THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES ArjoDedessa Irrigation Project Feasibility Study Report VOLUME - fl Natural Resources Annexure - 4 Annexure - 5 Annexure - 6 Forestry Energy Catchment Development LlX WATER WORKS DESIGN a SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE IN ASSOCIATION WITH imSCOHnHEHTJU eONSUlTi’.MTS ANOneHHBCFJlTS INDIA PVT iwarjo-pedessa irrigationproject FEASIBILITY STUQYREPORT CONTENTS pF THE REPORT SERIAL NO. 1 2 3 volume NO. 4 5 6 VOLUME -1 Volume -1 (a) Volume - I :bl VOLUME -II particulars EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MAIN REPORT Part I - Report Part II - Maps S Drawings ANNEXURES SURVEY ANO INVETIGATION (ANNEXURES -1 to 3) Topographic Survey Geomorp^ologm-al Studies ■■ Geologtal & Geotechnical Investigation Pari I - Report Part II - Appendices NATURAL RESOURCES I ANNEXURES -4 to 6) Forestry, Energy & Catdwnenl Development P^an VOLUME -III WATER RESOURCES (ANNEXURES - 7 to 11) 7 Volume - III (a) Meteorological & Hydrological & Hydrogeological Studies Oam & Appurtenant Works a 9 10 11 12 13 Volume - ill (bj P3H i - Report Part II - Drawings Irr-gation i Dra nage Volume - lit (c) Part I - Report Part il - Drawings Hydraukc Siruciures VCume - III |dJ Part I - Report Part II - Drawings VOLUME IV AGRICUTLRUE (ANNEXURES - 12 to 1«] 14 Volume - IV (a) Soil Survey & Land Evaluation 15 16 Volume - IV (b) Agncultura? PJanr.mg Volume IV (c) 1 Livestock.. Fssnaries Agncuriura Mechanization & Agricultural Marketing 17 ia VOLUME - V Veurne - v (a) VolurBfl - y i b? ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO - ECONOMIC ASPECTS (ANNEXURES -19 to 25) Environment Health 4 Socso-cconomic Aspects Organization 4 Management Physical Infraiiructure Reseltlemem Fnancial & Economic AnalysisAnnexure - 4 FORESTRYArjci-Dedesss Irrigation Project Forestry May W .i■ ' Table of Contents I AHI I oK'ONIKMS................ I IS I lit I Utl.T. I JMIIOIH CliON______________ 1.1 Forest Kemji hi in EtliKM'lA 1.1 I'ih.wy* Uegi la tor’s hmiKmiIk w<*\l EhaMEWojik / 2J Funrim wnd EnnowiFienru/ Pdi’JC’i / 2 2 Ld«i# Uir P« Jim i j/VucJtf-niiJWdri II / 2 J .rr7fi’FJii.’f.!ewiir/ f L^fcir.ii i 1 I Hibisf Mb Al bl kt F IS OUoMIS s UFCHjS. nt 1 a jJtfacrj of fh. /iwi’iiijrjiHii f a J £w-aJ iJiTWtf riflWi UiYiidiri inii .'if 5-p sr<aJH >. / J t IJ 5 e“4»wamiirTJh Aew-CiK / Jfr Wmrfinl/ f'orr.tfi. rjffli* An Ptoihrtic 4! n ft ti V /rr j/ If 12 li.7 .4rt*rt £ricftn lrr ef for tcufogrrdJ R'UaM.rrMMi 12 1,-1 ClKJH nils in rIIK Sil 01 H/ Atoif t-Nyrt jrii* M2 AjfMY ifiic IJ S< ort: cif nit Sum u METHOBEM EK A i6i /.rrt-F^riira' ini 16.2 FrM ,1k« MJ I'rifl to /hiinwumi ,* 1$ 1 Mitt ftff FfWiiJ f jFMiiTidrjidi ujrwf An.-Ji^imi rrT 12 /1 B ■ll It 14 14 1r L KAC KG kt JI MX It- IliKSII in KRE.A 2.1 |JH Mill* 2.2 I'ih-im.m krfclV M 2.4 I-'I KH FS I I. rn ER OF I mi SII in ARF-AS 2.5 Si)t irh KI 4KS4 IMII st E L .m IIjrs 2-h 1 HE I W* mi. | r hf I fci e % | s m s n usi I ME M v >t ME \ I I. 7 EHH I cs| HiHKST.mijS ac IIVillLKOSEc UI.CM.V 2.H Ift.MiMi niiM rri Y eom murkst Risen me 4 s. *- /■ Mfi,,iJ fi'WJkJi •■ • - «*! u ft'dir 1T • i idlni i r|. 1 1 fl j f r/iWMi/ilmhuirunwifNiXiir ,’ .V J IfdNi preihlliNS irt n&tf t dfc dr-. 1, : r. In I fa I 17 10 21 .I I 1Ih ?!i 7, k FHOHMiFD MANAGE Ml | FLAN_............................................ J. I I Yfl-SCiE h<lHF>l Mavu.P ME S r Pl SS 3.2 ( I]<ss KUS 11 BOfl H IIIFa I ir _i 2 J Jri'-M, df lAh’ -ujrJlrji^ 11.« 1 /■- • .’J f FArri/wiwrnJj f6t >Ji rjlijfa ' r ’ 1 XURItftW.srMVTlUltH niu\ HIRE Min J 1 .' <?f. 'ri nf 1 Ail* XflFIl/fWr'Iir , I I f dflfjPWJTf'dl'L «'f I fa' irt, fft ifJP 1 ■ -. ■> •7 m <* V-l KuMHSiHA I irH rill Ml MUYS ^sn 1111 n | ,M .1,5 mi ii riri f-I se Forestry 11- Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise in ibbMlntion wiUi talerconttental Consultants and TMinucritis Pn. i tdAfjo Itetlessa Irrigation Project Forestry May 2007 3.0 srit its cuMrosrrins 17 SHLltS SELECTION . . 17 Si m.marvokAi iivjTii’s . ............... I ! .AL.. IIB.bliMi . . UBliU.iIMfclll I II I 3.8 Sl MMMiVi>l’JSVlSTMK%r .33 3ft 36 List of Table r-iULL- 1 1 LAMJ USE 4HQ LAND COVERS ‘I ETNOPiA, ORQM'A R.EG<+| AND THREE ZONE 5 OF THE PROuECF ARU Table 1 2 Zonal populationDiSTRiBUTim inOrqwya Region (2000) 1 aim.i 2. I Land use sys i em$ uncER Wc«ehas of-' the OpdeSEA River's catchmn r >i i TABLE 2 2 LANO USE AND LANO COVER OF Tb£ FORES r PRIORITY Areas ON THE CATChFZENT Areas I* Table 2 3 Rural and urban Population of the Catchment andcommand ahea .voheoas is. Table 2.4 Features and uses of forestation for ECOLOGil.-Al protect ion ji T able 2 5 Total potent-al energy stiffly and annual energy cdnSuMP non in The are as SuRROijNOiNC; WOREBaSoF THE ffiR'GATIQN SITE ............... ............................. ?J table 2 6 WEightedmean annual per gapita rural cdhsumptich ano tqtal (rural and urban Jf-Ut-Lwooo (including ChahCCal AS WOOD} consumption in ORS Table 2 7 Estimated natural forests remaining af ter clearing for agricul urf for zunes with 2- NA1LRAL FOREST FOR 1990. 2000. J01Q AND 201S {.N HECTARFS} > Table 3 1 Recommended specks foriuting k \ iine.v Affll Y I. ZdNAl I.VJI I SI- A STH .'MWAI'k OkUMIYA JtrCrHJN II Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Bit. LtdArjo Dcdessa Irrigadun Project Forestry Stay 24HJ7 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Forest Resources in Ethiopia Thu total land area of Ethiopia is 1 14 million square kiiomelers Thu Ethiopian highlands represent about 36% of lhe 1olal land area, white the remaining ts m me lowlands (below I.5DD m li. s. 1) The bulk of the human and livestock population, about 05% and 76% respectively, resides m lhe highlands (Alemu, 2Q05) Ethiopia has the total area of 60.7milhon ha (53 3%) covered with different types of vegRtaiton. which includes high forest, plantation, woodland jnd shrub land and bamboo The remaining area estimated 53 3 million (467%) is under different land use system m eluding cultivation land, grassland, ah □■alpine, bare rock, waler body swamp and urban areas The total area under high forest and plantation is 4.6 million ha (4%) of the land area ul the country which has Significant role m the production Df different wood products tor constructor, energy supply, ecological conservation, climate protection and hiodivursiLy conservation where aS about 15.4 million ha is bare and rock land. Table 1 1 shows thu land use and land cover in Ethiopia, Oromia and '.he three zones of lhe prefect area According to Reusing (1998) in lhe 1970‘s 5 4 million (4 75%) of Ethiopia was covered by Natural High Forests, which included 2 64%, 1.24%, 0 87% closed slrghfly dislurbfid and heavily disturbed high forests respectively, According to the same author after 15 years, at Ihu- beginmng of 1990's the remaining forest decreased to 3 93% of the country's land cover According to this report 2.4 million hectare (2 14%) nf the counliy's area was deforested Irorn 1970’s id the beginning of 1990‘s. This shows that annual deforestation rate is about 0.16 million ha per year, The extent of human-made lorests has been estimated as 42,124 hectares of peri urban fuel wood plantation. 13,706 hectares of industrial limber plantation and 44,634 hectares of Community Waodlot The maid components of 1he sector are industrial limber, potes, construction pules, fuel wood, charcoal and tree products, in particular gums and resins (localise and myrrh) According to EFAP (1994) the forest area in Ethiopia, which aL one time might have occupied as much as 35 percent ol the country, has now been reduced to aboul ? 3 percent, This forest comprises natural high forests, bushlands, plantations and on farm trees (farm lorestry) The natural high forests are classified mio 58 National Forest priority Areas (NFPAs) totaling an estimated 2 3 million he, According tn this report aboul 1 2 million is conservation forest whereas the remaining D.fl minion ha can be production forest ____________ _________ _ 1 Water Warks Design & Supervision Enterprise tn Association with fotereontlnirntiil CnnsuUnnis and Technocrats Pvi ]jd.ArjciDedessn Irrigation Prajr Forestry May are? E'.hiopra is endowed with extensive land area, varied topography, sail, cfirnate, water resource, plant and animal tnadiversily and underground resources. The use of these resources through Lime, however, has not resulted in improving the lives of the major Ly ol Ethiopians. Different studies have shown that these natural resources have been degraded over the past sevei J decades The Ethiopian Forestry Action Plan (EFAP 1994) concluded that the deforestation rate in Ethiopia was 150,000 to 200,000 ha per year. 2 Water Works Designs Supervision Enterprise In Association with fiiterrondncnlai Cons uLtan is and Technocrats Pvt, Ltd.Arjo pjedcssa Irn gallon Frojcct Forestry h» 200? Table* 1.1 Land-u&c and land c-ovors. sn Ethiopia, Oromia Region and three Zones of Lhe PrajfeGt A/ea No Land use land cover Nalio ri Fl= ■■•■ ia .J run- 3 Pc* j JO ft Zanes co^cirod ‘under frid pifljKi (cfl^shnie^t and WHi^nand meat]______________ 1 2 3 _ - CwlL^vaiion Forest (inc. riverine’ Plantation 4 Woodland “6 Area *1 ha 2129B.2-41 4.073J213 !■ .->1.- I-- Cover age (%) IM. 70 3J5H 0 44 Are.i 41 (ha) g671.4$e 2 562.59J 62.770 ’ 9,823.1«3_ 7.750,422 ' LC'-'fl _i 59 in %) 7.13 OI7j 27.34 21 57 ‘ ____ To; al ol Ihd Hinge II 1. ! - ■ * ZiMM Area (Ml s Area na' % Area Ko 66M7TT 3? 21 9l9 714 49.61 WC.W7 3G6B 2 349,5m &j 1■ 617.799 37 75 460.270 25 <J1 72.726 3.27 1 114 0.07 4 coo 1 364 1 . JM IJ7P.Hf5 2,478 JD-4S CUH ■i 25.66 _ b.-tob.zoo " 23 IB Grassland ! 4.$74.206 ’ IMOJ 4.293.960”’ 11.SS_. 374 177 0 34 315 22-37 0 00 D.OO 776,346 14 91 932.74D 41 -SB 27.61 7 e 9 0 G.OO 163.373 . 34 iJr.5M 9.53 15?,272 6 75 0 O.O0 J [ _ 15.^373 ■‘.Jz .-■■ A1r»-alp<rvt? Highland ■ 31.003 5722 ‘ 0.03 ' r" 0 0.M ol bamboo Lowland 44r4.5d4 0 4.3 ISO, 155 * 0 50 12 0 0 0 0. bamboo Swamp Water 756,181 02fi 277 OjM 0.33 137J3S3 ■ >!-000 ZWi.SDO 0.72 0 T 0.00 G.ffll GW) o.ib goo 0 0 ooo 0.00 19.J 60 . 20 9H4 Barg rock, soil, 15.357.720 13.4>9 1J92.2BO :. «-i 35 936 3» 3.32 o.w i«r 6 ’ 0 00 0 O.0U 34JJQS . W .4Gfi ?9.9&4 3li 302 0 DM 1,653 660 IQP ol □ 12 01c. Urban 7i. flea 13 874 36 0.06 100 2.22/03^ S. Source ,, o 'e" Z°“ Woody oiom<="» *“» ' . ..I I .1 z Sunervislon Enterpilse 1 a .rArjn-Dcdtssa Irrigation Project Forestry ________________________________ _______ _ M-Hf aioy_ _ 1.2 Policy, Regulatory and Institutional Framework Since the early 1990s, lhe Government's economic development approach has been the Agncullural Development-Led Industrialisation (ADLl) strategy. The Government aims io improve agricultural production, and use it as the basis For developing ari agriculturally-based industrial sector. The Government has recently released several other major development plans, including lhe National Rumi Devetopmant Strategy m November 2001, and an updated National Food Security Strategy in March 2002. To meet national and iniernaliongl goals regarding poverty in mid-2002, the Federal Government Finalized Us Sustainable Devefopn ent and Poverty Reduction Plan (SOPRPJ, which updates lhe earlier Interim Poverty Rftoutbon Strategy Paper {I PRSPj released in 2000 In support oF these a (furls, Government fs also undertaking a major process of decenlraksation and devolution of power to Inc country's woradas (districts). Poverty reduction and promotion of agroforcstry included m Iho strategies couid contribute in minimizing pressure on rhe forest resources and support conservation of the exiting forest and increasing the forest cover. However, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and Interim PRSPs had only mentioned, but not elaborated upon, forestry responses and aclwns, by suggesting that agretarestry would be part of its actions to reduce poverty. The more recent and comprehensive SDPRP also rails to adequacy consider forestry issues in ils analysis of the causes and responses to poverty. It mentions 1ha1 agrcloreslry will bn promoted. It does not. however, consider broader linkages of forestry with rood security income generation, and poverty reduction. Il does noi. for example consider how sustainable participatory management of natural forests or promotion of eco-tourism or forest-based enterprises, such as promotion and processing of non-wood forest products. could contribute to poverty reduction. This shows lhat these policies h ave . <ttle coninbulron i m he d evelopment and conservation or forest and improvemenl of land-use, which nave significant impact on the ctimate miligalon efforts m the country and, at global level 1,2,1 Forestry and Environmental Policy Ethiopia has prepared a number of forestry and environmental plans and strategies In December 1 994,1 he G over nment f i nalized a n E tfnopian Foreslry A citon P Ian (El- APj t h js EFAP was an important contribution to lhe development of lhe Matronal Conservation Slrategy ---------------------------------—____ ___ _________________ __ ____ . 'I Waler Works Design & Supervision I- nt a rpiise in Association with [mereDntinentel Consultants and Tcchnormts Pvt ltd.A r] at cd es sa ] u igai ii; r» proj ect Forestry ________________________________ May ano? of ElhliopLa (CsEk presented m May 1994. fhe Ethiopian Fdfestiy Attic# Flan proposed a sal of £ major action programmes. lo deal will-. (1) tree and fewest production, (2) forcsl resource and ecosystem management, (3) forest irlSusIrres development, (4) wood fuel energy effidency development, (5) technology development and disseminakon, (6} soctora! integrawn, (7) planning, monitoring, and ovaEuation, and (8) human resources developm.ent. But some of ihjse plane and strategies lack adequate supporting policies. iMjisiabon, or impfementincj regulations. Also, me mplementalion of ims program 15 mainly based on external supucH Which ccuid not be materialized. Despite haw ng good plans and strategics, t becomes difficult to legally enforce protection arid sustainable management of lhe anvirtfiiment, naluml resources wiihqul having adequate budgetary and manpower support The Federal Government issued Proclamation NO. 94/1994, 'to provide for the Coriservat'Oii, Development and Utilization of Forests, oh 26 March 1994 1 his proclamation allows for three types of Sorest management stats {national}, reg'nnai. and private. Private forests may include not oriy I hose managed by individual parsons, but may also by peasant associations or any association of individuals; Thus, a private forest may bo an individual forest, a community forest, or a forest ownsri by a private investor. proclamation no. 94/1994, CSE and FFafj propose the need for conservfilinn gf the existing forests arid the importance of expansion of forest cover of lhe country These provisions have significant cciitnbuiion in carbon sequesuotion and substitute management However following completion of lhe EFAP work began lo draft a national forest policy This drafting process nns taken many years iinr! is nor yet completed. Over the years several versions of ihu forest polcy have been drafted Similarly, it 15 the Government's aim mat such policies, strategies, and plan's are prepared al the regional levels 1.2 2 Land Use Pol icy/Proclamation Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Rural land ArJminislrahon and Land Usr? proclamation No 4S6/20G5 is tha recent proclamation related te land use system of lhe country The ni.m- provisions in this proclamation, which is related Id torest resources ccnseritetian and land-use include (1) me importance of developing a guiding lane use master plan, tn) development ol annual crops on rural lands that have slopes between 31 €0 percent may be allowed only through maxing bench terraces; {mJ rural <ands having slopes greater tfian 60 percent, shad .ml 5 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with intercontinental Consul hints and Technocrats Pt t. lidArjo Dedessa Trngadwi k’roject Forestry — - be used for farming and free grazing; they shall be used for development of trees, perennial plants and furage production; (iv) area closure of degraded lands; (v) the importance of gully rdiatmlilalion, and (vi) the need for wetland biodiversity conservation are some of the regulanon included in the proclamation, which could support the maintenance of forest cover and improvement of land management which may serve as carbon dioxide sink 1.2.3 International Conventions Ethiopia is party to a number of important international conventions relating to forestry and environmental issues. These treaties include, among others: the Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Convention tn Combat Desertification Elhiopia is receiving donor assistance to help meet some of its treaty obligations. The most significant protocol 10 data has been the Kyoto Protocol, tabled al the December 1997 meeting ol the Third Conference of Parties in Kyoto. Japan. The Kyoto Protocol proposes 10 set legally binding commitments for emission reductions for the so-called Annex -1 countries {the developed countries and the Eastern European countries of the former Soviet Bloc) to levels relative to their 1990 levels The protocol identifies three possible 'flexibility mechanisms" for countries to meet emission reduction targets. ioint implementation, a clean development mechanism (CDM), and emission trading CDM would allow for carbon sequestration and storage investments in reforestation. ?n afforestation and m reducing deforestation to qualify as emission reduction credits by the investing countries. UNDP, UNSO and other donors, for example, are assisting with regards to the Convention to Combat Desertification. 1,3 Forest Resource in Qromiya Region The Orormya Regional Slate (ORS) covers some 370,000km'' forming a broad tract across southeastern, southern, southwestern and western Ethiopia. It is a Region of incredible ecological and cultural diversity, ranging from arid to semi desert in the lowlands inhabited by transhumant pastoralists, to montane loresis with high rainfall inhabited by bush fallowing agriculturists. The population was estimated in 2000 by the CSA to be 22.354 million The details ul population for different Zones with the rural and urban distribution and density of population ol the Region are available in Table 1.2, These figures show that some 98 percent of ihe population lives in the rural areas. 6 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 1n Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. r cdAi J i Hcdcssa Irrigation Fi oj ;c t forestry ■» — Maj 2007 Agricuflure In Iho Highlands comprises mixed cropping and livestock production with centals p/cdwTiinajing in rhe Eastern and 1he Norin Central Highlands and the Rift VaHey. and mixed onset, root crops and oarears in lhe South Central and Southwestern Highlands. In the Harerge and Southern Lowlands extensive paslnraiism occurs, whilst in the tsetse infested Abay and Western Lowlands shifting cereal cultivation is found. With rapidly increasing population, cultivation is expanding. Marginal and steep lands are increasingly being brought under cultivalmn, leading to accelerated sort erosion, arid to dacl nmg and more vanabfe crop yields. Expanding cultivation is laking place ar the expense of communal lands on which most woody biomass resources are located, leading 10 a decline in these resources. Regiorally, biWueis provide 99.5 percent of the total {rural and urtu.il domestic energy supplies, with 81 percent derived from woody biomass, 4 percent from crop residues, 14 percent Iron dung 3nd I percent from charcoal However these Regional figures conceaf consrderab'e focal variations in both supply arid consumphpi in addition, there are temporal changes in these patterns in the face of declmirg stocks nf wood fuel ar nJ lhe increasing opportunity costs m its cailaclicn or purchase Large areas of woodland, shrubland and grassland characterize Bate and Bnrena Zones Significant percentages of forest are also lound m Lbese Zones The next two Zones have extensive areas at shrubland and grassland out hitte or woodland They a.so have significant percentages or rock, The remaining two Zones dI lliubabor and Jimma arc the Zones with Uie highest percentages of nalural forest in the Region. Annex 1 shows Zonal ignd use and land cover of Orwniya Region. Hirmrd Upland Broadleaved with Anmgena dominant forests are found in greatest extent »n the lllubabor and West Wellega Zones They arc found between 1,500 and 2,000 masl. Mean annual rainfall is between ?w and 2.MJ0 mm and mean annual temperature between 15 C and 20 C, l hey become more diverse in species from cast io west (i.e with increasing rainfall) and wilh decreasing allrtude p.o. wilh increasing temperature}. Forests in the Barn catchment are thus florisliraliy richer than in the Omo catchments. Four strata can be generally recognized. The highest stratum is formed by trees 30 to 50 m high, the most important of Which are Anmqena adoffj-fr.edenci, Ficus spp. and Syzygium gumcense Below this lfi a dense simium of tree 18 to 25 m high with a wide range of species The third stratum of small trees Wat fir Works Design & Supervision EnterprisT In Assoclntum wjdi Intercnnrlnejiial Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjc Dedma Irrigation Project Forestry Table 1,2 Zonal pop-ulatrcm distribution in Dromiya Region (2000) May WW Zone Rural Urban TolBt Oensity. Tolar area 7 {p p.km ) DeiWly Arabia area <P p.km) Cover 111 trtrcKr 1 ------ Rural _. Alii 2,352,123 290.082 2,643.005 99 181 60 99 Urban 11 0? ! — -r ■ ■ -■ - | Bale Ekirena West Hfrfflrgu East Marcrge lllubabar f Jimma West Shewa | -______ J East S hew a North Shewa WhsI Wtfiega 1778.502 175,146 1,453.648 -- 1703,378 1,511,360 19 !■_ -J,-.-. 34 34 87 95 <2 05 —-------- H 1.527.450 175.927 1.352.506 t20 051 89.67 10 33 - 78 471 91.47 0.53 2.036,319 131.739 2.169.567 ----- - --------! 00 538 93 93 - 6.07 — 901.379 107,910 1 ,009.298 55 ______ 77 69 31 10 69 2.081.782 255,911 2.337.693 2776,817 112 161 204 89 05 L________ _□ 10 96 , —rr 2.473,058 303.759 597,269 115.932 .________ 113 1,439.693 1 259.84$ 1.682.906 2.035,981 1.375 829 I m 182 89 06 10 M 70 50 29 32 178.120 1,841 03J 186,476 1.496 802 109 70 227 91 57 8 43 94 go 32 9 66 East weitega 1.310 406 ------------------- J 59 90 FtaipOfial 19,705.474 2,648,008 22,3 54.4 R1 161 87 &4 >? 46 BR 15 1 I 8 1.3.1 Deforestation Deforestation has been a concern in Ethiopia at least in certain localilies - for a lang lime Informal ion on the extent of forest cover and deforestation rates vanes depending upon the source of dala and type of analysis Historical iniormatiori on the forestry coverage «n Ethiopia is limited. Some observers have estimated that at one time, high forests covered 35% of Ethiopia, and high forest and savannah woodlands combined covered ,i total of 66 percent In th? early 1950s, high forests covered 16 percent of the land Sy 1he early 1960s it had dropped lo 3.6 percent, and 2 7 percent by 1989. In recent years, deforestation and degradation has been focused io the south-western part of the cooniry, where the majority of rhe remaining natural forests are located. Tins deforestation IS being driven primarily by agricultural expansion - through commercial agriculture. coffee and tea plantations, shifting cultivation, and settlements Other causes of deforestation include luetwood collection, harvesting oi construction materials, wildfires, growing Human and 9 Water Works Design & Sopervislun Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants aud Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.Arjfl DedEssn Irrigation Project Forestry May 2DD7 livestock populations and inadequate -ncenhves to conserve or enhance forest cover, rhe study to detect change was conducted using Satellite images from 1973-76 with those from 19S6-90 and this has shown that in the mid-1970s, natural high forests covered 4.75% of the country, whereas 15 years Fatsr, it was found out ihat only 3 9% of Ethiopia was forested 1 hus. the deforestation rate whs calculated to be 163,000 ha per year (Reusing 1995}, According 1o the detail study made on lhe southwestern forests of Ethiopia, deforestation and the degradation of the natural resources is a serious threat for rhe last forests in south west of Ethiop*3 From 1971-1997 almost 50% of the area, which was once completely covered by natural high forests was deforested »n this time, rhe overall result has shown that in most NFPAs of Ethiopia forest stands have been degraded or even completely deforested. Therefore, t is advisable, to concentrate the development of management plans as a first step on those NFPAs. where natural High Purest are still existing. In a second phase, a follow-up has to be done at me remaining NFPA's with the objecrives to rehabilitate those areas where Natural High Forests were once exisling. 1,3.2 Effects of Deforestation Decrease in lhe lores! cover m Ethiopra have been linked io degradation of fertile land declining land productivity, toss cf biological diversity, shortage of fuel wood, construction materials and other goods and services provided by forest resources. Expansion of doserlificaiioo throughout Ethiopia is another consequence of forest destruction, which is fallowed by frequent draught and famine. Considerable research has been undertaken in Ethiopia to estimate land degradation and soil erosion, particularly in the mountainous regions and losses of lop soil in some areas, where fuelwood is in short supply, many rural people use dung and crop residues (biomass) for cooking fuel, which then may reduce soil ferlmty and grain production. Where increased iree planting has been taking place recently in certain locations, and with changes in fenu^er subsidies, more fanners are leaving dung on their fields and crop residues are being increasingly used for animal fndder 1.3.3 Forest Resources Management Systems Water Work si Design 4 Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Censultanu and Technocrats Pin Lid. 10.. rj ft Utdcssa kricadflit Pmj ecf Forestry_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ May 2007 cases, these plantations were formerly established through cooperative labour, employment generation schemes or Fooddor-Work programmes. Communities have been given the responsibility 10 develop, protecl and utilize the plantations. Thoss cammuniltes. however, have not been provided with an appropriate orientation on the objectives of these plantations For many of lhasa plantations, it -s not clear whether they will be strictly protected tor conservation benefits, or whether some selected harvesting of products (grass, timber, firewood, etc ) will be possible 1.3.6 Individual Forests and Tree Planting i he third kind of forest management is individual ptantmions. such as woodlots, agroforeslry and trees for wind breaks planted by the household members or by groups pooling labour resources. The iarmers have long traditions of conser/ahon and cultivation of frees around homesteads and around farm plots. Howev&r, ihe long experiences of lhe farming communities u Lhe development of vegelauon and efforts made by the government could nol bring significant improvement in the conservation and development of the forest resources of the country. 1.3.7 Area Enclosures for Ecological Restoration Over lhe past tew decades, much work has been done in different areas of Ethiopia. Io promote rehabilitation of degraded areas. A common approach has been to close specific areas lo grazing and other forms gf use, io permit natural regeneration. In some cases, soil conservation measures, such as soil bund or enrichment planting, have been undertaken Generally such activities have been earned oul by lhe Male, through Fooddor-Wtxk or Employment Cseneration Schemes, or by locafl communities. 1.4 Objectives of the study 1.4.1 Main Objective conservation of soil and water of the calchme-nts. Water Works Design &l Supervision Enterprise rn Assulaiten with Intemntiitentel Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd 12IIIIIIIIIIBB""""-Arfa Dedessa rrrifaiJWi Project Forestry 1.6.1 Literature Review May Relevant filnrMs. documents, amJ fleets having direct or indirect rofoton to the topic have been reviewed thoroughly. These included the following besides others. * Woody biomass Inventory and Strategic Finn Project documents izOdZ).. . Assessment end Monitoring of Erosion and Mdlnwniauwi Problems in Ethiopia by Ministry of Water Resources (2002); . Monitoring of Natural High Forests in Ethiopia by Reusing (1SEMS); ant! , Ethiopian Forestry Action Program (E FAP), MOA (1954). 1.6 2 Field Assessment As a part of the oyeraid study's component eighteen cays held assessment of talermam area was conducted and information was collected on land use system, vegetation situation, forest conservation and devefopmem activities and overall biophysical features ol the catchment ar.d command areas. 1.6.3 Visit to Institutions Relevant woreda offices of rhe Bureau of AgncuHura and Rural Development were visited to identify areas covered under catchment and command areas The issues relates In watershed management and forest conserrairon development activities were discussed All updated and detail information on the client of forest resources. cteforestulron rate development activities and major problems in the management of the natural resources were collected. 1.6.4 Plan for Forest Conservation and Development Forestlands serve as an economic and environmental resource, with both, perspectives needed 10 achieve sustainable development. The economic resource includes wexjd produtis (fuelwood, lumber, building poles, etc.) and food, animal and other products from forestlands thal are consumed by humans. The environmental resources include biodiversity. wifolHe habitat, and climate proieclion. improvement of water quality and quamity and aeslheiics Watershed management provides a framework for management of such mulbple resources in an integrated manner. High quality water are usually associated with forested watersheds that are well managed and have sparse human population, few grazing animals and mimmaJ soil erosion 14 Water Works Design ft Supervision Enterprise in Association with Intercontinental Consultants and TethuMrats Pvt LtdArjcJcdflsasi, Irilga.Li.on FruJ-e^C Forestry May 20or The management af natural resources refers Io rhe development and administration of all rand resources to satisfy the needs of present and Tulare generations. The main objective of lorest management is Io conserve and develop the forests lo enhance Lh&r role for soil and watershed prelection and ecosyslems conservation and sustainabfe production of goods arm services. Forest management in the watershed areas is the man agemen I of the natural resources of 3 dram age basin primarily for the production and pro lection of waler supplies and water based resources, including the control of erosion and fioods and the protedron of aesthetic values associated with water. Thus, lilts plan has considered protection, production, aesthetic and ecological benefits of forest resources and planned for sustainable production of goods and services of lhese resources 15 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise tn Assaclaucn with iDUrronUittDtfti Consultants anrf Tcrhnoc rats JM Ltd.,;rjti Dedesss [rrlpaucm Ptijeti Forestry______________________ , , _.^.5DDif _______________________________ 2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA 2.1 Location The study area covers three zones. i £ East Wcilega. Jrurna and Hfubahgr. q-1 Oromia Resign The command area is located in JirWIia-Arjo. Adelin, Gechi Bod Lifflu Sefckil wotedas ltic mam sources ot Deddessa River are tocatad lhe highland al Jimnm zone including Gera. Sigimg. Setema u'ld Goma wgrpda and flows North East, Worth |b?n NOflh west direclious The upper pans of the catchments have been covered with natural high fore^i of Gcrj. Stgmo and Rabiyo forests. The mfddlit dan of the River is also covered with broadleaved high lnn?sL gi L mu-seka and Dedde&a woredas and the lower pads are covered wdh lowland wnoriiaticfs of Bajecha, Lunu St* a and Gechin woredas 2.2 Topography The catchment area consists ni plateaus, undulating topographies vntn Jilierent ridges valleys and steep slopes covered with fragmented forests, plantatiorWoresls coffee, agricultural crops □nd sei:;nmRnlE. There are many permanent anrl seasonal Streams or waler fOut id between lhe ridges. The soil is very much oegradod due to nrgh population and overgrazing 2.3 Land use system The land use syslem under Wpredas of Dedcssa River catchment is available m I able 2 ' Which shows Ihnt mpsl of |he catChniQiit areas are under different l.ir d uses nf whuh (he tairsl areas only cover tibout 141! This implies that most of the fands are exposed la soil erosion whicn can significantly affect the hie oi lhe .vaipr reserve.r and development of irttaaltan scheme. The upper and middle calchmcnl al this river is under great pressure dun ig expansion of agriculture with only leaving shade jtreas lor coHee rhe settlements are located on steep slopes and also lhesa areas are userl lor annual crop production without any kind of sod anti waler conservation measures. "he irr:g.iple pahs of the :owiands are recently occupied by now legal settlers who came frrzn ■he eastern parts of nm cnuniry arm inmeorr.c-r illegal saltiers The dense woodland had been cleared for seiitemeni and agncuHure The woodland also cleared tar fueiwood and house construction without any proper nunaoemenL Waterworks licsi^n & Supervision Enterprise ]ji Assoch l:l rm wl tti tn tenon rl rental Cans ulw nis a nd Ttehnnc rats Pvi I .i d, 1 Deatssa Irrigation Project - !■ Forestry Alay 2007 ■■■ I ■ ■ - in order to satisfy mast of their nscds, households rely on tend holding averaging 4 hectares or 0.76 ha per capita The land owned by the households is generally fragmented, and the land allocation reflects households' priorities in terms of production activities. Under rhe uncertainly rclaied io free tenure system farmers tend to over exploit their land rather than protecting a i.I investing in it which has indirect impacts on soil and woody biomass resources. The farmers are reluctant to plant trees on their land, as trees do nol provide benefits before several years. Agricultural practices can h3ve a detrimental effect on natural resources, when ownership or utilization rights are not dearly established. faWr 1.1 Land us* systems under Wamdas ol tne Dsdessfl River's catchment If k 1 5 □ c , « ra re & S" « 5* v * ou 1 I £ «■ „ Lifid use type Cu«ivJlwl land Fot«i1 lard Grjxinfl land hnFrjsrMicr-uffi WoivprodutllM* Watlend TcriS 1 is □ 1? I- r Si h 5' i f JgR "-r s u was 23 39 1? s™ 1* 8 h 31153 fl 390 14,002 5.S99 31 OSS 50 70 28.000 51 10 12 229 2L721 8 103 J SCO t5.2J IJ7.M3 55 08 W37 3D7 772 45 a 7 98 1D+0R 5 MJ 44.01*9 if 93 22.4 M 12 73 53.34$ ?■ 70 BCOfi r7.™ ____ 002 14 1 law 190 20-03 1M22 1,006 JO 02 f3a SIV _. 37t . IS45 1 61 W11 97 959 1? H 21 57? 3 V B.2M IS 15 973 i 71 I.J65 5 u <£H 2.tK 201 105 ID? 100 1.072 0.14 557 058 075 1 i> M.6gn 1CK1 4R 553 100 245 9101 IM 95,879- 100 -.‘.Q 114 m Sources. Woreda Agriculture Jf?d fturet Devt-taprrrOrti offices, f2M6j 2 4 Forest cover of the study areas __ _ ___ — Most of the highlands of the catchment areas had been covered with high forest covet until 1970s, lhen after the forests were highly pressurised through government settlement programs, expansion ol modern coffee plantation and Introduction or modern agricultural systems to the areas. More than S0% ol the fores' cover of the areas were lost to different land use systems anti currently fragmented and disturbed forests were remained m some parts nf the woredas There are three high forest priority areas found in the catchmenis areas which include Gora Sigrno and Babya Foresis. Table 2.2 shows the land use and land cover of the forest priority areas in the catchment, which shows that about 17% ol the forest was Converted lo agricultural land. Accord ng to the current observation made by the author iha situation is worse than in Hie 2002. — ._________________________________________ __________________________ t 7 Waterworks Design & Supervision Enterprise in Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvi. Ltd..41|d -LteilBSsa [rrijjaUbni Frtjrci Forestry — May 200-7 >—■ * Table 2.2 Und 1,1*9 and Land tifivcir of Ch* Forwl Priori ly Arfrlt □ n lht> C Mthmfrfil A/Cas RFPA Babr/a . Gera Swjmo Tolal i olal area Natural Fores? Woodlfinci Cultivated land 25,284 113.360 70.672 209.310 18,169 2,723 93,774 59.641 171,584 2,723 4.392 19.586 11.031 35.009 %oover 100 82 1 17 Source WBISPP, 2002 2.5 Socio-economic situation Ths mam sources or uimme for the study antas are agnoifere and caffes planing For (he expansion of agriculture and coffee stand Improvement, ihe high iorests of the zone h&va been ihreai&ned and there fs h.gn loss ot biodiversity of rhe areas. More than 1 I million people (Tabte 2 3) live in the catchment and command areas of the nigal on project which fs having influence on the conservation, and develapmanl of the fewest resources. The forests are the maid sources of energy, construction material and income and acts as cofftt shad© for the local people. The pressure sxsdecf by ihe population orr Ihe forest has threatened me quality distribution of water flow m the year Table 2.3 Rural and Urhfin PupuFatlon of thn Catchment and command areu wor^dl^ ' Woretfa__________ rural Urban Egb»l Badete ____________ Oedes&a Gechi LenuSeka fiorecha Gere Gomma M®nna Se'ema Siymo Jinvna-Aro Turn __________ 99,023 ■<8 l-.iij 4?.2fl6 139.653 46.DDO 32.013 239,4/9 132,200 96. raj 82.570 69.952 1.OS3.214 __ ______ 111,126 17,800 4 K6 4,816 4. bro 1,055 6,1Jjr 53.311 4.112 J.l 16 2,024 0,789 116.8J3 52,025 57.1Q2 144 47.056 as lfih 292790 i:nj ,jn? 99.90!) B&J94 78 74 1 U 94.340 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise ia Jji AsactiUQn wlrh lutercantijLNitHi Crtrtsu I tan ts and Technocrats Prt. r.rd.ArjoBetitssa trriuatlcn Project Forestry , May W? 2.6 The importance of trees in watershed management As human population increases I he demand 1or food olso increases and me pressure k? grow .more and more fend in less and fess space Feeds to a need lor more intensive and n depth study of allemalives io conventional farming lhat oould poss/bly meet This ever-increasing demand. Agrafe-rsslry, the Intentional integration of agricultural and forestry based land-use systems, provides mufi.pte benefits lhat collectively contribute Io agroecosystem sustainability. A_s part of an ecologically based land management system, agroforeslry practices can maintain ecosystem diversity and processes that contribute to long-term suslainabriily and environmental quality. Agroforestry pracbces include windbreaks, alley cropping, tree/paslure systems livmy fences, riparian lores! buffers, tree/speciaby crop systems, forest ^especially crop systems (forest farming), wildlife habtlal. and fuelwood plantations. At farm, watershed and landscape levels, integration of agroforeslry practices can transform agricultural lands into stable, resilient, diverse., aesthetic and sustainable agricultural land use systems. Agrofor&stry can sustain and improve crop yields as well as can provide a range of additional resources, which include control of erosion and sediment, multiple crops including wood producls, sequester and biodegrade excess nutrients and pesticides, can moderate micrpcJimates. and diversify habiials for wildlife and human being. By utilizing trees lor animal fodder and green manure, the Integration of trees into crap and animal systems can add substantial nulritrcnal inputs, frees also maintain and improve structural and nutritional properties pr soils through nitrogen fixation, soil aeration, and contributions i<j organic matter content and structural stability of the soil. Agrororestry is an effective and innovative means to reduce poverty, create food security and improve the environment. Scattered trees on farm arc common practice in Ethiopia arm cover a large pari of agricultural landscapes that have contnbution in the improvement of hveiihood of the rural people. The use of trees on farmland may vary according to the objectives of the plantation The mam purpose of planting irees in the command area is for wood products, income generation improvement of soil fertility, keeping water table low and (odder for animals. According to mo study of the area. I lie farmers in the low lands have substantial amount of eucalyptus for their 19 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. LtdArju-Jkdessa Irrfention Project Forestry ___________________ May 2W7 ------ '-- !WH ■—^==- ’J"? 1 * ~ - qwn consumption and income generation. Thus, lha mam focus of the future foru^-i development will be for production or food, feed and nitrogen fining spades. The forests land of the western pans of me county *s very suscenirbte lo soil erosion end nutrien! depletion due to fragile ecosystems and the accumulation of the nutdeni m the biomass rather rhnn in the soil This siluation has significant impact on the watershed nreas conservation due in deforestation, cultivation of sleep slopes and over grazing As lha number of people increases. lhe need for more land for agnculture forces ’he local communilios to further encroach ro ihd remaining wwd lands and sleep slopes. Therefore, it IS Very essential 10 undertake forestry development activities with multipurpose species to meet the needs of the local communities for rood and teed wTuch contribute to the improved managernenl of the watershed as we I as rehabilitation and sustainable production of foresl rbsourcas. 2.7 Effect of to re&ta | io n |t activities on Ecology The reconstruction ol a vegetal ion cover through forestation can develop towards an equilibrated slate of ecological stability. Therefore, ihe forestation techniques ltiai are ecologically successful are ihose closest to lhe original vegetation cover sirucluv« and diversity.- Small-scale village forestation is the plantation which covers fotel demand for forest products and markeis forest products for the benefit oi small communities and pgraforestry plantation covers lhe demand for forest products, additional income generation, upnal and sustained utilization of sqlI resources, complementery production and in tensities soil ono waler protection Table 2 4 shows the features: and uses of small scale village foreslalfon and ayrufaresiry on ecology, ,1 Fetation is rfwifled iritu iwd ij aiforesitixx. - .means Anting ire«& an areas which have boon w>1hbt|l forest cowr i« a long time (for over 5u ywrs); and 21 reforestation means regianlfng trees m awns lhai were ^cenll^<terc*ts:rd Hess than 50 yesre). Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise te As5Klatltin wiUi Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt if <j.Arjo Uedtssa irrigaUon Project Forestry____________ _ _ ___ Mayjw TabFe 3.4 Features and uses of forestation for ecological protection Description Small-scale village forestation Waiter balances and erosion control Climate Soil fertility Only racafliy edfeeSve; in combination with terracing good chance to rehab?lita1e small catchmen Is improvement of me mcnodimafo Smalhscate positive effects. could be achieved provided that erosion is stopped and nutrients are released to lhe soil by the organic matter Shade prelects the humus layer. I! structure is counter balanced Agmforeslry As 1ree are planted in steps and in strips along lhe contour line suslamabfe ■’educl-nn or runoff and erosion is achieved Tree lines serve as windbreaks Positive effects prevail, because often nitrogen fixing species are used, and negative effects possible through roc-l and light competition tievefore ihe destruction of lhe soil Species rjiversiiy 1________________] Species diversity of agriculture areas is improved through tree groups, tree strips and Small scale village and community wood-lots. Source' Frupmaf Fonrefcy Ha/ntfbooJi. ? 993 2.8 Demand and supply for forest resources 2.8.1 Forest resources According to the information obtained from lhe Woreda Agricultural Qllices about 77.630 ha of the land is covered with foresls m Bedele. Oeddessa. Gechi, Borecha and Limn Seha woredas. which is abaci 14.1% of the total land area of these woredas (Table 2.1). Forest re the mam sources ol energy and construction material in lhe area Due to lack of proper management, most o1 the forest areas on the watershed and valley bottoms are cleared and converted to agriculture and grazing 'and The farmers encroach to lhe forestlands and sleep slope to produce more food for survival. Humid Upland Broadleaved wilh Aningena dominant forests are found in greatest extern in the tllubahcir and Jimmji Zones. They are found between 1,500 and 2.600 masl Mean annual rainfall is between 7QQ and 2.000 mm and mean annual lemperature between 15 Cand 20 C Water Warks Design & Supervision Enterprise In Asswfotion with lniercontlrtRittil Consultants and Tccbrujmts Pvt. l.ul.. j u- Dedrssx i rrigaiian Project Forestry ?,Iny 2G417 They become more diverse in r pecies from east to west [i.s. with increasing rainiui.j soil -viit decreasing aliilude (i e with Increasing temperature^ Four Strato can be general^ reaped. The highest stratum is farmed by frees 30 to 50 m high. the most important of which rue Anrri^iris adolfi-frierf^i, Fiaa spp. and Syzygium guintense Below this is a dense stratum of tree 1 3 La 2 5 m high with a wide ranfle a f s pedes. The third s iratum nt small 1 nws a nd bushes includes Gafriara cofifeodes and Coffe.v arabica. The ground s'rnuim includes APitrnymuni Ill the higher rainfall areas above 2,400 m a s. I an more gentle stopes dense thickets ol highland bamboo (Anmdmaria afptna) occur. It ra possible the I I his is an anthropomorphic sub c max caused by frequent cullivalion. There Is evidence of human disturbance ihrougl’oiil lhe area and Chaney considers ihji all ihe remain.nq natural fcresi is In facl secondary TamwaJte CombretJ/m (Deciduous) Woodlands are also found n u e higher rainfall areas, generally wWi above 700mm mean annual ramfa'l These are found the lowland valleys pf ihe Dedossa and Gibe valleys and the lowlands riubabcr. and East Wellriga, Zones. Apart Trani the 1«O dominant species others delude' Oxytenanihera abySsinicat, Etoswelha payrifara. Lannon schimpEri Anogeissus lefacarpa, and Stercosperjnum kuFilhianiirn I he msm land use systems are agro-pastoral and shifting Cultivation In addition lo natural forests, there are substantial amount of .nan-made loresis i<i the /onus Comprising different species including CiflCUiessuS /uslamca. EurJyptus spp , Graved rehjr.^fa, and some other indigenous specros 2.8.2 F o rest res blircas supply The impel frequent uses of wood housslWMa include house construction lumihire. lueiwanri and shade and farm implements. For al types of use, the primary source a< wood ie me natural forest whereas there Is a irend of planting eucalypius for income general ion and own ccinstruciion materials Seif rroltvation and acdvilres of farmers themselves as well as the use o! own nurseries comr.bole lo seif-suificiency and sustainability m the provision of seedlings These play a significant role in the development ol private forests as well as cl her important preconditions. In _______________________________________________________ __________ 22 Water Wks Design & Supervision Enterprise in AEsoeEaUon with Ititcrctmcinfintai Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Lidirjn 1 rrn^.vunn Frolic Fores Try___ _ ___ __ _________ W zc*; .idrtti™. ..wareniiss programs on p'.ii -ihon objeClrofis. ItWMt rnar Jgument planning and tones! resources utiftzalinfl wilhm me communlly is another route in developing seif-sufhcitnty and sniUun.ibility wilhin the rural comr- unity. Accurd-ng to TaNe 25. there rS about 2 149,176 Ions of wood stoc* is waitable m the region for ene gy supply, out of which; annual wood yield r is about 105.330 tons There a/e some other sources of energy, which includes: crop residue. dung, gas oil and kerosene. The highest share or energy is supplied from woody hromass followed by crop residue and cow dung, Con-lnbulion a* kerosene to energy supply is very low Water Works Design i Super,1 sinn Enterprise tn AssucL'idon with IniercantiDental Consultants nnd Technocrats Pit LUArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Forestry May aWff Table 2.5 Total potential energy supply and annual energy consumption in the areas surrounding waradas of the Irrigation sue Total pc’nnbal energy supply by IubI typos Ilans) Tala! .riruaJ jural nfiwgy wnsumplZin tiybioluij* type? — — Land Rural ^ood Wood 1 tamd&Lead □n-la^m WroCn area Popn slock yield sleek yield Roundi'splil Dunrj Gai | <* | rooo lit J Kiimstm-: row nil Jrfnma-Ar>u 70,068 69.052 63&90 452494 227B& 35575 4995 67279 Bedeaa t7026B ” 99W* 22005 11469M 5*756 63469 101576 Total 0LT wtHMl Residue l_UB__ __ 20595 57B6B 5033 50775 152351 4375 0 1557 i, ■ 63 244 B 55 119 GcChi Li mu StikJ 142936 93266 13SU58 48M6 57097 fl 107 95762 45323 14 JI Ci ----- LLk— 399, 3U»0 1063273 2449176 ,05139 907E1 t_ ______ -J- —------- ---------- -A- Source s//a;SSP. 2002. 6253 4BB65 29163 7fl?w 1 27936 57 2307 1OT ---------- ■- ■ 3’ 146 392 34M 4. J 24.Irfo fledessa irrigattfiu /reject Forestry_______ __ ______________ ______ __ ______ — 2 8.3 FueFwood demand and consumption Poli&mg pfluel wt»dt consumpiinn vary widely across the Qromia Region dependir g mainly on its avaiMilHy. AwrfatiJIly afs* mFluewW Ihe 1dtnl amounl Of household energy consumed from air sources These is a weak Rjiaiiansiw between me increasing recju.remenii (or heat (for cooking and human cvnfartj with i increasing altnudu and temperacure I abr& 2 6ehows the mean annual ptir CBpila consumption of fuel wedtf Table 2.6 Weighted moan wnunl per capila rural consurrciign and '.sial ftuffil bap urban j- hid wtrad (including charcnftl as wood) consumption in QRS ZONE Rural Per capita Urban Per capita TOTAL (including Cammercial Services (Dry weigh.!} Consumption as % of region *9* 309 M1^ Kgs S’ Million MillicnM Aral tons 052 833 1.39 0 86 1.W 6 -n Ba a 366 0 64 821 1 37 0 65 i <ia 4% Bare-na Wwt Mfliwge EiWl HibKh-.-ie) IHubiiUni JiiFifiiii W«i Shew® E»t Shewa Nor|h Shck>n West WsHegi E.ist yX'eiloga REGIONAL AVERAGE 57? 095 Siu 0 86 0.97 1 6? 6% Ml 0 87 885 t 48 0 84 1 40 5% 535 1,606 1 264 599 0 89 2 68 2 11 1.00 459 0 76 1 18 i 93 8% 1.050 1 /5 1.57 281 ■J22 1 54 2 88 4 80 808 1.35 1 76 2 93 429 0.71 gsa 160 t 22 204 3*3 0.59 897 1 50 0 55 0 02 889 1 48 >,008 1.81 743 1 24 ' 064 659 i 10 —J 10%. i&% 11% a% i% 11% 7% 661 1.44 i 43 1.68 2 hi] 1 14 1 01 15.4D 25 67 AscoriJing cd Ihe sludy pf WBISPP. (2OQ2) itie highesl rural per capita rales of fuel -wcxl consumption are found in and around lhe natural forest areas of Jimma and iihjhabor Zone? where focal rates of consumption between i,3Dt} hj t.tjgg kgs per annum were reconjed the lowest rural consumption rams were n Arsi, Bala, North Shewa and E-asi Shewa Zones wIwnc annual per capita consumption rates are between 2M And 5(MJ kgs although consumption rates erf crop re&ioues were much higher (500 ■■ ZOttkgs) in the areas which are retaiwtfy wel Endowed with pn form tree resources, foei wood congumptiem jptes of between ' DOO and 1,150 kgs per annum are found 25 Water Works Design & Supervision In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Te•VJoDKdessa frrigalliin Project Fores try May 2W -■- — - - • 1 > - ■ _ - - Rural per capita consumption rates of fuel wood and other biofuels are generally tower than urban rales. Where urban wood rates are less than rural rales, this may be a reflection ol lhe increasing use of modern fuels, particularly electricity and kerosene. lhe annual per capita rales of fuel wood consumption in many parts o« ORS are below or about the average for Ethiopia, which is approximately fDDkgs (1 12MJ> per capita The weighted rural average for lhe who-Ja of the Region «s 659kgs ■„ 1 10M^} By way ol comparison annual p er c epiLa r ates i n S oulh A (nca a re r eported to be 3 bout 4 10 k gs (0 6BM3) a nd i n Tanzania 54Q kgs (0 9M Y The three mam sources of bio-fuels are the household’s farmland, lhe communal grazing areas and by purchases. 1 here is a substantial supply of fuelwood m the projecl areas (Table 2 6} which may not be true alter some times due to settlements and pressure on the forest rand lor different uses other than lorcsiry 2.8.4 Main problems in the catchment areas Increasing population and expansion of small-scale agriculture are lhe most important factors in the declining woody biomass resource base of the Ororma National Regional Stale, Large quantities of woody biomass are consumed during clearing for agriculture, particularly in lhe natural fore&l areas of lllubabor and Jimma Zones. In other parts of Oromia the smaller forest remnants arc also under severe pressure from expansion of agriculture. T^bie 2 7 shows the area under lores! during 1990 and 2000 as well as lhe expected area, which will remain, under forest during 2010 and 2015 for different Zones of the project area, ’ Leach and M«Hrrks. 1994 26 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants itnd Teuhnoctafji Pvt. Lid.ijrjft DrdE$ia frrijjritian Project Forestry May 2007 Fable 2.7 Eslrnaled nalwal forfi-sis remaming aftw claaring for agriculture fcx Zanes W4lh nalir-al fcxoM for 1990, 2000. 2010 and 2015 {in hectares} ZONE 1990 65.393 2000 2010 Ar si BMe Ekraid West Harerge EsaC H&rerge Hhjbribar Jimma WihJI Shewa Easl Shewa 36,735 29,838 2015 605 Levs 1990- 2015 35,787 loss % of 1990 55% 779.534 296,725 734,791 631,893 610,693 166,841 292.102 207 436 274.524 22.201 15.793 15.793 15.793 6.542 22% Lo$= % of ORS 4% 21% 7% 3% 22,334 29% 1% 6.119 5.768 5.768 6.768 1,351 617,799 558.009 472.463 432,643 185,156 480,270 303,456 242.861 216J56 264.114 17% 0% 3C% 55% 23% !■ 69,130 46.001 i____ ,:il_ 24.260 24.260 44,070 65% <5% 24,300 19.289 15,160 15,160 3.14Q 38% North Shewa 3592 2,346 65% West Wellcga - _____________ 122.668 Easl Weitega 72.736 TOTALORS 2,562.591 Source. WS/SPP 2002 1.246 114,141 70.627 1,244 1.246 103,203 94,04$ 57,027 38,098 20.622 23% 34,628 40% 1% 0% 4% 4% 2.198,957 1J8 7.948 1,758,992 803,599 31% 100% According to the above Table 2.7, Jimma zone has (he highest rate oi forest loss of lhe regional -rones Mowed by mutator These n.gh losses of forest resources are eiiribuied io seuicnnents (legal and illegal), expansion of private coffee piantauun and high rate of population growth 27 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise fn AswdaCrm wfih IntercDnijjfenla] Const Iranis nnd Tt^haorrais FM. LtdArjo Dedessa [creation Project Forestry 3. PROPOSED MANAGEMENT PLAN 3.1 Types of Forest Management Plan Hay 2007 All Focest Pfkorrly Areas and patches erf natural forests are getting fragmented from time lo lirne due to expansion of agriculture and settlements in the calchmenl areas of Jimma, and lilubabor Zones. These forests will lose their protection potential in shod penod of itme unless urgent actions are latten to manage on sustainable basis for lhe proleciion of the watershed According to EFAP (1994) about 40% of these high forests can be managed for production purposes whereas the rem a rung 60% has to be pul under Sind protection Io ensure the flow of nvers originating from these forests Thus. 709,000 ha from forest priority areas and 77.000 ha forest outside forest priority areas need immediate inter^enticms lo stop?minimize curreni rale of deforestation and pul under sustainable management lo ensure lhe i.onimuily of these forests The following management circles are recommended in the management of foresis and other nalurai resources of the catchment areas and areas of the irrigation project t) Conservation forestry u] Ay roforestry/Production forestry in} Forestry for Recreation Multiple-use forestry and Tourism iv) 3.2 Co nservation forestry The f orc sl can be conserved or p rot ected for wa lershed prot ect ion (c ontrol of runoll, soil erosio n, land sliding, and regul atio n of river Ho w). reclama ii<Mi of lan d (lhe impr ovement or degraded land Utrough lyrest piantiny or protected and assisted regeneration) conservation of Flora (protection of the variety of plant species and I hereby in situ plant genetic conservation), wildlife conservation, particularly the prelection of ran? o* endangered ammal species ano contribution to lhe regal al my oi the global carbon dioxide cycle. Conservation of ihc remaining forest areas can benefit lhe nation in the conservation of generic resources of coffee, different plants nnd animals that are known and not yet known species. ___________________________ _______ _ . _______ 2* Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise in Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.Arju-fledESsa Irri^atlM Project Kmesiry____________________________________________________ gj»7 _._ !!■ !£■■■ Ml —— ■__ — “ - ------- -------------“ ■ 1 3.2.1 Objectives of the working circle i’li&fallowings are [he mam objectives cd working crrtfe: ■ To minimize ihp further expansion of agricultural land lo lhe remaining forest and pul lhe forest under sustainable forest management; ■ Prelecting me remaining forest for soil and waler coriswvallon, wildlife hpbitaL. elc. • To involve the local communities in Iha management of forest resources a rd benefiting the communities 2.2.2 Components of the activates The main cDinponoms of activities under working cycles are as follows (i) Parlhcipa Lory bDuhdar y demarcation a nd management plan d evelopmcbt The activity will be carried out In Lhe CFjfahmenl ureas to halt forest depletion and lo minim i/f SCd-imenration In the dam and improve soil and waler cunservalPDn with full perbuipation of H 0 locat communities All lands having slopes greater than 35% will be identiherJ and demarca en 10 reSiriCl human intervenlion withDul rnnoagempnl plan. Natural regeneration wd' be encouraged in mnsl areas accompanted Willi enrchmenl planlmg About 77.000 hg of farcsls which are scancred, ariover ths inducted worad^s will be rehnbiltlalert and about 200,000 h3 of lhe faresl priority areas will he demarcated. and ,i-jI under management on sustarrrabte basrs as well as necessary organvaiicniHi sirudure will be esiaohshed for efficient and effective conservation and development of lhe forests fu) Estabfahment ano Nursery About 10 government Nurseries. having lhe pmduciion capacity of 1 o million sesdkogs each will be cst^uiishcdirefiauitiiated for each woroda lor lhe supply of seedlings iq ;he caichmprit areas. Also. 20 small farmers' nurseries win be established Hi rough technical and maieriai suupbfi of the projec; Water Works Deajgn & Supervlstaa Enterprise — 30 In nSSuctJdujE wjili IntercontinEjnal Cresultaels and Tech liberals PfL l.M,Arp Dedessa [rritfaLlflfl Pi'ajcct Forestry (iii J Production of seedlings May 20117 Different seedlings having multipurpose will be produced m government and fanners nurseries IL is planned io produce 10 million seedlings every year in government nurseries over 4 years to rehabilitate the degraded high forests and for enrichment planting. Technical and material support will be given to the farmers to produce 10 million seedlings al tree frun trees and fodder species for therf own consumplujn and as a means of income generation (iv) Tree planting Dilfereni frees having conservation, food and feed values will be planted in I he watershed aroas by the government and lhe local communities Areas w>th steep stape around Ihe reservoir Will be permanently kept under vegelalion and grass cover io minimize the soil erosion from those lands and inflow of soil into the reserv&r from the surrounding areas About 1&, 000 ha Will he planted by the government and fiQD ha uy me communities on the catchmen! areas and surroundings of the project over Ihe (our years period. Controlled use ol fomst products can be allowed from less steep slopes. Farmers can use their own plants from their agroforeslry plantations. 3.3 Agroforestry/Producticn forestry Agrokxesfry i s a collective term covering atl land use systems in which Irees&r shrubs arc grown in association with crops, pasture or livestock, m a spatial association or a rotation, and in which there are both ecological and economic nleractions between the trees and other comoonents it is Ihe presence ot ecological interactions between trees and crops which is llwr distinctive feature of agroforeslry. The ecological interactions lak& ptace mainly via the microclimate and soil. Examples are conservalton of water for crops oy shading or tree leaf fitter, and recycling of nutrients to soil via tree root systems and litter Another Feature of agroforeslry, and one, which lends n great potential, is ihe capacity to yield forestry products from agricultural lane, at me same as maintaining, or even enhancing, crop production By ihis means, the pressure for lorest encroachment is reduced The ma|o< products from multipurpose tree in agraforestry systems am fuetwood. small limber, tree fodder and fruits The most important service function is that ot soil conservation, including both control of erosion and maintenance ot lerihly 30 Waterworks Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association wldt InLerconlinentai Consultants rindTecturmcmts Pvt, I,rd.irip Dcdcssa irrigation Projerl Forestry___ _^^ >' jP*?? . . _. = a rt-.nre are aboul 19 agrcfMestry technologies, defined as dishnctive arrargemenis of trees wlh ucps in space and lime. These are: [if AgrosilvicuJIural-trees with crops; • Shrill ng cultivation • Improved tree fallows • Eaungya • frees on Crop land • plan lation crop combi nations ■ muftysforey tree gardens • hedgerow intercropping (alley cropping) • boundary planting • trees on erosionncontrol structure • windbreaks and sheJlerballs • biomass transfer (free hIler mulching) (ri) silvQpastoral (trees with pastures or livestock) • trees on range lands or pastures • free crops with paslures • live fences • fodder banks (iii) tree component predominant • woodipis wilh multipurpose management • reclamalion forestry leading to muitiple use (in) other components p'esenl • EnlcMnororestry (trees with insects) ■ Aquaforeslry (trees with fisheries) Combining these with choice of ptanl species, spacing and management leads to many I hoi. sands of agroforeslry systems, This range offers wide opportunities 1o< choice m the selection and design of systems to meet specific problems th al is in the conception stage of the process of diagnosis and design. 31 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association wilt Iplercentlnental InnsuHants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.Arju Forestry trrigalio n Project 3.2.1 Objective of the Agroforeslry Tha main objective of the egroforwtry is iho production of fond, fodder fuelwood, construction materials, windbreaks, soit and water conservation, soil fertriiy impruwnieni and protection ol (he environment 3,2-2 Components of the activities The main componenis of Agioforestry an as follows: (i) Establishment of Nursery F ghl nurseries will bo established and/or rehabilitated .n Bedeie GechiP Jimma-Arjo arc! L.rtiu Seak.i Woredas with the production capacity of Di50 million seedlings each per vejr for lhe pradudkjri of di lierent tree and fruit species IO supply in [he commjnil areas. (nJ Production of seedlings AbuUt 16 0 million mulHpurpose seedlings will be produced m the four years period to be uismbuled m the command areas and the surroundings for the production of food, fodder fijefwood, fodder, feed, and microclimate improvement Nitrogen fixing species v/illbeQ'ven due consideration for the improvement of land productivity and lead supply to ine animals (Hi} Planting All SHdMng* will be planted by lhe farmers around Pieir homwsleaus, woodlots, on farmland h and at Windbreaks. About 5700 ha will be planted with diiferent species for SOM and waler conservation and other goods and services 3.4 Forestry for Recreation and Tourism Where reatafion purpose is comuiried wiih pt^t&rvaUon it provides a source oi income from the lAnd. Tourists like to walk, play, nde h<wscsP sail tro^ils and camp, m scenic Surroundings and under serfs conditions There are conskJerabid opportunities io widen such facilities m conjunclujH wim cobseivaiiDn foresiry, if fire hazard and other aspects of protection r.nr bu ensured The proximity of the dam site io different zonal towns, natural foresis and different landscapes. In.s sue Jius a great polonlLal fat ecolourism promolion. Existing of different hot spring, lhe dain area and rhe surroundrrg areas can be developed as recreational silo Rehabilitation of (he 32 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Put. Ltd.Arjo Dedessa liTtglltiwi Project Forestry May 2IW surrounding highlands and covering with trees, construction o! trails, ard arrangements -of different facilities can attract local and International tourists to the area. Organization of different folk dancers, ail I oral antiquities and handcrafts can be the means of fob creation for lhe local youth and generation a! income For households. 3,5 Multiple-Use Forestry Multipfe -use forestry management is the management of forests with the intenhon of meeting two or more major objectives simultaneously• On some land, it may be possible to combine carefully controlled harvesting with protection forest, whilst al the same time permitting removal of non-wood forest products. A productive or otherwise actively managed forest is less liable to suffer illegal incursion The combination ol wood production with forest grazing is another example. Other cfear opportunities for multiple uses arise In combination of protection or conservation forestry with controlled use of recreation The catchment areas, especially, the remaining high forest of Sigmo and Batnya can be used for watershed protection sources of organic coffee and gene pool, honey production and other forest products under controlled harvesting These forests also have significant role in environmental protection, biodiversity conservation and ecotourism. Tne animals of the local communities can take shelter and feed with proper cane Lo avoid damages on the regeneration and saplings 3.6 Species Composition Heterogeneous species composition promotes stable forest ecosystem and ensure the prelection of watershed. Propagating huge monocultures often risks the stability of the stand Before a definite decision is taken on one or more species, me following pa i ts should ba carefully analyzed * They are less threatened by pests and diseases; * They take better advantage of the site, e g a combination of light demanders and shade species or shallow rwimg species and deep rooting ones, * They allow the consideration at small-scale site differences and the choice of more site specific species. 33 Water Works Liesign & Supervision Enterprise In Association Ith Intercuniincnul Consultants and Tctbritrfrats Pvt. Ltd.Arja Dcdessa Irrigation Project Forestry ■ * _________________ ■ ■ — May 2507 -____ - T • They have different end uses and assure versatility and flexibility when confronted by market changes. 3.7 Species Select!an In many cases, species selection directly determines the success ol the plantation activity. For species selection, whether large-scale industrial plantation or small-scale multipurpose tree plantation, a limited sat of criteria apply m varying combinations. These are site suitability, physiological requirements of the species, requirements of the local population and marketing. Therefore, based on the objectives of ihe plantations and site suitability lhe loliovnnq species having different use (Table 3.1) are recommended lor the forestation of the 'watershed and command areas: 34 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with [ntcncontlntflin] ronsnfoints and Teclmocrats Pvt. ltd,■ ■■■■■ IIIII11III1IIII ArjuDedejisa ] rrijj.LUon Project Forestry Tabla 3.1 R&comnriended sp&cles for plating May 20P7 Na. Spec i el Prpwciiofl mSflii/a UM25 Sa-v limber FuBtaocd FtidCJur N-lixing h— - I i I':. *, SimCl 2 ■4 5*ii*innfl ■3 - AQhz.a ■jurjiitefa 8 A't.z/j touibr-^ 6 ^Jixzia sdiiffipGWjnj r 4^.cd.**e$ cfirrndAaJd [fl X ... ... i —1 F'ratartcin diners XX X X X X ie-2s X X X X X X X X X X X X * X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XX Arufltfo du-naj? 10 ■1 12 13 1-1 —15— 16 17 IB 1!? 20 A/.Hftrac/ita MfdiCa 5-1B 6-ifl XX XX 35 ■■! iJISr.'ri^ilU Cerrn aAcana X X X 7 X X X X X X X X X X X Cbnfaa X X X X X X X X X Crplar? m jcresitocA, s X X EAtftwvw iqwM E/itfldto db ■ UM1 AT<i F.’r^rvid dP.liMWa FticaCjifyi c»ii7id^u^iTS«s E j.QMkji'es x SX X ..X XX 1Q-Z2 X X 1O-44} X X 21 Fupfxytna uande/aOn.re ' 22 (jffilAJTM fciiusf.i j_______ 23 He’X'nwii ii-iJi ssinica 2-1 Ju/1«. Witt proev.’S 25 ; I’i.-.iis-jj .'e^T-.-c. *" i- f in^J--- ■■ 2fl .Wefis 54D X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XX X -X XX 27 Sa •Wifit/rr.d X X X Qipa dtiro/roi X XX 29 Pherwr reeftnara 30 P/trfiUS Atrffln.i 31 Podarj^ jS to Lai'll . “J X .X X ———-^—■----------- ' y X X X X X X XX XX X X jjj R/xare-nus St>siianyj se5t»*rj‘ X X ■X X rsT ' S ri i/AHMraSt? X L JS £lt?4 •Jir7i5JU*S lJL . ■X X XX 35 Water Works Design £ Supervision Enterprise hi isspriHNiiri with tniurtonunenia! Consultants mTe<?tun>cr3.cs Frt. Ltd.hj 3 fl e Ji’s ta li dj.nfijn pj -;a* t Forestry ______ Mar ZW 3 7 Summary of Aclivitiu-s .■ .' fl ur j«Kiir pwiort for# ■ uKfWIlK n mil •4evr Jk>Cim* lii| prQfffiCl. 10 slate and 10 1 , i u irr.r'f ■ nurs-nas wi I ht: •jM.itihshed |.i pnxfuco 56 rril’.i-.-n ‘■i^‘di nq^ Ttie<e seedhrnj'- i-.- Lliiinl hj.AiWlJii rr-h|ij.-fairs inresls uro rawly pLviicd b/Jha lancers. whereas The /.-•p <.fcipe nrirtirrwrn r-J.uihni md hwth-f JWIeS are pl.iilfaf !jy lhe IT i , ’ r AiU-rsh.jd ,|J1£| hlKhVBTSlIy CnrWJiVdtMXI TH” kJkJrwing physical d-rl-dli-.-s Al bv i. o.-inpli£hflt| over fciur years project period i n i Nursery E stablnshnuml/rnhi ibiiifnlmn * Statu nursery * f-iirrFw»f\ nursery nip Snndbrwj's proclucliori HUI J-'L|ri|jn<] 3.8 Summary of Investment 18 10 Hi million seedlings 16.800 ha The total estlrnjlr-ij Tor the mar.H/eiTWU of lhe luresl lor four years is jboul Bar 41 62 mii-bon |USD$ 4 rj4 million) This rTwjney wll be used lor nursery estabhshmem. saedhngs production and planting anti rjmer expenses such as purchase of transport lacdifrps s-ilriry, and running cusis rhe fulki-.vriii are the summary of expenses lor lour years {') Fyresl Boundary demarcattfln and inventory Birr 3.0 milton (USDSQ 35 m 11 ■ (II) Forest management plan preparation Birr 0 3 m.llMn (USD3 0 D35 m-H (IN) OtfiCedield equipintmls and vehicles Birr 4 0 million (USDS 0 4 7 mdi > (<v) 1 nlras If uchjrtr dev elupmenk (Office, access roads, ate • 0rrr2 5 mllton iUSOSO 29 mill) l«> Nursery eslatylishmentfrehabdilation Birr 1 dmiilion (USD$D Jim ii ■ (Vll Seedlings production Birr 1 1 J rniDion USDSt 3m li <VI») Planting Birr 165 million .USDS1 91 m.'l ■■ Ivlll) Nursery tools and planting riMleruls llirr 0 72 m 'll .on 1USOS1? CH (1.0 Administration cost B.rr i C n-.ii.cn ,USO$i? 19 mm T ol j I investment cost Birrjl.62 million[USD$4,S4 million) Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In IssurliHlcn InterrounncnLtl roftMilcints and Tevbncernu IM. [ niAdo Ufdcssa JrrJ^atlDii Project May 2W Forestry ftlQ following assumptions were used in lhe calculation of the investment cos! of the project: (0 Nursery Establishment Birr TOO. 000 per nursery (ii) Seedlings production Birr D.2 per seedling (hi) Planting Brrr IDOO per ha (M Nursery tools Girr 50,000 per nursery IV) administration cost * salary for one fores! officer (Birr25<lO/morMh and 5 nursery technicians Birr SDWmonth) * vehicle (double cabin) Birr 500.000 * other running costs Birr 4D01000«!year 37 Water Wnrics Design & Supervision Enterprise tn Association wJtii totoruontinecial Consultants and Tfc h inr rats FM ltd.Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Forestry May 2007 ZONE Annex 1 Zonal land u$e and land cover of Oromiya Reg Area Cufl?, Fcxeii Planin i on Woodi ShfubJ. GOwl Afro-alp Swamp WoLcr Roo. soil Arg* or urban 2 402.232 1.265.166 65.393 15.271 113 438 450.116 365 394 52.255 5552 18.632 22.--.3y 3ui*fcn;j $ 823 808 118 B84 7,259 0 502,04-2 419 434 7Qfi 77*; IP IE* Wesi Harecge 1 776.336 357 777 22.334 6 559 404 527.927 779.534 10 022 1 382.163 2.197,073 5 631 771 2 707 71A 15.764 660,932 3 650 1.010 442 ♦a1 •» U 3 0 1 533.0K i.ss'.soo 370 554 8,119 256 7.039 1.055,611 649.466 0 fl05 0 0 do.720 M3 95,072 284 Eiiil Marer-fc IIIUbBlMN Jimma •Veil Shewn Eas1 Siiewa ■ 'A’etlivui — TOTAL 1 636.304 608 97$ 617.799 1 1 !4 374.177 130 34B 179 724 o' 269.839 o 34.315 0J0 3.BB0 919 714 480.270 Q 276.346 0 177.550 6 0 0 0 0 • 404 42ft 780.760 24.300 6.567 70.271 229,604 162.953 2 196.972 1.589.575 69.130 10.062 24.006 195.771 305 959 9016 10 932 2.340 0 13052 113.5M 1 157.920 7M.B7Q 3.592 3.435 20494 82,226 230 455 0 0 0 1 fi-3 2,309 4*j n46 2 362.096 1.250 875 122 668 464 975,453 0| 0 0 12.63Z 2.227.036 B2 72 726 i.304 932 740 163,373 150.272 0 19.468 29,984 36 30 1 ------- 1 35,961,996 9.671.458 2.562,591 62.770 9rB23,163 7.750.422 4.253,900 180,155 137,353 260,500 1,192.288 0 Source VYBISPP surveysand GlS (20D2J Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise in Assouanon i*itb luicrccmUm-uial Cvasuluuns ami TorlMkicraLv IM l.td. SBAnnexure - 5 ENERGYArjo-Dedcssa Irrigation ProJett Energy TABLE OF CONTENTS.,... May W Table of contents ...^— I LIST OF TABLES list OF FIGURES..— rnn I Bill IBBB1 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 11 111 IV 1 WTRODLJCTrON.... tv IBAll fMBIlJ 1.1 The L isw: BETWEEN IRRIGATION DEVEL DEMENT ANO ENERG* 1.1.1 The atyvchve of rhe irogahofl project I T.2 EctMWfTWG Brtd SQCrAt »fWt nKTUrTOmenfS 1.1.1 Eaerpy Ax eeanonne wf sopai swvws. t. T.4 hnpaci of The im^afxxi project off emxpy mupprtas t 2 Project background . i«■■ ri ■ ■ —■iiib.i-tr—j 111. f.2.1 Locafron 3 2 2 PpportHron r 2.3 Tppopraphy r 2.4 Crtrota 1.3 Objective of the stud* t 3 1 Qtyecfiw of rhe proper F.3 2 Otyecfrw of Jhe study 1 4 Mt THCtXMOC-r* T 5 Scope 0* the studv 2 THE R ESOURCE 6 AS E_,.._.................................. 2 1 SCC-O-EC0*CAAC CHARACTERISTICS 2 f T PfipOtefrCH? 2 1.2 Wjlfcrspppty 2 f 3 Hnarth swvice 2 ? 4 Edtrcafaxi 2 2 Natural resquacfs 2.2 J CWate 2 2 2 Land cover ano /jntf uSo 3. ENERGY DEMAND IN THE PROJECT AREA .. 11 Data CdLECltfN 3.2 Households. rvrti.iu F?tlV»IBM- Ft FT*I 1 f / / j 2 2 3 I r 3 3 3 i -I •Illi 1 d ft ft fl ft 7 3 2 T tV'.r.ma KebeJo irc bftiu Sefcg WfredB 12 7 Mepnuj K&Nito an Botfeto Mtarvda 3 2.3 AppfllgvAe hpvsehaAJ erwgy rgo Jdirophwr 3 3 AhRiclII ruAE 3 4 Agro-industry 3 5 Social services 3 5 ? Wafar 3 5.2 Hearth 3 5 3 Etfucangn 3.6 Demand wj.ectiOn 3 6 1 Scope gf eeafysu 3 S ? BaW /Ytacfof tflpuLE 4 ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE PROJECT AREA it GENERAL 4 2 EkOUASSentRO* J 2 T Woody hHxnass 2^ .35 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Association wlih iDltfruUiUtil ConsuImu(a and Technocrats Psi LtdArJcDedcssa LirigatJoi] Projccl Enero 4 Z 1.1 PMiHtial Impadl pF rh* wi Forests in too ar«a May 2UO7 4.2Ll\.2 Tret pearling in Eho' 4 2? ^grKLAMiATfli' jpj/tfutt ■SffiJ ---------------------------------------- -—................ ......... . ** 4.2.3 Anumjtf dung . ------------ ---------- -------------------------------------- <MHM3R0PCMEH ........................................... - I■ 2* 4.4 Solar energy........................ -..... -........................................ -.................................... 29 4 5 WWD ENERGY .................. —....... —---------------------------- -------------- ---- —....... —•--------------MT 5. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SERVICE STRATEGY--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,—„™.3I $. PROJECT PRP05ALS FOR IMPLEMENTATION___________ ____________________ —------------ ------------- J* 4.1 0iSSEM*«TiON or EFFICIENT eromass stovF s ... ... fi.2 HOME S rEAO AND FARM THEE RUWlWS ........................... ................. ................ 37 $ 3 Solar PwOtotol wg systems for health and edlmzatioalal services REFERENCES- -41 33 3? ANNEX A. DATA FROM WEREDA BUREAUS OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER SUPPLY.............................. .. ........42 List of Tables TABcE 2 1 POPUl A1»0H in The COMMAND AMD Rf 5EHvOifi AflfAy., 2005 Table 22 la«q cca'ER tor wereoas in the Project area ..... ...................................... t Table 3,1 a Household lnErgy consumption w Iwe commaad area. 2004 i i? TABLES is HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION WTME RE 5ERY£M area. 2004 15 TaBll3 2 Laho ALLOCATION AND crop PRODUCTION- PER SETTtfR in L WkrSE»m. 2005 SEASON TaRlE 3.3 Small SCALE irrigation in ML Limu Seka WcREOa. jb*< 2006 14 14 Table 34 Commercial energy requirement for aGRculture ____________________________________________ 15 Table 3.5 AGHOPHOCfSSwG ENERGY REQUIREMENTS .N the PROJECT area TAULf 3 6 DSTIWUTlOX OF WATER SUPPLY F-Li IIITIF5 |N THE LlML SEKA AND BE DELE WERED lS^ JtM6 17 Tahlf 3.7 Energy rfouire men rs for potable WaT4A supply Tablets Energy rbquwmeots for heal nr facilities TABLE 1$ DBIWUUnONOF SCHOOLS IN THE PBOJECT WUFDAS, 2006 16 Ig jo 21 Table 3.10 Energy requirements for schools ................................................................................................................... ?l tasle3.it parameters *or analysis Table 312 key variabi.es for demand prcue-cdom TABLE 3.13 OfMMNDCUSStflTATKBJ Table 3 N DEMAhd MjCKCTiON Year LYfar I0.TF.M Juulls Table 4.1 Biomass stock and ybelD in the project wa Table 4.2 AGArCULfURAl RESCUE POTENTIAL in The COMMAND AfiF> Table 4 3 Potential dung prgouc fkjn by typ^ qf ammal ........... jj 24 TaBL E 4 4 SOLAR FNE RQY RESOURCES, J -MM* TOWN (0? 4 W. 36 SOE. 1577 MASl J TABLE? 3 TllfTfcLWLEM MATHIE DEVIlUPMLM GSLIS^ENTJIliYIASL J-A. and IMTFVTIAI FNTf fcvrMKM K THE ENERGYSECFtXK Water Works DesLgn & Supervision Enterprise rrt A5SQ<I«tlOQ WlUl [□CtrcondneulJi| CaasutUolS AOd rttbnocrats Pvt L(d. 2S JQ 11ArjD-DtdesEa IrTiRidoc Project Energy List of Figures FKUIJRE 2 1 F Fri RE 4 12 LanC CDx Ef» AND iANO US£ FmE PHQJECT 'i^Eflf DA L<M><:rfl« Pta Bill FIHJltt r Alt* Water Worts Design & Supervision Knterprtse Id AiMtillfci H-11JI latereom|n*D[*l CunsalUnci ud Tpcti n nArJdDeitess* rnlgadon Project Energy Acronyms and abbreviations May BOOT BLT CSA EEPCO ENEC-CESEN (Uaty) EREDPC ESTC GJ GW th) ha ICS kW (h) masl MJ MOA MW(h) NGO Branches. Leaves, Twigs Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation Ethiopian National Energy Committee and Centro Studio Energia Ethiopian Rural Energy Development & Promotion Centre Ethiopian Science and Teclhnoragy Commission Giga Joule (E9 Joule) Gigs Watt (hour) hectare Inter-Connected system (EEPCO's nalional grid) Krlo Watt (hour) meters above sea level Mega Joule (E6 Joule} Ministry cf Agriculture Mega Watt (hour) NwvGovemment Organization NMSA National Meteorological Service Agency PJ PV scs TJ Peta Joule (E15 Joule} Phtovoltaics (solar electricity production with photosensitive devices) Self Contarned System (EEPCO's non-grid system) Tera Joules (El 2 Joule) WBiSPP Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise !□ j^EsocliUon with JmerrondneuMl CouEutlantj and Tccimgcruis Pvt LidA rJS'Uede-Esa I-rrtgatlGn Project Energy Energy conversion factors Fuel Standard unit MoFstur* Content {%] Energy content MJ/unit Woody biomass Crop residues Dung Charcoal Biogas Kerosene Oiesel Gas-obne Fuel oil IPG Electricity kg kg Kg kg rrv L L L L k9 kWh Air dry 15% 15.5 15.5 13 3 29.0 18.9 353 36.3 32.1 386 45.2 36 Souroe Ethiopian Rural Energy Dewe.'oprnant and =romolr<jn Cenler Energy Dfitobase sources ■£ fTief/ioote. 1994 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Assucladfln with FnCercojninEDtal roosultanLi and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.Arjfl Odessa JrrtfzdDn Ftd/mK Energy Report 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The link between irrigation development and energy 1.1.1 The objective of the irrigation project Waj 2007 IrfigalKJn development in I he project area will increase food and cash crop producli&n thus securing the livelihood of people that will sei He in I he area. Additional & encfits will a Iso accrue to people who will pe engaged in lbs processing, transport and trading ol oulputs from the project area, The project will provide the fallowing benefits: • increase in IdoV production. This Will ensure faod-secupty far lens of thousands o1 people who will be settled in the area • Increase in cash crop production. Surplus production of food and cash crops will result m increased incomes for farmers, development of market economy in the area, and pofanhal far exports • Creation ol diverse and enhanced emptayment opportunities lAlith surplus outpul Irom the area, employment opportunities wll increase in processing, transport, and marketing 1.1,2 Economic and social service requirements Irngation development is multi-sectoral, requiring npuls from other sectors, provid:ng inputs Id the secondary and tertiary sectors and impacting (positively and/or adversely} on the environment Development of the irrigation project will create demands for economic and social services for the population in the area The economic service requirements will include, agricultural inputs, industrial services far agncullural inputs and processing of outputs, transport and communication infrastructure and energy to run aJl of these. Social service requirements will include provision of basic social services such as potable water supply health services and schools 1.1,3 Energy for economic and social services The irrigation project will diversify economic opportunities m the area This diversification must be driven by accessible modern energy {energy for modern agriculture agro. Industries, and industries). Access la modern energy must also be enhanced to people m Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise la AssccJaasa ■■rtlh latercDoLLordCsI Consul-Units and Tertjoocracs Pvt Ltd 1Arjo Dedkssn IrrtfitlDD ProjHi Energy Report May w? I he prefect area !q enahSe them to enjoy batter social services (waler, health, education and information). Diversrfication of the local economy into small-scale Industries and services will creale employment and generate more Income to lhe people (more value added Io their agricultural output}. Such diversification will also reduce the pressure on land resources and Itiijs conlribute to suslamabte natural resource management 1.1.4 Impact of the irrigation project on energy supplies The development of the irrigation project will result in the clearing of faresis and olher vegetation in the area The development of the scheme wilt also result in mass movement or people to me area (as direct and indirect beneficiaries of the project). Since forests are a critical component of weLershed management syslerns, fores! clearing wdl impact on s-c-l and waler management m the area while mass movement of people (0 the area will create additional demands far forest products (for construction and fuel). There is, therefore, a need to plan for a sustainable balance of demand and supply far biomass energy in lhe area to secure the livelihood of thousands living within and around the prefect area. Far the biomass energy sub-sector, sustainable manegement of resources may require intervention m energy demand management, energy Substitution and enhancement of the tromass energy supply base. 1.2 Project background 1.2.1 Location The Arjo-Dedessa irrigation propel lies in the Ororruya Region within East Wellega. Jim ma and lllubabor Zones. Th* command area lies mostly in Jimrna Arjo. Lmu Seka. Bedele and Gechi Weredas. while the reservoir area is mostly in She Limu Seka. Dedesa and Borecha Weredas. The darn coordinate is N 08.52017, E 36.66778. The dam is just 1.5km upstream nf the confluence of the Oedessa and Wamg rivers. The potential gross command area is 17.fl25ha Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Association wltb tnterconilacnul ConsuJtMts and Teebnccrats Pvt Ltd. 2Arjo Odessa Irrigation FrnJ w ct Energy Report 1.2.2 Population May W The arsa is spams ly populated There are only four rural settlements in the proposed command area (all are very recent settlements}. The people in lhe project area and those around rt depend on agriculture for their livelihood ft mixed system of agriculture and Irvestocfc production is practiced where crop production dominates in terms of conlnbul-on to output and incomBS. 1,2.3 Topography The command area lies at about 1350masi and ihe lopcxyaphy is one with gentle slopes and rolling h ills. The land cover of the icrigation area and i ts environs include woodland, grassland and cuEtrvaled land. 1.2.4 Climate Mean annual rainfall in 1he area i$ 1600-2000mm (at Badele and NeXeml respectively). Rainfall is concentrated between the months of May to October, which receive eighty percent af the annual ram The mean mqnlhly temperature is 17-20 degrees Celsius. 1.3 Objective of the study 1.3.1 Objectives of the project The devetapmenl objective of the Aqa-Dedessa negation protect will be load-security increased outputs for export and creation of a diverse local economy with sizable employment opportunities. Tp ensure that rhe scheme bnngs optimum and sustainable development fo the local economy a muili-sectoral study is underway 1.3.2 Objectives of the study The objeclxva t>1 ihis study is to recommend actions to improve energy access (rjr social services and for economic development in the project areg For this purpose, this study has evaluated energy needs and resources m the area and has formulated strategies and prefect pmposals for implementation. The specific objectives lor the assignment include lhe following - Assessment of energy service needs in the area * Assessment of energy resources and Supplies ■ Identification uf constraints and opportunities lor energy sector development ■ Recommendations far action far energy service development Water Worts Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association wlrti rmcreontbieQia] Consulutnis and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd 5Arjfr OfidpEiai Ipleadon Project Energy Report 1.4 Methodology xiy ?W7 ------- -------- ------- ■ — Th& study has been carried out through the review of published and un-published secondary data, a brief field survey of the project area, and application of an energy planning model to assess energy demands The following methodology has been adopted- i ftfivww of pubfrshed and uo publfshed reports on ffte pro/sef area. Specifically, reports from the Integrated River Basin Master Plan Studies conducted by lhe Ministry of Water Resources was reviewed for 1his purpose. ir. Primary date coftecfJOrt from fhe a/M. This included visit of regional and local authorities Io collect date on energy resources, supplies and consumption; and conducling interviews with selected key informants in lhe project area to gather dHta on energy demands and supplies. ill. Ravtew o/ reports cf other sector sfodtes for tor's preyeef iv. An enargy-pi’arvrmg mode/ is used lo anaJy^e energy demand and Supply data for the project area The Long-range Alternative Energy Planning model LEAP, is used for this purpose 15 Scope of the study The assignment has been broken down mto $.ix tasks. The mam tasks were lhe estimation of energy demand of l he papulation that wiH settle ?n the command and assessment ol tacal resources lo meet Ibis expected demand. The tasks are as follows i Review lhe socio- economic conditions of lhe area ii Review lhe natural resource endowment of lhe area Ik Assess energy service needs al present and in lhe future - Review available energy sector sludtfts • Evaluate the impacts of energy programs and projects carried out in lhe area * Identify data gaps ■ Conduct field survey to coifact current date * Estimate energy needs iv Assess energy resources in the area V Expfare sustain aole energy supply alternatives and make recommendations for energy service development vj Develop project profiles far implementation Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercunrlucn-ta.I C-ousuJtajiLs and Ttcbuocrais Pvl Ltd -lArjo Dedei« ftrrifa'UDD Project Energy Report 2 THE RESOURCE BASE 2.1 Socio-economic characteristics Mir The project area (bmh on rhe reservoir Sltte and lhe potential command area) is vary sparsely populated by new settlers Sellers began ojming into the area in 2004 following the government's initiative for food security for peojste in food deficit areas of the country. The setters originally were from the Hararge and Arsi Zones of the Orpmrya Regional Slate. The new settlers have located their living areas in the hills while they Cultivate lower areas. Family sizes m the settlements (for those who came from Hararge} are quite high at mean household size of 8. The HMters are currently engaged in cultivating crops using land aliened to them by lhe local authorities. Land holding in 1he settlements is 1 5 to 2ha per family Settlers were also provided with one ox per family. However, settlers have sbll no food security Discussions held with Weretfa Bureau of Agriculture experts during lhe reconnaissance held survey intficaled that some seders s1 ill require food arf It is expected lhal saltiers will soon be self-sulf ictenl in food production. 2.1.1 Population The population residing in the command and reservoir areas is estimated at 73,157 (wde Table 2.1) The population in the command aren number 32,904 and reside in 15 Kebeles within 3 Weredas (some partly and some fully). The papulation in the reservoir area is 41,557 residing in 15 KebCles within 2 Weredas Ethnically the population in lhe command and reservoir areas is composed of 85% O*0mo 7% Amara, and B% 1ram other elhnic groups. About halt qI the population is Mushm 4l% Christian and the rest from other religions. /i - : Atq Rural Kctafai Jkm j PoptalaLiiMa ( far *hhin : Weredi) pTujvtil area Pi^puhLiun within project area Mouwfriulih kviihirt project arra Commtftd CltutubMir llluhabar H.T.irl.; Gechs I.S22 J 17,598 L s 16.408 4 1QJ *63 4 6J34} 1.055 East Wclc.p Jima Ar jo IscKiMtir lllubibcr Baredia 6R4 Bt.SM i 914 47.604 Jimma Lcrmi Sck* Folii ii 2.7H7 Ifi5,44l 4 a. 862 25 662 E 2.395 1 9’S » ■5. J 57 14,119b ' iiMCfiT 4 'li /■L<,dlrU /zr.-jTjrftiffl PffhCtt .^■wi.'j £.rw.ini, iYrroruJ Sri.-.J\ ftyiarf .Vov JdOfi Water Works Destin i Supervision Enterprise In Asset latloo with InterermLlneatal Cmelianls sad Techoocrais Pvt. LUI 5Xrjo (rrlgaUoa Project Energy Report 2.1.2 Water supply May zee? For the Limu Seka Wereda as 8 whole rural water supply consists of 372 functional hand pumps and 12 supplying Alnago town and surrounding rural areas. In the new settlement areas (where part of the reservoir area will be located) the population ts provided wdh potable water supply from springs (18 units) and shallow wells with hand pumps (22 units). For Bedele W ereda lhe water supply infrastructure consists of 31 springs, 26 hand-dug wells. 15 shallow wells with hand pumps (9 of them currently under construction), Rural water service coverage is estimated io toe 39 percent. 2.1.3 Health service There are 5 health centers, 22 dmics. and 45 health posts in the W eredas that will be affected by the irrigation project Access to the facilities is limited in L mu Seka there are only 13 health posls for an estimated population of 177,000. Similarly in Bedele there are 4 health posts for a population of 75,000. 2.1.4 Education There are a total of 209 pnmary and 5 secondary schools -n the project Weredas These schools serve a population of Over half a million people, which translates into 209 schools for a school age population of about 100,000, 2.2 Natural resources In rural areas, local resource endowments determine the type of economic activity Types ol land. soil, water, and climate in the area determine the potential for agriculture and other types of economic activity Those in turn determine the need for energy services 2.2.1 Climate Meleorotogical data is available for lhe protect area from Met stations a1 Bedele (N08 45598, E36.35306, 2007maslj and Nekemt (N09 08686. E36.52788, 2077masl] The mean annual rainfall si Bedele « 1836.5mm, of wh ch 84 percent tails in lhe months of May Io October Mean annual rainfall at Nekemt is 2002 1 mm, of which 88 percent falls between ihe months of May and October Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Assaetadon with lotercontlnenul tomiums and Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Defctsi Irrigation Project Energy Report Kiy 2W7 The mean monthly lemperature al Bftdele is a low of 17.4 degrees Celsius in July and a high of 20 5 degrees Celsius in April For Nekemt. the low lemperalure month i$ July at 15.9 degrees Celsius and 1b* high in April at 20.1 degrees Celsius Relative humidity in berth Bedel* end Nekemt range from 43 percent in February to 08 percent in August Generally very low wind speeds are recorded In the area where al berth Bedele and Nekemt wind speeds are about Ws cr slighiry lower throughout lhe year 2.2.2 Land cover and land use The reservoir and the proposed command area are b'dh mostly cevened with woodland. Iigbtiy interspersed wrth crap culttvatioo by very recent settlers in the area Fur Ih-e Farmers, land hewing per family is I.Sha, of which lha is cuwerMly cultivated Uarze and sorghum are ojAlivgied on .a third of a famR/s plot the res I is cultivaled for oil crops (sesame and neug) and nuts. The situation about th# tand cower and lard use presented in Figure 2 I as weir as Table 2,2. The major lard cover and1 land use in Ihe command and reservoir areas are cultrvalion (25 to 52%) and woodland (31 tn 6 ]%). Table 2.2 Land cover for Worsdas in the Project area Weneda J'Mal area Ilia) ra _»■ u f U1 1 $ e □ ■g a 1 j ■1O 1 ul U> E c. i < D_ E Znrtc s 3 H. [/] 3 CJ s ■■■/: j* 1 3 lllubabor Bcdcle ITOJ88 45% 4% 0% 4 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%' hmmi Limn Seka 27% 5% 0% J7T4 D% 21% 0% 0% 0% 0% fjfubabor Gee hr M3.S36 49% 6% 0% 31% 0% 14% 0% 0% 0% Eart Wetega Dedesa 50.744 52% 7% Mi 25% 0% 17% 0% 0% tr% 0% East Wdcga Jirruna Aqn 78.068 39% 0% 0% b|% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% n% IsSjJw Derived from WBLSPP SnaicjK Plans fix Oomiya Rcginnsl .Stine. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Ju AjHcckadon with rntcictjutinenai cofljultanis and Technocrats Pvt Lrrt. 7ArJ» D«4ttttlnl£Ujaa Project Energy Report Miy 8047 Figure 21 L und cover and land use in the project Wereda ■ *■■'?■ • $. T^nu Kumtta z L*Q«rxd Cultivation ■ r- Grassland ■» Natural F orest CZ1 Plantation Woodland ----- River ♦ T owns CZ'WEREDA Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise to Association with InwrcootknEiiul Consultants andTccimucrats Pit Ltd.Arj^iDiidHfa [rrKfidoD Project Energy Report 3. ENERGY DEMAND IN THE PROJECT AREA 3.1 Data collection May 2M7 This section documents the currenl and projected energy service needs of Ute population now Irving in lhC project area and new settlers expected to settle m lha area after projad implementation The assessment is matfe for the fairowing four Motors: households, agriculture, agra-irdustry and social services Demand analysis is macle based on secondary data available for Wer&das m the project erea and a reconnaissance survey made to the area during June Secondary informal iun sources for this seclion of the assessment include the following * Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Plan f&r I he Oromiya Regional State (W&ISPP. Ministry of Agriculture. 2001), * Ths Oromiya Energy Resources Bas&lme Survey (Addis Resources Developmenl PLC, 1999}; * The Abay Basin Master Plan Study (Ministry at Water Resources. 1996) 3.2 Households A reconnaissance survey was made in June 2006 to the project area to coftecl energy demand and supply data. Two Kebeles, one on the reservoir side (Wama Ma ribo ifi Lktiu Seka} lhe other in the command area (Megmsa m Bedete) were visited. These two villages were considered representative of the population in the project area ano were also readily accessible lor lhe survey The household energy profiles for these 1wti Kebetes are presented in Bo* 3 1 and Box 3.2, 3,2,1 Wama Maribo Kebele in Limu Seka Wereda New corners from the Arai and Hararge Zones af the Oromiya Regional StaLe live in lhe area The people derive their livelihood from crop cuflivatian on a 1 5ha plot of land originally provided to them. In lhe Manbo Kettle, wood (m the form of branches and twigs) is the only source of Looking fuel rhe average household consumes T2Jrg of wood per day tor cooking. The main cooking and uses for households are boiling of marze. tea, and making d the local bread Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Asscclatfou With Intercontinental Commits arttf Technocrats Pvt. nd. 9Mo Dcdesu UTlfiUon Project Energy Report Ml? 2007 Households use kerosene lamps (wrth wicks) for lighting Oj average a tousfttoM consumes 0 1 tier of kerosene per day ^rtng. When cash is scarce households use burning fires for lighting their homes. Wood for cooking fuels is freely collected from lhe surrounding areas. Households collect wood from the scattered woodland areas in the farmlands and around the homesteads. Kerosene for lighting is purchased in the focal market at a cast of Birr 9 per liter The new settlements have high population density Their demand for wood for fuel, construction and other purposes is considerable Some problems of access to fuels are already evident (according to the Wereda Agriculture Bureau experts) Flooding of 1he area for reservoir will exacerbate the problem 1 unless, of course, they mo^e io lhe command area) Box 3.1 Energy profile fa* households m the resettlement Keteles in L>mu Seka Werada Energy profile Rural Households June 2006 Location Mjnijo village Coordinates NA Region Z«it Oiqmiya Jirrwna WercOa Ljmu Sflka Kebeie SeRleJnenj Economic activity •/Varna htaiito Scanered sehlem^t Crop Culbfufbon Land per famriy i Sha Energy demand characteristics _________________ Household size = S persons Number dt hau&eixjJds * 659 Cooking energy uw = 12 kg q< wood/day Lighting energy uit = 0 IL at kerosene*.lay 3.2.2 Nlegnisa Kebele in Bedele Wereda The population in lhe Megmsa Keoele resettled here in 2G04 from the Hararge area Each household IS provided wnh a 1 oha plot of land and an ex The people Cultivate maize sorghum and other cereals m their plots Water Works Design &. Supervision Enterprise ■in Association with tntercontliietjta] Consultants ind Technocrats Pvt, LtdArJa EMtettt Irrigation ftojwt Energy Report M*y 2007 HousEhalds are la^ (at a mMn of 7 people per family] Branthw leaver and twigs (BLTJ are rh0 iMra of cooing fuef. BLT M available from bolfi around the homBlfead and the fafimrands. The main household cooking end uses are boiling of coffee anti tea (HojfB), boil mg of grams (Nifroh in^era/bread baking (with sorghum}. Bread baking accounts to the largest share d energy consumed for cooking in the household Some households m the village reported that they u>se agn-residue (from maize and sorghum) for fuel in the dry season (October and November] . This is despite (he fact lhal at least for toe present wood is available from the surrounding woodland Household ifftwviewed during the reconnaissance survey indicated that they use Birr D 5 wodh of kerosene per night to lighting (when they have cash). At a tocal orice tri Bir* EJ per Mar dor kerosene, nightly use of kerosene amounts to 0 06 Liter per household Considering Ihe fact that these are barely self-sufficient 'armors. their cash expenditure tor hghlung is quite high Box 3 - Energy profile for hcusdhoto in th* rt$etllcmenrl Kcbcl« in Bcdclc Wtrcda Energy prufik Rural Itauscitold^ Jyild 2W» LiWirioa CoonfimiH Rep" VffnAid 'y jIEi.jjr MJS.53K] EJ6.60822 1432 m Bedcle Mr^niu S lu Lin cd ‘wdltmefn Orumiya Zone lllutatar Kettle Scflltmcnl Efinmiie C*OP <ulliLriim ACLrtilj Li>id per family 1 Jl14 LiYestocl: 1 , Ener demand ctoraHcritfici Hnuwtinld si/c ■ 7 persons Number of hr u^wldn Na Cwling enercs uic - 15kg n-f »nnd*d4y I ijjhcin.j energs uv ■ f) 06L irft<*ubcncJ.iy Water Works Design & Su ptrvls I on Enterprise bAuMtettan will rnttreflDiiutttLaJ Consintanu non rtthnwrats Pvt. nd H4rja Ik fem IffIjiOio Project Energy Report _ -T 3.2.3Aggregate household energy consumption Aggregate energy consumption for the household sector is made from energy consumption estates obtained from the field survey (above) and population (household) dale for the project area obtained from the draft final report of the socio-economic study Aggregate annual energy consumption by households now living m the area is estimated to be 61,740 Tons of wood for cooking and 515 cubic meter of kerosene for lughlmg The details are available in Tables 3.1 a and 3.1b. Tiblt 3.1* tno-rgy coritiimpfon In th* command art*. 2C06 [ Woody Crop bvOfflBEB ru^du» Ch»r-coal Htero-sefie ElecLn-city Zoe* Wurcda Ke-be-lex ! HchjS*- hoWs Too 4.3-9 0 0 36.5 0 Fo<i Ton r kWft LMtarM O-arrejatola Bedete Bek*ic*ibifaj endimadaru Chriatabadima Arrtbeliyte Kglosirwi Hdrolalexai 210 426 ■414 405 377 4Q4 S?6 322 920 1.666 Ui3 1.774 1.651 1.770 2.523 1.410 Sub total 8 X5t*IU5 1134 13.727 0 1.231 1.10B tJ9i 1.091 4.621 0 7 665 15.549 15.111 14.733 13.761 14.746 21.024 11.753 114.391 D Geleta Chdubcsena Mams VobHta Wakel 281 27? 24$ 19.257 9.235 9.923 9.OB9 Sub total 4 Kelxites 1,D55‘ 38.593 Jtma-Aqo Lugama Mela Bedhasadedc* SM 350 1,533 1.291 5,155 334 1 463 12 775 47.122 12 *91 Subtotal 3 Hebcies l.9?5 5 65! 72.088 TOTAL 6,164 26,999 9 0 224.996 0 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Association urith IntercoaLtecntal Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd. 12Aj]*tHdHSaLrrijUlan Project Energy Report Tabte 3.1b Hau Behold energy consumption In ths reservoir >rea, 2006 May 2007 Woody Crop Chaf- Kero- Electri bioma« resume coai sww -e.ly Zone WdFflda Hous#- TOO Tofl Ton I JkWh hcfcfa 4.36 0 0 36.5 0 CtwwQ AgiO&Bfba Qarecha Djnisidan Chylu Gdijn Belgkjj Markiifci Bukd Beiaii Gubahwa 238 4M 355 297 335 341 190 329 329 1,296 535 Sub Icrtfli 11 Kfrbeic-5 4.753 t.042 2.137 1.666 1,301 1.467 1,494 532 1.441 1,411 5,676 2,343 20,562 e- 8.697 17.812 14.053 10.841 - I2 225 r l2 447 r 6.935 12.009 12,009 47 304 19.525 173 850 - Lrfnu- Sflfca Wmanwba Mtfajptola Gem Li Tokufna Damme 659 354 493 664 2.886 1,682 2.T59 2,908 24.054 14 016 17,995 - 24,236 Subiolar 4 Kettles 2.200 9,636 - TOTAL 5,660 30.496 0 0 £0.300 ■ 254,150 5j 3.3 Agriculture The proposed Irrigation reservoir and command areas are inhabited by new settlers vokmlarjfy moved from the Hararge and Arsi zones Df Oromrya Regional Stale Resettlement into fhe project area from (ocd deficit areas in Hie Oromiya Region started in 2CCH and is still continuing The new settlers have been provided with 1 5 ro 2ha of land and an ox per family. Basic potable water supply and healLh facilities ware also provided. Seniors have started crop production on their allotted lands. However, focal experts in lhe Wereda Bureaus of Agriculture (in Limu Seka Wareda) have pointed ou1 trial lhe new settlers are Slim not food Sufficient ond reqijne support food aid from the government A recent survey made of Limy Seka Wereda by the local Bureau ol Agriculture mdicales that lhe farmers, on average, are CUftivabng about two-thirds of the land allotted to mem, i e 1ha. Farmers are cultivating quite a wide variety of products including Sesame, Maize Haricot beans. Sorghum. Neug. and Ground nuts Their land allocation for these craps and production is shown in Table 3.2 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id AssoeJatloQ with IntencDDllQeQtal Consultants aod Technocrats Pye Ltd. 13Arja DtImpttloa Prnjirt Energy Report__________________________________________ Kay 2fl07_i The settlers m Che potential command area are originally from the Hararge zone fan area renowned for cattle breeding). Some ul the households (settlers in Bedele Wereda) are therefore engaged in cattle breeding/faflemng. in addition to crop cultivation. Table 3.2 Land allocation and crap p-roduCtten p*f settler rrt LFtfiu Seka, 2005 season fQate rs for the Mada Jalaia resettlement kebele} Sesame Wati» Haricot Ha up Sorphtmi Ground fiyl? Cu-iTzyu-itfE j.rn j 1 Prfidutfxwi 0 50 025 tf W fl 25 0 fl-fl ff.OJ 4 9 25 3 15 T25 Total ? 035 -Scarce CuifvdJed arsa dfldprpdLcrwi pw rws&boJtf from ffte trmL? St-Aa Su/eav of /ar the T997ZWAEG production year. June 2G£M The settlers practice rainfed crop cultivation on their small pfots The traditional production technique is essentially human and animal power based and commercial energy is not applied m production. SmgH-scale irrigation is practiced by some farmers in the Weredas. These irrigation schemes are of Lhe small diversion type or from springs Again, no commercial energy is used for water lifting or delivery Details of small-scale irngatiqn schemes for Limu Seka Wereda are available in Table 3.3. Tafci* 34 Small scale irrigation in the Llmu Stika Wereda. June ZOOS Ptan ewffibtf River diversion (gravity) Spring wet tana Jmpfemtfrvaton Area fra) Users ipersons.- Affia ■LU t/sers Jpersonsi 353 6200 76.6 1043 35 5310 266 524 79 3173 35.0 r+54 Hand dug wen 15 532 5.3 104 Water harvesting Total______ 10 500 0.5 56 542 15715 ' lr; r; 2713 Jjrro &ikj U/f/Kfi 0L¥*aLJ of 4 jurnt J(XJ5 ____ J The proposed irrigation protect will change farming practices in lhe area Mechanization for land preparation, harvesting ana pos1-harvest on-farm activities may be possible, even for 5-mti I holders, either Dn a hire Oasis or oy communal ownership Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise i4 [u Association Hit) ■■mnotioEDtal Coosultanls amt Tfchoaemts JM. LtdArjo Bed*sis trrtflllM Projtct Energy Report m»t w Wilh line assumption thal all lhe potential command area {17825 ha) will be cultivated by mechanized means annual diesel fuel requirements could be around 700 m for 25 Tera Joules}. Delate are available in Table 3-4 For the livestock sub-sector, the basic reguiremenl for livestock water may he mel from the irrigation canafs Tatte 3.4 Commercial energy requirement for agriculture Agricultural aclivity land preparation Harvesling Post-harvest I'tiireshinqfthelllnci Unit Fuel Enerc y use Uunil GJ/umt Ha Omsei 32.3 1 2 Ton Diesel 5.3 0.2 Ton Diesel NA NA Stott ff .^nncwrufjT Abort Gtu-pora‘JOR. jtpi7Cdi.il urn. JSW 3.4 Agro-industry Relatively higher land and labor productivity wilt be possible with irrigation. As a result farmers in 1tie area will; become surplus producers This will transform I he local production system in two ways: • With polonlially year round engagement in farm activities, farmers and their families may have little lime left to da the tradibonal household chores [and will a«so afford io pay for lhe services) suchas grain pounding and fu&l collection. As a result some of these services may he available as commercial activities outside lhe home * Surplus agricultural output from lhe area may bE exported raw or processed Processing al outputs in me area will create more value added and employmenl In terms of energy sendee requirements, the transformation m production techniques will bring wilh it an energy use transformation Far example. grains will be processed py mechanized m eans outside lhe home instead of in I he home (by women a nd girls) and other basic food items such as oil may be available from local oil pressing facilities The delate of requirement of energy for agrn-processmg are available m Table 3.1 • Depending on the types of crops, vegetables and fruits grown in the area energy may also be required for drying and refngeration Water Works Design i Supervision Enterprise 15 Jit Associate with ItjlcrenuTlifctal Consultants aid TecbDcera.Cs EM Ltd.Arjo PedtsiibTizmun Prsjtct Energy Report ________________________ _________________________ *»y zw * For Chis preliminary assessment only pracessin-g requirements for consumption in iNe project area onry is considered. Estimation of processing requirements for export will require detailed agricultural production data as well as market potentials for the products, which is not available Table 3.5 Agrc-processlfig energy requirements in the project area FiXXl Vflil requirement rt.rqiu ircmpril UfliUpersqn-yeaf Salliers TOW re^uremenl Gra^i Ton Oil L 0 18 8 73.157 13.168 73.157 435.942 Wore. i'J to assttiTed th ar aft ffiose wiv .vvnng AQ ftifi command and reservo.v area, a fafoJ or 73 157pcapre, roff r .Vve #t rhe J/ee .ifiir imgahon dewriopmenr if is jtoo nssufTwtf ihar a person wnsume s afiouf half a fr^ogram o/ grown o' odayJjheie/ure artfadout haffn tter of flrfrw month Agro-pTOCfrssmg aclivrty Ovlpul EkfrCt/City use per Until unit duipuC KWMQtH- MJtOub put uniC putunrl Total electricity use ViTvTi MJ Grain fnlkng Of Drawing Ton qpO L 3fl 137 SOO ■ ao4 400 1440 17S 632 S&iffca F& Mcfflety wisumptewi per bflif output. Ormiiya Energy ■4esoui £f r SflseJins Sunray- *999 There a sewn erf power generation from the proposed dam According to 1he preliminary plan a substantial podion of generated power may be jsed Id pump waler to increase Ida irngab*e area. If part d lhe power is made available for the settlers, teerr agro-processi ng requirements may also tir mot by electneity. which will improve the viability of ihg processing businesses. 3.5 Social services Social service requirements rn lhe project area include polable water supply, heanh facilities and schools. At present the coverage of these services, in terms of population served and the quality erf serves lor those in operalion is generally inadequate. The social and economic benefits of adequate social services fpr the rural population cannot be over stressed the productivity pi the papula lion will be enhanced with better healin services and education. Sma>i amounts of modem energy can improve the quahly of the social service infrastructure substantially Access to etectridty will enable flatter yields of potable water, basic refrigeration and lignlmg for health clinics, and light and communication media for schools Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Prt. Ltd. 16Azjfr an IrrijnClflB Project Energy Report 3.5.1 Water May 2007 Water service faculties in two of the project Weredas (or»e each in the reservoir and command areas) arc shown in Table 3.6. Service coverage is decidedly much lower than the average for lhe national rural population as a whole In Limu Seka Werecfa. fo* example, service coverage was only 13 pcrceN in 199? compared Id 2 7 percenl at the national Jewel. Unexpectedly, the populabon in the resettlement areas have much hetter water service coverage 1han original residents in lhe area. The new sellters in Lmu Seka are served with 18 springsand 22 medium depth bore holes compared Io just 1 1 waler points for other parte of (he Wereda. Tahir 3-6 Uiilribati«H of wiltr iuppl> faciikits in Cfcr Limu Scki jnd Bodrlt WcrrilM. 2006 i ype or schema T Wafer .'.•7fiing Limii- Seia Opfln»hQra<iJ i/nrfs Badete Operate ■ j-1 i/W Sprigs 23 30 Hand dug wells Shadow bore hairs Mid 'it deep bore hair? Hand jxjmps 372 31 Hand pumps 1 15 22 h'ctfn- TTig Pepm bore bates in LrmLi Sefta .are To ■ j/n cteep, rbei r shafoi* Ppixrbotes in Sedate are 30 Jo ctee-p fra Limr SeJra W&redtt ra or Jt>a 2$ springs antf afl rbe 22 .w tfeprh bcrebotes are mfafted te Lhe fesefWemeni >ired$. Source Ltfnu ^EhifS arid Bue/ipfa LV&/trd'<f iRursi1 *3fer Su^th1/ ratficvi JitW 200(5 _ In ?he project area waler lifting from borendes is made by using hand pumps. For shallow wells hand pumps would ue 1he cheapest sources o! power (bath in capital and OfiM costs). However, for high pumping lifts and high discharge rales, motorized pumping may be more appropriate. Due 10 low discharge rates of hand pumps, several units may need to be installed in an area to serve large population centres, m contrast, a single motorized deep well pump can serve the same number of people and also cuts lime spent by people far pumping Potable water requirement b> the population that would settle in 1he command areas is estimated from the following tour parameters Water Works Design Sc Supervision Enterprise In Association with IntEfcoutlnentaJ Coesaltanls and Technocrats Pvt Ltd, I7Arjo Dedesu inigacicn Projert Energy Report • Population (73,137). May 200-T • per-oapds daily wafer demand (10 LiWday-pwson. general recommendations are for 20 Lifer/day butihis would be loti high for rural Ethiopian fefllfiies), * mean wafer lifting head [mean depth of boreholes in the project area which is assumed to be 60m), and ♦ useful energy required to lift Inf of wafer by 1m (computed n E=rha+gih'q Ws = 1000kg/m '9 amfc '1m"lm = 90OT Ws - 2.72 Wh) Tahir 3.7 Energy rtqulrrrntr'iil tor potibl* w?!tr Supply J7J Pottle water supply Unit Denraan d Daily waler demand! per 1000 people Mean delivery head Daiy water tteiivery " head Annual water delivery " Mad Useful energy requirement par m4 mJ m m“ m" WNiTi4 10* 60 000 219.000 2.72 Useful energy requirement 1000 persons Useful energy requirement Tor 1000 pwsorw_ MWrVyear GJ/year 0.6 2H Nufe A1C hriT : I r a. Ila I:- r day-assumed ____________________________ _____ , Depending on Hie power source used for Idling waler final energy required (in contrast to useful energy, Which does not consider conversion losses) io serve 3 thousand pKfHa would range from i to 2.4MWh per year (the lower figure is for eieclnc pumps and the higher rs for fliftsei purrlps). Deiails of energy requirements lor potable wafer pumping are available in Table 3.7 Total energy required to meet the water nrviCQ requirement For dll settled JP the Area would then be about 73 to 175MWh per year 3.5.2 Health Health service is the second mos1 valued service in rural areas (second only to wafer Supply). The number of health institutions and health service wickers in the project area (or generally m Wenedas of the project area) is however very few For example, in Umu Seka WerCda there is only one healm center, five cnn-cs and 13 health po&is for an estimated populalian cf 177,000. Similarly in Bedele WenetfH there is Ohly Ona heallh center and 4 health posts for a papulation of 75,00(1 Health service reach is not l he Ohly constraint in rural areas Even where health service mstituttons are available adequate quality service is not provided dcu Id constraints m Waterworks Design £ Supervision Enierprise Id Association with tnlentrUitlDcntal Consults ots and Toebrm TaLs PVL Ltd.Arjo D»dtsra IrrtritloD Project Energy Report Miy Z0O7 irairwcT pacnnrnt equipment and energy nequ.red la operate equipment a limited a mourn Of efetlricfty far ligNing. rohtger^tion, basis diggn.nslic equipment and commumcalrpn radio' Can irr;prove quality Of service cansidtxa bty Rural health service mstitulrons are classified infa thrHH: health pasts, hftaMj Clinics and health centers Fgcilines available in each of these instirutrone is outlined in Box 3 3 (note ihat lhese are ihe standards. but in reality the standards are rar&ty met I &&* $.3 Health service standards Health posts Doctors and nurses make periodic visits but are ncrf stationed at posts. FacHibes are available only for lha treatment c4 mmcx ailrncnls and injuries. Hearth clinics Health cenlers Clinics have a permanent nurse and better facilities lhan a health posts, :hey may have laboratory facilities. Health centers or rural hospitals have permanent doctors and nurses, beds for patents. and ’aboratories. Basic equipmenl required irw proper functioning of HjraF health facilities is Shown in Table 3 fi. Requirements for health posts are only far lights and vaccine .■□ingeration while far Climes power may be required far diagnostic equrpmenl and far VHP radio According la the energy demand shown >n Table 3.B, health posts and dlnlcs will require l39*Wh and 251 kWh of elactricrty per year respectively ' r»»*4y «mmuntcilion ratal are etuimd « tend lir-alLh or ocber trwjrKv ttlttaiHrtE w cofKtftWd bodi« ouriidc ihe Water Worts Design & Supervision Enterprise Idi Association with JntercflnilneBtal CoBRoitaots and Technocrats Pvl ltd. 19AfjflPede sm rniffiLtaa Project Energy Report Table 3.S Eiwgy r-rquire-menir for hcalrh fetJISHfi Hij 2W7 Appkanta Health post Hfljllh cftniC Loads Wh Loads Wh bglrfs eompaci fludrescenl Vaeunt rtrrigeraicM M otoscope Cfntafugs nobulLE<!f Uipounjer Oxygtn Cdnewitrdtar COffifflunstabcifi VHF radio WBlfrr pump 2'20W2h reow'Sh 60 300 4'2r)wMh ptfvjh ri$w*in 320 3D0 T$ M Ta Lai per clime p<T day Tola! per cfinic p«r yaar IkWhJ 300 139 0B9 25 i Spuncr? -Vafton.rf COn.Hjmplion c/ rwa/ f/ieqjy LjOcuudoiy .W.RFi/ USA. The sum of lhe Deputation ftaeh type of heeflh msblution is expected co serve is as follows: 5000 for health posls, W COO for health sta lions or dimes. and 25.000 for health centers* r With lhe expected1 number o1 settlers m the project area [73 >5/ people]. 15 health posts and 7 climes will be required Total annuaf etecIfKtfy requirement for these Institutions will be 3 fiMWh (2MWh for health posts and I BMWh for dimes I 3.5 3 Education There are a total of 209 pnmary and 5 secondary schools in the Weredas that would he affected by the project (refer Io Table 39 >. The available statistics does not show distribution m rural and urban areas but a‘l secondary setooft and a large portion oi lhe primary schools would be in urban areas The school age popwlalwn is generally estimated at 20 percent and 4 5 percent of the local population for primary and secondary schools respectively 1 Thii means there would be nearly 15.000 primary school age children and 3,300 secondary school candidates m the setiiements [this assumes I hal a 1otal o4 73 157 people wifl settle n the devefopmen area] Mrjuili and *<aJth rtiMvd iMkiIph. Mi miry of Heilih JDflZ <i\ p 2 » [ iruni Jju -w wtod ip p^uIbIhwi jn| mol reRdjfon frnmuhe Ffai^ih iM idairf indicjtaM 'ijiwm . _ir-.hr Mirnsiry erf H"jIU* 2W2 ft 4. pp ? I1 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id AssKlsrloo with Intercontinental CoDsultaoU and Techno r rats Pvt Ltd 20Irrigation PreJfCt Energy Report Mtjr W Mean number nf students served by primary school in pro.ccr area Weredas is about ^00 Kcmpuled from the table) If this number is taken as a guide, there would need 10 be 3D primary schools to swve 1he population In the project area. However, s^ce settlements in the project area wto be to close prox^ntly one SihMl may serve 300 to IODO children. This means 15 primary schools and 3 secondary school will be required for ihe project area Tahte 3.9 Dbir ibu 1 ion o( Kh<wk Ln the project WercdM, 2006 Schools 1-S Schools <M2XTVET Wweda Limif Seka Schools Students School Siud9«it$ 6B 20.102 Bedels 32 13 154 Gecht 27 11 699 Borecha 25 10.165 Dedesa 30 13 320 1 1 (TVET} ’1? 90 1 NA Jimma Ar# iTrtat 27 M625 209 B3.O67 1 I ! 5 NA 666 NA NA Source Sfloo ocsinomiL- iJix/y ir>cepO&1 /upofl i af Ago-Dtrtfesa .2006 r Energy requirements in schools range from basic lighting | night school) to audio-usual leathiAg aids and laboratory equipment Electricity requirerneni for ihese end uses is for primary and secondary schools is shown in Lhe wxt Table 3.10. Primary schools .require l02kWh of atedfWly anrpudhy for lighting and audio-visual equipment while secondary schools require 4lQkWh of eladnaty annually for lighting, amlirwisuats. and lab equipment The details are available in Table 3 Table 3.10 Energy requirements tor Schools AppftMCfl Lghii ecmpaci fluorescent r<Jtf€*lr*ff Bld? Radio TV (H'MWl TV(21'WHX| VCR»Sa^iiiie rww Re*iigera1or«'L3b Equ^mefii Power Iwm^qrkjhop Prwnw. schoo S&cooda*/ school Loads -Vh Loads 5*20WMh 4W 5'30W*4h rwr* 120 4-15W'4h rMW4h 120 2"lQ0W’4h l-J0W'4h -Vh 4W1 240 6C4 120 SOO 500 Tola* pci school per Tolii per year IkWhl" 640 102 2.560 410 ' Total energy lequirtjrnems ili« ^ar cgmputfld as da*y demand l*nes If? 3 dii.s „er -ear H ithjaOis per jed* and ?0 da,sper i-nooth, SQufcir .7ariortar Eiwgy WEty USA .'fx^erpy 5i/n7)nitart of rut*ai K-hook Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association Urhh InlejcosilgebUl Cnnsukancs and TtchuocraLs Pm Ltd IATjfl DedetSl Irrigate n Project Ed e rgy Report Maj- zihjf Total energy retjurted for schools in the prefect area as computed from the reQuired number of schools and energy demand per school js 2.9MVVh ol electricity (1 SMWh tor primary schools and 1 4MWh for the secondary school}. 3 6 Demand projection Growth in energy demand depends on development of basic socio-economic factors at the local level. These variables include population, cultivated area and productivity, incomes, and l he development of the social service infrastructure. Population is the keydnvmg variable tor energy demand. The s«ze of the population, is economic engagement and Us requirement for social services determines energy demand Therefore, as the key variable, lhe number of people expected to hve and work in the propecl area has to be estimated precisely. At present there are no estimates for Hie number of potential settlers in the command area Energy demand <s projected with the assumption that all those now living m the command and reser/pir area will settle in the command area {73.157 people m 14096 households) Depending on availability of irrigation water, land and climatic suitability of the command areg there would: be two or more grawwig periods This effectively doubles or triples the size of the potentially cultivable area Agncultural productivity will increase wdh the avaiiabiMy ol irrigation water Th& diversity of agricultural output as wen as volume will increase. Thrs in turn will increase energy demand Jex processing 3.6.1 Scope of analysis The geographic scope for the demand projection «s limited to the command area, and the period of analysis 1o fen years from the siart of the protect Table 3.11 Pa rameters tor analysis Parameter Scope and assumptions Geographic scope The demand pfo/ection i$ hmried ro Uba command area Projection period ___ _ ___________ . Command area under culbvatiw The projection period U 10 years Rom the base year (first year of Operation of lhe project The lull extent of the command area will be dfrveicped within lhe projection period Area under cultivation will start al a fraction of the total command area ihen reaches the lolai potential w?ihFn three • ears. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise fn Association with Intercontinental ComuIlacus and Technncrats PvL Ltd 22ArjeMdtlSi. IndEiimi ProjKt Ktiergy flu port__________________________ _____________________________ m-i> zu?. 3.6.2 Basic model inputs In 1he demand projection model used for this study, the Long-range Energy Alternate Planning (LEAPJ system, demand driving variables arc called Key Variables and ahr basic input parameters. The Key Variables for demand assessment <n the projtcl urea are shown in Table 3.12. Table 3.12 Key Variables for demand projection Key variable Expression Scak Unit ! Potential command aroa 17,825 Ha Cukrya^ed arnn per farmer 1.25 Ha Cun^tfld command area STPotenwl command arsa Ha CuH'^alCd land growth 0 % HdusehtAlsL Ruf.gl 14.098 Households Househc d sift rural 5.2 Rftr*GftS Population Rufat HouSMdlds Rural’HcusehiAl sue rural PflfSWS Popvtalnan growth rural 2-3 % Agriculture produciivily 1.5 TonJha Agnculli/re output Cdltwatfrd command Ma^Agracufllxe piod Ten l ivestocx po^ulalion 2"Housaholr|s Rural ET0 pflf ,*ar For lhe icuf demand seniors Io tie analyzed m this sludy demand protection is made using the relationships shown in Table 3 13 Essentially, energy demand 15 modeled as a prodiic 1 ot 'Energy intensity" which charactertwd energy demand per unit ot oulput or activity and a socio-econom-c Driving variables' such as population or area under cultivation Energy intensities for each ol the sectors and sub sectors have been estimated in lhe previous section These estimates are used together with lhe socio-economic variables (and their assumed rates pi growth in the future) in Table 3 1210 project energy demand by sector I able 5.13 [Jcnuntl da witkutlrjii Sector Sub sector Demand retalio-ns Households Rural AQncullura ----------------------- — Srutl *wms ■——’ ' Demand (GJ) Households " Gj household [ptwnand computed <Qy cooking, oa-ib”. l-jhrir-J rrr.tfl u ^i s □nmand |GJ| = na - Gjjhb [Assumed mechamjalion fw a^ncullum Agro-toduslry Agrcbindyslry Demand <Gj] = Ton ’ GjrT&n 'Demand for miMs; Social Services Water Health Education Deri'-jnu (GJ) = Pdpuiadiop" GjrPersfyi Oernjirai (GJ) -. IT ot rtiMiiutrens kWhirnslmdion Demand iGj. - u : rimjry schools ■ kWhipnmar sdnoi 4 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise tn AsJMlldDn aritfi Jnterctunlnemal Consultants an it Ttttumracs Pvt. Ltd. 2?.CrjaUflde«a 1ttI!£bjUpd PtdJ'NC Energy Report 3.6.3 Projected energy demand In the project area May BOO? Household energy requirements will constitute 95 percent of the 1otal energy con$umpl»on in the project area for ths base year (the year the irngation scheme becomes Oueralional) Household energy consumption is shown to decline in the future: this is the result of the assumption that tsousehalds will substitute their meff^enl stoves with efficient ones (56% of the households converting to efficient stoves m 10 years). Energy consumption for the agriculture sector stays tevel since the driving variable for energy demand in sector, area of cultivated land stays constant throughout. For the agro- industry sector demand grows with population growth Fur 1he social services sector energy demand grows a t I he driving variable tor 1 he sector, population grows. T he projection oi demand is availabfe in Table 3 14 Tahiti 14 Demand projection Year I-Year IO, Tfra JiMlles Sector Fuel Year i Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 10 Household 980 997 1.007 1002 973 681 Cocking Wood 961 97? Lighting 967 961 051 Kerosene 656 19 20 21 22 19 25 Agriculture 12 29 43 Land prepsralron 40 48 Dresel 4» 10 25 41 41 Harvesting 41 Diesel 41 2 4 7 7 7 7 Agro-industry 25 2.6 Grain mill Electricity 2.7 2.B 2.9 3.4 18 1.9 20 Oil m* Electricity 21 2l 25 06 0.7 07 0.7 07 0.9 Public service 0.29 0.30 0.31 Water 0.32 Elecincity Electricity 0.34 0.39 0.26 0.27 0.20 030 Health 0 31 0.014 0.36 0.015 0014 0.016 0.016 0.019 Education Electricity 0011 0.011 0.011 0010 0.012 0.014 Total 995 1,028 1.058 1.053 1,025 733 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Ed Association witli Intercontinental Ccnsultants and Technocrats Pyl Ltd.Ar Jo Mina Irrigation Project Energy Report 4. ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE PROJECT AREA 4.1 General a«y are This task deals with evaluation al the energy resources of [he area in order 1o assess how they could meet the energy service needs identified in the previous section. The output of the task is a docwnentalton of [he Focal energy resources of [he area, including hydropower, woody bKimass agriculture and irv&stack product residues, solar and wind energy. Resource assessment in the area <s based on the reconnaissance survey made to the area in June 2006 and review of published and unpublished reports. The following reports have been reviewed t Abay River Basin Integrated Development Master plan (1998) • Meteorological data tram the national Meteorology Service Agency (wind speeds, sunshine duraliOos) • Energy resource studies from the Ethiopian National Energy Committee and CESEN, 1994 ■ The Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project document for OromiyH 4.2 Biomass energy Biomass energy resources indude woody biomass resources tram forests and plantations, agricultural residues and animal dung traditionally used for fuel in rural areas of Ethiopia 4,2.1 Woody biomass Forestry resources of the project area are estimated for the four Weredas that will he substantially affected with the imgation project. The Limu SeKa Wereda wilt mainly be affected as ihe reservoir area, the other Weradas (Bedelfl, Gechi and Jimma Ago] will be affected as part of tnwir area lies within the command area This assessment is based pn review or previous sludies on lhe irrigalson project. da1a from the Wereda Bureau* of AgncuMure in the project area and the reconnaissance survey made to the area m June of 2006. The project area is generaly covered with open woodlands, which become dense near the banks of the Dedessa River (see Figure 4 Data obtained from the Limu Seka Wereda Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. nd.Arja Dtdetli Eniiadno projm Energy Report Mat 3007 Bureau of Agriculture indicates the forest coyer in the Wercda to be 42256 ha accounting for 17 percent pf the total area of Ihe Wereda According to the Woody Biomass Inventory carried out tpr the Orgmiya region m 2000 (WBISPP. 2000} slocks and yields for natural forests and plantations in the area are as shown in TaMe 4 1 Table 4.1 Biomass stock and yield in the project area Wereda Total area [Hal Natural (Tgn/haj Hcme-steaa (TofVha) Total (Toniha) Block Yield Sleek Yield Slock Gethi 170.288 142.936 Limy Sek> ?49.76a J*nma Aqd______ __________ J_____ _______| 78.068 «74 032 0 37 0 05 ■ ■ 1 7 58 0.34 041 0 06 7 98 9.81 0 42 036 0.03 TO 17 5 80 0 29 0 45 0.06 6 25 Yield 0 371 0 40 0 45 0.36 Source .;cj Si'rar^'i: P/O^c.' ?r?.'.' Fiiiure 1.1 Land cover in rhe pro] cct a rea Water Works Design &. Supervision Enterprise 26 In Association with InrertDarintnlal Consultants and Toclin&crats Pvt. uj.Af jfi tadmi tafpDili Projttt Energy Report i __________________ a»7 _ . — 4.2.1.1 Potential Impacts of the project on forests bn the area The fsservmr will cover areas in the Limu Saha and Gechi Weredas. Areas adjacent to the river In these Weredas are covered wilhopen and dense woodland. Depending on the extenl of the reservoir area, considerable volume of forest resource will be either cleared or submerged under the reservoir. Every hectare of land submerged or cleared will result in a loss of 7 to 10 Tons of b«omass stock that would otherwise meet demand for energy and other purposes. The proposed command area covers parts all four Weredas (Bedele. Gechi, Limu Seka and Jimma Aiyo} Land preparation fw irrigated agriculture in 1he command area will result in the removal of a considerable portion of 1he forest. SeltlemerUs m and around the command area will also create demand Tar foresl products for fuel, house construction. and agricultural implements 4.2.1.2 Tree planting in the project area Settlers in lhe Limu Seka Wereda are planting trees around their homesteads and their farm fields wrth seedlings freely Suppled by the Wereda Agriculture Bureau.4 There is, however, water stress in the area and survival rates a<a low (seedlings are also not well protected and get trampled by animals). The rate of planting and survival of trees is low A much larger rate of planllng and follow up is required la meet 1he demand for wood products by the settlers In the muj and lang term setllers' demands for wood products must be met from own plantatmns. 4.2.2 Agr ion Hural residue Agricultural residues are already rn use in some dl lhe resettlement areas for parts of |hr year (this K the case, for example, for settlers in the command area in Bedele Wereda) Agricultural residues are used for coaxing n 1he weeks alter harvest m the dry season The type and volume of agricultural residue available in an area obviously depends on types Of crops cultivated. The volume pf residue available from crops is usually given as Residue to Crap ratio and ranges 1rom 1 1 for pulses 10 2.7:1 for maize. The volume of residua available from leans in the command area will depend on the lypes and productivity of crops cultivated. The Agricultural and Marketing studies of this Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise tn Association urtUi [aterconUnttjml Consultants and Technocrats Ptrt_ Lid 27AjrjaDfSeisaL JrdpUJnij Projocl Energy Report Maj 2W7 assessment wilJ Indicate what crops are viable and marketable from the area A first estimate is made based on current land uSS by farmers in the area (specifically settlers in Limu Seka Wereda) and yield data for the crops from the Central Statistics Aulhorrty (yield data for llfubabor zone i$ used} Tolal agricultural residue production from the command area could be around 23.54? Tons per year for a single growing season as per details available in Table 4.2. Since at feast lw growing seasons are possibte wdh irrigation, lolal residue could be as high □$. bO.OOOTons per year. Table 4.2 Agricultural r&tidutj poto-nlul In the cam mind area Sesame Mata Haneor Neug Sorg/iui^ Ground' Tolal MATTS 3N/J5 Rtotfrtw Cmp ratio 1 0 2.7 1.0 ID 15 10 1 Ctiflivafed area (%l CuAivated art i (TiaJ 40% 24% 12% 5% t% 3% B.ssa 4.27a 2.139 391 1.426 535 17.B25 Vwfe fguwitaitfwj 4 tea 40 34 124 B.0 PnpdUCtKXi | T orbs | 3.422 8.043 964 303 1.MS 471 14,991 Residue [Tons] 3,422 21,715 9B4 303 2.052 471 29.547 Residue |GJ) 53.0*7 336.504 15J51 4,697 41.112 7.294 457. S85 Motes: Residw&:Crcip radios are rwi available for sesame And grjx^ifl nuts and a i i 'alia is used, energy cofileni or icsidu&s taken as 15.5 Gj-Ton '.Swrcc.T fl^sicTua to crop rabci from FWEC-CESfw Techrirca? Ropqrr r. rsse. CuJifvatatf wi pTMucfran per frwn rr?e tteW survey flor ibe Mau.i Jatafe iwsoffiBment kffWta m Tfrw Se*a WtrtWa. 1907Z9SEC prodderiqn June CSA Ami PreduerrtM JorMa/OT Crops, flutfm 27/, JAty ?<W 4.2.3 Animal dung At the national level animal dung ls an important household fuel and meets 0 pewsem of total household energy dema no In the project area, however, since access to woody biomass is slill relatively good and because households own very few cattle animal dung is not used for fuel The potential animal dung resources in the project area is estimated using current rates ol cattle ownership for settlers in the area, total number of households expected io settte m the - n*F wppbcx 5W BO ltt» tthlbnp psr liftarwhold dtjwndir Z of, Jrni*rd frttfn r|im(n Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise “ 23 ru Association wtiij Intercun tlnental ConsuJuats an d Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.4rJ& Dtdttsa Irritidoa Project Energy Report Table 4 4 Solar energy resources. Jwnma town (07 40N, 3b 50E, 1577 mash Average daily zaduDon on honranlal lurface fk Wltm'day) Jan F-'cb iMa-’ Atv May Jun Ju* Aug -Sep Ocl No* Dk Yw Nhj 2W? 3«lwi» 7* C& a. 5 66 6.2 5 1 32 37 49 69 71 79 6.0 h(xjrs Total 91 5.1 5.3 54 5 1 46 4.0 4.3 4 7 $2 51 5.1 1.793 Onftd 3.2 3.1 3 t 3.1 20 25 1 9 2.1 26 32 32 32 1 037 D-to 19 2.0 22 22 22 2 1 2 1 2.1 2 1 2J 1.9 19 ?55 SftXttf EDhcV»ar /JaMwigf C‘:Zi7ii7vJT« and CESEN. YSflC. fRapart ? Sola* energy availability declines markedly during lhe wet seasons of June to September by as much as 20 percent 74& i" >4 10 j-o 4* ••I ::i It 10 00 i 4.5 Wind energy Wind speeds around Jimma are among the lowest recorded m I he country Annual mean wind speed at Jimma is only 1.13 m/s (at 10 m above ground level). There are usually srgmficanl differences in wind speeds among localities in lhe same drstrict However, m the case of the project area, data available from both lhe Hal*onal Meteprotogecal Service Agency (NMSA) and studies that modeled wind energy resource da la based on NMSA data conclude that lhe Snu-Ih-Wesl part of Ethiopia generally falls under a very low (o low wmd energy resource area Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise lu In Association wlrb Intercontinental Cotuultants and Technocrats Pvt. I. tilArj+MBKsa irrlgatfon Project Energy Report 5. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SERVICE STRATEGY The potential of local energy resources to meet demands have been explored Interventions required both cm lhe supply and demand stoes to ensure sustainable development of the sector has been assessed. M»j 2007 Findings from the demand analysis and review of energy resources have indicated that the critical issues are biomass energy supply to households and accessible modern energy for lhe social service sector. These issues have been analyzed using lhe problem analysis technique. Strategies have been then proposed to creole a sustainable balance between Supply and demand and also to enhance service quality for social services in lhe project area The results of the study have been presented m tabular form at Table 5.1 They have been present for four main sectors: households, agriculture, industry and social services under lhe following four columns I. Development issues; ii Energy issues or problems •iL Causes of energy problems; and iv. Potential measures Water Works Design & Supendston Enterprise 5| In Association with IntcrtunLLnentaJ Consultants and Twbnnrrats Pvt Lte.Arjc DedMSi IrrtcaUttn Project Energy Report May 2DO7 Irbit 5.1 The problem uiirH: 4r*rlupnwnl hiflex, rittrgj htuH, and puieailil Mlier*nllcai in the rserj-j nctrnr Uevelopmgnl; i-sc ubt k-dtw (cm domestic SefvilX'b ' tod Lz be rryax-wC to rtCrttBM product^ Appi'Calton of labor *1 apncirfiMF* Living standards irwl (Xi improved Ifrough pwtoiHl d better energy &e^v*Ces. The ma^r constraint* Are Cociung IVMb d t r taw availabfc in t»y reJCh Ekii rijEsCrX^vry are IfSl A$dpU9»nng js seillyr* l^nove nalurjll forests *ilrw repArcerrenl Poo QuJhiy tfQii-mtc ■ gh'.ing No corimufiqiiort, irfarnuogn, rni«vi4«ui«nl wvtoet inaceKiuale accftsb to palaota *ai#i supply iMdMjMise sennee lor gtam miling t bp d^v^opment iftHjfr shoiAJ be ■mprwing flCCMb Io domd$L< labow jjwir'g leu, hngiogm grid 10 bettor grwitfy Energy iSAuas gr problems Ai pCMfiffl access La cocking I web hi the PiOjOqr area ib udaquaLo As j rgsuil ol hjrves? ng at mxhx without repincemqrri HlDM Wil face p-otx-snvs in |h* near iiAjre The Setlera use her went wick lamps Ax iigra .rKj Pari of II* [Wu^fri canned cv«h aHorii k> cme korogafw ia/nps every i-*yni and £nuy hove to resort, tg uSihj *yjOC Ax Iqhlir.^ Beiler quality Itgni ib ■equii-fU to erend social i-nj 'uconarnc jM.lib’.L** lor households • Access ki cooking hri1t w> - de a venous pfQ&iwfn n Inc near full** 1 ■ Poo quaiily danwislic hghbng ■ No zcrfrtriiLin-LalKjr.'.nlurmaliDn services Cau&flS or energy problems • IrttrMs- ng demand far luet, rpdoer cur-sLnjcbon. fatmii>B • Low end use energy conversion tffi&tottt [open fves are used) • Non-svSLa<riabie manage men! of farwit • kfrgn prices far pclrgtoviii facts Isub&lilUteb far tNomass. enoigy 1gr ligrjing} • lrucLAbb4ifti>- erf etKbiCiiy dua to low incomes. hsgh supply COSIS Potential maiBur&i 1 Increase bbltoinatffi pcMucIhon am] management ctf lr<ws 2 Improv access far cooking fae-.y - Impo-n piiniary cornrbrsion efficiency (chaicnal ntakvig) - Improve and u«t efficiency (efficient slovesf • Pnovdei sUbslibuiG luels 3. PrcrvKle attobatde modern Oftoigy far lighting and audio- vtsubis 4. Develop Uia hydropower paieniiii of th* dam and supply •TtCIIiclty tor domesVc mms 5 Measures Io iinjwc-e gram mllbng and *^l«r service* are fhgwn under LTi& induslry and Social leiywze seciOs boigw. 32 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Association wieU Intercontinental Consullaqts and TecUnocraLs Pvt Ltd.Industry Agriculture Arjo ItotuM Irrigation Project Energy Report StKiton W lhe project area tame Tram rend iMEUt ainaj ol iht OromryA region F ood iP4iKu«ily was Ihe rcsU. al dJTunrthng lii-d sizes and d*ciring productwTty. The key is Butt ami ihe dovolotfHixir* goal 4lliefe*o<c to rfx.Tva&ti • 4»t= ptodixtaily ol land. ia&ji wtJ livestock k* 41 ujll hide's * The tfevetap.mfln! slraiegwb faf Ihe $4CKh «'c extensive I a bo replication irngaupi. *pprup’io’.e ‘and usa ana secure waior and r«ec sjpp>r fcJf InftMMfc May 3007 F«ir«iy 1 atKH and animals a’t ih# only SO^cas ol energy m Ih-C sHlUemems Transrlor- ■tR> imorm«lial* AtaX Swing iCChrKMiignMi and rnechanzalion mil ncntas« l»bo* and £infl fModuztvily. Al present, twit 4 nd atCtS-y ki ‘Ac Idtowr'ig ■ productivity enbanc-ng Lechrotoflifrs 1 eitormuMM and mcckamzabon^ * apfrfOfyiaie pumpng lechnpcrjies and energy ■ ifrrjjaiHXi lec/inpog-cs and eny.ijy * iOC-hi*utog*es and energy Tor product ■ Appreciate agncuRural tachrtotogHHi w nut available hX lite larmws m Ihe C*CjOtl aw ■ Mechdiu^abon is no I aHfxr.aNn for sma’. holder* (co own# slip ba^sl • Low Aconoirue capaerty r/ la-mers « Inadttquala technology services [zuiai mcluslnes) kx provision al aopopoate technologies auo lur LocMkjI Sack up lor mocnan zaiirxi * fruofi male appopial* uii^imedialQ locnnologies lor sgnci>lure in 1hq cvQject urea. These woud indude r.uilrvjijcn planting, scd/waler conrsoivabon, imrvesting and puaVharviKl lecftftfogifts • Improve accfrsl Io polroleum id iha prefect area (kx mechanized land tullivaliQn. Tarin pxXeasmgF Mechanized inputs may be made available Io small holders on a tire basis. ccnicn-aiip-i and on-larm pWMtfifl_________ _ in the see^fl^its vi&Aod du* ng tfie reconna>5sanQje BwVBy no rural tnflus-Vial KiMi'es were obseivtid m the poject area Howevc . a Hu.ving agnculii/e secicr n»y%| be* backed up with ab-equaic /KJuMrial nlraslructure by processing ol output and tor prov 4Hjr. or agncukural tools 1 he Ip low r ig industrial splices will r» ftqurea » improved mechanical inputs ang tacts Tor agncuidio, mairtonanct: Mjnrces * Faurtbes tor paxw-Vifl agricJlixer IMX0UM ■ F>:il-I»es Io- th<r production ang rnamienanco cd induslnal g<xkH tor Ihe- PQPUMori Modern energy leieclnaty and pe^uieum iuetSJ is rui^jviri 10 Llrai indaslr-m' ICxXs and machinery requirec vj rnanJatiur^ ano M:mce agncutuial auu-pmenl Eiectocily ana cmlrUeum ^Iraslructura ana fuels are noi waiatita Fgr ihe iptowiitg uses- • fijxaa mamJbcturing and service industoeo * Agru-pcocfcwjrg induslrajs i t’up red ?ivwtockj Deretapmeni gl mod urn energy mlraarrudturo to ihe a«ca was cosily fiul fh>$ Cfumges anfh ir-t» avairatrify 0/ n/Jrupow#j frwn rhe dam Pour road ir/idslrochjiw Umiulorn luW Irunspon and OSihbuton 4 MiStKure and 0-ipenswc Ai>'u pnxttwig survKts aru frtill iipr. avliable beoamdj si?l«iry have lilile entra cash <cr pocHssing Ability Io pay Io* elccliKiiy rj iuw iMJiti^s are strii ikji tood MKurol * Pvonsion ol Cluctncily Ir&n ftydi Dpcjwiy horn Ihn dam • Dwetopm^n oT pelrolcuin Storage racisms in Ihu oenlor ol Sdllemanls to be t&wokshed m ihe command aron. Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise in A550cH[tDu mlm InCercuu llu cota.1 CotisuJuots and Tecbimurals fvt. Ltd.Social services Arjo Odessa IrrigaU&Q Projuct Energy Report May 2CHT7 Bulh Ilia i icon if and non income dimensions Ql poverty miAi oe addrotiffd Io lift lho solders. Rum hvehhpod ifWfleurrty Few lh«s reason lood security must IM' accompanied by provision Ql basic water, hearth and oducjtonji services PrU-viSKXi ot Lfiese V&ftHMiaJ MJrViCBi, will nci only rahfrD Aiandahd* of Iwmg nl lhe seniors but also enhance their oconomK- p’otfuct-vty For this rtsdson iho population must be provided with ar least the loJftwiry • PoCaCMo walw Supply • Basic health service* • Pomary oducalion Aoretala wai*f *upp>- #1 Iht resalSdment areas J> comparatively teller than mpse n I he SUitOJndiftg areas (reconnaissance survey^ Howv^er. services are 5I1I1 not adequal* Hane and nwlcrizod pumps are eywred HeaJin posts and efnes rnuer oe esiabtijnad in the projoef area The jdeomey Ql services fiom mese msliiuscuis wil dapeivJ r» lhe cb^alatMily of ft'0Cir«3ty tor iqhbng reAigerafion and Irfb equipment Schools tn lhe pr^ecl area can ponufil tram access 10 eduCaftonaJ nnxii wftch requires elncincily Io iun1< • Services i«qqinrig Mc-incily can net bo p-ok->dod (waler, riead’i. •dmbon) fre^xdowns .:4 pjmp*. u-odoQuata lechrctogy servmrt (ger^rel prctApn mdcaM by Waier Bihvju experts- m rm puytcl Weindas, rec nKNMnly ino prefacl a«AJ) Inauequaif cechrucal and fcianuwa capaoly Io matt demand lor back-up serectrt. QovelOpmeiii at ib« rriecinaly infrastructure wcUd have been costly iwflhfrul lh# p*CfOCl.l Ab iiy lo p*y fa* ftoctncrty if lew |sc««rs are sill not load secure) PiQM*ion ut oMunoty UftT* hyd-ix^wer inxn me bam Prwqion oi etacihw Ihjm sdai orwrgy tor walcu. PAatlh and nduceicm 1.—-—-—— =^S=K«3in5i^®SX.m>«*Arjo fepdwt IntEvIlto Prnf rd Energy Report 6, PROJECT PRPOSALS FOR IMPLEMENTATION Miy 2M7 Project proposals have formulated hers wtlh the view to improve seeual serve*? arxt ?0 create economic opportunities m the projed area. Th* proposed projects aaII aio he p "c counter the negative impacts of non-su^tamsbre energy use :n the pro|«1 arsa Th* &T£ject intervention? are derived from the problem mam* m rhe previous sector TMm i“^Ju« the Following Ihree major proposals: i Dissemination of etficnsint biomass stoves ii HomesLead and farm tree planting iii Solar Photovoltaic systems for health and educational SeCVCM All lhese three proposals have been discussed jrder Ebe fo-lc^ ng sub "eads - Background * Objectives - Inputs and aclwtiw - Resource requirements ■ Cost component - Oulpuis and benefits Besides the location of the pcojeci, • Is Jrfe and the e xecuting agency Mavt a iso beer 6.1 Dissemination of efficient biomass stoves L-pt ali-on Command □rq.i f Mflculing InsblijEions Or&miya VVMBr. Mines and Energy Bureau Project III* 2 years Background Davejopmeni or irrigated agntunurB will reaun .m ramqvai or faresU m resent .y»<? cijwtum jreas prepare land tor agnaiiure. hr rtduw CTflawyobdri futi and “umriure This oijy create ar Tiroq.jit 1 glut <i .WJild-tHUCr Ol tMMHASd Mi m |nu jitfj, as ■! i* already B4ip*n| :n C*x* rrsgfiem*“i1 Millage lha CMOfed JfBj. EM siicrt-taffli iurp.u5 will change mpklly ftlp dfrfol -i a COupte o’ years An iM&greied devtiopmeni strategy r<sr th* preset a rea m mt lh*rBi<xe tane mip i?n* ore^- mrngeineN O1 the resource 4 in Ihtf project arsa, Specir^iy ior -ores- rtscuixes -hr strategy must addtei? tarest jNCrtuCl d^elopmfnt find tfbbMUW Fpreite muil m BnhjrtpW J by pUnf.-g rrq^- rtUha^imiwMl and j system qfl r»fliCM2nt MMtfaiJdrt must be e ■ erciifcd Orw pl lhe kB> priced interWfflljONI wifi bit prpmcHuJft jl en^gy frff^ent Stovfi ter ^VXj seh^kj use in Ihp project area Some work * Wt^dy ynderuay ter dlH»m#natMXi Ji auch 5tovei Ehf Or€m a Rejon.il Wffter Mines jniJ Energy Bureau rt culljlwration wift NLlOl irixnq or uw># jire ■ Men#ChflH hur Munsrtwfl iMFMf is. pnawbnaand auftpurerqi tf?*ywajiogjpr th<j emc^nl btonwss. —____ _________——______ _____ ■ 1* Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise govw*wi' agents and In Association with IntHronUaentaJI Cflajulraats iod Techaoents Pvl ltdft tftwa irritJEtofl PrajfiH Energy Report Mij 2W Stove called "Mine' in t/ie iHubatxw zone, * Th® Ethopian ft ural Enorgy 0 cveiopment arto Promobon Denier ]EREDPC) <1 coliaborBflion- with ihe Orgmiya fiegion Waler. Mines and Energy Bureau is pramoling She ’Mine" and 'Gunizro* flaws rn the npgon « AB pan Of Lhe rood securrfy Inrtialiv® m lhe region, lhe Regional Wa«w, Mma; and Energy Bureau is prompting |h® 'Mklf* stove in tfie reg an Objectives The developmentobitiCtiv? at this prqect is La reduce the lime and effort rcquinjcf by households Ip called and transport wood fuels and also to improve indoor zwr qualrty fgr lh® households in Iho RtoJWl area The preset ccyecbve is to dissemnaLe th® “Mirie* or "Gunizfe" improved wood sieves m iha protect area Io reduce wood fuel requirements for cooking purposes by households Inputs and activities The mam aciiviues d1 Lhe project will be tralrrtnfl and senmg-up of hocaf stove producers, and financing of produces and consumers Producer finance would be available Tram lhe Regnal Bureau (accessed I rum the Federal EREDPCl. consumer finance may be seemed from NGOs Qpeifalwig <1 lhe area |MFM. GTZ]. The loffowing tasks will need to be earned out * A rapid energy survey [lo identify user cookmg methods, preferences and caoacdj&s as well as io evaluate lhe feasibility for local prodUdEico <rf stoves) » Household diets, cooking methods, i rdentHicalion of Households' pmfixence to types ol interventicfls ■ * * Households' capfliily Io own and use new stoves Availability of stove mafciftg maieriaH In lhe area Availability or lethntai sMa. and financial capacity Lo Build stoves m ih® area * Tr ailing pl stove producers » Setting-L# 0* M&ve producers |finannng) ■ DissenwiaMn or lhe stoves jby the Wcrcda Bureau of Agriculture] * Creation oi awareness demoaslralicm. promtrfnsn ■ Monitoring and evaluation of yenefits and impacts of stove dissemination Resource requirements Tpcfrffltjf reif-uiYer’iffjTjs The mam project adivibes are a br*e« survey. ira«ning and setlmg-up ol slove producers, and then dlMamir-aton Of stoves A Strong rtOfking relations^ must be cstabhshfrd between tne Regiondl and Wereda level execulmg Bureaus ftuman fewurce repwemenrs A team ewnpoMd ol an expert from ih Regional Wafer M mos atuj Energy Bur^i and a learn erf c experts from me Wereda Bureau or Agriculture will carry out ih® project FmavKvaf fepL^enrenfs Cost component Basebne survey f? pi^sonrs, per-difrm*ruiM) Jisseminalioft Capacity building (Weretfa Bureaux) Unit rn-rn Quantity Unit cost aco Birr; Total co«1 lOOO B*r Remark 10 05 5.0 50 Regina; OKperlS m-m 5.0 2.5 5h Water Works Design &. Supervision Enterprise In AssoclaUofi with [ntercon tinea ml Consultants and Technocrats Pyi. ltd.Ar}6 IMmm WftliMI Project Energy Report Technical assistance to stove producers Promotion (demooslratkxi) Consumer finance (50% subsidy) Monitoring ai>d evaluation Sum Sure Unrt Sum 2.0 20,000 10,0 15.0 200 5.0 300 10 D. May 2W7 experts AfaukJs. s**eds Total 347.5 Outputs and benefits This project a-houta b e completed m two years. Al I he end ohne prejed at Feasl fifty percent of I he Mou6?MJd's should be us*ig improved stoves This wt« rirtw^ total wood r&Quvements far cooking by a quarter [lhe effitxwiE stoves consume only half those al open fires.l The bread project benefits include ■ Savings of time and energy spent on Fuel collection by rural people * Con>wrYaban of trees and olher biomass - trees may he usefully employed for consetvabM of soil and water. Availability of more feed far livestock (conserved biomass residue. trees) • Creation of tfimptoyment for stove producers 6.2 Homestead and farm tree planting localton. Command proa Executing Institutions Orgmiya Water. Mines afrd Energy Bureau Project life 4 yea's Background An integrated dev&iopreenL tfralegy far faresL resources must address coih the supply and demand sides. Energy demand management will bn promoted with i/xr efficient biomass sipvas project auUined afc.?, sustainable iuppfy management should be addressed by a program far tree plating (fast growing trno specie? far fad and construction purposes) and far improved management ol natural taresis Thi? project wii complement the efficiency impvgvement project proposed above Although efficient use will reduce requiremenis far wood faei qute substantially, m the long term i| alone will not suffice fa mamiain a sustainable balance gf supply and demand due ig increasing poputaiion Wereda level Bureaux at Aqncuhure are prombiing iree planting in the prn|ecl Weredas The Bureaux pronto seedlings far farmers fw free Acctxdtf g Io the local experts, however lhe success of 1his etfari may be limited <hje io limiied seeding production and dis-iributon Capacity and low survival rates far seedlings (because of water stress and other reasons) Afore rmporrarrf/y, teere te n<red far ferga-seafc irej? pfaotfag program far rhe reserrteorenf areas where the poputarfan cferisJty arrd therefore ffle demand fav wood js fagh and rhe ne&arJve irnpacti are immfaenf. Farmers should be assisted fa plant bees for Juel, construction and olher purposes around lheir homes (homestead plaining) and around lheir farmlands High yield, fasl growing ireflS should tre selected and promoted to teem Objectives The developmevii objective of this project is to reduce the lime and effort required by households to coltect gnd transport wood fuels in the project area ------------------------------------ -------------------------.------------------ r Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise to Association with Intefcootlnental Consultants And Technocrats Pvt. Ltd,Arjo-Deatm IrriEitiQB Project Energy Report Maj 3OT7 The specific proied objective is Id promole the planting pf fast growing. high yield trees- to fuel and construction m the project area. Irpuli and adiviCies The main pcojed acliwlies are lhe esisblishmeni and operation a* ae-ftflmg nurseries In the project a*ea and iho- dissemination of seeuwigs to famws The following specific Mtrvibes will be included: * Rapid survey to gauge rarmers preference gf tree species, method of planting running nurseries, availability of inputs for maintaining rurfseng-s, and others * Establishment fft seeding nursenes in the pro.ect area * Operation gf the seeding nursenes ■ Dissemination of seedlings to farmers Resource requirements recfWlfMi /aquwremenfa Farmers in ihe project area will be assisted fry Wercda Bureau or Agriculture experts to oslafctsh and run 1he nurseries Farmers w* comnbute labour and local materials tor starting' the nurseries Operation of lhe nursenes (watertng, protection | may bo financially supported Tram a grant Fund Hwnjft resource requirement The Wereda Bureaux <yf Agriculture will mplemenr tta project Ftftancraf requiremonis Farmers are expected Io meet 50 percenl of nursery establishment and running costs m the tom gf m-hind contribution of labour and materials. Coat component Unl| Quantity Unit CQ51 [frM flirri TnUI coal lUC® Remark Ra»lina survey Technical assistance Bedeie Wereda Cech* Wereda Jimma Arjo m-m fl of Nurseriea fl oi Nurseriea fl of Nurseries 2 1 1 1 5 50 60 60 Monitoring and Sum evaluation 10 60 60 60 100 Total 200 Outputs and benefits Thts project ** ensure fuel setf-sufficieficy for households m Lhe pro|ad area The project will bring add-nonet benefits in proviwn oi wood tor consbuctinn. agriculture implements' n.".d furniture T rees will also help in Lhe conse/vaiign of waler and seal resources of lhe area * .Adequate supply gf wood for tool * Adequate supply of wood to construclxxi and implements » Soil and waler conservation ■ Savings in time needed tor cQtfecllon - Secondary cash mcome lor tormersjrcm sate or wood poles and toalwood Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with iDtweonilnontnl Consultants and Technocrats FvL l.td ISA-rjo Mmi irrf caUort PtoJacC Energy Report 6.3 Solar Photovoltaic systems for health and educational services May W7 Location Command area Executing institutions: Orarrtiya Water, Mines and Energy Bureau Project life. I yejr___________ __________________ Background Access 1o bas»c social services is nadequ-ate wi Weredas of lhe project area. Even w-here the service msbt-ulions ©nisi, 1heir effectiveness * compromised due Io lack cl trained personnel, epurpnient arid energy Io drive critical service facilities. Access to eleelrirty can enhance service qua’-ty for the social service institutions.: etectiicity ror health posts and clinics will provide cntical ugiffing, reinperdliori and power far laboroLpry equipment, electricity in schools extends reaming hours and creates access to lhe brgadcjsl and information media The Arjo-Dedess* irrignlign project is a multi purpose pj-qecl wish irngatrtMi and nydropower components According io previous feasibility studies a 30MW nydropower plant <5 Feasible. II the hydropower component or the scheme -s implemented, there will oe suffkient power for tee domestic, industrial and service sectors in the project area in Lhal case there would bn no need for distributed etetlncily generator facilities -n lhe jrca in the case where hydropower from the dam is not available, solar alectnaiy -can serve Lhe crihC'H social wvces m lhe area. Rower tor health institutions ano schools may provided aL relativity lower cost compared to other alternatives including diesel generators Objectives The development objective «s to improve neanh and educ-abon service quality m. lhe project area The specific propel obiedive s provision or solar a-ieGlnoty to healih and educational institutions in the command area With lhe provision of wia* Meccn&ly health posts and climes wei be able ig operate iighbng. refrigeration and basic laboratory equipment while schools will have access io educational media through r.-w+*o and TV and extended working hours through belter lighting Inputs- and activiH** Project actrviiies will mdude delated demand assessment lor the social service facilities or the area; a firm assessment di cost Of thf stfar Systems, pilot mstaMallons for each service type 0< service and mon.kxmg aiMi evaluation of the impacts of iht project S'affip£ejffJMig* of FV systems for cArnes and schools Array load (Wh.’day) - Daily energy cunsumpt-oni'B^tiery plficiency.iChjrge regulator efficiency PV array size (Wp| = An>y load'insolaticrfL'Mi-smaich factor Batter/ capacity (Ahl = QaJy energy covisumpbqn/Maximum allowable discharge (%ffNominal vulLage_____________________ __ Bailer^ efftewficy: 00% Charge regulator efficiency ^0% Mismatch facioi 65% Maximum alluwdfXe discharge 20% Nominal voltage 12V SySFerrt ctimponenr Daily energy consurnpiion Unrf C.VnrC Pnma/y schoor BOO Array load ■Vh’day OOT 80S PV array s*ze 'JVp 225 209 Batiery capacity Ah 287 267 | 19 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise En A«&cIbI1dq wlib liteccMtfai enUJ ConsuJtants jnij TecMnotrats Pvt Lt J.ArJ& OtidAxsi IrrtfaUDii ProjecL Energy Report REFERENCES 1. Abay Basin integrated Development Master Plan. 1998 2. Socki-econ-omic study for the Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation project. Inception Report, May 2006 3 Agricultural Planning far lhe Afjo-Dedessa Irrigation project. Incepton Report. May 2006 4 Irrigation and Drainage study for the ArjoDed&ssa Irrigation project. Inception Report. May 2006 5. Oramiya Economic Study Project Office. June 1999. Oromiya Energy Resources Baseline Survey, Volume III’ Annexes Na; 2DO7 6. W8ISPP> December 2002. A Strategic Plan few lhe Sustainable Development, Consen?alion and Management of Woody Biomass Resources for the Oromiya Regional Stale 7. National Rcnewabte Energy Laboratory (NREL. USA). 1998 Renewabfa Energy for Rural Health Clinics S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (N*REL. USA). 2M2 Renewable Energy for Rural Schools 9. CSA. May 2000. Agncuttural Sample Survey 1999/2000, Volume 1 Report on Area and Production for Major Crops 10. ENEC-CESEN. 19B6 Technical Report 2. Biomass Energy Resources 11. ENEC-CESEN. 1986 Technical Report 3, Solar Energy Resources 12. ENEC-CESEN. 1986. Technical Report 4, Wind Energy Resources 13 Ethiopian Energy Authority, 1994. Energy Dalabase: Sources and Methods 14. Ministry of Mines and Energy, 1994. Energy Policy of Lhe Transitional Government of Ethiopia 4] Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise [D AssnciatioD wit* lotercontinenUi Consultants and Technocrats Pit LtdArjo Stdiessa IrrtgadiHEL Projttl Energy Report ANNEX A. Data from Werada Bureaus &f Agri C ulture and Water supply May 2007 Umu Seka l.anrl uSfrCO'x^r Potential cuHivable jrea zona, 1 Area (h8) 57940 2 Cultivated tend 3 Grating land 4 Land occupied by InveskHs 5 Un-cuRivabie tend e Swamp 7 forest land 76620 53336 17694 848 1072 42256 2J Total 249766 Cufljvaied land Area ‘haI 1 2 3 Annual Crops Pcranniai crops Go^emmenl coffH Farmer^ coffee FnMs andvegMobtes 58539 7809 1851 5958 471 Total 66819 Fonfsl land Azea :hai 1 2 3 Natural lores! Chant BOkj Umm&and Beds kl1 Taku Bsda KoncN Man made Palch and riverine 13766 4929 2138 1945 494 3429 1768 26722 Total ;_________ . 42256 Crop production In IMe Llmu Seka Wfrreda by new saltlerv, 2OO5JQE Sesa JUB Mailt} HbomH season Total tie a f.i s Ncug Sorghum Gnoun fl nuts Cultivated area (M) 050 025 0.125 0 05 008 0 03 1.035 Production, Household 4 9 2.5 3 15 125 quintal' u 42 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Jd AgsDclJufoii with IfltercABtlUBaLal CoaiHtUnlc nod T«hMeniL'i Pvt LtdArfe Mma IrrtfiiUo Prajtet Energy Report Smalt-scale irrigation development (potentially Irrigable land = 1036ha and 13713 beneficiaries] Maj 2007 Irrigation method 1 2 3 4 5 Gravftyj*riwer Spring Wet land Hand dug well Waler harvesting Ptan Cultivated A/na (*ia) Beneficiary population 353 6200 76.6 85 5310 20.6 79 3173 35.0 15 532 5.3 10 500 0.5 Beneficiaries 1043 524 964 104 56 Total _________ 542 157i5 146 2713 Limu Seka Wereda Rural waler supply • 372 functional hand pumps (1he estimate is that there are four to five times this installed) ■ 12 spnngs supplying Atnago town and surrounding rural areas ■ 1 deep well (70m. drilling just completed) at Atnago ■ 1 deep well at 40m, not functional at Alnago ■ Water supply in the resettlement area ■ Springs = 18 • Shallow well hand pumps = 22 (deplh of 42 io 74m) 43 Water Works Design &. Supervision Enterprise In Association wltii tatermttoentel Consultants aad Technocrats PrL LtdR R R R R R R I I I I I I I I I I I Ar Jo-Detfen* trriftlton Pro/etl R Energy Report 200? ANNEX B. Data collection question nairas R Water Works Des ign end Supervision Enterprise Arjo Dedcsa Irrigation Project Energy survey Questionnaire for households A - Area and sample identification CODE A 1. R-ejpon 2. Zone 3. Wereda 4. Type of settlement 5. Name of senlemcnl 1 B 1 C D 1 E F 6. Nufic of lota lily (Kebcle or Mender] 7. House number ar n ame of head of hdiiMfhokl U H B - Household characieniiies S Number of pennns m the househutd 9 Addis • older than 15 years 10 Cnklrcn -15 yean ur younger 1 1. Household members tha i go co school ■' I J -J K L 12- De tai Is atxmt <hc bead of household 12.1 Sex IL2 Age 12 4 Mun c'ceupation Mate 1 LZ M Female Z ST Fanner i1 o Household commerce 2 Slh^cd (flOv't-tJlheri J Stl T miployrd ■' irt 1 trade i 4 Other speed-i $ C - Household’s assets 13. Tola? land area ife- farming huusehDlds,! 14. Cattic owned i head* i IS. Shctp'giMU owned p Ik T*pc id boujk- I ?, Nuniter of rucens 1*. Will Modem - brick- HOnc- mud r Tridilaoril hut 2 R ri~i S " “t ’Jnck Slone M<4 i *□r N. Kcvf 1---- —-- ---------------------- ---- ------------------ — 1 WwHk'rtra* 3 |i04 sheets 1 □ V Stra* 2 44 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Jn *S4Kkadoa with [ntercomlneDtaJ Coasullants ajitf Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.■Vjo -Bidmi lrrixaitoa PtoJbh Energy Report ______ HIT ?w? D - Energy consumplic in in th» household per mon Lb (ijotrt eooA/nq end Fuel Acquired io kraJ unfl End use (%3 h S n J 4 a 3= woods ait - 1 Aqri reM’jtfi ■ 2 ArtrrJil wa5bs = 3 PfflOU r«x?jei ■d Char tea 1 = 5 KirtHtm = 6 Eetfridly » 7 Cansej -r fl Cnhfi' ■ uceofy r 9 — N li B 1* O n- Woman toad " 1 M*n load ■ 2 ChM load = 3 Donkey l»d = 4 Sack - ll£l kg = 3 $3Ck-5OKfl = 6 Sack - 23 ng = 7 Retail ■ 1 0 0dr = R Retail • 0 5frr i 9 -■9 = 11) Litre = 11 0 33 Litre = H2 O 12 Litrt = f3 N'umbof ■ 14 ■Zl r £I s E > a? ? cq w X ¥ z AA Afi AC *D AE AF AG AH K> 1 202 203 20« 20 S 20 20 7 20 fl 20 0 20.1 t> 20.1 1 20 1 2 20 1 3 20.1 4 l———- 45 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise lo Association wltn InicTccartocntal Consultaats and Technocrats Pvt LtdArffr DtdAHj Energy Report liar 2007 l : - Cash incomes 2i. WfMt ar? ih« sources ol orah meom for lihe -hgusehQld^ 21.1 Whai rt Ehe frequency tfl cash Inca™? fJ’rtf-fjL/ancy = year. mon Th, rfayj ?f.? is ihs a mount of cash ■■ncc-m?? ■i' u 5 ■"■ CO t la >Uk < Salarv Sale-cereal crops Sale-cash crops Sate-milk products SaAe-oev. <x food *1 Aft AS AT AL AV SA AJ AX AL AU SB K HD SE (jfKrte Iftat fhe- tfmaunr f$ for ann Handcrafts AN AW SJF pwwd c/ Jfia fr Ftemirtance- AQ AX BG fanrnly Othc* specify 1 AP AT Bh Other-spec^ AQ AZ Bl Jft Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise ]□ AssucLaUon wltU JnteiMintlcetiial Con euI Lanta »n d Ticino era ts PH. LidAr jo Dedtiri IrrlfidaD Project Energy Report Maj w rr a topics *xti nirr-CTFoxs arid derksa ikkiuaiiox project exergy STUDY Grneril infomiitjCirt -ktaoirt Ihn CDmmunrhf Goal of the Study UndEratamfirMj Uh* g*n*f*l PA/community backgrtfurtd Main topic Key questions L JWiy xKiiJ inffasmicrure and natural resources- L Localkm, Physical iwraiibiHly 2. Quality of resources 3 Possible conflicts oci access and owner-ship J Economic ind social services * Avaiinblillty of waler servicet, hcahh inShL-uhuriS. schools * Accessibility lo above * Means of transport io gel access io cducMton, hraBifo and economic services i. Man constraints lo use social and economic sen-tees RRA tools and methods 1 Rem wets mapping 2 G-t-j" d-izussicn Sources of information 1 Re«xl&. sheich maps., <xner dartai 2. ErififlAjctt workerOA heme- eetrarnixi J FafffWS IlWdOhrM-, PA IfiXters (courois 1 and PA arctarax 4 IiMath-ji kidOtr* (Mm, ~c*q<jux JeadErx, ^epeAE-ilalivcx ol VAftgBFX, inJlLBrfjii! JEidE*3 5 OMerEr.l greupngx ol Lhe local commuiV A$nn|*r*^l /Duf-S Reporting formal I. R-Bfeojces map 2 Convnw-iis on fcfr,- queabon^ Sub-topics, Indicators Boundaries of PA House, church, mosque School, clime, storage, community building, extension service center, co operative, roads, tracks, market pieces Mining activities (traditional ones). Rainfed agncuHural and Imgated land Range land, grazing land. Forest, village wood tots Terraced land Sources of fuel wood Rivers ponds, takes, springs wells Water points for animats. 47 Water Works Design ft Supervision Enterprise Ik AfBditfofln *1ib InlRrc&iLttnEDlal ClmolMutl lud ficUMCista Prt LtdAjJa-Deiesii LrrlgS"Jcifi Pnjact Energy Report Mi; 2007 Hau««hoH *iiPr,qY slip ph1 and biomiM- energy rasources Gail al th* study A»ttitinc| tewc** Hain Ei^filc ^aiuNi tawl 4-XJ sruyb Band aq-ra-and social Forestry Xiy quiwlions 1 Availability -rtf wood to fuel, tonitoe OQAMiuCiiGn J. Consumptxxi 3, £fftcterc> ert lec RRA tMlii' methods 1 MMni rar-king 2 Trend liMfl. 3. ObsetValnXrt in r« J :nJ <«cnen 4 Gioup ditCuHMn. -finwi-cineckiro Sources of irtfonnaSion 1 fleportf. Sketch maps. other secondary data .2 £ xiflrw; on MXknr>[)A 3 F arnwuTS. PA 'tza.dera i coucciisi ard PA archives 4 In forma Headen .^ders. milieus, reqs of ■Mlages . rfhersi Reporting formal 1. Trendlines 2. CcKTrneds on sty quw-lrans and sub-lopcS SutMopics, Indicators i Pees- ar-d thfuto -avMsfite and jxcrteiwd far W wood. cixW uebofl a^wM*ing nuarteriBis. ieai fcode®. fencing. shade, etc 2. A0H> l^xestry and tdcial tar^<y KlfrUW 3 Tr*nrts in CH naB«l fowl *ng Shrvts. a rd lefts fry piantalxK'S- 4 0*1*1 of stop and access Io nMtxtf toast a rd planted Id’csI ano thrijb! 5. AjUlfc 6 Tr-pcds n avalabibLy, thslanpe-Oi! $£rjrcc a rd hmc required to GO-'tecbng; 7 Ccnwmphon Mr hdusntxHfi^ preoarabqn pl -pnn m^l [ifi local uru| e.y Shekimnjay) rffoency Ol ule lEypes ol sw. etc ] A 11 fuei WOd bought? Qty whom'? When? Wh^ Price Ire’ndis? 9 Is du-HJ Lri*d taeP Why? Preference CO* atxx3 W manure to M 10 la mamxe used tar lemits-ng ire WMh do you prefer? Fix ia*xJ or taeP Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise lit AssocLtulM U'llb SalFrcomlneflUilCOOlUlianU and TeetiDocrfllS Pvt LtdAnnexure - 6 CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT PLANAr jo DtdttU Irrlf idofi Project Catchments Development Plan Hit 2OF Table of Contents Title I MFI F. Cl FC DXTDTS................ -...«,... 1.IS T O'F 1X0 I—E X i.^.iui..iiiisuiii;iisui«iim«re Page Ill IJST OF FIGURES III LIST OF kSSrXES M RO NX MS-.... EXF.fi TIVESt AIMAftX ... ■ ■■■Jllll ,_.1 I. IM KCMH-rnO^i......... .............. I ! GESFfcAi I 2 OnJH crvu Jf 2 J Cfrfir'riiJ i 2 - fytfcijQf I J ME I mWi CMjV AND XFPRO41 ii f J r IMhuMajO' J J 2 ^PPHHrrhf i I 4 Res IE A MF PRFtMH X Sit DIES AND WqklCS 2. DESCRIPTION OF W. ATESSHED 2 I BKI-WSH.-ALFEAR RF-X 2 J t Climate, L J»iif r ’stf rny»gFdpA> 2 1 1 I Locartion 2 l I 4 Cnpc-grjipr, 2 J 2 Smdj iiW LdflJ Td^wMify CXii uj’ir jfw.iH 2 1 2.1 Salt 212 2 Land CaMfrtiy Ciassrfita'.cin. 2 J 5 FDF-f Jf J-fSGiiPCM 2 .' J IMcraooit 2 I 5 ifater JtaBirfrri s 4 J 5 5 d ■y 2 / d ETjpc^if hl'i.'s i.e X'iJjf eSHl/ ^dJii'r i n-dJiiwn inr !*«>■'jrra"i 2 2 SDCKJ-ETOiQMiC 4 L:M?rTHjSS 2 2 i' 2 2 2 E-rciiwfflfc- Ajir 2 2 J FLlFflrflJ H IJc*m 22 4 LjI^1TA.“X ^ai^acfrf/ipfl d#rJ i/rSfziSili.’H 2 2 5 f£rwWiiitfd/drlii-riiYj 2 2 fl /'r^vjwirtws .rflrfjwjiwirv oFrAr <xu»"iii!nn 5. MAJOR PROBLEMS OF Vt OtXSHE»__________________________________ II LaMDMGCW^TION r ,1 J W frpn.?Ji 6jr Ndllff J i1 2 J’v.rcsnfj.jjriiM 1 ZSWORt toft >< GR.VISG UM» AND I IV FN II H'h FEED J J SCCKkElUNOMIC FROMI ms J J J fjud^tajrr eitouic* imw J J 2 I HfI'jftJ VI lift H uf«M- |*jr • J ■ fatpfloprr .’d-tJ Un4 ■L EMM IM- OFFORTl NITIEN 1X1) DEVELOPMENT S-TR-XTEGltX...................................... 4 1 DKELOFMEXI n’RXTIXI S 12 i. 1 in- 2’ ii i? J2 -O :* Vt /!■■ J /: JJ J■ J i” i! 4^Ufkfil^r J id-surr'reEu^ Fj'^i J : 2 Oddabitiiy ffftfnupFfr Arr-ii J i i/ri-rfG/utCJir Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise .._„4S 4v 5<i 51 5J n J2 (J +4 1J ■if I In tas*rladfiii u-iih IniwtpolJneniiiransuksjitj and Trcb ooenis Pn. Led.Arjt> Dedessa Irrigation PTCjKt Catcbmcints Development Plan May 2007 J J Sat'fertility imprwvfJHCHt Uflfh f- YM 4 2 OPPOR mwrnts 56 ■4 jf / O^qpdvnunT^fJf fe/c-pAyriCfl/ < / 7 Sbcizj-rrnwr^tC' jJjPj&oritmrrrrf 4 2 DevtLxiPMtvi strategies il.lUII..IUILIIIII"ir IIP *1' s. proposed watershed development interventions.^.. 5 I Criteria for selection 5 2 Soil and Water ConSI rvation Interventions 5 J. ? Ph i jicij/ jwtJ 5 2.1.1 Sol bund* 11 V II I IIMIt II- ■■ .-illlh anil 5 2 1 2 Fanya jiaj Lew*ce 5 2 1.3 Cutoff drain. ■■■■ ------ 62 63 .. II.... 5 2.1 4 Sedirrittrfl Slffafifl and QMGfltow earth dams T 2 J -fj|b’FrtnrJm-?r/Jifi)?ri/Jr n/ ZflWn-VJririflnJ nr* 62.21 Crop fOtBUOn .... ...................... — hl* »U MBH nil 56 57 5B 59 59 59 6-2 frj 04 65 52 22 Adoption of Organic manure*. Green manure and FertJuera 66 5.2 2.3 Strip Muted a*M Ihlfft/OppiiX 5 2 2 d Ftaxirii Lf ’r.ynatjijniFT! 5 2 2 5 Cant'dur*-arming . .... 68 5 2 2 6 CrrrpcM ! matenn^ 1 68 5 2 2 ? Grasi Strips. 5 2 5 .4 jyv-forcjitjy fattrnteticms W 5 2 3 1 Aifcy Otb«4 O ft 5 2.3 2 Mufr-SWfty Gardening 5 2.3.3 Establojimpnl fit buffer zon» agro-Rwesify 5.J LlVKTOCK MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS 5. J ' ffrit opr«w 3.5.2 Srccinrf oyjhcn 5 4 River bank PROTECTIOs 5.5 Spring development 5 6 Development of access road IIIIIIIIUI1 Ui.—bll.. Iifc.-l -4U4-4—-f ....... I ■■ Illi II. Bi 71 71 72 72 72 d.-.li II 73 rvr-iiiain na.i lUiuuiiM. 5.7 ESTABLISHMENT OF Ntw NURSERIES AND $f RLNGTHENW0 OF TH FC* D 3 8 Expansion of Small Scale jrrigatwjn schemes ■»*yi •iiiiia. mu. 3 9 POI H?v AND S FRA I tGIC ISSUES J ? i1 /-nfrorrijiaiu hjTA 5. P J Jtaiteg/r CdnA Jrrahon 6, rMI'LEME.'sTA ftOM J1 LAN 6 I General SCkEDl le 6.2 Time schedule and musing 6 3 REQURBUENT LN r^PLTS 6 4 iMPLIi MEMATIOV STTLaTEljIES lain >ii-iii 75 75 76 76 ro/hy/jcr 76 77 i. b ■ ■ i=i i iai iu ■ a uii—>.. III irviiiii '•••-i ii'imiiiniuiuuiuuu. -1 III iibi.i.ib —i. l"l.. I IJIJ1-I. > i viiuiirjiaai 6 4./ 642 MJ 644 0 4J 6 ■ ■iHia /mp/rnirnruNOJt nf tfw iwrzinf^Mj r/joii." J hr /AurrmpaJon-- Warr/iArd /tijfjr Jo £w CdflNmMwrv <Aiufcfrng Grawp wont iwiJ Waf RjtpwivrN.-ci. U>M rtgiJar «r<-rtiJeiir wwcf !*i —t* .. |. hi, I -I UlMi ■••*11 !!■*■ I >...81 hl Rl A3 ■54 A4 05 A5 AJ Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise tn Association wilt LutsrcoDLinscLaJ ConsuJuuits and Tedmocrats Prt. Ltd 11Arjn Dedcssa Irrigation Project Catchments Development Plan J ?.4 SM/wtiArty wpryi-fmrrif ujrA FTM 4 2 OfTTJUIUNITJEE _________ ....... May a»7 ftMat— 56 ■r /..' O p p> viKriitif j rttarfp* Jij li i irfl-^y.fiLLrJ rriflurcfj:.. . 5? • 11 r~i 11 f v i v Mt 11 — 111 r-1 ■ ■ i ■ —■■ 5- 1 f ■ 2 Swi o <r c* d ir£i m to dyjjp uv’into i?J■* 4 4 ? Dlvllopmf.nt Strategies PROPOSED U ATE RS H ED DEVELOFMENT INTER V EN T1OKS, 5 I CHrTFHUfOkSflECrKw 5 2 soil ano Water Conservation |ntlrv£ntions 5 2 f Physical Mcsntw- risjiiainik i 5211 SofbuMl MiiniiiiiiiiuiiniHii .5S -S9 59 .59 6f 62 52.1.2 Fariya juulerriCfl ....................... ............. ...................... 6? 52 1 3 Cteclf i>a»nj ............. -._ —................ 5 2 i 4 $«jim#r)i Sling* and Owfiow wnn damp. J,2. J 4AWHVMfroJ 522.1 Ctfi® rataMn............. .............. ....................... ........ ......... iiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim-.iiiB.li S 22 2 Adaption <rf manures. Green manure and F triikxwrs Illi 522 3 $tnp. Mned XKl'n|e^croppng 5 2 2 4 Rg&due I'nariagtowi 522 5 ConUxjr farming 5 2 2 6 Corpgsl mak:-ng 5 2. J Jjgftf jGflFf uFt > rflri’riirnJir.-.'iH 5 2 2,7 Graw tfap* . —-------------------------- 52 3 1 Alley croppng IIIIIIIIIM&I 5.23 2 AAAi-Slcrfrv Ga-'demng 523 3 EsiatflShroent al butter-jar# agro-ICKesiry 5 3 Livktock management Interventions 5 3 7 /"irJJ ppiibn 5. j.2 SrcoW Pfrtiizn 5.4 River hank proilition 5.5 String D€vfjLOFMi>*i. 5 6 Development of access iucmd 5.7 EST AHLEHMENT OF NEW NURSE*IES AND STRf NGTHKNINO OF DHf 01 D II Illi .11 5 $ Expansion of Smai l Scale MkaTion sriif.wu 5 ? policy * si> strategic mi is .... J 9 J 7*lf *1^ tort! htM rt to j»6q oh 6? 07 61 fiH 69 TB Tl 7l ?2 ?2 72 7.3 75 !* 5 76 76 76 r- 5 V 2 VrrarJr-X»< iBMAII t implementation plan .._... 6 I OFNERAL SniUMJLf 42 IrMF SCHEDULE AND PHASING 6 3 ft tQUftFMFXT OF fNtt TS 4 4 IMPIFMENTAlHW STRATEGIES *4 J 64? *4J tf.4 4 445 4.4 7 .1 *4 jH^h'rMTiVdfJUH ilu- jntor*rolrcmf jtatoW 6f* juwJir r^ufwr, 11 S3 -W *4 IKjMfitarf Aflgw Ar J L'iiJMa'dri TudiLfirt £ , ViiJrA iLsiW f.EjfSf rifflLrc’ j irrviin i i■■ II.I ■■■ ■ BJI. ianX^Tfc ii i.*6 Ff gfadilr to nd ffrri/lrdr^ui Jterdjjrijritfri iijfjAf pi-Jir gjf MguotMi Cair-ifcdriHf Jfn ift1 *5 ilt piOtfr.ijg1 jWdjhtJjTdf ■s^F^FkFf J VA -lA t WATERSHED MANAGEMENT APPROACH and AC HON PLAN_____________ .... II T2 SOCIAL SIRICH’KFS rtuJIYI-f tl ACTIO* Plan 72 7 S'djuwof Jtej&uri.--f AfflHajirnjrft-j S4 Wi 7fl ' :A ■ 7.2 / lunj' tuirJacfMter iVmi tewf- hiLTfrf flririYjifj Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise la Assfldatlon with InLtrtflBdntnC&l Consultant*. and Techoocnts Pit. Ltd. 97 W 11Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Catchments Development Plan May 2007 7.2 J AftirfKifjflf..................... ... ....... 7.2. J sttJi'jht 7 2 P T^T-nr-'iiXi ir®ff T iT^'Airi/p 72 ” f’flctii.gc*jfP’nMTHifritf’t Prcicr^rtfi ... .. 7.2 J WJiUJCftlrJ?]? C-,’"r i Td^'f J ri.'Tif FlftSHCfaf Jfjff QW^CCJ a. EST IM CTTON OF COST FOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT-...-.., 9. BENEFITS EXPECTED— HE MONITORING AND EVALUATION REFERENCES.."—------------ ■. — .i i 11 uii i ■■■ 11 rm 11 j M Ml Stf PS it**-'*. 105 SO* LIST OF TABLES table 21 OOuiNANT LAVO USt/LAND COVEP OF THE WATERSHED B WOREQa v Table.2.2 Several Slope CatEgoMS OF Ahjo-DeoeSa watershed are a amD fflCMffliOMS Table 2 3 Characteristics of different laao uses cf waters«d and land class unit Table 2 4 SUMMARY OF LAaD CLASS* C*TiQN AnQ lAT-Jj CLASS UNIT W1T>f .NJAjDA UMlTlNf. FACTCFI5 J 8 20 2-R .1 I Table 2 5 Table 2.6 Table 2 7 Table 2 B Table J t Table 4.1 TABLE 5 1 Tables 1 Table 6.2 Table 6 3 Tasleb 1 table b 2 Table 8 3 Table 8 4 Table 8 5 SOA AND W ATE R CQNSCRvATiOH MEASURES IMPLEMENTED 0Y1 WOfif DAS in Tta£ WAFERS HE &' BETWEEN 2004 aNQ 200®... _____ ............. J? PQP«Jt*TlO« QF RtSPf L-Trve. WORECMB >h THE WATERSHED Livestock popul^non *j -he watershed by worega Stocking rase of grazing laaqs in the woredas Population op WOrlda Supp-je d with Pqtable Water XW'GaT'Qn PfiOJEOS S STUDIED in THE PflDjFCT AREA OptfTMwS gr ■• UR Soa AJtp CDh5t«TiAn^iM !h AA_«> L i □[ jja ^ateask* ; Ik^LE AtNT ATKJN SCHEDU E By PmaSE anQ V EARS- INPUTS RE DUIRED FQft *4 P Lt ME Hl A .NON OF WAlERSHtD DtVEtOPME NT ACTMTIES 40 j? 14 52 %% | S2 BS HfliWHCM® PBCPCSED f^r hmPlEnBnIaTCm CV BEvEi&phEnT *u>h A’iTk ms lit ih^if holes S 7 Coin kjb. Civil vttMKs ... .. . ......... ............. ........ ..... Costs for Inputs and ma te rials Stationary ano other items Salary, Fir OttM avd nwMawtTATK)N Summary* OF GOBIS ... |gg i ni ujj. lOj Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise lo AsEQcLaUoii wlda loC«rt<iBLl!LenE*J CottsulmiLs and Teth nstrats Pvt Ltd. IllAr Jo DedEzsa Irrigsdco Project Catchments Development Plan Kay am? LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2. 1 RtVEA MORPHOLOGY1 Figure 2 2 AVERAGE Monthly Rjim al l c* Stations in and Around Arjo- Dedesa WATOWCd Figure 2 3 Average Monthly Temperature of S r a no«s jn and ardgnd Ar jo De dessa Figure 2.4 land use map of Arjd-DEOESa Watershed .. 16 ■■■ Figure 2.6 Slope categories for Arjo-Oedessa watershed Figure 2 <5 Sots map of arjo-Dedessa watershed ------- ..... Figure 2.7 Land Capability ClaSSi* Cation map for Ar jD-OEDESSA Wate rshld Figure 2 s Sow. loss rate map for the wateashe d .............................. .......... .u Figure 5. i Development map for AplchDedessa wate rshfd SO Figure 7.1 Social mobilization Alternatives Figure 7.2 Action p-lan for natural JPesouhce Management Figure 7.3 Action plan for Land-Based systems 9 J Figure 7.4 action Plan for non Land - Based Actmtie s .... ............... -.......-............... *M> 92 95 Figure 7.5 action pi>« for marketed ..._ 96 Figure 7.5 production systems invclwnoi Lahi>&ase d activities 97 Figure 7.7 Financial Structure Figure 7.8 Fund flow...................................................... . . nm ... W LIST OF ANNEXES ANNEXURE Aj’ 1 AvEhagI monthly plwni all of et*tidns w ans around the Arjo-Deqeesa Watershed (mm i itp1 AnNEJCURE AJJ Momth. ■ **d rrvw *ahihi or s<*i *1 *rfOvhs thf AajO-DEMSA W*i E ■’Mb 169 AM-itXLJHE W3 0E5IGNDIMEHS-ONSCF SPILLWAYS FOR SSDAMS FOR RAINFALL iMEW&ITY Of 10© -1SOMMMR . I'i ANNEXURE AM REVI5EG WORK NORMS FQR ACTIVITIES PROPOSED 11 | annexuREAj‘5 recommended Specks 40R Pi_Afing A.NNE WRE A'U Packages OF Production Practice S O* Crops n; iij Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise IV In Association with InterconiinimtaJ Censultants and Technocrats Put LidAr)0 Dcdtssn Irrigation Project Catchments Development Flan Acronyms May 3W7 AMaREW - Amhara Micro-enterprise Development, Agricultural Research, Extension and Watershed Management Project BOARD - Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development 6PEDO - Bureau of Planning and Economic Development Tor Oromta CEC - Cat-ion Exchangeable Capacity CWT - Community Watershed Team Cm - Centimeter CSA - Central Statistical Authority CSE ■ Conservaton Strategies rrf Ethiopia EE PA - Ethiopian Environmental Protection AuthOnty EFAP ■ Ethiopian Forestry Action Program EHRS - Ethiopian Highlands Reclamation Study FAO - Food and Agriculture Organuabon fore ■ Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia F'YM - Farm Yard Manure GTZ - German Tethnical Cooperation Ha - Heclare Km ■ Kilometer LCU - Land Class Unit LUPRD - Land UM Planning and Regulatory Department M * Meter MERET - Managing Environment Resources to Enable Transition to more Sustainawe Livelihoods F/qA - Ministry of Agriculture MoARD - Mimslry 04 Agriculture and Rural Development MoWR - Mims try of Water Resources QI DA - Oromia Irrigation Devetopmanl Authority PD ■ Persons days RCSO ■ Regional Conservation Strategy of Qronna SLM - Suslamabltr Land Management TLU - Tropical Livestock unit USAID ■ Lfnited States Agency for international Development WBISPP - Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project yyFP * World Food Program Water Works Design 4 Supervision Enterprise tn lUsKlsUon wild luusreflntlncnUd CfiUSUllintT and Technocrats Pvt Ltd,ArJo Dedcssa Irrigation Project Catchments Development Plan 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 General May 2007 Watershed Management is an iterative process of mfegrated decisean-making regarding uses and modifications of Hands and waters within a watershed This process provides a chance for stakeholders 1o balance diverse goals and uses for environmental resources, and In consider how their cumulative actions may affect long-term suslamabitity of these resources. Human modifications o! lands and walers directly alter delivery of waler, sedimenls, and nutrients, and thusfundamentalfy alter agnculiural activities. People have varying goals and values relative to uses of local land and water resources. Watershed management provides a framework for integrated decision-making, where we strive lo (i} assess the nature and stalus of the watershed ecosystem, (iiji define short-term and long-term goals for the system, (Hi) determine objectives and actions needed to achieve selected goals; (iv) assess benefits of each action; (v) implement desired actions, (vi) evaluate the effeds of actions and progress toward goals; and (vn) re-evaluate goals and objectives as part of an iterative process Watershed management related to agricultural activities involves the planning and execution ol need based soil and water conservation practices and other sooo-econumic interventions which will consequently control the sod loss, reduce the run-off and improve the livelihood ol lhe community and thus will provide more time of concentration tar run-off water to infiltrate into soil which will finaWy contribute to ground water, ft is, therefore, essential to have a watershed as a basis fw planning and implementation of various soil and waler conservation programs Watershed management is 1he integration of appropriate technologies and strategies within the natural boundaries of a watershed or drainage basin for optimum development through conservation, regeneration a nd j udioous utllization o f all resources - land, water, animal and human within a particular watershed The dynamic processes of the biosphere and the effects of vegetation and soils on these precesses such as interception, evaporation. Iranspiralmn. mtitlration. percolation, and surface run-off. subsurface and ground how, all are affected by land managsmeni activities on the watershed. An improper and! exploitive farming practice m the watershed leads to resource deteriorations, both ex-silu and in-silu Watersheds with degraded uplands result m sedimentation of reservoir and irrigation structures with frequent flooding at Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 3 Id AssoclatloD with InLertonLLntnLHJ Consultants and Tecbiicicrats Pvt. Ltd.Arjo Dedesss Irrigation Project C atchnients Development Plan _________________ down stream at the outlet of the walers heel system. Proper watershed management schemes greatty supplement the suS-taiinabllily of these irrigation schemes, in add Lien .0 the multiple outputs to be derived including forest, livestock, and crop products and fishery on upland watershed. A study tunducled on Aijb-Dedesa watershed suggests that the vegetal cover is relatively good and sod erosion is mintmat in many placets except in areas where fores.1 clearing is taking place particularly Lhal of Borecha and Dembi areas The major challenge is seen to he low awarcnesi of the community in natural resource tonscnalion. Demographicalty. there is low population pressure where by many areas of land arc available for cultivation The exploitation of natural resources is gelling induced with the need to open new- land for cultivation and cutting of trees for sale. In ni-iny places the depth of soil is good enough to support agricultural activities with™t external inpuls. However, many parts of the soil need butfenng with basic substances owing to acidic nature of soils that limit crop production Land degradation in the watershed is associated with def&fesiation and improperly laid out of drainage channels in the cultivated lands. The numoer of livestock is found to be mcompLabble with carrying capacity of existing grazing lands. It has been observed that there is high rate ol over grazing on both grazing lands and cultivated lands during dry periods Failures of soil and waler conservation structures are also highly correlated wdh free grazing of livestock. 1.2 Objectives 1,2.1 General objective The general objective of feasibility slutty of Arjo-Dedesa watershed, as part of Arjo-Dedesa Irrigation Project, is assessment and identification of biophysical and socio-economic potentials and problems o! watershed along w ith the resource base, and to give r ecomimeMaiions on development options that could be applicable m solving the watershed problems. Il is also aimed at improving the livelihood of the community in the walershed in the long run equitably through implemenlalion of various interventions with due consideration 10 upstream downstream interactions and reduce competition for resource, consequenlty avoiding conflicts that may anse from inequitable distribution of development and resources between the up- stieam and downstream community owing to development of irrigation project, from which the down-stream community benefit. Furthermore, the objective of feasibility study of watershed Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 4 In UssDetaUDD with IntercssUaeotal CuosultAols And TrehaocraLs Pn Ltd.ArJ o Dedem IrrtEaCion Project Catchments Development Flan May 2007 management includes protection of the watershed resources from degradation and rehabilitation of degraded areas of A/jo-Dedesa watershed thereby increasing Che productivity of a gricultural lands in the watershed, protection of the existing natural resources especially that o1 soiL water and vetjeiatioriH protection of the imgalron dam from sedrmentalion and flooding, with due consideration to holistic and integrated approach, so that the development or Irrigation project would be sustamable. 1.2.2 Specific objectives The specific objectives include the folium ing Identify the biophysical and socio-economic problem* of the watershed fordifferenl land uses. Identify areas vulrKflble to soil erosion and recommend appropriate soil and wltcr consen alien measures for both arable and non-arabfe tands lha" may help to halt erosion. Identify appropriate interventions and prepare the watershed development plan along with uwlirunons responsible for the implementation of the development plan Estimate the cost required for implementing the proposed watershed management plan, Indicate ihc momtonng and evaluation systems to effectively implement the plan and ensure sustainability 1.3 Meth od logy an d a p proac h 1.3.1 Methodology The methodologies followed for conducting the study of Arjo-Dedesa watershed managemenl are. * Review of previous studies and wcxks * Review and collection at secondary data at national, regional, woredas and watershed levels * Debneati&n of watershed (ram topographic map al 1:50.000 scale and interpretation of 1he land uses, stapes and other characteristics of watershed from topographic maps and aerial photo ■ Field u Dservairan to cross-check interpreted information from maps and ascertain the actual and current reality on the ground, and collection ol primary data on biophysical and socio-economic situation Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Ln AttKlaUM WILD IntmontlntnlaL Conjulcants and Teclujocrats Ftl Ud. 5Arjt> Dedessa Irrifcfttiim Project Catchments Development Plan May 2007 • und capability classification was conducted using the methodology adopted by Escobedo (198-6), land classification for use in soil conservation in Ethiopia. The meUiod attempts to identify the MOST SUITABLE LAND USE for sad conservation requirement. • The Soil Loss Rate Map has been interpolated from the study reports of EHRS, and 8COEM (1999) and assessed and acquired field data based on the limiting parameters of soil erodibility. rainfall erosivity slope steepness and length, vegetal cover ard management practices 1.3-2 Approaches The assignment of watershed management slutty was undertaken considering the following Five stages and approaches I, Review of past studies undertaken and to edenlify data gaps along ^ith recommenrlalion of information and data gap filling ii. Field investigation, data collection and consultation wilh Woreda and concerned experts and Regional officers iii. Analysis of Resources and identification of constraints iv Design of project components and Cost Estimates v. Project monitoring and evaluation Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 6 ta AssocIaUod with lactfcontloental CottEiiltams andTetUMtriLs Pvt. LidArjc Dtdessa Irrigation. Project Catchments Development Plan 1.4 Review of Previous Studies and Works May 200? Soil erosion by water is the domiiml type of soil erosion m Ethiopia and is Lhe most important cauie of soi[ erosion in Ethiopian Highlands, within which Aijo-Dedcsa watershed is found rhe effect of soil erosion is loss of soil, removal of organic matter, depletion of nutrients, consequently causing decline in [and productivity, sedimentation of water reservoirs and the like Currently, Ethiopia is facing severe land degradation mainly arising from soil erosion problems The Ethiopian Highland Reclamation Study (EHRS) Estimated that nearly !J billion tons of fertile soil is lost from highlands annually through water erosion alone. This amount is equrvatertt tn an average soil loss of 130 tons per hectare per year from cultivated lands. Allowing for rc-dqpo*ition of soil in the bottom lands, the net soil toss from cultivated lands has been estimated to be JOO tons per hectare per year, which is equivalent w fl mm of soil depth peT annum The Study further estimated that 50% of the highlands are significantly eroded, 25% seriously eroded* while 4% have reached a point of no economic use. Il also estimated that there is an average annual land, productivity decline of 2.2% due io soil erosion. Humi (1984) estimated rates of soil erosion on cropland'; and found to be 42L'lia on average, while this rate has reached up to 300t/ha on individual fields. On the other hand, soil formation rates were estimated to vary between 2 and 22 u.ML*'lia per year. I he variations are based on the differences m jgro-eco logic zones, altitude and focal situaiwns Al present day Ethiopia, forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate and the area covered by foresis al present is only 2.4 percent compared to the estimated 40 percent initial coverage The primary causes of natural forest destruction are agricultural expansion, both through shitting cultivation and the spread of sedentary agriculture; the demand for increasing amounts of construction material, fuel wood and charcoal. Charcoal production is commonplace in the and. semi-ahd and dry humid parts o1 the country [CSE, 1989}. Using fire to fumigate bees and io facilitate hunting is also very common. The major source of household energy biomass A 1984 estimate indicated Shat 94.8 percent of the total energy consumption in Ethiopia was made up of biomass fuels consisting of fuel wood, anima! dung and crofi residue {EFAP 1994}. Fuel wood use makes up 81.8 percent of these traditional sources, while animal dung and crop residue make up 9 4 and 8.4 percent, respectively Traditional fuels make up 99 9 percent of the rural energy consumption and the rural population consumes 80.7 percent of the Cota! net energy (EFAP. 1994). Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 7 In Association wtte Intercontinental Consultants Md Technocrats Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dodsssa Irrigation Project Catchments Developmentplan May 2007 In add t«on to the deforestation caused by understandable needs. negligent as well as w anton destruction (such as by f*e). do contribute to deforestation These types of deforestation have become increasingly frequenl in the last 20 years or so. Th.s has been a period in which security of land tenure and access 1o natural resources were undermined by unpopular policy measures such as frequenl redistribution of land and restrictions m cutting and utilizing trees, even in one's own backyard. Serious destruction of forests has occurred between the tail of the previous government and the stabilization of the present one Forest and generally b.omass degradation, as well as consequent land degradation, lead to the destruction and erosion of biodiversity of both plants and animals. More specifically, the destruction of habitats, the introduction at a narrow spectrum of crop varieties, recurring droughts, as well as wars and conflicts could be mentioned as the most common causes for the erosion of forest cover and biodiversity in Ethiopia Ethiopia's largely poor rural population, driven by poverty, attempts to satisfy the»r survival needs through the clearing of more forest land for agncullural purposes (CSE. 1989). Based on the evaluation of forest conditions in the country EFAP (1994) recommended the expansion of tree plantations in agricultural areas mixed with agricultural operations as means of abaimg forest degradation and associated problems To evaluate the soil erosion status. EHRS used depth of soil as an important indicator that soil depth affects both soil water holding capacity and plant rooting depth providing a direct link between ‘erosion status’ and productivity. Soil scientists now recognized that sail loss has the greatest impact on crop yields through the reduction in soil depth [WBISPP, 2004) The critical deplh below wh>ch crop yield is affected is between 80 and 100 cm The same study showed that sorghum and pulses are not affected until soil depth reaches 77 cm, indicating drought resistance characteristics of these crops. Barber (1984) assumed this depth Io be 10 cm for cultivated lands of Ethiopian Highlands that is expected to reach in year 2010 if the trends of land use practices continue in similar situation ol the time. Correlating lhe soil depth with agro- ecological zones, EHRS found that deeper soils being associated with the higher potential zones, including the present study area; and correlation with altitude showed ihat shallower soils are occurring especially at higher altitudes The decline in soil depth, being effected by soil erosion, reduces soil moisture storage and thus, reducing the ability of craps to sustain development and survival during the mid-period of rainfall The situation is exacerbated by .ncreased runoff owing to reduction tn vegetation cover and reduced soil infiltration due to removal of top-soils and clogging of soil pores by finer soils Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise la Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd 8Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Catchments Development Plan May 2007 washed-m f rom upslope side Removal of crop residues and animal dung, primarily foe fu>et. also Preaches the natural cycling erf nutrients m the environment, further impoverishing the soil (NCS, 1989). Concern over land degradation, and impacts of it on land productivity and livelihood's of people came to prominence after the 1974 drought. In recognition of the seventy of erosion in Ethiopia and stimulated by recurrent famines especially the major famines of 1972 and 1984, the government of Ethiopia, assisted by FAO. undertook a major study on soil erosion m the Highlands of Ethiopia (EHRS. 1986) Recognizing occurrences of sort erosion and recurrent drought with international assistance and especially in association wtlh lhe WFP. the government has made a major effort to implement soil conservation measures Between 1978 and 1984. 590,00km of contour bunds covering 600,000ha of cultivated land were implemented along with 600.000km diversion ditches. 1100km check dams in gullies, and 470.000km of terraces, afforestation on 1S0,00Cha of sloping land iHurni 1985 as quoted by BCEOM-1999). These measures have been implemented mainly m Hararghe, South Welio. South Gonder, North Showa. Tigray and Arbaminch areas which 'were affected by drought The recent report of Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority (EEPA, 2003) showed that between 1995 and 1999. 1284924ha on-farm terraces, 115398ha soil bunds, and 45794ha check dams, 12387ha micro-basins, 5646ha cut-off drains were implemented across the country. Generally speaking in the past, focus has been given to physical soil ard water conservation activities. Since 1974, the previous government gave much attention Io implementation of sod and water conservation measures as a means of abating land degradation and established Community Forest and Soil Conservation Department (CFSCD) within the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) to plan and oversee conservation and community forestry projects by watershed countrywide The soil and water conservation and community forestry programmes were lhen implemented on watershed bases from 1980 up to 1991 During these periods, the size o1 watersheds considered as development unit was 20,000 to 40.000ha (8CEOM. 1999) In a more general way. the study of soil erosion situation and the efforts made so tar in soil and water conservation were earned out and given m Abbey River Basin Master Plan propel report This report would be relevant to the target area of study The study indicated that soil erosion in the basin and also rn Ethiopia as a wbo*e has reached at the alarming stages and is increasing under the combined pressures of increasing population and de-vegetation In light of this. the study further suggested that soil and waler conservation strategy should focus on conserving Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with lalercontlnetJlaJ Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.Jkrjo Dedfssa frrtgaiJ&n Project Catchments Development Plan May E007 currently productive lard at1he expense of reclaiming degraded lands In principle, seal erosion is directly linked with the disturbance of soil or land ihraugh cultivation, and ihus slraiegy of erosion control must focus on prelecting cultivated land. Extensive assessment and evaluation of the sad and water conservation measures implemented in lhe country was carried by Donald. 1984 under EHRS project According to this report, attention was given to physical measures and insufficient attention has been given to the biological and ecological asoects of conservation The study further recommended greater attention Id identifying and exploiting locally available plant material fur stabilization of bunds and improvement of pasture and Io the selection of tree species for different ecological conditions, with out ignoring I he need io have quality works of physical measures based on standard norms Moreover, the measures were implemented here and there with out due consideration to watershed It was just in T980's that a watershed approach was started in planning and implementing soil and water conservation works (John et al 1984) The activities conducted since then concentrated on soil end stone bunds, terraces, cutoff drams, gully control check dams and forest tree plantation with major emphasis 1a degraded hilly areas. During these penoos uni.i the recenl times of the fall oi Dergue regime, watershed managameril programmes conoucled have experienced three-fotd maior constraints Firstly, the planning of walershed works was top down and decided by lecnmcai experts; secondly, lhe size of watershed fc* planning was large, 20-40 ihousanj hectares and thirdly, the watershed management interventions were biased to soil and water conservation measures emphasizing on degraded communal and hilly areas with little attention to individually held farmlands (personal view) The lessons learneo from this experiences pushed Mo A and support agencies tike FAO to initiate pilot watershed pfannrng approaches on a bottom-up basis, using smaller units and following community-based approaches, resulting in introduction o f minimum planning and sub-waiershed approach and initialing a shift 1rom larger watershed to smaller watershed as a planning unii. This approach was tested al pilot stage through FAO technical assistance from FAO under MoA during 1988 9t During the test ten years, with support from WFP under MERET project, GTZ. USAID under AMAREW proiect and other organizations, lhe FORE has worked with communities within micro-watersheds to develop and implement natural resources conservation and Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise lfJ Id Association with [ntcn^Dtlnental ConsulUcts and Technocrats Kt. lidAr}o ttedtssa Irrigsdoi) Project Catchments Development Plan .May 2007 communiiy watershed management plans. Td reinforce such efforts guidelines on wate shed management r pigming have been published by the MoARO and are generally accepted by almost arl practitioners This would give a favorable condition for implementation of watershed management programmes at community level Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 11 to Assqtlatlnn with latBreqoUtteatal Consultants and Technocrats Pin, LtdArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Catchments Development Plan 2. DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHED May 2007 The purrurt conditions and cJiaractenslics of wHteFBtiMJ described under this topic to have a clear picture of biophysics! and soda-economic sMttffcng, 2.1 Bio-physical features 2.1.1 climate, Land Use and Topography 2.1.1.1 Location ArjO-Dedesa watershed. wNcri 15 originating mainly from dense forest hilfe at Sigma Gera Mana, Goma end hills at airier Wanda, is tha area ihat drains water to Dedua River, one of the lnbulary rivets IO Abbay basin. The watershed coders Ihe whole of Gemma; Sorecha, Dedesa and SWeriH Wanedag and parts al StgmO, Gera, Mana, Limu Kma, Limu Safca and GeLchi Worfldas H is located frl "romia Regional State, parts or Jima and I'lu-ababhra Zanes The watershed can be accessed through Jimma after 30 km drive to all weather roads towards Agaro town 11 is located at 360 km from Addis Ababa and 60 km from SfedMe town towards Jimma. Geographically, it is located between 36^02 and 36^46 East Longitude, and between 7*4355 and S“l3 53 N-arth latitude. The watershed covers a total of 556,436^9, excluding the command area and inclusive of reservoir area. The elongation ratio (index of shgpe) of watershed is computed to be 0.34, showing weak relief and gentle ground siope. and having a short and wide shape, nearly squat The map available in F*g. 2.1 shows she morphology of River Dedessa The map shows that Dedesa Rwer has rn^ny networks of tributary rivers The major tributanes of Qedesa river include, Ater Geda wh»ch is -originating from Gaway, Latten Chngo, Atara suga and Dapara in Sigmo pills; Yim which is originating from Myje. Dusta Dapara and Gabasa forest in Toha; Aw^yilu, which is originating tram Awanu, Suture Gabisa and Tiliku Bore in Agaro areas- and; Gaps. which <s originating front Keberecho forest, Kobe forest and Weja forest in Dernbi Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 12 In Association with IntcrcanUDiBBtaJ Cansultarw and TechaorraLs Pvt Ltd.Arjo Dedem Irrigation Project Catchments Development Plan 2.1.1.2 Climate May 2007 The climate of Ethiopia is influenced by seasonal venations in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (I T C.Z) The seasonally changing northeast and southwest trade winds, each containing different amounts of humidity, converge in this equatorial low pressure zone In addition to orograptwcally determined rainstorms, intense precipitation often results pnmaniy from thermal convection Annual precipitation is concentrated dun ng penods when the sun is at its peak m the form of tong or shod rams The long rams are known as Kreml and the short rains as Belg. The main dimalic information that is most important for watershed management is ramfall and temperature Others like evapo-transpiration, relative humidity, solar radiation are subsidiary for planning watershed management Moreover, the importance of such climatic data can be implied from rainfall and temperature The monthly rainfall within and nearby areas of the watershed were collected from four metrological stations namely. Agaro. Bedele. Dembi and Jimma. the details of which are given m Annexes A'1 and from these data a representative values were reckoned Peak rams m the project area are observed to concentrate between the months of March to October Almost all months of the year receives certain amount of rain, with the minimum bemg in the month of January Figure 2 2 shows graphical representation of monthly rainfall for stations m and around Aqo-Dedessa watershed The annual rainfaB in the project area ranges between 1535 to 2214mm. average being 1835mm Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Id Association with Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Prt Ltd 14ttIIIffffff Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Catchments Development Plan Figure 2 3 Average Monthly Temperature of Stations in and Around Arjo-Dedessa Watershed May W 2.1.1.3 Land Use/cover The identification and mapping of the present land use classes of watershed is essential part of watershed management The way a given land unit is used determines the hydrologic characteristics of watershed and development potentials and constraints A plan of watershed management should be based on the type of land use along with other factors that define the conditions Moreover the type of land development intervention is directly related to the land use Thus, the identification and mapping of the land use/cover for Arjo-Dedesa watershed was made and three major and dominant classes of land use have been identified Details are available in Figure 2 4 Of the total watershed area of 556.436 ha considered for watershed management program excluding the reservoir area 186571ha (33 5%) is cultivated. 82811 (15%) grazing 136560ha (24 5%) is forest or bush land. 24829ha (4 5%) is open wood land 4791 ha (0 86%) as wet or swamp. 52314ha (9 4%) unused area, and the rest 68560ha (12 3%) is under different uses such as settlement, cemetery gulty roads, elc These details are available in Tabie2 1 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Io AssodaUon with intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd 16Ar jo Dedcs&a Irrigation Project Catchments Dev elopment Plan May 2007 Table 2.1: Dominant land use/land cover of the watershed by Woroda Cultivated Grazi Woreda Mana Goma LZSeka Ha *9 % ForesVbushes Open wood Un-used land Wotf swamp Miscellaneous Total Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % (Ha) 2080 57.4 808 22 2227 61 • 45752 47.1 9766 10.0 4728 4.9 155 0.16 8880 24.5 1118 3.1 2417 | 67 17530 7117 7.3 826 085 28798 29.6 13228 16 1 UKosa 15339 20.4 Dodessa 21783 390 32123 39 2 14683 19.5 7133 128 14750 18.0 29135 387 18156 • 1775 24 2877 221 - 38 1106 - 15 3790 46 10274 137 97142 82047 75189 7880 14 1 3170 57 4860 Borecha 42720 456 6061 6.5 16982 181 17898 19 1 87 737 1.3 10352 185 69 316 0.3 3199 34 Getchi 4630 60 473 062 715 0 93 161 Sctema 15613 203 9905 12.9 41645 542 943 Sigmo 1942 16.1 443 3.7 7092 586 95 0.2 12 08 6510 85 2358 01 3.1 509 07 ■ - 784 0.1 - 5905 7.7 55915 93636 6848 76878 Gera 4756 233 1417 7.0 11406 56.0 632 3.1 463 3.8 1008 4.9 179 • 09 2064 17 1 977 48 12099 20375 Total 186571 33.5 J___ — 82811 -I 15.0 136560 245 24829 45 52314 9.4 4791 0.86 68560 12.3 556436 Source; - Agriculture and Rural development offices ol respective Woredas ( June 2006} and Orumia BoFED Abstract 2000 Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 18 In Association wKb iDtercuoUMOtal Consultants and Technocrats Pvt LtdArJ« Dedessa Irritation Project Catchments Development Plan May yxn noted that the gardens of farmers which are under some uses in one or another way. were not included in this class of land use. Rather such areas are considered as cultivated land Table 2 2 General slope categories of Arp-De-desa watershed xw and proportions Average slope (%) Area coverage (Ha) Proportions of total (%) Flat or almost flat. 0-3 3296084 Gently stoping. 3-8 121857.6 21 9 Sloping, 8-15 53348 7 96 Moderately steep. 15-30 30452 3 5.5 Steep. 30-50 16491.7 3.0 Very steep. >50 45873 08 Total 556,436 100 2.1.1.4 Topography Stope of the watershed is categorized as indicated in Table 2.2 and shown in Figure 2.5 The categorization i$as per practice prevalent in Ethiopia for soil a nd water conservation Such classification and categonzation is also useful tool for land capability classification The characteristics of the different land uses and identified land class units (LCU) are indicated m Table 2 3 Table 2.2 depicts that the dominant slope of watershed is m the range of 0 to 3 percent, a verage b emg 2 1 percent, which i s adequate s lope t o i nitiate e rosion Cultivation takes place in most of this slope range Soa and water losses from field are influenced by the steepness, length and shape of slopes The shape of slope is expressed m terms of curvature Slopes may be roughly convex or concave Convex slopes increases ui steepness toward the bottom Thus, runoff velocity also i ncreases toward the bottom of slope Where as concave slopes flatten out toward the bottom of the slope and sediment carried in runoff waler settles out as flow velocity decreases With intense rains and high velocity of flows, however, water may concentrate m concave slopes and start gulling If gullmg does not occur, the area toward the bottom of slope accumulates high orgamc matter and surface sal. and becomes more valuable as cropland On convex slopes there is no deposition, only removal, and these slopes become progressively poorer Slopes of Arjo-Oedesa watershed areas are more of concave type of slope curvature that has minimal cause Io generate erosion and run-off. * ? Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise 20 Io Association with intercontineotaJ Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.woooc FIG. 2.5 SLOPE CATEGORY MAP ETHIOPIA 3S Jfi- 41 44 47 ■ ■ .4 L ■ k / LEGEND Stop* class (%) OJ £ 3-8 8.15 15-30 M 30-50 >50 Dam we Oedet&a River Roetft FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA PROJECT ARJO-D EDESSA IRRIGATION PROJECT CID NT MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CONSULTANT <se? map TITLE —b— 240000 WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE IN ASSOCIATE WITH INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS ANO TECHNOCRATS PVT. LTD SLOPE CATEGORY MAP 2COOOO ■oooo 260000 SCALE I« •.0» I 1 MTE FIGURE — — NOVEMBER 2O0e Jo 2.5 fAr jo Dedessa Irrigation Project Catchments Development Plan May 2007 (II) Fluvisols Fluvisols are recent alluvial deposits in ov er plai ns, former lakes and coa stal regions with very little soil development. Most soils consist of str atified layers with d iffer ent textures, bec ause these layers were sediment deposited by wa ter The sediments consis t of ero ded material from uplands and mountains In the project area. Fluvisols are found stratified over the upper middle and vicmity of watershed boundaries at the foot of hills and between rivers. They are distributed over 8 7% of the watershed, specifically in Dusta. Dapara. Timba Chala. Muje. Sisimo Hulet. Kubo. Girmo and Ulawata areas (Figure 2.6). Fluvisols exist in Dystric sub-order and are generally good agricultural soils. Fluvisols are found in the sub-order called Dysthc Fluvisols (III) Gleysols Gleysols are soils found in low-lying or depressions where groundwater influence is high and therefore show hydro-morphic properties Gleysols have reducing conditions in the part of the soil that is continuously saturated by water because of the high ground water There is no free or dissolved oxygen and the soil is. therefore, grayish blue In the zone wrth a fluctuating groundwater table, grayish blue spots, orange or reddish spots (segregation of iron) or small blackish spots (segregation of manganese) are found. In the upper part of Gleysols. that is. not within the reach of the groundwater, the soil is permanently oxidized and the reduction spots do not occur (Merle. S. 1985). Gleysols are distributed over 13 1% area of the Watershed, including areas of Serrti Borche. Yala Aliya, Kajelo and Basera in Sigmo Woreda, Gono. Jamiya and Berbere in Setema and over few areas of Bera Gogo (Figure 2 6) (IV) Nitosols Nitosols are tropical sorts with a deep clay-enriched B-honzon. with a low cat-ion-exchange capacity and without abrupt textural changes (Merete S. 1985). Nitosols do not have plinthite within 125 cm from the surface and do not have ferric of vertic properties and have good potential for agriculture owing to the presence of deep uniform profiles that are porous and well drained, have stable angular to sub-angular blocky structure and consequently a deep rooting volume They have h.gh moisture holding capacity Nitosols are good for many types of crops and hence most of ihe areas in the watershed wrth Nitosols are cultivated and extensively used to grow vanous crops Moreover, natural fertility of Nitosols is relatively high, but use of fertilizers are required <1 high yield is needed Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise In Association with Intercontinental CoMullants and Technocrat, Pvt ltdFIG. 2.6 MAJOR SOIL DISTRIBUTION MAP LEGEND Chromic verteote Dystnc FtanoH Cyur* Cystnc Ntosots Eutnc Nrfcsois Uthotoas Orthc Acnsote Peilic rock surface G«ne Catchment »ea Reservoir area Dam Me Dedesae River Roaos - FEDERAL democratic republic OF ETHIOPIA PROJECT ARJO-CEDES SA IRRIGATION PROJECT ciEitrr ministry OF WATER RESOURCES ICNmATAWT •Ousta car ■h MAP -jn£ WATER WORKS DESIGN AND SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE IM ASSOCIATE WITH INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS AND TECHNOCRATS PVT. LTD MAJOR SOIL DISTRIBUTION MAP SCALF ---------- WTI l ewooo MO’BMW awelNo. *>a^f ~ ~ Z.OAr jo DcdEssa rm^Uon PrtbjMl Catchments Development Flan 2.1.2.2 Land Capability Classification May ZM7 Land capability classification refers to a syslematrc arrangement of different kinds of land according to those properties that determine the ability of the fand to produce on virtually permanent basis. It is the basis of watershed management and development programmes. The basic principle of soil ancf water conservation is to use the land according to its needs. Therefore, classifying Hie land according io ils capability is a prerequisite and important for planning, implementation and execul-on qt soil and water conservation programmes The land capability classes for ArjD-Dadesse watershed nave bean identified based nn the assessment of the major limiting factors (directly or indirectly) to use the land in a sustainable manner and the obtained class units are primarily categorized as SOIL CONSERVATION REQUIREMENT CLASSES The major limiting factors considered for this purpose are one or two of land features including Slope, Soil depth, Past erosion, Soil infiltration, WaLer-toggmg, Top soil texture and Stoniness or Rockiness. The assessment of each feature was made for each type of present fand uses in ranges of slopes as indicated m Table 2 3 for the watershed Determination al Ihe sori conservation requirement class is made following ihe procedures adopted for Elhiopian conditions by Escobedo (1388). The tand capability classification map for Arjo-Dedessa watershed is available in Figure 2,7 The different land uses classified in the same land class unit, however they vary m the llmiling factors, are grouped under similar soil conservation requirement class For example, a grass land that is identified as class IL means; it is classified as class two land capability unit wilh major limiting factor being sol depth. A cultivated land that is identified as class llt means i| is classified as class two land capability unit with major limning factor being erosion.. Although lhese two land uses are different in their limiting factors, both belong to the same capabihty- cum-sdii conservation requirement class and in final mapping they were put under land class i| Table 2.3 indicates ihe features o1 different land uses. Table 2 4 gives Ihe different land ses with the major limiting factors and land capability class uni1 within which they belong Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise “ Ln Assodatlon VTltb Interemiilnentid Consultants and TnclitJ&crais p« Ltd 27Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Catchments Development Plan Table. 2.3 Cf aracserisiics ol dillercnt land- uses cl waiershcd and land class unit May 200? Land use and slope (%) Araa (Ha| Proportions ol LCU in % |-------------- - Soil depth (cm) *130 Soil Texture Infiltration Sternness? Rockiness (*/*) Waler logging Past Erosion Land Class Unit Land Use Cultivated Slope (%j 0-3 11753S 7 »»1 4 inwi i6?»i * tOWI 1 100 5/ 79614 5 76677 6 1^00 6554 9 <53 13 5 96 to 5U 01 M3 no 134 4B 100-190 100-1W 75-12$ W-95 C*y kJMTI Clay lojrfi city 1MIW Cm kwiii CUy kJJin Clay «j*yi lW-n Cur kmm Oay KO.il Clay iMHi cm • LWIT' CWy kwi Cujay Good GXl3 ikr-i Good Good Good CkXXJ <15 <1S *15 None NOHf <19 Nu<»o lMD Nona For&si'busti 15-30 30-50 -50 3-0 M5 is-ae 30-50 >50 0-3 3-0 MJ 15-30 30 50 M>25 >!5D *150 D to U29O 50314 r 16777 H7 0956-1 00 61.0 M2 H4 100-190 101F15O 55-95 5M5 >150 >150 >190 1Q0-V50 1W-15Q Good Good GwS GLajU Modainiq MmgiIu 15-30 *15 <15 <15 1B-M MD 15-30 3lflM VII Grass land I tamfi Mu-W ***• No-e New Nbn* tilur ■—-l| Bfll InlDfHbll anl Now M?W ftfcnt Mwmai yrW Nil Nd *H 5*Uhl S^jhl 6ughl Ml Ml Ml NH Siya (LCLJJ 1 II III IV VI VII 1 II 111 IV VI cm Good 5796 0 70 2732 0 33 ijam CUy ci»r town >M1 02 61 D i Gate Good Good Mooer-xw <15 <15 <15 19-30 iMO IMQ *1$ Na Nd Nd Nd Nr Squill Wood Hand M J0 i/to: q 69.2 2M0 cm *0*11 >150 Ckiyey >150 cm*/ Hi 322? a 13 6 III. III. Ill IV VI Vlt, IKi ill. 0-15 74 *150 | CUyay Maavrali: <15 hite-mc Mi ■nt Snyfil Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise lei AssodailCD with iniercoutlDCDtaJ Consultants and Technocrats Pit Ltd.Arjo DcdttU Irrigation Project C alclimiaiiLs llMVuloptueut. Ptan Hay aw Wet or swamp tend M-r.c«l^rmOU5 li-M 30-50 * a* 043 3-4 3-0 4 IE 30 - 54 1445 7 tiM.f 496.6 4bfcfi.4 124 & 5O5&? 3 15®9I S UTlS e.n 24 XO ft? 4 ZJB *30 SQP-1M Sil ta»m 19CM30 ■ifl kam 25-90 tt-UD »n 50-55 24 2 MMiS m ?!*-» 5«nd> ijjir o*w Ci»mh CW C^-jr Srtdy GOW GChjO Sood I'ik* Pulf UCKtaMla MatMiiia ;<-3d 1W0 ■Ww «*VM 15-30 MlHH 3^1 1540 +J->4 415 "SrUII^ <ib HfefUUr -16 ar< S^jni W N4 j!u IV VI VB 15-30 Nfrv* Mato hi:n* iM&lfr' IV LV MilArjo D^eui Irrigation Project (iah’.iimenis Development Flan «» . n<W t JMO 4WS *4 - 30 403 • M >1 * May 2007 Wet or swirmp larzr >* iM M'*C*TL*T-«r>jt :-4 we? ] a» *>« <*n r- «, ‘W 3 20 J i* IO-2-V4) 140-130 MO 33-120 MhW w-as Ml MO 5* kiw. ■rt kl**“ 5-jiMJjr i£Hrr Ctay«) c«r*> Ctay kMfti c*m SMy inflin CcW Lkx>1 OcDij Pow Po« Mqdb'dla MndOUla good!SOIL LOSS RATE MAPL■ ■ ■ ■ ■ I ■ n v ■ ■■ ■ * *pl p f* I IJR ■QI arrrrrrrrMHLk_________________■ ■ I ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ to B n nI I I I 1 ■ I ■ n ft II ft II ft ft ft ft ft ft ft Lt1■ ■ ■ ■ I ■ > I > I n nrI I I ( I I I IMJJJIIIII II« ■FFFFFPP■■ Jita I f rM k fa bIM » u J■■ I ■L r ■FIG. 5.1 WATERSHED DEVELOPMENTF F I l II k I « c ■IY * fi i i i* * IV V V I4 II !I I1 s I f I1k■ ■ kI I JrI I I I I I ■ * L JI' J I L-Cta<—I Ii « 1 i I I4K-m II I II J I I I 11 II 7 I I Ito r ■ r u u f f f r 7I I 1I K N fl I IIII I1 I«• ■ I M fi II I I I I I I IL I I I I I I I I * * I' 41 I I I■ ■ ■ I I ■ I I I I J“I n 11 H I' *■ * * I 1R R R R R R R R W K ■ « « I I H !’ II JI » * >1 M II iIl pI
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