventions BuMmg 1he capacity of both the community ai the grass root level and the developmenl agents Ihrough training and exchange ol experiences at other areas having very effective and successful watershed management programmes u very crucial Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise la Aswditr viLii [utErtontliiaciL CnsuJtaaii and Technocrats Pvl LU. *3 MArjo Dtdtssa Irrtfidaa Pwjtcl CatalunraU Dcrriopment PtM 6.4.4 Group work and local experiences February 2007. The comrTbunify m rhe watershed ano surroundings has good experience of working logethe developmeni activities 'Working together has both posilwe negative s-Jes One of negate s-des is Chai only honest people wo* and others are overshadowed with such people However. Hits can be minimized >1 there is good group leadership to Mly involve community and Obtain the required involvement Moreover, group work encourages concensus at the comrmrty to common interests ard development interventions. This group work should also m unxeo wflh me implementation of common interventions such as area closure In th«s case iraditonai self-help groups couM play significant role 6.4 5 Linkage with regular extension service GovemmciM charts to promote soil and water conservation measures have been most suctesRtul wtiere they have been hiked to ifre general extension service m degraded areas However the regular extension system jnoer proposed project area ■$ too wee* with regard io natural resources conservation Thus, walershed management interventions have to be seen as part ano parcel of productive farming andi not as an optional extra and as such rt should be cons*aered as preventive measure before the situation become rrrevefs*bie 6.4.6 Rural land certification The Federal and Regional governments should ensure land holding security lor the farmers so trial every farmer <s able to develop the sense of belonging towards the proposed development Hiterventions 6.4.7 Recognition of the role of women Women a?e the most affected pad or society in the watershed and elsewhere in Ethiopia They travel a tfng distance to retch water collect firewood, etc Their role in watershed management is significant especially in homestead interventions and interventions that are directly linked with their day to day activities Therefore, their role should be recognized m all aspects of the ampiememabon and sincere efforts should be made to achieve iheir involvement Water Works Deslfb & Supervision Enterprise tn AuodSte with [nuirtinriMiitii Consultsts m Tectmocrats Pn Ltd*r)o tedessB IrrtfiClon PrtjKt CxrthmaflLi DgulflpnwBt riaj 6.4.0 Project Cosl’Sharlng February ZOffi Co^-shanng by stakeholders helps in developing sense of ownership towards the imp e ■rtervenbons among lhe stakeholders and ensures sustainability oJ tne development measu In 1his regard, those irnervenrtions requiring labor need lo be implemented by commu y organizations and investment on those measures and inpuls, which can not be managed by community should De made by other agencies 6.4.9 Flexibility In placing proposed measures In wtnersheo management there i$ no hard and fast rule that 15 peculiar to specific areas requires fltribilrty m locating lhe proposed interventions rito practice depending on the conrScions a1 micro- level phyiieaE features and social conditions 65 Institutions implementation of lhe proposed development interventions should be made Utrough exislmg government structure. However the organizational arrangement ol Woredas <n respect of understanding proposed interventions and number ol manpower is inadequate of handle the implementation of lhe plan successfully Woredas have few professionals with little or no knowledge on watershed management. The organizational structure of Agriculture and Rural Development offices of 1he Woredas shows lhai there is one experl for each of lhe lotlowing soil and water conservation, Agro-forestry and Forestry and lhey are (he only human resources Co carry out the nalural resources development programmes This number will not be adequate to handle the proposed watershed management actrvrties More importantly is that the woreda experts do nol nave any Iraiiwg 10 either upgrade their Knowledge or ‘mprove the* skill as is the case for degraded and so-called 1oM m-secured woredas of lhe country in general and Oromia region m particular Moreover, the Woredas have no adequate budget and togufics for me sector n has been learned dunng lhe discussions that lhe attention given to the sector is very low. the reason atlrtbuied is mpsl probably the negligence and overlooking natural resource secior in the area by the g&vernmenl However it will not be logical to establish a separate inslltubon for imptemwiteig the proposed interventions 11 is advisable to improve the existing manpower by recruiting additional experts and sfrenglhemng lhe capably of Woredas in terms ol skill and equipments Moreover lhe ditferenl experts in the Woceda such as rural roan, water resources. social workers and etc need io be organized as muflidisciphnary team With those experts in lhe natural resources sector The recommendations given in CBPWO guideline of me Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development is quite appropriate option for Water Works Design & Supentsion Enterprise , I n AuaclitB with true ten alia ratal CM$ah»u u>4 T ee tm o e nu Ptl Ltd. TtEMOheb ImfUton Prejto CltehffltBU EkTHlnpifleffit Flaq Febmary 20OT carrying out rhe iwatershed management scovmes Ust 0< rBlrtifliOfis- identified w imtptemenl 1M walershed management programme along- whh their roles is gwcfi in Tatne 6 3 At cornmurwcy level rf <s aovisarHe io- establish community watershed teams fo* every smaller wMjershfld sizes could be m the uinge of 5GO - lOODha The development agems may ad as coordinators and play ine role of liaison between different communrty watershed! teams and Wcweda yflices and provide technical supped Titiic & 1 injiiriyi-pjns ptoposed for imp*emeniabotfi 01 deveKfXnent plan with jhpir major roles ln«tilirtion( s) MoWR Major Mias and rBsp&njIbiNt^iesI - Capacity bulling *1 -consultation with MoARD ano Regmnail BOARD - Avail budget and equipments Monrionftj and evaluation hoard r Capacity bailing >n consuitaflion with MoWR and Regional BoARD ■ Organize and prowioe iraimngs together with Regional BoARD - MmwImmki and evah/aflion Oromia BcARO ■■ E^Si/re proper irnp4?nienUliOH ot the jxan Weredas ARD - Give oack-stop to 1he Seredas ■ Arrange ana provide warnings to Wereda staff - Purchase- the necessary -eqy.pments end tools as per the mandate - Perform ocher aelivrties as per the mandates regardjng watershed managtment u tmptemeni. fgiipw-up ono give technic# support to the community and development agent - Provide necessary inpuls - Arrange and provide bswwigs to development agents ano the tarmers DeveopmeM Agenii.&j Provide Menwn services - Liaisons the different CWTs - Provide irpirwigs to Farmers and provide technical suf^-cn Corn minify ■AWshedTeani ; iCMH} NGOs JMensch&n Fur M&nsohen elc J ■ Csjty nui ine mpiemeniatai - Organize the community tor she proper implementabon ot the plan - Serve as f-erniawnt contact ot DA and community - Provide financial and mabertBis assistance ■ Parrxipaie m mplementalion - Provide trainingsArjfl Dedesji rmjidin Projtei CSitdllMBtt HkTfljpiMtiC plan Fehnun Zfrfr? 7 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT APPROACH AND ACTION PLAN + A iwm-track approach needs 10 be adopied m the planning io meet growing demands of food and w fulfill the aspiration of the resource-poor people The produdrvify needs to be enhanced m belter environment To achieve this iirst strategy it is necessary to make use ol biotechnology transgenic crops information technology (IT), geographical information system l.GlSl- geographical positioning system (GPS). geography! information management system (GMlS) precision farming and other lugn technology too*s Secondly, the degraded areas as well as resource poor situations (ram-red ateasji warrant simple, doable economically liable, SOdaHy acceptable and eco-friendly loots Among these are non-pesticidal pest management INPM) irtiegrated nLrtwnt management (INM) integrated water management (PAM). in village seed production ana easily manageable resource -conservation methods Indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) needs specrlx attention in such a scenario Multidisciplinary research and integrated area development on a watershed basis is the requirement This needs a comprehensrve capacity Building exercise al a?l levels Structural adjustment in capacitating primary ^lake-holders to be the decision-maker and making the wdmen and the poor as equal partners in such an endeavor is ‘.he firs-! requirements For this, the government organizations. and non government organisation will have to play a promosionat rote than governance role The village commundies will be encouraged to evolve into homogenous groups to manage their own resources providing an access to knowledge systems and- enabling them to withstand natural caiamfoes like drought The effic-ent management of common pool or property resources (CPRs) to enhance the* productivity in a watershed and growing of plants of choice of Stake-holdefs 15 pl paramount importance This can also enhance the ground water recharge m the lower elements of slope besides enabling production of bolh economic and other much needed bio-mass (fuel, foddei manure, fruits, noh-timber forest product etc) Thus for sustainable development, the W capitals namely nature human mbhjiional and social are to be considered together as they all are relevant in sustainability and livelihood security specially in ram-fed Ecosystems Water Works Design 4 SupenhlDD Enterprise Ib AmSdin *1tfi iildreaiUDnUil CddsuHihu ud TtchnocTitt fvt. Ltd.AJjn Mhsi JrnEaljciiiPnJecc L3.Lgam.faL5 PeFtlopnwaL Plan 7.1 Sociai Structures February 2007 The pnmsry stake-holders are Ed oe organized into homogeneous groups as proposed «n figure & (ABemarlive 11 The Project Implemerhing Agency (PIAs wouJd mobilize them in Sei! He<p Groups iSHGs; for thrills ana credits and undertaking groups (UGsj for undetlaking works These groups are to form working agency (WA) and working agency has to elect working committee (WC) The working comm-rtwe will employ a secretary lo help bolh working agency and working committee Working agency and working committee will etect a president and chairmen respedrvety Also Bw working committee would employ 2 volunteers. (1 male and a femaiej afong with 4 members as watershed development team (WDTi The WDT members wii be Para-lechmta- m expertise to help <n social motslization, soil conservation. water harvesting and production systems in alte*riarjve II there can be men, women inclusive or SHGs. UGsa common iffl&esC groups (ClGs^ Cattle Breeders Associations |CBAs} grazers. Wrest pwMclfon committee etc in thia alternative project rmpiemen.ljng agency will involve lbe above and other concerned Those groups shall net work a village or kebe*e otganization who k&se with working committee or working agency (WA) and keUefe Adminrstralicin or worecs a AdnwustratiOh They will create federation, which would haiSe wrth lira department ol Bureau d Agriculture and Rural Development (BOARD) for converging existing rural development program wir watershed Development progr am Water Works Dnsi£n & Supervision Enterprise Ln Asintiate tilth I rtUiran tinmen CflnpoHinu 1Dii TmHhmtiu pT[. lu WAr)o Detasa irrteiuon Project CaichmepLs Oevelopment Plan FtHruaiy BMF'~ Alternative I: Federation (woreca Working commute* (WC)or Workmg Agency (WA) Groups Alternative-!) Secretary -- " 1 Volunteers Working committee (VVCj revolving Water Development Team (WOT) 1L Primary Stake Molders Figure 7.1 Swill Mabllizallan ABtemati^n Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In A33ocl*tr tflib IvtmwEbMttl Cgnanjliinu ud TrctLaixrim Pit. LtdAtJd Odessa Irrigation Project Cauhmenu DrveLopmtnt Flan 7-2 Action Plan FeUruary ffljL The adion plan would include the feasibte i&chntMDgies that are eco-friendly leading to sustamaoie development wiih equuy being at upper mos! in agenda The situation analyses by fKunary stakc-hobders provides any understanding of stale-of-the an in natural resources, production systems social and other institutional capitals Th«s would help in identifying needed-capacity building particularly for reaching the un-fEaohed. The component may include wke natural resource management (NRM) Land based activities (LBAs}. non-land-basod adJViL^es (NBAs) and marketing 7.11 Natural Reso u rce Mana gement The Action Plan tor Natural Resource Management is available mi Fig 7 2 This may include land and waler o1 common property resources (CARS) and private (individual) stake-holders The isna includes community lands wastelands ana fallow lands, which need development, protection and food production respectively The water from CPRs have two dimensions^ retrieval of wosfmg water harvesting structures and provision of cost effective new water harvesting structures The private lands need conservation ana improvement to enhance their productivity in IM watershed crops like barley, tefl finger millet pulses, oilseed varieties requiring less water, should be popularized 7 2.2 Land-based activities The Action Plan for Land Based System (LBS) is available in Figure 7 3 These activities include plants and livestock and then productivity it required to be enhanced Among crops, food crops would receive priority attention 10 reduce food insecurity anti to ensure ecological access to food ana nutrition as per the government policy According to land use capability classes. Lhe crops, vegetables, flowers will be grown and land wouW be also assigned for other jses as given *i Figure 7 3 Water Works Design 1 Supervision Enterprise . In Associate wlUi InLmcffidiiffiLii CflawLunu and TtdiMcrau Fvt. Lid. -‘SArjo Dedessi Irrigation Project Catchmepta Ocaelopme nt Plan February ZW? Natural Resource Manaflamant (NRM| c Common pioperly Private Rirtftiirces iCPR*^ Walfli Waler ■ y,___ 1 Watersheds Traditional waler Harvesting <:l i I ii"Pi l***8^. zr I) Conservation 11} Improvement i) Development m^n3O4*mpnl Low duly crops Devetopmenl Retrieval New watei Harvesting Structures i WHSsi □ Community land Prelection Fallow lands Food production Cos-1 effective Figure 7,2 Action plan For Natural Resource Managamrnt Water Works De sign & Supervise rut nterprise 92 Id Auocialt with lutercoDtlii eirtat CodbuIIuU ind TcrhnMTaU Pvt LtdArjfl Dedesta Pro J eel CaixbmeBU PeYelopmcuL Plan February 300? Figure 7.3 Action plan for Lind Based Water Works Design & Supervise [^Enterprise In AaacrJalo wJlb InUfCODCluenlil CodsuIcidU mtfeclBoerits PtL LC± ■r*.Me Pede.EM Irr^w^ii tajta CjiEthroHns Ornlopmen-i Pi? n FtbruiTT :£Dff7 1 he livesioch categories hr- laken toy die slaxe-holders as per their resources the resource poor many Lake poultry or small ruminants The farmers or stakehotders should take viable unit or livestock For better income as given bel&w Lf^ofLivea'sgj ■) Cattle including cross-breads nJ Sheep {Local improved) ii) Goal [local! improved! mJ Poultry Viable Unit 03 50 bw’bs 1-1 or 2 mma 3Q does * 1 buck 10-20 birds, The livesloek nave an important mie in nutrient nKyCttng A uiM of 3 cows + 2 calves can add 113 kg N * 67 kg P O- ’ 80kg K O per annum, ^here litler. dung a^d unn# are converted m lo 2 2 Farm yard manure (ligure ■ 7.2.3 Non land-based activities These aetivrties are important to be developed as livelihood support systems lor the landless or olhc* poor in She habitation (Fkj 7 4> The^e inefude services and other activities. Among tne services, tne commumoalian of information is the mast critical in crealmg the awareness They include ceH?phoi*e cabte netwrk. audiovisual etc There are several essential services al rural level like oiatk-smfih, carpentry tailoring eic to toe encouraged Agncurttural services may include preparation al veimimcompost, plant nursery custom services pertaining to improved loa<s and machines etc Start! and food may include embroidery, food processing etc Water Works Design & Supervision EaterprUe Ed wllb tomtoadfitaui CQosuiLuts ud Ttebucnte Pvl ltdArjo Dedrssa Irrigation Project Caubments frevelopEictn Plan February 2OC7 Figure 7 4 Action Plan for No<i Land - Baaad ActiviUoa Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Auodau with tDurwnttncDtaJ ConrattiaLi aad Technotmu Ptl LU.Arjg Odessa imuiuon Project Cak-lidEQU PenkipniHH han 7.2.4 Marketing February jXr7 The proposes market systems toi rural areas in a watersnedi a*e given in Figure 7 5 to reduce the cost of transport in a collective marketing system figure 7.5 Action flan tor marketing The marketing may cover carter system, local market, warehouse facilities and product processing umls with value addition facilities 7.2.5 Production systems For enhancing productivity pl crops and livestock, training and capacity building are very important This is a two way process and needs to be continuous and with lime it may become wd-financmg institution The production system involving Land - based activities aioru] with the need ct framing and capacity building is represented m Figure 7 & Looking at relevance and role 01 exiension system, proper thmkmg needs io be given for encouraging private extension service providers (PESOsi At the rural level, prwate farmers organizations pnvate input dealers, agficuhural cooperative banks. NGOs etc may play a very important role in transfer ot technoi&gies Fo* this, the first attempt needs to be the proper documentation of their knowledge in various production systems, as success story Such approach would enable to identity master larmers and self-employed youth to work as service providers in the crop ano livestock production systems The government ano non-government organizations with their role ol promotion and master farmers with their success stories would work through SHGs on the systems &1 less external mpLrt-susta.naWe agituflure (LEISAj LElSA involves participatory technotogy development Waler Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In wtti LncErcQadnuitaJ Cunlluu uft Twhaocriu hrt Led.M Hedcsca ImcaUoo Project n CliclMMaij CnttopnantPlM February EW (PTD), fawners Wd schools (FFS} and integrated croo management (ICM) Integrated crop management includes, m-village wed production. particularly of crops requiring higher seed rales besides «teg<ated rww<eni management (INM) Training and Capacity building 11 Self-employed ycx/lTi {Serwe Prov-derer Master farme/s (Service Providers) 1 I- stir Help Groups {SHGs) ♦ Cod per awes Cable Breeders -\5SDGiallOA5 ------- * CBAs Less External mput-sustamable Aqricutlurt (LElSA) I Marketing — -► Health care —► Cattle rearing * Fodder *. ArlifiMl insemination HAD Participawiy Technology Development (PTD) Faimers' Field schoQt (FFS) integrated crop managemeni (ICM) 1I T T m-wiliage seed Integrated mjlrwnt PrcduCbOfl ll-VSPj MarfiageniiBnl (WlM) f Nonpeslisn cxlai pesi T Psfljcpitafy Mydr*K>gitJW Mvnagefnenl (NPMi MoMwmg Figure 7.5 Produtflrtft fryiWfflB IflvWwr^ Lind-fcaieo AfitiMteft Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In MwLitB tTjL± laLcnvBifn^nul CgoMlttau md Tecft&Knti Pvt Lcd_ ^7Af1<j Ded«iilfri£itton Project Catchmenu Dmlgpmcpl Plan February £007 Non pesticidal pest markagement (NPM) of insects-pMt and participatory nydrotogic^i monitoring (PHM) is efficient use of scarce waler All these steps will help in bunging out &CO- fnftndty sustainable production 7.2.6 Training and Capacity Building The pradite of above Innovation would require large scale training and capacity buifdsng that could oe best aone through master farmers, need to be promoted by GO and NGO agencies LEI SA approac hes are low-cost and eco-friendly The self-emptayed youth can become service providers for live stock and encourage Cattle Breeders’ Associations {CBAsj to outsource Para- extension persons for health-care and artificial inseminalion. cattle rearing and feed and fodder development The training and capacity building will include resource center and out sourcing I service providers) livestock w.u cover Al fodder bank and heetth care 7.2.7 Package of Production Practices The integration of crops with livestock production would be the most economic production System Um the farmed m the water shed The package of production practices has been prepared which is available at Annex - A/6 7.2.0 Management of Finances and Financial Resources The financial structure o1 watershed development is proposed as given in Figure? 7 and fund flow m Figure 7 0 in financial management any government fund will be routed through kebeto administration to federation or milage organization They may get donation or bank loans also The money from this source will be provided to groups (SHG, UGs. ClGs. CBAs etc) cased on approved action plan submitted by individual through groups Such fund flaw can also include interest on savings These funds can not be given only for groups few livelihood and production systems as soft loan but also as grant through federation or village organization for nfrastructural development for training and capacity-building, livestock and marketing Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id AssoeHu with iHtcrwnUucntil Conjuiutiii a mJ TKhaoerou Pvc Ud UKArjo De4«sa trdiEBl3DB Project CatcLnunts tkttlopmtBi Flan February 2007 Donation Feo erat-jon « Government grant Bank Village organization Kebete Adm Institution iI Individuals Figure 7.7 Financial Structure Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Assoclitn with iBtBTcnatmwuJ CtimUaau ud TechuettU Pn. LtdOdessa Inijatlflii PtdJcce Catchgnenu fltvctopnieQi: ptm February 2OIT7 Funding Agency gotfl through. Aebeie Admirhstratcn 7 * Grafts Revolving found ' R F) (WDF? savings Sort toans. (village organizaljci n) Grants {Federation o< viJiagefkebe*e organization) ^and-based Activities Norv-land based Aclivit-.es Training and Capacity building Livesiocx Marketing — Ai Local barter Market Resource center Groups Members __ Out Murcrfig — Fodder Bank - Warehouse Health care Product processing and ^Service pf&vidersF Figure 7.B Funatow *— Value addition Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise I h AssDClitr with 1ctsreD&Qfl4BLiJ CftM&Jhuti ud TeeMgcmU Ptl Lid.Aijo Ocde?Hb IfitEtilan P-fojetL Catchments Bmteyne&i Plui 8. ESTIMATION OF COST FOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT February WJ The csJimtfiKxi gf ewis tur the watershed msrugement component has been made bas*?a op Inc slandiMd wpik ncfms developed for sort and water conservation measures ano laier revised m 2000 by the then iMMty ol AgncuRure in coopefabon with WFP The worx npems a>e 9*en m Anreaure A?5 The cqs1 vsbmiHon is categorized unoci three terns, i c ■} costs tar wl woim «4 costs for inputs ano iiQ costs tor braining ard running costs TaWe 0.1 < rnh Fur Civil workt Type or aetlMicy Unit Quantity Jnrt wit* Total tost ^Birryoocr Remark Soh&j'wj F anp /ju lEi^ace ro PD 8213955 w 621W 6 J3HOT0 10 33140 S3 Bm RD 1440 TO HI CJ»off dron tiKiS’iudjcr pg id 10774 fl GrlMW wJFtfwarjfS RD i;fl® 10 -------------r 120 StoffW cnec*. dims PD 7<2 10 7 42 Uw cjieck dams PD 052 ID 0 62 Gra» slrtfl aong cErSouf* PD 61M35 ID 51B4 8 Cumpcrtt fflakmg PD 10®® 10 1000 ________________________________ Nursery ‘ehgtdfJlian No 1fl 10.000 TOD ________________________________ Nursery estaMshment ho 10 20.000 2M Seed CdlfdMjn - Tmrs ■ legumes - GrtMM . Frifll tees PD MOM w PC 2500 10 PD 5® 10 PO 13000 1 1w wo 25 5 130 Pitting PD 7333333 10 73333 3 Seeding p'Dflucruxi PD 15000® 10 15000 &ecdmg piantaiKjn PD 1BOOOOO 10 1BMD Access load i PD - Spring development PD 2052000 10 2B62D 1 170® 10 170 Subtotal 27711066 2773W.9 r uml cMI TPO lO&irr. Water Worts Design & Supervision Enterprise I n Associate will InCrrwntlBtntij CanmltMU 4H4 Tecknocratl PVL Ud. , 101Arja BtdnsUnlcitlnn frojict C<C£bnL:a|3 Otlrttijmni Plan February ZOOT Ttbto 8.Z Cost! far Inputi 3nd material Type of InputfmjIffrjLBl CiinwftMcrs W*iw level Almrtar Ccxnpm Measjimg t)p®|Wm Ait Hflfr Rate Shore! Unit Quantity Unit cost (Birr) Total cost iBkrrrOOO’ Nd 20 500 10 Remark Nd 60 50 NO 20 500 *** w Ng 20 260 150 3 10 5.2 3 NO Ng No Nd 1W 250 100 250 40 4 « 20 as Hard- sar* 20 25 Waiting can Wheel WfQw NO SO No float pruning $ci$$grs No Garden hose w 60 1800 Hammer Sctle Garaen fork Spra^ jstap sacKj Sharpening F-£? BSK&K w No SO Nd SO Nd SO 25 45 200 50 25 20 25 Nd 40 330 Nd 18 30 m 20000 3 Polythene tube 1000 20 Fertmzer Chemicals “HuK.rrvfa 1 a 55 Lt 5 300 350 10Q 10 1 a as 05 1 25 1 35 12 90 1 25 1i 125 132 0S4 BQ 20 25 500 I Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise is twilit mm koiuuiOMtai tontthnxm! lJu]Dcdessa Irrtgadon Project CtldllMmUJkrriapmMi Ftlfl Table B.3 Stationary and other items February Items, Stationary Scientific calculator Digital Camera Hand oag Motor bicycle Unit Quantity Unit coat (Birr) Total cost iBirrj'OOO' 100 49 Remark - ho 40 - 120 ho 10 5000 50 ho 1000 300 200 NO 20 45000 DouMe-cup VehkCie No Sutt-tolal 9 45OM0 900 <050 5304.9 Table 8.4 SbEmv% Per Diem and transportation 4- " "1 Title Salary Description Cost (Birri'OOO’ Two experts for each Wcreda recruited 9x2000x12x6 One coordinator al 1he region 1x2500x12x6 1296 100 Per Diem Three experts ifom each Woreda for 30 days per jear 3x9x100x30x6- 406 J 10 drivers tor 30 days eacn year 10x70x30x6 , 126 Two experts iron ihe Regxjn for 20 day^ each year 2x100x20x6 Training ol DA s tor 20 aay$. 4 DA s from each Wcreoa 4X9X70x20 Training of 1000 Farmers each year for five years tor five days 1000x50x5x5 24 SOT 1?5D Transport alien Fuel, oinlment, etc 100 Sub-total l 3512.4 1—______ _________ i Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise [Q MwcLitfl with [ntBftguunBQtiL CotJBMtinu *nd Tectaoemts FMi LtdArfo BedesEi impulon Prtjefl Calcluntala bErtinpamw rim Tibw & 5 Summary of coats Februarr No Destrlplion Watershed treatment activities 1 inputs and materials 3 Stationary and other items 4 Salary. Per Diem and transportation Cotl iBirrj'OOO’ 277350.9 7T5.M 53049 3512.4 total Contingency {5%} 2*6953.1 11347 665 Grana tout 301300.755 Waler Works Design & Supervision Enterprise tn Aswdaia with Istp tflnlLnciitil eoamilMta aad Ttthttoemia Pn. Lid.Arjo Drdfssa Lm^aUon Project CiLchmmLs fieielopmtnt Plun 9. BENEFITS EXPECTED FetaWT SOOT The benefits of watershed managemeni interventions could be quaMative and quantitative The quantitative benefits indude the ga« m economic terms from the implemented measures. Atiich requires the comparison of the total cost incurred to develop a certain measure and the benefit obtained alter the measure is being m pace This involves cost-benefit analysis o*1 the measures The quahtatrve benefits involve the benefits Chai may not be easily or directly quantified in monetary terms For exampte. ttw cooling effect and increase in concentration of oxygen due id plantation of Crees in a certain area But lhe quantity of biomass production can be quantified directly in spite of such differences, cost-benefit analysis of such programmes can be made when the analysis is stretched over lime That is, 1he benefits from watershed management interventions would accrue nol so much Io the present generation but would be enjoyed more by future generations Such analysis <s not part of the present study However I ne fotowing on-farm benefits of watershed management a*e expected • Stabilization or increase m crop or pasture yields Stabilization of yield refers io those srtuations where cortservation prevents a decline in yields that would occur if erosion is unchecked increased in yield can also come from improved nutrient supply through organic matter compost additions, agro-forestry. etc • Improved livestock proauction from increased quantity and quality of fodder. for example from grass strips, altey chopping Of bund embankments • Prevention of sedimentation ol reserved ana irrigation dam si the downstream of the watershed • Improved supply ol fuel wood and construction matenals • increased income and empfoymem ■ increased value ol land ano *ve<srfication ol products from a single plot of land • improvement in water suppry owing 10 increased infiltration- of rainfall and reduction in run-off • Prevention of flooding of both the reservoir and command area • Better accessib*ty to marXet outlets Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Is MHrtiw 'vtli LntertanUntaUJ CcbmIUbu ud TwhnotTita Pvt LidArjn Otdeui Ln-igajL#n Projwc CateiinMaU Cevtlopaiem flip 10 MONITORING AND EVALUATION February 3007 MonikMmg ano eviiiuaiion of performance of inieivenbons implemented aa watershed management programmes is an important too lo value the proper implementation and oui pure and impacts there ate Therefore it should be considered with serious attention Through monitoring raw data Of infafmalxjn can be collected From the project area which ar rater lime may be used for evaluating the success and impact of a projBGC Moreover monitoring is a management tool which facilitates continued teaming and provides quaMy information for evaMbOA. which s a process in wmeh judgments on smxess andfor failures are made Monitoring and evaluation of Ine performance 01 the activities during implementation and afterwaros should be participatory for ensuring effective watershed management programme For the current (xo|ed rt is recommended to carry out continuous monitoring at various stages as lhe condriion permits Evaluation should be made al the end ol every year Of completion of the pran c*1 work for the yw Moreover the impacts of the interventions shoufd be evaluated The following indicators are suggested tor monitoring and evaluation • Amount of activities achieved against the plan • Maintenance inx? improvement in the land productivity • improvement m livestock feed supply erfher in terms of quantrfy or quality • Decrease in soil erosion ano reduction in sedimentation • Change m lhe livelihood of the community through a longer period • Increase m vegetal cover on forest and grazing lands and decrease m deforestation of forest areas • Avaifatx?rty of water and increase m lhe yield of Spring? • Change in awareness of the community towards the need for watershed management, and lhe number of farmers community who have adapted Lhe interventions on their farm land where requireo Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Io Asior iile with lattrcnniJ^en 111 Cvosultuu tnd TcchsocTm EM_ Lid rt I 06Arjo Dedcssa tnl£aiiop Project [ ate tune tics Dei tlojunm Plan REFERENCES February ZDQ7 Anonymous (2002) Proceedings of a workshop on Watershed Approach to Water Supply Food Security and natural Resources Management Oromia water Minerals and Energy Resouices Development Bureau Finfrne Barber, R (1984) An Assessment of the Dominant Soil Degradation Processes. Ethiopian Highlands Reclamation Slijdy LliRD MoA. Addis Atrabfl BCEOM (1999) Data Collection Sue investigation, Survey and Analysis Abbey Ri'ver Basin integrated Development Master Plan Project. Vol XIII. Part 1. MoWR, Addis Ababa BPEDO (2002) Statistical Abstract for Jimma Zone, Jimma CSA. 2005 Statistical Abstract Central Statistical Agency Addis Ababa. Ethiopia, CSE, 1989 Conservation Strategies of Ethiopia, Transitional Government of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa Donals.B.T {1904) Soil and water Conservation m the Ethiopian Highlands-An Assessment of Requirements and Evaluation of Activities. Ethiopian Highlanos reclamation Study LUPRD MbA. Addis Ababa Donals.B.T (1984) Strategy Proposals for soil and water conservation in the Ethiopian Highlands. Ethiopian Highlands recEamartwn SLudy. LUPRD. MoA. Addis Ababa, EEPA (2003 f. State of Environment Report for Ethiopia. Ethiopian Environmental Protection A'Jlnonty Addis Ababa. Ethiopia Escobedo. J.U (19BBJ. Land Classification for Use in soil Conservation. Community forests and soil conservation Department. MoA, Assistance to Sod and Water Conservation Programme phase II. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Ethiopian Forestry Action Program (1994). Ministry of Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection. Volume it and Volume III, Final Report, EFAP Secretariat. Addis Ababa Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 1 In AsscckitD wiLii InurtgnUscataL CcwuJtuts Tnlmocnu Pvt Ltd. iArjo DcdcsM JirijaUau ProJ act I'aicJimtnis Dffvejopment Fltfi Hurni, 1981 Soil Formaiion Rates m Ethiopia Working paper 2 EHRS, MoA, Addis Abate FBARRA, R el al (t9B4). Soil Conservation mArjo. Weltega Region, EHRS Land Use Planning and Regulatory Department of Mirwslry of Agriculture m Cooperation with FAO Addis Ababa John «l ll {1984). Methodotogy for Sub-watershed Development Planning and Implementation, Field document no 2 Assistance to sol and waler conservation programme phase II. Harar Eltnop*a February 2W7 Merely S (1985). Guidelines tor Description and Interpretation of SdiI Properties tor Subwalcisheo pevetopmern Planning. Field Document Na 10, Community Forestry and Soil Conservation Department. MoA-FAO. Harar Ethiopia MoARD (2005) Community Based Participatory Watershed Development: A Guideline. Pan 1 first edition. Add>s Ababa, Ethiopia MoARD (2004) Woody BiomaSS Inventory and Strategic Ptannmg Project A national strategic plan for Biomass energy sector, final report. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia Morgan. R.P.C,(19E6} Soil Erosion and Conservation Longman. London NEDECO [1998j. Tekeza River Basm Integrated Development Master Plan Report. Vol XVr, Addis Abaca Ethiopia RCSO (2000), The Resource Base. Its Ulilization and Planning for Sustainability Regional Conservation Strategy. Qromia National Regional Government. FtoHnne Solomon Abate (1994). Land Use Dynamics Soil Degradation and Potential for Sustainable Use m Mclu Area. Illubabor Region. Ethiopia. University of Berne, Switzerland TUDEMAN, 1996 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT Guidelines for Indian Conditions. OMEGA Scientific publishers New Delhi India Aster Works Design & Supervision Enterprise IMS [n AssoctiLb with In lerco ntlnwitll CoBSUllints lad luj ~j?Ar)a Dedessa Irritation Pmjt tt CatChfflfaiU PerriopmerH Plan Annexes ANNEXURE A/1 Average monthly ranfai oMiatcns in and •round Hie Ario-Dedessa Watershed (mmj February ^0' S/ N I-... Station Jan Feb Mat Apr May June Jul Sep 1 ■■ ■■■I 1 AflJ/O 36.0 37 0 102 1 ■ 112 1 1809 2404 □el 149 9 Nov* Dec Annua# 240 8 239 7 107 4 67 2 39 7 1 744 —— 2 Bedele 3 Dombi ■an 14 9 23 6 70 0 93 3 ---------- 1 — 240 7 332 6 302 3 325 & 207 a 290 3 257 9 14 0 346 9 31J & — 146 3 216 1 32 d Ml «a 347 --------- 1 96 B ---------- q 16B$ 209 6 326 6 30 ■’ —“""I 37 6 4 Jimma — 345 24 Q 77 0 1477 T90 9 247 9 1946 198 3 129 4 55 3 38 1 1845 2214 1535 4 Annexurir Ari Monthly mjumurn and minimum temperature pt stations in ano around the At|O- Dedesa Watershed S.'N Station leva! Jen Feb Mar Apr May 1 Agaro Min. lij.aJ ’io4 11 8 11 5 12 3 June July 118 11 9 ... . --- . Aug Sep 12 0 12-0 27 1 27 7 Ocl Nov Dec —1 11 .W 11.1 2fi.2 28 7 104 20 9* 30 S 30 5 29 9 29 3 27.7 27 0 Ave. 19 6' 20 6 21 1 20 8 20 a 19.8 19 5 28 5 19.5 19 9 20 0 19 9 195 2 Bedelc Min. ii id 120 14 0 14 4 138 131 13.0 130 12 7 124 116 LVn Max 27 1' 29 3 28 4 28 4 26 5 Awe. 19.4| 21 0 21.2 21 4 20 2 3 Oembi Min. 129 13-5 136 14 1 14 2 24 1 22 4 “a 24 4 24 9 25 7 ,_____ 1_____ 18 G 17 7 179 185 IB 6 18 7 136 12 9 13 3 134 iZ.Cj 12 2 Max. 27 B 29 4 29 1 27 9 25 7 24 3 , —. 25 3 25 9 26 9 ■------- Awe. Na na na ra na n» na na na na na --- ——1------- 4 Jlmma Min. 8 9 8.4 12 i 133 13 0 134 13 7 Max. 28.5 30 9 30 5 29 5 28 3 26 7 25 1 Ave. 189 19.8 21 3 21 4 210 20 1 19 4 139 13 5 12 7 94 26.6 19 1 117 1 »■ —-J 27 5 na 8.5 25 4 27 0 27.4 27 9 P26 4 196 20 31 20 0 18 6 184 ha o aata not available for some rnonths Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise I □ Aisoekiw wiw ItutttoiiiianiuJ Consultants nd Tpchmwnts Pvt Ltd. . 109 £±Arjo Dedfiia trrttiUOn Project Cmcflmenu Cerclojnintit Plan AhntkurC A? J CJr-s.ig'i dimij^iinjns Ql tpilhvayi Ice SS dams lor ramfall ifllrnsiry Pf -00 ' February gem' (Adopted irom CBPWD. 2O&SJ _ —------------------------- — Calchmen 1 air» (HecUrej Base wrdth of spillway |b| Medium runoff High runoff coefficient 10 4] coefficient 10.71 Depth of flow Total depth c ni 2 Ofl ---------------------- — gM 0 70 3 01 M C Xi 4 C9 14 0 >5 t- r? ------ ■— ri Aft 3 *0 >6 0 41! 0 SC fl i0 St □ 50 1 CO fl in '1 0 55 rO id Zi 0 6C i pa U 10 2i 000 1 IS M •i 2 fl oou 1 tu If T1 yr GW ■ju n 11 2P OW T 20 Ki 1J 0 80 ■M ,a If 51 060 I 2G -------------------- ■- ■ '1 ?e ad 44 0 65 1 2^ rt 23 *1 0 TO 1 JO M 27 Fi 0 70 1 Ki A? 32 0 75 i 35 iii 11 n 0 75 » -2 T| ----------- — ™ —------------- |B i 35 T>i ' 1 s 35 #’S « Ji 96 _ 0« i 35 ■w Al Il 3 0 75 1W K 71 11 0 °T5 1 45 S1 14 fl 0 75 lM iU— 9i 14 A 0 75 iW Waler Works Design & Supervision Enterprise [a JU-wdaie *liti I at orc* a tinea 1*1 CsnaulUnts and Terhnocrala Pw LU. , 1 iArjo Dedcssa !rrt;xU&n Projwc Catchments Developm ent Ano FtbrWT Annriufr A/4 Revis&a wcxX norma lor achvi ttfi proposed Activity Unit Work norm PDK-n isoPrAKU $lora hA3 PQHn ?w*a*^ Xi'rL-raj oft DwT-1 Cjt-tf**** i^ffua«r Pfr-Nn'i WlPD iijPCpKjt' j Tttw rt’O r?«»e aMfWp Z-Z^F'-Cto" r jianp 3**' DJ-Firf-cn " mTpd m’.-PC- 1 PCiiiUK^kT-J 0 5V i*O ISP&lMfc t* Efcr^ wwi 1PP1SPB PiH «c- JXr <£Tu>i PO*S K**C-*'J wrt cp«**“ W) ippc.1t-J $er*n?CAre? S4id«rtH|i PtlftfcTJi pp.H^VtJJ 1R3AD WK** V1 B*wre>* ' .‘U6P&3««n$ ."pr^m- «PW® in j/n^i I SitrS I pave* mrfat Aw cnpHX>3 igpa**i r Gimm HXun HHW 533*- iPMTS^- fJ*T¥lfflne«Krt SS arn»^*»T aEmdrufljflft • iPOrt Sffi1 w*W Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Ln Associate wish IcttrcouttneDUl tamUftiiu xnd TKhnccrala PtL Ltd.11 Ar)o Dedesst IrTlf tUon ProJ«1 CmcHmenU Deiclopmepi Plu Febrotry 200? ANNEXURE AJ5 Recommended Species for Plating No 1 »- Specirt P induction m JZh** $4« Limber Fodder Fiwacuon M.. Uta i£bw>f n • t■frJt I ttaTs-JkllJ 4; r* r-1< J CiHua* -J .Jie’ArJl I. LI-! ■ .ftM ft-ji? n<j E -jiNin* a-‘; ns C Irton LJodirt* » ‘ij i F > rf-fr K □ «±4j-TVI. E TtxU *C.| 5->ACA F .'riin>*L IbVJ E wca^L* c*“J**Aenm t jW>n Fjl ‘ 1C-27 10 40 CJrtle JD-u’- GrevW-iptwii* _ OU •u*D£*:' PN*rw rpCfcAMl Pi-zx* -Aft-MAJi PnJduCI i ■ ‘JkaiUB flmmnm j .-■ axw Se*MT»i >rlD»->___ .HMTl a^n—n»a fLf.Mnl JW» Water Warks Design & Supervision Ent vprise 112 ID Associate lrhii ln!ircomln«al*l CotuuJluts ind Tect&krau Pvt Ltd " ' * “ .* >. > >>>>> x x „ „ „ v „Arjg Dedessi imgailnB Project CaLctimcn Ls &gygjg p nieoc Fian ANNEXURE A^6 Packages of Production Practices Of Crops February 2QQ7 i Name of Cropy Reftoryja sthva) sutgifeupS ndic-a A IWJTKJ. locally called Rw“ Varifllies CliHllliC Need Land Preparation Sowing limes. & method Seed rate tkg'ha) Nulrienl needs Ikgfhs) varwi-ei or indtDl a*ta Japoncas Need Fnlioduchon and tw-*Ualnn in She tegicn erf tlhrc^j i-nfHtdislely J*hMo F'lWMUirt SerTM-dwatf yanebes Temptri-hjie oenweSA 13- 3CJ*c allCuda up Ip 7SQ0m pp04 m<*n iea ta*ei Adequate Tine teiluied taw cermeaLii' ity P" langing aotqfis - 2-3 pkjjghingi FtaOdrig Io a toplti cd 15 ta 25 cm * tier OTJ [Xddtog Trantplmimg 2 3 seedings pei -Ml al 2d Ic ?5 cm spacing or tfifflr I ited^g m fpwi 15- JC cm aoen m June JUy er Det JM 25 30 to- Nursery D-*eci Seeding 00 90 b9 60 1 COg N 40 45*g P O5 4 Z 30-40-g K 0 es a p* SOF ress Intei ■ culture Manual weeding * uH erf to'Ocde lie a-mschioi 1 5 kg 11 tai weed SHlrci ei lee ihe le*i tar dolil! Irngaln? n& '/Taler Keep rhe tin rest Miura u&n ihioug/i edlM th owing M-’Kta Depth erf migibgn 5 10 cm each Ime Harvesting t field .,q/hal Low kemets of panreies hj-J dZiuqh yeitaw edm Jnd modp iJdwn 53 63 W some mn to q^mah oi more wilh gpedi .managemEr, |1 i Ma lie (Zo mays) Local ■Bai-ota1 $c*gtom fwCpAXl IflCal Deni A Aint com hybnds and ccmpasiles ol rr^diurr dwa'.c-n High pekji'ip ■anelei ANJ frybrdS Alemjya ?0 and others From S« InvDl Id 24<M>h store t.l. sun and waler laving *j.-i rr*an dfrly leiwpa'tfvi* even fro'e Orpughl Idcridt giows up Id JDOGm aMvf mean sea Deep ’heavy day io iighl jol tol*en dbUMd wflh PH range Itaffi 6-6 Gi**1 on vede range fll io* Mil on Fms seed bed free iMcffl weed one deep ploughing fcrtcweSOy 2- 5 hanowing! One deep piughng Followed by 2 W 3 hjriwflflJ® June July Cm Dec-Jan June-July pipe al 70cm a 7Ccm and Det Jan crop »160 it 1&cm IpSCing 4 lu 5 cm totp pMng May June Wflh first ilin mJ Dec-Jin Mlh iHigjIion wrlh Irler cross L«ne 20-2>g 15-2»g 100120 ng N. TLMteg P;X>5 and 3tk40* g KtO 10 15kg Zinc lufcihal* fll M pei sen sen nuufi Dtfr JCfcgN 2040-fl PyO5and 4O9O«g Uieol Airaame ® 1-1 5 kgiha* s d manual 2-3 weed.rg talked by einnuig Apsrfit-ic-ijr ol Aliure 8 10kg ilia W P m i jj__________ 500-600 mm dapertamg u(W |he CWTMrft- DondMans AvCkl wale* -w-j « 7 'ngabori 4Wlcttt m-ti mariy ladled JI- SO Ourtais Hrwil el physiotagcai maftuirty stage conl*r-ng 25-30% yieta 30-35 qu-nih o* Ad 50 quintals When 1W J liter, atota 15 2DH mo-shjfe 4nj . Ml lufns Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Associate wllii [Dlercontineatal Consulunta and Tcrto6cr*is Pvt Lid. Diseases A Peals □■.ffererU s-peces o’ hoppeis Ind btgNC SFfl CCtfTWion mset l-petta 4*fl d-MSSei soa Jvlais and cenliot r-iaasu'ai in the lari Mid Inseu pMiaie slaft borei AArtan Imm wcim maire aphids Army wo*m and mrn dtseaies aie MUlharn cam tAgM □nd fka* n spot Us* C&ilrpl ip+aiu’o Mteja null am star* W>i*t and IJhpagepesI s Man illArjo Cedes**. IrrlKaGoc project CalchmenU DenelopmeiH Plan February 2007 riar:n- 'Z'engvde 4 i ^7-ie M-c mca -/*■ W P1* fl & IP fl 5 Dieih tri-fiy s wm-zr tPOJlKlII ipjKnq+5r m i 5 cm w T?»<m ■ idem baled on i-&4 rerriHy nvim nn5Ch*rMi*i ’ rtT’rrJt'ig -,r dif-eaiei 3*1! led io* loliai iiiidite smut and gram mikJij far COnliQi meawre sea lhe lut |Tr*ojm MSl.vum> iTfrtCurn durum; local namB "Sindte’ HighywWng s«rrud*a<f v-a'ietos oJ bo*i sptcos su<1abie L-a Ibo area aflei h»1 TeiriJWi Blum Mihwten 1? & » 22 5’c *1 1500 ie 2tOOn l&M AMftMl level Wide ijpga pi miHicm B*ntyla dWr PH00ta BO Pufvordtd Ki wflh good lith Ifta One deep ploughing and 4-5 Mirowrtgt to good p4n| aland June ig July and Nov Oecembei i«d iown<n inei ty dkii 22 5cm apari IDO 175 Ig la 125 130kg B012Ch.g N Parfl K 34 p*t ir« io* IMI Green mmaring ve*y ute to Ona CH two seeding &■ use ol heiticde *------------------- Abc-jl 5M TDOmrn J. E irngaun during Nov planted Crop See «Mget in tod --- “--------------- Harwell when SrairFs aiedry wilh dry planli *04S qmnl* at mere w.lh good -n art agemen ts Mainly disease pratfemt ii* ttar im slem ru*i ard knee 5-m-ji Sec COto W meature IromlBxi B*l»y |Ht>0fum ndgaet] local name yeD>l* LflfilhQh yielding Y*nehts C fig cd lypel or lypt Temp*i*lure 7 5 W 2Z 5 cc Al IW’lO 5000m abbve mean *ve Sandy team 10 eMr with 6 5 Io ®0, AdWlaU e laeven margin* Land WM pul veiled tdk with good UVi one deep ploughing iglkMed by ?■ 3 bin o eigj June July end Dec towing in line 32 4 cm apart by md dm o' brotd gmI method Dep*i or ttrtmg 5-Bcm Ibi runted 00- iGCfcg OtfrgN 30kg PA ard KjO m iper ihe s&J tail 11 weeding m3rruii> or Chamc^s lie 2.4 D ■3 0 5 kg a tor Me* SjAjion and pendi melhalme 5 « g^n IH »F.1 350-550 mm WMn piamt ton yeiow Ind dry 2S 30 Quintal Ito 1 Erigr'Crp-J It^) w E*bby twici) Local name’ lei ’ OrOT-354 Dj-01-99 Dl-01 J8* DZ-C’I T9C Average 1crrgMrilu*e 15P-2O°C II I000lo240& m above s-ca knrfl Heavy tortured id i wilh p'e? Wefl pulverized S&l wJhgixd lillft. M plDughirgj pi htrr-pwiingt July, by frwd 2U-3C*g caei meih&d par Im ?0 3CfcgN * 20- 4obg PjOSifl ritnfiifl mured 1 area □nt ai FwO manual deperwing □n weed mltmJy N'L ViVitn plants ton yetow i sb*aw 2 15 eVh* Aphids, coveied a nd ; wm smul yetow rust etc For LOnt'Dl misurw ■see iiw Iflii Wan tvth ChCtoL Ep4«Ma Red »fl , *Orrri Ltaeaies ara Oampmg <ilf Ru-14 Waterworks In Aisoclalg with [au )D EDtqnrise ud Techwcriii nt- LU 11JAljt Irrtf^doo ProjecL Caicbmctls uevetopmtfH Pirn Fetruiry 2007 —------------- --------- j i Seo 1e.it Id* conboi rneatwfel 1 Fing** rriiitl ItleuCine ctnacanaj iQCal nirtW Daguisa improved vaiety □row kxa<area Wda advpttbAtr bul above s$,c lamp upto 2503m above sea btwH ItJkg F- NPK ai ii-s® rale d 50 * 40 * J5kj 1*0 efleciwt hand weeding When plants ora yelow and hnge«H Car caifr pinai stem tNwei, lea- apftdi AlrTIy WOirns Ind cul woms Cn&ijaiw aie Wail biOwn spot cr head and she,is II*ns grey Fuki peas ipeufM sehijum] LWil rune Aim Two MWW*** leCO^TirflflrdBd rc* |ha air* Adel 1 and sahnash lom-peiMjie Id’c- 23’c al 'K£ 32DOm ibo-< sea level Rtqufes smoori I44d bed with fine Hth____________ R*QUWM ’♦wcughlied piapa'BiHm with 2 3 pkiugftnfl and hanowWjt Sown any lune ol the y*»i out i awiled crop sown m hX* Jtiy by oioad c*U Juft* July and Dec January EnMilDd tn rowi 40 50cm acian. m tiioad casl sowing flO 4CfcgN- 4060 kg P?O> ♦ BO 150 tg ii •awding Hai\«si*d whan punij ar* had dry virus Pea apbds aid pod boier Dil«M*l aiv pciwdery 150 bUQ 6 ped* <>y mi Wow lea - iequ-ied mm 1 $-20 Mil Sptf Chid Pea <Cw m*Muflty local njrre S-himbi a1 Until |l*ns •mMfria) Local nam* Mn.r Imp'd*® vatitttts Should be giown On'j D"* ‘J^od vanely NE.L 3$fl More may te ■rtmduttd Te*npcralu<e t»twoen 15fl. in at aililLrie ol i23O-20COm aOOve sea fertt Tamper ai’-ua 1SG 25e M 1«D0-32Mrn ibM sea Gibwn- oft ar >pa Ql ciiJs clay 10 llJ*H9p io>m wffi PHfiiW 05 1■■ — Dun *e> on at •ypntf sals wrfh pH ■a/vjng horn 5 5 70 Maavm deep heavy sue w?h qwfl wafer rftiauting and P &- u 2 Grown on writ Pingt qr Kris Irghl loam io Wack _____ Aequudl itiugh**4d papal iton □no o< hao ploughing a hanowng #r* anouyh Poe rd !’iqj< 0 v|iy IIXWOugh land pr«para1 ran b<z t should be weed Ijaa Augusl Sep-' and Decembai January Broad can Of dril town BE cm deep 30cm J 5-6 cm Juna-July and Dec-January Bicadtasl ar in* lowing al 25 30 cm row spacing Ofe weeding 3 weals ---------------------- 1 Ci^woim and diseases are root nn ccuar tdl and will When plann control 2-3 1520kg H* 4Qkg P Os atfer Mngat-on 65- lOCfcg sowing enough mdry season him yeh&w and pcJs dry 2O2J QuAtpl j ; One weeding 3-4 weeks N+ 4040 *^•1 3Cm>g kgP/M saving 350^550 mm bul Oral ii ngaiiCA 450ays aflat Wwn pfanis lirfn biown and settH dry 101$ Quintal meaioies as suggenao red m leii Pesls n pea ■phd and dnaasee h-e rt-41 r.’CC-'J IQ* bl^h[ ■nd lull •144 feHlor Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In AnocLau with litmowtlBtatll Ctunttuts ud Tecbsfcnis Pit LtdArjo OedBssa IrrtgaUon Prdjeci Caicbmeiits ItevelD pin cm Plan Ftbruan 2007 T’ I 5t»IS 2 3 hairftM ag control) | Giown q*i w-Jt i*n^t ol son, rn*d*m •epiirtd deep Tern per Hun sandy Two *nedirg <mbi 3 4 »w» 350 Fate beans i wcia labt| 'uOt-ai name 11 Mitt L lO-PP’c al IBM 32DO* Nc SB and other above wa 10am io clay bam won PH vanents *■< 5 5lo6 5 Ol deep plough ng wdh 2 3 hariqwmg to nare land lie* 1icm clads andWfttoi 2O3i>fl N« 70 _40kg p O«i aftei tiding and 7^6 B*eeka atlor sewing SSOim bul firftl ■ruga hen <5days atlei sow<>g 12 MedCOt ptan -IpKaseotrf -vi/gans | LOCH name fiKHOfe*' Th*ie ate large number tfl mOMva bul Temper al me is 25*c at improved one WQJIOOni su«i At* '3< area •obe grpwn Above sea RMi Ghwrfl on wide range »0<H light sandy to netvy day PM 551065 No need cd ima mih Orw ploughing and ? hanowr»g lise weeds andb-g clods ■iwbew— June by broMCArp 01 dkil aA 40tm 1 7DC 5tm spacing 25»g June-July and Decembei by broad OSi and *ina sowing Dwibqn vary liom 50 days at 1200m. 10 115 days al 2200m spacing afbSCcm 1 7 ?M0 kgN« 40 eohg <5cm 40-BOg Pj05 On* we wing 3-4 weeks aflfli* scrwng 300 500 mm lr«*g»t«3n ol 5 enbeat Sll9et df panl growth IFWCI petit pod 50101 and disease is rust Pesls are Beeile J«ai>ds bean 1ly hqitfw^m Diseases are c*an rtf le»4 spot bacterial Mfhl 13 GitiuftG nul iAt*chs hypogaeal local H am* Lwh 0* OCftOfoM Vai o+es belong Io two grnvpf Requited we 1 Temptitrture bunch and IB-OTc «1 spreading more 1500m Yfll*1*iki be above sea ■ntfoducfd len- —----------------- -- Iemp*i>1uia iniroducbon ol 15-21’c al good vanttea iBCC 3MM- lhe area BS< m—i— Grown on ■ndt variety Of so- typei but deep sandy icjm 4 b«! June jijy and Uec Januaiy Lina towing 41 30-4$ cm a 15cm tor pulverized spread ng and good sod Mh ?Q-3Dcmi 10 Ore deep 1$ cm bunch plbugNh} wilh Oi 22 5cm k 3*3 hn towings Idem June-July or 20 40kg N< 40- ODfcg P2O5- 20-4 (Xg K7O + 4 100- quintal 12Cig gypsum at MBifttN Paging L____ >3-40 hg N ♦ 20- 3Og P2O5 * 1 2 hoeing *ai weed control and earthwig up 2 weeding UI34 **»k Cl Sowing and 2nd fl* $00- ?00nvn an vandut ©tfbcal growth stages When lhe pUnls gets yeiicw and Sl*re dry ng 2O25quirMai Green pods 3-4 pKkirnjB F01 seed narvftt+d when leaves lurn ye low and planii start drying. 15-20 qunii.ai Yedowing of ■eaves and teal Shedding OHk L iK M*M lTShJ* ih* shell 3D- 4Q quintal MW prepa-ed Dec Bioad 14 1_____ 1 Linseed Itmum usdaiitv- rryni Local G>twa an rypt 01 SCHli wilh pfti-? wood and CM cOtl or line ■me soy one town 30om □t»ugb jg and Apart 25 30 JDkg - 23 harrowings kg suphui 350-500 mmiseasci n --------- -------------- When pianti ’em 12-15 dulihln ----------------------J Aphid* *nd i*a! rohai □ seises arc rust and ________ 1 Pests Ji* *ph.ds African bbl iwoim f»nc bo* e* Ond l*fTFiflB a -d majix dsease s nnl Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In taoclate wUb iDtercratintuui CohsbHmjw and TtdkMcrati PiL Lid.Ar)o Dcdtisa irrtRation Prcjecl CakTiments DPTclapanEnL Plm Fehrujiry 2(HJ7 pMnl lpiL>hg wi|h rfte piKXt pl earthing MP o 60 stages PDqunuls - ’ 0 cm iai< denis Safflower iLjirihamui lnelfrnri-1 Use al unproved vanebes 3*d hybriiB Tampeialuie 15-7S*c Does ncfl 1imqi a-xliem* cil cold a rd hfljfl *e*1ifc deep will d>MWd heavy so. wrth ph SB. aat tateiaprt crop Rfl4MN» tw 1i«* seed bed ana p-cughmg with 1 4 hapow-ng cteam seed BM June nac-Jan 0'ired al lhe spacing of 3D- aOemid *cM*e 110 WQ fUr.ltTia B1Dkg 1—“------- 30 50kg N* lS?D ■g sulphur * PjOn ft Mi 10ri leal One weed ng encujh Rainfed on "diriuai mouluFe as rter- Crop When fianlj Itlrt (frying 15-20 quneaB ■--------------------- Pglala iSDljrxjfn lubftfQMim] ix-ai name Tirnch Local aiW Imported Need Io Fart mpi* t-urnty Onion .Allium cepil Local ram? SI’iNujrt Loen md lorr-pe mure s$*-25*e mce» lubviiiBlHJr: below 21°c -1 v?r! da f ■ziOTdiiiflns TernwihHlmt IMc-25fc Gma on ^1 lypes OfWC W h«I drained lajrr anil P’‘5S - 7S G-’OWl C<“ Hui daep liiatfe npoded Need moie Ideal *OJ» are ’C hft* rare Itffl 2ipc Can be planted n August and Decarnhur January m rowiflOtiTi a pari al ?Dcm from tubei 1a lute' Can be pimied rn June-July and January M 30-35 t?m apart ifi Ime 25-35 qnxflBi 120 l5Dkg K+ 4$ag PjOS* lOO-nSkg K4O ling ahem immediate ty *hfd pianlmg ana al12 15 Pays nlervai |22 25 mmfc Fftqvenl indnglM nngihpr. required (12 Sfnmji Al iddn as plants ge! yellcws and lub»H nurture 300- 350 qtarOrt iDQpai leal hep pei **iilr fry Oleases ere teal oLghi R-Jit Root a nu coto rot Downy miJiUc-h head r« Apr»ds caps ule tanei diseases air AlFeiniiij leaf nnx rust wilt rauls rot 1 AJH early dgm tear spot (ieiH c«fl l eer wdL. son ret common scab crriil* mowte Aphid t- lubfli IHfflii cut HCHTi beil P“ 50-65 When real Hl<U lallrg 3rd do 150 -100 quintals IhJips m*te Qfugn tty CulW’JIPi - RaquHfl g«d seed bed life liQm HMds «Hd Ckjui one deep ploughing and 3-4 harrowing? TfiaqiirM Ml paired weed ir*e 3Md ted fix {rarspianling rb» seedings 7-BweeM QU 10.15 *S 150 kg N* SCugP^ SCfcgK Oral weeded •nd earthing up when pl|r.'4 ait 8--10tm lai ■cepi weed ftM II stage Use tfltoTip « 3 Shir pei ria Water Works Id Aisuckite wlih laic mEniirprjse ind TflCbifiknils Pit. Ltd. 1 IKArjc DadBss* Irrigation Project f Alcbmciiis Development FLbj February 2O(J7 Canpl i Caucus canola) Led# raoie *ari«< A|fb irripiD*«ed variety avalaM Ceol season but *so ■Jf Sic I'.:;" 1empe»Futei Grows On all types of sols bM bail in dWp -<ei di***d lOM W* p\$h •deal WfrJ prepared sail try deep plnugh ng and hariowing free from weed* Seetfpwnen * >m0M JKM5 rAi apai in. Juty August ■nd Januaiy □■ in December 50kg fi&kgN flOkg* •n-ffllKMi* ty afrei frftr.ipi*n|i "9 treelike fry weeo Cixwa Ihinmrg ic>eep pJa-MIo pJam drslarc* 0* * 5 cm Crte or two MOifrg to- gwi Minion spray of slomp 3-S hiei/hR irrmwliilt ty a^ei swing K**p |J> rdgts rrbotjhjt* M full ge=mnaic r> Then irngaliofi S ' b days ■Hlti^tl rl nji»n i2 26 <nm| HWWH whan- ipcfl nrtar.5 2 E- J iyn dianwiti al uppei end 150- 25d ^■h* lenuto (LycopNICCn escdiehti/Tty Gowsr«9h yiekSi'i] vanebes- artJ styO«l bear riKw auiiibte-fcy 1 he Tern Demise lerr-i»llni area la be grown Variety B^*laW* C-jMifle 1 Briwca glerartl MF Cjpnau, n Ihe area Infrotfjtl^n pl ■frflrmo- Te’npt’Jfiore i$c.?5*eNo tfcmp* iilure MNIV GiQv4 on tarcty t&vnlO Cl*¥ wis with pH fHS GidwS Oh ill type! al ctty h&*n or will Wed pie pared w**d fie* seed c*d cqu^ed Oood and weed Or«k seed 0fit} Figured by deep t r *rnp*n|L^ a JiXW -Uy and Ncvembei Decern bei al spacing Tfltm ■ a 5cm cw 90tm t Mfcrri a ^week 0*J Ifttf mgs 120 *gh* Gfrfcg 50kg K2O+ 2tmg 001*1 iSDkgN* Rgkg P« TQfr.ij K 2-1 hoeing esHrial MbwWby casih >j up Use pendkmett’- *n Q 1 kg *■*» * cm* hand weed mg On# 01 two fhaicw hbflingaf □r* -MigarKnai 5 i p day* Alerijis Id M nvfl-i K«tp the hem WU br reqjtti rngaAcn Hmtl al ■maw* g^een lurrmg pmk ied npe rnd □rti npe as pei need ¥»i#ty 25C«1 hybrids 4COq Ti ante) larding is dM m Jixv. August. 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