THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPURUC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Feasibility Study Report VOLUME - IV Agriculture VOLUME - IV (c) Annexure -15 Livestock Annexure - 16 Annexure - 17 Annexure - 18 Fisheries Development Agricultural Mechanization Agricultural Marketing 4' 4.i• May, 2007 Addis Ababa WATER WORKS DESIGN & SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE IN ASSOCIATION WITH INrtRCONTlNfNTM C ft TANTS ANn nGHWCMTS IM8W W. Iffl P O Box 25o I Addis Ababa Ethiopia ld(2M)l 6I450I/6TI89P Fax (1251)1 6l547]F-mail w w d s ed lclccom ncl ci UhARJQ-DEDESSA IRRIGATION PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT CONTENTS OF THE REPORT SERIAL NO. 1 2 3 VOLUME NO. PARTICULARS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MAIN REPORT Pan I - Report Part II - Maps & Drawings ANNEXURES 4 VOLUME -1 SURVEY AND INVETIGATION (ANNEXURES - 1 to 3) Volume -1 (a) Topographic Survey Geomorphological Studies & Geological & Geotechnical Investigation Part i - Report 5 Volume -1 (b) Part II - Appendices 6 VOLUME -II NATURAL RESOURCES (ANNEXURES - 4 to 6) Forestry, Energy & Catchment Development Plan VOLUME - III WATER RESOURCES (ANNEXURES - 7 to 11) 7 Volume - III (a) Meteorological & Hydrological & Hydrogeological Studies Dam & Appurtenant Works 8 Volume - III (b) Part I - Report 9 10 Part II - Drawings Volume-III (c) irrigation & Drainage Pan I - Repon 11 12 Pan II - Drawings Volume - III (d) Hydraulic Structures Pan I - Repon 13 Pan II - Drawings VOLUME IV AGRICUTLRUE (ANNEXURES -12 to 18) 14 Volume-IV (a) Soil Survey & Lana Evaluation 15 Volume-IV (b) Agricultural Planning 16 Volume - IV (c) Livestock, Fisheries, Agricultural Mechanization & Agricultural Marketing VOLUME - V ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO - ECONOMIC ASPECTS (ANNEXURES-19 to 25) 17 Volume-v (a) Environment, Health & Socio-economic Aspects 18 Volume-v(b) Organization & Management, Physical Infrastructure, Resettlement, Financial & Economic AnalysisAnnexure -15 LIVESTOCKArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS table of contents.............................................. ............................ -------------------------------- list of tables........................................... .............................. —----- ---------------------------- 11 ACRONYMS-------------------------------------------------- ---- —------ ----- ------------------ ----------------------------------- r 1 INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------- --- ----- ------------ ----------------------------------------- ---- LI General................. ................ —................................................................................ -..................... -....... 1 i 2 Over view of Livestock Resource in Ethiopia........................................................................... -..................... -.......... I l 3 National Livestock Development Strategy................................................. -..............................-................................2 I 4 Objective of the Study........................................ ................................................. -.................-.............................................. 2 l .5 Scope of the Study.................................— -.................................................................................. -................................. —• 3 l .6 METHODOLOC Y AND APPROACH....................... »................................... -................... -.................................. -.......... 3 2 LIVESTOCK RESOURCE IN THE OROMIA REGION................. ................................ ...... ....... .....................5 2.1 General................................................... ~......................................... -.................................................................................. 5 2.2 Livestock Feed........................ -..........................-...................................-............................. —........................................ 5 2.3 Livestock Population......... ......................................................... -.................................................... -.......................... 6 2.4 PROBLEMS RELATING TO LIVESTOCK..........................................-........................... -.................................................6 3 4 2.2 Nat ional Tsetse ana Trypanosomiasis investigation & Control Centre . io 3.4 3 LIVESTOCK IN THE PROJECT AREA 3 I General...........................-...................................................................................................................-...................... .. .................... 7 3 2 WOREDAS IN THE PROJECT AREA ............................................................................................................. ......... ................... 7 3.2.1 Ltmu-Seka Woreda.............................-......................................................................................... ~........... 7 3.2.1 Borecha Woreda...................... ......................................................................................................................7 3.2.2 Gecm Woreaa................................................................................................................................................ 8 3.2. 4 Bedeie.............................................................................................................................................................. 8 3.2.5 Jima-Arjo Woreda.......................................................... -...........................................................................8 3.3 Review of Previous Studies......................................................................................................................................... 8 3.4 Institutional Structures in the Project area................................................................................................... 9 3 4.1 Kebeie Administration......................................................................................................................................... 9 3 4 2 Livestock proauction related institutes................................................................................................................ 9 3 4 2 1 Woreaa level Agricultural ana Rural Development Offices............................................................ 9 4 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN THE PROJECT AREA____________ _________________ ___M______ 11 4.1 General............................................_.................................................................................................... .. ............................ n 2 3 Beoeie Poultry Multiplication ana Distribution Station IO 4.2 Cattle............................................................................................................. ....................................................................... 12 4.3 SHEEP.................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 4 4 Goats...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 4.5 Equines................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 4.6 Poultr y Production .............................................. .. ................................. .. ................................................................. 5 ( 4.7 Beekeepinc (apiculture)................................................................................................................................................. 15 4.8 Improved Livestock............................................................................................................................ 4.9 Feed Resources....................................................................._................. ’’12 j 7 4.10 Livestock Diseases...................................................................... *11111111 18 4.11 Livestock Marketing....................................................................... 11.11111 19 4. i 2 Water for Livestock........................................ ........................ . ................................................................_......................... 20 5 LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS IN THE STUDY AREA........................................................... 21 5. i General................................................................................................................. .. ............................................................ 21 5.2 Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control................................................................................... ............................. 21 5 2.1 Project Rationale ............................................................................................................................... 21 5.2.2 Objective of the Project ....................................................................................................... 22 5 2.3 Project Description .............................. ....................... ...................................... 23 5 2.3.1 Surveying ana Demarcation of Project Area Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association witn Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd. 23 IArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 52 3 2 52 3 3 52 34 5 2 3.5 5.2 52 3 7 524 5.2.5 Establishment of Field Stations Application of the Control Methoos and Tecnnoiogy Provision of Required Matenais ---------- ---------------- Increasing the capacity of NTT1CC M3.6aintenance of Cleared Areas — Preparation of Following Phases Project Location................................... - Implementation Period 526 5 2.7 52 8 5 29 5 2 10 5 2 11 5 2 12 5 2 13 5.2.14 Project Beneficiaries Economic Base Constraints Project Costs Project Benefits ...................... Organization ana Management Environmental Impact Project Rises Monitoring ana Evaluation 5.3I Small-scale Dairy Development................................................................. 53 1 5.3.2 5.3.3 Project Rationale ...— Objectives oj the Dairy Development Project ... Project Description—-.................................................... 5.3.3.1 Fodoer production and feeding- 5 3 32 Management -— 5333 Animal health ..................................................... .............. 53 3 4 533 5 5 3 3.6 Milk marketing ano orocessmg „-- increasing the Production Capacity of Cattle Breeding Rancnes Strengthen the National Artificial insemination Centre fNAlC) 5.3.4 5'3 5 5 3.6 5 37 5 38 5.3 9 5.3 10 Project Location ............................... ....................................................... Economic Base ............................................................................................ Constraints................................................................................................... Project Cost. Project Benefits. Organization and Management ................................................................ I Environmental Impact .........................-........................................... 5 3.11' Project Risk 5 3 12? Monitoring and Evaluation Small-Scale Cattle Fattening 5.4 24 24 24 .25 25 .25 .. 26 26 26 .. 26 2^ 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 ..... 31 32 32 33 .33 -..34 35 35 ....... 36 36 36 36 ........37 ....... 37 37 37 38 5 4 I Project Rationale ................................................................................................................................................... 38 5 42 Project Description 54 2 1 Fattening or oxen ...... 39 ......... 40 5 4.2.2 Forage production ................................................................................................................................ 41 5 4.2.3 Strengthening or the Extension system ......................................................................................................... 4i 5 4 3 Project Location 41 5 4 4 Project Beneficiaries............................................................................................................................................... . 42 5.4.5 Project Resources 42 5.4.6 Constraints„.................................................................................................................................................42 5 4 7 Project Cast„.............................................................................................................................. 42 5 4 8 Project Benefits - 5 4 9 Organization and Management ~.. 42 43 5 4 10 Environmental Impact ............................................................................................................................... 43 5 4 11 Project Risks.................................................................................................... .. 43 5 4 12 Monitoring and Evaluation 43 5.5 Resettlement of displaced farmers from the submergence area43 6. RECOMMENDATIONS II Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 list of tables Table 3 1 Manpower ano level of education in the five Woredas ........................................................................... 46 Table 4 2 Livestock Population by Type in the five Project Woredas....................... .. ......................................... -4^ Table 4.3 average jvestock size per household in the command kebeles of Bedele, Gechi and jima-arjo Woredas as reported by the respective Woreda agriculture and rural development offices.........................................................................-............................. -........... -47 Table 4 4 Ox ownership in the three command Woredas............................................................ ............................................... 47 Table 4 5 The common livestock disease and parasites in and around the Project woredas....................... 48 Table 4.6 LOCAL average market prices of livestock and livestock prooucts in project woredas ................... . ......... «........................_.......................... _............................................................................................................48 Table 5 1 Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis Control - Estimated Project Costs (one phase).................... . 49 Table 5 2 Small-scale Dairy Development -estimated cost...................... . .....................................................................50 Table 5.3 Estimated Project Costs for Cattle Fattening............................................. .. ........................................... ..50 _________________________________________________________ HI Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development ACRONYMS May 2007 Al Artificial Insemination BCEOM French Engineering Consultants BOFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuropnemoma CEDEP Consultants on Economic Development ana Environmental Protection CSA Central Statistical Authonty DAs Development Agents FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United nations GDP Gross Domestic Product ha Km2 m2 hectare Square Kilometer Square meter LSD Lumpy Skin Disease NTTICC National Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis investigation Control Centre MoA Ministry of Agnculture DM Dry Matter Qt Quintal NGOs Non Governmental Organizations GIT Gastro intestinal Tract TLU Tropical Livestock Unit (1 TLU=250 kg) ETB Ethiopian Birr ILCA International Livestock Centre for Africa USBR United States Bureau of Reclamation WAPCOS Water & Power Consultancy Services IV Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 General May 2007 Ethiopia is one of the most populous countries in Africa, having an estimated population of over 74 million with an annual growth rate of about 2.5%. This growing population demands much better economic performance than in the past, at least to ensure food security and other basic needs The dominant feature of the country is the agriculture sector of which livestock is a very important and essential component On the average, the agriculture sector contributed about 48% of Ethiopia’s GDP between 1995 and 1999 It accounted for 90% of export earnings, whicn consists mainly of coffee oil seeds & pulses hides & skins and live animals and 70% of raw material inflow into agro-oased industries during the period. The agriculture sector is also the major employer accounting for 85% of total employment The crop-sub- sector accounts 60% of the sector output, while livestock and forestry account for 30% and 10%. respectively Peasant farm households are the backbone of the sector cultivating about 96% of the cropped area and producing 90% to 94% of all cereals, pulses and oil seeds Currently the Ethiopian government gives emphasis to develop the agriculture sector by assisting and supporting farmers and investors to promote production using irngation system. The Arjo-Dedesa dam and irngation project is one of the recent projects, which is being undertaken for feasibility study The total irrigable area is estimated at 13,665 ha 1.2 Over view of Livestock Resource in Ethiopia The country has the largest livestock population than any other country in the continent The highlanders raise livestock together with crop cultivation for their livelihood whereas the lowlanders or pastoralists subsistence is basea mainly on livestock and livestock products In terms of figures, at private peasant holdings, there are about 38,102.682 cattle. 16,575,493 sheep. 13,834.703 goats 1.447,274 horses. 3,769,871 assess. 321.339 camels. 35.656.385 poultry, and 4.228.612 beehives (CSA. 2003/2004). This sector has still great potential to assist the economic development of the country In smallholder mixed farming system, livestock produce food (meat. milk, honey, egg. cheese and butter) and fibre At the national level, it plays an important role in providing export commodities, such as live animals, hides and skins to earn foreign excnange to the country Most importantly Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 1 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 draugnt animals provide power for the cultivation of the smallholdings and for crop threshing virtually all over the country and are also essential modes of transport to take holders and their families long-distances, to convey their agricultural products to the market places and bring back their domestic necessities. Livestock also give a certain degree of security in times of crop failure, as they are a “near-cash" capital stock. Added to tnat. livestock provides farmyard manure that is commonly applied to improve soil fertility and also used as a source of fuel 1. 3 National Livestock Development Strategy The development strategy of the sector encompasses animal feed & nutrition animal oreeding/proauction, animal health and marketing The overall objective of the livestock sub sector is to develop and utilise the available resources and increase its contribution to the social and economic development of the country The specific objectives are to • Insure self sufficiency in the production of animal ano animal products • improve the nutntional standard of the population througn the domestic provision of high quality protein nch in animal products and improve the incomes and living standards of the people • Create employment directly througn investment in animal production sector and their products • Earn foreign exchange through export of live animals and ;ammal products and • Encourage the production of necessary raw matenai inputs for the livestock industry 1.4 Objective of the Study In line with the national livestock development strategy, the oroad objective of the present study is to maximise the project benefits by prepanng plan for development of livestock, which fits most appropriately into the climatic, ecological ano socio-economic conditions and integrate the same with irrigated agricultural development plan in the project area This will help in achieving some of the goals of broad national planning like food security, generation of employment, earning foreign exchange, improving living standard of the people Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 2 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development 1.5 Scope of the Study The present study mainly covers the following • The existing livestock resource base in the project area May 2007 • Livestock production constraints, appropriate crop-livestock development interventions in line with irngatea agriculture in the project area, The study also includes different livestock production packages using the following • Strength of Al centres to be used for Dreeding of selected cows from the farmers in the project area. • Fattening of cattle for market using the opportunity of forage production from irrigation and natural pasture • Livestock health • Ways of facilitating the market outlets for fattened animals by motivating farmers/settlers to get into fattening and marketing of live animals to earn more profit by reducing the marketing channels to producers’ consumers marketing margin 1.6 Methodology and Approach The following methodology ana approacn have been adopted to collect and analyse data ana prepare the report: • Document review; The available documents pertinent to the development objectives were reviewed and incorporated with this report as appropriate • Community discussion; Group discussions were held with community representatives in the command settlers villages old villages ana with key informants regarding the proposed imgation project. • Semi-structured questionnaires; This was aimed at assessing the existing situation and the desire and attitudes of the community Their views were used in making recommendations. • Secondary data sources: Several institutes were visited in and around the project area including the five Woreaas Agricultural and Rural development Offices the National Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis Investigation Control Centre, Bedele Poultry Multiplication and Distribution Station and Settlers x/illages Data Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 3 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.Arjo-Dedess* Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 were mainly collected on status of livestock, feed resources animal health, and constraints to livestock production, livestock potential and productivity. • Primary data collection, the data collection focused on existing availability of different type of livestock/household, natural ana improved pasture, improved breeds livestock marketing situation Farmers and/or settlers were allowed to identify their problem reiatea to irrigate crop-livestock production systems witnout any interference Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Prt Ltd. 4Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development 2 LIVESTOCK RESOURCE IN THE OROMIA REGION 2.1 General May 2007 The Oromia region is endowed with rich livestock resource accounting for nearly one half of the total national livestock population. The economic main stay of most of the people in the region is directly linked to livestock production, which is an important component of the agricultural sector Perhaps the most significant contribution made by livestock is the contribution of indispensable high quality protein to the predominantly cereal and root crop onented numan diet of the region. The major purpose of Keeping livestock in the former farming system is for draught power milk and meat and sale of surplus live animals, while milk is the principal item of subsistence in the latter two systems mainly for consumption Because of their inability to provide sufficient nutrition from their own herd resources, the majority of agro-pastoral and pastoral nouse holds look for other sources, which may sometimes involve the sale of non- lactating and non-pregnant animals to buy maize or other grains and commercial products 2.2 Livestock Feed Farmers in the mixed-crop-livestock farming system denve their living mainly from crop farming and livestock rearing. In this system the major source of livestock feed is natural pasture and crop residues ana in few cases cultivated fodders and pastures. The rurai people residing in the agro-pastoral farming system derive most of their sustenance from keeping livestock and to a small extent from growing crops such as maize ana sorghum ana most feea is natural forage rather than cultivated fodders and pastures. Likewise the pastoral people livelihood depends entirely on livestock keeping In vanably pastoralists occupy and and semi-arid regions that are not conducive to rain fed agriculture. In most cases the bulk of their working time and energy is spent in looking after livestock rather than in other economic activities In areas where pastoralists predominate carrying capacities are comparatively low and rainfall is erratic both within and between seasons The environment offers few opportunities for subsistence production apart from livestock reanng The majority of pastoralists prefer to subsist on products obtained from their herds i.e meat, milk. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 5 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development 2.3 Livestock Population May 2007 The estimated livestock population in the region are 18,035,685 cattle. 4.691.01636 sheep. 4,174.968 goats. 2.679 107 equines, 161060 camels 14.784.303 poultry and 2,270,166 beehives (2.172,212 traditional, 92,665 intermediate and 5,289 modern) (CSA, 2002) Over 99% of the cattle population in the region is local breeds and the remaining ones are hybrid and exotic breeds As to zonal distribution of cattle. Arsi Zone takes the major proportion compared with other zones (14.9%) Borena, Jima, and Bale also contnbute significant proportions. 9 6 percent, 9 5 percent, and about 9 0 percent, respectively The rest fall between 4 0 percent and 8.5 percent. East Welega and lllubabor Zones are found within the later category The lower proponions in the later Zones may be due to the relatively large areas of land infested with tsetse fly (protozoal disease causing trypanosomiasis) Pertaining to sheep ano goats, almost all of over 99% of the sneep and 100% goats are indigenous breeds Sheep and goats are primarily reared for mutton/meat production. In the case of poultry West, East, and North Shoa Zones together reported more than one-fourth of the total poultry. West and East welega Zones also contribute about 18 0 percent to the region s poultry population, while the others reported between 4 0 percent and 13 percent 2.4 Problems Relating to Livestock Most of the region nas reached its maximum livestock carrying capacity given the traditional systems of management. Therefore, the only way forward is to increase sustainable productivity rather than the absolute number of animals. Thus the aim should be the enhancement of individual animal productivity, a goal that can only be achieved by addressing the major constraints limiting livestock productivity The three main constraints of livestock productivity in the region are diseases, shortage of quality feed & poor feeding system, absence of genetic improvement of the capacity of livestock indigenous to the region. The low lands of the region where pastoral and agro-pastoral communities are predominant broadly comprises all land below 1500 masi However, there are exceptional cases where it goes up to 2000. The low lands vary markedly in terms of number of plant growing days per year, forage production, common plant associations, livestock and human carrying capacities and incidences of important livestock diseases Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 6Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development 3 LIVESTOCK IN THE PROJECT AREA 3. 1 General May 2007 The dam site and reservoir area is located at the last junction of Limu-Seka (Jima zone) and Borecha (llluoabor zone) Woreaas There are about fourteen Woredas, wnich lie in the catchment (upstream) of the Dedesa valley Out of these Woredas the following are found nearer to the submergence or in the submergence and in the command areas. 3. 2 Woredas in the Project Area The following Woreaas are located in the Project Area. 3.2.1 Limu-Seka Woreda Limu-Seka Woreda is located in Jima Zone on the right side of Dedesa River Its capital city is called Atnago In the north and north western part, the Woreda borders with lllubabor Zone (Borecha Woreda), in the east and north eastern with east Weiega (Nono-kumba Woreda and Bilobosne Woredas; in the west, with western Shoa (Dano Woreda and in the south, with Limu-Kosa Woreda). In the Woreda. twenty Kebeles are locatea inside the catchment. Out of these five kebeles are settlement kebeles and they are located in the submergence 3.2.1 Borecha Woreda Borecha Woreda is located in lllubabor Zone on the left side of the River and the town is called Yanfa It is divided into thirty one kebeles out of which twenty five keoeies are fully located inside the catchment and three kebeles are settlement areas which are located inside the submergence The name of the settlement area is called Atse They have 2042 oxen, which are used for draft purpose, ano afterwards they fatten and sell them to the market. The settlers are from Hararghe Zone. These people are traditionally well experienced in fattening of cattle One family is provided with 2 ha of land for crop cultivation. Dunng the field trip it was observed that most of the animals were in good body condition and well managed Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 7Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development 3.2.2 Gechi Woreda May 2007 The Woreda is divided into 22 kebeles and very few of the kebeles are located in the Dedesa catchment. However, tnere is a big settlement area which is partly located inside the submergence. This settlement area is called Chete and consists of four villages having a total population of 6006 Each family is allowed 2 ha of land for ploughing These settlers are also known for their traditional experience of fattening cattle. 3.2.4 Bedeie This Woreaa is divided into 41 kebeles out of which five of the kebeles are under settlement. In this settlement area tnere are 1896 households and 8853 people Most of these Kebeles are located inside the command area. They have 1665 cattle out of which about 69 percent are oxen used for ploughing. They nave also 4191 goats. 4535 poultry and few numbers of sneep and donkeys. Similar to other settlers they also came from Harargne and are well experienced in fattening cattle. Animal health staffs from Bedeie National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre ano the Woreda agricultural and rural development office regularly follow the health of their animals. Their animals get prophylactic and curative treatment. Major crops grown in the setxiement area include maize sorghum, sesame, and hancot bean. 3.2.5 Jima-Arjo Woreda Jima-Arjo Woreda is mostly located in the down stream of the valley The Woreda divideo into 18 kebeles, out of which 2 are settlement keoeies. The two Kebeles are called Bedassa-Dedesa kebele and Lugema kebele. Bedassa-Dedesa Kebele has 440 households and 1859 people and Lugema has 350 households and 1064 people The former kebele is located 13 km from Arjo town on both sides of the road to Bedeie. wnile the latter is mostly located inside the command area. The total area allocated for crop cultivation for each household is 2 ha. The animals of the settlers get prophylactic ano curative treatment from staff of Bedeie National Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre 3.3 Review of Previous Studies There is no well-documented study specific to livestock in the Arjo-Dedesa imgation Project area. However. USBR (1964), for Blue Nile Valley. WAPCOS (1990) for all basins in Ethiopia and BCEOM (1999) for Abbay River Basin, reported covenng large areas In particular the Blue Nile Valley and Abbay River Basin reports give background information on livestock production feasibility study consideration for the basin as a whole Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 8 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 The study for Abbay River Basin is of interest to the present study In that study particular emphasis nas been given to livestock resources, feed resource animal health (tsetse control), livestock marketing, livestock services development constraints and opportunities and livestock development strategy and different project options in the basin as whole Though the document contains useful information with regard to the whole basin no specific document is available at reconnaissance and pre-feasibility level for the present project area. 3.4 Institutional Structures in the Project Area 3.4.1 Kebeie Administration During the former government peasant association was the lowest social organisation, wnich was informally responsible to oversee social and administrative matters In the present regime this system has been changed to a formal and powerful kebeie administration It is set up following the government's structure The kebeie nas a council led by a chairman, who is paid monthly salary The kebeie administration has the following major tasks - Serve as an administrative and organisational unit for purposes of Communication between government and the individual farmer - Distribute land to individual farmer: and Settle dispute or mobilise members for the development of infrastructure ano manage communally used land within the kebeie 3.4.2 Livestock production related institutes 3.4.2.1 Woreda level Agricultural and Rural Development Offices At present eacn Woreca administration has an agriculture and rural development offices In each Woreda there are development agents who are responsible for matters related to livestock development aspects. They are directly accountable to the extension team leaner in the Woreda Agriculture and Rural development office The development agents are directly engaged in executing livestock development tasks such as distribution of improved breed and forage seed and modern beehive, recruitment and identification of potential farmers, animal health monitoring, feeding and fattening programs Manpower and level of education in each Woreda are presented in Table 3.1 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 9Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development It can be seen from the Table 3 1 that there are no hign level staff specially trained in veterinary science Added to that budget for perdiem, purchase of veterinary medicine veterinary equipment, consumable chemicals modern hives/accessories etc are in short supply in tne area May 2007 Earlier the National Livestock Development Project (NLDP) started forage development program It aimed at developing and promoting systems, which would sustain or increase livestock production. It includes among others back-yard forage development, under sowing intercropping and strip establishment of forages A number of these have been considered very useful for fodder improvement A number of exotic grasses and leguminous species have been distributed for multipurpose use Among these Sesbama Leucaena Siratro Desmodium, Tree Lucerne, Pigeon Pea Cowpea, Elephant grass, Guinea. Grass and Phaiaris were adapted in and in some Woredas (e g. Gechi, Bedele. Jima-Arjo). Unfortunately the distribution of these improved forage crops were limited to a few contact farmers and demonstration plots, and the program nas not gone beyona creating awareness among farmers 3.4.2.2 National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation & Control Centre There is no research centre related to livestock except the National Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis Investigation Control Centre In addition the Veterinary Laboratory is situated at Bedele and works in collaboration with the National Tsetse ano Investigation ano Control Centre its administration is under the Zonal Agricultural and Rural Development Office Bako and Jima research centres are tne two centres located nearer to the Arjo- Dedesa Irrigation Project. Bako research centre is located some 130 km away from Jima- Arjo, but there are no experiments conducted related to livestock production around the project areas except introduction of forage crops Jima researcn centre is largely mandated to undertake research on coffee and tea production 3.4.2.3 Bedele Poultry Multiplication and Distribution Station The Bedele Poultry Multiplication and Distribution is located at Bedele town The Centre distributes day old to 3-months old chickens to the interested farmers and individuals But it is not operating at its full capacity and can not satisfy the demand because of shortage of budget and feed The incubator ano hatchers are also very old Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd. IOArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 4 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN THE PROJECT AREA 4.1 General The main occupation of the people in the project area is mixed crop-livestock and cash crop production (coffee) mode of agriculture. The major crops grown include coffee maize, sorghum, Teff finger millet, sesame and pepper Rice production is also newly introduced into the area In the livestock sector, cattle, sheep goats, poultry and equines are commonly reared in the catchment, reservoir and command area. Reliable statistics on livestock population in the command and reservoir kebeles were not available Even if there were some data, they were unbalanced and inconsistent over the years Due to this livestock population was taken from repons of the CSA. The cattle types in Arjo-Dedesa are Zebu type and known for beef and milk production They are also believed to be tolerant to trypanosomiasis. These breed are native to the Dedesa valley and further spread to Jima, lllubabor and Welega middle altitudes and other adjacent Woredas. These cattle breed types are closely related to the Horro breed particularly in form, colour and body size. The Horro breed was supposed to be used as a source of breed improvement through selection and bull service in the adjacent areas According to information from the visited Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development offices, demand for meat and milk is growing rapidly in the area and there is a need to increase production. Emphasis is given to the extension activities for the livestock sector in the valley As the Dedesa valley is highly infested with tsetse and trypanosomiasis, the control centre is located at Bedele. The centre is making effort to control the disease through the use of a low cost odour-baited ano insecticide impregnated traps and targets suitable for use by village communities on a self-help basis. There was an emergency assistance to control tsetse and trypanosomiasis along the head water of the Dedesa River The technique is continued by the centre with the assistance of the regional state as suitable for use by the local communities with low level of technical assistance. Besides, development agents/animai health assistances are deployed in every Woreda The livestock population of the project Woredas namely Bedele Borecha, Gechi. Limu- Seka and Jima-Arjo is shown in Table 4.1. The livestock holding as per nousehoid survey is available in Table 4.2. From the analysis of the household survey in the command and Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise II In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 reservoir areas, the livestock holding as per household in the command Woredas is very vanable Gechi Woreda reported the highest number of livestock per household while the lowest is from Bedeie Woreda Jima-Arjo Woreda reported average livestock size per household Bedeie and Gechi Woredas did not report sheep at all while Jima-Arjo reported only 0 05 per household Gechi Woreda reported the highest rate of goats (4 goats) followed by Bedeie Woreda (2.5 goats) But Jima-Arjo Woreda reported only 0.6 goats. The number of cattle per housenoid in Gechi Woreda was higher than the other two Woredas Bedeie and Jima-Arjo Woredas reported few numbers of donkeys while Gechi Woreda reported no donkeys. The figure could vary depending on family size and labor availability The reports by the Woreda offices seem reasonable that the greater number of goats could be due to the topography ana vegetation cover which are suitable for goats than sheep and cattle. In contrast, the total goat population reported by CSA for all project Woredas is lower than both cattle and sheep except Limu-Seka Woreda 4. 2 Cattle Data on ox ownersnip in different Woredas are available in Table 4 3, which indicate that the number of households having two oxen out numbered those having one ox and no ox and having three and above. Gechi Woreda reported the highest number of households with two oxen. Bedeie Woreda did not report at all households with three and above oxen This may indicate that the production and productivity of food crops in the Woredas is affected by shortage of drought oxen. It has been reported by experts that due to hign demand and price of fattened cattle farmers usually sell their own oxen for the purcnase of household items. Farmers in the Woredas do not have fixed period of time for breeding their livestock. The breeding system is uncontrolled and traditional. No selected sires are kept for breeding ot indigenous animals in the Woredas. Mating usually occurs everywhere all year round There is no relatively feed problem in the area but trypanosomiasis problem prevailing in the region may reduce initiation of sexual desire by animals This delayed and uncontrolled mating of animals in the area results in reducing the reproductive performance of the local animals. There is little experience of using artificial insemination (Al) or pure/crossbrea sires for genetic improvement of indigenous livestock in the Woredas. The use of Al in the Woredas is at present limited by now due to the remoteness of the area and lack of good road, and thus leading to problems of transportation of semen and liquid nitrogen Rather Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Ptl Ltd. 12Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 the use of properly selected local or upgraded sires is advantageous with proper health feeding ana other management practices. There is a general practice of selecting bulls from the existing herd on the basis of phenotypic characteristics coat color guess-estimated dams milk yields, body conformation of the sire of the bull ana physical observation of the bull itself But, selection of a breeding bull is made not on the basis of breeding values and records A male calf with black coat color may be eliminatea from the herd regardless of its performance for vigor and growth traits. From the view of genetic progress and productivity such a practice is considered as napnazard exercise. Because of the existing uncontrolled and unsystematic selection practices, so far no genetic progress has been acnieved in the population for traits of economic interest. The breeding Dulls are usually herded together with the breeding females and thus mating can take place at any time of the year with subsequent calvings occurring even wnen there is no sufficient pasture Such uncontrolled breeding practice may also result in inbreeding depression, which has a negative effect on productivity and survival of the ammais. From respondents in the project area, it was learnt that age at first calving for a heifer is about four years. Calving interval is every two years. But, if grazing pastures and water availability are good, this interval goes down to one to one ana half years Average productive life for a cow is from 10-12 years with about 6-7 live calves. Most of the milk produced (aDout 80 percent) is reported to be sold out to the market in the form of whole milk or butter ana cneese while 20 percent is used for home consumption Mainly young boys and girts look after cattle. Culling of breeding female is earned out only when the female is proved to be infertile and unproductive. Due to this it is not uncommon to find a number of old aged females in most of the herds kept by the households One of the most important management practices in cattle production is calf weaning Calf weaning improves calving rate and the overall productivity of herds However farmers do not commonly know such a practice. As a result calving intervals become undesirably long, conception rates get lower and few numbers of calves born over the length of cows productive life. All types of livestock are reared together as scavengers and the breeding of other livestock is similar to that of cattle______________________________________________________ Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 13 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pn. Ltd.Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007_ 4.3 Sheep In the project areas though the population of sheep and goats is low. the proportion of mate to female ratio was about 1 5 Under normal condition the breeding stock should consist of a maie to female ratio of 1 ram to 30-40 breeding females. In the distribution of age. the largest proportion was reported for age groups two years and older (42 percent ana 41.6 percent in that order) followed by one year and under year category which was 22 percent and 22.3 percent, respectively Concerning productivity, the male and female sheep would reacn about 36 and 25 Kg of body weight, respectively, at maturity and average age of maturity is reckoned to be 9 and 10 months for ewe and ram lambs, respectively 4.4 Goats The types of goats found in the project area are termea as Western Highlands, derived from past mixing of goats An identifiable feature of the goats in the area is their tallness, coarse hair, white and/or fawn color Gastro-intestinal parasites, respiratory problems, orf and foot rot are major health proDiems to goats They are reputed to have well adapted to the hilly conditions of the area Because of their merit to thnve on a wide vanety of feed particularly browse, they are one of the most valuable domestic animals They are usually medium to large in body size and have erect ears and small horns. Height at withers is 70 8 cm for females and 80.7 for maie goats The average body weight of male goats is about 49 kg while that of female goats is 33 Kg. The proportion of male to female in the population is 26.7 percent vs. 73 3 percent The age distribution pattern follows the same trend as that of sheep The goats are generally believed to be quick breeders and are prolific FARM-Africa (1996) reported average number of kids per breeding female to be 3.6 There were 62% single births, 36%twins, and 2% triplets of all births in a flock of goats Age at maturity is about 10 months and kidding interval is generally 8-10 months The productive age for a buck and she goat is about 7 and 10 years, respectively 4.5 Equines Equine includes horse, mules and donkeys. There are 17,762 equines in the five project Woredas. The highest number of equines is found in Limu-Sexa Woreoa followed by Jima- Arjo, Gechi and Bedele while the lowest is in Borecha Woreda, indicating the importance and suitability of equines in the former Woredas. But the number of mules in all Woredas is small compared to horses and donkeys Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd 14Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 The population of equines is relatively low as compared to other livestock They are mainly used as pack animals transporting people, water and marketable goods Near urban places, they actively serve in transporting the construction materials and wood for fuel 4.6 Poultry Production Poultry are traditionally reared both in rural and urban areas of the project area mainly for egg production for sale. Based on data provided by the CSA the five project Woredas have 286,307 poultry Limu-Seka Woreda reported the highest proportion (37% while Borecha Woreda reported the lowest poultry population (10 4%) Average egg laying period per local hen was reported to be about 20 days while average numDer of eggs laid per nen per egg-laying period was about 12 eggs in the area Egg laying period and number of eggs laid per penod were reported to be higher in urban than rural areas, indicating possibility of raising improved breeds in the urban areas 4.7 Beekeeping (Apiculture) Beekeeping is a common practice in the project area There is information that beekeeping with the use of traditional, intermediate and farmers undertake modem hives. There were 49,030 hives in the five Woreaas. Limu-Seka Woreda contributes the greater proportion of hives than the rest Woreaas, followed by Bedeie Woreda. The lowest numbers of hives were reported by Gechi followed closely by Jima-Arjo Woreda. In the command kebeles of the three Woredas (Bedeie, Gechi and Jima-Arjo) experts reported number of nives household to be in the order of 0.14, 1.45 and 1.6, respectively It was reported that modem hives are expensive and not readily available to obtain. Framers and experts reported that, the greater proportion of honey is sold out to market for cash Though the climatic conditions and vegetation in the project Woredas are conducive for the development of apiculture, the quality of honey is low due to poor management and storage as well as inappropriate harvesting system. If modem hives and good management system is provided to the farmers the community might benefit mucn more from selling of honey and wax. It is quite common that bees need constant water sources and they usually can fly a maximum of 3 km per day in search of flower and water In effect, a permanent river such as the Dedesa River and dam would be an ideal source of water for apiculture Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 15Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 development There are also different floras flowering almost round the year, making the honey harvest more frequent per year To exploit this resource, the community should be provided with modern hives at reasonable price 4.8 Improved Livestock Unlike other parts of the country, introduction of improved breeds in the project area was very slow and insignificant. Holstein-Friesian breed was introduced around Jima and Bako The major purpose was to undertake crossbreeding with the local cattle and evaluateTthe performance of cows with different blood level genotypes According to reports on the milk production, Friesian x local produced almost three tones more milk than the pure local cows Later 50% Holstein-Friesian crossbreds have been extensively introduced to cooperative farmers in many places (e. g. Arjo. Bedele. Horro Nekemte). But at present there are no crossbreds available Natural pasture is the major source of feed but cannot fulfill the nutritional requirement of these improved animals particularly in the dry seasons Dry forage and roughage neea to be augmented with protein rich supplements in order to fulfill nutritional requirement of animals It was reported that, the animals were said to be producing relatively well. But because of surplus milk available from local cow in the farmers villages, demand and price were low for additional milk from crossbred cows. Another improved breed introduced in the area is Rhode Island Red poultry birds. Bedele Woreda reported 948 improved birds of the Rhode Island Red type There is a high demand for improved chickens in and around the project area. It has been reported that the performance and survival of Rhode Island Red (RIR) birds in the area is poor and low due to improper feeding and housing, and long distance travel of biros with out transportation facility. There is also no improved poultry feed for the birds during transportation and for adaptation of a certain period of time. It has been indicated by the Woredas experts that when the management package involves improved chicken breeds, egg production per year from a hen can increase to an average of over 100 with a range of 110 in the surrounding areas. The pnce of genetically improved RIR birds is high compared to local birds and yet the farmers are willing to purchase The important thing before disseminating any livestock improved technology to the rural community is that the extension system should be aware of the advantage of the technology over the local ones and facilities that can be prepared by the farmer himself With respect to market options and the management of the new technology should be visualized by the Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 16Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 farmers themselves and at the end the technology will be sustained and/or rejected immediately The lack of improved livestock technological package is due to poor infrastructure like road, absence of power and water supply 4.9 Feed Resources Feed for livestock in the project areas is derived mainly from grazing natural pasture and crop aftermath/residues. The natural pasture or grazing lana comprises of permanent grazing land, snrub land, fallow lands, lands unsuitable for cultivation sucn as water logged, flooded areas, steep slopes and road sides In addition, some of the forested, bush lands provide some feed to browsing animals. These feed sources are reportedly low in digestible energy and protein content ano as such do not meet requirement for production. At the time of the household survey it was observed that the vegetation cover consisted of low quality forages species Combined with livestock diseases, the poor quality of forages becomes obstacle to livestock production. Poor management of the available grazing lands also contributes for the low productivity of livestock. Free grazing results in soil compaction, low moisture retention, nigh runoff and, consequently, reductions in forage quantity and quality in addition to soil degradation. A deficient diet is the major features of livestock production system The project area is considered to be suitable for feed production in terms of quantity which may be enougn for the animals, but the quality is mostly deficient. These types of feeds are usually low in protein and energy but high in lignin ana cellulose contents, which severely reduce production Proper feed conservation practices such as in the form of hay or storing straws are not common in the project Woreaas. Though there is crop residue, harvesting ana storage techniques are not adequately done The uses of milling by-products are limited to urban area where it is available. The quantity extracted is small and cannot be extensively used The main by-products are from cereal milling factones and oil pressing plants Similany improved forages are new introductions in some villages of the project area Their coverage is insignificant though there is the intention to extend them in many parts, especially where dairying is important In the past three decades, considerable efforts have been made to test the adaptability of different species of grasses, herbaceous and legumes under varying agro-ecoiogical areas Similarly, extension programs were initiated to introduce selected forage species into the different farming systems Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Prt Ltd. 17Arjo-Dedcssa Irrigation Project Livestock Development_________________________________________________________May 2007 The rapid increase of human population has forced the farming to reserve more land for crop production, and the areas available for animal grazing is diminishing Feeding of livestock especially improved dairy cows by traditional method is impossible due to the scarcity of availaDie land As nave Deen revealed during discussions held with a number of farmers and settlers in the Woredas. farmers are responding to grow cultivated forage if they get good quality and adaptable species even though cultivated forage crops are not widely introduced Moreover some improved forages Rhodes, labiab, Napier grass, and cowpea pigeon pea and Sesoama to oe used for livestock feeding and other natural resource conservation activities have been introduced in the area But their spread is limited due to lack of nursery sites and shortage of seeds. Such a practice should be strengthened together with the utilization of improved forage crops In addition, identification and characterization of indigenous natural pasture and Drowse species should be conducted before widely introducing exotic forage crops in the area. The availability of rainfall in the area and the envisaged dam should help the farming community to grow perennial cultivated forage corps that could serve as a good source of livestock feed, improved forage crops or indigenous plants that serve for feed in catchments areas and irrigated areas could be easily established with an interdisciplinary approacn so as to provide maximum benefit for the farmers in the area. 4.10 Livestock Diseases The incidence of vanous types of animal diseases is hign in the Droject Woreaas and the development of vetennary services is poor Trypanosomiasis is the most limiting factor constraining particularly cattle rearing in the project Woredas. Settlers and/or farmers unanimously reported its seriousness in their respective villages. Other common infectious animal diseases in the project Woredas are anthrax, biackleg. lumpy skin disease pasteurellosis, respiratory diseases, orf, salmonellosis, and Newcastle disease Internal and external parasites are also animal health problems in the area The internal parasites include: gastro intestinal parasites, liver fluke, and long worms Common external parasites are ticks and lice, which mainly attack cattle and small ruminants The common diseases and parasites in the project Woredas are shown in Table 4 4 Vater Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 18Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 The prevalence of diseases and parasites usually reduce the milking yield, carcass weight, growth and productive and reproductive performances of animals in general and finally lead to death Relatively hign disease and parasite infestation of animals are more common in the settlement areas than in the old villages This seems to be due to the difference in altitude and vegetation Though not adequate vaccination treatment and advisory services are provided As reported by settlers in Kolo Sire settlers village sudaen disease outbreaks occur especially after the lighter rams (mid Marcn-mid May) The veterinary service available to the local community is not satisfactory in relation to tne total number of animals in the settlers villages Availability of medicine is not enough for all diseased animals There is a shortage of manpower like technician and assistant veterinarian Budget for per diem purchase of vetennary medicine and chemicals are also limiting factors in the area This point is reflected in the Taoie 3 1 Jima-Arjo and Limu-Seka Woredas nave relatively higner numDer of staff particularly animal health technicians, but Borecna and Gechi Woredas have few numbers of staff in the field of animal science in general There is no staffs at MSc ano veterinary levei at all in all Woredas The adequate number of staff at Woreda level depends on the demand of a Woreoa livestock population and production situation There must be a trained staff for dairy sneep & goats beef apiculture veterinary forage production etc Therefore training or staff for eacn discipline for further training or education should be encouraged It is assumed that a pair of oxen with good body condition is required for a family size of about five persons for draught purpose The high incidence of Trypanosomiasis and parasite coupled with inadequate veterinary support in addition to the low genetic potential of the local ammais, retards growth rate of young animals reduces milk yieid. prolongs parturition interval and age at first mating and results in few number of offsprings born per life time of females In general spread of Trypanosomiasis ano lack of modern techniques in livestock breeding and management nave been identified to be critical constraints for livestock productivity in the project Woredas 4.11 Livestock Marketing The majorities of households in the settlers villages reside in areas far away from all weather roads and suffer from lack of access to market Table 4 5 snow market prices of livestock and livestock products in the project Woredas in the year 2005-2006 Settlers and farmers usually sell their ammais to local traders coming from the nearby towns and Jima and Nekemte Settlers Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd. 19ArjoDedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 usually sell fattened oxen Other farmers usually sell chicken, sheep goats and donkeys Females usually sell butter and chicken while males sell other animals. The current pnce of livestock in the area is encouraging for livestock producers due to the hign demana created for fattened and/or conditioned animals. The money obtained from the sale of livestock is utilized for nousenoid use and purcnase of clothes, food items and medication Unless farmers organize themselves into producers cooperatives for offenng bulk production to market, it is quite difficult for individual households living away from all weather roads interviewed farmers and experts informed that compared with the previous years the pnce of livestock nas generally increased During the same period of the previous year a steer was sold for less than 1000.0C EBR, wmle this year it was soid at about over 2000.00 EBR The trend is aiso similar for livestock products Last year a kilo of fresh butter was sold for a price of 20 00 EBR wnile this year it was soid for over 25 00 EBR 4.12 Water for Livestock Livestock get water oasically from three sources, i.e drinking water, water contained in feed and metabolic water Dnnking water vanes with the animal’s physiological status, type/breed. individual difference air temperature, temperature and nutrient composition of water and the type of feed The amount or water contained in feeds is mghiy variable and is determined by the moisture content of the feed This variation could range from as low as 5% in dry to as high 90% in succulent feeds (Sirohi et ai , 1997) Not much experience exists in the quantification of the requirement of water per unit of functional outputs (meat, milk and draft) under rain-fed agriculture in which the bulk of animal feed comes from grazing of non-imgated pasture ano/or crop residues and by-products Closely connected is the issue of water pollution ana environmental degradation by livestock as tney relate to human health food secunty ana ecosystem safety As responded Dy interviewed Tarmers, the main sources of water for livestock in the study areas include rivers, ponds ano SDrings Animals usually drink once a day A number of animals use the water sources commonly so that the transmission of contagious diseases and parasites are expected in the area. The proposed irrigation development study is examining the impact of the scheme on tne management and production of livestock, particularly in the submergence area The positive impact could be increased opportunities of available drinking water and reed jsing nana pumps But there may De nealth risks as a conseauence of emerging external and internal parasites Added to that, there may also De incidences of decreasing livestock population associated with the introduction of irrigated scnemes Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants ana Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 20Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development 5 LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS IN THE STUDY AREA 5. 1 General May 2007 Agriculture is the basis of livelihood and income for not less than 90% of the people living in the project areas. The major farming system employed is mixed crop-livestock farming, where the farmers employ backward methods and technologies of farming. Despite the high contribution of the livestock in the project area, no significant changes have occurred in adopting better livestock management practices for increased animal productivity During the aata collection pnase of the study, discussions on priority intervention have been neld with various key informants including experts farmers, and local authorities in the agricultural offices. The conclusion drawn was that the project area is not relatively feea deficit, instead livestock diseases especially trypanosomiasis is the major factor hindering livestock productivity Hence, trypanosomiasis as a development intervention is given top priority to be addressed in the project area. Added to trypanosomiasis, small-scale dairy ana small-scale beef development projects are proposed to be the mam diversified type of agriculture to be implemented in the area. Hereunder the projects are described separately 5.2 Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control 5.2.1 Project Rationale The status of life of the rural population declines due tc insufficient income generation, poverty and malnutrition. There is the urgent need to properly utilize the available land of good arable potential. Though feed production is relatively abundant in quantity, Trypanosomiasis is considered as one of the major drawbacks to livestock production in the Arjo-Dedesa project area The moisture availability (high humidity), annual shrubs and woodlands might have createa fertile ground for the tsetse infestation in the area. Progressive tsetse encroachment over the last 40 years has caused and is causing a continuous decline of cattle number crop yield per farmer. The tsetse limit is moving up the valley shoulders more closely to the highlands, pushing impoverished farming communities up the snoulder of the highland The presence of tsetse and Trypanosomiasis in the project area nas affecteo the exploitation of the land through livestock. It is reported that all the five Woreoas are affected by the flies and the disease is prevalent in the Dedesa Basin In the lower altitudes the Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 21Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 areas are either abandoned or small agricultural production is being carried at a very high risk. Tsetse species that occur in the river system and its tributaries include Glossina fuscipes, G pallidipes.G mortisnas subiortisans, and G. tachonides There are four trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse fly vectors in Ethiopia, of which three are livestock pathogens Trypanosomiasis congoiense, whicn requires the tsetse fly as a vector for its complete development and T vivax that can exist outside the tsetse fly, are the main agents responsible for Trypanosomiasis in livestock. In the past, the Ministry of Agriculture nas made some attempt to reduce the losses due to the disease ana related problems by the use of various types of drugs The shortage of drugs and drug resistance due primarily to under dosing by unqualified persons and illegal traders are serious constraints to Trypanosomiasis control on a sustainable basis The high recurrent costs of these drugs, the continuing hign level of livestock loses and the fact that therapy is essentially a temporary and not a long term solution to the Trypanosomiasis problem, needs to be given more attention by concerned government ana non governmental agencies. A newer technique using a non-pollutant door Daited, insecticide impregnated trap target is oeing tned. The National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre (NTTICC), with finance from FAO, UNDP, and the World Bank were involved in the control programme in the Upper Dedesa Valley, Gomma and Lima Kossa Woredas with the participation of the local farmers. The programme has demonstrated the adaptaoility ana sustainability of the technique In the present project, it envisaged that the new technology would be adopted and extended to the affected areas in the Dedesa River Basin. 5.2.2 Objective of the Project The main objective of the proposed project is to enhance national food security and to improve the quality of life of the rural population through sustainable and increased livestock production. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 22Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 The specific objectives of the Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis Control project include - Clear the tsetse infected areas to be utilized for production purposes - Reduce tsetse infestation. - Prevent the spread of the disease - Produce livestock free from Trypanosomiasis, - Increase livestock productivity and food self sufficiency A wide range of measures needs to be carried out to reduce the effect of Trypanosomiasis on livestock Some of the measures that can be recommended inter alia are external application of delthametrine/spot-on, chemotherapy chemoprophylaxis dissemination of sterile male tsetse fly and a combination of these 5.2.3 Project Description The project will be implemented according to a well-pianned program until the whoie tsetse infested area is covered The main project components will be - • surveying and demarcation of project areas • establishment of field stations • application of the control method and technology • provision of required material • increasing the capacity of NTTICC • maintenance of cleared areas • preparation of next programs These components are discussed hereunder in brief 5.2.3.1 Surveying and Demarcation of Project Area In the component some limited preliminary survey work would be done to estaolish the true limit of the tsetse ano also the boundaries wnere the program is going to be implemented Trypanosomiasis prevalence data would also be collected for monitoring in order to permit to set up service stations ano move matenal to the various project sites it will oe necessary to construct access roads in the project area It is envisaged that most of the work would be done by hand but in some parts machinery assistance may be reauirec Once the road is constructed, the community will do the maintenance work Some 400 km of route need to be covered in the project Woredas to effectively control tsetse infestation The sites would be selected during the initial survey phase Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. LtdArjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development 5.2.3.2 Establishment of Field Stations May 2007 In each of the project areas field stations would oe constructed These would provide accommodation for the field staffs and also serve as storage for materials and equipment in addition, the above-mentioned stations would also be temporary mobile substations for some team of staff 5.2.3.3 Application of the Control Methods and Technology The method of tsetse control adopted will be similar to the program initiated in the NTTICC proposea for the upper Dedesa Valley The project would use mono and Bl conical traps with blue black targets. The traps would be baited with insecticide and odorous to last 8 months including the penoa of the short rains. Before the mam rains, they should be serviced with enough insecticide and odour to last through the rains. A team consisting of 3- 4 persons will be deployed to cover about 1200 sq. km area Aoditional technical officers, dnvers ana casual labourers will also be required Blanket Trypanosomiasis treatment with Bennil or alternate type of drugs will be used on the cattle over the total adjacent areas of the project 5.2.3.4 Provision of Required Materials In the actual implementation of the project, all the necessary materials will be procured aheaa of time. Consumable items will also be replenished before they are exhausted The traps ana targets expense could be met locally at a fraction of the earlier costs. The right size of container and chemical will be used in the project. The type of insecticide to be used will be selected in such a way that the project will be cost effective Every effort will be made to encourage groups of Trypanosomiasis affected farmers and/or settlers in the project areas, to pool the usages as a community based activity, particularly along the valleys, where tsetse control activities will be conducted The other matenal provision will include vanous types of equipments These are office, laboratory, ana camping ana communication equipment that are needed at the office and field level. Transport is a major component of the project, to effectively reach and carry out project activities Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 24r. <■ w Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development Presently the National Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre (NTTICC) has the overall responsibility of investigation and control of tsetse and Trypanosomiasis at the national level. This duty will also continue under the proposed project. The project as a whole will be designed to build the capacity and institutionalise capability in particular also in aspects of management, to deal with issues related to Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis investigation Control in Ethiopia Attention will be given to both central and regional aspects of implementation 5.2.3.6 Maintenance of Cleared Areas All tsetse-cleared areas should always oe monitored to cneck the incidence of Trypanosomiasis in local cattle The vegetation should be maintained to avoid re-infestation The necessary propnyiactic stock and curative treatment would be given to local stock in the project areas as required. The involvement of the community and NGOs from the initial stage is vitally important for the sustainability of the program as well as the maintenance of the cleared areas Thus, communities involved or to be involved in the activities to be executed and those to execute in the subsequent phases will be involved in the process of participatory technological development. It is expected that at the completion of the project activities at each phase there will be a strengthened private capacity to deal with an integrated approach to sustainable land use involving tsetse control and maintenance of cleared lands Women neeo to oe addressed and involved in the development process. Any re-infestation will jeopardize the human and livestock population 5.2.3.7 Preparation of Following Phases It is only througn sustained efforts and long-term investment that the tsetse ano trypanosomiasis problem could be totally eliminated. In this proposal, it is envisaged that a senes of five years project will be executed until the wnoie area is cleared. Accordingly to maintain momentum and continuity of the project, the delineation of the new area under the next phase along with pre project activities should start sufficiently before the phasing out of the ongoing project. Government should give the mandate to implemented Otherwise efforts will be fragmented and danger of even re infestation of the cleared areas will prevail Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 25Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development _________________________________ May_2007__ 5.2.4 Project Location As stated earlier, the project would follow the tsetse and trypanosomiasis control methods adopted Dy NTIICC and extend the program in the tsetse-infested areas of the Dedesa River around the project area The program would start near the proposed dam where some land has successfully been cleared and settlement and agricultural development activities are going on. At the same time, intervention will also commence in the nearby areas e g. Wama river system. The clearance work will continue along the riverbank until all the areas in the basin are covered. 5.2.5 implementation Period The project will be implemented in phases, each lasting for a period of five years In each pnase, it is proposed that some 120 sq km area will be covered Therefore, the total period anticipated to ciear tsetse from the project area is 10 years But after the ten years the program has to be transferred to the community and made sustainable 5.2.6 Project Beneficiaries The ultimate beneficianes of the project are rural communities in the project area that have sound potential for livestock production or mixed crop-livestock farming Those farmers who have been practicing mixed farming, either on land that has been subject to tsetse fly infestation or on sites in the immediate vicinity to sucn lands will be the first to get the advantage of the program from reduced nsk of contracting the diseases and more significantly from the improved health and reduced morbidity and losses of their livestock. As beneficiaries, the farmers/settlers will contribute to the national food security situation by supplying healthy animals to the national economy Added to that the improvement in the health situation of the livestock will subsequently increase the amount of work they can perform as draft animals, while the reduced mortality will increase the off take as well as animals for replacement. Eradication of the vectors and disease in the project area will increase functional outputs sucn as milk and meat, which again improves the living standard of the population. 5.2.7 Economic Base Though trypanosomiasis problem is the major constraint limiting livestock productivity in the project are, reports have revealed that the project area has highest potential for livestock production. The recent settlement programs are showing satisfactory results for settlers Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 26Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 particularly from selling fattened cattle. If the proolem of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis is reauceo. draft power from cattle would also be increased As a result, more land will be under cultivation leading to increased crop production and improved food security 5.2.8 Constraints The major constraints anticipated in the implementation of the project are - Inaccessibility of the area - Lack of budget and skilled manpower Shonage of timely provision of matenais ano equipments 5.2.9 Project Costs The project cost summary of one phase for capital and recurrent expenditure by year is shown in Table 5 1 The price contingency has been applied at an overall rate of 10 per cent. The cost for one phase project over a five-year period plan is estimated to be Birr 8,957 868 70 5.2.10 Project Benefits The major benefits of the project will be a reduction in the mortality ana morbidity of the livestock in the affected areas. The total cattle population in the five project Woreaas is estimated at some 351 475 (210,885 TLU). If the mortality and morbidity rates are reduced by 50% the total number of animals saved will be over 175.737 heads of cattle These animals could be used for traction, meat and milk production, which will directly benefits the owners. A total of 52,721,250 kg live weight or over 479,284 kg edible carcass can be obtained. This is estimated at to be worth nearly Birr 10 million. On the other hand if the herd of cattle consists of 50% milking cows there will be over 175.737 cows with an estimated milk yield of 1.5 litres/head/aay In total, with a lactation penoa of at least 275 days, there will be over 7 million litres of additional milk. In addition as the Protozoa affects other animals like equines and goats, wnen the tsetse is eradicated or reduced the health of these animals and by-products such as hides and skins will also improve For prophylactic measure and treatment of animals on an average. Birr 2, 000.000 worth of drugs are expected to be imported every year Because of the project, it is expected that the importation of veterinary medicament for the disease will be reduced by 80 % Annually about Birr 1.6 million will be saved during the first phase of the project alone Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 27Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development 5.2.11 Organization and Management May 2007 The project will be implemented through the existing structures of NTTICC office of the Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with the Bedele Veterinary Laboratory and respective \A/oreaas Agricultural and Rural Development Offices as well as interested NGOs operating in the area A National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Co-ordinator will be assigned as National Project Director, wno will head the project implementation unit. In this unit a project logistics and procurement officer will be employed The office of the coordinator will be responsible for the preparation and submission of the annual work plan and budget, the procurement of inputs and submission of the quarterly financial and technical reports to the Government The Tecnmcai Assistants will assist the National Co-coordinator A project steering committee will operate at a Regional level. A Regional Tsetse Control Advisory Committee will review technical issues related to the control of tsetse and Trypanosomiasis within the context of community oaseo development and sustainable land husbandry practices involving all recant agencies. Most project activities, such as staff training, data collection, and adaptive research, survey design and the regional support, will be initiated and undertaken at the NTTICC In the end the executive control of activities will not be under the NTTICC. The staff will initially continue to execute control operation in connection with the participating communities Gradually the Woreoas' authorities will take over the control operation Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis is not confined to project area, neighbounng regions like Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambeia and SNNRS have the same problem Project activities in the future should be undertaken in collaboration and consolation with the neighbouring regions 5.2.12 Environmental Impact The programme will have positive impact on the health of both human and livestock in the project areas The type of technology under consideration is the use of simple traps and does not have any adverse effect on the environment. The present tsetse infested areas are less accessible ana less utilized. Human and livestock will settle on land cleared from the diseases, and cultivation will follow As in many other places, the area will be prone to destruction through clearing of the vegetation followed by erosion. Tsetse control can assist subsequent uncontrolled increase in cattle number, and eventual environmental degradation, thus, care should be taken to prevent Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 28Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 excessive pressure on wnat is already often fragile ecosystem It should protect and make efficient use of existing agricultural system rather then permitting the opening up of new lands, especially grazing lands. Similarly attempt should be made to prevent the encroachment of livestock and cultivation on the fringes of reservoir and reserves areas To reduce any risk the appropriate resource conservation method should be adopted 5.2.13 Project Risks Main concerns for the proposed project are government commitments and budget allocations. Important inputs are the allocation of human resource, capital funding and recurrent expenditures. 5.2.14 Monitoring and Evaluation Respective government offices need to be coherent to implement the proposed program Wherever necessary they need tc adjust their programs to mobilise their staff and probably their budget for tsetse and Trypanosomiasis control The long term purpose of the projects can be monitored througn the progress made in food production in the development models being tested by the project, and througn comparison this with the situation in fly infested areas elsewhere Key indicators will emanate from the socio economic data on nousehold performance from different type of housenoids as follows: - Nutritional status: - Environmental indicators - Marketing and household income data, - Human population dynamics, also in adjacent areas; - Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis related information - The project personnel will collect most of the information in the model testing areas. - An independent mid-term evaluation is planned to determine the progress made and recommend adjustment required, if any. Another evaluation will be undertaken at the eno of the project. Furthermore, annual review will be conducted. The National Project Co-ordinator will ensure that evaluation reports are widely distributed. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 29Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development_______________________________________________________ May 2007 5.3 Small-scale Dairy Development 5.3.1 Project Rationale The farming systems in the Arjo-Dedesa Irrigation Project area have remained unchanged Cultivation is carried out using oxen drawn traditional ploughs and hand tools Increasing population is forcing people to plough more forest ana wood land for cultivation This has called for the use of more oxen, which required the maintenance of more cows to obtain the required number of animals. Livestock feeding is mainly Dasea on natural pasture and crop aftermath, in few instances, animals get supplementary feed, which include milling by-products. The National Livestock Development Project (NLDP) nas introduced improved forages and leguminous trees to supply green feed. In the present study area with mixed crop-livestock farming system, farmers rank their economic activities in the following order and pnority - - Crop production for home consumption and subsistence - Oxen for draft power - Heifers for milk. The quality of livestock feed and senous Trypanosomiasis spread should be tackled, as otherwise, these will be detnmental for the livestock production. The increasing human population resulting in high demand for milk production could be replaced with the introduction of high yielding cows to compensate for the milk production and traction requirement of the fanner The surplus milk and offspring could be used as additional income to the farmer So far, dairy development is at its infant stage in the project area and nowadays interest is growing to rear dairy cattle around the project areas because of high demand and market availability. However due to snortage of improved dairy animals and high quality feed shortage the demands for fresh milk and milk products are not met. This situation necessitates the development of dairy production in the Project Area Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 30Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May_2007_ 5.3.2 Objectives of the Dairy Development Project The mam objective of the project is to increase the standard of living of families of the small holder farming community through improvement of nutritional status and income by increased production and marketing of milk and thereby contributing to the protection of the environment However the specific objectives of the Small-scale Dairy Development Project are as follows - to improve the supply of fresh milk and milk products for urban and peri-urban population, to contribute to increased crop production through increased production and supply of crossbred oxen with high traction power to lay the foundation for an extended and sustamaoie dairy development in the mixed farming system of project area and adjacent places 5.3.3 Project Description The pian of the project is to increase the family income of the farmer through the introduction of improved management practices of crossbred dairy cows ano on farm fodder production. Milk has the highest conversion value and by improving the milk production and by selling milk and milk products, the farmer family can convert not only the production from land, but also a substantial amount of labour of household members into money Milk and milk products are traditionally considered high value food in the project area There will not be adverse effects on economic, social and environmental situations Initially the project will select 50 farmers, 10 from each Woredas to become first contact farmers The basis for selecting these farmers will include interest and experience of a farmer in dairying and educational status. These contact farmers will serve as demonstration points where dairy production will be practiced using crossbred cows The contact farmers and their families will demonstrate how to increase income from a limited area of land without increasing the number of animals. The contact farmers will be the first to benefit from increased income and improved standard of living. It is expected that about ten litres of whoie milk can be obtained per day per cow excluding the milk consumed by the calf in this regard surplus milk will be available in the market for the people living near the dairy farms. The rest of the farmin^ community will gradually benefit from following the methods used by the first contact farmers and learn Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pn. Ltd. 3IArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 from their experience. The project intervention is designed in such a way that all activities can be implemented with the manpower and material provision to the farms The sustainaoility of the project depends to a large extent, on the villager/s and farmer/s ability to analyse, judge ano explain to others the value of various activities. The envisaged project, the working method is the participatory rural appraisal, in which the community is involved in the assessment, monitoring, evaluation and feedback. The extension workers and project team members are the facilitators of the participatory process. The project will have a number of components The major ones include Fodder production - Management • Animal health - Milk marketing and processing - Increase the productive capacity of cattle through crossbreeding - Expand and strengthen the Artificial Insemination ana bull service These are discussed beiow in brief 5.3.3.1 Fodder production and feeding This component will be achieved by Intensive fodder production for cows Improved quality of pasture for grazing Adoption of appropnate feed conservation methods and feeding practices for dairy animals - Regular application of mineral - Improvement of soil fertility 5.3.3.2 Management The main activity in this component is to reach the contact farmers ana their families and demonstrate to them now to manage crossbred dairy animals The Holstem-Fnesian is preferred and this has been in the country for more than 40 years They have performed well as dairy cows and draft oxen and further more, as source of genetic matenal in different parts of the country Proven sires ano semen are aiso available at Kaliti Al Centre Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 32Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May_2007_ This component will be acnieved by - Distributing crossDred dairy animals to the contact farmers and encouraging them to have the appropriate sheds and other facilities Availing upgraded bulls for mating in the villages, especially in areas where the accessibility for Ai is not available - Expanding Al services in the nearby project towns of Bedele. Jima-Arjo and Gechi - Making the National Artificial insemination Centre operational to regularly and continuously produce and distribute semen and liquid nitrogen Introducing the appropriate breeding records to the contact farmers and demonstrate how to use the records. 5.3.3.3 Animal health The programs envisaged in this component are to make animal health services and the necessary medicines available to the farmers in the project areas It also encourages the pnvate sector to be involved in the treatment of sick animals and in improvement ana distribution of vetennary drugs The animal health component will be made effective Dy - - Ensunng that the government vetennary is operational ana is able to follow up the disease situation and carry the necessary treatment and vaccination programs in the project area. - Having all the project villages access to trained ammai health workers who are able to carry out basic vetennary procedures, such as treatment of animals, castration, dehoming and assisting in cases of parturition problems Encourage the operation of an authorised vetennary drug shop in the towns of the project area. S.3.3.4 Milk marketing and processing Milk produced by smallholder farmers in rural areas is mainly used fresh for family consumption and the remainder for the production of cutter and cheese The by-products are for home consumption. Milk processing is done with traditional equipment, which is inefficient and time consuming, increasing the labour burden of women. Casn earnings through the sales of milk and milk by-products are used to purchase basic household items Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 33Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 With the introduction of crossored animals, milk production will increase substantially, and the surplus milk will have to be properly utilised In areas where there is the demand for liquid milk, functional marketing out let must be created which meet and maintain acceptable standards of milk hygiene. On the other hand in areas where the market for liquid milk is minimal the excess milk will have to be converted into products that have long shelf life Presently, there is the demand for fresh milk particularly Bedele town and will increase with rapid population growth in the settlement areas as well But if surplus milk is produced, there are no milk collecting, processing and marketing centres around the project area Hence the participating farmers will organise and establish milk processing depot or will directly sell fresh milk to consumers. This could be achieved through,- - Distributing suitable on-farm milk processing equipments to farmers - Teaching farming community how to produce, handle and store milk in a nygiemc way - Visiting similar farmers milk collecting, processing and marketing centres such as those in Sellale and Moieta areas - Arranging the sales of fresh milk and other products in areas outside of the project area eg to Jima ano Nekemxe towns - Adapting and implementing an appropriate milk recording system on the farms 5.3.3.5 Increasing the Production Capacity of Cattie Breeding Ranches There is neea to increase and strengthen the production capacity of Abernosa cattle breeding ranch and strengthen Nekemte Al Service Centre and establishment of one bull service station in each of the five Project Woredas. Crossbred animals could be produced on individual farm level by using exotic or upgraded bulls or Al of exotic semen. Crossbred heifers have been produced in Abernosa. The ranch was distributing 50% crossbred, which were six months pregnant heifers However the ranch was weakened for the last fifteen years and not operating to its capacity and never met the demand of heifers in the past. The reasons were mainly reported to De mismanagement, lack of finance, snortage of qualified breeders and technicians, frequent change of programs and approach. On the other hand at present no crossbred heifers are imported to the country, as a result there is a serious shortage of crossbred heifers To obtain the number of crossbred heifers needed by the project, the ranch nas to be fully operational. This could be achieved by:- Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 34 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 Allocating sufficient and required budget or contracting to able organisations Assigning well trained breeders managers and technicians - Furnishing the ranch with the necessary facilities and incentives Increasing the output of the ranch Establishing Ai and bull stations in the project Woredas 5.3.3.6 Strengthen the National Artificial Insemination Centre (NAIC) The upgrading of indigenous cattle through crossbreeding could be achieved by the use of bulls or Al The NAIC has the responsibility of maintaining the bull stock production and distribution of both semen ana liquid nitrogen and the training of Al technicians Though nearly half a century has passed since the establishment of the NAIC its coverage is still limited to only urban and peri-urban areas The Centre has longstanding problems The major problem is that at no time appropriately trained breeders have been placed at the Centre The production and distribution of semen and liquid nitrogen were often disrupted affecting the activities in the field and in the ranches There is a need to reorganise the Centre In addition technicians snouid be trained in the project areas To carryout the envisaged project there should be - Allocation of fund for the purchase of materials maintenance of vehicles equipment ana training of tecnmcians - Replacing or providing proper training of staff to the NAIC in the area of animal breeding 5.3.4 Project Location Accessibility of road, milk market, vetennary service, feed availability and if possible power supplies are the major factors to be considered for the project location Since the mam idea is to supply liquid milk and dairy by-products, the proximity of major towns will be taken into account The potential kebeles are those, which are located in urban and pen-urban The Al station can oe In the towns while bull services can be in properly located rural kebeles It is assumed that each contact farmer will have at least one follower whicn will be 100 households after the second year In the first year two milk collecting centres (1 m Bedeie and 1 in Jima-Arjo) will be established Each centre will be serving at least 15 households per day These centres will create employment for 10 individuals Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Io Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pn Ltd. 35Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development 5.3.5 Economic Base May 2007 2 The areas selected for the implementation of the project are mixed crop-livestocfc agricultural areas, where dairy production can easily be adopted The farmers have the experience of livestock rearing Milk is sold in liquid form in adjacent urban towns In remote areas farmers traditionally process the milk into products of long shelf mainly butter and cheese Therefore the potential for milk and milk by-products is already there The climatic factors such as altitude, temperature rainfall, and the source of feed are conducive to dairy production Natural pasture and crop residues will be the source of basal diet Aftermath grazing and milling by-products are also available in the area It is possible to increase quality feed by allotting small plot of land (about 250 m ) for intensive and improved pasture development Under irrigation scheme improved forage grasses such as Rhodes grass Sudan grass Cenchrus ciliaris ana Elephant grass can give a yield of about 40 to 49 t/ha and they are relatively easy to manage 5.3.6 Constraints As there is population growth, it necessitates the production of more food, which in turn expands the cropland giving more pressure on the grazing land This creates constraint on the availability of feed to the animals 5.3.7 Project Cost The total project cost is estimated to be EBR 2,202,660 OOThe cost of the vanous components is presented in Table 5 2 A ten percent contingency nas been added to get the overall cost, amounting to EBR 2.422,926 00 5.3.8 Project Benefits The benefits anticipated from the project include the following- - Additional milk ana dairy products - Additional income to the farmer - Additional traction power Improved pasture established for grazing and supplementation Reduction of herd size ana grazing pressure on the grazing land From the new system it’s assumed that a farmer can get over Birr 2000 00/year from selling five litres of milk per day, excluding the milk consumed by the family members and the calf Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 The number of crossbred animals produced by the use of Al and natural mating with exotc or upgraded bulls will increase by many folds m the long run It is expected that one crossbred cow will produce more milk per year than two indigenous cows This could be achieved because of the improved genetic material the use of improved fodder and use o* cut-and-carry feeding system In addition, by using the crossbred cows the livestock population per unit area will be reduced as one crossbred cow has the same production value as of two indigenous cows 5.3.9 Organization and Management The Woredas Agnculturai and Rural Development Offices as well as development agents deployed in the area will directly implement the project in support of the Regional Bureau of Agriculture At the Regional and Woreda level, project implementation team consisting o4 vanous subject matter specialists will be established to execute the field activities through the agnculturai extension network The participation of elite community members ts alsc essential and called for 5.3.10 Environmental Impact The project will not have any adverse effect on the environment Instead, there will be a change from traditional to modem system of livestock management The few numbers of animals will have positive impact on the environment by reducing the pressure on the grazing land Similarly, the introduction of improved forage will intensify the vegetation cover of the grazing land, thus conserving and protecting the catchment 5.3.11 Project Risk The increase of laDour burden, especially on women and children will be a potential nsk Another nsk may be that increased income of the family may tempt the farmer to buy more cattle and increase the number of animals, when the project idea is to reduce the number by introducing more productive dairy cows 6.3.12 Monitoring and Evaluation Before the project commences technical indicators such as household milk and mik products consumption, the amount of income generated through the sales of milk and mdk products, and the use of agnculturai input will have to be established The success of each project component will be monitored using component specific indicators Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In U>ocladon with Intercontinental Consultant* and Technocrats Prt Ud. wArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development The implementation and results of the project will be evaluated by a mid-term review team in the beginning of the third-year of the project The final evaluation will be dunng the last six months of the project The reviewing team will be composed of specialists drawn from the agncultural bureau concerned offices and representatives from the benefoanes 5.4 Small-Scale Cattle Fattening 5.4.1 Project Rationale It is traditional that individual farmers have been grass-fattening cull-for-age work oxen Grass fattening of oxen has also proven profitable for local and export market The demand for this produce has increased substantially Good profit margins could be achieved m grass fattening provided that cattle are treated for parasites and diseases and stocked on spelled native pastures at lenient rates Small and large-scale feedlot based on agro-industrial by-products is growing fast in the country The uses of noug cake and milling by-product have been successful The cattle tc be fattened are purchased locally and are fed for up to four months The profit per head vanes considerably and is dependent jpon the importance of selective buying and feeding ana strategic marketing The selection of the market in which to sell is a major decision for the peopie responsible Although the local breeds gain weight less rapidly than the cross breeds they will continue to supply a large proportion of the domestic and local beef market in the foreseeable future, ana therefore, their performance under feedlot conditions ts of importance to the western towns in particular and to the central market and export at large There are a number of constraints to the development of fattening programs Some of the constraints include lack of adequate information on income opportunities available from small-scale feedlotting. the correct composition of rations from available feea components feeding systems, cattle management and husbandry, ana marketing strategies to indiv»dua» farmers and investors Suitable foodstuffs for feedlotting are often unavailable or m limited and megular supply Inadequate transport facilities and poor access roads kmK opportunities for reallocation of feedstuffs Limited on-farm stock roughage supplies also reduce opportunities for small-scale feedlotting The lack of on-farm water supply either limits weight gam due to excessive walking or prohibits fattening as a specific operation Veterinary services and the supply of vetennary matenals are usually inadequate and thereby increase the risk of losses dunng fattening periods Water Works Design A Supervision Enterprise la Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt UdArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 On-farm facilities for small to medium scale fattening facilities can be constructed cheap!/ by local materials and do not require more than local expertise The Agricultural Rural Credit and Saving institutions in the Region have mandates tc expand their services to the rural communities and thereby overcome the constraints of lac* of capital and financial risk There are good opportunities for small to medium scale fatteners to trade on substantia pnce differentials In addition, there are seven main periods each year when local markets are at a premium, mainly in Addis Ababa and major towns These are New Year Meskel Christmas. Epiphany. Easter Id Alfater Id Al Adaha (Arafa) and Maulid individuals engaged in the activity time their fattening programme so that the turn-off coincides with these peak periods ana there-by obtain good profit Many farmers purchase young oxen to replace aged oxen approaching the end of their working life There is a good opportunity to increase the salvage value of these types of oxen by including them on-farm fattening or conditioning programs prior to disposal In the past, the Fourth Livestock Development Project has attempted to introduce fattening programs based on forage produced as the result of vanous strategies complemented with industnai by-products The fattening program will be implemented in areas where the forage programme is initiated The objectives of the project would be to increase the farmers income and improve the standard of living from increasing off-take of fattened culled-for-age work and other oxen as well as produce quality meat to the market 5.4.2 Project Description Oxen are usually used for ploughing before they are sola out to the market In most cases farmers condition/fatten the culled-for-age oxen and sell them at a better pnce On the other hand demand for beef is important in the country Butchering and retail trading play an important role in supply throughput individual fanners who are interested could fatten and sell oxen under a small-scale feedlotting project Rations would be based on concentrate (oil seed cake, wheat bran and Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats m LtdArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 wheat middling) and roughage produced on farm either crop by-products or forage grown under the forage program Three batches of oxen would be fattened each year coinciding with the important national holidays In this way the project would reduce stocking rates in the short term and would also reduce wastage due to slaughter of poor condition of culled for-age oxen It would also increase income of the farmer and improve cattle meat quality The following are the components of the project - Fattening of oxen Forage production Strengthening of the extension system The components are discussed hereunder in brief • 5.4.2.1 Fattening of oxen Individual farmers could fatten 1-2 cattle in three consecutive batches each year Each participant will have to look after the cattle under feedlotting A protected area would be required to store feed Feed and water trough made of locally available matenals would be required unless the fattening sites are located close to permanent clean water source Simple shed to protect the animals from rain and sun heat would be constructed Participating farmers will be advised by DAs on the importance of the various activities in feedlot operations Farmers would also need to carefully consider the type of animals to purchase as type, size breed, age, and sex all influence profitability Standard recommendations are not possible Decause of lack of information on feedlot performance but DAs would soon collect sufficient data to support general recommendation on cntena such as purchase weight, maximum age and duration of fattening Farmers would be advised to fatten large oody-sized animals so that the increased unit value of the animals would make profit The health of the animals would be maintained through drenching when they join the fattening programme Whenever problems anse. the animal’s health personnel available near-by. supervises the nealth condition of the animals The market outlet for the finished animals would be the major adjacent towns where the program is under way Participants would be encouraged to find their own market specialist for fattened cattle Proximity and pnce difference between Addis Ababa arid the local market would determine if those involved in the program would decide to sell their fat cattle Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consuitants and Technocrats Fvt Ltd 40Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2OC7 locally or to hire transport to move the cattle to premium market in Addis Ababa Farmers need to organize themselves to have sufficient cattle ready for sale just poor to the peak markets at different holy days 5.4.2.2 Forage production Roughage feed which is the major component of the ration, would be produced on the 2 farmers holding (aDout 200 km ) The main sources of additional fodder would be fodder produced in private land nolding of the farmer Forage will be developed as fodder tree planting in backyard plots growing perennial ana annual fodder corps, under sowing and over sowing legumes 5.4.2.3 Strengthening of the Extension system Extension has a vital role to play in the fattening program The existing extension system would be used in the implementation of the project DAs would be assigned to the project sites and they would be the key actors They would be provided with motorcycles to reach the participating farmers They would also receive simple extension aids such as flip charts sets of basic field equipment like girth tapes to enable them to monitor initial and finish body weights gains and booklets for recording ration formulation and body weight changes Subject matter specialists from the Woreda will visit DAs The subject matter specialist would be responsible for the DA s training course and provide on the spot technical advice on fattening techniques 5.4.3 Project Location The interested and expenenced farmers living near the command kebeles can join the fattening project Additional critena for sites selected for the small scale-fattening project would include Access to market and extension system to support participating farmers with technical information on a relatively new agricultural practice - Farmers who can grow improved pasture in their piece of plot - Farmers wno have their own oxen or can buy to fatten - Availability of on-farm surplus or roughage and water . Access to all weather road to facilitate transport of feed stuffs and finished cattie Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise 41 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May_20g7_ 5.4.4 Pr oject Beneficiaries The d irect beneficiaries are farmers who reside particularly around the command kebeles while the indirect beneficiaries would be traders butcners and consumers In the first year assuming that 11 kebeles in the command each having 50 participating households a total of 550 family neaos or individuals will benefit from the project 5.4.5 Project Resources The available oxen ana other animals to be fattened are the major resource ot the project The new settlers particularly have the tradition of fattening one or more animals each year This experience could be jsed as potential for the development of the program m the proposed areas In the future it is anticipated that the ever-increasing demand for wel finished animals and in general beef would encourage individuals to engage in the fattening program 5.4.6 Constraints The anticipated constraints to the implementation of the project would be tne unavailability of surplus oxen anc concentrate feed This may discourage some of the participating farmers, however since there is always the big market, farmers could organize themselves to buy feed and transport the finished animals to the market 5.4.7 Project Cost The estimated total project cost is Birr 12.216.600 The capital cost is estimated to be B<n 8.893,000 The recurrent cost is Birr 2,213,000 A 10% price contingency is added which amounts to Birr 1,111.600 5.4.8 Project Benefits The anticipated Project Benefits are - Production of quality meat increased income of farmers from selling finished steers Interested individuals and farmers will carry out the fattening program The operation can be taken up at a larger scale, if feed and capital are available In this example some 550 heads of finished animals per cycle or 1650 per year will be available to the market At the rate of 500 gm weight gam per day per head, a total of 4.050 kg weight gam is achieved at the end Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt IM 42Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development — of 90 days This is equivalent to 60 5 tone/cycle or 181 5 tone of edible carcass This w*it fetch Birr 1 100 000 at the rate of about Birr 6 per kg live weight Supplementary feed is in short supply to the local animals If transport access »s possible brewery by-products from Bedeie beer factory could also be used as supplement to feed animals 5.4.9 Organization and Management The project could be managed within the Project Woredas with the assistance of aghcultura offices at all levels It may be necessary to develop a more formal project organization and management structure involving the beneficiaries The extension component undertaken by the respective agnculturai & rural development offices will continue with the same advisory work 5.4.10 Environmental Impact The project does not have any detrimental effect on the environment, but rather reduce the livestock pressure on the grazing land as more and more animals are fattened under intensive feeding This will nelp in improving the quality of environment 5.4.11 Project Risks The major nsk anticipated would be shortage of capital to buy steers for fattening and shortage of draft oxen for ploughing However, purchasing from farmers in the rural areas can offset the shortage This opportunity would be taken in case of problem with the local market 5. 4.12 Monitoring and Evaluation A built in monitonng system will be developed as part of the project Through proper following of the system ana regularly reporting to the concerned bodies, all the necessary adjustment will be made while the project is underway A regular evaluation of the project will be done 5.5 Resettlement of displaced farmers from the submergence area Over 9000 ha of land will be submerged in reservoir The settlers to be displaced could be resettled in the command area Resettled farmers must be compensated for their lost Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pn. Ltd.ArJoDedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 properties in the course of irrigation development settlers/farmers may be destabilised An urgent action program should be considered before the regular development program starts This will include the following. ■ Convincing settlers/farmers to accept the project program • Assisting settlers/farmers and their livestock to resettle in the command areas ■ Assisting settlers to get grazing land for their livestock until they resume normal life • Encouraging affected settlers/farmers to grow forage production into their existing cropping systems. ■ Providing basic animal health services such as vaccination and parasite control anc paying components for their lost property In livestock trypanosomiasis and other diseases control should receive first priority followed by management In cases of outbreaks of epidemic diseases urgent interventions are required These initiatives should be followed by other support service like credit and marketing Vater Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 44 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pn LtdArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development 6. RECOMMENDATIONS May 2007 Livestock production in the project area is constrained mainly by Trypanosomiasis lack & appropriate technology backward breeding & management system poor market infrastructure and shortage of capital Therefore the study recommends that the following measures should be undertaken to improve the productivity of livestock in the area so that food secunty and self-sufficiency at household level could be achieved with in a short penod of time with the involvement of the local community • Upgrade the knowledge of farmers about livestock disease (Trypanosomiasis; control modern breeding practices management and feeding through training and demonstration • Expand and strengthen credit facilities for the purchase of in -calf-heifers steeds for fattening and milking equipments • Implement suitable land use planning so that farmers properly utilize ther iana get enough livestock feed and grazing • Establish transportation communication and marketing infrastructures in the Woredas and with the other neighboring Woredas as well as regional and centra; livestock market routes • Establish required number of vetennary clinics with manpower and medicines • Expand and implement livestock technologies such as Al bull service improved forage vaneties and/or seeds to the project areas Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise In Association with InttreonUnonul Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 4SArjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 Table 3.1: Manpower and level of education in the five Woredas Woreda Level of education Number of staff Type of education Borecha 12*2 years TVET i 1 Animal Hearth Borecha 10*3 years Animal Sciences Gechi 12*2 years 1 Ammai neartr | Gechi 12*4 years 1 Animal Sciences Bedele 12*2 years 1 Animal Health Beoeie 12*2 years 2 Animai Science Jima-Arjo 12*3 years (TVET) 1 Forage Production Jima 12*6 months 1 Ammai Health Technician Jima 10*3 years 1 Beeseeping Jima 12*3 years 4 Ammai health Assistance Jima 10*3 years 2 Ammai neaith Assistance Jima 10*3 years 1 Tecnmcian Jima 12*9 months 2 Ammai Heaitn Tecnnctan • Jima Jima Limu-Seica 12*2 years 1 12*1 year 1 12*2 years 1 Ammai Hearth Assistance Ammai Heaitn technician Ammai Sciences Umu-SeKa 10*3 years 3 Animai Health Assistance Limu-SeKa 12*9 months 4 Ammat Health Technciar Total 29 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 4b In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt UdArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development Table 4.2: Livestock Population by Type in the fn/e Project Woredas Woredas May 2007 Livestock Species Bedele Borecha Gechi Limu-Seka Jima-Arjo Cattle 90 968 33.977 47.707 123 635 55 187 (54.589 08) (20 386 2) (28 624 2) (74 181; (33112 2) Sheep 16 842 7 389 15 206 5 876 12 232 Goats (1 684 2) 13 057 (738 9) 4 612 (1 520 6) (587 6) (1 223 2) 5 93^ (1.305 7) (461 2) 6 120(612) 6 890 (689) (593 1) Equines Horse 721 1 159 2.761 193 830 Mule 545 403 373 1 464 379 Donkey Poultry 2,101 364 332 3 557 2 580 70.343 29 677 32 886 105 956 47 445 Beehives 11 693 8.654 5.477 17 376 5 830 Source: CSA 2001/2 Table 4.3 Average livestock size per housenolo in the command xebe'es of Beaeie Gechi ana Jima-Arjo Woredas as reponea by the respective Wcreoa agriculture and rural development offices Woredas Table 4 4 Ox ownersnip in the three command Woredas Ownership type Unit Year Bedele Gecni Jima-Arjc No ox NO 314 6 814 One ox 464 30 Two oxen 315 341 953 Three oxen 370 137 5 163 Four and above 109 4 89 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd. 4Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 Table 4.5 The common livestock disease and parasites in and a'ound the P'oiect ^oreaas Livestock Infectious species diseases internal Parasites External Parasites Protozoa Remark Cattle Pasteurellosis -GIT parasites -Tex -Lice -T r^pa^osom IBS’S Very common tr Blackleg, LSD -Liver fluke -Baoesicsis the area -Lung worms Small CCPP Orf -GIT parasites ruminants -Liver fluke -Tick -Lice -Lung worms Poultry Newcastle Ascariasis Cocctdiosis Fowl cholera Enquires Anthrax -GIT parasites trypanosomiasis -lung worm Table 4.6 Local average market prices of livestock ana livestock products -n proiec* Woredas Livestock type Cattle Ox Cow Bull Price range (ETB) Remark 1 700 00-2000 00 The price data were provided by the 1300 00-1400 00 Woredas agriculture and rurx development offices for the year 2005- 900 00-1100 00 2006 Heifer 650 00-1000 00 Small ruminants Sheep 150 00-200 00 Goat 150 00-300 00 Donkey 300 00-700 00 Livestock products Goat skin 8 00-10 00 Sheep skin 20 00 Hide 10 00-20 00 Butter 22 00-30 OO/kg Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise in Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd 4SArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development May 2007 Table 5.1 Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis ControlI - Estimated Project Costs 'one phase) Item Total Birr 1 Capital Cost Infrastructure Equipment Model testing/ tsetse control Laboratory equipment Camping equipment Transport Communication equipment TA equipment Training Abroad Local Services Surveys International TA National TA Other National Staff Total investment Cost 2 Recurent cost (5 years ) Bndging finance Infrastructure maintenance Office consumaoie Operation fieia diagnosis Trainee allowance/up keep Training materials Socio-economics survey 1.514 180 1 774 09C 154 400 211 100 62 960 411 480 98 200 420 440 600 000 151 90C 570. 000 1.762 220 474 700 938 640 5.968.767.00 259 360 400 000 63 000 248 070 225 000 210 000 105 000 Transport maintenance and running costs 755 520 TA operation costs Total Recurrent Cost Total Contingency 10 % Grand Total 118 800 2.174.750 00 8 143 517 00 814 351 70 8.957,868.70 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 4Q In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt LtdArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Livestock Development Table 5.2 Small-scale Dairy Development -estimated cost May 2007 Cost item Total cost Birr 1 Project coordination Local staff 580 000 0C Office supplies and institutional 350 800 OC support 45 300 00 Transport 2 Project components 200 000 00 Fodder production & feeding breeding & management 500 00G 00 Ammai health 136 000 00 Milk marketing 140 000 OC Strengthening Al 230 560 00 Support to Al & bull stations 300 000 0C 3 Training Tecnmcai assistance 100.000 00 Specialists 120.000 00 Total cost 2 202.660 00 Contingency 10% 220,266 00 Grand total 2,422.926 00 Table 5.3 Estimated Protect Costs for Cattle Fattening Cost Item Total cost Birr Purchase of oxen @ 1000 00 Birr/heaa/ cycle 550 000 00 Feed cost for 90 days 148 500 00 Training A Extension service 2.100 00 Veterinary service 13 750 00 Other expenses 714350 Total cost 785 705 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 5 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Annexure - 16 FISHERIES DEVELOPMENTArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development Ml > 2°Zl TABLES OF CONTENTS TABLES OF CONTENTS.............. .................... ....... ........ ........ ....... —--------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 LIST OF APPENDIX............................................................................... ............... ............ .................. .......... .................................. 111 LIST OF ANNEX........... -..............................-.................................. -...... -------- ------------- ---- ------------------------------------------------1,1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.................. ................................................................ .............................................................................n 1. INTRODUCTION ------------- ---- _--------- ------------ ----- —----------- -------- ------------------- ---- ------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 Background ........................................................ 1 2 Objective..................-.................................. -............. 13 methodology and Approach 1 4 Scope of the study.................................................................................. ............................ -....... 1 * 2 FISH RESOURCE AND EXPLOITATION-------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2.1 Fish Resource Potential for the Country 2 11 Lake and Reservoir fishenes 2.1.2 River fishery ................................................... 2.1 3 Fish Diversity 2.2 Resource Exploitation..................................................................................... I 2.2.1 Fish marketing 2.2 2 Fishery Management 2.2.3 Research .......„....................................... .................................. 2 ................. „................. . ... 2.2.4 Organizational Structure of Fishenes Authonties 2 2 5 Overview of governmental strategy 2 3 Fishery Development Constraints 2 4 abbay River Basin Fish Resources ............................................. „........ .. . 2 5 Didessa River Aquatic Ecosystem ano Fishery 2 5 1 Condition of the River Aquatic Ecosystem 2 52 Didessa River Fishery ....................................................................................................... 5 2.5 3 Fishery at Project Impact Area 2 54 Fish Fauna......................... . ..................................................„................................................ 2.5.5 Development and Research Institutions 2 2 2 3 1 ) 4 4 6 n 3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT_____________________________________________________________ 9 3.1 impacts ............. .. ................ .... ....................................................................................................... ............... 9 3 2 Impacts of the Dam............................................................................ _...................... .......................... 9 3.2 1 Changes to the Aquatic Communities.................... ........................ ................. g 322 Upstream Effects .................................................. ............................................. jq 3 2 3 Effects m River Channels 3 2 4 Downstream Effects jo ........................................................ jq 3 3 General impact on Sustainability of Fish Resources 3 3 1 Lack of plans for the development 3.3.2 Habitat loss .................... ......................................................................................... 3.3 3 Deforestation ............................................................................ 3 34 Pollution ....................................................... ..................... li 4 PROSPECT OF FISHERY DEVELOPMENT.................................... ............................................................................. |j 4.1 General ....................................... ............................................. _............................. n 4 2 Capture Fishery in Reservoir ......................... ....... .............. ..........Z...L . 4.2 1 The Reservoir 4 2.2 Fish Resource Potential Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise In Uieciatlon with InterconUnentAJ Cwosoluiiu tod Technwcnu Pn Ud b 1Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2OCT7 4 2 3 Employment Generation 42 4 Developing Fishenes at Proposed Reservoir 4 2 5 Fishenes Infrastructure and Marketing Facilities 4 2 6 Fishenes Management 4 3 Capture Fishery at irrigation Canal System 4 3 1 Fish Resource Potential 4 3 2 Fish Resource Management in irrigation Canal 4 4 Aquaculture Development 4 4 1 Physical Resources 4.4.2 Production Systems 4 4 3 Fish Nutrition 4 4 4 Fish Species • •4 ** J* & 19 20 20 21 •1 5 MITIGATION MEASURES-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 51 Measures for Reservoir 511 Pre-impoundment Measures 512 Post-impoundment Measures 51.2 1 Control Water Level 5 12 2 Control Aquatic Vegetation 5 12 3 Stocking Fish 5 12 4 Other Measures 5.2 Measures for Canal System ................................. ......................... 24 5.3 General Measures ............................................................................................................ 24 5 3 1 Organizational Setup and Extension 5 3.2 Resource Monitonng and Control 5.3.3 Access to Credit and Fishing Gears 534 Undertaking Applied Researcnes 5.3 5 Institutional Linkage ............ _............................................ 26 22 22 23 23 23 N 24 23 23 25 26 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS___________________________________________________________________1? LIST OF REFERENCES______________________________________________________________________________________ 24 Water Works Design 4 Supervision Enterprise 11Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 LIST OF APPENDIX Appendix IIQuestionnaires Appendix II-a APPENDIX ll-B Appendix ll-c ....................................................................................... 42 Appendix ill Appendix IV -............................................................................. 4* 44 LIST OF ANNEX Annex I-a.................................................................. .. Ju Annex i-b.................................................................................................. ............................................ ............ ..............33 Annex i-c-............................................................................................................. - Annex i-d33 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Asanaatteo wits InttreanttMual CiuuKuu ut Tnchnaerau fn. Ltd 111Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development Ma; 2007 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AFRDD Animal and Fishenes Resources Development Department board Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development EC Ethiopian Calendar FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FPME Fish Production and Marketing Enterprise ha hectare JERBE Joint Ethio-Russian Biological Expedition Kg Kilo gram kg/ha Kilo gram per hectare km Kilo meter LFDP Lake Fisheries Development Project, Phase II m.a.s.l. meters above sea level MoA, MoARD Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MoWR Ministry of Water Resources NFLARRC National Fish and Other Living Aquatic Resources Reacn Center NGO Non Government Organization ORARI Oromiya Region Agricultural Research Institute PIA Project Impact Area tfyr tones per year ZFRC Ziway Fishery Research Center •c Degree Celsius Water Works Design A Supervision Enterprise IV tn 4i»»ctiUon with ImtrunthMiUJ Camuiuau tod Techaeoau mutArjo Dedesss Irrigation Project Fishery Development FISHERY DEVELOPMENT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background May 2007 The Abbay River and its tributaries are one of the major contributors to the fish resource in the country which accounts 2000-2500 ton per year It is about 29-36% country's nver fish potential The Didessa River is one of the major permanent rivers which has subsistence fishery at present time in Abbay River basin It comprises different water bodies which are presently exploited and/or which are possible grounds for future sustainable fisheries activities The proposed Aqo Didessa Irrigation Project lies on the River Didessa which will create considerable area of manmade water body (reservoir) This reservoir will have a substantial fish resource, which will serve as a good source of protein and create job opportunity for the local people Therefore, it needs to be studied and calls for the plans for integrated development and sustainable exploitation of fishenes in the project area 1.2 Objective The broao objective of the study is to maximize the project benefit by prepanng plans for the development of fisheries into catchments area reservoir and canal system and integrate the same with development in other sectors This will help in achieving several goals of broad national objectives like food security, employment generation improving living standard etc The specific objectives of the study include • To understand the fisn resource base and fishenes environment • To identify the constraints and indicate the possibility and scope of fishenes development in the project impact area. • Analyzes the impacts of project on diversity and fishery resources and proposed mitigation measures during and subsequent to implementation, and • To recommend development proposals for sustainable fisheries on future reservoir and irrigation canals Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Pvt us IArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development 1.3 Methodology and Approach The following methodology and approach have been adopted to complete the study May 2007 i) Review of literature: Relevant literatures study documents reports related to fishery development in the country in general and the Abbay basm and D»dessa sub basin in particular nave been consulted and reviewed ii) Data collection. Secondary and primary data have been collected from different sources However adequate are not available During the initial study at the time of preparation of Inception Report, a set of questionnaires applicable to selected fish enterpnses. fishermen co-operatives Regional Zonal, and Woreda agriculture Bureaus were prepared It was intended to collect primary data on the basis of these questionnaires A set of questionnaires is available at Annex-I However dunng field visit it was found that fishenes are not developed in the area hence these questionnaires could not apply iii) Reconnaissance visit: A detailed reconnaissance field visit was undertaken for collection of data and relevant information iv) Group discussions and consultation with local people: A aetail field visit was undertaken, dunng this field visit Agricultural Offices at different woredas were consulted and discussions were held with them Farmers fishermen representative of fishenes development teams, other experts and Kebele settlers were consulted and group discussions were held on the current situation planned program problems encountered and opportunities envisaged The information gathered during the discussions and the results of these discussions have been appropriately incorporated in the report The list of offices, institutions, persons consulted is available at Annex-ll 1.4 Scope of the study The scope of study is limited to Arjo Didessa Irrigation Project impact area The plan for the development of fishenes in project area will have the following components • Catchments area. • Reservoir and. • Canal system in command area Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise Id InwctaUon with IniercwntlntnULl CwniulUati and Tedmwcrats frv LU 2pp Arjo Dedessi Irrigation Project p p M Fishery Development The scope of study includes the following issues • Review through publishea information and field visits the current status of the exploitation of fisheries, • Identification and evaluation of fish resource base and descnption of fish /aquatic/ environment. May 2007 • Identification of existing and proposed patterns of fish distribution and marxetmg • Descnption of existing activities by individuals associations companies corporations etc ; • Study the possibility and scope of development of fisheries tn the future especially in the reservoir and canal system, • Identification of existing and proposed fishenes infrastructure including extension services and inputs, and • identification of existing and proposed fishenes institutions for research momtonng and fishing activities Water Worts Design & Supervision Enterprise 3 rnudArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development 2 FISH RESOURCE AND EXPLOITATION 2.1 Fish Resource Potential for the Country 2.1.1 Lake and Reservoir fisheries May 2007 Ethiopia depenas greatly on its imand water bodies for fish supply to its population The country s water bodies for fishery cover a total estimated surface area of 6 473 km2 of major lakes while reservoirs and small water bodies are 1290 km2 The main nvers are stretched for about 7,185 Km inside the country Based on empirical model assessment on the lakes and length-based models for rivers the total fish production potential of the country is estimated to be 44,030-49,030 tons per year(MoA, 2003) 2.1.2 River fishery The nvenne fishery has been ignored and least known except some assistance which has been offered to the River Baro fisheries in Gambeia Region It is relatively more developed and providing substantial food and income to the communities There is no adequate information on fishing activities of most rivers except some from informal sources and field observations However it is concluded that most rivers contain fisn stocks which are not currently exploited 2.1.3 Fish Diversity So far over 100 indigenous species have been identified However the fish diversity is not Delieved to have been studied exhaustively and hence more species could be found in the future 2.2 Resource Exploitation The country’s fish resource has been unaer exploited i e only 10,007 tons (2004/05) which is 20-23% of total potential This landing account 85% for major lakes 9% for reservoirs and small water bodies, ana the rest is for nvers (MoA-AFRDD, 2003) The fish landed is utilized in fresh, chilled, frozen and dried forms The larger proportion (51%) of fish landed is placed on the local market near and around the fishery area as fresh Apart from those, fish reach distant consumers in chilled and frozen (47%) and the remaining balance (2%) in dried form from nvers Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise 1 Id liMdiOin with Intireinttotnul Ciuuitint! ind Twchntcratw M LUArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development 2.2.1 Fish marketing May 2007 Fish reach the consumer through direct sale from the canoe, or after passing through several stages of wholesale and retail intermediary transactions. Commercial processing firms at both the landing site and consumer supply levels come to the picture of distribution and marketing The marketing systems are mostly the domain of the small-scale- traders operating to and from the landing sites Commercial firms, both private and parastatal, are also involved in fish harvesting, processing and marketing. 2.2.2 Fishery Management There is no effective fish resource control /regulation/directive now though there are provisions in the constitution for the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development (MOARD) to enact and enforce the necessary regulations In 2003. the Fisheries Resources Development and Utilization Proclamation No 315/2003 has been declared at Federal level. Following this Proclamation the Amhara National Regional State and Southern Nation Nationalities Peoples Regional State have declared their own respective regional proclamations The implementation of the resource control is exercised mainly on the nft valley lakes. 2.2.3 Research The responsibility for research in fishenes and living aquatic resource has been entrusted to the NFLARRC within the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institution In addition to this some regional states nave their own agricultural researcn institutions. But only two regions, Amnara & Oromyia have organized fishery research center under their agricultural researcn institutions 2.2.4 Organizational Structure of Fisheries Authorities The fishery sector is now working under the control of MoARD and is a part of two deveiopment departments and one research organization. The Animal ano Fisnenes Resources Development Department and Animal ano Fishenes Marketing Department. They are dealing development ano marketing issues respectively The fisheries sector also works with the NFLARRC, to undertake research in response to fishenes management and development needs. The organizational structures at regional level are not uniform. Generally where there is large fishery potential, the fishery is considered as part of a smaller livestock and fishery unit within the Regional BoARD and where the fish resource is small or not recognized well, fishery is grossly marginalized Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 2 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pn. Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development 2.2.5 Overview of governmental strategy May 2007 Ethiopia has already adopted and implemented the strategy of an Agriculture Development Lead Industrialization /ADLI/ Confined in this broad strategy is the best use of the country s fishenes resources to contribute to get the desired socio-economic development in the country The draft fishery policy, wmch is part of livestock and fishery policy, has the following main elements > Monitor and control the exploitation of fish appropriately, directing and regulating production within sustainaDie limits for each fishery, and using the low to safeguard the resources from other threat; > Pronibit the introduction of live exotic fisn species unless and until scientific evidence justifies otherwise. > Introduce and promote aquaculture and, > improve post harvest nandling, preservation, and fish consumption promotion. 2.3 Fishery Development Constraints Tne current low level of exploitation of the fisheries leaves considerable room for further expansion of readily available resource However important constraints remain to be addressee to avail the opportunity Much effort will De needed to improve researcn, technology and extension. Expanded and improved support infrastructures such as access road, jetty and onshore processing facilities and expansion of distribution networks are significant. Strengthening of the government fisnery administration for effective resource monitoring, coordination, planning and control of the fishery industry are also paramount. 2.4 Abbay River Basin Fish Resources The Abbay river basin comprises different water Dodies, which are presently exploited and/or which are possible grounds for future sustainable fishery resources The different water Dodies in this basin are: Abbay River and its tributanes, Lake Tana ano linking nvers and man made reservoirs. The Abbay River is the major river of Ethiopia. Its length is about 800 km Detween Lake Tana and the Sudan border The main tributaries of the Abbay River are Anger, Beles. Chemoga Dabana, Dabus. Didessa, Dinder Gemma, Guder and Wenchit The rivers like Dicessa, Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 3 tn Association with Intercantinental Conauttaus and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development ^May2Q07^ Dabana and Anger are perennial which represent a total length of 2050 km (MWR/BECOM, 1998). The exploitable potential fish resource of Abbay River and its tributaries is estimated as 2000- 2500 ton per year ^Aubray. 1975 in MWR/BECOM, 1998). However most of the rivers and particularly the Abbay are not easily accessible in the upper reach due to the rugged nature of the landscape The perennial rivers, which are easily accessible by fishermen, are Dabus. Didessa, Dabana and Anger Their exploitable potential is estimated as 700-800t/yr and these could serve a good source of protein for the local people (MWR/BECOM. 1998). Subsistence fishing in the area, using a wide range of traditional gears, which include spear hand line trap, poisonous plant, cast net and different types of scoop net produced from locally available materials has been going on. River fishing is very active at the lower Abbay and its tributanes (in the snallow littoral areas) mainly by Gumuz ethnic groups. (Hussein et al, 2003b) The fish diversity identified so far is 30-species in Abbay River and 8-species in Dedessa River (JERBE. 1996 2000) 2.5 Didessa River Aquatic Ecosystem and Fishery 2.5.1 Condition of the River Aquatic Ecosystem Despite the absence of study on the Didessa River ecosystem, it is in natural condition due to absence or insignificant human interventions However there are a number of possible threats in the future to the fish resource, which should be understood and addressed otherwise the fishery, could be decimated, as has occurred elsewhere in the world Review of wide range studies on other similar tropical rivers reveals the important features and issues in relation to nver fish and fisheries I) The importance of Varied Habitats The habitat mixture in the Didessa River is diverse and if this resource complexity is well maintained by appropnate management measures, the fishery resource will remain nch in both biodiversity and productivity Many literatures reveal that habitat diversity in nver is the greatest in the floodplain of flooded grasslands, flooded forests, as well as small and large river channels and permanent and Water Works Design A Supervision Enterprise 4Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May20g7__ temporary lakes and pools Each type of habitat is used by different fish species for different activities such as spawning, nursing, shelter and feeding Key habitats must be kept accessible through the floodplain channels The main river channels are comparatively unproductive because stronger currents and shifting substrates, whicn result in lower primary production (Welcomme 1985 ) The quantity and quality of water in rivers is vital for maintaining system productivity II) The Importance of Fish Migration Generally, the large nver course is crucial nursery nabitats Deep pools and channels in the mainstream of the nver are important dry season refuges for fish, which re-colomse the floodplain when water rises during the next rainy season Many important commercial species swim hundreds or kilometers from the lower reacnes of rivers to high lands through the river mainstream. It is common in all rivers the larvae of some species drift hundreds of kilometers from upstream spawning grounds to the floodplains where they feed and grow Other species migrate laterally over shorter distances to spawn, feed and find refuge. Although nvers and their associated areas encompass a range of different fish habitats, they are all ecologically linked in a compiex ‘fish migration network Thus, from the point of view of migrating species, the nver sub basin functions as one ecological unit Fish migration corndors connect upstream spawning habitats with downstream nursery habitats, and dry season refuge nabitats in the mainstream with wet season feeding habitats on the floodplains. All these migrations are essential for the success of the river fishery Currently there is no natural or manmade fish movement obstacle along the nver channel in the project area 2.5.2 Didessa River Fishery The Didessa nver channel starts from nigh lands of Oromiya Regional and it passes across the Benshangul-Gumuz Region. Three important nvers namely, Anger, Debana and Wama are tributanes of rt. River Anger is more suitable for fishery relative to others because of slow flow and fairly uniform channel (Hussein et. aI.2003b). Didessa River is one of the main tributaries of Abbay River, which has fish resources and has active river fishery at different segment of nver channel. Nevertheless, attention has not been given from government to develop the utilization of resources. Vater Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intsrcontinemal Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 5Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 The existing fishery is depending on the culture of society, which relates to the ethnic group Besides, the settlers are far from river due to unfavorable conditions of human and animal disease ana presence of forest are the major factors restricting fishing. Therefore fishery is exclusively for subsistence and the intensity is varying in the different segments of Didessa River ana its tributaries Fishing is very active at lower reach where the Berta and Gumuz ethnic groups are settled along the river channel and completely absent in upper reach which falls mainly in the project impact area At lower reacn, the subsistence fishing sometimes gets transformed in to commercial fishing as the local people use fishing for additional income by marketing dried fish at rural market Because of natural factors, fishing is carriea out for limited months of the year, from December to April where the water level is stable and no on-farm activities are going on Intensive fishing is done in dry season throughout the year in the calmed water of the main nver cnannei, when the discnarge decreases; more fisnes become available for capture as they congregate in the shallow margins of the lagoons The fisnermen are using locally proauced gears, which are easily repaired with local parts, and require very low capital investment Their fish capture techniques are both low and energy consuming The fishing gears are diversified but are primitive The common fishing gears are scoop net. traps, cast net. single hook & line, spears and seeds & leaf of poisonous plants. At lower sub basin of Didessa River where the water is stable boats of different sizes made of local woods are used for transportation mainly crossing the nver Nevertheless, the boat is not used for fishing (Hussein et al, 2003). 2.5.3 Fishery at Project Impact Area It is well known that fisnery is the result of an interaction of human activities with fish resources which is absent in Project impact Area (PIA). It has been observed from reconnaissance survey and available reports, that the PIA is virgin and no subsistence or commercial fisheries are going on. At inception stage, a set of questionnaires applicable to fisn enterpnses. fishermen co-operatives, and officials of Agricultural /offices at different levels like Regional, Zonal and Woreda was prepared for collection of pnmary data Since fisnenes are not going on and these organizations (fish enterpnses, fishermen co-operatives) are not existent Therefore, the prepared questionnaires could not apply Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 6Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 The PlA had few settlements and low human population mainly due to high prevalence of human (malaria) and animal (tryponosomiasis) diseases According to the socio economic and environmental assessment report, about 7000 households in the proposed reservoir area and at its periphery ano about 2200 households in the command area spread over 15 Kebeies are expected to be affected Out of the total households affected by project, about 92 % are new settlers and only the rest 8% are natives in command area It has been observed that most of the populations are new settlers and are settled far from the riverbank. They do not have access to fishing In addition to these the natural vegetation woodland, savannah, and strip of revenne forest along the bank of Didessa River do not easily allow the movement of peopie for fishing 2.5.4 Fish Fauna The fish fauna of Didessa River is not well studied The differences in numbers of species inhaoiting various nver systems are largely attributable to the size of the nver as represented by its basin area. However there is belief that fish species slightly differ from the lower course due to fast flowing character and rheophilic fish species found in the water Based on the Fresh water group of the joint Ethio-Russian Biological Expedition (JERBE) field report about eight fish species are found in the river This number is small compared to Abbay River where 30 fish species are found. This confirms that the fish species of Dedessa River is not well studied. Table 2.3 snows the fish species from Didessa River Table 2.1 The fish species from Didessa River No. Family Fish species 1 Mormyridae Mormyrus hasselquistii 2 cypnnidae Barbus mtermedius Barbus sp. Garra sp. with red spot Labeo sp Vancorhinus beso 3 Mochokidae Chiloglams sp 4 Cichlidae Cichlidae gen. sp Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 7 In AuodaUoa with Interetnt&wmal Consultant! and Tedmacrau Pit Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development __________________ May2Q07__ 2.5.5 Development and Research Institutions institutions, which are directly involved in fishery and related activities in the project impact area are the Regional, Zonal and Woreda Agricultural Bureau/Offices of Oromiya Regional State There is no NGO currently active in the Project area. Under Oromiya Regional Agnculturai Research institute (ORARI), the Ziway Fisheries Researcn Center (ZFRC) is carrying out research in aspects related to fisheries management and development needs. The research area are fishery resource potential, aquaculture, fisn species identification, and socioeconomic of fishery However, most of its researches are earned out in the main lakes. The future roie of fisheries research should be fishenes resources management ano utilization oriented programs ano aquaculture related to identifying existing problems and generating information to provide solutions Both research ana extension in fishery development and management are lacking despite the fact that all institutions recognize the socio-economic importance of studying and developing the river fishery Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 8 In Assodatitn with Intireanttnental Coniulunts and Technocrats Prt Ltd.Ar]o Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development 3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT 3.1 Impacts May 2007 The main components of proposed project are the dam which will create reservoir and the network of canal system, which are going to create impact on the existing ecological environment in general and fisn resources in particular The impact may be both negative and positive These are discussed below in bnef 3.2 Impacts of the Dam The proposed imgation project development will involve physical modification of the environment such as construction of dam. which will create reservoir and canal network. All those activities will lead to significant changes in the natural environment during and after implementation of the project. The proposed dam may bring many positive Denefits. but they also nave some negative impacts on human society, the physical environment and ecosystems The major upstream effects of a dam include the creation of a reservoir and changes in the natural pattern of seasonal flow The downstream effects of dams on rivers can affect the nver immediately below the dam, and may persist for considerable distances downstream One of the most fundamental biological effects of dams is to disconnect the migratory pathways Dy which fisn and other animals travel upstream and down stream Study of expenences of the dam in the world indicates that it affects overall nver ecology whicn, is characterized by unidirectional ^one-way) flow of water, to one where there is little or no flow Major impacts and sequential changes reported from earlier tropical dams are summanzed as follows 3.2.1 Changes to the Aquatic Communities Substantial changes occur to biota below a cam. The most direct of these is the blocking of the pathway by which invertebrates and fish travel upstream ano downstream. This may result in the complete elimination of species dependent on migrations upstream for breeding or at least a drastic change in their abundance. These effects are not the only ones and fundamental changes occur to plants and animals both upstream and downstream of dams Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 9Arjo Dedessi Irrigation Project Fishery Development 3.2.2 Upstream Effects Effects upstream of the dam are felt in the channel of the river and in the new water body (reservoir) that is formed 3.2.3 Effects in River Channels The bar to migration is felt upstream, because riverine invertebrate and vertebrate species that would have come from downstream to upstream habitats are no longer able to pass the dam. Localized populations of migratory species may be retained if the tributary nvers above the reservoir are of significant size and are not disturbed In these cases, the retention of species that are able to continue to live in the river and upstream tributaries of the reservoir depends on the preservation of a suitable upstream environment for breeding and feeding by the organisms affected 3.2.4 Downstream Effects Other effects of dams on fishes are felt downstream, as highlighted below i) Short Distance Effects The water discharged from dam is usually poor in nutrients, and the carbon flows of a natural river channel are interrupted. Much of the invertebrate life depends on these food sources ano tends to be diminished. Migrating fish tnat would normally nave migrated upnver past the dam site tend to accumulate in the tail water areas below dams Here it is especially vulnerable to discharges of deoxygenated and cold water from the spillways The accumulations of fish are also vulnerable to predators including other fish, birds and human fishers ii) Long Distance Effects. The major downstream effect is the absence of normal floods for considerable distances below the dam. This means that the floodplains that were essential to many of the fish species are now detached from the river, and seasonal water bodies and marsh environments dry out. As a result, the vegetation structure of the natural floodplain and its former water bodies changes from water-tolerant species to more arid vaneties. Species of fish that are adapted to floodplain habitats are eliminated or decline in abundance, and are replaced by other species. In summary the following changes can be anticipated downstream after the creation of a major dam: Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Assoaidon with Incercontlninul Consultints inti Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 10Arjo Dedessa Irritation Project Fishery Development M • Alteration in the nature and abundance of floodplain vegetation including many varieties of flood resistant trees and grasses; • Diminution of overall productivity as the plankton communities that drive much of the carbon flow in downstream sectors of the river disappear along with the floodplain water bodies. • Disruption to invertebrate communities, • Disruption to the fish communities with the following changes o The decline and possible disappearance of migratory species. o The decline of many of the species that live on the floodplains; o The nse in abundance of unspecialized intermediate species that are able to live in the modified river channel ana can tolerate stable flows; and o The decrease in total abundance of the fish stock; 3.3 General Impact on Sustainability of Fish Resources 3.3.1 Lack of plans for the development The problems with inter-seaoral linxages are likely to worsen and may result in decreased opportunities for the whole seaor Understanding as to how the problems of imgation and other development possibilities of the river and lakeshore zones fit together as an integrated approach is not just confined to fisheries seaor It encompasses all seaors. In most cases, however the fisheries seaor is the one that suffers most from poor inter-sectoral co-ordination. 3.3.2 Habitat loss The cutting of forests for fuel wood supplies or their conversion to agriculture and other uses and demolishing of permanent and seasonal swamp area (2% of total reservoir) destroys crucial habitat that fish require for spawning and feeding. Habitat loss has been accompanied by a decline and loss of fish species 3.3.3 Deforestation Pressure exerted by the rapidly growing population and resettlement espeaally on the project areas will bnng about far reaching changes in land use patterns, which will increase deforestation and land degradation and soil erosion. As a result of soil erosion, sediments can silt up deep pool habitats that serve as important dry season refuges It can also irritate fish gills and smother fish eggs. Deforestation can lead to temperature changes as well as and decrease the leaf litter needed for the aquatic food chain Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise II In Association with Intercontinental Coasultants and Technocrats Pvt VMArjo Dedessa Irrtfation Project Fishery Development 3.3.4 Pollution May 2007 Water pollution is not currently issue for the fisheries in project impact area. Although it is not a threat to fisheries now pesticides and fertilizers could become a concern in future as projects promote the commercialization of agriculture and thus the use of agricultural inputs increases Fertilizer run-off can raise nutrient levels in water which in turn can cause fisn-killing blooms of aigae. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 12 la Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Pn. Ltd.Arjo Dedess* Irrigation Project Fishery Development 4 PROSPECT OF FISHERY DEVELOPMENT 4.1 General May 2007 The positive impact of the project is creation of large water bodies, which will increase fisn resources These will crate job opportunities and provide high quality protein food for communities to improve their live hood and quality of life The scope of development of proposed reservoir ano irrigation system are capture fishery and aquaculture 4.2 Capture Fishery in Reservoir 4.2.1 The Reservoir The proposed reservoir area would be about 8,500 ha. It can be divided into two effective zones, each of which has a characteristic fauna. Upstream, in the deposition area, there is a rivenne zone where many of the original rivenne invertebrate and fish species persist Excessive silting in this zone may affect the bottom living invertebrates that rely on clean, sediment-free conditions in tne main fiver in the body of the reservoir there is a lacustrine zone where true lacustnne pnyto- ano zooplankton develop Floating vegetation such as the water hyacinth may form extensive mats covering large areas of the reservoir Fish faunas will get modified to favor lake dwelling species, some of which may be introduced by humans. The open water of this area is likely to become colonised with small Delagic fish species The most lacustrine area of all is that closest to the dam where the water is the deepest. The following changes to the fish fauna can be anticipated after the filling of the reservoir • The disappearance of most migratory species from the reservoir Some of these may persist in the upper rivenne parts of the reservoir- • The rise in abundance of species that spawn in lacustnne situations • The nse in abundance of introduced species such as tilapias that are better adapted to lacustrine conditions; • The rise in abundance of small pelagic species that are normally rare in the nver and • The dramatic nse in fish catch and later stabilization at a reasonable level of yield Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Aistdadan with Intarcantinental Caniultanu and Tedmacrau Pvt Ltd. 134r)o Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development 4.2.2 Fish Resource Potential May 2007 Fish potential in the reservoir ecosystem is influenced by the climate and by edaphic and morphometric features Prediction of fish yield from proposed reservoir is important for managerial measures pnor to impoundment and in adjusting estimates after the fishery is established Prediction of fish potential from proposed reservoir can be made by two approaches i) A comparison with known yield in existing reservoirs judged similar to the one which will be created; and ii) By application of predictive models. Due to the absence of detail of data of existing reservoirs, the first approach is not viable and the application of predictive models is considered more appropriate. Crul (1992) updated the previous models by using data set of 71 African taxes and reservoirs separately and gave the following relationships for surface area with catch. Catch = 8 32 Area 082 Catch = 7.09 Area 094 2 (R =0 93) (R =0 94) 2 for 71 African lakes and reservoirs for 25 African reservoirs, Where Catch is expressed in toner per year Area in square km and R is correlation coefficient of total catch with surface area. These models indicate the mean yield is 85 xg/ha and 40 kg /ha for small and large reservoir respectively It is highlighted that these models do not account all the details of a fishery but provides a broad framework for determining the management process. In our case the available data which can oe incorporated in the above models are reservoir surface area. Hence, based on area (taken the area 8,500 ha), it is calculated 576 vyr and 538 t/yr by respective models. Taking the average of both figures gives 557 vyr i.e. 56 kg/ha. The geographic location influences the final productivity through climate, nutritional supply, and basin charactenstics. Therefore, this figure will vary significantly from results of other models, when the required input data will become available after the reservoir is stabilized. De Selva (1987) reported that the mean annual production could vary from 40 kg/ha to 497 kg/ha in reservoirs in Asian country, one of the highest yields in the world Judging from our reservoir Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with lnttrconumnnl Consultants ana Technocrats Pn. Ltd 14Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May20(r^__ site and its vicinity. it transpires that it will be productive Decause it has wide area of littoral zone and dense forest catchments which increases fertility of water 4.2.3 Employment Generation Making reasonable assumption about catch figure, annual average catch 2 ton/yr per fisnerman and taking the naif reservoir potential, it will provide minimum for employments 140 full time fisnermen in fisn industry FAO estimates that at the back of every fisherman will benefit at least four people those are who provide fisning gears, repairing fishing boats and gears, fish processors, and fisn traders Based on this computation the dependant on reservoirs will increase by four times of the fishermen i.e 560 Totally 700 family head persons or 3500 persons (assuming 5 dependants for each family) will be benefited directly from the planned reservoir 4.2.4 Developing Fisheries at Proposed Reservoir Capture fisheries in new reservoir would be on small-scale, which the fish resource potential permits Accordingly, small-scale fishery has its own specific characteristic: labor intensive, small quantities of production, snort fishing range, ano lacks market outlet The other main characteristic of small-scale fisheries are family oriented form of organization, located in rural areas iow-ievel income ano supplementary to other non-fishing activities Therefore, the development strategy for small scale fishing communities should be oriented toward an integrated approach by linking overall community development program The initiation of fishery at proposed Didessa reservoir may start by people living in vicinity of reservoir or fishermen from outside. Fortunately some settlers in Kolo Sih Kebele who came from vicinity of Lake Zeway have fishing expenence who will be an initiator ProbaDiy some additional experienced fishermen will be transferred from the saturated rift valley lakes as happened at Lake Finchaa. Due to declining of the eaten in rift valley lakes ano rising of fish demand in Christian Coptic fasting season, the fish traders had employed fishermen from Lake Ziway to fish at Finchaa reservoir. At first, these fishermen were working for fish traders who employed them, and then gradually they became independent fishermen. This situation also may develop in proposed reservoir in the future. The presence of experienced fishermen could contribute significantly for development of fisheries by sharing Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 15 In Anodation with Intercontinental Consultame and Todmocrate Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2OC7 their skill and experience with local new comers The fishery will provide initially a supplement to agricultural income to local people Development intervention should be gradually through small-scale projects for selected target groups and they will work as initiator for the stagnant situations Then integrated development in fishing community should be arranged to have all facilities, organizations and institutions, needed for community As regards aquaculture, the area has favorable physical environment and climate for fish farming The details have been discussed in the aquaculture section 4.2.5 Fisheries Infrastructure and Marketing Facilities The basic infrastructures are jetty for harboring boats, fish processing shades, access road from landing site to main road, eiectnc power and potable water supply at important landing sites etc. which will improve fish handling, collection, marketing and distribution. The role of regional government in development of fish marketing begins with the provision of above mentioned infrastructures wnile the creation of these basic services determines the potential efficiency of marketing arrangements The fish landing and marketing facilities should be inexpensive at the same time maintaining the good standard of technology and hygiene. The size and location site of infrastructures such as fish processing shades should be planned carefully so that they conform to users requirement. It has been learnt from past fishery projects that some processing shades built by Lake Fisheries Development Project at different lake sites, could not be functional due to their inappropriate location and site The basic issue for site selection for suitable landing and marketing facilities in fishing area are: location snoula be at convenient distance from fishing grounds, provide safe iand/anchorage for boats in all weather ano all state of tide, provide access to fishing grounds and market outlets etc Therefore, all aspects should be considered before taking the final decision because often seemingly obvious choice is not the appropriate one. Small-scale fish marketing development should be aimed at increasing fishermen income and consumption Fish consumption is currently low at project impact area due to different reasons Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 16 In Auoaatlon with Intirconttntntal Canauttami and Technocrat! Pvt LU.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May2QQ7__ However, fish consumption could be increased through creation of awareness on the usefulness offish food and better distribution chain. Besides this, form of presenting fish (such as cleaned or gutted, filleted) is a factor for attracting new consumers Due to the intensification of agnculture through imgation in proposed areas, the population will increase which will require additional protein food and this can be supported by fish food With the gradual development of reservoir fishenes, it is expected that market will develop at many big and small towns such as Bedeie, Gechi, Sekencha. Yanfa and Arjo 4.2.6 Fisheries Management It nas been mentioned earlier, formation of reservoir will induce major changes in the reverine fish stocks, and fish species requinng flowing water (rheophic fish) will gradually decline. Only species of backwaters will continue to subsist Each reservoir has developed its specific features, determined especially by morphology and altitude at which it is situated The proposed reservoir is located at relatively higher altitude and due to its low water temperatures; it will normally oe less productive than those located in lower stream. In addition, it usually contains less commercial fish species than lower altitude Dunng the initial years the new reservoir will contain less fish. But later on wnen immigration of fish into reservoir starts through the new canals connecting it with other rivers more fish species will be introduced and stocked Finally fish fauna in the reservoir will be different from initial ones. Fishing in reservoir will be predominantly capture-based activity Fishenes resources regulation will be implemented for optimum yield and sustainability of resources, whicn will be backed by biological reasoning based on economic considerations. Fisheries management of reservoir should focus on the following points • Introduction of new species and fish food organisms, • Management of spawning sites fish protection, improvement of the efficiency of fishing methods, • Intensification of fish production in separated or isolated parts of reservoirs, • Fish production in the littoral zone and • Pond and cage culture etc. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultant! and Teebnoerats PH. Ud. 17Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development 4.3 Capture Fishery at Irrigation Canal System 4.3.1 Fish Resource Potential May 2007 The unique nature of the natural fauna and flora in canals would reflect the water source and the pnysical characteristic of irrigation scheme. However, the hydraulic characteristics and trophic status of canal habitats are significantly different from the natural water. Based on various studies, Redding ana Midlen (1991) concluded that the overall effects of all differences appear to be a reduction in fish species diversity and abundance in the canal habitat and possibly reduction in pnmary production. As a result, it is not possible to use existing models for estimating potential fisheries production in irrigation canals. In addition to this, it would be difficult to establish self-sustaining exploitable fish population without stnct management of the stock, and comprehensive restocking policy Surface irrigation scheme has inherent problems, which acts as constraints for fishery Some of these are water loss, salination, silt loading, water quality and pollution. Furthermore the normal water management practice in irrigation system, water loss in different forms such as seepage and evaporation will create unpredictable and unstable environment, which have implication on fish production. The situation on aquaculture will aggravate because the stock found in cage or pen depends on availability of consistence discnarge of water Therefore, fishery and aquaculture operations in these conditions may be at nigh risk. Silt loading and sedimentation also nave effect on fish production. The water coming from upper catchments may contain high concentration of silt. The high sedimentation rate will be harmful to fisn culture because it will hinder or slow the flow of water through the cages. Usage of pesticides for agnculture in the catchments may increase due to intensification of agriculture. The presence of these chemicals in irrigation canals being washed away by rains to down streams will be great health concern for those who consume fish. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Aisodatton with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 18Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development ______________________________ j(ay^G7^_ 4.3.2 Fish Resource Management in Irrigation Canal The capture fishery in canal will De exposed to unmanageable exploitation The particular case to project area needs attention to protect the fish fingerlings from entenng in to irrigation system from reservoir mainly in dry season The fish resource management in irrigation system will have similarity with rivers The proposed management measures depend on the situation and will be cased on the research results. The closing season and/or area, mesh size regulation and gear restnctions etc are the major options. However, participatory resource management will afford the best result by organizing and creating awareness among the resource users. The introduction of new species may become an alternative to fish stock management in irrigation canal. However, it will have a nsk of altenng the structure of natural fish community and should also be based on research results 4.4 Aquaculture Development Aquaculture encompasses a range of activities, including the production and sale of fry and fingerlings and the raising of wild or artificially produced fry and fingerlings in enclosed or semi enclosed water bodies. Related livelihoods include the supply of inputs such as fry and feeds and the processing and marketing of aquaculture products Many African countnes have identified and practiced aquaculture in general ana commercial aquaculture in particular as potential way of filling the growing gap in fish supply due to the limited nature of capture fishery resources In our case the priority should be given to capture fisneries and aquaculture will be medium term development prospects. As the development of capture fishery taxes time to exploit fully, commercial aquaculture will not be viable economically However as it happen eisewnere in the developing country it can be developed in the reservoir in two ways, commercial and rural aquaculture. The motive force behind commercial aquaculture is profit maximization whilst that of the rural aquaculture is primarily meeting the subsistence food and income needs of the family An aquaculture system becomes a commercial when it is under taken as a business venture or to maximize profit, and when it involves recruiting labor Where there is government support. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 19 In AsMd&tloa with Intsrconttnsntal Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May2007__ subsistence aquaculture gradually transforms itself into small-scale commercial aquaculture and this further transforms into a large-scale commercial aquaculture. In order to realize the full potential of aquaculture in the reservoir sub basin there is a need to develop and promote aquaculture technologies that increase intensification of production; make it accessible to the poor and the majority of the population through the use of culture in resource systems such as rivers, and small water bodies, and develop production and marketing strategies that allow farmers to respond better to changing consumer demands However a number of factors inhibit the expansion of aquaculture These include, lack of seed and feed lack of extension services, lack of access to markets, insufficient land and water; habitat degradation and the risk of disease 4.4.1 Physical Resources Aquaculture/fish farming can develop a wide variety of production systems in the proposed Didessa Reservoir and over catchments The altitude ranges from 1500 to 2500m (upper catcnments; which can be divided in to two fish farming zones; central high lands (1750-2500m altitude with mean temperature 16-20 °C) and higniands perimeter (1000-l750m altitude with mean temperature 20-25 °C) (Balarin, 1986) The first zone is ideal for production of carp fish species, and the second is for carp and tilapia fish species 4.4.2 Production Systems A number of different production systems are viable in the proposed reservoir Land based system may not be viable due to the shortage of land. The water based system such as cage and pen cultures are the appropriate forms of aquaculture in reservoir and in the irrigation system, because, it has certain degree of control over production and confined nature of the production. Cages can be made from cheap and locally available materials, sucn as bamboo for main structure drums for float and appropriate mesh sized nets. Cages are flexible and it can be easily moved from one place to other place. An expenence in Asia indicates that small cages can provide rapid returns to the rural poor who do not have access to land for pond aquaculture (Hambrey et ai.. 2001). To develop small- Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 20 In association with lnierteadnentai Consultants and Technocrats m. Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project scale cage culture operations, the focus should be on consolidating research on small-scale cage operations in nvers. planned irrigation canals and reservoir, establishing management and institutional guidelines for the use of cages in water bodies, and generating information on the costs and profitability of small-scale cage culture. 4.4.3 Fish Nutrition As aquaculture production becomes more and more intensive, fish feeds will be a significant factor in increasing the productivity and profitability of aquaculture Feed management determines the viability of commercial intensive aquaculture as it accounts for at least 60 per cent of the cost of fish production (New MB et al., 1994). Since commercial aquaculture does not exist at present, commercial feed is not available locally Experience from Afncan countnes shows that the high cost and low quality of fish feeds are the major limiting factors for aquaculture development. Fortunately the Didessa sub basin is an agricultural area and may have sufficient agricultural by-products that can be a source of farm feed for aquaculture In order to develop aquaculture in the sub basin, research and development should focus on a wider range of production systems tor fish farming and feed formulation from locally available agricultural by-products 4.4.4 Fish Species For above mentioned farming zone, Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and common carp [Cyprius carpio) are primary candidates for aquaculture Both of them are locally available Efforts should be made to develop production ano management technologies for those fish species that have a good local demand. The development of production techniques for local species and their successful culture may also help to protect natural fish populations, which are threatened in many cases due to unsustainable fishing practices. Water Works Design 4 Supervision Enterprise In Association with IntereonUnental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 21Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development 5 MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1 Measures for Reservoir May 2007 For minimizing the adverse effect of the dam and further providing facilities for fisheries, the following measures should De taken The measures for the reservoir may include pre impounding and post-impounding measures 5.1.1 Pre-impoundment Measures Design and Construction of Appropriate Fish Pass at Dam Appropriate fish pass should be considered during design of the dam Complimentary mitigation measures on flow management at certain times of the year should De made for maintenance of a good balance in migratory fish population on long term Clearance of Reservoir Bed Area For long term benefits, the bottom should be cleared before impoundment of reservoir starts Cleanng trees and busnes at specific site is important for fishery development. Bernacsek (1984) and Ploskey (1985) have reviewed this issue They discussed the pro and cons of leaving a portion of vegetation/trees in reservoirs for fish populations Trees will be the major obstacle for fishing by gillnets and beach seines; navigation and they anchor large mates of floating nuisance macropnytes, which lower the biological productivity of the reservoir by shading under the mat. It nas been noticed that in Alweo Dam, in Gambella region, fishermen are suffering due to the presence of standing hard wood trees as they are unable to fisn by gillnets. Hence, trees should be cleared at gentle slope areas of proposed reservoir for facilitating future fishing operation. On other hand, the trees tn the littoral zone are beneficial to fish production because they provide both shelters for juveniles and non piscevorous spedes from predation and also a large surface area for growth of aufwuchs organisms which are important source of food for many fish species Finally, for that, a proportion of the terrestrial vegetation should be kept and that will not create any hindrance for fishery, irngationai, hydrological or civil engineenng requirements Water Worts Design 4 Supervision Enterprise 22 In Auodatlan with Intercontinental Cuuultaau and Tactmoorats Pvt Ltd.Ar] o Dedessa Irrtgatlon Project Fishery Development May 2007 To conclude /nvestigating the prospect of reservoir fisheries and considering the. demand for fishing and fish culture, vegetation should be cleared at sloppy side littoral areas before the initial impounding of reservoir 5.1.2 Post-impoundment Measures 5.1.2.1 Control Water Level The most important nydrological factor in reservoir is the change in water level The changes are linked with rainfall pattern, whicn fills during wet season. During this season the demand of water for irrigations may become almost nil. The effect of fluctuation of water level on fish production is significant and it is one of the major factors for optimizing fish yield Bemacsek (1984) presented the general guidelines for dam design and operations to address fishery concerns and focused for African reservoirs Based on this, the rationai approach to reservoir water level management would be to optimize the working curve for specific purpose such as fisheries. The optimized working curve would be contained within the limits set by the design rule curve but would act as a target rather than a safety limit curve 5.1.2.2 Control Aquatic Vegetation Different types of vegetation, ranging from semi aquatic to floating and submerged plants will develop in the tropical reservoirs after stabilization. They are source of food directly for some piscevorous fish species A good growth of submerged macrophytes is essential for realizing the high fish production from the littoral zone of the reservoir (Marshall in Bemacsec GM. 1984) In contrast, the floating vegetation has no beneficial effect in reservoirs as it impedes fishing It is well known in the wood that it is difficult to control and avoid once reservoir is invaded in our country. Finchaa Reservoir (MoWR/BECOM, 1998) and Lake Tata (in Gambela region) are invaded by such vegetation which creates difficulties for fishing communities. In general, introduction of piscevorous fish species (grass carps fishes are well known) is effective method for weed control. However, this species may be new to the Didessa River and their effect is not known. Based on different studies and experiences, Bemacsec (1984) suggested that the most effective method of controlling weed infestation is large draw downs during the first few years of reservoir life Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 23 In Also elation with Intercontinental Consultant! and Technocrats Pit Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Fro]oct Fishery Development 5.1.2.3 Stocking Fish May 2007 Stocking fish is one of the features of reservoir fisheries. Natural recruitment can be improved oy ecosystem management, or compensated for through stocking. Stocking will be ultimate cnoice when habitat management is not feasible. Greater emphasis should be placed on species that have short food chain and which are indigenous for the reservoir/river Stocking mature orood fishes is recommended to build up the population of desired fish species, taking advantage of the initial fertility phase Stocking is influenced by the biological features and production of the fish species, and socioeconomic level of the region. 5.1.2.4 Other Measures • During the first five years, only experimental fishing should be done to assess the stock and success of stocked fishes in terms of growth and survival. • Estimate the efficiency of different gear and catch composition of each gears • Prepare resource management plan for reservoir that includes management of fish spawning site and season, gear type etc • Organize fishermen cooperative/group to initiate fishing by providing inputs, • Conduct training on fishing techniques, fisn handling and preservation for fishermen. • Facilitate infrastructures such as access roads, construct low cost jetties, fish cleaning shades etc 5.2 Measures for Canal System • The possibility of misdirecting the parent and juveniles fishes through irhgation canals may appear Therefore, the correct measure should be taken before the problem occurs. • Conduct research ana study on the effect of the irrigation canal on fish and fisheries, • Prepare canal fishery management plan; and • Introduce cage culture to farmers 5.3 General Measures The following measures are needed in the fishery sector for harnessing all its potential for the benefit of proposed reservoir, irrigation system and Diaessa River sub basin. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 24 In Uitciatitn with Interconttatnial Coniuttants and Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development 5.3.1 Organizational Setup and Extension May 2007 The current organizational setup of the fisheries and aquaculture should be reviewed and upgraded in accordance with their growing research, development and management needs It requires a functioning fishery data collection and analysis system for the reservoir, which will form basis for resource management. Since the development of fishery calls new technique and skills, the availability of sufficient trained personnel is a serious consideration. The current development agents have no back ground of fisheries and they cannot carry out the fishery extension services. They need to upgrade their capacity through on job training Currently, the fishery course is given at some Technical. Vocational, Education and Training Colleges (TVET) such Alage TVET that couid provide training on fishery to development agents However, the courses should be improved Keeping in view the requirement of capacity for development agents For effective extension service to fishermen. Fishermen Training Center (FTC) should be established. Among the extension services training fishermen on fishing technique, fish handling ano preservation and resource management should be an integral part of an extension. 5.3.2 Resource Monitoring and Control Catch and Effort Data Recording System should be implemented in planned way in proposed reservoir and irrigation canal system for follow-up for harnessing the available potential and sustainable exploitation of resources. 5.3.3 Access to Credit and Fishing Gears The lack of fishing gear nas been a major constraint at national level currently and this is going to remain constraint here also. Input for fishery requires high investment wnich most fishermen cannot afford. Therefore, there should be a special credit scheme for fishermen and fishery related small entrepreneurs who are unable to secure from formal financial institutions, due to inadequate collateral At present, some Rural Credit and Saving Institutions are available such as Oromiya Rural Credit and Saving institutions, which serve for rural people But they are able to cater to the needs of fishermen. Fishermen should be also more organized than individual for effective utilization of credit services Concerning fishing gears, the Bureau of Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In AiseaaUon wtm totorconttnentai Coniuttanti and Technocrats Fn Ltd. 25Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Agriculture should work a conduit for information between buyers (fishermen) ano suppliers of fishing materials (traders) 5.3.4 Undertaking Applied Researches Researches for the new approach for management of fishery in the catchments should continue. It should concentrate on identification of the interlinking complex ecosystem of existing rivers with proposed irrigation canal and reservoir Above all, the impact of dam and imgation canal on upper and lower streams, before and after impoundment on fishery should De given pnority. 5.3.5 institutional Linkage The development of effective linkages with appropriate sectoral institutions to protect the environment from pollution, degradation or modification is essentially needed This linkage will facilitate exchange of information and integration and harmonization of common interests and efforts Strong linkage with institutions related to water development during and after implementation of the project is also necessary in addition to this, training, extension and research institutions should be linked cohesively to provide the basis for development of fishenes technology, transfer, and for identification of fisnenes-generated technologies and practices that could have impacts on the fisheries and the implementation of government management recommendations Water Works Design 4 Supervision Enterprise bi Assodatian with Intareenttnanui Cansultanti and Tachaacrata Pat Lid. 26Aijo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS • Reservoir fishery is expected make a significant contribution to household cash income and improvement of living conditions The rough fish potential estimation, 557t/yr shows that it will create direct employment for about 140 people and indirect employment for 560 people. Thus it will provide employment to 700 persons involving about 3,500 family members It will be a capital asset which will generate a steady flow of benefits to the population that will depend on it. Accordingly early facilitation of the reservoir for fishery development will be very Deneficial The proposed reservoir may yield even larger quantities of fish than indicated above however, for achieving this, it will require efficient and early (pre-impoundment) planning, timely fisheries development and well- conceived management of the fisheries Resource monitoring and control should be implemented in proposed reservoir and imgation canal system Intensive and effective monitoring of the use of appropnate fishing gears, stocks fluctuations and effort levels is required The approaches to extension need to be reviewed to respond to the current challenges These fragile resources encompass a number of challenges and one of which will be environmental modification. The overall impact of the dam on river ecology specific to the blocking of the pathway by which invertebrates and fisn travel upstream and downstream. One of the possible mitigating measures is providing appropriate fish pass on the dam. Environmental factors have threatened sustainability of fisheries resources. These are blocking fish migrating routs, habitat destruction, increasing soil erosion and siltation and shoreline conversion, most of which onginate from outside the sector. Currently, the collaborative linkages among sectors whose activities impinge on the fisheries sector are weak. Creation of effective linkages with appropriate institutions to protect the environment from pollution degradation or modification is necessary This linkage will facilitate information exchange and integration and harmonization of common interests and efforts. Strong linkage is necessary with water reservoir development institutions during and after implementation of the project. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 27 Pit Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 • The proposed mitigation measures should be properly implemented at the right time and necessary follow up measures and their effectiveness should be monitored through well planned monitonng program. • Research on fisheries in proposed reservoir and irrigation canal is considered very essential. These will take into account environmental modification that will have impact on reverine environment and subsequently on up and down stream fisheries and its biodiversity • A rapidly growing population requires more supply of fish. Looking all the source of fisheries, aquaculture appears as most important alternative means for supply of fish as the capture fish resources are probably close to being fully exploited in the future. Therefore, aquaculture will help to protect natural fish populations, which are exposed in many cases due to unsound fishing practices. In addition to this, it could improve nutrition, expand, and increase food security and incomes in remote areas of Didessa River catchments. Water Works Design 4 Supervision Enterprise 28Aflo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development LIST OF REFERENCES May 2007 1 Balarin, jD 1986. National Reviews for aquaculture development in Africa 9 Ethiopia FAO Fish.Circ., (770 9) 109p 2 Bernacsec GM. 1984 Dam design and operation to optimize fish production in impounded river basins 77p 3. Chikafumbwa, F.J., K.L. Katambalika and RE. Brummett 1998 Community managed “thamandas" for aquaculture in Malawi World Aquaculture 29(3): 4 Crul, R CM 1992 Models for estimating potential fish yields of African inland waters CIFA Occasional Paper No 16 Rome FAO.22p 5 De Silva. SS, 1988 Reservoirs of Sn Lanxa and their fishenes FAO Fish Tech Pap. (298) 128p 6 Dey M. and M Prein. 2002 Alternating rice and community-based fish culture in seasonally deep-flooded ecosystems Agricultural Technologies for Rural Poverty Alleviation IFAD Advisory Notes Number 2. 7 Hambrey J., L. A. Tuan and T K. Thuong 2001 Aquaculture and poverty alleviation II. Cage culture in coastal waters of Vietnam. World Aquaculture 32(2). 8 Hussein A. & Yarea T 2003a. Nile basin Fishenes in Ethiopia. Country Review Workshop on Research Priorities in Aquatic Ecosystem and Fisheries in the Nile Dasin, Organized by Wond Fish Centre 9-10 December 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 9 Hussein A, Yared T and Meseiech G/M 2003b Reconnaissance survey of River fishenes of Benshanul-Gumuz Regional state, AFRD&RD-MoA, April 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Internal Report) 10 JERBE (Fresn water group of the Joint Ethio-Russian Biological Expedition) field Report. 1996 ana 2000 11 FDMP 2003 Fisn Resources Development and Marketing Plan (Amnanc Version) Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa. Ethiopia. 12. MoWR/BECOM, 1998 Abbay River basin integrated Development Master Plan Project Ministry of Water resources Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 13. New, M B.. Tacon, A.G.J.; Csava, I. (eos.) 1994 Farm made aquafeeds. FAO Technical Paper No 343. Rome 434p 14. Nieisen, LA, 1993. History of Inland Fisheries Management in North Amenca 15. Vanden Bossche J.P.; Bernacsec GM 1991, Source boon for the inland fishery resources in Africa: 3 CIFA Technical Paper, No 18 3 Rome, FAO 219p 16 Welcomme. R.L 1985 River fishenes FAO Fish. Technical Paper 262 FAO Rome 230 PP Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 29 la Aaaoetatlen wtth tetereontlnontal Consultant! and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development APPENDICES ANNEX I INDICATIVE PROJECT PROFILES May 2007 Annex l-a Indicative Project Profile No. 1 Title: Study and monitoring fish resources of the proposed reservoir and linking rivers (Research) Rationale • The fish and there forms of aquatic life are highly dependent upon the environment in which they evolved, cnanges in an environment can devastate the aquatic life living there. Weather in small and large reservoir or nvers, the fish is at the receiving end of all kinds of human activity These environmental modifications will have negative impact on reverine environment and subsequently on up and down stream fishenes and its biodiversity. Consequently, these environmental factors have threatened sustainability of fishenes resources. Therefore, study ana monitoring should be done on identification of the inter-linking complex ecosystem of existing rivers with proposed irrigation canal and reservoir Above all, the impact of aam and imgation canal on upper and lower streams, after impoundment on fishery should be given pnority in the study Goal: The overall goal is to protect the fish resource and its biodiversity through conservation and implement mitigation measures Objective • protect the fish and its biodiversity through conservation ana implement mitigation measures Activities • Study ana monitoring on identification of the inter-linking complex ecosystem of existing rivers with proposed irrigation canal and reservoir • Study the impact of dam and imgation canal on upper and iower streams, after impoundment; • Monitoring the reservoir environment on aquatic pollution. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 30 In iMsdatian with IntarcantiMntal Com ultanta and Tadmocrou Pvt Lid.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Out put • Mitigation measures will be identified and implemented that caused by environmental modification • Protect fish resource and its biodiversity Beneficiaries and benefits • The main beneficiaries are concerned government institutions, fishing communities, by sustainable use offish resources and conservation of fish biodiversity Critical assumptions The Ziway Fisheries Research Centre Regional Agricultural organisation will give pnonty to implement this project. Organisation and management • The implementing agency will be Oromiya Region Agricultural Research Institute, Zeway Fisheries Center Strong linkage is necessary with water development institutions during and after implementation of the project. Implementation period The implementation period will be 3 years and started at second year of the reservoir life Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 31 In Association with InttreontiMntal Consultants and Toehnoerats Pn. Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Cost estimate Table The minimum cost estimated of the project ('000 Br) No Item Unit Q'ty Ave Unit cost (Br) Total cost Remark 1 Technical assistance (6 mm @ 70000j person 6 mm 70 420 External assistance uocal manpower 2 experts for 3yrs @2500Br/m person I 2 yr 2.5 180 • 2 Fishing gears Gillnet (different mesn sizes) Pcs 20x2=4 0 1 40 2 years service period Beacn seine Pcs 3 3 9 DO-pH meter Pcs 1 20 20 Water analysis kit Set 50 50 Boat with 40 HP outboard engine Pcs 1 I 150 150 Vehicle 4WD PCs 1 500 500 Camping equipment Set 1 200 200 Office supplies Set 1 150 150 Operation cost yr 3 150 (LS) 450 Laboratory equipment set 1 60(LS) 60 Miscellaneous set 1 50 50 Contingency 5% 114 Total 2,393 LS* Lump sum Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise 32 In diMdatton with tntereanttnantal Couulunu and Tachnocrau Pn. Ltd.Ar]o Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Annex l-b Project Profile No. 2 (Research) Title: Fish stock assessment and experimental fishing on the proposed reservoir and river Didessa River Rationale Development of new fishery requires to base decision on adequate and reliable biological, technological, and socioeconomic data. Exploration type of fish species, their annual exploitable yield, and the fishing methods to fish utilize them in a more efficient and sustainable ways ana the economics of alternative investments or operations in fishenes will be crucial. Therefore, fish slock assessment and expenmental fishing will oe required for sustainable resources and identifying efficient and appropnate fishing gears Objectives • To estimate the maximum sustainable yield/ potential yields of the reservoir and linked nvers, • To provide a reliable source of information for management ot the fishery and to design appropriate fisning strategy on the Reservoir and river: • To come up with efficient, cneap and non-destructive fishing gear, that can be suitable for the proposed reservoir and river fishery: ■ To provide a reliable source of information for management of the fishery and to design appropriate fishing strategy on the lake, and ■ To identify productive fishing grounds and species composition. Activities • Conduct baseline survey • Collect biological data ^catch-effort, length-frequency and other biological data). • To mount and fix the nets and gears • Test different gears to target fish species to determine the selectivity of different mesh size nets and to analyze the length range of the catches of different mesh size nets • The catch of each gear will be recorded separately, each fish will be measured, and the way and how it caught will be recorded; • Analysis the collected data; and • Prepare management plan for reservoir and linking nvers. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pn. Ltd. 33Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Out put Stock assessment • Fishery basic data and baseline survey document • Estimated production potential of reservoir and river; • Compiled the Knowledge on the biology of the stock, • Productive fishing grounds and species composition will be identified, and • Prepared fisheries management plan for each water bodies For experimental fishing • Efficient and non- destructive fishing gear and method will be identified, • Selection of different mesh size gill net and hooks for different species and size of the fish; and • identified the productive fisning grounds Beneficiaries and benefits The Regional Agnculturai Bureau, local communities will be beneficial by sustainable fish resources Organisation and management The implementing agency will be Oromiya Region Agricultural Researcn Institute, Zeway Fisheries Center Strong linkage is necessary with water development institutions dunng and after implementation of the project. implementation period The implementation period will be one year on the fifth year of reservoir life Implementation strategy The project will nave strong relation with the first project ano it can be a component of the first one All equipment, vehicle, and boats available in the project Profile No 1 will be used to this project. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 34 In AuodaUon with Intercontinental CanaulUnu and Tacknacrau Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Cost estimate Table The major cost estimated only for selective items (‘000 Br) No i Item | Unit | Qty ' Ave Unit cost (Br) Total cost Remark 1 Local manpower 2 expens for 1yr@2500Br/m person 1 yr 2.5 60 2 Office supplies and software Set 1(LS) 150 150 3 Operation cost yr 1 150 150 4 Miscellaneous 1 20 20 5 Contingency 5% 19 ___ LS= Lump sum Total 399 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Inumntlnontal Consultants and Technocrats Pn. Ltd. 35Arja Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Annex 1-c Project profile No 3 Title: Develop fisheries at proposed reservoir and Didessa River. Rationale Reservoir fishery is expected make a significance contribution to household cash income and improvement of living conditions The rougn fish potential estimation, 557t/yr. shows that it will create direct employment for about 140 people and indirect employment for 560 people It will De a capital asset, which will generate a steady flow of benefits to the population that depend on it. Accordingly, fishing will be initiated at after stabilization of reservoir (estimated stabilization period five years) Capture fisheries in new reservoir would be on small-scale, which the fish resource potential permits. Development intervention should be gradually through such small-scale projects for selected target groups and they will work as initiator for the stagnant situations Then integrated development in fishing community requires having all facilities, organizations and institutions, needed for community Objective: To enhance the contribution of fisheries to sustainable food self-sufficiency and rural development. Major Out puV Activities Based on previous studies determine comprehensive development strategy options for immediate implementation. Particularly ■ implementation of a technical and socioeconomic study to determine the development options, Daseo on the identification of major constraints at various levels including harvesting, processing, distribution and marketing, techno-economic assessments, ana investigation of appropriate means for resolving identified constraints; ■ Organize fishermen into groups/ association, ■ Provide all necessary fishing gears; Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Auvctatlon with Imircanthiantal Cooraltanu and TachMcrata Pvt LuL 36Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development ■ Conduct training fishermen on fish handling, preservation and fishing techniques, • Facilitate market infrastructures, and ■ Popularized fish consumption promotion near towns. Organization and management The project will be implemented through the Oromiya Regional Agricultural bureau The regional government snould be provided credit access to fishermen and supply all types of required fishing gears through it. Strong extension support to fishermen and catch and effort data collection will be crucial. Implementation period One year Beneficiaries The pnmarily beneficiaries will be 560 family heads in fishing and related activities. The others are local peopie who nave access fish food and concerned government institutions. In financial terms, the direct benefit can be calculated from annual narvestable fish production from the reservoir; 557 tons per year Taking the current low price of whole fish near town 4 Br/kg, the annual production will be Br 2,228,000. Water Works Design 4 Supervision Enterprise 37Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development Cost estimate The major cost estimated for project is indicated as follows. ('000 Br) May 2007 No Item Unit Qty Ave. Unit cost (Br) Total cost Local manpower 1 expert and extension agent for 1 yr@ 2000 & @ 1000Br/m person 12m 3 36 Fishing gears (One gillnet/fmen) no 140 1 140 Net twines for mending nets no 140 0 12 168 Simple wooden coat no 14 3 42 Simple jetty for Boats no 3 70 210 Simple fish processing shade no 2 150 300 Refrigerators no 7 6 42 Fish shops no 3 50 150 Operation cost LS 1 50 50 Training fisnermen (technical skills, fishing gear maintenance etc) fmen 140 0 15 21 Training matenais sucn as twines, floaters, sinkers, etc. LS 1 60 60 Contingency 5% 53 4 Total 1,121.2 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 38 la Aiaoaatlon with IntcrevnUaenUi Consuitanu and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Annex l-d Summary of projects cost and income Project ------------------------------------ ' Cost (‘OOOBr) A Project Cost 1 Stuoy ana monitoring fish resources of the proposed reservoir and linking nvers 2,393 2 Fish stock assessment and experimental fishing on the proposed reservoir and nver Didessa River 399 3 Develop fisheries at proposed reservoir and Didessa River. 1 121.2 Total cost 3,913 B Financial Income Annual fish production cost per year Water Works Design 4 Supervision Enterprise Id Auociidon vtth Inttrcantincntal Consultants and Ttduiocrats Pvt. 35Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development Appendix II Questionnaires May 2007 Appendix ll-a Questionnaires for Agricultural Office at Project Impact Area 1 Name of institution Zone Woreda 2. is there water Body for fish resources in the Zone/Woreda? Please list them, on the following table No name of water body area (ha; fishery condition i 1 2 3 4 5 9 3. Does your organization collect fishery aata Yes No 4 How aoes your organization monitor fishery resources'? Production (ton/yr) 5 No Ple Name of water ase mentionbotdhye annual fis 1994 h proEd.Cuction 1995 fromE.tChe ab 1996 oveEw.aCter b 1997 odies E.dCuring 1998 last five 1 yea rs 2 3 4 5 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Auodatlon vttk Intarconttaanxal Cauultanta and Tedmacrata Pn. Ltd. 35Arje Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 6 How many anglers and fishing gears (nets, hooks, boats etc) at each above mentioned water bodies (especially Disessa River)? 7 Are there anglers cooperative? Please list them 8 How many fish traders in the Zone/Woreda? 9 Is there market infrastructure (fish shops, fish cleaning snades access roads to water body etc..)? ......................................................................................................... 10 What is the producers and retailers fish price in the Zone/Woreda? fish species/ product type Producers Br/kg price I Retailers price Br/kg Town 1 Town 2 town 3 2 3 4 5 11 ow the fishermen and fish trader handle and preserve their fish? 12. What is the current fishery development in the area? By who? Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 36 la Aiaosatloa with InUremincntal CaaauKaau ano Ttrlmarnti FrtLM ozArjo Dedust Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Appendix ll-b Questionnaire for Fishermen Group/Cooperative 1 Name of cooperative 2 Address. 3 Date of formation and recognized, year 199 4 Total Number of members Male Femaie 5 Initial capital of cooperative 6 Current capital: 7 Cooperative properties /fishing gears i) The number of Boats (non motorized). a) Steal b) wooden c) other (raft or reed boat) ii) Motorized boats a. Out board engine b. Inboard engine iii) Gillnets (1010m length, 3m depth as standared) □t'y rv) Hook and line Qt'y.............. Mesh size Size Water Works Design k Suporrision Enterprise la Autonticn with Inureutinentil Ceuuittnti and Tectmvcrau Pvt Ltd. “ 37Arjo Dedessi Irrigation Project Fishery Development v) Others (please mention in detail) a) Quantity b) Quantity c) Quantity 8 Cooperative division of labor in no Fishing group Male Female Salesmen group- Male Female May 2007 Net maKing group Male Others MaleFemale 9 Annual catch Dy cooperative in Quintals Female 1 Product by fish sp 1994 EC 1995 EC 1996 EC 1997 EC 1998 10 Selling pnce by cooperative (whole fish) Proauct by fish sp 1994 EC 1995 EC 1996 EC 1997 EC 1998 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In UmcuUob with lmtrnntlntnu) CtaiulUBti and Tedwtcrau lu. 38Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development 11 Annual average income of the cooperative Br/person 12. What is the main participation of women in cooperatives and in fisheries activities with in May 2007 cooperative? - 13 Constraints of tne cooperative Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 39 In lutoaUon with IntareontinuiUl CauuKanu and Ttchnocrau frt UoAjjo Dedess* Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Appendix ll-c 1. Name Questionnaire for Fish Enterprise Location 2 Date of establishment ....................................................... 3 Production a) Whole Fish receivea by enterprise during last five years Product by fish sp 1994 EC 1995 EC 1996 EC 1997 EC 1988 EC J I Total 4 Quantity of offal and spoiled fish during last five years Product by fish spp 1994 EC 1995 EC 1996 EC 1997 EC 1988 Total Water Works Design & Supervision EnterpriseAr jo Dcdessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development 5 Enterprise s manpower May 2007 Category Male ' Female Administrative Processors Technical Others 6 Capacity of the enterprise Category Capacity Collection boats (Qt) Cold storage (Qt) Ice machine (Qt/hrs) freezers (Qt/24 hrs) Others 7 Source of row material (by whom; 8 Enterprises selling price Product by fish spp Price Br /kg whole fish Gutted Fillet Dried Others Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In UMditlan with Intarerattntnul Caniuttaati and TachMcrnts Pvt UdArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Appendix III No. Name List of Consulted Persons and Organizations Position and organization 1 Abera Deressa Animal and Fishery expert, East Wollega Zone Agricultural and Rural Development Coordination Office 2 Newman Musiah Shamoel Farmer/dweller at Didessa bridge Arjo -Bedele Road 3 Worku Megersa head, Bedele Woreoa Agricultural and Rural Development Coordination Office 4 Abiye Seifu Representative. Animal and Fisheries Resources Team 5 Yasin Abdu Farmer/fishermen, at Kebele Like Kerero near Bedele Town 6 Sultan Guye Kolo Siri Kebele settlers 7 Aliyu Bedasa 8 Mohammed Hussein h M 9 Jember Tsegaye Animal breeding Expert, Gechi Woreda Agricultural ana Rural Development Coordination Office 10 Tariku Kejeia Animal breeding Expen, Jima Arjo Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Coordination Office 11 Tariku Tessema Supervisor, Jima Arjo Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Coordination Office Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 44 Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irritation Project Fishery Development May 2007 Appendix IV Features of Proposed Reservoir Parameter Reservoir catchment, km: 5278 Surface elevation at full reservoir level (mj 1356 Surface area (sq.km) Full inundation 87.85 Maximum depth (m) 36 Water level (m) Mean fluctuations Maximum (MWL) 1358.6 Minimum (MDDL) 1350 Reservoir bed level (m) 1320 Air temperature °C (1967-2004) Maximum ^monthly) 34 Minimum (monthly) 9.4? Mean annual rainfall (mm) (1967-2004) (at Arjo- Didessa area) Average 1452 9 Maximum 2014.5 Minimum 9906 Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise 45 la Aiioctatlan wttk tnitreonUnontal Consultant! and Todmocrats Pvt LtdAnnexure -17 AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATIONArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization May 2007 TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT......................... LIST OF TABLES.................................................... 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1 Farm Mechanization................................ -.................... 2. GEOLOGY, SOIL, LAND SUITABILITY AND TOPOGRAPHY~................................................ 2 1 Geology........................................................... ................................. 2 2 Soil Types................................................................- 2.3 The Climate................................................................................... -- 2.3.1 Temperature .......................... 2.3.2 Evaporation 2.3.3 Wind- 2.3.4 Sunshine duration 2.3.5 Relative Humidity 2.4 LAND UTILIZATION-— 2.5 Rainfall-........................................... --................................................ - 2.6 Problems And Prospects Of The Agricultural Sector 2 2 3 J 3 .......______ 3 2.6.1 Unpredictable Weather Condition < 2.6.2 Erosion and Land Degradation 5 2.6.3 Land Fragmentation 5 2.6.4 Lack of effective Land Property Right 5 2.6.5 Lack of infrastructure ................................................................................................................... 5 2.6.6 Lack of Agricultural inputs and Poor Technology..................................................................... 6 REVIEW OF CURRENT MECHANIZATION STATUS IN THE COUNTRY, THE REGION AND DEDESSA AREA------------- ------ ------------------- ------ ----- ----- ---- ---- --------------------------------------------------7 3. i Present Status..7 3.2 Mechanization in Government Enterprises ......................................................................... 8 ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC POLICY9 4.1 Agricultural Policy 9 4 2 Government Policy On Agricultural Mechanization At Different levels„ 11 USE OF MACHINES IN AGRICULTURE 5.1 Current Status and Possibility.............................................. .................................... 12 5.2 land Development And Tillage Machinery13 5.3 Seed-Bed Preparation Equipments’ ~ u 5.4 Seeding and Planting Machinery..w 5.5 Organic Manure. Farmyard Manure And Green manure Application ........................................... 5.6 intercultural And Plant Protection Equipments_......................................... 5.7 Harvesting and Threshing Machinery 5.8 Improved Farm Equipment For Women21J 5.9 Research and Extension in Farm Mechanization SUGGESTED IMPLEMENTATION PROCESSES AND RECOMMENDATION Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization May 2007 Table 5 1 Table 5 2 Table 5 3 Table 5.4 Table 5 5 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Traditional and LIST OF TABLES improved implements ....-—- *- Share of cost of inputs (%) in production of different crops (1996-97) 15 Cost Benefit Analysis for different levels of technology for Maize i ‘ Cost Benefit Analysis for different levels of technology for RiceI# Machinery rental per operation in Birr/ha or Birr/hr i9 Cost Benefit Analysis for different levels of technology for Rice 20 Purchase price of some agricultural machinery 20 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Il In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessi Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION 1. INTRODUCTION May 2007 Ethiopian economy is characterized as an Agrarian economy, with 85% of population employed in this sector and 51 3% of GDP and 90% of export derived from it But the sector is low in productivity Yields of almost all crops and livestock are low owing to the primitive methods and traditional farming system as well as subsistence livestock raising Due to this low productivity of agricultural sector per-capita income of the rural population is less than half of the national average That way most of the Ethiopian farmers are living below poverty line earning less than 4 5 birr per day One of the reasons attributing to low productivity in the Agricultural Sector is the unchanging rudimentary traditional farming system with very negligible level of mechanization Arjo-Deaessa irrigation project envisages to increase the agricultural productivity by providing irrigation water which will facilitate the use of other costly inputs like high yielding seeds fertilizers, pesticides etc. In the absence of improved modern method of farming/cultivation, it will not be possible to acnieve optimum yield of crops even after the introduction of irngation in the command area Therefore, the mechanization of agricultural operations is assumed to be very important in the study. It is expected to play a very key role in improving the productivity of irngated agriculture, leading to the increased economic benefit to the farmers 1.1 Farm Mechanization Modernization of Agriculture requires appropriate matching machinery for ensuring timely fiela operations and effective application of agricultural inputs. It also requires machinery for reducing drudgery in agnculture Traditionally farmers are using only indigenous plougns ano other tools in ram ted agnculture with very low cropping intensity of 20-25% but due to introduction of irngated agnculture, the cropping intensity is likely to increase in chases from 25% to a level of more than 170%. Hence, different level of mechanization is required for achieving the timely farm operations resulting in enhanced production ano productivity Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. IAr Jo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization 2. GEOLOGY, SOIL, LAND SUITABILITY AND TOPOGRAPHY 2.1 Geology May 2007 The geology of the area is pan of Ethiopia highland which consists of a Precambrian basement complex covers by Mesozoic cover sediment on top which lie tertiary trapean lava which composes largely of basalts and basaltic tuffs It is part of lengthy valley formed by erosive action of Didessa River and its numerous tributaries The surrounding highland plateau elevations reaches up to 2000m or more while the valley floor elevation ranges from 1260 to 1400 meters. On both sides of the nver there are some isolated hills rises above the average level of the plain. They are probably erosion remnants from the higher plateau In general the landform of the area is plain, which is sloping gently towards the Didessa River 2.2 Soil Types Parent matenai and climate ao not vary within the project area Consequently soil formation and differentiation nave pnmarily been influenced by slope, aspect and drainage On the hills red and brown inceptisols nave developed covenng 52% of the area. On the slightly sloping piains ano in the basins, dark grey to black vertisols have rormed in27% of the area Adjacent to tributary streams and the Didessa River, alluviums have been deposited and at the foot of some hills close to the nver colluvial matenals are found Alluvial and colluvial soils compnse some 17% of the project area and scattered at steep hills account for the remaining 4% 2.3 The Climate The project area can be conveniently categorized into kola agro-climatic zone 2.3.1 Temperature The mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures are 29.4°c and 9 6°c respectively. The hottest season is from February to May ano temperature ranges between 23 15°c ano 25 4°c whereas the coldest season occurs from November to January and the temperature vanes from 16.92°c and 19 5°c. 2.3.2 Evaporation The average monthly pan evaporation varies form 2.95 to 4.58 mm/day The maximum monthly evaporation is in March while minimum evaporation in July Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise la Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt- Ltd. 2Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization 2.3.3 Wind The mean wind speed ranges from 0 48 m/second to 1 08 m/second 2.3.4 Sunshine duration May 2007 The mean daily sunshine varies from 1 6 to 11 02 hours/day Mean sunshine duration is 8 _• hours in November and reduced to 16 hours/day in August 2.3.5 Relative Humidity The average monthly relative humidity is 75.5% and the mean maximum, varying from 64 08% to 98.1% per months The highest relative humidity occurs in August 2.4 Land Utilization Field and aerial ooservations and air photo interpretation indicated the present land use in the project area to be as follows Land Use Area in ha. Percentage Villages and related farm lands 600 1.5% Lanas occasionally grazed 1400 7.0% Unoccupied savannan plains and low hills 26300 76.5% Rivenne forest and water surface 3700 11.0% Mountainous intrusions 1300 4 0% Total 34300 100% 2.5 Rainfall The project area situated within the highest rainfall region of the country The rainfall in the Arjo-didessa project area is characterized by uni-modai type. The annual rainfall vanes from 990.6 to 1983mm and the average is estimatea to be 1452mm. The rainfall distnbution of the area shows that the rainy season vanea from 180 8mm in May to 228 6mm in September the maximum peak month is July which reaches up to 245.9mm The dry seasons ranges from November to February The average rainfall in the valley is adequate to grow some crops without irngation; however only one harvest a year will be possible. Due to heavy rainfall and soil properly flooding occurs Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 3 In Association with Intorcontlnontal Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization May 2007 frequently for about three months in valley bottom particularly on black heavy textured soils and thus drainage system development at the site is very important measure 2.6 Problems And Prospects Of The Agricultural Sector Through agricultural activities are the main stays of the economy; the sector is characterized by low level of production and productivity for more than three decades The poor performance of the sector explains why more than 50% of the population is in absolute poverty or food insecure Most of these problems directly or indirectly are related with the inefficiency to use the available agricultural resources such as land and labor The natural proDiems include erosion with land degradation and unpredictable weather condition. The man-made problems are associated with, among other things, lack of institutional arrangement, lack of conducive agricultural land policy, land fragmentation, uncontrolled population growth, and lack of rural infrastructure. Constraints in the development of the livestock sub-sector include poor animal feeds and nutrition, animal diseases, and poor institutional arrangement, which impede growth in the production and market, supply 2.6.1 Unpredictable Weather Condition Most of the farming and livestock reanng practiced in the highlands and dependent on the amount of rainfall. This is due to the nature of the rain-fed agriculture that is practiced in the highlands. Lack of adequate amount of rainfall, the variability and seasonality of rainfall affect agncultural output, in general, and crop production, in particular, leaving the country exposed to commercial food imports and food aid The occurrence of drought every oecaoe is now being replaced by every 3-4 years. This variability of rainfall is not expected to improve in the future as long as the intensity of land degradation and deforestation continue. There is a need for multifaceted strategy to cope up with the effects of adverse weather conditions. The possible remedies and prospects for the sector needs the following strategies Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise tn Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd. 4Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization May 2007 o The adoption and promotion of conservation based farming practices, o Improvement in the land use pattern, o Expansion of irrigated farming practices by reducing dependency on ram tea agriculture etc 2.6.2 Erosion and Land Degradation As population pressure increases particularly in the highlands, farmers intensively exercise deforestation This will leave farmlands and grazing lands exposed to erosion followed by massive land degradation, Besides, overgrazing has already exacerbated the problem of land degradation That is why we have land slopes in excess of 30° in most of the hignlands of the country Soil conservation methods such as terracing and others are not widely known and practiced in these highlands 2.6.3 Land Fragmentation The increase in the size of the rural population coupled with limited area of farming land in the highlands nas led to land fragmentation. As the size of farm households increases, redistribution of land has continued reducing the per capita land size 2.6.4 Lack of effective Land Property Right Effective property nght is important for long term sustainable agricultural development Lack of security of land may lead to improper use of common resources and reduction in output. Before the 1975 land proclamation, peasants were living under constant threat of eviction by absentee landlords under the “Gult" system. In some pans of the country, the "Irist" system, lano redistribution has led to the use of cultivation methods with no concern to environmental protection, leading to land degradation. The problem of tenure insecurity was also intensified as the government enforces collectivization ana resettlement of people on new areas. 2.6.5 Lack of infrastructure Poor infrastructure in the rural areas is one of the major problems of the agncultural sector Transport and communication facilities are poorly developed in Ethiopia The lengths of gravel and asphalt roads are very much limited in rural areas Good numbers of rural household farms are located far away from all-weather roaos making transportation and distribution of inputs and collection as well as marketing of output difficult Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Ii Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd 5Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization ^_May2007__ Lack of irrigation dams and channels are also making it difficult for farmers to use nearby water Dodies for the purpose of irrigating their fields The prospect of using irngation in our country is very high but due to the requirement of huge capital and the topography has made it impossible under the current land and water use plan 2.6.6 Lack of Agricultural Inputs and Poor Technology The vanety of inputs required by the agncultural sector includes those that go into the crop production and livestock sub-sectors Among these inputs chemical fertilizers high-yielding variety seeds, pesticides, improved animal breeds, improvea farm tools, and extension services, have important role to play Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd. 6Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization 3. REVIEW OF CURRENT MECHANIZATION STATUS IN THE COUNTRY, THE REGION AND DEDESSA AREA 3.1 Present Status Kay 2007 Most of the Dedessa project area is under cultivation However, there are people who live sparsely ano agriculture is the basis of livelihood and income for the people living in the area Dominant crops are maize. Sorghum, finger millet, and chickpea. These are planted with the on set of ram and take three to four months to mature. Since there is uncertainty of rainfall, the first plantings often fail, and the fields are replanted as many as four or five times until early June and finally harvest a reasonable crop. The human or manual power is the main source of farm power in Dedessa project area Animal power is also widely used in the area especially during plowing and transportation operations With regards to livestock production, mechanization of operations has not been realized even in a single operation. For tneir feed, the cattle the sneep, goats and draught animals are taken to an open field to graze and farmers use only sickles to cutgrass to be taken home This is stored in neaps in the open air to be used while the animats stay near villages in the early mornings ano evenings especially dunng the rainy season This system of storage is costly and time taking for those who have larger number of livestock. It is also susceptible to damages by rainfall. Some other tools in the livestock sector include beehives; hide processors ano milk product processors. Farmers in the woreda use local beehives made from bamboo covered by earth and laundered by cattle dung The major problem in the use of the local beehives is the lack of queen separator and also access to extract the honey out of the nives. This leads to detenoration in the quality of honey which could have been sold for double the current price if modern beehives were used Nowadays the efforts are being made to provide modem beehives in the area One of the operations in animal product processing is butter extraction. Farmers simply use earthen pots of 10-15 liters to extract butter from yogurt. This needs a wnole day’s shaking to get a product not more than a kilo. This consumes more round of human labor and a large percentage of the butter remains unsepareted from the yogurt. The remainder is heated to get Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Iiterconttnental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 7Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization May 2007 cheese This is also an operation where a large amount of the product is wasted The other operation is the preparation of hides from cattle, sheep and goat skin. Farmers simply keep the cattle skin in river water and then remove the coating by using knives They also use knives to remove the hair and fatty material from the skin In all these products, the quality remains poor resulting in low selling rate and low income. These activities require a minimum level of modernization based on the new innovation in the country abroad to reduce the time of operation, reduction of drudgery along with the quality improvement of products 3.2 Mechanization in Government Enterprises The state farms were established in a way that they serve as demonstration sites through the implementation of modem agncultural technologies in addition to the production of quality agnculturai products and provision of employment opportunities io the young and landless Bearing this as an objective, a lot has been tned and the farmers in the surrounding areas nave obtained access to machinery rental services, use of improved seeds, pesticide applicators, threshers and shelters. The nearest public enterpnse to the Dedessa project area is the Limmu coffee farm in Jimma This enterpnse used to cultivate maize, sorgnum. pepper, teff, hancotbean, soybean, tobacco, wheat, chickpea, ano sunflower ano coffee on about 18462 hectares of land for almost last several years with appropriate mechanization The major operations carried out In crop production of the enterprise almost for all crops include the following: • Seedbed preparation activities are totally mechanized. • Tractors and disc ploughs are used for this operation. • Disc harrowing, planting, fertilizer spreading, pesticide spraying and harvesting were also carried out using tractors and implements • Using tractors and trailers also transports products. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 8 li Association with Inurcontinental Consultints ud Tochaocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization 4. ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC POLICY 4.1 Agricultural Policy May 2007 The announcement of the economic policy by the transitional government of Ethiopia (TGE) in November 1991 with the objective of replacing tne previous centrally planned economy with market oriented economic system has improved the overall policy environment in the agnculture sector; • Producer and service cooperatives had been dissolved. • Smallholders and private commercial farms have been encouraged. • Public investment in state farms has been drastically reduced and • All compulsory food grain quotas have been abolished and free trade has Deen restored The country's development strategy is expected to revolve around productivity enhancement of smallholder agnculture and industrialization based on utilization of domestic raw matenal via adopting labor incentive technology This strategy is known as the Agricultural Development Led industrialization (ADLI) The government to fit the Ethiopian context adopts this strategy It has internal sector which concentrates primarily on the development of the agnculturai sector with forward and backward linkage between the agnculturai, and the industrial sector ana the external sector (export-led) part. The linkage can De understood in two ways a) Agnculture will provide domestic food requirement, supply industnal inputs ana provides commodities for export; and b) Development of agriculture expands market for domestically produced goods as a result of increased incomes of farmers. The development of the agricultural sector is said to be achieved througn the improvement in the productivity of the smallholdings and expansion of large-scaie private commercial farms The smallholder farmers are the major sources of staple food production for national food supply Food security could be achieved through promoting smallholder development in a sustainable manner In order to do this, speaal emphasis is given to raise production and productivity of farmers be designing incentive package such as access to fertile land, provision Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise la Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 9Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization May 2007 of inputs, credit and tax incentives, improvement in budgetary allocation, manpower development in agriculture, developing of infrastructure and other supports At program level ADLI consists of I One of the basic goals of the program is ensuring accelerated economic growth through rural center development program/strategy which mainly focuses on the development of agncultural sector’s output using “ a package program" though. • The distribution of improved seeds, fertilizer and pesticide of farmers, provision of credit and improved extension services • Construction of small scale irrigation scheme. • Development of livestock resources through improved feed base and veterinary services, better use of improved breed and livestock products. • Conservation and rehabilitation of natural resources. • implementing favorable land use policy: • Establishing agricultural market services; • Encouraging pnvate sector development; • Expanding economic ano social infrastructure; and • Establishing peasant associations ano service cooperatives II Ensuring accelerated economic growth also targets at improving the living standards of urban dwellers. • Rapid cnanges in urban awellers living conditions. • Supporting indigenous investors, ana • Development of urban infrastructure III. The program also targets at adopting effective education strategy whicn, • Spells out the deficiencies of the existing educational curriculum; • Suggests measures to increase the quality of existing educational curnculum, • Ensures the fairness of the curnculum; • Takes appropriate measures necessary for the expansion of vocational education. • Encourages the participation of the community NGOs and private investors to improve the standard of education, and • improves of educational administration. IV Preventive and pnmary health care strategy of the program is aimed at; • Identification of health service problems in Ethiopia; • Expansion of preventive and primary health care services; Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 10Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization • Improving the supply of basic medicine, and Encouraging private entrepreneurs to participate in rendering health services May 2007 4.2 Government Policy On Agricultural Mechanization At Different Levels The government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, in its policy and strategy document on Agriculture ana Rural Development has indicated specifically about agricultural mechanization. In the document it is stated that in the initial stages of the development program, attention should be given to the utilization of available manpower, capital and those tecnnologies that do not replace human power Simultaneously, the use of improved agricultural implements would be encouraged so long as it does not hinder the use of manpower At this stage it would not be possible to anticipate the use of modern ana larger agricultural machinery With regaras to a higner level of mechanization, the policy recommends it to be usea in the inhabited vast stretch of land in the eastern, western and southern pans of the country where one can lease thousands of nectares of land and use whatever macnmery one likes for optimum agncultural activities The current farming community can be categorized into the • Illiterate farmers • Literate farmers The policy indicates that the literate farmers would be the potential users of modem mechanization tools in the short run. These have to be encouraged to use these implements through provision of credit, trainings, and availability at the nght time ana place etc The government also is ready to support the production of small farm implements, their multiplication and dissemination by research centers ana the private sector Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 11Ar jo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization 5. Use of Machines in Agriculture 5.1 Current Status And Possibility May 2007 Currently traditional tools and implements are being used for various field operations like field preparation, sowing, intercultural, harvesting and threshing but with the introduction of irrigated agriculture it will oe necessary to use improved tool and implements, off coarse depending on the availability of credit facilities This may include animal and tractor operated cultivators and disc harrow for seed bed preparation, seed-drill or seed cum fertilizer drill and planter for line sowing with fertilizer application and mechanical power thresher or manually operated thresher for threshing improved serrated sickles for harvesting the crops is also important With the advancement of technologies and enhancement of yield over a period of time, the farmers may oe required to use drip ano spnnkier irrigation system in commercial crops and also use combine narvester Even if they are not in a position to afford heavy farm machinery like tractor, disc plough and combine harvester they will be in a position to utilize the services on custom higher oasis Over a period of time of introduction of bullock drawn farm machinery and equipment; the farmers will be in a position to accept tractors, power tillers. Irngation Pumps, mechanical thresher and sprayers. Table 5.1 Traditional ana improved Implements S. No. Operations Traditional Equipment Improved Equipment 1 Seed bed eparation Country plough, shovel and spades Disc-plougn, mould board plough, cultivator, disc harrow, leveier rotavator, roto-tiller. puddler pulverizer, roller 2 Sowing and fertilizer application device Broad costing, dibbing transplanting, line sowing behind country piougn Seea drill, seed cum ferti-drill, till planter, fertilizer broadcaster ammonia applicator, potato planter groundnut planter sugarcane planter nee transplanter multi-crop planter 3 Inter culture Indigenous tools, blade Hand weeoers cultivator wneei noe rake rotary tiller ndger furrower 4 Irngation indigenous method Centrifugal pump, submersible pump, sprinkler dnp irngation. 5 Plant Protection Summer ploughing, solar radiation, sieve, rat trap biro scarer Sprayer duster, lignt trap heat solar radiation, net biotecnnology 6 Harvesting and digging Sickle, spaae, snovel Serrated sickle, power-reaper, combine harvester digger 7 Threshing, shelling and decortications Beating, rubbing, animal treading Pedal thresher power thresher, decorticator combine harvester Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise 12 In Association with Intercontinental Consultants andArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Agricultural Mechanization 5.2 Land Development And Tillage Machinery May 2007 It involves clearing of land, leveling and grading so as to perform field operations properly and apply seed, fertilizer or manure and irrigation water uniformly Initially axe hoe, pick-axe. spade crowbar and heavy duty ploughs can be used As and when, advancement and income increases, tractor, tractor-drawn scrapper, leveler terrace float and smoother can be used for large scale mechanized land cleanng, leveling, and construction of farm ponds and lying of irrigation and drainage systems Also, bulldozers, excavators aumpers and trencher could be used for some of the operations like laying subsurface drainage pipe. 5.3 Seed-Bed Preparation Equipments Country plougn is the most popular traditional implement for seeo bed preparation today, using draught animals. Thougn it has a low output and requires more number of tillage operations, the small farmers are using it more conveniently With the introduction of irrigated agriculture ano increased cropping intensity initial introduction of bullock or animal operated cultivator, disc harrow, mould board plough, puddler, disc harrow cum puddler will help in timely completion of farm operation. In due course, the improved tractor-operated machinery namely sweeps, cultivator, disc harrows, mould board ploughs, disc plougns, puddler and rotavators can be introduced for demonstration at government farms and at the fields of big farmers for their populanzation. 5.4 Seeding And Planting Machinery Traditional method of sowing includes manual broadcasting, opening furrow oy country plough and dropping seed by nano behind the plough in furrows Dibbling the seed i.e. making holes or slits by a stick or tool and dropping seed by hand in small areas, in manual seeding, it is not possible to achieve uniformity in distribution of seed. A farmer may sow at a desired seeo rates, but the inter-row and intra-row distribution of seeds is likely to be uneven, resulting in clumps of plants or gaps in the field The line sowing not only saves the seed out also facilitate regulated application of fertilizer near the root zones. Besides it helps in easy control of weeds through use of mechanical weecers. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd. 131I I I I I III■ ■ ■I I I I I I I I I I I■ ■ I I I* * Bl •IB B B I I I I I■■■R R *■
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