Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project Summary

THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
ArjoDedessa Irrigation Project
Feasibility Study Report
VOLUME - II
Natural Resources
Annexure    -    4
Annexure    -    5
Annexure — 6
Forestry
Energy
Catchment Development
Lex
WATER WORKS DESIGN a SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE
in association mtn
imECHTlHEffTAl CONSUITASTS AHfl rECHMDCFJCFS IHOLl F¥T I TOas m-OFDESSA IRRIGATION PROJECT
feasibility STUDY REPORT
CONTENTS OF THE REPORT
SERIAL HO.
1
2
3
volume no.
particulars
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
MAIN REPORT
Part i - Report
Pan II - Maps & Drawings
ANNEXURES
VOLUME - 1 SURVEY ANO INVETIGATION (ANNEXURES - 1 Id 3)
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
Volume -1 (a) Volume -1 <b) VOLUME -II
VOLUME -III
Volume - III (a) Volume - 111 Ibj Volume ■ 111 (c)
Vctome - III |dj
Topographic Survey Geflntorpoalogical Studies 3. Geological 3 Geotechnical Investigator
Part I - Report
Pan ii - Appendices
NATURAL RESOURCES | ANNEXURES - 4 to 6) Forestry, Energy & Catchment Development Plan WATER RESOURCES (ANNEXURES - 7 to 11) Meteorological & Hydrological & Hydrogeolog.cal Studies
Oam & Appurtenant Work!
Pan I - Report Pari H - Drawings
In gatxjn 3 Dra nage Pan 1 - Report
Part II - Drawings
HydrauK Slnxiures Part I - Report
Pan II - Drawings
VOLUME IV
AGRICUtLRUE (ANNEXURES - 12 to 1$)
14
Volume  -  iv  (a)
Soil Survey 3 Land Evaluation
15
16
Volume - IV (b)
Agricultural Planning
Volume IV (c)
Livestock FtSJtenes Agricultural Mechanization &
Agricultural Marketing
VOLUME■V
environmental and socio economic aspects
IANNEXURES -1910 25)
17
Veurne - v i,3)
Environment. Health & SocrMtonomic Aspects
ia
Voume - v i,b)
Organization & Management Phys cal Infrastructure
Resettlement Fmancwi & Economic AnalysisAnnexure - 4
FORESTRYArjci-Dedesss Irrigation Project Forestry
May W
.i■  '
Table of Contents
I AHI I oK'ONIKMS.............
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Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
in ibbMlntion wiUi talerconttental Consultants and TMinucritis Pn. i tdAijo Dctlessa Inlgacjflii Project
Forestry
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17
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35
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36
36
List of Table
r-tULL- I 1 LANU-USr AHO LAND COVERS .H ETroQRA, DRQM'A FtEG*D»J AND thREE ZONES OF THE PROJECT AREA
Table 1 2 Zonal pqplilatiqm distribution inOROmya Region (2000)
Tajm.1: 2.1 LAND use SVSiLMS-JNOEft Woke l>m C*‘*Hf CEDE 55A River'S catchy NT
table 2 2 lano use and lano cover of t« forest Phiohity areas on the gatch wnt Area s
Table 2 3 Rural ano urban population of the Catchliemt and command area wqreoas
Table 2.4 Features and uses of forestation for ecological photec t ion
7 able 2 5 Total potent-al energy siifply and annual energy cdnsump riQh n r hf are as surroljnoint ; VhCiREOASCF THS JRR'GATIQN SHE
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i it ls
21
2J
Table 2 6 Weighted mean annual pergapita rural cdnsumpt <.h ano total (rural and urban) fu£ ltncxkj
(INCLUDING LHAHCOAl, AS WODOj (HJNSUMPTIQM IN ORS
Table  2?  Estimatednati^ial  forests  remaning  afteh  clearing  for  agricul  d«f  for  zi.nes  with NATURAL FUFtEST FOR 1990. 2000. 2010 AND201S(kN hectahfs)
Table 3 1 reqom*jenmo species for plating
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Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Association with Inlercontinental ConsuJunls and Technocrats Fit. l.tdArjo Dcdessa Irrigadun Project Forestry
Stay 24HJ7
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1     Forest Resources in Ethiopia
Thu total land area of Ethiopia is  1 14 million square kiiomelers  Thu Ethiopian highlands represent about 36% of lhe 1olal land area, white the remaining ts m me lowlands (below I.5DD m li. s. 1) The bulk of the human and livestock population, about 05% and 76% respectively, resides m lhe highlands (Alemu, 2Q05) Ethiopia has the total area of 60.7milhon ha (53 3%) covered with different types of vegRtaiton. which includes high forest, plantation, woodland jnd shrub land and bamboo The remaining area estimated 53 3 million (467%) is under different land use system m eluding cultivation land, grassland, ah □■alpine, bare rock, waler body swamp and urban areas The total area under high forest and plantation is 4.6 million ha (4%) of the land area ul the country which has Significant role m the production Df different wood products tor constructor, energy  supply, ecological conservation, climate protection and hiodivursiLy conservation where aS about 15.4 million ha is bare and rock land. Table 1 1 shows thu land use and land cover in Ethiopia, Oromia and '.he three zones of lhe prefect area
According to Reusing (1998) in lhe 1970‘s  5 4 million (4 75%) of Ethiopia was  covered by Natural High Forests, which included 2 64%, 1.24%, 0 87% closed slrghfly  dislurbfid and heavily disturbed high forests respectively, According to the same author after 15 years, at Ihu- beginmng of 1990's  the remaining forest decreased to 3 93% of the country's  land cover According to this report 2.4 million hectare (2 14%) nf the counliy's area was deforested Irorn
1970’s  id the beginning of 1990‘s. This  shows  that annual deforestation rate is  about 0.16 million ha per year, The extent of human-made lorests has been estimated as 42,124 hectares of peri urban fuel wood plantation. 13,706 hectares of industrial limber plantation and 44,634 hectares  of Community  Waodlot The maid components  of 1he sector are industrial limber, potes, construction pules, fuel wood, charcoal and tree products, in particular gums and resins (localise and myrrh) According to EFAP (1994) the forest area in Ethiopia, which aL one time might have occupied as much as 35 percent ol the country, has now been reduced to aboul ? 3 percent, This  forest comprises  natural high forests, bushlands, plantations  and on farm trees (farm lorestry) The natural high forests  are classified mio 58 National Forest priority  Areas (NFPAs) totaling an estimated 2 3 million he, According tn this  report aboul 1 2 million is conservation forest whereas the remaining D.fl minion ha can be production forest
___________ _________ _ 1
Water Warks Design & Supervision Enterprise
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 May are?
E'.hiopra is endowed with extensive land area, varied topography, sail, cfirnate, water resource, plant and animal tnadiversily and underground resources. The use of these resources through Lime, however, has not resulted in improving the lives of the major Ly ol Ethiopians. Different studies have shown that these natural resources have been degraded over the past sevei J decades  The Ethiopian Forestry  Action Plan (EFAP 1994) concluded that the deforestation rate in Ethiopia was 150,000 to 200,000 ha per year.
2
Water Works Designs Supervision Enterprise
In Association with fiiterrondncnlai Cons uLtan is and Technocrats Pvt, Ltd.Arjo pjedcssa Irn gallon Frojcct Forestry 
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Table* 1.1 Land-u&c and land c-ovors. sn Ethiopia, Oromia Region and three Zones of Lhe PrajfeGt A/ea
No
Land use land cover
Nalio ri Fl= ■■•■ ia
.J run- 3 Pc* j JO ft
Zanes co^cirod ‘under frid pifljKi (cfl^shnie^t and WHi^nand meat]__________________
Area *1 ha
2129B.2-41
4.073J213
!■ .->1.- I--
b.-tob.zoo "
! 4.$74.206 ’
Cover age (%)
IM. 70 3J5H
0 44 25.66 23 IB
IMOJ
Are.i 41 (ha)
g671.4$e
2 562.59J
62.770 ’ 9,823.1«3_
7.750,422 '
LC'-'fl _i 59 in
%)
7.13 OI7j
27.34 21 57 ‘
____
To; al ol Ihd Hinge
II 1. ! -     ■
ZiMM
Area (Ml
s
*
Area na'
%
Area Ko
1
2
3
_
CwlL^vaiion Forest (inc. riverine’ Plantation
66M7TT
3? 21
9l9 714
49.61
WC.W7
3G6B
2 349,5m
&j
1■
617.799
37 75
460.270
25 <J1
72.726
3.27
-
1 114
0.07
4
coo
1 364 1
.
JM
IJ7P.Hf5
2,478
JD-4S CUH
4           Woodland
■i
_
“6
Grassland
4.293.960”’            11.SS_.
374 177 0
34 315
■
31.003
5722 ‘
ISO, 155 *           0 50                           12 0
0
22-37 0 00 D.OO
776,346           14 91            932.74D
41 -SB
27.61
0           G.OO            163.373 .          34
iJr.5M 9.53 15?,272 6 75
_ 15.^373
■‘.Jz .-■■
0            O.O0
J [
7
e
9
A1r»-alp<rvt?
0
0.M                        ol
bamboo
0.00
G.ffll GW)
o.ib
r"
Highland
0.03 '
Lowland
44r4.5d4
0 4.3
0
goo
0.
bamboo
Swamp
Water
756,181
0
0
0
ooo
0.00
19.J 60 .
20 9H4
02fi 277
OjM
0.33
137J3S3 ■ >!- 000
ZWi.SDO 0.72
T
Barg rock, soil,
15.357.720
13.4>9
1J92.2BO
:. «-i 35 936 3»
3.32
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0
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34JJQS .
W  .4Gfi ?9.9&4
3li 302
0               DM
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1 a .rArjn-Dcdtssa Irrigation Project
Forestry _________________________________________ _ _______  _ M-Hf aioy_ _ 
1.2 Policy, Regulatory and Institutional Framework
Since  the  early  1990s,  lhe  Government's  economic  development  approach  has  been  the Agncullural   Development-Led   Industrialisation   (ADLl)   strategy.   The   Government   aims   io improve agricultural production, and use it as the basis For developing ari agriculturally-based industrial  sector.  The  Government  has  recently  released  several  other  major  development plans,  including  lhe  National  Rumi Devetopmant Strategy m November  2001, and an updated National  Food  Security  Strategy  in  March  2002.  To  meet  national  and  iniernaliongl  goals regarding poverty in mid-2002, the Federal Government Finalized Us Sustainable Devefopn ent and  Poverty  Reduction  Plan  (SOPRPJ,  which  updates  lhe  earlier  Interim  Poverty  Rftoutbon Strategy  Paper  {I  PRSPj  released  in  2000  In  support  oF  these  a  (furls,  Government  fs  also undertaking  a  major  process  of  decenlraksation  and  devolution  of  power  to  Inc  country's woradas  (districts).  Poverty  reduction  and  promotion  of  agroforcstry  included  m  Iho  strategies couid contribute in minimizing pressure on rhe forest resources and support conservation of the exiting  forest  and  increasing  the  forest  cover.  However,  Poverty  Reduction  Strategy  Papers (PRSPs)  and  Interim  PRSPs  had  only  mentioned,  but  not  elaborated  upon,  forestry  responses and aclwns, by suggesting that agretarestry would be part of its actions to reduce poverty.
The  more  recent  and  comprehensive  SDPRP  also  rails  to  adequacy  consider  forestry  issues in  ils  analysis  of  the  causes  and  responses  to  poverty.  It  mentions  1ha1  agrcloreslry  will  bn promoted.  It  does  not.  however,  consider  broader  linkages  of  forestry  with  rood  security income  generation,  and  poverty  reduction.  Il  does  noi.  for  example  consider  how  sustainable participatory   management   of   natural   forests   or   promotion   of   eco-tourism   or   forest-based enterprises, such as promotion and processing of non-wood forest products. could contribute to poverty reduction. This shows lhat these policies h ave . <ttle coninbulron i m he d evelopment and  conservation  or  forest  and  improvemenl  of  land-use,  which  nave  significant  impact  on  the ctimate miligalon efforts m the country and, at global level
1,2,1   Forestry and Environmental Policy
Ethiopia has  prepared a number of forestry  and environmental plans  and strategies  In December 1 994,1 he G over nment f i nalized a n E tfnopian Foreslry A citon P Ian (El- APj t h js EFAP was an important contribution to lhe development of lhe Matronal Conservation Slrategy
------------------------------- —____ ___ ________________ __  ____ . 'I Waler Works Design & Supervision I- nt a rpiise
in Association with [mereDntinentel Consultants and Tcchnormts Pvt ltd.A r] at cd es sa ] u igai ii; r» proj ect Forestry 
_____________________________ May ano?
of ElhliopLa (CsEk  presented m May  1994. fhe Ethiopian Fdfestiy  Attic# Flan proposed a sal of £ major action programmes. lo deal will-. (1) tree and fewest production, (2) forcsl resource and ecosystem management, (3) forest irlSusIrres  development, (4) wood fuel energy  effidency 
development,   (5)   technology   development   and   disseminakon,   (6}   soctora!   integrawn,   (7) planning,  monitoring,  and  ovaEuation,  and  (8)  human  resources  developm.ent.  But  some  of ihjse   plane   and   strategies   lack   adequate   supporting   policies.   iMjisiabon,   or   impfementincj regulations.  Also,  me  mplementalion  of  ims  program  15  mainly  based  on  external  supucH Which  ccuid  not  be  materialized.  Despite  haw  ng  good  plans  and  strategics,  t  becomes  difficult to    legally    enforce    protection    arid    sustainable    management    of    lhe    anvirtfiiment,    naluml resources wiihqul having adequate budgetary and manpower support
The  Federal  Government  issued  Proclamation  NO.  94/1994,  'to  provide  for  the  Coriservat'Oii, Development  and  Utilization  of  Forests,  oh  26  March  1994  1  his  proclamation  allows  for  three types  of  Sorest  management  stats  {national},  reg'nnai.  and  private.  Private  forests  may  include not  oriy  I  hose  managed  by  individual  parsons,  but  may  also  by  peasant  associations  or  any association  of  individuals;  Thus,  a  private  forest  may  bo  an  individual  forest,  a  community forest,  or  a  forest  ownsri  by  a  private  investor.  proclamation  no.  94/1994,  CSE  and  FFafj propose  the  need  for  conservfilinn  gf  the  existing  forests  arid  the  importance  of  expansion  of forest    cover    of    lhe    country    These    provisions    have    significant    cciitnbuiion    in    carbon sequesuotion   and   substitute   management   However   following   completion   of   lhe   EFAP   work began  lo  draft  a  national  forest  policy  This  drafting  process  nns  taken  many  years  iinr!  is  nor yet   completed.   Over   the   years   several   versions   of   ihu   forest   polcy   have   been   drafted Similarly,  it  15  the  Government's  aim  mat  such  policies,  strategies,  and  plan's  are  prepared  al the regional levels
1.2 2 Land Use Pol icy/Proclamation
Federal Democratic  Republic  of Ethiopia Rural land ArJminislrahon and Land Usr? proclamation No 4S6/20G5 is  tha recent proclamation related te land use system of lhe country  The ni.m- provisions  in this  proclamation, which is  related Id torest resources  ccnseritetian and land-use include (1) me importance of developing a guiding lane use master plan, tn) development ol annual crops  on rural lands  that have slopes  between 31 €0 percent may  be allowed only through maxing bench terraces; {mJ rural <ands having slopes greater tfian 60 percent, shad .ml
5
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.May 2DQ7
be used for farming and free grazing; they  shall be used lor development of trees, perennial plants  and forage production, (iv) area closure of degraded lands; (v) the importance of gully rehabilitation, and (vi) the need for wetland biodiversity  conservation are some of lhe regulation included in the proclamation, which could support the maintenance of forest cover and improvement of land management which may serve as carbon dioxide sink
1.2.3 International Conventions
Ethiopia is  party  to a number of important international conventions  relating to forestry  and environmental issues. These treaties  include, among others: the Framework  Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Convention to Combat Desertification Ethiopia is  receiving donor assistance to help meet some of its  treaty obligations. The most significant prolocol to date has  been the Kyoto Protocol, tabled al the December 1997 meeting ol the Third Conference of Parties  in Kyoto. Japan. The Kyoto Protocol proposes  io set legally  binding commitments  for emission reductions  for the so-called Annex  -1 countries  (the developed countries  and the Eastern European countries  of the former Soviet Bloc) to levels  relative to their 1990 levels  The protocol identifies  three possible
ItexibiLity  mechanisms'  for countries  to meat emission reduction targets, point implementation, a clean development mechanism (CDM), and emission trading. CDM would allow for carbon sequestration and storage investments  in reforestation, m afforestation and in reducing deforestation to qualify  as  omission reduction credits  by  the investing countries. UNDP. UNSO and other donors, for example, are assisting wdh regards  1o the Convention io Combat Desertilication.
1,3 Forest Resource in Qromiya Region
The Orormya Regional State (ORS) covers  some 376,OOUkmz forming a broad tract across southeastern, southern, southwestern and western Ethiopia. It is  a Region ol incredible ecological and cultural diversity; ranging from arid to semi desert in the lowlands  inhabited by transhumant pastoralists, to montane forests  with high rainfall inhabited by  bush fallowing agriculturists. The population was  estimated In 2000 by  the CSA to be 22,354 million. The details  of population for different Zones  with the rural and urban distribution and density  of populahon ol the Region are available in Table 1.2. These figures  show that some percent of the population lives m the rural areas
6
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. LtdAi J i Hcdcssa Irrigation Fi oj ;c t forestry 
■»         —  Maj 2007
Agricuflure In Iho Highlands  comprises  mixed cropping and livestock  production with centals p/cdwTiinajing in rhe Eastern and 1he Norin Central Highlands and the Rift VaHey. and mixed onset, root crops and oarears in lhe South Central and Southwestern Highlands. In the Harerge and Southern Lowlands  extensive paslnraiism occurs, whilst in the tsetse infested Abay  and Western Lowlands shifting cereal cultivation is found.
With  rapidly  increasing  population,  cultivation  is  expanding.  Marginal  and  steep  lands  are increasingly  being  brought  under  cultivalmn,  leading  to  accelerated  sort  erosion,  arid  to dacl nmg and more vanabfe crop yields. Expanding cultivation is laking place ar the expense of communal lands on which most woody biomass resources are located, leading 10 a   decline in these  resources.  Regiorally,  biWueis  provide  99.5  percent  of  the  total  {rural  and  urtu.il domestic  energy  supplies,  with  81  percent  derived  from  woody biomass,  4 percent from crop residues,  14  percent  Iron  dung  3nd  I  percent  from  charcoal  However  these  Regional  figures conceaf  consrderab'e  focal  variations  in  both  supply  arid  consumphpi  in  addition,  there  are temporal  changes  in  these  patterns  in  the  face  of  declmirg  stocks  nf  wood  fuel  ar  nJ  lhe increasing opportunity costs m its cailaclicn or purchase
Large areas  of woodland, shrubland and grassland characterize Bate and Bnrena Zones Significant percentages  of forest are also lound m Lbese Zones  The next two Zones  have extensive areas  at shrubland and grassland out hitte or woodland They  a.so have significant percentages or rock, The remaining two Zones  dI lliubabor and Jimma arc the Zones with Uie highest percentages  of nalural forest in the Region. Annex  1 shows  Zonal ignd use and land cover of Orwniya Region.
Hirmrd Upland Broadleaved with Anmgena dominant forests are found in greatest extent »n the lllubabor  and  West  Wellega  Zones  They  arc  found  between  1,500  and  2,000  masl.  Mean annual  rainfall  is  between  ?w  and  2.MJ0  mm  and  mean  annual  temperature  between  15  C and  20  C,  l  hey  become  more  diverse  in  species  from  cast  io  west  (i.e  with  increasing rainfall)  and  wilh  decreasing  allrtude  p.o.  wilh  increasing  temperature}.  Forests  in  the  Barn catchment are thus florisliraliy richer than in the Omo catchments. Four strata can be generally recognized.  The  highest  stratum  is  formed  by  trees  30  to  50  m  high,  the  most  important  of Which  are  Anmqena  adoffj-fr.edenci,  Ficus  spp.  and  Syzygium  gumcense  Below  this  lfi  a   dense simium of tree 18 to 25 m high with a wide range of species The third stratum of small trees
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Table 1,2 Zonal population distribution in Oromiya Region (2000)
May :t(W7
Zone                   Rural
Urban
Total
Density: Tolar  area {p p.kn?)
□fir ■ Arabia area
fp p km'J
■
Cover irs [Mfrcwr■!
Rural
Urtafri
Arsr
2,352,123           2M.B62
99
____ - 80 99       11 OF
Bale                          1.270.5®
19
fiorena                     1 >527-450 West Hiirrsrgtt         1.332.509
175,146
17592?
t2B 061
2.643,005
1.453.648
1.703,370
1 511.360
-..-J 87 95       12 05
__ ..J
.
18
78
________ ■_
101 34 34
471
___
B9.67
91.47
—
East Marcrge IHubabor Jtmma
West Shfiwa East Shewa Worth Shewa Wesl Weftjga East Wvllcgo Rutonal
2.036,319            131.739       2.185.557                     00                   538            93 93
JO 33 8 S3 6 97
-I
901.379           107.910        1,009.298                     55
77            89 31
2.081.702           255.911
2.337.693
2.776,817
112
2.473,050
1.139.693
303.759
597,2&9
113
tfll 204
2,036.981
1.375.829
111                    152
1,259,843           115.962 ________ „__ i
tog                   227
89 05        10 95 d i .. ._____
69 06     10 94 70 50       29 32
gi 57         8 43
1 £62.906
—
1 31O 406
178.120 1,841 033
106,-176 t.496 802
94             90 32
P
39
00
19,706.474         2,648.000     22,354.101
161
87 54 V? 46
BR IS 1 I 8
1.3-1 Deforestation
Deforestation has  been a concern in Ethiopia at least tn certain localities  - for a tang lune Information on the extent of forest cover and deforestation rates  vanes  depending upon the source of data and type of analysis  Historical inlgj-mation on the forestry  coverage <n Ethiopia rs  limited. Some observers  have estimated that at one time, high forests  covered 35% of Ethiopia, and high forest and savannah woodlands  combined covered ,i total of 66 percent In the early  1050s. high forests covered 16 percent of the land 6y the early  1980s it had dropped io 3.6 percent, and 2 7 percent by igag.
In recent years, deforestation and degradation has  been focused in the soulh-western part of the country, where Iha majority  of the remaining natural forests  are located. Tins  deforestation is  being driven primarily  by  agricultural expansion - through commercial agncullure. coffee and tea plantations, shifting cultivation, and settlements. Other causes  of deforestation include foclwood collection, harvesting oi constructor materials, wildfires. growing human and
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livestock  populations  and inadequate -ncenhves  to conserve or enhance forest cover, rhe study  to detect change was  conducted using Satellite images  from 1973-76 with those from 19S6-90 and this  has  shown that in the mid-1970s, natural high forests  covered 4.75% of the country, whereas 15 years Fatsr, it was found out ihat only 3 9% of Ethiopia was forested 1 hus. the deforestation rate whs calculated to be 163,000 ha per year (Reusing 1995},
According 1o the detail study  made on lhe southwestern forests  of Ethiopia, deforestation and the degradation of the natural resources  is  a serious  threat for rhe last forests  in south west of Ethiop*3 From 1971-1997 almost 50% of the area, which was  once completely  covered by natural high forests  was  deforested »n this  time, rhe overall result has  shown that in most NFPAs  of Ethiopia forest stands  have been degraded or even completely  deforested. Therefore, t is  advisable, to concentrate the development of management plans  as  a first step on those NFPAs. where natural High Purest are still existing. In a second phase, a follow-up has  to be done at me remaining NFPA's  with the objecrives  to rehabilitate those areas  where Natural High Forests were once exisling.
1,3.2  Effects of Deforestation
Decrease in lhe lores! cover m Ethiopra have been linked io degradation of fertile land declining land productivity, toss  cf biological diversity, shortage of fuel wood, construction materials  and other goods  and services  provided by  forest resources. Expansion of doserlificaiioo throughout Ethiopia is  another consequence of forest destruction, which is fallowed by  frequent draught and famine. Considerable research has  been undertaken in Ethiopia to estimate land degradation and soil erosion, particularly  in the mountainous  regions and losses  of lop soil in some areas, where fuelwood is  in short supply, many  rural people use dung and crop residues  (biomass) for cooking fuel, which then may  reduce soil ferlmty  and grain production. Where increased iree planting has  been taking place recently  in certain locations, and with changes  in fenu^er subsidies, more fanners  are leaving dung on their fields and crop residues are being increasingly used for animal fndder
1.3.3  Forest Resources Management Systems
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cases, these plantations  were formerly  established through cooperative labour, employment generation schemes  or Fooddor-Work  programmes. Communities  have been given the responsibility  10 develop, protecl and utilize the plantations. Thoss  cammuniltes. however, have not been provided with an appropriate orientation on the objectives  of these plantations For many  of lhasa plantations, it -s  not clear whether they  will be strictly  protected tor conservation benefits, or whether some selected harvesting of products  (grass, timber, firewood, etc ) will be possible
1.3.6   Individual Forests and Tree Planting
i  he  third  kind  of  forest  management  is  individual  ptantmions.  such  as  woodlots,  agroforeslry and  trees  for  wind  breaks  planted  by  the  household  members  or  by  groups  pooling  labour resources.   The   iarmers   have   long   traditions   of   conser/ahon  and   cultivation   of   frees   around homesteads  and  around  farm  plots.  Howev&r,  ihe  long  experiences  of  lhe  farming  communities 
u   Lhe   development   of   vegelauon   and   efforts   made   by   the   government   could   nol   bring significant  improvement  in  the  conservation  and  development  of  the  forest  resources  of  the country.
1.3.7   Area Enclosures for Ecological Restoration
Over   lhe   past   tew   decades,   much   work   has   been   done   in   different   areas   of   Ethiopia.   Io promote   rehabilitation   of   degraded   areas.   A   common   approach   has   been   to   close   specific areas  lo  grazing  and  other  forms  gf  use,  io  permit  natural  regeneration.  In  some  cases,  soil conservation   measures,   such   as   soil   bund   or   enrichment   planting,   have   been   undertaken Generally   such   activities   have   been   earned   oul   by   lhe   Male,   through   Fooddor-Wtxk   or Employment Cseneration Schemes, or by locafl communities.
1.4 Objectives of the study 1.4.1 Main Objective
conservation of soil and water of the calchme-nts.
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1.6.1    Literature Review
May
Relevant filnrMs. documents, amJ fleets having direct or indirect rofoton to the topic have been reviewed thoroughly. These included the following besides others.
* Woody biomass Inventory and Strategic Finn Project documents izOdZ)..
. Assessment end Monitoring of Erosion and Mdlnwniauwi Problems in Ethiopia by Ministry of Water Resources (2002);
. Monitoring of Natural High Forests in Ethiopia by Reusing (1SEMS); ant!
, Ethiopian Forestry Action Program (E FAP), MOA (1954).
1.6 2 Field Assessment
As a part of the oyeraid study's component eighteen cays held assessment of talermam area was conducted and information was collected on land use system, vegetation situation, forest conservation and devefopmem activities and overall biophysical features ol the catchment ar.d command areas.
1.6.3  Visit to Institutions
Relevant woreda offices of rhe Bureau of AgncuHura and Rural Development were visited to identify areas covered under catchment and command areas The issues relates In watershed management and forest conserrairon development activities were discussed All updated and detail information on the client of forest resources. cteforestulron rate development activities and major problems in the management of the natural resources were collected.
1.6.4   Plan for Forest Conservation and Development
Forestlands serve as an economic and environmental resource, with both, perspectives needed 10 achieve sustainable development. The economic resource includes wexjd produtis 
(fuelwood, lumber, building poles, etc.) and food, animal and other products from forestlands 
thal are consumed by humans. The environmental resources include biodiversity. wifolHe
habitat, and climate proieclion. improvement of water quality and quamity and aeslheiics Watershed management provides a framework for management of such mulbple resources in
an integrated manner. High quality water are usually associated with forested watersheds that
are well managed and have sparse human population, few grazing animals and mimmaJ soil erosion
14
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The management af natural resources refers Io rhe development and administration of all rand resources  to satisfy  the needs  of present and Tulare generations. The main objective of lorest management is  Io conserve and develop the forests  lo enhance Lh&r role for soil and watershed prelection and ecosyslems  conservation and sustainabfe production of goods  arm services. Forest management in the watershed areas  is  the man agemen I of the natural resources of 3 dram age basin primarily for the production and pro lection of waler supplies and water based resources, including the control of erosion and fioods  and the protedron of aesthetic  values  associated with water. Thus, lilts  plan has  considered protection, production, aesthetic  and ecological benefits  of forest resources  and planned for sustainable production of goods and services of lhese resources
15
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2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA
2.1      Location
The study area covers three zones. i £ East Wcilega. Jrurna and Hfubahgr. q-1 Oromia Resign
The command area is located in JirWIia-Arjo. Adelin, Gechi Bod Lifflu Sefckil wotedas ltic 
mam sources ot Deddessa River are tocatad lhe highland al Jimnm zone including Gera.
Sigimg. Setema u'ld Goma wgrpda and flows North East, Worth |b?n NOflh west direclious
The upper pans  of the catchments  have been covered with natural high fore^i of Gcrj. Stgmo and Rabiyo forests. The mfddlit dan of the River is also covered with broadleaved high lnn?sL gi L mu-seka and Dedde&a woredas  and the lower pads  are covered wdh lowland wnoriiaticfs  of Bajecha, Lunu St* a and Gechin woredas
2.2      Topography
The catchment area consists  ni plateaus, undulating topographies  vntn Jilierent ridges  valleys and steep slopes  covered with fragmented forests, plantatiorWoresls  coffee, agricultural crops 
□nd  sei:;nmRnlE.  There  are  many  permanent  anrl  seasonal  Streams  or  waler  fOut  id  between lhe ridges. The soil is very much oegradod due to nrgh population and overgrazing
2.3       Land use system
The land use syslem under Wpredas of Dedcssa River catchment is available m I able 2 ' 
Which shows Ihnt mpsl of |he catChniQiit areas are under different l.ir d uses nf whuh (he tairsl
areas only cover tibout 141! This implies that most of the fands are exposed la soil erosion
whicn can significantly affect the hie oi lhe .vaipr reserve.r and development of irttaaltan
scheme.
The upper and middle calchmcnl al this  river is  under great pressure dun ig expansion of agriculture with only  leaving shade jtreas  lor coHee rhe settlements  are located on steep slopes  and also lhesa areas  are userl lor annual crop production without any  kind of sod anti waler conservation measures.
"he irr:g.iple pahs  of the :owiands  are recently  occupied by  now legal settlers  who came frrzn
■he  eastern  parts  of  nm  cnuniry  arm  inmeorr.c-r  illegal  saltiers  The  dense  woodland  had  been cleared  for  seiitemeni  and  agncuHure  The  woodland  also  cleared  tar  fueiwood  and  house construction without any proper nunaoemenL
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■■■ I                   ■ ■   -
in order to satisfy mast of their nscds, households rely on tend holding averaging 4 hectares or 0.76 ha per capita The land owned by  the households  is  generally  fragmented, and the land allocation reflects  households'  priorities  in terms  of production activities. Under rhe uncertainly rclaied io free tenure system farmers  tend to over exploit their land rather than protecting a i.I investing in it which has  indirect impacts  on soil and woody  biomass  resources. The farmers are reluctant to plant trees on their land, as trees do nol provide benefits before several years. Agricultural practices  can h3ve a detrimental effect on natural resources, when ownership or utilization rights are not dearly established.
faWr 1.1 Land us* systems under Wamdas ol tne Dsdessfl River's catchment
If
k
1
5
□
c ,
« ra
re &
S"
« 5*
v * ou
1
I
£
«■ „
Lifid use type
Cu«ivJlwl land Fot«i1 lard Grjxinfl land
hnFrjsrMicr-uffi WoivprodutllM* Watlend
TcriS 1
is
□
1?
I- r
h
Si
5'
1? s™ 1*
8
h
31153
fl 390
14,002 5.S99
31 OSS
50 70
28.000
51 10
12 229
2L721
8 103
J SCO
t5.2J
IJ7.M3         55 08              W37
7 98           1D+0R
002
5 MJ 44.01*9 if 93 22.4 M
12 73 53.34$ ?■ 70 BCOfi
i
f JRg"-r
s
u
was 23 39
law 190
20-03
1M22
1,006
JO 02
f3a                SIV
_.
37t
.
IS45           1 61
W11
3D7 772 45 a
_______
r7.™         14 1
97 959         1? H 21 57?            3 V
B.2M         IS 15
973             i 71          I.J65
5
u
<£H
2.tK           201
105 ID?             100
1.072           0.14               557             058                075            1 i>
M.6gn         1CK1      4R 553           100         245 9101           IM         95,879-            100         -.‘.Q 114               m
Sources. Woreda Agriculture Jf?d fturet Devt-taprrrOrti offices, f2M6j 2 4 Forest cover of the study areas
__ _ ___ —
Most of the highlands  of the catchment areas  had been covered with high forest covet until 1970s, lhen after the forests  were highly  pressurised through government settlement programs, expansion ol modern coffee plantation and Introduction or modern agricultural systems  to the areas. More than S0% ol the fores'  cover of the areas  were lost to different land use systems anti currently fragmented and disturbed forests were remained m some parts nf the woredas
There  are  three  high  forest  priority  areas  found  in  the  catchmenis  areas  which  include  Gora Sigrno  and  Babya  Foresis.  Table  2.2  shows  the  land  use  and  land  cover  of  the  forest  priority areas  in  the  catchment,  which  shows  that  about  17%  ol  the  forest  was  Converted  lo  agricultural land. Accord ng to the current observation made by the author iha situation is worse than in Hie 2002.
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>—■ *
Table 2.2 Und 1,1*9 and Land tifivcir of Ch* Forwl Priori ly Arfrlt □ n lht> C Mthmfrfil A/Cas
RFPA
Babr/a
. Gera Swjmo Tolal
i olal area              Natural Fores?        Woodlfinci         Cultivated land
25,284
113.360
70.672
209.310
18,169               2,723 93,774
59.641
171,584 2,723
4.392 19.586 11.031
35.009
%oover                           100                          82                      1                         17
Source WBISPP, 2002
2.5     Socio-economic situation
Ths  mam  sources  or  uimme  for  the  study  antas  are  agnoifere  and  caffes  planing  For  (he expansion of agriculture and coffee stand Improvement, ihe high iorests of the zone h&va been ihreai&ned and there fs  h.gn loss ot biodiversity of rhe areas. More than 1 I million people (Tabte 2 3) live in the catchment and command areas of the nigal on project which fs having influence on the conservation, and develapmanl of the fewest resources. The forests are the maid  sources  of  energy,  construction material and income and acts as cofftt shad© for the local people.
The pressure sxsdecf by ihe population orr Ihe forest has threatened me quality distribution of water flow m the year
Table 2.3 Rural and Urhfin PupuFatlon of thn Catchment and command areu wor^dl^
' Woretfa__________            rural
Urban
Egb»l
Badete ____________
Oedes&a
Gechi LenuSeka fiorecha
Gere
Gomma M®nna
Se'ema Siymo
Jinvna-Aro
Turn
__________ 99,023
■<8 l-.iij 4?.2fl6
139.653 46.DDO
32.013 239,4/9
132,200
96. raj
82.570
69.952
1.OS3.214 __ ______ 111,126
17,800 4 K6
4,816 4. bro
1,055 6,1Jjr
53.311 4.112
J.l 16
2,024
0,789
116.8J3
52,025 57.1Q2
144
47.056 as lfih
292790
i:nj ,jn? 99.90!) B&J94
78 74 1 U 94.340
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2.6    The importance of trees in watershed management
As human population increases I he demand 1or food olso increases and me pressure k? grow
.more and more fend in less and fess space Feeds to a need lor more intensive and n depth study  of  allemalives  io  conventional  farming  lhat  oould  poss/bly  meet  This  ever-increasing demand.
Agrafe-rsslry, the Intentional integration of agricultural and forestry  based land-use systems, provides mufi.pte benefits lhat collectively contribute Io agroecosystem sustainability. A_s part of an ecologically  based land management system, agroforeslry  practices  can maintain ecosystem diversity  and processes  that contribute to long-term suslainabriily  and environmental quality. Agroforestry  pracbces  include windbreaks, alley  cropping, tree/paslure systems  livmy  fences, riparian lores! buffers, tree/speciaby  crop systems, forest ^especially crop systems (forest farming), wildlife habtlal. and fuelwood plantations.
At  farm,  watershed  and  landscape  levels,  integration  of  agroforeslry  practices  can  transform agricultural lands into stable, resilient, diverse., aesthetic and sustainable agricultural land use systems. Agrofor&stry can sustain and improve crop yields as well as can provide a range of additional  resources,  which  include  control  of  erosion  and  sediment,  multiple  crops  including wood  producls,  sequester  and  biodegrade  excess  nutrients  and  pesticides,  can  moderate micrpcJimates. and diversify habiials for wildlife and human being. By utilizing trees lor animal fodder  and  green  manure,  the  Integration  of  trees  into  crap  and  animal  systems  can  add substantial   nulritrcnal   inputs,   frees   also   maintain   and   improve   structural   and   nutritional properties pr soils through nitrogen fixation, soil aeration,  and contributions i<j organic matter content and structural stability of the soil. Agrororestry is an effective and innovative means to reduce poverty, create food security and improve the environment. Scattered trees on farm arc common  practice  in  Ethiopia  arm  cover  a  large  pari  of  agricultural  landscapes  that  have contnbution in the improvement of hveiihood of the rural people.
The use of trees on farmland may vary according to the objectives of the plantation The mam purpose  of  planting  irees  in  the  command  area  is  for  wood  products,  income  generation improvement of soil fertility, keeping water table low and (odder for animals. According to mo study of the area. I lie farmers in the low lands have substantial amount of eucalyptus for their
19
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!WH ■—^==- ’J"?                                       1           * ~            -
qwn   consumption   and   income   generation.   Thus,   lha   mam   focus   of   the   future   foru^-i development will be for production or food, feed and nitrogen fining spades.
The forests  land of the western pans  of me county  *s  very  suscenirbte lo soil erosion end nutrien! depletion due to fragile ecosystems  and the accumulation of the nutdeni m the biomass  rather rhnn in the soil This  siluation has  significant impact on the watershed nreas conservation due in deforestation, cultivation of sleep slopes and over grazing As lha number of people increases. lhe need for more land for agnculture forces  ’he local communilios  to further encroach ro ihd remaining wwd lands and sleep slopes. Therefore, it IS Very essential 10 undertake forestry development activities with multipurpose species to meet the needs of the local communities  for rood and teed wTuch contribute to the improved managernenl of the watershed as we I as rehabilitation and sustainable production of foresl rbsourcas.
2.7       Effect of to re&ta | io n |t activities on Ecology
The reconstruction ol a vegetal ion cover through forestation can develop towards an equilibrated slate of ecological stability. Therefore, ihe forestation techniques ltiai are ecologically successful are ihose closest to lhe original vegetation cover sirucluv« and
diversity.- Small-scale village forestation is the plantation which covers fotel demand for forest products and markeis forest products for the benefit oi small communities and pgraforestry plantation covers lhe demand for forest products, additional income generation, upnal and sustained utilization of sqlI resources, complementery production and in tensities soil ono waler protection Table 2 4 shows the features: and uses of small scale village foreslalfon and ayrufaresiry on ecology,
,1 Fetation is  rfwifled iritu iwd ij aiforesitixx. - .means  Anting ire«& an areas  which have boon w>1hbt|l forest cowr i« a long time (for over 5u ywrs); and 21 reforestation means  regianlfng trees  m awns  lhai were ^cenll^<terc*ts:rd Hess than 50 yesre).
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TabFe 3.4 Features and uses of forestation for ecological protection
Description                Small-scale village forestation
Waiter balances and erosion control
Climate Soil fertility
Only  racafliy  edfeeSve; in combination with terracing good chance to rehab?lita1e small catchmen Is
improvement of me mcnodimafo
Smalhscate positive effects. could be achieved provided that erosion is  stopped and nutrients  are released to lhe soil by the organic matter
Shade prelects the humus layer. I! structure is counter balanced
Agmforeslry
As 1ree are planted in steps and in strips  along lhe contour line suslamabfe ■’educl-nn or runoff and erosion is achieved
Tree lines serve as windbreaks
Positive  effects  prevail,  because often  nitrogen  fixing  species  are used, and            negative effects possible   through   roc-l   and   light competition
tievefore ihe destruction of lhe soil
Species rjiversiiy
1________________]
Species diversity of agriculture areas is improved through tree groups, tree strips and Small scale village and community wood-lots.
Source' Frupmaf Fonrefcy Ha/ntfbooJi. ? 993
2.8       Demand and supply for forest resources
2.8.1    Forest resources
According to the information obtained from lhe Woreda Agricultural Qllices about 77.630 ha of the land is covered with foresls m Bedele. Oeddessa. Gechi, Borecha and Limn Seha woredas. which is abaci 14.1% of the total land area of these woredas (Table 2.1). Forest re the mam sources  ol energy  and construction material in lhe area Due to lack  of proper management, most o1 the forest areas  on the watershed and valley bottoms are cleared and converted to agriculture and grazing 'and The farmers  encroach to lhe forestlands  and sleep slope to produce more food for survival.
Humid Upland Broadleaved wilh Aningena dominant forests are found in greatest extern in the tllubahcir and Jimmji Zones. They  are found between 1,500 and 2.600 masl Mean annual rainfall is between 7QQ and 2.000 mm and mean annual lemperature between 15 Cand 20 C
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They become more diverse in r pecies from east to west [i.s. with increasing rainiui.j soil -viit decreasing aliilude (i e with Increasing temperature^ Four Strato can be general^ reaped. The highest stratum is  farmed by  frees  30 to 50 m high. the most important of which rue
Anrri^iris  adolfi-frierf^i, Fiaa spp. and Syzygium guintense Below this  is  a dense stratum of tree 1 3 La 2 5 m high with a wide ranfle a f s pedes. The third s iratum nt small 1 nws a nd bushes  includes  Gafriara cofifeodes  and Coffe.v  arabica. The ground s'rnuim includes APitrnymuni
Ill the higher rainfall areas above 2,400 m a s. I an more gentle stopes dense thickets ol highland bamboo (Anmdmaria afptna) occur. It ra possible the I I his is an anthropomorphic sub
c max caused by frequent cullivalion. There Is evidence of human disturbance ihrougl’oiil lhe
area and Chaney considers ihji all ihe remain.nq natural fcresi is In facl secondary
TamwaJte CombretJ/m (Deciduous) Woodlands are also found n u e higher rainfall areas,
generally wWi above 700mm mean annual ramfa'l These are found the lowland valleys pf ihe Dedossa and Gibe valleys and the lowlands riubabcr. and East Wellriga, Zones. Apart Trani the
1«O dominant species others delude' Oxytenanihera abySsinicat, Etoswelha payrifara. Lannon schimpEri Anogeissus lefacarpa, and Stercosperjnum kuFilhianiirn I he msm land use
systems are agro-pastoral and shifting Cultivation
In  addition lo natural forests, there are substantial amount of .nan-made loresis  i<i the /onus Comprising different species including CiflCUiessuS /uslamca. EurJyptus spp , Graved rehjr.^fa, and some other indigenous specros
2.8.2  F o rest res blircas supply
The impel frequent uses  of wood housslWMa include house construction lumihire. lueiwanri and shade and farm implements. For al types of use, the primary source a< wood ie me natural forest whereas  there Is  a irend of planting eucalypius  for income general ion and own ccinstruciion materials
Seif rroltvation and acdvilres  of farmers  themselves  as  well as  the use o! own nurseries comr.bole lo seif-suificiency  and sustainability  m the provision of seedlings  These play  a significant role in the development ol private forests as well as cl her important preconditions. In
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.idrtti™. ..wareniiss programs on p'.ii -ihon objeClrofis. ItWMt rnar Jgument planning and tones! resources  utiftzalinfl  wilhm  me  communlly  is  another  route  in  developing  seif-sufhcitnty and sniUun.ibility wilhin the rural comr- unity.
Accurd-ng to TaNe 25. there rS about 2 149,176 Ions of wood stoc* is waitable m the region
for ene gy supply, out of which; annual wood yield
r
is about 105.330 tons There a/e some
other sources of energy, which includes: crop residue. dung, gas oil and kerosene. The highest share or energy is supplied from woody hromass followed by crop residue and cow dung, Con-lnbulion a* kerosene to energy supply is very low
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tn AssucL'idon with IniercantiDental Consultants nnd Technocrats Pit LUArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Forestry 
May aWff
Table 2.5 Total potential energy supply and annual energy consumption in the areas surrounding waradas of the Irrigation sue
Total pc’nnbal energy supply by IubI typos Ilans)
Tala! .riruaJ jural nfiwgy wnsumplZin tiybioluij* type?
—
—
Land                             Rural         ^ood
Wood            1 tamd&Lead
□n-la^m
WroCn
area          Popn
slock
yield            sleek          yield
Roundi'splil
Dunrj
Gai | <* | rooo lit J
Kiimstm-:
row nil
Jrfnma-Ar>u        70,068       69.052       63&90         452494          227B&              35575              4995              67279
Bedeaa
t7026B       ” 99W*        22005         11469M          5*756                63469
101576
Total
0LT        wtHMl        Residue l_UB__ __
20595       57B6B          5033 50775     152351           4375
0     1557
i, ■
63 244 B
55
119
GcChi
Li mu StikJ
142936
93266 13SU58
48M6
57097
fl 107              95762     45323     14 JI Ci ----- LLk—
399,
3U»0
1063273
2449176
,05139
907E1
t_ ______ -J- —------- ---------- -A- Source s//a;SSP. 2002.
6253 4BB65 29163 7fl?w
1
27936
57     2307              1OT
---------- ■- ■ 3’ 146                             392
34M
4.
J
24.Irfo fledessa irrigattfiu /reject
Forestry_______ __  ______________ ______ __ ______  —
2 8.3 FueFwood demand and consumption
Poli&mg pfluel wt»dt consumpiinn vary widely across the Qromia Region dependir g mainly on its avaiMilHy. AwrfatiJIly afs* mFluewW Ihe 1dtnl amounl Of household energy consumed from air sources These is a weak Rjiaiiansiw between me increasing recju.remenii (or heat (for cooking and human cvnfartj with i increasing altnudu and temperacure I abr& 2 6ehows the mean annual ptir CBpila consumption of fuel wedtf
Table 2.6 Weighted moan wnunl per capila rural consurrciign and '.sial ftuffil bap urban j- hid wtrad (including charcnftl as wood) consumption in QRS
ZONE
Rural
Per capita
Urban
Per capita
TOTAL (including
Cammercial Services 
(Dry weigh.!}
Consumption
as %
of region
*9*
309
M1^
Kgs           S’     Million
MillicnM
Aral
tons
052 833 1.39 0 86 1.W 6 -n
Ba a                                              366         0 64           821         1 37         0 65
i <ia                        4%
Bare-na
Wwt Mfliwge EiWl HibKh-.-ie) IHubiiUni JiiFifiiii
W«i Shew® E»t Shewa Nor|h Shck>n West WsHegi E.ist yX'eiloga REGIONAL AVERAGE
57?          095             Siu        0 86          0.97
1 6?
6%
Ml           0 87            885         t 48         0 84
1 40                        5%
535
1,606
1 264
599
0 89
2 68
2 11
1.00
459        0 76          1 18
i 93
8%
1.050 1 /5 1.57 281
■J22         1 54         2 88                   4 80 808        1.35         1 76                   2 93
429 0.71 gsa 160 t 22 204
3*3 0.59 897 1 50 0 55 0 02
889          1 48        >,008        1.81
743          1 24 '          064
659 i 10
—J
10%. i&% 11%
a%
i% 11%
7%
661
1.44
i 43
1.68                    2 hi] 1 14                   1 01
15.4D                 25 67
AscoriJing  cd  Ihe  sludy  pf  WBISPP.  (2OQ2)  itie  highesl  rural  per  capita  rales  of  fuel  -wcxl consumption are found in and around lhe natural forest areas of Jimma and iihjhabor Zone? where  focal  rates  of  consumption between  i,3Dt}  hj  t.tjgg  kgs  per  annum  were reconjed the lowest rural consumption rams were n Arsi, Bala, North Shewa and E-asi Shewa Zones wIwnc annual  per  capita  consumption  rates  are  between  2M  And  5(MJ  kgs  although  consumption rates erf crop re&ioues were much higher (500 ■■ ZOttkgs) in the areas which are retaiwtfy wel Endowed with pn form tree resources, foei wood congumptiem jptes of between ' DOO and
1,150 kgs per annum are found
25
Water Works Design & Supervision
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-■-
— - - • 1 > - ■ _ - -
Rural per capita consumption rates  of fuel wood and other biofuels  are generally  tower than urban rales. Where urban wood rates are less than rural rales, this may be a reflection ol lhe increasing use of modern fuels, particularly electricity and kerosene.
lhe annual per capita rales  of fuel wood consumption in many  parts  o« ORS are below or about the average for Ethiopia, which is  approximately  fDDkgs  (1 12MJ> per capita The weighted rural average for lhe who-Ja of the Region «s 659kgs ■„ 1 10M^} By way ol comparison annual p er c epiLa r ates i n S oulh A (nca a re r eported to be 3 bout 4 10 k gs (0 6BM3) a nd i n Tanzania 54Q kgs (0 9M Y The three mam sources of bio-fuels are the household’s farmland, lhe communal grazing areas and by purchases.
1 here is a substantial supply of fuelwood m the projecl areas (Table 2 6} which may not be true alter some times  due to settlements  and pressure on the forest rand lor different uses  other than lorcsiry
2.8.4    Main problems in the catchment areas
Increasing population and expansion of small-scale agriculture are lhe most important factors in the declining woody  biomass  resource base of the Ororma National Regional Stale, Large quantities  of woody  biomass  are consumed during clearing for agriculture, particularly  in lhe natural fore&l areas  of lllubabor and Jimma Zones. In other parts  of Oromia the smaller forest remnants  arc  also under severe pressure from expansion of agriculture. T^bie 2 7 shows  the area under lores! during 1990 and 2000 as well as lhe expected area, which will remain, under forest during 2010 and 2015 for different Zones of the project area,
’ Leach and M«Hrrks. 1994
26
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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Forestry May 2007
Fable 2.7 Eslrnaled nalwal forfi-sis remaming aftw claaring for agriculture fcx Zanes W4lh nalir-al fcxoM for 1990, 2000. 2010 and 2015 {in hectares}
ZONE
1990
65.393
2000              2010
Ar si
BMe
Ekraid
West Harerge
EsaC H&rerge Hhjbribar Jimma
WihJI Shewa Easl Shewa
36,735
29,838
2015 605
Levs 1990- 2015
35,787
loss
%
of 1990 55%
779.534
296,725
734,791 631,893 610,693 166,841 292.102 207 436 274.524 22.201
15.793             15.793             15.793             6.542
22%
Lo$= %
of ORS 4%
21%
7%
3%
22,334
29%
1%
6.119 5.768 5.768 6.768 1,351 617,799 558.009 472.463 432,643 185,156 480,270 303,456 242.861 216J56 264.114
17%
0%
3C%
55%
23%
!■
69,130           46.001 i____  ,:il_
24.260             24.260          44,070
65%                <5%
24,300
19.289             15,160             15,160            3.14Q
38%
North Shewa                   3592
2,346                 65%
West Wellcga
- _____________
122.668
Easl Weitega                72.736
TOTALORS             2,562.591 Source. WS/SPP 2002
1.246 114,141
70.627
1,244            1.246 103,203             94,04$
57,027              38,098
20.622                 23%
34,628
40%
1%
0%
4%
4%
2.198,957        1J8 7.948        1,758,992         803,599
31%             100%
According to the above Table 2.7, Jimma zone has  (he highest rate oi forest loss  of lhe regional -rones  Mowed by  mutator These n.gh losses  of forest resources  are eiiribuied io seuicnnents  (legal and illegal), expansion of private coffee piantauun and high rate of population growth
27
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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Forestry
3. PROPOSED MANAGEMENT PLAN
3.1 Types of Forest Management Plan
Hay 2007
All Focest Pfkorrly Areas and patches erf natural forests are getting fragmented from time lo lirne due to expansion of agriculture and settlements in the calchmenl areas of Jimma, and lilubabor Zones. These forests  will lose their protection potential in shod penod of itme unless  urgent actions  are latten to manage on sustainable basis  for lhe proleciion of the watershed According to EFAP (1994) about 40% of these high forests  can be managed for production purposes whereas the rem a rung 60% has to be pul under Sind protection Io ensure the flow of nvers originating from these forests Thus. 709,000 ha from forest priority areas and 77.000 ha forest outside forest priority  areas  need immediate inter^enticms  lo stop?minimize curreni rale of deforestation and pul under sustainable management lo ensure lhe i.onimuily  of these forests
The  following  management  circles  are  recommended  in  the  management  of  foresis  and  other nalurai resources of the catchment areas and areas of the irrigation project
t)         Conservation forestry
u]        Ay roforestry/Production forestry
in}
Forestry for Recreation Multiple-use forestry
and Tourism
iv)
3.2
Co
nservation forestry
The  f
orc
sl  can  be  conserved
or
p
rot
ected
for
wa
lershed
prot
ect
ion
(c
ontrol
of
runoll,
soil
erosio
n,
land  sliding,  and  regul
atio
n
of
river
Ho
w).
reclama
ii<Mi
of
lan
d
(lhe
impr
ovement
or
degraded land Utrough lyrest piantiny  or protected and assisted regeneration) conservation of Flora (protection of the variety of plant species and I hereby in situ plant genetic conservation), wildlife conservation, particularly  the prelection of ran? o* endangered ammal species  ano contribution to lhe regal al my oi the global carbon dioxide cycle. Conservation of ihc remaining forest areas can benefit lhe nation in the conservation of generic resources of coffee, different plants nnd animals that are known and not yet known species.
___________________________ _______ _ . _______ 2*
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
in Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.Arju-fledESsa Irri^atlM Project
Kmesiry____________________________________________________ gj»7 _._
!!■ !£■■■ Ml —— 
■__ — “ - ------- -------------“ ■
1
3.2.1 Objectives of the working circle
i’li&fallowings are [he mam objectives cd working crrtfe:
■   To minimize ihp further expansion of agricultural land lo lhe remaining forest and pul lhe
forest under sustainable forest management;
■   Prelecting me remaining forest for soil and waler coriswvallon, wildlife hpbitaL. elc.
• To involve the local communities in Iha management of forest resources a rd benefiting the communities
2.2.2  Components of the activates
The main cDinponoms of activities under working cycles are as follows
(i)       Parlhcipa Lory bDuhdar y demarcation a nd management plan d evelopmcbt
The activity will be carried out In Lhe CFjfahmenl ureas to halt forest depletion and lo minim i/f SCd-imenration In the dam and improve soil and waler cunservalPDn with full perbuipation of H 0 locat communities All lands having slopes greater than 35% will be identiherJ and demarca en 10 reSiriCl human intervenlion withDul rnnoagempnl plan. Natural regeneration wd'  be encouraged in mnsl areas accompanted Willi enrchmenl planlmg
About 77.000 hg of farcsls  which are scancred, ariover ths  inducted worad^s  will be rehnbiltlalert and about 200,000 h3 of lhe faresl priority  areas  will he demarcated. and ,i-jI under management on sustarrrabte basrs as well as  necessary organvaiicniHi sirudure will be esiaohshed for efficient and effective conservation and development of lhe forests
fu) Estabfahment ano Nursery
About 10 government Nurseries. having lhe pmduciion capacity  of 1 o million sesdkogs  each will be cst^uiishcdirefiauitiiated for each woroda lor lhe supply  of seedlings  iq ;he caichmprit areas. Also. 20 small farmers'  nurseries  win be established Hi rough technical and maieriai suupbfi of the projec;
Water Works Deajgn & Supervlstaa Enterprise
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In nSSuctJdujE wjili IntercontinEjnal Cresultaels and Tech liberals PfL l.M,Arp Dedessa [rritfaLlflfl Pi'ajcct Forestry 
(iii J Production of seedlings
May 20117
Different seedlings having multipurpose will be produced m government and fanners nurseries 
IL is planned io produce 10 million seedlings every year in government nurseries over 4 years 
to rehabilitate the degraded high forests and for enrichment planting. Technical and material
support will be given to the farmers to produce 10 million seedlings al tree frun trees and
fodder species for therf own consumplujn and as a means of income generation
(iv) Tree planting
Dilfereni frees  having conservation, food and feed values  will be planted in I he watershed aroas  by  the government and lhe local communities  Areas  w>th steep stape around Ihe reservoir Will be permanently  kept under vegelalion and grass  cover io minimize the soil erosion from those lands and inflow of soil into the reserv&r from the surrounding areas About 1&, 000 ha Will he planted by the government and fiQD ha uy me communities on the catchmen! areas  and surroundings  of the project over Ihe (our years  period. Controlled use ol fomst products can be allowed from less steep slopes. Farmers can use their own plants from their agroforeslry plantations.
3.3 Agroforestry/Producticn forestry
Agrokxesfry  i s  a collective term covering atl land use systems  in which Irees&r shrubs  arc grown in association with crops, pasture or livestock, m a spatial association or a rotation, and in which there are both ecological and economic  nleractions  between the trees  and other comoonents it is Ihe presence ot ecological interactions between trees and crops which is llwr distinctive feature of agroforeslry. The ecological interactions  lak& ptace mainly  via the microclimate and soil. Examples  are conservalton of water for crops  oy  shading or tree leaf fitter, and recycling of nutrients  to soil via tree root systems  and litter Another Feature of agroforeslry, and one, which lends  n great potential, is  ihe capacity  to yield forestry  products from agricultural lane, at me same as maintaining, or even enhancing, crop production By ihis means, the pressure for lorest encroachment is  reduced The ma|o< products  from multipurpose tree in agraforestry  systems  am fuetwood. small limber, tree fodder and fruits The most important service function is  that ot soil conservation, including both control of erosion and maintenance ot lerihly
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Waterworks Design & Supervision Enterprise
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Forestry___ _^^ >' jP*?? . . _.
=
a
rt-.nre are aboul 19 agrcfMestry technologies, defined as dishnctive arrargemenis of trees wlh ucps in space and lime. These are:
[if AgrosilvicuJIural-trees with crops;
•    Shrill ng cultivation
•    Improved tree fallows
•    Eaungya
•       frees on Crop land
• 
plan lation crop combi nations
■
muftysforey tree gardens
• 
hedgerow intercropping (alley cropping)
• 
boundary planting
• 
trees on erosionncontrol structure
•       windbreaks and sheJlerballs
•       biomass transfer (free hIler mulching)
(ri) silvQpastoral (trees with pastures or livestock)
• 
trees on range lands or pastures
• 
free crops with paslures
• 
live fences
• 
fodder banks
(iii) tree component predominant
•       woodipis wilh multipurpose management
•       reclamalion forestry leading to muitiple use
(in) other components p'esenl
•       EnlcMnororestry (trees with insects)
■      Aquaforeslry (trees with fisheries)
Combining these with choice of ptanl species, spacing and management leads  to many I hoi. sands  of agroforeslry  systems, This  range offers  wide opportunities  1o< choice m the selection and design of systems to meet specific problems th al is in the conception stage of the process of diagnosis and design.
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3.2.1 Objective of the Agroforeslry
Tha main objective of the egroforwtry  is  iho production of fond, fodder fuelwood, construction materials, windbreaks, soit and water conservation, soil fertriiy  impruwnieni and protection ol (he environment
3,2-2 Components of the activities
The main componenis of Agioforestry an as follows:
(i) Establishment of Nursery
F ghl nurseries will bo established and/or rehabilitated .n Bedeie GechiP Jimma-Arjo arc! L.rtiu
Seak.i  Woredas  with  the  production  capacity  of  Di50  million  seedlings  each  per  vejr  for  lhe pradudkjri of di lierent tree and fruit species IO supply in [he commjnil areas.
(nJ Production of seedlings
AbuUt  16  0  million  mulHpurpose  seedlings  will  be  produced  m  the  four  years  period  to  be uismbuled  m  the  command  areas  and  the  surroundings  for  the  production  of  food,  fodder fijefwood,   fodder,   feed,   and   microclimate   improvement   Nitrogen   fixing   species   v/illbeQ'ven due consideration for the improvement of land productivity and lead supply to ine animals 
(Hi} Planting
All SHdMng* will be planted by  lhe farmers  around Pieir homwsleaus, woodlots, on farmland h and at Windbreaks. About 5700 ha will be planted with diiferent species  for SOM and waler conservation and other goods and services
3.4       Forestry for Recreation and Tourism
Where reatafion purpose is  comuiried wiih pt^t&rvaUon it provides  a source oi income from the lAnd. Tourists  like to walk, play, nde h<wscsP sail tro^ils  and camp, m scenic Surroundings and under serfs  conditions  There are conskJerabid opportunities  io widen such facilities  m conjunclujH wim cobseivaiiDn foresiry, if fire hazard and other aspects  of protection r.nr bu ensured
The proximity  of the dam site io different zonal towns, natural foresis  and different landscapes. In.s sue Jius a great polonlLal fat ecolourism promolion. Existing of different hot spring, lhe dain area and rhe surroundrrg areas can be developed as recreational silo Rehabilitation of (he
32
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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surrounding highlands  and covering with trees, construction o! trails, ard arrangements  -of different facilities  can attract local and International tourists  to the area. Organization of different folk dancers, ail I oral antiquities and handcrafts can be the means of fob creation for lhe local youth and generation a! income For households.
3,5        Multiple-Use Forestry
Multipfe -use forestry  management is  the management of forests  with the intenhon of meeting two or more major objectives  simultaneously•  On some land, it may  be possible to combine carefully controlled harvesting with protection forest, whilst al the same time permitting removal of non-wood forest products. A productive or otherwise actively managed forest is less liable to suffer illegal incursion The combination ol wood production with forest grazing is  another example. Other cfear opportunities  for multiple uses  arise In combination of protection or conservation forestry with controlled use of recreation
The catchment areas, especially, the remaining high forest of Sigmo and Batnya can be used for watershed protection sources  of organic  coffee and gene pool, honey  production and other forest products  under controlled harvesting These forests  also have significant role in environmental protection, biodiversity  conservation and ecotourism. Tne animals  of the local communities can take shelter and feed with proper cane Lo avoid damages on the regeneration and saplings
3.6        Species Composition
Heterogeneous species composition promotes stable forest ecosystem and ensure the
prelection of watershed. Propagating huge monocultures often risks the stability of the stand
Before a definite decision is taken on one or more species, me following pa i ts should ba
carefully analyzed
*    They are less threatened by pests and diseases;
*    They take better advantage of the site, e g a combination of light demanders and
shade species or shallow rwimg species and deep rooting ones,
*    They allow the consideration at small-scale site differences and the choice of more site specific species.
33
Water Works Liesign & Supervision Enterprise
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Forestry
■ * _________________  ■ ■ —
May 2507
-____ - T
•  They  have  different  end  uses  and  assure  versatility  and  flexibility  when  confronted  by market changes.
3.7      Species Select!an
In many  cases, species  selection directly  determines  the success  ol the plantation activity. For species  selection, whether large-scale industrial plantation or small-scale multipurpose tree plantation, a limited sat of criteria apply  m varying combinations. These are site suitability, physiological requirements  of the species, requirements  of the local population and marketing. Therefore, based on the objectives  of ihe plantations  and site suitability  lhe loliovnnq species having different use (Table 3.1) are recommended lor the forestation of the 'watershed and command areas:
34
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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ArjuDedejisa ] rrijj.LUon Project
Forestry 
Tabla 3.1 R&comnriended sp&cles for plating
May 20P7
Na.        Spec i el
Prpwciiofl
mSflii/a
UM25
Sa-v limber          FuBtaocd
FtidCJur               N-lixing
h—        - I i I':. *, SimCl
2             ■4 5*ii*innfl
■3           -
AQhz.a ■jurjiitefa
8            A't.z/j touibr-^
6             ^Jixzia sdiiffipGWjnj
r             4^.cd.**e$ cfirrndAaJd
[fl
X
...  ... i —1
F'ratartcin        diners
XX
X
X
X
X
ie-2s
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
*
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
Arufltfo du-naj?
10
■1
12
13
1-1
—15—
16
17
IB 1!? 20
A/.Hftrac/ita MfdiCa
5-1B
6-ifl
XX
XX
35            ■■! iJISr.'ri^ilU
Cerrn aAcana
X
X
X
7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Cbnfaa
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Crplar? m jcresitocA, s
X
X
EAtftwvw iqwM
E/itfldto db ■ UM1 AT<i
F.’r^rvid dP.liMWa FticaCjifyi c»ii7id^u^iTS«s E j.QMkji'es
x
SX
X ..X
XX
1Q-Z2
X
X
1O-44}                X
X
21           Fupfxytna uande/aOn.re
' 22            (jffilAJTM fciiusf.i
j_______
23          He’X'nwii ii-iJi ssinica
2-1         Ju/1«. Witt proev.’S 25           ; I’i.-.iis-jj .'e^T-.-c. *" i-
f in^J--- ■■
2fl           .Wefis
54D
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X -X
XX
27
Sa
•Wifit/rr.d
X
X
X
Qipa dtiro/roi
X
XX
29           Pherwr reeftnara
30           P/trfiUS Atrffln.i
31          Podarj^ jS to Lai'll
. “J
X
.X
X
———-^—■----------- '
y
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
XX
X
X
jjj
R/xare-nus
St>siianyj se5t»*rj‘
X
X                        ■X                       X
rsT '           S ri
i/AHMraSt?
X
L JS               £lt?4          •Jir7i5JU*S
lJL .
■X X
XX
35
Water Works Design £ Supervision Enterprise
hi isspriHNiiri with tniurtonunenia! Consultants mTe<?tun>cr3.cs Frt. Ltd.hj 3 fl e Ji’s ta li dj.nfijn pj -;a* t
Forestry 
______
Mar ZW
3 7 Summary of Aclivitiu-s
.■ .' fl ur j«Kiir pwiort for#  ■ uKfWIlK n mil •4evr Jk>Cim* lii| prQfffiCl. 10 slate and 10
1
,
i
u irr.r'f ■ nurs-nas wi I ht: •jM.itihshed |.i pnxfuco 56 rril’.i-.-n ‘■i^‘di nq^ Ttie<e seedhrnj'- i-.- Lliiinl hj.AiWlJii rr-h|ij.-fairs inresls uro rawly pLviicd b/Jha lancers. whereas The
/.-•p <.fcipe nrirtirrwrn r-J.uihni md hwth-f JWIeS are pl.iilfaf !jy lhe
IT i , ’ r
AiU-rsh.jd     ,|J1£|     hlKhVBTSlIy     CnrWJiVdtMXI     TH”     kJkJrwing     physical     d-rl-dli-.-s     Al     bv i. o.-inpli£hflt| over fciur years project period
i n i Nursery E stablnshnuml/rnhi ibiiifnlmn
*     Statu nursery
*     f-iirrFw»f\ nursery nip Snndbrwj's proclucliori
HUI J-'L|ri|jn<]
3.8 Summary of Investment
18
10
Hi million seedlings 16.800 ha
The total estlrnjlr-ij Tor the mar.H/eiTWU of lhe luresl lor four years is jboul Bar 41 62
mii-bon |USD$ 4 rj4 million) This rTwjney wll be used lor nursery estabhshmem. saedhngs production and planting anti rjmer expenses such as purchase of transport lacdifrps 
s-ilriry, and running cusis rhe fulki-.vriii are the summary of expenses lor lour years
{')
Fyresl Boundary demarcattfln and
inventory Birr 3.0 milton (USDSQ 35 m 11 ■
(II)
Forest management plan preparation
Birr 0 3 m.llMn (USD3 0 D35 m-H
(IN)
OtfiCedield equipintmls and vehicles
Birr 4 0 million (USDS 0 4 7 mdi >
(<v)
1 nlras If uchjrtr dev elupmenk
(Office, access roads, ate •
0rrr2 5 mllton iUSOSO 29 mill)
l«>
Nursery eslatylishmentfrehabdilation
Birr 1 dmiilion (USD$D Jim ii ■
(Vll
Seedlings production
Birr 1 1 J rniDion USDSt 3m li
<VI»)
Planting
Birr 165 million .USDS1 91 m.'l ■■
Ivlll)
Nursery tools and planting riMleruls
llirr 0 72 m 'll .on 1USOS1? CH
(1.0
Administration cost
B.rr i C n-.ii.cn ,USO$i? 19 mm
T ol j I
investment cost
Birrjl.62 million[USD$4,S4 million)
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In IssurliHlcn InterrounncnLtl roftMilcints and Tevbncernu IM. [ niAdo Ufdcssa JrrJ^atlDii Project
May 2W
Forestry
ftlQ following assumptions were used in lhe calculation of the investment cos! of the project:
(0     Nursery Establishment                    Birr TOO. 000 per nursery
(ii)
Seedlings production
Birr D.2 per seedling
(hi)
Planting
Brrr IDOO per ha
(M
Nursery tools
Girr 50,000 per nursery
IV)      administration cost
*   salary for one fores! officer (Birr25<lO/morMh and 5 nursery technicians Birr SDWmonth)
*   vehicle (double cabin)
Birr 500.000
*    other running costs               Birr 4D01000«!year
37
Water Wnrics Design & Supervision Enterprise
tn Association wJtii totoruontinecial Consultants and Tfc h inr rats FM ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Forestry
May 2007
ZONE
Annex 1 Zonal land u$e and land cover of Oromiya Reg
Area               Cufl?,
Fcxeii
Planin
i
on
Woodi           ShfubJ.            GOwl            Afro-alp       Swamp      WoLcr           Roo.      soil
Arg*
or urban
2 402.232          1.265.166               65.393        15.271
113 438             450.116            365 394             52.255           5552           18.632
22.--.3y
3ui*fcn;j
$ 823 808
118 B84             7,259                    0           502,04-2
419 434
7Qfi 77*;
IP IE*
Wesi Harecge
1 776.336
357 777
22.334
6 559 404 527.927 779.534 10 022 1 382.163 2.197,073
5 631 771          2 707 71A 15.764            660,932
3 650
1.010 442
♦a1
•» U 3 0 1 533.0K
i.ss'.soo          370 554                 8,119              256                 7.039         1.055,611             649.466                      0                fl05
0
0
do.720 M3
95,072 284
Eiiil Marer-fc IIIUbBlMN Jimma
•Veil Shewn Eas1 Siiewa
■
'A’etlivui
—
TOTAL
1 636.304             608 97$             617.799           1 1 !4             374.177
130 34B 179 724
o' 269.839
o
34.315
0J0
3.BB0             919 714             480.270                 Q             276.346                        0            177.550                      6                   0                    0                        0
0
• 404 42ft          780.760               24.300           6.567              70.271             229,604           162.953
2 196.972          1.589.575               69.130        10.062               24.006            195.771          305 959                  9016           10 932             2.340
0
13052
113.5M 1 157.920             7M.B7Q                 3.592           3.435               20494               82,226            230 455                      0                    0                   0
1 fi-3
2,309 4*j n46
2 362.096          1.250 875             122 668              464             975,453
0| 0                    0          12.63Z
2.227.036          B2                          72 726            i.304             932 740             163,373          150.272                        0           19.468          29,984               36 30 1
------- 1
35,961,996              9.671.458       2.562,591          62.770      9rB23,163            7.750.422         4.253,900           180,155         137,353         260,500          1,192.288
0
Source VYBISPP surveysand GlS (20D2J
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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SBAnnexure - 5
ENERGYArjo-Dedcssa Irrigation ProJett
Energy
TABLE OF CONTENTS.,...
May W
Table of contents
...^— I
LIST OF TABLES
list OF FIGURES..—
rnn
I Bill
IBBB1
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
11
111
IV
1 WTRODLJCTrON....
tv IBAll              fMBIlJ
1.1 The L isw: BETWEEN IRRIGATION DEVEL DEMENT ANO ENERG*
1.1.1 The atyvchve of rhe irogahofl project
I T.2 EctMWfTWG Brtd SQCrAt »fWt nKTUrTOmenfS
1.1.1 Eaerpy Ax eeanonne wf sopai swvws.
t. T.4 hnpaci of The im^afxxi project off emxpy mupprtas t 2 Project background .
i«■■ ri ■ ■ —■iiib.i-tr—j 111.
f.2.1 Locafron
3 2 2 PpportHron
r 2.3 Tppopraphy
r 2.4 Crtrota
1.3 Objective of the stud*
t 3 1 Qtyecfiw of rhe proper
F.3 2 Otyecfrw of Jhe study
1 4 Mt THCtXMOC-r*
T 5 Scope 0* the studv
2 THE R ESOURCE 6 AS E_,.._..................................
2 1 SCC-O-EC0*CAAC CHARACTERISTICS
2 f T PfipOtefrCH?
2 1.2 Wjlfcrspppty
2 f 3 Hnarth swvice
2 ? 4 Edtrcafaxi
2 2 Natural resquacfs
2.2 J CWate
2 2 2 Land cover ano /jntf uSo
3. ENERGY DEMAND IN THE PROJECT AREA ..
11 Data CdLECltfN 3.2 Households.
rvrti.iu
F?tlV»IBM-
Ft FT*I
1
f / / j
2
2
3
I
r
3
3
3
i -I
•Illi
1
d
ft
ft
fl
ft
7
3 2 T tV'.r.ma                  KebeJo irc bftiu Sefcg WfredB 12 7 Mepnuj K&Nito an Botfeto Mtarvda
3 2.3 AppfllgvAe hpvsehaAJ erwgy rgo Jdirophwr
3 3 AhRiclII ruAE
3 4 Agro-industry
3 5 Social services
3 5 ? Wafar
3 5.2 Hearth
3 5 3 Etfucangn
3.6 Demand wj.ectiOn
3 6 1 Scope gf eeafysu
3 S ? BaW /Ytacfof tflpuLE
4 ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE PROJECT AREA
it GENERAL
4 2 EkOUASSentRO*
J 2 T Woody hHxnass
2^
.35
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
Id Association wlih iDltfruUiUtil ConsuImu(a and Technocrats Psi LtdArJcDedcssa LirigatJoi] Projccl
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4 Z 1.1 PMiHtial Impadl pF rh*                 wi Forests in too ar«a
May 2UO7
4.2Ll\.2 Tret pearling in Eho'
4 2? ^grKLAMiATfli' jpj/tfutt
■SffiJ
---------------------------------------- -—................ ......... . **
4.2.3 Anumjtf dung .           ------------ ---------- --------------------------------------
<MHM3R0PCMEH
........................................... -
I■
2*
4.4 Solar energy........................ -..... -........................................ -.................................... 29
4 5 WWD ENERGY                   .................. —....... —---------------------------- -------------- ---- —....... —•--------------MT 5. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SERVICE STRATEGY--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,—„™.3I
$. PROJECT PRP05ALS FOR IMPLEMENTATION___________ ____________________ —------------ ------------- J*
4.1 0iSSEM*«TiON or EFFICIENT eromass stovF s ...
...
fi.2 HOME S rEAO AND FARM THEE RUWlWS ........................... ................. ................ 37
$ 3 Solar PwOtotol wg systems for health and edlmzatioalal services
REFERENCES- -41
33
3?
ANNEX A. DATA FROM WEREDA BUREAUS OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER SUPPLY.............................. .. ........42
List of Tables
TABcE 2 1       POPUl A1»0H in The COMMAND AMD Rf 5EHvOifi AflfAy., 2005
Table 22          la«q cca'ER tor wereoas in the Project area ..... ...................................... t Table 3,1 a Household lnErgy consumption w Iwe commaad area. 2004
i
i?
TABLES       is       HOUSEHOLD       ENERGY       CONSUMPTION       WTME       RE       5ERY£M       area.       2004       15
TaBll3 2          Laho ALLOCATION AND crop PRODUCTION- PER SETTtfR in L WkrSE»m. 2005 SEASON TaRlE 3.3         Small SCALE irrigation in ML Limu Seka WcREOa. jb*< 2006
14
14
Table 34           Commercial energy requirement for aGRculture ____________________________________________  15
Table 3.5          AGHOPHOCfSSwG ENERGY REQUIREMENTS .N the PROJECT area
TAULf 3 6         DSTIWUTlOX OF WATER SUPPLY F-Li IIITIF5 |N THE LlML SEKA AND BE DELE WERED lS^ JtM6 17 Tahlf 3.7          Energy rfouire men rs for potable WaT4A supply
Tablets               Energy rbquwmeots for heal nr facilities
TABLE 1$         DBIWUUnONOF SCHOOLS IN THE PBOJECT WUFDAS, 2006
16
Ig
jo
21
Table 3.10        Energy requirements for schools ...................................................................................................................    ?l
tasle3.it parameters *or analysis
Table 312         key variabi.es for demand prcue-cdom
TABLE     3.13     OfMMNDCUSStflTATKBJ
Table 3 N          DEMAhd MjCKCTiON Year LYfar I0.TF.M Juulls
Table     4.1    Biomass     stock     and     ybelD    in     the     project     wa Table 4.2           AGArCULfURAl RESCUE POTENTIAL in The COMMAND AfiF> Table 4 3           Potential dung prgouc fkjn by typ^ qf ammal
...........
jj
24
TaBL E 4 4         SOLAR FNE RQY RESOURCES, J -MM* TOWN (0? 4 W. 36 SOE.      1577  MASl J 
TABLE? 3 TllfTfcLWLEM MATHIE DEVIlUPMLM GSLIS^ENTJIliYIASL J-A. and IMTFVTIAI FNTf fcvrMKM K
THE ENERGYSECFtXK
Water Works DesLgn & Supervision Enterprise
rrt A5SQ<I«tlOQ WlUl [□CtrcondneulJi| CaasutUolS AOd rttbnocrats Pvt L(d.
2S
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11ArjD-DtdesEa IrTiRidoc Project Energy
List of Figures
FKUIJRE 2 1
F Fri RE 4 12
LanC CDx Ef» AND iANO US£ FmE PHQJECT 'i^Eflf DA L<M><:rfl« Pta Bill FIHJltt r Alt*
Water Worts Design & Supervision Knterprtse Id AiMtillfci H-11JI latereom|n*D[*l CunsalUnci ud Tpcti n nArJdDeitess* rnlgadon Project Energy
Acronyms and abbreviations
May BOOT
BLT
CSA EEPCO ENEC-CESEN (Uaty) EREDPC ESTC
GJ GW th) ha ICS kW (h) masl
MJ
MOA MW(h) NGO
Branches. Leaves, Twigs
Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia
Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
Ethiopian National Energy Committee and Centro Studio Energia
Ethiopian Rural Energy Development & Promotion Centre Ethiopian Science and Teclhnoragy Commission
Giga Joule (E9 Joule)
Gigs Watt (hour)
hectare
Inter-Connected system (EEPCO's nalional grid) Krlo Watt (hour)
meters above sea level Mega Joule (E6 Joule} Ministry cf Agriculture Mega Watt (hour) NwvGovemment Organization
NMSA                    National Meteorological Service Agency
PJ
PV scs TJ
Peta Joule (E15 Joule}
Phtovoltaics (solar electricity production with photosensitive devices) Self Contarned System (EEPCO's non-grid system)
Tera Joules (El 2 Joule)
WBiSPP                        Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project
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Energy
Energy conversion factors
Fuel
Standard
unit
MoFstur*
Content {%]
Energy content
MJ/unit
Woody biomass Crop residues Dung Charcoal Biogas Kerosene Oiesel Gas-obne Fuel oil IPG Electricity
kg kg Kg kg rrv
L L L L
k9
kWh
Air dry
15%
15.5
15.5
13 3
29.0 18.9
353
36.3 32.1
386
45.2
36
Souroe Ethiopian Rural Energy Dewe.'oprnant and =romolr<jn Cenler Energy Dfitobase      sources ■£ fTief/ioote. 1994
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Energy Report
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 The link between irrigation development and energy 1.1.1 The objective of the irrigation project
Waj 2007
IrfigalKJn development in I he project area will increase food and cash crop producli&n thus securing the livelihood of people that will sei He in I he area. Additional & encfits  will a Iso accrue to people who will pe engaged in lbs  processing, transport and trading ol oulputs from the project area, The project will provide the fallowing benefits:
•      increase   in   IdoV   production.   This   Will   ensure   faod-secupty   far   lens   of   thousands   o1 people who will be settled in the area
•      Increase  in  cash  crop  production.  Surplus  production  of  food  and  cash  crops  will  result m   increased   incomes   for   farmers,   development   of   market   economy   in   the   area,   and pofanhal far exports
•      Creation   ol   diverse   and   enhanced   emptayment   opportunities   lAlith   surplus   outpul   Irom the     area,     employment     opportunities     wll     increase     in     processing,     transport,     and marketing
1.1,2  Economic and social service requirements
Irngation development is  multi-sectoral, requiring npuls  from other sectors, provid:ng inputs Id the secondary  and tertiary  sectors  and impacting (positively  and/or adversely} on the environment Development of the irrigation project will create demands  for economic  and social services for the population in the area
The economic service requirements will include, agricultural inputs, industrial services far
agncullural inputs and processing of outputs, transport and communication infrastructure
and energy to run aJl of these. Social service requirements will include provision of basic 
social services such as potable water supply health services and schools
1.1,3 Energy for economic and social services
The irrigation project will diversify  economic  opportunities  m the area This  diversification must be driven by  accessible modern energy  {energy  for modern agriculture agro. Industries, and industries). Access la modern energy must also be enhanced to people m
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I  he  prefect  area  !q   enahSe  them  to  enjoy  batter  social  services  (waler,  health,  education  and information).
Diversrfication of the local economy  into small-scale Industries  and services  will creale employment and generate more Income to lhe people (more value added Io their agricultural output}. Such diversification will also reduce the pressure on land resources and Itiijs conlribute to suslamabte natural resource management
1.1.4 Impact of the irrigation project on energy supplies
The development of the irrigation project will result in the clearing of faresis  and olher vegetation in the area The development of the scheme wilt also result in mass  movement or people to me area (as  direct and indirect beneficiaries  of the project). Since forests  are a critical component of weLershed management syslerns, fores! clearing wdl impact on s-c-l and waler management m the area while mass  movement of people (0 the area will create additional demands far forest products (for construction and fuel).
There is, therefore, a need to plan for a sustainable balance of demand and supply  far biomass  energy  in lhe area to secure the livelihood of thousands  living within and around the prefect area. Far the biomass  energy  sub-sector, sustainable manegement of resources  may  require intervention m energy  demand management, energy  Substitution and enhancement of the tromass energy supply base.
1.2  Project background
1.2.1 Location
The Arjo-Dedessa irrigation propel lies  in the Ororruya Region within East Wellega. Jim ma and lllubabor Zones. Th* command area lies  mostly  in Jimrna Arjo. Lmu Seka. Bedele and Gechi Weredas. while the reservoir area is  mostly  in She Limu Seka. Dedesa and Borecha Weredas.
The darn coordinate is  N 08.52017, E 36.66778. The dam is  just 1.5km upstream nf the confluence of the Oedessa and Wamg rivers. The potential gross  command area is 17.fl25ha
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1.2.2 Population
May W
The arsa is  spams  ly  populated There are only  four rural settlements  in the proposed command area (all are very  recent settlements}. The people in lhe project area and those around rt depend on agriculture for their livelihood ft mixed system of agriculture and Irvestocfc  production is  practiced where crop production dominates  in terms  of conlnbul-on to output and incomBS.
1,2.3 Topography
The command area lies  at about 1350masi and ihe lopcxyaphy  is  one with gentle slopes and rolling h ills. The land cover of the icrigation area and i ts  environs  include woodland, grassland and cuEtrvaled land.
1.2.4 Climate
Mean annual rainfall in 1he area i$ 1600-2000mm (at Badele and NeXeml respectively). Rainfall is  concentrated between the months  of May  to October, which receive eighty percent af the annual ram The mean mqnlhly temperature is 17-20 degrees Celsius.
1.3    Objective of the study
1.3.1 Objectives of the project
The devetapmenl objective of the Aqa-Dedessa negation protect will be load-security 
increased outputs for export and creation of a diverse local economy with sizable
employment opportunities. Tp ensure that rhe scheme bnngs optimum and sustainable
development fo the local economy a muili-sectoral study is underway
1.3.2 Objectives of the study
The objeclxva t>1 ihis  study  is  to recommend actions  to improve energy  access  (rjr social services  and for economic  development in the project areg For this  purpose, this  study  has evaluated energy  needs  and resources  m the area and has  formulated strategies  and prefect pmposals  for implementation. The specific  objectives  lor the assignment include lhe following
- Assessment of energy service needs in the area
* Assessment of energy resources and Supplies
■    Identification uf constraints and opportunities lor energy sector development
■   Recommendations far action far energy service development
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1.4   Methodology
xiy ?W7
------- -------- ------- ■ —
Th& study  has  been carried out through the review of published and un-published secondary  data, a brief field survey  of the project area, and application of an energy planning model to assess energy demands The following methodology has been adopted-
i    ftfivww    of    pubfrshed    and    uo    publfshed    reports    on    ffte    pro/sef    area.    Specifically, reports   from   the   Integrated   River   Basin   Master   Plan   Studies   conducted   by   lhe Ministry of Water Resources was reviewed for 1his purpose.
ir. Primary  date coftecfJOrt from fhe a/M. This  included visit of regional and local authorities  Io collect date on energy  resources, supplies  and consumption; and conducling interviews  with selected key  informants  in lhe project area to gather dHta on energy demands and supplies.
ill. Ravtew o/ reports cf other sector sfodtes for tor's preyeef
iv.   An   enargy-pi’arvrmg   mode/   is   used   lo   anaJy^e   energy   demand   and   Supply   data   for the  project  area  The  Long-range  Alternative  Energy  Planning  model  LEAP,  is  used for this purpose
15 Scope of the study
The assignment has  been broken down mto $.ix  tasks. The mam tasks  were lhe estimation of energy demand of l he papulation that wiH settle ?n the command and assessment ol tacal resources lo meet Ibis expected demand. The tasks are as follows
i           Review lhe socio- economic conditions of lhe area
ii          Review lhe natural resource endowment of lhe area
Ik        Assess energy service needs al present and in lhe future
- Review available energy sector sludtfts
• Evaluate the impacts of energy programs and projects carried out in lhe area
*    Identify data gaps
■ Conduct field survey to coifact current date
*    Estimate energy needs
iv Assess energy resources in the area
V    Expfare    sustain    aole    energy    supply    alternatives    and    make    recommendations    for energy service development
vj Develop project profiles far implementation
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2 THE RESOURCE BASE
2.1 Socio-economic characteristics
Mir
The project area (bmh on rhe reservoir Sltte and lhe potential command area) is  vary sparsely  populated by  new settlers  Sellers  began ojming into the area in 2004 following the government's  initiative for food security  for peojste in food deficit areas  of the country. The setters originally were from the Hararge and Arsi Zones of the Orpmrya Regional Slate.
The new settlers  have located their living areas  in the hills  while they  Cultivate lower areas. Family  sizes  m the settlements  (for those who came from Hararge} are quite high at mean household size of 8.
The HMters are currently engaged in cultivating crops using land aliened to them by lhe
local authorities. Land holding in 1he settlements is 1 5 to 2ha per family Settlers were
also provided with one ox per family. However, settlers have sbll no food security 
Discussions held with Weretfa Bureau of Agriculture experts during lhe reconnaissance held
survey intficaled that some seders s1 ill require food arf It is expected lhal saltiers will soon
be self-sulf ictenl in food production.
2.1.1   Population
The population residing in the command and reservoir areas  is  estimated at 73,157 (wde Table 2.1) The population in the command aren number 32,904 and reside in 15 Kebeles within 3 Weredas  (some partly  and some fully). The papulation in the reservoir area is 41,557 residing in 15 KebCles within 2 Weredas
Ethnically the population in lhe command and reservoir areas is composed of 85% O*0mo 7% Amara, and B% 1ram other elhnic groups. About halt qI the population is Mushm 4l% Christian and the rest from other religions.
/i - :
Atq
Rural
Kctafai
Jkm j         PoptalaLiiMa ( far             *hhin
:
Weredi)
pTujvtil area
Pi^puhLiun
within project
area
Mouwfriulih
kviihirt project
arra
Commtftd
CltutubMir llluhabar
H.T.irl.;
Gechs
I.S22                   J 17,598  L s
16.408
4 1QJ
*63
4
6J34}
1.055
East Wclc.p
Jima Ar jo
IscKiMtir
lllubibcr Baredia
6R4                       Bt.SM                 i
914
47.604
Jimma Lcrmi Sck*
Folii
ii
2.7H7
Ifi5,44l                4
a. 862
25 662
E 2.395
1 9’S
»                 ■5. J 57
14,119b '
iiMCfiT 4 'li /■L<,dlrU /zr.-jTjrftiffl PffhCtt  .^■wi.'j £.rw.ini, iYrroruJ Sri.-.J\ ftyiarf .Vov JdOfi
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2.1.2 Water supply
May zee?
For the Limu Seka Wereda as  8 whole rural water supply  consists  of 372 functional hand pumps  and 12 supplying Alnago town and surrounding rural areas. In the new settlement areas  (where part of the reservoir area will be located) the population ts  provided wdh potable water supply from springs (18 units) and shallow wells with hand pumps (22 units).
For Bedele W ereda lhe water supply  infrastructure consists  of 31 springs, 26 hand-dug wells. 15 shallow wells  with hand pumps  (9 of them currently  under construction), Rural water service coverage is estimated io toe 39 percent.
2.1.3 Health service
There are 5 health centers, 22 dmics. and 45 health posts  in the W eredas  that will be affected by  the irrigation project Access  to the facilities  is  limited in L mu Seka there are only  13 health posls  for an estimated population of 177,000. Similarly  in Bedele there are 4 health posts for a population of 75,000.
2.1.4 Education
There are a total of 209 pnmary  and 5 secondary  schools  -n the project Weredas  These schools  serve a population of Over half a million people, which translates  into 209 schools for a school age population of about 100,000,
2.2 Natural resources
In rural areas, local resource endowments  determine the type of economic  activity  Types ol land. soil, water, and climate in the area determine the potential for agriculture and other types of economic activity Those in turn determine the need for energy services
2.2.1 Climate
Meleorotogical data is  available for lhe protect area from Met stations  a1 Bedele (N08 45598, E36.35306, 2007maslj and Nekemt (N09 08686. E36.52788, 2077masl] The mean annual rainfall si Bedele « 1836.5mm, of wh ch 84 percent tails in lhe months of May Io October Mean annual rainfall at Nekemt is 2002 1 mm, of which 88 percent falls between ihe months of May and October
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Kiy 2W7
The mean monthly  lemperature al Bftdele is  a low of 17.4 degrees  Celsius  in July  and a high of 20 5 degrees  Celsius  in April For Nekemt. the low lemperalure month i$ July  at 15.9 degrees Celsius and 1b* high in April at 20.1 degrees Celsius
Relative humidity  in berth Bedel* end Nekemt range from 43 percent in February  to 08 percent in August Generally very low wind speeds are recorded In the area where al berth Bedele and Nekemt wind speeds are about Ws cr slighiry lower throughout lhe year
2.2.2 Land cover and land use
The  reservoir  and  the  proposed  command  area  are  b'dh  mostly  cevened  with  woodland. Iigbtiy interspersed wrth crap culttvatioo by very recent settlers in the area Fur Ih-e Farmers, land  hewing  per  family  is  I.Sha,  of  which  lha  is  cuwerMly  cultivated  Uarze  and  sorghum are  ojAlivgied  on  .a  third  of  a  famR/s plot the res I is cultivaled for oil crops (sesame and neug) and nuts. The situation about th# tand cower and lard use presented in Figure 2 I as weir as Table 2,2.
The major lard cover and1  land use in Ihe command and reservoir areas are cultrvalion (25 to 52%) and woodland (31 tn 6 ]%).
Table 2.2 Land cover for Worsdas in the Project area
Weneda
J'Mal
area
Ilia)
ra _»■
u
f
U1 1
$
e
□
■g
a
1
j
■1O       1 ul
U>
E
c.
i
<
D_
E
Znrtc
s
3
H.
[/]
3
CJ
s
■■■/: j*
1
3
lllubabor
Bcdcle
ITOJ88
45%
4%
0%
4
0%
3%
0%
0%
0%
0%'
hmmi
Limn Seka
27%
5%
0%
J7T4
D%
21%
0%
0%
0%
0%
fjfubabor
Gee hr
M3.S36
49%
6%
0%
31%
0%
14%
0%
0%
0%
Eart Wetega
Dedesa
50.744
52%
7%
Mi
25%
0%
17%
0%
0%
tr%
0%
East Wdcga    Jirruna Aqn      78.068      39%    0%     0%    b|%       0%      0%    0%   0%   0%     n% IsSjJw Derived from WBLSPP SnaicjK Plans fix Oomiya Rcginnsl .Stine.
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Figure 21 L und cover and land use in the project Wereda
■  *■■'?■ • $.
T^nu Kumtta
z
L*Q«rxd
Cultivation
■
r-
Grassland
■» Natural F orest
CZ1 Plantation
Woodland
----- River
♦ T owns
CZ'WEREDA
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3. ENERGY DEMAND IN THE PROJECT AREA 3.1      Data collection
May 2M7
This  section documents  the currenl and projected energy  service needs  of Ute population now Irving in lhC project area and new settlers  expected to settle m lha area after projad implementation The assessment is  matfe for the fairowing four Motors: households, agriculture, agra-irdustry and social services
Demand analysis is macle based on secondary data available for Wer&das m the project
erea and a reconnaissance survey made to the area during June Secondary informal iun
sources for this seclion of the assessment include the following
*    Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Plan f&r I he Oromiya Regional State (W&ISPP. Ministry of Agriculture. 2001),
*    Ths Oromiya Energy Resources Bas&lme Survey (Addis Resources Developmenl PLC,
1999};
*    The Abay Basin Master Plan Study (Ministry at Water Resources. 1996)
3.2 Households
A  reconnaissance  survey  was  made  in  June  2006  to  the  project  area  to  coftecl  energy demand  and  supply  data.  Two  Kebeles,  one  on  the  reservoir  side  (Wama  Ma  ribo  ifi  Lktiu Seka}  lhe  other  in  the  command  area  (Megmsa  m  Bedete)  were  visited.  These  two  villages were  considered  representative  of  the  population  in  the  project  area  ano  were  also  readily accessible   lor   lhe   survey   The   household   energy   profiles   for   these   1wti   Kebetes   are presented in Bo* 3 1 and Box 3.2,
3,2,1 Wama Maribo Kebele in Limu Seka Wereda
New corners  from the Arai and Hararge Zones  af the Oromiya Regional StaLe live in lhe area The people derive their livelihood from crop cuflivatian on a 1 5ha plot of land originally provided to them.
In lhe Manbo Kettle, wood (m the form of branches  and twigs) is  the only  source of Looking fuel rhe average household consumes  T2Jrg of wood per day  tor cooking. The main cooking and uses  for households  are boiling of marze. tea, and making d the local bread
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Households  use kerosene lamps  (wrth wicks) for lighting Oj average a tousfttoM consumes  0 1 tier of kerosene per day ^rtng. When cash is  scarce households  use burning fires for lighting their homes.
Wood for cooking fuels  is  freely  collected from lhe surrounding areas. Households  collect wood from the scattered woodland areas  in the farmlands  and around the homesteads. Kerosene for lighting is purchased in the focal market at a cast of Birr 9 per liter
The new settlements  have high population density  Their demand for wood for fuel, construction and other purposes  is  considerable Some problems  of access  to fuels  are already  evident (according to the Wereda Agriculture Bureau experts) Flooding of 1he area for reservoir will exacerbate the problem 1 unless, of course, they  mo^e io lhe command area)
Box 3.1 Energy profile fa* households m the resettlement Keteles in L>mu Seka Werada
Energy
profile
Rural Households
June 2006
Location
Mjnijo village
Coordinates
NA
Region
Z«it
Oiqmiya
Jirrwna
WercOa
Ljmu Sflka
Kebeie SeRleJnenj Economic activity
•/Varna htaiito
Scanered sehlem^t
Crop Culbfufbon
Land per famriy
i Sha
Energy demand characteristics _________________ Household size = S persons
Number dt hau&eixjJds * 659
Cooking   energy   uw   =   12   kg   q<   wood/day Lighting energy uit = 0 IL at kerosene*.lay
3.2.2 Nlegnisa Kebele in Bedele Wereda
The population in lhe Megmsa Keoele resettled here in 2G04 from the Hararge area Each household IS provided wnh a 1 oha plot of land and an ex  The people Cultivate maize sorghum and other cereals m their plots
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HousEhalds  are la^ (at a mMn of 7 people per family] Branthw leaver and twigs  (BLTJ are rh0 iMra of cooing fuef. BLT M available from bolfi around the homBlfead and the fafimrands.
The main household cooking end uses are boiling of coffee anti tea (HojfB), boil mg of grams (Nifroh in^era/bread baking (with sorghum}. Bread baking accounts to the largest share d energy consumed for cooking in the household
Some households m the village reported that they u>se agn-residue (from maize and sorghum) for fuel in the dry season (October and November] . This is despite (he fact lhal at least for toe present wood is available from the surrounding woodland
Household ifftwviewed during the reconnaissance survey indicated that they use Birr D 5 wodh of kerosene per night to lighting (when they have cash). At a tocal orice tri Bir* EJ per Mar dor kerosene, nightly use of kerosene amounts to 0 06 Liter per household Considering Ihe fact that these are barely self-sufficient 'armors. their cash expenditure tor hghlung is quite high
Box 3 - Energy profile for hcusdhoto in th* rt$etllcmenrl Kcbcl« in Bcdclc Wtrcda
Energy prufik Rural Itauscitold^
Jyild 2W»
LiWirioa
CoonfimiH
Rep"
VffnAid 'y jIEi.jjr
MJS.53K]
EJ6.60822
1432 m
Bedcle
Mr^niu
S lu Lin cd ‘wdltmefn
Orumiya
Zone
lllutatar
Kettle
Scflltmcnl
Efinmiie               C*OP <ulliLriim
ACLrtilj
Li>id per family 1 Jl14
LiYestocl: 1
, Ener demand ctoraHcritfici
Hnuwtinld si/c ■ 7 persons
Number of hr u^wldn Na
Cwling enercs uic - 15kg n-f »nnd*d4y
I ijjhcin.j energs uv ■ f) 06L irft<*ubcncJ.iy
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3.2.3Aggregate household energy consumption
Aggregate energy  consumption for the household sector is  made from energy  consumption estates  obtained from the field survey  (above) and population (household) dale for the project area obtained from the draft final report of the socio-economic study
Aggregate annual energy consumption by households now living m the area is estimated to be 61,740 Tons  of wood for cooking and 515 cubic  meter of kerosene for lughlmg The details are available in Tables 3.1 a and 3.1b.
Tiblt 3.1*
tno-rgy coritiimpfon In th* command art*. 2C06
[ Woody        Crop
bvOfflBEB ru^du»
Ch»r-coal       Htero-sefie     ElecLn-city
Zoe*
Wurcda
Ke-be-lex
! HchjS*-
hoWs
Too
4.3-9               0                    0                 36.5                      0
Fo<i            Ton                   r      kWft
LMtarM
O-arrejatola Bedete         Bek*ic*ibifaj
endimadaru
Chriatabadima
Arrtbeliyte
Kglosirwi
Hdrolalexai
210
426
■414 405
377
4Q4
S?6
322
920
1.666
Ui3
1.774
1.651
1.770
2.523
1.410
Sub total       8 X5t*IU5
1134
13.727 0
1.231
1.10B
tJ9i
1.091
4.621
0
7 665
15.549
15.111
14.733
13.761
14.746
21.024
11.753
114.391 D
Geleta
Chdubcsena
Mams 
VobHta
Wakel
281
27?
24$
19.257
9.235
9.923
9.OB9
Sub total     4 Kelxites
1,D55‘
38.593
Jtma-Aqo
Lugama
Mela
Bedhasadedc*
SM
350              1,533
1.291               5,155 334               1 463
12 775
47.122
12 *91
Subtotal        3 Hebcies
l.9?5               5 65!
72.088
TOTAL
6,164            26,999               9
0         224.996                      0
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Tabte 3.1b Hau Behold energy consumption In ths reservoir >rea, 2006
May 2007
Woody  Crop Chaf- Kero- Electri
bioma«       resume       coai          sww             -e.ly
Zone
WdFflda
Hous#-           TOO            Tofl           Ton
I          JkWh
hcfcfa              4.36               0              0              36.5              0
CtwwQ
AgiO&Bfba Qarecha        Djnisidan
Chylu
Gdijn
Belgkjj
Markiifci
Bukd
Beiaii
Gubahwa
238
4M
355
297
335
341
190
329
329
1,296
535
Sub Icrtfli 11 Kfrbeic-5
4.753
t.042
2.137
1.666
1,301
1.467
1,494
532
1.441
1,411
5,676
2,343
20,562 e-
8.697
17.812
14.053
10.841                 - I2 225
r
l2 447
r
6.935
12.009
12,009
47 304
19.525
173 850               -
Lrfnu-
Sflfca
Wmanwba Mtfajptola
Gem Li
Tokufna
Damme
659
354
493
664
2.886
1,682
2.T59
2,908
24.054
14 016
17,995                 - 24,236
Subiolar         4 Kettles                          2.200
9,636
-
TOTAL
5,660
30.496               0              0
£0.300 ■
254,150 5j
3.3 Agriculture
The proposed Irrigation reservoir and command areas  are inhabited by  new settlers vokmlarjfy  moved from the Hararge and Arsi zones  Df Oromrya Regional Stale Resettlement into fhe project area from (ocd deficit areas  in Hie Oromiya Region started in 2CCH and is still continuing
The  new  settlers  have  been  provided  with  1  5  ro  2ha  of  land  and  an  ox  per  family.  Basic potable water supply and healLh facilities ware also provided.
Seniors  have started crop production on their allotted lands. However, focal experts  in lhe Wereda Bureaus  of Agriculture (in Limu Seka Wareda) have pointed ou1 trial lhe new settlers are Slim not food Sufficient ond reqijne support food aid from the government
A  recent  survey  made  of  Limy  Seka  Wereda   by  the  local  Bureau  ol  Agriculture  mdicales that  lhe  farmers,  on  average,  are  CUftivabng  about  two-thirds  of  the  land  allotted  to  mem,  i  e 1ha.   Farmers   are   cultivating   quite   a   wide   variety   of   products   including   Sesame,   Maize Haricot  beans.  Sorghum.  Neug.  and  Ground  nuts  Their  land  allocation  for  these  craps  and production is shown in Table 3.2
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The settlers  m Che potential command area are originally  from the Hararge zone fan area renowned for cattle breeding). Some ul the households  (settlers  in Bedele Wereda) are therefore engaged in cattle breeding/faflemng. in addition to crop cultivation.
Table   3.2   Land   allocation   and   crap   p-roduCtten   p*f   settler   rrt   LFtfiu   Seka,   2005   season
fQate rs for the Mada Jalaia resettlement kebele}
Sesame Wati» Haricot Ha up Sorphtmi Ground
fiyl?
Cu-iTzyu-itfE  j.rn j
1
Prfidutfxwi
0 50       025       tf W fl 25                 0 fl-fl          ff.OJ 4            9          25           3               15              T25
Total
? 035
-Scarce CuifvdJed arsa dfldprpdLcrwi pw rws&boJtf from ffte trmL? St-Aa                                        Su/eav
of
/ar the T997ZWAEG production year. June 2G£M
The settlers  practice rainfed crop cultivation on their small pfots  The traditional production technique is  essentially  human and animal power based and commercial energy  is  not applied m production.
SmgH-scale irrigation is  practiced by  some farmers  in the Weredas. These irrigation schemes  are of Lhe small diversion type or from springs  Again, no commercial energy  is used for water lifting or delivery  Details  of small-scale irngatiqn schemes  for Limu Seka Wereda are available in Table 3.3.
Tafci* 34 Small scale irrigation in the Llmu Stika Wereda. June ZOOS
Ptan
ewffibtf
River diversion (gravity) Spring
wet tana
Jmpfemtfrvaton
Area
fra)
Users 
ipersons.-
Affia
■LU
t/sers
Jpersonsi
353           6200
76.6            1043
35 5310 266 524
79 3173 35.0 r+54
Hand dug wen                     15             532         5.3              104
Water harvesting
Total______
10 500 0.5 56
542         15715      ' lr; r;             2713
Jjrro &ikj U/f/Kfi 0L¥*aLJ of 4
jurnt J(XJ5               ____ J
The  proposed  irrigation  protect  will  change  farming  practices  in  lhe  area  Mechanization  for land preparation, harvesting ana pos1-harvest on-farm activities may be possible, even for
5-mti I holders, either Dn a hire Oasis or oy communal ownership
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Wilh line assumption thal all lhe potential command area {17825 ha) will be cultivated by mechanized means  annual diesel fuel requirements  could be around 700 m for 25 Tera Joules}. Delate are available in Table 3-4
For the livestock sub-sector, the basic reguiremenl for livestock water may he mel from the irrigation canafs
Tatte 3.4 Commercial energy requirement for agriculture
Agricultural aclivity
land preparation
Harvesling
Post-harvest
I'tiireshinqfthelllnci
Unit        Fuel            Enerc y use Uunil      GJ/umt
Ha Omsei 32.3 1 2 Ton Diesel 5.3 0.2 Ton Diesel NA NA
Stott ff .^nncwrufjT Abort Gtu-pora‘JOR. jtpi7Cdi.il urn.
JSW
3.4  Agro-industry
Relatively  higher land and labor productivity  wilt be possible with irrigation. As  a result farmers in 1tie area will; become surplus producers This will transform I he local production system in two ways:
•  With  polonlially  year  round  engagement  in  farm  activities,  farmers  and  their  families  may have little lime left to da the tradibonal household chores [and will a«so afford io pay for lhe  services)  suchas  grain  pounding  and  fu&l  collection.  As  a  result  some  of  these services may he available as commercial activities outside lhe home
*    Surplus agricultural output from lhe area may bE exported raw or processed
Processing al outputs in me area will create more value added and employmenl
In terms  of energy  sendee requirements, the transformation m production techniques  will bring wilh it an energy  use transformation Far example. grains  will be processed py mechanized m eans  outside lhe home instead of in I he home (by  women a nd girls) and other basic  food items  such as  oil may be available from local oil pressing facilities  The delate of requirement of energy for agrn-processmg are available m Table 3.1
•    Depending on the types of crops, vegetables and fruits grown in the area energy may also be required for drying and refngeration
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* For Chis  preliminary  assessment only  pracessin-g requirements  for consumption in iNe project area onry  is  considered. Estimation of processing requirements  for export will require detailed agricultural production data as  well as  market potentials  for the products, which is not available
Table 3.5 Agrc-processlfig energy requirements in the project area
FiXXl                  Vflil
requirement
rt.rqiu ircmpril
UfliUpersqn-yeaf
Salliers                    TOW
re^uremenl
Gra^i                          Ton
Oil
L
0 18
8
73.157 13.168
73.157 435.942
Wore. i'J to assttiTed th ar aft ffiose wiv .vvnng AQ ftifi command and reservo.v 
area, a fafoJ or 73 157pcapre, roff
r
.Vve #t rhe J/ee .ifiir imgahon dewriopmenr
if is jtoo nssufTwtf ihar a person wnsume s afiouf half a fr^ogram o/ grown o'
odayJjheie/ure
artfadout haffn tter of flrfrw month
Agro-pTOCfrssmg
aclivrty
Ovlpul        EkfrCt/City use per
Until
unit duipuC
KWMQtH- MJtOub
put uniC putunrl
Total electricity use ViTvTi                MJ
Grain fnlkng
Of Drawing
Ton
qpO L
3fl            137          SOO             ■ ao4 400         1440            17S                 632
S&iffca F& Mcfflety wisumptewi per bflif output. Ormiiya Energy 
■4esoui £f r SflseJins Sunray- *999
There a sewn erf power generation from the proposed dam According to 1he preliminary plan a substantial podion of generated power may be jsed Id pump waler to increase Ida irngab*e area. If part d lhe power is made available for the settlers, teerr agro-processi ng requirements may also tir mot by electneity. which will improve the viability of ihg processing businesses.
3.5 Social services
Social service requirements rn lhe project area include polable water supply, heanh facilities and schools. At present the coverage of these services, in terms  of population served and the quality erf serves lor those in operalion is generally inadequate.
The social and economic benefits of adequate social services fpr the rural population cannot be over stressed the productivity pi the papula lion will be enhanced with better healin services and education.
Sma>i amounts of modem energy can improve the quahly of the social service infrastructure substantially Access to etectridty will enable flatter yields of potable water, basic refrigeration and lignlmg for health clinics, and light and communication media for schools
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3.5.1 Water
May 2007
Water service faculties  in two of the project Weredas  (or»e each in the reservoir and command areas) arc  shown in Table 3.6. Service coverage is  decidedly  much lower than the average for lhe national rural population as  a whole In Limu Seka Werecfa. fo* example, service coverage was  only  13 pcrceN in 199? compared Id 2 7 percenl at the national Jewel.
Unexpectedly, the populabon in the resettlement areas  have much hetter water service coverage 1han original residents in lhe area. The new sellters in Lmu Seka are served with 18 springsand 22 medium depth bore holes  compared Io just 1 1 waler points  for other parte of (he Wereda.
Tahir 3-6 Uiilribati«H of wiltr iuppl> faciikits in Cfcr Limu Scki jnd Bodrlt WcrrilM. 2006
i ype or schema
T
Wafer .'.•7fiing
Limii- Seia
Opfln»hQra<iJ
i/nrfs
Badete
Operate ■ j-1
i/W
Sprigs                                                                                  23                       30
Hand dug wells Shadow bore hairs Mid 'it deep bore hair?
Hand jxjmps 372 31 Hand pumps 1 15
22
h'ctfn- TTig Pepm bore bates in LrmLi Sefta .are To ■ j/n cteep, rbei
r
shafoi* Ppixrbotes in Sedate are 30 Jo ctee-p fra Limr SeJra W&redtt
ra or Jt>a 2$ springs antf afl rbe 22 .w tfeprh bcrebotes are mfafted te
Lhe fesefWemeni >ired$.
Source  Ltfnu  ^EhifS  arid  Bue/ipfa  LV&/trd'<f  iRursi1   *3fer  Su^th1/  ratficvi  JitW 200(5 _
In ?he project area waler lifting from borendes is made by using hand pumps. For shallow wells hand pumps would ue 1he cheapest sources o! power (bath in capital and OfiM costs). However, for high pumping lifts  and high discharge rales, motorized pumping may be more appropriate.
Due 10 low discharge rates  of hand pumps, several units  may  need to be installed in an area to serve large population centres, m contrast, a single motorized deep well pump can serve the same number of people and also cuts lime spent by people far pumping
Potable  water  requirement  b>  the  population  that  would  settle  in  1he  command  areas  is estimated from the following tour parameters
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• Population (73,137).
May 200-T
•    per-oapds daily wafer demand (10 LiWday-pwson. general recommendations are for 20 Lifer/day butihis would be loti high for rural Ethiopian fefllfiies),
*    mean wafer lifting head [mean depth of boreholes in the project area which is assumed to be 60m), and
♦   useful energy required to lift Inf of wafer by 1m (computed n E=rha+gih'q Ws = 1000kg/m '9 amfc '1m"lm  = 90OT Ws - 2.72 Wh)
Tahir 3.7               Energy rtqulrrrntr'iil tor potibl* w?!tr Supply
J7J
Pottle water supply
Unit
Denraan
d
Daily waler demand! per 1000 people Mean delivery head
Daiy water tteiivery " head
Annual water delivery " Mad Useful energy requirement par m4
mJ
m
m“
m"
WNiTi4
10*
60
000
219.000
2.72
Useful energy requirement 1000
persons
Useful energy requirement Tor 1000
pwsorw_
MWrVyear
GJ/year
0.6
2H
Nufe A1C hriT : I r a. Ila I:- r day-assumed ____________________________ _____ ,
Depending on Hie power source used for Idling waler final energy  required (in contrast to useful energy, Which does  not consider conversion losses) io serve 3 thousand pKfHa would range from i to 2.4MWh per year (the lower figure is  for eieclnc  pumps  and the higher rs  for fliftsei purrlps). Deiails  of energy  requirements  lor potable wafer pumping are available in Table 3.7 Total energy  required to meet the water nrviCQ requirement For dll settled JP the Area would then be about 73 to 175MWh per year
3.5.2 Health
Health service is  the second mos1 valued service in rural areas  (second only  to wafer Supply). The number of health institutions and health service wickers in the project area (or generally  m Wenedas  of the project area) is  however very  few For example, in Umu Seka WerCda there is  only  one healm center, five cnn-cs  and 13 health po&is  for an estimated populalian cf 177,000. Similarly  in Bedele WenetfH there is  Ohly  Ona heallh center and 4 health posts for a papulation of 75,00(1
Health  service  reach  is  not  l  he  Ohly  constraint  in  rural  areas  Even  where  health  service mstituttons are available adequate quality service is not provided dcu Id constraints m
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irairwcT pacnnrnt equipment and energy  nequ.red la operate equipment a limited a mourn Of efetlricfty  far ligNing. rohtger^tion, basis  diggn.nslic  equipment and commumcalrpn radio' Can irr;prove quality Of service cansidtxa bty
Rural health service mstitulrons  are classified infa thrHH: health pasts, hftaMj Clinics  and health centers  Fgcilines  available in each of these instirutrone is  outlined in Box  3 3 (note ihat lhese are ihe standards. but in reality the standards are rar&ty met I
&&* $.3 Health service standards
Health posts    Doctors and nurses make periodic visits but are ncrf stationed at posts. FacHibes are available only for lha treatment c4 mmcx ailrncnls and injuries.
Hearth
clinics Health
cenlers
Clinics have a permanent nurse and better facilities lhan a health posts, :hey may have laboratory facilities.
Health centers or rural hospitals have permanent doctors and nurses, beds for patents. and ’aboratories.
Basic  equipmenl required irw proper functioning of HjraF health facilities  is  Shown in Table 3 fi. Requirements  for health posts  are only  far lights  and vaccine .■□ingeration while far Climes power may be required far diagnostic equrpmenl and far VHP radio
According  la  the  energy  demand  shown  >n  Table  3.B,  health  posts  and  dlnlcs  will  require l39*Wh and 251 kWh of elactricrty per year respectively
' r»»*4y «mmuntcilion ratal are etuimd « tend lir-alLh or ocber trwjrKv ttlttaiHrtE
w cofKtftWd bodi« ouriidc ihe
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Table 3.S Eiwgy r-rquire-menir for hcalrh fetJISHfi
Hij 2W7
Appkanta
Health post
Hfljllh cftniC
Loads
Wh
Loads
Wh
bglrfs     eompaci     fludrescenl Vaeunt rtrrigeraicM
M otoscope
Cfntafugs   nobulLE<!f
Uipounjer
Oxygtn Cdnewitrdtar COffifflunstabcifi  VHF  radio WBlfrr pump
2'20W2h
reow'Sh
60
300
4'2r)wMh
ptfvjh
ri$w*in
320
3D0
T$
M
Ta Lai per clime p<T day Tola! per cfinic p«r yaar
IkWhJ
300
139
0B9
25 i
Spuncr? -Vafton.rf
COn.Hjmplion c/ rwa/
f/ieqjy LjOcuudoiy .W.RFi/ USA.
The sum of lhe Deputation ftaeh type of heeflh msblution is expected co serve is as follows: 5000 for health posls, W COO for health sta lions or dimes. and 25.000 for health centers*
r
With lhe expected1 number o1 settlers m the project area [73 >5/ people]. 15 health posts and 7 climes will be required Total annuaf etecIfKtfy requirement for these Institutions will be 3 fiMWh (2MWh for health posts and I BMWh for dimes I
3.5 3 Education
There are a total of 209 pnmary and 5 secondary schools in the Weredas that would he affected by the project (refer Io Table 39 >. The available statistics does not show
distribution m rural and urban areas but a‘l secondary setooft and a large portion oi lhe
primary schools would be in urban areas
The school age popwlalwn is generally estimated at 20 percent and 4 5 percent of the local population for primary  and secondary  schools  respectively  1 Thii means  there would be nearly  15.000 primary  school age children and 3,300 secondary  school candidates  m the setiiements [this assumes I hal a 1otal o4 73 157 people wifl settle n the devefopmen area]
Mrjuili and *<aJth rtiMvd iMkiIph. Mi  miry of Heilih JDflZ <i\ p 2 »
[
iruni Jju -w wtod ip p^uIbIhwi jn| mol reRdjfon frnmuhe Ffai^ih iM idairf indicjtaM 'ijiwm . _ir-.hr
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Mean number nf students served by primary school in pro.ccr area Weredas is about ^00 Kcmpuled from the table) If this number is taken as a guide, there would need 10 be 3D primary schools to swve 1he population In the project area. However, s^ce settlements in the project area wto be to close prox^ntly one SihMl may serve 300 to IODO children. This means 15 primary schools and 3 secondary school will be required for ihe project area
Tahte 3.9 Dbir ibu 1 ion o( Kh<wk Ln the project WercdM, 2006
Schools 1-S                     Schools <M2XTVET
Wweda
Limif Seka
Schools           Students             School        Siud9«it$
6B       20.102
Bedels 32 13 154
Gecht 27 11 699
Borecha 25 10.165
Dedesa 30 13 320
1 1 (TVET}
’1?
90
1                   NA
Jimma Ar#
iTrtat
27        M625
209 B3.O67
1
I
!
5
NA
666
NA
NA
Source Sfloo ocsinomiL- iJix/y ir>cepO&1 /upofl i af Ago-Dtrtfesa .2006
r
Energy  requirements  in schools  range from basic  lighting | night school) to audio-usual leathiAg aids  and laboratory  equipment Electricity  requirerneni for ihese end uses  is  for primary and secondary schools is shown in Lhe wxt Table 3.10. Primary schools .require l02kWh of atedfWly  anrpudhy  for lighting and audio-visual equipment while secondary schools require 4lQkWh of eladnaty annually for lighting, amlirwisuats. and lab equipment The details are available in Table 3
Table 3.10 Energy requirements tor Schools
AppftMCfl
Lghii ecmpaci
fluorescent
r<Jtf€*lr*ff Bld?
Radio
TV (H'MWl
TV(21'WHX|
VCR»Sa^iiiie rww Re*iigera1or«'L3b
Equ^mefii
Power Iwm^qrkjhop
Prwnw. schoo               S&cooda*/ school
Loads                    -Vh   Loads
5*20WMh              4W   5'30W*4h
rwr*                       120   4-15W'4h
rMW4h                 120
2"lQ0W’4h
l-J0W'4h
-Vh
4W1
240
6C4
120
SOO
500
Tola* pci school per
Tolii per year IkWhl"
640
102
2.560 410
' Total energy lequirtjrnems ili« ^ar cgmputfld as da*y demand l*nes If? 3 dii.s „er -ear H ithjaOis per jed* and ?0 da,sper i-nooth,
SQufcir .7ariortar
Eiwgy
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Total energy retjurted for schools in the prefect area as computed from the reQuired number of schools and energy demand per school js 2.9MVVh ol electricity (1 SMWh tor primary schools and 1 4MWh for the secondary school}.
3 6 Demand projection
Growth in energy demand depends on development of basic socio-economic factors at the local level. These variables  include population, cultivated area and productivity, incomes, and l he development of the social service infrastructure.
Population  is  the  keydnvmg  variable  tor  energy  demand.  The  s«ze  of  the  population,  is economic engagement and Us requirement for social services determines energy demand Therefore,  as  the  key  variable,  lhe  number  of  people  expected  to  hve  and  work  in  the propecl  area  has  to  be  estimated  precisely.  At  present  there  are  no  estimates  for  Hie number  of  potential  settlers  in  the  command  area  Energy  demand  <s  projected  with  the assumption that all those now living m the command and reser/pir area will settle in the command area {73.157 people m 14096 households)
Depending on availability  of irrigation water, land and climatic  suitability  of the command areg there would: be two or more grawwig periods This effectively doubles or triples the size of the potentially  cultivable area Agncultural productivity  will increase wdh the avaiiabiMy  ol irrigation water Th& diversity  of agricultural output as  wen as  volume will increase. Thrs in turn will increase energy demand Jex processing
3.6.1  Scope of analysis
The geographic scope for the demand projection «s limited to the command area, and the period of analysis 1o fen years from the siart of the protect
Table 3.11 Pa rameters tor analysis
Parameter                Scope and assumptions
Geographic scope    The demand pfo/ection i$ hmried ro Uba command area
Projection period
___ _ ___________ . Command area under culbvatiw
The projection period U 10 years Rom the base year (first year of Operation of lhe project
The lull extent of the command area will be dfrveicped within lhe projection period Area under cultivation will start al a fraction of the total command area ihen reaches the lolai potential w?ihFn three
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3.6.2  Basic model inputs
In 1he demand projection model used for this  study, the Long-range Energy  Alternate Planning (LEAPJ system, demand driving variables arc called Key Variables and ahr basic input parameters. The Key Variables for demand assessment <n the projtcl urea are shown in Table 3.12.
Table 3.12 Key Variables for demand projection
Key variable
Expression
Scak Unit
! Potential command aroa
17,825
Ha
Cukrya^ed arnn per farmer
1.25
Ha
Cun^tfld command area
STPotenwl command arsa
Ha
CuH'^alCd land growth
0
%
HdusehtAlsL Ruf.gl
14.098
Households
Househc d sift rural
5.2
Rftr*GftS
Population Rufat
HouSMdlds Rural’HcusehiAl sue rural
PflfSWS
Popvtalnan growth rural
2-3
%
Agriculture produciivily
1.5
TonJha
Agnculli/re output
Cdltwatfrd command Ma^Agracufllxe piod
Ten
l ivestocx po^ulalion
2"Housaholr|s Rural
ET0 pflf ,*ar
For lhe icuf demand seniors Io tie analyzed m this sludy demand protection is made using the relationships shown in Table 3 13 Essentially, energy demand 15 modeled as a prodiic 1 ot 'Energy intensity" which charactertwd energy demand per unit ot oulput or activity and a socio-econom-c Driving variables' such as population or area under cultivation
Energy  intensities  for each ol the sectors  and sub sectors  have been estimated in lhe previous  section These estimates  are used together with lhe socio-economic  variables (and their assumed rates pi growth in the future) in Table 3 1210 project energy demand by sector
I able 5.13 [Jcnuntl da witkutlrjii
Sector
Sub sector            Demand retalio-ns
Households           Rural
AQncullura ----------------------- —
Srutl *wms 
■——’ '
Demand (GJ) Households " Gj household
[ptwnand computed <Qy cooking, oa-ib”. l-jhrir-J rrr.tfl u
^i
s
□nmand |GJ| = na - Gjjhb [Assumed mechamjalion fw a^ncullum
Agro-toduslry        Agrcbindyslry            Demand <Gj] = Ton ’ GjrT&n 'Demand for              miMs;
Social Services      Water Health Education
Deri'-jnu (GJ) = Pdpuiadiop" GjrPersfyi Oernjirai (GJ) -. IT ot rtiMiiutrens  kWhirnslmdion Demand iGj. - u : rimjry schools ■ kWhipnmar sdnoi
4
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3.6.3 Projected energy demand In the project area
May BOO?
Household energy requirements will constitute 95 percent of the 1otal energy con$umpl»on in the project area for ths base year (the year the irngation scheme becomes Oueralional) Household energy consumption is shown to decline in the future: this is the result of the assumption that tsousehalds will substitute their meff^enl stoves with efficient ones (56% of
the households converting to efficient stoves m 10 years).
Energy  consumption for the agriculture sector stays  tevel since the driving variable for energy demand in sector, area of cultivated land stays constant throughout. For the agro- industry sector demand grows with population growth Fur 1he social services sector energy demand grows a t I he driving variable tor 1 he sector, population grows. T he projection oi demand is availabfe in Table 3 14
Tahiti 14 Demand projection Year I-Year IO, Tfra JiMlles
Sector
Fuel
Year i
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 10
Household
980
997
1.007
1002
973
681
Cocking
Wood
961
97?
Lighting
967
961
051
Kerosene
656
19
20
21
22
19
25
Agriculture
12
29
43
Land prepsralron
40
48
Dresel
4»
10
25
41
41
Harvesting
41
Diesel
41
2
4
7
7
7
7
Agro-industry
25
2.6
Grain mill
Electricity
2.7
2.B
2.9
3.4
18
1.9
20
Oil m*
Electricity
21
2l
25
06
0.7
07
0.7
07
0.9
Public service
0.29
0.30
0.31
Water
0.32
Elecincity
Electricity
0.34
0.39
0.26
0.27
0.20
030
Health
0 31
0.014
0.36
0.015
0014
0.016
0.016
0.019
Education
Electricity
0011
0.011
0.011
0010
0.012
0.014
Total
995
1,028
1.058
1.053
1,025
733
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4. ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE PROJECT AREA
4.1  General
a«y are
This task deals with evaluation al the energy resources of [he area in order 1o assess how they  could meet the energy  service needs  identified in the previous  section. The output of the task is a docwnentalton of [he Focal energy resources of [he area, including hydropower, woody bKimass agriculture and irv&stack product residues, solar and wind energy.
Resource assessment in the area <s based on the reconnaissance survey made to the area in June 2006 and review of published and unpublished reports. The following reports have been reviewed
t Abay River Basin Integrated Development Master plan (1998)
•      Meteorological   data   tram   the   national   Meteorology   Service   Agency   (wind   speeds, sunshine duraliOos)
•     Energy  resource  studies  from  the  Ethiopian  National  Energy  Committee  and  CESEN, 1994
■ The Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project document for OromiyH
4.2  Biomass energy
Biomass  energy  resources  indude  woody  biomass  resources  tram  forests  and  plantations, agricultural residues and animal dung traditionally used for fuel in rural areas of Ethiopia
4,2.1  Woody biomass
Forestry  resources  of the project area are estimated for the four Weredas  that will he substantially  affected with the imgation project. The Limu SeKa Wereda wilt mainly  be affected as  ihe reservoir area, the other Weradas  (Bedelfl, Gechi and Jimma Ago] will be affected as part of tnwir area lies within the command area
This assessment is based pn review or previous sludies on lhe irrigalson project. da1a from the Wereda Bureau* of AgncuMure in the project area and the reconnaissance survey made to the area m June of 2006.
The  project  area  is  generaly  covered  with  open  woodlands,  which  become  dense  near  the banks of the Dedessa River (see Figure 4 Data obtained from the Limu Seka Wereda
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Bureau  of  Agriculture  indicates  the  forest  coyer  in  the  Wercda  to  be  42256  ha  accounting for 17 percent pf the total area of Ihe Wereda
According to the Woody  Biomass  Inventory  carried out tpr the Orgmiya region m 2000 (WBISPP. 2000} slocks  and yields  for natural forests  and plantations  in the area are as shown in TaMe 4 1
Table 4.1 Biomass stock and yield in the project area
Wereda                Total area
[Hal
Natural (Tgn/haj          Hcme-steaa (TofVha)
Total
(Toniha)
Block           Yield            Sleek              Yield            Slock
Gethi
170.288
142.936
Limy Sek>            ?49.76a
J*nma
Aqd______ __________  J_____ _______|
78.068
«74 032 0 37 0 05 ■ ■ 1
7 58 0.34 041 0 06 7 98
9.81 0 42 036 0.03 TO 17
5 80 0 29 0 45 0.06 6 25
Yield
0 371 0 40
0 45 0.36
Source
.;cj Si'rar^'i:                          P/O^c.' ?r?.'.'
Fiiiure 1.1 Land cover in rhe pro] cct a rea
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_
.
—
4.2.1.1  Potential Impacts of the project on forests bn the area
The fsservmr will cover areas in the Limu Saha and Gechi Weredas. Areas adjacent to the river In these Weredas  are covered wilhopen and dense woodland. Depending on the extenl of the reservoir area, considerable volume of forest resource will be either cleared or submerged under the reservoir. Every hectare of land submerged or cleared will result in a loss of 7 to 10 Tons of b«omass stock that would otherwise meet demand for energy and other purposes.
The proposed command area covers parts all four Weredas (Bedele. Gechi, Limu Seka and Jimma Aiyo} Land preparation fw irrigated agriculture in 1he command area will result in the removal of a considerable portion of 1he forest. SeltlemerUs m and around the command area will also create demand Tar foresl products  for fuel, house construction. and agricultural implements
4.2.1.2  Tree planting in the project area
Settlers in lhe Limu Seka Wereda are planting trees around their homesteads and their farm fields wrth seedlings freely Suppled by the Wereda Agriculture Bureau.4 There is, however, water stress in the area and survival rates a<a low (seedlings are also not well protected and get trampled by animals).
The rate of planting and survival of trees is low A much larger rate of planllng and follow up is required la meet 1he demand for wood products by the settlers In the muj and lang term setllers' demands for wood products must be met from own plantatmns.
4.2.2   Agr ion Hural residue
Agricultural residues are already rn use in some dl lhe resettlement areas for parts of |hr year (this K the case, for example, for settlers in the command area in Bedele Wereda) Agricultural residues are used for coaxing n 1he weeks alter harvest m the dry season
The type and volume of agricultural residue available in an area obviously  depends  on types Of crops cultivated. The volume pf residue available from crops is usually given as Residue to Crap ratio and ranges 1rom 1 1 for pulses 10 2.7:1 for maize.
The volume of residua available from leans in the command area will depend on the lypes and productivity of crops cultivated. The Agricultural and Marketing studies of this
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assessment wilJ  Indicate what crops  are viable and marketable from the area A first estimate is  made based on current land uSS by  farmers  in the area (specifically  settlers  in Limu Seka Wereda) and yield data for the crops  from the Central Statistics  Aulhorrty  (yield data for llfubabor zone i$ used}
Tolal agricultural residue production from the command area could be around 23.54? Tons per year for a single growing season as per details available in Table 4.2. Since at feast lw growing seasons are possibte wdh irrigation, lolal residue could be as high □$. bO.OOOTons per year.
Table 4.2 Agricultural r&tidutj poto-nlul In the cam mind area
Sesame Mata Haneor Neug Sorg/iui^ Ground' Tolal
MATTS
3N/J5
Rtotfrtw Cmp ratio                             1 0
2.7                    1.0          ID                  15              10
1
Ctiflivafed area (%l
CuAivated art i (TiaJ
40%
24%                  12%         5%
t%               3%
B.ssa               4.27a                2.139        391              1.426              535
17.B25
Vwfe fguwitaitfwj                                  4
tea                  40          34                 124               B.0
PnpdUCtKXi | T orbs |
3.422
8.043
964
303
1.MS
471
14,991
Residue [Tons]
3,422
21,715
9B4
303
2.052
471
29.547
Residue |GJ)
53.0*7
336.504
15J51
4,697
41.112
7.294
457. S85
Motes:  Residw&:Crcip  radios  are  rwi  available  for  sesame  And  grjx^ifl  nuts  and  a  i  i  'alia  is  used, energy cofileni or icsidu&s taken as 15.5 Gj-Ton
'.Swrcc.T fl^sicTua to crop rabci from FWEC-CESfw Techrirca? Ropqrr r. rsse.
CuJifvatatf wi pTMucfran per
frwn rr?e tteW survey flor ibe Mau.i Jatafe iwsoffiBment
kffWta m Tfrw Se*a WtrtWa. 1907Z9SEC prodderiqn June
CSA Ami PreduerrtM JorMa/OT Crops, flutfm 27/, JAty ?<W
4.2.3  Animal dung
At the national level animal dung ls an important household fuel and meets  0 pewsem of total household energy  dema no In the project area, however, since access  to woody biomass is slill relatively good and because households own very few cattle animal dung is not used for fuel
The  potential  animal  dung  resources  in  the  project  area  is  estimated  using  current  rates  ol cattle ownership for settlers in the area, total number of households expected io settte m the
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Table 4 4 Solar energy resources. Jwnma town (07 40N, 3b 50E, 1577 mash Average daily zaduDon on honranlal lurface fk Wltm'day)
Jan F-'cb iMa-’ Atv May Jun Ju* Aug -Sep Ocl No* Dk Yw
Nhj 2W?
3«lwi»
7*
C&
a. 5     66       6.2     5 1      32      37      49      69     71
79
6.0
h(xjrs
Total
91
5.1
5.3      54       5 1      46      4.0     4.3     4 7      $2      51
5.1
1.793
Onftd
3.2
3.1
3 t      3.1       20      25      1 9     2.1      26      32 32
32
1 037
D-to
19
2.0
22       22       22      2 1     2 1     2.1     2 1      2J 1.9
19
?55
SftXttf EDhcV»ar /JaMwigf                C‘:Zi7ii7vJT« and CESEN. YSflC. fRapart ?
Sola* energy availability declines markedly during lhe wet seasons of June to September by as much as 20 percent
74&
i"
>4
10
j-o
4*
••I
::i
It 10 00
i
4.5 Wind energy
Wind speeds  around Jimma are among the lowest recorded m I he country  Annual mean wind speed at Jimma is  only  1.13 m/s  (at 10 m above ground level). There are usually srgmficanl differences  in wind speeds  among localities  in lhe same drstrict However, m the case of the project area, data available from both lhe Hal*onal Meteprotogecal Service Agency (NMSA) and studies that modeled wind energy resource da la based on NMSA data conclude that lhe Snu-Ih-Wesl part of Ethiopia generally  falls  under a very  low (o low wmd energy resource area
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5. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SERVICE STRATEGY
The potential of local energy resources to meet demands have been explored Interventions required both cm lhe supply and demand stoes to ensure sustainable development of the sector has been assessed.
M»j 2007
Findings from the demand analysis and review of energy resources have indicated that the
critical issues are biomass energy supply to households and accessible modern energy for
lhe social service sector. These issues have been analyzed using lhe problem analysis 
technique. Strategies have been then proposed to creole a sustainable balance between
Supply and demand and also to enhance service quality for social services in lhe project
area
The results  of the study  have been presented m tabular form at Table 5.1 They  have been present for four main sectors: households, agriculture, industry  and social services  under lhe following four columns
I. Development issues;
ii      Energy issues or problems
•iL Causes of energy problems; and iv. Potential measures
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Irbit 5.1 The problem uiirH: 4r*rlupnwnl hiflex, rittrgj htuH, and puieailil Mlier*nllcai in the rserj-j nctrnr
Uevelopmgnl; i-sc ubt
k-dtw (cm domestic SefvilX'b ' tod Lz be rryax-wC to rtCrttBM product^ Appi'Calton of labor *1 apncirfiMF* Living standards irwl (Xi improved Ifrough pwtoiHl d better energy &e^v*Ces. The ma^r constraint* Are
Cociung  IVMb  d t
r
taw  availabfc  in  t»y 
reJCh Ekii rijEsCrX^vry are IfSl
A$dpU9»nng js seillyr* l^nove nalurjll forests *ilrw repArcerrenl
Poo QuJhiy tfQii-mtc ■ gh'.ing
No corimufiqiiort, irfarnuogn,
rni«vi4«ui«nl wvtoet
inaceKiuale accftsb to palaota *ai#i supply
iMdMjMise sennee lor gtam miling
t bp d^v^opment iftHjfr shoiAJ be
■mprwing flCCMb Io domd$L< labow jjwir'g leu, hngiogm grid 10 bettor grwitfy
Energy iSAuas gr problems
Ai pCMfiffl access La cocking I web hi the PiOjOqr area ib udaquaLo As j rgsuil ol hjrves? ng at mxhx without repincemqrri HlDM Wil face p-otx-snvs in |h* near
iiAjre
The Setlera use her went wick lamps Ax iigra .rKj Pari of II* [Wu^fri canned
cv«h aHorii k> cme korogafw ia/nps every i-*yni and £nuy hove to resort, tg uSihj
*yjOC Ax Iqhlir.^ Beiler quality Itgni ib
■equii-fU to erend social i-nj 'uconarnc jM.lib’.L** lor households
• Access ki cooking hri1t w> - de a venous pfQ&iwfn n Inc near full**
1
■     Poo  quaiily danwislic hghbng
■     No zcrfrtriiLin-LalKjr.'.nlurmaliDn services
Cau&flS or energy problems
•   IrttrMs- ng demand far luet, rpdoer cur-sLnjcbon. fatmii>B
•  Low end use energy conversion tffi&tottt [open fves are
used)
•  Non-svSLa<riabie manage men! of farwit
•  kfrgn prices far pclrgtoviii facts Isub&lilUteb far tNomass. enoigy 1gr ligrjing}
•   lrucLAbb4ifti>- erf etKbiCiiy dua to low incomes. hsgh supply COSIS
Potential maiBur&i
1     Increase bbltoinatffi pcMucIhon am] management ctf lr<ws
2 Improv access far cooking fae-.y
-      Impo-n piiniary cornrbrsion
efficiency (chaicnal ntakvig)
-
Improve and u«t efficiency 
(efficient slovesf
• Pnovdei sUbslibuiG luels
3.    PrcrvKle attobatde modern
Oftoigy far lighting and audio- vtsubis
4.    Develop Uia hydropower
paieniiii of th* dam and supply 
•TtCIIiclty tor domesVc mms
5 Measures Io iinjwc-e gram mllbng and *^l«r service* are fhgwn under LTi& induslry and Social leiywze seciOs boigw.
32
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Energy Report
StKiton W lhe project area tame Tram rend iMEUt ainaj ol iht OromryA region F ood
iP4iKu«ily was Ihe rcsU. al dJTunrthng lii-d sizes and d*ciring productwTty. The key 
is Butt ami ihe dovolotfHixir* goal 4lliefe*o<c to rfx.Tva&ti • 4»t= ptodixtaily ol land. ia&ji wtJ livestock k* 41 ujll hide's
* The tfevetap.mfln! slraiegwb faf Ihe
$4CKh «'c extensive I a bo replication irngaupi. *pprup’io’.e ‘and usa ana secure waior and r«ec sjpp>r fcJf InftMMfc
May 3007
F«ir«iy 1 atKH and animals a’t ih# only SO^cas ol energy m Ih-C sHlUemems Transrlor- ■tR> imorm«lial* AtaX Swing iCChrKMiignMi and rnechanzalion mil ncntas« l»bo* and £infl fModuztvily. Al present, twit 4 nd atCtS-y ki ‘Ac 
Idtowr'ig
■     productivity enbanc-ng Lechrotoflifrs 1 eitormuMM and mcckamzabon^
*     apfrfOfyiaie pumpng lechnpcrjies 
and energy
■
ifrrjjaiHXi lec/inpog-cs and eny.ijy
*
iOC-hi*utog*es and energy Tor product
■     Appreciate agncuRural tachrtotogHHi w nut available hX lite larmws m Ihe C*CjOtl aw
■     Mechdiu^abon is no I
aHfxr.aNn for sma’. holder* (co own# slip ba^sl
• Low Aconoirue capaerty r/
la-mers
« Inadttquala technology services [zuiai mcluslnes) kx provision al aopopoate technologies auo lur LocMkjI Sack up lor mocnan zaiirxi
*      fruofi male appopial*
uii^imedialQ locnnologies lor sgnci>lure in 1hq cvQject urea. These woud indude r.uilrvjijcn planting, scd/waler conrsoivabon, imrvesting and puaVharviKl lecftftfogifts
•      Improve accfrsl Io polroleum
id iha prefect area (kx mechanized land tullivaliQn. Tarin pxXeasmgF Mechanized inputs may be made available Io small holders on a tire basis.
ccnicn-aiip-i and on-larm
pWMtfifl_________ _
in the see^fl^its vi&Aod du* ng tfie
reconna>5sanQje BwVBy no rural tnflus-Vial KiMi'es were obseivtid m the poject area Howevc . a Hu.ving agnculii/e secicr n»y%| be* backed up with ab-equaic /KJuMrial nlraslructure by processing ol output and tor
prov 4Hjr. or agncukural tools 1 he Ip low r ig industrial splices will r» ftqurea
» improved mechanical inputs ang tacts Tor agncuidio, mairtonanct: Mjnrces
* Faurtbes tor paxw-Vifl agricJlixer
IMX0UM
■ F>:il-I»es Io- th<r production ang rnamienanco cd induslnal g<xkH tor Ihe- PQPUMori
Modern energy leieclnaty and pe^uieum iuetSJ is rui^jviri 10 Llrai indaslr-m' ICxXs and machinery requirec vj rnanJatiur^ ano M:mce agncutuial auu-pmenl
Eiectocily ana cmlrUeum ^Iraslructura ana fuels are noi waiatita Fgr ihe iptowiitg uses-
•     fijxaa mamJbcturing and service industoeo
*     Agru-pcocfcwjrg induslrajs i t’up red ?ivwtockj
Deretapmeni gl mod urn energy mlraarrudturo to ihe a«ca was cosily fiul fh>$ Cfumges anfh ir-t» avairatrify 0/ n/Jrupow#j frwn rhe dam Pour road ir/idslrochjiw Umiulorn luW Irunspon and OSihbuton 4 MiStKure and
0-ipenswc
Ai>'u pnxttwig survKts aru frtill iipr. avliable beoamdj
si?l«iry have lilile entra cash
<cr pocHssing
Ability  Io pay  Io* elccliKiiy rj iuw iMJiti^s are strii ikji tood MKurol
*      Pvonsion ol Cluctncily Ir&n ftydi Dpcjwiy horn Ihn dam
•      Dwetopm^n oT pelrolcuin Storage racisms in Ihu oenlor ol Sdllemanls to be t&wokshed m ihe command aron.
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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Energy Report
May 2CHT7
Bulh Ilia i icon if and non income dimensions 
Ql poverty miAi oe addrotiffd Io lift lho
solders. Rum hvehhpod ifWfleurrty Few lh«s reason lood security must IM' accompanied
by provision Ql basic water, hearth and oducjtonji services
PrU-viSKXi ot Lfiese V&ftHMiaJ MJrViCBi, will nci only rahfrD Aiandahd* of Iwmg nl lhe seniors but also enhance their oconomK- p’otfuct-vty 
For this rtsdson iho population must be provided with ar least the loJftwiry
•       PoCaCMo walw Supply
•       Basic health service*
•       Pomary oducalion
Aoretala wai*f *upp>- #1 Iht resalSdment areas J> comparatively teller than mpse n I he SUitOJndiftg areas (reconnaissance survey^ Howv^er. services are 5I1I1 not adequal* Hane and nwlcrizod pumps are eywred
HeaJin posts and efnes rnuer oe esiabtijnad in the projoef area The jdeomey Ql services fiom mese msliiuscuis wil dapeivJ r» lhe cb^alatMily of ft'0Cir«3ty tor iqhbng reAigerafion and Irfb equipment
Schools tn lhe pr^ecl area can ponufil tram access 10 eduCaftonaJ nnxii wftch requires elncincily Io iun1<
• Services i«qqinrig Mc-incily can net bo p-ok->dod (waler, riead’i.
•dmbon)
fre^xdowns .:4 pjmp*.
u-odoQuata lechrctogy servmrt (ger^rel prctApn mdcaM by Waier Bihvju experts- m rm puytcl Weindas, rec nKNMnly 
ino prefacl a«AJ)
Inauequaif cechrucal and fcianuwa capaoly Io matt demand lor back-up serectrt. QovelOpmeiii at ib« rriecinaly infrastructure wcUd have been costly iwflhfrul lh#
p*CfOCl.l
Ab iiy lo p*y fa* ftoctncrty if lew |sc««rs are sill not load secure)
PiQM*ion ut oMunoty UftT* hyd-ix^wer inxn me bam Prwqion oi etacihw Ihjm sdai orwrgy tor walcu. PAatlh and nduceicm
1.—-—-——
=^S=K«3in5i^®SX.m>«*Arjo fepdwt IntEvIlto Prnf rd 
Energy Report
6, PROJECT PRPOSALS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
Miy 2M7
Project proposals  have formulated hers  wtlh the view to improve seeual serve*? arxt ?0 create economic  opportunities  m the projed area. Th* proposed projects  aaII aio he p "c counter the negative impacts  of non-su^tamsbre energy  use :n the pro|«1 arsa Th* &T£ject intervention? are derived from the problem mam* m rhe previous  sector TMm i“^Ju« the Following Ihree major proposals:
i        Dissemination of etficnsint biomass stoves
ii       HomesLead and farm tree planting
iii       Solar Photovoltaic systems for health and educational SeCVCM
All lhese three proposals have been discussed jrder Ebe fo-lc^ ng sub "eads
- Background
* Objectives
- Inputs and aclwtiw
- Resource requirements
■ Cost component
- Oulpuis and benefits
Besides the location of the pcojeci, • Is Jrfe and the e xecuting agency Mavt a iso beer
6.1  Dissemination of efficient biomass stoves
L-pt ali-on Command □rq.i
f Mflculing InsblijEions Or&miya VVMBr. Mines and  Energy Bureau
Project III* 2 years
Background
Davejopmeni or irrigated agntunurB will reaun .m ramqvai or faresU m resent .y»<? cijwtum jreas prepare land tor agnaiiure. hr rtduw CTflawyobdri futi and “umriure This  oijy  create ar Tiroq.jit
1
glut <i .WJild-tHUCr Ol tMMHASd Mi m |nu jitfj,
as ■! i* already B4ip*n| :n C*x* rrsgfiem*“i1
Millage     lha     CMOfed     JfBj.     EM     siicrt-taffli     iurp.u5     will     change     mpklly     ftlp     dfrfol     -i     a     COupte     o’ years
An iM&greied devtiopmeni strategy r<sr th* preset a rea m mt lh*rBi<xe tane mip
i?n* ore^-
mrngeineN O1 the resource 4 in Ihtf project arsa, Specir^iy  ior -ores- rtscuixes  -hr strategy  must addtei? tarest jNCrtuCl d^elopmfnt find tfbbMUW Fpreite muil m BnhjrtpW J  by  pUnf.-g rrq^- rtUha^imiwMl and j system qfl r»fliCM2nt MMtfaiJdrt must be e ■ erciifcd
Orw pl lhe kB> priced interWfflljONI wifi bit prpmcHuJft jl en^gy  frff^ent Stovfi ter ^VXj seh^kj use in Ihp project area Some work  * Wt^dy  ynderuay  ter dlH»m#natMXi Ji auch 5tovei Ehf Or€m a
Rejon.il Wffter Mines jniJ Energy Bureau rt culljlwration wift
NLlOl irixnq or uw># jire
■ Men#ChflH hur Munsrtwfl iMFMf is. pnawbnaand auftpurerqi tf?*ywajiogjpr th<j emc^nl btonwss.
—____ _________——______ _____  ■ 1*
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Mij 2W
Stove called "Mine' in t/ie iHubatxw zone,
* Th® Ethopian ft ural Enorgy  0 cveiopment arto Promobon Denier ]EREDPC) <1 coliaborBflion- with ihe Orgmiya fiegion Waler. Mines  and Energy  Bureau is  pramoling She ’Mine" and 'Gunizro* flaws rn the npgon
«   AB   pan   Of   Lhe   rood   securrfy   Inrtialiv®   m   lhe   region,   lhe   Regional   Wa«w,   Mma;   and   Energy   Bureau   is prompting |h® 'Mklf* stove in tfie reg an
Objectives
The developmentobitiCtiv? at this  prqect is  La reduce the lime and effort rcquinjcf by  households  Ip called and transport wood fuels  and also to improve indoor zwr qualrty  fgr lh® households  in Iho RtoJWl area
The   preset   ccyecbve   is   to   dissemnaLe   th®   “Mirie*   or   "Gunizfe"   improved   wood   sieves   m   iha   protect   area Io reduce wood fuel requirements for cooking purposes by households
Inputs and activities
The mam aciiviues  d1 Lhe project will be tralrrtnfl and senmg-up of hocaf stove producers, and financing of produces  and consumers  Producer finance would be available Tram lhe Regnal Bureau (accessed I rum the Federal EREDPCl. consumer finance may  be seemed from NGOs  Qpeifalwig <1 lhe area |MFM. GTZ]. The loffowing tasks will need to be earned out
*        A   rapid   energy   survey   [lo   identify   user   cookmg   methods,   preferences   and   caoacdj&s   as   well   as   io evaluate lhe feasibility for local prodUdEico <rf stoves)
» Household diets, cooking methods,
i rdentHicalion of Households' pmfixence to types ol interventicfls
■
*
*
Households' capfliily Io own and use new stoves
Availability of stove mafciftg maieriaH In lhe area
Availability or lethntai sMa. and financial capacity Lo Build stoves m ih® area
*
Tr
ailing pl stove producers
» Setting-L# 0* M&ve producers |finannng)
■ DissenwiaMn or lhe stoves jby the Wcrcda Bureau of Agriculture]
*    Creation oi awareness demoaslralicm. promtrfnsn
■     Monitoring and evaluation of yenefits and impacts of stove dissemination
Resource requirements
Tpcfrffltjf reif-uiYer’iffjTjs
The mam project adivibes  are a br*e« survey. ira«ning and setlmg-up ol slove producers, and then dlMamir-aton Of stoves  A Strong rtOfking relations^ must be cstabhshfrd between tne Regiondl and Wereda level execulmg Bureaus 
ftuman fewurce repwemenrs
A team ewnpoMd ol an expert from ih  Regional Wafer M mos atuj Energy Bur^i and a learn erf
c
experts from me Wereda Bureau or Agriculture will carry out ih® project FmavKvaf fepL^enrenfs
Cost component
Basebne survey f? pi^sonrs, per-difrm*ruiM)
Jisseminalioft
Capacity building (Weretfa Bureaux)
Unit
rn-rn
Quantity
Unit cost
aco Birr;
Total co«1
lOOO B*r
Remark
10
05
5.0                      50
Regina; OKperlS
m-m
5.0
2.5
5h
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Energy Report
Technical assistance to stove producers
Promotion (demooslratkxi)
Consumer finance (50% subsidy)
Monitoring ai>d evaluation
Sum
Sure
Unrt
Sum
2.0
20,000
10,0
15.0
200
5.0
300
10 D.
May 2W7
experts 
AfaukJs.
s**eds
Total
347.5
Outputs and benefits
This  project a-houta b e completed m two years. Al I he end ohne prejed at Feasl fifty  percent of I he Mou6?MJd's  should be us*ig improved stoves  This  wt« rirtw^ total wood r&Quvements  far cooking by  a quarter [lhe effitxwiE stoves consume only half those al open fires.l The bread project benefits include
■    Savings of time and energy spent on Fuel collection by rural people
*         Con>wrYaban   of   trees   and   olher   biomass   -   trees   may   he   usefully   employed   for   consetvabM   of   soil and water. Availability of more feed far livestock (conserved biomass residue. trees)
•      Creation of tfimptoyment for stove producers
6.2 Homestead and farm tree planting
localton. Command proa
Executing Institutions Orgmiya Water. Mines afrd Energy Bureau
Project life 4 yea's
Background
An integrated dev&iopreenL tfralegy  far faresL resources  must address  coih the supply  and demand sides. Energy  demand management will bn promoted with i/xr efficient biomass  sipvas project auUined afc.?, sustainable iuppfy  management should be addressed by  a program far tree plating (fast growing trno specie? far fad and construction purposes) and far improved management ol natural taresis
Thi? project wii complement the efficiency  impvgvement project proposed above Although efficient use will reduce requiremenis  far wood faei qute substantially, m the long term i| alone will not suffice fa mamiain a sustainable balance gf supply and demand due ig increasing poputaiion
Wereda level Bureaux  at Aqncuhure are prombiing iree planting in the prn|ecl Weredas  The Bureaux  pronto seedlings  far farmers  fw free Acctxdtf g Io the local experts, however lhe success  of 1his  etfari may  be limited <hje io limiied seeding production and dis-iributon Capacity and low survival rates  far seedlings  (because of water stress  and other reasons) Afore rmporrarrf/y, teere te n<red far ferga-seafc  irej? pfaotfag program far rhe reserrteorenf areas where the poputarfan cferisJty  arrd therefore ffle demand fav  wood js fagh and rhe ne&arJve irnpacti are immfaenf.
Farmers  should be assisted fa plant bees  for Juel, construction and olher purposes  around lheir homes  (homestead plaining) and around lheir farmlands  High yield, fasl growing ireflS should tre selected and promoted to teem
Objectives
The    developmevii    objective    of    this    project    is    to    reduce    the    lime    and   effort    required   by   households to coltect gnd transport wood fuels in the project area
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Maj 3OT7
The    specific    proied    objective   is    Id    promole    the    planting   pf    fast    growing.    high   yield    trees-    to   fuel and construction m the project area.
Irpuli and adiviCies
The    main    pcojed    acliwlies    are   lhe    esisblishmeni    and    operation   a*    ae-ftflmg    nurseries    In    the    project a*ea and iho- dissemination of seeuwigs to famws
The following specific Mtrvibes will be included:
*          Rapid     survey     to     gauge     rarmers     preference     gf     tree     species,     method     of     planting     running nurseries, availability of inputs for maintaining rurfseng-s, and others
*      Establishment fft seeding nursenes in the pro.ect area
*      Operation gf the seeding nursenes
■ Dissemination of seedlings to farmers
Resource requirements
recfWlfMi /aquwremenfa
Farmers in ihe project area will be assisted fry Wercda Bureau or Agriculture experts to oslafctsh
and run 1he nurseries Farmers w* comnbute labour and local materials tor starting' the nurseries 
Operation of lhe nursenes (watertng, protection | may bo financially supported Tram a grant Fund
Hwnjft resource requirement
The Wereda Bureaux <yf Agriculture will mplemenr tta project
Ftftancraf requiremonis
Farmers  are expected Io meet 50 percenl of nursery  establishment and running costs  m the tom
gf m-hind contribution of labour and materials.
Coat component
Unl|
Quantity
Unit CQ51 [frM
flirri
TnUI
coal lUC®
Remark
Ra»lina survey
Technical assistance
Bedeie Wereda
Cech* Wereda
Jimma Arjo
m-m
fl of Nurseriea
fl oi Nurseriea
fl of Nurseries
2
1
1
1
5
50
60
60
Monitoring and Sum
evaluation
10
60
60
60
100
Total
200
Outputs and benefits
Thts  project ** ensure fuel setf-sufficieficy  for households  m Lhe pro|ad area The project will bring add-nonet benefits  in proviwn oi wood tor consbuctinn. agriculture implements' n.".d furniture T rees will also help in Lhe conse/vaiign of waler and seal resources of lhe area
*      .Adequate supply gf wood for tool
*         Adequate    supply    of    wood    to    construclxxi    and    implements 
» Soil and waler conservation
■ Savings in time needed tor cQtfecllon
- Secondary cash mcome lor tormersjrcm sate or wood poles and toalwood
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6.3 Solar Photovoltaic systems for health and educational services
May W7
Location Command area
Executing institutions: Orarrtiya Water, Mines and Energy Bureau
Project life. I yejr___________ __________________
Background
Access  1o bas»c  social services  is  nadequ-ate wi Weredas  of lhe project area. Even w-here the service msbt-ulions  ©nisi, 1heir effectiveness  * compromised due Io lack  cl trained personnel, epurpnient arid energy Io drive critical service facilities.
Access  to eleelrirty  can enhance service qua’-ty  for the social service institutions.: etectiicity  ror health posts  and clinics  will provide cntical ugiffing, reinperdliori and power far laboroLpry equipment, electricity  in schools  extends  reaming hours  and creates  access  to lhe brgadcjsl and information media
The Arjo-Dedess* irrignlign project is  a multi purpose pj-qecl wish irngatrtMi and nydropower components  According io previous  feasibility  studies  a 30MW nydropower plant <5 Feasible. II the hydropower component or the scheme -s  implemented, there will oe suffkient power for tee domestic, industrial and service sectors  in the project area in Lhal case there would bn no need for distributed etetlncily generator facilities -n lhe jrca
in the case where hydropower from the dam is  not available, solar alectnaiy  -can serve Lhe crihC'H social wvces  m lhe area. Rower tor health institutions  ano schools  may  provided aL relativity lower cost compared to other alternatives including diesel generators
Objectives
The development objective «s to improve neanh and educ-abon service quality m. lhe project area
The specific propel obiedive s provision or solar a-ieGlnoty to healih and educational institutions 
in the command area With lhe provision of wia* Meccn&ly health posts and climes wei be able ig
operate iighbng. refrigeration and basic laboratory equipment while schools will have access io
educational media through r.-w+*o and TV and extended working hours through belter lighting
Inputs- and activiH**
Project actrviiies  will mdude delated demand assessment lor the social service facilities  or the area; a firm assessment di cost Of thf stfar Systems, pilot mstaMallons  for each service type 0< service and mon.kxmg aiMi evaluation of the impacts of iht project
S'affip£ejffJMig* of FV systems for cArnes and schools 
Array load (Wh.’day) - Daily energy cunsumpt-oni'B^tiery plficiency.iChjrge regulator efficiency PV array size (Wp| = An>y load'insolaticrfL'Mi-smaich factor
Batter/ capacity (Ahl = QaJy energy covisumpbqn/Maximum allowable discharge (%ffNominal vulLage_____________________ __
Bailer^ efftewficy: 00% Charge regulator efficiency ^0% Mismatch facioi 65%
Maximum alluwdfXe discharge 20% Nominal voltage 12V
SySFerrt ctimponenr
Daily energy consurnpiion
Unrf
C.VnrC         Pnma/y schoor
BOO
Array load
■Vh’day
OOT
80S
PV array s*ze
'JVp
225
209
Batiery capacity
Ah
287
267 |
19
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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Energy Report
REFERENCES
1.  Abay Basin integrated Development Master Plan. 1998
2.   Socki-econ-omic study for the Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation project. Inception Report, May 2006
3    Agricultural Planning far lhe Afjo-Dedessa Irrigation project. Incepton Report. May 2006 4    Irrigation and Drainage study for the ArjoDed&ssa Irrigation project. Inception Report.
May 2006
5.   Oramiya Economic Study Project Office. June 1999. Oromiya Energy Resources Baseline Survey, Volume III’ Annexes
Na; 2DO7
6.       W8ISPP>     December     2002.     A     Strategic     Plan     few     lhe     Sustainable     Development, Consen?alion   and   Management   of   Woody   Biomass   Resources   for   the   Oromiya   Regional Stale
7.   National Rcnewabte Energy Laboratory (NREL. USA). 1998 Renewabfa Energy for Rural Health Clinics
S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (N*REL. USA). 2M2 Renewable Energy for Rural Schools
9.   CSA. May 2000. Agncuttural Sample Survey 1999/2000, Volume 1 Report on Area and Production for Major Crops
10. ENEC-CESEN. 19B6 Technical Report 2. Biomass Energy Resources
11. ENEC-CESEN. 1986 Technical Report 3, Solar Energy Resources
12. ENEC-CESEN. 1986. Technical Report 4, Wind Energy Resources
13 Ethiopian Energy Authority, 1994. Energy Dalabase: Sources and Methods
14. Ministry of Mines and Energy, 1994. Energy Policy of Lhe Transitional Government of Ethiopia
4]
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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Energy Report
ANNEX A. Data from Werada Bureaus &f Agri C ulture and Water supply
May 2007
Umu Seka
l.anrl uSfrCO'x^r
Potential cuHivable jrea
zona,
1
Area (h8)
57940
2     Cultivated tend
3      Grating land
4 Land occupied by InveskHs
5     Un-cuRivabie tend
e     Swamp
7    forest land
76620
53336
17694
848
1072
42256
2J    Total
249766
Cufljvaied land
Area ‘haI
1
2
3
Annual Crops
Pcranniai crops
Go^emmenl coffH
Farmer^ coffee
FnMs andvegMobtes
58539
7809
1851
5958
471
Total
66819
Fonfsl land
Azea :hai
1
2
3
Natural lores!
Chant
BOkj
Umm&and Beds
kl1 Taku
Bsda KoncN
Man made
Palch and riverine
13766
4929
2138
1945
494
3429
1768
26722
Total
;_________ .
42256
Crop production In IMe Llmu Seka Wfrreda by new saltlerv, 2OO5JQE
Sesa
JUB
Mailt}         HbomH
season
Total
tie a f.i s
Ncug Sorghum Gnoun
fl nuts
Cultivated area
(M)
050          025        0.125     0 05             008      0 03
1.035
Production,
Household
4
9
2.5
3
15
125
quintal'
u
42
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
Jd AgsDclJufoii with IfltercABtlUBaLal CoaiHtUnlc nod T«hMeniL'i Pvt LtdArfe Mma IrrtfiiUo Prajtet
Energy Report
Smalt-scale irrigation development (potentially Irrigable land = 1036ha and 13713 beneficiaries]
Maj 2007
Irrigation
method
1
2
3
4
5
Gravftyj*riwer Spring
Wet land Hand dug well
Waler
harvesting
Ptan                          Cultivated A/na (*ia)        Beneficiary 
population
353                   6200                 76.6 85                   5310                 20.6
79                   3173                 35.0
15                     532                   5.3
10                     500                   0.5
Beneficiaries
1043
524
964
104
56
Total _________
542                157i5              146
2713
Limu Seka Wereda Rural waler supply
• 372 functional hand pumps (1he estimate is that there are four to five times this installed)
■    12 spnngs supplying Atnago town and surrounding rural areas
■    1 deep well (70m. drilling just completed) at Atnago
■    1 deep well at 40m, not functional at Alnago
■ Water supply in the resettlement area
■ Springs = 18
• Shallow well hand pumps = 22 (deplh of 42 io 74m)
43
Water Works Design &. Supervision Enterprise
In Association wltii tatermttoentel Consultants aad Technocrats PrL LtdR
R
R
R
R
R
R
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I I
I
Ar Jo-Detfen* trriftlton Pro/etl
R
Energy Report
200?
ANNEX B. Data collection question nairas
R
Water Works Des ign end Supervision Enterprise
Arjo Dedcsa Irrigation Project
Energy survey
Questionnaire for households
A - Area and sample identification
CODE
A
1.   R-ejpon
2.   Zone
3.   Wereda
4. Type of settlement
5. Name of senlemcnl
1
B
1
C
D
1
E
F
6.   Nufic of lota lily (Kebcle or Mender] 7.   House number ar n ame of head of
hdiiMfhokl
U
H
B - Household characieniiies
S Number of pennns m the househutd
9    Addis • older than 15 years
10   Cnklrcn -15 yean ur younger
1 1. Household members tha i go co school
■'
I
J
-J
K
L
12- De tai Is atxmt <hc bead of household
12.1 Sex
IL2 Age
12 4 Mun c'ceupation
Mate                                      1              LZ M Female                                  Z
ST
Fanner
i1
o
Household commerce 2
Slh^cd (flOv't-tJlheri J
Stl T miployrd ■' irt 1 trade i 4
Other speed-i
$
C - Household’s assets
13. Tola? land area ife- farming huusehDlds,! 14. Cattic owned i head* i
IS. Shctp'giMU owned
p
Ik T*pc id boujk-
I ?, Nuniter of rucens
1*. Will
Modem - brick- HOnc- mud              r
Tridilaoril hut
2
R
ri~i S "
“t
’Jnck Slone
M<4
i
*□r
N. Kcvf
1---- —-- ---------------------- ---- ------------------ — 1
WwHk'rtra*                                       3
|i04 sheets 1 □ V
Stra*
2
44
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
Jn *S4Kkadoa with [ntercomlneDtaJ Coasullants ajitf Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.■Vjo -Bidmi lrrixaitoa PtoJbh Energy Report ______
HIT ?w?
D - Energy consumplic  in in th» household per mon Lb (ijotrt eooA/nq end
Fuel
Acquired io kraJ unfl
End use (%3
h
S
n
J
4
a 3=
woods ait - 1
Aqri reM’jtfi ■ 2
ArtrrJil wa5bs = 3
PfflOU r«x?jei
■d
Char tea 1 = 5
KirtHtm = 6
Eetfridly » 7
Cansej -r fl
Cnhfi' ■ uceofy r 9
— N
li B
1*
O n-
Woman toad " 1
M*n load ■ 2
ChM load = 3
Donkey l»d = 4
Sack - ll£l kg = 3
$3Ck-5OKfl = 6
Sack - 23 ng = 7
Retail ■ 1 0 0dr = R Retail • 0 5frr i 9
-■9 = 11)
Litre = 11
0 33 Litre = H2
O 12 Litrt = f3
N'umbof ■ 14
■Zl
r
£I
s
E
>
a?
?
cq
w
X
¥
z
AA       Afi
AC       *D         AE
AF        AG
AH
K> 1
202
203
20«
20 S
20
20 7
20 fl
20 0
20.1
t>
20.1
1
20 1
2
20 1
3
20.1
4
l———-
45
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
lo Association wltn InicTccartocntal Consultaats and Technocrats Pvt LtdArffr DtdAHj
Energy Report
liar 2007
l : - Cash incomes
2i. WfMt ar? ih« sources ol orah meom
for lihe -hgusehQld^
21.1   Whai   rt   Ehe   frequency   tfl   cash Inca™?
fJ’rtf-fjL/ancy = year. mon Th, rfayj
?f.?              is ihs a mount of cash
■■ncc-m??
■i' u 5
■"■ CO
t la
>Uk <
Salarv
Sale-cereal crops Sale-cash crops
Sate-milk products
SaAe-oev. <x food
*1
Aft
AS
AT
AL
AV
SA
AJ
AX
AL
AU
SB
K
HD
SE
(jfKrte Iftat fhe- tfmaunr f$ for ann
Handcrafts
AN
AW
SJF
pwwd c/ Jfia fr
Ftemirtance-
AQ
AX
BG
fanrnly
Othc*  specify
1
AP
AT
Bh
Other-spec^
AQ
AZ
Bl
Jft
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
]□ AssucLaUon wltU JnteiMintlcetiial Con euI Lanta »n d Ticino era ts PH. LidAr jo Dedtiri IrrlfidaD Project
Energy Report
Maj w
rr a topics *xti nirr-CTFoxs arid derksa ikkiuaiiox project exergy STUDY Grneril infomiitjCirt -ktaoirt Ihn CDmmunrhf
Goal of the Study
UndEratamfirMj Uh* g*n*f*l PA/community backgrtfurtd
Main topic
Key questions
L JWiy xKiiJ inffasmicrure and natural resources-
L Localkm, Physical iwraiibiHly
2. Quality of resources
3    Possible    conflicts    oci    access    and    owner-ship
J Economic ind social services
*   Avaiinblillty of waler servicet, hcahh inShL-uhuriS.
schools
*    Accessibility lo above
*    Means of transport io gel access io cducMton, hraBifo and economic services
i. Man constraints lo use social and economic sen-tees
RRA tools and methods
1 Rem wets mapping
2      G-t-j" d-izussicn
Sources of information
1 Re«xl&. sheich maps., <xner                               dartai
2. ErififlAjctt workerOA heme- eetrarnixi
J FafffWS IlWdOhrM-, PA IfiXters (courois 1 and PA arctarax 4      IiMath-ji kidOtr* (Mm, ~c*q<jux JeadErx, ^epeAE-ilalivcx ol
VAftgBFX, inJlLBrfjii! JEidE*3
5      OMerEr.l greupngx ol Lhe local commuiV A$nn|*r*^l /Duf-S
Reporting formal
I. R-Bfeojces map
2 Convnw-iis on fcfr,- queabon^
Sub-topics, Indicators
Boundaries of PA
House, church, mosque
School, clime, storage, community building, extension service center, co operative, roads, tracks, market pieces Mining activities (traditional ones). Rainfed agncuHural and Imgated land Range land, grazing land.
Forest, village wood tots
Terraced land
Sources of fuel wood
Rivers ponds, takes, springs wells Water points for animats.
47
Water Works Design ft Supervision Enterprise
Ik AfBditfofln *1ib InlRrc&iLttnEDlal ClmolMutl lud ficUMCista Prt LtdAjJa-Deiesii LrrlgS"Jcifi Pnjact
Energy Report
Mi; 2007
Hau««hoH *iiPr,qY slip ph1 and biomiM- energy rasources
Gail al th* study
A»ttitinc| tewc**
Hain Ei^filc
^aiuNi tawl 4-XJ sruyb Band aq-ra-and social Forestry
Xiy quiwlions
1 Availability -rtf wood to fuel, tonitoe OQAMiuCiiGn
J. Consumptxxi
3, £fftcterc> ert lec
RRA tMlii' methods
1     MMni rar-king
2      Trend liMfl.
3. ObsetValnXrt in r« J :nJ <«cnen
4 Gioup ditCuHMn. -finwi-cineckiro
Sources of irtfonnaSion
1    fleportf. Sketch maps. other secondary data
.2    £ xiflrw; on MXknr>[)A
3     F arnwuTS. PA 'tza.dera i coucciisi ard PA archives
4 In forma Headen .^ders. milieus, reqs of ■Mlages . rfhersi
Reporting formal
1.     Trendlines
2. CcKTrneds on sty quw-lrans and sub-lopcS
SutMopics, Indicators
i Pees- ar-d thfuto -avMsfite and
jxcrteiwd far W wood. cixW uebofl
a^wM*ing nuarteriBis. ieai fcode®. fencing. shade, etc
2. A0H> l^xestry and tdcial tar^<y
KlfrUW
3     Tr*nrts in            CH naB«l fowl *ng Shrvts. a rd lefts fry piantalxK'S-
4     0*1*1 of stop and access Io nMtxtf toast a rd planted Id’csI ano thrijb!
5. AjUlfc
6      Tr-pcds n avalabibLy, thslanpe-Oi!
$£rjrcc a rd hmc required to
GO-'tecbng;
7     Ccnwmphon Mr hdusntxHfi^ preoarabqn pl -pnn m^l [ifi local uru|
e.y Shekimnjay) rffoency Ol ule
lEypes ol sw. etc ]
A 11 fuei WOd                           bought? Qty whom'? When? Wh^ Price Ire’ndis?
9      Is du-HJ          Lri*d         taeP Why? Preference CO* atxx3 W manure to
M
10   la mamxe used tar lemits-ng ire WMh do you prefer? Fix ia*xJ or
taeP
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
lit AssocLtulM U'llb SalFrcomlneflUilCOOlUlianU and TeetiDocrfllS Pvt LtdAnnexure - 6
CATCHMENT
DEVELOPMENT PLANAr jo DtdttU Irrlf idofi Project
Catchments Development Plan
Hit 2OF
Table of Contents
Title
I MFI F. Cl FC DXTDTS................ -...«,...
1.IS T O'F 1X0 I—E X i.^.iui..iiiisuiii;iisui«iim«re
Page
Ill
IJST OF FIGURES
III
LIST OF kSSrXES
M RO NX MS-....
EXF.fi TIVESt AIMAftX ...
■ ■■■Jllll
,_.1
I. IM KCMH-rnO^i......... ..............
I ! GESFfcAi
I 2 OnJH crvu
Jf 2 J Cfrfir'riiJ
i 2 - fytfcijQf
I J            ME I mWi CMjV AND XFPRO41 ii
f J r IMhuMajO'
J J 2 ^PPHHrrhf i
I 4 Res IE A MF PRFtMH X Sit DIES AND WqklCS 2. DESCRIPTION OF W. ATESSHED
2 I BKI-WSH.-ALFEAR RF-X
2 J t Climate, L J»iif r ’stf rny»gFdpA>
2 1 1 I Locartion
2 l I 4 Cnpc-grjipr,
2 J 2 Smdj iiW LdflJ Td^wMify CXii uj’ir jfw.iH 2 1 2.1 Salt
212 2 Land CaMfrtiy Ciassrfita'.cin. 2 J 5 FDF-f Jf J-fSGiiPCM
2 .' J IMcraooit
2 I 5 ifater JtaBirfrri
s 4
J 5
5
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■y
2 / d ETjpc^if hl'i.'s i.e X'iJjf eSHl/ ^dJii'r i n-dJiiwn inr !*«>■'jrra"i
2 2 SDCKJ-ETOiQMiC 4 L:M?rTHjSS
2 2 i'
2 2 2 E-rciiwfflfc- Ajir
2 2 J FLlFflrflJ H IJc*m
22 4 LjI^1TA.“X ^ai^acfrf/ipfl d#rJ i/rSfziSili.’H
2 2 5 f£rwWiiitfd/drlii-riiYj
2 2 fl /'r^vjwirtws .rflrfjwjiwirv oFrAr <xu»"iii!nn
5. MAJOR PROBLEMS OF Vt OtXSHE»__________________________________
II LaMDMGCW^TION
r ,1 J     W frpn.?Ji 6jr Ndllff
J i1 2      J’v.rcsnfj.jjriiM
1  ZSWORt  toft  ><  GR.VISG  UM»  AND  I  IV  FN  II  H'h  FEED
J J SCCKkElUNOMIC FROMI ms
J J J fjud^tajrr eitouic* imw
J J 2                I HfI'jftJ VI lift H uf«M- |*jr
• J ■ fatpfloprr .’d-tJ Un4
■L EMM IM- OFFORTl NITIEN 1X1) DEVELOPMENT S-TR-XTEGltX...................................... 4 1 DKELOFMEXI n’RXTIXI S
12 i. 1
in- 2’
ii
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J
/:
JJ
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J id-surr'reEu^ Fj'^i
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J i
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Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
.._„4S 4v 5<i 51 5J n J2 (J +4 1J
■if
I
In tas*rladfiii u-iih IniwtpolJneniiiransuksjitj and Trcb ooenis Pn. Led.Arjt> Dedessa Irrigation PTCjKt Catcbmcints Development Plan
May 2007
J J Sat'fertility imprwvfJHCHt Uflfh f- YM
4 2 OPPOR mwrnts
56
■4 jf / O^qpdvnunT^fJf
fe/c-pAyriCfl/
< / 7 Sbcizj-rrnwr^tC' jJjPj&oritmrrrrf 4 2 DevtLxiPMtvi strategies
il.lUII..IUILIIIII"ir IIP *1'
s.   proposed watershed development interventions.^.. 5 I Criteria for selection
5 2 Soil and Water ConSI rvation Interventions 5 J. ? Ph i jicij/         jwtJ
5 2.1.1 Sol bund*
11 V
II I IIMIt II- ■■
.-illlh anil
5 2 1 2 Fanya jiaj Lew*ce 5 2 1.3 Cutoff drain.
■■■■  ------
62
63
.. II....
5 2.1 4 Sedirrittrfl Slffafifl and QMGfltow earth dams T 2 J -fj|b’FrtnrJm-?r/Jifi)?ri/Jr n/ ZflWn-VJririflnJ
nr*
62.21 Crop fOtBUOn
.... ...................... — 
hl*
»U MBH nil
56
57
5B
59
59 59 6-2 frj 04
65
52 22 Adoption of Organic manure*. Green manure and FertJuera
66
5.2   2.3   Strip   Muted   a*M   Ihlfft/OppiiX 5 2 2 d Ftaxirii Lf ’r.ynatjijniFT!
5 2 2 5 Cant'dur*-arming .
....
68
5 2 2 6 CrrrpcM ! matenn^
1
68
5 2 2 ? Grasi Strips.
5 2 5 .4 jyv-forcjitjy fattrnteticms
W
5 2 3 1 Aifcy Otb«4 O
ft
5 2.3 2 Mufr-SWfty Gardening
5 2.3.3 Establojimpnl fit buffer zon» agro-Rwesify 5.J LlVKTOCK MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS
5. J ' ffrit opr«w
3.5.2 Srccinrf oyjhcn
5 4 River bank PROTECTIOs
5.5 Spring development
5 6 Development of access road
IIIIIIIIUI1
Ui.—bll..
Iifc.-l
-4U4-4—-f
....... I ■■       Illi II. Bi
71
71
72
72
72
d.-.li II                                                                                                                     73
rvr-iiiain
na.i lUiuuiiM.
5.7 ESTABLISHMENT OF Ntw NURSERIES AND $f RLNGTHENW0 OF TH FC* D 3 8 Expansion of Small Scale jrrigatwjn schemes
■»*yi •iiiiia. mu.
3 9 POI H?v AND S FRA I tGIC ISSUES J ? i1 /-nfrorrijiaiu hjTA
5. P J Jtaiteg/r CdnA Jrrahon
6, rMI'LEME.'sTA ftOM J1 LAN
6 I General SCkEDl le
6.2 Time schedule and musing
6 3 REQURBUENT LN r^PLTS
6 4 iMPLIi MEMATIOV STTLaTEljIES
lain    >ii-iii
75
75
76
76
ro/hy/jcr
76
77
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tn Association wilt LutsrcoDLinscLaJ ConsuJuuits and Tedmocrats Prt. Ltd
11Arjn Dedcssa Irrigation Project Catchments Development Plan
J ?.4 SM/wtiArty wpryi-fmrrif ujrA FTM
4 2 OfTTJUIUNITJEE _________ .......
May a»7
ftMat— 
56
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1 f ■ 2 Swi o <r c* d ir£i m to dyjjp uv’into i?J■* 4
4 ? Dlvllopmf.nt Strategies
PROPOSED U ATE RS H ED DEVELOFMENT INTER V EN T1OKS,
5 I CHrTFHUfOkSflECrKw
5 2 soil ano Water Conservation |ntlrv£ntions 5 2 f Physical Mcsntw-
risjiiainik i
5211 SofbuMl
MiiniiiiiiiiuiiniHii
.5S -S9
59
.59 6f
62
52.1.2 Fariya juulerriCfl ....................... ............. ......................
6?
52 1 3 Cteclf i>a»nj
............. -._ —................
5 2 i 4 $«jim#r)i Sling* and Owfiow wnn damp.
J,2. J 4AWHVMfroJ
522.1 Ctfi® rataMn............. .............. ....................... ........ .........
iiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim-.iiiB.li
S 22 2 Adaption <rf
manures. Green manure and F triikxwrs
Illi
522 3 $tnp. Mned XKl'n|e^croppng
5 2 2 4 Rg&due I'nariagtowi
522 5 ConUxjr farming
5 2 2 6 Corpgsl mak:-ng
5 2. J Jjgftf jGflFf uFt > rflri’riirnJir.-.'iH
5 2 2,7 Graw tfap* . —-------------------------- 52 3 1 Alley croppng
IIIIIIIIIM&I
5.23 2 AAAi-Slcrfrv Ga-'demng
523 3 EsiatflShroent al butter-jar# agro-ICKesiry 
5 3 Livktock management Interventions
5 3 7 /"irJJ ppiibn
5. j.2 SrcoW Pfrtiizn
5.4 River hank proilition
5.5 String D€vfjLOFMi>*i.
5 6 Development of access iucmd
5.7 EST AHLEHMENT OF NEW NURSE*IES AND STRf NGTHKNINO OF DHf 01 D   II      Illi .11 5 $ Expansion of Smai l Scale MkaTion sriif.wu
5 ? policy * si> strategic mi is ....
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6 I OFNERAL SniUMJLf
42 IrMF SCHEDULE AND PHASING 6 3 ft tQUftFMFXT OF fNtt TS
4 4 IMPIFMENTAlHW STRATEGIES
*4 J 64? *4J tf.4 4 445
4.4 7
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t         WATERSHED MANAGEMENT APPROACH and AC HON PLAN_____________ ....
II
T2
SOCIAL SIRICH’KFS
rtuJIYI-f tl
ACTIO* Plan
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la Assfldatlon with InLtrtflBdntnC&l Consultant*. and Techoocnts Pit. Ltd.
97
W
11Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Catchments Development Plan
May 2007
7.2 J AftirfKifjflf..................... ... .......
7.2. J 
sttJi'jht
7 2 P      T^T-nr-'iiXi ir®ff T iT^'Airi/p
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7.2 J WJiUJCftlrJ?]? C-,’"r i Td^'f J ri.'Tif FlftSHCfaf Jfjff QW^CCJ
a. EST IM CTTON OF COST FOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT-...-..,
9. BENEFITS EXPECTED—
HE MONITORING AND EVALUATION
REFERENCES.."—------------
■. — .i i  11 uii i ■■■ 11 rm 11 j
M
Ml Stf PS
it**-'*. 105 SO*
LIST OF TABLES
table 21
OOuiNANT LAVO USt/LAND COVEP OF THE WATERSHED B  WOREQa
v
Table.2.2
Several Slope CatEgoMS OF Ahjo-DeoeSa watershed are a amD fflCMffliOMS
Table 2 3
Characteristics of different laao uses cf waters«d and land class unit
Table 2 4
SUMMARY OF LAaD CLASS* C*TiQN AnQ lAT-Jj CLASS UNIT W1T>f .NJAjDA UMlTlNf. FACTCFI5
J 8 20 2-R
.1 I
Table 2 5
Table 2.6
Table 2 7
Table 2 B Table J t
Table 4.1
TABLE 5 1
Tables 1
Table 6.2
Table 6 3
Tasleb  1
table b 2
Table 8 3
Table 8 4
Table 8 5
SOA AND W ATE R CQNSCRvATiOH MEASURES IMPLEMENTED 0Y1 WOfif DAS in Tta£ WAFERS HE &'
BETWEEN 2004 aNQ 200®...            _____ ............. J?
PQP«Jt*TlO« QF RtSPf L-Trve. WORECMB >h THE WATERSHED Livestock popul^non *j -he watershed by worega Stocking rase of grazing laaqs in the woredas Population op WOrlda Supp-je d with Pqtable Water XW'GaT'Qn PfiOJEOS S STUDIED in THE PflDjFCT AREA
OptfTMwS gr
■• UR Soa AJtp        CDh5t«TiAn^iM !h AA_«> L i □[ jja ^ateask* ;
Ik^LE AtNT ATKJN SCHEDU E By PmaSE anQ V EARS-
INPUTS RE DUIRED FQft *4 P Lt ME Hl A .NON OF WAlERSHtD DtVEtOPME NT ACTMTIES
40
j?
14
52
%%
| S2 BS
HfliWHCM® PBCPCSED f^r hmPlEnBnIaTCm CV BEvEi&phEnT *u>h A’iTk ms lit ih^if holes               S 7
Coin kjb. Civil vttMKs ...
.. . ......... ............. ........ .....
Costs for Inputs and ma te rials Stationary ano other items Salary, Fir OttM avd nwMawtTATK)N Summary* OF GOBIS
...
|gg i ni ujj. lOj
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2. 1 RtVEA MORPHOLOGY1
Figure 2 2           AVERAGE Monthly Rjim al l c* Stations in and Around Arjo- Dedesa WATOWCd Figure 2 3           Average Monthly Temperature of S r a no«s jn and ardgnd Ar jo De dessa Figure 2.4 land use map of Arjd-DEOESa Watershed ..
16
■■■
Figure 2.6 Slope categories for Arjo-Oedessa watershed Figure 2 <5 Sots map of arjo-Dedessa watershed
------- .....
Figure 2.7 Land Capability ClaSSi* Cation map for Ar jD-OEDESSA Wate rshld
Figure 2 s           Sow. loss rate map for the wateashe d .............................. .......... .u Figure 5. i           Development map for AplchDedessa wate rshfd SO
Figure 7.1 Social mobilization Alternatives
Figure 7.2           Action p-lan for natural JPesouhce Management Figure 7.3           Action plan for Land-Based systems 9 J
Figure 7.4 action Plan for non Land - Based Actmtie s ....
............... -.......-............... *M>
92
95
Figure 7.5 action pi>« for marketed
..._
96
Figure              7.5            production              systems              invclwnoi              Lahi>&ase              d              activities              97
Figure 7.7 Financial Structure
Figure 7.8 Fund flow...................................................... . . nm
... W
LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEXURE Aj’ 1 AvEhagI monthly  plwni  all  of  et*tidns  w  ans  around  the  Arjo-Deqeesa  Watershed  (mm  i  itp1 AnNEJCURE AJJ Momth. ■         **d                 rrvw *ahihi or s<*i *1 *rfOvhs thf AajO-DEMSA W*i E ■’Mb 169
AM-itXLJHE W3 0E5IGNDIMEHS-ONSCF SPILLWAYS FOR SSDAMS FOR RAINFALL iMEW&ITY Of 10© -1SOMMMR . I'i ANNEXURE AM REVI5EG WORK NORMS FQR ACTIVITIES PROPOSED 11 |
annexuREAj‘5 recommended Specks 40R Pi_Afing
A.NNE WRE A'U Packages OF Production Practice S O* Crops
n; iij
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Acronyms
May 3W7
AMaREW   -    Amhara    Micro-enterprise    Development,    Agricultural    Research,    Extension    and Watershed Management Project
BOARD - Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development
6PEDO - Bureau of Planning and Economic Development Tor Oromta
CEC
-  Cat-ion Exchangeable Capacity
CWT
-  Community Watershed Team
Cm
-  Centimeter
CSA
-  Central Statistical Authority
CSE
■ Conservaton Strategies rrf Ethiopia
EE PA
-  Ethiopian Environmental Protection AuthOnty
EFAP
■ Ethiopian Forestry Action Program
EHRS
- Ethiopian Highlands Reclamation Study
FAO
- Food and Agriculture Organuabon
fore ■ Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia F'YM                  - Farm Yard Manure
GTZ - German Tethnical Cooperation
Ha
- Heclare
Km                    ■ Kilometer
LCU                   - Land Class Unit
LUPRD            - Land UM Planning and Regulatory Department
M                     * Meter
MERET - Managing Environment Resources to Enable Transition to more Sustainawe Livelihoods
F/qA              - Ministry of Agriculture
MoARD - Mimslry 04 Agriculture and Rural Development
MoWR             - Mims try of Water Resources
QI DA               - Oromia Irrigation Devetopmanl Authority
PD                    ■ Persons days
RCSO              ■ Regional Conservation Strategy of Qronna
SLM                 -  Suslamabltr Land Management
TLU                  -  Tropical Livestock unit
USAID               ■ Lfnited States Agency for international Development WBISPP - Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project yyFP                  * World Food Program
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
May 2007
Watershed Management is  an iterative process  of mfegrated decisean-making regarding uses and modifications of Hands and waters within a watershed This process provides a chance for stakeholders  1o balance diverse goals  and uses  for environmental resources, and In consider how their cumulative actions may affect long-term suslamabitity of these resources.
Human modifications  o! lands  and walers  directly  alter delivery  of waler, sedimenls, and nutrients, and thusfundamentalfy  alter agnculiural activities. People have varying goals  and values  relative to uses  of local land and water resources. Watershed management provides  a framework for integrated decision-making, where we strive lo
(i} assess the nature and stalus of the watershed ecosystem,
(iiji define short-term and long-term goals for the system,
(Hi) determine objectives and actions needed to achieve selected goals;
(iv) assess benefits of each action;
(v)  implement desired actions,
(vi) evaluate the effeds of actions and progress toward goals; and
(vn) re-evaluate goals and objectives as part of an iterative process
Watershed management related to agricultural activities  involves  the planning and execution ol need based soil and water conservation practices  and other sooo-econumic  interventions which will consequently  control the sod loss, reduce the run-off and improve the livelihood ol lhe community and thus will provide more time of concentration tar run-off water to infiltrate into soil which will finaWy contribute to ground water, ft is, therefore, essential to have a watershed as  a basis  fw planning and implementation of various  soil and waler conservation programs Watershed management is  1he integration of appropriate technologies  and strategies  within the natural boundaries  of a watershed or drainage basin for optimum development through conservation, regeneration a nd j udioous utllization o f all resources - land, water, animal and human within a particular watershed The dynamic  processes  of the biosphere and the effects of vegetation and soils  on these precesses  such as  interception, evaporation. Iranspiralmn. mtitlration. percolation, and surface run-off. subsurface and ground how, all are affected by land managsmeni activities  on the watershed. An improper and! exploitive farming practice m the watershed leads  to resource deteriorations, both ex-silu and in-silu Watersheds  with degraded uplands  result m sedimentation of reservoir and irrigation structures  with frequent flooding at
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down stream at the outlet of the walers  heel system. Proper watershed management schemes greatty  supplement the suS-taiinabllily  of these irrigation schemes, in add Lien .0 the multiple outputs  to be derived including forest, livestock, and crop products  and fishery  on upland watershed.
A study tunducled on Aijb-Dedesa watershed suggests that the vegetal cover is relatively good and sod erosion is mintmat in many placets except in areas where fores.1 clearing is taking place particularly Lhal of Borecha and Dembi areas The major challenge is seen to he low awarcnesi of the community in natural resource tonscnalion. Demographicalty. there is low population pressure where by many areas of land arc available for cultivation The exploitation of natural resources is gelling induced with the need to open new- land for cultivation and cutting of trees for sale. In ni-iny places the depth of soil is good enough to support agricultural activities with™t external inpuls. However, many parts of the soil need butfenng with basic substances owing to acidic nature of soils that limit crop production
Land degradation in the watershed is  associated with def&fesiation and improperly  laid out of drainage channels in the cultivated lands. The numoer of livestock is found to be mcompLabble with carrying capacity of existing grazing lands. It has been observed that there is high rate ol over grazing on both grazing lands and cultivated lands during dry periods Failures of soil and waler conservation structures are also highly correlated wdh free grazing of livestock.
1.2  Objectives
1,2.1 General objective
The general objective of feasibility  slutty  of Arjo-Dedesa watershed, as  part of Arjo-Dedesa Irrigation Project, is  assessment and identification of biophysical and socio-economic  potentials and problems  o! watershed along w ith the resource base, and to give r ecomimeMaiions  on development options  that could be applicable m solving the watershed problems. Il is  also aimed at improving the livelihood of the community  in the walershed in the long run equitably through implemenlalion of various  interventions  with due consideration 10 upstream downstream interactions  and reduce competition for resource, consequenlty  avoiding conflicts that may  anse from inequitable distribution of development and resources  between the up- stieam and downstream community  owing to development of irrigation project, from which the down-stream community benefit. Furthermore, the objective of feasibility study of watershed
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management includes  protection of the watershed resources  from degradation and rehabilitation of degraded areas of A/jo-Dedesa watershed thereby increasing Che productivity of a gricultural lands  in the watershed, protection of the existing natural resources  especially that o1 soiL water and vetjeiatioriH protection of the imgalron dam from sedrmentalion and flooding, with due consideration to holistic and integrated approach, so that the development or Irrigation project would be sustamable.
1.2.2 Specific objectives
The specific objectives include the folium ing
Identify the biophysical and socio-economic problem* of the watershed fordifferenl land uses. Identify areas vulrKflble to soil erosion and recommend appropriate soil and wltcr consen alien measures for both arable and non-arabfe tands lha" may help to halt erosion.
Identify  appropriate  interventions  and  prepare  the  watershed  development  plan  along  with uwlirunons responsible for the implementation of the development plan
Estimate the cost required for implementing the proposed watershed management plan,
Indicate ihc momtonng and evaluation systems to effectively implement the plan and ensure sustainability
1.3     Meth od logy an d a p proac h
1.3.1  Methodology
The  methodologies  followed  for  conducting  the  study  of  Arjo-Dedesa  watershed  managemenl are.
*    Review of previous studies and wcxks
*     Review  and  collection  at  secondary  data  at  national,  regional,  woredas  and watershed levels
* Debneati&n of watershed (ram topographic map al 1:50.000 scale and interpretation of 1he land uses, stapes and other characteristics of watershed from topographic maps and aerial photo
■  Field  u  Dservairan  to  cross-check  interpreted  information  from  maps  and  ascertain  the actual  and  current  reality  on  the  ground,  and  collection  ol  primary  data  on  biophysical and socio-economic situation
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•       und   capability   classification   was   conducted   using   the   methodology   adopted   by Escobedo (198-6), land classification for use in soil conservation in Ethiopia. The meUiod attempts to identify the MOST SUITABLE LAND USE for sad conservation requirement.
•     The  Soil  Loss  Rate  Map  has  been  interpolated  from  the  study  reports  of  EHRS,  and 8COEM  (1999)  and  assessed  and  acquired  field  data  based  on  the  limiting  parameters of   soil   erodibility.   rainfall   erosivity   slope   steepness   and   length,   vegetal   cover   ard management practices
1.3-2 Approaches
The  assignment  of  watershed  management  slutty  was  undertaken  considering  the  following Five stages and approaches
I, Review of past studies undertaken and to edenlify data gaps along ^ith recommenrlalion
of information and data gap filling
ii.     Field investigation, data collection and consultation wilh Woreda and concerned experts and Regional officers
iii.     Analysis of Resources and identification of constraints iv Design of project components and Cost Estimates
v. Project monitoring and evaluation
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1.4 Review of Previous Studies and Works
May 200?
Soil erosion by water is the domiiml type of soil erosion m Ethiopia and is Lhe most important cauie of soi[ erosion in Ethiopian Highlands, within which Aijo-Dedcsa watershed is found rhe effect of soil erosion is loss of soil, removal of organic matter, depletion of nutrients, consequently causing decline in [and productivity, sedimentation of water reservoirs and the like Currently, Ethiopia  is  facing  severe  land  degradation  mainly  arising  from  soil  erosion  problems  The Ethiopian Highland Reclamation Study (EHRS) Estimated that nearly !J billion tons of fertile soil is lost from highlands annually through water erosion alone. This amount is equrvatertt tn an average soil loss of 130 tons per hectare per year from cultivated lands. Allowing for rc-dqpo*ition of soil in the bottom lands, the net soil toss from cultivated lands has been estimated to be JOO tons per hectare per year, which is equivalent w fl mm of soil depth peT annum The Study further estimated that 50% of the highlands are significantly eroded, 25% seriously eroded* while 4% have reached a point of no economic use. Il also estimated that there is an average annual land, productivity decline of 2.2% due io soil erosion. Humi (1984) estimated rates of soil erosion on cropland'; and found to be 42L'lia on average, while this rate has reached up to 300t/ha on individual fields. On the other hand, soil formation rates were estimated to vary between 2 and 22 u.ML*'lia per year. I he variations are based on the differences m jgro-eco logic zones, altitude and focal situaiwns
Al present day Ethiopia, forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate and the area covered by foresis al present is only 2.4 percent compared to the estimated 40 percent initial coverage The  primary  causes  of  natural  forest  destruction  are  agricultural  expansion,  both  through shitting cultivation and the spread of sedentary agriculture; the demand for increasing amounts of  construction  material,  fuel  wood  and  charcoal.  Charcoal  production  is  commonplace  in  the and. semi-ahd and dry humid parts o1 the country [CSE, 1989}. Using fire to fumigate bees and io  facilitate  hunting  is  also  very  common.  The  major  source  of  household  energy  biomass  A 1984  estimate  indicated  Shat  94.8  percent  of  the  total  energy  consumption  in  Ethiopia  was made up of biomass fuels consisting of fuel wood, anima! dung and crofi residue {EFAP 1994}. Fuel wood use makes up 81.8 percent of these traditional sources, while animal dung and crop residue  make up 9 4 and 8.4 percent, respectively Traditional fuels make up 99 9 percent of the rural energy consumption and the rural population consumes 80.7 percent of the Cota! net energy (EFAP. 1994).
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In  add t«on  to  the  deforestation caused  by  understandable  needs.  negligent
as well  as  w
anton
destruction  (such  as  by  f*e).  do  contribute  to  deforestation  These  types  of
deforestation
have
become  increasingly  frequenl  in  the  last  20  years  or  so.  Th.s  has  been
a  period  in
which
security  of  land  tenure  and  access  1o  natural  resources  were  undermined
by  unpopular
policy 
measures  such  as  frequenl  redistribution  of  land  and  restrictions  m  cutting
and  utilizing
trees,
even in one's own backyard. Serious destruction of forests has occurred between the tail of the previous  government and the stabilization of the present one Forest and generally  b.omass degradation, as  well as  consequent land degradation, lead to the destruction and erosion of biodiversity  of both plants  and animals. More specifically, the destruction of habitats, the introduction at a narrow spectrum of crop varieties, recurring droughts, as  well as  wars  and conflicts  could be mentioned as  the most common causes  for the erosion of forest cover and biodiversity  in Ethiopia Ethiopia's  largely  poor rural population, driven by  poverty, attempts  to satisfy  the»r survival needs  through the clearing of more forest land for agncullural purposes (CSE. 1989). Based on the evaluation of forest conditions  in the country  EFAP (1994) recommended the expansion of tree plantations  in agricultural areas  mixed with agricultural operations as means of abaimg forest degradation and associated problems
To evaluate the soil erosion status. EHRS used depth of soil as  an important indicator that soil depth affects  both soil water holding capacity  and plant rooting depth providing a direct link between ‘erosion status’ and productivity. Soil scientists  now recognized that sail loss  has  the greatest impact on crop yields  through the reduction in soil depth [WBISPP, 2004) The critical deplh below wh>ch crop yield is  affected is  between 80 and 100 cm The same study  showed that sorghum and pulses  are not affected until soil depth reaches  77 cm, indicating drought resistance characteristics  of these crops. Barber (1984) assumed this  depth Io be 10 cm for cultivated lands  of Ethiopian Highlands  that is  expected to reach in year 2010 if the trends  of land use practices  continue in similar situation ol the time. Correlating lhe soil depth with agro- ecological zones, EHRS found that deeper soils  being associated with the higher potential zones, including the present study  area; and correlation with altitude showed ihat shallower soils are occurring especially at higher altitudes
The decline in soil depth, being effected by  soil erosion, reduces  soil moisture storage and thus, reducing the ability  of craps  to sustain development and survival during the mid-period of rainfall The situation is  exacerbated by  .ncreased runoff owing to reduction tn vegetation cover and reduced soil infiltration due to removal of top-soils  and clogging of soil pores  by  finer soils 
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washed-m f rom upslope side Removal of crop residues and animal dung, primarily foe fu>et. also Preaches the natural cycling erf nutrients m the environment, further impoverishing the soil (NCS, 1989).
Concern over land degradation, and impacts of it on land productivity and livelihood's of people came to prominence after the 1974 drought. In recognition of the seventy of erosion in Ethiopia and stimulated by  recurrent famines  especially  the major famines  of 1972 and 1984, the government of Ethiopia, assisted by  FAO. undertook  a major study  on soil erosion m the Highlands  of Ethiopia (EHRS. 1986) Recognizing occurrences  of sort erosion and recurrent drought with international assistance and especially  in association wtlh lhe WFP. the government has  made a major effort to implement soil conservation measures  Between 1978 and 1984. 590,00km of contour bunds covering 600,000ha of cultivated land were implemented along with 600.000km diversion ditches. 1100km check  dams  in gullies, and 470.000km of terraces, afforestation on 1S0,00Cha of sloping land iHurni 1985 as quoted by BCEOM-1999). These measures  have been implemented mainly  m Hararghe, South Welio. South Gonder, North Showa. Tigray  and Arbaminch areas  which 'were affected by  drought The recent report of Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority  (EEPA, 2003) showed that between 1995 and 1999. 1284924ha on-farm terraces, 115398ha soil bunds, and 45794ha check  dams, 12387ha micro-basins, 5646ha cut-off drains  were implemented across  the country. Generally  speaking in the past, focus has been given to physical soil ard water conservation activities.
Since 1974, the previous government gave much attention Io implementation of sod and water conservation measures  as  a means  of abating land degradation and established Community Forest and Soil Conservation Department (CFSCD) within the Ministry  of Agriculture (MoA) to plan and oversee conservation and community  forestry  projects  by  watershed countrywide The soil and water conservation and community  forestry  programmes  were lhen implemented on watershed bases  from 1980 up to 1991 During these periods, the size o1 watersheds considered as  development unit was  20,000 to 40.000ha (8CEOM. 1999) In a more general way. the study  of soil erosion situation and the efforts  made so tar in soil and water conservation were earned out and given m Abbey  River Basin Master Plan propel report This report would be relevant to the target area of study The study indicated that soil erosion in the basin and also rn Ethiopia as  a wbo*e has  reached at the alarming stages  and is  increasing under the combined pressures  of increasing population and de-vegetation In light of this. the study further suggested that soil and waler conservation strategy should focus on conserving
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currently  productive lard at1he expense of reclaiming degraded lands  In principle, seal erosion is  directly  linked with the disturbance of soil or land ihraugh cultivation, and ihus  slraiegy  of erosion control must focus on prelecting cultivated land.
Extensive assessment and evaluation of the sad and water conservation measures implemented in lhe country  was  carried by  Donald. 1984 under EHRS project According to this  report, attention was  given to physical measures  and insufficient attention has  been given to the biological and ecological asoects  of conservation The study  further recommended greater attention Id identifying and exploiting locally  available plant material fur stabilization of bunds  and improvement of pasture and Io the selection of tree species for different ecological conditions, with out ignoring I he need io have quality  works  of physical measures  based on standard norms  Moreover, the measures  were implemented here and there with out due consideration to watershed It was  just in T980's  that a watershed approach was  started in planning and implementing soil and water conservation works  (John et al 1984) The activities  conducted since then concentrated on soil end stone bunds, terraces, cutoff drams, gully  control check  dams  and forest tree plantation with major emphasis  1a degraded hilly  areas. During these penoos  uni.i the recenl times  of the fall oi Dergue regime, watershed managameril programmes  conoucled have experienced three-fotd maior constraints  Firstly, the planning of walershed works was  top down and decided by  lecnmcai experts; secondly, lhe size of watershed fc* planning was  large, 20-40 ihousanj hectares  and thirdly, the watershed management interventions  were biased to soil and water conservation measures  emphasizing on degraded communal and hilly  areas  with little attention to individually  held farmlands (personal view) The lessons  learneo from this  experiences  pushed Mo A and support agencies  tike FAO to initiate pilot watershed pfannrng approaches  on a bottom-up basis, using smaller units  and following community-based approaches, resulting in introduction o f minimum planning and sub-waiershed approach and initialing a shift 1rom larger watershed to smaller watershed as  a planning unii. This  approach was  tested al pilot stage through FAO technical assistance from FAO under MoA during 1988 9t
During the test ten years, with support from WFP under MERET project, GTZ. USAID under AMAREW proiect and other organizations, lhe FORE has  worked with communities within micro-watersheds to develop and implement natural resources conservation and
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communiiy    watershed    management    plans.    Td     reinforce    such    efforts   guidelines   on
wate shed  management
r
pigming  have  been  published  by  the  MoARO  and  are  generally 
accepted    by    almost    arl    practitioners    This    would    give    a    favorable    condition    for implementation of watershed management programmes at community level
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2. DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHED
May 2007
The  purrurt  conditions  and  cJiaractenslics  of  wHteFBtiMJ  described  under  this  topic  to  have a clear picture of biophysics! and soda-economic sMttffcng,
2.1  Bio-physical features
2.1.1 climate, Land Use and Topography
2.1.1.1 Location
ArjO-Dedesa  watershed.  wNcri  15  originating  mainly  from  dense  forest  hilfe  at  Sigma  Gera Mana,  Goma  end  hills  at  airier  Wanda,  is  tha  area  ihat  drains  water  to  Dedua  River,  one  of the  lnbulary  rivets  IO  Abbay  basin.  The  watershed  coders  Ihe  whole  of  Gemma;  Sorecha, Dedesa  and  SWeriH  Wanedag  and  parts  al  StgmO,  Gera,  Mana,  Limu  Kma,  Limu  Safca  and GeLchi  Worfldas  H  is  located  frl  "romia  Regional  State,  parts  or  Jima  and  I'lu-ababhra  Zanes The watershed can be accessed through Jimma after 30 km drive to  all weather roads towards Agaro town 11 is located at 360 km from Addis Ababa and 60 km from SfedMe town towards Jimma.
Geographically,  it  is  located  between  36^02  and  36^46  East  Longitude,  and  between  7*4355 and   S“l3   53   N-arth   latitude.   The   watershed   covers   a   total   of   556,436^9,   excluding   the command  area  and   inclusive  of  reservoir  area.  The  elongation  ratio  (index  of  shgpe)  of watershed is computed to be 0.34, showing weak relief and gentle ground siope. and having a short  and  wide  shape,  nearly  squat  The  map  available  in  F*g.  2.1  shows  she  morphology  of River  Dedessa  The  map  shows  that  Dedesa  Rwer  has  rn^ny  networks  of  tributary  rivers  The major  tributanes  of  Qedesa  river  include,  Ater  Geda  wh»ch  is  -originating  from  Gaway,  Latten Chngo,  Atara  suga  and  Dapara  in  Sigmo  pills;  Yim  which  is  originating  from  Myje.  Dusta Dapara  and  Gabasa  forest  in  Toha;  Aw^yilu,  which  is  originating  tram  Awanu,  Suture  Gabisa and  Tiliku  Bore  in  Agaro  areas-  and;  Gaps.  which  <s  originating  front  Keberecho  forest,  Kobe forest and Weja forest in Dernbi
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2.1.1.2 Climate
May 2007
The  climate  of  Ethiopia  is  influenced  by  seasonal  venations  in  the  Intertropical  Convergence Zone (I T C.Z) The seasonally changing northeast and southwest trade winds, each containing different  amounts  of  humidity,  converge  in  this  equatorial  low  pressure  zone  In  addition  to orograptwcally  determined  rainstorms,  intense  precipitation  often  results  pnmaniy  from  thermal convection  Annual precipitation  is  concentrated dun ng penods when the sun is at its peak m the form of tong or shod rams The long rams are known as Kreml and the short rains as Belg.
The  main  dimalic  information  that  is  most  important  for  watershed  management  is  ramfall  and temperature  Others  like  evapo-transpiration,  relative  humidity,  solar  radiation  are  subsidiary  for planning   watershed   management   Moreover,   the   importance   of   such   climatic   data   can   be implied  from  rainfall  and  temperature  The  monthly  rainfall  within  and  nearby  areas  of  the watershed  were  collected  from  four  metrological  stations  namely.  Agaro.  Bedele.  Dembi  and Jimma.  the  details  of  which  are  given  m  Annexes  A'1  and  from  these  data  a  representative values were reckoned
Peak  rams  m the project area are observed to concentrate between the months  of March to October Almost all months of the year receives certain amount of rain, with the minimum bemg in the month of January  Figure 2 2 shows  graphical representation of monthly  rainfall for stations  m and around Aqo-Dedessa watershed The annual rainfaB in the project area ranges between 1535 to 2214mm. average being 1835mm
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Figure 2 3 Average Monthly Temperature of Stations in and Around Arjo-Dedessa Watershed
May W
2.1.1.3  Land Use/cover
The identification and mapping of the present land use classes  of watershed is  essential part of watershed management The way  a given land unit is  used determines  the hydrologic characteristics  of watershed and development potentials  and constraints  A plan of watershed management should be based on the type of land use along with other factors  that define the conditions  Moreover the type of land development intervention is  directly  related to the land use Thus, the identification and mapping of the land use/cover for Arjo-Dedesa watershed was made and three major and dominant classes  of land use have been identified Details  are available in Figure 2 4
Of the total watershed area of 556.436 ha considered for watershed management program excluding the reservoir area 186571ha (33 5%) is cultivated. 82811 (15%) grazing 136560ha (24 5%) is forest or bush land. 24829ha (4 5%) is open wood land 4791 ha (0 86%) as wet or swamp. 52314ha (9 4%) unused area, and the rest 68560ha (12 3%) is under different uses such as settlement, cemetery gulty roads, elc These details are available in Tabie2 1
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elopment Plan
May 2007
Table 2.1:
Dominant land use/land cover of the watershed by Woroda
Cultivated          Grazi
Woreda Mana
Goma LZSeka
Ha
*9 %
ForesVbushes         Open wood          Un-used land    Wotf swamp     Miscellaneous         Total
Ha          %
Ha               %         Ha          %            Ha        %            Ha        %            Ha         %
(Ha)
2080      57.4      808      22        2227          61            •
45752 47.1 9766 10.0 4728 4.9 155 0.16
8880     24.5     1118
3.1         2417 |    67        17530
7117
7.3       826      085
28798     29.6
13228      16 1
UKosa 15339 20.4
Dodessa 21783 390
32123   39 2
14683   19.5
7133    128
14750 18.0
29135 387
18156
•
1775 24 2877
221             - 38      1106
- 15
3790 46
10274 137
97142
82047
75189
7880       14 1
3170        57        4860
Borecha       42720      456    6061      6.5      16982        181
17898      19 1
87 737 1.3 10352 185
69 316 0.3 3199 34
Getchi 4630 60 473 062 715 0 93 161
Sctema 15613 203 9905 12.9 41645 542 943
Sigmo 1942 16.1 443 3.7 7092 586 95
0.2
12
08
6510
85 2358
01
3.1        509        07
■
-          784       0.1
-
5905        7.7
55915
93636
6848
76878
Gera               4756      233     1417     7.0      11406       56.0      632       3.1
463       3.8
1008 4.9 179
• 09
2064 17 1
977       48
12099
20375
Total
186571    33.5
J___ —
82811 -I
15.0    136560        245     24829      45        52314     9.4     4791
0.86      68560     12.3
556436
Source; - Agriculture and Rural development offices ol respective Woredas ( June 2006} and Orumia BoFED Abstract 2000
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
18
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May yxn
noted that the gardens of farmers which are under some uses in one or another way. were not included in this class of land use. Rather such areas are considered as cultivated land
Table 2 2 General slope categories of Arp-De-desa watershed xw and proportions
Average slope (%)
Area coverage (Ha)
Proportions of total (%)
Flat or almost flat. 0-3
3296084
Gently stoping. 3-8
121857.6
21 9
Sloping, 8-15
53348 7
96
Moderately steep. 15-30
30452 3
5.5
Steep. 30-50
16491.7
3.0
Very steep. >50
45873
08
Total
556,436
100
2.1.1.4 Topography
Stope of the watershed is  categorized as  indicated in Table 2.2 and shown in Figure 2.5 The categorization i$as  per practice prevalent in Ethiopia for soil a nd water conservation Such classification and categonzation is  also useful tool for land capability  classification The characteristics  of the different land uses  and identified land class  units  (LCU) are indicated m Table 2 3 Table 2.2 depicts  that the dominant slope of watershed is  m the range of 0 to 3 percent, a verage b emg 2 1 percent, which i s adequate s lope t o i nitiate e rosion Cultivation takes  place in most of this  slope range Soa and water losses  from field are influenced by  the steepness, length and shape of slopes  The shape of slope is  expressed m terms  of curvature Slopes  may  be roughly  convex  or concave Convex  slopes  increases  ui steepness  toward the bottom Thus, runoff velocity  also i ncreases  toward the bottom of slope Where as  concave slopes  flatten out toward the bottom of the slope and sediment carried in runoff waler settles out as  flow velocity  decreases  With intense rains  and high velocity  of flows, however, water may  concentrate m concave slopes  and start gulling If gullmg does  not occur, the area toward the bottom of slope accumulates  high orgamc  matter and surface sal. and becomes  more valuable as  cropland On convex  slopes  there is  no deposition, only  removal, and these slopes become progressively  poorer Slopes  of Arjo-Oedesa watershed areas  are more of concave type of slope curvature that has minimal cause Io generate erosion and run-off.
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Io Association with intercontineotaJ Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.woooc
FIG. 2.5 SLOPE CATEGORY MAP
ETHIOPIA
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ARJO-D EDESSA IRRIGATION PROJECT
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Catchments Development Plan
May 2007
(II)  Fluvisols
Fluvisols  are  recent  alluvial
deposits  in  ov
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coa
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very 
little  soil  development.  Most
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these  layers  were  sediment
deposited  by 
wa
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uplands  and mountains  In the project area. Fluvisols  are found stratified over the upper middle and vicmity  of watershed boundaries  at the foot of hills  and between rivers. They  are distributed over 8 7% of the watershed, specifically  in Dusta. Dapara. Timba Chala. Muje. Sisimo Hulet. Kubo. Girmo and Ulawata areas  (Figure 2.6). Fluvisols  exist in Dystric  sub-order and are generally good agricultural soils. Fluvisols are found in the sub-order called Dysthc Fluvisols
(III)  Gleysols
Gleysols  are soils  found in low-lying or depressions  where groundwater influence is  high and therefore show hydro-morphic  properties  Gleysols  have reducing conditions  in the part of the soil that is  continuously  saturated by  water because of the high ground water There is  no free or dissolved oxygen and the soil is. therefore, grayish blue In the zone wrth a fluctuating groundwater table, grayish blue spots, orange or reddish spots  (segregation of iron) or small blackish spots  (segregation of manganese) are found. In the upper part of Gleysols. that is. not within the reach of the groundwater, the soil is  permanently  oxidized and the reduction spots  do not occur (Merle. S. 1985). Gleysols  are distributed over 13 1% area of the Watershed, including areas  of Serrti Borche. Yala Aliya, Kajelo and Basera in Sigmo Woreda, Gono. Jamiya and Berbere in Setema and over few areas of Bera Gogo (Figure 2 6)
(IV)  Nitosols
Nitosols  are tropical sorts  with a deep clay-enriched B-honzon. with a low cat-ion-exchange capacity  and without abrupt textural changes  (Merete S. 1985). Nitosols  do not have plinthite within 125 cm from the surface and do not have ferric  of vertic  properties  and have good potential for agriculture owing to the presence of deep uniform profiles  that are porous  and well drained, have stable angular to sub-angular blocky  structure and consequently  a deep rooting volume They  have h.gh moisture holding capacity  Nitosols  are good for many  types  of crops and hence most of ihe areas  in the watershed wrth Nitosols  are cultivated and extensively  used to grow vanous  crops  Moreover, natural fertility  of Nitosols  is  relatively  high, but use of fertilizers are required <1 high yield is needed
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Association with Intercontinental CoMullants and Technocrat, Pvt ltdFIG. 2.6 MAJOR SOIL DISTRIBUTION MAP
LEGEND
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2.1.2.2 Land Capability Classification
May ZM7
Land capability  classification refers  to a syslematrc  arrangement of different kinds  of land according to those properties  that determine the ability  of the fand to produce on virtually permanent basis. It is  the basis  of watershed management and development programmes. The basic  principle of soil ancf water conservation is  to use the land according to its  needs. Therefore, classifying Hie land according io ils  capability  is  a prerequisite and important for planning, implementation and execul-on qt soil and water conservation programmes
The   land   capability   classes   for   ArjD-Dadesse   watershed   nave   bean   identified   based   nn   the assessment  of  the  major  limiting  factors  (directly  or  indirectly)  to  use  the  land  in  a  sustainable manner   and   the   obtained   class   units   are   primarily   categorized   as   SOIL   CONSERVATION REQUIREMENT  CLASSES  The  major  limiting  factors  considered  for  this  purpose  are  one  or two  of  land  features  including  Slope,  Soil  depth,  Past  erosion,  Soil  infiltration,  WaLer-toggmg, Top  soil  texture  and  Stoniness  or  Rockiness.  The  assessment  of  each  feature  was  made  for each  type  of  present  fand  uses  in  ranges  of  slopes  as  indicated  m  Table  2  3  for  the  watershed Determination   al   Ihe   sori   conservation   requirement   class   is   made   following   ihe   procedures adopted  for  Elhiopian  conditions  by  Escobedo  (1388).  The  tand  capability  classification  map  for Arjo-Dedessa watershed is available in Figure 2,7
The different land uses  classified in the same land class  unit, however they  vary  m the llmiling factors, are grouped under similar soil conservation requirement class  For example, a grass land that is  identified as  class  IL means; it is  classified as  class  two land capability  unit wilh major limiting factor being sol depth. A cultivated land that is  identified as  class  llt means  i| is classified as  class  two land capability  unit with major limning factor being erosion.. Although lhese two land uses  are different in their limiting factors, both belong to the same capabihty- cum-sdii conservation requirement class  and in final mapping they  were put under land class  i| Table 2.3 indicates  ihe features  o1 different land uses. Table 2 4 gives  Ihe different land ses with the major limiting factors and land capability class uni1 within which they belong
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise  “
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27Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
Catchments Development Plan
Table. 2.3 Cf aracserisiics ol dillercnt land- uses cl waiershcd and land class unit
May 200?
Land use and slope
(%)
Araa
(Ha|
Proportions 
ol LCU in %
|-------------- - Soil depth
(cm)
*130
Soil
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Infiltration
Sternness?
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logging
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Erosion
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Summery

1. Project Overview

The Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project is a feasibility study conducted by the Ethiopian Ministry of Water Resources in 2007. The project area covers three zones in Oromiya Region (East Wellega, Jimma, and Illubabor) and focuses on natural resource management, including forestry, energy, and watershed development.

2. Key Components

2.1 Forestry

Ethiopia has experienced significant deforestation (from 35% forest cover to 2.3%)
Project area has remaining forest priority areas (Gera, Sigma, Babiya)
Proposed management plans include conservation forestry, agroforestry, and multiple-use forestry
Recommended species for planting include Acacia, Albizia, Eucalyptus, and indigenous species

2.2 Energy

Biomass (wood) accounts for 81% of regional energy supply
High fuelwood consumption rates (1,264 kg/person/year in Jimma zone)
Proposed interventions:
- Dissemination of efficient biomass stoves
- Homestead and farm tree planting
- Solar PV systems for health and education services

2.3 Watershed Development

Identified problems: soil erosion, deforestation, improper land use
Proposed interventions:
- Soil and water conservation measures (terraces, cutoff drains)
- Agroforestry interventions
- Livestock management improvements
- River bank protection and spring development

3. Key Statistics

Category	Data
Project Area	East Wellega, Jimma, and Illubabor Zones
Population in Project Area	73,157 (2006 estimate)
Forest Cover in Project Woredas	14.1% of total land area
Annual Fuelwood Consumption	1,264 kg/person in Jimma zone
Proposed Tree Planting	16,800 hectares over 4 years

4. Implementation Plan

4-year implementation period
Participatory approach with local communities
Focus on capacity building and linkage with extension services
Total estimated cost: ~41.62 million Birr (4.84 million USD)

5. Challenges and Opportunities

Challenges:

High deforestation rates
Soil erosion and land degradation
Limited access to modern energy

Opportunities:

Abundant water resources
Potential for irrigation development
Existing community knowledge and practices