Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project - Catchment Development Plan Summary

THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
Feasibility Study
CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT PLAN
(FINAL)
February, 2007
Addis Ababa
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WATER WORKS DESIGN & SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS AND TECHNOCRATS INDIA PVT LTD
P O Box 2561, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
Tel (251)1 614501/631890 Fax (12^1)1 6H37IF mail w w d s cWtcIccom nd dArjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
Catchments Development Plan
February 2007
Table of Contents
Title
table
LIST
LIST OF FIGURESF
of
OF
contents
TABLES11
LIST OF ANNEXES—-..................................................................................................................................................................<v ACRONYMSv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY1
I.   INTRODUCTION3
I I General3
1.2 Objectives4
12 1 General objective ...........................................................................................................................................
i 2 2 Specific ooje
cnxes 5
1.3         Methodology and approach5
l 3 I Methodology
 5
1 3 2 Approaches
 6
I 4 Review of Previous Studies and Works7
2.   DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHED
12
2.1 Bio-physical features12
2 1! Climate. Lana Use and Topography .............................................................
 .................................. 12
2 111 Location               12
2 1 l 4 Topograpny 
 20
2 12 Soils ana Land Capability Classification 
23
2.1 2.1 Soils                23
2 12 2 Land CapaDility Classification 
. 
. .. .27
2/3 Forest resources
 .. 32
2 1 4 Soil erosion 
....................................................................
..........................................................
.....  35
2 15 Water Resources
37
2 i 6 Experiences tn Soil and water conservation activities                           37
2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS39 
22 1 Demography
  40
2 2 2 Economic Base . 
 41
2 2 3 Farming system                         41
2 2 4 Livestock population and distribution
2 2.5 Agricultural activities ................
2 2 6 Perceptions and priority needs of the community
3.       MAJOR PROBLEMS OF WATERSHED
3.1          Land degradation
3 / I        Soil erosion by water
3 12        Deforestation 
3 2 Shortage of grazing land and livestock feed
3.3 Socio-economic problems
3.3 1 Inadequate extension service
3 3 2 Problems related with water use
3 3 3 Improper land use
5!
51
52
4. EXISTING OPPORTUNITIES AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
^ATIOV*
54
4 1 Development potentials54
4                I I Abundant rainfall and water resources 4                I 2 Availability of irrigable areas
4                I 3 Coffee development
 . 
... 
54
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4 I 4 Sod fertility improvement with FYM
4.2    OPPORTUNITIES
4 I I Opportunities related to bio-physical resources 4 12 Socio-economic opportunities
4 2 Development Strategies
5.       PROPOSED WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
5 I CRITERIA FOR SELECTION
5.2 Soil and Water conservation Interventions
5 2 1 Physical Measures
5 2 11 Soil bunds
5 2 12 Fanya juu terrace
5 2 13 Cutoff drains
5 2 14 Sediment Storage and Overflow earth dams 5 2 2 Agronomic'biological Interventions
INTERVENTIONS
February    2007
56
56
57
5"
58
59
59 59 
61
62 62
63 63
5 2 2 1 Crop rotation
5 2.2 2 Adoption of Organic manures Green manure and Fertilizers
5 2 2 3 Stop Mixed and Intercropping
5 2 2 4 Residue management
5 2 2 5 Contour farming
5 2.2 5 Compost making 
5 2 2 7 Grass strips
5 2 3 Agro-forestry interventions
5 2 3 1 Alley cropping
5 2 3 2 Multi-Storey Gardening 
5 2 3 3 Establishment of buffer-zone agro-forestry
5.3 Livestock management Interventions
5                3.I First option  72
5               3 2 Second option          ............................................................................................................................  72
64
65
66
67
67
68
68
69
70
71
71
71
72
5 
4 
River
bank
protection73 
5 5 Spring development75
5.6 Development of access road75
5.7 Establishment of New nurseries and Strengthening of the old76
5.8                  Expansion                     of                     Small                     Scale 5 9 Policy and Strategic issues76
irrigation
5 
9 
1 
Interventions
with 
respect
to 
5 9 2 Strategic consideration 78
6.    IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
6    l General schedule81
schemes76 policy77 
81
6.2 Time schedule and phasing................................................................................................................................ 81
6.3 Requirement of inputs83
6.4 Implementation strategies84
6 
4        1        Implementation        of        the        interventions        should        be        participatory        84
6 4 2 Watershed logic to be respected 
64 3 Community capacity building 
6  4 4 Group work and local experiences
................................................ 
 84
.. ........... ................... ......... 
84
 .......................................................................................... 85
6                4 5 Linkage with regular extension service....    85
6 
4 
6                     Rural
land 
certification 
85 
6 4 7 Recognition of the role of women 
6 4 8 Project Cost-sharing  
6 4 9 Flexibility in placing proposed measures  86
 85
 86
7.        WATERSHED MANAGEMENT APPROACH AND ACTION PLAN88
7 
l                Social Structures89
Alternanve-ll
7.2  action Plan
7.2 
............................................................................................................................ qq
I
batural
Resource
Management
722       Land-based activities
72 3 bon land-based activities a 4
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7                2.4 Marketing 
7                2 5 Production systems
7                2 6 Training and Capacity Building
7 2.7     Package of Production Practices
7 2 8     Management of Finances and Financial Resources .........................................  95
%
8. ESTIMATION* OF COST FOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT..............................................................................101
9. BENEFITS EXPECTED............................................................................................-..................................................... —105
10. MONITORING AND EVALUATION —........................................................................................................................... 106
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................ 107
ANNEXES.................................................................................................................................................................................... 109
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2 1           Dominant land use/land cover of the watershed by Woreda.......................................................... 18
Table 2 2           General slope categories of arjo-Dedesa watershed area and proportions........................... 20
Table 2.3           Characteristics of different land uses of watershed and land class unit................................28
Table 2.4           Summary of land Classification and Land Class Unit with Major limiting Factors................. 31
Table 2 5           Soil and water conservation measures implemented by Woredas in the watershed'
BETWEEN 2004 AND 2006 ........................................................................................................................... 39
Table.2 6 Population of respective woredas in the watershed ................................................................................... 40
Table 2.7 
Livestock population in the watershed by Woreda........................................................................... 43
Table 2.8 
Stocking rate of grazing lands in the Woredas.................................................................................44
Table 3 I
Population of woreda Supplied with Potable Water........................................................................ 52
Table 4 1 
irrigation projects studied in the project area................................................................................. 55
Table 5 1 
Options of interventions for Soil and water conservation in Arjo-Dedessa watershed.....  61
Table 6 1 
Implementation schedule by phase and years....................................................................................... 82
Table 6.2 
Inputs required for implementation of watershed development activities................................. 83
Table 6 3 
Institutions proposed for implementation of development plan with their major roles........ 87
Table 8 1 
Costs for Civil works............................................................................................................................... 101
Table 8.2 
Costs for Inputs and materials.............................................................................................................. 102
Table 8 3 
Stationary and other items...................................................................................................................... 103
TABLE 8 4 
SALAR Y. PER DlEM AND TRANSPORTATION.....................................................................................  103
Table 8.5 
Summary of costs....................................................................................................................................... 104
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2 1          River Morphology........................................................................................................................................ i 3
Figure 2 2 
Average Monthly Rainfall of Stations in and Around Arjo-Dedesa Watershed....................... 15
Figure 2.3 
Average Monthly Temperature of Stations in and Around arjo-Dedessa...................................16
Figure 2 4 
land use map of Arjo-Dedesa Watershed...............................................................................................21
Figure 2.5 
Slope categories for Arjo-Dedessa watershed................................................................................. 22
Figure 2.6 
Soils map of Arjo-Dedessa watershed.................................................................................................... 26
Figure 2 7 
land Capability Classification map for Arjo-Dedessa Watershed ................................................ 30
Figure 2 8 
Soil loss rate map for the watershed.................................................................................................   34
Figure 5 1 
Development map for Arjo-Dedessa Watershed................................................................................. 80
Figure 7 1 
Social Mobilization Alternatives............................................................................................................. 90
Figure 7 2 
Action plan For Natural Resource Management................................................................................ 92
Figure 7 3 
Action plan for Land-Based systems........... -......................................................................................... 93
Figure 7 4 
Action Plan for non land - Based Activities......................................................................................... 95
Figure 7 5 
Action plan for marketing.......................................................................................................................... 96
Figure 7 6 
Production systems involving Land-based Activities..........................................................................97
Figure 7 7 
Financial Structure......................................................................................................................... 99
Figure 7 8 
Fund flow...................................................................................................................................................... 100
LIST of annexes
ANNEXURE A/1 Average monthly rainfall of stations in and around the Arjo-Dedessa Watershed (mm) ..109 
ANNEXURE A/2 Monthly maximum and minimum temperature of stations in ano around the Arjo-Dedesa Watershed..................109
Annexure A/3 Design dimensions of spillways for SS dams for rainfall intensity of 100 -150mm/hr i io
ANNEXURE A/4 REVISED WORK NORMS FOR ACTIVITIES PROPOSED....................................................................... 1 11
ANNEXURE A/5 RECOMMENDED SPECIES FOR PLATING.............................................................................................. 112
ANNEXURE A/6 PACKAGES OF PRODUCTION PRACTICES OF CROPS......................................................................... 1 13
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Acronyms
February 2007
AMAREW        - Amhara Micro-enterprise Development, Agricultural Research. Extension and Watershed Management Project
board            - Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development
BPEDO          - Bureau of Planning and Economic Development for Oromia CEC               - Cat-ion Exchangeable Capacity
CWT               - Community Watershed Team
Cm                 - Centimeter
CSA               - Central Statistical Authority
CSE               - Conservation Strategies of Ethiopia
EEPA
- Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority
EFAP
- Ethiopian Forestry Action Program
EHRS
- Ethiopian Highlands Reclamation Study
FAO
- Food and Agriculture Organization
FDRE
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
FYM
- Farm Yard Manure
GTZ
- German Technical Cooperation
Ha
- Hectare
Km
- Kilometer
LCU               - Land Class Unit
LUPRD           - Land Use Planning and Regulatory Department
M                    - Meter
MERET          - Managing Environment Resources to Enable Transition to more Sustainable Livelihoods
MoA               - Ministry of Agriculture
MoARD          - Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
MoWR            - Ministry of Water Resources
OIDA              - Oromia Irrigation Development Authority
PD                  - Persons days
RCSO            - Regional Conservation Strategy of Oromia
SLM               - Sustainable Land Management
TLU                - Tropical Livestock Unit
USAID            - United States Agency for International Development WBISPP         - Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project WFP               - World Food Program
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
February 2007
Watershed management is  the process  of formulations  and carrying out a course of action involving the manipulation of resources in a watershed to provide goods and services without adversely affecting the soil, vegetation and water base Watershed management helps to plan on optimum use of resources  within it. The activities  employed in the watershed as  part of watershed management programme help to ensure protection, improvement and rehabilitation of certain resources  Prevention and control of erosion, consequently  reduction of sedimentation of reservoirs and other important assets is one of the advantages of watershed management Above all the improvement of land productivity and water availability at a certain location, thereby improving the livelihood of the community is important aspects of watershed management In irrigation development projects, the upstream and downstream benefits of the community  could only  be ensured through watershed management programmes  considering the holistic approach in addition to the benefits obtained from irrigation projects. The life span of irrigation projects  depends  on the management and development interventions  carried out in the watershed of the project. In this regard, treatment of the watershed with various soil and water conservation heip to reduce sedimentation of imgation dams and field structures, protect flooding of down stream side of the projects and ensure equity of benefits from development interventions
On the basis of these, a study of Arjo-Dedesa watershed has been conducted as part of Arjo- Dedesa Irrigation Project. The watershed covers about 556,436ha. including the reservoir area Out of the total watershed area 33 5 per cent is cultivated, 15 per cent is grazing and 24 5 per cent is under forest or bush land cover About 59.2 per cent of the watershed has slope less than or equal to 3 per cent. A study  conducted on the biophysical and socio-economic conditions of the watershed shows that land degradation in the form of soil erosion, shortage of livestock feed as compared to the number of livestock, lack of community awareness in natural resources  conservation and other socio-economic  problems  are enormous  Poor farming systems, lack of interventions to halt soil erosion, deforestation and others is tremendous The result of land capability  classification shows  that about 35 4 per cent of the watershed is classified under land capability  class  I. which does  not require soil and water conservation interventions  technically  but still need some modifications  and improvements  in traditional systems  Moreover, the weakness  of attention given to proper implementation of policies  and
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strategies that help to ensure resources conservation in a so-called resource potential area in a sustainable manner are one of the reasons for increasing rate of resources deterioration
Pertinent to these problems, development interventions have been proposed. To mention few, the proposed interventions include soil and water conservation measures such as soil bunds, terraces, cut-off drains, SS dams, grass strips, alley cropping and etc, livestock management, nursery rehabilitation and establishment and others. In this regard, 82139 6 ha of land will be treated with soil bunds, 24867 ha with fanya juu terraces, 32km of gully will be treated with SS dams, and stone and live check dams. Further, development and improvement of 10 springs, treatment of 41232.2 ha with grass  stnps, development of 954 km new access  roads, rehabilitation of 19 and establishment of 10 nursery  sites  from which 100 million planting materials are to be produced and preparation of 10,000 compost heaps, which are expected to benefit 10, 000 households  have been proposed. These interventions  are proposed to be implemented over 6 year's period Along with these interventions, strategies for implementation ana institutions responsible for carrying out the implementation of proposed interventions have been indicated.
After implementing the proposed interventions as indicated in the development plan, it is expected that erosion in the watershed and sedimentation and flooding in the downstream will
be minimal and tolerable. The existing traditional systems of resource management and awareness of the community would certainly be better Moreover, through implementation of
agro-forestry practices at household level, the encroacnment of people to forest areas and destruction of trees in natural forests would be controlled, provided that the land use and administration by-laws and guidelines are in place.
A total cost of project has been estimated to be 301.3 million Ethiopian Birr over six years period of the project These costs include costs for civil works, inputs required, salary, per diem and, transportation If 10 per cent of this  cost is  covered by  the labour contribution of the community, the project investment would be about 271.17 million Ethiopian Birr
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
February 2007
Watershed Management is an iterative process of integrated decision-making regarding uses and modifications of lands and waters within a watershed This process provides a chance for stakeholders to balance diverse goals and uses for environmental resources, and to consider how their cumulative actions may affect long-term sustainability of these resources
Human modifications  of lands  and waters  directly  alter delivery  of water, sediments, and nutrients, and thus fundamentally alter agricultural activities. People have varying goals and values relative to uses of local land and water resources. Watershed management provides a framework for integrated decision-making, where we strive to
(i)  assess the nature and status of the watershed ecosystem,
(ii) define short-term and long-term goals for the system;
(iii) determine objectives and actions needed to achieve selected goals,
(iv) assess benefits of each action,
(v)  implement desired actions,
(vi) evaluate the effects of actions and progress toward goals, and
(vii) re-evaluate goals and objectives as part of an iterative process.
Watershed management related to agricultural activities involves the planning and execution of need based soil and water conservation practices  and other socio-economic  interventions which will consequently control the soil loss, reduce the run-off and improve the livelihood of the community and thus will provide more time of concentration for run-off water to infiltrate into soil which will finally contribute to ground water It is, therefore, essential to have a watershed as a basis for planning and implementation of vanous soil and water conservation programs. Watershed management is the integration of appropriate technologies and strategies within the natural boundaries  of a watershed or drainage basin for optimum development through conservation, regeneration and judicious  utilization of all resources  -land, water, animal and human within a particular watershed The dynamic processes of the biosphere and the effects of vegetation and soils  on these processes  such as  interception, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, percolation, and surface run-off, subsurface and ground flow, all are affected by land management activities  on the watershed An improper and exploitive farming practice in the watershed leads to resource deteriorations, both ex-situ and in-situ. Watersheds with degraded uplands result in sedimentation of reservoir and irrigation structures with frequent flooding at
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down stream at the outlet of the watershed system Proper watershed management schemes greatly  supplement the sustainability  of these irrigation schemes, in addition to the multiple outputs  to be derived including forest, livestock, and crop products  and fishery  on upland watershed
A study conducted on Arjo-Dedesa watershed suggests that the vegetal cover is relatively good and soil erosion is minimal in many placeses except in areas where forest clearing is taking place particularly that of Borecha and Dembi areas. The major challenge is seen to be low awareness of the community in natural resource conservation. Demographically, there is low population pressure where by many areas of land are available for cultivation. The exploitation of natural resources is gening induced with the need to open new land for cultivation and cuuing of trees for sale. In many places the depth of soil is good enough to support agricultural activities without external inputs. However, mans pans of the soil need buffering with basic substances owing to acidic nature of soils that limit crop production
Land degradation in the watershed is associated with deforestation and improperly laid out of drainage channels in the cultivated lands The number of livestock is found to be incompatible with carrying capacity of existing grazing lands. It has been observed that there is high rate of over grazing on both grazing lands and cultivated lands during dry periods. Failures of soil and water conservation structures are also highly correlated with free grazing of livestock
1.2 Objectives
1.2.1General objective
The general objective of feasibility  study  of Arjo-Dedesa watershed, as  part of Arjo-Dedesa Irrigation Project, is assessment and identification of biophysical and socio-economic potentials and problems of watershed along with the resource base, and to give recommendations on development options  that could be applicable in solving the watershed problems. It is  also aimed at improving the livelihood of the community in the watershed in the long run equitably through implementation of various  interventions  with due consideration to upstream downstream interactions and reduce competition for resource, consequently avoiding conflicts that may  arise from inequitable distribution of development and resources  between the up stream and downstream community owing to development of irrigation project, from which the down-stream community benefit. Furthermore, the objective of feasibility study of watershed
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management includes  protection of the watershed resources  from degradation and rehabilitation of degraded areas  of Arjo-Dedesa watershed thereby  increasing the productivity of agricultural lands  in the watershed, protection of the existing natural resources  especially that of soil, water and vegetation, protection of the irrigation dam from sedimentation and flooding, with due consideration to holistic and integrated approach, so that the development of irrigation project would be sustainable.
1.2.2  Specific objectives
The specific objectives include the following
Identify the biophysical and socio-economic problems of the watershed for different land uses.
Identify areas vulnerable to soil erosion and recommend appropriate soil and water conservation measures for both arable and non-arable lands that may help to hall erosion.
Identify   appropriate   interventions   and   prepare   the   watershed   development   plan   along   with institutions responsible for the implementation of the development plan.
Estimate the cost required for implementing the proposed watershed management plan.
Indicate  the  monitoring  and  evaluation  systems  to  effectively  implement  the  plan  and  ensure sustainability
1.3 Methodology and approach
1.3.1  Methodology
The  methodologies  followed  for  conducting  the  study  of  Arjo-Dedesa  watershed  management are
•    Review of previous studies and works
•     Review and collection of secondary data at national, regional, woredas and watershed levels
•     Delineation of  watershed from  topographic  map of 1:50,000  scale and interpretation of the land uses, slopes and other characteristics of watershed from topographic maps and aerial photo
•     Field  observation  to  cross-check  interpreted  information  from  maps  and  ascertain  the actual  and  current  reality  on  the  ground,  and  collection  of  primary  data  on  biophysical and socio-economic situation.
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•      Land  capability  classification  was  conducted  using  the  methodology  adopted  by Escobedo (1988), land classification for use in soil conservation in Ethiopia The method attempts to identify the MOST SUITABLE LAND USE for soil conservation requirement.
•     The Soil Loss Rate Map has been interpolated from the study reports of EHRS, and BCOEM (1999) and assessed and acquired field data based on the limiting parameters of  soil  erodibility.  rainfall  erosivity,  slope  steepness  and  length,  vegetal  cover  and management practices.
1.3.2 Approaches
The assignment of watershed management study was undertaken considering the following five stages and approaches
i Review of past studies undertaken and to identify data gaps along with recommendation of information and data gap filling
n Field investigation, data collection and consultation with Woreda and concerned experts and Regional officers
iii. Analysis of Resources and identification of constraints iv      Design of project components and Cost Estimates v      Project monitoring and evaluation
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1.4 Review of Previous Studies and Works
February 2007
Soil erosion by water is the dominant type of soil erosion in Ethiopia and is the most important cause of soil erosion in Ethiopian Highlands, within which Arjo-Dedesa watershed is found. The effect of soil erosion is loss of soil, removal of organic matter, depletion of nutrients; consequently causing decline in land productivity, sedimentation of water reservoirs  and the like. Currently, Ethiopia is  facing severe land degradation mainly  arising from soil erosion problems. The Ethiopian Highland Reclamation Study (EHRS) estimated that nearly 1.9 billion tons of fertile soil is  lost from highlands  annually  through water erosion alone. This  amount is  equivalent to an average soil loss of 130 tons per hectare per year from cultivated lands. Allowing for re-deposition of soil in the bottom lands, the net soil loss from cultivated lands has been estimated to be 100 tons per hectare per year, which is equivalent to 8 mm of soil depth per annum. The study further estimated that 50% of the highlands are significantly eroded, 25% seriously eroded, while 4% have reached a point of no economic  use. It also estimated that there is  an average annual land productivity decline of 2.2% due to soil erosion. Humi (1984) estimated rates of soil erosion on croplands  and found to be 42t/ha on average, while this  rate has  reached up to 300t/ha on individual fields. On the other hand, soil formation rates were estimated to vary between 2 and 22 tons/ha per year The variations are based on the differences in agro-ecologic zones, altitude and local situations.
At present day Ethiopia, forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate and the area covered by forests at present is only 2.4 percent compared to the estimated 40 percent initial coverage The primary  causes  of natural forest destruction are agricultural expansion, both through shifting cultivation and the spread of sedentary agriculture, the demand for increasing amounts of construction material, fuel wood and charcoal. Charcoal production is commonplace in the arid, semi-arid and dry humid parts of the country (CSE, 1989). Using fire to fumigate bees and to facilitate hunting is also very common The major source of household energy is biomass A 1984 estimate indicated that 94.8 percent of the total energy  consumption in Ethiopia was made up of biomass fuels consisting of fuel wood, animal dung and crop residue (EFAP. 1994) Fuel wood use makes up 81 8 percent of these traditional sources, while animal dung and crop residue make up 9.4 and 8.4 percent, respectively. Traditional fuels make up 99 9 percent of the rural energy consumption and the rural population consumes 86.7 percent of the total net energy (EFAP, 1994)
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In addition to the deforestation caused by understandable needs, negligent as well as wanton destruction (such as by fire), do contribute to deforestation These types of deforestation have become increasingly  frequent in the last 20 years  or so This  has  been a period in which security of land tenure and access to natural resources were undermined by unpopular policy measures such as frequent redistribution of land and restrictions in cutting and utilizing trees, even in one's own backyard. Serious destruction of forests has occurred between the fall of the previous  government and the stabilization of the present one Forest and generally  biomass degradation, as well as consequent land degradation, lead to the destruction and erosion of biodiversity  of both plants  and animals  More specifically, the destruction of habitats, the introduction of a narrow spectrum of crop varieties, recurring droughts, as well as wars and conflicts could be mentioned as the most common causes for the erosion of forest cover and biodiversity in Ethiopia Ethiopia's largely poor rural population, driven by poverty, attempts to satisfy their survival needs through the clearing of more forest land for agricultural purposes (CSE, 1989) Based on the evaluation of forest conditions  in the country  EFAP (1994) recommended the expansion of tree plantations  in agricultural areas  mixed with agricultural operations as means of abating forest degradation and associated problems
To evaluate the soil erosion status, EHRS used depth of soil as an important indicator that soil depth affects both soil water holding capacity and plant rooting depth providing a direct link between erosion status' and productivity Soil scientists now recognized that soil loss has the greatest impact on crop yields through the reduction in soil depth (WBISPP, 2004) The critical depth below which crop yield is affected is between 80 and 100 cm The same study showed that sorghum and pulses are not affected until soil depth reaches 77 cm, indicating drought resistance characteristics of these crops. Barber (1984) assumed this depth to be 10 cm for cultivated lands of Ethiopian Highlands that is expected to reach in year 2010 if the trends of land use practices continue in similar situation of the time. Correlating the soil depth with agro- ecological zones, EHRS found that deeper soils  being associated with the higher potential zones, including the present study  area, and correlation with altitude showed that shallower soils are occurring especially at higher altitudes
The decline in soil depth, being effected by  soil erosion, reduces  soil moisture storage and thus, reducing the ability of crops to sustain development and survival during the mid-period of rainfall. The situation is exacerbated by increased runoff owing to reduction in vegetation cover and reduced soil infiltration due to removal of top-soils and clogging of soil pores by finer soils 
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washed-in from upslope side. Removal of crop residues and animal dung, primarily for fuel, also breaches the natural cycling of nutrients in the environment, further impoverishing the soil (NCS 1989)
Concern over land degradation, and impacts of it on land productivity and livelihood's of people came to prominence after the 1974 drought. In recognition of the severity of erosion in Ethiopia and stimulated by  recurrent famines  especially  the major famines  of 1972 and 1984. the government of Ethiopia, assisted by  FAO, undertook  a major study  on soil erosion in the Highlands  of Ethiopia (EHRS, 1986). Recognizing occurrences  of soil erosion and recurrent drought with international assistance and especially  in association with the WFP, the government has made a major effort to implement soil conservation measures. Between 1978 and 1984, 590,00km of contour bunds covering 600,000ha of cultivated land were implemented along with 600,000km diversion ditches, 1100km check  dams  in gullies, and 470.000km of terraces, afforestation on 150,000ha of sloping land (Hurm 1985 as quoted by BCEOM-1999). These measures  have been implemented mainly  in Harerghe, South Wello, South Gonder, North Showa, Tigray and Arbaminch areas, which were affected by drought. The recent report of Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority (EEPA. 2003) showed that between 1995 and 1999, 1284924ha on-farm terraces, 115398ha soil bunds, and 45794ha check dams, 12387ha micro-basins, 5646ha cut-off drains were implemented across the country Generally speaking in the past, focus has been given to physical soil and water conservation activities
Since 1974 the previous government gave much attention to implementation of soil and water conservation measures as a means of abating land degradation and established Community Forest and Soil Conservation Department (CFSCD) within the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) to plan and oversee conservation and community forestry projects by watershed countrywide The soil and water conservation ana community forestry programmes were then implemented on watershed bases  from 1980 up to 1991 During these periods, the size of watersheds considered as development unit was 20,000 to 40,000ha (BCEOM, 1999). In a more general way, the study  of soil erosion situation and the efforts  made so far in soil and water conservation were carried out and given in Abbay River Basin Master Plan project report This report would be relevant to the target area of study. The study indicated that soil erosion in the basin and also in Ethiopia as a whole has reached at the alarming stages and is increasing under the combined pressures of increasing population and de-vegetation. In light of this, the study further suggested that soil and water conservation strategy should focus on conserving
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currently productive land at the expense of reclaiming degraded lands. In principle, soil erosion is directly linked with the disturoance of soil or land through cultivation, and thus strategy of erosion control must focus on protecting cultivated land
Extensive assessment and evaluation of the soil and water conservation measures implemented in the country  was  carried by  Donald, 1984 under EHRS project. According to this report, attention was given to physical measures and insufficient attention has been given to the biological and ecological aspects  of conservation. The study  further recommended greater attention to identifying and exploiting locally  available plant material for stabilization of bunds and improvement of pasture and to the selection of tree species for different ecological conditions, with out ignoring the need to have quality  works  of physical measures  based on standard norms  Moreover, the measures  were implemented here and there with out due consideration to watershed. It was  just in 1980's  that a watershed approach was  started in planning and implementing soil and water conservation works  (John et al 1984) The activities  conducted since then concentrated on soil and stone bunds, terraces, cutoff drains, gully  control check  dams  and forest tree plantation with major emphasis  to degraded hilly  areas. During these periods  until the recent times  of the fall of Dergue regime, watershed management programmes  conducted have experienced three-fold major constraints. Firstly, the planning of watershed works was  top down and decided by  technical experts; secondly, the size of watershed for planning was  large. 20-40 thousand hectares  and thirdly, the watershed management interventions  were biased to soil and water conservation measures  emphasizing on degraded communal and hilly  areas  with little attention to individually  held farmlands (personal view). The lessons  learned from this  experiences  pushed MoA and support agencies  like FAO to initiate pilot watershed planning approaches  on a bottom-up basis, using smaller units  and following community-based approaches, resulting in introduction of minimum planning and sub-watershed approach and initiating a shift from larger watershed to smaller watershed as  a planning unit. This  approach was  tested at pilot stage through FAO technical assistance from FAO under MoA during 1988 - 91
During the last ten years, with support from WFP under MERET project, GTZ, USAID under AMAREW project and other organizations, the FDRE has  worked with communities within micro-watersheds  to develop and implement natural resources  conservation and
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community  watershed management plans. To reinforce such efforts  guidelines  on watershed management planning have been published by  the MoARD and are generally accepted by  almost all practitioners. This  would give a favorable condition for implementation of watershed management programmes at community level.
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2.        DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHED
The current conditions and characteristics of watershed are described under this topic to have a ciear picture of biophysical and socio-economic situations
2.1 Bio-physical features
2.1.1 Climate, Land Use and Topography
2.1.1.1 Location
Arjo-Dedesa watershed, which is originating mainly from dense forest hills of Sigmo, Gera, Mana Goma and hills of other Woredas. is the area that drains water to Dedesa River, one of the tributary rivers to Abbay basin The watershed covers the whole of Gomma, Borecha, Dedesa and Setema Woredas and parts of Sigmo, Gera, Mana, Limu Kosa, Limu Seka and Getchi Woredas. It is located in Oromia Regional State, parts of Jima and lllu-ababora Zones. The watershed can be accessed through Jimma after 30 km drive on all weather roads towards Agaro town It is located at 360 km from Addis Ababa and 60 km from Bedele town towards Jimma.
Geographically, it is located between 36°02 and 36°46 East Longitude, and between 7°43 55 and  8°1353  North  latitude.  The  watershed  covers  a  total  of  556.436ha,  excluding  the command  area  and  inclusive  of  reservoir  area  The  elongation  ratio  (index  of  shape)  of watershed is computed to be 0 34, showing weak relief and gentle ground slope, and having a short and wide shape, nearly squat The map available in Fig 2.1 shows the morphology of River Dedessa The map shows that Dedesa River has many networks of tributary rivers. The major tributaries of Dedesa river include. Ater Geda which is originating from Gaway, Laften Chngo Atara suga and Dapara in Sigmo hills; Yira, which is originating from Muje, Dusta, Dapara and Gabasa forest in Toba; Aweyitu, which is originating from Awanu. Buture Gabisa and Tiliku Bore in Agaro areas, and Geba, which is originating from Keberecho forest, Kube forest and Weja forest in Dembi.
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FIG. 2.1 RIVER MORPHOLOGY
200000
220000
240000
LEGEND
Catchment area Reservoir area
Stream network Dedessa River Dam site
Roads
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2.1.1.2 Climate
February 2007
The climate of Ethiopia is influenced by seasonal variations in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (I T C Z). The seasonally changing northeast and southwest trade winds, each containing different amounts of humidity, converge in this equatorial low pressure zone In addition to orographically determined rainstorms, intense precipitation often results primarily from thermal convection Annual precipitation is concentrated during periods when the sun is at its peak in the form of iong or short rains The long rains are known as Kremt and the short rains as Belg
The main climatic information that is most important for watershed management is rainfall and temperature Others like evapo-transpiration, relative humidity, soiar radiation are subsidiary for planning watershed management. Moreover, the importance of such climatic data can be implied from rainfall and temperature. The monthly rainfall within and nearby areas of the watershed were collected from four metrological stations namely, Agaro, Bedele Dembi and Jimma, tne details of which are given in Annexes A/1 and from these data a representative values were reckoned
Peak rains in the project area are observed to concentrate between the months of March to October Almost all months of the year receives certain amount of rain, witn the minimum being in the month of January. Figure 2.2 shows graphical representation of monthly rainfall for stations in and around Arjo-Dedessa watershed. The annual rainfall in the project area ranges between 1535 to 2214mm, average being 1835mm
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Figure 2.2     Average Monthly Rainfall of Stations in and Around Arjo-Dedesa Watershed
The area is characterized by a humid tropical climate of heavy rainfall in its upper highlands Almost 70% of the total annual rainfall is received during Kiremt.
The maximum and minimum monthly temperature varies between 22 4 - 30.9° C and 8.4 - 14 4°C, respectively  Figure 2.3 shows  graphical representation of average monthly temperature at stations in and around Arjo-Dedessa watershed. The average wind speed is 56km/day. Monthly  evapo-transpiration vanes  between 3.32 and 4 7mm/day  The altitude ranges between 2006 and 3467m above sea level. The dominant agro-ecology is Wet Weyna Dega
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Figure 2.3 Average Monthly Temperature of Stations in and Around Arjo-Dedessa Watershed
Months
2.1.1.3 Land Use/cover
The identification and mapping of the present land use classes of watershed is essential part of watershed management. The way  a given land unit is  used determines  the hydrologic characteristics of watershed and development potentials and constraints. A plan of watershed management should be based on the type of land use along with other factors that define the conditions Moreover the type of land development intervention is directly related to the land use Thus, the identification and mapping of the land use/cover for Arjo-Dedesa watershed was made and three major and dominant classes  of land use have been identified. Details are available in Figure 2.4
Of the total watershed area of 556.436 ha considered for watershed management program, excluding the reservoir area, 186571ha (33.5%) is cultivated, 82811 (15%) grazing, 136560ha (24 5%) is forest or bush land, 24829ha (4 5%) is open wood land, 4791 ha (0 86%) as wet or swamp, 52314ha (9 4%) unused area, and the rest 68560ha (12.3%) is under different uses such as settlement, cemetery, gully, roads, etc. These details are available in Table2. 1
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(i) Cultivated land
Cultivated land is devoted to annual crops and perennial crops such as fruits and coffee Some cultivated lands exist in the form of cultivated land with scattered trees, cultivated land with trees and shrubs and seasonally cultivated lands. Annual and Perennial crops cover an area of about 80.2% and 19.8% of the total cultivated land, respectively The dominant slope is flat to almost flat (0 - 3%) and gently  sloping (8 - 15%) in the order of 72.2 and 20.3 percent respectively This indicates that cultivation takes place on almost flat slopes.
(ii) Forest/bush land
Forest/bush area includes both naturally and artificially developed ones. It accounts for about 24 5% of the watershed indicating the presence of better forest cover, about 8 times more than the percent forest cover for the whole country, which is 3% only The dominant slope of the forest or bush land is gently sloping (8 - 15%) and sloping (15 - 30%) in the order of 45.6 and
17 23 percent of the total forest/bush land, respectively
(Hi) Grazing land
Grazing land covers 82811 ha, which is 15 percent of the total watershed area. Grazing area is often found mixed with open wood tree stands
The major grass  species  identified in grazing lands  include Cenchrus  sp Serdo, ura sp., Hyparrhena sp., Penmsetum sp and Trifolium sp. and Elephant grass. The dominant trees and shrubs that are found on grazing lands include Juniper sp., Terminalia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Acacia sp., Olea Afncana, Podocarpus  gracili, Croton macrocytes, Juniperous  procera and Ficus sp The forage production in the grazing lands is markedly affected by free grazing owing to animal trampling that influence grass rejuvenation dunng the rainy season. However, it is found that overgrazing is minimal and is not as such a serious problem during the wet season due to the fact that grass regeneration is fast owing to the availability of adequate rain and moisture.
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Table 2.1: Dominant land use/land cover of the watershed by Woreda
February 2007
Cultivated
Grazing
Forest/bushes
Open wood
Un used land
Woreda
Ha
WeUswamp
%
Ha
%
Ha
%
Ha
%
Ha
Miscellaneous
%
Ha
%
Mana
2080
57 4
808
2227
Ha
2.2
61
%
Total
(Ha)
-
-
8880
24 5
1118
3.1
2417
6.7
17530
Goma
45752
47 1
9766
100
4728
4.9
155
0 16
7117
73
826
0 85
28798
29 6
97142
USeka
13228
16.1
32123
39 2
14750
180
-
-
18156
22 1
-
-
3790
46
82047
L/Kosa
15339
20 4
14683
19 5
29135
38 7
1775
24
2877
38
1106
15
10274
137
75189
Dedessa
21783
39 0
7133
12 8
7880
14 1
3170
5.7
4860
87
737
13
10352
18 5
55915
Borecha
42720
45 6
6061
65
16982
18 1
17898
19 1
6510
69
316
03
3199
34
93686
Getchi
4630
60
473
0 62
715
0 93
161
02
85
01
-
-
784
01
6848
Setema
15613
20 3
9905
12 9
41645
54 2
943
12
2358
31
509
07
5905
7.7
76878
Sigmo
1942
16.1
443
37
7092
58 6
95
08
463
38
-
-
2064
17 1
12099
Gera
“4756
23 3
1417
70
11406
56 0
632
3.1
1008
4.9
179
09
977
48
20375
Total
186571
33.5
82811
15.0
136560
24.5
24829
4.5
52314
9.4
4791
0.86
68560
12.3
556436
Source:- Agriculture and Rural development offices of respective Woredas ( June 2006) and Oromia BoFED Abstract. 2000
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(iv) Open wood land
February 2007
The open wood land, which accounts  for 4 5% of the total area, is  found in some cases combined with grazing lands but identified as open wood lands Woodlands are defined as lands covered by the open stand of trees taller than 5 m but shorter than 20 m and with a canopy cover of more than 20% (EFAP. 1994) Woodlands are found on slopes, along the rivers, on top of hills and on plains There is no distinct slope range for this land use Open wood lands are located in all types of slope ranges The commonest species of wood trees are Acacia, Commiphora. Eucalyptus species. Protea, Enca, arborea, Hypericum . poor stands of Jumperous procera and Hygema Woodlands are important sources of fuel and construction materials for rural as well as for the urban community They are also sources of minor forest products such as myrrh and honey Open wood land is considered to be the main source of fuel wood and income for a family
(v) Wet or swamp
Wet or swamp areas are commonly existent on the lower banks of rivers and land sinks These lands are used as grazing land during the dry periods and in some cases used to produce maize crops  by  the residual moisture Cultivation of vegetable and some fruit trees  is  also carried out by the nearest farmers when the water subsides during the dry periods after three to four months of the end of rainy season The area covers about 0.86% of the total watershed area It is located mainly on slopes less than 3 - 5%.
(vi) Un-used land
Un-used lands include beds of seasonal rivers, and peaks of hills and small patches of abraded steep areas These areas have no any cover except in some cases where small plants of ferns are found on hill peaks.
(vii) Miscellaneous lands
Lands which are mapped as miscellaneous refer to those areas occupied by scattered rural villages and rural towns, roads and other uses Estimation of the size of such areas seems to be tiresome. However assumption was made on the average size of plots occupied by each rural and urban house and this has been correlated with the total number of households located in the study area and the size of roads and width of river beds Based on this area devoted to miscellaneous use is reckoned to be 68560ha and is 12.3% of the total study area. It should be
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noted that the gardens of farmers which are under some uses in one or another way were not included in this class of land use Rather such areas are considered as cultivated land
Table.2.2 General slope categories of Arjo-Dedesa watershed area and proportions
Average slope (%)
Area coverage (Ha)
Proportions of total (%)
Flat or almost flat, 0-3
329698 4
59.2
Gently sloping, 3-8
121857.6
21.9
Sloping 8-15
53348,7
9.6
Moderately steep 15-30
30452.3
5.5
Steep 30-50
16491 7
3.0
Very steep, >50
4587 3
0.8
Total
556,436
100
2.1.1.4 Topography
Slope of the watershed is categorized as indicated in Table 2.2 and shown in Figure 2.5. The categorization is as per practice prevalent in Ethiopia for soil and water conservation. Such classification and categorization is  also useful tool for land capability  classification. The characteristics of the different land uses and identified land class units (LCU) are indicated in Table 2.3. Table 2.2 depicts that the dominant slope of watershed is in the range of 0 to 3 percent, average being 2.1 percent, which is adequate slope to initiate erosion. Cultivation takes place in most of this slope range. Soil and water losses from field are influenced by the steepness, length and shape of slopes The shape of slope is expressed in terms of curvature. Slopes may be roughly convex or concave. Convex slopes increases in steepness toward the bottom Thus, runoff velocity also increases toward the bottom of slope. Where as concave slopes flatten out toward the bottom of the slope and sediment carried in runoff water settles out as flow velocity decreases With intense rains and high velocity of flows, however, water may concentrate in concave slopes and start gulling If gulling does not occur, the area toward the bottom of slope accumulates  high organic  matter and surface soil, and becomes  more valuable as cropland On convex slopes there is no deposition, only removal, and these slopes become progressively poorer. Slopes of Arjo-Dedesa watershed areas are more of concave type of slope curvature that has minimal cause to generate erosion and run-off.
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260000
SCALE                             DATE                              FIGURE * » 1  400XXK)                                  X»n I No          A«“TI
I I I I I I I I I I
IElllllllli■ ■■■■■ ■ ■ ■ iiy-wFIG. 2.6 MAJOR SOIL DISTRIBUTION MAP
■n
Dystric Fluvisols Dystric Gleysols Dystric Nltosols Eutrlc Nltosols Lithosols
□I  Catchment area
Dam site
Dedessa River Roads
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__Febniary^OO^
2.1.2.2 Land Capability Classification
Land capability  classification refers  to a systematic  arrangement of different kinds  of land according to those properties  that determine the ability  of the land to produce on virtually permanent basis It is the basis of watershed management and development programmes. The basic  principle of soil and water conservation is  to use the land according to its  needs. Therefore, classifying the land according to its  capability  is  a prerequisite and important for planning, implementation and execution of soil and water conservation programmes.
The land capability  classes  for Arjo-Dedessa watershed have been identified based on the assessment of the major limiting factors (directly or indirectly) to use the land in a sustainable manner and the obtained class  units  are primarily  categorized as  SOIL CONSERVATION REQUIREMENT CLASSES The major limiting factors considered for this purpose are one or two of land features including Slope, Soil depth, Past erosion, Soil infiltration, Water-logging, Top soil texture and Stoniness or Rockiness. The assessment of each feature was made for each type of present land uses in ranges of slopes as indicated in Table 2.3 for the watershed Determination of tne soil conservation requirement class  is  made following the procedures adopted for Ethiopian conditions by Escobedo (1988) The land capability classification map for Arjo-Dedessa watershed is available in Figure 2.7
The different land uses classified in the same land class unit, however they vary in the limiting factors, are grouped under similar soil conservation requirement class. For example, a grass land that is identified as class ll0 means, it is classified as class two land capability unit with major limiting factor being soil depth A cultivated land that is identified as class llE means; it is classified as  class  two land capability  unit with major limiting factor being erosion Although these two land uses are different in their limiting factors, both belong to the same capability- cum-soil conservation requirement class and in final mapping they were put under land class II Table 2.3 indicates the features of different land uses. Table 2.4 gives the different land uses with the major limiting factors and land capability class unit within which they belong.
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Table. 2.3 Characteristics of different land uses of watershed and land class unit
February 2007
Land use and slope
(%)
------------------ r
Land Use
Slope (%)
Stoniness/ Rockiness (%)
Land
Class Unit
(LCU)
Cultivated
Forest/bush
Grass land
Wood land
03
38
8 15
15-30
30 50
>50
03
38
8 15
15 30
30 50
> 50
03
38
8 15
15 30
30 50
>50
03
3-8
8-15
Area Proportions (Ha) of LCU in %
117539 7 63 23321 4 125 17910 8 96 167914 90
10821 1                        58 186 57                      0 1
79614 5 58 3 28677 6 21 0
r
18299 0
134
6554 9                       4 8 2185 0                       1 6 1229 0                        09
50514 7                     61 0
16727 82                     20 2
6956 1                        84
5796 8                        70 2732 8                        33
82 8                       0 1
17181 7
69 2
3227 8 13 0
1837 4 7 4
Soil depth (cm)
>150
100 150
100 150
75-125
50 95
5095
>150
>150
100-150
100-150
55 95
5595
>150
>150
>150
100-150
100 150
25-50
>150
>150
>150
Soil Texture
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Loam
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Clayey
Clayey
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Clay
loam
Clayey
Clayey
Clayey
Infiltration
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Good
Good
Good
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
<15
<15
<15
<15
15 30
1530
<15
<15
<15
1530
15 30
15-30
<15
<15
<15
15-30
15-30
15 30
<15
<15
<15
Water      Past logging  Erosion■
None Nil None Nil None Nil None Slight None Slight None Slight
None Nil None Nil None Nil None Nil None Slight None Slight
Intermrtl                Nil
ent
Inlermrtl                Nil
ent
None Nil None Nil None Nil None Slighl
Intermrtl                Nil
ent
Intermitt                Nil
ent
None           Slight
1
II
III
IV
VI
VII
1
II
III
IV
VI
VII
lllw
lllw
III
IV
VI
V1IE
Uli
III,
III'
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Wet or
swamp land
Miscellaneous
15 30
30 50
> 50
0-3
38
38
8 15
30 50
1489 7
595 9
496 6
4666 4
124 6 50597 3 16591 5
1371 2
60
24
20
97 4
26
73 8
24 2
20
100 150
100-150
25 50
95-120
50 75
50-95
50 95
25-50
Sill loam sill loam
Sandy
loam
Clayey
Clayey
Clay 
loam
Clayey
Sandy
loam
Good
Good
Good
Poor
Poor
Moderale
Moderate
good
15 30
15 30
15 30
<15
<15
<15
15 30
15 30
None
None
None
Swamp Regular Intermitl
enl
None
None
Slight
Slight
Slight
Nil
Nil
Moder
ate
Moder
ale
Moder
ale
ivE
Vie
Vllo
V
V
IV0
IVD
Vllo
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LAND CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION MAP
33*         36*         39*
LEGEND
Lana Capability Claaa I
Land Capability Claaa II
Land Capability Claaa III
Land Capability Claaa IV
Land Capability Claaa VI
Land Capability Claaa VII Lend Capability Claaa V
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Table 2.4 Summary of Land Classification and Land Class Unit with Major Limiting Factors.
1
|
Present Land
Use
Slope
range (%)
Area (Ha)
(Refer to
Table 2.3)
Major
Limiting
factor(s)
Land capability or soil
conservation
requirement class
Land Class Unit (Ha)
Area (Ha]
%
of total I
Cultivated
0-3
117539 7
None
I
197154.2
Forest
0-3
79614.5
354
------------- -
Cultivated
3-8
233214
Slope
II
102935.9
18 5
Forest
3-8
79614 5
Cultivated
8-15
17910 8
III
65412.8
11.8
Forest
8-15
18299 0
Grazing
8-15
6956 1
Wood land
0-3
17181 7
Soil
depth,
Erosion
Slope
Wood land
3-8
3227 8
Wood land
8-15
1837 4
Cultivated
15-30
167914
IV
97821.6
17.6
Forest
15-30
65549
Grazing
15-30
5796 8
Slope
Erosion
Infiltration
! Wood land
15-30
1489 7
Miscellaneous
3-8
50597.3
Miscellaneous
8-15
16591.5
Cultivated
30-50
10821 1
Forest
30-50
2185.0
Grazing
30-50
2732 8
Wood land
30-50
595 9
Slope.
Soil
depth,
Erosion
VI
16334.8
2.9
I
Cultivated
>50
186 6
Slope
VII
3366.2
0.6
Forest
>50
12290
Grazing
> 50
828
Wood land
>50
496 6
Miscellaneous
> 50
1371.2
Wet/Swamp
0-3
4666 4
Wet/Swamp
3-8
124 6
Water-
logging
V
4791.0
0.9
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The results of the land capability or soil conservation requirement classification show that the major limiting factor of the land use in the watershed is slope That means, with the existing condition even though the area receives high amount of rainfall, if the vegetal cover of the land is good and soil is deep, the soil erosion is affected by slope only On the other hand, soil erosion in many places is none to slight owing to the fact that a thick vegetation cover neglects the effect of all other factors such as climate, topography, soil and others. A bare land on flat land is more susceptible to erosion than sloppy land covered with thick vegetation From categorization of the watershed according to crude land capability classification (Table 2.4). about 197154 2ha (35 4%) is classified as class I Class I land is characterized by very good land in all aspects and very favorable for agricultural purposes if other minor factors such as acidity  are not the limiting factors  Such type of land can be cultivated without any interventions However, preventive measures are of tantamount importance for protection from misuse and further cause of degradation through adjustment of management practices Table 2 4 shows that 18 5 percent of the watershed area is grouped under capability class II About 11 8 percent of the watershed is classified as capability class III and the other major class is class IV which accounts for about 17 6 percent. Class VI accounts for 2.9 percent, followed by class \/lI that covers 0.6 percent. The part of the watershed that is affected by water-logging or permanent or temporary swamps accounts for only 0 9 percent. Class II can be used for agricultural purposes with some adjustment in agronomic aspects such as crop rotation; strip cropping and manuring that helps to increase the yield of crops. The rest of capability classes except class I that requires simple agronomic and soil management measures, need some interventions, particularly vegetative measures and water disposing structures to get ride of excess water in the form of run-off.
2.1.3 Forest resources
According to some studies in the high rainfall areas of the southwest highlands, including the current study area, the onginal vegetation of the highlands was broad-leaved montane high forest (WBISPP, 2004). Moreover, in the wetter western lowlands inclusive of the lower sides of Arjo-Dedessa watershed, this is replaced by Combretum-Teminalia woodland. According to the  information  obtained  from  the  Agriculture  and  Rural  development  offices  of  respective Woredas WBISPP (2004), RCSO (2000) and map delineation results about 136560ha of the watershed  is  covered  with  forest,  which  accounts  for  24  5  percent  of  the  watershed  This coverage  is  much  higher  than  the  regional  coverage  of  Oromia  representing  8.2  percent (RCSO, 2000). Where as, the national forest cover is 3.56 percent. On the other hand, among
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the  forty-three  identified  high  natural  forests  in  Oromia  as  Regional  Forest  Priority  Areas (RFPAs), those found in Wellega Jimma and lllubabor are dominantly mixed broad leaves These  broad  leaved  forests  consist  of  Aningeria  adolfi  friederici  spp  in  association  with Ekebergia. Albizia, Bosqueca, Fagaropsis, Pegeum, Syzygium, Croton, Celtis, Polyscias and Schefflera (RCSO, 2000) These are homes for coffee Arabica. The mixed broad leaved forests in these areas are under exploitation and provide parts of lumber which is now marketed in many parts of Ethiopia. Forest is the main sources of energy, construction material and income to the community in the watershed. It has been observed that in many areas of the watershed, forests are under severe threat due to lack of proper management of the forest, need for opening  new  cultivated  lands  and  forest  tree  marketing  The  high  forests  suffer  from  the problems and issues concerning lack of legal status, unclear land tenure for farmers, weakness of  institutional  capacity,  weak  or  absence  of  coexistent  extension  service,  absence  of collaboration of activities and integration of plans, archaic utilization procedures and access to revenue
Trees  identified in the woodlands  on hills  and highlands  of the watershed include Acacia abysimca, Protea. Enca arborea, Hypericum, poor stands of Juniperous procera, Hyginia, etc. On the other hand the lowland woodlands include vanous species of Acacia, Commiphora, Combretum, Croton, Oxythantera and so on. Constraint and issue concerning the management, conservation/protection of woodlands and bush lands are poor management system of these lands by the local communities (EFAP 1994)
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MlETHIOPIA
FIG. 5.1 WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
LEGEND
Crop rotation, manuring, contour cultivation
Crop rotation, manuring. (FYM. green compost). Residue management, graded bund. cut-off drain, waterways, agro-forestry. grass atrip. Intercropping, drainage
The same as for class II. grassland Improvement, buffer ana agro-forestry
The same as fcr class II. homesteed plantation, multi-story gardening, gully control, buffer zone agro-forestry
Graced sdl bund, cut-off drain, boundary plantation, crop relation,
•Haro      .
manuring, residue management, agro-foreatry. tree plantation
•Seka
IEnnchment p3lantetlon. buffer zone agro-forsetsy
o
Catchment area
Reservoir area
•Ambuye
Dedessa River
Roads
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF ETHIOPIA
PROJECT
ARJO-DEDESSA IRRIGATION PROJECT
CLEINT
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
CONSULTAN
T
WATER WORKS DESIGN AND
SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE
IN ASSOCIATE WITH
MAP TITLE
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT MAP
SCALE                               DATE                               FIGURE _ 1   400WO      |             NOV&BBt. 2006 | No.        0.1Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
Catchments Development Plan
6. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
6.1 General schedule
February 2007
The  plan  of  implementation  of  the  proposed  watershed  management  interventions  discussed  in this   section   includes   time   schedule   for   implementation   of   the   measures   for   showing   the sequence   of   activities;   list   of   inputs   required;   strategic   issues   that   should   be   considered   for successful   implementation   and   institutions   that   should   be   responsible   for   implementing   the proposed   development   interventions,   without   disregarding   the   existing   government   structures These  all  have  been  considered  by  looking  into  the  actual  situation  of  the  country  in  general and the community and the Woredas in the watershed in particular
6.2 Time schedule and phasing
Implementation of watershed management interventions  requires  sequencing of activities  on the basis  of priority  and prerequisites  Planning for the implementation, thus, should take into consideration sequencing and phasing of interventions. For example, it is  not wise to plan implementation of tree planting before seedling production is  carried out. As  a general rule, physical measures  should be constructed where necessary  before plantations  In soil and water conservation for watershed management the first year of the watershed management programme is  devoted to capacity  building (where required) and development of physical measures  and nursery  establishment for seedlings  production. In subsequent years, it will be possible to taxe-up construction of physical measures  simultaneously  with seedling production and establishment of plantations.
Plan of implementation of watershed management intervention should also take into consideration the farming calendar of the farmers. As  such, it should not interfere with the normal agricultural operations. Therefore, selection of appropriate season from the view point of technical aspects  and farming systems  should be one of the major considerations  in planning implementations  of interventions  The duration of implementation period will depend on the quantity  of work  involved to achieve each intervention which indirectly  depends  on the size of areas to be treated, availability of inputs, etc.
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With  the  basic  points  discussed  earlier,  the  plan  of  implementation  of  proposed  activities  for Arjo-Dedessa  watershed  has  been  prepared  and  presented  in  Table  6.1.  Implementation  of  the proposed   watershed   development   interventions   has   been   planned   to   be   carried-out   in   two phases,  each  pnase  having  a  period  of  three  years.  Thus,  all  the  proposed  measures  would  be in place at the end of sixth year
Table 6.1 Implementation schedule by phase and years
Activity                 Unit; Quantity
Phase I
Phase II
Soil bund
Fanya juu terrace
f1
2
3
SU
4
5
6
sum
T Km 54759 7
Km                16578 0
SS dams                                         M3
900
Cutoff drains M3 1314240
Grassed waterways                     M3                            12800
" 11544 7
2503
112.5
120000
Stone check dams                    M3
Live check dams
Grass strips
Compost making
M3
371
862
Km                   20616
No
97
366
1500
Nursery rehabilitation No Nursery establishment No
Seed collection
10000
2050
281 5 240000
640
61
165
7500
2000
-
15000
3400
112.5
28000
0
50
150
5000
2000
1500
0
2470
112.5
1600
00
50
100
5000
1500
Trees
QI.
10.000
18
10
10
Legumes                   Kg                       250
Grasses
Kg                         50
Fruit trees                    Kg                         65
Pitting
No.
Seedling production                No.
Seedling plantation
Access road
Spring development
No
Km
No
110M
100M
90M
954
10
120G 2015 515 5640 560 225
368000        145600 5760           6400
60              150
230             120
1000           1750
1000           2000
99
10           -
55 100              150
20               30 30                35
22M             22M
20M             20M
18M 18M 200 150
24
-
22M
20M
18M
200
2
22 M
20M
18M
200
2
22M
20M
18M
204
-
M = Million
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6.3
Requirement of inputs
Inputs  are  resources  such  as  labour  equipments,  planting  materials,  etc.,  which  are  required
for implementation of the activities Table 6.2 shows the list of inputs along with their quantity 
and  time  when  these  inputs  are  required  The  period  of  time  when these inputs are required
should correspond with quantities of activities that require the inputs. The inputs identified as 
requirements  for  implementation  of  the  proposed  development  interventions  are  those  of
labour, seedlings of trees and grasses, equipments for nursery and surveying activities and the
like  However,  since  labour  and  seedlings  are  included  in  the  activities  only  equipments  and
other  inputs  are  indicated  in  the  Table  6.2  Table  6.2  gives  the  detail  of  inputs  required  for
implementing the activities indicated in Table 6.1
Table 6.2 Inputs required for implementation of watershed development activities
Type of input
Inputs required by period year
Unit  Quantit
Phase I
Phase II
1
2
3
4
5
6
Clinometers No 20 Water level No 60
1 Altimeter                          No        20
, Compass                         No.       20
Measuring tape(50m)      No        20
Axe
Hoe
No 100
No 250
Rake                                No        100
Shovel
No       250
Hand saw No. 20 Watering can No. 50
Wheel barrow                  No        30
Root pruning scissors      No        60
Garden hose                     m       1800
Hammer                           No        50
1 Sickle                              No        50
i Garden fork                      No        50
Spray ^nap sack)             No.       40 Sharpening file                 No        18 Barbed wire                      m      20000
1 Polythene tube QI 1000
| Fertilizer
1
QI         55
20
60
20
20
20
100
250
100
250
20
50
30
60
1800
50
50
50
40
18
2000
0
1000
55
-
-
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6.4 implementation strategies
The proposal and plan of watershed management interventions alone will not ensure the effectiveness  of watershed management programmes. Effective implementations  of the proposed interventions should be part of watershed management plan, for which setting the strategies that ensure effective implementation of the proposed development interventions is required Consideration of the implementation strategies during the preparation of the project plan is useful to make all preparations prior to embarking onto the implementation. With this logic the strategies for implementation of the development interventions have been indicated as follows
6.4.1 Implementation of the interventions should be participatory
In real sense, there should be participation at all stages of watershed management planning, starting from problem identification throughout all processes up to resource mobilization and maintenance after implementation. Although an effort has been made to involve the community during field investigation of the problems, it is not up to expected level Thus while
implementing the proposed interventions, every land user and others should participate while deciding the exact position of the measures
6.4.2 Watershed logic to be respected.
This strategy requires technical consideration of the orientation of the watershed, in which implementation of development interventions should commence from ridge that is the highest part of the watershed to the valley This will help to systematically treat the bigger watershed through treating the smaller ones.
6.4.3 Community capacity building
With the existing capacity of the farmers in planning and laying out physical measures and technical capacity  of the development agents, it would be difficult to implement the interventions  Building the capacity  of both the community  at the grass  root level and the development agents through training and exchange of experiences of other areas having very effective and successful watershed management programmes is very crucial
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6.4.4 Group work and local experiences
February 2007
The community in the watershed and surroundings has good experience of working together for development activities. Working together has  both positive and negative sides  One of the negative sides is that only few honest people work and others are overshadowed with such people However, this can be minimized if there is good group leadership to fully involve the community and obtain the required involvement Moreover, group work encourages consensus of the community to common interests and development interventions. This group work should also be linked with the implementation of common interventions such as area closure In this case traditional self-help groups could play significant role
6.4.5 Linkage with regular extension service
Government efforts  to promote soil and water conservation measures  have been most successful where they have been linked to the general extension service in degraded areas However the regular extension system under proposed project area is too week with regard to natural resources conservation Thus, watershed management interventions have to be seen as part and parcel of productive farming and not as an optional extra and as such it should be considered as preventive measure before the situation become irreversible
6.4.6 Rural land certification
The Federal and Regional governments should ensure land holding security for the farmers so tnat every farmer is able to develop the sense of belonging towards the proposed development interventions
6.4.7 Recognition of the role of women
Women are the most affected part of society in the watershed and elsewhere in Ethiopia They travel a long distance to fetch water, collect firewood, etc. Their role in watershed management is  significant especially  in homestead interventions  and interventions  that are directly  linked with their day to day activities Therefore, their role should be recognized in all aspects of the implementation and sincere efforts should be made to achieve their involvement
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6.4.8 Project Cost-sharing
Cost-sharing by stakeholders helps in developing sense of ownership towards the implemen interventions among the stakeholders and ensures sustainability of the development measu
In this regard, those interventions requiring labor need to be implemented by commu y organizations and investment on those measures and inputs, which can not be managed by the community, should be made by other agencies.
6.4.9 Flexibility in placing proposed measures
In watershed management there is no hard and fast rule that is peculiar to specific areas It requires  flexibility  in locating the proposed interventions  into practice depending on the conditions at micro- level, physical features and social conditions.
6.5 Institutions
Implementation of the proposed  development interventions should be made through existing government  structure.  However  the  organizational  arrangement  of  Woredas  in  respect  of understanding proposed interventions and number of manpower is inadequate of handle the implementation  of  the  plan  successfully  Woredas  have  few  professionals’  with  little  or  no knowledge on watershed management. The organizational structure of Agriculture and Rural Development offices of the Woredas shows that there is one expert for each of the following: soil and water conservation, Agro-forestry and Forestry and they are the only human resources to carry out the natural resources development programmes. This number will not be adequate to handle the proposed watershed management activities. More importantly is that the woreda experts do not have any training to either upgrade their knowledge or improve their skill as is the case for degraded and so-called food in-secured woredas of the country in general and Oromia region in particular Moreover, the Woredas have no adequate budget and logistics for the sector It has been learned during the discussions that the attention given to the sector is very  low  the  reason  attributed  is  most  probably  the  negligence  and  overlooking  natural resource sector in the area by the government. However, it will not be logical to establish a separate institution for implementing the proposed interventions. It is advisable to improve the existing manpower by recruiting additional experts and strengthening the capacity of Woredas in terms of skill and equipments Moreover, the different experts in the Woreda such as rural road, water resources, social workers and etc need to be organized as multidisciplinary team with  those  experts  in  the  natural  resources  sector  The  recommendations  given  in  CBPWD guideline of the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development is quite appropriate option for
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carrying out the watershed management activities. List of institutions identified to implement the watershed management programme along with their roles is given in Table 6 3
At community level it is advisable to establish community watershed teams for every smaller watershed, sizes could be in the range of 500 - 1000ha The development agents may act as coordinators and play the role of liaison between different community watershed teams and the Woreda offices and provide technical support.
Table 6.3 Institutions proposed for implementation of development plan with their major roles
Institution(s)
Major roles and responsibility(ies)
MoWR
- Capacity building in consultation with MoARD ana Regional BoARD - Avail budget and equipments
- Momtonng and evaluation
MoARD
- Capacity building in consultation with MoWR and Regional BoARD - Organize and provide trainings together with Regional BoARD
- Monitoring and evaluation
Oromia BoARD
- Ensure proper implementation of the plan
- Give back-stop to the Weredas
- Arrange and provide trainings to Wereda staff
- Purchase the necessary equipments and tools as per the mandate
- Perform other activities as per the mandates regarding watershed management
Weredas ARD
- Implement, follow-up and give technical support to the community and development agent
- Provide necessary inputs
- Arrange and provide trainings to development agents and the farmers
Development Agent(s)
- Provide extension services
- Liaisons the different CWTs
- Provide trainings to farmers and provide technical support
Community WatershedTeam
(CWT)
- Carry out the implementation
- Organize the community for the proper implementation of the plan - Serve as permanent contact of DA and community
NGOs (Menschen Fur Menschen, etc)
- Provide financial and materials assistance
- Participate in implementation
- Provide trainings
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7. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT APPROACH AND ACTION PLAN
A twin-track approach needs to be adopted in the planning to meet growing demands of food and to fulfill the aspiration of the resource-poor people. The productivity needs to be enhanced in better environment To achieve this  first strategy, it is  necessary  to make use of biotechnology, transgenic  crops, information technology  (IT), geographical information system (GIS) geographical positioning system (GPS), geographical information management system (GMIS) precision farming and other high technology  tools  Secondly, the degraded areas  as well as  resource poor situations  (rain-fed areas) warrant simple, doable, economically  viable, socially  acceptable and eco-friendly  tools  Among these are non-pesticidal pest management (NPM) integrated nutrient management (INM), integrated water management (IWM), in village seed production and easily  manageable resource conservation methods. Indigenous  technical knowledge (ITK) needs specific attention in such a scenario
Multi-disciplinary  research and integrated area development on a watershed basis  is  the requirement. This  needs  a comprehensive capacity  building exercise at all levels. Structural adjustment in capacitating primary  stake-holders  to be the decision-maker and making the women and the poor as equal partners in such an endeavor is the first requirements. For this, the government organizations and non-government organization will have to play a promotional role than governance role The village communities  will be encouraged to evolve into homogenous  groups  to manage their own resources, providing an access  to knowledge systems and enabling them to withstand natural calamities like drought.
The efficient management of common pool or property  resources  (CPRs) to enhance their productivity  in a watershed and growing of plants  of choice of stake-holders  is  of paramount importance This can also enhance the ground water recharge in the lower elements of slope, besides  enabling production of both economic  and other much needed bio-mass  (fuel, fodder, manure, fruits, non-timber forest product etc )
Thus  for sustainable deveiopment. the four capitals  namely  nature human institutional and social are to be considered together as  they  all are relevant in sustainability  and livelihood security, specially in rain-fed ecosystems.
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7.1 Social Structures
February 2007
The primary stake-holders are to oe organized into homogeneous groups as proposed in figure 9 (Alternative I) The Project Implementing Agency  (PIA) would mobilize them in Self Help Groups  (SHGs) for thrifts  and credits  and undertaking groups  (UGs) for undertaking works These groups  are to form working agency  (WA) and working agency  has  to elect working committee (WC) The working committee will employ a secretary to help both working agency and working committee Working agency  and working committee will elect a president and chairmen respectively Also the working committee would employ 2 volunteers (I male and a female) along with 4 members  as  watershed development team (WDT) The WDT members will be Para-technical in expertise to help in social mobilization, soil conservation, water harvesting and production systems. In alternative II. there can be men, women inclusive of SHGs. UGs. common interest groups  (CIGs). Cattle Breeders  Associations  (CBAs) grazers, forest protection committee etc. In this alternative, project implementing agency will involve the above and other concerned. These groups shall net work a village or kebele organization who would liaise with working committee (WC) or working agency (WA) and kebele Administration or woreda a Administration. They will create federation, which would liaise with line department of Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development (BOARD) for converging existing rural development program with watershed Development program
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Alternative I:
Board
Federation (woreda)
-------------------------------------- ►
Kebeles 
Administrative
Village  or  kebele
<.
Working commutee
organization
(WC) or Working
Institution (KAI)
(VO or KO)
Agency (WA)
Groups
Volunteers
Alternative-ll:
Secretary
■>
Working committee (WC) revolving
Water Development Team (WDT)
11
Primary Stake Holders
Figure 7.1 Social Mobilization Alternatives.
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7.2      Action Plan
February 2007
The action plan would include the feasible technologies  that are eco-friendly, leading to sustainable development with equity being at upper most in agenda. The situation analyses by primary  stake-holders  provides  any  understanding of state-of-the art in natural resources, production systems, social and other institutional capitals. This  would help in identifying needed-capacity  building particularly  for reaching the un-reached. The component may  include like natural resource management (NRM), Land-based activities  (LBAs), non-land-based activities (NBAs) and marketing
7.2.1   Natural Resource Management
The Action Plan for Natural Resource Management is  available in Fig 7.2 This  may  include land and water of common property  resources  (CPRS) and private (individual) stake-holders The land includes  community  lands, wastelands  and fallow lands, which need development, protection and food production respectively  The water from CPRs  have two dimensions- retrievai of existing water harvesting structures  and provision of cost effective new water harvesting structures  The private lands  need conservation and improvement to enhance their productivity  In this  watershed crops  like barley, teff, finger millet pulses, oilseed varieties requiring less water, should be popularized
7.2.2  Land-based activities
The Action Plan for Land Based System (LBS) is available in Figure 7.3 These activities include plants and livestock and their productivity is required to be enhanced. Among crops, food crops would receive priority attention to reduce food insecurity and to ensure ecological access to food and nutrition as per the government policy According to land use capability classes, the crops, vegetables, flowers will be grown and land would be also assigned for other uses as given in Figure 7 3.
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Figure 7.2
Action plan For Natural Resource Management
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Figure 7.3 Action plan for Land-Based systems
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The livestock categories will be taken by the stake-holders as per their resources, the resource poor many take poultry or small ruminants The farmers or stakeholders should take viable unit of livestock for better income as given below:
Type of Livestock
i) Cattle including cross-breads ii) Sheep (Local improved) ii) Goat (local improved)
v) Poultry
Viable Unit
03
50 ewes + 1 or 2 rams 30 does + 1 buck
10-20 birds
The livestock have an important role in nutrient recycling. A unit of 3 cows + 2 calves can add 113 kg N + 67 kg P O  + 80kg K O per annum, where litter, dung and urine are converted in to
25
2
farm yard manure (figure - 3).
7.2.3  Non land-based activities
These activities are important to be developed as livelihood support systems for the landless or other poor in the habitation. (Fig. 7.4) These include services and other activities. Among the services, the communication of information is the most critical in creating the awareness. They include telephone cable network, audiovisual etc There are several essential services at rural level like black-smith, carpentry, tailoring etc. to be encouraged Agricultural services  may include preparation of vermin-compost, plant nursery, custom services  pertaining to improved tools and machines etc Skill and food may include embroidery, food processing etc.
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Figure 7 4 Action Plan for Non Land - Based Activities
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7.2.4  Marketing
February 2007
The proposed market systems for rural areas in a watershed are given in Figure 7 5 to reduce the cost of transport in a collective marketing system
Figure 7.5 Action plan for marketing
The   marketing   may   cover   barter   system,   local   market,   warehouse   facilities   and   product processing units with value addition facilities
7.2.5  Production systems
For enhancing productivity  of crops  and livestock, training and capacity  building are very important This is a two way process and needs to be continuous and with time, it may become self-financing institution. The production system involving Land - based activities along with the need of training and capacity  building is  represented in Figure 7.6 Looking at relevance and role of extension system, proper thinking needs  to be given for encouraging private extension service providers  (PESOs). At the rural level, private farmers, organizations, private input oealers, agricultural cooperative banks, NGOs etc. may play a very important role in transfer of technologies  For this, the first attempt needs  to be the proper documentation of their knowledge in various  production systems, as  success  story  Such approach would enable to identify master - farmers and self-employed youth to work as service providers in the crop and livestock production systems.
The government and non-government organizations  with their role of promotion, and master farmers  with their success  stories  would work  through SHGs  on the systems  of less  external input-sustainable agriculture (LEISA). LEISA involves participatory technology development
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(PTD), farmers' field schools  (FFS) and integrated crop management (ICM) Integrated crop management includes, in-village seed production, particularly  of crops  requiring higher seed rates, besides, integrated nutrient management (INM).
Training and Capacity
building
Self-employed youth (Service Providers)
Master farmers (Service Providers)
1
Cooperatives Cattle Breeders Associations
CBAs
Self Help Groups (SHGs)
Less External input-sustainable Agriculture (LEISA)
Marketing
Health care
Cattle rearing * Fodder
Participatory       Farmers’         Integrated crop
■>   Artificial insemination            Technology            Field school management
(Al)
Development (FFS ) (PTD)
(ICM)
In-village seed
Integrated nutrient
1
'1
Production (l-VSP) Management (INM) Figure 7.6 Production systems Involving Land-based Activities
Non-pestisn cidal pest
Participatory
Hydrological
5
r
Management (NPM)       Monitoring (PHM)
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Non-pesticidal pest management (NPM) of insects-pest, ana participatory  hydrological monitoring (PHM) is  efficient use of scarce water All these steps  will help in bringing out eco- friendly sustainable production.
7.2.6   Training and Capacity Building
The practice of above innovation would require large scale training and capacity  building that could be best done through master farmers, need to be promoted by  GO and NGO agencies. lELSA approaches  are low-cost and eco-friendly. The self-employed youth can become service providers  for live stock  and encourage Cattle Breeders' Associations  (CBAs) to outsource Para- extension persons  for health-care and artificial insemination, cattle rearing and feed and fodder development. The training and capacity  building will include resource center and out sourcing (service providers) Livestock will cover Al, fodder bank and health care
7.2.7    Package of Production Practices
The integration of crops  with livestock  production would be the most economic  production system for the farmers  in the water shed. The package of production practices  has  been prepared which is available at Annex - A/6
7.2.8   Management of Finances and Financial Resources
The financial structure of watershed development is  proposed as  given in Figure7 7 and fund flow in Figure 7 8 In financial management any  government fund will be routed through kebele administration to federation or village organization They  may  get donation or bank  loans  also The money  from this  source will be provided to groups  (SHG. UGs, CIGs, CBAs  etc) based on approved action plan submitted by  individual through groups. Such fund flow can also include interest on savings  These funds  can not be given only  for groups  for livelihood and production systems  as  soft loan but also as  grant througn federation or village organization for infrastructural development for training and capacity-building, livestock and marketing
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Donation
Government grant
Village organization
KebeleAdm Institution
Figure 7.7
Individuals
Financial Structure
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Funding Agency govt, through
Kebeie Administration
Contribution of Primary 
Stakeholders
Grants               Revolving found (RF)
Watershed Development (WDF)
Interest on
savings
Soft loans (village organization)
Grants (Federation or village/kebeie organization)
Land-based
Activities
Training and Capacity building
Livestock
— Al
Marketing
Local  barter Market
Resource center
— Fodder Bank             - Warehouse
Out sourcing _______ Health care (Service providers)
Figure 7.8 Fund flow
Non-land based Activities
Groups
I
Members
Product processing and
Value addition
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8. ESTIMATION OF COST FOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
February 2007
The estimation of costs for the watershed management component has been made based on the standard work norms developed for soil and water conservation measures and later revised in 2000 by the then Ministry of Agriculture in cooperation with WFP The work norms are given in Annexure A/5 The cost estimation is  categorized under three items, i.e. i) costs  for civil works li) costs for inputs and iii) costs for training and running costs
Table 8.1 Costs for Civil works
I
Type of activity
Unit
Quantity
Unit cost*
(Birr)
Total cost (Birr)’OOO’
Remark
Soil bund
PD
8213955
10
821396
Fanya juu terrace
PD
3314000
10
33140
SS dams
PD
1440
10
14 4
Cutoff dram construction
PD
1877485 7
10
18774 8
Grassed waterways
PD
12800
10
128
Stone check dams
PD
742
10
7 42
Live check dams
PD
862
10
8 62
Grass strips along contours
PD
618480
10
6184 8
Compost making
PD
100000
10
1000
Nursery rehabilitation
No
18
10.000
180
Nursery establishment
No
10
20,000
200
Seed collection
- Trees
PD
30000
10
300
- Legumes
PD
2500
10
25
- Grasses
PD
500
10
5
- Fruit trees
PD
13000
10
130
Pitting
PD
t 7333333
10
73333.3
Seedling production
PD
1500000
10
15000
Seedling plantation
PD
1800000
10
18000
Access road
PD
2862000
10
28620
Spring development
PD
17000
10
170
Sub-total
•Unit cost of 1PD is 10Birr.
27711086
277360.9
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Table 8.2 Costs for Inputs and materials
February 2007
Type of
input/materiai
Unit     Quantity
Unit cost (Birr)
Total cost
(Birr)’OOO’
Remark 1
Clinometers
Water level
Altimeter
Compass Measuring tape(50m)
Axe
Hoe
Rake
Shovel
Hand saw
Watering can
Wheel Darrow
Root pruning scissors Garden hose
Hammer
Sickle
Garden fork Spray (nap sack) Sharpening file
Barbed wire
Polythene tube
Fertilizer
Chemicals
No 20 No 60
No.                20
No                 20
No                 20
No               100
No                250
No 100 No 250 No 20 No 50
No                  30
No                  60
m             1800
No                  50
No                  50
No                  50
No 40 No 18
m           20000
Kg             1000
Q                 55 Lt            5,000
500
50
500
260
150
40
40
20
25
25
25
45
200
50
25
20
25
330
30
3
20
350
100
10
3
10
52
3
4
10
2
6.25
05
1 25
1 35
12
90
1.25
1
1 25
13.2
0 54
60
20
1925
500
Sub-total
775.04
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Table 8.3 Stationary and other items
February 2007
Items                    Unit
Quantity    Unit cost (Birr)
Total cost
(Birr)’OOO’
Remark
Stationary
-
Scientific calculator No 40
Digital Camera No 10
Hand bag No 1000
Motor bicycle No 20
Double-cup Vehicle No 9
-
120
5000
200
45000 450000
100
4.8
50
200
900
4050
Sub-total
5304.8
Table 8.4 Salary, Per Diem and transportation
Title
Description
Cost
(Birrj’OOO’
Salary
Two experts for each Woreda recruited 9x2000x12x6
One coordinator at the region
1x2500x12x6
1296
180
Per Diem
Three  exDerts  from  each  Woreda  for  30  days per year 3x9x100x30x6
486
10 drivers for 30 days each year
10x70x30x6
126
Two experts from the Region for 20 days each year
2x100x20x6
24
Training of DA s for 20 days, 4 DA’s from each Woreda
4X9X70x20
50 4
Training  of  1000  farmers  each  year  for  five years for five days
1000x50x5x5
1250
Transportation
Fuel, ointment, etc
100
Sub-total
3512.4
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Table 8.5 Summary of costs
February 2007
No
Description
Cost
(Birr)’OOO’
1
Watershed treatment activities
277360.9
2
Inputs and materials
775.04
3
Stationary and other items
5304.8
4
Salary. Per Diem and transportation
3512.4
total
286953.1
Contingency (5%)
14347.655
Grand total
301300.755
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9. BENEFITS EXPECTED
February 2007
The benefits of watershed management interventions could be qualitative and quantitative The quantitative benefits include the gain in economic terms from the implemented measures, which requires the comparison of the total cost incurred to develop a certain measure and the benefit obtained  after  the  measure  is  being  in  place.  This  involves  cost-benefit  analysis  of  the measures  The  qualitative  benefits  involve  the  benefits  that  may  not  be  easily  or  directly quantified in monetary terms For example, the cooling effect and increase in concentration of oxygen due to plantation of trees in a certain area. But the quantity of biomass production can be  quantified  directly  In  spite  of  such  differences,  cost-benefit  analysis  of  such  programmes can  be  made  when  the  analysis  is  stretched  over  time  Thai  is,  the  benefits  from  watershed management interventions would accrue not so much to the present generation but would be enjoyed more by future generations. Such analysis is not part of the present study. However, the following on-farm benefits of watershed management are expected:
•     Stabilization or increase in crop or pasture yields. Stabilization of yield refers to those situations where conservation prevents a decline in yields that would occur if erosion is unchecked  Increased  in  yield  can  also  come  from  improved  nutrient  supply  through organic matter, compost additions, agro-forestry, etc.
•     Improved livestock production from increased quantity and quality of fodder, for example from grass strips, alley cropping or bund embankments
•     Prevention  of  sedimentation  of  reservoir  and  irrigation  dam  at  the  downstream  of  the watershed
•    Improved supply of fuel wood and construction materials
•    increased income and employment
•    increased value of land and diversification of products from a single plot of land
•     Improvement  in  water  supply  owing  to  increased  infiltration  of  rainfall  and  reduction  in run-off
•    Prevention of flooding of both the reservoir and command area
•    Better accessibility to market outlets
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10. MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Monitoring   and   evaluation   of   performance   of   interventions   implemented   as   watershed management programmes is an important tool to value the proper implementation and out puts and  impacts  there  after  Therefore,  it  should  be  considered  with  serious  attention  Through monitoring, raw data or information can be collected from the project area which at later time may be used for evaluating the success and impact of a project. Moreover, monitoring is a management  tool  which  facilitates  continued  learning  and  provides  quality  information  for evaluation, which is a process in which judgments on success and/or failures are made
Monitoring and evaluation of the performance of the activities during implementation and afterwards should be participatory for ensuring effective watershed management programme
For the current project it is recommended to carry out continuous monitoring at various stages 
as the condition permits Evaluation should be made at the end of every year or completion of
the plan of work for the year Moreover, the impacts of the interventions should be evaluated
The following indicators are suggested for monitoring and evaluation
•    Amount of activities achieved against the plan
•    Maintenance and improvement in the land productivity
•    Improvement in livestock feed supply either in terms of quantity or quality
•    Decrease in soil erosion and reduction in sedimentation
•    Change in the livelihood of the community through a longer period
•    Increase in vegetal cover on forest and grazing lands and decrease in deforestation of
forest areas
•    Availability of water and increase in the yield of springs
•     Change in awareness of the community towards the need for watershed management, and the number of farmers community who have adapted the interventions on their farm land where required
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REFERENCES
Anonymous  (2002) Proceedings  of a workshop on Watershed Approach to Water Supply, Food Security  and natural Resources  Management. Oromia water. Minerals  and Energy Resources Development Bureau. Finfine
Barber,   R   (1984)   An   Assessment   of   the   Dominant   Soil   Degradation   Processes,   Ethiopian Highlands Reclamation Study. LURD, MoA, Addis Ababa
BCEOM   (1999)   Data   Collection,   Site   Investigation.   Survey   and   Analysis   Abbay   River   Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Project, Vol. XIII, Part 1, MoWR, Addis Ababa
BPEDO (2002) Statistical Abstract for Jimma Zone, Jimma
CSA, 2005 Statistical Abstract. Central Statistical Agency, Addis Ababa. Ethiopia.
CSE,   1989.   Conservation   Strategies   of   Ethiopia,   Transitional   Government   of   Ethiopia.   Addis Ababa
Donals,B.T (1984) Soil and water Conservation in the Ethiopian Highlands-An Assessment of Requirements  and Evaluation of Activities, Ethiopian Highlands  reclamation Study, LUPRD MoA, Addis Ababa,
Donals,B.T    (1984)    Strategy    Proposals    for    soil    and    water    conservation    in    the    Ethiopian Highlands, Ethiopian Highlands reclamation Study, LUPRD, MoA. Addis Ababa,
EEPA   (2003).   State   of   Environment   Report   for   Ethiopia,   Ethiopian   Environmental   Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Escobedo, J.U. (1988). Land classification for Use in soil Conservation, Community  forests and soil conservation Department. MoA. Assistance to Soil and Water Conservation Programme phase II. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia.
Ethiopian Forestry  Action Program (1994). Ministry  of Natural Resources  Development and Environmental Protection. Volume II and Volume III. Final Report. EFAP Secretariat, Addis Ababa
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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Catchments Development Plan
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Hurni, 1983. Soil Formation Rates in Ethiopia. Working paper 2. EHRS. MoA, Addis Ababa.
IBARRA.  R  et  al  (1984).  Soil  Conservation  in  Arjo,  Wellega  Region.  EHRS.  Land  Use  Planning and Regulatory Department of Ministry of Agriculture in Cooperation with FAO. Addis Ababa.
John et al (1984). Methodology  for Sub-watershed Development Planning and Implementation. Field document no 2. Assistance to soil and water conservation programme phase II. Harar. Ethiopia
Merete, S (1985). Guidelines  for Description and Interpretation of Soil Properties  for Subwatershed Development Planning. Field Document No 10. Community  Forestry  and Soil Conservation Department, MoA-FAO, Harar Ethiopia
MoARD  (2005)  Community  Based  Participatory  Watershed  Development:  A  Guideline.  Part  1. first edition, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
MoARD (2004) Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project. A national strategic plan for Biomass energy sector, final report, Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
Morgan, R.P.C.(1986) Soil Erosion and Conservation. Longman. London.
NEDECO (1998). Tekeze River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Report, Vol. XVI, Addis Abaca, Ethiopia.
RCSO (2000). The Resource Base, Its Utilization and Planning for Sustainability, Regional Conservation Strategy, Oromia National Regional Government, Finfinne.
Solomon Abate (1994). Land Use Dynamics, Soil Degradation and Potential for Sustainable Use in Metu Area, lllubabor Region. Ethiopia. University of Berne, Switzerland.
TIDEMAN, 1996 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT. Guidelines for Indian Conditions, OMEGA Scientific publishers, New Delhi, India.
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Annexes
ANNEXURE A/1 Average monthly rainfall of stations in and around the Arjo-Dedessa Watershed (mm)
s/
N
Station
Jan
Feb
r~
Mar
Apr
May
June
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
1
Agaro
36.0
37 0
102 1
112 1
180.9
240 4
240 8’
I 239 7
187 4
149 9
57 2
39 /
1 744
2
Bedele
— 14 9
236
70 0
93 3
240 7
332.6
—
302 3
298 3
267 9
146 3
32 e
14 0
1845
3
Dembi
43 8
347
968
168 8
289 6
3266
325 6
346 9
314 9
216 1
30 7
37 6
2214
4
Jimma
34 5
240
770
147 7
190 9
247 9
207 8
194 6
188 3
129 4
55.3
38 1
1535 4
Annexure A/2 Monthly maximum and minimum temperature of stations in and around the Arjo- Dedesa Watershed
S/h
Station
level
Jan Feb
Mar
Apr May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1
Agaro
Min.
10 3
104
118
116
12.3
118
11 9
r 12 o
12 0
11 8
11 1
10 4
Max.
28.9
30.8
30 5 29.9
29 3
27.7
27.0
27 1
27.7
28.2
28 7
28 5
Ave.
19 6
20.6
21 1 20.8
20.8
19.8
19.5
19.5
19.9
20.0
19.9
119.5
2
Bedeie
Min.
11 8
12 8
14 0
144
13.8
13.1
13.0
13.0
12.7
12.4
11 6
11 5
Max.
27 1
29 3
28 4
28 4
26 5
24 1
224
22.8
24 4
24 9
25 7
26.6
Ave.
194
21.0
21.2
21 4
20.2
18 6
17 7
r 17 9
18 5
18.6
18 7
19 1
3
Dembi
Min.
12 9
13.5
13 6
14 1
14.2
13 6
12.9
13 3
13.4
12.6
12.2
117
Max.
27 8
29.4
29 1
27 9
26 7
_____ na
24 7
24 0
24.3
25.3
25 9
26.9
27 5
Ave.
Na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
4
Jimma
Min.
89
8.4
12.1
13.3
13 8
134
13.7
13 9
13 5
12.7
94
8.5
Max.
28?9
l  30 9
30 5
29 5
28.3
26 7
25.1
25 4
27.0
27.4
27 9
28 4
Ave.
18.9
19.6
21.3
21 4
L
21 0
20 1
194
196
20.3
20 0
18 6
18 4
Na = data not available for some months
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Annexure A/3 Design dimensions of spillways for SS dams for rainfall intensity of 100 -150mm/hr
(Adopted from CBPWD, 2005)
February 2007
Catchmen
t area
(Hectare)
Base width of spillway (b)
Medium runoff            High runoff coefficient (0.4)        coefficient (0.7)
Depth of flow
Total depth
2
08
11
0 30
0 70
3
09
14
0 30
0 70
4
09
14
0 35
0.75
5
10
16
0 40
0 80
6
10
16
0 50
0 90
a
10
18
0 55
1 00
10
10
2.1
0 60
1 05
12
10
22
0 60
1 10
14
11
25
060
1 20
16
11
27
0 60
1 20
18
11
28
0 60
1 20
20
12
32
0 60
1 20
24
16
36
0 60
1 20
28
20
44
0 65
1 25
32
23
51
0 70
1 30
36
27
55
0 70
1 30
40
32
61
0 75
1 35
45
3.7
70
0 75
1 35
50
42
78
0 75
1 35
60
51
96
0 75
1 35
70
61
11 3
0 75
1 40
80
71
13 0
0 75
1 45
80
81
14 8
0 75
1 50
100
91
16 5
0 75
1 50
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Annexure A/4 Revised work norms for activities proposed
February 2007
Activity
FUnit
Work norm
Soil Bund
PD/Km
150PD/KM
Slone Bund
PD/Km
250PD/Km
Planting on bund
PD/Km
16PD/Km
Cut-off dram construction
MJ/PD
0 70m /PD
Grassed waterway construction
M^/PD
1 OmTPD
Slone check dam construction
M'/PO
0 5 M/PD
Seedling production
PD/1000seedlmg
15PD/1000
—
Pitting
PD/Pits
1PD15PHS
Tree seed collection
PD/Kg
20PD/Kg
Grass/legume seed collection
PD/Kg
1OPD/K0
Seedling planting
PD/Plar.ts
1PD/50 plants
Sue guarding
PD/Ha/year
4PD/Ha/year
Spring development
-
:700PD/spnng
Compost making (neap 4mlx2mWxl 5mD)
-
IPD/Imear meter
I Alley cropping
-
10PD/Km
Grass stnps
PD/Km
30PD/Km
SS dam
-
1PD/0 75m earth/stone worn
SS oam spillway construction
-
1PD/0 5m ’ spillway
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ANNEXURE A/5 Recommended Species for Plating
February 2007
No
Species
Production m3/ha/a
Uses
Saw timber
Fuel wood
Fodder
N fixing
Hrotoction
Others
1
Acacia abyssmica
X
X
X
X
x
2
A saligna
X
X
X
X
X
3
Atortihs
X
X
X
X
X
4
Albizia Ibbek
X
X
X
X
X
x
5
Alb'Zia schimpcnana
18 28
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
6
Apodytes dimidiata
X
X
X
X
7
Arundinana alp<ne
X
X
X
X
8
Arundo donax
X
X
X
X
9
Azaduachla indica
X
X
10
Casuanna equisenfoha
5 18
X
X
X
X
X
11
Ekebergia capensis
6 18
X
X
X
X
12
Entada abyssmica
X
X
X
X
X
13
Erythnna abyssmica
X
X
X
X
X
14
Croton macrostach7s
X
X
X
X
15
Dodonia i juistifolia
X
X
X
16
Ekebergia capensis
X
X
X
X
17
Entada abyssmica
X
X
18
Erythnna abyssmica
X
X
X
19
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
10-22
X
X
20
E globules
1040
X
X
X
X
21
Euphorbia candelabrum
X
X
—“— 
22
Grevillea robusta
5-10
X
X
23
Hagema abyssmica
X
X
X
X
X
24
Juniperus procera
X
X
X
X
jH
Leucaena leucocephala
X
X
X
X
X
26
Melia azadarach
X
X
X
X
27
Milletlia ferruginea
X
X
X
X
28
Olea europea
X
X
X
X
———H
29
Phoenix reclmata
X
X
30
Prunus Africana
X
X
X
X
-♦ 31
Produca’pus falcatus
X
X
X
X
Rhamnus orinoides
X
X
.13      Sesbania sesban
—
X
X
X
X
X
.14
Sv/vuium aumeanse
X
X
X
X
35       Elephant qrases
X
X
X
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ANNEXURE A/6 Packages of Production Practices Of Crops
February 2007
SI
No.
Name
of
Cropy
Varieties
Climatic
Need
Soil
Land
Preparation
Sowing
times &
method
Seed
rate
(kg/ha)
Nutrient
needs
(kg/ha)
Inter
culture
Irrigatio
n&
Water
Harvesting
&
Yield
(q/ha)
Diseases
& Pests
1
Riceforyza-
sativa)
subgroups mdica &
japonica Locally called “Ruz"
Varieties of Indicas and Japomcas Need Introduction and evaluation in (he region of Ethiopia immediately Photo insensitive Semi-dwarf
varieties
' Tempera-lure between 13- 30°c , altitude up to 2500m above mean sea level, Adequate
water
Fine
textured
low
permeabil ity, PM ranging
4 0 to 8 5
2-3 ploughing, flooding to a depth of 15 to 25 cm waler and puddling
Transplanting 2-3 seedlings per hill at 20 to 25 cm spacing or direct seeding in rows 15-20 cm apart in June- July or Dec
Jan
25-30
for
Nursery. Direct seeding 80 90
kg
80 100kg
N.
40-45kg P2O5 & 30-4 Okg K2O as per soil
test
Manual weeding or use of herbicide
like
Bulachlor 1 5 kg a i for weed control or see the text for
details
Keep the soil near saturation through out the growing period Depth of irrigation
5 10 cm each lime
Low kernels of panicles hard dough, yellow color and droop down 50 60 and some times 70 quintals or more with
good managemen
t
Different species of hoppers and blight
are
common insect-pests and
diseases see details and control measures in the text
Maize (Zea mays) Local ‘Bekolo’
Dent & Flint corn hybnds and composites of medium duration
From sea
level to
2400m above s,l, sun and water loving with mean
daily temperature of 20°c or even more
Deep
heavy 
clay to light soil but well drained, with PH
range from 6-8
Fine seed bed, free from wead, one
deep
ploughing followed by 2- 3 harrowings
June-July or Dec-Jan
June-July ciop at 70cm x 20cm and Dec Jan crop at 60 x 18 cm spacing 4 to 5 cm deep
planting
20-25kg
100-120
kg N.
20-4 Okg P2O5 and 30-40kg K2O. 10 15kg Zinc sulphate or As per soil test
result
Use of Atrazine @ 1-1 5 kg/ha w p or manual
2-3
weeding followed
by 
earthing
500-800 mm
depending upon the climatic conditions 
.Avoid water logging 6- 7 irngation
Harvest al physiological maturity 
stage
containing 25-30% moisture . yield 30-35 quintals or 40-50
quintals
Main Insect pest are stalk boier African boil worm,
maize
aphids Army worm and main diseases 
are
southern com blight and Brown spot Use
control
measure
3
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) local
High yielding varieties and hybnds Alemaya- 70 and others
Drought
tolerant, grows up Io 2000m above mean sea
Grows on wide
range of soil, best
on
One deep plughing followed by 2 Io 3 harrowing Io
May-June with first rain and Dec-Jan with irrigation with Inter crops. Line
15-20kg
60-70kgN 20-40kg P2O5 and 40-80kg K2O or
Application of Atrazine @ 1 Okg /ha W P or
I 2-3
450 to 650 mm.
mainly ramfed 25- 30 quintals
When seed attain about 15 20% moisture and plant turns
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name
‘Zengada'
level al 17° Io 32®c
medium
lexlure
soil PM
6 0 lo fl 5
break clods
sown or
broadcast
spacing 45cm x 
5 cm or 75cm x 
10 cm
based on soil fertility status
mechanical
yellow
weeding
diseases are red, rot
foliar
disease
smut and grain mould for contiol measure sea the lexl
4
Wheal
(Triticum aestivum) (Triticum durum) Local name ’Sinde"
High yielding semi-dwarf varieties of both species suitable to the area after
test
Temperature between 12 5 to 22 5°c al 1500 Io 2600m above mean sea
level
Wide range of soil from sandy to clayey, PH 6 0 lo
80
Pulverised soil with good tilth the One deep ploughing and 4-5 harrowings for good plant stand
June to July and Nov - December, seed sown in lines by drill 22 5cm apan
100-125 kg to
125-
130kg
80-120kg N P and K as per the soil
test
Green manaring very use
ful
One or
two
weeding or use of herbicide
About
500-
700mm 5- 6 irrigation during
Nov 
planted crop See stages in
text
Harvest when grains are dry with dry plants 40-45 quintal or more with good managemen
ts
Mainly 
disease problems like leaf and slem rust and loose smut See
control
measure from text
5
Barley 
(Hordeum vulgare) Local name *gebis*
Latest high yielding varieties of food types or mailing type
Temperature 7.5 Io 22 5 oc al 150° lo 5000m above mean sea
level
Sandy loam to clayey soil P^ with, 6 5 to 8 0.
.Adaptabl e to even marginal
land
Well pulverized soil with good tilth, one deep ploughing followed by 2- 3 harrowings
June-July and Dec sowing in line 22.5 cm apart by seed drill or broad cast method Depth of seeding 5-8cm for rainfed
80-
100kg
60kg N, 30kg P2O5 and K2O as per the soil test
1-2
weeding manually 
or
chemicals like 2,4-D @ 0 5 kg a i or Met- sulfuron and pendi methaline s as given in text
350-550
mm
When plants turn yellow and dry 25- 30 quintal
Aphids, covered and loose smut, yellow rust etc For
control measures 
see the text
6
Teff
(Eragrostis teff) or Eabby ssmica) Local name' lef'
Dz-01-354
Dz-01-99
Dz-01.787
Dz-01-196
Average Temperature 15°-20°c at 1000 to 2400 m above sea level
Heavy textured soil with PH 6-7
Well pulverized soil with good tilth,
3-4
ploughings or harrowings
July, by broad cast method
20-30kg per ha
20-30kg N ♦ 20- 4okg P2O5 in rainfall assured
area
One or
two
manual weeding depending on weed intensity
NIL
When plants turn yellow straw 2-15
q/ha
Well bush cricket. Epilachna Red left
worm
Diseases 
are
Damping
off Rust
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(See texl for control measure)
7
Finger millet (Eleucme coracana) local name Dagussa’
Improved variety of the local area
Wide adaptability but above 15°c temp upto 2500m above sea
level
Grown
on all
type of soils clay Io sandy loam with PH 6 5 to
85
Requires smooth seed bed with fine
tilth
Sown any time of the year but rain fed crop sown in
June-July by broad-cast
10kg
NPK at the rate of 50 •* 40
25kg
Two
effective hand weeding
When plants are yellow and fingers 01 head turns grey
Ear cater pillar, stem borer, leaf aphids
1 Army worms and cut worms Diseases are blast, brown spot and streak virus
8
Field peas 
(pisum saliuum) Local name Ater’
Two varieties recommended for the area Ade! 1 and sefinesh
Temperature 10°c-23°c 
at 1800- 3200m above sea level
Does well on all types of soils with
pH
ranging from 5 5-
70
Requires thorough field preparation with 2-3 ploughing and harrowings
June July and Dec -January planted in rows 40-50cm apart or broad cast sowing
80-
120kg
40kgN-» 40-60 kg P2O5 + 80 150 kg
K2o
1-2
weeding required
350-500
mm
Harvested when plants are half dry & pods dry 15-20 q/ha
Pea aphids, and pod
borer
Diseases are powdery mildew leaf
Spot
9
Chick Pea
(Cicer
arietmum)
Local
name Shimbr
a*
Improve varieties should be grown
Temperature between 15p- 25°c at the altitude of 1200-2800m above sea
level
Requires deep
heavy soils with good
water retaining capacity and PH 6-
7
Requires rough field preparation one or two ploughing or harrowing are enough
August-Sept and December January Broad-cast or drill sown. 6-8 cm deep 30cm x 5-6 cm
65-
100kg
15-20kg N-» 40kg P2Os
One weeding 3 weeks 
after
sowing enough
2-3
irrigation in dry 
season
When plants turn yellow and pods dry 20-25
quintal
Cutworm
and
diseases are root will, collar rot and wilt
control measures 
as 
suggested fed in text
10
Lentil (Lens esculenta) Local name
Misir’
Only one good variety NEL-358 More may be introduced
I
Temperature 15° 25° at 1800-3200m above sea
level
Grown on wide
range of soils, light loam to
black
Doe not require very thorough land preparation but it should be weed free
June-July and Dec-January Broadcast or line sowing at 25-30 cm row spacing
30-40kg
20-30kg
N* 40-60
kg P2O5
One
weeding
3-4 weeks after
sowing
350-550 mm but
first
irrigation 45days 
after
When plants turn brown and seeds dry 10-15
quintal
Pests is pea aphid and diseases like will root rot blight and rust isee text for
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soils
2-3 harrowing
_____________
I
sowing
control)
11
Faba beans (vicia faba) Local name Bakela'
Nc-58 and other varieties
Temperature 10-20°c at 1800-3200m above sea
level
Grown on wide range of soils, medium textured deep sandy loam to clay loam with PH 5 5 to 6 5
One deep ploughing with 2-3 harrowing to have land free from clods and weeds
June by broadcast or drill at 40cm x 5cm spacing
200-
250kg
20 30kg
N* 20 40kg P.O?
Two
weeding first 3-4 weeks 
after
sowing and 2nd 6- 8 weeks 
after
sowing
350-
550mm but first irrigation 45days 
after
sowing
When the plants gels yellow and start drying 20-25 quintal
Insect pests pod borer and disease is rust
12
Hancol bean (phaseolus vulgans ) Local name Boloke'
There are large number of varieties but improved one suit able for area to be grown
Temperature 15-25°c at 1400-2100 m above sea
level
Grown on wide
range of soils light sandy Io heavy clay PH 5 5 to 6 5
No need of fine filth One ploughing and 2 harrowing free from weeds and big clods
June-July and December by broad cast and line sowing Duration vary from 80 days al 1200m. to 115 days at 2200m spacing 40-60cm x 7-
15cm
40-60kg
20-30 kgN* 40- 60 kg
P2O5
One
weeding
3-4 weeks after
sowing
300-500
mm
Irrigation al 5 critical stages of
plant
growth
Green pods 3-4 pickings Foi seed harvested when leaves turn yellow and plants start drying, 15-20 quintal
Pests are
Beetle.
Jassids 
bean fly 
bollworm Diseases are bean rot leaf spot, bacterial
blight
13
Ground nut (Arachis hypogaea) Local name Lewth or
ocholoni
Varieties belong to two groups bunch and spreading more verieties to be introduced
Temperature 18-20°c at 1500 m above sea
level
Grown on vide variety of soil types but deep sandy loam is 
best
Required well pulverized good soil tilth One deep ploughing with 2-3 harrowings
June- July and Dec -January Line sowing al 30-45 cm x 15cm for spreading and 20-30cm x 10- 15 cm bunch Or 22 5cm x 
1ocm
100-
120kg kernels
20-40kg N-* 40-
60kg
P2O5 •» 20-40kg K2O * 4 quintal gypsum at pegging
1-2 hoeing for weed control
and
earthling
up
500-
700mm at various critical
growth
stages
Yellowing of leaves and
leaf
shedding, dark tint color inside the shell 30- 40 quintal
Pests are
Aphids 
African
bollworm pod borer and termite and major disease is 
rust
14
Linseed
(Lmum
usitatissi- mum i Local
Introduction of good varieties for the area
Temperature 15-21°c, at 1800-3000m
asl
Grows all type of soils with pit 5-7
Well prepared weed and clod free soil one ploughing and
2-3
June-July or Dec Broad cost or line sown 30cm
apart
harrowings
25-30
kg
30-40 kg N ♦ 20-
30kg
P2O5 ■»
30kg
suphur
2
weeding
1st 3 4 week of sowing and 2nd 6-
350 • 500 mm/seaso
n
When plants tern yellow
12-15
quamtai
Aphids and leaf roller Diseases are rust and
wilt
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Name Telba
7 weeks
15
Sesame (Sesamum mdicum)
I ocal name
selif
Introduction of nets variety 
required
Susccefitable to frost, Temperature 15 20°c
Grown on sandy worn Io heavy soils PH 5 5 to 8 2
Well
pulvermzed with fine/ tilth needed one
deep ploughing with 2-3 hanowmg
June-July Nov- Dec sown as broad cast
4-7kg
Depends, on variety and season 10 tons of
FYM+ 20kg N 4
15kg
sulphur
2-3
weeding , to keep the field free from weed up
to 25 days after sowing
34
irrigation given at critical stags of
plant growth like flowering capsule formation and seed filling
I
When plants turn yellow 12-15 quintal
Leaf roller capsule borer. Gall fly, cater
pillor
Diseases are seedling blight,
bacterial blight, leaf spot stem and root rot. phylloidy
16
Niger
(Guizotia abyssimca) local name
Noug
Only local
variety No improved variety available
Temperature (7 5 -25°) al 1500- 2400m above sea
level
Grown on variety of soils 
sandy loam to clay loam with PH rang 6 0-
75
Good land preparation needed with
deep
ploughing followed by 2- 3 harrowing and good
leveling
Broad cast method of sowing or drilling in rows 30cm x 3cm in June or early 
July
20-25kg
40-60 kg N* 20-
30kg P2O5
One
weeding
and hoeing 3-4 weeks 
after
sowing
300-500
mm
season
When plants 
show golden
yellow color
8-10 quintal
Noug fly and higer caterpillar Diseases are stem 01 leaf blight and downy mildew
17
Rape seed and mustard (Brassica spp ) Local
name
Gomenzer
Introduction of improved varieties needed
Temperature s 15°c-20°c at altitude 1700 -3000 sensitive to
frost
Grown on variety of soils with moisture retarmg capacity PG 6 5 Io
75
Requires fine tilth one deep ploughing with 3-4 harrowings needed together free from weeds and clods
Early June and January Broadcasting or line sown at 30-40 cm x 10- 15 cm spacing
1-'
4-6 kg
40 50kg
N* 50-60 kg P2O5
One or
two
hoeing
and
weeding
350-500 mm at
flowing and fod
filling
stages
___ __ ____ June - July or Dec January Drilled in line 40-60 cm row distance 15-
| 20cm plant to
When plants begin to turn yellow 15- 20 quintal
Cabbage aphlids and diamond back moth Disease is leaf spot
18
Sun flower (Helianthus annus)
Local name
Suff
-
Number of
Introduced varieties and hybrids to be
grown
Temperature 18°-25°c al altitude of 1100-2200m above sea level and free
Grown on wide
range of
soil
condition with Pm6
Grown on friable and weed free soil btained
by 3-4,
harrowings
8-10kg
40 kg N+
20kg
P20s ♦ 40kg K2O
2 hoeing
and
weeding 25 and 45 days after sowing
600-800 mm at
least 4 times at critical
growth
When plants get yellow color and leaves start shedding 15
Cut worm captullum
borer
tobacco caterpillar, green semi
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from long frost
•7 5
plant spacing
with the practice of earthling up of 60- 70 cm tall plants
stages
20 quintals
looper leaf hopper
white fly Diseases are leaf blight Rust Root and collar rot
Downy 
muildew
head rot
19
Safflower (carlhamus linetonus) Local name
Use of improved varieties and
hybrids
Temperaluie 15-25°c Does not favor extreme of cold and heat
Fertile deep well drained heavy soil with PH 5 8. salt tolerant
crop
Requires clod free seed bed, one ploughing with 3-4 harrowing, clean seed
bed
June, Dec-Jan Drilled al the spacing of 30- 40cm to
achieve,
110,000
plants/ha
8-10kg
30-50kg
N* 15-20 kg sulphur ♦ P2O5 as per soil
lest
One
weeding enough
Rainfed
on
residual moisture as inter
crop
When plants start drying 15-20
quintals
Aphids caps ule borer diseases 
are
Alternaria
leaf spot
rust wilt
roots rot
20
Potato
(Solanum tuberosum) local name
Timch'
Local and Imported Need Io have more
variety
Temperature
15°-25° C.
more
tuberization below 21 °c in short day conditions
Grows on all types of soil but well
drained loam best Pm5 5 -
75
Requires good seed bed free from weeds and clods, one deep ploughing and 3-4 harrowings
Can be planted in August and December- January in rows 60cm apart at 20cm from tuber Io
tuber
25-35
quintal
120-150kg N+ 45kg P2O5 + 100-115kg K2O
One
weeding
and
earthing up when plants are 8-10cm
tall
Irrigation immediate ly after planting and at 12- 15 days interval
(22 25
mm)
As soon as plants get yellows and tubers mature 300- 350 quintals
Laie and early blight leaf spot complex stem can keer. wilt,
soft rot,
common
scab
crinkle
mosaic 
Aphids, tuber moth
cut
worm
21
Onion (Allium cepa) Local
name
Shinkurt
Local and imported Need to have more
variety
Temperature 160c°-25°c. more Ideal tern 12 8°c-
21°c
Grows on all soils but deep friable soils are best. PH 58-65
Requires well prepared, weed free seed bed for transplanting the seedlings 7-8 weeks old
Can be planted in June-July and January at 30-35 cm apart in line
10-15
kg
150 kg N* 50kg P* 50kg K
Kept weed free at
initial stage Use of stomp at 3 5 liter per ha
Frequent and light irrigation required (12 5 mm)
When leaf starts falling and dry 150
- 180
quintals
Thrips mite onion fly cutworm
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1
al 30-35 cm
apart
•
•
immediate ly aftei transplant!
ng
effective for weed control
22
Carrot
(Daucus carrola) Local name ‘karrot’
No improved variety available
Cool season but also tolerate high temperatures
Grows on all types of soils but best m deep
well
drained light soil, P* 6 5 is ideal
Well prepared soil by deep ploughing and harrowing free from weeds
Seed planted in shallow ridges 30-45 cm apart in July-August and January or in December
Leaf hopper and cut
worm
(control
measure
given in
text)
5-6 kg
80 kg N ♦ 60kg K
Thinning to keep plant to
plant
distance of 4-5 cm one or two hoeing for good
aeration spray of stomp 3 5 liter/ha immediate ly after
sowing
Keep the ridges moisture till full germinatio n Then irrigation 6 10 days interval if no rain (2 26 mm)
Harvest when root attains 2 5-
4 cm
diameter al upper end 150- 250
q/ha
25
Tomalo (Lycopersicon esculentum) local name Termallm’
Good high yielding varieties and hybnd suitable lor the area Io be grown
Temperature 15°-27’c
Grows on sandy loam to claysoils with pH 7585
Well prepared weed free seed bed required
Transplanting in June-July and November- December al spacing 76cm x 45cm or 90cm x 30cm 4-5 week old seedlings
120 kg N* 60kg
P2O5*
50kg K2O* 20-25 kg Borax
2-3 hoeing essental followed by easthlng up Use pendimeth alm @ 1 kg a 1 /ha * one hand weeding
Irrigation at 8 10 days intervals (6 65 mm)
Harvest at mature
green, turning pink, red ripe and over ripe as pei need variety 250q
hybnds 400q
Damping off. Acternaria
blight septoria leaf blight bacterial will Tomalo mosaic and spoiled will Pests are fruit borer mile mealy bug Ihrifs and leaf eating cater
piller
26
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var Capitals;
Variety available in the area Introduction of Ihermo-
msensilive
Temperature 15°-25% No temperature barrier
Grows on all types of soils clay loam or silt
Good and weed breek seed-bed required by 
deep
Transplanting is done in June. August, November at 60-70cm x 45-
500g-
750g
150kgN-» 80kg P* 70kg K
One or
two
shallow hoeing or
pre-
Keep the
field moist by reqular irrigation
When attain full size 60- 80 days or 100-120 days 330-
Damping off black rot curd rot stalk rot
Downy
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Local name
Gommen'
variety needed
gives 
good
yield PK 55-65
ploughing and
3-4 harrowings
60 cm 4 6 weeks old seedlings used
planting application
of
fluchloralm @05
kg/ha or Bulachlor kg/ha for 2 weed
control
(2 15mm)
450 quintal
mildew and white
blister Pests are diamond black moth, leaf
Webber stem borer, Aphios gram cater pillar etc
27
Alfalfa
(Medicago
saliva)
Introduction of improved
perennial
varieties
Cool weather crop grows well between 12-25°c
Grows on all types of deep
soil
except
light sandy PM 6 5 Io 8 5
Prepare good tilth with pulverized soil and free from weeds does not tolerate water logging
June or December- January by broad cast method of sowing or drill in line 25cm
apart
15 20kg
20kg N* 100kg
PO
25
Not
required
Irrigation immediate ly after
sowing and al the interval of 12-15
days 
(76 83
mm)
First cut to be taken 55- 65 days after sowing and subsequent cut at
monthly interval 900- 1000 quintal perseason
Not much problem of disease and pests
28
Hybrid Napier (Penmselum purpureum x 
P
americanum)
Hybrids available in the country
Temperature 20-30°c susceptible to frost
Grows well on all types of soils with
fair
drainage PH 6 5 -
80
Requires good tilth and fee from weeds and clods Needs well drained soil
June-July planted by 2- budded cuts of the mature plant stem at a spacing of 60 x 30cm
15-20 quintal material
120kg N* 60kg
P2O5 ♦ 60kg K2O
2-3
Inlercultur e and weeding
till it covers the ground
Immediate ly after planting
and at
regular interval of 10-15
days 
76 83
(mm)
First harvest 60-65 days afler planting and
thereafter al monthly 
interval 1200-1500 quintal green fodder per 6 months
No problem of Insects pest and disease
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Associate with intercontinental Consultants and Tecimocrats Pvt. Ltd.I
y
i
ii
i
t

Summery

Project Overview

The Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project Catchment Development Plan is a comprehensive watershed management strategy for the Arjo-Dedesa watershed in Ethiopia's Oromia Regional State. The plan aims to address land degradation, improve water resources, and enhance agricultural productivity while ensuring sustainable development.

Key Project Details

Location	Oromia Regional State, parts of Jima and Illu-ababora Zones, Ethiopia
Watershed Area	556,436 hectares
Implementation Period	6 years (divided into two 3-year phases)
Total Estimated Cost	301.3 million Ethiopian Birr
Lead Agencies	Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD)

Watershed Characteristics

Climate: Humid tropical with average annual rainfall of 1,835mm (range 1,535-2,214mm)
Land Use:
- Cultivated land: 33.5% (186,570 ha)
- Grazing land: 15% (82,811 ha)
- Forest/bush land: 24.5% (136,560 ha)
- Open woodland: 4.5% (24,829 ha)
Slope Distribution:
- 0-3% slope: 59.2% of area
- 3-8% slope: 21.9%
- 8-15% slope: 9.6%
Soil Types: Predominantly clay and clay loam soils with varying depths

Major Problems Identified

Land Degradation: Soil erosion (water erosion) and deforestation
Shortage of Grazing Land: Incompatible livestock population with carrying capacity
Socio-economic Issues: Inadequate extension services, water use problems, improper land use
Resource Management: Low community awareness in natural resource conservation

Proposed Interventions

Intervention Type	Specific Measures	Target Area/Quantity
Soil and Water Conservation	Soil bunds, Fanya juu terraces, cutoff drains, SS dams, grass strips	82,139.6 ha with soil bunds, 24,867 ha with terraces, 32km gully treatment
Agronomic/Biological	Crop rotation, organic manures, intercropping, residue management, contour farming	Widespread implementation across cultivated areas
Agro-forestry	Alley cropping, multi-story gardening, buffer-zone agro-forestry	Integration throughout watershed
Infrastructure Development	Spring development, access roads, nurseries	10 springs, 954km roads, 29 nurseries (19 rehab, 10 new)
Livestock Management	Improved grazing systems, feed management	Across all grazing lands

Implementation Strategy

Participatory Approach: Involving communities at all stages
Watershed Logic: Implementation from ridge to valley
Capacity Building: Training for farmers and development agents
Institutional Framework: Utilizing existing government structures with strengthened capacity
Cost-sharing: Community labor contribution (10% of total cost)

Expected Benefits

Reduction in soil erosion and sedimentation of reservoirs
Improved crop and livestock productivity
Enhanced water supply through increased infiltration
Better fuel wood and construction material supply
Increased land value and diversified production
Flood prevention in downstream areas
Improved community awareness and livelihood

Monitoring and Evaluation

The plan includes a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework with indicators such as:

Activity completion rates vs. plan
Land productivity improvements
Reduction in soil erosion and sedimentation
Changes in vegetative cover
Community awareness and adoption rates