GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY MASTER DRAINAGE PLAN FOR MELKA SADI AND AMIBARA AREAS FINAL REPORT July 1985 VOLUME 10 ANNEX J : ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH Water Resources Development Authority P O Box 5673 Addis Ababa Ethiopia Sir William Halcrow & Partners Consulting Engineers Burderop Park Swindon Wiltshire SN4 OQD United Kingdomf k ■ A/? ZV? ' cJ GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY C'B) MASTER DRAINAGE PLAN FOR MELKA SADI AND AMIBARA AREAS FINAL REPORT July 1905 VOLUME 10 ANNEX J : ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH Water Resources Development Authority P O Box 5673 Addis Ababa Ethiopia Sir William Haicrow & Partners Consulting Engineers Burderap Park Swindon Wiltshire SN4 OQD United KingdomUNDP/WHO Public and Environment*! Health Planning Phase II U N DP/79/001 WH 0 ZE TH/ BSM /001 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY ETHIOPIA MASTER DRAINAGE PLAN FOR AMIBARA & MELKA SADI AREAS HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS (An Inter-Institutional Collaborative Effort) FINAL REPORT Addis Ababa February 1985MASTER DRAINAGE PLAN rOR MELrA ^DI & AM13A3A AREAS F I A L HE? - ft " VOL 1 - SUMMARY VOL 2 - MAIN REPORT VOL 3 - ANNEX Al : SOILS AND DRAINABILZTY CLASSES VOL 4 - ANNEX A2 : SOILS AND DRAINABILITY CLASS MAPS VOL 5 - ANNEX A3 : DESCRIPTION OF AUGER BORES VOL 6 - VOL 7 VOL 0 VOL 9 * - - - annex a GROUNDWATER AND SALINITY ANNEX C : HYDROLOGY ANNEX D : ENGINEERING ANNEX E : AGRICULTURE ANNEX F MARKETING AND PRICES ANNEX G : PROJECT COST ESTIMATES ANNEX H FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION ANNEX 1 : EVALUATION METHODOLOGYGU- IDELINES VOL 10 - ANNEX J : ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTHMASTER DRAINAGE PLAN FOR MELKA SADI AND AM IB ARA AREAS ANNEX J - HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS CONTENTS Page No 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. PRESENT STATUS AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 2 2.1 Water Borne Diseases 2 2.1.1 Schis tosomias is 2 2.1.2 Ma Lar ia 5 2.2 Water Quali ty 8 2.2.1 Chemical 8 2.2.2 Pesticide Levels 8 2.2.3 Eutrophication a RECOMMENDATIONS 9 3.1 Water Borne Diseases 9 3.2 Water Quality 10 MONITORINGACTIVITIES AND PROCEDURES 11 4.1 Water Borne Diseases 11 4.1.1 Schistosomiasis 11 4.1.2 Malaria 13 4.2 Water Quality Control 14 4.2.1 Areas of Concern 14 4.2.2 Recommended Monitoring 15 4.3 Institutional Arrangement 16 4.4 Costs 18REFERENCES TABLES 1. Malaria Control Programme - Observations 2. Distribution of Malaria Parasites by Species & Locality 3. Pesticide Usage in the Middle Awash Agricultural Enterprise Area for 1983/84 crop year (five farms) 4. WHO Standard of Potable Water (1979) 5. Conductivity, pH and Dissolved Oxygen in Selected Irrigation Canals and Drainage Canals in the AIP area 6. AIP Pilot Drainage Scheme - Drainage Discharge Field Record 7. List of Pesticides used in Tibila, Awara Melka, Mille, Dubci and Die Bahr State Farms of Che Awash Valley - January 1984 8. Algal Forms Identified in Water Samples Collected in AIP on November 10, 1984 9. Capital and Recurrent Expenditure for Health and Environmental Monitoring Amibara and Melka Sadi Master Drainage Scheme FIGURES 1. Water Sampling Points APPENDICES A Terms of Reference B List of Participants1. INTRODUCTION One of the components of the Master Drainage Plan for Che Melka-Sadi Amibara area, which is intended to arrest Che rising groundwater cable and reclaim the salt affected soils, is a health and environmental impact study. In order to undertake Chis study, the Water Resources Development Authority requested the assistance of the Inter-Institutional Committee (see Appendix B) in a letter dated 12 October 1984 with accompanying terms of reference (see Appendix A). The terms of reference as provided by the consultants, require the study co assess the existing health and environmental situation and develop a monitoring system in relation to water borne diseases and water quality. The study dealing with the assessment of existing situation is intended co identify actual and potential health and environmental problems which are likely to be aggravated and/or introduced by project implementation with a view to developing in-built preventive measures at the planning and design stages. The committee reviewed all available data and undertook a field survey in November 1984 to study the ecology of the area and assess Che situation with regard to disease vectors and water quality. Arising from the above pre-project study, a monitoring system has been developed with the aim of assessing changes in water quality and prevalence of malaria and schistosomiasis on a continued basis with a view to undertaking timely corrective measures upon detection of any adverse effect. This report presents the findings of the pre-project health and enviromental impact study which identified the specific risks the project may create and also makes recommendations on appropriate measures for timely incorporation in the project design and operation. It also contains the monitoring system which among other things include the type and nature of activities and the cost Implications. 12. PRESENT STATUS AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 2 i Water-Borne Diseases a The present epidemiological situation in the Middle Awash is characterised by modification of diseases endemic to the area and introduction of new diseases associated with the development of irrigated agriculture. Water related and vector borne diseases are wide spread in the area. Among these diseases, schistosomiasis and aalaria are of major public health concern. 2.1.1 Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium is endemic in the middle and lower Awash VaLley mainly among the nomadic Afar populations. The area from Angelele to Gevani is highly infected due to the presence of many natural and man made swamps where Bulinua abyssinicus, the snail intermediate host, breeds and schistosoma transmission takes place. Following the installation of irrigation schemes in the upper middle Awash Valley (Am lb ar a Irrigation Project), the swamps in the Angelele area have dried up as a result of the construction of dykes which stopped the overflow of Awash River to the flood plains. Lt appears as if urinary bil iharzi as is would gradually decrease with the destruction of the snail habitats. In fact, a survey carried out in 1981-82 showed an infection rate of 19.8Z in 7 villages considered to be endemic for the disease within the Angelele-Kortume area (Ref 1) as compared to the infection rates of 58.3Z in Angelele and 67.9Z in Kortume in 1969 (Ref 2,3). Whereas some environmental modification such as the construction of the dyke and good land Levelling proved to be beneficial in reducing schistosomiasis transmission, other favourable conditions have been created by the irrigation scheme for the propogation of the disease. As a result of improper drainage and release of excess irrigation water, an extensive swamp between Asoba 2 and Dahitele was created and snail host re-established until the construction of a drain network within the Amibara Irrigation Project *-n 1982. Other sites of actual or potential danger are the Kortume flood plain the pump site near Dahitele and the pool of water adjacent to Tl-3 canal 2Bulinus abyssinicus has been found repeatedly in the Kortume swamp which i s formed as a result of diversion of flood water from the Awash River and al so j the swamps near the pump site in Dahitele created by seepage and overflow fr03 the irrigation canal. The shallow pool near tertiary canal Tl-3 is about 50 y 100 m resulting from improper drainage. Bulinus snails were found in the pool and the pLace should be considered to be dangerous. Prolific growth of aquatic vegetations was seen in almost all the irrigation a:i drainage canals. What is more, these canals especially those close to human habitats are used for drinking, washing, bathing and livestock watering. It ui also observed that some of these canals serve as disposal sites for human excreta. These activities as well as the presence of abundant aquatic vegetations in the canals are creating microhabitats suited for snail propagation and infection. In fact a major concern in the AIP area is the possible establishment of snail hosts in the irrigation canals which has not taken place so far. This may be due to the peculiar habitat requirements of Bulinus abyssinicus, but it is worth noting that in Somalia the species has successfully colonized the irrigation canals (4). If this happens in Che AIP, the control of urinary bi 1iharziasis could become more complicated and prohibitively expensive. As for intestinal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni, the transmission has not yet been substantiated although Biomphalaria pfeifferi, snail host for this parasite, is found in Melka Sadi, Amibara and Ambash. This is most likely due to Che high temperature of the area which is not suitable for growth and breeding of this species. The prevalence of infection is 3.3Z and is predominantly found among the migrant workers from the highlands. With the application of some preventive measures such as regular monitoring of the snail population, treatment of infected individuals and good water management, it is possible to prevent the establishment of this parasite in the area. The planned drainage system, in as much as it avoids the formation of any stagnant water, is in principle compatible with prevention and control of water 3snails and mosquitoes. On the other hand, the opeV^airi/ ditches "and the auxiliary structures could in themselves create conditions favourable for the breeding of disease vectors unless properly designed, maintained and operated. Major factors that need closer attention in the existing and proposed drainage network are the intermittent discharges, siting of the drainage canals in relation to residential areas, velocity, the option of discharging the flows directly into the Kort time swamp and operation and maintenance. The performance of the main drain extension in the AIP II during the past year has been satisfactory. According to the information obtained during the field survey, the period when overflows dicharged into the Amibara extension area was only about 10 days for this year (1984) and no snail colonies were re-established. The accumulation of water for a period not exceeding two months does not appear co create a habitat suitable for the snail host, but even one week is considered to be dangerous in the case of malaria transmission. The recommended velocity in the open drains during normal flow is 0.3 m/s. Taking into consideration the nature of the canal bed, the volume of discharge especially from the rejection flows and the abundance of aquatic vegetation noted often in Che canals, this veLocicy does not appear to be high enough to immobilise and dislodge snails. Halidebi is a known focus tor urinary biliharziasis. According to the surveys carried out by the Inter-Institutional Committee in 1981 ( pre-treatment) and in 1982 (post-treatment) the infection rates were 38.52 and 18.32 respectively (Ref 1). The same survey has also identified the existence of a big population of live Bulinus abyssinicus in the Kortume swamp which is considered to be the major site of transmission in the area. Perennial supply of water to this swamp which at present is said to be seasonal, would provide favourable breeding ground for snails all year round and thereby intensify che transmission of the disease. What is more, chemical control of the snail will be extremely expensive due to the Large volume of water estimated to cover an area of 200-300 ha. In addition, the size of grazing ground would be gre inundation. 42.1.2 Malaria Malaria is endemic in the entire Awash Valley, characterised by two seasonal transmission periods covering September to November and April Co May of each year. The Malaria Control Programme has included 8 localities which are locate: in the Melka Sadi and Amibara areas in its routine control activities for malaria, ie, the settled population in those localities is being protected through the reduction of mosquito populations by means of residual spraying and also through the provision of antimalarial drugs. However, there is no consistent reliable programme outline to protect the nomadic Afar population of the area. Periodic entomological and parasitological activities are conducted to evaluate the impact of residual spraying on mosquito population and to determine the prevalence of malaria respectively. Entomological Activities Entomological studies were conducted by personnel of the Malaria Concrol Programme in Melka Werer observation post from 1980-1984. Day time adult resting collection, night time biting collection and larval collection was conducted (Table 1). Anopheles gambiae, A.pharoensis, A.funestus and other non-vector Anopheles Spp were found to breed in the observation post at Melka Werer. The data obtained by the three collection methods indicated A.gambiae to be the predominant species followed by A.pharoensis. Both A.gambiae and A^pharoensis have exhibited a strong tendency to rest in-doors (endophilic) and co bice out-doors (exophagic). Supplementary larval survey was conducted during the Inter-InstiCutional, Collaborative team's field trip to the area on November 10, 1984 from Tl-3, D4, C4, D5 & D6 locations and from Dahitele pump site. Second instar Anopheles Spp were collected from Tl-3 while the remaining locations were negative for Anoph eles mosquitoes. However, Culex all the examined sites. Water bodies were not sampled for mosquitoes. pi ens (fat igans) were found breeding in in field, tertiary and secondary canals I 5Seasonal Blood Survey Seasonal blood surveys were conducted in eight localities, namely, Melka Sadi, Amibara, Melka Werer, Asoba, Halidebi, Dahitele and Angelele. The surveys were undertaken from 1976 to 1984. Since all the localities were not surveyed during one single year, it is not possible to compare the prevalence of malaria in different parts of the project area. In general, the malaria situation in the project area seems to be stable with some degree of fluctuation. Plasmodium falciparum is the dominant species followed by P.vivax (Table 2). Spray Operations for Malaria Control DDT is the insecticide that is being used to spray human dwellings of all localities in the project area. During 1976 to 1984 some localities were sprayed ten times while others were sprayed only twice. The Anopheles mosquitoes in the project area are susceptible co DDT. ;« Different types of pesticides are sprayed in the farm areas from insects, mites and weeds. In 1983/1984 alone, over II are sprayed in the farm areas (Table 3). The impact of the widespread use of these pesticides on insect species of public health importance is not known. The Public Health workers should periodically test the susceptibility of insect species to the insecticides used in the farm area, as the wide spread use of insecticides could Lead to development of resistance. Repeated exposure of pesticides may have cumulative toxic effects and would result in gradual onset of poisoning symptoms. Those workers handling pesticides as well as those people working in pesticide-treated areas are exposed to this risk. to protect the crops types ox pesticides The existing irrigation system in Amibara and Melka Sadi areas has created large surface area of water bodies due co the extensive network of distribution ands drainage canals. In addition, large ponds of stagnant water are allowed to be established in different parts of the project area as a result of improper water management practices. During the current field trip to the project area, it Wai evident that field, tertiary, secondary and primary distribution and drainage canal systems were covered with vegetation. Moreover, as stated earlier excessive pools of stagnant water were observed at Tl - 3 and the Dahitele Canp site as a result of seepage from distribution canals. These conditions have brought about the formation of habitats suitable for continuous breeding of mosquitoes and have created the potential for the occurrence of year-round transmission of malaria in the project area. Thus it will be fundamental to take into account the adverse impact the proposed drainage systems will have on the environment and on the propagation of malaria in the area. The proposed network of surface and subsurface drains to be constructed under Stage 1 of the Master Drainage Plan will utilise the existing Primary Drain Outfall (see Annex D). This drain flows into the Awash River and has provision for periodic overflows into Amibara Extension Area. Such intermittent overflow of drainage wacer into an open field will have a minimum negative health impact provided prolonged ponding does not occur. It is important that water bodies created by emergency overflows should not be allowed to stand for more than one week at any one location. For the development of the drainage system within the Amibara Extension Area three alternative methods of gravity disposal of drainwater were considered. The first method of routing all flows directly into Kortume swamps would have a negative health impact as it would create an environment of permanent breeding habitat for Anopheles mosquitoes and other 9pecies of public health importance. The second method is to discharge the drain into the Awash River with occasional emergency spillages into the Kortume swamp. While this alternative seems to be an improvement over the first, still the large volume of water that would be discharged into the swamp would be of health hazard. The third, and recommended, option is to direct all flows into the Awash via an unresticted confluence with the river some 12 km downstream of the study area. 0y this means che need for periodic overflows into Kortume is avoided and Che associated negative impact eliminated. «2.2 Water Quality 2.2.1 Chemical Chemical analysis of Che irrigation canals, drainage canals and the Awash River at the intake conducted by the Water Resources Development Authority (WRDA) and measurements of conductivity and pH done during the field visit indicate chat as far as the potability of the water is concerned, none of Che measured constituents are beyond the acceptable limits put forward by WHO (Table 4). However, increased salinity was observed in the drainage canals compared to the river or irrigation canals - conductivity values of 3 fold being observed in the drainage canals compared to the irrigation canals (Table 5). The total discharge of about 100,000 kg of chloride equivalent of salt iQto the river between April and August alone, calculated from field data obtained by AlP Pilot Drainage Scheme Project (Table 6) indicates a high input of salt to the Awash River which could also be augmented by the proposed sub-surface drainage to be implemented (see Annex C). 2.2.2 Pesticide Levels There is no data available on the level of pesticides in the area. However, the types of pesticides sprayed in the area are known (Table 7). As far as we could s «. none of them is persistent and all are believed to be biodegradable. It is however known by repute that toxicity to people and cattle drinking the canal water immediately after spraying is common. All the pesticides used are also known to be toxic. Thus there is a high risk to people and animals using the canal and drainage water both from pesticides and from high salinity levels. 2-2.3 Eutrophication Surface or subsurface drainage and subsequent discharge of the water into the Awa®h River downstream is likely to increase the level of nutrients in the ri ver. However, the high turbidity ot the Awash River will result in light limitation of growth such that prolific growth of. algae is not to be expected ln the river. However, potential bloom-forming algae have been observed in the riVer at the intake and in Che irrigation canals (Table 8).3. RECOMMENDATIONS 3 I Water Borne Diseases e 33,1 Unnecessary collections of water like the ones adjacent co Tl-3 canal and the pump site in Dahitele should be avoided. Major depressions should be filled and spillways avoided whenever possible in order to prevent the formation □f snail, mosquito and other disease vector habitats. In addition all habitats confirmed to harbour Bulinus abyssinicus should be destroyed. Furthermore, all existing water bodies and chose to be created should be identified and located on a map for follow-up. 3.1.2 More frequent clearing of aquatic vegetations should be carried out, at least twice a year. At present vegetations are cleared once a year and it is apparently not sufficient. 3.1.3 A water velocity of 30 cm/sec as indicated in the design criteria, does not seem strong enough to cause snails to dislodge. It is therefore suggested to increase the velocity to at least 40 cm/s and at the same time avoid sharp curves, make canal banks smooth and flat and keep the drainage system clear from vegetation growth to maintain a constant velocity. 3.1.4 The open drainage canals should be constructed far away (250-500 m) from labour camps and Afar villages to minimise man-water contact and contamination of the water by human excreta. New camps and villages to be built ln the future should be located far enough (500 m at Least) from the open ditches so chat they don't give ready access to the canal water. It is also desirable chat existing open drainage canals near or crossing human dwellings as ln Melka Sadi and the bridge near the primary dram outfall be covered or fenced Lo minimise human/wacer contact or be lined with concrete to discourage the ^reeding of vectors. •*•5 One of the major causes for the creation of unnecessary water bodies w hich favour the breeding of vectors is poor water management. It is therefore blL «hly recommended that water management procedures and schedules be strictly -nforced and supervised day and night. 93.1.6 Kortume swamp has to be kept dry to reduce the transmission of bilharzia and malaria in the Halidebi area. Therefore the option of routing drain to skirt the Kortume flood plain and discharge into the river is preferred to the discharge of the drain and runoff water directly into the swamp. It i> further suggested that part of the flow be discharged into wilderness at various sices so that more surface area will be soaked and conditions similar to controlled irrigated pasture created. This will not only increase the grazing ground and scop the Afars from diverting flood water, but also reduce the water spilled into the Kortume swamp. 3.1.7 Intermittent discharge of water into open fields could be acceptable provided the period of discharge is short and water from such discharge is not allowed to stand for more than one week at any one location. 3.2 Water Quality 3.2.1 Use of the canal or drainage water for drinking and domestic purposes should be avoided to prevent toxicity from pesticides and increased level of certain ions from fertiliser treatment. Safe water supply must be provided. 3.2.2 Provisions must be incorporated in the engineering design for Che reduction of Che salinity of the water before it is discharged into Che river This must be assessed in the contexc of a proper cost-benefit analysis of the system to be applied. 10MONITORING activities and procedures The major areas concern that need periodic epidemiological and environmental surveillance in the project area are water related vector borne diseases and water quality. Among the vector borne diseases malaria and schistosomiasis constitute the major health risks while return flows containing excess salts, fertilisers and pesticide residues may give rise to pollution and contamination of the Awash River. 4.1 Water Borne Diseases In the monitoring of water borne diseases, emphasis is placed on schistosoma haematobium and malaria. The areas of concern are the vectors, ecology and human infection. 4.1.1 Schistosoraiasis Base line data on the prevalence of schistosoma haematobium infection from Melka Sadi to Halidebi are available for 1981/82. Although it is unknown how the prevalence will change even without the Master Drainage Plan, studies and observations done during 1983/84 give reasonably good indication that at least within the Amibara Irrigation Project II and even extending up to Dahitele village, schistosomiasis transmission appears to have ceased. This area roughly '-orresponds to the present study area to be covered by the drainage plan. Using the 1981/82 dec. as a basi y Population wrll be done wheelwi decreasing and Che causes. . i. yearly prevalence survey from 10Z of the the . g increasiflg or Hali(Jebi wiU bc examined but emphasis will be given to villages being Dahiteli, Daknamo, Adengele an • £o Halidebi, other Urine filtration technique treated vill be used for the examination a U th. a™. o< else of administration. Records f • • .nd chose found positive will be treated, _:u„ effects and , of few and minor side eftects ana .. „d U the project area will also be compiled for additional mrormation.Malacologica 1 studies will also be undertaken and data to be collected win include the distribution of schistosomal infection of snails and their seasonal trend which are all essential in the formulation of a schistosoma control strategy. Bulinus abyssinicus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi are the two species of immediate concern. 20 new snail collection sites were selected in November 1984 and these same sites will be used in this study and collection will be done once every two months. In addition, the area between Dahitele and Halidebi will be examined oc a quarterly basis with particular attention to the Kortume flood plain. Major and frequent human/water contact sites will be identified especially near human dwellings and additional collection sites set up. Snails will be collected by scoop net. Bulinus and Biomphalaria species will be examined for schistosoma infection by shedding and/or dissection under the stereoscopic microscope. If S.haematobium or S.mansoni infections are found, snail control measures using chemical, habitat modification or both will be applied. If a large colony of B.abyssinicus is found near a village or camp site, control measures will also be applied even though infected snails are not found. Bayluscide will be used as molluscicide. At each snail sampling site, the growth of aquatic vegetation, physical condition of the water body, water velocity, volume and temperature, nature of bottom whether gravel, sandy or muddy etc and any leakage or damage will be recorded. The information gathered will be useful in the evaluation of water management. Any finding with regard to unsatisfactory water management such as the formation of unwanted water bodies should be reported for corrective measures. The yearly prevalence survey and treatment of positive cases will be done by a team composed of a physician, epidemiologist, biologist, technicians and other paramedical workers. The team members will be drawn from the institutions and agencies which participated in Chis study. In addition all health centres and clinics in the project area will participate in the treatment of cases.Snail surveys environmental control and habitat observation will be done by the existing health unit within the Amibara Project Control Centre. 4.1.2 Malaria The irrigation and drainage projects of Amibara and Melka Sadi are located in malaria endemic zone. The population within the project areas as well as the nomadic pastoralists in the surrounding sites are exposed to the risk of malarial infection. These sites are included in the Plan of Action of the National Malaria Control Programme (MCP) and are protected through the MCP's routine control activities. The malaria situation in these areas is also being monitored and evaluated using standard entomological and parasitological indicators. However, due to the particular objectives of this project, the monitoring system should be strengthened to include the following activities. _ • vector density zt.n.itv and feeding and resting a) Entomological studies to m behavioural patterns need to be condu cb. bCP .in conduce .uck .cci.Uies on a monthly basis. b) Monthly larval survey of Anopheies mosqui various sites in the study network such as primary, secondary an regular basis. Personnel or w observation post ch. H.1I- - need to be conducted at t9 o f the irrigation Different components rarciary irrigation and drainage canals and all pools of standing water need to be sampled. It is recommended chat sampling e sites. This will help to monitor - - and also the larval density m conduced b, tb. ..nib—" •••■•» • k conducted from randomly selected fixed of active breeding sites proovd. tb. form, for ted sanitarian on sampling techniques. identified by the MCP laboratory Pers Parasitological blood surveys need * each year to monitor the preva transmission season. A sample s area. The MCP will , lu ,„u tb. ,p.ci..t. -ill »e Narareth Zone Office, be conducted during September-October . . lAnre race of malaria during the peak oi 5 to 10Z of the population fromwithin and outside the project areas need Co be sampled. Such activity will be performed by the MCP personnel. d) It is very important to monitor the malaria situation on a regular basis due to the high turn over of the labourers and the frequent movement of th nomadic pasturalists. Most of the labourers in the project area come from non-endemic areas and become targets for malarial infection. The existing health centres, starions/clinics found in the project area should be utilised in the monitoring and treatment of malaria cases. At present, fever cases who report to these health establishments are being treated for malaria without microscopical confirmation. It is strongly recommended that blood smears be taken from people who present themselves with fever in the various health establishments. The MCP will provide essential forms to be used by each health unit in order to maintain uniformity of recording, will examine the blood smears and provide resuLts of microscopical examination to the respective health units. The sanitarian assigned to the project area should be the co-ordinator between the health establishments in the project area and the MCP. e) Other complex technical activities such as the monitoring of the sensitivity of antiinalarial drugs and insecticides will be conducted by the MCP. 4.2 Water Quality Control 4.2.1 Areas of Concern There appear to be three areas of concern here: a) General impairment of water quality as a result of salinisation b) Eutrophication as a result of leaching of nutrients from the soil of the plantations c) Contamination of the water with pesticide residues A fairly simple monitoring scheme should suffice to deal with (a) above. 14It would perhaps be desirable co carry out n — ; a- consricuenrs (Na, Ca. K, Mg, aIkalinity, eh lori d " Xhate) ^^7'" e ^sure.encs of conduc tlvlCy WOuld be Fairly simple routine analysis for phosphate, nitrate and ammonia should suffice for (b), along with occasional measurements of chlorophyl to indicate whether any added nutrients are having an effect. In such turbid water productivity is probably limited by light penetration so that even heavy nutrient loads might well have little or no effect on algal growth. The third area of concern poses a more difficult problem because the nature and quantities of possible contaminants are known only in a general sense. It has been found elsewhere chat the concentrations of contaminants in water are usually exceedingly small, so extraction and analysis of water samples might not be very informative. As a preliminary procedure it is suggested Chat specimens oc fish and invertebrates be collected at several sites above and below the drainage outfall. These could be dissolved in concentrated HC1, and the faulting solutions extracted into a suitable solvent, such as dichloromethane, analysis by gas chromatography. It might be necessary to use an electron pture detector, because the quantities would probably be below the limits of Action with a flame ionization detector. If contaminants are found, an Ce ®Pt could be made to identify them either by mass spectrometry or by parison of their retention times with those of known substances, a continuous nxc °ring programme could then be worked out on the basis of these preliminary r *’ults. Recommended Monitoring In line with the above suggestion*. . *• £°ll°”in6 ” (i) Chemical analysis should be condu rtmenc, UW)*' and alS° thC Health and Environmental Planning DepaC downstream of the study area- The samp,^ attached Figure I. Sampling middle of the dry season, and d a t sites formerly selected by the locaCions are shown in the che wLddle of long rainy season, f one in theResponsible institutions are the Health and Environmental Planning Department and Biology Department, Addis Ababa University. In addition to the above six monthly chemical sampling and analyses the Project Control Centre (PCC) will undertake monthly electrical conductivity observations at the sample points shown on Figure 1. These observations should be made available to the Health and Environmental Planning Department of WKDA. (ii) Biological monitoring Sample sites at a) The main intake b) Irrigation canal preferably some place in the middle of AIP c) Drainage canal central area d) Drainage outfalls Sampling periods are every six months, one in the middle of the dry season and another in Che middle of the rainy season. Responsible institutions are the Health and Environmental Planning Department and Biology Department. (iii)Analysis of pesticide residues Sampling of site9 could be at several places, above and below the outfall. Sampling periods are every six months, one in the middle of the dry season and another in the middle of rainy season. Responsible institutions are the Health and Environmental Planning Department and Biology Department. 4.3 Institutional Arrangement The monitoring programme outlined in the previous section requires inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary coordination and collaboration both at local and central levels. The existing Inter-Institutional Coramittee which 16»“•tora"4 10 |(MP ppd well copttpue “ cppsed of repr..«, . „, ftp. >nd i.p.ct study is [hBTOSt ,deal in t|l, t tl the Mlox) yf „ „ <W Research iPstxtute, and the s.tion.l txeveLop.ent Authority (Be lt , „ Jnd Environ.e„ui Ababa Vpi.ersiey (Med.cal F.tufty, f„.titute Patl,ptioIogv Cmw| ' ’ bsp.rt.ent) and Awash Corporation under the Hini.tr, of State Far.. Pe.eUp.ent role of these institutions and agepct.s in carrying ... the ..riou. onxtorxng tasks has been specified in th. chapter dealing .ftp actx.ities and procedures. The Health and Environmental Planning Department of WRDA and the Environmental Health Unit in Amibara, in addition to their specific technical inputs, will have co-ordinating, programming, implementing and management functions. The Local unit is supervised regularly by the Health and Environmental Planning Department and will receive technical assistance from the Institute of Pathobiology, the National Malaria Control Project and the Central Laboratory and Research Institute. The head of the Local unit will PrOBOte and respect to health and environmental aspeccs o also facilitate the monitoring activities Institutional Committee and will ensure the imp recommendations arising from the monitoring P dfainflge c , heme. He will mter- • • be carrieo OLlu ’ ?UU Haison should also be maintained between the Water Management Unit of the Pro j«ct control Centre and the Environmental Health Unit in Amibara. Health and Environmental Planning and programmes, make the necessary arra g 1 , support and follow up 0 cment will P«’ are * pla" {or £ioa r.cial material and t rPcoamenoatLons.9 4.4 Costs The major cost components are for schistosomiasis surveillance and water qu*li< monitoring. Malaria surveillance in the project area will be part and parcel - the national malaria control programme and will not, as such, require addition! expenses. Total capital and recurrent costs for water quality monitoring, schistosomiasis survey and control are 80,000 Birr and 20,000 Birr respectively. The cost breakdown by major component is depicted in Table 9. Costs to Che project are greatly reduced because existing facilities at WRDA, Institute of Pathobiology and Addis Ababa University will be used free of charge. It is only those items of equipment and Che supplies needed for field use that are included here. The major capital cost is for a vehicle for the Project Control Centre sanitarian at Amibara. All equipment and supplies have to be imported. In the recurrent expenditure, the foreign exchange component is about 20X. All other costs are mainly for per-diera and maintenance. ♦ isreference 5 An inter-InstiCutional Collaborative Effort, August 1983, Urinary Bilharziasis Control in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. Lemma A 1969, Bilharziasis in the Awash Valley, An Epidemiological Study with Special Emphasis on its possible Future Economic and Public Health Importance, Eth. Med. J. 7. 147 - 176. 3. Kloos H Polderman, A M G Desole and A Lamna. 1977. Haematobium Schistosomiasis among Semi-nomadic and Agricultural Afars in Ethiopia Trop Ceog Med 29. 399 - 406. Arfaa F 1975. Studies on Schistosomiasis in Somalia Am J Trop Med Hyg 24. 280 - 283.TABLE 1 - MALARIA CONTROL PROGRAMME ~ OBSERVATIONS Day time collection Melka Warer Station (Observation Post) A-gambia A. fun A.Nili A.phar A.others Si ides Year in out in out in out in out in out Coll pos ! 1980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 265 0 1981 0 1252 11 19 0 0 0 154 0 0 0 7715 11 1.x 1982 1136 0 16 0 0 0 75 0 0 0 922 57 6.ii 1983 2208 4 1 0 0 0 61 1 11 0 977 25 2.61 1984 250 1 3 0 0 0 28 1 I 0 1799 28 1.56 TOTAL 4847 16 39 0 0 0 318 2 12 0 4678 121 2.59 Night bi ting roll e ction result 1980 18 36 0 0 0 0 .7 30 0 0 1981 24 3 401 0 2 0 0 64 219 0 0 1982 113 320 0 0 0 0 23 71 1 4 1983 161 353 0 2 0 0 40 140 17 86 1984 105 340 3 0 0 0 48 175 11 24 TOTAL 640 1450 3 4 0 0 182 736 29 114 Larval col lectioni result Year A.gambia A. fun A. ni li A.phar A ,ochefJ 1980 18 0 0 16 1981 59 0 0 45 0 25 o 1982 197 0 0 92 1983 120 4 0 136 1984 191 0 0 198 21 65 TOTAL 585 4 0 487 (source - Malaria control programme - Entomology Section) 111 200f qTRLBUTIQN of malaria parasites by species & locality —lari a Control Programme-Statistics Section) S.Exam Pos Mix F V M 100 10 selk» Sadi 9 1 j^ibara 111 7 - 7 0 0 jleLki Warer Asoba 99 0 - - - - - - - - * - Alidebe - - - - - - Alikuda 108 4 - 3 1 - Ditele - - - - - - Angel ele — — — TOTAL 418 21 - 19 2 0 1982 - Locality Melka Sadi Aaibara Melka Warer Asoba 122 0 0 0 0 0 • - - - - - 94 1 - • 1 - - - - - - - Al id eb e 69 1 0 1 0 0 Alikuda • - - - - - Ditele - - - - - - Angelele - - - - TOTAL 983 ~ Localit Xe }ka Sadi Amibara **lk* Warer 100 112 30030 00000 *scba 65 I 0 0 0 1 *lideb • - - - • — e A1 ikud - - - - • — °itele An 8elel e a - - - - - 18 1 0 1 0 0 41 3 0 3 0 0 TOTAL 336 8 0 4 3 1 113 2 1 I 107 0 130 0 133 9 2 1 114 2 1 1 TOTAL 21TABLE 3 - PESTICIDE USAGE IN THE MIDDLE AWASH AGRICULTURAL ENTFodo^. 1983/84 CRO P YEAR (FIVE FARMS! ----- PEST TYPE OF PESTICIDE QUANTITY hectarace Spider Mite Mitac 20Z EC-ULV 13200 litres Spider Mite Tedion V-At 4360 8600 litres Sucking Pest 4360 Dimecron 100 SCW 2535 litres 6228 Sucking Pest Roger ULB 18600 litres 18684 African Bollworm Thiodan 25 ULV 93420 litres 31140 African Bollwonn Curacron 250 EC-ULV 18600 Litres 6228 African Bollwonn Nuvacron Olver Cumbi C500 18720 litres 6228 African BoLlwonn Decis 0.6Z ULV 31200 litres 12456 White Flies Mitak 20Z EC-ULV 48600 litres 16193 White Flies Thiodan 35X EC 4500 litres 2491 Leaf Worm Dursban 24 ULV 44928 litres 9965 Spring, Pink Sudan Bollworm Azodrin 40 WSC 12383 litres 6228 Complex Weed Rons tar/Divron 3000 litres 1000 Complex Weed Codal 400 EC 6500 litres 1000 Actual Sprayed Area up to October 10/1984 Melka Sadi Melka Werer Amibara Dofan BoLhamo Gewani TOTAL Spray Rounds - 6.08 15246 Hectares 23353 Hectares 21158 Hectares 18243 Hectares 13200 Hectares 91200 Hectares (Source - Awash Agricultural Corporation)4 - WHO STANDARD OF POTABLE WATER (1979) AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS I WHO STANDARD MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE Colour Total Solides Taste Odour Hardness Iron Manganese Copper Fluoride 300 (Platinum Cobalt Unit) 1500 mg/1 |1 | Acceptable 11 | 1 1 | 1 1 Acceptable 500 ag/ml I 50 mg/1 | I 5 mg/l Nitrogen as NO3 Silicate Phosphate | | 1 l | 1 1 1.5 mg/1 1.5 mg/1 45 mg/1 20 mg/1TABLE 5 - CONDUCTIVITY, pH AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN SELECTED AND DRAINAGE CANALS IN THE AIP AREA (Dace of Sampling; 10 November 1984) Location Conductivity in umho PH 1. Swamp (Tl-3) 2. Tertiary Drains - pilot drainage area 3. Awash River - near intake 4. D3 5. C4 6. D5 255 400 275 490 275 750 7.86 7.5 7.5 7- D6 470 8.0 8. Awash Downstream 550P £I QT DRAINAGE SCHEME - DRAINAGE DISCHARGE FIELD RECORD ------- ------------------ “1-------------- 1 1------------ i MONTH 1 Dl - D5 1 1 D16 - D26 D27 - D34 __________________ April 84 1 1 1 Total monthly | 1 1 "T" I 468 1 5.34 1819. 29 I 1 | 11 11 1 6504.63 | | 1 I | 1 | May 84 4616.34 1 6127.82 1 1245.90 11990.06 1 1 ; 1 1 1I i 1i i 1 June 84 July 84 August 84 I 4216.19 1 1 2789.23 I i 1 1 3353.95 1 5178.60 1 i 1 1790.85 1 I 1542.99 1 | 11185.64 I 3646.38 . 1 | 7978.60 | i | 1 6693.18 1 1735.29 I 1 1 1 11782.42 1 1 Total volume discharged from April - Augu Assuming a concentration of sake or • use 84; 49441.35 ®3 , f , 05 zms/Htre as a mean vaLue discharge of salt during Che period is; ^.439 x 10* x 2.05 gms - 101.33995 x 10 8® 6s = 101,3 39.85 I I fI i. i• 253 TABLE 7 - LIST OF PESTICIDES USED LN TLBILA, AWARA MELKa ut ------------------- AND DIT BAHRI STATE FARMS OF THE AWASH -------------------- —-— DUjr b dj Serial No Name of Pesticides t f 1 Aldnix 482 2 Azodrin (DDT) 10/40 s c g 3 4 Anth io Anetellic 5 6 Acarin Bastudin 600 EC s 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cymbush Curacron Cidial 85 AS 3 P Dursban 40 ULV Dimecron 100 SCW Decis a 13 Ditane M-45 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ekathin 24 ULV Exactin WF 3* Ethion 50 ES Endrin 1.6 ULV Fercilion Combi 3 Gusathion s c Koicide 101 1 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Hosachion Metasystox R50 Medopar Mencozev 802 WP Nuvacron 40, SEW Perfection Parthion 502 Queltox Ripcord Roger 40 ULV Round up Santara Servin Sulv Sunicion 50 EC Safsan Thiodan 25 ULV Thionex 25 ULV Tiezene 80 Torbidan Tamaroo Ultracide Ulvair Volt Custhacion 500 / /rgU .MS IDENTIFIED IN WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED IN AIP ON ialiM 03 Oiatc Dominating , SpiroWra Sp b cyclotella sp t givicula SP j pinnularia sp Station D (main outlet) Diatom Dominating Occystis sp Merismopidia sp g Microcystis sp Oscillatoria sp 6 1 Navicula sp b Scenedesmus sp c Pinnularia sp d Epithemia sp e Neidium sp • Caldophora sp Station C4 a ^rocystis sp OsciLlatoria sp c Navicula sp a b c ^°n D$ Diatom Dominating ^^ddesmus Navicul a sp Ml crocytis 9p ^ti0n Rl * !’Ticul* «p Tett’ P°ra s sp e Cyclotella sp f peridinium sp g Mougeotia sp h Oocystis sp St,tlQn A a b d ash River Down Stream ®avicuia Sc « <Mesi. n es ® s 8p a Sp u 9ptaRTE 9 - CAPITAL AND RECURRENT EXPENDITURE FOR HEALTH AND ENVtd/m... ----------MONITORING, AMIBARA AND MELKA SADI MASTER DRAlNXcTs^^^t 'll Cost in Birr COMPONENTS Cap i ta1 Recurrei* Schistosomiasis a) Equipment and Supplies 10,000 10,000 I b) Snail Control 40,000 6.000 Water Quality a) Equipment and Supplies 30,000 3,000 b) Laboratory Analysis - 1,000 (Pesticide residue) i < total 80,000 20,000 ifWl I MISTER MANAGE PLAN FOP MELKA SAOF ANO AMi&ARA AREAS PROPOSED WATER SAMPLING POINTS Sr •«r' ro<ro> a Pwtmr* »» iO€»APPENDIX A TERMS OF REFERENCEdrainage PLAN FOR MELKA SADI AND AMIBARA AREA tffEKDlX A - terms OF REFERENCE I, TERMS OF REFERENCE l.l Amplification of Requirements 2. PROPOSED FUTURE DRAINAGE PROJECT 2.1 Subsurface Drainage of Iiianediate Priority Area in MeLka Sad 2.2 Subsurface Drainage of Immediate Priority Area in Amibara 2.3 Final Development Stagereference TEW’S OF Terms of Reference which relate to these aspects of the study are produced below- ptse »r - e TOI 17 "Prepare methods of monitoring of the quality of surface drainage {tail-water), levels of pesticides, etc ’. 1 tOH 18 "Establish monitoring system iiliharzia and malaria incidences". for environmental health hazards such as I’ Amplification of Requirements 1 1.1.1 Considering TOR 18 first, the results of the current monitoring programme which, within the reportedly, constitutes regular sampling and snail counts existing canals and drains of the AIP II project area should be summarised and reviewed in the particular content of assessing the current prevalence of diseases, i the exi9tance of favourable habitat for snail lon or malaria breeding and also for other water borne diseases which cur *ently exist or could be catalysed by the conditions of these watercourses. n lc »gn«t eCtt° “ of che project area there is a high incidence of water Qr • f^cted *’* '*ted c and Pollution, induced by severe and unrestricted weed growth and by contamination. The study should identify and isolate the worst as and make clear recommendations on the necessary works to be the ^lieati ' Fli 1). to of — ing eliminate or minimise these hazards. For presentational purposes Project plans for locating existing monitoring points and tor th « Presently contaminated or hazards areas would seem expedient1.1.2 detailed analyses Arising out of this study recommendations for the contig monitoring programme, indicating sampli indicating sampling locations, pto«dWn V4 required would be prepared, adapting or monitoring programme as appropriate. 1.1.3 Recommendations should be made on the monitoring programme, identifying the Body most for the execution of this retaining the exiit^ organisational <•- a ’ptc:« appropriate to be r. programme and the procedural aspects recommendations of this Body can be enforced. tor 'O’uria, J. 1.1.4 potential 1.1.5 The study would also outline the guidelines for the treaties or actual hazard areas within the project. The results of this phase of the study would be assessed ia tn context of the design standards to be adopted for the proposed drainage ?njet where existing conditions indicate that changes to currently accepted deeigr practices would be expedient in the Light of local conditions and experiace. specific example to illustrate the above would be the consideration of deep buried pipe drains for the conveyance of sub-surface drainage flow « secondary and tertiary draia level i ' instead of deep open channels wber« yano*’ flows, health 1.1.6 levels main this will combined with inadequate maintenance, could constitute an hazard. Under TOR 17 the Consultants field team will review che expeu. of salt content drains downstream on downstream users. be determined. The specialists as necessary and the residual salinity concentrations io - of Che project together with the potential eff« Selected monitoring points for water q fl£4fKb WRDA team would by reference to or i”v <JtissW , determine Che indices of contaminants o che current secondary et e etc which should be applications in relation to their monitored and assess potentially deleterious biology*1DRAINAGE project 1 e apart from reconraendations for minor improvements to prevent localised flooding ia the village and farm areas immediately downstream of the existing emergency ipillviy on che Primary Drain extension. Any health implications arising from Represent situation should be assessed so that engineering modifications to system can be recommended as appropriate. Similarly the implications, if “y. relating to the intermittent discharge from the Eastern Catchment Drain - a tne uncultivated areas downstream should be assessed and suitable coring points determined on this drain and its downstream area to allow ‘wtinued observation and evaluation. drainage project several phases of implementation are currently face Drainage of Immediate Priority Area in Melka Sadi rface drainage within parts of the immediate priority areas ) in Melka J i jtiliaing the existing main drainage network within the AIP II project ,, y Ihe current conditions relating to the discharge of the main drainage into the Awash under low Awash levels with emergency, short duration, :, rflovs into the Amibara Extension area would essentially remain unchanged ‘ he clra^nage of this area would require the construction of a new ^ eveloptnenc, 4.1 and Figure 4.12.2.2 Swamp and Similarly discharge the E a s c e during p m Catchment eriods of rainfall Drain Wou 1 d be ex generated r.APPENDIX B LIST OF PARTICIPANTSLIST OF PARTICIPANTS 1. 2. Dr Fissha H/Meskel Tilahun W/MichaeL 3. j}r Awash T/Haimanot 4. Dr Ami.ha Belay 5. Prof Vaster 6, Prof Harrision ?. Melaku Mesfin 8. 9. 10. rekade Tsegaye Mailu Negero Kemal Zekaria U. ® k«le Desta e u. Dx c T to 13. Hai-lu Birre Central Laboratory and Research Institute Central Laboratory and Research Institute Ministry of Health Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa University Water Resources Development Authority Water Resources Development Authority Water Resources Development Authority Water Resources Development Authority Institute of Pathobiology Institute of PathobiologyJ
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