Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project - Feasibility Study Summary

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THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
Feasibility Study Phase II
(FINAL)
November, 2006
Addis Ababa
WATER WORKS DESIGN & SUPERVISION ENTERPR
IN ASS0C1ATI0H WRH
INTERCONTINENTAL CONSULTANTS AND TECHNOCRATS ETHIOPIA PVT. LTD.
IM > lk»K 25H. Addis AkiKi l liiu»piu
Id iZ^J •! (d-lXHAd I SMI I’.IS 125hi bl S*7 ll'-CTiLul u Li d s e«/krlcUHtl lk‘l c!Inception Report
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
November 2006
Table of Content
TABLE OF CONTENT...
LIST OF TABL.ESniiEinrajBTTS!—--—
LIST OF FIGURES..-..
111■ 11 ■ »■ I
||JII-JIMI" ■■■-■•
LIST OF ANNEXUSES ----------------------------- ----------------- —•
1
INTRODUCTION AND MOBILIZATION............ .. .............
1  1        The Contract Agrffment
num*mft—• ■•—■ —           At»muAr i«?«!•—f ••
I A-llllll C III
12
a5
14
Ti-c CowSul ranC* Team
MQBittZATIDN.................. .
. ......
r.4 F
Background...........................
The             fiasAQ
Pui-f
i
Mil VIM
....I
I
1
.2
2
j
T.4 2
f.4.3
Detffftsa F?>vsr SWHSaain Prefect Local1**"
r 44
ffie Pra/ecf
345
CD/nponenrs g7 toff Pf^eet
t  J:
Review of Pervious Studies
S5T
S/tfty fry USSR J F«4)
? 52
SFirtty by WAPCOS (F-9WJ 
J
J
J
J
J
4
1.53
Srwf/ by BCEOM(t$W
6
F 5.4
Study by WW&SE f20O5>
155
Ofhcr SJuefies
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6
6
?.S6
Tihe Pffwgw Mirier rd is
2.     TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
5
.... 7
2i
22
23
2,4
2$
2.6
27
23
29
General......... ............
Dam Site..............__ .. Rfservoir Area
Comvano Area ..........
II
11 MX A A WA1 A .1 III ■ 111 ■ I
■ II
.11—.I. .1
II
a. -in .ii ii mu mu i ? ■ • • ii» -
GRQmno Profile along the main Canals . Topographic Surveys for Main Drains
DiSTrisu on System ............... ........... ............. Topographic Surtmeys for Land Leveling Fixation of Cdord«ha ’es and Benchmarks
■ 11 iiiiiim
IIIIUIUU I Illi
3
METERDLOGlCAL AND HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES
31
3I
INTRODUCTION____     .
? AbDdy SaiAQ
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...   ...^I^p.l.
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32
3 F 2 CWffxxa CdJefl’jrriffrjr MElEOftOLOCMCAL STuDr
32J 33
13 J 332
CftntHc Ajr,iJyja# Rnfpml
TefnyDerafixff
333        vWfld Speed
3 34 3 3.5
34
34 r
342
343
Surt$?iffie Hours 
.Rtf/ffiffrKs Ci1 Op EvSpWr HY&ROLQGiC*l STUCt ■
Sf-»ea/rifio*v Analysis A kxxF AojJy&is SedmwnF Anafysis
3.4 4      Water    □ddirfj-
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n
r
3 4.5 35
RffSflfVChV Sr'ffTVtaton
Review o* PREvrtu® Stums
-*»■
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
I
In ilsMcLaie wILb JDCefcontLntnLal ConsultajiL? md TeelJimcrats Prt Ltd
111 ■<! 111 *A I I A—A 11 ■■ 11IU11 ■Inception Report
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
November 2006
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7
351
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WJPCOS flMOy
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36
Reconnaissance Field Visit ............
... I?
3.7
Data Collection
19
3.71
Preset Stofc/s
79
372
Data Gap
>i tai
33
work program
>. -..I Mil 11 Bf VI
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4 HYDROGEOLOGY--------------
IIB1II
10
4.1
Introduction
I...IIII1 nmv i r— •■■■
»«■ •« i 111 -11 ■ ■ i r- ■ r ■■? •
.... *0
42
The need for the Study.........
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20
43
OUFCTIVE ..
........ 21
44
The Project Area ..................
4 4 F Lo£AJH5ft
<42 PfFji'SiDfyapliy .
443   GftVOpy a/ltf .HytfrpgiMtojy
22
32
45
Approach A Methodology ... ,
22
46
4.7
Main Findings at Prebent
■111hi11 ■— 11 f t ■
Development A Management OF Groundwater
4.8        Preparation of Report
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23
21
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS ..
'5.1      InF R OOljC TI ON.... .iMniim.it   ■ ■■■=■■ ...... ...... .....
511       Batfgrau/Wl ................. ....................... M
512      OtfKMv - _____  . 
5.13     Scope o/ Wwfc 
5,1.4    Metoodotogy 
S.2      Re view O Previous Studies.................................. ................. .. ................ . ......... _...^. . . 5. 2 1   Gtr-nerai
5 7?     SrudybyUSBR
5 2 3    SfariY 6y WARCOS
524      Sftrtty £iy BCEOM ...........
.............. ............ 25
25
3d
25
26
27
27
27
5 3       General Geology C* DeltEsSa Rijt.h 8askm................. .. ..........._............ _.     ................... .. ................... m
5.3 1 General
2A-
5 3.2    Mefaracxpihic Roci?
5.3 3    Volcaraic Poe Ar J
5 4 ARjQ ’ L/ELEUSA PRu.! JEC.T HlKfA
jv
3J
...
.... .
5 4 J     GcnereJ Geotagy
5 4 2    Diffl Srfe
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29
29
5.4 3 ffa larvtJiY Area
5 4 4    Me/fl CmbKs.
jn
5 4 5    Cmsfrucfocn eiarerjaf
3?
5 5       initial Geotechnical Assessme nt
5.5 t Fou.nctatan Cwxiftons
552 Gwtype
5 8 Geological and Geotechnou. inuestiqaskins and Material Testing
5 6 1 F»eW Wb-esr.'gaP&rts
5 6 2 FreW mvestyptia'i' pragrans
5 6 3 OnPUnfl »| <?a/n s4e
5 6 J tatXKatary TMfag
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12
.13
33
3-f
34
J5
6.
6 1        General............. _..........
6.2        Reconnaissance Visit
3?
6.3        Dam
n
... 18
Waler Works Design & Supervision Eaterprise
'
11
la Associate rftUi lewcnntinentaJ CoDsuHanLi ami TeehnocraLi Pvt LtdInception Report
Arjo Odessa Irrigation Project
611       SeAMfaxi of Dam Srffl
Novenrter 2006
.L.I AU. 1 ■ " —■!'•
63.2
6.13
1     Sfrto   rtf   Dam   type
IM
Dam SeeAcr
6-4 I
Dam Fc<i«oatm>j Treatment
6.4 J
i^eview gf Prt/.tiL/s Itoxtas
6.4 2 Ccmju^a/if'S V'lflAS 643
65
6.5.T 6.5.2
66
6 6- r 6 6.2
67 I 671
S’lLLWAVS „_......... —.................... —...........
ton*# Q? Prr/jOMi SfutfiFJ
1      Can.pjJTj/ir'j    ^ppHcft
W1 ater Outlet Srftucn^te ........
ffitriswL?/ P/VIWI3 SfiXteS
Cansuffantf’s App'uien
Ratr Diversion Arrangements
Pe^ky □ir,cri/rtib,s Slfgdrtjj
6 7 2 CWWSaflTs APPnwtfi
6 8 Seiswcfty .......... -——- .....
6 8. r ftavw# eV Pnrwchjs Sftxtes
6 6 2    Cciwafan*'5 l/ffws
6 9      ACTm FM*        ——
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7 1       WTAOnuCTtON__________
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Otyecffres
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Si-x^e c/ f/ie
Wfrodcfogy
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7 2. Review Of Pw? vious Stjoies .. 7 2 1         USBff. f156<l
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7 22
723
724
725
DIMS
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57
F
. ■ uuii 11 —j 1111 e v 111
7 3 Ik project area
711      Lccarnin A £xranr
7 3.2
7 3.3
7.14
7.3.5
7.16
7.17
74 I
Cftmate
GedfliDipfrctopy
Land L'jffr arid Land Cowif
H^A-pgra/tfiy
Att4« and Coni/tNjriBca*wi
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Present Status........ .............. _...... .
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742
.^tf Hfai*
Dara en rooiGg
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Laboratory afutysns
67
744
Pipjcarf wrflng
7 J 5
Tte WjtB ■ScAfdufa1
67
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B LAND SUITABILITY
8.1
8.2
INTRODLC HOT*
OajECTIVtS
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8 2 2. Stdpe o/Wcrt
S3 Wcthqpolqgv....................... ...... „ 83 f Land -S&tfffbtftfy Classes
13.2 Ij/icfType(LuT)
8 3 3 Land UJitohcu? ftBqwirweftf
111.11 i > aIIIIU—MIH
■■■ —Hl- I I. .il.—.l.—.
..........73
73 ?3 74
■5 Y
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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Id .UsoclMf wltb IpurccnUu eutil ConsuJtmts and Technocrat Pvt L(dInception Report
Acjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
S’ 4 tw<j quaMm and Lantf Cha/acfs^sTicJ
8              3 $. me^wig tr/irfs (Agro £e*kx?>car Unity
1? 3.8 Lflflrf SrjrffhriWy Ctessyicafwi .u?d OMCtiSiKinj Of fflasuTi u? Our Pu
6 4 Revew or PAEvxJuS STUDIES
8              4 1 VS&ft. (1964)
8              42 TAMS AgncufturitQitvetapmwt Grwp. ;?9?J.( a j jLWFCOSpm
844 BCEQM ftSSBj
November 2DO6
9.        AGRICULTURAL PLANNING
U |n rPTn
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■ ■ •— ■ ■—* I fa ■ 11 a i ■ r 111 if ■—■ ■ ■— ■
9 1 INTRODUCTION .«............................... ........................ 9    2 review of previous studie s
927
92 2 Study by WAPCOS fT99O>
9 2 J Sivdy £iy aC£Wff999J
9 3 ReCCmmaiSSaHCE V*5IT .. . 9                 J 7 tOClfapr
J J 2 C'j.i.n7j.'in ^zi/jTyi'S
9 J J Son SuiratnJ.iJy
9J4
Vogt
9. J 5 Wd^-cv iTl- JikJ E-AWy
9                 < Scope c* study............................... 9 5 APPROACH Ard WETHDCLOG*
9 6           Existing STATUS OF ProjlC T Ami a
9 6 f Lora?
81 Ml 17 Y? w
Ml tJ 14 *4 15 R* 0
.Y1
9tf? Crgp PrrMJixliUfl Pi'dCJrufl S
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9 J J Srorus pf Tptjr supply
9 6 4 Crop
19
9?
Agricultural Development piawing
N4
98
PflODuCTiCW CONSTRAIN rs
■’ll I
99
Post-harvest tecmnolmv
•Hl
9  10       CONCLUSION
Ifl IRRIGATION ANO DRAINAGE ----------------------------------------------™™._---------------- ,----- ...
10   I iNTRO&jC'dN.
io 2 project area
io                3 Objective
io                a Methodology.
IQ SACvirwn* RREV^HJS SRjTjiFS
rtf 5 r uSBflffSM
ro&2               iAMPCOSp990j
rosj
KEOAMWj
10 6 RECONNAiS'SAjNC L IN PROJECT AREA
fO 6 ? /opoor-npAiGrt surveys
10 7 Iphroouc riow of cm. Itva riON
10 0 Meteorological Data
10 9 C>TA COLLECT w
IO 10 DRA^MAGF GF IRRIGA FED AREA
io ii Strategy for irrigation Piatmng
70 >7 1 rnpugrapfiy
70 7? 2 Sou
ID 17 JCAmjh?
iQ 17 4 rtWf/ AvarfdU'14/
JO T J 5 GrrjurW 'Ata far Ltr-^fa jnwJ Ccwijuni.-Jryfl G'S?
1D 1 i 6 CFqppfip PafflWN Crop CdtorMlar C«^5 TV.jtos Rfctftwwnflmf, SflcA-iJ GoflSrtteraltoNs
to 11 / rrrh^ioi? Effcwflcy
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Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In AmocUhe wlUi iRUrcMUoeaCal Cflusulianu aj>d Tedmjocrtts Pvt I. id
[ViDCfepdon Report
Arjo Dedfrssa. Irrigation Project
10 11 fl Canal cross -section andhrnng of Canals 10 11 fl Operator af Canal Syslfvn
IQ 12 Canal alignment.............
t$ 12.1 WW Canaiy
10.12.2 DrjfrAbirfw Sysfsm
11.       WATERSHED MANAGEMENT.. 11 1 InTRCDUCSiOn.
It 1 Aims and Ofcfficrmt
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Narefflber 2W6
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11 3 SCOPE DF ImE STUDY ano REPORT            >1*1 . | | ■ •■■-•4-«lll“
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11 4 APPROACH ANO ME ’■mODClOGy
11 5 Review of Previous Stud* ..............
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-.. 105
IIM-f-'
..-111 .1
11 5. 1 Generaf
115 2 Erbiiopian HVgftJand RectenMon Sfydy 11.53 Sli/dy by BCEOM 11999.1
11 6 RECONNAISSANCE FIELD VISIT 11 7Da1aCOUEC1K)N
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11 3
12.
REPORT PREPARATION.
LIVESTOCK...
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12 i          iNTflOCUCTKjN
12 1.1   LivtiJwA Ffo-stNrrc# in fOwopia
ft 2
1212
121 3
12 1 4
12 1.5
Ln*£toc* Pescitfce m Propel Area
Qhyectfve of f.he Sltfoy
Scope olfoe Sfody Meitodctogy
122
Review of prfvicus Stuc-es
Reconnaissance Field Visit .
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m-iirii*-•■-...—in-1 ii*
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Jiff
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12 3i tifliu-.SeJcfl rtforeefo 12 .3 2 Sorecha ?/wj?oa
12 3 4 &rtfefe
12 35 >na-Ai7O iVore Ja
124       problems................. —
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12 5
Data Collection.. .
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12 5 f Aresenr ifo/itf
12.5 2 Oara Gap
12.5.3 Program for fartber cufecfcn 12 5 4         UVorh Proyrnnl
FISHERY DEVELOPMENT----------
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Introduction ...
13.1
13 2      Objective .
133       Scope of the study.........
.nt—in mi uvrmir*
■ . . I I                                                                        125
mu Fiim*rrai">
mu iiiff-i
13 4      MCTHCCKnoti* ano Approach .
1J4 1
1342
13 5
□ara coiieclw FYepanNroo
rfvewmuevidus Studies
12*
135.1         Counlty FiJft Resource Poi&nW and Uhnzeton
12 5 2
m Dkfewa1 River sub hasm
t3 6        Reconnaissance field visit.
125
J 26
12
129
13.6 1
13.5 2 FMb Fauna
and fieseartih ArhsMiATtons
137
■AiCflX program
ill
14.
FORESTRY
■.._■ 137
14 1
iNTRDOUCriON
IIMII UIMIIIII-
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117
14 2
O&JfcC1iME3DF THE &T1JDT
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.... ii.il. iiinrii
137
14 2.1        Mam Qtyecfrve
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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fa ASMcLate with Intercontinental Consultanu suid Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.Lncephun Rep&n
Arjo Dedessa irrigation Project
November 200€
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Specific oPyec/ivei
134
14 3
Scope qf the study.........
ii*iii»ir-fiT~—
144          Methodology ...............
1—■iiaiiLiii"9" ■
T4 4 r
X442
Lrfe.rafunr mvww
14 4 3
M <4
14 5
Ursrf to Arr.sfrtiJtons
Plan for Forest Cprriervafwrt and CeucA-^menf
Rlviewof the previous stu&es ..................... .............. —«
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13?
>.it 11 nr* J -■ ■■
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14.5.1
14 5 2
The OrornJya Regjonaf Stale
£M«pmn Forestry Action- program. MO.A (1W</
. -r.u.M Mdnrfomg of Natural Forests tn EM/op*a. Reusing f r 990r 14 5.3
i4 5 4 Assessment and
o/Erasw andScdYnenratJon Probfems
6
FkNCHMOS  OF  THE  RECOnnAISSANCS Vi$iT TO THE  STLDT AREA
, Si_i.uiran ■■■■ ■■ — ■ — ■■-iiail- :i!' ti—3 —143'
-
J4 6. ?
kVoredas w$rtfrd
14 6 2 firtdtogs of Me tojn Jo ifie Study urea
14 3         ForesJ resoir/ces 0/ tf?ff cartMmeflt and command areas
14 7          Cat* collection
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V/gvA: program.
X.jft?nrrLjre review
FwJdtvtirtr
jVi.-ify-sis ar?d report writing*
15.
AGRICULTURAL MECHINIZATION...
15 1      INTRODUCTION
..
■1-13—2
15.1 F
15.1.2
Tfie Weed for Meeh jnrzsi'HWT Farnwiv system .v? Ago-Deddessa
area
152          Objective of mechanize ticlm .
15 3 Scope of the study-.......... .. .................
.■■..i_ii.ilt.IU. UI. Ill 111 II1IIB1 ”■■■■'
15 3 f
A and prepa/aJran and ptenhhg
15 3 2
Ha/vesfAng
X S 3 -3
rtjreahmg
wi-
15 3 4
Tran^porfwg... ........
>5 3 5
Satet ton of eqyrpmcnis
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I JJ ... Ml
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NJ /N NJ N.1
......... ........
16.
15 4 Rev-e^ of Farm machinery Production ..
15.5 Approach ano Ml fhOSOlOGy ,,
15 6 Report Preparation.. ..
15 7 irtofw Program
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING.............. _..............
■-■■-■■.—....
... 137
16.1      iwiHCOucnot4
■ ■■ — ■■■■m-........ i-i'm-im !ii-"*!imini-iriiriiiu
16 2
O0JECTWE3 OF THE ST LOY -irriiFWiii-wii-Tii - -11^111-111 -111 1
1 1111 1 mu ibiibiuiuii Jih.i.iu.....i..
163       SCOPE OF THE 7V0k4
16.4      MEIwODOlOGV . ..
16 4? Doctiroenf roww
f6 4.2 Participants setecJmn and Me assessments m? acfKW
16 5      REVIEW .. .
if—rr— mill
>
■■■■i1.
165 J
16.5.2
f$5 3
ffrttf/Nan rural De^etapnwrn Strategy
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DaJa A/raJ/sJS arxt Report r/hnng
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142
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17
PHYSIC AL LNF RA STR UCTU RES
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17 2
17 3
!-’l
OflJtC riVE S OF I HE STUD*
ExiSTihG Infrastructure Project Area......................
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t
..........
...
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krtuirws
174       Methqoclogy .. 17 5      Field instigations
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Waier Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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V]inception Report
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
17.6          PflePAR^fOMCf Repost ...
NOTember2tlDfi
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IB
ENERGY
1&1 Project background. .
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10 2
POTENTlAl ISSUES FW THE ENERGY STUOY
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10 3      Objective of the SWOy 10 4      METHODCKOGY
aft< ‘
SOCIO ECONOMIC STUDY...
19.1          introcmjctigw .
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mt'
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UV
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155
TH
T 2 CtojiffcfA a otifar Slutty
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(9 13 Tbtr Scope of (Jte Stody
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f9 1 4 Mtitwctatafty
19 2 OE5CRii>r»ON of Project Area r9 2 1 Locafrwt
1922
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19 2 tfEdUGifor)
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19.25
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19.2$           HfetoSiwfr- 19 2.7 Pciwer Svppfy 19.2.0 GammrflfaiMM 19 2 9 fitters
19 2 9 Senses 19.2 TO GerKfef tott
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641*411. II
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20. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY
2D 1 INTRODUCTION ...
2t> r i GawraJ
20 J 2. Objrtfr*
20 I 3 SCQJW
20 J 4 Ap|[YCl,li7?l dfld WtflMtaiijpy
20 2 RF7.EWOF Previous Siwes..
205       RECCWUMSSanCE FlELO Visit .. 20 3 1       Ai^iruslWTtf iFraiTOHrtrw 20 3 2       LjfhT Use j/k/ Land Cow 20.3 3       SflrtMwwtf Partons 
U9
M2
.'6/
15/
M3
(63
/ ’J
20 3 *
20.3.5 Wfcrtfe ...
20 3 5 PuN.k; J-iL -fli¥J5 ri
p
20*3 5      Dtoflape /V
20.3.7      Catointtflf C/iansctoi-stos 
203.0 fnviYonmeflfa^ Sff/ijtfive rssucs 
. r;
ill
J‘1
/ ?7
r?
j.-j
t.7*
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DaTA COLLEi-.TIDNt—.—..._num: .........— ...
......_. —t_   „i.
a          aat
.......a...™...
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O.4. T
AMtttjMIus 
1?4
/i
2
0 4.2      DaJaGAps J’j
3
0 4.3       FVugram far Further CoUtJfW.'
J 7J
20 5
WORK Program tor the Detailed Study.................. *.
......
.......................
. ... ................ ifo
21.
SETTLEMENT
IT7
21.1
leflXODuCnON.............-...... ............ .................... .....
........
..
.......... ...... _
J7?
21.2      Objectives of the sF'iJcjt . 213 Scope CV" the Study ....
..........-aa.
..... ..=.... ..a..ui • ? .... .. ..._... L7S
21.4 Mt!•lOO'LMJtMjY ...........mF-...-....._.. ?....-tii^i.^-... -.-...._.a._as. n ■■■■ . ... ... 21 <1 Lrferatoe and Docdnwnrs few*
2 ? 4 2 Kay JftfomtoJfs 1irrfcrwnei¥
...... .... . , 179
j* 7p ? '9
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
'[
la Af.Eodiie with Intercontinental I'ansntliUits and TecbDOCrats JM. Led.inception Report
ArjoDedcssa IrrlfatidB Project
J 5 4 3 FOCWi GflXlp OUWUTOXI fAGDJ 
2M 4 State.naWfJj fartsfr
?T 4 5 O^-sTff OfrwrvjUon
2 T 4. ff WcniY.h .R.t^iAirr^r
21 5 Data cou&ciw________ ___——____ ________ ___ —■»■■■___—...... ...................... —■—"
Not trober 3006    1
7fiW
2i e Rfconmajssrhce Field VIST
------------ -—-............... ... .... ------------------------------------- —....... ............... -
21 ? REPORT PREFARATW>fJ  ------------------------------------------ ------- _----------—  ■■■................................... —...u,......-.............. .
/Sfl
ifiSW
131
. 133
..ias
List of Tables
twlej ii TaB1£3.2 Table J. J Table 5 l Table 7.1 Table 10 I Table 10.2 Table Id 5 table   il   l
Tabi.f 13 1
Table 14.1
Table  14.2
Table 14.3
Table  144
Table i$.i r ABIE I5_2
Table 19.1
Table 19.2
Table 19.3
Table 21 I
AvatlaBil ity qmf Climat-dlogk: Data Relevant to auro-Oejwssa Project            ■■■—
MIAN MONTHLY R-ALSTaLL
■ ■■■. .a., .a-nii-
SUMMARY DF METEBRQLOGICAiL ClILAiiAL rERKTICS OF                PRfllECT AREA^m.... .
DFOESSa BOREHOLE DETAILS
A-DRK PLAN AS P ACIweW Nc HEDI.'I E FOR Softs S'^v-FT and Land evall a Hns DlFFlKLh-f STI.StFS FOB .ARrC-DlDDL5S* IfcrtGAhDN PROIECT .
Di t*u 4 of Canal system as per USSR (I 9*4?.,._.......................... ...
The Salient featuh e of thecUmma.sd area and canal pliwoik.. Required inplis fqs ttAttRfcHfu Management FRDMOnn a rns< iplines
-> >i 11. lu 11 a m ■ 111 r- ■ ■ ■ ■ ■■  ■
TAHLL USTOF fi$NSPEOE5 NOiOESEA faWER ........................... .... .. .
......
The  fOLLOWWt  wOREDAS  COVER  THE  CATCHMt-NT.  RgSEfivOifl  AND  COM  MA  r-tC  ARE  A  S fiU^AL anOURB^NPCPULATADNCF THE CaT&wiENT AHO CO«MANC AREA WOflEDAS RUft-Ai.   AND   LRBaN  PDPL'l^TlXXM?>FTHi:CATHlMkNi   45D   COMMAND   AREA   WCMEDAS
■LAND LISE AMO LAM DOVER OF THE ftMUBT HHCRiTV akEa$ QN THE CaICHMI• NT AREAS
T*A0ll»NAI. AND SUGHMSTTt1 IMPHU-VlD AGRIOSTl RaL IMPLEMENTS ....................... «... EQL\HdENTS RLQUIREU fW WFBEBENT ACAMXLDjRaL OPERA ROHS... .
FOPUl ATffiP fU* THE pleiMCT IMPACT
-____  .... .... ■ —.......................... - . —....
DL FAILS OF SCHOOLS. Si LIKEN T5 AND TEACHERS FOR THE PROJECT 'A'ORED.AS . SfcMMAifr of Health Status for‘acredas in Prqisct area.
I ST Of K FBELES Uk ELY TO BE M EMERGED
List of Figures
Figure T1
LOCxnO M*P 0# rut PfcQjtCT A*U
irn'mii.iHiii'Hirriiiiiiiii.B ■■■■ j.iiiui.iuiiu— .41
List Of Anneicures
ANNEX 7 1
ABBREVIATIONS USfFUL (SOIL SURVEY GUIDELINE'. FOR SOIL OCSCRlPriON
SAMPLING ANO CODING FQRSOflL DATABASES
.62
Annex 7 2
AUGER OBSCRlPTiDN CARD
fl’FMII " I III—111 —laa.—.. ..
... . <ii
An»jla 7 3
PROFILE DESCRIPTKHMQARO
*9
A\hEX 7 4
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY TEST MEASUREMENT FORM
VllU.llil..... lai
.... 7 |
Annex 7 5
.MFIlrRATION RATE MEASURMENTFORM
■ ■■■ ma—tt*-a*4«<
■■■i■
J .2
ANNbX 12 I
I LNESrOCK SEMI-STfllUCTufffD 0\>€SSK>NNAjRES...
ANXtX rl 1
1 Out b IIWAE F UH ADRKAA lUfiM Of f ICE A F RftO iFCT iNPUfT AflEA ..
■ 1 "YVVIWIII II II14 —4*4 a
121
•fVt« -•■111 .*14—44aa
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V|ltEncepLKin Report
Ar] o Dedessa Irrigation Project
November 2flO6
1 INTRODUCTION AND MOBILIZATION
1.1
The Contract Agreement
The  C
onsultancy  Service  conlrac
t  Agreement
for
Fea
sibility 
Stud
y  of
Arj
a  Dedessa
Irrigation
Project
was  signed  on  the  3rd
June  2005
betw
een
Minist
ry  of
Wa
ier
Resources 
(MoWR).
Federal Democratic  Republic  Of Ethiopia (FDRE) and Water Works  Design and Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE) Elhiopia Subsequently  WWDSE, the Lead Consultant entered into an agreement wdh Intercontinental Consultants  and Technocrats  (ICT) Pvt. Ltd India as Associate Consultant on the I9in December 2005 for jorntty  undertaking the ;Ob of the Consultancy Services
1.2     The Consultancy Team
It consists  of Water Works  Design and Supervisions  Enterprise |WWDSE) Ethiopia as  Lead Consultant and intercontinental Consultants  and Technocrats  (ICT) Pvi Ltd,(India) ns Associate Consultant
Several    local    consultancy    agencies    have    also    been    associated;    their    names    and responsibilities are as given below
*    Desta Horecha Waler Supply Engineering Service PLC
- Economist
■           Watershed Special, st
- Fisheries Speciahsl
*    Zena Engineering PLc
- Hydraulic Eng neer
- Hydrogeologist
i Generation Integrated Rural Development PLc Hydrologist .'Meteorologist
- Engineering GeologiM
- Infrastructural (civil) Engineer Agricultural Marketing Expert
- Energy Expert
- Agricultural Mechanisation Expert
■Settlement Planner
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•    0 & M Development Consultants PLc
- Forestry SpecuJis-t
- Organization and Management expert
Health Specialist
•    Verer Engineering PLc.
- Geofechmcal Engineer
Besides these, several locat consultants having valuable experience and knowledge of their discipline, have also been associated in their individual capacity
1.3    Mobilization
The mobilization was started even before signing of tne agreement beiween me WWDSE (Ethiopia), the Lead Consultant and iCT Pvi Ltd (IndiaI. the Associate Consultant The Project Office was  opened dunng December 2005 with me Project Manager The Office furniture and equipments were procured, requisite staff members were engaged and office Started functioning dur-ng December 2005
VWh a view io exped'ie the work the local consultants for several disciplines such as soil ana lar-d evaluations agncuhure socio-economic aspects, env-mnmem etc were also mobilized
The Team Leader along with the Dam Engineer tForeigni arrived l<om Inrj-a on the 3rd February  2005 immediately  after tnetr arrwal they  along with local consultants  for Dam Design Group undertook a visit to the Project sites dunng February 7-14 2006 Other foreign and focal consultants were mobilized subsequently
1.4    Background
1.4.1 The Abbay Basin
AQO-Deoessa Irrigation Project is  proposed on lhe River Odessa winch is  the largesl Hibi/ta/y of AMjay |Ble Ni»e.l river The AbDay oasm is by several criteria lhe mosl important river basn of Eihiopia li accounis for almost 20 percent of Ethiopia $ 'and area 50 perceni ol its (otat average >ainfal», 25 percent of its population 39 percent of nations' caltle herd and over 40 percent of cuttnrateu land and crop production The Atobay  Ruer itself has  an average annual furnjH of about 49 BCM The overs  of Abtoay  basm coniobuie aooul 62 perceni of Nile total al Aswan
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The basin is a key surplus food producing area of Ethiopia It is. therefore, critically important in terms  of national agncuttural economy  and for national food security. Aqo-Dedessa Irrigation Project assumes importance in this background
1.4.2      Dedessa River Su b-0a sin
The Dedessa R^ver is the largest tributary of the Blue Nile River in terms of volume of waler contnbubng roughly a quarter of the total flow as measured at the Sudan border Draining an area of nearly 34.000 square kilometers the Dedessa River originates in the Mt Vennio and Ml Wache ranges. Rowing in an easterly direction for about 75 kilometers then turning rather sharply to the nortn until it reaches the Blue Nile River The major tributaries of the Dedessa River are the Wama entering from the east the Oebana from the west and the Angar from the east
1.4,3  Projec! Location
The project area is located in East Woiiega. Hlubabo- ano Jima Administrative Zones *1 Oromiyaya National Regional State It falls between latitude 8o-30' 00 “and So-40"-00* N and longitude 36o 22,-00" and 36o 43‘ 00"E Figure f shows the location and features of the project area
1.4.4   The Project
The Arjo Dessa Irrigation Project envisages the following
i)      An earth dam of tentative height 40 m in Jima Zone on main stream of Dedessa River before its confluence with Wama River The geographical location of the proposed da-n Site is logitude 36° - 40-04 "E and latitude 8°-3r-t2,‘N (UTM 241836 E and 0940873 N)
iij Two canal systems offtaking on both banks from the dam to irrigate 16800 ha iji) Watershed management plans for development of lhe catchmetn area
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1.4.5   Components of the Project Area
The Project area consists of the foisowing three components
i| Catchment Area The total calchment ares of River Oedessa Is 34000 sq km
November 2006
However, the catchment area at proposed dam site is 52B0 Sq Km The catchment
area extends over the following eight wbredas of Jima Zone' Limu Seka Limu Kossa
Mana Goma. Selema, Stgmo, Gera & Seka Oekursa and under three woredas 
Gechi Horacha fi Dedessa Of lllubatxjr zone
ii)       Dam site : The right bank of the dam site is located in Warns Manbo Kenele of Limu
Seka Woreda under Jima Zone and the left bank is located m Chitu Bosona Kebfile of Gechi Woreda of lllubabor Zone
lii) Reservoir Area- It extends over about eight kebetes of Lmu Seka Woreda under
Jima Zone on right bank. On the lefl bank it extends over one kebele of Gech . five weoeles 
of Boracha and about two kebeles of Dedessa under Hlubabor Zone
lv) Command area; The command area is located on both banks of river Dedessa On
the nghl bank fl is located in three kebeles of Jima Arjo Woreda and one Kebele of Nunu
Qumb Woreda under East Wollega Zone On the lefl bank ft covers five kebeles of Bedele
woreda and one kebele or Gechi wereda under lllubabor Zone Thus the command area
extends over len kebeles of four woredas under two zones of Oromiya National Regional
Stale The command area is 16.800 ria as per TOR The average elevation of 1he
command area is 1340 m asl and the mean annual pricipiration in the command area is 
behreen 1600 to 1800 mm.
1.5     Review of Pervious Studies.
The following studies pertaining Io Arjo-Dedessa Irrigations Project are available far review
1.6.1  Study by USSR (1964)
The United State Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) was  the first to undertake studies  for Investigation for Land and Water Resource Development in Blue Nile Basin They  carried the sludies  for seven years  and published lhe report during 1964 Their studies  were of reconnaissance level They  identified several large irrigation and multipurpose projects  and Ago Dedessa Irrigation Project was one of them
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1.5.2 Study by WAPCOS <1SS0>
Nbt! m be r 2flQ6
Liter lAffller and Power Consultancy  Services, (WAPCOS1 (India). undertook  studies  tor the Preliminary  Waler Resources  Development Plan for Ethiopia during 1980-1990 Their studies wen also of reconnaissance level exlendmg qw all the river basins  of Effopta They proposed 1wo dam sites on W«r Dedessa one f(H irrigation end Other for power ganeralujn
1.5.3    Study by BCE OM (1999)
The th rd sludy in rhe series is by I3CEOM, a French engineering Consullanr They prepared Ahbay  River Easin Integrated Development Master Plan Project (1999), Th&ir Sludies  were also of reconnaissance level but unlike WAPCOS (India) and like USSR th a scope qf their siudifti was confmed to Abbey Basin only
1 5.4 study by WWDSE (2005)
'.W/DS£ idemrfted a dam sue very  dove IO Um proposed command area as  the dam Site identified by USER was aboul 40 km and that by WaPCOS wss about 90km upstream of the present dam site The present dam sue as  identified by  WWDSf is  almost the same as  one
of  Iha  sites  identified  by  WAPCOS  for
F
power gene almn and also
the  same  as  one  of
the
sites  idankhetf  by  USER  as  an  alternative  for  multipurpse  development  The  feasibility  Study IS being undertaken for | he Site identified by WWCtSE
1.5.5   Other Studies
Sme all these sudies discussed above are at reconnaissance level sufficient materials for
tneral disciplines are r*ol avainbte in lhe reports of lhese studies Therefore efforts have
been made 10 took tor the olher sources also Io collect adequate: information and review
materials
L5.6 The Review Materials
The detailed review Of different aspects ■■ topic/ issues of thaw reporis have been earned out by  the concerned consultants  and the review notes  IM incorporated irt this  irception Report at appropriate section and Chapters Such as
■ Hydroxy and Hydrogeology Dam and Appurtenam Wcrkj Soil £no fand SmtasAry
Agriculture and iHjr^n^mr
Ir-rujalxxi and Drainage
Socio - economic ast-ecL
Liv^iiaek
» I'nfravbwlurc
- Environment
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2. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
24 General
November 21XIG
Topographic  detail? are one erf the basic  requirements  for planning far water resources development projects  and it rs  very  important and critical input The topographic  maps  far both catchment and command areas are available at 1 50.000 scale wi1h contour interval of 20 meter. But for detailed planning for different components  of the project, topographic details will be earned out with bigger scales and smaller contour interval
The topographic surveys are being done with the help of Total Slaiinns and the details of topographic surveys obtained from the field will be directly fed into the computer. This will be processed in the computer with the software and topographic maps on desired scale with requ-red contour interval will be processed and produced. which will be used for planning and design of different components of the project Encoding of the suiveyrng data io a computer programme and processing to produce topographic  maps, profiles, layouts  and boundary mart will be done by using LIS cad Land CAD. surfer and civil des*gner software
The requirements far topographic surveys are discussed m brief hereunder
2.2 Dam Site
For the dam site the following topographic maps are required
Q  Topographic  map  of  dam  srte  with  one  meter  contour  interval  on  following scales 1:500. 1 1000 and 1:2000
nJ Longitudinal profile at 15m interval along dam axis and also along tines parallel to dam axis at 25 m interval up to 500 m width on the both upstream and downstream of dam axis
iii)           Longitudinal  profile  along  the  center  line  of  sp-ilway  intake  structure  and proposed scheme of drversion
Besdes. carrying out topographic survey and preparing maps on appropnate scale, it s also required to fix  the coordinates  of dam axis  on the right and left abutment and fix  the permanent Benchmark
2,3     Reservoir Area
It is required to undertake detailed topographic survey for ibe proposed reservoir area and prepare topographic  maps  on scales  1:10,000 and 1 20.0M with contour interval of one meier The topographic Survey of reservoir area should cover Sufficiently wide area ard
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should extend to cover area extending up to aboul ten meters  above the maximum water level The topographic  maps  for the reservoir area should also show the physical features like habitation, road, public  buildings  and any  other monument iallmg under the reservoir area The map should be able to show that reservoir al its  maximum water lever is completely closed with hills and sufficient free board is available with natural hifls 'edges
The topographic maps for the dam site have been done -n qutel detail, with eslablishment of conUol points  and well established contours  For the reservoir area the maps  have been prepared using gfebal mapper software program These maps  of lhe reservoir area were checked for the<r accuracy  by  comparison with the control points, contours  and olher surveying ponts  established for the dam site and the dam site area map done on actual survey  works  The coincidence was  appropriate between the maps  established on aclual survey  (dam site) and those based on software development (Reserv*or area}. The actoal reservoir area survey could not be ventured, as.
*    The reservoir area is very large and not accessible
♦    The length of lhe reservoir area is about 55 km with a width of 30km
■ The area is covered with dense bushes ■' forests wilh no accessibility
* As  such, rt was  estimated that for proper ground surrey  about *400 km access mads  will be required and subsequently  the time required for survey  works  will be 6 months
•    For 1he feasibility establishment of the project, it is fed that such a long time can
not be afforded, as it will delay the process of harnessing water resources Hence
for feasibility study gnentalran, lhe maps developed by software have been
adopted without loss of accuracy
2,4     Command Area
The proposed command area It located on the both banks  of the nver oelaw the proposed dam sue The topographic  survey  ts  required to be carried but for lhe entire prospective command area. The topographic  maps  required for detailed planning of macro canal system should be prepared With contour interval of one meter on scale 1 10.000 The topograohic maps  should also show the physical features, tike habitation, roads  public  buildings  natural drainage etc  so that they  should be taken care of during detailed planning These maps  will be utilized for piann ng of macro irngaluon and drainage systems
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2.5 Ground Profile along the Main Canals
November 2006
Once the planning of macro canal systems, comprising main canal, primary and seconder canals, are done on topographic map<s on scale 1 10,000 with contour interval of one mater and the tentative alignment of the mam canals on either bank including branch canals. if any. is marked on the map. detailed topographic surveys will be required to be undertaken for preparing the ground profile along the alignment of the mam canals The longitudinal pror le (scale 1 100 vertical & 1:500 horizontal) will be at 30 meters interval with cross-sections at every 150-meter interval The cross-section will be at 15m intervals and will extend up to 150 m On either side.
2.6     Topographic Surveys for Main Drains
Pfannmg fqr drainage system will also be undertaken along with canal system This will be done on topographic map on scale 1 10.000 With one meter contour interval Just like canal system, the drainage system will consist of field dram tertiary drain, the laterals and trunk w mam drams White the planning, design and eslintaie tor fieW. tertiary and lateral drains will be done for a sample area, the same for Mam dram/Trunk dram be done on details prevaihrg in the Held For this purpose the topographic surveys will be undertaken along the alignment of Mam /Trunk drams on the same pattern as for the main cartal
2.7    Distribution System
The distribution system for the irrigations system will be pianred for the entire command area However, detailed planning, design and estimating tor irrigation and drainage system Will be done for a sample area 500 ha This will involve the micro planning ior irrigation and drainage systems and will include all components from secondary to quaternary channels For this purpose topographic map on scale 1 20G0 wflti contour interval of 0.5m will be required The sample area for detailed planning, design and estimate will oe selected subsequently during 1he planning for 1be irrigation ana drainage system
2.8     Topographic Surveys for Land Leveling
In order to develop irrigated agriculture land leveling will be required to be done It is required to asse&S toe extent of land leveling, the volume of earthwork and its cost For (his detailed topographic Surveys wilh a grid of 15 m to 30 m will he done and the results will be plotted on scale 1 2000 with contour interval of 0.16 m. This will be done tor sample areas to Oe selecled subsequently
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1Inception Report
Ar Jo Dertessa Irrigation Project
XprsmberiNB
2.9
Fixat
ion o
fC
oo r
df na
tes a
nd Benchmark
s
The
topogra
phic 
sur
veys
are
also
required
fcv 
filing
lhe
co
ordinates 
of
d
am
axis 
an
d
o
ther
appur
tenant
worts 
It
Is 
also
requ
ired   Io   fix
the
perm
anen
t
Benchmar
k 
at
dam
$*
1e.
a
nd
al
several places in the command a^ea
The topographic  surveys  far alignments  of main canaJ  and main drainage channels, sample area for diStriUiteon system and land raveling wll bo taken up after 1he planning of irrgalion system is done and sample areas are selec:ed
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3. METEROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES
Ncvemtur 2CO6
3.1
Introduction
3.1.1
Abbay Basin
Abbay (or Blue Nile; Bas*n, including (is tributaries being one of the largest basin* in Ethiopia. has an area of 195,000 km2 The general etevahon of rhe plateaus within Abbay i* above 2000m above sea level [mast;, wiih a number of -soiated mountains that nse more than 1000m above the general surface
The basin can generally be descrrbed as temperate at the higher elevations and tropical at the lower elevabons However, due to the distinctive aspects of the highland climate 1 rs perhaps better to describe it using the local cfimatic zones that have been established with elevation (and resultant temperatures.! as controlling factors
The Qofla zone lies below 1800 meters and has an average annua! temperatures ranging from 2OoC to 28oC The Woina Dega zone hes between 1500 and 24CO meters, and has average  annual  temperatures  rang:ng  from  ifioC  to  2OoC  The  Dega  zone,  above  2400 meters has average annual temperatures ranging from 10oC to 16oC The great bulk of the population mhabd the more climato’ogicaHy pleasant and healthful upper two zones leaving the towesl (Qola) zone very sparsefy populated
The low alldude {with daily sunlight varying from 11.5 to 12.5 hours per day) produces 
monthly temperature averages that only van/ 3oC to 7oC throughout the year The mean
daity range in temperature varies from &oC to 20oC wilh the smaller range occurring during
the rainy season due to the cloud cover and greater amount of moisture m the air
3,1.2 Didessa Catchment
Oidessa calchment is situated m the south-west part of Abbay 6asm The catchment area at a gauging station near Arjo town » 9,981 km2 The climate of the Odessa catchment resuHs from  its  location  and  elevation  (1220  to  3012  masi)  The  catchment  is  characterized  cy mountainous, highly rugged and dissected topography with steep stopes The lowest part of lhe catchmen! is characterized by valley floor with flat to gentle slopes
Most of the rainfall in (he Oidessa catchment is concentrated in the June to September period with virtual drought from November through February Annual totals average from less than
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Arjn Dedessa Irriga Unn Project
November 2006
150  centimeters  to  more  than  200  cenlimeters  The  Didessa  catchment  besides  reflecting  a marked  rainfall  increase  with  higher  elevation  also  receives  heavier  annual  quantities  than most tif the catchments n the Abb-ay basin Examination of 1he rainfall records from this area shows  IhHt  thu  is  due  to  a  longer  (May  through  October}  rainy  season  rather  1han  heaver maximum monthly quantities
The mean annual flow of Didessa nver al Arjo station is  about l&M million m3 having ils maximum flow in August and September (52 percent of the annual} and minimum flow in February and March (less than 1 5 percent of the annual)
3.2    Meteorological Study
3.2.1 Climatic Analysis
The  climate  of  the  Arjo  Didessa  catchment  resells  from  its  location  and  elevation  (1300  to 3012 meters)
Five meteorological observation stations  are located in and around the Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Projecl area Out of these Jimma <s  Class  1 station that mch-des  observations  of rainfall, temperature, relalrve humidity, sunshine duration, wind speed, and evaporation Bedete and Dedessa are also class  1 slatiorrs  but do not include sunshine duration In addition Agaro and Dembi are class  3 slations  that include observations  of ra.nfall and temperature The meteorological data for these stations  have been attained from the National Meteorological Services  Agency  (NMSA) The longest record that covers  50 years of meteoroJogical data is  available at Jimma station Agaro and Dembi stations  are located within the cachmenf area of lhe proposed dam site. Jimma station is  located at approximately  at 10km from the divide ol Dedessa catchment Bedelle station is  located close to the proposed irrigation command area of Lhe profecl Dedessa station is  located further downstream of the command area
The  list  of  stations  for  observations  of  meteorological  dala  along  with  lenglh  of  records  and availability of data types is given in Table 3. l
Climatic  data for the project area such as  temperature, relative humidity, sunshine nours. wind speed and rainfall have been collected and reviewed Consistency  tests  data rectification and other adjustments  will be performed as  necessary  a reference base period for the meteorological parameters including rainfall, will De selected in relation to ihat far
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fitnamflom, data japs  Will be in using Inlerpolllipn and correlations  methods  as appropriate. The temporal and spalist distribution of rainfall over the tatchmenl and prp|ect area wfl be defined.
3.3   Rainfall
The rainfall m Pie Arjo Odessa calchmeni as weJI 19 in its Surrounding is vmi-modal type Mast of the rainfall is concentrated in May to September covering with virtual drought from November through March. The five wettest months cover 63 percent of the total annual /amfai1 The dry season, being from November to February (four months) has a 1otal rainfall of about 7% of Ibe mean annual ramUi:
The mean monthly rainfall for stations in the project area is given m Table 3 2 The rainfall
data rejected from Jimma is relatively more reliable compared to the date set collected from olher station because of its long record length and shorter time interval of observation
Didessa and Bedete stations also provide more relevant rainfall data that can ne adopted for lhe convnand area since Bedels »s close to the project area and Didessa station <s located within the same clnflahc zone as that of the pro|ed area
3.3.1 Temperature
In the farm area (as observed from Jimma, Bectele and Didessa stations). the mean monthly temperature variations throughout the year are minor being 20oC tn December to 25oC in March and May. The mean monthly temperalures of the farm area .5 given in Fa We 3 3 Temperature  data  will  be  used  ?n  estimating  evaporation  rates  on  open  waler  and evapotranspirahon rales from crops
3.3.2   Humidity
Humidity values vary between 57 percent in March to 89 percent m August and September The mean monthly numidily of lhe farm area is given m Tatxe 3.3 Data fff humidity will be used m estimating evaporation rates on open water and evapotranspiration rates from crops
3.3.3   Wind Speed
Wind speed values vary between 0 40 meter per second in November to 1 03 meter per second m April The mean monlNy wind speeds of the farm area are given in Table 3 3 Data ol wind speed will be used m estimating evaporation rates  on open water and evapo- iranspiraiton rates from crops
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3.3.4     Sunshine Hours
November 2006
Mean sunshine duration is 5 3 hours m November and December end is «?duced Lo 3.7 ho-urs. tiling July The mean monthly s i/ashine duralions of the farm area are given m T able 3 3
Daia of sunshine hours will be used estimating evaporation rates on open water and evapotranspiration /ales f-om crops
3.3.5     Reference Crop Evapotranspiration
Estimated reference crop evaporation rates am between 3 74 mm per day in August and 5 64 mm per day m Aprir The mean monlWy pan evaporation of the farm area is grven m Table 33
Open  water  evaporation  and  reference  evapo-transpiralioo  rates  'H  be  derived  from
■recorded  climatic  data  at  Betfete,  Oedtssa  &  Jimma  stations  The  reference  evapo* r/anspiration (ETo) and crop waler requirement will be calculated as per recommendations made in FAO. Irrigation 4 Drainage Paper No 24 33,46 & 56
Table 3.1 AvsIlfiHlii} of Climjtoin^ic Dila Melon ill Co Agnt-LkiJcMUi ErO|Fial
No      StJhpn name       LaC H   Long E   Alt |m|>      Yrs      RF     rrn     RH    W5     so    1 hr    i dir Rtfay
1     Dries-1j
9 33      30 06    IJOO       30            X       X        X       X       X
2     Hedete                   6 27      36 20    2005        26            X       X        X                  X
3     Oembi
3 04      36 17    1953        20            X       X
4     Agarc                    7 31      36 36    17M         21            X       X
5     >mmj
7 40      36 50    1725        M             X       X        X       X        X        X           X X
Yrs
rvfei io ramlati u<iei
AH
*efab« huflvdUy
1 hr
maximum 1>houf rainfall
RF
I'TKrfitfily rainfall
WS
wind ipced
1 day
maximum 1-day rainfall
Tm
average temper aluie
$D
wnihine dur#|H;n
Aday
nurtbw of ram days
labk J-2 Mean Mvnlhb Rainfall
DMcnption            Jan    Feb    March   April i May June       July     Aug      Sap    Oct       Nov  Dec    total
Dxteiw
3
6
26
40
156    274
312
277
200
104
23
6
1454
BedMe
10
23
U
10S
239    291
31Q
303
302
156
41
12
1664
DemOi
25
44
101
126
223    303
307
307
2M
145
52
29
2013
Agaro
24
36
66
93
140   232
214
231
174
127
54
30
1471
Amma
33
49
36
133
172   219
206
2f0
162
103
66
36
1502
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Table 3.J Summury of MrrtnrrilojtcjIChjrtcleruliri eT th* Projtct Affl
November 2QO6
Ehf3<rlp<ion
Jin
Feb
Wirth
April
Juns
July
Aug
Svp
Oct
Hoy
Dec
Total
TfC)
21 9
23 1
25.4
25 0 24.0
22.1
21 3
21.2
21.6
22 3
22 1
20 0
22.5
HW
65
55
57
65     76
fll
6fl
a&
as
79
72
76
Wfmftji
D62
0 80
1M
1 08 1 &*
086
062
0 51
0$
0 51
04A
0 51
0.71
so mt
$2
76
7.5
7.3     7 6
61
37
4t
62
79
63
fi.3
fi.9
ETo i'mmUayj    4.13   4 65   5 34      5 64 5 54     4 67     3 76    3 74    4 33   4 57    4 28  3'96   4 55
3.4 Hydrological1 Study
3.4.1      Streamflow Analysis
Slreaaiflaw gauging stations  have teen installed on the Oidessa River near Arjo town (Station 14001) Since i960 aed near Oembi town (Station 14014) since 1905 Th® discharge date from the two slalions have been collected The mean annual discharges at Dembi & Arjo are 101 ma/sec S 313 m3/set respectively. The mean monthly discharge at Oembi varies between a maximum of 307 m3/sec during August to a minimum of 9.5 m3/sec during February  At Ago the mean monthly  discharge vanes  between maximum of t050 miftec during August to a minimum of 26 mSi'sec during Maneb The data will be checked far its consistency  before they  are used for different analysis  The investigation will concentrate mainly on the oulhtrs of the monthly and daily data series Exlremely high or low values that occurred at a given lime wTl be checked against records of other near by rivers I such as Da bans) If the flutters are found Io be inconsistent with others, then tney will be replaced by new values that will be regionally generated by from data set obtained from other stations
Statistical analysis will be performed cm streamflow data to estimate the probable occurrence of various streamflaw rates As the river wiR be used as a source of water supply for the irrigation development, monthly flow analysis Will be undertaken 10 establish the rehability ftf (he water supply The data sei will be Subjecled to frequency analysis and the result wilt be used m thong the dependable flow for the scheme
Study  of  monthly  sireamflow  rales  mlo  the  reservoirs  requires  noi  only  the  patterns  of  the historical  flows  but  also  the  future  possible  patterns  Accordingly,  slreamflow  data  senes attained  from  Station  114001  and  114014  with  the  necessary  adiusimeni  for  difference  in catchment  area  ano  rainfair  pattern  will  be  used  to  generate  synthetic  flows  In  this  case Thomas-Frerrmg Model wJl be used to produce long senes of generated dal a for use m the reservoir operation study
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3.4.2
Flood Analysis
Flood
studies  will
tw
undertaken
1o
determine
t
he
flood
oeak 
magnitudes  at
potent
m
develo
pment sites 
mo
rder to desi
gn t
he necessa
ry
Ho
od ha
ndling
facilities The est
imation
of
floods  m the presence of adequate flow data will be carried out by  standard procedures  by conducting frequency  ar-alys-s  on maximum annual peak  flood flows  that can be extracted Tram lhe slr^am llow record’s
The design flood levels  will be fixed with specified return period that reaHy  conforms  to international standard Typical flood return periods  that are applied 1a certain structure are 1 in 20 years  for construction of protection works. 1 m 100 years  for diversion structures probable maximum flood (PMF) and 1 in 10.000 years  for spillway  capacity  with feserjoir at ful supply levfri
design Poods  of cross  drainages  and other relevant structures  will be established using rainfall iniens-ly  data from the surrounding meteororogicai stations  and applying Ra-honal method or SCS method Estimates  will cover flood magnitudes  corresponding up to 50 years return periods
Deriving design floods  for the diversion sites  and darn sites  require estimating magnitudes  of floods  corresponding IO PMF or return period up Co I in 10 000 years  Estimating design floods for lhe diversion sites and -dam sites will involve three steps
•    Computing mean maximum flood for the stations near Arjo (Station 14001 > and near Demm (Station
•     Transferring  fhe  mean  mawmum  floods  from  Stations  14001  and  14014  to  lhe  points of     interests     taking     catchment     characteristics     {area     slope     rainfall     etc)     into consideration. and
•    Deriving frequency factors for lhe region using flood data set obtained from Didessa near Arjo (station No 114001) Deoessa near Dembi {Station No 114C14> Oaban
near Abasma (Slation No i140051 Gilgel Ghibe near Asendabo station No 091008!
and Gojeb near Shebe (Station No 091012)
3.4 3 Sediment Analysis
The Hydrology  Department of lhe Ministry  of Wafer Resources  occasicinaHy  undertakes measurement of suspended sediment al predetermined sections/verticals  using the integrated depih metnocf Suspended sediment concentration and discharges  measured on the Dedessa river at Stations 14001 and 14014 will be used lo derive the sed>meni rating
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curve and as$e$$ reservoir sedimentation a! lhe dam s*te Regionalized approaches will be used for the eslimalion The segment concenlralion measurements Have beer* made both in flood season and lean flow periods. Tria measurements wMI be used to develop flow- sedimcni road rating Curve far the dam site The suspended sediment load al the dam site will 1hen be estimated from rhe discharge senes
Since there s na observed data on bed load transport rate on Ibe Dedessa River as is the case OO other Ethiopian Rivers, the bed toad wri| be estimated as some percentage (usual values ar# 10 to 20 percent! of tbe suspended loads
3.4.4 Water Quality
Water quality measurements were taken for Didessa at two sites The samples were taxen as part of the supporting measurement for the aquatic study and appear ;o represent 1he only available da1a on water quality within the catchment The samples we-te laken after the start of ine rainy season and presumably all tributaries of the river exhibited adequate water quality al 1h& time dl sampling.
3.4.5 Reservoir Simulation
Determining deign capacity of the reservoirs requires reservoir simulation study The factors that will be considered m the analysis include the following
s FJ&w irtlo Che reservoir.
o Evaporation from the reservoir.
o Ra<nfall oh the reservoir,
□ Total irngation demand, and
o Irrigation water release from the reserve r
3.5    Review of Previous Studies
3 5.1 USER |1964)
Ar? Didessa Project study was firsl earned out at the reconnaissance level by (he Unded States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) from 1956 to 1964 as part of the 'Land and Water Resources  Study  of  the  Blue  Nile  Basn'  Odessa  dam  sue  located  al  6ot2‘26'  North  and 3604816’ East has been identified by USBR siudy The USBR report lacked long data series and  ihe  hydrological  sludies  regarding  Arjo  Odessa  project  included  in  it  needs  to  be upoated Besides, the study Jacked detaii analysis of hydrological characteristics relevant to 1he proied as it is only al reconnaissance level of study covering the entire Ab'oay Easin
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According to USBR (19&*). the quality of water m the streams tsf the Abbay Basin is general/ very good tor irrigation purposes However, the samples taken from the Muger and Dmder Rivers showed slightly higher sahnity levels.
3.5.2   WAPCOS (1990)
WAPCOS (Waler and Power Consultancy Services Ltd, India) covered Arjo Didessa Project in the 'Preliminary  Wafer Resources  Development Master Plan for Ethiopia ln addition Didessa Dam s.le located at 7o69'53' North and 36o35'1Q- Easi (near Agaro town) has been identified by WAPCOS study The siudy used relatively longer dala series as compared to that o1 USBR However, the study  lacked deiail analysis  of hydrological characteristics relevant tD the project as it is only at preliminary (or reconnaissance) level of study covenng the entire country
3.5.3   BCEOM(1999)
BCEOM (the French Engineering Consultants! in Association wilh ISL and BRGM studied ul 1990 the Abay Basin. Inlegraled Development Master plan Project The Odessa Project was studied al reconnaissance level as part of lhe Master Plan The study used relatively longer data series as compared to lhat of WAPCOS Tne study lacked deiail analysis of hydrological characteristics relevant io the project as 0 is only at preliminary -jor reconnaissance! level of study covering lhe entire Abbay basin
3.5-4 WWOSE (2005}
WWDSE have selected a dam site for development of irrigation purpose located al l at Bo-
31-12' N and Long 3ao-40'-C4’ E ana all studies need to be undertaken in the selection of
Chis site
3.5,5Admasu (19&9)
Admsu (1969) earned cut investigation ol Flood Frequency Analysis methods and models w'h specific  objective ol Finding appropriate melhoos  iclevant to the Ethiopian station Estimates  of Hood magnitudes  (Qj corresponding to required return periods  (T) of occurrences are required for any actxvity to be earned out along over From [be analysis it can be concluded that a retable estimate of Q-T relationship cannol be obtained from small samples of at-sitB data oecause it involves high sampling variability The necessity at using regional information arises from ihe need to improve or to stabilise firte-specilic estimates based on limited data or to make inferences aboui ungauged calchments
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3.6 Reconnaissance Field Visit
Wovetanfer 2006
A reconnsissance field wsit to lhe project area has been earned out The acdvtfies included Observation of lhe topographic charade* 1SI1CS and land use patterns of adjacent areas to the dam  siw  proposed  under  the  current  study  However,  it  should  be  mentioned  that  the consultant  has  earlier  exposure  on  observation  of  meteorological  gauging  stations observance of stremffpw gauging stations, observation of the topographic charadeoshcs and land use patterns of adjacent areas 1o the other two dam sites proposed by US BR, as well as BCEOM. and WAPCOS
The  proposed  reservoir  seems  to  be  extremely  fla1  The  inundation  area  is  very  large compared to lhe proposed command area This implies that almost the same amount of land is going to be inundaled as 1hat oi rhe command area The effect of submergence is going to be significant high as the reialivety flat area is to be under water. However the area s& very thinly populated. In addition, lhe evaporation rate u go-ng to be relatively hgh compared to narrow and deep reserves
3.7Data Collection
3 7,1 Present Status
At presenl meteorological data within the projed area and stream flow data at D'dessa netir Arty (SlaHon 14001 with catchment area of S90i km?) and Odessa near Dembr (Station 14014 with catchment area of 1006 Xm2) provide very useful information Further data collection at 1he respective slalions should continue
3.7.2 Data Gap
Even though there is qude useful sei of data m the vicinity, availability of direct data at the dam sites is missing Streamflow covering low and high flews sed.menl discharges and water quality data Should be collected simultaneously al Lhe selected Dedessa dam site and the exiling gauging stations This activity should start as soon as possible
3.8       Work Program
Analysis and report writing activity is considered as a continuous process thai need to be dope throughout the project duration.
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4. HYDROGEOLOGY
4.1   Introduction
fe .he  ™.
0
gMm. 11 h« . d»e,e^ .ppl^ion fe deefe—- Fjrtie ™™. « «
Ho vernier 200B
.     ... m
''y'
"’"’’J™
.«* - rech^e-d^" ** «
",
K
»'
L.h.n, „uiW 300 set ep. « — -1 — 
M
™ eefe
9          W The n«u-e o' grou-fewefe. .nd how it heheees. when ’»»“’» *■>
»
man-made «>*. a —d tor
WW* «“* - fc,, "”"r
(d0 ",M''<;
agriculture and industry). conjtrudron of surface and sub surface engmeer<ri9 structures (e g , dam. lunnefe, drainages, etc) for different purposes  In order to develop and manage groundwaler, ooe has to know its potenlral. quality and dynamics
Ethiopia  has  diversified  hydrogeological  features  that  are  attributed  to  its  geology,  structure bydrpmeleorology.  topography,  etc  The  hydrogeology  of  the  country  has  not  been  studied thoroughly  so  far  With  the  exception  of  few  areas  such  as  Rift  valley  for  which  hytJrological map has been prepared at scale of 1 250,000. the country nas only amall scale (1 2.000.00C) hydrogeological  map  Hydrogeology  is  usuaFly  applied  for  locating  borehole  sites  For  waler supply  Groundwater  nas  been  used  without  detail  understanding  of  the  resource  In  spile  of ample  groundwater  resources  of  Ute  country,  very  little  nas  been  studied  and  used  so  far Currently, however not only Its utilrzation but also its management is getting an attention
4.2       The Need for the Study
Dunng the implementation gf any  water resource development project, different environmental components  either affect the projec! or are affected by  the project Similarly the Implemenialron of Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project has  direct or indirect relation with the ground water resource of the area The intewfroh of surface and ground waler takes  ptiC* inevitably. Hence. i| is vita) to identify the nature and extern of the positive or negative impact on the projecl in such a way that appropriate measures may oe taken to enhance the positive contributor! and lessen the negative impact
In   general,   the   following   are   the   mam   reasons   f<x   hydrogeotogical   mvej^atrons   To   be undertaken
• lOWitafeon <K .he effect of  ™
9     UIX1 „ lhe
pf 1he irngalion project on groundwater
prO|ea
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•  Detail  investigation  of  the  hydrogeological  condition  ol  lhe  catchment  specific  to  the project since all the investigations undertaken in lhe area so far arc either at regional level or only tor borehole citing.
4.3      Objective
The main objective of the hydrogeological investigations  5 to understand the current groundwater potential and dynamics including its quality m such a way 1 hat its future behavior during the implementation of the project can be deduced for the best management of the resource as well as me irrigation
The specific objectives of the hydrogeological investigations are
■   Estimation ol groundwater potential
*    Assessment of groundwater quality
*    Ground waler dynamics including flow direction in the catchment
■   Aquiief set up ol the catchment at the proposed dam and command area
*    Hydrogeological map with different thematic layers
* Identification of the possible eHecl of the dam and irngat«on on the groundwater of lhe area fsuch as  Prediction of rise of ground water level change in groundwater quality etc  due to irrigation) and recommendation of the mitigation measures  lor the best management ol groundwater ol the catchment and command area m lhe future
*     Determination ot the requirement ol sub-surface drainage and to predict the time for construction ol drainage facilities to avoid water logging if any
- Study the scope of conjunctive use of surface and ground waler
4.4      The Project Area
4  4.1 Location
The project area is focaLed within Dedessa River sub basin which forms a pari of Abay R«ver basm It is  within lhe Water n Orcmiya particularly  at triple junction uf East Wollega llubabcr and Jima zones The sub-basin of the irrigation prcjecl is bordered oy Omo-Git>e River bas r on eastern side and Bard Akobo River basin on sdurh western side The catchment area at the proposed dam site -s about 5,280 Sq Km
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4.4.2      Physiography
The calchmenl area at proposed dam siie drams part of Jima and Hubabor. where as m t, e
command area. <t afso drains part of East Wollega Zone The area generally has rugged and
undulated topography on the highfand and moderate slope to plain surface in the <iyer valley
4.4.3  Geology and Hydrogeology
The basm comprises  volcanic  lava flows  mxnty  basalts  and ignmbnte as  well as  pyroclastic falls chh Jima side where as on llubabor and Wollega s«de* the outcrop *s mainfy basaltic lava hows  except withm the Dedessa River Valley  where the oulcrop is  crystalline basement jf various granges, gneisses and pegmatite The mapor part of 1he area consists of lhe sa-calfed Jima vplcansc-s that co-mpnses acidic and intermed-aie volcanic roc ns such as trachyte and rhyolite at its upper pad and Hood basalt with minor acidic flews at lower pad
The reconnaissance survey made in lhe area indicates lhe existence of various aquifer set up
■r  the  area  The  mam  aquifers  are  weathered  and  /or  fractured  basalts  lava  flows  and  aitier aedic volcanic rocks such aS rhyolite and ignimbrite There are aquifers that are attributes 1o sediments   especially   alluvial   sediments   along   river   valley   and   streams   and   colluvial sediments near mountains and escarprnem
Withm Dedessa Riv&r valley, deep penetrabchn at groundwater may  oe hindered by  the underlying massive wsemenl crysfellme rocks  eaceot wnere they  are controlled by geological structures as reveahed by the presence of hot spring m the river valley
The  topography  of  lhe  area  atony  wilh  the  prevailing  nydfameleorological  conditions  favors the existence of clear groundwater recharge and discharge area
4,5     Approach & Methodology
in   order   Io   undertake   lhe   hydrogeological   rfivBStigaMwis   of   lhe   projecl   the   followng methodology will be employed
•     Revaw of lhe ell e^ng/previOus studies/ worttj pertinent |q (he hydrogeological invtsligalions and ^dentilicabon ot the daia gaps
•    Contacting different ^levant Regional Zonal and Woreda sector Offices for inlormanoh
. Fitfd work For primary data collection such as boreholes and Spring inventory and fixing Ihwi location xmhGPS
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*    (Jndertak-ing reconnaissance survey for geological hydrogeological, gc&morpholpgica!
survey
*    Represeniatrve sampling of groundwaler  both from boreholes and Sfymg based an hydrogeafogical and geological environment for physico-chemical analysis
•     BorehoJe data analysis for the determination of hydrodynamic parameters If there is no  systematically  arranged  wale1   wells  in  the  area,  test  webs  will  tie  sunk  in consultation with the client for proper hydrodynamic analysis of aquifers 3nd physical and chemical analysis of groundwater
•    Collection of hydfo-meteorological data and analysts of I he same for ground water potential estimation
■ Based on all the abc^e analysis, potential, dynamics and quality of lhe groundwater of
rhe catchment will be deduced and final report wiB be prepared
4.5   Main Findings at Present
The calchmtnt area at rhe proposed dam site is 5.700 krtJ The catchment area drams a pari of the western highlands thal receive relatively high annual ramtair It can be categorized rnto lhe high land parts  covered with patches  af foresis  and irees  and have rugged topography and the low land parts within the mam Dedessa River valley having plam land, covered mainly with grasses and bushes ana sedimenis particularly alluvial sediments
Most of 1he studies carried out m the area are either at regional level or only for tnwehote drilling in view of domestic waler supply aS mentioned before
There are many  boreholes  and springs  on the highland parts  targeted particularly  lor domeslrc  water supply  The boreholes' data will give sente representative hydrodynamic parameters  of the volcanic  terrains  m lhe area provided 1hgl proper well da1d can be Obtained Similarly, there are b&raholes mainly installed win Afridev-type hand pumps within the river valtey af Dedessa. The shallow wells can give mdicalive values of lhe hydrodynamic parameters of aquifer in the hver valley after proper analysts of lhe 'wells data
4.7 Development & Management of Groundwater
The overaU purpose of the hydrogeological investigations is io prepare plan for development ano management of groundwater of the area Hence based on the results of invest-gations. areas wdh nign ground water potential that can oe employed for well field will be delineated tn delineation of lhe well feeld sue. geophysical actives and test wells may be required
Similarly areas that need careful protection for groundwater management will be identified In
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23IntepttM Report
Arjo Dedtisa Irrigation Project
November 2O0€
*
order to monttor ground waler quafity and qua nitty, monitoring The rise or fall of groundwater levels and any groundwater
well's  are  crucially  important, quality (physicochemical and
bacteriological)   change   will   be   scrutinized   by   water   samples   and   other   information   from monitoring weJIs. Accordingly the sites for monitoring wells will be determined In order to
avoid any adverse effect of groundwater on the irrigation project or the irrigation project on groundwater monitoring wells are important to take measures ahead of time
4.8       Preparation of Report
ft will consist ofihe following:
Data Collection
i)  Desk  work'  Secondary  data  collection  and  analysis  of  any  prevrous  work  done  in  the  areas 
that are related to the subject of interest; will be tamed out
ii)
Field work:
•    Reconnaissance survey: This is aimed al primary da-cfa collection by navi ng
■
the first glance of the area
•    Detail field work: Included under this activity are scheme inventory, detail
■
geological and hydrogeological survey through traverse and water sampling
Data Anafys/s
AU  data  collected  dun  ng  the  field  work  will  tie  analyzed  for  proper  interpretation  and  design work
Report Hfrftttrg
As  the  final  output  of  the  investigation,  feasibility  study  report  with  different  maps  will  be produced
■
■
■
■
I
I
I
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
24
In AjsQdatf win, imenotttLncmai Consultants and Technocrats Prt.
' ;['WmraKaHKHVllInception Report
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
5. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
November 20D6
5.1 5.1.1
Introduction
Background
The
irr
igation  potential
at
Ded
essa  w
ith  desc
riptio
n  of  ground
conditio
ns,
Unite
d
States  Departm
ent
of
Interior
Bureau
of
Reclamation
(USBR)
rn
was  studied by  the 1963/64, WAPCOS
(India) in 1990 and by  BCEOM as  part of Abay  River Master plan in 1998 USBR proposed a number of sites  for dam on Dedessa River whereas  WAPCOS proposed two sites  one for irrigation and other for power generation and BCEOM confirmed what had been proposed by
USSR.
The report prepared by WWDSE has recommended a site that resulted in a major canal
length savings The new site is located downstream of previously proposed sites about 15
km upstream of Dedessa - Wama confluence with Lat 8°-31-12" N and Long 36° 40' 04“ E
All geological and geotechnical investigations are now under way at this site selected by 
WWDSE for development of irrigation
The ground conditions  at the new Dedessa dam site have been evaluated on the basis  of a site vivls  made to the area Other evaluations  on the canal route are based on the previous studies and site observations
At  the  time  of  preparation  of  this  Inception  report,  geological  investigations  have  proceeded well and the following were under progress
•    Geological mapping of reservoir site hao been completed
•    Drilling of two boreholes along the dam axis had been completed
•    All drilling locations had been fixed and been given to the contractor CDSCo
•     Construction  material  sites  had  been  localed  and  the  contractor  was  preparing  to  do trial pit excavation and sampling
•    Locations for geophysical investigations had Deen provided to (he contractor
5.1.2    Objective
The mam objective of the geological and geotechnical investigations  <s  to understand (he foundation condition the water tightness, stability  of the dam she. sp,Ilway  tine, reservo.r
area, canal line, abutments, weir and tunnel sites and to locate appropriate construct.
Iran
fclt ■* Fp. ju
A
matenais. Moreover, the invest.gat.on aims at final geotechnical recommendat.on on remedial measures and foundation design
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5-1-3 Scope of Work
Ffcrember 2006
The scope of work in !he geological and geo-technical investigations includes the following
•    Geofegictf and Engineering geological assessment and mapping of the dam site reservoir area anti appurttwift structures
« Subsurface investigation of the dam foundations, spilfway I™ and airier appurtenant structures
•    Water tightness studies of Ine reservoir area
•    Construction materials assessment in lhe vicinity of the dam srte and canals
•    Foundation investigations of canal routes
» Detailed laboratory analysis of construction materials and on samples collected from foundations and construction material Sdes
•    Seismic hazard assessment of foe project site
5.1.4   Methodology
The melhodoiogy to be foUowed is summarized as follows
•    Detail geological and structural geological mapping of the dam sil area (seal 1 1000}
•    Geological end structural mapping of the reservoir area (scale 1 4Q ODD)
•    Detail geological and structural geolog.cal mapping of the dam sile (Sca'e 1 1000)
•    Substidace investigation (core drilling, lest pitting I at dam site reservoir area spillway line, canal line, weir site, and Quarry sites
•    Core foggmg. pit logging, sampling (disturbed undisturbed)
•    Insitu-lestmg (permeability, SPT)
•    Geophysical investigations (Seismic, VES)
•    Test’hg of reservoir waler tightness in test pits
•    Construction material assessment (test pitting, auger holing, core arilkng)
•    Seismic hazard assessment (data from geophysical observatory of Addis Ababa University)
•    Laboratory teeing of reek and soif samples collected from fiela
5.2 Review of Previous Studies
5.2.1     General
A number of 'egionai sludies have been unoertaken for the assessment of the geological history of the country in general ano Abay Basin in particular Most of the studies are however, at regional and reconnaissance level The relevant documents available wilh
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reaped to geofogy and engineering geology and geolechmcal considerations of the oroposed project sites have been coJIected and studied
The documents which are available and used for the evaluation of ground include
i. Land and Water Resources of the 3'ue Nile Basin, USSR “96*i
ii PreKmnary Water Resources Devefopment Master Plan far Elhiopia. (WAPC0S 1990' lii Abbey River Basm Integrated Development Master Rian project. Phase 2 {SECQM 1990)
5.2.2 Study by USSR
The study identified and suggested a number of dam sites but made delated assessment of upper Dedessa River and designated JI as Dedessa dam srte, DO-11, which is about 90 ken upstream of the current sile under investigation ft was delected that ibe Site had fault system on both banks The study made assessment for potential dam sites at about a km upslream pl Odessa - Warns confluence and designated it as Dula dam site DD-13 The report further mentioned another potential dam site close to the Oedessa ■ confluence which is 1 5 km upstream of confluence of nrrtf Ddessa $ Warns river WWDSE (20Q5) considered this site and recommended for development of Gigaton
In the geologic# description ol this study il was stated lna» the main stream of Dedessa river is  on volcanic  rocks  from the neatfwalers  1o the approximate area ot Dedessa ■ Warns confluence where the nve< turns la lhe northwest and then gets entrencned in metamorphic rocks for the rest of the way to the Blue Nile
5.2-3 Study by WARGOS
A number of hydropower sites were proposed on Dedessa River and its tributaries m WARGOS report WAPCOS made a mention of the present Site under investigation WAPCOS have made general assessmenl od the geology of the Dedessa River Accord;ng to 1hem lhe flow of the river in the NNW direction is controlled by faults In the higher reaches lhe bedrock constilulrng the vaHay is Oder volcanics of Tertiary age up to latitude B':29and thereafter precambrian group of rocks
5,2.4  Study by BCEOM
The BECOM report was based on the general survey of the whole Abay basm considering economic and social aspect. This study reviewed the site identified by USSR 1964 as DD-11 (N 0D 12 20' and E 36  4a'2O’) This s4e had faulting system on both banks and was not
27Inception Report
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
November 2006
adddion to the idenMaticn of DO-I. and DD-II. USSR also identified a potential site which is at 1.5 km upstream of river Dedessa and Warns  fiver confluence with Lat 8’-31'-l2k N and long 36”-4n'-0< E. This  site has  now been taken up for development of Irrigation The regional and local* geological descnplions are outlined in the following sections.
5.3   General Geology of Dedessa River Basin
5u3.1 General
The geology of the valfoy is mapped as metamorphic rack in the Geological Map of Ethiopia, 1996 tiy  EIGS. However. field observation and regional correlation shows  that opart from the metamorphic  rock, volcanic  rocks  have also covered the prefect area Accordingly  from Held observation and correlation with the geological map of Ethiopia the regional geology  of the area under consideration is briefly described in the following paragraphs
5 3.2 Metamorphic Rocks
The meiamorphic  basement at 1he area is  known by the name Alghe Group in the geological map of Ethiopia. 1996 at 1 2.000.000 This group of rock consuls of grey gne?ss with variable colour index  showing development of rayenng Much of this  un L is  relatively  uniform and poorly  Layered orlhogeneiss  representing deformed and metamorphosed plutonic  rocks  of dioritic  and quartz  dioritic  and tonohtic  composition < Geological map of Ethiopia. Mengesha Tefera elal , 1996)
5-3,3 Volcanic Rocks
i.
Jima Volcanic
The
volcanics   are
considered
as   analogous   to
the
Mam   Volcanic 
Sequence
o f    Davidson
1963.
(as  cited  in
the  explanati
on  bulletin  of  Geo
logic
al  map  Ethiopia
1996  }  and
they  form  3
thick  succession of basalts  and felstc  rocks  with tiasatts  dominating the lower part of the volcanic. Davidson has  reported K/Ar age of 42 7 to 30.5 Ma for ine Jimma volcanic  These rocks form the base of Che reservoir and extend m ine upstream direction of the river basin
ii.           Mekonen Basalt
These are thick sub-horizontal flood basalt mapped by Davidson 1903 The Mekooen basalts 
mostly ovwlay the basement complex in the south-western plateau and are dated KJ Ar age of
34 8 to 23 t M<a (late Oligocene-early Miocene). The Mekonen Basalts are considered
analogous to the Woiega Basalts which are outcropping in Woiega area
iil. Quaternary plateau basalts
Quaternary   alkaline   basalts   and   trachytes   were   erupted   along   pre-existing   structures   The rocks are beirewd to be Pfeistocene in age
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5.4 Arjo ■ Dedessa Project Area
5.4.1   General Geology
November 2006
Preliminary  observation was  made during traversing from Bedele to the Dam and Reservoir site via 1hs  probable Main canals and command area and back to Aqa via Bedele-Arjo road crossing 1he bridge at Dedcssa where the command area ends  According to the field observation lhe regonal geology  of the project area is  characterized mainly  by  crystalline rocks  (igneous  and metamorphic) which is  covered by  alluvial and colluvial Mils  Upstpeam sde of the command area and the reservoir area are covered by  both volcanic  at top and metamorphic  roc* at the hoflom while the downstream area of the command is  covered by metamorphic  rock  under the mi1 cover Volcanic  racks  cover the abutment of the Dedessa valley while gomg dose 10 the valley bottom downstream of lhe Dedessa - VYarna confluence the metamorphic rock is outcropping
Therefore, the general stratigraphy Of ihe area as per this preliminary observation can be summarized as follows:
■ Alluvial deposit (lhe top and young formation)
> Alkali basalt and trachyte
•    Maffic basalt which needs further invest>galian
•    Melamorphic rock (gr*e«3S)
5.4.2      Dam site
5.42-1 Stratigraphy
According to the field Observation stratigraphy of the dam site area is composed of
*    Alluvial deposit
*    Strongly fractured and weathered vesicular alkaline ba sail and trachyte acidic fractured. Mme Innes showing compression direction This rock unit is forming
1he abutments and remnant hilts both in the upstream and downstream area of
the dam site
* Interflow layer which is  yet to be vended during the field investigation phase was  observed in the excavation tor drilling site access  at the (oqihrf| af (he left abutment
*    Moderately to slightly weathered maffic Basalt as observed at the river course upstream of the dam site
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The metamorphic basement rock 
was 
not obser
ved a1 th# dam site and r
eservoir area The
Ihxkness  of  each  formation  and
the
depth  of
the  metamorphic  rock  al
dam  site  wifi  be
determined during drilling
5.4.2J Structure at the dam site
Measurement was made on fractures on rock outcrops at the dam site area using geological compass  Consequently, two joint set directions  (NE-SW major and E-W minor fracture directions} were recorded at rhe lefl abirlmem of the dam 9<te and river course rock outcrops dunng the field visit to (he site Detailed study of the joint sets is underway on site and in office
(i) Right abutment
The right abutment is charactensed by alkaline basalt with closed and widely spaced Jamis 
The outcrop is prominent all over the hill. The alkaline basalt gradually grades to ryholmc rock towards a top of the hill on the right There is only mmor outcrop of vesicular basalt a1 the
slope of the hill According to the excavation for access to Che dri'l sites. Ihe bottom part of Ihe abutment is relatively fractured and wealhered
(II) Left Abutment
Unhke the ngh1 abutment 1he rock of left abutment is strongly fractured with closely spaced joints and is slrongly weathered especially at the foothill The rock type is mure of vesicular alkaline basalt at the bottc-m and slope of the hill and grades to fyholitic rock at the cap The basaltic rock dominates on 1he left bank
(Hi) River valley
The river course is about 50m wide and partly reveals alkaline basalt outcrops (The rest was under water and observation could not be made) The rock  at the river course is  also fractured. The fracture spacing is  very  wide and the fractures  are closed ones  The banss which have a total width of 150m are covered with alluvial deposit of thickness aboul 5 m above the alkaline basalt as revealed from the drilling already commenced on both sides of the river
5.4.3  Reservoir Area
The reservoir area appears as graben like morphology The area is covered mostly by black cotion soil and at places by dark brown soils along gently sloping landform The soil thickness varies from 1 m 10 2.5 m At places remnam hiHs such as a1 UTM 2*444 7/939160/137 5m made up of fractured alkaline basatts  were observed n the reservoir area Below the soil cover at the reservon area, aphantrc basal exists as observed in 1he river course Remnant coating joints were measured on the rock outcrops and are mainly m Ihe N-S direction
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5.4.4 Main Can ala
November 2006
Two mam canals (about 40 km each) &n both sides of lhe over course may be required for providing irrigation waler to the command area The routes  are covered with clayey  soil and at places by weathered alkaline basalt.
it I_efl Canal
While traversing along lhe probable canal line the following points were noled
»  Long  portion  of  the  line  is  covered  with  clayey  so>l  ranging  in  thickness  from  06,o2 m  However,  the  actual  thickness  of  the  soil  cover  is  yel  la  be  determmed  during  the field investigation
- Most of lhe sod along lhe tine is black d ayey soil
■  Remnarl  ridges  a!  alkaline  ba&aH  ■  rhyolite  -  Irachyte  and  rolling  landforms  interrupt the main canal line in the upstream area of the command area
•  A  number  of  over  crossings  of  which  three  deeper  valleys  (4  -  5  m  deep)  were observed during preliminary traversing along the probabfe canal line
ii) Right CimisI
The right side of the command area and (he corresponding main Canal line is  retaln/piy  flat Field observation shows  that the fight canal is  covered w4h black  soils  at most places  and sandy  Soil iweathflrmg product of the metamorphic  ibck) a1 others. A, the lower portion of probable canal line, the granitic  ridge doses  almost to the river valley  area Although il is hardly  possible to cross  the river from left io lhe ngtit attempt was  made lo observe the land form o< the nght canal line and the corresponding command area from distance and topographic and D£M maps Accordingly, the following poinls were noted
»   A   number   of   river   crossings   of   which   inree   deeper   valleys   were   observed   during preliminary naversing along lhe probable canal line
*     Blockage of the canal line by elevaled land (possibfy rock mass) at lhe downstream of lhe command area
*    Sandy soils which might Pe of geotechnical concern far lheir high permeability
5.4.S   Construction material
5,4.5.1         Borrow material
Preliminary observation of oorrow areas during the field visit tp the pro|ect area showed that Clay rnate'ial can be narrowed from the upstream areas 1iom the dam site The residual soils at gently sloping small dills on noth sides d ihe river are available a1 many places Accordingly, the tallowing sues were identified for borrow matenat investigation
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edessa [rrigadion Project
JtaveiDHtr 2006
*
ATE area al UTM 243973 mE. 934951 mN and Eteuton 1415 m
1
- Che-rtQ area at UTM 244CM6mE. 938902 mN and Etesian 1351 m
. Dhend^ensa village (Marbo areal at UTM 249349 mE 939098 mN and Elevation
1362m
•    Wama-ManbD school area
r) Shell Material
The remnant hills in lhe reservoir area and the remnant ndges downstream but dose 3o the left abutment can be assessed lor rock nil material The size of the ridge is quite big and it is expected trial there wtfl nd be a quantity problem However quality ol ihu material is yel to be invesbgaied dunng lhe field investigation
i i) Rock for coa rs e ag g regate
Rock lor coarse aggregate is identified a® uphill area of ATE vHlage on lhe way 10 Yarfa The rock is lOjnted t'-i only sightly weathered and is a fme-gramed maffic oasalt The center o1 this rocJ? Outcrop is at UTM 243639 me 934679 mN and elevation  4 j’3 m The q-uahly of lhe marerial w4l be rfwesligaled
nr) Rock for Rip-Rap
The remnant irachync plug at Hole Cue of the command area can be exploited for rip-rap matenai  The  quality  of  the  material  for  construction  purpose  shah  be  investigated  The ipcafron of this siie is at UTM 224180 m£ 946S05 mN and elevaiion at lhe foothill l& about 1352 mamsl
iv) Sand
The Dedessa river valley «s the polenual source fo.- sand Sand depos-1 is observed dose to the Dedessa Bridge on the 0-edele-Aqo ^oad and upstream (about 6 km from the branching off from BedeJe-A/jo road) through the right probable main canal line The quald/ of the sand is yet to be assessed
5.5      Initial Geotechnical Assessment
5.5.1  Foundation Conditions
According to the previous studw-s on the geology of ihe site and current otserv a"ion following points will be of much geotechnical considerations
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*     The project area is covered with volcanic rocks in the upper reach while metamorphic rocks are available within the command area.
■    The volcanic rocks are wealhered and fractured al the dam site and high permeability is expected at the lower depth
Note tuber 2006
*     The reservoir area is well covered with impervious black soil and is expected to be
water tight
■    SudabJe impervious soil for core of the dam require detail investigation and their
quantities need to be properly determined
- Due to fracturing, massive rocks are in short supply in the area
5,5,2 Dam type
As  observed during field activity, different construction materials  are available at close proximity  to lhe dam. The construction materials  available and I he geology  of the dam s4e encourage constn>ction of a rock  fill dam The quality  of lhe shell material for the rockfill is expected lo be relatively  poor and a different design than standard needs  to be adopted The quality  and quantity  of available materials  at close proximity  to the proposed dam and the geology cf the dam site will dictate the final zoning of the dam
5.6    Geological and Geotechnical Investigations And Material Testing
5.6.1     Field investigations
Mo detailed field investigation has  been earned out during the previous  studies  Previous studies  were based only  on visual observations  For the feasibility  study  at hand, geological and geotechnical freid investigations  are already  underway  at the time of preparing this Inception report The following activities  are partly  completed or under progress  dunng the preparation of Uns report.
5.6.1.1           Dam site
» Geological mapping - FieJd worfc compfefed
*     Geophysical survey - Yef fo be started
*     Rotary core drilling with msitu testing (strength permeability etc.) and sampling - Under p/ogrew
*     Test pit & auger excavation and insilu tests Under progress
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5.6-1.2 Reservoir Area and Main Canal Site
November 2006
A    number    of    pitting.    auguring    ptt    description,    Wil    sampling,    percolation    test    geological structure data collection will be conducted m the held
5.6,1.3         Construction Materials
Prospecting for various  construction malenats  has  already  teen done Test pitting a-nd sampling are under progress  Laboratory  testing will be conducted as  soon as  sampling is completed Potential sites  for construction materials  have been surveyed using hand GPS and the location of the various  sources  is  yet to be plotted on a topographic  map that wi l be prepared The construction materials 1hat 'were prospected include
•     Dam embankment materials
« Impervious core materials
•
Fater materials
•
Rock fill material
•
Concrete aggregates
S.6,2    Field investigation program
The held investigation program is  well ahead of the planned program and anlling and field investigation activity  is  expected to be completed m the month of May  2006 The laboratory testing Wii then follow and is expected 10 be completed by eno of June. 20C6
The detailed investigation program being conduced along the structure sites is included
below Smce canal alignments have not oeen finalized, the Tiled investigation jlong canals is 
expected to be delayed
5.6,3     Drilling at dam site
The following program is  being followed for site investigation at Oedessa dam sile and quarry areas  Besides  the drilling it IS proposed that two of the holes  along the dam axis  be capped tor piezometer observation
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Tuh-lr 5. I IMcsm Borcholr Iftuili
Howmbw 2DC*
5«tup
dwi BM
E»1lr*g
OJTM|
Msdhlrtfl
lUTWl
in?
(&PS
IncririAllon
d«gr*«                OfttfiSiSMi
rj-H'nn
Sort hO»»
PtnwhiiHy
inet
|N<M
AMIFtl
Main Dam axis
AD-1 1 243D55 942244 1360m 90
3D                  5
AD-2 f *0-3“
*0-4
1
1
243096 . 942299
243147 “942365
1340m
90
'■                  40
1320 m          50
045
too
iS
1
t
243262        $42543       1322m
w
•
50 5
-—
AD-5
243321
942643
1358 m
90
-
40                  6
----------------------------- !
*0-6
1          243G&5
H 942809
1355m
60
000
___________
30                   5
AD-7
243073
942365       1342m           90
30
4
ADlp
i         ■2425$0        9417*0        1379m
90
25
■
ADq1
1
242 ISO       943090       1360m
90
15
0
A0q2
1
243592
934696       l3B0im
90
10
0
B
Saddle DJrti AD5-1 ’  1
244260
942854!
i3Mw
90
*
Im buvjw               4 rock ievcH
ADS-2
1          244750
942500
1370m         90
3
■■
Tqlail
12 _1        .
0
Im bfrtaw r&ck le^el 415
52
—11 .
AD
Ano Dedessa
q
quarry
Sp
sp*ll way 
S
saddle
' The depth of bore hole to be taken minimum ' 0 meler below the rock jne
5.6.4    Laboratory Testing
The following laboratory  testing are planned Io be conducted on samples  ta be collected from various  sources  The final numbers  of tests  io be conducted in a laboratory  are going io depend on the type of samples and the complexities of the materials msitu
(i) Cort sampfes from dam Srte
a)   Serf samples
•    Atterberg amits
•    Shear tests (Thaxiei)
•     Gradaiion
*    Consolidation lest
b)  Rock samples
■    UC$
*    Point load
*    SG Petrographic analysis
■    Water absorption
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KJ COTHfrUCffafl mareriafr
a) Cray
*    Atierberg hmiis
» Gr^jn size analysis
*    Swell cej!
*   Consoljdaton and swghng pleasure MIS *    Standard Proctor
*    PWMMNty
*    Triaxiar rest
favemhtr 2COfi
*    Dispersion ces-1 I*Pinhole double hydrometer chemica-’; *    X-Ray Diflraciion
b! Roa
■   U€S
*    S G and unit weigh! *    Petrographic analysis
■   Waler absorption *    LAAV
*    Slake Durability *    AAR lest
*    Soundness !esl
el Sand
■   Gradation
*    Oganic content
*    Mortar making property - SG
*    Shear strength
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6. DAM AND APPURTENANT WORK
Dafl» and Appudenant works have been described below
6.1    General
November 2QD6
The present report is  in conformity  wilh (he terms  of reference of lhe technical proposal far the preparal.on of Feasibility  Study  Report of Arp Odessa Irrigation project on river Dedessa near Arjo town m East Woiiegs Zone of Orcwnrya regional state of Ethiopia
The Arjo Oedessa dam on river Dedessa is  the important component of Arp Dedessa Irrigation Project for the impounding inflows  of River Oedessa and diverting water into canal system toth on the right and left bank  for irrigation. The dam mainly  comprises  of chute spuway  for passing floods  that may  impinge the reservoir al full reservoir level, and irrigation outlets  for drawing water from reservoir to the distribution system of canal network  Saddle on me righi bank also constitutes part of the dam and appurtenant works
The studies made earlier were at reconnaissance level and no held surveys and
investigations were done. The inception report prepared makes review of alt the available
nformatidn and data through previous studies of 1he project area and proposes programme
of surveys and investigations required for the preparation of feas-bility study report of the
project
The    studies    made    in    the    past    by    the    following    organizations    and    consultants    have    been studied and reviewed in compliance to the above requirements
a)
Land and Water Resource of the Blue Nile Basin by USSR 1954
b)
Preliminary Water Resources Development Master Plan for Ethiopia, by WAPCOS -
Final Report Vol. VI-A Annex G. June 1990
c)
Abbay River 8»m Invesligalion Deveiopmem Masler Plan Project Phased Seclion II
Vol Vt-Parf 2 S 3 by BCEOM-1999
The dam s-te and project area of Arjo Didessa Imgal.on Pro^t ware u.sned by  lhe ieam of consJtanls  They  apprised themselves  with lhe S,le topography  and other features  of the project to select the most suitable dam sue and layout of appurtenant structures  both from engineering and economic cooperations. The various topographic surveys geological and
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gedecrfwical   investigations   along   the   mam   dam   alignment   and   appurtenant   works   and investigations- for construction msienat were indicated at Mie during the field visit
The   inception   report   on   dam   and   appurtenant   works   present   an   oulfine   of   the   scheme visuakzed  after  the  review  of  the  previous  studies  done  This  Arjo  Didessa  irrigation  Project feasibility  study  report  will  be  taken  up  after  completing  the  topographic  surveys  and  Held investigations and on receiving the comments from toe client
6.2           Reconnaissance Visit
During the visit to Arp Didessa Irrigation project area and dam Site made Ort 3 & 9r of February  2006 The geologist also accompanied the :eam The nghl bank  of the oroposed dam site and the saddle dam area were visited on 8T February  The 'eft bank  was  visited on 9 P February  The team apprised themselves  with the dam site topography  and other features to select the most surtabfe dam axis  alignment and layout of appurtenant structures  The geographical lotalion of lhe dam proposed at latitude an-31‘-t2" N and longitude 36u-*0 04' E and the areas  in and around lhe dam axis  on both the river banks  including ths  abuiment areas  in parfccufar were inspected The river in the reach upstream of the dam axis  was flowing m •we^confined banks  with rising abutments  on bclh the oanks  The rock  out crop was  visible on both the banks  and in the river neo indicating that the bed rock  in the river bed may  be available not very  deep The site offers  most suitable locator Fof the proposed dam The various  topographic  surveys  geotogicai and geotechnical mvesltgelions  reqtrrsd for lhe dam and the saddle gaps  on the rrght and left bank  were indicated io toe surveyor and toe geologist at toe site during the field visit
Material tor np*rap appeared to be available m abundance Further investigation need to be earned out to locate borrow areas  for materials, then adequacy, the suitability  for use in lhe COflS(ructon of the dam as  well as  1o meet tot* requirement of fine aggregate for construction of structures
6.3 Dam
The various aspects of dam considered are given nereunder
6 3-1 Selection of Dam Site
6.3.1.1          Review of Previous Studies
USBR to their study  in Oidessa basin have listed Arp Odessa Dam and Reservoir projtj (DO-11) as one of the projects  amongst the numerous  other irrigation projects  The project is located on toe river Odessa in the Junma region 'which is one of the main tributaries of river
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Abbay  and has  three mam tributaries  namely  Warn® Oabanna and Angars  The project proposed is  for cfevetopmertt of hydroefedne cower generation and for providing hmgalion facilities to 15600 ha of land
The dam site is located about 40 km upstream of the confluence of river Didessa and Wama
m-er at latitude SME-KT N and longitude S6°-40’-2O!,E. The dam arte proposed is in
voicantc rocks A major fault passes through the saddle on the narrow left abulment ridge and
another fault crosses beyond the right abutment. Other major faults may be discovered when
foundation explorabon are undertaken The rock n general appears to be very porous and
will require intensive grouting to prevent e.acessjve leakage from reserve*
WAPCOS subsequently  m the* study  for Preliminary  Water Resources  Development Plan for Ethiopia (1990) proposed a site for location of dam at latitude -S'-OCT-OCr N and longitude
M *3S'-0Q"
n
E  about  SO  km  upstream  of  the  dam  site  proposed  by  USER  The  main  reason  for
shifting the dam site is  staled to be due to geological consioeration Due to the upstream location there has  been an increase un lhe imgaton command area by  covering area at higher revels  under irrigation in an area of 139,000 ha The project « fanned exclusively  ftrf providing Irrigation without any  generation ot hydroelectric  power Some mcidenlal benefits due Io flood conlro’ are envisaged
BCEOM   in   their   report   of   Abbay   River   Basin   Investigation   Development   Master   Plan   have proposed   dam   sde   foi   Ago   Didessa   Irrigation   Project   at   the   same   -acabon   as   has   beun suggested   by   USSR   at   latitude   2(K   N   and   longrlude   363-48'-20"   E   They   have   proposed project  for  irrigation  facility  of  14  280  ha  An  observation  in  the  Study  report  has  been  made an  the  fraciuratrtn.  which  is  highly  developed  mi   tne  basalt  and  will  require  large  and  intensive growing  worse  Faults  discovered  in  the  left  and  right  abutments  will  result  in  possible  leakage points   In   addition   faulting   syslem   detected   on   both   me   banks   and   highly   fracturing   pattern already   mentioned   by   USER   increase   ine   risk   A   large   dntling   investigation   program   will   be required to study lhe site geology and possible leakage problems
VWi'DSE (2005) selected a site for irrigation purpose a1 Lat 8 31-12N and longitude U3"-4l ■ 04” E {24JQ00 E & 942500 N) It is  located about 1 5 km upstream of confluence q1 river Dedessa and Wama nver This  s4e was  also earlie< identified by  WAPCOS (1990) but for generation oi power only  USBR (1964} had also mentioned this  site as  a potential site But ro details are available
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6.31.2 Consultant's Approach
MoceniberiOOfi
The present sric is  located 1.5km upstream of the confluence of over Dedessa and Wama River it has been identified by  WWOSE dunng 2005 wi1h a view to reduce th# length of num canals The command area wWI also get reduced
At oroposed dam silt the river is  flowing within we'l confined banks  Rock  outcrop is  v-Srble in certain upstream reaches  m the river bed The banks  on both sides  of the nver arc  about 3-d m high from the river bed and consist of alluvium Over burden. The nver has  on bo1h the banks steep hills  nsing. Them is  a saddle of 700 m length and 20.0 m height on the nghi flank  In addition, another saddle of the same length and 10 m height is  also located in the right flank. However it is  likely  1p be abova the top of dam Jevel which wiEI be mudied for locating spillway  On 1he left Hank  also a saddle of &5-100 m length and of 10.0 m heigh! was ebserved Team of consultants  visited both the banks  and the area in and around l.he dam site Detailed topographical surveys  and geological and geotechnical investigation are required to be undertaken The Survey  party  and the geologist present were asked to gel the investigations  carried out to find the deplh of bed rock  and also mark  the dem axis  on the ground after clearing lhe dense tushes  The stopes  are often covered with a dense bush but top of abutments  are nearly  bare of (nee etc  The geological investigations  were also required to be made along both the aRematives for the finalization of saddle dam axis
6.3.2       Selection of Dam Type
6.3.2.1 Review of the Previous Studies
US8R.   in   their   studies   made   earlier   proposed   io   have   an   earth   and   rock   flit   dam   with   top widlh of 10.0 m and a central rolled earth fill section protected with rockfill materials
The site proposed is 'scaled ni a narrow V-shaped gorge AfAPCOS proposed dam with
centra! rolled earlhfril seebon with rockfill shelf prciecl-on The study report made a mention
that the dam is localed in a narrow gorge which suggesls a concrete dam However in the
absence of any site dal a particularly regarding stately and suitabilrty of foundation, only earin
ar*d rockfill dam has been considered
0CEOM  in  lheir  study  have  proposed  a  compacted  rockfill  dam  with  upslream  concrete  f3cmg JCFRDJ.   Concrete   facing   of   rock   fill   dam   ts   proposed   because   lhe   impervious   matenal   is siaied   to   be   scarce   for   creating   a   central   core   Finer   has   been   provided   an   along   the upstream    faeng    underneath    the    concrete    facing    The    rockfill    dam    is    founded    on    fl    rm foundation with layer of filter material provided above ine firm foundation
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The dam site proposed being in narrow gorge fWTT»d by  erosion trf river flow lujgeeta adopting a Concrete darrt. However (he foundalion rock  in general at the localion appears  CO be porous  and week  and have been considered not sortable for concrete dam Thus  the chcfoe of dam type gets  im-1ed lo Cdher a rackfill dam or an oariM?! type dam and is governed pnmar'ly  by  lhe retatwe economy  trial can be eftecled by  making best use Of lhe availabfe material's in lhe vicinity of 1he dam Site During I he visir of the team of consultants id lh» project site and surrounding «B I appeared that the c  On si roc  Iron ffllttrllh for the earth and rockfill dam shoute not he a constrain! However (he quarUdies  and engineenng characleristics  of lhese materials  n die borrow areas ter their udtlbMy  ter use in lhe conslruction of dam and appurleoanl works require to ba established during 1he fiekl investigation Stage
On 1hcse consideration a central rolled earth liR MCtwn or imperious clay bore flanked by the wcklin she# matenar wlh suitable Ihitkr^sss of Mier on both upstream and townstnim face
of central core ■S proposed The f.nal choice of dam lype would he made when report tin Lhe availability and fiuilablity Of construction maieoafs by laboratory rests are made avails ole
6 3.3 Dam Height
6,3.3.1         Review of Previous Stuff res
USER ter Ar j? Oidessa dam (&de DD-11) few considered height of dam of 79 0 m with CfflSf elevation al EL I4 21 Oro This provides active reservoir storage of 18S9 D M m' for meeting rhe irrigation waler requirement ter a command area of 16050 hectare and for generation oi hydroeleclr.city TfW irrigation water requirement has been indicated al 103 Q M m  m (hl
1
report.
WAPCO® have proposed a dam height of 05 0 m above river oed al EL iflS.Om with cre?1 efatirtten at EL 15-D3 0 m to provide reservoir storage of 705 tl M mJ at normal wale - revel fet meeting the irrrgalion waler requirement f&c  a command area of 139 BOC ha exclusively arid m power generation has wen planned The sue rs  dbout 50 km upsiream of (he site proposed by US6R
BCE  AM  has  ter  the  Ago  Odessa  Irrigation  Ptdjeci  proposed  *  dam  height  of  05  0  m  above the  river  bed  level  The  aesl  ct  lhe  darn  is  kept  at  EL  t-d  10  m  The  river  ced  level  is  indicated at   EL   13250m   The   normal   reservoir   elevation   al   EL   1405Q   m   provides   gross   Storage capacity  of  reserved  of  2190  M  m'  (including  for  dead  storage  uf  26  0  M  mL   at  EL  1374  0  m) leaving live storage of 21M Mm  for irngalmg a command area of 142-90 ha
1
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November 2006
From “he studies  made by  U5BR it js seen ihal lhe slrudural dam hetghi of 79 0 m and hydraulic  height of 77.0 m has  been indicated The river bed has  been indicated at EL 1335 0 with crest of dam shown at EL 1421.0 m Thu gives  the height of dam from rive* bed
of 86.0 m whereas in the drawing dam height has been indicated as 70 0 m
The  water  requirement  for  irrigating  a  command  of  16  850  has  been  indicated  al  t63  M  mJ   by USSR  whereas  BCEOM  has  provided  a  live  storage  of  2164  Mm1   'or  irrigation  a  command area  of  14260  ha  The  height  of  dam  wilt  be  finalized  when  the  hydrology  and  irrigat  on  group repods are finned up
WVMDSE (3005) have proposed a dam height of 40 0m above river bed level to provide a
gross Storage of about 2,000 Mm' for irrigation of command area of 16 300 ha
6.3.4    Dam Section
6.3.4-11 Review of Previous Studies
USBR  m  lheir  studies  for  Arjo  Didessa  dam  have  proposed  an  earth  and  rock  fill  dam  of  79  3 m  height  with  crest  elevaton  of  dam  at  EL  1421  0  m  win  central  core  of  rolled  earth  fill  4  0m wxje  at  lop  and  162  0  m  wide  at  the  bottom  The  central  core  is  provided  with  side  slopes  on both   faces   of   1H:1V   The   upstream   face   of  the   dam  section  slooe   is   provided  with   3H   W whife  downstream  face  of  dam  section  slope  is  2H:TV  upto  eievalion  14QO  0  m  and  there  after 3H1V upto ground level
The  central  rolled  earth  fin  core  is  covered  with  Shell  material  consisting  of  rock  fill  material both   on   lhe   upstream   and   downstream   of   rolled   earth   file   core   A   day   blanket   of   30   m thickness  has  been  provided  in  lhe  over  bed  and  al  abutments  on  the  upstream  in  the  plan  in drawing  but  this  is  not  indicated  in  the  dam  cross  section  The  dam  has  been  provided  with cut  off  trench  upto  firm  foundation  with  side  slopes  in  the  cut  off  trench  of  1  Vi  H  IV  Grout curtain has been provrded at 3.0 m C/C and provided with grout cap
WAPCOS has  proposed an earth and rock  fill dam of maximum height of 88 0m with dam crest elevation at EL 1503.0m with WOm crest width The cent/a! impervious  clay  core of 4 Om width al top and 180.0 m wide a1 lhe base is  provided with side slope on berth faces  of 1H:1V The upstream surface slope nas  been provided slope of 3. OH 1V and downstream face stope of 2 W'lV upto EL 1458 0 and thereafter 3 0 H IV upto ground level A horizontal
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drainage  filter  2  Om  ihkk  upto  the  Sos  drain  has  beeri  provided.  The  mpervious  clay  core  is flanked fry rack Ml shell material The cut off irench has been taken co firm foci foundation
9CEOM in their studies  have proposed a compaded toCk  fill dam section of S5.0 m height with tupstream concrete fating (CFRD) of 3.0 m thickness  with otsi elevation st EL 1410 0 m and crest width of 6 0 m A finer has  been provided below the upstre&m concrete facing ail along the upstream face and for a short lengflh on lhe downstream face at the downstream toe of dam Upstream face of the dam has  been provided a slopes  of l 5 HlV and downstream face slope of 1 3 H:TV. The upstream surface of the dam is  protected by concrete facing all along the slope. The rock  flit dam has  been founded on firm rock foundaiidn and provried with three rows  of curiam grouting at the toe of the dam upstream of the concrete feeing with central grout curtain row going SO Q m deep and the other two adicvnmg groul curtains up^o 30 0 m dep4h to check the seepage at the foundation level
$,3.4,2 Consultant's Approach
The dam site proposed is  in the narrew V-shaped gorge farmed by  river erosion The site bemg m volcanic  rock  Itie availability  and suitability  of impervious  day  material for the core of the dam i$ required to be estate shed within reasonable distance from the dam site Hence central core of rqlred earth fill impervious  core wrth rock  fill forming the iheiJ  zone J5 proposed A filler of suitable thickness  is  provided on both upsiream and downstream faces  of Lhe central core. The dam crest of 10 0 m width has  been proposed The parameter of the dam and erfher appurtenant wtwks  wiK be cfecided on receipt of the report qf the hydroiogy  and imgaton group Upstream surface slope of |he dam is  proposed to have a slope of 3H IV and downstream face slope of 1.75 H IV This  will, however be firmed up after Held & laboratory mvest-gatiPhs  are completed and properties  of suitable consiructian materials  made available for stability analysis pl the dam seciion
6.4     Dam Foundation Treatment
6.4.1    Review of Previous Studies
USSR in their study  report has  proposed dam site location (00-11) in a V-Shaped gorge formed by  river erosion m volcanic  rock  A major fault passes  through the saddle on the narrow tefl abutment ridge and an other faufl crosses  beyond the right abutment There exists  oonsiderabfe amount of overburden oi loose material and fractured rock  m lhe raver bed Earth and rock fill dam has freen provided* with a positive cut oft by taking the cut off
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trench to firm rack foundation The cut off fiench h>l been proposed cOTKinJ tho Ml width of
the central core of rolled eadh for
WAPCDS have in them ifudy  report drawings  shown 1he dim section provided with posdivt cutoff by  taking lie cut off trench covering !ne full width or ro*Jfrd earth Till secton jpto rack foundation
BECOM naw in the drawings Shown |he enhra rock tiff dam section founded on firm rack faundatrQfl and provided With three raws of CurfMH grautfog in a Irench width of 10.0m on the LjJstreaTi loe of the dam >n cont^-uily wiln rhe upstpeam concrete facing The central grout
Curtam i$ taken 60 0 m deep With lhe adjoining grout Certain on the upslream and
duwnslraam to 30.0m de;Mh to check ft# seepage Sow in the dam foundation
6.4.2 Consultant's Views
At the dam Site location an overburden of loose material in the nvep bed ranging ffOin 5.0 m 10 10 0 m depth is  hkely  fo be encountered it is  proposed that the central core of Lhe dam is
founded  pa  firm  rat*  foundation  with  curtain  grculmg  in  three  rows  proposed  to  be  prodded  in fhe  Mfftre  of  cut  off  trench  and  grout  cap  provided  io  check  dam  foundation  seepage  The depth  erf  tht  central  row  of  grpot  curiam  is  proposed  to  be  taken  upid  depth  of  H/2  and  the two  adjwmng  grout  Curtd  n  rows  10  te  ia*cn  io  H/j  depth  (H  being  the  hydraulic  r  eight  of  the dam).
6.4.3  Instrumentation
64.3.1         Review of Previous Studies
The studies earned Put by thB vonous organizations are at reconnaissance level and (he gaped gf providing instrumentation m |h£ dam is rWt considered although [he Gam proposed
IS large dam both fngm lhe height and storage consideration r Heigh! of Dam is > 30 5m and storage capacity >615 Mm’)
6.4.3.2        Consultant's Approach
To observe the behavior of the dam bplh during construction and operation 0< lhe reservoir
an extensive instrumentation arrangement is required These insltumenls to be nstalled a-e
to measure the settlement and movemeni in all zones of ttti dam as welt as m the fcunpation
a.ndal&p measure 'he pore pressure in Hit imperious care and the foundation
The instruments proposed to be instated are
(i) Embankment piezometer
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fii} Foundation prezomeler (ii) P&r&vs tuts piezometer
Soreitiber KOO&
(iv) Vertical movemenl devices, foundation seflFement base plales  and surface points  taf settlement Io be installed m the dam sedton shall be Considered at the feasibility design stage
6.5 Spillways
6.5.1    Review of Previous Studies
USER   have   in   their   studies   suggested   an   uncontrolled   type   side   charnel   spillway   1£O   00
wide   Incsietf   on   lhe   right   abutment   side   of   the   5am   The   peek   inflow   design   flood   of   5390
mJ?sec  computed corresponding to I m ’D.flDD years  period has  been considered This  on flood routing comes  to 1906 m3J$ec  3S maximum on water surface level elavalran with crest of the dam at EL 1414.97 m. The water carrier of this  flood cfocharge is  a chute spillway  wdn stilling basin at 1hO end of lhe chute for dissipation fit energy
VwAPCOS in their study  have proposed a 50 0 m wide ungaiad side spillway  on lhe left abutment pt the proposed dam Tne design flood 560 mJ'sac  corresponding Io return period t m 10 DOO years  The design flood on rouHng through lhe reservoir gives  maximum spillway put flow discharge of 642.22 m'/sec
EJCEOM   have   proposed   uncontrolled   type   side   spiltwdy   on   the   left   f'ank   of   abulmenl   The   flip bucket type deflector has been proposed for energy dissipation
6.5.2    Consultant's Approach
An ungated spillway  is  proposed to be located on the left aoutmenl of rhe dam The location however depends  upon the topography  of [he area The discnarge carrier proposed is  a chute ending in arrangement energy  dissipaltqn Irktafl Standards  specify  that if the failure ol dam poses  danger tP human fife the Spillway  must have sufficient capacity  Io accammodaie rhe routed flaw correspond-ng Co lhe Prpbgole Maximum Flood fFMFt and if the failure of dam would result gnly  in heavy  damage to property  but does  not pose appreciable ngk  to life then lhe spillway  may  be designed for flood corresponding to routed flood d( 1 m 10 DOQ years return penoC For the sake of economy  a routed flood Correspond mg tu 1 in 10.000 years returnperiod or Ji PMF Which IS higher in value IS proposed 10 be considered On receipt ol data from Uw nydrology  group, the design spillway  flood would be considered and id'llway fealures shaB be accordingly worked al lhe feasibility design stage Performance of chute
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■and energy dissipation arrangements shall be tested on hydraulic mtniel for lheir efficacy 
The model lest studies w«U be done tn relation tu Bow condition*. pressure distribution over
agee jprtfway, chute and stilling basins including lhe geometry of the guide walls The flow
profile in lhe approach channel wrll also be lested and the need for air venl developing on rhe
■ogee A ohule spillway if any will be examired before final selection Of arrangement is made
6.6      Water Outlet Structure
6.6.1        Review of Previous Studies
USER   in   their   study   report   have   proposed   two   outlet   structures   One   required   lo   control releases   for   irrigation   and   the   other   for   releases   for   power   generation   For   lhe   Easl   Main Canal,  (he  intake  structure  far  the  cullet  works  is  located  on  the  right  abutment  of  1he  dam with  sill  fever  at  EL1356  0  m  The  discharge  capacity  of  lhe  gullet  be*ng  6  68  m\*ec  The water   is   conducted   from   the   intake   structure   through   t.63   m   diameter   lunnel   up   to   gate chamber  and  thereafter  through  a  1  22  m  diameter  oullet  pipe  with  1  22m  X  1  22m  Slide  gates inside  the  horse  shoe  shaped  tunnel  of  2.59  m  d'amefer  the  sii'lmg  oasm  type  arrangement is provided for energy dissipation
The  outlet  works  for  diverting  water  for  irrigation  m  west  mam  canal  and  power  generation  rs located  on  lhe  'eft  bank  of  the  dam  with  stll  tevef  at  EL  1360  Q  m  The  water  is  conducted through  a  10  0  rn  diameter  tunnel  uplo  gate  shaft  chamber  provided  with  3  66m  n  3  97m  fixed wheel  gatE  and  thereafter  througn  4  17  diameter  steel  penstock  inside  lhe  10  Dm  diameter tunnel  Ouflel  pipe  of  1  07m  diameter  noused  in  2  44m  diameter  horse  shoe  tunnel  takes  off from   the   4.17   m   diameter   steel   ptnslozk   provided   for   power   generation   before   lhe   power outlet   The   west   main   canal   oullet   pipe   will   have   discharge   capacity   of   5.72   m:/sec   Sluing basm lype energy dusipal mn is provided after which the water je led to west mam canal
WAPCDS have proposed tee location of an outlet structure on the right abutment of the dam Two pressure pipes  of 3.5m diameter with sill al EH453 Q m have been preposed with sliding basin type energy  dissipation arrangement The sill level is  kept 2.0m above lhe minimum draw down level at EL 1451 0 m The two ouBet pressure pipes  provided will discharge 73 0 m j'sec c* water
BCEOM have in teen study report proposed oullet work for the East Mam Canal on the nght abutment and the other oullet work for (he power generation and west mam canals proposed on tee left abutment of dam.
3
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For the East main canal Outlet works  (he water il conducted through • pressure tunnel with a gale chamber a1 a elevation Suited Io the irrigation canal elevation The tunnel with an intake structure provided has  teen uwd as  a water conveyance system upto control gate chambe-' and (hereafter through the sleel penstock, the wafer is  led to the East ma-n canal Stil ing Cairn type energy  diSSipaHon arrangement IS prpvidEd at the downstream end of the steal penstock.
For toe Wm mam anal and power penstock  outlet, diversion tunnel with a common intake on the left bank  is  proposed upto gale Chamber Thereafter the water is  conducted through a Sheet penstock  inside the diversion funnel io control room From Lhe control room the water tor power generation and tor 'west mam canal is  conducted Ihrough the penstock  inside lhe diversion tunnel to the powerhouse located at the (oe of the dam From me control room al Iht downstream end water for irrigation demand is  conducted through d Branch shaft to art elevation corresponding IO irrigation canal elevation
6.6.2 Consultant's Approach
The design of the water outlet structure 15 related to Irrigation demand m the command, areas On both banks  of the river It il proposed IO provide water oullet slruclures  on bain (he abutment of lhe dam through tunnels  exclusively  tor irrigation Power generation s  nOI envisaged. The diversion (unnel is  algo proposed LO be utilized tor irrigation outlet Tl.e details  of rhe control gates  size pf the ouVet pipe and energy  dissipation arrangement Would be worked Pul at thfl deSign stage by  which hme, the topographic  Surveys  geological investigation and irrigakon water demand wOu-d ce firmed up
6.7    River Diversion Arrangements
5.7.1 Review of Previous Studies
USBR (1964} in lhe their studies  tor ArjO Oidessa dam have proposed the river diversion arrangements  dunng the corisULHjtipn period of the dam 1hiPugh a 1D Q m diameter tunnel on the iett bank nl the river.
YVAPCOS (T99<J) have proposed lhe diversion arrangements Of the nver dunng construction period by providing 10 0 m diameier concrete 'men tunnel on the left bank of the dam The
pari section of the dam completed during the first working season writ acl as a cofferdam A'rei completion of (he dam construction (he diversion tunnel will be suitable plugged wiib concrete
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BCEOM (1999} have in their report proposed river diversion arrangement through a tunnel on the left Side of the abutment tor conjlntdion of the embankmerH dam during the WMlrvcIiqn period
67.2        Consultant's Approach
The  design  flood  for  river  diversion  arrangement  dunng  construction  is  influenced  mostly  by the  risk  and  damage  involved  rn  the  diversion  scheme  under  consideration  In  case  Qf  an esrlh  4  rock  fid  dam  the  risk  of  overtopping  of  dam  during  construction  may  resu  1  m  serious damage   v   loss   of   partially   completed   work   This   however   is   not   as   important   m   case   of concrete  dam  For  large  earth  A.  rock  fill  dams  lhe  diversion  capaoly  is  evaluated  on  lhe  basis of  nsks  and  cost  factors  Therefore  for  the  eanh  4  rock  fill  dams  it  is  definable  lhai  fOO  years return  period  flood  should  be  considered  for  diversion  works  The  design  flood  for  diversion  is proposed   io   be   provided   through   a   diversion   lunnel   arrangement   The   flood   discharges   of different   return   perrods   shall   pe   warted   out   by   the   hydrology   group   The   required   size   and jnlake   levels   shall   depend   upon   the   routed   constructiwt   stage   flood   This   coccepl   shall   oe developed   Surtably   when   the   hydratogy   group   provides   me   updated   frequency   of   desrgn floods  ana  the  correspond'ng  discharge  values  The  diversion  tunnel  layo  Jt  area  is  proposed 10  06  isolated  by  providing  a  protection  wall  aL  the  nlet  and  Outlet  enas  af  the  tunnel  so  mat work   of   construction   tunnel   proceeds   unirrterrupledly   Guide   charnels   al   mlet   and   outlet   will be  provided  depending  upon  the  topography  On  completion  of  the  inlet  and  outlet  portals  and the   tunnel   Bw   protection   waits   wifi   be   dismanfeo   and   a   diversion   dyke   will   be   constructed across  the  river  located  at  about  250  m  upstream  of  the  toe  of  the  embankment  dam  The dyke  wjI  be   constructed   during  the  lean  period  from  both  banks   when  lhe  discharge  in  the over  bed  is  very  low.  The  height  of  the  dyke  shall  be  sufficient  enough  to  pass  the  lean  period discharge   through   Lhe   tunnel   The   river   closure   shall   te   effected   by   dumping   malengrs   from both   [he   banks   and   the   central   gap   filled   by   dumping   boulders   and   random   r&tkfill   materials by  means  of  dozers.  The  seepage  from  tne  dyke  so  constructed  shall  be  checked  by  dumping clayey  materials  on  lhe  upstream  slope  of  toe  dyke  The  waler  in  ihe  river  shall  start  flowing through   lhe   diversion   tunnel   After   the   river   flows   are   diverted   through   the   diversion   tunnei The   raising   of   the   upstream   coffer   Jam   and   construction   of   downstream   cofferdam   will   be taken   up.   The   rang   Of   me   upstream   cofferdam   done   unto   he.g.nt   sufficient   enough   to   take care    of    the    construction    stage    flood    discharge    m    the    over    The    upstream    cofferdam    is proposed  to  Iwm  an  integral  part  of  the  mam  rfam  The  work  on  the  excavation  of  the  cu1    off trench consolidation and curtain-grouting shall then be taken up simultaneously c i
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completion of grouting the construction of dam sftall be undertaken After completion ot the
mam earth &rock fill dam the diversion tunnel is procosed Io be plugged.
On receipt of data from the hydrological group and geotogicai investigation reports further
refinements will be undertaken at the feasibility design slage
6.8 Seismicity
B.B.1 Review of Previous Studies
USSR m their study report on Ago Didessa Imgarion Proi«t have made no mention of t^e
sersmtity in the project area and therefore not considered any seismic coefficient to be
considered m the design of the dam and appurtenant structure
WARGOS have in then study report not mentioned any scisnwty effect in the project area
BCEOM have in their study report indicated the project area having seismtc risk of low order
but have not indicated the seismrc coefficient to be considered in the design of the dam and
related structure
6.8.2   Consultant's Views
Pw preset lies  in an area of low seismicity  Therefore a honzontal seismic  coefficient (ah.I and vertical seismic  coefficient (av) are proposed to be assumed and considered in 1he slope stability  analysis  under earthquake condition of the dam. Tins  however would be reviewed when more information becomes  available and would be considered n the stability analysis at 1he feasible design stage.
6.9 Action Plan
After review of the previous  study  reports  made by  USSR (1954). WAPCOS (I) Ltd (199Q) and BCEOM (1999) and having formulated the approach to the project feature the programme of activity  is  to be taken up for dam ano appurtenant structures  further for I he p-eparaliQn of design for the feasibility report The action plan is outlined below
* On firming up lhe rotation of dam axis  the layout of the dam and other reJatea structure Shafi be marked in the plan The layout of the cut off trench and grouting pattern snah also be marked on the plan The various  section of me dam along the dam ans  and parallel to as  well as  across  (he dam axis  boih on the upstream and downstream suie will be marked This will enable preparation of estimates of the
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volume of quantdres of various zones of fill materials fof different height of the dam. The different heights of dam would be considered above the foufrdalrpn The storage capacity in the reservoir for these heights of dam will be worked out The minimum draw down level of the dam wrll be fixed after making provision for sedimentation This study wifi be undertaken srmultaneousiy after the report of hydrology and irrigation group becomes available and optimum height of Che dam with economy will be worked out
Nofcmbflr 2Q(M>
• After fixing the freight of the dam. the layout of the river diversion work  Storage Jewess in lhe reservorr. outlet works  structure and s*de channel spillway  will oe taken up The design of these Structures  will be done as  *oon as the hydrology  and irrigation group reports  are firmed up The Mailed design of dam and its  stability  analysis  will be undertaken on receipt of results  of engineering properties  of the material for construction to be used in the dam The stability  analysis  of the dam section under various  condition of 'oading will be done using the software ’Geo-si ope’ developed by Geo Slope Internatronal. Canada slope/W and seep/V1-' and dam section will be fmarmed The stabilriy  of the embankment dam section will be checked under earthquake condilion by  appticabon of suitabre horizontal acceleration coefficient and vertical acceleration coefficient by  psuedu static  analysis  as  the area experiences sersmicity of low intensity
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7 SOIL SURVEY
7.1     Introduction
7.1.1     Back Ground
An irngalion prefect is required to be planned and designed 5uch ihat it fits appropriately into the soil and land characlerrstics of 1tie command areas along with the climatic Factors, topographic Features and socio-economic conditions. Therefore very detailed Field surveys laboratory tests and analysis of data and test results are required to bo undertaken to determine the soil and land characteristics^ which will form a basis for evaluating the and suitability for irrigated agriculture.
November 2006
I
I
study    area    (command
area    of
the    propel)
at
feasibility 
level
which
may 
form    a
basis    for
confirming/rejecting     the
ungation
potential
(all
or     part
of
area),
crop
selections 
irrigation
I
I
I
The   Didessa   River,   having   its   source   m   mountain   Sosna   and   draining-   rnto   Abay   River   Basin is   entrenched   in   a   deep   gorge   and   rolling   landscape   in   its   upper   reaches   The   strearn   bed gradient    reduces    as    it    reaches    the    foot    steoes    of    the    mountains    and    hills    and    starts meandering    in    the    plain    The    present    study    area    covers    the    foot    stopes    and    the    plains (including   the   Flood   plains   and   wet   lands)   of   the   sub-basin,   which   as   demarcated   by   the   client measures   about   37,219   ha,   against   16.000   ha   as   given   m   the   TOR   The   dominant   soils   of   lhe study   area   are   heavy   clay   with   impeded   drainage   DitficuEt   soil   workability,   poor   drainage   and flooding are the saltent points in the study area
7.1.2     Objectives
The  mam  objechve  of  the  SCil  survey  is  to  provide  detailed  information  on  land  and  soils  af  the
designs, and agriCUflural input requirements  such as  fertilizer applications  elc  The study  also focuses  on identifying the various  topographic  farms, soil types, present land use assessment and evaiualmg the existing land use pattern ana serve as  a basis  far assessment ol land and crop suitability far irrigation It incudes tne following
•     To determine the distribution of different soil types over the project area
. To provide basic sod data to facilitate irrigation design work m be earned out m the
project area
I
•     To otter derailed soil information uf the command area as a ground For ratifying or
rejecting the soils potential for irrigated agriculture
I
. Examine and identify areas, which are surianfa for twin surface and overhead
irrigation system
-
J
- Produce soils and land suitability maps on scale of 1 10,000
I
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7.1.3        Scop& of !iho Work
November 2006
rhE sod survey has been earned out St sn rtfiniiva totl wdh in a* pfllsntil I irrigable araa of
soma 37,219 ha.
The TOR tairs  for sod survey  Of the Arjc- DMtua proiecl area and use of (he inform ati&n obrahed as  ■ has  s  for confirming/rejecfing the irrigation potential, crop selections  irrigdlson designs  and agricultural input requirements  Therefore, foe survey  is  designed Cd comply  the following items in Iha TflRl-
«   To   investigate   Identity,   mao   al   1.10,000   scale,   and   describe   che   characteristics and dislnbution of different sw3 and terrain flarfoform) units al feasibility level
* To map al tJO.OQO scale Hid evaluate lhe suitability  of each Ian# form /son unft lot SuSfainable irrigation development and produce a map Showing Mil observation points for lhe proved al appropriate scale
* An overall density  of one observation per 10 ha However it may  vary  from one pbseiyaiJpn per * to SO ha depending on rhe homogenerty/helerogerteFty  pF the nfo m the fiard.
■    A gnd survey technique for the whofe command area using aerial photo
interpretation units HQ a basis
*      Sdtt  profile  pits  Shall  constitute  a1  least  10%  of  the  Observations  and  from  which 10% sampleswill be selecled for laboratory analyses
■     Stannard  sdi1  observations  wfll  be  laiifln  to  a  depth  of  2  HI  unfoss  rasiricted  by  lithic contact
* Deep auguring to 3 to 5 rn depth wm be made at the locations  of the profile pits  to determine the presence of barrier layers  depth of ground water table and sahniry  f sodiCity problem
■     Standard   infiltration   and   hydraulic   conductivity   tests   on   ten   representative   sites   will be canted out
iii Soil and land Characteristics description and irrigation suitability flvaluation wl| pe
undertaken according to FAQ guidelines (1935 1990)
7.1.4    Methodology
7,1.41 Central
It is  proposed to foltow the procedure proposed by  FAO-UNESCO-lSRIC guidelines  for s&l terrain mapping, lasonomic  classification and description of the distribution nt different soils  ar scale 1 10,Kffl. The tasks have been perfomied m 1hB following four steps
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I. Pre-held work 
II Fieldwork
III. Laboratory tesls
FV Post-fieJd work
7-1.4.2 Pre-Field Work
Prevraus study documents relevant to the pm/cel area were thoroughly reviewed and tentative field visit has been carried ou1 Topographic map. soft copy of Sand sat image and aerial photo of me project on 1 '50.000 scales were collected from Ethiopian Mapping Agency Field stul survey guideline Annex 7.1 description sheets for auger boring 'Anr-ex ■' 2). prol-.e pits (Annex 7 3), hydraulic conductivity (Annex 7 4} and infiltration rate 1ests (Annex 7 5j, have been prepared durirg this stage Training has been given to the field ■soil survey crew on sbrf survey methodology.
Prelim nary aerial photography and satellite imagery interpretation has neen done
November 2006
The base map which depicts  location and probab*e numbers  of auger bpring, profile pits, infiltration and hydraulic  conductivity  tests  also, has  been prepareo during pre-fieW work  in the office
7,1.4.3        FieldWork
The feasibility  soil investigation m the project areas  was  started on Aprl 25. 2005 and continued till July  25. 2005 Unfortunately, it was  interrupted due to the adverse climatic 
cond'hon    and    inaccessibly    of    1he    site    The    Soil    survey    was    reslarted    on    January    1t.    2006
and continued till February  28 2006 to cover the remaining sue m particular eastern part of 1he p/Qiect area from Koluo Sern village up to the Dam site 2 and some portion of the western pari of Che Command area (Fulasa plain)
In the present study  rigid grid survey  technique was  applied with an average observation density  of one per ten ha Auger observation, conductivity  and mfillraiton measurements core sampling and deep boring have been earned out Sail samples  were collected from model profile pits lor the full laboratory analysis
The auger son descnption has  been made for every  200 x  500m along transect up to me depth of 1 20m and pits  have been excavated up to 2m depths  on representative sites  Deeo bormg has  been earned out below the bottom of the profile pit up to 3-5m depth for identification of drainage problems and samples were collected for determination of sanmty
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and   sodicily   characteristics   The   infiltration   test   has   been   performed   to   determine   infiltration rale   by   double   ring   infiltrometer   in   triplicate   The   hydraulic   conductivity   test   has   been conducted   msitu   by   using   inverse   auger   hole   method   Undisturbed   core   samples   (pF-   nng) have   been   collected   from   representative   pds   ter   determination   of   bulk   density   and   waler retention    capatrly    All    observations    were    recorded    on    soil    description    sheets    and    at observation site the faffowing external characterises and informabon were recorded.
■        location by using hand       hefd GPS
*           Land use /(and cover
*          Land term
*          Slope with the help of clinometers
*          Presence of micro topography, surface cracks and surface crusting
*          Soil COtor by using Munself color    chads
*           Parent material
*          Presence /absence of flooding by interview of focar people
*           Presence or absence of slonmess.
*          Erosion hazard by estimation
*          Elevabon by altimeters
■ The presence of carbonates has been tested by 10% diluted HCI
The internal soil characteristics  such as  sod depth (to rock  or stony  ayerj*. texture mineral nodules  | Fe, Wn). mqflfing and depth of ground table were noted for each auger hole on descnpiion sheets.
In the case oi so«l profile pits  additional internal soil information such as  sod horizons, structure, consistence, porosity, roots  cutans, slickenside eic  were recorded on profile descr^bon sheets
7.1.4.4       Laboratory Test
Soil samples from representative horizons have been collected from model proffl&s and sent
lo the laboratory for analysis of the following parameters
■    P” Hj O in 1:2.5 soils to water* suspension
■   Organic carotin by the Walkley and Black method
. Available phosphorus by rhe Olsen method.
•    Electrical    oondudivity    (EC)    125    water    suspension    fn    the    case    of    EC>    SdsiTn required determination of ECe and content of soluble anions & cations.
■   Cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) 0y the ammonium acetate {pH 7> method
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•     Exchangeable basic cations (Na . Ca ". Mg . K') from rhe airwor-um leachate
•    Free cakium carbonate content by HCI dissolution method
•    Total nitrogen by the Kjeldah method
■ Fexforal analysis by hydrometer method
•     Bulk density on dry weigh! basis from pF-rirg samples
•    Moistu/e volume at field capacity (1/3 atmt and at permanent wilting point (15 atm) by 
pressure plate extraction
7.1.4.5 Post Fietd Work
i) Data Entry
All the data co^ecled during the held survey  and faboratory  analysis  resun will be entered into database in Microsoft Access  and MS Excel fcx  storage and dala processing The so-l dalabase wiiT consist of the following four different daiabase recording m different aspects
•           Location and arte descnption
•           Honzon description
•           Physico-chemical analysis
■        Hytfrautic conducts 1y and infiltration lest
if)        Soil Database and QIS
The dala collected from rhe field soil inveshgalion and laboratory  results  were encoded1 and base map digitized lo facilitate Ihe data entry  in GlS For the recording of auger and prof-le dala collected m ihe field. Ihe data entry  forms  have been prepared by  the project and have been designed accordrng lo ihe data entry  screen of Ihe soil database The soil database is Chen tanked to GlS, which contains  the map information m a digital form The field sod survey data have been stored m MS Access  with a lew annexes  rn MS Excel While preparing thematic  maps  m GlS environment, the data entered m MS Excel was  transformed in database IV format for use m Arc  v*ew GlS and format is  compatible wdh Arc  view and Arc- tnfo GlS The soil database and GlS then can generate statistical and cartographic information Th s  can te done oy  simple extraction and interpretation of one or any combination of attributes  and by  complex  models  usmg and combining of attributes  from different sections of 1he databases
lip) Data Elaboration and Manipulation
m   order   to   Characterize   properly   the   final   sori   mapping   units   th*   soil   database   was   checked thoroughly   All   the   field   observation   points   (profits   pits   and   auger   holes;   have   been   plotted   in the   digitized   soif   map   units,   and   all   ooservations   within   one   soil   units   can   be   used   to characterize Ihe mapping units
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iga
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Iri    1hu    mann
er
a
sori
description    can
be    frlttfe    Ttw    eac
h   grouping,
using    dominant    SC'I
Chapactenstics.
s
uch
35
color,   dra   nags 
texture   and   Slope
In   addition
soil   physicc-cbem   cal
properties whrth are related toons more representative profile. were described
iw) Legend Construction and Wap Compilation
The toil map has  been compiled tram the field data, the interp reLaven dt 1 50.000 scale aer'al photograph and satellite imagery  based Qfl 1 50.000 scale topo-map The mao legend has been prepared based an the data of field survey  and results  of laboratory  tesls  and analysis has  been drawn on the basis  of the land characteristics, which were doSnetted on aenai photograph satellite magery and tope-map with backup by field observation
The final detailed soil maps  at the scale of 1 10,000 was  derwed from the data collected during lhe field survey  com hi ned w1h systematic  desk  study  af aer:at ohdograpn and satellite
magery
Then all the present point location dale recorded by  GPS reeding m the field were entered into a dalahase which was  later reproduced by  th* projects  GlS Centre to the 1 5Q ODD sca'o base maps. With a'I observations  ptmts  3d'death slope etass  torture arpnan water logging and micro topography  were identified on Lhe map from which the pattern of soil drslrihulmn WU compared to API maps
7.2. Review of Previous Studies
Previously, some Consulting Firms  conducted soil studies  St iMMf intensity  eVel al nalionrt basin and site-ipecifiC level m the Didessa Valley  A btKrt review of work  done earti&r is presented below
7. 2.1 USBR, (1964)
The lirs.1 attempL for studying th» soils  of the area was  made by  USSR in TQS-a as  part of the Land find Water Resources  Study  of Bkjl Nile Basm The Study  WM conducted al reconnaissance level with land classification Studies, covering an area of 52.000 ha and it covers  all tne present study  areas  The survey  was  based CW1 interpretation pf aerial photographs  at scale o( 1 50.000 with altimeter for meesurlhg elevation and made 10 profile piL CI1 representative sites  At the result Of lhe study  two major soils  have been identifier reared to as  Laiostfs  (well drained, deep reddish brown soils) ano Grumusois  (poorly dra ned dark  grey  to btock  cracking soils  with heavy  day  textw^d soils) These so is. were identified 35 mbit dominant Mita, CtHWWig 95% Of the study area which occurred On H3I and
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almost  Hat  la  nd  form  developed  oft  carcareous  material,  slightly  aod  on  top  soil  but  neutral  1a alkaline in subsoil. Latosols comprise 5% of the area and found on uplands and hi lls
Even   though,   this   study   cohered   entire   portion   of   the   present   study   area,   relevance   to   the present study is insignificant due tn the level of the survey and its lower intensity
7.2.2 TAMS Agricultural Development Group, (1975)
The Firm made soil study  at reconnaissance level on an area, which covers  54. 200 ha. for the purpose of rainfed agricultural development m Upper Oidessa valley  The study  area was located between Bedete-Aqo road and the confluence of Didessa and Wama Rivers  which covers  most part of the present study  a^ea The soil survey  was  based on 1 53,000 scale ol aerial photograph and 1:250.000 scale of mintary  map. During the field study  some 2O0'3Uger holes  and pits  were made and additional data were obtained through examination ol soil surface, landscape and natural vegetation Soil samples  were collected and sent to the soil laboratory for analysis
The sails  have been classified according to the Approximation soil classification systems that were developed by  USDA Soil Survey  Staff (1970) and three soil taxonomy  orders  Such as  Vertisols. Enrols  and incepbsois  were identified The sods  have been classified up to the level of subgroups  such as  Udic  Peiiuslrel. Ud«c  Chromustert, Typic  Pelludert. Typic Ustropept. Typic  humitropep. Typic  Ustorthent and Aquic  Usii fluven L In addition to this  the soils  of lhe area have been grouped into seven soil senes  The representative profile pits locations  are depicted, profile description and the results  of analytical data are attached to If j report, and soil map of the site at 1 100.000 scate nas been produced
Hence, the result of the study can be used as valuable information However the scope of
the survey focused to ram fed agricultural development During this survey physical test, such
as infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, deep boring etc which are important parameters for
identification of irrigated agriculture development, were not conducted
Generally, all investigations  have been made wdh a few she visrts  and a minimum amount of field checking and review of the existing documents  and imagery  interpretation; hence the out puts of the studies can provide some back ground ■nformafion for lhe present survey
7-2.3 MO A, (1904)
Ministry   of   Agriculture   made   geomorphology   and   soil   survey   of   the   country   m   1984   The   study was conducted at exploratory level based on satellite imagery and existing data and
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documents  and the geomorphcJogy  and soils  map of the country  a1 1.1.000.000 scale was produced The study  has  idenlilied the presem study  area as  one of "Basin and Depression with seasonal Drainage deficiencies" landscape unit and the dominant soil or 1he site is  pelic Vertisol with inclusion Nilisols.
Although  the  out  pul  of  the  jludy  has  little  relevancy  Io  the  presem  study  rl  can  give  general geomorphologic view of the area.
7 2.4 WAPCOS, (1990)
WAPCOS conducted Preliminary Waler Resources Master Plan Study of 1he counlry n 1990
mamly depending on documents df previous studies with extensive field visit and as a result
the preyed area has been identified as potential irngabte area This study was al
reconna:ssance level and its out pul has no significant information for ’he present
investigation
7.2 5 BCEOM, (1998)
0ECOM conducted a reconnaissance sa=? survey of the project area as part of Abbay River
Basin Integrated Development Mader Plan Study and produced soil map of the basm al
t 250. 000 scares This study also has identified the area as potential irrigable area
However due ilS level and intensity Df sfudy the Out put hS hot of much significance for the
present sbjdy
7.3. The Project area
7.3-1 Location 8 Extent
The  Aqo-Didessa  project  area  is  iocated  in  western  part  of  me  country  and  il  stretches  Over some    pan    of    Bedeie-Dabo    worena    in    lllubabor    and    Jima-A/jo    woreda    in    East    Weiega administrative    zones    □<    Orom.ya    National    Regional    Stale    It    lies    oelween    154880    and 1580400  <JTM  north  and  250600  and  260300UTM  east  withm  altitudinal  range  0<  1300  and 1400  masl  The  gross  project  area  is  some  37.21&  ha.  on  both  s<de  of  Didessa  River  About 23,  573ha  (83%  of  the  lotal  areai  js  situated  on  tne  right  hank,  while  13  646  ha  (37%)  area  is situated  on  the  left  bank  The  project  is  kjcaied  oetween  Bedelle-  Arjo  road  an  the  north  and approximately at 1he confluence of Warns and Didessa river? in the south
7,3.2  Climate
The   upper   Didessa   valley   falls   in   sub-tropical   agro   climatic   zone   The   average   air   temperature varies from W c ano 22 5 C The nodest season is from February to May and temperature
3
,J
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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Arjo Ptdtsjsa InigartDa Pinjcti
November 2OT€
rangM     between     2Onc     (rtttOft:     whereas     in     coldest     season     Temper     alure     varies     fr&m 10^cand1B’e The mean annual ramfalf in the project area vanes belween IfiiJOand 1 &0Omn-
7.33 Ge otog y a nd G eo morphclog y
The  area  forms  part  of  tertiary  traptan  fova  composed  O<  'argely  baseJt  and  basalt  WPs  basic andesite. agglomerate and basalt ash bed
The area is characterized by long valley landform that is formed by erosion action of Oedessa
River and its numerous tnbularies. The elevation of the si"e ranges from ! 300 to "4{KJ masl
while the surrounding highlands reach up to 2000 meter or more. On northern pari of lhe
project, the elevation decreases gradually towards Didessa River Qn hath sides of lhe over
there am some isolated hills rising above the average level of 1he plain These are probaNy 
erosion remnants from higher plateau,
On lhe north eastern part of the area, lhe mountainous  •’andscape borders  the -river In souihern area of the project there are some inclusions  of hills  and mountains. P/any intermittent and perennial streams  of tributaries  of lhe Deddesa River dissect most of the area from the east and lhe north
7,3,4    Land Use and Land Cover
The land covers of the study area include the following types
1              Moderately    Cultivated    Land:    In    this    unit    the    mam    land    use    activities    are    crop production    and    livestock    grazing    The    cultivated    land    is    confined    to    well    drained reddish    brown    soils,    occurring    on    upland    and    hills    Tne    major    crops    a/e    maize, sorghum. teff, sesame and chick pea
2          Woodland; Tall grasses with moderately scattered trees and bushes covet the land
and mostly rt is located on upland and sloppy lam The Sand use activities are
(livestock grazing and browsing The major tree and bush species are Terming ha
Schimperiana. Terminaka browni. comtnelumhiie and Comhreturn outlimum.
3              Grassland:    This    is    open    grassland    with    rare    bushes,    shrubs    and    occasional    trees lhal   is   located   on   vertisols   mainly   on   valley   bottom   This   ver/   sparse   distribution   of trees   and   dominance   of   grasses   reflect   the   impact   of   heavy   texture   and   compaction and   hardpan   causing   drifsulty   to   establish   a   deep   root   System   The   dominant   species are     Ster&osperrnum     Kunlhianun,     Piliostigma     thomnngii.     Grewea-     mollis,     Ficusovata and  Entada  abyssinica  This  land  cover  has  not  been  put  to  any  use  due  to  disease  ol human and animal and poor drainage properties of the soils
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The  jrourttf  Flora  is  mariy  domnnaled  by  the  lai  grass  SPP  (Hyparrahfrnia  cymberia) which  grows  up  to  height  of  2-3  meters  The  major  land  u«  activities  of  this  unit  are grazing  of  livestock.  During  ihe  dry  season  the  vegetation  cover  of  the  area  is  burn!  to facilitate  seasonal  leaf  growth  of  grasses  Burning  eliminates  most  of  the  vegetation cover, there by  exposing She top soil at the beginning of the ramy season and increase incidence  of  soil  erosion,  as  a  result,  physical1.  chem-»cal  and  biological  degradations occur
■4   RJvering   Forest:   This   is   the   land   unit,   which   is   covered   by   dense   vegetation   cover and  is  foued  along  the  Didessa  River  and  its  tributajies.  The  growth  of  lhe  trees  is more vigorous and1 their heighls reach as much as 15-20 meters
5 Settlement Area; The residential area is mosliy concerkated on me upland and the
hills particularly on reddish brown soil The people have settled in dispersed manner
7.3.5 Hydrography
The  Odessa  River  flows  from  soulheast  to  northwest  m  the  middle  of  the  project  area  and finally it drains into Abbay River. A.d streams ci the watershed dram Into Didessa Rivef
7.3.6 Ac ces s and Commun ica lio n
The prefect area tan be reached after traveling some 400km from Addis  Ababa via Nekerrmt and ArjO’ ar about 540 am from Adcfcs  Ababa ih/ough Jima and Bedele The study  area is linked Io the main Bfitelte- Arjo road by temporary rough dry 'weather mad
7-3? Sorts
According   to   lhe   previous   studies   report   and   field   reconnaissance   visits,   the   most   extensive soil  are  dark  gray  lo  black  in  color  and  day  to  heavy  day  textured  with  wide  and  deep  surface cracks  and  imperfect  to  poor  drained  soils,  which  is  Known  35  vertisols  These  spits  occurred mainly  on  flal  10  very  gentle  sloppy  land  The  other  soil  are  reddish  brown  colored  leght  clay texture   ahd   well   drained   sods,   which   is   mostly   located   on   gentle   undulating   10   sloppy   ard upland of isolated hifiis These i^dude Juvisols and cam niseis
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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Arjo DetJessa Irrigation Project
Noiember 2006
7,4 7.4.1
Present Status
Fiel
d Wor
k
The
lifr-d
work 
has 
been
completed
and
other
office
work 
like,
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encoding
laboratory 
works etc are In progress
7.4.2   Data encoding
The   data   encoding   and   data   processing   are   tinder   process   However   the   most   Of   lhe   field data have been entered in the a ata bank
7,4-3 Laboratory analysis
Toialty  454 so*J  samples  have been collected and senl to WWDSE Soil laboratory  for aralysis and the resuHs  ol 348 of samples  have been received. The result of the balance samples  are expected shortly.
7.4.4   Report writing
Data compilation preparation of thematic  map and its  digitization and legend construction as well as  write up of the report are progress  After compilation of all data ol the last laboratory results  final draft maps  and report will be prepared The soil classification will be conducted based on ISSSdSRFC/FAO systems (199&J
7.4.5    The Work Schedule
The different activities indicated ic be taken m each of stages are summarized m the time frame (Table 7 1)
Table 7-1 Work Plan arid Activity Sctadul* for Soils Survey and Land evaluation
^o I
¥
1
4
Activities and
April    ——i
Mat
June
.lull
_____
Saif     survey     &     land     suitability
evaluation Inception report
Lab analysis
______
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Aljo Dtdsssa ImeadOfl FtoJme
41,1 Land J&eJCover
A1.1J Land use
WarenHier 3006
OjdtF                                       ■Grfruip
Senlemcnt/kiduslrie! Residential use (SR)
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I(S)
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Ley system euhi vaEion <CA3)
Rain fed arable cultivation (CA4)
Wet rice cultivation (CA5)
Jmgaicd cultivation (CAb)
Ptrennial field cropping fAP)         Nnn irrigated (CPI j
[ Irrigated (CP2)
Tree A -shrub cropping (AT)         N<m-irrigared srte crop c-jjtivation |CT1 j
Irrigated lice crop cultivation (CT2)
Nontirrigatcd shrub crop cul l ivaLion I CD I
[rriuatcd shrub crop cultivation (CT4)
Animal Husbandry 
(H)
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Ranching (HE3)
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Animal productiori (Fill)
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A 1J.2 Land cover
November 2006
Major C J ass es                              Land Cover type
Mapping
units
ScttlemenL'lndusrrtcE
8/1
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CL
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tn tensive h cultivated and
Pp::iJi>rniri.iii!|- --idlivajed
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,_______________________
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Gl
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GL]
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GL2
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GL3
Wei lands
WE
1
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t-
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BA2
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BA4
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Other {specify ■
WB
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67
3U^33«3ate with Intercootitienlal CnnF.uJLajjLs.3jid TectoMratS Pvt. LtdInception Report
Ago fimessa irrtgadca Project
An.nexTJ AUGER DESCRIPTION CARD
WovemberSOOG
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Alja Dedtssa Irrtgatica Project
Annex 7 3 PROFILE DESCRIPTION CARD Arjo Didcssa Irrigation Feasibility Project
ffo tb mb er 2006
Profile No.__________ Snxm______________ Dale QMcfW-_________________________________________________ ________ LocttiOft ___________________________ ______________ _ __________ _______________ __ __________________________
t
Region________ ___ ____ ^Zonc _______________________ Wixedi: ___________ __ _ -------------------------------------------------------
1
CflOCdiralez E ____________________ N Elvatimk _________________________________ (.Ail.
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I _ ______________ (OPS.I
Topography■__ _ _
_______ Land form
_______ Poldioft  ___________________ _____________
Micro tape.____________________________Hc-jbi _________________________________________________  _
5Kopcctal(Hh_________  Slope farm _                    Slope Kpect________ Land *■»____________ Humin fafiuoice_____________ Crop type_______________  ___________________________  Land cover ________________ _______________________ _
Vc^rtiiicn species: ___________________________ ______________________________ ___ _____________________ _
Rock wi crop % StaK H_______________________ E/o T>pe____________Dcgrre_____________Area affe.H __________________ Surface sealing thick._____________Consistence_____________ SutfiKC Crack width ______________ Disi_____________________ Drainage cius____________ Intern Drain.: FAier Drain.:___________________________________ _ , ________________________
tirooM Wait*(Ifiata f
c*n Eroding tY«ofNo> _______________ Frequency — ____ ________ Duration____________
Parent MateriaT- ___________________________ lEJTjoii.Jep._______ _ ____________________________________________ ___
FAO Scul Clxssifcalion C*J-
------------------------------------------------- s------------ ---------------------------- --------------
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Arfa DEdtEsa JrrijatJom Project
Arwiei 74 HYDRAUtJC CONDUCTtVITYTEST MEASURE MEN! FORM
Arjo-Didessa Irrigation Project
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HYDRAULIC CCNCUCTIVRY TEST MEASUREMENT FORM
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A"nex 7 5 INFILTRATJON RATE MEA£U RME NT FOR M
Arjo-Dide'ssa Irrigation Project INFILTRATION FTAU MEA3URME N'T FORM
November 2006
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IInception Report
Arj o Dedessa Irrtpatioo Project 8. LAND SUITABILITY
8.1      Introduction
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into an expression of suitabrlity  of land units  (land units  map) for a defined use. Land evaluation acting as  a central component, links  and integrates  land resource data such as soils, landform, present land use, climate and ocher inventones  In land evaluation rt is necessary  lo consider the potential users  and other benefic^erres  (national economy) and whether the benefits  will be sustained without irreparable damage !a the environment The main objective of land evaluation rs, thus  selection of possible relevant land use types  for which land should be classified
Proper application of land evaluation, which s  the first stage in rural land use planning exercise requires  a properly  prepared homogeneous  land units  (Agro-ecological Units) in addition to that a multi-drscjptinary  approach and field visit are important component in land evaluation Such visits  will help to establish an overview of the physical environment of me study  area and make visual impression of the nature and conditions  of the available resources  and to know the indigenous  knowledge of the local farmers  of the area on land use
8.2      Objectives
8.2.1, General
The general objectives of the study are
• To identify area ol land suitable for irrigated agricultural Oevefopmem that is
Simultaneously      confirmed      to      be      technically      feasible,      economically      viable      and socially acceptable
•   To   avoid   the   risk   of   farmer-a   crop   fariures   due   to   shortage   of   rainfall   by   helping   the farmers   a   nd   for   out   growers   to   develop   irrigated   agr^ulture   in   the   area   in   view   J prevailing soil and Jand characteristics.
.   T0   enable   farTNfl   Hnd/pr   out   growers   to   prod   uce   rpl   ali   vety   higher   amount   of   crops per unit area, with suslamable market outlet
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a.2.2. Scope of Wort
The scope Of 1he present study IS » follows
No renter
*
To prepare land umt map of the defa.led thematic m»p» at feasibly lever
*
To compare me major land quality (acluSl conditons) Of the study area with land
use environmental requirement trf LUTs to be considered
■ Detailed 'and suiiability assessment of the Sludy area far irrigated agnoulture development {the LUTs to be considered}.
*    To prepare land Suilibility map at 1:10.000 scare
« Wth thrs  objective m miixJ  some 17,219 ha of the Ar|O‘0faess  areas  are under mves1rga1:on The soil and land resource data wiil beobiamed and will ba used f&r assessment of rhe suitability of Iht Study area to irrigated agricultural
B,3 M&thottoJagy
The land evaruaton wilf be conducted based GO the FAO Framework  fpr land evaluation scheme The rnethodolcgy  cut lined in 1he FAO Soil Butain No Krb Guideline for Land Etraluabon for Imgaled Agriculture (FAQ, 1985) and Soil Bulletin No 32, A Framework  lut Land Evafaflfttan wM be followed
The Hand evaluation will be earned out by adopting the following steps
ii tn lhe present study land will be evaluated wrlh respect Id its suitability for surface
i.'/j^ahon agriculture
ii) The Land Utilaatign Types ( LUTs} wit be desented
Iirj After considering the agronomic, management, land development, conservation, environmental and socto-economic  factors  the relevant class  detafrtiinig factor, Which can be expected to nave sonw influence on the suitability, land under each LLJT Will Le identified.
.vj   For   each   selected   diu   determining   factor   appropriate   land   uie   requirement   wilt   be entered
VI  Cribcat  hmrts  will  be  quantified  corresponding  to  levels  of  Suitability  classes  far  each 'and  use  requirements  The  criteria  will  bfl  used  far  establishing  Jand  suitability  class far irrigated agricufluie
vij The- lar'id units will bedeJinwted desenoad and land suitability map wilt be prepared wQ For each land unit will be decided which land queries and land chwaderistics will be
class-determining tador with respect fa the requirement and limitation a the luTs '
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3    restricts lhe  suitability  #  ^d  for  specific  land  use  Subclasses,  terieclrng  a  requirement  or  limitation are  denoled  by  a  letter  suffix:  these  are  s.  I  or  d  indicating  a  son.  topographic  or  drainage deficiency respectmety.
A fourth step subav.siofl is a Subclass at lowest tevel All the units within a subclass have the same degree of suitabirty at the class level and similar lands of requirements or limitations al the subclass lev# The units differ from each other m their production characteristics cr m
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win] TJie critical limits of each land use requirement will ce matched wirh the ctmcfSkxii Of rand unit to obte.-n a tacfor rating for each combination of LUT and land unite
i»] It will be combined with indiwdixa* ciass determining ratings to obtain a tentative land suitability classification far each LUT on each land unit
8.3.1, Land Suitability Classes
SirfBbdity rt a measure of how well the qua.'dies of a (and umt match the requirements of a particular form of LUTs. The sortability of the land for specific use will be defined by rating the land qualities Of find units, which are relevant to specific land ublnabon types. The suitability of land tor irrigated agncirtture wib be determined by rating land rjuafily of each soil-mapping unit, winch is relevant to die land utilization lype In this way the limitation of each land unit will be ident.'fied for 1he land use under consideration The fast step in classifying suitability is to define each salability class The limit for each relevant land characterises or qualrty is lhen sei for each class.
The FAO Framework encompasses lhe faJkjwsng four levels of Find suilabihfy classes.
At highest leu# there are two suitability orders, including Suitable (S) and Not Suitable (N} Suitable land is land *n which sustained use of the krnd under cons.deration is expected to yield benefits, which "justify lhe inputs and deveropment costs, withoul unacceptable risk of damage to land resources  Not Suitable indicates  lhal the land has  qualities  that appear to preclude sustained use of the kind under consideration
At  second  level  the  suitability  orders  are  divided  in  to  three  classes,  these  are  Class  5. Highly  Suitable  Class  32.  Moderatefy  Suitable;  Class  S3,  Marginally  Suitable,  Class  N1. Marginally  Nol  Suitable;  and  Class  N2.  Permanently  Not  Suitable  Fewer  or  more  Classes can  be  designated  as  appropriate  Only  classes  with  significant  economic  differences  should be disimguished
At  tiwd  lev#  ihere  are  a  number  of  desses.  which  reflects  ihe  kind  of  Irmitattpn
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Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
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minor aspects  of 1h&>r management requirements  (often definable as  differences  in detail of th&r hmdations  or their position in fetation to irrigation canals, etc.). Their recognition permits detailed interpretation at the farm plannmg level. Suitability  units  are distinguished toy  arable numbers  following a hyphen, eg. S2a-f, S2e-2, etc. There is  no limit to the number of units recognized within a subclass  Land suitability  units  should not be confused with land units. The former are a category  Of the classification structure and the fatter represent an area of land.
a.3.1.1. Class- Determining Factors
The   class   determining   limits   will   be   determined   based   on   research   result   of   (he   country, others countnes and FAO guidelines
Class- determining factors  are those factors  that affect the performance of Land Utilization Type (LUsT} on a land uml and which cad be used as  basis  for classifying the suitability  of land unit for a given use In the case of irrigated agriculture the fallowing parameters  are consdered as class determining factors
•     Workability
■    Seasonal flooding
•     Uneven surface
•     Land slope
■   Susceptibility to erosion
8.3.2, Land Utilization Type (LUT)
The mam ob|ective of the present study  is  la select optimum land use far each land unit to be identified in the study  area. Lano evaluation defines  the Suitability  of a specific  area of land (land unit) for specific  LUT under stated system of management and input level One major land use (based on sugarcane, cotton maize sesame sorghum, tomato, r»ce etc  ) high to medium scale irrigated agricultural development will oe considered for the evaluation as  this is the major scenario for development m the area
The purpose of this  iana evaluation is  to assess  in qualitative terms, the biophysical suitability of the (and for the land utilization types  considered The results  of the physical analysis  will oe used in 1ne subsequent planning phase la identify  constraints  opportunities  and assess 1he economic viability of changes m management and input levels
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The land um reflects  the cumeni land use practices  that are nol expected to change Significant in |he foreseeable future without major interventions  The present land evaluation this  wi pwvitio a systematic  overview of the physical limitations  of these land uMs  This  intern provides  •  useful mdrcalion on opportunity, and type tf improvements required to improve the systems
B.3.3 Land Utilization Requirement
Land Utttuhon Types  (LUTs) are characterized by  sort of Land UM requirements  (LUks). which are (he conditions  of land necessary  for successful and sustained practices  ot a given LUT,(FAO), whore a land utilization 1ype oonCMUS the growlh Of a crop, land use requirement, are expressed mainly  as  crop requirements. A crop requirement depends  on the land characteristics  ind land qualities  which will be required to achieve acceptable yields  at 3 particular crop The requirement of LUTs  should be considered as  a guide m determi rung land suitability  class  to each land unit for particular LUT Each LUT will be assessed separately and resull will be presented m tabular form for each LUT
The   requirement   of   land   use   types   are   based   on   agronomic,   land   development   management consarualion and environmental facLors
8.3.4. Land qualities and Land Characteristics
Land  qual-Ues  and  characteristics  art  p^operttas  Of  'and  units  and  in  this  case  the  land  umt map will be usad to distinguish land units of diflerng sui Lability
Land Quality is  an attribute Of land, which acts  in distinct manner in its  influence Dn the suitability  Ol land for specific  ufie (vrsgaLad agricuilurei In the present study  'and qualities  are waler availability. soil deplh, hydraulic  conductivity, availability  of Outr.ents  susceptibility  '.0 erosion and flood
Land characteristics
Landunds  are described by  its  major land CharecterisNcs  Land characteristics  are properties of the land that can be measured or estimated In 'his  sti_dy  major land characteristics  which will bt considered are slope class  soil diamage class  and Soil depth The poMS of necessary land improvement hare to be estimated in detailed study  to predict the economic  and environment consequences of development
The   assessment   of   land   suitability   for   irrigated   agnculture   wilt   be   assessed   based   or'   no-- qualities to be measured and to be estimated by means of land chwacteriscica
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8.15. Land mapping unfts (Agro Ecological Units)
fforember 2006
The core land fMOurcBS data of paramount importance for land evghialion are sd>. ch mare pnjseisi tand use and laod cover Therefore (he purpose of identifying land units (AEU) ks fa provide .1 mapped has: 5 of refahvely homogeneous areas or land {land unit map) to de used
as butting- Hoc); fsr iari(] evaluation
Various cfrscjphnes will be involved in survey Id CfllKf land resources data and produce maps wifi diffc-erl kinds  of infarrnatiOd which w-ll be combiMd to arrive at a ralshvely horfidgenttous  land unit (agreeWlogieal units). "Rib homogeneous  lar-3-mapp.ng units  will then be the basis far lanu evaluation in this study
8.3.8, Land Suitability Classification and Discuss ions uf Results
The rand suPlati 'ty of land for specified use will be determmed by ralmg the land qtab! es of land units, which a e relevant to specified land imitation types undir consideration
r
817. Out Put
r hfl result Will encompass 1he following, but no1 limited bo
Standard land evaluation report
- Land suitability maps at I 10,COO sca'E far each .and uliLzalion lypes. to be considered indsaling the suitab-'ity rating of each mapping unit
■ Summary tablet show-nq Suitability ratings and eKleflt of each mapping Lmls
. Aspects of mafcr soils and land management will be diSCuSsed and rsccmmendaticns be given
5,4    Review of Previous Studies
Previously, some Consulting Firms  CCfiducCsd land evaluation al fassw intensity  level at nafionu . in basin and ste-ipefllfc  revel m the Odessa Valley  The works  done ty  them have bHfl reviewed and are (focussed below m brid
8 4 WSBR. (1864)
USSR mads land classification of the ana m 1964 as part of (he Land and Water Resources Study of ft'ue Nile Basin The study was conducted at reconnarssaoce level', covering an area
of 92,W ha which encompasses the present surveyed area Die survey was based on interpretation of serial photographs at scale of 1 50.000 and as a result of the study area
classified as class 3 according to rand capability which indicates ihat the area is marginal :y
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suitable for irrigated agrculture due Co heavy clay lecture and susceptibility of W to erosion The study recommended limited rmgabon to crops like hay. small grams, some pulses and c*l seeds  Ever  Ifiough  lhe  jirveshgaton  was  made  at  less  intensity  and  lesser  observation denMy.  Me  study  can  be  used  as  general  back  ground  information  for the present land evaluation work
8.4.2 TAMS Agricultural Development Group, (19751
The Firm made wf and land capability classification study at reconnaissance level on an area wh«ch covers SA 200 ha. far the proose af ramfed agncu4wral development m Arjo- Drdessa sub-bassm The study area was fixated between Bedeie Aqo road and the confluence of Didessa and Wama Rivers, which covers most part of the present study area The Survey was conducted based on rSS.OOC scale of aenal phclograph and 1 250 GOO scale of m.'tary map
The fand evaluation has been made in terms of ramfed aquiculture development by usmg rand capability cfass/icabon of USDA system ana ir^ee ana capably Masses such as class II
crass In and ciass Vi have been identified and subdivided based on canam limrtinfl factors mcfuding wotfiatxMy, imperfect drainage excessive slopes erosion susceptibility and prolonged seasonal flooding Land capacity class mao of lhe area at 1 lOO.COC scale was produced
Although the TAMS sludy has made land capacshry class for ramfed agriculture development it provides important information for the present study
Since all investigations have been made with few site visits and a minimum amount of fieW checking, lhe out puts of the studies are insignificant for lhe present survey Thus the present study is the first detailed investigation in the project area
8,4.3 WAPCOS (1990)
WAPCOS conducted Preliminary Water Resources Master Plan Study of the country m 1 WO mainly depending on documents erf previous studies with extensive field vi$4 and as a re^if the project area has been identified as potential irngabte area This study was at reconnaissance lever and its out put has no significant information for the present mvesligation
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fl-4.4. BCEOM {1998}
FfaranlMr 2Q06
A basin wide reconnaissance soil survey was carried out by 0CEOM/MOWR in 1993 as part of the Abbay Rwef Basin Integrated Developmenl Master Plan Project and 1 2SO.OOO scale soil maps were produced m a number of sheets
Following the reconnaissance soil survey of the Basin and a lend suitabii<ty evaluation was also earned out far 4 major kinds of land uses, vis zamfed smallholder rainfed mechanized and large scale irrigation cultivation at a reconnaissance level and generalized maos  at l 2.000,.000 scale were presented as figures The sunabilrty, to sub-class level is presented
at  1:250.000  scare  maps,  which  shows  the  surtabdity,  assigned  lo  each  map  poiygon  The land suhabihty for irrigated agriculture in the basm has been assessed fallowing the land use requirements  for  these  major  kinds  of  land  use  However,  the  suitability  raters  to  land potential  2only;  they  do  not  take  into  account  wafer  availability  The  results  of  Ike  land evafuadon for irrigated agnCuriura showed that Arpo-Oidessa irrigation project area is one of the potential imgabfe areas
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0, AGRICULTURAL PLANNING
9,1 Introduction
Sl&oe mbcr 2006
Agricuhure in Ethiopia is to overcome several challengirig situations to achieve success to
&1eer the country out of imports based food security to the position of serf-reliant food
security The concern of food security Jias to be assocjated with due emphasis- to be given to ensure agricultural sustainability and emnronmerrlai stability In any country, the agricultural
growth has to match with the growth fate of population This has a great implications on
econoim growth food secunty, equity and ruraf welfare
The   cause   of   household   and   individual   revel   food   insecurity   is   the   lack   of   minimum purchasing  power  essentia*  for  economic  access  to  balanced  drCt  The  famine  of  jobs  or livelihood  opportunities  leads  to  the  famine  of  food  at  the  household  level,  thus  emphassng the  need  that  the  devefopment  strategies  *ead  to  the  pob  cxiented  economic  growth  The agrrtulturaf    research    institutions    and    agricultural    development    organizations,    both    in government  and  nan-government  sectors,  have  to  worX  together  in  an  integraied  manner  io achieve the triple goals of 'mors food", ’more income' and 'more jobs' for the people
9.2. Review of Previous Studies
The   Ethiopian   economy   is   dominated   by   small   holders   and   the-r   subsistence   agriculture which  account  for  46  percent  of  GDP  and  85  percent  of  emptoymeni Since agriculture is one of  the  most  important  sectors  of  eccXMSmic  developm^nl  of  the  country,  ail  future  trend  of development  of  this  sector  would  be  guided  oy  the  efficiency  of  management  of  Ihis  sector along  with   other  relevant  resources  In  this  context  m  the  past  several  studies  both  by external  and  Internal  agencies,  nave  oeen  conducted  in  the  country  Some  of  the  studies conducted by external agencies have oeen reviewed and Ineir relevant findings are given
9.2.1 Study by USSR (1964)
The    U.S    Departments    of    the    Interior    Bureau    of    Reclamation    (USSR)    conducted    a reconnaissance  level  study  of  land  and  water  resource  of  Blue  Nile  Sasm  in  1964  The  report gives  delated  accounts  of  the  development  plan  of  land  and  waler  resources  of  the  above basin   for   enhancement   erf   area   under   irrigation   and   introduction   of   improved   production technologies  Io  replace  ihe  existing  farming  practices  According  io  this  siudy  the  farming  m Aqo-Oedessa  Project  command  is  at  rudimentary  stage  and  at  subsistence  level  Heavy  ram and day bme temperature insect-pesls malaria and other human and arimal diseases and
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other  factors  have adverse effect on terming
in this area. Th 5 -epan has generally riot
provided in depth details of land potentiality and waler potential for agriculture specifically for tie proposed command and catchment area txxl attempted Io give the description of crops and  their  suitably  Allfiotpjh  according  to  the  above  study  fanmrng  m  A/^o-Dedessa  Rwer Blue-Basin i$ practically non-pxrstent Under Such circumstances the study COuM not provide Specific  derails  for  (he  development  of  agnculture  in  lhe  command  except  that  the  soil appears to be fertile and suitable for &rf|ivahon
9.2.2 Study by WAPCOS (1990}
Water and power consultancy  services  (India) limited (WAPCOS) during 1908-1990 In coVabcration with Ethiopia Valleys Development studies Authority carried ou! the studies of all 14 nw/ basins of Elhropia based on the secondary data without colteclwn of Che actual field level data On lhe feasts  of reconnaissance leve? study  they  prepared the preliminary water Resources  developmenl Master Plan for th® country  This  plan indicated water resources potential and uldjation for the nert SGyea-rS covering various aspects of agriculture under irrigated and rainfed agro-ecdsystoms  and other water use areas  They  atoo made efforts to delineate the agro-eco-regions of the country land use pattern, soil character’sties, land use capabilities and discussed Cher/ significance for .agricultural produtlron and land use planning. The study  also highlighted the cropping plans  and crop calendar for the project command as  a genera* guideline The study  related to agronomy  d-sctissed the characteristics  of badibonat Agro-climatic  zones  and ecological zones  on ihe basis  of interrelated phys+ca' abiotic  and biotic  parameters  and indicated the lenglh of croo growing penod l"e cropping systems  at various  altitudes  and temperature regimes  The details  of major vagetaton types for driferent soils  have also been menfrorted out they are not specific lo the command area The study  has also divided the country into 7 thermal zones from the crop production pornt of view particularly  under -rrigated production systems  These a: a based on r.he allitutfes and temperature regimes for a particular alludes along with the crops as  per their adaptability  for the ent-re country  The general guidelines  for crop selection criteria pertaining to the climate and soils  have Peen discussed along wr|h crop production practices m the country as a whole with a brief review of livestock management under mixed farming system
9J.3 Study by BCEOM (1999)
0CEOM- French Engineering Consultant in association with ISL and BRGM provided consultancy  to Ministry  of Wsler Resources  GOE Since 1394 in 3 phases  which was compfeied in 1999 They prepared integrated Development Master plan for Abnay Rwer
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H2iMeWon Report
Aijn Dedessa Irrigation Project_________  ________________________ ______________ Noverabar^OQG
Hflsin based on several previous sludies. which generally focused on irrigation and use of extensive /esources of the basin Ttys also included rhe above studies of USSR (1954). end WAPCOS (1988-90). The study also aimed at the explanation of existing water potenlisl of the above basins for the overall improvement in agncultural economy through enhancement of agricultural and livestock; productivity. These reports  reviewed the over all situation of markets for food traps and ftveslock products. rote of livestock in farming system, poverty and socro-economit condition of farmers  of the basin The study  found the climatic unjeAabiuty, partion'ariy insuffiaenl rainfall and absence of irrigation as one of the important reasons for low production and poor productivity The report also discussed she agricultural system existing m the region and zone m which the present project command falls  The report related to agricultural plans  deserted various  production constraints  of the above basin and suggested strategies  for enhancement of production a^d productivity  under the
existing potentials of wife and climate both under ramfed and imgaied production systems it a'so discussed the status of agricultural research, technology mnovafrons. their disseminali^n in  region  to  research-extension  and  farmers  linkages  their  -weakness  and  strength  m  1he light of 1he present agricultural pcbces tri the Federal Government and the Oromiya Regional State government for food a’ d nutritional security
9.3  Reconnaissance Visit
A reconnaissance visrt to project area was undertaken Io codect relevant information by visual observations  of land, soil vegetation habitation etc. and Io get secondary  nformalron if possible Some of the information collected only  at ?he reconnaissance teve* is  briefly discussed be'ow
9.3.1      Location
The Arjo-Dedessa Irrigation Project is  located along the left and right banks  of Dedes  sa River. The command site <$ at a distance of about 60 km from Sedele town connected by a efry  weather road The total area of command is  aooul 14000 ha covered by  low growing trees  and grasses  intercepted by  several streams  The project command and catchment areas  are falling in three zones  namely  llrubabor. East Weirega and Jim a The command area e located partly  or fully  in abort 30 kebeies  of Bedele. Gechi Borecna Jima-Arjo and Limuseka woredas  The details  of these are be-ng collected through the survey  besides  the reconnaissance visit The right bank  of command fails  tn East Weftega zone and left bank area m lllubabor zone Further derails  wilt oe given m feasibility  report after the completion of household survey and its proper analysis
Water Works Design & SujMrri slon Enterprise
Id Associate wfLh iDtercondiiEntaJ Cmultaou and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.
83Inception Report
Aijo Oedessa IrTtpation Project
9.3.2 Climatic Analysts
November 2006
Distribution of crops, their production and seasons  of cropping are influenced by  climatic factors  such as  rainfall and Temperature to a much greater degree than olh<- environmental factors. Crops  differ in their requirements  of day  and night temperature, humidity, Sunshine, etc and react differently to changes in the level of these factors
There   are   two   meteorological   observatories   located   a1   Bedele   and   Nekemte   Io   prov   de
climatic  information  for  the  project  command  The  rainfall  dale  for  more  than  IJ  years  110  40
years) shows  a total of 2002.1 mm mean annual precipitation a! Nekemte Out of this 1760 9 mm was  received from May  IO October the highest being from June to August The average (fata of less  Than 10 years  at Bedele showed the similar trend where 535 'mm precipitation was received from May tD October with mean annual preC'pilatioh of 1 fl36.5mm
The mean monthly  temprature at Bedele ranged from 17 4q°c  in July  to 20 5 C m April white the vanalion recorded at Nekemte was  from 15-9’c  in July  to 20 T’C in April The mean relative humidity  varied from 55 percent in March to 83 percent in July  August in Bedele and 48 percent in February to 09 percent m August al Nekemie
The mean wind speed in meter per second ranged from 0.7 m November - Decemoe.' to 0 9 from Apnl to July  at Bedele and 0.0 in July  ■ August to 1 2 in Apnl - May  at Nekemte Tne average sunshine duration per day  varied from 4.2 hours  ih July  to 9 hours  m December and from 2 8 hours  in July  1o 8 4 hours  in December ai Bedele and Nekem’e respectively  The potential evaporation per day  varied from 2 3mm :n July  - August lo 4 1mm in April The overall analysis  of climatic  variables  appear to oe quite favourable for agricultural production and plant growth with suitable management practices.
9.3.3   Soil Suitability
□unng   1he   reconnaissance   Visit,   i|   was   Observed   that   most   of   the   project   command   is occupied   by   undulat.ng   or   rolling   rand,   which   has   been   rarely   cultivated   so   far   Though   the detail   stucty   of   1he   land   and   san   has   been   undertaken   by   soils   groups   apparently   the dominant   soir   texture   of   pfo^ct   command   and   catchment   is   clay   (vertisols)   which   appears   io tie  productive  if  managed  property  The  soil  has  a  tendency  to  have  develop  a  large  number of   cracks   but   may   show   shckiness   in   wet   season   after   getting   w*1   There   are   a   number   of depressions   having   the   tendency   ot   water-logging   These   areas   may   be   suitable   for   grazing m dry weather These depressions may after roqurea development, be used for paddy ince)
Water Works Design & Supervision fnterprise
34
tn Associate urtett Intercontinental Consultants ajid TecHnocrats pvt Ltdrucepaou Report
Adolfefe&sa Irrigation Project
November 2OT6
cult.vat.on art wet season The detail, of sod physical. Chemical and biological characteristic* along with /and capability classification will be available shortly for use in feasibly report
9.3.4 Natural Vegetation
The cultivated lands are very low m percentage in project command mainly due to thin human populafrat at present Since large land area is still fallow or virgin, it is covered with different species of short growing trees with undergrowth of natural grasses namery Themetfa species, sorghum helpers*. etc  It seems  that the trees  are being regularly  topped The tree population very low per unit area except along the seasonal streams which are quite a few in the entire command The area Stang the streams and othe* low tymg patches have dense growth of Typha spp. indicating the marshrness  The existence of the crops  and olhe^ vegetation has  been confirmed at reconnaissance level There are only  a few farmers growing coffee but al very  low lever of management This  indicates  lha* coffee along with oilier commercial horticultural crops  can also be introduced appropriately  both in command and catchment.
9 3-5 Water availability
During Che visit of the project command and calchment, it was found that the mam source of water few the farmers  and ethers  m this  area is  Dedessa River and a number of seasonal streams, which are Wowing through lhe projecl command The perusal of rainfall- records received from Bedele meteorologrcal center exhibited the annual precipitation m the range of 1800 to 2000 mm mainly from May Io September The rainwater is the mam source for crop
cultivation during wet season The farmers  having holdings  along lhe river course or streams have tendency  to c^eck  the water and use for irrigation for growing vegetables  and other crops  of high value during dry  season (November to April) Presently, there are only  limited number of farmers  in tfw area but a few new seifements  are coming up The livestock papulabon is  also low but il is  dominated by  cattle and goats  The main sources  of lheir dnnk.-ng water are Dedessa River a few streams, dug wells  and limited number of hand pumps  There is  no supply  of clean and potable waler causing various  waler borne diseases affecting the health of the farmers  After lhe project is  >mpJemented the farmers  will get water for growing more number of crops  in wet and dry  seasons. It well h-eSp increase m cropping intensity  considerably  The development of water resources  at optimal level through this  project will help in the agricultural growth in the area on sustainable basis  ano also heBp in ava ’abi'-ly of ctean drinking water for existing households.
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
lo Associate with JacercondHeDtal CcnEultaBts and Technocrats Pvt Lid.
85tncepdon Report
Atjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
9.4 ScDfhOi pf Study
November 2006
The agncultura? economy of a country mainly depends on the contribution from four sub- sectors-erops. hvosfock  fishery  and forestry  Op the b«is  cf this  the overall agricuRiflal planning of the project command and catchment area would inlegrate the above disciplines to su1 tee etisteg soils and climate situations and socio-economic conditions under lhe rainfad and irrigated agro-ecncfliic  conditions. Therefore lhe agrioulforaJ  planning of lhe project command ard catchment would address  the specific  concerns  of nulrRtonal and Inrelihood security, poverty  alleviation, profitability  gender equity, environmental stability  and competitiveness m term of cost and quality The fo'fawfog bread aspects wifi be covered
■ Review the studies already undertaken -on tee river basins wh’Ch indUttes partly oj fully 
lhe propose^ project command and catchment area.
*    Slutfy of opting farming systems a-te Agricultural development pattern of project
command and! catchment area m view of the socio-ecnomic situations
* te view the existing iand potential and climatic  parameters, selection of most Suitable crops, fruite, vegetables  flowers, livestock, aquaculture etc  and their integration for maximum economic relum for varying size of imgatEd farm holdings
* System approach having economically  dynamic  and efficient cropping paiternr. involving selected food cash and fruit crops  and other suitable enterprises  under .rngated’ agro- ecosyste^
*      Idffljific^ian   of   most   appropriate   implementable   agro-techniques   and   input   support services for 1he farmers to increase the farm produ :livily
*      Improvement  of  exiling  grazing  lands  and  rejuvenation  of  forest  trees  particularly  m catchment for economy livestock rearing, fodder fuel and environmental stability
■■  Production  of  seed  and1   other  planLng  materials  and  demonstrate  Shew  values  using improved  agro-tecihniqoes  including  farm  machinery  and  tools  in  the  proposed  commend and catchment
* Introduction of rmprovecf poat-barvftst technologies and value addition for economic 
return
9 5 Approach and Methdology
A   team   of   consultants   covering   relevant   disciplines   namely   agronomy,   livestock   forestry ewonmeril,   socio   ■economics   Rsner.es   etc   have   been   assigned   the   tasks   to   coH&ct secondary   informations   on   various   aspects   refated   to  agricultural  planning  and  agricultural prtdudion  frsm  Regional  Zonal  and  Worada  offices  for  the  project  command  and  catchment area Mean while a ccmprebensrve questionnaires including all required parameters of
Water Works Design & Su pervlsfon Enterprls e "             ' ”— 86
In iMOrtatfi wlli fuierroiiLlnen W CMsulUnts and TeciMcriU Pit lejInception Report
Arjo OMhh Irrigation ProJ ect
_________________ ___________ Ffeteniijer 2006
farming and house-hotels have been developed for administering to itie farmers of randomly selected Kebetes  in Project command area After collection of lhese intarmabon from command area these will be processed, analysed and cntica-Hy evaluated for developing 1he suitable agricultural production pJan as per the above *<s4ed objeebves/scopes.
This  will help m obfainrng the information on crops, the vanelies  being grown, the existing potential both under rainfed and available i rrigated production system This wiu eraWe in the study  of current farming system, crop rotation, and cropping intensity, the presen: status  of agricultural support services  strength and weaknesses  of research-e;derLS*on-fa"nBFs linkages  including its  impact on technology  generation, assessment refinement disseniminabon and adoption The study wiir also include- the type and number of crops being grown, their soao-economc  importance and metabihty  to dicide on Che future crops  Co be included in rhe selected cropping ©Ians for irrigated nrcduction system n the i*ght of the need of the country
Efforts  will be made to select the crops  and cropping pattern wdh appropriate varieties  that may  be adaptable lo the soil, cfrmate. and socio-economic  situations  of the project command and catchment and are responsive lo irrigation water and other praduct.on mputs  giving high and sustainable yield alone and in associairon with other eflterpnses  The crop budget and yield projection of individual crops  and system wdl be worked out appropriately  The water requirement of duty  selected crops  and cropping pattern will be worked out faitawing standard scientific  procedures  as  suggested by  FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper Mo 46 The important agricultural producltan constraints  wilt oe studied and anafyted lo formulate Sudatfe deMelopmentar strategies  including^ rural based agro-mdustires  On ine basis  of the above the suitable integrated system for production w. I be Suggested for the farmers
9.6 Existing Status of Project Area
On   the   basis   of   vrsit   of   the   Project   command   the   assessment   of   agricultural   production potential  has  been  made  at  reconnaissance  Bevel.  The  major  crops  being  grown  by  the farmers,  pahicuiarfy  lhe  small  holders.  are  maize  and  sorghum  during  wet  season  but  there is  potential  to  grown  other  field  crops.  hryticuUuraJ  crops  and  stimulant  crop  namely  coffee Like  other  pad  of  the  country,  the  mixed  farming  system  is  common  but  lhe  productivity  of  the livestock  namely  cattle,  goats  and  sheep  are  very  lew  due  to  various  reasons  which  will  be studied  and  given  in  feasibility  report.  The  crop  production  is  at  lhe  subsistence  level  wilh inadequate production of food grams There is not use of any improved production
Waler Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
87
Ja Associate with toteittmClaBnCaJ Consultants juad TectiQOcraLs Pvi Ltd.Incejjflon Jlepert
Arjo BrtasM [rrfgitiaa Pr
ojMt
floreffiUerSOOG
(ecJicxjfcgy  Tfte  project
command  end
caEchme
nl
is  remole
#y  connected  with  an  weathfrr
r&Mte,  hence  poor  <sr
no  suppfy  of
essentiar
in
puts  like
s«tfs  fertilizers  agiochemicals.
avdts  etc.  Some  af  the
farmers  were
observed
to
have  ap
iculture  (honey  production)  put
marketing appears Id be a problem to get reasonable and remunerative price. The extension service a^so appears to he poor m this area
The details of cropped a/ea and cropping system of Project command and cfftchment is being colleded through household survey  The tame will be given in feasibility  report along with crop budget.
9.6.1 Land Use
The  selected  project  command  and  catchment  area  is  spread  over  03  zones  namety  East Wellegs,  lirubabor  and  Jimma  There  are  04  WoredaS  -  Betfele,  Gechi  Jimme-Arjo  and Nunu  Qumba  in  Command  The  catchment  area  is  spread  in  5  woredas.  These  are  setema Sigmar,   Goma   Liana,   Sekachekorsa,   Lrmu   Kossak.   hmmu   Sarka   and   Gera   The   exact information  on  “he  cropped  area  of  lhe  selected  project  command  and  catchment  will  be made  available  only  after  the  completion  of  survey  But  cm  lhe  bas^s  of  oersonal  visrt.  the assessment   has   been   made   at   reconnaissance   level   Though   major   lard   area   is   still virgindaltcw  due  to  limited  settlement  of  the  farmers  they  appear  to  be  productive  The farmers  are  growing  mgmiy  mane  and  so?ghum  as  rainfed  crops  There  is  sign  of  practice  of "shifting £u tivahbn’ also in the project command and catchment area
Q.6.2 Crop Production Practices;
The KdstfflQCrop production pwtkjbi if the farmers rf ;he project command and CStchmfr.il
■IW a.pe yet fa be limyed bfawever. basecr on the personal wish at reconnaissaroe leupl
(he prachces followed by 1he farmers are diKU&sed in pnef as under
Cultural Practices
r| Land preparation.
land is prepared by using focal plough caked 'Maresh' drawn by a papr &f bu; locks □< oxen
The plough is made of '*wd and fined with an iron bar The quality of teid preparation and
number (rf ploughing depends on the crop and Lhe seed size ano also (he weed mrestalidn
iil planting;
The planting imdv« imia. date and method in general most of the crops  like maze and sorghum are planted in May  and June with orjsst of rati as  ramfed crop The seed 15 being generally bro«tatft and lightly mined with the soil by ploughing ortramping by cattle
water Works Dedpi ft Supervision Enterprise
” 8h
Jd AiSMlaL* with facetrnnUseoCal Consultants Id d TwKnocraci p^, mInception Report
ArjoDedessa frrl£auon Project
dr) Seed ratal
November 2006
The information is yet to be collected by personal contact anC interaction during survey of toe area
rv) FtftilFier Application
Since, iha is newly cuflivated area toe farmers m new settlements do not appear to be using any  chemical fertilizers  for crop production However the detailed mformalion Will be COffected through personal interactions and questionnaires m due coarse
V) Crop Protection
The extent of crop Josses and the thresh hold values for each crop are important for planning
toe control measures at economic level Wo such information s available on this aspect from
the fiefd so fa>
vl) Cropping pattern & crop rotations
Smce major area of proposed command and catchmen I are under rainfed agro-ecosysiem mend croppmg « a common practice. However, along the course of the river few farmers are taking 2 to 3 cash crops in the same fie.W in a year under irrigated agrc-ecoSyStem
vii) Harvesting, threshing and cleaning
Harvesting is  done mainly  by  family  members  in October - November using locally  made Sickles  The grains  are separated from straw or stalk  by  beating with stick  or tak.ng the help of oxen for trampling After removal of straw or siaik  the grams  are separated from chaff with the help of wmd
9.6.3  Status of input supply
In general farmers are using toe produce of previous year as seed for growing m the following
year The status of mpuls supply l-ke seed fertilizers, pesticides etc are being collected for
each Woreda for further review
9.6.4   Crop Yields
The information on actual yields  of existing crops  being grown in the project command and catchmenl pre planned to be corrected through questionnaires  from the farmers  In general (he yields are very low
9,7   Agriculture I Deve I opm ent pia nning
Agricultural  growth  in  recent  years  has  thrown  new  sectors  and  regions  into  prominence  A broad-based diversification m agncuhure involving field crops livestock, fishenes horticulture
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
tri ttssodsre with IrmnondnentaJ Consultants and Tttbo oeraci Pvt. Ltd.
-jfaeepdwi ft apart
Irj i PjMiMiii JrdtfidM Project
SpeCuldy C^ICfEviiea lie# l[hCfr9 lEir^uljF'R^ CroOS and tfilue KfdOd p^OdVC-S HwSfrtf-® r e d UJrket driven di-a-er^ifrc^iOH n j glO&al pe*l©#Cb-ve has twCn-^e •be ^ew pai’.xJ- ”
rn
-
r
-> Small s-2e ol homings limiting pOKtohal for SuftauS prOCT’UCtiei^
■> Use of varieties or breeds ®F low genetic polennais
v More area under low yielding crops due io the dietary prsFererce of the fo^e-s
v Use of tow level of agra-iechrugues
o Poor agricultural SLippod services jfce training and eiieniion including :k’’-c’^
d-emdnstratwn mpui supply rural c^edd rftc
.- Very weak research - eatenrsian linkages
# SociCFKOHomc factors - resource poor farmers with row rijis - bearing zapac ty more social and religious OtJigdliCfli
Chmabc vanabi'fly particularly errata; ramrait and low eaplonatcin of a.a asie rrgar resources
Lack pF remunerative price structure and markei Faa lihes.
dnvng fotura jq^uflurai growth Th* .tgncuflwal cfeveiaomcrr cMan c" me prajeCE ce^^#"d j^rT carchm*nl area a*1 £on^ud<!p the JtKWW strateg.** uJt-ng the inCreaMd W ClhC" ecdn^m-rjiily via&ie improved jqrQ-lechr'iqu*5 jr'd cubing-edge jcob-nptog^s
9 8       Production con airi Into
The science .irM rachnofoqy ere engmes of agncuHuMl growl* md devetapmenE tMt lector dominoed by small land hotoers and andUeu formers #ho carsFntxjfo JWu“ percent or tataf food grams- m m# country Thjs sector ifwvfofe a vitar r&r achtev^g security Currency this is the main sector- for **gvithrq er^ploymenf oppcrtur rers t-” ^a -r pari of ■•arm production is for suOsi-sfonoc du® io “he 'atowin-g conslpamts
j > Heavy soif efos#on and toss or iop sod
+“+ Low soil fertility and cw or no uSO of Fetlifrsers and manures
9,9 Post-harvest technology:
PqM fyiMucliovi technology  wflh emphas  s  on on-form rxandl ng ano storage system for dihwent commod’t-es  cpvenng san.lary  and phytosanirary  packaging transport ni .i ■ n er-g >adue added products  botn few domMbc  ano asport are cons.oered mponcam Since "*e
Farmers in me projec! command and catchment ae sma’i ire,
?r
u     pluses  at  in  s  stage  n-t  they  may  “equ  re  mpro^  storage  system  to  a,o.d
prev^c much
tn* losses  due
ts poor storage of even seed or grain <eoE for fomiry ccnsuT-ptor
Water Works Design L Supervision Enterprise
Jnlu-xlicf wi Lb IniffmdmuJ CwUttlb ud feebtaKnUi Pm Lrd
Ul|Inception Report
AJjn-Dedessa Irrigation Project
9-10 Conclusion
November 2 DOG
Arjo-Dkideisa  iVrigarion  project  command  anti  cakhmenl  area  Jias  very  teas  number  of famws possessing small land holdings o< about1  0 to 1.S Jia. each Most of the holdings are undulating or sloppy causing heavy loss of fertile top soil by erosion The livestock population is  also  row  m  the  project  oommand  and  catchment  -but  there  is  good  potential  to  develop irrigated agricu.'lure
In the present context of lhe emphasis placed on food1  security by GOE, the transformation o< fauftfed  agriculture  So  irrigated  with  more  stress  on  the  inlroducbon  of  improved  production and posl harvest technologies is very relevant and go a long way. The area is mosSly virgin or  fallow  with  high  potential  and  blessed  with  suitable  chm-atic  and  edaphic  factors  for  the development of diversified agriculture
Water Works Des^n & Supervision Enterprise nAjswiMt rrncNMllBiBtaJ CflttSuJtaDU MJ TttiuMtitoPK Lea
91Inception Report
IIedesja Irrigation Project
Novembe
r 2006
10, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
10,1 [rttroduction
In Ethiopia, a natwi with a geographical area erf
110*1 million ha, lhe arable area
is less 
lhan 11 percent, owl of which only 1 6 percent of the area has been provided with tirigslton faoMy  This  emphasizes  the need for extending imgaton FacrUlws  to lhe new areas expeditiously  Where waler u nd a production constraint, assured eqiniabte supplies  would faoMale prcduchon of maximum yields per unit of 'and. anti where water is m short supply, they  woUd facilitate optimization of production per unit of water Waler supplies  cannot bo assured m a11 situations  unless  irngation projects  are constructed wrth upslream storage facilities These wilT improve supply conditions and encourage farmers to make investments needed for introducing new varieties, use fertilizers, and carry out pes’ control measures and So achieve h.gSer produchqn Arjo-Oddessa Irrigation Project, which includes ccmslruction of a dam along with the irr,gallon system, u an important step in tee direction of deveJopnwnt of xngatran potential for increasing agricultural production
10,2       Project area
Ago-  Dkldesss  Irrigation  Rr-Ojed  is  under  reconnaissance  sludy  Since  1960‘s  Dunng  this penod. the locatpn of the dam site went on changing mamly on geological considerauons and that of the command area as well as the project concept with the abjective of optimizing the benefits out af tee proposed investment Finally, a dam site located about 1 5km upstream of lhe  Warns  -  Diddessa  River  confluence  has  been  selected  for  the  feasibility  study  and accordingly  the  sludy  is  being  undertaken  The  command  area  is  located  on  both  banks  -of the  fiver  EMdHM  down  slneam  of  the  Dam  site  Jt  consists  of  narrow  strips  of  land  runnmg areng  the  ever  on  both  banks  exlending  from  tee  over  bank  up  to  lhe  foothills  The  area
■consists  Of  low  relatively  flat  bdticmfands  adjacent  to  lhe  river  and  smaller  part  pf  ti  a adjoining higher and hilly lanas The area has remained inaccessible in the recent past due la lack  erf  road  network.  The  various  pans  of  the  command  could  be  presently  reached  with difficultly inrough mud roads |«p-asfe m fair weateer only
The project area m general is  siuaied al an average etevst.on of 1340 meters  above the mean sea level and has on an average a precipitation of iDOOmm annually Jt falls in Irppical climate rone
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
42
Tn Associate with 1strrcoQUarnlal Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltdtjicepdon Report
Afjg Odessa irrigation Project
10J Objective
EfovcmW
1
Main abjective erf rl-e jxesrni siudy is la have a perception of U**e project Io jrocefid with systematically for capryirogi pul uhe feasibility sludy of the scherws to suit irrigated agncutiutal deveJopmwt 11 e intended to pda* & design an irrigation project, which  § technically feasible
a
economically viahle, socially acceptable  and environmentally sustainable
10.4       M&lhodofogy
The gereral methodology to be adopled io carry out thg given ass-gnmenl is as follows
-    A enheal review of the sludies conducted already in the paw
-■ Field visit of th* area
-      Concretize  She  extern  of  command  Wl  evaluate  iand  and  waler  resources melhddology for deciding the mcsl svflabte crops with cropping pattern, and crop calendar  in  light  of  prevailing  climatic  faster*  soil  characterises  and  other  a-gru- economy sanctions
Water reqjjiremerH <rf lhe crops based on climatic factors and crop cbaracCenisliC-S
-    Irrigation intensify. mngahen efficiency method of irngation. scheduling
-    Considerations for operations & m aintenance of the project
-      After  rdentificahon  of  area  for  the  ultimate  development  a  layout  of  irrigation syslwn design would be mace on iopogr.aph<c mao of I 10 TOO scale based on design criteria «t.
Investigate lhe .needs and types (be it surface or sub-surface) of drainage systems and Ifie drams  wi^ be designed hydraulically  to dispose of the estimated excess waler from the agricultural land
- A sample of 500 ha area would be selected and detail design with typical layout of micro-imgahon & drainage system wrfl be prepares
10. 5 Review of previous studies
latite 10 1 reflects t^e relevant resuls of the studies earned cut in the past an Aqo- Dedde&sa Irrigation project
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
Jn AModate wltti IMmwOrcduI CdnsoltiBts and Technocrats Pu nd.
9.1iKKtrrtrr
Inception Report
AijoBeietgi Irrigaifon Project
I able 1(1.1 niffcrcfit Mudies for Arjfr-DKldcHii IrrigaErori Project
______
Mint i
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Irrigation
inlrnuty
L'SJJR
(l%4|
DD-lil.  40tam  tt/s  of  Won  J. Diddesu can flucrKc
IJ5&
TO
16800
MMw
WAPCOS
U«0) IB1
90km i*'s of Wnma -Diddesta Lonllutrxe
M2
IS
T 39000
— -
160%
BCEOM
(1W)
The same is DD-11 of USRR
2160
75
14290
30Mw
—
WWDSE
<rctcfli|
200*
I.Jkm ibs of Wami-Dirddssa cofiflumv
2119
_____ —I
15
jjiflo
{1(1440 ipa^Lj .1
. I2W fum,-’]
JOMw
J
The various  components  of these studies  covered by  various  drsctplines  are detailed in relevant chapters  of the inception report and the broad features  related to irrigation are described below.
It may  be observed that there is  very  wide variation in the cultural command area under different studies. This  is  due to the proposed locations  of the dam sites  under different studies. While the dam site preferred by  USSR was  40 km upstream. 1he site proposed by WAPCOS was about S3 km upstream of the WWDSE site
10.5.1 USSR (1964)
The potential for irrigation development in the A'jo-Didaessa river basin was  first identified and studied at reconnaissance level for a Multipurpose Project (Irogation & Hydropower) by the United Slates  Bureau of Reclamation (USBR 1956- 1964) as part of the Land and Water Resources  study  of Blue Nile Basin The plan would include construction of a 79m-height earth and rock  fill dam with reservoir capacity  of 1, 359 million cubic  meters, a 30Mw power plant two main canals  with 219km and 223km length along with distooution system and drainage channels for irrigation of 16 800 hectares of land
The dam site is on (he Diddessa River about 40 km upstream of Diddessa 4 Wama rivers confluence The project area is located on both stdes of the Didctessa River about midway between towns of Nekemte and Jima The area consists of the tow relatively flat dottantiands adjacent to lhe nver. The tower reaches of the potential irrigation project are situated along the Diddessa River adjacent to ine village of Arju
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NovemtKr 3006
Two main unlined canals, one on each ban* of the over and originating al the outlet are planned Ip convey vnater by gravity to serve as much as possible arable land The land area determined io be salable tor irrigation, stapes gently to Che river from the adjacent. roilrig lew fulls, fttiich border the valley
The detai of the canal systems are as given below ift Table 10 2 Tabic td.2 Drlaibof canal xyilrm ax per L'SBR (I964J
Mam ca-nate and command area
Particulars
Left Bank 
(Wert main canal
Right Bank (Earrt marfi cjm!
Type
Ur'inpij 2 ■ 9km
Unlined
langdh
223km
Initial capacity
9 94m3/5
12m\s
Imftal water surface etevalwi           1JS6m
1366m
Command area
__  ]              TMOha
92COha_________
10,5.1.2            Topography and land development
Topographic conditions are generally very good for irrigation on the project land It is eslimaled Ihat about 35 perceni of lhe irrigac-'e lands have slopes less than 2 percent another 35 percent have slopes 2 to 5 perceni 20 percent nave stapes 5 to 8 percent, and atjpul rO percent have slopes B to 12 percent
10,5.1,3            Drainage
The Warns and Diddessa Fivers are incised atout fl or 10m tjeiow the surrounding land surface and wrfJ be effective m controlling lhe ground waler pi the small or narrow tracls of land, in lhe wriest portion of rhe project, near the confluence of the Two rivers add'lmnai surface and subsurface drams will be needfid
10.5,2  WAPCOS (1990):
Waler  &  Power  Consultancy  Services  I  India)  giudierj  Arjo-Diddessa  Irrigate  Project  at reconnaissance  level  as  parr  of  Preliminary  Water  Resources  Development  Master  Plan Stjd.es for trie whole couniry The study proposed the development of 0Sm high dam that has  a  central  rolled earth fill section with rock fill protection with appurtenant structures canals and dramage networks
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The dam site identified and stucfred fry WARGOS was located at the geographical co ordinates of AGCO D0"N and 3503500 E and about 50*m up stream of the Bite proposed by USSR and about 90km upstream of the site sereeled for the feasibility study
b
As slated m t e report,
the mam reason for shifting the dam srte to upstream was .ho
geologic# cofilidtffclions The report also States that due to this upstream location. the full supply leve? at the caraJ off take has risen from the elevation of 1365 to 1449. thereby increasing lhe command a^ea. The availability of water ■ n rhe resweir is adequate io irfbgale the increased area The irngatolily of the sai*s in the commaarea was also ascertained
10.5,2.1 Command area and canal network
The project commands an irrigable area cf 139000 ha in wei season of wh ch 91 000 ha lie on the right and 40000 ha on ‘eh bank of nver Diddcssa and with 60% irrigation intensity. 33400 ha ab irrigated m me tfry season The command area consists of marrow strips running a *cng the river on both sides up tp the foothiBs The length of command on the frgM bank is 343 km and lhe width is 4km Similarly lhe eh bank command is 215 km long anc its width is 4km The land slope vanes from 0 to 12%. About 2100 ha Of land was found as flood prone Surface drainage was proposed in flat area where clay sod was found and dramab.iity was  poor  In  lhe  initial  stage  sub  -  surface  drainage  was  not  required  The  soil  of  the command area is suitable for irrigated agncuflure Numerous streams flowing down from the adjoining hills and draining m to the rrver traverse the command area
10,52.2 Canal network
Only one canal on the nght bank was proposed tp take off from Ife dam outlet works at El 1450 II was proposed to bifurcate the canal ai a short distance downstream wtfh one branch
crossing over to Ire left bank Bolh canals are -jnlined and their alignments are zigzag to avoid heavy filings The salient features efine canal system are available in Tab‘e 10 3
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Table HI.J I'Jie Salicnl feituru of lh< Cfflunand area Canal nrf*nrk
NdtciuJh-ZOOG
J
*
Particulars
1     Command area
Ri^ht Bank           Left Bank                 Remark
91,000 ha            48 000 h*
Canal Network
(if Primary canal
-Length
■Caoacify
r
r
5km
7Jm .'g
r
6km
26m7s
_________________ After bifurcation
Before bifurcation
No Of cross drainage works
3
—
(ii) SfGuodary canal*
-LenqUi
j
i
—
460km 272km
—i
-Casac ;ty
46m\
26m3/s
n -Ng gr cross regulators 
liiii Tsriiary canal*
Na of crass drainaqe works
210 146
.34                       21
No af left ary canals                                 £&€
163
LJ
-Averaje lenglh
| 2 32km 2 32km
o i8m%                 0 18m is
—                          -J
■—1-
•Average capac^y 
-No of drop sfrvctares                                506
1
1411
10.5.3 BCEOM (1598):
8CECW  a  French  consultant  studied  AxjQ-  Oitfdessa  Irrigation  Project  at  reconnaissance lever as part of the Aibav River Integrated Oevelcpmenr Masier Plan Project They reviewed the USSR's study and layouts With regard io layout alternative proposals involving a senes of pickup weir and smaller command areas was also considered and it was realized lhal th s wav'd also cause nkjh unit costs because of the large widih of the OidUessi River Pumping from the river would require relatively long pipelines and nigh hfts to command 1.000-2000 ha sized units Therefore, the layout as presented by USSR has been retained
10,6 Reconnaissance in project area
After reviewing the past sludies  earned Out by  USSR WAPCOS and BCEOM WWDSE dec-ded in favor tJ a new dam site which is located at a place 1 5km upstream of Wama - Diddessa confluence and fccuaed their investigation activities  related in ihe new sue co selected for feasibility studies The consultants visited the project area first dunng February and second during second week of Apnt 20C6 Their observations are as below
10.6.1 Topographical surveys:
Large-scale topographic surveys at ihe dam sue and in rhe command area are in full swing and are expected m be compfeted soon After this wort on preparation of maps on required
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r
tools and methods cannot make rt fil for cultivation unless financial and material help is provided to them in the form of heavy machine drawn ploughs and cultivators The prospect of availability of assured waler Io lhev fields from the ^p-commg irrigation p 0|ect would be a
Stale would t» undertaken and complied expeddiously Tna surveys would cover the entee arable area n inc command startwig from river bank on tooth sides up to the foot c* 1he hills
At pre$er| very ittie cuMivatron around a few settlements is going on in the project area Because of poor transportation facilities. the area appears to be cut off and looks barren except for a few hutments here and there and smalt cultivated fields ol sorghum and maize around lhese settlements The area is covered with tai' grass with scattered small 1ig arid acacia trees The project lands have varied slooes ranging from 2% lo 8% to '0% and are criss crossed by small streams an^inating from the adjacent hik$ During high rainfall there may be some flooding problem m lhe command adjacent to these streams
10.7     introduction of cultivation.
Most part of the command area is virgin land mosliy bapren covered with tail grass and bushes The first priority could be tD make d cultivable Farmers alone with fhtn kaditiona'.
r
great molivahon for them $0 land distribution and providing culrvation tools and technology lo them should be the first priority of the authorities The prosoects of getting assured water to fields wouW be a gieat incentive to them for going fov, cultivating the new lands, and make mem fit for crop production
10.8     Meteorological Data
There are several meteorotogicar observation stations around the command area, which are given in this report under chapter 3 Meleorolcgical A hydrological studies However, ihere is no  meteorological  observation  sialion  in  the  command  Therefore  the  meteorological  data for planning of irngatron v.* be based on (he climate data of appropriate stafions taking into consrieratran their tecabon attitude and availability of long term data base
10.8 Data collection
The  following  data  are  being  collected  end  the  same  would  be  compiled  processed  and analyzed during i**e course of studies
(i) Type of soils met in the command area
(d) Crops aireatfy sown in the area and proposed crcppmg pattern
(mJ Water requirements of different ciops. based on cl mabc data and effective rainfall
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(Tw> intensity of irrigation based on local records and relevanl consideration^
(v) Extent of erittiftg wells and pond irrigation, if any. 'h connexion wrlh planning of conjunclive use of ground water with surface water
(w.l Water quality surface and ground waler.
(vii) Detailed survey map on 1 2000 scare for SOOha of command area showing contours, fe-d boundaries, no of each field fool paths/facm roads, drainage litres and olfier distinguished features The map :s required for detailed micro planning of irrigation and drainage belwarfc tor sample area.
10.10 Drainage of irrigated area
The command area on both banks of the nver is gently sloping towards the nver portion, water level of which may be 8 to 12 meters below the bank and therefore kkely to be effective in controlling 1he ground water table in lhe narrow portion of the va>ey lienee, much of drainage problem is not apprehended The dominant soils oi lhe study area are heavy day wlh impeded drainage As such m wider portion of the command area surface drams will be required 1o dram excess raw water as well as irrigation waler A series of observat'Cn welts will have to be installed to observe the waller taWe behavior during post project period Th is will Mr in deeding me antrdpated drainage spacing Black clay sail may pose problems o1 internal drainage. Therefore care would be taken co choose such crops m the heavy soils, which would tolerate restricted internal drainage
1011 Strategy for Irrigation Planning
Irrigation 15 a multidisciplinary concept broadly based upon the following
i>
*)
Topography of the command
Sol charaderislics 
iii)
Climate
rv)
*)
Wale/ avariabit ty Irani river diversion /storage
Ground water avadaNity and water table
VI)
VII)
vur}
IX)
x} Xi)
Necessity for conjunctive use of surface waler with ground wafer
Existing cropping pattern, crop calendar and trends of development
Irrigation practices followed and their suitability and modifications if required Waler requirement of crops
Social and economic considerations
Scheduling of Irngaiion based upon lhe principles of assurance and equality
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10.11.1. Topography
NOFtrabef200G
The detailed surveys of commarwj area on a scate of 1 in 1Q0M. which are to be completed soon woufd cfefire the exact boundary ot the command, gross command area acid the cultural command area It would help in dividing the area on the basis of prevailing slopes of the ground and necessdy of Sand leveling and shapng to ensure optimum water use efficiency 11 will help in deciding the criteria to be followed for fixing lhe slope of distribution network in different reaches and for f«x.ng lhe alignment of main secondary and tertiary canals and location  of  regulating  structures  as  well  as  of  cross  drainage  works  The  layout  of  the irrigation and drainage system will he d'-dated by the topographic features The prevailing lopography has arso bearing on ihe extent and design of drainage network m the irrigated area
10.11-2 Soil
Texture and structure of soif are very  important for its  infiltration rate, permeabifcly  and seepage The PH value of soil would indicate if it is  acidtc  or alkalme and the Salinity characteristics  as  how it would read on application of water Its  examination from fertility angle would indicate the necessity of fertilizers and the.r extent to oe applied Jor increasing production From the pent of view of drainage soil nvestiga!>on would include erosion depth of waler table electrical conduclivity. hydraulic conduclivty, drain ability and sub-strata permeatkf-'ty
10.11.3    Climate
This includes mainly temperature, rainfall relative humidity. number of sunshine hours wind speed etc  The calculation of Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) w-ll be based on the climate data which win form the bashs of caxulalion tor crop water requirement
10.11.4 wate r A va i la bilrty
The Water availability will dictate the choice for extensive or intensive irrigation, crops to be grown and extent of irrigation The necessrty or other wise of conjunctive use of water, and Ilngation intensity, will also depend on the water availability
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10.11.5 Ground Water Levels and Conjunctive Use
ft ore mb e r 2006
From the hydro-geologist report, the informal»on about availability of ground water, il $ extent quality and its nearness to the root zone or otherwise would be avarfabJe. which wtM help to aecrie aboui conjunctive use of water methods  of rr-galien and other precautions  to be taken white deciding the cropping pattern, working out crop water requirement and schedul ng of «mgat>ori
10.11.6 Cropping Pattern, Crop Calendar, Crop Waler Requirement. Social and Economic Considerations
The caocluSi&ns  drawn from the ■agronomic  study  vestock  survey  socio economic  and environmental studies  would have an important searing an deciding the crops  to te grown n the irrigated command After selection of crops  from above considerations  and examining its viability  from soil water and climatic  COftirieralions  decision wouM be taken about croptimg pattern and irrigation inlensdy
For working out-crOp waler requirement latest available CROP WAT software orograrrime of FAO would be used and s-mulalion technique wcurd oe aoouea lo work  out the optimum crapping pattern and irrigation intensity  in the command m different irrigation seasons  to match with the water avai’abilny  For this  purpose the updated hydro-metrological data so processed would be used to calculate reference evapo-transpi.-ation \ETo) m conjunction with the crop coefficients recommended by the agronomy expert
10.11.7 Irrigation Efficiency
The various  losses  m the imgalion system like seepage and evaporation operation losses etc  a& welt as  field application tosses  would be worked out using formulae pased on wetted pen meters and taxing into account the norms aaooted based on soil character Sties etc Care would be taken to see that the assumptions are not purely theoretical Out are very near W the existing conditions  and take nto consideration the results  based on pracbMt experiments  if earned out earlier
10.11.0 Canal cross -section and lining of Canals:
Most suitable canal section in vanqus  reaches  would be atfqpied from practical considerations  like ease in execution economy  and its  hydraulic  efficiency  as  well as maintenance considerations  Choice will have a oeanng on stability  and suitability  of available malenal etc In view of bign day content in the son. seepage losses would not be
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more aa such unlined canals  v^&uld be preferred in mast of ils  length except for a few MlM!od Wrttt like an curves. their proximity  to hab.ta1.on. upslream and downstream of Structures etc
Full irrigation development takes considerate time. As time passes value of irrigation waler
would increase and su its demand Sc rn future far saving the water against conveyance
lasses and increase in demend (or irrigation water, flexibility would be adapted as far as the
question of lining is concerned.
10.11'Sl Operation pf Canal System:
In order to aisuie the FB-ha-tulity, umeliress  and equitable distribution of irnggtion water amiable method of irrigation and water distribution wW be adopted Relation water supply  at macro-level and Cum-by1um dbldbutfcn at micro-level will ba adopted in order to improve efficiency  of 1ha irngauon system and ensure equitable distnbirtion of waler Views  of users/ farmers  would also ba taken into account and accammodaied with an aim of dphrnumi use of waitr lo maximize agricultural production
10.12 Canal alignment
10.12.1    Main Canals
ftiE proposed r:ghi and l&tt bank main canals raking pf from 1he outlel works provided m tbe
dam. run as Mnldur canals. The ngh1 hank main canal in its in tial reach has Io cross woma
river at about 8 4 km II q proposed td cross the Mama River through an aqueduct The
lotadion of this crossing would bo at a point, where the width of Warns river 11 the |e3Sl
Since the main canal run as contour canals they would crass many natural streams an which
cross drainage structures would be constructed
10.12.2     Distribution System
The d^nbulion system has  to be economical from the pom, of initial investment operation and future maintenance At the same timi rt would provide adequate rrrigalion facilities  to |he areas  under the command The following tnoad pnnp.ples  would be Considered for the layout of the dfelribulion system.
.) Waiar would be taken directly as far u possible to the area of Lhe Command subject to the practical considerations cl mammum permissible height of bank filings and cutting
The alignment woulo be such » to ensure-
m|nirriUrn  Oss of
|
gM mintTlljm
transmission kisses.
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ii) Channels would be aligned as far as possible along the ridge to avoid cross drainage works and Stowing imgation on both skies
in) Where it is noi possible to align the channel on the hdge or along the ridge falling contours would be fotowed.
iv)  Location of cross drainage works would be chosen at places where good foundation is available,  water  way  is  sufficient,  catchment  is  minimum  and  construction  material  is available near by
v) As far as possible gentle curves would be provided m the canals to ensure smooth flow of silt.
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11. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
111 Introduction
Watershed management involves the planning and execution of need based SCrt and waler conservation practices which will control the soil tow and reduces the runoff I hits provides more Irme of concentration for runoff water to infillrace tn soil which will fmaSy contribute to ground waler It is, lhe'efore. essential 10 have a watershed as a basis for planning and implernenlatcn of various sort and water conservalion programs Watershed management is the integration of appropriate technologies and strategies wrthm the natural boundarres of a watershed or drainage basin for optimum development through conseivafion regeneration ard judicious ulihzabon of all resourcee-tand, water, animal ano human within a particular watershed The dynamic processes of the biosphere and the effects of vegetation and soils on these processes such as interception evaporation l/anspiration infiltration ptrcolatic-n surface run-off, subsurface and ground flow can air be affected oy and management activities on the watershed An improper and exploitrve farm ng practice in rhe watershed leads to resource detenorahons both ex-sito and m-situ Watersheds with degraded up’ands resurt in sedimentation of reservoir and irrigation structures With frequent flooding at down stream at the  Outlet  or  me  watershed  system  Proper  watershed  management  schemes  greatly supplements lhe sustBinabilrty of These ttrigaiiaci senemes m adrfrtion to the multiple outputs to be derived including forest livestock, and crop products and fishery on upiard watershed
Several olhsite environmental problems occur due to deforestation overgraz.ng and inappropriate farming practices on upland watershed This situation is common phenomena
in Ethiopian Highlands According to some accounts the problem of soil erosion has been
wiln lhe Ethiopian farmers ever since settled sgneutture started Soil erosion primarily 
erosion by waler r$ one of the most serious problems affecting Ethiopian agriculture and
other related assets
High investment reservoir? far irrigation systems  are threatened by  high cates  of 5€dim*nlation caused oy upland watershed degradation The same oroblem is expected to happen for ArjoDedesa irngation project if its watershed is nol properly treated and managed
Thus, the identification of oiophysicai and socio-economic situations and the problems and related causal, ve factors dong wrih remedial measures need to be studied as an important component of lhe ArjoOedesa irngation project
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11.2 A ims arid Objective
Mti-entbe r 3 WK
?
Watershed management is necftiSflry to protect conserve and mprove !he lar-d resources for effic-ent and sustained production, ra protect and enhance Crater resource, moderate Roods Jrxf reduce s lmg up flf tanks, increase irrigation a^d conserve rainwater f&r crops and thus mitigate draught. This will also help utilizing the natural tocal resources for improving agriculture and allied occupations to improve spcro-econanuc condition of local residents It is an ntegj^ed approach cansidenng the holistic development of all Che users of the watershed Moreover watershed management helps rehabilitation cf the watershed through proper land use and proiedion/ccnservatron measures in order io minjmne erosion and simultaneously increase m the productivity of land and the income of farmers Thus, rt is most beneficial tor Arjo-Dedesa irrigation project
113 Scope of the study and report
The scope of the study includes the rc.'kw-ng
to idenhfy bio-physieal and socioeconomic problems and constraints of the watershed
to recommend packages and remedial measures for physical and biological spit and water conservation packages in consultation with agronanrsls, foresters, livestock specialists sod scientists and others
to identify institutions. that woufd impfement the recommended mterventions
1o efit’/nate the costs of the proposed watershed managertent imerjeniions.
to propose the strategy for implementation of proposed interventions management and monitoring and evaluation
11.4Approach and Methodofogy
The methodology and approaches proposed by Community Based ParliCipat&ry Watershed Derebproenr Planning guder r>e, which has been published 3y Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development wi'i be used for watarshen problem rientification and planning The following methodologies will be followed
Review of pest studies unoenaken to idenbfy data gaps
Fielo .nuestigation and data collection with iha help of topo - maps and discussions with the stakeholders
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Analysis of lhe mfcfmali&n collected and idenirficiticn of lhe major problems and conskamls m 1be watershed wilh respect Io isophrsical and socio-economic condiitarts.
Based on Lhe n’ents^frS problems o* lhe watershed, recijmmcjndatiuns of mtcivenlions and their plin of developmenl along witfi ils cost will be indicated
Watershed rnanagamenl is an integrated approach considering the hohstic dewelopntenfl of all users of watershed The watershed management strategy involves the contribution erf GIB GPS GUIS, jxeasicin farming. serfs and land evaluation, hydrology forestry agro fdrtMry. livestock rearing, crop prccfuclion including biOtechsic^ogy and Ira^sgenic crops influencing socio-eccnofflac candrlifln of the people of lhe catchment The involvement of various 
d-^ciplines and exlent of Hneir contribulian is available in Table 11 1
It is universal? accepted hh.3* she conservation should be essentially an area aoproach and urrf of its adaDlatcn should be a watershed Therefore, a combinatron of a few aoproach-s is required CP be adopted in a given watershed Fntegraied watershed management of resources with j>eop'e$ padicipal^n «s a well accepted concept for lhe management of natural resources I: will involve the residents of he walersned m planning, execution and monitoring of the programs.
fiased cn lhe identifed problems of walershed, development options will ba proposed along with   their   specifications,   mauMy   focusing   on   soil   and   wafer   conservaLran   The recommerdalions of intervenlion? wpud be made for Each type of land uses particularly cultivated, forestry and grass tends Measures 10 be proposed for cultivated lands may include bc-Aogicayagrcnonic measures (strip cropping, grass strips aitey cropping etc 1. a^o loreslry plantalidns with focus cm multeputpflse trees, soil management (gre&n manure eta) and engineering measures such as corflour and graded bunding terraces curt off drams, check  dams  and  vegetative  measures  for  gully  treatmem  and  ram  wat&r  harvesting Measures  for  grass  tends  may  include  grass  land  improvement,  moisture  conservation structures,  zero  grazing  etc  Where  mere  is  a  need  to  change  the  land  use  based  on capability classification. appropriate mtervennon will be recommended to sustain the tend use class
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Title J|J Required inputs for WiitHhed ManJiemrnl fro* other drsciplinn
Pfojemticr 2006
Specialties
Inputs required by Activities
1 Cadography and G.IS
7 Soft
I_______
3. Land evaluation
- Data efl-lry and encoding
■ Praparjlion of Thematic maps (base* land use soil erosion xate, deveto^nwM. e I c ]
' - Characterization ot Mils and determination of their properties
- Reports on so t fertility slalus
J Hytfrofogy
| 5 Forestry
6 tiwtodi
7. Agronomy
J____________ ___ a SdQa-PCon&Tiics
- Idenlrficalion of land cc-^dittons and selection of suitacte areas for different plantings
- Supply of basic diirabc data
- Results of analysis o< -tiimauc data
- Supply of "nfarmation on existing forestry practices 
■ Oelerminaiion of areas for forestry a-nd selection ol best options
- Deternrjnafrcn of carrying capacity of grazing lands
- Decision on options for conirolling free grazmq
- Exist -n,g infcraaliart on Crops and crapping pattern
■ Demography, soM-economic problems on-famt and off-farm occupation warfcrng labor
9 Marketing
■ rdentfication of marfcelaWfl commcdifaas and market acce-ss
" Would be adwsable before June 20. 2006
Arter [be .rnplemenlatwt of the proposed mieruentions 1 is expected that soil erpgipn would be reduced arxf consequently sediment deposition at the cewnstream side of watershed Io memoir dam will be rwwniirf. Through improvement or sod fertility. crop DrOducfon and availabiity of animal feed and fodder in the upper watershed will be better There would he belter recharge of wells owxjg to more infiltration of rainfall in to (he ground and Consequently sprmgs  wiN  emerge  There  will  be  setter  vegetation  cover  and  plamai.on  resulting  in availability of fuel weed and construction poles besides fodder
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11.5 Review of Previous Study
11.5,1 General
November ZOOfi
A  $1udy  conducted  on  soil  erosion  and  conservation  on  large-scale  mechanized  farms  in Eih>opia  (Atemayehu,  1992)  found  an  annual  sod  loss  of  27-94t/ha  per  year  at  Dedesa iBCEOM  19901  On  the  ether  hand  Hurm  (1983)  investigated  the  soil  formatron  rates  for  the whole of Elbwpra to be in the range of 2  10 22 tonsrha tier year This value helps to assess net  soil  degradation  rates  and  to  evaluate  me  rate  and  feasibility  of  soil  regeneration  after conservation  The  comparison  between  the  so-l  formation  rates  and  losses  shows  that  the-e is tremendous degradation of soil rn part of the project area
In recognition of the severity  of erosion in Ethiopia and due the tragmentary  nature Of the data and stimulated by  recurrent famines  especially  the major famines  of 1972 and 1984. the government of Ethtopa. assisted by  FAO undertook  a major study  on soil erosion in the Highlands  of Ethiopia {EHRS, 19B6J  Simitar study  was  undertaken by  government wdh international assistance especially  in association with the WFP. as  a major effort io implement various soil conservation measures
11.5.2 Ethiopian Highland Reclamation Study (1986)
A study  conducted by  EHRS (1984) on soil conservation status  m Arjo area identified major constraints  that challenge the activity  of soil and water conservation According Io 1his  study there are very  big problems  with awareness  of the community  to imclement soil and water conservation at individual farmers  land The study  further recommended the need to tram the farmers  on the subject, undertake lhe interveniions  voluntarily, strengthen the implementation of sori and water conseevatron at ndividual farmers  plots  and support the program with some incentives  More over it has  identified the soil of the area to be more erouible that need high attention
Humi              reported lhat between 1978 and 1984. 590.00km of contour bunds covering GODOOOha  of  cultivated  land  were  implemented  along  with  600.000km  diversion  ditches. 1103km  check  dams  in  gullies,  ard  470.000km  of  afforestation  terraces  gn  150  000b  a  of sloping  land  According  to  his  report  there  were  limitations  m  compiling  adequate  data  as  no records  of  actual  number  or  area  or  area  specific  reports  are  available  However  it  may  be implied  from  lhe  s'tuaf*°ns   of    drought  and  area  were  lhe  drought  occurred  m  the  country, areas   like   Soulh     Well°   Harej9e-   Norttl     Showa     artd     Artoaminch   may   be   mentioned   with   some piobabifily where such works have been executed The recent report of Ethiop.an
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Environmental Protection Authority (EEPA, 2003} showed that between 1995
November 2DDS
12843241-   on   farm   terraces.   115^ha   soil   bunds,   and   45794M   checK   dams.   1238,ha micro, basins. 5646ha cut-off drams were implemented across the country
With regard to this project area, the previous studies conducted in the area are by EH
BCEOM (1993). the latter was earned out under the Ahbay Ruer 0asm master plan s dy 
Theses studies have been made at large scale but did not give detail information on
biophysical and socio-economic situations of me project area Thus, data collection m the
f,eld is of tantamount importance in preparing profound development plan fur (he anticipated watershed
11.5.3 Study by SCEOM (1999}
In a more general way. the study  of soil erosion situation and the efforts  made so far in soil and water conservation were carried out by  BCEOM. 1999 in Abbay  Basin Master Pan Project This  report would be relevant to the targe! area of study  The study  indicated thal soil erosion in the basin and also m Ethiopia as a whole has reached at the alarming levels and is increasing under the combined pressures  of ncreasmg population and tie-vegetation In light of this  the study  further suggested that soil and water conservation strategy  should focus  on conserving currently  productive land al the expense al reclaiming degraded lands  In principle. soil erosion is  directly  ImKed with the disturbance of soil or land through cultivauon and thus strategy of erosion control must focus on cultivated land
11,6  Reconnaissance field visit
Cultivated uplands  are occupied by  a high percentage of papulation who depends  mostly  on agriculture The land is  partially  used for Maize. Teff. Barley  and wheat The highlands  are undulating to rolling in S:ope and belonging to Dystnc  Nnosols  The soil is  red tropical soil of medium to heavy  texturefclay  loam to day) Abundant rainfall is  received from June to August, representing about 40% of fatal rainfall The annual rainfall vanes  from 1100 to 3000mm {EHRS. 1936)
Many parts or Arjo-Dedesa watershed are under coffee plantation Most parts of Mar,d Goma. Borecha. Demb. S.gmo and Sefema weredas have coffee plantations Implication of mis Will be better vegetal cover through out the year However, in some cases due to ihe absence of under growth of plants waler drips from the canopy ol coffee plant ts expected to causa erosion through splash erosion m general, soil erosion by water may be more apparent in cultivated lands than any other forms of land uses in the Arp-Dedesa watershed
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Because of malaria and cattle diseases infestations and other unfavorable cond.HonS m the
iowar valleys of Dedesa ™»r. farmers have concentrated their cultivation in the highlands 
where sorts and climatic omdMons are conducive to better production of minted crops in the
middle to upper reaches of lhe watershed There seems acceteration of run off and
erosion in the farmers' croplands due 10 distruction of forest vegetation Since Arja area
densely  populated  as  the  case  in  other  highland  areas  of  the  country,  the  extent  of erosion  damage  seems  to  cover  small  area,  which  is  slightly  degraded  The  subsoi  al  a depth of TO to 15 cm -a heavy clay which is very resists nl to waler erosion
Th* major reasons  for larvd degradation in the watershed are deforestation burning of grasslands  and bushed grasslands  in the lower reach of lhe watershed for the purpose of getting better ^egeneralion of grasses  and protection from dangerous  insects  and animals, over grazing in the upper reach of watershed, tradilional 'anmmg practices  in up-down Slope that is aimed al drairang excess runoff coupled with lack of proper soil conservation measures and sleep slopes
H has  teen observed that long before the start of soil conservaiion activities  m 1979 by  the then Ministry of Agriculture, farmers u&ea melhod of controlling run off water by co-nstructrng shallow furrows on steep gradients Or along the slope of lhe land
11.7  Data Collection
The current available information suggests  Chai the watershed of AfjO-Dedesa irrigation project is  characterized by  easily  fragile son and high rainfall intensity  where both are important ladflftto create high land degradation More over, the experienced farming system m lhe watershed is  traditional and the experiences  in watershed management are low The study  reports  available wdh respect to Arjo-Dedesa watershed are scanty  In preparing a watershed development plan, it is  essential for lhe planner to have a good knowledge of the present condition, of the watershed Thus  lhe assessment and acqu.srt.on Df data from which the present COOd^ns  of watershed can be reckoned after being analyzed ,5 v-tal The collected data should be represent 0< the deemed s-luat.ons  m terms  of types  and
number, and should be properly ,[ratified with respect to a particular vanab(e fjJf *
"
Slope  category  The  conclusion,  drawn  from  analyse  of  data  (quantrtai.ve  or  qualitative  J help 10 Identify the mapr problems of watershed, resource base pv , «
upporturhlies fex development ,
k
e e *" *ing Potentials and
s
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The mosl mportant types o' *nrfo^ma<ion required include chmahc mrcrm^j^n 3’n’ai* is o- particular imoonance temperature far selecting suitable vegetation for eros^n control and actWSl loci©-economic ipopulabon rfensrty demographic parameters detaitt ©f ma;cr crops grown farm-ng systems Irvestoc* pop^arqn etc • topography rslcpe’englh and sleep
■and use and cover land degradation sq-i ;haraciensiics water 'esources s-tuation ang me
;»*ce The information needs to te in detail to put the development opt-ons in pace
Tneretore me data w.n be collected as per the fatawing procedures
inie»pre!j<Kin or topograph c maps aerial photo or saleiMe imagery
Vtonfcaton erf infoimjikjh obtained Iron the map m the ’ei1
Socio economic survey using semi-structmed interview
D-SCXiS-wn *ilh dcmmunily groups. focal persona experts jnd Ot^e*
In general data collection witi concentrate on the foltowings
a) Secondary data collection
♦ Rev»ew ol regional and W&reda evel study reports on iand j$e slope calegorv 
•and degradation and erofion evel strategic plan or soil and wate*
conservation will be made
■  Ongoing activities Ofl rainwater harvesting and sod and water conservation and already treated pans or watershed will be dentiried and mapped
■   Institutions such as government NGOs etc which are interested a^d or
•nvolvmg m watershed management programs witl be dentified
b] Primary data collection
■   Transect watk to dearly understand the situation of
•    Watershed and mapping will be carried out
*   Group discussion and focal persons interview
■   Together win ©Iner experts socio-economic survey will be conducted
For this purpose topo-map and air photo a* 1 50 900 scale GPS <if available’) cl-norre:ers 
and administrative maps are compulsory for fieta data collection
11.8   Report preparation
After proper analysis of all collected information the report wiH be prepared
identified development potentials and problems of watershed along w*th the devetapmen: interventions and implementation modes anc strategies will be reported n j document of
leasib-lit)’ study They may embrace introduction review of previous studies descript an ct watershed problems of ano degradation in a watershed including biophysaca and socio-
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economic problems, proposed development interventions for drfferent land uses, strategies and moce of implementation, inputs required and cost estimates, roles of different institutions in the implementation of the development interventions and monitoring and evaluation ot the project
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12. LIVESTOCK
12.1 Introduction
1211 Livestock Resource In Ethiopia
fiavember 2006
Ethiopia  is  one  pt  the  most  populous  countries  in  Africa  having  an  estimated  populat  j'1   of Over 70 million wih an annual growth fa1e of about 2 5% Th s growing popti’alion ierr ar ,i much  better  economic  performance  than  in  lhe  past,  al  least  to  ensure  aod  secur  1y  and olher  basic  needs  The  dominant  feature  ol  the  country  is  the  agriculture  sector  of  which livestock   rs   a   very   imoortanl   and   essential   component   The   highlanders   raise   livestock together   with   crop   cultivation   for   their   Iwetihood   whereas   1he   lowlanders   or   pastoralists Subsistence is based mamly on UvesLock and kvtstock p'&ducts
In  terms  of  figures  the  country  has  the  largest  livestock  population  than  any  other  country  .r the  coritinenl  There  are  about  42  million  cattle  IS  million  sheep  14  million  goats  6  million equines  and  aboul  half  million  camtfs  In  addition  there  ore  43  million  pputfry  and  5  m  hor- beehives   m   the   country   (CSA   2001   This   sector   has   still   great   potent)di   to   assist   me economic   developmerl   ol   Ihe   country   In   smallhoklei   mixed   (arming   system   livestock produce  food  I  meat  milk  noney  egg  cneese  and  butter}  and  fibre  At  national  level  it  plays an  important  role  in  providing  export  commodities  such  as  hue  animals  hides  and  5k  ms  to earn  l&reign  exchange  to  the  country  Most  importantly,  draught  animals  provide  power  for IM cultivation ol lhe smallholdings and ror crop Ibi&shmg virtually ail ove< the country and are also  essential  modes  ol  transport  to  taka  holders  and  their  larmties  long-distances  to  convey their  ag«cultural  products  to  the  market  places  and  bung  back  their  domestic  necessities Livestock  also  give  a  certain  degree  i>1  security  in  times  o1  crap  failure  as  they  are  a  near cash   capital   stock   Added   to   that   livestock   provides   farmyard   manure   that   is   comma   , jp plied to improve soil fertility and also used as a source of fuel
The Oramiya region n endowed with ncn Irvestock  resource accounting tor nearly  one tiall r,f the total national nv&stock  population The eslimutert livestock  population, m the regupr are IB 035 6B6 cattle 4 691 0*636 sheep 4 174 968 goats  2 679 107 equines  181060 camels 14 784.303 poultry and 2 270.186 beehives (2 172 212 Had Hinn al 92 665 mtftrmed.ate and
5 289 modemt fCSA. 20021
Over  99%  uf  the  cartie  population  in  the  legion  is  local  breeds  and  the  remaining  one  a hybrid and encrtic breeds As to tonal diSlfibuliw ai cattle Arsi Zane takes the ma.Qr
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PTojtct
Noitrab
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proportion   compared
with
other
zones   (M
9%)
Serena
Jirra.
and
Bale   also
contribute
Signifies nt proportion
s, 9 6
perce
nt 9 5 perce
nt and
about 9
0 pe
rcent,
respectively 
1 he rest
ties between 4 0 percent and 0 5 percent East Wetega and lllubabor Zones are found wuhm the latter category The lower proportions in the l alter Zones maybe due to the relatively large areas of land infested with tsetse Uy
Pertaining to sheep and goats, almost alt or over 99% of lhe sheep and 100% goats  are indigenous  breeds  Sheep and goals  are primarily  reared for muHorv'meat production in the case of poultry. West, East and North Shoa Zones  together reported more than cne-lourth of the lolal poultry  West and East weiega Zones  also contnbute about 'fl 0 percent to me region's poultry population, white the others reported Detween 4 0 percent and 13 percent
Although  lhe  region  has  a  large  number  of  livestock  population  productivity  still  remained  tow due to lhe under mentioned reasons
•    inadequate supply of good quality r&eds
*    low geneltc potential and unimproved breeding methods
*    high mortality due to diseases and parasdes
*    lack of proper livestock extension service
•    poor marketing infrastructure and
•    Absence of credit facildies for livestock development
12.1.2   Livestock Resource in Project Area,
The  livestock  (cattle}  in  Arjo-Dedesa  are  Zebu  type  and  known  ftjr  beef  and  milk  production They  are  also  believed  to  be  tolerant  to  trypanosomiasis  These  creeds  are  native  io  the Dedesa  valley  and  further  spread  io  Jima  lllubabor  and  Weiega  middle  altitudes  and  other adjacent  Woredas  The  main  occupation  of  lhe  people  m  lhe  valley  is  mixed  farming  (crop livestock  mode)  The  major  crops  grown  in  me  valley  include  coffee  maue  sorghum  left finger   millet  sesame  and  pepper  In  me  livestock  sector  cattle  sheep  goats  poultry  and equines  are  commonly  reared  m  the  catchment,  reservoir  and  command  area  The  came breed  types  are closely  rplatea to  the i-toro breed particularly m form, colour and body s>ze The  Horo  breed  was  supposed  to  be  used  as  a  source  o<  breed  improvement  through selection  and  buM  service  m  the  adjacent  areas  According  to  information  front  the  veiled Woreda  agriculture  and  rural  development  offices,  demand  for  meat  and  milk  is  growing rapidly in the area and there is a need to increase the production
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Emphasis  is  given 1o the extension activities  for the livestock  sector m me valley  As  the Oedesa valley is highly infested with tsetse and trypanosomiasis me control centre is .--ca-.e-.l at Bedele The centre is  making effort to control the disease through 1he use of a law cost odour-baited and insecticide impregnated traps  and targets  suitable tor use by  village communities  on a setf-help basis. There was  an emergency  assistance to control tsetse and trypanosomiasis  along me head water of the Dedesa River The technique is  continued by the centre with the assistance of the regional state as  suitable far use by  the local communities  with low level of technical assistance Besides, development agents/arnma health assistances are deployed m every Woreda
12.1.3    Objective of the Study
The broad objective of the study  is  to maximise the project benefits  by  preparing plan for development of livestock. wh*ch fils  most appropriately  into the climatic  ecological and socio- economic  conditions  and integrate the same with irrigated agricultural development plan in the project command and the catch mem area I hrs will help m achieving some of the goals of broad national planning like food security, generation of employment, earning foreign exchange, improving living standard of the people
12.1.4    Scope of the Study
The scope of study will cover the following Itv m components of me project area catchment
area under submergence and the command area The scope of study will include the
fottowing
•    Assess the ewsbng livestock resource base m the project area
■ identify livestock production constraints and propose appropriate crop-livestock 
development interventions in line with irrigated agncullure in the project command
The scope will also include different livestock production packages using the following
* Strengthen tsetse clearance and restrict tsetse dispersal using proven, participatory technically  feasible, economically  sound and environmentally  friendly  technologies  with integrated approach.
-  Assessing  the  strength  of  Al  centres  to  be  used  for  breeding  of  selected  cows  from  the farmers in the project area
.  Fattening  of  cattle  tor  market  u$mg  the  opportunity  of  forage  production  from  irrigation and
♦ Assessing (he ways  of (acililating me market ouiteis  for tooth dairy  products  and fattened animals  by  motivalmg the private investors  to get irilo marketing of these products  or establishing cooperatives of the producers to run those marketing businesses - /
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themselves to earn more profit by reducing the marketing channels to producers 
consumers marketing margin.
12.1.5    Methodo logy
Acfddronai  secondary  data  collection  wril  be  done  by  extensive  reviewing  of  several  reports and  interview  of  representatives  of  each  zone  s  diglnct’s  office,  district's  administrative council,  district’s  cooperative  offices  and  NGOs  operating  in  the  project  area  Under  the project   area   data   collection   will   focus   on   an«mal   production   systems,   available   feed resources,  disease  and  parasites,  marketing  situation,  stakeholders  and  their  relationships Farmers  and/or  settlers  will  be  allowed  to  identrfy  their  problem  related  to  irrigated  crop- livestock  production  systems  without  any  interference  Relevant  discussion  will  be  carried  out by  grouping  farmers/settlers,  elders  including  women  and  men  as  well  as  key  informants  to generale  basic   data  and  cross-check  available  information   which  will   be  obtained   from interview of individual and other sources.
A s1rudu»ed.'semi-srruclured questionnaires have been prepared to illicit information on
mixed-crop-lrveslock production characteristics, perceptions of famars/®ettlers on irrigated
and integrated crop-livestock, development aspects ivestock production constraints, different livestock development options (tsetse conlrolrtattening) and ivestock market ng etc 
Interview and data collodion will be earned out in sequential manner using participatory Rural Apprasal (PRA) technique
The study  will include settlers  residing m the submergence area and farming communi’ies  in the upslream of dam. who may  be forced to lose crop and pasture land due to the construction of dam. The impact oi these problems and their possible remedial measures w .11 be considered in detail dunng the field data collection
12.2   Review of previous Studies
There is  no wen documented study  specific  to livestock  in the Arjo-Dedesa Irrigation Project area However. USSR ( 1964). for Blue Nile Valley WAPCOS (1990) for all bagms in Ethiopia and BCeOM <1999) for Abbay  River Bam respectively  reported covering large areas  which could be of mlerest to the present study  In particular, the Blue Nile Valley  and Abbay  River Basm reports  give background information on hvestock  production feasibility  study consideration for the basin as a whole.
The study for
Rivw-r Basin is of interest to the present study In that study particular
emphasis 
nas been jiven to livestock resources feed resource animal heatth (tselse
_
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control), livestock marketing, livestock services. development constraints and opportunities 
and livestock development strategy and different project Options in the dasm as 
Though the document contains useful information with regard to the whole batm no spe
document is available at reconnaissance and pre-feasibility level far the present prdjec a
12.3    Reconnaissance Field Visit
A reconnaissance field visit was in the Project Area was undertaken The objectives of the
field Vrg.fl were
•    To see and acquaint with the project location and the vicinity
•    To identify the sources of data
•    To collect secondary data from the relevant offices at the zonal and Woreda levels and
design the detail data collection and/or investigation methodology
Based on the field visit. Ihe Woredas  and Kebeles  {settlers' villages) that are located in the Project Area ana relevant Woreda offices  were identified There are about fourteen Woredas which lie in the catchment (upstream) of the Dedesa valley  Out of these Woredas  the following are found nearer to Ihe submergence, or in the submergence and in the command areas
12. 3.1 Limu-Seka Woreda
Lrmu-Seka Woreda is located in Jima Zone in the right side of Dedesa River Its capital City is called Atnago. In Ihe north and north western the Woreda borders with lllubabor Zone (Borecha Woreda). m the east and north eastern with east Wetega (Nono-kumba Woreda and Biloboshe Woredas) in 1he west w1h western Shoa tOano Woreda and in the south with Limu-Kosa Woreda) In Ihe Woreda twenty keoeles are located inside the catchment Out of these five kebeles are settlement kebeles and 1hey are located in the submergence
12.3,2 Borecha Woreda
O0 'ed” Woreda » iocrtrt » lllubabbr Zone at the let. s,de of the River and rde tom, „ cellM Yanfa It la »••=« into thirty one kebeta eel at wtod, twenty fi« kebeles are <„«, , ' \ msrde the Mlchmen, and three kdbe.es are settlement areas wb.ch are Ideated rns.de to submergence The name of the settlement area ra called Atse They have 2042 oxen wh r'
used for draft purpose and afterwards they fallen and sell them to the
(rent Harare Iona Them perrpie are tradnroeally wet „penenc« in ta„e„,na larndy .a provided wrth 2 ha at land to, drop eutlryettpn Opr,ng the tap t,.p „ „„ most of the animate were m good body condition ano well managed
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12.3.3 Gochi Woreda
November 2006
The Woreda is divided xito 22 kebeles and very few of the kebeles are located in the Dede catchment However ihere is a big settlement area which >5 parity ocated ins de t
Submergence This setitement area >s called Chefe and consists of four villages having a population ol 6006 Each famity is allowed 2 ha of land for ploughing These settlers are also known fo* (he r traditional experience of fattening ca11te
12.3.4   Bedefe
This Woreda IS divided mto 41 kebetes Pul of which five of lhe kebeles are under settlement In 1his settlement area there are 1896 households and 8653 people Mcrel of these kebetes are located inside the command area They have 1665 Stile Ou1 of which about 69 per - ent are picen used for ploughing They  have also 41 91 goats  4535 poultrv  and ew numbers of sheep and donkeys  Similar Id other settiers  ihey  also came from Hararghe and are well experienced in fattening cattle Arnmal heallh staffs  from Bedele Nalronal Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis  Investigation and Control Centre and lhe Woreda agneutturaf and rural development office regularly IcUlow the health of their animats Their animals get prophylactic and curabve treatment Major crocs  grown n lhe settlement area include maize sorghum sesame and hantdt bea n.
12.3.5   Jima-Arjo Woreda
Jima.Aria Woreda re mostly located m the dawn stream of lhe valley The Woreda divided mtn 10 kebeles. out of which 2 are settlement kebeles  The two kebeles  are called Bedassa- Oedesa ketoele and Lugema ketoete Bedassa-DedeSu kebete nas 440 households nnd 1B59 people ikcwise Lugema has  350 households  and 1C64 people The former kebele is  located 13 km from Ago town on both sides of the road to Hedete. while the latter is mostly tocatnrj inside the command area The tcdai area allocated for crop cultivation for each household is 2 ha Like m 3 5 above animals of lhe settlers get prophylactic and curative treatment from staff q1 insttHflW mentioned above
There are foudeen Werfedas which i.e in tne catchment (upstream; ol lhe Deci&sa valley Out
□f inese Woredas the roltewmg are found nearer to |ne submergence, or m the submergence and in lhe command areay
In add.non the following offices were ,deified to serve as secondary data Source The- a include. Woreda agriculture and rural development offices, the National Tsetse and
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and Distribution Centre
12.4    Problems
There IS a great potential of iivestocfc and honey production However, tsetse infestat
shortage of modern hives have become serious issues m the area Lack of
techniques in beekeeping and the spread of tsetse in the valley are he ,aus*s 
production of honey and htgh mortality and morbidity of livestock Sul it has been noticed that
in the tsetse controlled areas is significant improvement in the body condit'un and productivity 
of livestock
12.5 Oata Collection
12.5,1  Present status
The proposed command area is  generally  characterized Dy  subsistence agriculture with nigh potential for beef and integrated crop-livestock  agriculture Market for live animal and livestock  products  is  promising Secondary  data regarding livestock  types/breeds  and population from the prefect Zones  have been collected The data collection from the propel Woredas m the command and catchment w>ll continue soon
12.5-2 Data Gap
Some data from the settlement Kebelcs are available but data from the old kebeles and other adjacent area (kebeles  in the catchmenlj especially  wirh regard lo leed resources  animal health and livestock  market ng are not available Using lhe questionnaires  and data summary sheets  the necessary  data will be collected The current livestock  research programs  will also be reviewed
12.5 3 Program for further collection
To collect primary  and secondary  daia from ihe command reservoir and catchment areas  a tield prog-4am vrtfi be organised Enumerators  will ce recruited and trained To undertake interview and hold the necessary  discussions  sector based questionnaires  have been prepared A set of quesnonna res  has  been enclosed as  Annex  12.1. Sample size has  been determined for command reservoir and catchment areas  The questionnaires  cover all the aspects  so as  io gather adequate data base aspiration base of the people so as  to identify critical and sensitive points  to optimise all the positive attributes  to enhance production and proapeniy
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12-5.4 Work Program
i) Fieldwork
NefflUMber 2C.IIIK
Detailed  fie?d  investigation  work/primary  data  collection  a!  peasant  association  and  house hold level m me project kebeles/setHers will be earned out from 26 May to 11 June 2006
il} Analysis and Report Writing
Based on data collected from each Kebete and nouse hold. data compilation full description of each of the livestock  components  (production characteristics  constraints  feed resources livestock  health situation, marketing conditions  and development opportun ities) will be analysed within forty-five days  of the field investigation The writing ol report will proceed simutla^eously  and completed w*lhm 10 days  after finalization of analysis  The draft report of the study  wilt be submitted by  end of July  06 The final report will be prepared by incorporating |he comments received from the client
Work Plan and Activity Schedule for Liwwtock factor Study
Np               Activities and Tasks
1      Field daia            collection & Investigation
2      Da'la Analysis & Reporting Interim Repon Preparation
3
4      Fmal    Report    compilation    1 submission
June              July
August              September
z    L-
Ul               —---------------u
■
—
—r—
L
L
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NorembsT SOM Annex - 12.1
1.        Livestock Semi-Structured Questionnaires
Region ■ Orcmiya Reg.cn
East Wotega and lllubabo* Zones--—---------—------- -
Interview date
Woreda
__
Name Of Kettle AdrmntstaMion ---- ------------------------ -----------
Locoton 1. Command area
2 ReservaHTt area
Name of Interviewer------- — ----------- —----------- *
r
Sig/talure —---------- — "-■------
1. HousehcSd Characterises
1           i            Nanw of the household's head      ——----- - 12         Sex 1 Male 2 Female
1.3 Age _
2        Livestock Production
1 Do you own Irwestock7 I Yes 
ir Yes What types an<s their numbw?
2 No
No
Type
Number
■■r
a
J
^5~
ST
Csiti*
Oxen
Equines [horses, donkeys, mule cam#t>
Sfoais (goals 1 Sbeepl
PbUllry
Bea hues
1
Whal a<e the man problems of ■ vestock rearing ?
1 Shortage of teed 2f Shortage of capiat to buy animals 3) Livestock diseases Do you have enough oxen- tor PLoughng? I Yes 2 No
What is ihe share iweslock contribution of your annual mcon-’.&o Estimate the percentage ______________ %
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7              What is the source of feed for livestock'? 1 . Grazing
2  Crop residue
3  Others (specify),
4  Grazing and Crop residue
8         Source of water for livestock
1 River 2 Traditional well 3 Pond 4 Springs 5 Other
November 2006
9       CM you provide your livestock any of the following supplemental feed materials during the dry season or during the wet season?
Animals 1=Cattle, 2=Sheep/goats; 3"Horse/donkeys/mules; 5=olher
Feed Stuffs
During Dry Season
Wet Season
Animals
Kg
Animals
Kg
Grain
Gra/n by products
Crop residue
Hay
Green forage
’ Stalks
i Shrubf’tree fodder
’Other
9 Do you conserve feed for dry season and wet season (kremt)?
1 Yes 2 No if no why?
10. If yes. state the type of feed you mostly conserve m prionty order from 1 (highest)
t    Standing    hay    2    cut    hay    3    Crop    residues    4    Browse    (peds    leaves    etc* 5 Other (name)
11       Was there shortage of animal feed in the recent years? 1 yes 2 No
12        If yes what was the effect of shortage of feed?
1 Productivity decreased 2 livestock death 3 Other (specify)
13       What measures do you take during feed shortage?
1          Increase sate of livestock
2          Conserve feed
3.       Buy feed from other places
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4         Collect pods and leaves
5.      Borrowing and sharing with   others
6         Aid from government and NGOs
7         Off -farm employment
5         Others (specify)
14 Is the frequency of feed shortage increasing ? 1. Yes
November 2006
2 Nd
15      Do you practice apiculture? 1 Yes 
16. rf yes what number of beehives do you have9 1  Modem _____ _____ ___
2 Trans4»on —--- --------- —— 3. Traditional _
2. No
17 For what purpose do you keep arwmals? (Rank Win each column)
Purpose Kept for
Type of animal
1
Cattle
Goat
Sheep
Poultry
Equines
For mc?k
Tfor meat and Hood
Source of drafl power
For transport
Sources   of   income   to   buy   food grains and other non -food items
For social function
Sign of weaUh
' others (specify)
18      Who (real your animals’
t.
Community Animal Health Workers
2 Local veterinary service
3.
Private 4 Black Market
5 Traditional healer
19.
Oo you
pay for their service’
1 Yes
2 No
20.      How much did you pay in me last 1-year?
1 Be»  20B»r 2 20*50 But 3 60-SOB.rr 4 00-100 Birr 5 stove 100 B.r.
W
22 Are you wiling to conserve livestock feed, if you are provided wtth the ne«SsaP
framing and material? 1 Yes 
2 No
*
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23        Do you like to carry out fattening and or dairy programs'7
24       ll yes, which one do you like most?
1. Fattening & dairy                2. Fattening 3 dairy programs
NQTetniJnrZOOG
25 Do you like Io receive impcoved Ureed^'’
26 tf yes. which type of livestock do you like most?
1 Yes              2 No
1. Dairy Cattle            2 Beef cattle                 3 Goat               4 Sheep 5. Poultry
27 Have you evEr received any extension service, credit, and training9
1. Yes 
Any additKmai information
2 No
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13- FISHERY DEVELOPMENT
13.1 Introduction
HoTccntiEr 2«K
The Abbay Rivflr and its tributaries are one of the major contributors to the fish resou ce Che  country  which  acCMunls  about  29-36%  (2M0-25M  ton  per  year)  country's  nver  hsh pacen'iaJ  The  Didessa  River  A  one  or  the  major  permanent  overs  which  has  subsistence fishery  at  present  lime  in  Abbay  River  oa$m  11  composes  different  water  bodies,  which  are presently  exploited  and/or  which  are  posable  grounds  for  Future  sustainable-  f;  Shenes activities
The pre posed Arjo Didessa Irrigation Project lies on rhe Rivet
which w-l crea’«j
considerable area of manmade water body  (reservoir) This  reservoir will have a substantial fish resource which wrtl serve as a good source of protein and create _,ob opportunity for lhe local people Therefore, il needs  to be studied and cans  For the plans  for integrated development and susta.nable exploitation of fisheries n the project area
13,2   Objective
The broad objective of the study is to memrTuJe the projeCI benefit by preparing plans for the development of fisheries  into calchmeMs  area, reservoir and canal system and integrate the same with development in other sectors  This  will help m achieving several goals  of broad nalional objectives Ipod security, employment generation improving Iwmg standard etc
13.3   Scope of the study
the  scope  of  study  is  limded  to  Ago  Didessa  Irrigation  Project  impact  area  The  plan  for  the development of fisheries in project area will nave Ide fo lowing components
■   Catchments area.
■   Reservoir and.
■   Canal system in command area
The scope of study includes the Mowing issue
*    Review through published information and field visits the current status of the CiptoitaU-on of fisher.es
*    Identification and evaluation of fish resource base and description of fish /aquatic-' environment.
■ Irfenlilication c> existing arid proposed patterns offish distribution arc marketing
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■   Description of ruling activitiM by indivrduats. assoc.af.ons, compares corporations etc:
November 200t
■   Sludy the posstbilrty and scope of development of fisheries m the future especially 
to reservoir and canal system;
. Identification of existing and proposed fisher.es mfrasiruclure, including extension
services and inpuls:
. Identification of existing and proposed fisheries institutions for research, monitoring
and fishing activities
13.4   Methodology and Approach
13,4.1            Data collection
The secondary  data'iniormation will he collected from study  documents  and other relevant literature available by  client and obtained by  own efforts  However, those documents  are scare The available documents, da not reflect the siatus of fishery and very little is known on fish species, tn addition to this, no fishery  dala/informahon are available at Zonal Agricultural office of project area Most dala gap will be filled during field assessment
Different questionnaire have been prepared for selected fish enterprises  angters cooperatives, regional, zonal and Woreda (Districl) Agricultural Bureaus  and Offices  Based on these questionnaires  collection of data /information will be carried out A set of questionnaires are enclosed at Annex T3 1
13.4.2           Report Preparation
The fish resource potential, current exploitation and constraints  will be idenhfiwj Th® scope of potential in Vtew of proposed rese«v&r and canal system will be studied The plan for development of fisheries  mil ba integrated wrth watershed management plan m the catcMrnonls, irrigated agriculture m the command area and plans  far development in aiher sectors  The study  will propose development interventions  far sustainable fish resource ejtploilalion aquaculture and marketing
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13.5  Re vie w pre vi □ US Stud ios
13.5.1 Country Fish Resource Potential and Utilisation
November
Ethiopia is a, land locked counlry and therefore its fishery resource is exclusively fresh water Susla nat- e development of this  resource pofenVef. therefore includes  both capluro fishc  y resource and aquaculture.
13,5,1.1 Ca pture Ftohery Potential
Lake and Reservoir fisheries
Ethiopia  depends  greatly  on  its  inland  water  bodies  few  fish  supply  to  iM  population  I  he country's water bodies for fishery cover a total estimated surface area of fi *1 ■■ 1 km of major lakes  while  reservoirs  and  small  waler  bodies  are  1290  km'  The  mam  overs  are  stretched for  scout  7.  IB5  km  msde  the  country  Based  on  empirical  model  assessment  on  We  lakes aftd   length-based   models   for   hrtrs.   the   lotal   fish   production   potential   of   the   country   <s estrmaied  io  be  44,030-49  030  tons  per  year  which  consuls  of  average  73%  14%  and  13% for lakes fivers and reservoirs respectively iMoARD 2003)
The  caplure  fishery  potemiat  resources  mainly  consist  of  six  major  lakes  and  two  reservoirs out Of which Lake 2 eway Langano Awasd AOaya & Chamo are found m Ethiopian r.fl valley sysiem   Lake   Tana   The   three   man-made   reservoirs  Kota  Fincha  and   Malkawakena  which are  constructed  Tur  power  generation  is  weir  slocked  but  F.nchj  and  Malkawakeng  are  le^s exploited Wan Kok a
fflver- fls/tery
The nverme fishery  has  Deen ignored and least known except some as$-slance winch l as been offered to the River Baro fisheries  m Gambela Region II is  relatively  more developed
□nd   providing   suostantial   food   ar-d   income   Io   the   communities   There   is   no   adequate infbrmalion  on  fishing  activities  of  most  rivers  except  some  from  informal  sources  and  field observations   However   it   is   suggested   thai   most   rivers   contain   fish   slocks   which   are   not Currently exploded
13,5.12 Overview of governmental strategy
Elhiofiia nas already adapted and implemented the strategy of an Agriculture Development Lead Jr>du$friali«tion /AOLir Th* rationale behmo the strategy is that rural area and
agriculture sector, with 85% ol th* tolal population are the basis to bring about a rapid and equitable economic growth and development in the country Confined t> this broad strategy
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is the best uw of the country's fisheyes resources to contribute to gel the aes red sec 
economic development irt the country
The draft policy, which is part of livestock and fishery policy, has (he following mam elcr e
-   Monitor   and   control   the   expfortafioo   of   fish   appropriately,   direclmg   and   regulating production  within  sustainable  limits  for  each  fishery  and  using  the  low  to  safeguard lhe resources from other threat.
*      Prohibit   the   introduction   of   live   exotic   fish   speces   unless   and   until   scientific evidence justifies otherwise
*    Inlrgduce and promote aquaculture and.
*    Improve post harvest handling preservation and fi$h consumption promotion
13.5.2             Fishery in Didessa River sub basin
Didessa «s  one of the main tnbulary  rivers  of the Abbay  River in Didessa sub basm. the river channel starts  from high lands  of Oromiya region and rf short crosses  the Benshangul-Gurnuz region Two important rivers  namely. Anger and Dedans  are tributaries  of it River Anger is mare suitable for fishery  relative to other Abbay  tnbutaries  because ts  flow is  slow and tte channel is uniform. There is limited access to some areas only
The fish potential specifically  for Didessa River nas  not been estimated Howevei the potential of Abbay  and its tributaries is estimated as  2000-2500 ton per year ! Aubrey  1975 in MoWR/BECOM, 199B) It is  difficult to reach at the upper stream of mosl of the rivers  and particularly  the Abbay  due to the rugged nature of me landscape River Didessa is  one of the permanent fwers  which are easily  reachable by  anglers, could serve a good source of prclem for the local people
Subsistence fishing in this river has been going on using a wide range of traditional gears 
which include spear hand line trap poisonous ptanl. and different types af scoop hel
produced from locally available matenals River fishing rs very aefive at the lower Didessa and its tributaries (to the shallow littoral areas) by Gumuz ethnic groups (Hussein A et al
2003)   However   fishery   development   in   the   sub   basm   is   not   well   groomed   in   spite   of polennals  as  inferred  at  this  stage  However  for  the  future  post  project  scenario  the  study will address various issues indicated m the scope ot the present study
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November ^006
Fishery is the result of an interaction of human adWties with fish resources which almost abstni in the Project Impact Area (PIAj The PPA ^ad few settlements and low human population manly dUe to high prevalence of human <malaoa) and animal •irypo; losomiasis) diseases According to the so« economic and environmental assessment Sport, daoU 70OT househerds n the proposed reservoir area and al its periphery and aboul 2200 houwhords m the command area spread over 15 Kebeles are expected to be affected Out of Che total households affected by project about 32 % are new settlers and only the rest «% art natives in command area
It has teen observed that most of the papulations are new settlers and are settled far from the nwfcank They do not have access to fisNng In addition to these, the natural
vegelabon woodland savannah, and strip of reverse forest along the oank of Didessa Rive* {fa roc easily aifaw the movement of people for fishing
Durmg field wsd, to fishing activity was observed m project -mpact area In some Woredas. such as the Jima Arjo people prefer hunting wild animal rather than fishing Conversely, a numbers of new settlers in Kolo Siri Kebele who came from vicinity of Lake Ziway have some know-how about improved fishing technquas. Few of them are exercising fishing rarely tor own consumption by using single hook The know-how and techniques of fishing available wth these people can prove beneficial in developing fisheries in the PI A These people may te utilized as initiators for fishery development on river and in proposed reservoir in future Currently they do not have full engagement and lack proper fishing gears to increase* pioduclion The current fish consumpflicm rs very low m PJA due co which the fish food is not common among the native cv  resettled Oromo people However, fish consumption can increase through creation of awareness  on me usefulness  of fish food among settlers Thereto®. pnxtacbon should increase gradually to avoid the marketing problem
Some fishing activities were observed out sxJe ol project impact area Near Bedels Town people do fishing were at Dabena River They use locally made traps and stupefacient or PQtiSOP plants
Traps  locah'y  cated Gubo’. ar? made of awail^&ie plant and are of different sizes  w,lt1 cylindrical shape like toes The people Sirw# the teenmque for attract mg fishes wdh a bunch or (Ajstflf of sorghum but most of time they do noi use this technique Traps are used at
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specific  praces  where  1here  is  fast  running  water  According  to  farmers  report  the  traps  can catch 10-20 fishes al a time when me volume cf water decreases ’t has also been ear nt tha ■ 1he  farmers  use  naturally  occurring  poison  plants  to  catch  fish  dead  or  uncortscipus  It15  orie of  traditional  method  wdely  used  for  fishing  in  the  rivers  Fish  from  this  river  is  consumed both in fresh and dried form and is very rarefy marketed to Bedele rowns
Beside  Ihe  over  fisheries,  there  is  manmade  pond  Near  Bedele  Town  called  Skanska,  which is  used  for  fisheries.  The  pond  has  been  created  by  excavating  rock  for  road  construction  It hg$  an  area  of  about  0.75  ha  where  is  located  at  the  distance  of  6-7  km  from  town  along Jimma  road  According  to  the  Bedele  Morada  Agricultural  and  Rural  Jt  Development  Report. 1he  pond  has  been  slocked  with  2000  Common  Carp  fish  species  in  1973  EC  It  is  now owned by an individual town dweller and fishing is done seasonally
13.6.1    Development and Research Institutions
Institutions,  which  are  directly  involved  m  fishery  and  related  activities  are  the  Regional. Zonal  and  Mereda  Agricultural  Bureau/Offrces.  There  is  no  NGO  currently  active  in  Project area.  Under  Qromiya  Region  Agricultural  Institute,  the  Ziway  Fisheries  Research  Center  is tarrying   out   research   in   response   Io   fisheries   management   arid   development   needs   The research   areas   are   fishery   resource   potential,   aquacullure.   fifth*   species   identification,   and socioeconomic  aspects  of  fishery  however,  most  of  the  researches  focused  on  the  major lakes   and   smalt   water   bodies   Beth   research   and   extension   m   fishery   development   and management  are  lacking,  despite  the  <act  that  all  institutions  recognized  the  socio-economic rmporlance of studying and developing lhe river fishery
The future role of fisheries  research should be fisheries  resources  management and irffaaton oriaritecr programs  and aquaculture focusing on identifying existing problems  and generating information to provide solutions
13.6.2  Fish Fauna
Tha fish fauna of Didessa River is  nol well studied The differences  ;r> numbers  of species inhabiting various  river systems  are largely  attributable to the Size of (he river as  represented by  its  basin area However, Uwe rs  belief that fish species  slightly  differ from the lower course due to slow flowing character and rheophiltc fish species found in the water
Based  on  the  Fresh  Water  Group  of  1he  Joint  Ethio-Russian  Biological  Expedition  (JER8C1 field report, about eight fish species are found in the river This number is few compared to
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Abbay River where 30 fish species are found This confirms that the fish species of Didessa River are noi well studied Table 13 1 shows the fish species found m Didessa River
Table 13,1 Table (is? of fish species in Didessa River
Family
Fish species
1
Mormyndae
Mormyrus hassetqutstn
2
Cyprinidae
Barbus intermedtus
Barbus sp
Garra sp with red spot
Labeo sp
Varicorhinus Peso
3
Mochofcidae
Chrfogfanrs .sp
4
Cicblidae
Ctchhdae gen sp
13.7   Work program
Fieldwork
The fieldwork program will be as follows
•    Conduct interviews according to questionnaires to, pertinent institutions and resource persons
•    Conduct discussion with local community and investigation of fishery activities in project area
Dunng the fieldwork transport facilities, and tools will be necessary to achieve the program Data obiamed through the direct method and secondary source will be compiled and analyzed for final report writing
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Annexes 13.1
1. Questionnaire for Agricultural Office at Project Impact Arce
1 1 Nan# qf Institution
Zone
Woreda
1.2 Is 1h&re wale-' body for fish fWOUTCM in th* Zane/YV&reda^ please |isl theri on (be following table
No    name of water body      area (ha)
fishery condition
■              ■                    i ■                                  ■■—     -------------------------- — —
1
2
3
!*
4
13 Etaes your orgar-iMtion COllKl fishery data’ Y« No ..
1 4 How does your organization rnonnor fishery resources?
1 5 Please, mention the annual fish production from the above waler bodies during last
live years
Proc
uction (ton/yr)
No
frame of waler body
1994
EC
1995
EC
1996
EC
1997
EC
1998
1
P3
"3
4
5
____________________________________________
—
I—..
■
16   How many anglers and fishrng gun (nets hooks bGaLs etc) a! each above mentioned water bodies [especially Odessa Ftivtrp
17   Are mere anglers Cooperative? Please ||*tlh am 1 S Hew many fish traders in th# ZonftfWoreda?
i 9 15 mere martili infra structure (fish shops, fish clean inq shades waler body etc . }?
access reads To
I ■■■■ iiHBliUBIilJbl I ■ ■! lllil Idikl..*. ■■■ ■■■ B , a a , , . f
|Jfc
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1 10 What rj lhe producers arid retailors fish price in the Z-one/Woreda’’
November 2(Wft
fish species/           Producers price
Rolailers price
Mo
product type
Br/kg
Town 1
Jowti 2
town 3
2
—
3
4
5
____ I___ 1
---- --------- ■ I
1.11 Show the fishermen and fish trader handle and preserve their fish?
I.
1 12 What is the current fishery development in <he area*7 By who'7
.II
2,
2 1 Name t4 cooperative ...........................................................
2 2 Address ................................
2.3 Dale of formation and recagn ized year 199...
2 4 Total Number of members 
Questionnaire for Fishermen Group/Cooperative
Male
Female ........ ...........
2.5 Imbal capital of cooperative
2 6 Current capital ... .
27 Cooperative properties ffisbing gears
i) The number of Boats (non motonzed)
a)  Steal
b)   wooden
c)   olher (rati or reed boat)
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nj Motorized boals:
a. Out heal'd engine.................
b Inboard erujine ....................
(ii)GlltnetS (101 Cm length 3mdflfHh as St a nd a red] rv) Hack and line
NoFEnibcr 20OT
Qt>
v) Others fpfeasC mention m detail)
Size .......................
a).... KS
Quantity lariPifiJ
i
»aI ai•i
...... -.....
c) . ...............            Quantity Cooper-abY^ division of labor io no
F lifting group
Male
... -............. *........
... Female
Salesmen group
Male
Female ...............
Net making group
Male1
Female
Others
Male
Female
2 9 Annual calch by MOperaliue m Quintals
--------------------
Product by fish sp
1994 EC
1995 EC 1996 EC
1997 EC
1998
r
—
!|1
-J
2 19 Selling pride by cooperative (whole fitfif
product by fish Sp.
1994 EC     1995 EC       1996 EC
1997 EC
1998
1 --------- 1
_______ ______        ----
-------—---------—
2.11 Annual aueragE income of lhe CPOperaCive
fir/pprSCin
2 12 What is Che mam participation of women in cooperatives and m w,ih in cwperanve?
fl3henes activity
. ........ —
.. s. I I r
I I r i f”  ■ ■ "
Ik. i ■ ■ I a ■■■■■■■■■ ■ J : I ■
.,,-         ,I
B, , ,
Waterworks Design ^Supervision Euterpe “ “
-
Jo AssKllte with tlUttcntlntncil Consul^ toil TttbnncraL Pvt ltd
I uInception Rep-orc
Arjc Dcdtssa Irrigation Project
2.13 Cons1ra<rifs of the cooperative
NoTettlttrf 2006
3. Questionnaire for Fish Enterprise
3 1 Name
3 2 Dale at EsiAfilishment 3.3   Production
.. Location
al Whole Fi34i received by enterprise during last f.ve years
p-—a-                  ■'                     1
Product by frsh *p.
1994 EC
1995 EC
1996 EC
1997 EC
1988 EC
Total
, _—, „„ , , .
34 Quantity of offal and spoiled fish during last five years
Product  try fish spp.
1994
EC
1995 EC
1996 EC
1997 EC
1938
Total
3 5 Enterprise s manpower
Category
Male
Female
/Umirnstralrve
Processors
Technical
’ Others
1-
-
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In ^ioclatf wiLb iNcttMItacntal C
flnw (lul[5
C
l      Te tjnoc^ts LwInception Report
Arjo Dedessa IrrlEiiion Project
3 5 Capacity of the enterprise
November 2000
Calejory
Capacity____
Collection teals .01
Cold storage (Oil
Ice machine QUhrs'
freezers ;Qt/24 hrsJ
Others
3 7 Source of row material [&V whom)
3 8 Enterprises' selling price
Product Dy fish spp
Price Sr .'Xg
at,ole fcsh
Gutter
Fillei
■ ■ ai
Dried
Others
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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1 16luceptl do Report
Arjp Dedessa imgatldo Project
14. FORESTRY
14.1 introduction
November 2006
Arjo-Dedessa    Irrigation    Project    invokes    the    development    of    command    area    as 
catchment    area    The    watershed    management    is    the    major    component    o    the    waters management,    where    the    management    plan    will    focus    on    soil    and    wate.    corservat biodiversity   conservation,   forestation,   agro-forestry   etc   to   ensure   the   sustainable   flow   of   waler to   reservoir   and   also   to   ensure   the   protection   of   lop   soil   From   erosion   The   development   and management   of   tae$1   is   expected   to  play   a   key   role   in   conservation  &  management   of   natural resources   and   increasing   the   ec-on-ormc   benefit   leading   to   improvement   m   living   standard   on   a suslainablc     basis     In     this     conlexl     the     development     and     management     assumes     special S^arficanCc in Arjo-Decfessa Irrigation Project
14.2    Objectives of the study
14,2.1   Ma In Objective
The main objective of lhe study  is  tc  assess  the past and current vegetation of the watershed, area? then to recommend the appropriate management system, conservation and development measures  of the vegetaliOriJforest resources  to ensure sustainability  and for lhe cortservatwn of soil and water of Lhe catchment
14.2.2Speciflc objectives
•    To assess the exiling vegeiation situation in Hie watershed areas
' To identify the different uses of forest resources and traditional nalurat resources 
conservation mechanisms and .1s .mpact on Hie resources
•     To identify the existing problems and potentials for future watershed management
•     To identify existing and potential tree and other perennial species for future
development, and
•        To    prepare    straieg.es   and    action    plans   for    the   conserve,   ion.>otectl0n   of   the   forest resources    lor    watershed    protect™    and    benefits    of    the    forest    for    different    goods and series.
Water Works Design & Supervision EnterorkT " ’ “ taJUMd.tr with tatrr«attlMtsl Co.Mltli.ta Teclu.^ Pvt L[(,
117Inception Report
Aijo Dtdessa irrtfiatloa Froject
14.3   Scope of the study
November SHtHi
The    current    study    has    endeavored    to    compile    and    analyze    information    pertaining    to    the Current   and    potential    contributions   of   forestry   and    forest   resources   to    watershed   protect   u with   an   emphasis   on   the*   roles   in   catchment   protection   for   soil   and   water   conservation   and minimize   deposition   of   sift   in   the   reservoir   It   Will   focus   Oh   examination   of   the   extent   to   which forestry-related    activities    contribute    to    rural    supply    of    forest    products    for    own    corsun    ption and   income   generation   The   study   will   examined   whal   practical   actions   are   needed   to   furl   'iSf enhance    lhe    contributions    of    forestry    in    sustainable    watershed    management    rhe    study    Will also examine polity and programmatic issues that need further attention
14.4  Methodology
The    following    methodology    is    proposed    to    be    used    to    assess    the    forest    conservation    and development activities in the study areas using the following toots
14.4.1  Literature review
Relevant   literatures,   documents,   and   projects   having   direct   or   indirect   relation   to   the   topic   will
be reviewed thoroughly These wll include the following besides others,
*
*
Woody biomass inventory and Strategic Plan Project documents (2002),, Assessment and Monitoring of Erosion and sedimentation Problems in Ethiopia by 
Ministry of Water Resources (2002)
*
Monitoring of Natural High Forests in Ethtppia by Reusing (1993), and
« Ethiopian Forestry Action Program (EFAP). MOA [1994).
I
!
I
I
I
14,4.2Field Assessment
As a pad of the overall study's component a fifteen days fieH assessment of catchment area will be conducted and information wll be collected on land use System, vegetation situation forest conservation and devdonmem activities and overall biophysical features of th . catchment and command areas
14.4JVisit to Institutions
Relevant woreda offices of lhe Bureau Of Agriculture and Rural Development will be
identify areas covered under catchment and command area* rv,. watershed management and forest conservation development activities
.      .-
updates and detail information on the extent of fOfosr rE5ruhri-« - ,
derttopmant achvriies and major problems in the manage mem of the natural
Water Works Design & SupervisME^^- “ 
JS the issues related
■     •      -S- Will discusspri All
c ■ ueforestation m.-.
"
la relate with Iiim^uj
T Khn™ Lw
I isIncqatai Report
Arjn DedesSA Zn-jganoti Project
14.4.4Plan for Forest Conservation and Development
Forestlands Serve as an economic and eHVrronrn&Hlfll resource. with botfi perSpsCt
■fovm-ibcr 3006
needed IV achieve sustanabte development The economic resource includes wood products 
(Fuehvcod. lumber, building poles etc.) and fond, animal and ulher products fam forest lands 
that are consumed by humans The environmenlal resources include btediver^'ty wildlife
habitat antf c'male protection. improvement of waler quality and quantity and aesthSliC-s 
Walershefl management provides a framewdik for manayemenl such mullipls &SOUFC6S 11
an integrated marine' The forested wdlenhed, that are well managed. has sparse hun a •
population few gran ng ammalsand minimal soil erosior
The rni^agemem Of nature resources  refers  to the tfevefopmant end administration of s1 land resources  10 satisfy  the needs  of present and future generations. The mam objective of fewest management ns  to conserve and develop the forests  to enhance then rolft for SQH and watershed prelection and ecosystems  conseryalmn and sustainable production of goads  and services  Forest managomanl In the watershed areas  is  the management of the natdr.il resources  Ol a drainage bHin primarily  for 1he production and protection of water Supplies and water based resources  rncluding the canfroi ol erosion and floods  and the pro1ecHon of aeslhetic  values  associated with water Thus  Ine plan will consider different benefits  of forest resources  and plan for sustainable production of goods  and services  Obtained from ihis resources
14.5 Review of the previous studios
Different   literatures   on   the   general   knowledge   of   the   fores!   resources   Of   the   country   and   11   3 region  which  IS  true  for  tfie  westefTI  forests  of  the  country  where  Cedessa  Rive<  is  ongmaurq mre    renewed    Available    Rterrtires    and    reports    shaw      that    most    of    the    forest    nwurcw    oi    the country   are   under   great   pressure   lor   different   land   uses.   Other   than   forests   Some   years   ago the   main   catchment   aM»   of   lhe   Dedesso   River   had   been   covered   by   dense   broad   le   IVed foreala    Whereas,    most    Of    fhesfl    forest,    have    been    WMrted    to    agriculture    and    SrttjJ^nte now    days    The    following    studies    show    the    forest    a.foafojn    of    the    country    which    car    be   i base for future adrons in the sustainaljfo management of forest resources of the COUhtr
14.5,1  The Oromiya Regional State
A Strategic Plan for the susLainafaie development. tonservatnn
dnii mansQEipnenF rif iu-
wcudy bromass reidurcM (W0ISPP 2002)
of th*
Water Works Design & Supervision Emerorile ’                 “ hM»daU rtlh InUmclirikM CwsriUH, Tettui„eia[s L[fl
1391
I I
Inception Repcn:
Arjo Dedessa Mg’aticn Project
The Oromiya Regional State (ORS) covers some 376,OOOkmZ forming a broad tra
November 2006
y
I
I
conceal
considerable
local
variations 
in
both
supply 
and   consumption
Jn
r-i-K             ip a Reaion of incredible southeastern, soulhem. southwestern and western Etnropia n
ecologrcal and cultural drversrty. ranging from and to semi desert in the lowlands mhab
Iranshumant pastoralists, to monlane forests with high rainfall inhabited by bush fallow g
agncultiwisis. The population was estimated in 20CC by the CSA to be 22.3-*« million
88 percent of lhe population trras m lhe rural areas
Agriculture in the Highlands  comprises  mixed cropping and livestock  production, with cereals predominating in the Eastern and the North Central Highlands  and the Rift '/a-ley, and mrxed enset root crops  and cereals  in the South Central and Southwestern Highlands  in ,ne Harerge and Southern Lowfands  extensive pastoralism occurs  whilst in lhe tsetse infested Abay and Western Lowlands shifting cereal cultivation is found
With    rapidly    increasing    population,    cultivation    is    expanding    Marginal    and    steep    lands    are increasingly    being    brought    under    cultivation    .eading    to    accelerated    soil    erosion,    and    So declining   and   more   variable   crop   yields   Expanding   cultivation   is   taking   olace   at   the   expense of   communal   lands   on   which   most   woody   txomass   resources   are   located,   ieadmg   to   a   decline in   these   resources   Regionally,   tuo-fuels   provide   99   5   percent   of   the   total   (rural   and   urban) domestic   energy   supplies,   wrth   81   percent   derived   from   woody   biomass.   4   percent   from   crop
residues.   14   percent   from   dung   and   1   ptwcent   from   charcoal   However   these   Regional   figures 
increas«ng opportunity costs m its collection or purchase
Large areas of woodland, shrubland and grassland characterize Bale and Borena Zones Significant percer-lagos of forest are also found in these Zanes The next two Zones have extensive areas ot sh/uWand and grassland but tittle or woodland They also have significant percentages of rock. The remaining two Zones of klubabor and Jimma are the Zones, with the highest percentages of natural forest m the Region
Humid Upland Broadleaved with Aningeria dominant forests are round in greatest extent ir, the lllubabor and West Wefega Zones They are found between 1.500 and 2 600 masl Mean annual ram'all is between 700 and 2 M0 mm and mean annual temperature between ^5
addition,
there
are
temporal
changes   in
these
patterns 
In
the
face   of
declining   stocks 
of
wood   fuel
and
the
I
and 20c c They become more diverse in species Irem east to wps1 r, .
wesi [j e with increasing
ramlall} and with decreasing aHUude (j.e with increasing temperature} Forests in the B
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise” —------------------------------- 1 ln
tn faMCHM wild [otsrecntlntDlal resultants ana Technocrat Pvt. LtdInrcptton Report
Arfo Dedtssa rmgadon Project
catchment ace thus llorisficaffy richer than in the Omo catchments. Four strata car generally recognized The highest stratum rtt formed by trees 30 to 50 m high, the mo
Nijvemlier 2006
■mportaat af which are Anmgeria adolfi-fnecfer»ei, Ficus *PP. ahd Syzygmm gurneer.se Below
this is a dense stratum of tree 18 to 25 m high wflh * wide range or species The third si return
at small trees and hushes includes Galrnera coffeodes and Coffea arabica The grour
stralum indudas Aframomurn korarima
In   the   higher   rainfall   areas   above   2.400   masl   on   more   gentle   slopes   dense   th   cke>s   of highland    bamboo    (Arundinana    alpma)    occur    It    is    possible    that    this    ts    an    anthropomorphic sub-climax     caused     by     frequent     cultivalion     There     is     evidence     of     human     disturbance throughout   the   area   and   Chaffey   considers   mat   aH   the   remaining   natural   forest   is   in   fact secondary
An examination of the Chaff®? map ndicates  thatlhese are all Montane Broadleaved Foresis (C} and that there is  no Lowland or Transrtianal Forest in the ORS The Regional Forest Priority Areas in this category total 1,213.640 ha They include within their boundaries some
905,362 ha of nalural forest
Tsrminalra-Combretum    (Deciduous)    Woodlands    are    also    found    m    1h&    higher    rainfall    areas generally   wilh   above   700mm   mean   annuat   rainfafl   These   are   found   in   the   Uplands   of   Borena Zone   (he   lowland   valleys   of   the   Dioessa   and   Gibe   valleys   and   the   lowlands   lllubabar   West and    East    Wellega,    and    North.    West    and    East    Shewa    Zones    Apart    from    the    two    dominant Species      others      include.      Oxytenanlhera      abyssimca.      Boswelha      payrifeo,      Lannea      schimperi Anoge^ssus     lemcarpa.     and     Slereospermum     kunlhianum     The     main     land     use     systems     are agro-pastoral arid shifting cultivation.
14.5.2         Ethiopian Forestry Action program, MOA {1994)
According   to   EFAP   (1994)   the   forest   area   in   Ethiopia,   which   at   one   time   might   have   occupied as   much   as   35   percent   of   th   counlry.   has   now   been   reduced   to   about   2   3   percent   This   forest comprises    natural    high    faresis.    bushlands,    plantations    ana    on-farm    trees    (farm    Forestry)    The natural    high    forests    are    classified    into    58    National    Forest    pnonly    Areas    (NFPAs)    totalmg    an estimated    2.3    million    ha    According    to    this    report    about    12    million    is    conservation    forest whereas Ihe remaining 0 8 million ha can be production forest
The    woodlands    and    bushlands    are    being    depleted    by    the    spread    of    farming    the    ro livestock population and by Ihe demand for firewood and charcoal. The manaqemen-
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Arjo Betfessa ifftgatfon Project
various forest resources faces a number of coftstraintg. and almost everywhere lhere IS
NOFeEntier 2006
conflict with local communities. including extensive encroachment on forests and plantations 
The combined effects of steep topography, high intensity rain storms, degraded vegetation,
extensive cultrvalion, overgrazing and soils wi1h depleted organic matter leads to severe soil
erosion TheElhiopan Highlands Reclamation study in 1905 conducted that 2 ■■ percent of the
highlands were seriously eroded, 23 percent moderately eroded while about ■ 1 percent
should be withdrawn from agricultural use and reforested. In addition some 19CD mi lion ton
of soil were lost annually, equivalent to 100 tons/ha
14.13 Monitoring of Natural High Forests In Ethiopia, Reusing (1990)
According to Reusing (1998) in the 1970 s  5 4 million (4.75%) of Ethiopia was  covered by Natural High Forests  which include 2.64%, 1 24%. 0.37% closed slightly  disturbed and heavily  disturbed high foresls  respectively. According to the same author after 15 years, at the beginning of 1990's  the rema.ning forBSt decreased 1o 3 93% of the country  s  land cover According to this  report 2 4 mdliqn hectare (2 14%) of the country's  area was  deforested from 1970 s to lhe beg'nnmg of 1990's.
Accord ng to lhe detail Study  made on the southwestern forests  of Ethiopia, deforestation and the degradation of the natural resources  ft a serious  Ihreat for the rast forests  in south west of Elhiopia From 1971-1997. almost 50% of lhe area, which was once completely  covered by nalural high torests  was  deforested in this  time lhe overall result has  shown that m most NFPAs of Ethiopia forest stands have been degraded or even completely deforested
14.5,4 Assessment and Monitoring of Erosion and Sedimentation Problems
According to lhe report on assessment and monitoring of erosion and sedimentation problems  in Ethiopia MoWR. water conservation measures  in Ethiopia were almost exclusively  composed ol physical (or technical) conservation measures  Little attention was given to the need for improved water infiltration at lhe place of origin, as  well as  to an increase in the waier-holding capacity  Of soils  for the benefit of crops, the natural vegetation and 1he need for ground water recharging
This report recommends bio-physical sod and water conservation which is a combination of physical measures (where necessary) and tjwtagical treatment by way of trees shrubs legumes and grasses Ideally, bio-physical soil and water conservation are applied to a whole (micro) watershed area, wtth a full scale treatment of all land use types no matter .f cultivated land. grai.ng land, forest areas or degraded lands The guiding principle of this approach ,s
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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142iocflptlon Report
Arjo Pertess a [ntfaticB Project
November 2006
increase water unfiitratton into the soil as  much as  possible at the pface of origin <i e wherever the rain falls) by  -ncreasing the water-holding capacity  of the soils  Increased rainwater retention wilf benef'1 both availability  for crops  and natural vegetation and ground waler replenishment
14.6    Findings of the Reconnaissance Visit to the Study area
Reconnaissance visit was  made from April 27 to May  4. 2006 The visit covered Ihree zones, namely  Jimma, lllubabor and East Wollega of Ororma Region The commard area ts  found in Jimma-Arjo. Bedelle. and Gechi woredas  The Dedessa River starts  from the highland of Jimma zone inckling Gera, Sigrnio, Selema and Goma woreda and flows  North East North then North west directions. The Upper parts  of the catchments  have been covered with natural twgh forest of Gera. Stgmo and Babiya forests  The middle part of the River also covered wuh broadleaved high forest and Lhc  lower parts  are covered wi1h lowland woodlands
14.6.1 Woredas visited
The   Dedessa   river   catchment   and   command   area   of   the   irrigation   project   covers   three   zones (Jimma. lllubabor, and East Wellega) and eleven woredas (Table 14 1)
Tabl» 14.1 Ths following womdas cover the catchment, reservoir and command areas
Zone
Woreda
Coverage
Jimma
Gomma
Catchment
Mana
■
Gumaye
1—--- = - ——---------------
_
Setema
-
Sigmo
•i
bmmu seka
“lllubabor
Deddessa
Borecha
C a!criment and dam site
Gechi
Command area
Bedde
Command area
Easl Woftega
' Jimma Arjo
Command area
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143
■ - 1 JiInception Report
Arjo Dedessa irrigation Project
14.6.2 Findings of (he Visit to the Study area
November 2006
-Vqreda Agr.cullure and Rural Development Offices  of Limu-Seka, Secfelc. Gee hi Borecha and J,irTma-Arlo were visrted and discussions  were made with staffs  to identify  the areas which are covered under command area, and catchment Also, the kebeles. which cover the command area, were identified with the help of local officials  The command area covers Jinima-Arjo woreda of East Wollega and Gechi and Bedele V/oredas  of lllubabor zones whereas  the catchmenl aeas  cover eleven woreda of the three 2ores. Data about househ^ds ard population were also collected for the command areas
14.6.2,1          Kebeles under command area
Detail work  will be made after the survey  and mapping of the command areas  This  will identify  the actual irrigable areas  and lhe kebeles  those can benefit from irrigation development.
Tabla 14.2 Ruril and Urban Population of the Catchment and Command Area Woreda?
Ho.
Zone                Woreda
Kebele
________- --------------- 1
House holds        Population
B----- - 1
"lllubibor
Bedele               Koilb Sine
4ftB
2348
Ambalta L
333
1148
Chaffe |alala                      405
2530
Bakalcha Bihu                   365
Chilalo Bildima                  297
Gech*                 Yaotiio
------------ ----------------------
233
Wakaiie
2l6
1669
1122
1424
1416
Manis-a
138
1282
Chitu Bo»flu                      317
1684
2
Eas! Weilega        Jinvma Arjo
Badessa Dedesga            440                         rlS59 Lwgama                            MO
L,    ____            1064
14.6.2.2          Estimated Population Living in the catchment areas
The catchment areas  are covered by  most of the kebeles  in the listed woredas. and 1 he population for the woredas  were taken to estimate lhe potential population aHedmg water flow or benefit from the irrigation development project
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144Inception Report
Arjo Odessa Irrl gatjon Project
Table N.J Rural and C'rbaia Populariu
i
NoTtruber 2006
iefth< €»i*farntfiC
wofeda Bcdcle
Durat
KUiiil
99,023
>nd C«*««i4 «rra WorailM Total
17.800
116.823
Dedessa
48.040
4,785
Gcchi
47,286
4.BI6
52.82?
■------ ---- --------- ri i m 52.IU2
Limu-Sefca
139,858
4,570
"
144.428
■ -7 A<JC
Borecha
46,000
1,056
47jpo
Gera
82,013
|, 147
88.164)
Gomma
Mama
Setema
239.479                   53,311
292.790
132.200
4.112
130.112
96.793
3.H6
99,909
_S_igEm__o___ __ ■-------------             82.570
2,624
8.789
85,194
Jimma-Arjo Total
69.952
78.741
1.083,214
113.126
1,194.340
f 4.6.3 Forest rasources nflhe catch men l and command areas
Most Qf 1he highland al the catchmEr-L areas  had beer' covered w.Ch fnflfi forest cover until 1970s. than after 1he forests  were highly  pressurised Ihrovgn government selUernenl progrsms. expansion of modern coHee plantation and Introduction <rf modern agricultural systems  In lhe areas  More than 50% 6f the forest caver of the ar&as  were lost to different land UH systems  and currently  fragmented end d-sturbed iorests  were jemained in same parts of the woredas
Tbere art three h'gh forest priority areas found in lhe catchments areas which include Gera Singmo Sabyfl toresls (Table 14 4} Accord ng to the information Ctridtned from liie
wwadl offices about 17% Of the forest was converted to Agricultural land According to lhe current dbstrvatiort made by lhe Study 1he sdualian is worse Lhan available data on the forest siz e of the previous years
r^hlr 14-4 h"J “ *i*
r
d **n<l rt*** “r r-»mi priarfl- frail I>n (hr ra1 ct>mrnJ ■ rtm
RFPA                Total area             Natural Forest              Woodland
Rabi v 3
Hera
_ StgOTO
Total
% Cover
25204
113360
10169
93774
70672                        59641
196316 100
171504 02
—' ■ . - ■ 1 L
2723
2723
if
Cultivated land 4392
19586 11031 35009
' 1?
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I-15iDcepdon Report
AtJo PefltsM Irrigation Project.
November 2006
sgncuFiure with onty leaving shade trees for coffee The settlements are located on sleep
water conservation measures
The irrigable pans  ofihe lowlands  are recently  occupied by  new legal selllers  who come from the eastern parts  or the co unify  and some other illegal settlers  The der.se woodland had been cleared for setllemsnl and agriculture The woodland also Cleared for fuel wood and house Mnuruction without any proper management.
14.7   Data collection
Both secondary  and primary  data wifl be collected from different studios, reports  structured ana unstructured interviews  and group as  well as  individual discussions  The main information to be Mllecled will be existing Sand use ISrtd COW. forest management situatron. problems  in fared management fixMOhi) forest management nmchanHifH and perception pf fanners  M' furestflree managMHnt and potential tree -'perennial species  for watershed management
14.71 Work program
The   activities   Of   the   study   CM   be   categories   into   three   parts   which   includes   literature   rwviAtt fifrd Wflrtt and data compilation analysis Md writing up
14.7.2 Literature review
This  adwity  Will continue throughout theskiiy  pen cd until l he completion of the report writing The review includes  regional foreslry  action program and report Of woody  biomass  inventory and strategy  planning project, different reports  from woreda agricultural Offices 
14.7.3- Fieldwork
lhere win be two field visits fa the study area which include one week for recfinnaissanr.i •
dar-ng last week Of April 2006 and tha ether during second week of June 20QG for del a 1 data Miction on biophysical weiorecononiic Situation rtf tha area which helps m the prepa'ai
pf managemtrn plan for the watershed Forestry has Srgnrficanl rale m the protection of irngatioD dam Md ensures quality waler flow into the dam and elongate of th Hfe^imJ^
e
the dam
Water Works feslpi & Supervision Enierori&r 1b ftjuclatt ivlU lulerwiiUnenuilCornuHit,^ tedn^^*
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1< 7^Analysfe and report writing
pilation and analysis will be made in the office immediately upon the availability oi epo is This program depends on the availability of data, which will be arranged with the
November 2006
ihe wfrbng up oF the report will be completed during third week of June to second *eekc.f July 2006
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is. agricultural me chin ization
15,1  Introduction
November 2006
Ethiopian   economy   is   characterized   as   an   agrarian   economy,   with   85%   of   population   e   P   f in  ths  sector  and  40%  of  GDP  and  90%  of  export  derived  from  it.  Sul  yields  of  almost  all  crops and   livestock   are   low   owing   to   the   primitive   methods   and   traditional   farming   system
subsistence rwestock  raising. Out to this  low productivity  of agricultural sector per-cap ta income of the rural population is  less  1han half of the nalronal average Thus, most of the Ethiopian farmers  are living below poverty  line, earning less  than 4 5 birr per day  One of the reasons  attributing to tow product"^ m the Agricultural Sector is  the unchanging rudiments;y traditional farming system with very low level of mechanization
A^o-Deddessa imgatwn project envisages  increasing the agricultural productivity  by  providing itr^ation waler witch will facilitate the use of mos1 inputs  like responsive high yielding crop varieties  and improved agro-techrnques  In the absence of improved modern method of farming/cuttivation, it witi not be possible to achieve optimum yield of crops  even after the intredvethon of irrigation «n the command area Therefore, the mechanization of agncullure far hmely  and efficiently  completion of operations  is  assumed to be very  important <n I he study  II is  expected to play  a very  key  role in improving the productivity  of irrigated agriculture, leading io increased economic  benefit of the farms. This  will pave the way  in achieving several goals  of -he national programs tike food security, employment generations etc
15,1.1         The Need for Mechanization
Agricultural mechanization is  a very  broad field covering the study  of different types  of farm machinery  and equipments, including the sources  of power required to operate various machines  Farm equipments  constitute a vital input to the crop production cycle and wide range Of equipment is  now available at global level Some or these equipments  are highly sophiSlicaled and demand richer level of technical qualification and packground of the managers  and welMrained operators  There is  extreme variation in the level of mechanization between lhe developed and developing counlnes  and the range of equipments  used may 
Irom the manually operated simple ones to the modern combne harvester
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Arf* EVdessi irrigation PrajKt
15. 1J  F arming system in Arjo 'OeddessJ project a tea
November 2006
Mom or the Ario-DwJdasa proyecfarea is covered by woodland and Bushes However, the people wfio lew sparsely arm ffwy depend wi agrafe far their live’ hood • nd ncoir.c
Swghuii and maize are the mam crops grown m lhe Area These are planted wth the n ■ s_t
ran I'm take three io faur monlha tn matof* s*ice thtve s uncertainly c ramfa.l
pipings cflen Hit. and ihe fields are replanted Si many as four ar true fares unW early June Lu hanwl a reasonatte crop
The human or manual power i$ the main source 0# farm power in Ago-Dedde »a project Miimana area. Animal power is  also widely  used in the area especially  for piping a nd Lranspcdahpn cperahons
15,2 Objective of mechanization
The &c#f Otjectne of agnculturai mechanization's to harness effectively and efficiently to tt'3 cpWflum the agricultural produdicn polemifli of lhe project command area which will be created dje  to  ntrorfudori  cf  imganon-  so  tnat  the  ert¥i$*ged  adjective  of  the  pr3|ect  to  improve lhe economic sluxlard of the farmers is azheved
15.3 Scope of the study
The project corsages fa develop mtensruely irrigated agriculture in Arjp. Deddessa Project
Ths will necessitate land clearance land development. formation of field blocks, canals and
drains and land isve‘ng TfaS going to be a one bme operation and may require heavy 
equipments only in lhe beginning of lhe project im ptemeniatitm
B&des lh* equipments  WiR be requ.red far performing various  annual,'seasonal farrn operations  far afferent types  of crops  The requirement of these dass  <jf equipments  mi be on permanent ba« These equips  will be required for ihe broad farm operations  tike pnmj Ullage secondary Wage. planting <je sowing. niercuHu/al operations CfOp rot '
harvesting and Ihreshmg The list of traddfartei and improved aariruh,
agnculturat
prolKt|on
,s
Water Works Deslfn & Supervision Enternr^
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Ado Dettessi Irrigotioa Pm J i?tt
Table 15,J Tndilionjl and suggested improved Agriciihurat Implements
November 2006
Na
Farm Operations 
Traditional Equipments used
Suggested improved
Equipments in tang run
Land clearing, canal and] Axe. matched bush knife ® J ^^® ^
u
l         f   9ra^e,rS'
drainage construction
hoe. hack-saw _.
Seed bed preparation                  wood made plough
3      Sowing and fertilizer  manual, usually broad
.1 application_____________ . casting.____________ ______ 4      InCercuduial operation J | plough, and hoe______________ ,
r    excavators
T■ actors .ploughs.harrows.
1
1  shovel 1
7 manual krtapsack sprayer
revelers ndgers
Planters,
applicators
Inter row cultivators
Siphons
Motorized         sprayers Aircraft    When    found ecpnormcal to use Combine harvesters 
stakl# and bush knrfe
. Excavators
Threshers and shellers Tractor d^awn Irailors
fertilizer
5    I krigatiofi_______ 6    ' Plant protection
Harvesting
and
Id
Ob
r
a  Egging_______                 ___
9
Threshing shelling and
decorticating
TO Transporting Transporting
x hoe ___________ wood pastel, winnowng using the natural breeze
T Draught animals and human power
15,3.1         Land preparation and planting
Jn Ago deddesa project command area the tand is cleared by the farmers usmg hand tools The fcprs used by the farmers for this operation include axes, machetes, hacksaw, bush knife etc 
The planting is done in genera. with lhe help of tools like spear to dig the hole to dibble 1hd
seed
15.3.2          HarveslJrtg
The   m05l   Widely   used   harvesting   tool   is   lhe   sickte   and   bush   knife   The   cobs   or   car removed from 1he slalkS wdh the help of sickle or bush knife
15.3.3          Threshing
Sorghum is threshed manually by beating with sticks A wooden mortar and pas1e| ,5 Hl. . commonly used Uy the termers for thralling but the out pul is | w The pounded
heads
arc 
O
cseaned by tossmg it into the natural brwze and catching the gram or seed
_
3Way the chaff and dust
1 - Wind carries
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Arjc Petfem Irrigation Project 15.3.4             Transporting
November
The main
sour
ce of transportation of other in
put* and
gram
«s ani
mal
p
,na
donkeys 
and
also   human   beings   as 
head
load
This 
is 
cumbersome
and
process.
15.3.5
Selection of equipments
This shows that there is complete lack of modem melhods of farm operation in the project area
The farmers are not very much trained and they are not aware of the latest techniques of
modern moated agriculture
Therefore,   the   scope   of   the   sludy   will   include   the   selection   of   different   types   of   equipments   for vanous farm operations as given below m Ta We 15 2
These equipments include the following three categories
i)          Hand operated
ii)         Bullock operated,     and
iii)         Power operated
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rihtc 15.2 EooipmctH r«|-irrf for
ypTtmbgr 2006
No.        Types of oaeration
EcjulpfflGOt*
I--------- 1
LantfClearng                    Bulldozer with ripper
Trw poster_____ _____—
2
Lard d^evoomert Lmtler Grader Drtcher Scraper
.----------------- ■
3         Tillage
4
s
Planbng
Crop proteclm
1______________  1
Pro ugh
Harrow
CuHrvattx______  ____________ Seen dnlls/ Seed with fertilizer drill Plani&^ranspiantoJ
Duster Weeder Sprayer Duster
J
4
Wwder
..
i------- n
6         Harvesting end ihitshing
—
7 Grades 3rd cleaning
’fl           Transporting
■&
Fooo processing
Combine herveslor
Mo*e<
ThresKe*
Shelter_____
Grader
Cleans
T-actor, TrjA&r
Vehicles______________
t Food ZfOCESEKXt
ID        swage____________  Stores/ Sforage bins.
Apart from the refluent of equips  lor one bm» oper3l)On for 1ar<j development and for roubne farm opffrtro for every  season there te a need to establish workshops  for manlenanctof the Heel of wjjipments specially the power operaied
the   scop®   n<     ,t!*sty(^   msV   64     Summal®**35     the     wlwi'on   of   fhe   most   appropriate   form etuntmenis  along  with  '.her  capacity  and  number  for  one  time  operation  and  also  for  regular r Id operat®04 aVjng wth the provision o* workshop for their upkeep and maintenance
Tie foiowng approach and melhodology is proposed io fee adopted
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15.4 Review of Farm machinery Production
According 1o Rural Technology promotion Department. a improved agriculture P -
are being produced by 1he zonal technology centers mainly 10 promote and demons! products A Jew Farmers service stations have also been established cu r_p maintenance for farm rmptemenls but they are by and large at rudimentary stage The ns. these machines and equipments are given below
•    Com Sheller
•    Sprite looth harrow wooden frame
■   Mould board plough
•    Oi'drawn cart with metal wheel
■   Corn planter
•    R ce Thresher - Pedal Powered
■   Wheat and barety thresher
•    Ml-J straw silo for grain storage
■   Fuel saving mefaltc stove
•    0iogas dome (metallic)
15.5  Approach and Methodology
■   Visiting and reviewing of current level of agriculture »n the project area
■   Field survey of fhe project area and interaction with the farmers
■   Collection of data and information from organizations and people involved m planning and management of agriculture.
NoTemb* r 20D6
•    Colleclion of data and information on agricultural mechanization from organizations institutions and existing mechanized farms and also from other sources
•    Reviewing soil charaderrtlits. type of vegetation, topography, climatic conditions and investigate their impact on mechanization
“ In association wdh an agronomist study the currently cultivated crops and select an appropriate cropping pattern
•     De«fe the level and extent of agricultural mechanization to be introduced in the project area on the basis of
- Soil and land characteristics
- Climatic factors
- Types of crops
- Socio-economic and agncutturgl factors
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- Trend m m^h*rn£aiion
- Farmers preference m light of o -hpfaing sift
a an-fa*m resources
1S.6 Report Preparation
Analysis of collected data for inclusion of the fallowing
November 200G
•       Formulate    an    agncuHural    medhanitation    package    and    select    agricultural    machineries involved   in   all   farm   operations   This   may   also   include   the   bulfack   drawn   machineries and implements for semi and corr.pfaie mechanization
■      From    the    site    plan    select    the    location    ol    the    site    for    small    and    medium    level maintenance work shop
■   Specifications for construction and agricultural machineries
•    Machinery need f&r agn^processing and storage facilities
■   Proposal for required skilled and unskilled manpower
157 Work Program
The programme for completions  Of study  and preparation of the Report will focus  on the selections  of equipments  for various  agricultural operations  m light of the prevailing socio and agro-econorric  conditions  and in the background of introduction of irrigation in the command area The equipment and looJs  will include the fallowing categories  to mach the requirements for different group of farmers such as smalt, medium and large
(i)         Hand operated
(ii)        Bullock drawn
(hi)      Powe* operated
Since the improved farm machinery and implements are not being used by the farmers in me project area and catchment due to their poor farm-resources and lack of services il has been proposed to organize a number of demonstrations on field of selected farmers of kebetes as w e! as 31 nearest Agricultural Research centers The demonstrations will be organized under irrigated production systems using proposed crops and copping systems by agronomist tike wheat. maize, nee etc.
The    demcnstrabons    will    cover    the    agricultural    operations    from    land
practices for semi-mechamzation and comptete mechanization r ”
preparation to post harvest including hand tools
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16.      AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IM Iritrndnction
November 2006
The Fcnn M,K?>e gf Inc  irngjaon ptQjed is  IQ rart** (Ml Irving standard of Itrmcfa by intnwung ire ■gnoHurri p;dduziiLn and 'hereby  rhe ewnwnie benefits  In both he aspects 
■rwcasing  agrieuhjral  prttfaehM  and  increasing  eccnMnto  benntosniai^eting  plays  3   *'-■> itHportarfl  rtfe  W*r  for  irngabon  ia  one  of  fa  mprds  far  increase  ogricuftura  prcxluCtiMi There   are   elhs   tyfe   Mn   .mpreve   variety   Of   seeds   ftrtfizrt   p*ltK*tes   InsecttcMw   otc besides  1he  O*d<  fof  tot  «pn*l  teqUnd  hr  b-jyvig  inputs  meeting  other  r^luiremet’.Ls These  .rpuls  are  to  be  made  avsilaule  Ihraitfi  mart*  Simdarty  the  economic  benefit  will accrue to lire farmer by sei teg their surplus produce far wNcft again th* farmers TiW nave IB PepcM (ft ihe marier W.lh tne intoodudicn pt tfrigartion Ihe demand Jpr inpuL and at I he same hue Ine supply of surplus produce wifi tficreaw This miy  have very adverse impact  an Ihtr accrual  of  ECDnomc  berrefrto  to  ihe  'armers  Trererore,  lhe  agTitulturfl  markal  ng  aSsums* esp«,i  sign/cjnce.  and  requires  ie-deptii  study  to  CrtlUtt  KCAUH  Of  envisaged  benefits  to (to la mrera
16-2 Objectives of the Sludy
The mir cbeclwefif tou Slutty  to 10 KKSl toe prevailing agrrcuttural marketing system in the prajBcl artw and olhtt potoftial marten md propose ruture market intervention* thal would enab* farmers  to Mfloi available market opportunities  through effective and system-c  use of markets  IP buy  irpuds, KC«U credit and sell Meir ptofoce thereby  iruproving then livelihoods by inneisog net in-Mmes and profit margins
16.3 Scope of the Work
The  rtneman  of  toe  work  w(  w   M  two  levels  and  Witi  Lnt^ude  assessments  al  the  project sues and rther market watt and emphaszed an inputs and outptfs marketing ay stents
At Ihe pmjetf Sites. heMt M) WMtdfl revels, issu« :*e demand and au^
a fqpullural nputs. silt and efficiency of Suppliers Vrll be assessed VWhi*e Or. produce r ffl^or prop* produced. Consumption. storage, transparlaiirm, exchange syE
.L m
e      fln(1
means of Iransporlat^ and the paMern of vrJj^n
“ ■Mwn-i and market uuisi
in '
tejw-n due attention
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Arjti Plessa irrigatiao Project
At the regional lever demand and supply of major agricultural inputs. s*ze and efficiency suppliers will be assessed. Where as on production side market participants and proximty, exchange system arid prices, storage, processing and marketing chain will be given
Nove niber 2DCH>
attention. In line with the issues 3t both levels as mentioned above, major marveling problems 
will be identified and appropriate measures will be proposed
On    ihe    other    angle,    che    potential    market    al    regional,    national    and    international    Fevels preferences    of    commodifies    end    rts    perspective    pnces    al    each    level    wilt    be    assessed Furthermore,   Ihe   short   and   long-term   plan   of   the   regional   government   in   terms   of   extension service   delivery,   constructing   access   road   and   credit   facilities   will   be   identified   Then   ma   ke   ng problems   at   all   levels   will   be   assessed   and   measures   to   control   the   situations   will   be   proposed FinaMy,     depending     on     the     information     generated     from     the     earlier     mentioned     marketing Channels, potential crops for market Will be recommended
16.4 Methodology
To exploit the diversified arid ample resources, favorable policy  environment and commitment of ihe international communities  towards  attaining the millennium development goals  in the country  a detail sludy  on improving market efficiency, which is  considered a dynamic  force in agricultural development is  very  significant Tbei-efore. the following methodology  ts  proposed to be adopted
Both primary and secondary data will be collected, synthesized and analyzed The
methodologies envisaged for data generation are group discussions and individual interviews 
Therefore semi structured questionnaires and independent checklists 'will be developed for the
actryitffis
16.4.1- Document review
The   relevant   secondary   information   will   be   gathered   from   various   sources   including   the   federal regnal,    and    zonal    and    wexeua    offices    and    development    agents    Review    of    the    available published     and     unpublished     literature     and     reports     on     the     socioeconomic     conditions     of     the woreda   will   also   be   used   intensively   The   consultant   shall   aJso   identify   petevant   documents   like strategy    document.    assessment    reports    as    well    as    monitoring    and    evaluanon    reports    available at    regional,    zonal    and    woreda    levels    Furthermore,    Ihe    national    marketing    strategy    along    it broad import export situation* will be reviewed
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16.4,2.     Participants sefeclJon and ttw assessments in action
The mapr setetflM criterion will be Objectives of the study. dWarnmg compf-eha
^orrr-aiion on marketing system Therefore, based on AMpedertCe. and considering ths 
jiorember 2006
objective of the Survey purposive and systematic simple random sampling will de used keep ng
•ft view rhe acCBSsi&My and convenience. The selection of the kebels/kebfiJes w
11 L e
-  done i.
consaltolion with Wcreda Desk Of AgncJkire and Coaperalrve Promotion Kebflles having
experience m irrigation m the wnredaAvoredas will ba listed and among these appropriate
kebele ,'kebees will he selected, considering that the selected kebsles have Lrtiliied high
external inputs fw agriculture and hive supplied surplus tn the markel
Then interviews  and drscussmns  with the farmers  and suppliers  will be pedarmed. respectively The same wdi be carried out with cooperative leader kun officer (if available) and development agents, agricultural edem^on marketing officer Furthermore at the woreda and regional .eve's interviews  and disCuSMQriS wril be carried out with relevant Staff whicil will be drawn from cooperative and agriculture desks  The samt will also conducted with retailers. an J wnOteSSle^StnbutDrs, Owner of the processing plains  and Cooperative leaders  al were da and regxxwt levels
16.4.2.1.  Group Discussions
Group   disCuMions   will   be   held   with   mfferenr   categories   or   farming   communities.   A   mammum   of 12   farmers   Will   be   identified   and   discussjons   wiir   be   help   bn   nputs   and   outputs   marketing
□•tap   members   shall   be   drawn   from   various   economic   dass   rich,   medium,   resource   poor   and farmers     engaged     in     various     ecunomc     adivkm     female     headed     households,     tflderfy     and adolescent farmers
16.4.2.2.  Key Informant Interviews
In-depth interviews and discussions with individuals of specific knowletfgefrnarketing system will t» Carried PUt and they shall provide information on behalf af their respective groups Farmers, considered resided, knowtepgeahie and Petter informed an inpuls consumplkjn seed. fenihjar and credit, will ba Hletied in collaboration wth DA$’ find they shall be interviewed independently Furthermore, interviews and discussions wi1h DA, cooperative leaders, and retailers and loan officers will he conducted
interviews and discussion* with representing Of agriculture. agriculture enlertsion &ffK cooperative promotion retarlar anti w*iole sale/disCntxifOrs will be conducted at the w
, ewl At regional level the interview Will be carried uul with wholesaler agncullurt and
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cooperative desks and owner of the processing plant and leader ol a cooper ah **e unia available cfocwieiMs al worada and tegional levels and the national marketing strategy with broad impcrt export situations will be reviewed
16.S Review
16.5.1          Ethiopian rural Development Strategy
The Ethiopia's rural development strategy attaches the highest importance to the use
Novcrnbcr 2D0fi
agricultural inputs and vigorous extensicm services, which are cohSrfierea essential in bringing
about a transformation from subsistence production to market-led commercial production and
thereby by increasing form productivity and alleviating poverty. Therefore, improving farmer
access to irrigabon facility and timely Supplying ol adequate and quality inputs have been jiven
dae attention In line with the aforesaid, promoting market-oriented production has received the
max-mum attention m rural development strategy by offering producers a sound price so as to
ensure a su-Stamable increase m agriculture production and productivity. On the other hand, it is 
evdenl. that irrigated agriculture demands the ntroduction of high value crops since its 
investment »$ high and this also bounds !o efficient marketing system
The government Iberalized the socialist oriented marketing system which discouraged the involvement of private traders  {between 1975 and 1992) so as  to improve the efficiency  of agnculturai markefing system The prevailing traditional and inefficient marketing system that is dominated by  limited market participants  with inadequate capacity  in terms  of marketing knowledge, mformation. capital both lor the transaction and storage and poor capacity  for secondary  processing have been charged and the n«w!y  organized cooperatives, private traders  and governmental organization have joined the business  International communities  tike U&A and China have shown keen interests  to uplift the foreign exchange earning of the country and thereby the market participants at all levels.
16.5.2        National Bank of Ethiopia - Annual Report (2002-03)
According to ibe annual report of National Band of Ethiopia, 2002/03. following the commitment Of the government to Kbcralue the foreign trade sector and integrate the Ethiopian economy 
with the rest of ih»
the role ot the trade m economy has expanded continuous!y
Accordingly,    mercnand.se    trade    grew    to    36.2%    of    GDP    in    2002/03    age.nst    31%    m    2000/01    anfl 35 5% m 2001/02-
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Trie mfonnabcin ejected from vanous sources and methods will be hi her p oces analyzed and appropriate^ used for preparation o/ reports and lor making
.’ecommeniiKcrj io improve the market efficiency Io encourage the sn«* farmers and others engaged in agntuUre and abed ertenxrses
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17. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURES 17.1    Introduction
November 2OQL
Water   Resource   Development   Project   acts   OS   a   corner   stone   for   all   found   development   o
region     along     with     the     project     area     as     many     developmental     activities     stem     from imptarnentahorK    of    the    project    However    development    of    the    items    of    infrastructure
eeseAlially   needed   to   facilitate   the   accrual   of   benefits   as   envisaged   in   the   project   Lack absence   or   delay   in   development   of   necessary   infrastructure   will   not   only   delay   the   accrual   of benefits   it   may   lead   to   jeopardize   the   functioning   of   the   project,   which   may   result   in   making   .he project     expenditure     mfracluaus     The     infrastructure     is     a     key     factor     for     performance     and improving  the  efficiency  of  project:  ft  is  expected  to  play  v»fy  important  pole  in  accrual-  of  project benefits    and    therefore,    deserves    very    serious    consideration    tn    case    of    Arjo-Dedessa    Irrigation Projecl.    H    assumes    more    importance    as    Lhe    existing    infrastructure    is    very    poor    However, physical   infrastructure   alone   is   not   adequate   to   «mprave   performances   it   has   to   be   supported   by appropriate institutional infrastructure to get the desired results.
It    i$    envisaged    that    severs!    sites    such    as    sites    for    settlements,    dams    and    reservoir,    agra- mdustries.     markets     schools     health     facilities,     community     centres.     etc     will     be     Identified     and finalised   Access   to   these   s4es,   both   external   and   internal   road   networks,   provision   of   energy, water    supply,    settlement    shelters,    markets,    physical    facilities,    schools,    physical    health    facilities facilities    for    transport    and    communications,    etc    required    for    development    of    Arja    -    Dedessa irrigation    Project    need    to    be    provided    for    effective    and    sustainable    development    of    lhe    proiecl area     Physical     infrastructure     planning     wil     accommodate     therefore,     the     physical     infrastructure requirements of different development sectors
17,2 Objectives of the study
The main otj|«nve of the Ar^-Dedessa Irrigation Project 13 to secure better hvehhood for the local and regional pepdtfon. economic growth of the counlry and supply  r
o   f3w materials for
agro-ihdustnes The immediate objective is to increase me production Of food supply to
improve the qvakty of life of the rural population through reduction of poverty generation
hi
gh« .noomos and b««r opportuMy to. em  o,
W    ment The «udy 0, phys ca|
,
Arjo-Otfdessa Irrigation has the objectives of providing access to the
of water supply and sanitation of lhe population in the area the nrnv,
area, irnproveiTipni ' the prov.sion Of elactncity, and
Water Works Design 4 Supervision Enternrtw--------------------- '------- --------- ,
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4Inception Report
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
November 2006
communication   fof   ihe   communities   and   setH&meirrts   of   displaced   people   It   is   also   required   co develop marketing center for facilitating development of trade and commerce.
17,3 Existing Infrastructure Project Area
17.3.1  Road Network
Arjo^Dadessa   irrigation   Project   can   be   reached   from   three   directions   through.   atl   weather   roads Addis   Ababa   Jima-Bedele   Road   with   a   total   ’ength   Df   463   km,   Addis   Aba   ba-Ambo-Nekemt-Arjo Road   having   a   length   of   460km:   and   Mettu-Bedeie   Road   117   km   The   Dedessa   River   is   about 18km   from   Arjo   Town   antf   about   36km   from   Hedale   Town   The   Project   area   extends   upstream from   the   Dedessa   River   Bridge   for   about   32   km   on   both   sides   at   the   nvei   The   middle   part   of the   command   area,   on   the   rqht   bank,   can   be   accessed   from   Arp-Bedele   Road   at   a   distance   of aboui   10   km   Bedcssa-Meta   settlement   area   is   located   at   a   distance   of   27km   on   the   left   side   of Arjo-Bedele   Road.   The   lefl   hank   command   area   is   located   at   aoout   39km   from   Gechi-Chara- Cheti  settlement  area.  The  upper  part  of  the  command  area  can  be  reached  through  Jim  a-Li  mu Genet-Alango ad weather road
The   Arjo-Dedessa   Dam   site   and   reservoir   area   are   located   m   Jima   Zone   The   Dam   site   is located at about 7km on the road from Limu Genet to Atargo
17.3.2  Utilities
The following towns which are within or near the Arjo-Dedessa watershed Aiarigo, Gechi. Limu Genel. Arjo Atango is in Jima Zone wHh a population of atMul 2955 (year 2003), and has a water supply coverage of about 25% Gechnns in tllubabar zone with a population of about 2324 (2003) and has a waier Supply coverage of 75% Most of the above towns do nd have power supply but they do have telecommunication and postal services The settlement of the population in the watershed is very scattered The command area is practically not inhabited but very recently four settlement sites having names of Deneba. Meta Beddasa and Ch eb have been established. Mator towns such as Nekeml. J.ma Arjo and Bedele are hot very far from the project area and have waler supply, power supply, telecommunication and postal services
17.4 Methodology
The following methodology will be followed for the study
* Cottedion of pervious study reports, available data, documents maps aerial photos etc will be made
Water Works Desien & Supervision Enterprise
Ln Associate wlUiiDtercnniiiieiitiilCoiisuLiiintsMd Technocrat* Ppi l«1 *
— ---- ------ "t 45toe ptfon .Report
■^rfo-DedesjA irngadM pnj«r
*    Desk review of all document and data available wi II be carried out
November 2006
•    Map Slud.es of command area and AiJo-DwiMM Watershed regarding roads, energy water supply, markets, schools, health facilities, transport and communications etc w.ll be conducted.
■ Conjugation wrtn major stakeholders will ne done
*
Interview of resource persons, local officials. Peasant Associations, etc will be carried
cut
*
Analysis of data oblaioed wifi be done
*
Identification of data gaps will be conducted
■ Works to fulfill ideniified gaps will be earned out
*    Close working relatior>ship will be undertaken, with other sectors such as,
« Water Resources and Engineering
-    Hydrology and Hydrogeology
-    Agricultural Group
-     Project Feature sites for accesses
-     Socio economic Group
-    Survey Group
-     Geology Group
■ Settlement Group
Participation in the 'Workshop" on the Project will be carried out
All project sites  such as  dam sites, irrigation areas, settlement srtes. market sites  etc require access. On account of this, road access  communications, utilities  etc  will be dealt with after final layout of Intended project feature sites have been made
Field investigations
Fietd investigation will be undertaken for the following
-    Access roads, bndges, culverts, etc
-     Water Supply and sanitation
. Power supply
. Communications
-     Settlement sites
-     Construction materials
. Extern of ground ^rvey.ng required for infr>fi(ructyrft WOrks ,n the
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterorlsp 
-
— ----------- --
in absmb" with totmuefluj Alanis
Tech
(Ucejttod Beptrt
Arja fede-ssa rerigatlM Project
t?.6 Preparation of Report
jffl vember 2006
wOwbons da!a ard nakihg pcper tnafyso. the Draft Report will be prepared which **    tftdiKfe    lhe    require    Qf      wnwie/lfcl      at    the    mfraslnjcture    A    workshw    wil    be criyarzed te 'eve-* Bh« prisons made n the draft report The report will bo Finalized m tight
.he canvnerTfs receded tfjnrg the workshop The final report wrfl bo prepared after meorpefab^g She conwnenis of the c*eni on ;h< Drafl Report
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise , 
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in ,UMd»« *'lh
ConsuUinis and Ttdinocnts Pvt ltd 3LncepfilDu Report
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
18.  ENERGY
18.1 Project background
November £006
The   pitied
a ea
r           is   sparsely   populated   Thefo
are   only   four   rural   settlements   rn   the   proposed
irrigatiw area and all are very receni settlements
The people m the proiect area and those around *1 depend on agriculture for their livelihood
mwted system of agnculture and livestock production is practiced where crop production
dominates in lernisof contribution to output and mcomes Bosh irrigated and ramied agriculture
is practiced m the area There may be nme small-scale irrigation schemes <n the area servicing
an area of 600ha
The tand cover of lhe proposed arngation area and* its  environs  include woodland grassland a^d cultivated land The population in the area harvest wood lor commercial users (construction, furniture) and for Juel (wood and charcoal?
18.2 Potential issues for the energy study
The   development   of   the   irrigation   project   will   involve   the   clearing   of   forests   and   other   vegetation m  the  area  The  development  of  the  scheme  will  also  resutt  m  mass  movemenL  of  people  to  the area   as   direct   and   indirect   benefit-ianes   of   the   project.   Since   forests   are   a   critical   component   of watershed   management   systems,   fores;   clearing   will   impact   on   soil   and   water   management   m the   area   white   mass   movemeni   of   people   to   the   area   will   create   additional-   demands   for   forest products   for   construction   and   fuel   There   is,   therefor^,   a   need   to   plan   for   a   sustainable   balance of   demand   and   supply   for   bromass   energy   in   the   area   to   secure   the   livelihood   of   thousands living    within    and    around    the    project    area    For    the    biomass    energy    sub-sector    sustainable management     of     resources     may     require     intervention     in     energy     demand     management     enemy substitution and enhancement of the biomass energy suppty base
The imgaton project will diversify etcnornrc oppaflunmes in the ar » This diver?ificat!on must
e
&e driven by accede modern energy (energy for modern  g
3   hcU 1ufe a
|
industries) Access to modern energy most also Oe provided to pCa | , ^ enable them io enjoy better social services (water heahn '_<JPe 'n ,ne pr°fect area to Drversificaiipn of lhe local economy into small-scale mdustr ^UCat'<>r' ard '"formation) employment and generate more income to the Mxwle
output) Such diversification will also reduce the pressure
and
serv,»s will create
° P agncu,Tu^l
contnbute to sustainable natural resource management
"
reSot,rCes and thus
Water Works DcsL^d & Supervision Enterprise
la Asocialf wilh Ifitercoottnratal Cwaultiaia and Technocrats Pvt Ltd * '
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18.3 Objective of the study
The obitoiwe af litas, srudy -s to ^commend helions ■$ imorove er-erg y access s - ■*
services and for economic dtavotopment n the pra|ec! jwm For tfi«s purpose 5 irtuXiy *
ev.iluare energy needs jn<j resources in lhe area and formulate strategies and projec.
proposals fox implemenubon The specific objectives for the assignment i nclude t^e to ?*
•    Assessmeni of energy service needs m lhe area
■   Assessment ol energy resources. and supplies
*    identification ol conslrajmts and opportunities tar energy sector development
■   Recommendations tor aefron tor energy service development
18.4  Methodology
The Study will employ the fg-Jlpwing key methodologies for the assessment
■   Review   erf   published   and   un   punished   reports   an   the   project   area   Specifically   reports   hom me    Integrated    River    Basin    Master    plan    Studies    conducted    by    the    Ministry    o-       Water Resources will be reviewed tor this purpose
»   Primary   data   collection   from   ihe   ares   This   will   take   two   lorms   visit   of   regions'   an<t   ;oca“ aulhocdies   10   collect   dala   on   energy   resources   supplies   and   consumption   and   conducting interviews   with   selected   key   informants   n   the   oro|ect   area   ia   PRA   survey   i   to   gather   Current energy demands and supple*
* Review of interim findings of ocher sector stud'es from this project
»   An   energy   c'anr   ng   model   will   be   used   Id   an-aLyze  energy  demand  and  supply  data  for  She project    a^ea    The    Long-range    Alternative    Energy    Planning    model    LEAP    will    be    gsec    for this purpose
18.4.1 Work breakdown
The assortment may  be broken down nto e^ht dwtinct tasks  -Most of the ias-.s  are rtfatea to data Mlieilion and rev  ew Secondary  data horn previous  studies  and tn s  current study  w ,1 be reviewed I" addition a liM Survey  wilt ae made to collect energy  demand ano supc  . data r0 lhe project area It .s  preoosed IMI the final repast of this  assortment 5hCuld have s,m lar im
siTirftuw aa that o* the work breakdown shown teiow
. Review lhe 5000 economic ccntbNcms oJ the area
u Re* «*■ !he natural resource endowment pf the area
„! Assess energy service needs at presem and in the future
Water Works Deslen i Supervision Enterprise ’
reception Report
Afjo CetTem lmg>o& Project
Naftmbff 2006
In asHdalewith lulwvMiUprnlil Cotiwlcinb uu t«tmcmy
ltJ *lurnpCI on fieport
Ajo PediMa Irri^aacn Pmjtei
November 20®®
*
Reuitw available energy sector sludies
o Evaluate the impacts of energy programs and projects earned oul m ,hf- srfra
•
Identify data gaps
•
Condud field survey to collect current data
*
Estimate energy needs
rv. Assess energy resources rn 1he area
v. Prepare an energy demand supply balance
vi    Explore suslamable energy supply alternatives
vii    Make recommendations for energy service devcfopmenr and management
vHi. Develop project profiles for implementation
IB.4.1.1 Detailed methodology for assignment
This   section   elaborates   the   methodologies   to   be   employed   For   each   of   the   tasks   .denlified   tn   the section above
Ta«k 1. Rsviow the Socio-economic Cpndrthons in tha Area
Objective and expected outputs
Energy   services   are   required   to   meat   social   and   economic   needs   For   this   reason,   the   socio- ecofKXHic sei up of me project site and areas around ii will be reviewed
Tihe   output   from   this   task   will   be   a   presentation   of   an   overview   of   1he   social   and   economic conditions m the project area
Methodology
The basic sludy method w>ll be review of reports (published and un-published) that have social
and eoonoflwc data on the area The following five will be mapr sources of informal ion
. The Abay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan (1964)
« Demographic and socal Surveys by the Central Statistics Authority. QSA (200G and
later)
*    Income and expenditure surveys by the CSA (2000)
. The Population and Housing Census by the CSA (1994)
*    Interim findings of the socio-economic sludy of this present assessment
Detailed work breakdown
Very brief reviews will be made m the following areas
*    demographic characteristics
, social organisation
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise”------------------- --- ----------
Id Associate with BUraaUDtlilaJ Consultants And Technocrats IM Ud * f
'"Inception Report
Af]o Bedosai irngation Project
* economiD actrvit^s
■   social development status and mcisI sendees
■   fcotf SACuffiy issues
■   cultural and gender issues
Task 2. Review natural raaourc* andowmem!
Objective and expected outputs
In rural areas local resource snduwmente determine the type of economic activity Types 
NtiTcinber 20D6
land. soil water, antf climate in lhe area determine- the potential for agriculture arts other types a-f economic activity Tfus in turn dete rmines the need' for energy serwees
The outpirt iron's this, task wi?l be a bntf overview of the resources of the ar&a
Methodology
Review of pufeTishea and yn-pubiished reports for the orC|CCl site and surrounding area
■   Irrigation study by the US Bureau of Reclamation j 1-964 ■
■   May River Basin Integrated Development Master plan {1996)
■   Intwin findings of this assessment
Meteorological study
Hydrology and ground waler studies
Agronomy and livestock studies
Watershed management study
Detailed work breakdown
An overview of the follow ng parameters wdl Dt presented m ihe final report
- rainfall! and water resources m the area
• other climatic conditions in the area
« ajgricullural and livestock production
« land uses including forests
“Task 3. Assess energy service needs
Ohjeclrve and expected outputs
This »k has thB purpose of wlleCUnfl and doc um«rWng Ifie energy heedt Qf the
lhe srea Energy demand in 1hfl household vghCuKui*. industry and service sectors will be
assessed
(||
r
he     wiput   of   this   task   wii   be   a   toumetata   or   me   energy   needs   of   the   beOflie     ,r    the    are     •   fa
residenwi. social ?nd economic purposes
Wafer Works Design & Supervision Enterpri^ —   —
—
InAsssClirewlLTiiolcrrDiiUDtiumCDnsitmunsMjaT^^^^ ■Jotfiptloi Report
Ajfo Dedessa Irrtgatfop Project
Methodotogy
NoremUor 2(MMi
Betti primary  (fiefa survey) and secondary  data wiM be collected for this  task  For 1he field survey  the project ste will be visited and data will be collected from concerned local institutions and key  informants  For secondary  data collection the main published source of information an energy is the Abay Basin Study (MWR. 1998) and this report will be eviewed
r
Detailed work breakdown
•
Review available energy sector studies
■   Abay River Basin Inlegrated Development Master plan (1998)
•
Idenlify data gaps
■ Conduct held survey to collect Current data
• Data collection from regional and local institutions
■   Interview with selected key informants in the project area
•    Estimate energy needs
Task 4. Assess energy resources and energy supplies 
Objective and expected outputs
in   ibis   lask   (he   energy   resources   of   the   area   will   be   evaluated   in   order   to   assess   how   they could meet the energy serv»ce needs identified in the previous seciion
The oulput of the task wilt be a documentation of ihe local energy resources o( the area
including hydropower resources woody biomass resources agriculture and livestock product
rescues solar and wind energy potentiacs, and underground energy reserves
Melhodology
The following repods vnll be reviewed and findings from each will be presented
* Abay R«ver Basin Integrated Development Master plan (1990)
■ kteieoralogical data from ine Nawnal Meteorology Service Agency {wind speeds 
Sunshine durations)
- Energy resource studies from lhe Ethiopian National Energy Committee and
CESErt. 19-34
.   The   Woocry   Biomass   Inventory   and   Strategic   Planning   Prefect   document   Tor   Orom.ya
. Tna .nterim report of lhe fcHMtry study from this present assessment
♦ lhe intEfsm reports from the agriculture and livestock studies Qi this present assessment
. Energy rnhastruciure data (electricrty generation 3r>d distribution petroleum, dfetribuliofl)
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In Assoelitr with ImrrcoadJiwilal Consultants aim Technocrats Pvt £ f(| *
152tncejjttoq He purl
Mo Btdttja Irtigaaoj Project
Detailed work breakdown
* Review ,vd documentation of each of lhe studies indicated above Task 5. Prppjre an energy demand supply balance
Objective and expected outputs
xawmber 2006
This  task  will indicate wfwlber resources  available in the area ar com mg from outside the area are adequate Io meet energy  needs  Outputs  from this  task  will show the constraints  and opportunities for energy sector development in the area
Methodology
An   energy   planning   model   will   be   used   to   integrate   energy   demand   and   Supply   data   into   one framework The LEAP energy planning model wiH be used Tor Ibis purpose
Detailed work breakdown
» Representation of energy demand data oblamed from the field survey (and the
revews) into lhe LEAP model
■   Representation of lhe energy supply data mfo the model
■   Representation of the energy resou rce data into the model
• Analysis of energy demand and supply for a 20 year planning period
Task 6. Explore sustainable energy Supply alternatives
Objective and expected oulpuls
Evaluaton of energy  demands  and supplies  in the project area will show the constraints  and the potential for development Outpul from the previous  iask  will be used to indicate whsch energy  sources  may  meet demands  sustainably  and which resources  squire conservalion and enhancement
In this task lhe potential of local energy resources to meet demands will be explored
rrf erven boo 5 required bath co the supply and demand sides io ensure Sustainable
dewlopmant of the secior will be assessed
Methodology
Outputs  from the previous  task  will indicate constraints  in the suoply  gf particular energy  forms Cor particular end uses  in the area (for exampte fuelwood Supply  for cooking purposes  m households) These findings will be used to evaluate energy supply and demand development
3 nd management options
Detailed worfc breakdown
, identification of sectors and end uses with current and expected energy supply shortfalls
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
Ip Assodilc wlto [fitercGrtaaenLal CMjnjkiBts xnd Tedioocrat^ Pvt ted * >Inception Report
ArjcPedessa Irrigation Project
•    Identrficahan of local resources and energy supplies from outside the area meet these shortfalls
■ Broad evaluation of promising supply alternatives
Wsirembor 2006
•    Reccmmendabons of development of selected interventions ir* the projec. area
Task 7. Develop project proriles for implementation
Objective and expected outputs
Project proposals  will be made to improve social services  and to create economic  opportune es in the area Projects  will be also proposed to counter the negative impacts  of non sustainable energy use m Ine project area
Methodology
The    reqixed    project    interventions    will    be    denved    from    the    previous    task   The    draft   project ideas will be discussed wi|h the Oromiya Regional Energy Department
Detailed work breakdown
■ Develop draft project profires for development in the area
- Review energy development pfans of the Regional Energy Department *    Discuss findings with Regional Energy Department
•    Select and develop project profiles for implementation
Water Works Dfcslpi & Supervision Enterprise
In As5C’’t3t« wtLb Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ltd *”3
ISAtneepdou Rfjtort
AijoDcttessi irrl^adoa Project
19,      SOCIO ECONOMIC STUDY 19.1  Introduction
19.1.1   General
November 20DI-.
The prime adjective of the project 4 to improve flw economic conditions and living al eh da rd the farmers in r,he project area This wiir induce all round development in the wcro e-o nirm ■ agro-eocnomicL social and cultural conditions Therefore, the study of sacio economic condihfliis of the people living m the protect area become very important. H w'H he p to ascertain lhe present existing conditions and identify lhe special segment of people like lr bj'S specially under pnvileged people persons Irvtfig below poverty tine which need specie attention The study wfl help in formulating the scheme for the benefit of such people. The study will alSd help m monUbnng and evarualrng the accrual of benefits from Uw project The preset study will ad as benchmark white assessing the rm pact of the project tn future. Thus the study is expected to play a very important role in evaluating We success or otherwise of the project
19,1,2 Objective of ffio Study
The mam observe of the socio economic study is to study the current socioeconornrc condilions of lhe project area, identify the beneficiar.es, and investigate the atiitudes and the reatbens of lhe commumiy to the proposed development This study will work as bench mark of socio ecoromrc conddions and will help in monitoring tne accrual of benefits as envisaged i.n the protect aS well evaluation of the same m future in the project area
19.1.a The Scope of the Study
The scope of lhe study will include all lhe three components of the project area These arc- catetwrt 3^. submergence area and the command area The scope will also include all ihe aspects related to socio-economic, agrp.econcmic social and cultural conditions of 1he pro .
area The broad aspects will be as follows
■    Population pnd its distribution
-  Male,'Females
-  Rural VUrban
■    Land use
-  Crops
-  cropping pattern
-  Yield
-  income
Water Works Design & Supervision Enter^e ““ “
’ ^ocMUwitb lalcrcDonaeml CdMUtao^
n
T «|j2m„’ Py[ •.
155rucepdoa Report
AfJOede.wafndgado Pn
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N^vtmbcr 2006
• Employment
-  Farming
-  Famrfy labour,
-  Hired labour
• Other source
• Live stock
-  Population
-  Feed
-  Problem
-  Scope of impvovment
•    Education -
-  Level of education,
-  Degree of education
-  Mo of educational institutions with grade
•    Prevalent diseases
-  Heaflh
-  Sanitation
■ Social Infrastructure
-  Health
-  Sanitation
-  Education
-  Water supply
• Economic infrastructure
-  Electricity
-  Road & communication
• Water supply
-  Market
■ Industries and trade
-  Market
-  Financial Institution - banks, co-operatives
-  NGO
15,1.4 Methodology
There *ei Oe an mgrated and md.nWck.Uw, appfMcn „
imptememalion ot projects including The rehaW<tat,on of attecferi
development Special care shall be taken io mvest.gaie and formulate projects either n
.
ptfypi^ due |q proifct
the beneft of, areas inhabit by tribal or other especially under
D   Wt
rr  |eg d g
U       roup5
The methodology (or wcko-economic study will cover the following specific topics
* Revtew previous data at local and mbonal levels, prepare relent Xck(l^
Wl |! fit to local, woreda. axial, regional and national levels u™ pp.
* Ch
to0 5
i.
Use PRA anc^ *RA
• Review of a» available information & report legardinq the
------- ------------------- -------------------- --------- y E«*o«can       tuaii
the    project    area    and    reassess    the    present    soctoeconom
omic 5l         0n of
the project area
' c silua,,w> °* people in
Water Works Design & Supervision Ento^C;----------------------—
156Inception Report
^Jjo Dedessi Irrigation Project
November 2006
•   Study Qf demography, edircalion. health frying standard gender issues (VJJD snd
GAD).
•     Investijaiing ihe possible ecflrwmic social, and other related impacts a< ,he orojccr
an the community
•       Optimum   out   growers   Farm   schema   of   comm   unify   which   shall   he   acceptable   oy   the Slake   holders   (fanners,   Iaca(   community   local1     government,   the   FDRE   the   Client,   the international    stakeholders,    etc)    shaft    be    recommended    and    implementation    program sha-V te proposed
*     Consulting how best to incorporate in to the area the skilled & unskilled workforce
bkeiy to be necessary for the operation of the irrigation scheme
*      Employment opportunity to be created for the local community will be studied
*      Consult available settler leaders appraise !hem of the project A obtain their
assessment of probable reactions io the scheme.
*     Examine the currenr agricultural practices of the settlers new infrastructures 
institution setting and mass organization, in order to assess the ease with which they 
wilt adapt to the proposed scheme
* Enamine settlers  preferred settlement patterns, if they  are displaced by  the proposed development scheme, any  facilities  that would make the project attractive Id them as participants
*     Study and recommend attractive compensation programme
*         Examination    and    investigation    of    social    and    cultural    values,    which    might    influence them positively or negatively towards Ihe proposed agricultural scheme
« Assessmenl of measures  required TO facilitate the incorporation of Ihe labour forces into the project, at a socio-cultural level incfudmg factors  which might bring them into a satisfactory relationship with the indigenous population of the area
*         Examine    social,    ethnographic    economic,    cultural    and    political    factors    th    st   may    help or hinder the integration process of diverse ethnic population
•      Presenting proposals to be made concerning appropriate steps to be !aken tr. promote positive factors and inhibit negative ones with regard to integration process
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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19.2 Description of Project Area
19.2.1     Location
Norerubcr
The project area is focaied m Eslern Wollega illubatwr and Jima zones of O’ ormya Ne. -
Regional Stale The ’oca1>0O5 of different components of ttw projeci area wnh - P
woredas is given under sections 1.4 6 Efforts have been made to tdentify lentalrve
keteies under direct impact zone-command and reservoir areas These are aS given oe n.j
i)     Catchment area. The catchment area is very wide and it extends over the .oilowing eigh, woretfas of Jmna zone Limu Seka. Limir Kossa, Mana Goma. S-etema Sigma Gera
Sefca chekorsa and 1hree woreefas GftChi Boracha and CedesM unde* J'lubabor Zone
ii)     The  reservoir  Area  The  reservoir  area  has  been  assessed  tentatively  as  B.000  ha  ft  lies in following kebe'es of Limu Seka woreda under Jima Zone Warns Marbia Med a Geilata Gemta.  Oam-e,  Deneba  Bulud.  Befceharo  and  Meracmsa  on  the  fight  bank  of  the  river On  toe  left  bank  of  rrver  it  lies  in  Chewa.  Agide  Arba  Hetero  Gcljb  Belka  and  Chu'u xebeleS  of  BoreCha  woreda.  Gercho  and  Susi  Oenga  kebetes  of  Dedessa  woreda  a^d Mants  kebele  of  Gechi  woreda  under  lilubabor  Zone  Thus  trie  reservoir  s  spread  duet Isventy kebeles
ml  Command  area  It  is  localed  on  both  banks  Tht  total  command  area  is  16.  SCO  ha  II covers  four  kebeftS'  Meta  Berasa  Tetesa.  Hara  and  Chilalo  Budima-  of  Jima  A^o  woreda and  Eastern  Wollega  zone  on  the  right  bank  On  the  left  bank  it  has  m  the  following  five krtefes-  Harota  Tetessa.  kolosm.  Ambelta.  Bekelcha  Brftu.  Chet  a  Ja^ala  -  of  Bedete woreda. one kettle - Manis ■ of Gechi woreda under lllubabor Zone
I!  may  be  noted  that  identification  of  kebeles  .s  tentative  and  tt  is  likely  to  be  modified  slightly cfujjng desailed studies
j9.2,2Administration
According   to   the  tensive  -dentificalion.  the  command  area  covers  atom  ten  kebetes  under
(hree
^edas   namely   J-ma   Arjo   (four   kebeles).   Bedtie   (five   ketals)   Gechi   (one   kebeiei   The
reservoir area »
<«*«*
^Cfer four woredas namely G«tli (four kebelesl
Borecha (six  kebeles). Dedessa Itwo keheles) and Limma Se^a (eight kebefosl Thus abOl.' thirty  kebeles  of six  woredas  under three zones  of Oromiya National Reg.onai $tate fa||£ Ufl^ direct and mdirect zones ol fre project
_ Water Works Design £ Supervision Enterprise’
-------- —---------- ---
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jInception Rnpnrt
Arjo Dede&» Irrigation Project
No9r:rntii»r 2006
T Htfeic !9_2 i>rli*«K thf S^IhfibK, Sflud-rnLn. u.nal I v^ctiers- Tor the Pruj,w?E WorfdlS
No
Zone
No vf
xchuul'i
I.N
Students
No or
fcIhmiU V-12
Slud r nr*
MFT
No <>f trNcbrrt Ifi a
IT xriiiHilv
East
VUnlEe-rj u
UlLibabor
27
32
7652
,048
MF
1353          506 59           39
253
64         337
n pa-
Worcdifci
1 JimmS
Ano
2 BodaMr 3 GecMi
4. Borocha S.DeUeasa
G.Limmu SekEa
6974
6106
14626                1 13154           TV£T«1
1 tass
96
"i
*
27
5(521           5076
116B9
9-12
-■
■
■■■
144
25
30
68
209
5912           4254            10166
7l3fl           6152            13320
17013           3089            20102
51384         |3i683           03.06? 62%            36%  r
9-10
■
■
__ ______
126
56 76
___ ____ 1 aU
* 202 202
_____
9-10
- ______ 392         274        666 494          218
272
___
9-10
Jimmj
7,2
s
22BB       1037       3335
Total
179 34J7 1197
89
549      1746 31%
3
6
___ _ .            Percentage
69%        31%
I
L_ -J
L-------------- --
160
■ Water Works D^eD * fX^°^Tl!Cl“ucHtS ’'a i rAJrtda*^towKW^Ince ption Report
Arjn Dedessa Imgatton Project
19.2.6  Water Supply
18.2.6,1 Betfoie Woreda
November 20 Wl
Existing water supply  sources  are two namely  Iraddxmal and sa'c  potable watrr supply sources  The Iraddional water sources  are unsafe and Cause 75% water born*; diseases  In Sedele town woretfa about 41% of the people nave potable water supply with d< Jibuti on 1 >es ri.300 people have lhenr own distribution hnes  There is  recently  constructed Beeler wate
Suppry scheme, which has been planned to supply water for 33 OOO people for the lime
19.2.6.2  GechiWoreda
There .s waler supply System in (he woreda town all people get pure water in the town Bui in the rural area There are some hand pumps  and handwg welts  lilubancr zone has  plenty  o< rainfair from 1600 mm to 2004 mm There are ponds  as  water supply  sources  hut '5% lhe population suffer from water bone diseases
19,2,6.3  Other woredas
fn  olner  woredas  Of  (he  project  area  such  as  Jimma  Aqo,  Bqrecha  Dedessa  and  Limmu  Seka lhere  is  no  safe  waler  supply  system  in  Yamfa  and  Cenbi  towns  Recently  the  World  Bank  has allocaled  money  for  construction  of  safe  waler  supply  lor  Dedessa  woredo  town  Lack  of  safe cfriAking  water  rs  a  ma;or  problem  of  all  woredas  in  most  of  lhe  woredas  rural  population  use waler  from  unfxoteded  wells  sprmgs.  ponds  and  rivers  Some  of  the  rural  PAS  have  pumps and   hand   dug   wells   by   Menschen   far   Menschon   NGO   and   by   Oromiya   Development Association In all woredas water supply coverage is between 30 38% in rural areas
19.2.7  Power Supply
In an towns except Amago there are 24 hrs electric power from ICS (Interconnected system i
[fffn the iwfawl elKt™ 9nd Tbe bulk ener9Y consumptron comes from hiomass >n all the
woredas rural area
19.2.8     Communication
There u automatic  telecpmmun.canon in all woredas  towns  except Atnago and Yamfa In
eedeic  town mC*'le sefv,ce ,s al5° 3tf‘"ab,e ,n Beaefe and Aqo woredas  there .$
permanent Post service out m other woreda towns there are only agent Post offlCe
Water Works D eaign & Supervislo n Ent e r p rise ~~ ~
Ln assorJitrwim InteconUoffittl Consultants and Ttchnmr4l3i m r M *
1^2Inception lieport
Arj n Detfessa Irrigation Project 19.2.9 Roads
November 2006
r
have bwn constructed by lhe Ministry of Water Resources for urgent project activity
19.2.9  Services
There-s  farmers  cooperatives, extension package services  in all woredas  There is  also health extension package services  m all woredas  There is  commercial bank  services  in Bedele and Arjo town The o4he« woredas  use banks  in Agaro and Bedele Limmu Seka woreda use Limmu Genet commercial bank  There is  no micro finance institution services  in any  woreda o( the project area
19.2.10   Gender Issue
There a'e womens associations .n all project area woredas There is women's basic orgamzatKn in a* PAS and kebeles There .3 women’s affairs offices m all woredas which empowers women politically and there is woreda level woman s association .n ail woreda
These help *ornen to be active participants m wio and GAO activities Some women
officials and government employees as GAD members in all woredas
Mertchefl  fxf  Menschen  (MFM)  NGO  started  its  charity  work  in  Ethigpia   during  1934  f. mubabor zone and expanded Its rehabHrtaicon and development activities throo h .
From Arango r/ie proposed dam Me on Dedessa river (here is 52km road made by MOW
accessiblity <rf the project s4e
From  Jircimo  to  lllubabcr  (Mettu  town)  there  is  all  weather  conventional  road  and  Dedes* w&reda.  Gechi  woretfa  and  Bedefe  woredas  are  connected  by  the  all  weather  road  Borecha woreda  town  Yamfa  is  connected  by  49  km  newly  constructed  all  weather  road  From  Be  dele lawn  to  Jmma  Arjo  there  is  56  km  long  all  wealher  road  which  crosses  Oedessa  river  From Jtfnma  Ajqo  woreda  to  the  dam  Me  there  is  newly  42  km  dry  weather  road  From  Bedele  town to  Kalosiri  also  lhere  all  weather  road  From  Ko-iosiri  to  dam  site  there  is  also  newly  cleared sbou! 20 km dry weathe road From both woredas Jimma Arjo and Bedele the access roads
and also started health educat.cn serv.ce. formal education school ™ insMuE^n constnjciion including hospital health center and hea|lh
env^onmeniaipfoteclron. and agricultural extension services
J™5 2006 ~
ealBh
SS f^Ff^ gives
Water Works Design Stipervislon EnUrn^------------------ --------—
in Associate with intwcoacineotij Consult*^ T P lse
Technocrats j^t Ltd
163Incejaon Kejjori
November 2006
ny backward cracfdronaJ practices prevalent in the area, some a! them are X9 y. rape kidnap, early marriage, circumcision. tattoing etc Women's decision making
cpahan is very low Women ere also beaten and under looked by lheir counter parts in all J rea woredas. There is some improvement since 2004 due to the implementation of
famify taw
water Works Deslgn & SuPervlslon
Enterprise e
I64
I
-  iewlOi l“tErc,DaUnellulV C<,asult>r|t^ As5C ?a
321(1 Techno<:rae-S Pv’l Ltdto«ptton Repon
Arjo Oedema Irrigation Project
20, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY
20.1        introduction
2fJX1 General
November 2006
Land and water «re 1he two most important naturaf jesourcflS. which are required io b« hamEssed ter meeting the ever growing requirement for food, fiber and fuel of rapid jf increasing population. TTirs frac put Crem andons pressure ort these two nalurol resources and Over exploitation or harnessing without proper safe guard H causing serrOuS adverse npJd leading to overall degradation of environment and |eoparding the sustainability of developTi-.1 If projects  based on these resources  Therefore, environmental impact assessment '.E-IAJ  has become an mtegraJ  part of water resource develop man! projects  It is  not enough that the project is  technically  feasible. econpAucairy viable and 600*1 acceptable end sound If has also te be ensured Chai the prefect is environmertally Sustainable. S nqt causing any aduerst impacl Hi the qite.ty  of enwronmenl. anrr if any  adverse impact is  apprehended, adequate remedial moauns  are taken to obviate or minimize the same if is  in [fits  background that E1A study  of Inc Aqd DedeSW irrigation Project is bwig undertaken
20,1.2.  Objective
The   overall   objective   of   the   study   is   to   ensure   Chat   Irrigation   Project   il   environmentally SuflaioatJe   does   OQt   cause   serious   adverse   mpact   on   the   environment   rathe-'   assists   ui improving  enKJ  maintaining  Cha  quality  or  environment  LVmle  the  study  will  help  in  proiecling arj   improving  the  quality  of  environment,  il  will  also  help  in  optimizing  the  project  benefd sustainable on tong term basis
20.1.3.   Scope
TheScopeoMhestucfy wilf cover both direct impact zone and indirect in>pM lewfe The direct
irnpad i0 *
n
inC'utfes catohment area. rMervor area and command area The indirect ar - ■
includes LipiVSam and downstream of Che project area
20 1.4. Approach and Methodology
tn order » r™*
a „d social lssues. whim are
MlKart imp# = W'wmng and Raping process, ,,a!. ca„,ea au[
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faevsn( EIA iwiaatan. & ouXMne,: P-e™us SMl s, ,„farnlalran ,ew,w °f
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Water Wks Desl^ a SupervisioT^^T^------------------------ -------—
to Associate witfi In LrneouQliJMtai Cqmii liante ajjri T-.Pll JL * lEiDJioerats Pifl ttd. :>
•
165Inception Report
Arjo DeJessa Irrigation Project
Not era be r 2O0fi
assessment  to  be  conducted  m  dela>J   and  the  methodology  to  be  adopted  These  are  Unfitly discussed below
20.1.4,1     Screening
Screening  is  tfe  process  by  which  the  proposed  activity  u  determined  whether  a  detailed  ElA should  be  undertaken  or  not  depending  on  the  significance  of  the  likely  imoact  of  the  proposal The   screen^   was   based   on   the   ElA   legislations   and   guidelines   issued   ay   the   National Environmental   Protection   Authority   (ERA)   information   obtained   through   reconnaissance   '>eid Surveys, consultations walh key stakeholders, and review of previous studies
According to lhe Ethiopian ElA guidelines  the proposed irrigation project fails  under Stnedule 1 Iprojects  that require Ml ElA aludy) by  virtue of i1s  sue nature and location Waler resources develcpmenl project under Schedule 1 include
- Constructor of dams and man-made lakes with surface area of 250ha Or more, and
Surface water ted irrigation projects covering more than lOOha
Both ol these criteria apply to the proposed rogation projecl
20.1.4.2      Scoping
The prime objective of scoping is 1o inform and involve the mam stakeholders, and Td  define the important issues and imparts that need to be studied further or m detail
A    rdirg'y    the    key    stakeholders    including    lhe    Administration    Agnculture    and    Rural (j.   ippmenl   Health   and   Education   Offices   of   Woredas   around   the   project   area   Forest
Resea.-h
centre   Bedete   Branch   Office,   and   Jimma   Zone   Agriculture   and   Rural   Development
□  partmenl  aS  well  as  some  members  of  the  local  communities  were  informed  about  (he proposed  project  and  consulted  The  Wdredas  contacted  include  Bcdele.  Gechi  Boracha  and Didessa m illubatxx Zone. L«w Seka m Jtfnma Zone and Jimma Ano in East Wollega Zone
20.1,4 3 Consideration of Alternatives
Before proceeding to undertake Environmental Impact Assessment Study of the proposed vogation projecl compnsmg dam weir and network of canal system, other alternative prOject feature*, fhe.r design and technology and construction methodology wU1 be UR<)n • consxierat^ One which will be considered techmeal feasible, econom.cally viable an<J ° same tvne environmentally most sound and sustamable will be recommended for adorn
, 1S detailed EIA w4i be finally undertaken
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
ln jusoeHU wli* InwttWMtotal Consultants and Tectnotrais Pvt LW. * ?
'     " 'On andJfl£ eptloti Report
Airj a pftdesaa Jrripad&n Project 20.1.4-4 Methodology
NoveUltMf WO®
The EIA study will fie an Integra’ part of the feasibility and design study of the irrigation project The  EnvironmentaAst  wiir  closely  with  the  Engineering  Team  to  ensure  that  environment oplimi?absn  is  intemafrzed  as*  principle  Th-s  wilt  also  help  io  have  a  compete  understanding erf  the  proposed  project  activities  and  to  convey  the  key  findings  of  the  EfA  so  :hat  lhe Engineering Team <s aware of the issues and take them mto account in the decrsion-makir-g process and design of trie scheme
The  methodology  to  be  adapted  for  assessment  environmental  impact  study  includes  the following
•     Detailed  study  of  lhe  charade  nstics  of  the  catchments  draining  to  the  dam  site/raservoir area  Important  factors  such  as  land  use/’and  cover,  soil  types  topography  Climatic  and conservation  factors  will  be  assessed  m  order  to  study  erosion  hazards  and  conservation needs.
*    Detailed analysis of river regulation and water abstractions and downstream impacts due to reduced fo#s in lhe wer and water quality changes Possible ecological, economic and
health impacts wdi be critically assessed
-  Defied  analysis  of  changes  to  land  userland  cover  m  and  around  lhe  irrigation  command area  and  reserve  area  and  land  losses  due  to  creation  of  the  storage  reservoir)  and construction   of   dam   mam   canals   and   other   irrigation   infrastructures,   access   and   farm roads,   environmental   and   social   impacts   of   these   inducing  displacement  of   people   an<j need for lheir resettlement
« Assessment of am™’ av soil modifications particularly salinity and sod.city hazards, drainage
.f
Ofwaler-logg'ng. Milerown and sillalmn
AlSESSrnfifll o..rhi*newy-gIoo mI effects (impacts on flora and fauna) related to th® loss of th®
^oodla^5 ^na area
.
.   nvepne   foresis   withm   th#   pro|ec1   «mpad   zones   particularly   the   reservuif
* Detailed ass*4^L<cm^nt  of  the  increased  risks  of  water  related  diseases  associated  with  dam Jlriictipn »nd re4wwir c,Pef3ttOf’ and lfnSa,lCiri development comparing the existing
conditiori wnrh lhe likely impacts of ihe proposed project emphasis will be given to water related vedar-rc°.-".m*e diseases including malaria onchocerciasis and schrstosomiasis 
Wster Warks Design & Supervision 
-------~-
In AsMriitcwllMntercDntJneinUCrHiiuluriDi uidlefltm&cratx j^.[ jld *Inception Report
AjJP Dedrssa Irrigation Project
.
determination of trie impacts of river regulation and creation of reserve network including river crossing points and foot paths
N&sreinbcr 20^6
^44 r^prvoir on communication
<’_■'EIA expe l
Th
Assessment of possible pollution of drainage water from agro-chemical's and lhe P
effect of reduced base flows on increasing concentrations . and determine
capably of (he receiving water body
Assessment  gf  the  types  of  agro-chemicals  and  their  current  application,  and  likely  rnpact' from increased application
- Assessment of the risks of proliferation of aquatic weeds, crap pests and diseases
* Assessment of any otfier adverse effects nor menfroned above, on biophysical and socio
economic environment.
The methodology will also include lhe following
(fy Review of Previous Studies and Standards
This  Cask  wll  include  further  review  of  the  documents  and  other  relevant  previous  studies  and regulations  and  guidelines  that  govern  the  conduct  of  the  env/ronmental  study  Together  with baseline  surveys,  this  will  enab'e  che  EIA  expert  to  identify  and  desenbe  the  natural  and  human environment of the study area including both the direct rmpacl zones and the indirect impact
zones.
The review mW also include Naiionaf Environmental Policy Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regufalians and Guidelines of Ethiopia This will enable to describe the pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental quality health and safety protection of sensitrve areas- proleclron of endangered species, land use control, etc
rn Baseline Survey
r  WJ" conu
... rnriduCi field surveys and collect baseline data on the relevant
environmental Chara
rh actensM# of the study are3 'nc,ixf’n^ the Pr°lect catchments Three broad
MSrf
a)
neca»9p""h«ysi >"“cabBlSe'*n“Wvidronment g&oiogy. topography, soils ctimate. hydrology erosion
sX^tation. and water quality 
b )  Biologicaf environment vegetation types and species composition. fauna rare or endangered species, ipwies of special ecolog.cal and/or economic importance and spsoes wth potential to become nuisances or dangerous (e g weed$ pest5
vectors)
yy erosion
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise '-------------------------- --------------
toAMOCtouwHH IntercwtlflMUI Consulate and Technocrats PvL ltd ?j^
68reception Report
Wessa Irrigatioa Pro-] ect
November 2006
c}  Socioeconomic  and  cultural  environment  population:  settlement.  land  use,  public health,  cufturaf  properties,  communication  network,  attitudes  to  ,he    P  DP0SC development etc
(iii) impact Analysis
Environmental and social impacts that are ftkely to an$e in the construction and I he operation phases  will  be  identified  and  analyzed  for  significance,  status  (posrtive  or  negative). reverSi&My.  magnitude  and  extent,  and  potential  fox  effective  mitigation/management  The assessment will include potential impacts discussed under the Scoping section IxjI not limited to
(iv) Mitigation Actions and Environmental Planning
The Consultant will develop an Environmental Management Plan ''EMPI m response la the significant .mpacls idantified w>1h focus cm avoidance, mitigation or compensation measures monitoring  programme  and  institutional  arrangement  for  their  implementation  The  EMP  will also explore haw potential benefits of the proiects may be enhanced
Where ever adverse effects are indicated the study will discuss measures for minimizing and/or offsetting these, and opportunities for enhancing environmental values will be explored Beth the direct impact zones and indirect impact zones will be addressed and regions of influence indicated This analysis will be a key presentation in the El A report, it »s essential to present a reasonably complete picture of both the human use and quality of life expected to result from ttw protect
<    <              environmental impact, the report will carefully explain now the Par each significant a<Jve
n minimizes the adverse impact and m addition how the project plan/design
p,'<hftcl p^nde g
h exisnl foaSi&o
f Of offsetting or compensating adverse impact, and for
benefits cw environmental quahly. In addition the EIA specialist, in
P0®"
coniunctoh with **
Fra.neefing Team will ^entity alternatives that require the very minimum
Envifoni
env^-nehia * ^pterne^
en wr^wlqUal,tyP
jrxs social monitoring smarts with me establpshnv&nl erf baseline dal a needed for I assessment and evaluation of environmental and social impacts duf.ng project
eS trough project operation to detect changes m the key wh*cb can be attrrbuted to die project
—Water W°rks Design & Supervision Enterprise
m Associate*lrH IMcfwuttarntaJ Consultants and Tcctmecrata Pvt Ltd
t69IsccpctaEi Report
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project
November 2006
FurtfMjvniore. the Consultant will make cost estimates for mitigation and compensation programmes for inclusion into overall project cost estimate
20.2   Review of Previous Studies
An initial rawewof swne previous studies lhal contain some retevanl information for the ETA study has been made. The documents reviewed include the following
(i)   BCEOM   (1996)   Abbay   River   Basin   Integrated   Development   Master   Plan   Project Volume  XUf  ’  Environment  This  document  contains  some  information  relevant  to  rhe present study. This includes information on soils, land use and land cover vegetation and wildlife (flora and fauna), conservalion/protected areas, public health and an mal health issues,  and  environmental  issues  related  to  project  development  particularly  dam  and irrigation devfrkjpment. Detail review ot the document will be made during the subsequent phase Of lhe Study and relevant information will be utilized in the environmental impact anafysiS of the proposed rgaliQn project
(ii)  WAPCOS  (1990)  Preliminary  Wilier  Resources  Development  Master  Plan  for  Ethiopia, Final  Report  Volume  II  Man  Repot  and  Vpt  JX.  Annmire  Q  (Environmental  Aspects) and Ann P (Febwy Wildlife & Forestry)
This study provides general information including protect development linked
environmental issues
|.|I|. w R Language (1976). A Tsetse and Trypaowmiasro Survey of Ethiopia
Thu document presents  comprehensive information gn the distribution of Tsetse fly  and the disease Trypanosomiasis that it transmits A$ the Didessa Valley is one- of the major Tsetse fly nested areas m the country and endemic for cattle Trypanosomiasis review ut
this study and other recent skjdies' any 15 ,mPor1an,t
(M USSR (1964) Land and Waler Resources of the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Appendix I Plans and Est-Mtes.Vtfume 2.
ms document provides some site specific information which (S relevant for the ElA study This ...Judes information on s«is, hydrology, geology, and reservoir area character.sbcs
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
tn usoctal* wltfi lotwcoailnenial Conauiunu andTttfrnttnta ?,rt. |uInception Report
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project 20J Reconnaissance Field Visit
Nop Ember ZOOE
A ten days field visit, intruding round tnp to and from the project site, was conducted from 1 to
10 April 2006 The aim of the visit was to:
♦   have a clear view of the prefect area (command area dam site and reservoir areal
and its catchment area;
♦   identify the administrative framework - zone, woreda and kebeies in which the
project area and ds catchmeni are located.
♦   collect some key environmental data, bolh secondary and primary data, and identify 
the key environment issues
♦   Conduct some consultations wrfh key stakehorders
The findings of the field visit will be used for scoping of the subsequent detailed EIA study and for developing lhe methodology to be foirpwed The mam findings are briefly described be'ow based on the observations  in the accessible parts  of the study  area and consultations  with stakeholders
20.31 Administrative Framework
The Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project <s located in three zones namely Jimma. llubabur and East
a of I’tem are« Jirflfna JQne anrJ 3 ‘n l|lutalw< zorM? The total nurTtber of ket>eies fatin .g
under lhe
.. _ ...ii affw'ted by the proposed irrigation project as two kehefes are
srd land cover of itw direct impact zone of Hie project (command aiea
C °ntaini . .eluding the project area has been left undeveloped due to the influence of
Water Works DasiRD A Supervision Enterprise
la jUsmUIe «nch fciwtonU *
. —  n Dt *I JfriCKBfliBi I3I>Unrtl(a1nDji CS “t1 TertDocrar.T Pvt. Ltd z
______ _taceptton Report
Arid Dedes&a Irrigation Pro]«t
Moren] ber 2006
an incraawig movement of people and lheir animals  from tn* ad| scent uplands  to the Valley mainly  for I uestock  graztng and soma cultivation and settlement Thu is  mainty  triggered by shodage of land and land degradabon caused by population pressure in the uplands
20.3.3           Settlement Patterns
Human  settlement  in  the  Odessa  Valley  including  the  protect  area  has  been  sparse  due  to  me effect  of  human  and  animal  diseases  However  since  the  last  some  ihree  years  the  Valley  has become  one  of  the  major  government-sponsored  settlement  centers  for  resetthnq  people  from the highly populated and degraded areas m the country As n formed by the respective Woreda offices,  there  are  about  8  major  settlement  centers  in  the  command  area  and  12  settlement sites  in  the  reservoir  area  and  their  surroundings  There  are  also  a  number  of  previously established   sentemen!   sdes   around   ihe   prefect   area   Ounng   the   fieid   visit   arge   cattle populations were observed grazing in the upper part of the command area
20.3.4            Vegetation
The  vegetation  of  the  Odessa  Valley  IS  domnantly  woodland  savannah  but  with  variations  n density   of   Ihe   woody   vegetation   Trw   low-lying   flatter   areas   usually   favour   lall   grasses especially  Hyparrhema  spp  rather  than  frees  and  shrubs  so  that  there  are  only  scattered  trees in   Ihose   areas   Relatively   denser   woodlands   are   'ound   in   the   sloping   areas.lands   T-.e woodland   vegetation   mostly   consists   of   broad-leaved   deciduous   trees   The   characteristic species  belong  tolhe  Terminals.  Combratum  Pibosbgma  Stereospemnum  etc  The  lower  left bank of the command area has also thickets □< the lowland bamboo which are found at certain dances away from the Ddessa Rwer
Anolher importan.t froeaaiii^ree ovf the protect area is ihe presence of usually dense riverine forests 
along the Mnks o1 u
„rn,rl*s$a R and rt$ Inbutanes This category of vegetation mostly contains 
hiflher caq,W °r
.
K,/«i*r trees thal Delong io the generat Arvngena. Ai'bizia Ftcus Trchilm
.SjvxMC-S. COrtiTa.
9
, _x, <tv7voiurri. SAPrtf"
etc Smaller trees shrubs and climbing pla^s
nd pseudo hanasl ar« al*° found assyCia,e<J *lth ‘he nverme forests The range pF
{lianas and PS
rivenne fore^15 u5d3 V T
rtimSw. mostly not more than 100m wide on each bank
------Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
In AMfc***8 latewomanruiAJ Cfltualiiau uJ Techaoctau fm. Ltd.Inception Repon
Aj O te,
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_______________________________Bo,.nt f2M6
.
5 Such as a/:<jClS baboon, gnvet monkey and CoIobus monkey, antelopes
3 bucks, wild goat anj tush tx*ik*r, w)d p4g
p on antj hyena. Aquatic wild
nly hippopotamus and crocodile are also found in the Didessa R The abundance of
e does not seem so high except for the primate species and hippopotamus
20.3.5             Public Health
According to morbidity sl3hst.cs collected from the nearest Woreda Health Offices, the majority of the health problems in those Woreda* are communicable and directly or indrrectfy rerated to the low socio-economic  status  of tne population Diarrheal diseases  intestinal parasites respiratory trad infections, malaria and rheumatism are among the major causes of outpatient visits in the Woredas adjacent to the project area Specific to the project area, malaria is the leading cause of mortality and mortality followed by water-borne diseases
20.3.6              Drainage
Heavy clay vertisols frequently occur in the flat areas along the Didessa R and its tributaries These areas are usually drainage impeded particularly when wet and difficult to work on
20.3.T Catchment Characteristics
The la-d use and land caver of the catchment area comprises cultivation patcnes of disturbed natufa forests and man-made plantations, woodlands grasslands and settlement areas A mixed |ype ci farming system is dominantly practiced where cereals ar.d coffee are dommanlly 
cultivated Cotfee is 1he mairi C3ih crofl and l! mas1ly
under a tree canopy or shade dr
around houses.
han3na>0lso ^rown In sorr* afeM
QS 1ly  disturbed  the  natural  foresl  cover  in  the  catchment  is  significant  Some  of  the
Although mo foresls 
a
ted aS National Priority Foresl areas (NFPAs} These areas are
<  the  la*1    remnants  of  the  humid  upland  broadleaved  forest  tn  the  Country  The among*.             ccmprise Eucalyptus spp and Cupressus lusitanica which have been planted
plantatmn    -
■□Ci &*yrl of tf* ®
13||Qfi
pfogram     offar      wood    and    fuel    wood    The    woodlands    and    grasslands 
X**-——
By virtlM
However
disturted
l vegetation cover, the rate of soil erosion does not seem severe
fl  nint in area* where the vegetation cover is removed and the sod a aopears signi « ,
H ^tion o< heavy grazing ano exposed to runoff erosion Stope is < ’
is
also a majo|Mr 1
____
w"1'— ■' C sci| cfoSion as most pad of the catchment is characterized by steep
slopes f'llls an
^nd «-*■»»’'** l’nd"M'
_____------------------------------------------------- ■---------------
Water Wtirks Design & Supervision Enterprise
loAssadit* wia Lntfrtoatlaniui Consultants and Technocrats Kc. Ltd. *’ -
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Inception Rejjari
Aijo PeJewa ftrtfatfan
aOJ.SEnvjfonrnentalJy Sensitive Issues
_______________________ __________ Member 2W& _
The  outstanding  environmental  issues  char  should  be  essensed  in  detail  and  given  due consideration  dunng  tbe  planning,  .mplementatinn  and  operator  of  the  proposed  irrigation project include ine foffowing but nol imited to
• Inundation of agriculturally and ecotoqicairy productive land toy reservoir waler (permanently),
loss of nvenne forests and woodlands m the jeserwoir and command areas and at lhe dam sire
-    Loss of wildlife haDilats and displacement of wrld animals rom the reservoir and command areas and lhe dam site
-    Displacement rf people and ths* livestock from lhe reservo-r area ■ .resettlement and rehabilitation issues)
Loss of grazing rands from lhe eservo^ and command areas
f
■
■
■
■ I I
I
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r
-    Loss of commufHcaiion meteoric such as fool paths and river crossing points due lo reservoir inundaton
Soil erosion and adverse sod modifications.
Water-fogging and drainage issues
-    Rise of ground water la pie
River regulator* and associated eco*og-ical changes in lhe river system upstream and downslream of Che dam and
-    Pubic health issues due to waler related diseases esp malaria
20,4.    Data Collection
20 4 1 Present status
ilect*on imotve5 r*o types of daw primary and secondary l he primary data
rd^lectcd during -.hhe. ferortnaiswnce site wish ir’Uudecj major types of vegetation and lheir
-netK* {jarhPDS'1'00 selllemeni patterns
‘
habitats and ma|or wW1'1*-’ species land use and land cover nroiect impact zonesiDoundanes key potential environmental issues
Some basic secondary data were cofocfed from i^cai aftces Surh
'and cover fora and fauna pupufafiori health statistics etc Most of me available data have Deen compiled al oala •» «<rce except some qusUwtrw Wmainn p,^
o««.
ala ^nc,*Mie tana
■^m-nistrative strurh.z^
use and
*
soils climate Object specify
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Water Warks Design A Supervision Enterprise
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condarj information available in some previous studies has been identified dunng lhe initial
•review  earned  out  in  the  mcepbern  phase  This  information  will  be  extracted  and  used  as appropriate during ttie subsequent detail study
20.4.2Data Gaps
i) Primary data that need to be collected mclurfe. but not limited to
-     Types of vegetation and species composition with respect to each project component and identifying extent of impacts by each project activities or components
-    Identifying w/dhfe habitats and w./dlrfe species in the direct impact zones.
-     Determining  the  settlements  and  population  sizes  within  the  direct  rmpact  zones  and extent of displacement
-    Determining land use patterns within the project impact zones
-    Determining the oprxon of key stakeholders and project affected people towards the proposed prefect through puttie and individual consultations
. Identifying the communxialion network including foot palhs, rwer cross-ng points and means crossing within the project boundary and impact of the project on these Detefnunmg catchment characteristics and its impact on the project
. Cttfecticn of water samples from determined locations and laboratory analysis for physical and shamical parameters
Secondary Data
- Coflech^detmled avattabfe data from locaj^,^^
MGOs and research and other institutions on /and use and
forestVegetabonand flora. wKdl.fe, health with oari^ > "
KO'Gicuiaf &mrjhatic
1300
° A oft,cesi.
5 Qn water related
I
I
and vector-borne diseases, etc 
20.4 J Program for Further Collection
A tentative three *eeks fieldwork is scheduled for ■■ above and any other In addition. prior to departure^fu'00 collected from ^nsiitobons based in Add<s Ababa ' f'e,c’*Ort'
1 SOme jnf
the data and info, ^ n'atlon listed
arrr|ati
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Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise^ ------------------
-
in Associate with tatwcMtlneataJ CimbuIUocs U)| Technocrats L[d *
ITSinception Report
Ajjo ftedessa Irrdgaaga Pm jtei
2Q,5 Work Program for the Detailed Study
November 2006
i)  FieMworfc  -  a  tentsW  threfi  weeks  fieMwork  will  he  conducted  to  collect  the  pl  ■? and Secondary data From |he prc-jecL area and Jpcal oHrces.
k]  laboratory  test  ■  the  water  Samples  Io  be  collected  during  the  fieldwo analyzed al the WWDSE'S laboratory.
iii) Analysis Report Writing - Nine w»fcf period                         months) is estimated ter review previous studies, compilaion and analysis of primary and se Otated for rtte W or an analytical report (Enwronm*^ ^P«t A flW*r>
S
Report)
—Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
U] Ajsodtl* wHb lntercM<l?i«Btal Conwltants and Technganis PvL Ltd.
l6
nInception Report
Arjo Dedessa Irrigation projecj
21. SETTLEMENT
21.1 Introduction
November 2QM
3
While creartion of reservoirs by construction of dam is essentially needed for meeting eve
n'ficreasJjig demand f<y efferent sedews for burgeoning population, rt has several very adverse e/wonmentaf and social impacts Submergence of rarge area of land permanently and displacement of population from the area of submergence is one of the most adverse impacts This call ® for me plan for settlement of the displaced popuiabon. The settlemenl does not
mea/i the resdderwni of tine displaced population but it also includes economic rehabilitation Thus the settlemenl of displaced population has two components namely resettlement and rehabilitation The equity of justice demands ihat the people who are being displaced due to construction of lhe proiect should also gel equal qpoartumty far 'heir economic development along with the popu'alicn in the command for whose economic development the dam is being constructed The issue of settlement of displaced persons ts very sensitive and involves several aspeds hke somi cultural, politics!, and environmental This issue is proving a major constraint in construction erf dam for development of water resources Therefore the issue deserves very serious wnsrieralion and cans far very concerted efforts for in depth study developing very appropriate plan for resettlement and rehabilitation, implementation of the same as per hme hound program, and monitoring the same for timely completion before the filling of reserve Starts.
21,2 Objectives of the Study
The  major  objective  of  the  settlement  planning  study  is  IO  assess  and  analy2e  the the  projects  oh  natural,  human-made  and  social  environments  vis  a  vis  the  need  for
c ert»n  proport.wi  Of  the  inhabitants  of  the  project  areas  The  most  significant
is  establishing  a  baseline  information  on  posable  adverse  impacts  of  the
des^n mechanisms  by  which such occurrences  are avoided or at feast m<hgatad mfomration also «rve as  a benchmark  agamst which future momtonng 3nd
impacts of
■ resettling
r
pro ‘g ct acfiicwffteflts 
:,
hibas-ured
part of the study 
Project so a$ to
Tj "ie       baseline evaluation of
Specific 
<he 5U2dy mclutle assessing and acquiring information on
. Affected area and population (demography structure . common areas inventory, map of receiving area constraints m (waiving area)
s Of Population-
enVir°n mental
Properly and 1 ar>d other
Vater Works Design & Sup  vj
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Ar] oPEdttsa Irrigation Project
November 2006
RMeivcnient  Poicy  ancr  teggr  Framework  (Definition  of  affected  tends.  structures c^pensabon and entitfement cntena grievance procedures, etc)
De'.'eqpmenl    Plan    far    New    Sites    (Detailed    engineering    plans    and    layouts ^■cultural development packages; non-agricu Hural employment packages
monitonng arrangements. environmental protection}
’ Transfer Arrangements (Information dissemination; transition maintenance arrangement; mobilization schedule).
monitoring:
* Census of people already res*ding in receiving area, social organization of the host communities: ethnic, linguistic, religious and other cultural features of groups.
population densrty and growth rates
■ Tradibonal systems which regurate access 10 tend water forest and other resources uses of resources in production systems, including farming, livestock rearing, apiary
fishery, and gathering
*       Formal    and    Customary    Use-Rights    (Inventory    of    constitutional    legistative adm-mstratn/e. contractual or customary rights Io use resources
. Inventory sooal service structures such as schools. medicaI f
ac itie
j-
MHimunicaliansIranspartnetworks, marketplaces water supply schemes etc
.     AssBSrn.nl     <d     PuMc     H',M.     Conditions     (EpaenWogy     0(     hBallh       ,[sk5       diseases in ths arsa: mtaranlal poUiott problems. sanitary and hya Mlc otedilions
,
. Pseooston ot Attested Peepfc (Straps 
™ple™„,atCT. opera iQn ana eyalUdt|On of r(.M ,
colh sutlers and host populations}
. Gender spMrfc »», and Issues (.deluding ,ype5 Q( jr?d !heir implications on gender inequality)
•   Inslitdtkxiai Assessment iDepartments)/ line .m-
or
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prac ,Ces
yBncies s po n.^i hiict f--.
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resmmenl program; Capacity  f
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reg onaI
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partopate m tfecsion-making. implementation, operations 
e f °r the
organizations to
evaluation   cf   (he   resettlement,   requirements   of   capacity   budq   "   rnd,Pltenance.   and
etc)
¥ U,ld'"9 (lncludmg training
. cost Estimate. Financing Ptan and Imptementaiujj, Schedule
21.3  Scope of the Study
as vanouj jnteriorL AHhough the social impact assessment hat
primarily focus on the reflection and analysis of daf3 an ^' ®
n
as Pec(s thft
w proems of sedtement ana wh'^ the settlement
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Water Works Design & Su pervlsio n Enter pris
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AijoDeiltSM Irrigation Projtet
21.4 Methodology
November 2(H)6
data collection techniques  wrft include documents  and titecature review focus  grouu discussions, key  informant interviews, wealth ranking, problem identification and prioritization, and on-site observation
21.4.1   Literature and Documents Review
Avadable and relevant htwature, from all possible sources, including University libraries 
libraries of MoWR and the Inlemel. wilt be reviewed so as to acquire Current theoretical
discourse on sucn development undertakings as well as to team from the experiences (both
successes and failuresl of simf-ar undertakings elsewhere in the country and me world at large
First hand and second hand information related to the land tenure and land use patterns  of the counlry  and the respective regions  understudy, population size, age and sex  structure, and efhmc  composition, prevalent social service provision institutions  and their institutional capacilies  livelihood station and major economic  activilies  planned and ongoing development programs  in the area, etc  will be collected from the archives  of the zones  and woredas of ihe prefect area
other secondary  sources  of formation such as  legal and policy  documents, baseline and evaluation reports  0* NGOs  and other development agencies  operating m the target woredas and Ihe surroundings, will be consulted
21.4.2 Key Informants Interview
Key informal l«-de th) interviews will be conducted with members (elderfy 
P
pef
given Special importance! of the different social groups including[□ceptien Report
Arjo Dedessa IrriEacon Project
21,4.3. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
FGDs involving eight-twelve participants (discussants)
November 2006
negated by age. gender
social  status  and  octiipasion.  wilF  be  conducted  so  as  to  solicit  ideas  issues  ant^  perceplicu  s regarding  the  project  and  the  possible  positive  and  negative  outcomes  they  antrdpaie
214.4 Stakeholders Interests
Data on the roles  played by  different actors, religious  institutions  indigenous  social organizations  vanous  segments  of the study  communities  etc  1hai have stake in the issue under discussion, and identifying lheir positions, real interests  needs  and fears, will be coheclad so as  10 have a comprehensive understanding of me situation, and whether the van ous groups have coinciding or confliclmg interests etc
Moreover, the roles  mandates, and ingtituircnal capacities  as  well as  capacity  building requirements  of government and other concerned organise lions  in the projects  areas, will be examined.
21.4.5. On-site Observation
Participant observation [although not in the classical anthropological sense) will also provide an m-depth understanding of social processes  Information that could be obtained through Observation melhod and infumwl interview techniques  are of great value as  the often inevitable self-consatwsness  that people have to experience during formal interviews  or FGDs, could be avoided A lot mill De learned by  observing people when they  are going about their daily  routine activities  by  informally  talking to them, than would rarely  be achieved in a more formal setbng. especially **e- issues are sensitive
21.4.6 Wealth Ranking
PRA WWS <X — *
"°ula
on .he current economy silua|,on
0 „    the     on.     MMl     »™>     '«     ««"“     a"a       ldeBB       *     ,,,e       “W     O°^latlon     on       (he     o.her     R     n
:nfe
,ma n ^Uld gire » b.V.
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Io- pl.nn.ng of sewenren, wh h n
lc       scess3nly nse[Js
account the current livelihood situation as a point of reference
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Water Works Design & SupervisionE^TZr;----------- -—-—
In AsdciHf WW> IstertoBdntiLU Consultants ^d T„
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ltJInception Report
Atjo Dedessa Lrrtfatloi Project
21,5 Data collection
November 20Ot
Since the.ssue involves  3 i3r.ge number of aspects  like social, cultural political, environmfntal. I req-utres  a great deal of effort to colled data related to different aspects  The data will include
both primary and secondary The broad items of data collection are indicated below tn brief
•    Demographic Information
-  Number of households in the project areas
• Complete census of the papulation in (he project areas bath in DiZs and the rest
- Estmated average household sue
- Number of possible resettling households
- Ettmic composition of the papulation
•    Land
-    Land tenure system and landholding
Total area of the impact PAs
-    Average land sue of PA members (in hectare or local measuremeot-Timad^l
-     Total cuttrvated area (in hectares). Total grazing area (in hectares)
. vVootfand/ForesUand used by the communities
Mam crops produced and average household yield
. Estimated average surplus products sold every year (pace in 8irr)
. Proportion of the cultivated land and grazing land to be taken Dy the project
. other Liveli hood Activities
. Ammal husbandly (mam livestock species veterinary services modern breeciing/crois breeding systems etc )
Fishery (Number of people dependent on fishery, extent of fish resource, mam flsh species)
-    Apiary (System of bee- keeping, number of households ent)f reWion between forestland and apiary)
-    Trade and Commerce (type ana degree of local trade)
lfe y dePendenf On apjary
• Nutrition and Food Habits (mam stable foort „ .             • n utrilio rj levi°i u
difference m between women children and
<• "J men within th- u
' ^ossihi*
feeding and nutnfion)
. Housing
Number of houses (huts) owned by each fam,|
cast!
y (Wi)h
f houSehold<; he household
<irchy of S|^
n 'WHS af
and averag
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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Average of general extent of amenity fuss
•    infrastructure
-    Roads and tracks
-    Markets in each PA
•    Social Services
•     Education  (number  of  schools  .nsfituhional  capacity  of  schoai&'ci'ass  rooms,  class  size teacher-student  ratio,  enrolment,  average  distance  of  schools  from  residential  areas, etc.}
•  Health  (number  and  standard  of  health  care  institutions,  number  and  qualification  of health  workers,  people-health  workers  ratio,  medical  equipment  and  medicine  suppt'/ pattern etc)
* Major diseases  in the area, people's  use of modern health care. RH/FP services, child and maternal mortality  rate HJV/AiDS estimated prevalence rate etc. socio-cultural practices possibly exposing the people to HIV/AlDS)
» Micro-finance and other income diversification schemes
■ Environmental Effects of Resettlement
« rmpace on Host Communities
- Resource patterns
. Socxat infrastructures
Institutional assessment and analysis  (Capacity  of focal, regional, and federal revet organizations  tn decision making, operation and management evaluation of resettlement)
CulhAtf Resources (churches, mosques shrines and other worship places and arcwotog-cai S'««that need P^KtlC)n>
Perception of Resettlement (Potential resettlers)
’ perception of resettlement (Polenfral host communities) Pension of govemmeni representatives ana project officials
21.6 Reconnaissance Field Visit
Since the project is in a very initial stage of planning where ihe d fixation of canal alrgnmerri are in process Of bemg tinaik^n approximate assessment of personsjfamihes hkeiy to
which are hkely lo be submerged fully or partiaHy, have been
Des^n i Supervision Enterprise
feservo,r area and n °’ possibie tQ make & ,n
H °'
V *Ver
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|  AltOgether
* 9 li laifTWOtlntmtaf Consultants and Technocrats Pvt Ud ; j
ini& hw Mforedas of two zones The affected kebeles are as given
Htobabor
"■oordw
1 Gechi
2 Borecha
'
JI
3 Dedes&a
4 LirnnnuSeka
I
Kc Bries
1 Chitu Bosana
2  Manis
3  Yabeio
4  Wakei
5. etiewa
6  AgideArba 7  netero
S           Goijo 9 Belka
10. Chulti
11  Gere ho
12  3uSi Denge 13. Wjmma maibia 14  Meda Gellala 15 Gemta
16  Damie 17 Deneoa 16 Bulud
19  Bekeharo 20 nierocMisha
21.7 Report Preparation
In light of the abjective scope and methodology daia as indicated collected. based on which the Paired plan for resettlement
— ~ ~         I
The report will locus on :he following
Preparation of enteria and standards for reseitiemenr
legal frame work 
Assessment of the affected famihe^'persons eeouirtM
ar<3 rehabiiifatrAr,
01 On will be preparert
fehatl,l,tation m
re,evant section w a
,
ue
pol,cy and
''^b„„a1sn
fl
^uirea to resettled Preparation of the plan fe resettlement and rehab«litaiions
This will include broadly the following
SFater (forks Design 4 Supervision - leAisadste with taifreoodneiiuj Cootuittnu anil 1 erP S
<M. Ug.Inception Report
Arj o Dedessi Irrigation hojett
- Selection of site tor settlement
- Preparation of layout for settlement sites rnducfing infra struct U
* Architectural plan of devilling
■ Hoad
- Electricity
- Water supply
- School
. Hospital
- Market^g cen’er
- Mechanism for kfnptemenlabon and monrtonng including involving the slake holder and wlh specal care to complete before initial filling of reservoir starts
Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Ai ,"ciiie l“|tftMllB*ntal CCBW,taals in<J Tec&DoerMa Pvt. Ltd. *
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Summery

Project Overview

The Arjo Dedessa Irrigation Project is a major development initiative in Ethiopia's Abbay (Blue Nile) Basin, proposed by the Ministry of Water Resources. The project includes:

40m earth dam on Dedessa River (1.5km upstream of Dedessa-Wama confluence)
Irrigation canals for 16,800 ha command area (later revised to 37,219 ha)
Watershed management plans

Key Components

1. Topographic Survey

Dam site mapping at 1:500-1:2000 scale
Reservoir area mapping at 1:10,000 scale
Command area mapping at 1:10,000 scale

2. Meteorological & Hydrological Studies

Parameter	Findings
Rainfall	1600-1800mm annually (uni-modal May-Sep)
Temperature	20-25°C mean monthly
Streamflow	Mean annual flow: 3,800 million m³ (52% in Aug-Sep)
Design Flood	1 in 10,000 year return period considered

3. Geological Investigations

Dam site in volcanic rocks (alkaline basalt/trachyte)
Reservoir area covered by impervious black soil
Proposed dam type: Rockfill or earthfill with central core

4. Soil Survey

Dominant soils: Vertisols (heavy clay, poor drainage)
Survey density: 1 observation per 10ha
454 soil samples collected for analysis

5. Land Suitability

Evaluation using FAO framework
Suitability classes: S1 (high) to N2 (permanently not suitable)
Key limitations: Workability, flooding, slope, erosion

6. Agricultural Planning

Current farming at subsistence level
Major constraints: Heavy rains, pests, diseases
Potential crops: Sugarcane, cotton, maize, sesame, sorghum

Previous Studies Reviewed

Study	Year	Key Findings
USBR	1964	First reconnaissance study, identified multiple dam sites
WAPCOS	1990	Preliminary water resources master plan
BCEOM	1999	Abbay Basin Integrated Development Master Plan

Current Status

Field investigations completed for most components
Laboratory testing of samples in progress
Final feasibility report preparation underway