CDCV~ i GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY \a/43 (S' MASTER DRAINAGE PLAN FOR MELKA SADI AND AMIBARA AREAS FINAL REPORT July 1985 VOLUME 3 ANNEX A1 : SOILS AND DRAINABILITY CLASSES Water Resources Development Authority P O Box 5673 Addis Ababa Ethiopia Sir William Halcrow & Partners Consulting Engineers Burderop Park Swindon Wiltshire SN4 OQD United Kingdomc GOVERNMENT OEoETHlOPlA WATER RESOURCES DE ENT AUTHORITY MASTER DRAINAGE PLAN FOR MELKA SADI AND AMIBARA AREAS FINAL REPORT July 19S5 VOLUME 3 ANNEX A1 : SOILS AND DRAINABILITY CLASSES Water Resources Development Authority P 0 Box 5673 Addis Ababa Ethiopia Sir William Hal crow & Partners Consulting Engineers Burderop Park Swindon Wiltshire SN4 OOD United KingdomHLLTV3H OKV XR3KN0H1AK3 ssKiTicrm *- adotocjohxhk wouvnivAS MOUVmVAS DIWONOOS OKY TYI3MVK13 SS1VWIXS3 ISO3 IDSrOHd SSOItid OHV 0M113XHVW SHflXTHDIHOY 9NIU33RTON3 ADOTOHOAH AXIKTIYS ONV HSXYftOHfiOdO S3MO0 H3DHV JO H0lXdlHDS3a SdYK SSV1D AimeYKIYHQ QWY ST IOS r X3)1K¥ I Y3MKY H X3NNV D X3NMV 3 X3NMV 3 X3NMV a X3NNV 0 X3NNV E X3HNV EV X3KHY EV X3KMV oi toa 'ii _ - - 6 TOA e TOA L TOA - - - — sassvro Ainifl¥HTvna awv snos : tv xhmhv - IHOdHti NIVW AHYWWnE - 9 TOA = TOA V TOA f toa E TOA I TOA X M Od 3 H T V W I 3 sYZdv reveiKY v lavs miK eoj K¥Td sdyniyhc hsxsyk■ MANNEX Al SOILS OP DRAINABILITY1 CLASSES Contents 1. INTRODUCTION Page I 1.1 General Setting 1 1.2 Rationale for the Study 2 1.3 Delineation of Study Areas 2 2. METHODS OF STUDY 4 2.1 Review of Previous Reports, Data and Maps 4 2.2 Concurrent and Ongoing Work & 2.3 Soil Investigations 7 3. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION AND DESCRIPTION OF MAIN SOIL TYPES 12 3.1 The Sedimentary Pattern 12 3.2 The Generalised Soil Map 15 3.3 The Distribution of Soil Salinity 13 4. DEFINITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF DRAINABILITY CLASSES 4. I The Relatively Impermeable Layers 22 22 4.2 The TexturaL Profile 24 4.3 Comparative Hydraulic Conductivity Values 26 4.4 Drainability Classes 29 5. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE DESIGN PARAMETERS 5.1 Design Drainage Rate 5.2 Hydraulic Conductivity 5*3 Drainable Pore Space 34 34 35 36 5.4 Depth to the Relatively Impermeable Layer 37 5.5 Allowance for the Effects of Siltation 37 5.6 Drawdown Criteria 37 5.7 Irrigation InrervaL 41 5.8 Summary of Subsurface Drainage Design Parameters 41 6. DETERMINATION OF SUBSURFACE FIELD DRAIN DEPTH AND SPACINGS 43 6.1 Drain Depth 43 6.2 Drain Spacing 43 7. PROPOSED PILOT DRAINAGE AREA IN AMI BARA REFERENCES 45 46APPENDICES: Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D : Soil profile pit descriptions ; Particle size distribution of soil samples : Computer program to solve the Corrected Glover-Dumm Equation and generate watertahle recessions. : Results of computer calculations of drain spacings and watertable recessions using Corrected Glover- Dumm Equation 47 85 89 95 TABLES and FIGURES Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6: Table 7; Table 8: Table 9: Figure 1: Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 MAPS (in Volume a) Density of soil profile observations Extent of units of generalised soil map Hydraulic conductivity test results Infiltration test results Area of drainability classes - Melka Sadi Area Area of drainability classes - Amibara Area Watertable drawdown criteria for cotton producing areas Summary of sub-surface drainage design parameters (cotton producing areas) Relationship between subsurface field drain spacings and drainability classes Relationship between electrical conductivity of 1:2 suspension and saturation extract Cross sections showing sedimentary pattern, Melka Sadi Cross sections showing sedimentary pattern, Amibara Definition diagram for watertable drawdown criteria 1; Generalised Soil Map 2: 3: Depth to Groundwater, Melka Sadi Groundwater Salinity, Melka Sadi 4: 5; 6; 7: Soil Salinity, Melka Sadi Depth to Relatively Impermeable Layer, Melka Sadi Soil Textural Groups, Melka Sadi Soil Drainability Classes, Melka Sadi 3: 9: 10: 11: Depth to Groundwater, Amibara Groundwater Salinity, Amibara Soil Salinity, Amibara Depth to Relatively Impermeable Layer, Amibara 12; 13: Soil Textural Groups, Amibara Soil Drainability Classes, Amibara 14; 15: Location of Soil Observation Sites, Melka Sadi Location of Soil Observation Sites, Amibara-1- L. introduction 1.1 General Setting 1.1.1 Location- The Project is located in the Middle Awash Valley of East Central Ethiopia, about 0 kilometres to the west of the all-weather Awash-Mille Highway which connects Addis Ababa with the Port of Assab on the Red Sea. The Project Area extends downstream from the Melka Sadi weir site for some 40 ka to just below the Cada Billen swamp. The Project Area covers approximately 19,910 ha. 1.1.2 Climate The area has a semi-arid climate, with temperatures ranging from 15-30°C (December) to 25-40°c (May/June) and an annual rainfall of about SSOtam (with half of this occurring in July and August). The climate is discussed in more detail in Annex C. 1.1.3 Geology The Middle Awash Vai Ley is part of the Sift Valley in which volcanic, alluvial and colluvial materials have been laid doon. The deposits include basalts, pumice, tuff, ash, gravel, sands, silts and clays, sometimes also with saline material. Tectonic activity has continued until the present day and the current valley system is separated from older alluvial deposits by a fault-controlled escarpment. 1-1.4 Topography The level of the valley decreases gradually from about 745m at Che foot of the escarpment near Melka Sadi to about 720 a in the current river bed opposite the Cada Billen swamp. A few hills of volcanic origin rise up to 30m above the general Level of the plain. The whole area is overlooked by the Dofan volcanic ridge (rising to 150m) on the left bank of the Awash River. To the south and east of the project is a series of escarpments leading to the Aledeghi Plains. The Awash Valley in the project area appears featureless but some minor undulations do occur - tributary fans and levee systems are somewhat higher than nearby clay basins. 1-1.5 Agricultural Development The development of irrigated agriculture in this area started in the mid 1960's with the establishment of an experimental farm (300 ha) at Melka Warer and subsequently the Awash Valley Settlement Agency farm (1200 ha) followed by a number of farms established by concessionaires (Algeta, Ambash, SubLaie, Angelele; total 2400 ha). Early in the 1970's a 1300 ha banana plantation was established in the Melka Sadi area. All these developments depended on their own pumping stations along the Awash River.-2- From 1978 to 1983 the Amibara Irrigation Project II was developed. Under this project some 10.000 ha of land have been brought under irrigation by gravity, supplied by an intake near Melka Sadi. This gravity system also supplies the experimental farm and the settlement area. The various agri cultural developments are now under the control of State Farms with the exception of the experimental farm and the settlement area. Cotton is the most important crop of the area, yields are in the order of 3000 kg/ha (seed cotton). Bananas are still produced in the Melka Sadi banana plantation. Maize and other food crops are of minor importance; some pasture has also been established. 1 * 2 Rationale for the Stud? Early studies in the area anticipated that with continuing irrigation a rise in groundwater would be inevitable: such a rise would likely be accompanied by (secondary) salinisation problems. During the surveys conducted by Italconsult in 1969 (Ref 6) a number of observation wells/ piezometers had been installed to enable monitoring of groundwater table fluctuations. The hydropedological studies of 1975 (Ref 9) predicted that in the settlement farm the groundwater would reach the rooting zone within 5-10 years. In fact the first serious symptoms occurred in the Melka Sadi banana plantation where by 1981 about one third of the area had been abandoned due to salinity and/or high water tables. Most other parts of the banana plantation showed poor growth with resultant loss of yield. Investigations were carried, out in 1^81 to prepare recommendations for improved drainage as well as reclamation of abandoned, saline land (Ref 11). As a result of this study a 35 ha pilot project was established to test different types of drainage material and different drain spacings. Concurrently with the pilot study an assessment of the network of observation we 1Is/piezometers showed that throughout the Melka Sadi - Ami bars area there was a steady rise of the groundwater table, in the order of Im per year. Particularly as the groundwater in several areas is saline, this rise in vatertable became a matter of concern to the project authorities. The current study was therefore connissioned to advise on a master plan to provide the whole area with an integrated system to maintain groundwater depth and soil salinity at acceptable levels. 1.3 Delineation of Study Areas The Contract for the current studv stipulated that a Drainage Masterplan would be prepared for the Amibara Irrigation Project, together with the original farms in the Melka Sadi and Amibara areas and extending northwards to include most of Angelele Units I, 2 and 3 of the State Farms as well as Amibara Units I, 2 and 3. A general soil map has been prepared for the whole of this urea which extends from just below the Melka. Sadi weir site to the level of the Cade Billen swamp. The (north) western limit of this area is the Awash River.-3- The (south) eastern limit is the main canal in the Melka Sadi area and the main drain in the Amibara area. Tn the lower part of the area the limit of the soil map is approximate to Che extent of the valley. The total area covered is 19,910 ha, of which Home 12,000 ha is under cultivation.This soil map is based on an interpretation of previously available data combined with observations carried out during the current study. The main concern of the soil investigations was with the immediate priority areas (for drainage). The discussion paper on the Outline Masterplan (Ref 12) proposed that these areas would be defined as areas where the groundwater table was shown to be within 3m of the surface. Soil investigations were to be carried out in these areas in sufficient detail to permit detailed design of (sub-surface) drainage, and the total areas surveyed to this level of detail are summarined as follows: Melka Sadi : 2,^00 ha Amibara : 2,120 ha Total i-,520 haI z-4- 2. METHODS OF STUDY 2,1 Review of Previous Reports, Data aQd Maps 2* 1.1 Introduction An appreciable number of studies and surveys have been carried out on the soil properties and soil-water relations of the project area and its surroundings. The relevance of these studies to the present understanding of the hydropedological aspects of the area will be reviewed below, 2.1.2 Food 6 Agriculture Organization, 1965 This study, carried out for FAO/UNO? by Sogreah (Ref I) covered the whole of the Awash River basin at reconnaissance level. It also included soil and irritability maps at reconnaissance (I:250,000) and semi-detailed (1:100,000) level of the Middle Awash Valley (as wall as of the Lower Awash Valley). This study was the first to identity the Melka Sadi-Amibara area as suitable for major irrigation development. The report included a limited number of soil profiles from the Amibara area but these could not be used for the current study as.no precise site location was given. The maps show three main units within the current study area: Alluvial soils on recent, saline deposits; Alluvial soils on recent very slightly or non-culcareoua deposits; Vertisols on very slightly or non-calcareous deposits. The distribution of the first type is of some interest as this partly coincides with the current occurrence of saline soils. 2.1.3 Italcoosult, 1969 A semi-detailed soil survey was carried out in 1969 by Italconault (Ref.6). The survey was based on auger observations to a depth of 140 cm, arranged on a square grid of 400m x 400m. Some 10 percent of these observations were sampled for analysis of pH and salinity of the saturation extract, as well as the granulometric composition. Only the observations with analytical data were included in the report - and only these could therefore be used for the present study. The value of these data was limited by the relatively shalLow observation depth. The study resulted in soil and land capability maps at a scale nf 1:20,000. The main units on the soil map were similar to those of the FAO/Sogreah study, but employed more sub-divisions: Units 1+2: Recent alluvium along Awash River-5- Units 3,4 + 5s Units 6.7 + 8 Unit 10: Units 9i11 +■ 12 Vertisols, some on recent alluvium, some hydromorphic. Stratified alluvial soils with sub-divisions on hydromorphic properties and occurrence of sandier surface layers Saline and/or alkali soils Were of minor importance (terrace alluvium and rock outcrops). The results of the current study ar® in fairly Rood agreement with the Its Iconsuit soil maps with the exception of the distribution of saline soils, Unit 10 of the Italconsult map was defined as areas with obvious signs of salinity or alkalinity. A review of the analytical data provided in the 1969 report clearly shows that saline soils Ge soils with EC of the saturation extract greater than 4 nnho/cm) are much more widespread than implied by the extent of map unit 10* A comparison of this map with subsequent soil salinitv maps gives the impression of a dramatic increase tn the extent of saline soils - this may not necessarily be correct, This will be discussed more fully in section 3.3 below. 1.4 Italconsult, 1971 Additional soil investigations were carried out by Italconsult in 1971 (Ref 7), mainly to provide information on the soil profile at greater depth and on soil physical parameters such as infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity, as well as leaching trials. Some 300 observations were carried out in profile pits and auger bores, moatly to a depth of 3ra but with a number extending to 5 or 6m. The fieldwork was supported by extensive laboratory analyses including EC and t pfl determinations on (almost) all soils, as well aa hydraulic conductivity, granulometric composition and exchangeable cations on samples from all profile pits. All observations (except those outside the study area) were taken into account in the current study * they were considered very useful* partic ularly outside the immediate priority areas. The 1971 study resulted in revised suitability maps* at a scale of 1:20,000, 2.1.5 Amibara - Hydropedological Studies 1974-75 A short hydropedological study was carried out on behalf of Sir William Halcrow & Partners to determine infiltration characteristics, assess leaching requirements and review various aspects of soil and water relations as well as build-up of salinity (Ref 9).-6- 2.1.6 Angelele - Solharao Area (1975, 1902) A feasibility study of the Angelele - Bolharao area was carried out by Sir William Halcrow & Partners in 1973-74 (published 1975, Ref 10). This study included soil investigations. An update of this study was carried out by WEDECO in 1902 (Ref 8>. The Ange lei a - Bolhamo area is adjacent to the Melka Sadi - Ami bars (drainage) project area and rhe results of the studies are therefore of only marginal interest to the current work. 2.1.7 Drainage and Salinity Study, 1981-82 Under the auspices of Sir William HaIcrow & Partners (Ref 11) a drainage and salinity study was carried out in 1981* This study was relatively detailed in the Melka Sadi banana plantation and of a more general nature in the remainder of the Melka Sadi - Amibira area. The study included: soil profile observations, generally to a depth of 5m, on soil texture, colour, consistence* included material) observation of water depth and salinity in the auger bores) laboratory analyses on selected samples (pH, EC, cations, anions). - monitoring of groundwater depth and salinity in observation wells and piezometers: field tests on infiltration rates and hydraulic conductivity* The study resulted in recommendations for (sub-surface) drainage for the banana plantation. 2.2 Concurrent and Ongoing Work In 1983* a 35 hectare pilot drainage scheme was constructed in the Melka Sadi area on recommendations resulting from the drainage and salinity study conducted in 1981. The site was selected on Che basis of proximity to saline areas within the banana plantation, the extremes of salinity within the site itself, the existence both of abandoned salinised land and productive areas within the site and proximity to the primary drain. A prograniBe of trials was commenced in December 1983 with rhe objective of evaluating drain spacings, materials and pipe surrounds for subsequent design purposes. Leaching trials were included in the programme, to establish leaching procedures and investigate the feasibility of reclaiming saline-aLkali soils without the use of soil amendments (Ref Annex s).The programme has yielded valuable design information for the current study, and recommendations have been mad el/ for the continuation of the trials in order to confirm the validity of the design criteria selected* 2-3 Soil Investigations 2*3.1 Soil Survey Methods The bulk of the soil observations were done by auger bores to a depth of 5nu Throughout this depth soil texture, colour, consistence, moisture conditions, content of calcium carbonate and included materials (concretions, stones) were recorded* Electrical conductivity and pH of the soil were measured at or near to the surface as well as at an additional two foccasionally three) locations down the profile to a maximum depth of 2m* Both EC and pH were determined in the field in a 1:2 suspension. For a number of samples the EC (and pH) of the saturation extract were deter- mined in the laboratory* A comparison of the results of the two methods of EC determination is given in Figure 1; shading has been used to indicate the distribution of plotted points, which is clearly non-linear. Based on the range of soil salinities likely to be encountered, arbitrary subdivisions ranging from very low to very high were identified as shown in Figure 1. By thia means it was possible to rapidly classify soil profiles for salinity mapping purposes, based on the 1:2 suspension measurement made in the field. It is important to emphasise that the relationship shown in Figure 1 is specific to Araibara, and should not be applied in general context. Under different site conditions and using different equipment, the relationship between EC (1:2 suspension) and EC (saturation extract) should be re-established using similar methodology. The depth to groundwater and the EC of the groundwater were also recorded. Some 10 percent of the observations were made in profile pits excavated to a depth of approximately 2m. Observations in these pits were extended to 5m by angering in the bottom of the pit. In the profile pits the stratification and structure of the soils could be examined in some detail. Records in profile pits included soil structure, porosity and abundance of roots in addition to the properties recorded in auger bores. The descriptions were made according to the FAO Guidelines for Soil Profile Description (Ref 2), Samples were collected from profile pits to confirm soil textures estimated in the field. The location of auger bores and profile pits is given on Maps 14 and 15. The detailed profile pit descriptions are given in Appendix A, whilst the descriptions of auger bores are submitted to the Client under separate cover. 1/ Melka Sadi Pilot Drainage Scheme. Recommendaciona for Further “ Development. Sir William HaIcrow & Partners, April 1985.FIGURE I MASTER DRAINAGE PLAN FOR MELKA SADI AND AMI9ARA AREAS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF 1: 2 SUSPENSION AND SATURATION EXTRACT -------- X © X > i- • - “i- — ■* “ 'V. • ar UJ > 5 • -r/- • - " • X 1 •...... © ......... X ■ L •X •X V* 1 1 I* 1 1 R • ‘‘ 9 i ' r ■ u ■ •.''■J .. * w •c • - •• ----- • • *< • *.«r *L * *1- - 1 --- I* ♦ ♦- r r----------- 1 *J J 3 £ LLl > EC (I 2 Suspension) (mS /cm'1) SIR WILLIAM HALCROW 8 PARTNERS JULY 1985 EC ( Saturation Extract) ImS/cm*-9 2*3.2 Physical Test Methods During the soil survey fieldwork, hydraulic conductivity and infiltration tests were carried nut at selected profile pit sites, using standard procedures (Ref 3, 4). Canal water was used in both types of test. The location of the test sites is indicated on Maps 14 and 15. Tn the case of hydraulic conductivity tests♦ a test depth of one metre was chosen (ie test depths 0-100cm, 100-20Ocm), but at some sites where either the water-table was close to the soil surface or the relatively impermeable layer was within a depth of two metres, the test depths were suitably modified. Test sections were prepared by augering to the required depth fusing an auger of 10cm diameter), then roughening the sides of the hole. Pour-in hydraulic conductivity tests were carried out at selected sites above the water-table, using an arrangement of header tank and carburettor to maintain the required constant head in the test section. Measurements of flow rates into the test sections were made, and the tests continued for a sufficient length of time to satisfy the theoretical minimum and maximum flow conditions (Ref 3). Hydraulic conductivity rates were then calculated for sach test section using standard formulae (Ref 3). Pump-out tests were carried our at selected sites b low the water-table using the 'Auger hole method' of Hooghoudt (Ref.4). A bailer was used to remove water from the test section, and the rate of rise of water in the hole measured using a float arrangement in combination with a stopwatch. Several seta of readings were obtained at each site- Hydraulic conduc tivity rates were then calculated for each section using standard formulae and averaging procedures (Ref 4), Infiltration tests were carried out at selected profile pit sites using three sets of double rings per site (Ref 3). A relatively constant water depth of approximately 30cm was maintained within the rings, and the volume of water required to maintain this constant depth was recorded. 2*3*3 Labor a tory Me thod s Soil samples were analysed in the materials testing laboratory of the Amibara Irrigation Project. Particle size distribution and the electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the saturation extract were determined. The results of the particle size analyses are given in Appendix S. For the particle size analysis the samples were pre-treated with hydrogen peroxide for oxidation of organic matter. Sodium-hexametaphoephate was used for dispersion. The sand fractions were determined by sieving while for the silt and clay fractions the hydrometer method was used. The limits for the particle size fractions were chose commonly used for engineering purposes* They relate to the standard agricultural fraction limits as follows:-10- Table 1 : Density of Soil Profile Observations Melka Sadi Amibara Priori ty Other Total Priority Other Total Total ha 2,400 4,000 6,400 2.120 11,390 13,510 19.910 Current Study Augerings Profile Pita Total Obsv. ha per obsv. 141 17 158 11 2 13 107 50 157 19 3 22 315 35 152 19 171 15.8 210 37.4 126 53 179 16.8 215 75-5 350 56*9 Previous Studies (3m c Pilot Drainage Halcrow ’81 ItalconBLilt ’71 >r more) 44 44 38 7 45 32 50 82 9 26 35 46 150 196 44 80 278 Total deep obsvJ7 ha per obav^L' 266 76 342 9.0 52.6 18*7 181 229 410 11.7 49.7 33.0 752 26.5 previous Studies Halcrow ‘81 1 Italcousulc ’69 (Les a than 3ia) 088 41 25 66 055 13 53 66 13 132 Total obsv_L? tia per obsvAf 307 109 416 7.8 36.7 15*4 194 287 481 10.9 39.7 28.1 897 22.2 Boat’d on current and previous studies-11’ Engineering Agricultural Clay 0-2 micron 0-2 micron fine Silt medium coarse 2- 6 micron fine 6-20 micron 20-60 micron coarse 2-20 micron 20-50 micron fine 60- 200 micron fine ( very) Sand medium 200- 600 micron medi’jm 50- 250 micron 250- 500 micron coarse 600-2000 micron coarse (very) 500-2000 micron Saturated pastes and the extract® therefrom were prepared following standard methods as described in U.S. Agriculture Handbook No.60 (Ref 14). Electrical conductivity and pH were measured on the saturation extract using portable equipment. The laboratory measurements of pH correspond well with the values determined in the field. The electrical conductivity of saturation extracts was generally 1.5 to 6 times higher than the values obtained in the field on a 1:2 suspension. A comparison of results of laboratory and field determination is given in Figure 1. 2.3.4 Density of Soil Observations The total number of soil profiles described during the current study amounts to 350, in accordance with the terras of the contract. Ten percent of these observations was in profile pits, the remainder were auger bores. As stated before the profile pitB were dug, if possible, to a depth of 2m, extended by augering to a total depth of 5m. Auger bore observations generally were to a depth of 5m. The main emphasis of the study was on the immediate priority areas where 278 soil profiles were examined. In addition the records from 169 deep (more than 3m) observations from previous studies were used. The distri bution of the different types of observation is shown in Maps 14 and 15 and summarised in Table 1. The table shows that in the immediate priority area at Melka Sadi there was overall one deep observation per 9.0 ha, while for the immediate priority area at Amibara the density of deep observations was one per 11.7 ha. These figures are well within the standards set by FAO (Ref 3), which for a map at a scale of 1:20,000 indicate an observation density between one per 4 ha and one per 16 ha. In refining soil boundaries in the immediate priority areas, particularly with regard to salinity in the upper 2m, account was taken of 54 obser vations from previous studies and 50 shallow profiles inspected aa part of the agronomic investigations. For the construction of the general soil map (1:40.000) the results of the detailed studies were extrapolated over the whole of the study area. Outside the immediate priority areas some 300 deep observations were avail able from previous studies. During the current study 72 further deep observations were carried out. The totaL number of deep observations over the whole study area amounts to 752, which is one per 26.5 ha, which is well within the recommended range of one observation per 16-64 ha for soil naps at a scale of 1:40,000. (FAO, Ref 3).3. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION AND DESCRIPTION OF MAIN SOIL TYPES 3.1 The Sedimentary Pattern The study area consists almost entirely of alluvial sediments laid down by the Awash River and its tributaries. The sediments are often characterised by high contents of silt, the general range of textures being from clay through silty clay loam to silt loam with some sandy Loam, loamy sand and fine sand. The distribution of the different textural grades of sediment is related to the geographical position: river levees tend to have coarser textures (silt loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, sand) and often are clearly stratified; * back-swamps generally have more uniform fine textured material (clay or silty clay). This fairly simple relation between geographical position and type of sediment is valid when the upper 150 cm of soil are considered. However, the situation is more complex for deeper profiles- During the time of deposition of the upper 500 cm there have been significant changes in the location of the course of the river resulting in drastic changes in sedimentary patterns. The cross sections of Figures 2 and 3 clearly show that: clay deposits at the surface are often underlain by layers of coarser material and vice versa? — channels cut through older clay layers have subsequently been filled with coarser sediments. Another salient feature is apparent when the cross sections of the Melka Sadi area are compared with those of the Amibara area. This comparison shows that: The Melka Sadi area has a distinct slope, while the Amibara area has only minor undulations. the sedimentary pattern in the Malka Sadi area is more complex, often with three or more fine textured Layers in one profile; part of the Melka Sadi area has weathered cuff material in (the top 5m of) the profile- It is considered chat part of Che Melka Sadi area constitutes an alluvial (and possibly partly colluvial) fan laid down by a minor tributary originating on the higher ground to the south of the project area.MSAE Boundery 13 MASTER DRAINAGE PLAN FOR MELKA SADI AND AMlBARA AREAS CROSS SECTIONS SHOWING SEDIMENTARY PATTERN MELKA SADI FIGURE Z SIR WILLIAM HAlCROW 9 PARTNERS JULY 19B5Primary Canal j. Western Dyk« 14 MASTER ORAINAGE PLAN FOR MELKA SAOl ANO AMI BARA AREAS CROSS SECTIONS SHOWING SEDIMENTARY PATTERN AM I BAR A FIGURE 3 SIR WILLIAM HALCROW 8 PARTNERS JULY 1965-15- 3.2 The Generalised Soil Map (Map l) 3.2,1 Introduction The purpose of the drainage investigations was to provide haste soil data essential for the design of (sub9urface 1 drainage* Two aspects are of greatest importance: the depth to a relatively impermeable layer; the nature and particularly the hydraulic conductivity of the soil (sediments) above the relatively impermeable layer. The results of the present survey (which took account of previous data) clearly indicate (see cross-sections Figures 2 M) that it is not possible to refer to the depth to the relatively impermeable layer as in many cases there are two or three clay layers which can be regarded as relatively impermeable. These clay layers often are discontinuous because: - they merge laterally into more permeable medium textured layera; or they are cut through by stream channels, which have subsequently been in-filled by coarse textured deposits. The depth to the (first) relatively impermeable layer can vary rapidly over short distances and can therefore not be shown in detail on the generalised soil map at a scale of 1:40,000* The depth of impermeable layers in the inmediate priority areas which were the subject of (more) detailed surveys is discussed in a later section. The generalised soil map was drawn to indicate broad conditions affecting drainability in the overall study area. Eight soil units were distin guished* Their extent is shown in Table 2, Table 2 ; Extent of Units of Generalised Soil Map Map Unit Melka Sadi ha Ami bar a ha Total ha Total X R T 10 170 170 - 180 170 0.9 0.9 V M+ 730 2140 2420 3630 3150 5770 15.8 29.0 M C 2100 380 4540 880 6640 1260 33.3 6,3 CD A 110 760 1260 590 1390 1350 7.0 fi.B Total 6400 135LO 19910 100.0-16- 3.2.2 R; Rocky Areas (180 ha) There are a number of relatively small* rocky areas consisting of volcanic material: basalt and more or teas consolidated red ash- Xost of these areas form distinct hills» up to 30 m high, but some are quite low, almost flat, rock.-strewn areas. The volcanic material has little or no influence on the surroundings: the alluvial deposits tend to continue right up to the edge of the hills, 3.2.3 ■ T: Weathered Tuff at Less Than 2 m (170 ha) This unit is restricted to the vicinity of Melka Sadi village. It lb characterised by the presence of an olive-coloured clay or silty clav (moist colour 5¥ 4/3) within a depth of 2m. This is often firm when moist and contains drier, lighter coloured patches. The material is normally very calcareous and has ■ high or very high pl! (more than 8.5; often more t than 9.0). Calcium carbonate concretions are comnon, often giving the material a gritty feel* sometimes layers of concretions or very gritty material occur. The clay is often overlain bv silt loam or sandy loam. Tt is generally of very low hydraulic conductivity and often acts as a confining layer. To the north the depth to the weathered tuff material increases rapidly and within a few hundred meters is below auger depth (5m). 3.2.4 V: Deep Clay Soils (3*150 ha) The unit comprises areas which have at least 200 cm of clay or silty clav at the surface- A maximum of 20 cm coarser textured material may occasionally be present within that depth. The clay layer is seldom more than 300 cm thick and is normally underlain by silt loam alternating with other relatively coarse deposits. These soils normally have surface cracks when allowed to dry and they wav have intersecting slickensides in the profile. They can be classified as Vertisols, Surface waterlogging is comonly observed on these soils and subsurface drainage is likely to be difficult. 3.2.5 M+: Soils with Appreciable Amounts of Clav or Silty Clay in the Control Section (5.770 ha) For the purpose of thia study the control section of the soil profile is defined as the layer of soil extending from the soil surface to the surface of the relatively impermeable layer or* in the absence of the latter, co the bottom of the augering. In soils of map unit M+ layers of elav or silty clay occupy 20 percent or more of the control section. These clayey layers often occur in the upper part of the profile and in many cases the upper 50-80 cm of the profile are clay or silty clay. Some of these layers may be firm and slowly permeable but when occurring within the first 100 cm of the profile are not considered as relatively impermeable layers for drainage design purposes because:-17- ” they occur in conjunction with layers wi th less than 10 times their hydraulic conductivity; they can often be disturbed by deep cultivation* In several cases more or less compact layers were observed at a depth of 30-40 era; these are caused by mechanical cultivation and are assumed to be relatively easily eliminated* Surface waterlogging is fairly coninon in these soils. Sone of the soils have slickensides and can be classified as Vertisols. Units M+ and V often occur in close conjunction and their distribution is similar to Chat of Vertisols as mapped by ItaLconsult in 1969 (Ref 6). Units M+ and V cover large continuous areas in the north of the Melka Sadi area and the south of the Amibara area* Additional occurrences are closer to the Awash River in the Amibara area. 3.2.6 M: Soils with Medium or Mixed Textures (6,640 ha) This unit comprises stratified profiles in which the control section consists mainly of silty clay loam and silt loam. Some layers of clav or silty clay may be present but they account for less than 20 percent of the control section. Layers of sand or loamy sand are virtually absent. The depth to the relatively impermeable layer in this unit is normally between 220 and ISO cm, occasionally deeper* This unit is quite extensive, covering large parts of the tributary fan in the Melka Sadi area as well as the central sections of the Amibara area* 3.2.7 C: Relatively Coarse Textured Soils (1,260 ha) The control section in the soils of this unit are dominated by silt loams and sandv loams. Some silty clay loam mav also be present. In meat of the profiles of this unit layers of sand or loamy sand are present, consti tuting at least five percent of the control section* The depth to the relatively impermeable laver in this unit is generally 250 to 400cm. 3*2.9 CD: Relatively Coarse Textured Soils with Relatively Impermeable Layer Below 400 cm (1,390 ha) This unit is very similar to unit C except that the depth to the relatively impermeable laver is greater than 400 cm. In many cases no impermeable (clay) layers were observed within 500 cm (depth of angering). Units C and CD are associated with old stream channels where subsurface clay layers have been washed away and the channels have subsequently been filled with relatively coarse materiat. The units occupy long, rather narrow bands - they are particularly note worthy in the Amibara area where they are found in the slightly higher central part.3.2.9 A: Recent Alluvia! Complex River Awash (1*350 hal The boundaries of this sapping unit have been taken with minor modifi cations from rhe soil nap* produced by Italconsult in 196^ (Ref 6)? As this unit is found largely outside the area protected by dykes the soil* have not been investigated during the present study * They have been described by Ita!consult as stratified deposits* often of a dominant Ir coarse texture. 3 > 3 The Distribution of Soil Salinity 3.3.1 Principles Saline soils are defined as soil# having an the saturation extract greater than 4 u^ca The correlation of the EC values determined in the 1:2 suspension is s^ovn in Figure 1. classes have been defined as folios: EC (Sat.ExtrJ mS (« V*rv I ev 02 electrical conductive tv (EC) of (at 25«UH in rhe saturation extract and For the current sturfv Il Unity Lew Moderate High 7erv High 2-4 i-is u EC (1:2 tutp.l uS F cm 0-0.75 0.75-1. SO t.50-3.00 ).00-5.00 5.00 Three main tvpet of vertical dis tri but i«i of ioiI salinity have bean di stinguia'hed: soils which are saline ar the surface and non-saline I war down. This rvpe of eoil salinity ia of ran reused by the tv adoration of saline surface water malting in rhe gratae! accumulation of salt with time; soils which are iiHm at depth «!v. These sail* are normally aseociazad snth rhe occurrence of saline gmufl-dveter i soils which are saline throughout, Thia tvpe is generally the fw.-iflt serious * it is often associated with the occurrence of saline grosmtaater close to the surface. The factors affecting the liitrlfewtron end reclamation of *o i! sal InUy will be di sens sed in aowie detail tn Annas B.-19- 3.3.2 Analysis of Data Soil salinity observations were made in most soil profiles, generally ar three depths! at or close to the surface: at a depth of about I m and at a depth of about I.80-2,0 ffi. Field determinations were carried out on a 1:2 suspension - these were calibrated against determination on saturation extract (see Section 2*3.1 above and Figure I), The units on the soil salinity maps of the Melka Sadi area (Map 4) and the taibara area (Map 10) are based on the salinity classes given above. Hw- ever, for the Malka Sadi area the high and very high salinity classes have been combined into one unit, whilst for the Amibara area the moderate, high and very high classes ire combined. Sub-divisions of the non-saline units (L-low and VL-very low) ar* used to indicate areas where the subsoil is saline. 3.3.3 The General Distribution of Saline Soils Previous studies (Refs I 4 A) showed that the terrace soils ionediately southeast of the currently developed area have high salinity as well as high alkalinity. Most of these soils have been excluded from rhe irrigation develooment with the exception of some 170 ha near the village of Melka Sadi. The weathered tuff material in this area is often saline and in addition it has high to very high pH values ranging from 9*5 to 9,5. This it the only part of the current studv area where high pH values (more than 8.5) occur. Elsewhere the pH is normally between 7.0 and 9.5. The a I luvial/colluvial fan deposits of the Melka Sadi immediate priority area are adjacent to this area of high salinity/alkalinity* Within the fan are extensive areas of high salinity, which normally extends throughout the profile. The distribution of salinity is. however, verv complex and areas of low tind high salinity occur in quite close proximity. The cause of the salinity in this area is likely to be associated with the flow patterns of groundwater which probably aminate* from the higher, saline, terrace material to the southeast. To the northeast of the alluvial fan and also further along in rhe Amibara area moderate to high mb-surface salinity consnonly occurs in a belt, approximately 800-2000 m wide, lying adjacent to the escarpment to the southeast of the valley* Surface salinity in this belt is not cowwm, except in the far north where high salinity throughout the soil profile is recorded In the surroundings of the Cada Wien Swamp* The main occurrence of surface sallnitv in the Amibars area is to the west of Sholoko village where moderately to highly saline soils occur in an irregularly shaped band. Mormntlv the salinity in thia part extends throughout th* prof Ila| nearby era fairly extensive areas with subsurface salinity only* tc is not fully understood why saline soils are found here, the source of salinity mev he in the volcanic cones in rhe area. hut It is more likely chat ft Otte of the older alluvial deposits include saline matwri al»-20- The latter explanation is probably also valid for the ’islands' of saline soils occurring in the central, coarser textured, belt of the Andbara area- 3.3.4 Soil Salinitv in the Melka Sadi Area Soil salinity is widespread in the southern part of the Melka Sadi immediate priority area and almost absent in the north. The distribution of soil salinity is fairly complex and far from predictable - with non saline soils occurring within 100-200 m from highly saline areas. Within the (highly) saline areas the level of salinity can vary rapidly over short distances - sometimes this can be explained by small differences in relief* There are many areas where the effects of salinity are elearly visible, even without determining the EC* Such areas mav have a dmp, ’slick' surface appearance, while in the worst cases salt efflorescence and encrustations are found. The highest levels of salinity were reflected in EC’s of the saturation extract in the range of 15.0-20.0 mS/crn and EC’s of the 1:2 suspension in the range of 10-20 mS/cm, extreme values of 28.0 nnd 38.0 mS/cm have also be recorded. In moat cases the EC decreases with depth a decrease of from 5-8 mS/cra in the surface to 1.5-3 laS/cm in the subsoil being fairly common- In a few places a saline topsoil was found overlying non-saline material. 3.3.5 Soil Salinity in the Ami bara Area The main area of saline soils in the Amibara isediate priority area is in the Awash Settlement Area to the west of Shiloko village. Other isolated areas of salinitv have been found in several locations in the vicinity of the main canal. A/ The distribution of salinity is once again irregular with rapid variations □ver short distances. The general levels of salinitv in the Aaibara area are much lover than in the Melka Sadi area. ‘Maxiraun levels of EC (as determined in 1:2 suspension) generally range from 3.0-8-0 aS/cm, but in two places an extreme value of 12.0 mS/cm was recorded. The salinity often remains at a similar level lover down in the profile, or it nay decrease - Areas with sub-surface salinity (underlying non-saline surface layers) are more widespread than in the Melka Sadi area. 3.3.6 Comparison with Previous Studies When the current distribution of saline soils is compared with the extent of saline soils as mapped bv Ttalconsult in 1969 (Ref 6), there is an apparently dramatic increase in salinity. The Italconsult report described the unit of saline and alkali soils as soils with obvious features of 1/ These saline areas were already indicated on the first soil mAp* of the area (FAO-Sogreah+ Ref I).-21- salinity and/or alkalinity. This seems to indicate that the mapping of saline soils was based on morphological features rather than on the results of chemical analyses (electrical conductivity). When the results of the EC determinations of Italconsult are plotted the extent of soil salinity is in fact similar to the extent based on observations of the current study. Furthermore, soil maps of (Ref 1). several of the areas of saline soils the Middle Awash Valley, produced by were already shown on the FAO-Sogreah in 1965 There can be little doubt however that in several areas the level of salinity and the effects on cropping have increased considerably. This is partly caused by the substantial rise in the groundwater table which has brought the main source of salinity so much cloaer to the surface. It is likely that, if the rise in groundwater table is allowed to continue, the areas most susceptible Eo serious salinisation are those where moderate or high salinity is currently recorded in the subsoil.-22- 4, DEFINITION AMD DtSTRIMTIOH OF DRAINABILLTY CLASSES 4, I The Relatively Impermeable Layers 4.1.1 Definition and Characterisation For the purpose of the present study, a relatively impermeable layer has been defined as a layer which has a hydraulic conductivity tK value) of less than one-tenth of that of the immediately overlying layer. An alternative criterion developed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation defines a barrier zone as a layer which has a hydraulic conductivity value one fifth or leas than that of the weighted hydraulic conducticity of the layers above it. However, as it is impractical to carry out hydraulic conductivity testa at a large number of sites, it is necessary to arrive at a more subjective and practical manner of characterising the relatively impermeable Layer, The difference between the two alternative definitions than becomes less important. In the interpretation of field data for the current study relatively impermeable layers have been identified as havings a texture of clay or silty clay; and a firm, very firm or extremely firm consistence when moist; or a hard or very hard consistence when dry* Such layers are seldom saturated with water and in many cases significantly drier than the overlying layers; it is common for groundwater to be perched on top of these layers. Horizons of slowly permeable, firm, clay occurring within the first 100 cm of the profile are not regarded as relatively impermeable layers for drainage design purposes because: - they often occur Ln conjunction with more permeable layers; they can often be incorporated in the soil mass by deep cultivation, and their possible effect on the functioning of sub-surface field drains minimised. In several cases more or less compact layers were observed at a depth of J0-40 cm: these are caused by mechanical cultivation and should be relatively easy to eliminate. It Is common to have two or more Layers of relatively impermeable clay within the profile; this is a reflection of the changes in sedimentary pattern which have occurred from place to place and from time to time, In ioma places erosion by stream channels has removed the clay layer(a) altogether. 4*1.2* Distribution of Relative Impermeable Layers in the Heike Sadi Area The depth to relatively impermeable Layers in the Melka Sadi area is given Ln Map 5 and is also llluutratnd in Figure 2,There are two types of impermeable layers within the Melka Sadi area: weathered tuff materialj alluvial clay. The weathered tuff material is a firm, alive coloured (5 Y 4/4 when moist) clay or silty clay. This material has a high pH (more than 8-5, often more than 9.0) and is very calcareous, often containing calcium carbonate concretions. It occurs within a depth of 2m in the south-east of the area but dips away rapidly to the north-east and within a few hundred metres is below the auger depth of 5<n. The distribution of relatively impermeable alluvial clay layers in the Melka Sadi immediate priority area is somewhat complex. This part of the area can be regarded as a tributary alluvial fan where sedimentary conditions have changed rapidly over short distances. There are several clay lenses of limited extent, while other clay Layers are more extensive. Cross-section AA of Figure 2 shows the presence of a clay layer at about 2.5 m in the south of the area, further north this layer dips down to a level of 3.5 m or more. In this northern area however a subsequent clay deposit occurs at a depth of about 2-2.5 m. The contours of Map 5 indicate the depth to relatively impermeable layers - this is not always the same layer and hence there may locaLly be 1 steps in the depth to the imperme r able layer. The map also indicates a relatively narrow zone where the clay layers are absent - these areas are also indicated in the cross-sections of Figure 2. To the north of the immediate priority area the sedimentary pattern is less complex and several of the clay layers merge to form a continuous clay layer which often is several metres thick. Ln the north-east the clay is underlain at a depth of 1.5-2m by coarser textured deposits. 4.1*3 Distribution of Relatively Impermeable Layers in the Amibara Area The depth to relatively impermeable layers in the Amibara immediate priority area is given in Hap 11, and illustrated in Figure 3. Xu the north of the area is a fairly extensive zone where the imperme- ableable layer is either at the surface or within a depth of 2m. A similar, but smaller, area is found in Che south west. In most of the remainder the relatively impermeable Layer is between 200 and 350cm. There is also a fairly small area where the clay layer is below 400cm. To the north-west of the village of Shiloko the main impermeable layer is at a depth of about 300 cm. There is, in this location, also a layer of silty clay (to silty clay loam) with a firm to friable consistence, which possibly could be regarded as a poorly defined relatively impermeable layer, occurring at a depth of about 140-l80cm. The extent of this layer is indicated on Map 11 by shading.-24- 4.2 The Textural Profile 4.2.1 Characterisation of Textural Profiles For the design of a sub-surface drainage system, a knowledge of the hydraulic conductivity of that part of the soil profile through which the drainage water would move is required. This, in fact, is all of the soil profile above the first (relatively) impermeable layer below drain depth* Tn the following section the textural characteristics will be discussed for the control-section, which is defined as that part of the soil profile which extends from the soil surface to the surface of the relatively impermeable layer or, in the absence of the latter, to the bottom of the augering. For practical purposes the characterisation of the control section has to be based mainly on the soil texture as determined in the field. The correlation between field textures and determinations of hydraulic conduc tivity wilt be discussed in detail in a later section. A preliminary analysis of previously available data on hydraulic conductivity showed only tittle difference over the textural range from sandy loam and silt loam to sandy and silty clay loam. Loamy sands and sands tend to have a relatively high permeability, while the figures for clays and silty clays are much lower. The analysis of the textural profiles therefore paid particular attention to the occurrence and especially the thickness of the more sandy and clayey layers. Both the absolute and the relative thickness of such layers were considered. The relative thickness in this respect refers to the relation ship between the absolute thickness of a layer and the total depth of the control section. The effect of a layer of 20 cm of sand in a control section of 200cm is different to that of a similar layer in a control section of 400cm. The classification of soil textural profiles for the purposes of drainsbility evaluation is hence based on the following: dominant texture of profile, Chis may be: fine : silty clay loam or finer: coarse : silt loam, silt, sandy loam or coarser; mixed : about equal thickness of fine and coarse textured layers. relative thickness of clay or silty clay layers in the control section; relative thickness of sand and loamy sand in the control section: The following types of textural profile have been mapped: Clay : Profiles which have at least 200cm of clay or silty clay at the surface, A maximum of 20'cm of coarser textured material may be present in this surface layer.-25- F * : Profiles in which fine textured layers (silty clay loam or finer) are dominant and which have clav ar silty clay in at least 20 per cent of the control section. These soils normally have at least 50 cm and often 80 cm T or more, clay or silty clay at the surface. : Profiles with more or less equal thickness of fine and coarse textured layers and which have day or silty clav in at least 20 per cent of the control section. Like the F+ soils, these profiles normally have at least 50 cm and often R0 cm or more clay or silty clav at the surface. For the purposes of the generalised soil map at 1:40.000 units F+ and M+ have been combined into unit M+, : Profiles with more or less equal thickness of fine and coarse textured layers and which have clay or silty clay in less than 20 per cent of the control section* C Cs : Profiles in which coarse textures (silt loam, sandv loam or coarser) are dominant and which have sand or loamy sand in less than 5 per cent of the control section. ; Profiles in which coarse textures (silt loam, sandy loam or coarser) are dominant and which have sand or loamy sand in 5 per cent or more of the control section. 1 The suffix 's' is used when sand or loamy sand is present in 5 per cent or more of the control section* This occurs mainly in association with dominantly coarse textured soils, and also in isolated observations in profiles with mainly mixed or fine textures. The suffix ♦* indicates the presence of clav or silty clay in 20 per cent or more of the control section. This occurs only in profiles with mainly mixed or fine textures. A few fine textured profiles ^mainly silty clav loam) occur in which day or silty clay layers account for less chan 20 per cent of the control section. Such profiles were of too limited extent to be mapped separately. 4.2.2 Distribution of Textural Profiles in the Melka Sadi Area The distribution of textural profiles in the immediate priority area at Melka Sadi is presented in Map 6 and also illustrated in the cross-sections of Figure 2, The distribution of the units is fairly complex, reflecting the complex sedimentary pattern of the tributary fan in this area. Mixed profiles with less than 20 per cent clayey layers (type M) are the most widespread. There are several bands with finer textured materials. Soils with thicker clav layers (M+ and F+) are most extensive in the north and northwest of the area where surface clay layers are important.-26- The weathered tuff layer in the southeast is generally overlain by coarser textured, hut not very sandv soils. Coarser textured soils with appreciable amounts of sand occur in a narrow band which coincides approximately with areas where the relatively imperme able 1 aver is absent or at great depth. These areas represent (old) streambeds where gullies cut through the clay layers have been filled with coarse material, 4*2.3 Distribution of Textural Profiles in the Amibara Area The distribution of textural profiles in the Amibars immediate priority area is given in Map 12 and also illustrated in the crosa-sections of Figure 3* The northern part of the area is dominated by a fairly extensive area of thick clay flanked by dominantly fine textured profiles (F*), Between the clay belt and the river to the north of it soils with mixed textures occur. The southern part of the area is dominated by mixed profiles but also has fairly extensive finer textured soils. Coarse textured soils occur mainly in the narrow belt to the north of Shiloko village. 4.3 4.3,1 Comparative Hydraulic Conductivity Values Hydraulic Conductivities of Commonly Occurring Soil Textural Groups The hydraulic conductivity of soils is dependent upon the nature of the soil pores, and in a field context, on the soil structure. It has been shown that for a given increase in pore diameter, the hydraulic conductivity increases by a factor of four times* Based on extensive field and laboratory measurements, attempts have been made to differentiate soil textural grouos on a basis of characteristic hydraulic conductivity values, and the following results have been reported by FAO (Ref 3): Soil Texture Hydraulic Conductivity (m/dav) Normal Maximum Minimum Sandv loam Sandy clay loam Silty clay loam Silt loam Silty clay 1.08 0.46 0.12 0. 31 0.04 3.84 3.05 0.36 3.05 0.6 0. 12 0.02 0.005 0,01 0.002 From this table, it can be seen that within each of the soil textural groups listed, the range of hydraulic conductivities which can be expected under differing site conditions is considerable. The values .issume-27- homogeneous soils, and the effect of soil structure, particularly in the formation of cracks, can be considerable. The effect of stratification in the soil profile, in which coarse textured horizons occur in close juxta position with fine textured soil horizons can similarly he considerable. 4,3.2 Field Measurement a of Hydraulic Conductivity During the current study a large number of hydraulic conductivity measure ments were made using procedures described in Section 2,3.2* The results are presented in Table 3. A preliminary assessment of these results was made in comparison with those derived during the previous drainage and salinitv study (Ref 11), the earlier Ttalconsult Study (Ref 6) and similar measurement.9 made in connection with the Pilot Drainage Scheme programme. Tnvestigative analyses included correlating soil texture vi th K values (for both pour-in and pump-out methods) based on all available data, and calculation of weighted K values. With reference to the profile descriptions for each physical test site, tables were prepared enabling the measured hydraulic conductivity values to be related to soil textural groups, thereby allowing reliable comparisons between the results obtained during different studies. Because of the extensive data available and the investigative nature of the exercise, the comparison is not included in this technical annex. However, the observations which were made are summarised as follows: - Hydraulic conductivity values derived from pump-out tests were in most cases greater than those derived from pour-in tests. The range of hydrautic conductivity values measured using the pour-in test was very limited, irrespective of soil textural group. For the pump-out tests, the range of values was greater, but the correlation with soil textural groups remained weak. A comparison between field measurements and values reported in authoritative literature (Ref 3) showed that, in the case of pour-in tests, the results were comparable with minimum values* For pump-out tests, the converse applied, results being comparable with (and often in excess of) maximum reported values. A comparison was also made between field measurements and calculated hydraulic conductivity values based on the results of field drainage trials (Ref 13). The results of field trials were regarded as providing an estimate of the weighted hydraulic conductivity of the highly stratified and variable soils which characterise the site. Although the results of field drainage trials showed considerable vari ability, in part attributable to theoretical reasons, they were consider ably greater than those measured using the pour-in tests, and generally lower than those measured using the pump-out tests. Results from the field drainage trials were more comparable with maximum reported values.-28- Teble J : ay dr an He CoedaeEiTity Tk»e gam Lt* Hydraulic laflducei*11r Feed Sica Sa. Fnur-Ln Method TUay-wC Method "awe DtpEh i Soil Ttxtune f zmS ) (s/dey) Test D*pth R Cmu) fft/dey) Soil TeTcfarw 419 0-130 : ao- too .33* TerlafiLe .034 Variable 310-780 1.62 EJ 439 0-19Q ,05 Variable :ao-ioo .05 U5 138-405 t.6Z FSCLi a MT i>:ao .■37 1CL, FSGL, C lOH-JOfl .06 c. net 227-260 4.4 na 411 9-100 .09 ZC tOO-200 .dl zc 210-400 1.58 zc, zet *io 50-1W .02 C. ZCL :ao-2oo .36 ZCL. VTS -- - 1 4fl| MM .01 MX, SC 100-200 .26 IL. SC 275-JOO 1.17 sc *07 0-80 .12 c LOO-IDO .09 Variable 230-270 5.M sc 406 0-100 .29 Variable 0-100 .09 Variable 100-200 .095 ZCL, us, n *00-455 1.37 C, VF9CL 403 0-100 .11 CL. 10 LDO-100 .10 SC+ CL J60-4IT 2.71 SCL 1 404 O-LGO -92 Teri able 100-200 .07 zc, rs 3*5-460 3.88 Variable 402 Q-iOO .05 MX 100-180 .16 5CL.L™,VTSt(X 120-300 2.06 vrsa 422 a-itro .711 c, :cl 103-200 ,003 zc 130-320 1.55 zc, set. u 423 0-50 0.28 M0 0.32 zc, :cl ZC, ZCL 105-340 1.13 zc. ict 105- UQ 0.6 zc, ZtX #24 0-100 0.14 2C L0G-160 0*73 a. 155-230 3.49 a 416 -- 299-400 3*17 ZCL 413 - 11Z-30Q 1.48 zc, us <09 - 300-J5S 1.53 ZCL iu - 180-JOG 2.2 ZC. ZCL 137 - L3O-J2Q 3,33 Vari able ' 429 - 18M00 1.61 ZC *26 - 190-320 3.23 ZC 401 - 115-220 I.Si ZC noti« 1. FtMp-oue feet reeult. >b» are Eba ariEtecic av«rag« of multi 'm« -t lease three aeta of readiesa. •• Variable toil tn Cures refer to highly stratified soil prof LI ea In ufiich a wide rente of teituree ary ^ccur. 1. AhhrewieExgoe for tartare r C : Clay CLf Cl JT J am ZC: Silty clay ZCL: Silty cLay laaa ZLi Silt lorn SC: □ aiuly day SCLj Sandv slay SL: Sandy low LS: nnd C’f? F1CL: (7wty) Fin* saibdy slay lam <T) FSLe (Very) Fim sandy Uxn L (V) FSs Z,oany (Jary) fine sand (V) 75: (Very) Fine nnd-29- fhe apparent inconsistencies in hydraulic conductivity measurements were cLosely examined with reference to the individual test procedures them- selves* In the case of pour-in teats, smearing of the test section during augering is unavoidable, although the effect in terms of restricting the rate of water entry into the test section can be reduced by scraping (Section 2.3.2). Furthermore, water abstracted locally Erom canals for use in the tests unavoidably contained suspended silt, which tends to black fine pores in the soil thus further restricting the flow rate- The combined effect of these factors results in an error, with the measured rate being lower than the true hydraulic conductivity rate. In rhe case of pump-out tests, measurements must be restricted to a limited part of the watertable recovery for theoretical reasons (Ref 4). Successive readings must be made rapidly in coarse-textured and stratified soils, in which water flows rapidly into the evacuated hole after bailing. This may result in a situation in which during the first stages of water table recovery, when observations must be made, water flowing vertically down the auger hole sides is contributing to watertable recovery in addition to water flowing in a horizontal direction into the hole. The effect is to produce an error, in which the measured rate is greater than the true hydraulic conductivity rate by an amount proportional to the vertical flow component. In both Melka Sadi and Amibara areas, groundwater conditions of local confinement were frequently observed during detailed soil survey fieldwork, and this would tend to further increase errors in measured hydraulic conductivity rates. The design K values were therefore selected based on detailed knowledge of specific site conditions, and having taken all available data into account. Drainability Classes 4.4. 1 Principles Drainability class maps provide a basis for field drainage design, by delineating areas requiring different drainage treatments, for example, different drain spacings. In order to identify those soil parameters having greatest effect upon drain spacing, use was made of a computer program which was written specially to calculate drain spacings by means of a standard equation (Section 6.2, Appendix C and D)* The sensitivity of computed drain spacings to incremental changes in input parameters was assessed using this program. Input parameters were successively varied by up to 50Z of their measured values, keeping all others constant, and the corresponding effect on drain spacing noted. Because of the exploratory nature of this exercise, the results have not been included, but they showed clearly that the parameters having greatest effect upon drain spacing were soil hydraulic conductivity and depth to the relatively impermeable layer. Drainability classes were therefore determined on the basis of these two parameters.30 Table 4 : Infiltration Test Results SITE NUMBER j 1 1 1 1 1 SURFACE INFILTRATION TESTS (cm/hr) Test Number 1 Soil 2 31 1 Texture 419 | 2.0 1 418 : 3.o 4.1 2.0 1 2.55 3.0 1 CL I 7.0 2.0 2.44 3*3 417 411 408 407 406 405 1 | 1 | 2.0 i 1 | I 3.0 1 CL 1 1 ZCL 1 1 2*11 1 ZC 1 2.0 2.12 2*0 1.46 SOL 1 1 !C 2*03 2.0 I 1 2.33 | 1 1 2.0 1 1.37 2.14 2.0 404 1 2.60 429 422 421 428 426 431 427 424 3*10 2.33 0.99 14.4 1.6 0.06 | 1 1 3.73 ZC 1 1 ! CL 1 1 ZCL 4.66 0.91 9.6 5.0 1.6 3.73 1 1 1 ZCL 1 i ! 1 I 1.37 11.2 1.2 11 20 1 ZC 1 I 1 I i 1 ZCL i 1 1.3 1| 1.8 1 1.0 ZCL i.a 9.0 11.2 2.6 1 6.37 | 1 1 3.0 5*22 ZCL 1 11 CL 1 1 1 1 1 1 L ZC NOTE:- For abbrevations of soil textures see Table 3fl*T**^** 5 * 1V* * Vt 1^*-* tintt^ >J i* ‘-»,r!V?l <fed »^t*t ***> sf ’Wtf** **iiaV',/t •JHH* w*« ?* tf * no5 i. -*-i »*k» V*ti « pf Vrr.e* 4 5 f f *TMC* < -* <*“' *’«tt w» *>*-*ir,*3 e»* i»?■’ e ’STt^ **-r*-» lM *•***' *F^i*»*a* tiwitat tme* TM< ■*'***'♦'*♦ I* r“ x’r riitaM* in *"* »*-•» J. *4 't V HFT*sfc 1 Af *'V’ > $*| | "J TfH «M ? '} » 7 " f * *'** .fT* * ■ *15 * * £ { * T <*£. • < . tStd *-**■ *>*<£* W>*V flrjtt Wl> *? £•“-•?4’ 1*1* i 2tU» ♦*<*-*t ^**4^* ^’*r * er****<itr nf inflivi*?*: -esStt- v •<» - '**?% ’ 1?^ 1«• • ymfile* in *hiih coirs* *t»ts*’* ' *H* r*«4 HMv Iw -5* eoe****^ and which *rr* *♦ ’?’**▼ »**d in * r** c*nt n? ■rt» *f *%* rmtml a*tEioO- T^* *5:! * E-» tM» tl<#< •*• <•**+!< 5 S*r<M »a x* r*n*r »l? r coat*** , j than *«•’« dr *1 • -f 5c1’*™* <it<*« C* • »* ** i<v;Iw^e* all nth>* t*wtTfil 5T-?f;1«< with tS* <*f €?•* trefilwe <*»4 *-xV 7*?t. th* latter *«**’*nK« “'*k° ttMtfl nf fi»l4 **^rw**et *t; *« *f *** rent* of f TM* eleee i« r one i-J* red to b* Tr*ifil*a •ncowiter**! within the ’tlit i**r*«Me ait", t t* Ct«s» Hl t» ♦eatdttM tn th* Awlbe** w<, C* printit'r ir«» ; tV* tail* in thia ?!«•» h<r* *( r®a*t JOOew clrr t? UHt el<* at ?*« *xir*«c«. Th*** «flHa# s^neh «** in tr*at*r *?*tai* in ?«Kt{on • ,l4> r*<*n** v*** clfr**lT *p4'»4 drain* if 4r*$f»-4 oneetit < *na! w«n* ► that 4«sth la th* r*lit ;w1t <«£*rit**1i1 * llT*f, idtich • I •« <• < feet St tn **< af draineMHl? <!*•»<■* *»■ *)htain*4 'lapi ’* ant it. DraiMbllltv <!«<•#• * and It wn 4leid*d into •<»*»€}*««*■ th* *««<« nf •*a 4*?th ce th* MtofiwetT i«£*f*e«M* !*t*F! «uh<lo* * 1 bt ct 4 ! **lativ*l* 0 r«} <t l *v I r » «*w»r«ab t a la*#ri N«« than TOOcw !a*«ri TW*V>Ocw !a*art W0*4fiCki» !at*rr wti than VX)«, □raia^hltltT cl*>*** T ’I *n^ th-tr r«a^*etiv* «uhc!a*«*a *wr« br combining *H 1 !e»mr«* nap* with n*p« af 4*?fh ta the F^tlEiwwlT isp*nseah’a t«v®r far bath He!ba Sa4i an4 Aalbara this wis achi«<*4 by *up*riapnaing fha appraprlaec !1 TO,OOO «eat« <*?•» mJ ^Mblninf loll e*iEur*1 grau?» «• attained ttawe« 4 <4.2 Di at ri by tian of 3r*iniM!l** Ciaaae* in the Sadi lr«* 5n th* **!M Sadi *r«*. drilwMHCT ciaaa t! preJaninat«** with JraifubititY cla«a I h*in< r*»r.ricc*d »taly to a narrow and Jiacontinuaua hand sr*v<r*iitf th* ar** Iron aouth eaar to north watt waller areas laparatad fr« thia nain hand occur tn ch* north and east. Drairvabtlitr class !II* which far th* pur^aaa* o? th* arrant stiadv is regarded at undrainahta, is ftbient fr<m th* M**ha Sadi i»frHat* priority area*Th* dlatributlcn ’* JriinaVUev ••♦.»***« r«r ■*-< *h* a* d«oth Co eh* -etitlwlr imo*"*•.-»•*’- t a**r ««f wit ?•*?»** ’ i-^rp* <A-‘sJ» occur. Aras* in which th* f->—n*- ti aMtlcr* f itrartrtiffloOl r ’.1 ■*•"■*■* •rttow wit sur!«*' tr- {*nct*d * wbeU»» ’<‘. *nd r*» -»r (Hit** <et!twt. s ; a*-•-n* th. U*TFf« trw in .t ‘••it st *nc th* wnth“W*t**n •»? th. iraa. Subclass ’ t’. ia which eh* -*l at Ivntr i*s-’*'*-*ht* tirr** ii const !*r*d to b* it * twpeh of * iwcea*. i« at*o of liaitnl *.a?«nc *M is astacin ted wctuniwl* *<th dratnahUler class t. *•-’■»« ch«r*tf?<ti«t’a *f thoj* irww (n which tha tnuf*rt*iajt claw t tv-rs ar* h.Yorwf m«*r Th* rssaairHf.r of eh* strw it "•ccupl-d hr snbcta**** *M '<• o*nn*-Ha <*n*riit-r is *st»nsiv* "inlet of tr at nab it t tv C t t*i ti < Mh*r* el-in i occurs. th* liseributi’jn of twpb'na uniCt b«tw»s aor* ioea's*. r*fl*ettnt th* «*din*ntirv oaetsm of th* trlSitarv fan <t*ceiofl Itewv*?. nun* of th* met last mitt of Map 7 tr* ton melt to >• -***e»<f ■ • Cndiritual arsap for practical lrti«*<- t**i<n purpo***. t i • * Th* liitriNition of Irainabi11 tv elaee*t anti subclass** is shown wi M*o ’ and Ch* *wt*nt sf th* various nappint inir< w-wki a *4 in •<M* 5. Table “ : ir** of Trsinshl 11 tv C) .i**i»* - M*lita_$ad‘ \r<« ■ . ■ (fuM ri --- ---------- ------------ Katent hn T (to ta rb te t <1 na Uh t( e It d lit 0 to in no VO uoo MO IA0 - 0.0 0.4 3.1 4,4 15,5 «a* :s.a 5. < Total 2A00 too Diacrihutinn of Drainahi!lev Ctaeeee in Eh* Uaihara V*» Th« lit tri. hut Ion of (trainability c leases tn th* ualbara arsa is let* .'.■*«'•» than in eh* Malka Sadi area, at though all thr«* dreinahilies t'.int: tr» peasant, A feature at thia arse la th* broad b*!t of haaw* ctr* mapped n driinahilitv etna tit, which attendt across eh* a^arth wiim part of eh* Aral bars area. A smaller, isolated iraa a!*J iilui i*t th* south.-})• Drainability chw I i« of United extent, and with the exception of mxH, isolated area® io the south wit is restricted to s narrow bend traversing the Central part of the Ami bar a ares, broedlv frc*u vest to east. The aaiority of the area Is occupied bv drainability clan IT. As in the Melka $>4i area* drainability subclass** ’a’ and 'd' are of United extent, alt'KruKh adjacent to the belt of heaw clav soils in the north a rather larger area of subclass 'a* exists. Over the regaining area, subclasses *b‘ and ’c* are dominant. The distribution of drainabilitv claatea la shown on Map 13. and the extent of the various napping unita it sinsaarised in Table 6. Table 6 : Area of Drainability Classes - Aaibara Area (Sub) Ch«i Extent ha I I a I b I e I d II a II b II c It d in Not classified A/ 20 50 30 80 too 520 420 130 370 100 0.9 2.4 1.4 l.A IB.9 24.5 19.8 6.1 17.5 4.7 Total 2120 100 U Rocky areas and buildings.5. SUBSUITACK DRAIMAGE DBS E GM FAMMETZJIS In determining the subsurface drainage design psr^aeteri and etlEaffla, reliance has been placed on the analysis -ind conelasions reached « i result of the evaluation of the Me ISC* Sadi pilot Drainage kh«e trials, suitably modified where necessary. The purpose of this section if to briefly elucidate the individual parmeters and criteria; tor full detsils of the analysis* the reader is referred to the three volumes which comprise the Malka Sadi Pilot Drainage Scheme draft final report («tef 13). When calculating drain spacings (field Lateral spacings) oiiag standard drainage equations, a knowledge of the pipe alio (r0) is required- Strictly speaking, the value of t used should represent the pipe radius o together with the thickness of the envelope material (if any) used. However it can be shown that calculated spacings are relatively insensitive to changes in pipe sice, the most important determinants being depth to the relatively impermeable layer, hydraulic conductivity and irrigation interval. For preliminary calculation purposes, ■ value of ro - JObb to chosen, based on Pilot Drainage Schema pipe sizes. Once toil drsinabilicy classes had been defined and corresponding drain spacings determined, the field lateral pipe sire was assessed rigorously on the basis o: required discharge capacity, allowance for the affects of siltation, mxusld spacing! length of gradient' The calculations, which are presented in Annex D, have confirmed tho validity of the preliminary assuaptioat■ and in internal diameter of bOmn has been chosen a» the standard siaa for field Laterals in both cotton and banana producing areas. 5.1 Design Dminage Rate The average in-field drainable excess has been shown co lit approximately in the range 20*102 of the gross field application! depending on the irrigation regime practised. However, results obtained from the Pilot Drainage Scheme trials require careful interpretation, because of the different application methods used (basin irrigation in the case of bananas, and border strip elsewhere and because the actual applications rarely conformed to the design applications. An additional complication relates to the low vegetation density in the border strip areas such chat evapotranspiration Losses would be lees than for a growing cotton crop and drainable excess correspondingly greater. For banana irrigation based on small baa ins , the surface run*off Losiei would be Low and the drainable excess is taken aa 25-27.5* of gross field application* The seepage contribution from distributary canals has been estimated (Annex C) co be in the order of 10 litrea/sec for a 630 ha unit in MeLka Sadi, equivalent to approximately 0-15sa/day 2/ The revised irrigation schedules which are proposed for bananas require a peak application of LOOtn gross every 8 days. Hued on this application the in-field drainage coefficient can be formulated as follows; £/ Seepage losses from field canals are included in grots field applications.-35- Peak gross application : Drainable excess : Peak drainage rate t The upper value of 3,4 ram/day has been provision for distributary seepages. WO mm every 8 days 25-27.5 ran 3.1-3,4 mm/day chosen as containing sufficient For cotton irrigation based on furrows the surface runoff losses are greater and the drainable excess would be unlikely to exceed 25X of gross applleaf ion* The revised irrigation schedule which is proposed for cotton (Annex El varies depending upon the soil group (either fine textured or coarse textured soils, sub-divided on the basis of agronomic considerations! and is moat critical for fine textured soils in terms of drainage design. The revised irrigation schedule for this soil group prescribes the application of varying quantities of water over varying intervals of time, and the design drainage rate has therefore been determined with reference to the most critical part of the irrigation schedule. This occurs with the 4th irrigation after planting, when 65mm drainable excess must be removed by the drains in order to prevent a potentially damaging rise of the watertable occurring as a result of subsequent irrigation applications. The sub-surface drainage coefficient can be formulated with reference to this critical time as follows: Gross application ■ 260 mm Irrigation interval * 30 days Drainable excess ■ 65 ran Design drainage rate = 2.2 ram per day This value has been rounded up to 2.5 nm/day to allow for additional contributions from distributary canal seepages. For comparative purposes the formerly recommended peak irrigation appli cation regime of 130™ gross every 14 davs has been assessed. This gives a drainable excess of 32.5ram, equivalent to a design drainage rate of 2.3 mm/day. For design purposes the drainage rate has therefore been taken as 3.4mm per day for bananas, and 2.5mm per day for cotton* 5.2 Hydraulic Conductivity Hydraulic conductivity values were calculated for test drains using the corrected Glovec-Dunm and Modified Glov^r-Dumm equations, and also the Hooghoudt equation- These equations have been shown to most accurately describe flow conditions observed in the Pilot Drainage Scheme site, and calculated values ranged from 0.54 metres per day (Hooghoudt equation, test drain 24) to 8.21 metres per day (modified Glover-Duan equation, test drain 21).-36- The equation which, in general, best predicted hydropedological constants determined through field observation was the corrected Glover-Bra Equation, and using this equation calculated hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 0.68 metres per day to 6.61 metres per dav, with an average value of 2.47 metres per day. This average value was considerably greater than field measurements obtained using the pour-in method, generally less than those obtained using the pump—out method, and comparable with maximum values reported by FAO (Ref 3) for coarse textured soils (sandy loams and sandv clay loams). However, it was noted that unexpectedly high values of hydraulic conductivity mav result from calculations using piezometric head measurements which neglect head loss due to vertical flow, and that these errors would occur if water passed into the drain through more transmissive layers above drain depth. Unfortunately it was not possible to examine the influence of shallow discharge on calculated hydraulic conductivity values, although the highly stratified nature of soils in the trial site had been observed during detailed soil survey fieldwork. Infiltration tests provide a measure of soil hydraulic conductivity in a vertical direction, and provide a useful means of identifying the existence of anisotropic conditions, when the results of pour-in and pump-out tests are also available for comparative purposes. During soil survey fieldwork, clav lavers were occasionally observed above drain depth, although these layers were often of limited vertical and horizontal extent. Because of their complex distribution and because the effect of proposed subsoiling operations will be to remove the shallower of these layers, it was decided to regard Che soil profile as essentially isotropic when calculating drain spacings. Taking all these factors into consideration, together with those discussed in Section 4.3, a design hydraulic conductivity rate of 2.0 metres per day has been applied to soils in drainability class I (profiles in which coarse textures - silt loans, sandy loams and coarser - are dominant and which have sand or loamy sand in 5 per cent or more of the control section). Tor soils in drainability class II (finer textured soils), a design value of 1.4 metres per day has been chosen, representing a SOT reduction just ftable on the basis of soil texture- ; 5.1 Drainable Fore Space The drainable pore space (sometimes referred to as effective porosity) is one of the terms in the Clover-Dumm equation, and can either be calculated by suitable derivations of the equation, or determined from observed drain discharges during watertable recession„ The average of all values determined for the test drain lines was 0.07, and this is considered to be a suitable value of drainable pore space for the soils of the Pilot Drainage Scheme site, which are identifiable with drain- ability group II. For the predominantly coarser-textured soils of drain ability group 1, which are not represented in the site, a design value of 0.09 has been chosen, representing a 30* increase (approximately) and justifiable on the basis of soil texture.-37- 5.4 Depth to rhe Relatively Impermeable Layer A knowledge of this depth is required in the calculation of drain spacings for each drainability class* when using drainage equations. Design values were obtained with reference to the appropriate 1:20,000 soil survey maps for Kelka Sadi and Amibara areas in conjunction with Che working maps on which these are based, and values of 1.9, 2,5, 3.5 and 5 metres were chosen as representative of conditions in both areas. These relate to sub-classes *a', ’b’, 'c and d’ of drainability classes I and II. 1r 5.5 Allowance for the Effects of Siltation The Pilot Drainage Scheme trials incLuded evaluation of several pipe surround materials, which were assessed in terns of their entrance resistance characteristics and effectiveness as filters. These two parameters are interdependent; materials which are extremely efficient as filters are often associated with undesirably high entrance resistances, and for design purposes a compromise approach is often needed. The results of entrance resistance measurements for each of the pipe surround materials which were used have been discussed in the trials evaluation report (Ref 13). After five irrigation cycles had been completed, short sections of drains in the various pipe surround materials were removed (this time was chosen as being convenient for reporting purposes), and a visual assessment made of the degree of siltation. The variation between samples was considerable, ranging from severe siltation in the case of pipes laid with no surround (estimated 40Z of pipe section occupied by silt) to little or no siltation in the case of pipes laid with red ash surround. Where a gravel surround had been uaed, silt ation was moderate (estimated 25X of pipe section occupied by silt), and although the factory made filter appeared to minimise silt entry into the drain pipe, the filter itself appeared blocked and high entry resistances had been observed with this type of pipe surround. These effects are the result of a comparatively short period of irrigation. To provide an adequate allowance for the effects of siltation, the design discharge capacity of field laterals has been based on the assumption that 202 af the pipe section will be occupied by silt. 5.6 Drawdown Criteria Drawdown criteria prescribe the rate at which the watercable must be lowered following an instantaneous rise resulting from irrigation. A knowledge of drain depth is a basic requirement in the formulation of drawdown criteria. The principles by which this depth has been determined reflect the balance which must be achieved between the amount of secondary salinisation which occurs during the fallow and Chat which is leachable to a Level not detrimental to crop growth during the following irrigation season. During the early part of the fallow, when the watertable is close to drain depth, surface evaporation results in the upward movement of residual soil moisture, until a condition is reached where soil moisture tension is such that further supply of water to the soil surface must be derived from-38- groundwater. tfhere the groundwater is saline, salts will then be transported upwards, to be deposited either at the soil surface or within the profile itself, should the evaporation front retreat below the surface. A theoretical model has been developed describing this process of secondary salinisation, and is explained in Annex B, Appendix C» This shows clearly that the rate of salt transport upwards decreases rapidly the deeper groundwater is controlled ti*e* the deeper the drains). At the beginning of the following cropping season, leaching applications sufficient to reduce salt contents in the uppermost part of the profile, to a level suitable for seed germination, must be supplied. Subsequent irrigation applications must be designed to continue the leaching process, ensuring that as plant roots develop, an increasing depth of soil is leached to a salt content at which there will be minimal effect on the growing crop. Furthermore, on a long-term basis, there must be no net accumulation of salts in the soil profile. The secondary salinisation hazard can be minimised by placing the drains at great depth* There would, however, be an appreciable cost penalty in the construction of the associated deep main and collector system* In a coarse textured soil the secondary salinity at the soil surface from a watercable at or below I,8m would be virtually nil, whereas a depth in excess of 2.0m would be required in a fine, compact soil for minimal salinisation. Conversely a watertable controlled at a depth of 1.6m in a fine, compact soil could induce significant secondary salinisation, although this latter depth would be perfectly adequate for the controL of water levels during the irrigation season (Annex E, Section 5.1). Consideration of these factors has resulted in Che selection of a field drain depth of 1.8m. The approach to determining drain spacings has been based on optimisation procedures which require the formulation of a range of drawdown criteria. These must encompass the range from the case of wide drain spacings, high watertable following irrigation and slow rate of recession as one extreme to the case of close drain spacings, lower watertable following irrigation and rapid rate of recession as the opposite extreme. In order to determine the drawdown criteria, the instantaneous rise of watertable ( Ah) resulting from an instantaneous recharge (EU) must be known. This is equal to the instantaneous recharge divided by the soils drainable pore space (u): Ah = Provided that the drain of the watertable below optimisation purposes), relative to drain depth depth is known and the maximum permissible height soil surface is determined (variable for the instantaneous position of the watertable (h ) can be calculated: o h Q a (1.8 - Max. permissible watertable height) metres below soil surface The watertable must then be lowered by an amount h to a new position (hr) during the following irrigation interval (I days), or else with the next recharge (assumed to be equal to R{) the watertable will rise above the max’-minD permissible height: b t * - h [in tine I djy ) a■ a a aFIGURE •» VA5TEP COAIPMGE FQR MELXA SAQI JWD AMl&UU AREAS DEFINITION DIAGRAM RQR WATER TAQLE OR AW 00'*?* CRITERIA 9 B .< •r> 2 SiR WtU-lAM hAlCROW 5 PARTNERS JULT ISSS HWalu»)| lax**«**>*»*• lu>«-40- As h and T can be regarded as constant! the range of drawdown criteria required for optimisation purposes is derived by varying the maximum permissible height of the watertable (h^) below soil surface. When hm is small, the drain spacing is large but the effect on crop yield through waterlogging is considerable- Conversely* when hm is large the drain s spacing is small and the corresponding effect on crop yield is negligible. The drawdown criteria formulated for the case of cotton (applicable to both fine textured and coarse textured soil groups) are summarised in Table 7. In the case of banana producing areas, it was not necessary to use optimi sation procedures to determine drain spacings, because the drainage system in these areas must also be suitable for cotton, should conversion to this crop ever be required. However, the drawdown criterion for banana producing areas was formulated so chat the suitability of the proposed field drainage system based on cotton production could be assessed in terms of the requirement for bananas. To achieve this, the most critical case was considered, as represented by the fine textured soil group in which h is greatest because of the lower drainable pore space. Table 7 : Wat ertable Drawdown Criteria for Cotton Producing Areas —- -metres 0.01 1.79 1.07 0.10 1.70 0.98 0.40 1.40 0.68 0.80 t.oo 0.28 1.00 0.80 0.08 1.05 0-75 0.03 Note: h^: maximum permissible' height of watercable below soil surface!/ n o : initial watertable height above drain depth midway between drains (initial cross head in Appendix D) t final watertabla height above drain depth midway between h: drains (final cross head in Appendix D) For fine-textured soils h ■ 0.72m! u - 0.07, T = 30 days For coarse-textured soils, h ■ 0.72m; u - 0.09, T 30 days. Sec definition sketch (Figure 4) for clarification of terms hmF h^, ht* _!_/ A range of hm values was used in order to generate spacings for optimisation purposes, and included extreme values (e.g .01, 1.05 m) chosen to define the optimum* These extreme values do not, however, reflect desirable design watertable conditions, and were not used us such.-41- The drawdown criterion for banana producing areas was formulated as follows, for the fine-textured soil groups: u - 0.07 4h = 0.393m h^ ■ 1.0m hg - 0.8m h ’ c 0.407m 5.7 Irrigatio n Interval The irrigation interval (T days) has been determined with reference to the proposed irrigation schedules for cotton and bananas. For cotton, where seasonal irrigation is practised, the irrigation interval has been deter mined on the basis of the critical period in terms of watertable rise, and this varies depending on soil texture. Preliminary irrigation schedules were devised which met crap requirements and provided leaching water, and for these the critical intervals were 26 and 20 days for coarse and fine- textured soils respectively. When calculating the range of drain spacings required for optimisation purposes, these irrigation intervals were used in the Corrected Glover-’Durum Equation. Subsequently, the irrigation schedule was refined and the critical irrigation intervals adjusted to 30 days for both coarse and fine-textured soil groups. This was shown to have very little effect upon drain spacings, particularly under extreme conditions of watertable control (h,Q • 1.05 in Table 7). For bananas, where irrigation is year-round, both the application amount and interval vary from month to month, with a peak application of LOOran gross every 8 days. In this case, the critical irrigation interval has been defined as 8 days. 5.8 Summary of Sub-surface Drainage Design Parameters The sub-surface drainage design parameters for cotton producing areas explained in the preceding sections have been summarised in Table 8 for ease of reference, and have been used to calculate drain spacings using a computer program to solve the Corrected Glover-Dumm Equation. A copy of the printout (applicable to cotton producing areas) is included in Appendix 0.Tai>l« 6 ; Summary of Subsurface Drainage Design Parameters (Cotton Producing Areas) Soil Drainability Class la K (m/day) D (a) u £«) (l) 2*0 0.1 .09 .01 1.79 1.07 .10 1*70 0.98 .40 1-40 0.63 .80 1.00 0.28 1.00 0.80 0.08 1.05 0.75 0.03 lb 2,0 0.7 .09 1.05 0.75 0.03 Ic 2.0 L.7 .09 1.05 0.75 0.03 Id 2.0 3.2 .09 1.05 0.75 0.03 lla 1.4 0.1 .07 1.05 0.75 0.03 lib 1*4 0.7 .07 1.05 0.75 0.03 lie 1.4 1.7 *07 1.05 0.75 0.03 lid 1.4 3.2 *07 1.05 0.75 0.03 Note: • maximum permissible height of watertable below soil surface* ho ~ initial watertable height above drain depth midway between drains (initial cross head in Appendix D). h c a final vatertable height above drain depth midway between drains (final cross head in Appendix D}* D ■ depth from drains to relatively impermeable layer. K • saturated hydraulic conductivity* u ■ drainable pore space* The set of values for hm, h o and ht as given for class la has been repeated to generate drain spacings for each soil drainability class6, DETERMINATION OF SUBSURFACE FIELD DRAIN DEPTH AND SPACINGS 6.1. Drain Depth The principles employed in determining drain depth are outlined in Annex E, and involve achieving a balance between the amount of salt accumulation in the soil profile through secondary salinisation during the fallow period and that which is leachable to a level acceptable for crop production during the following cropping season. The deeper the drains are placed, the less salt accumulation will take place during the fallow period, until the critical capillary height is exceeded. Drains as shallow as 1.0m are ineffective in controlling the fluctuation of the watertable in the root-zone and yields and gross margins are seriously reduced. As the depth of drains increases the gross margin increases to a maximum with drains at a depth of about L,6m. However, constraints are imposed by the main drainage system on the maximum depth of drains, and below a depth of about 1.3 metres satisfactory outfalls cannot be provided without extensive and costly modifications to the main drainage system. In coarse-textured soils, the secondary salinisation which takes place at the soil surface from a watertable below L 8m is negligible. In a fine, compact soil, however, the secondary salinisation which takes place from a watertable at 1.6m is significant, and a depth of 2.0m is required to minimise the hazard (Annex B). The proportion of such soils in the project area is however amaLl, and a compromise depth of 1.8m has been selected for field drains. 6.2 Drain Spacings Drain spacings have been calculated for each of the drainability classes using a computer program to solve the Corrected Glover-Durum equation (Ref 5). This is a transient flow equation, and was selected on the basis of drainage trials (Ref 13) as providing the most satisfactory description of watertable movements and flow conditions observed at the site. The equation does not normally require solution by computer but a program was written to facilitate computations relating to a range of watertable drawdown criteria, for use in the optimisation of drain spacings. The optimisation models which are baaed on agronomic principles, required the formulation of a wetness index to categorise soil moisture conditions during watertable recession for coarse and fine textured soils. These are referred to as 'fine' and 'coarse optimisation models. However, the division between soil types was similarly based on agronomic considerations and reflects extremes of the soil textural range; they therefore do not correspond exactly with soil groups formed for mapping purposes and the subsequent delineation of drainability classes. 1*44- For thia reason, when determining optimum drain spacings the 'fine optimi 1 sation model was not applied to soil drainability class I, which for drainability classification purposes includes only coarse textured soils. Both 'fine' and 'coarse* optimisation models were applied to soil drain ability class II, the optimimum drain spacing being determined as the average of both results for each drainability sub-class. Design spacings were then selected by making minor adjustments to calculated optimum spacings so as to simplify field layouts. The results are shown in Table 9. Details of the optimisation procedures are presented in Annex E, and a copy of the computer printout showing drain spacing calculations using the Corrected Glover-Dumm Equation and drainage design parameters explained in Section 5 is included as Appendix D. Table 9 : Relationship Between Sub-surface Field Drain Spacings and Drainability classes Optimised Drain Spacings Design Spacings Soil Drainability Class ’Fine’ 'Coarse' Average model model la lb Ic Id Ila II b lie lid 41 S3 85 r—> _ _____ _ _ 45 - - - - 108 - 65 85 110 21 34 27-5 30 32 52 42 45 45 70 57.5 60 54 88 71 70 Note: Details of the ’fine' and 'coarse' optimisation models are given in Annex E (Agriculture),-45- 7. PROPOSED PILOT DRAINAGE AREA IN AMIBAAA As explained in Section 4.4,1, an area of clay sails (Drainability Class III - profiles having at least 200cm of clay or silty clay at the surface) has been mapped in the Ami bar a iniaediate priority area. Although there is little evidence of surface salinity? groundwater with an EC in excess of 10 mS/cm has been observed. The depth to groundwater is expected to rise to within lm from the surface by 1987/86. Soils of this type are not represented in the Malka Sadi Pilot Drainage Scheme site, and because of their very low hydraulic conductivity (typicaL value 0.1 metres per day) would require very closely spaced sub-surface field drains if drained by conventional means. For this soil group, theoretically calculated drain spacings would typically lie in the range 2-8 metres and draining this land would clearly be very costly. An alternative method of draining could be to use moling techniques. This technique has been used for many years as a conventional method of drawing heavy clay soils in Europe. Mole drains are unlined channels formed in Che soil by a suitably shaped tine (normally referred to as the 'bullet*) working below the critical depth, so that compressive soil failure occurs. The mole drains have a separation of only one or two metres, and remove water to tile drains, which may be 40 metres or more apart. A comparison with conventional layouts shows that mole drains take the place of field drains (and are very closely spaced) and tile drains r function as collectors. Although forming the mole channels requires a high draught force, an important advantage of mole drains is their low cost in comparison with tile drains. The technique of moling as a means of reclaiming and draining swelling clays in conditions similar to those at Ami bar a has not yet been proven, and has been the subject of recent research in Egypt. This research has concentrated primarily on the problem of retaining the stability o£ the mole channels, and forming channels with suitable gradients in very large almost flat areas. Indications are that careful control of soil moisture can be used as a method of achieving mechanical stability of the soil, and by careful timing of the moLing operation, long-lasting stable channels can be formed. The use of this technique for draining and reclaiming heavy clay soils at Amibara could result in the future in considerable cost savings. A suitable site for drainage trials has been identified and it is recommended that such trials, should include moling techniques- They should be concluded prior to the installation of subsurface field drainage in the area of Drainability Class III. Assuming that current rates of.groundwater rise are sustained, these trials should be commenced as soon as possible so that design information becomes available so as not to affect the implementation phasing. The trial programme, which would require detailed consideration, should include tile drains at relatively wide spacings and incorporate moling treatments. The timing of moling operations and soil and water manage practices appropriate to heavy clay soils are important factors which should be evaluated.-46 references 1. Food and Agriculture Organizatian, IS65. Report on Survey of the Awash River Basin. (Report prepared by SOGREAH), Vol II: Soils and Agronomy. 2. Food and Agriculture Organization, 1977. Guidelines for Soil Profile Description (second edition)* 3. Food and Agriculture Organization, 1979. Soil Survey Investigations for Irrigation* FAO Soils Bulletin No.42 International Institute The Auger Hole Method. for Land Reclamation and Improvement, TLRI Bulletin No* 1 1971. 5. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, 1979. Drainage Principles and Applications. TLRI Publication 16 I-IV, 4 Volt. ItalcoQSult, 1969. Feasibility Study, Science. Melka Sadi-Amibara Proposed Irrigation Project, Part II: Studies and Surveys. Vol.2: Soil 7. Xtalconsultj 19 71. Melka Sadi-Amibara Irrigati on Project. Additional Soil Studies* 8. Netherlands Engineering Consultants (NEDEGO), 1982. Angelele-Bolhamo and Ami bar a Irrigation Expansion Project* Re-appraisal and Up-dating of Previous Feasibility Studies. 9- Sir William Halcrow 4 Partners, 1975* Amibara Irrigation project; Hydropedological Studies, October 1975. 10. Sir William Halcrow 6 Study Report. Partners, 1975. Angelele-Bolhamo* Feasibility Il, Sir William Halcrow & Partners, 1982. Amibara Irrigation Project II, Drainage and Salinity Study and Recommendations for Field Drainage* 3 Volumes*-46a- 12* Sir William Halcrow & Partners, 1984. Master Drainage Plan for Analbera and Melka Sadi Areas* Discussion Paper an Outline Masterplan. 13. sir William Halcrow 5 Partners, 1984* Amibara Irrigation Project II Melka Sadi Pilot Drainage Scheme- Draft Final Report. 3 Vols* 14. United States Department of Agriculture, 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Agricultural Handbook No.60 (Reprinted 1969)*Il ■I 1 II I K H II I I r47- U’PBKDIX A ■ t.i . I H —71 SOIL PROFILE PIT DESC31PTIOHS I £ I I I £ £ I1Horizon: Depth: -48- Explanatory Notea * From', 1 to' given in cm s: smooth c: clear w: wavy g? gradual i: irregular d: diffuse Boundary: a: abrupt Colour: Colour in Mansell notation Mottling; Quantity vf; very few f: few c! common m: many b: broken Size: f: fine m: medium c: coarse Colour: RB; reddish brown YB: yellowish brown Structure: Form: sbk; sub/ingular blocky abk: angular blocky pr: prismnti t cl: columnar Size: f: fine m: medium c: coarse vc :: very coarse pl: platy Grade 1: weak ra: massive 2: moderate sg- single grain 3: strong Pores: Quantity: as mo t tling Size: as mottling Texture: Cl clay ZC; silty clay CL: clay loam L: loam Coni istence: Dry; I: S! sh: h: vh e(x)h: Wet: ns/so: ss: 3! vs: Concretions: Salts: Reaction to HC1: SC: sandy clay ZCL; silty clay SCL: SL: LS: sandy clay loan sandy loam ZL: Z: silt loam silt loamy sand S; sand (F - fine; VF: very fine; C: coarse) Moist ; loose soft slightly hard hard very hard extremely hard non sticky slightly 1: loose vfr: very friable fr: friable fi: firm vfi: very firm e(x)fi! extremely firm np/po: non plastic sticky ps sticky slightly plastic p tastic very sticky Quantity: As mottling: vp: very plastic Size; As mottling Electrical conductivity in micro Siemens per cm. eo: nil e: slight es: strong <*v : violentL*JJ| i.l-.'.irir.r.L nan rm! MLLM. *JJ*l MID WIEW MIIAS I SHIt grOTlLE tlllSl1"/MIW PROFILE; k 4i)| | AREA* Ho th* <L*i|h HAKSCO F Kin J A * MJbiCRi "AD HAIFr HI Ai»K- I9M LROUW WMIR LEVEL VS .« pll: ft, 1 E-c. rst> Utpl’i lg ReI. S|IE FEM'JItES; tit. in b»»r< HrW «|>r«u M . frmi rn«4. »nn.na. appr.t ■ ll»Hly atunlaJ 1 - A i» ull. S**ll lumJi ofbanmiuM iw iicci. 1.6 M 1.4yer: - ---------------------- PUDFIlt CHARAtn*!Stirs Horizon Colour Structure POTf 5 Ieilur« r oil 5 Htence Cd ntrrt 1 run * Hottl Inij Silts pH Iteiurb t £j Z € f ■b □ h- k 3 L Li Moist t o Sk w ♦J tn V ■C rd. 1u E 3 Cr Ol hr t/1 £ *J 1 O 37 ** 5 & i-. 3s *• JL.’ £ 1 «* M Cs ' o a? w D. E •d WI £ O ** fcj VX £D <F *-» ■QAV n?]S . 1 Q 1* IO¥M 3/2 sbk m.r 2 C ( ICL _ tr !5 IP _ _ 2.1 ■ loo Moi It. |lW mi+illuR tout I a.i - it I 12 4S d 10YH 3/2 h ii •tok c 1 r1 f 2E - lr III ”P - - - a.u ■ 10 it,ft - tl FtotfC, *ril. rnat3„ »Jit*|jr atrare A>cn. SdUP KFcrwlh. 3 4i L2O nd ICTTi 3/2 FifW ley ? IbF 1 OV &S V - - nn Lib ZCL ■| - - SI •P - - 1.0 t 100 U.S nd V#T)T difficult to Jetcrmitia ilruclutt hr Lu>w w.l. Wet when ohieivrd, below TriLnre btciMini ■ore variable v i 11| d < p t IK i --------------- AII<1 KING • l.rU 120 CTI! 4 1 >0 370 10VH 3/7 OllCJk 1 iillR | _ _. Fm<|<Mi Z-C r - - S3 *P - - - - - In Mt hr* quit* onltlnni, prediiR, fhl* nt a in e tl. 5 WO 470 - 1UYU 3/2 _ _ i ZC I II nt with 1 KHkU v f t. _ »li S3 GP - - - - Very f ine sh.uh! |iiPtrnc -Fr*‘-n, 1 *■ Ke r. b. ikjK t Irii nt 470 c»i Jwd.1 icrt ■dill. Liw*Rr fllbOTr-T---------------- — —VAIIIAGl K Mi I UP l«f|hJ y.DI KQ AU[LARA A»HAr) soil roiu oum van ar. NtoniE: K bOJ MEA Haiti Sa4i fltlll: F/IH/5 »"» Mfi I0 I'M WOUMfE WATf» LEVEL IIBO >ro*. Dpf pH: >,3 [/. <5E>! Prill Ij to Rftl. 12-0 na/cn StU Ft AT IMS: 4b<* hi nip isf $url«ce IfEal fl C<i Bt. ■_>■! llrlj, CDt ten O|1|1IT^|H ■ II iiilril hut Idtkri patxhjr. wt* over hi (Lilt t*ln- Tcrtiaty riiiml apptaK. |0u N» «it< A-BBUfBO ac J 20 LH.B fl»t . 1 .-.n I win rm. 1 ■ jf cr: K c a 1 cu 1 at iani 1 PROFILE CUMMlEltlSIICS Horizon r olwr Structure tan Irnturr ConMilfnc a Cc ncret iwii Nolt Ung bill PH c flt E E Lx. Hoist u 1 e o lu w M LU ** 1 t» w A ■*“ F» t- c or «-n- 1 ♦* £ Wi £ ** u 3 8. a- £ 4 •* V* £ 4i i ji uX S Ci □C JJ Pearls 4bst Luce Lap. layer |, puaailHy 120-DC 1 U IS <• IUYII J/2 Jii»i»u ulti sbh. ■ 1 a t 1 » ZUL - Er la P“ - - - fc.o R itKja j.sv i ea failure clLmginf ca hahhIvc t«*dida fb EH. Few Him ruoti. 2 145 ** iuir j/i >i • - - t r r f 'n 1 2 CL - Ir aa P" - - - U.3 ■ IUOO J. >3 2 p’Lrat i t icatioai in Ifrurlivai >J "“ vHHiby lejeri. 3 111 1 RO FlJ 2,5t 5/2 Few acJ. Ktt •t - * - L VIS ¥W Cl. - » Ef III f« - - - •« n * 1U0U *- hui jt/wet, 1.&6 3 r* DFt aUcl II* IIIC; 4 IBO 320 - ion mi ArliC «l li • . - - - YFSCL - - II r« - ■ - - - - Cl ¥15 1 >lp> [ u II L If Itauhaa !■♦'< hi- 4l ff iewlK, 3 320 311) - iom J/2 M «l - - - - - 1C - - • p - - - - - •• TbiH kerimn q| rm ch twru-aiir «*i»Uai - ptui^biaiB. Iiyeir, b J 30 <B-0 - IUYR 3/3 Few *c4/l|{e AB,below XSOv» - - • - 2 <3, - - •• - - - - - El. A ViiijLU prupJEtian at IffS in Iw^t non. 0Ounfi«Fy ________________ 1HAS ID UPMNM.t 1*1 AU f<*i Htl Ml SAW MU AH I DARA AHI f. '.(Ml PWJIC u| .1 I'YMH/ij PROflLE: K W GROUND tiAHO UYEL pH; E.c. (st): Depth to Reh Imper*- I tifer: WEA: AH1Ba*a lb ™ 7.11 a.4 m 100 7ia <• riflD; Mi/5 SHE FEATURES: MJIIWR: MJJ UAH t J1/Z3 fep'. 1-11*6 hut no crop pl*nt*d- fit dry an deter ipt kun. SI IghC accwslatioa vi •airs um pit sides at arpias. IDO twi, H Du above » caa. N-p-* liHiN wards Im cob i ng e st ab I ivheil hr At *ttv. PROFIH (n«Afl|RtS1ICS IkH boo C<1 IchJ 1 Strut lur t Pwtt leXurr ttMtltlincc Cc wcrel Loot f- c- z e e ** i Ihj ftolit fettllnr) Siiu o *- r a u * bn s r •A >» ►» H £ 4> •+ VI £ w b* £ ■U it St CL >. H >, ■m c V * M un 41 « ‘/I v o ** »J u □: « w CT -J Re-nark i lap. Layer at Appt us, 2JU lai t 0 ZS ■■ IOTA 4/7 nu •Uh la 2 c 1 f ICL - Mti ■I P* no no nu 11 1 1.000 J.T 1 A,I to Si. Hoist CuMM'Jl It Mt rwlt. Z 25 5S I0TR 3/2 Ihl ilih • 1 e f 1 ■ PUL fr SI M» V nu b.5 1 l.txw b.3 2 a,i to SI Huitt. Fmw Him rw(i. Vary alight tali etrttiislaHoiii on 3 S5 70 Cl 1 ion 3/2 ao - - e ! trs.irs 1’ 1 U ‘f*» rw no no 13 w l.lXfl 7-3 1 *.■ aw SI feist Abrupt Isalural chung* an fei1 tun 2/3. A 70 HO a* IOTR V2.I/I Rev f, rl*k diet. ■ - - c r tc.n - 1r an l»U «w 1,1 M l.LMXJ 7,3 * A.a av SI feist, Canaldsrabla iataraadding. i 140 1 9* nd IOTA 3/1.1/I Ml c r ZCkfS - II - U.S N J.IKMJ 2.3 *.■ •V Sizllar Cu her iron 4, bur iacr«aiiii| prop*. fS. Y.fefil, IWriwi.iji uml st i*^ -■-- h if AH ERTHC & its 2 70 ion i/z ZCI. - H a P no no rm 6 A.n ■l uidluri throughout k 1mc<v~ tag Mat at 290 <aa. 7 270 300 IOTA J/l 1C «■£> *n I I* hu IbD J A.R ■1 Bacon Lag af|k 110-110 cm, feist. A 410 ion 3/3 vrscL - - BD P" ' Wat no Ml IW - ■• » 610 4 MJ HITR M2 a with. VFI - I f I'XJ no no * as feltl below AlO £U - l*p. layer 2 t T)ft ft- ft ft II ft M ■ ■ ■> ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ I un i siiiniv.m nrmi iin * rllASliH MAENAtf I'l Alt >uri HLLM. SW AHD WIMRA AHI AS SOIL IWJll nil'J J .JIS WOFlir; LROUNtJ tfMf R LIVLL pl: F.C. (S£): Depth to Hu I. I■perm. Layrr: 5]f[ HA1IJIE5: tuwaliad fur irr igat icai Kut i*u rfup planted lew iwflll jrid ay patrhea bflna to po-deiy Hili cinal (dryl cii»»«r WOFIlt OIMACTEJBTICS honiM Colour Structure Ftirei Irxturr rnm Ill CT r ®ncr<1 J? F u. o •— 3% 1_ U c 3 O iX> Dry HoHI Kitt Bog Sillt pH E a k. ■r in 3 r u >■ ■M ■r- 4-* £ ■■ «r *• •.’i £ •r* ■* * s *-» 3 S K »— ■-» U E 3 * ►4 wl ll z to Cl ■ J Ar*4rki E. □ +j LJ kJ X ® it i 0 45 ■« ID,I 4/1 ao ■iih ■ i £ fr t K 1 EC ■ *lr V J' liu ■flu IM C.l a L.,£10 7.1 1 *,« un Mum Few tLrie roc La. St c mi tut* al iutijvK 0-11 cma . 2 41 140 d KJIi 3/1.V2 Luanon f*« dial. kA ■ • pl 1 i c s r ■ .j /•CL. ♦ EF5. F5 - it ftu -1W no IB s. l.un «.a 2 Aa ■■ r Mulat. fro fine races. lijtpf- t-nddrJ. tLii. di Ardibt Lniioua luy*i a 111 kUAt >< A X i n I fi—mil I Mi f- I 1 IAU IV) IG1I 1/J.3// MH ■ * r l c i ■ ia • LFS. F3 ri Hi riu no IS < l kU«* ft ft 3 a,a ♦fl Mulat IMvifc-tiUini ■ iaailut Lo fcvt appears *ar» Bondy.. MET AUM1 ini; 4 1S5 JIQ NH1 1/1.3/2 II - ECU.tiS rs - vat k ■a no MO Very variable taatwtafl 5 440 IOVB V* n<? c - vfi fl P nu (U» W >*1 1.04 4 MiFui't textural clunpc. Am si ?.o B (toil Jbli. CqIbuf I iihtcr.U4-44(Jtto 6 440 W IDTE 1/1 IMI YfSIZL - na 1'" Ibu ■W HD Aliru|iL teatuiiii i lianje. t lowing iroa auBrf-.MOTILE: r <fl7 HASHr LMIMGL 1 ] Ml £!?«_JjCtFA SAP I AHP AH1MM AREAS ; St I l riiQf 11l 005LmT|.y*S FlUOr r DATE: jj 5<pt. nBA W.OUMI) HAT Lit U VTL iAQ cm pllt CL (St): Depth io Rd, La.reri >.?0 i.a h J so l,C®0 PflOFIIf OUWACIFRISIKS Strut turf p r*r r% TtsLurr CcKll Hltfict Lone tel tons Sell? 1.11 keiMrks Hain >. L a.r <* ■h- »■ +J cV a£I £3 t- o M tn D Z • i * v» c o T— F— •- <-J u =E 3.1 intt 4/z lum v? IOTM 4/J lOTfc MJ c C eti ■ p * p - Fw ui CIKH I r 5.1 ■ loo m VI, 1,000 4.fl i l.ond 5.Q ■ 1 4ooo fl. 1 7.5 7.1 7.1 1 A.H ?Q Si. Hout- faw lift* and a-.J. tlbliHiig i te 1 !W«I i 1 imiI 2 A,F J *»IK, i v> I LF5 F5 ZCL bu< •attaLlr • (r ■ Ik p-» V, fL-v whit |HFhlllH< ¥ Lun HH >• lr • II *• r» l>u on ru> k A.B ■1 MoL»t. til ■! t r>c t lvc It Mural change. H«ial. Fin* V«M, k«r-J, U&-|4u(a (bun i«<iufF« were variable in M IT IHG Db . fcr t>k.Pr . SUL l< SC will l w arata , Mr AC it ieaiitm Pf Ifpr land at*d i/tay. l-’i _ fi frHA 1.1 L !• US'J. I li*U 11 Ml IO KUA SADI AW AHIQAIM Ml T A‘ Minnie: i m UlOURO WMIM ll*U ctO CB m£A AM I BARA Iltim MV* SHE F(AllftE5: M,! hl IXI. k 1U00 [up. layer at -rOD lm/ |U«ccwl Ytry f l nil H*Inly Lil plfHUHd. nF ilefdr. re. browHh «lMr;wll p Supply drill Approi liiu Leiy fro evidence of salinity. IJorizwi Colour Structure Po*et Iralwr CalH Hirn < r t<xx »xt 1nn% o •— £ I a & llry Mo lit sthi pik Rc** kt r o E £ iti a ar ■Q nJ *■ 13 1 r «r 14 A Ji i\ bJ bl aft «.■ l^_ A51 fl* fr - t -H J E to !■ •• <3 x» i u S £ a pii me :.. <X «n> 1 2 J 4 0 ' 30 AS 125 311 C1 c1 It Kirr J/2 1biR J/2 IDT JI 2/3 r - • 2.2 i id' a.s i IM B n 1 1I F f 1 1 - - - - ro 1 1 A. fa 2 A. 0 M tl White pimdcry ifuili 17b ■ • tf MD cs 10 YR J/2 - « - - - ■ iCl it /CL Fit -- P > S' lb t? I6 DET 6 140 AUG! HO 3K1 | IW tUt jOC Id Tl ?.$/? - ibk B 1 f f ZC Variable - t P - - - a.t * io* LI * 10* b.H < 10’ ?,3 J. J 3.3 J. J ?.) 3 A. i 4 A. ti 5 *. a 0 et + IQTR 3/2 7CL * fl - Hcl at 300 cm 1 500 I43YR 3/3 z< - - - - - Variililc textur* with Incr. prop, iarwlp Ah (Qir n L CLl7t SADIJVID AH||iARA /Utt AS Sun rijurui a i ;ivjd I iiifi HitKiri; n GftOUNO WATER LI VII pH: EC. (St). Depth to Rel. ME*: AHIBAHA 2H5 <u (rising) nri nd fITLh: SI tl riAlLMIES C1vn« tn jvo4 HATE: Iftt. 1904 /irca, tw*r Afar g.tflvrynrd> Umd lr*all< Irar ■ urfacv iTiljntiuR, liui 1M>c pMntrrl. Few grnnfly area* In fie No evkiivnc* of aalkxiCy or mxlkity,. ln«prr«4 layer: ill BO il L 300 U0 p»0fII! ouwaciirimics ii(i r bjwi Colour SI fixture fare* tenure i fonj ijlente frincrtf l (mil tattling Sills pH Heajz k s Holst ii «d 'T» 1 k*1 • u L C3 1 XM c 5 1 11 w 1 U1 »- E k? 1 £ •* * 5 4— ■h* S z u f4 i u_ r *5 TJ C 3 □ m «> J! c 1o ‘‘ LJ <J X 4Z *1 Hunt- fJ<iT rooti. (5L) i U 40 felA J c f f ■ zct h B* M no 1 A. fl vu t« ion 4/> no * vik no Fl Li Jtarat, Fbw fin* root Ir 2 40 BO e r ■ Z.CL puis zc - lr ■ r« ua 1 nu - 2 A. fl »a 0> I0TR 3/1 ■HI - 1 00 LfS ♦ Ffi 1M 4 ■1 - I r - ft •» P* E H)TB 1/2 tin in - mu nt> nu J A.fl Hn|M. Layering Im rjimIs. ucc pl eery tCMcriHfi■ "I’Bipnrt. . Colour rather 4 IJfc Lt5 nd El latR )// « IV hi no • - f i I.F3 • >1, kiu[ qccai. - tl 4 A.fl Pu No ill . var Lab Lu. IH-.I • AUG! 1 b V* r u . RIRC _I V Ifc5 ?40 IO9B 3/2 H 41ni rt> zra. l< >■ f■ *iii Bin no E Teiturv variable. Borne au<rr jMjjiah, bum ■»■ •■ »iiinly Ihjecb. 6 7*0 z*n * IQtK 3/1 iw XC - vfi R P Bin no FW r-*w SI. Hoial- Vary firw. pats. Inp- IrfjwF. ■ 1 ?«u JW ZCL - - MB M mo ■iki II If - ■<JTI 3/7 nti V. Hoist W«c. Variable propoi- I |<m al VTS in fiinllir B JBiJ 4*11 ioi* 1/1 141 .11 iHl B r m«» 1 no - *« 51. Hoiil. Eirrenely lira. 2nd i«*t. iipir 1 ^--4 -~■ UPJ JJtnlriJ ||B||| hl F'ii IMI llll iS*tl <d ■W - - 135JH OU C/C 11 LU <W* OH X ^HUIkltJIriiiliJi ^■|T- *1<I -Pllfd tali’r llftv , 4HI T13 M T*« W i?ir -1 B |p - M 4MI EM HMlI Dtk Qlf ** 'M)fcip Hip lafcp 'Maili »iiwi lujwKiifl AB r*i ™l nil mi «ll *P 1J U liw (/C HOI 09 E OH 1s am aanv i J3<: pilTE ]Tllfl 1 frJDO "a]ir|uprA ojTiyiaj -ividu A.B |W r“ u ' !■* - J J - - ■ SJA * 132 - Ul 11131 ftfll (KI * ■Mu* J ifr-iip.-i |u ipiMl - |'»N|B ■ ito i1f1 "141*^4 ji -ti J] - W ■ - 41 KAMI al Ml U1 E aV ■■ r* < Oil IMI <HH 9-1 ■ la 1 3 ft uir BWIJI fl "J »■* t 3 ■<M .1 -Biooi aul] H-sj ■ fa OL E All ■ Hl d B ■i 3 <ii f I1 f/t imi W ew ■t GO tn 3 ■• 13 DO J ' pan M.*|| * fflLJJ LHW-WO3 XjpriKit^ |S » ■r* i r* tdl OU Olil ■d •• ■1 ’1 TH T *i i ’j y i. ? I'H IHJ r/9 moi bV 0( 0 I r» Ju □ ■* * £ i! ra £ 1-R W" H 4 o E 3 r+ r* ■4 E. a r+ £ Ua. <♦ ■*■ M ra r« J * liT ■B ■* *1 O 1 ■* r* ■M 1 S’ g s □ o’ ri ~i 1 ■x 1 1*0 Mi»s t-iLii^ i,—i Sklflj aj jui: 0 3> sun 1 IjjU 1 3jii |3n Jiwtos UQZLJDO SJIlSmiWlMO 111 KI 114 :j4<R | iUjJdsi] i oat -fOH oi 'll^Q Lflo* i ■ i •* :(n) ri B pfJJJ T p»M WM<E ruHiijj Uli I) pi j pi |ra L1H P»1UW|J ir« -H'l in«| 'l.in itlf i JJ onr|i"» lr») p 111^ ■jin ltl lull mihm Hiinarj E d UlJU muiwr | m* i isi tjond ■i'lrriivAfiriiiLi niEdJ ilos 'iVinr wniiJi fimr tars viijH jqj urti iiriiwn ih*wh s S uhamLii ri Arr rmi mm uhiwa jwas - wii ri'aau urjauATjur. nwii.fi k 4ii AREA'.. Ankb^rj fJEtn- I. H 3 Minina: M 0ML: 2nd IXt. I«t GROiKP WAItft LEVEL 205 cml pH: 7.1 LC. (5th 2.9 > 1?J* Depth tp Rttl. Iwpcrm. Laynr; Na evldml Imp. Layer Sin ruiimt Situ in field prepared far 1 rr kat Ian. Lut with turlacc left rowiyh (nut f u r iwid). Not planted. No evidence al Ml In Hy/*1 bel IrHty al lurfate. PROHlF CHWAtltfllSTICS Her iron Colour Structure Pom lr«lure Fib i is 1 r nte foncretlorn HutlHnq Sells ipr Rr-irks o ■■’■' t ? £ Mokn 2 e £ Ci w “T"* V|> iff B' 1 m Ik. $ **1 c i *M ■*■ L-^ ■* A 4J %1 Ifl u., £ «• l £ k* w Hi *n o c c* u E 3 I 0 H lfltfl 4/J Her# oti$. m ■ 3 c r f a K h rr 1 fl Norn <H>x - 5,3 a 10* 0,1 *!« 2 75 9b 4 lOr* 3/2 Nonn obi. Al - CarOj -■ f f ZC . rt <51 2- 1.5 ■ lb* 7.B 2 A. 0 3 90 175 1 nd IQ TH 3/1 rf&ne dh i, ■ - - 1f f zc - n xs p* UiOj <11 J~ 7.0 > HH 7.5 J A, 0 MEP AiJQlRll G 4 175 255 IDl« 3/1 None obi, - • - 1C - ri 1 F* - - - 3.9 i 10’ J. 6 4 A. 11 5 255 <75 ldtfl 3/7 Frw med, illH. TB - - - Zfl - - <s £L - - l»3 M ID1 A0 5 *. a c O kJ tJ MX Alnutl dry. Few fine remit. 51. aoist Vary ctMAfuct. •° ro0creti«n< mainly *0 100 nut. WolH. Vrry comet, Rfessfuj r Inta mure sandy "Hirrllal in ba _____ flf ult.------------------ --------------------------- Rtolsl, Slight »jq«r pollth. fi y r molit - wet. Fine sand In prof Ike. ■ —__ 1 QuantityIVUtl' WAINADi I'lfcH »0P Hitt* SAFI I AliD ANfRASA AREAS . 50IL FHQfJlt UDSiRMATIW5 PROTILE: K 41Z GROUW WHIR Lt TEL j 15 t-s AfttAi AtGCIA F IiLn. AH in 5ITL FEAtWCS: | Alli IO 1 rad t'All 2nd lAt. 1W pH! J ■ 5 l.C. (M h «, f x IIP Depth to Heir laperiL Lifer : Iw> layers al 134} and 120 LUI ti 11r Al *dgr cotton Held. Standing waler it 115 art iwi arrival at site. Cotton appears tmrdi.il. itunted (approi, 1.0 - 1.5 ■ tall). Numerous red leaves and link PNOflir (MJWAilfSlSlKS IbrUon Colour Structure Porrt Teilurr Consistence (LXKfrl loin Mull ling Salts pH i 1 Cfa Ci ♦ r s J Haiti E o fa. • •• r 2 C3 *• c 1 al N V? 2? o <-* £ «d 1 £ 1- +J ■r- *<• C £ Cl 4i *> •• U1 a Z* 11 u J. is i 0 J4» gp 1 1DIK J/? Nurw Obs. stk ■ 1 c f r ■ ZC fr 1 !ll.i Hcwir til. 1 i.l t 10* ?. 14 i A. 6 e Multi, frw fine roots. Strut turn rather neak. 2 JU 60 rjt 1DYR 3/2 None Chbi. B - f r ZC - fr _ 11 4*1 »o*e *t. - 7.6 k 10* /-I? ? A. & e Maist. F<w fine roots. □* c I J 61] 130 nd lOlR 1/7 NOW D6S. - f f CIS A H - ■ nt W None - s,a > 10’ M2 J *, & c V. twist. Horicon becuit* increasingly sandy u 1 th ifeplli. DE£J AUGER NG 4 130 ?20 - IOiR J/2 None <d>t. - - ■ - ZC - efl s I1 Few m pmd <lt£ cone i 1.2 i 10’ 7.24 4 A.& ♦t Prohibit Fimi. layer, esp. at overlain Ly land. 5 220 100 - Mia j/? Hutiw obs. LES. fS - - nt k* - eS Uet. Sand or variable tirade. f. JMF MO - 1D1R 3/2 IkMM obs. - - - • FJCL. lapldlj • efl t P - • - es Holst, txtrmely flna» biujm nwab 1 e passing iRtu ZC AugeHhg abandoned - auger bending on elthdrauat. ■— ■■ - 1 — 1 lhljA 11,ZSL I t fcj ryjp |4£ L H ft 5A0I f.U AHlfiMiA ARI : r,Mt IWiC riLSl HVA TJJ4S PROF III; r; .tl3 GfiQUriO VAI (ft LCfEL pll1 E.C- (SEli 2 g r K up l>c[ilh to ftrl. M£At *IGEU 240 - HEin; aj] |/4 Sill nAlURESi All r|ti~MI FAD (HATE: * Dcl« Imperifl. Layer; MAIN 1HI>. LAVtft at JOO cos [bul l*e c«?nHi 1cttn<g layer* above this]. Site 1n Cfrllim Meld, close Ln N. cd«j«. Crop ippr*ri iLuntcd* appro finitely Q.5 - 1.0 ■ 4b11 , but 1 Ini ilrmf/ forwrl. Canal (frnp i«o<i site] within appro■. 30 of iit«. r.rounOilcr {under pleasure| was euukmttrwj in thr autjrririf fit a ckjiih o! ?4Q r.rii, thli rme ripWly to 160 t". PRDf Ilf CHARACTER 1 Mirs 1|uf Lion Co tear Strut tyre P'orri Tt»1ure [on* it truce Tnnr ret in*ii Mini i Ing SlUl pH fteflierH E e u to Hoist £ t □ u, 01 M wi W TO r id =K JLA d-J cw M ♦* v» i|L« ■* £w 2 £ 5 4* kd LTI £ * i «± e F- LJ ur £„ a «i if 0 20 20 1J5 9* Cl »/J IMP 1/3 otfl. sbh ffl c 1 r m - - - c f 5 P ll eo 1 ■ - - fr 1 fr M5 7.75 J 135 no nd I 2!LF - IOYR 3/2 - n - f f ZC 2X1 ZC I P £ ■t k- CT Mtwkr ull I r Kim* ob L Non* Gtlj— 0,4 r | ID’ 6,6 ■ ID* 1 13 ■ IO1 7.B2 i i A. 0 2 A. 0 3 A* b rt SI. nqkt. Few Fine neti. ftry uuifora horizon. with few more land/, uwll pcichrtx. Boundary dr!, by cwupormrSS, ■ _ «i 1st/wet. iK-IIHftG 4 5 190 JOO mo ISO ■OYH 3/2 Few fine Jlit. FP. _ _ 3 P - lurlr J/I None c-bfr. 1- - - 1_ - - 2CL/K 1 ZC M - of 1 eof 1 1 o U<|i|€ | >4n, Neme ill- . 2.4 0 HP J .53 - 4 A.-JL ♦* R. pi. Hurl a itii ? tppt.ii v «Mcd-, Hnlst- Mtjlsh Very <(-■. COlHj^L S dllll difficult La i*^«r h«3ow 4&0 I'JC rill Ju MI t fl£iu|. ilLJ____ UdJGT-_ Mair* iw> l'*yrr, — — __ ____________ _______ _____ — ----------------- ______ J ---------- --- — ■ - ------------------------------------------ —-62-IWjjL 1 UjA|kAi [ RAH FOR lUir/. SAP I M»L» AHIllAkA AHI A t 1 son ir.iun tcwUM *W1LE: r. 415 CfltllJhD WAT [fl i[HLL pH; EX. <SC): Depth to » l. Nlfft- AJHDAKA 241 cm 7.22 1,1 N |(P FltlD: P J/ll SITE HAtlRES: Minion kaii DATE •- 4 ou- i?B* Slightly rirtfk^d iw I m.*,. *llt« at edjr up cm. too I i ? I >1, «v r jr p>rchy; wi«ii c w**d and gviiRv growth be«ww«r, y|**iL*. wftt rance 10*11 lopr . 5H* rh** to gcawl r«i#J i*uar laptm!. l*yer: pnnritE CHMiM tmrstics l-orkun Cd lour Structure fores feature Cons isle«ce Coot ret1cm Mnllllnq Salts pH Rraarki *> E* M 1 -n a ■E £ • M un E O •r» I' — i» U UT ?a t’ t 1 i kk <n 1 0 25 <** 2 n 70 !■ Moist t D L*. Ml T> U C1 a +• a> p> ■-> i- 1 ■*•. +J F- E ■* 3 CT Dl M rn Is c f e 1 f f n ♦ 10 IB Itt 10 YA 3/J no ■ life • 1 ZCL : .ohio1 7. Bl 51, Hoi al intern f.iiw f.tbiudi roots. Urll ilmrlupd. n 7. CL n ii HU W i 3 i A.B A.> ■ - i*j w 1 • 1 - iM» *W ml nn 1.1 «IO' JW l.AJ 1.14 ei r» S|. No in, OccbhwmI mh r Bandy !■*«««. I J- L.J I J ,4 70 ISO ISO K" »a 10 TA 3/2 no ■ - - IC - iin «» pa HU FH» Hoist Wr few ill.« nuut*. 7ru Mbs 11 frag*. CkmiiJCL. Hui«r, Dmpj-rl 10 V* 1/2 na 1 11 - - 1 1 F5C1 - nr *lr JW «»or a.fe ■»» — «i« r« rwi J *3 4 A." «« DfEI > AUG! IMS ------- ------------- I IK U*c at 210 «.«n. 250 - KI YA J/J (lai - - - - F«ft » 70- - ii nw rw IlLJ - - 4 150 A CO - 10 IK V2 ho - - - - •H ■ p» nil 7.51 5 A3 • - ZC JkJ mi I.l «IO» AHtl wlfcjfelik pF Ji Vpi y f|ras auger jinliih. tup, 1ay*r. tag* ring abaM«nm«l 4 GO rns , ri*k Ilf hr lading. ongri, _.lUMLI' UhMHAGt I I >•’• I UH HI IM ‘mAUI AX' AHIBAWt JWlAS ; SOIL WILL MMlWlCT* PIlOFiLE: K 4,6 MfA: GJ-W HA HU U VII 4J? .M fc.83 3.2 ■ 1 4W *■* Sltt HATlKfS’ Site in coUrxi field. clu*« to djke Mbnih *illi|* pH- E-U [5E): Lhjfilh tn Irl. Im !««•»- Liyrr- Surface ■what c rad rd fullming prv*ii»ui i rri L'*i • foLIwi ap^eara wrj atwokeil, with iw^aruui «rJ IrauMN, Irw Irolla pMiilrwa nJ Bali-ili r/ulkflJ i«l t r PRO ILF 04AR"CILfll51 IT'S Culovf Structure Irilvru Cd* 111 IfflC r ■ iJlMMULI t ll«¥ I 4 ill JU it Id-uti IU1R J/2 llifl 1/1,1/ lUYl 3/1 l-JTB l/J ion 3/1 KIVR 3/1 I Uli l/J Vj'rlftl’lt ralDMre J i j<> ■ L L>J> k V, Nttitc, *priJ i«*inral Nu|»t, fcc« lk*a aJJkd 1ft harbUM W»r *( *4M> <w* ■ Slight iJ(«T prniTH'Tr- TTtTTWT7------------------------- *□»*[.r™Mi« i4y«r.nftlltli PLAINRGL HAW FOL Kit KA '.AUl W> AH IL-ARA ARI AS T.P|_L_ m LL bttSCRyA HPN5 ,r, PHCFJLE: K , 4| WA: Am L ba. a FIELH, _ MITHWt: bmj IUTF: 1 Oct. IMA WWB MAI 111 UHEL pH: E.c. (st): Depth to tfl. Ittiperm. Layarr 227 rm 7.IS 2.a i lf000 Fruliflli 1 n conflnli.R layer At 64 [■! lap. at 170 CM. 440cM. Sill FEAT IMS: Site In Fluid lev<tll»d lai <■ rll plnntud. Chit* to volcanic c«w< at!.«»«, not isrrnLly I'liiriA* >h Guild* val icy. Ml lit in 5 da B <j nd not f ield CIB40l> * PRofitr characteristics Horn tun ColMr Structure Po» ei Teaturr Cd*is. islenre Cfl qcrrl Inn s NottlIng Salls pH haul obo z u r» w X' E <* ak tn o +■ >. L. «r £3 3 >. 3 »- X i* E *■ KF * t/1 £ C ♦J L> v a: Sa r* -J 1 0 41 ■■ Bbl - I 2X hcb* 30cb 1.1 ■ l.oco 7.43 1 41 66 150 IDYR 3/J ftC lOji 4/3 nc M5L F5<X Cm CD, M 151 I fib. P * f J? 1 1 A.l Y.aliulitly wilt. F** l»®« (tlirciui. tew line wrily FtfOCU- Bate cmikeeCioiib. Cvidrnct of platy 11ruciai h ( with aot* Liiady___ litfJLLA, — 66 c« et - - - ei 1 4 IOI1 1/7 4W> - - 1.1 n l.ow 1-3 i 1 .COO 3 A.I to - - II ■ 10 105 nd •1 miR i/I iw - *■• r F 3 c f e £ I r i •i H •bH f t ■ f F n C kscl Vul variable >4«rl kMl Inerkvimr. - 1I tr -It ft flbo* lOOr .IM 1 7.15 7.33 7 JS *v - o |m «• *■ P* Ht J1V 2.5 m I.OM 4 A.l frL Hoi al. Cl fly apfetri to Mvf ■ 1 ififet |IflflulflF ttat'ir*- C4Uti|inr( SI. Mciiuir, Ttitiur* Mtkr war 1 Mb 1 *. Cunpact, Mil 3 b AUGE 205 IM 2 70 - IOTP J/l n-j JSCL - en WWC at 4 Hint Z4tf Text U.K variaiii*. 2 70 150 - intR 1/2 CcMwin Bed •liar. nn C - Mil IB r« it r V* Mb*■«t within peJs. tM lHcu.lt Lv lU|lf , MSP- Ml 7dD «•* IOTA 1/2 Ci wnn Bed . iiiar. •> v. Haiti. TtttBtE Tjiiiti|». 7 550 440 4M 4411 ARU (•> - FSCX - fl vfi 99 (11 2.1 ■ 1 .WOO cw h/1 5 A « 10TX 3/2 Fe» !Ine ■IMI »■- ■ P ■V - - IOTP 1/2 - c ith.rs - Teitiit* lose E tala variaLle, wiirf Bandy. nolil . eictreoely w»t tn 11 up > i it | » j ik-1 , VP t. 9 > - "F ---------- -------------------- ------------------- BoundaryIWJtH frmiUMU HAli Ft« nurz. SADI K'.u Ml mitt Ml I AS :_____________________________ MHl I'ftonu UBSIRVAHtflL ram lit l 4n AH [A VTlBAftA FIELH* M 4,5 Al 11 HI* MAU DAI 1 5tli Oct. i-»l GROUND UAltR LEVEI TIB ca |)M J.Ji E.C. (St): l.u • ib1 Prjilii Io Del. ]spri*. Layer; 5111 rUTmiES; file in I laid f nr iwrlacc 11 u igiLiiMi Lhi <mt wiiillr turEawtd, md iioL jilnuFtod. 5-m#C«cc *uiy Nu «v l«J* nee of h<L knir j/ji 1 Liort y , Straitlhatico in I'll I vi Alibi v nit dl I Ir f ir[ I || K«i Uyer n jju c«p fiputly d ■ t i tic J nioritr LWflAi mi[51 its Jtariioft Colour strut t«re Ja«»1 Tpiturr Cons lilrri r Com ret ions Mullllnq Si Hl P« o z fltCMlkl & o 4m. ! £ U c 3 <3 it. Moist f o u * M VI a- r ■ E o r~ C w M t.n ** i* £ f 4J n >. k— £ 4d r .? * LA <* g Jn ut *J eba c r Niiiir i itiir * 1 0 to *■■ IDYE J/J ed Noae obi ■ 1 CL - ii i 4 !? 7.1 a ID’ 1. li | A. 1 • u Aliaoic 4 i ji Fl*m fifty routt* ibk dtruciu|« to 25 cu uppiiui . t 60 ji <H) ■ €• IO1W J/l NOILc uLk. Sc* lead in' u 1 SI. JEm, juidHukar iijkpr* an,cn, r CT - ii CcCD | i.l ■ ID’ ♦ ,JA 2 A3 r no dal I ii1I v itrucEura. 1 11 <M) 76 CM luift 1/J Huns i.'jib i •1 - Nun ubli F5 i 111 E? Ni ill I-1 icr cJ - - ml SL. Ndin, Noriiori uf ujcinble IhickiLeip aiG-uod pit. 4 fd ( mo) yw v*i hl«l» 1QYR 5/1 Ncirar i>L a. . *« See 1 ” Rai JC> » M ik’ inn 11. ) 4 VF5 - i III r Hkrain i hAC-rs .J 7b■ 10' 6.12 I A.n Al BOM rfijf. CoJouiin! | |(4itl U t* thin pl itf BccuHZtuic 5 ■>0 (mu) IHA nd lur ria lOTi )/l V, w-irrlnL cri)<J i ih/ ■- - •• Jbi LFII - vl r Uh J”; CH COj Hl »Ib. 1.0 a 10' JH 5 A3 thiial , »ciy coD|ia< t. Di il Inn.live mjttleJ ippoarance. IV DEE AUCFM *G_ fi Ifli J JO - ICITS J/J F«r flaw, weak, VB-i ib - - - - - LFS randiug CO FSCI. Jr nt pu Mnnti i kier cd - - ■V III MilllC. TVKttfTI li*L'EfB[ng »L, be4.wLer w|tl, diptli^ J no 4B0 - 1DH )?2 Ai nliuvn - FMX i CL • £r Ji UN Rmie b im cd I.U a IO* i.n b A.l ff an V. jooiiE , lTccjilun.il tlijlic augar paluJi. -99-WlOfllEi I 41? €R(MJWD WARR LEVEL ph: E-C. (SE); Dtplh Io Rrl, Imp^rn, layer Finn: x 3<rii SITE FIHU'EV Site in unji | HnL«<«l fie 14, Svllici rely pnwdrcv wlicn dry; pnckeli Ln pit larr». llur 1 foi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Colour — Strut lure ?(Xri TE*lur r font Utercr Twit re I tait£ Moll 11 nit Sfliu pH Rrfflirbi fc e u. a JO F 5 J Ufl E c- u. tbk ft ■< ■r L- 1 JO HoUt 10 Yt V3 Bu» ■ *j TD c !3 1 >. 0 cW M 3 u*> c1 f■ c1 f III 4-» HI LI i’ □ fi V y * OE s 1 i o *— & WX E Jt 1 £ 2 L* CL ch • <r 4* PS 6'j ?■ d lid Him 3/i inn 3/3 wm 3/3 On Hatria of vni table lmIaml. kdmblch pl-ir dcjivi it r . ■ a. 1 nt •rVciidr it Iht*i* ofFSCI i. EFT fr • » r» ft X *• X *■ hn rtO M >l«> lift no lift 1111 •»u nn no nn fc,9 ■ i.CKX. ■ 1 JIUU J.V 7.4J mi I A.l “ 2 63 to AlflVfti lr>- Few llor CMli, B Si, Kalat. lew t(ft« rsoCb, j 65 IIEI ft -, Jilt -VlJ LW Btf e 1 ft 4 BtLI 1*1 INC ti i Ut| ■ tin F - vtr vfr ttircftlftf; MKirr ;iriJj at 1 M'iri* Hl j'* n* P" 3-J ■ i.onn 3 _ t> K 1 f000 J ■■ a.a 4 A.D Si Italai, Jldii-ndat y ralh»r ■rbiccAty. tio AIM7E ri* r uf> e I f ) ,60 rV 51 M>Lie. Very nwj>*ct bel«v 115 -*j lucrei»« ift a.ind nrnctat. IW nu - lr 15 ?■ 6 2 70 Z/Q J BU - 10m V2 ■ Ora 3/1 no 3011 - I0TI 3/1 2CL L.S ZC. *n-e ■ ainly layeri - wii n< F" Til t 1' NuLAE EV e lb»i it tv vet *•.(> ■V V. Not 11 to ■mi, Cimpflrt. iftfifiiftnnlile kayvr. »»rm i.ppcr bwwiiiliir y 111 QualityHASllK UR/illlACL FHVi 101 I* I FA SA|>| AND AN1I1AM ABLAS : lull I’MUf IL I <MU RATIONS I’RL/IlE: t 4 2<J WOUI0 WAI TA UVEL pll: EX. (St): depth Re I. Imp* rm, Lajer! *»EA ALGE7A * 1JTrt* haw 123 cm 7.5 O.V ■ i rOOU |«U >«w (St d.i>j|»| M4t»l ] ntin am i a SHE FEATURES: 0411: 4 (kt. Site it till* ul cut Lun ! i« I <1, appius *■ tenia f i c I <1 f^Ktrw eppadri only ilichlly lalgv iHlwbcr of bo I I ■ , «!|il u**F Srii IfliVM; arrmn. 1 .D -I S* tall; I'priF H I nhWMithlMHS - ---------------4 Iter if cm Calmir Structure Porei Irxlu-re Tim KI folk Cone re IInm Mgttllng Mlti pH ii Cr * r M T> c a o Multi e u t D U_ *• W4 s Li *• ■■ E ?. »* >S C a fcte > t & X F- X •-* •kJ c 3 CT «l N Li z * a F J c □ 4-« i-J uT 52 1 Cl to d IOYM J/J F«w vcd. 11 nW kA •U * 1 C f T * CL - vlr ■B M 1*0 rvi no LO ■ HID B. 1 A.B ci Neill. Few line tkIi. SlritCtUr* .»fy «r«Atl. i a- (X i 2 40 IDO cs Wil 3/7 H- ■ no BO no - - e I t ■ F5CL alt bb r“ 61■ lOO B <H 7 A.I I* Hu lit. Ihlh bdikilM or ttHiul, Mini in huritun I cut uro variable. 1 f ti» «HJ fW mi* J,A A 100 /./J IUL1 itu nJ icir» 1/2 FW a S, LFS - - ) A.ft C¥ J - W»*t- Traiurr Appeal» Cu Imclmw Lrvvicr with depth. lUtlier vatinbl 1 r- 1 JWlflf t IING 4 I-.0 1411 - IDIA J/l Iwi 1C *14 >n li>. ' I' 1. 1 N IDO H.I4 4 A lid Hndil: (w Illi in pedd>,. Ainu nl 5 1X0 A-kIJ - I01A >/7 Iku rsct. - n HU 1 pn f. Mill IB It. 1 *J *HiiAiriftl.t PLM IU» MUM SftDt W AMI&AM AflEAS ; SOIL i'ITflH 0<i S [ R/A ■ I ON S- MWlLf: r, 4J| GROUND UAltR LEWI MIA: 254 cm* HELIW 4/7/11 JI SITE FIATLWE5: Will* n, MTI I 25 Del ihrt: 11.4. l.C. (M }< Depth to Rel. 2.0 Ciitlu lew wiOt winy. >.M*H flniii| down Ni t 19 cn*. 4l0ci<«m 2 be lie ro rap diet, pri^Ahly |i]ov|ii Rftlu. lmper», Hyer: 300 ewrt HIWIU C.HIW*r liBISTtCS liar p izon Colour Strut dirt Por« Irihin? 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U flr :1 £F ™ ft a* a fl =3 W ft 3g R- F VI K :: E ■*■ 3 H g fl -* i ■p in = fl w 0 ■ V w H H 0 1 V A 1 n ii n ii ii i 1 JOHAS1UI_ LiHA]Mf,( J1AI4 TGft ItflEA SAW AHU AHU'MeA MHJU ; SUII IW ILL 0L.LWA11UIS E 41J GMUMNU WATER LEHI ptt: EX. (SEh Depth to Rtl. Layer HAE5C0 Millirm: KM "|mU; 1 |fov, 1«4 125 n. dh 1.0 1 1.000 Finn: ; t i SITE FEAlUAFSt Hudet4ta arjtfid iif LaiiAHAB. CHA“*rnn!5Tir\ llo riion Colour Structure Tp' et Traturr tonsHlentc Mptt>log r wvcrttlcffli SalU 1>1I Rc*tr hi Mobil 2 e LL. t T7 £ 3 O cQ A* * K» e o u. w H UA V r E to X •F- r V N V> 1 u 17 iB At £ 17 <16 Rft 125 bOTW 7/J - e f r X B. <5 vh XJ 1 u £ V •M fi fri * p - - - n.d > J 4 I0TH J/l - ■ fri - - - 4.7 M loo 4.7 x 100 rf mvR j/j - •Kh abb ■ bte ■bh c 7 1 k 7 m f - IUTJL 1/1 c e c 1r ■ r • t IB MI lc 74,1. ICL - * ip BA *r » ■r 1- - - ‘1 1 - i r< i - 5.9 X 100 4.1 X loo b.4 si. J. u4 DtJ r AiH4i H1NC 5 (i 7 125 250 10YR 1/1 IOTR 1/1 ' IOTA 1/1 - ZCILJ IC C 1(1 - - - no no l«0 - - Iri fl fl Tri fl "• >- - HO JflO - - 1- - B 4 50 IOH 1/1 - - r 11 - - - - — H Hou: ________________LiKAIU.' •. I L Mi FOR HUM 5A0I AND Art I SARA. RMLAL . iOlL MWfLt DUS [ B W A11LMI5 ►Sfllt IWJLE OBSrHVAJinwS MtOFlU : Bi0L"“» WATEft L(Hl pit: r.c. (SE); °'PU' lo Rel, I"Prrm, Uyer: flfl □: SJTf FEATURES; MOTILE rimtlERIMICS lie U' ff.cn -—- Colour Structure Pore I Texture CwiUlrnce Cmcrvt 1cm totlNng SiHt pH Rci*h £ ,E f? lx. ■a i— £ 13 1 Knit E •? a iM irt K 13 K X JM ** c * H1 Irt >. 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M ■■ ■■ ■- £ S -3 « 4 r ■«t i as M Ld s? n W QvaM- ty a - 1" Sue n 5 R * :fl .□ * 7r * • -ST fl iH A R » < ■» i- § - VM i? g- o 8. ■ ufl fll r* V» ■** • *> MW >» » ■i » > 6 i • ■ !>*pc1e 5c. T a < < fl fl ■ ■ JUsc:!^ uj WC1 i: 5i t: »• ’IT « « Rl 2i 's ! • H -< ■ tfr ft “ o n n i «C S- *■ ■ '1 = 1" 1 «B- ■ a. " ZL £3 an F1 ■«■ w -» s£ *• < ? ■ r» r « F £. IK "■ PI =r K? ■» « ■» *■ i 's’ r— » * ■» Ml £ ■R fl ?r ■ H Er Rt ■i n ft “ E ? c. R1 : ? i a * c* R" «< B ■* B fl R- R • "g -I? n « z • ■ ■ —J 1 -J I II II 1 1 » w n 0 II II II n n ii H I It’iillh F Oft I |[ LM sly | AMlJ w L D A<(A M|CM so 11 RDf n E CH I'. r IM HUI4S War HE: n UI W: HAK’Jcfl FIUD: i c 1 MWW tlAHH irviL pH: SITE f EMINES: 5l*« in AbBaukirWJ li«ld, M. Sadi EC. (Stl: Urpth to del, l^erm. L»y<?r; lw LM 6.4 l.fi 10,000 g,ra>» caver, ft“ bmrc b !«£** IrIl hare. blacker patch. |i x Horhan Colour Slrudiirr Tores mOflLf niARACIIBl5T|CS Coni Utrnce Texture (ntir rrl Ians Nul11ln$ 2 L> u £ £ it E 3 O C3 Halil E □ u. M Ln ■> T> L_ *j fel c 3 w M in iHallnrt iL 5 rut .-15 cm (Whitt) **J It* 1 0 6 CB IOTP 4/) no A bit 7 c I r • Cl 1J I ■^1 un I 6 MJ *» 10TB J/2 few f. diat. Kl ■toll « c 1 c I i tffsn. J 30 51 d lOTB 1/2 c.M. B* • - - c 1 i 7 Cl LU.LWU. 6.9 - 10,000 1.5 » lo.ouu ch not* material• * 5(1 110 M nd IOTK 1/2 ■ - - c f i * ECL.VF5CL Den Ai" rj ING CrtJu.il textural ' g,r»4«t *o«* - 5 IdU 7.20 - lUTft 3/2 - W«5Cl. 6 J 70 7?0 - luyt j/2 - EC ■light Ly f li t 770 450 - IOVR 1/7 EC * VFSCL 4 50 ^30 - loin V7 VHCL * Hare Hirdr __ ■ ■ ■ ■ m l IB B1H >11UllAlHAGI L*U 10* HELM LAbi AHU MliaAwA ARIAS SUH FlrQfllL C-V.t » VA1 jtwv PftQf HE; K 420 M(A MlLKA 1«H DAIL ! 1 *“■ ' 7B4 rjuiwu waieh trvEL pH! £. C. (5£)i 1 tM-ptli Io AeU li/tr 150 '• * ■« 4./ Finn- F 3/2/19 SITI ft MIMS Flat UK* Al.uitaJ-rvcJ riHlun fleldl I’**' Ain IICU: *K Kd prr»itkMI yent , •l 5wt-arle»iaai rix »ri« ib-c-C >441 c» PWlU HkWACTf RIST ICS ■ Iforhon Colour Struct lire Porn tetlwrt f nn ikter Kf -— c Oftrrr LltMH Dry MpKI Hill 11 IM) Si Hi pH Werfi.tr k\ t- ■a V C 3 2 iU £ £ 1 0 10 Cl E o M- tU H •T* k* * •u 4 i_ O w- *■» +-■ c* -w 1 wfl i? C3 M W. £ i-i *J 3 £ 1 Mr •* vn o z: ■i J o 55 5s ion 4/2 3/2 ■4k ■ 2 E c L vl t ■ W I •. 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SL‘h Fl Di ll I LK.[ WAI IUIS flltn: P 1/W Siu HATLRES | AHIH'N: »AI> j D*1E: JI M pH: 7.5 E.U (St); J,5 ‘ lit* Site in cotton fir Idt Awn In 5<Ultt*eill Project Finn, Cotton very htwnted^ ipprai 50 lM& Mgh hit with iM-pth to Ro I . I a rye no. of ofcn bo lit. IcprrH. Uyer; W»kf OlA’lACTf DIM | C5 Moriiun Colour Structure Pores Teatwro 1 <*•! Hlence f*|r retlDIU fettling S»H» EMI Remarks «• T3 EE Maili us E II I? ■5 5 ■M u L-’J E E ■H >. •-* c* Id £ hl »» »• !£ fi i Y E 111 1 ■ - LT +* E■ +. o — "a. ■ n W1 b 55 1 D 4Q bO ID rfi J/l /t ii- 4 D>IQZ 4.1 p Hut pq->\llilc |g Identify it rue lure, etc. becaum of 7 ■ ZC /€ fr i dt u re led LDfuJIliani ii site. Al L i*mi 1 * L1 om af - £i t, l» nd nd nd 4 40 flfl 170 170 IbD • • £C with swr YES >. P Z.Biifl2 2,QmIO2 LSiW2 rfl H.O 7.9 nd -hifl in iul|!riinrfirr6l Ing tide marki) on side* of pit. So hl Ace LfMtai 111 pnS citrewly sticky. il ipiwry. KEF’ AUGLflJfe. *0 deep Avyerlng cirri rd □wl it till s site beeause uf qrLrrwly wet condition, jail tending ta flow off auger. i <- 1WSILh LMUlHACr PLAII r DO HU fA SAU1 MD AlHEAAA AREAS ; SOIL I'EOf 111 0IU4 WAllDHS PROFILE i K W GROUW HA1LH LEVEE pH: EC. (5£)t Depth to Rai. Impfirm. I.ayer; tone observed 5ITE fFMtfiES: SH< In cotton field. Cotton approx Im tall, nppelrs tlromj. Site approj. 15 * Tro™ access track along side of field, within 20 approx ef supply canal. Itarlzar Colour Structure PjjrCS r rwHlStf«KP Cnncrrt Ions Mottling dH 5 t 3h *• c 3 +j * IM izi □ j £ e e Li_ o £ «■ ■n E 1 Holst f I? £J I □ SO c I 10 YR 3/1 • irk vc. c 3 c f < Kb 2 50 no 9 I 10 YR 4/3 - st* «a ? c f f HI uh th sh Salls V* 2 10 2 2.5alOZ 3 00 115 M 10 YR 4/3 Fe* f dlst. RO 01 - - r f I.5mI0Z i.oit2 b.3 B-6 8.J 8.2 | 4 MS 135 - 10 YR 5/2 - v9 - - lr- □bl ZE 7CI urstL 5. LS 1 I 2.WO* 5 115 153 * 10 YR 4/3 - ■ - - » II VT SEC th vM fl vfr 1 vfr • Si 1 ►* £ i. 1' 55 nt np so po ll t» IO |W 3Jx1D? B.a fi.1 Very well deM<luprd structure. strong <rickm<| t« SO tws. Mor* compact Iwrirori- x>w transport of clay down cracks. Goiw transport of clay do-n cracks to this her IIBB. Ibrupt teiluraI change. Thin toriion; similar to J. 5 !■! lar to *1 6 153 I/O not det 10 YR 5/2 - - 1■ s9 - 1 ls — OEtF A4JG.EI IIHS; - 7 MO 290 10 YR 5/2 s. LS VI-SEE a 290 390 10 YR 4/3 zc - hi f1 M< I 9 J Mil 420 7.5 YR 5/6 to po Si fU ss pi _ 420 4 70 ______ ________ 10 YR 3/2 — _------- ------------- - — ■ liidJual lecture ^raihtion into; jfajxL- ------------- •— —----------------------- toHt Or a111c becoming wet al Mil rmi strong colour change. feMture becoming heavier with depth. zc - vfi IS PS 10 Silt ________________ 1.OSHI DMijjy.t PLA*. roi mr/jjl m* ahihm* KMX II L: MlLtl- AM she rr*imES: CRQWI0 IMTP II*Tl taw r«<:ouM.r»J. |>ll t.C |M4: Depth to net [•perm. Layer: Site lewlrd in <<.»•<•» H.W................................... •» rr"Mr* SO «l <« tall, ■>-< <»« very flood stand - Fat-hnr palihy. ‘0 hr iHMArumsTics fnncrct*Ofli I ii I ou r Id TH </> 10 Y« J/J 10 YR 3/1 10 TH J/3 Ytry variable levtvrcr ef fect .Ju Id 1.Jr Id ol wit l»et ions ? _______ Abrupt texture change: possible cunflnhiq Uycrl Imturtf towcMiat varlibke, lllght l*airwr llnKture? - 10 YR 3/2 10 Vk */J lr»Lurr$ very uniform below I5S Al 300 l«4, inuring bu l urn I ng very difficult - compact layers; Soil refimved fro* iu«rr hole very powdery. 0-nloM 155 toll Kat very low moisture contentMA _■ 11 R_L£f. !liAM_H AU «*J* l*A SABI Ahl' AM J U ARA Mil Ab : _ J.4J11L PPlH 11 L UCSEjl V A1IDII5 PR0FIU-. t4J6 GROUW WATER LtVEL ARIA: An 1 bar a Appro* 1G5 cun FIELD: S!TC RATIRIS! Uncultivated a ped corner of Field, fuf-rtwi! for surface Irrigation, Adjacent lo cotton Reid but large bare palkh In Field adjacent tu slid, Site within 1(H) m of cinals. PPOfUF CHARACTER ISUfS Ho riion Colour Structure P ores leulure C<>r. 5 htrne e Gmc ret l on < RrmVk.} HollHnq Sells pll £ F U o »- 2? w5 13 c a 3 Hoist +■ c us ?. i ( 0 77 9 I * no >. 1 w V «± 5 iw 2 i 4 5 OLE 2? 65 110 1 J‘j 65 ■ 110 - 135 - 10 IB 3/3 10 TR 3/2 10 TR 3/2 10 YR 3/2 IQ TR 3/2 f. f, wk Re - RO ■ ■ c f c r E f *.ft 1 n M 0tl‘. ZCI YFSCl KI K £ - - - - rl r - Ir fr fr t Si. pi 51 . np it. pi v■ pt - • •» .-1 n© ■ 6.flrlOJ 4.U1O3 ■ A.JalO3 7.6 hi 7.6 • - 2.6tlO3 ■ IGO Hot de - - • zc - fr it. pt • H 2.0a IO3 7.7 7.6 aMtlib lleeer deposits - pun , jid raoU. Sleekksb nodules, block/ shale, _ htflthtrintl_________ _______ ____ fore ccuRMct iwrUon walherlnj sbeleT Frature sin. Io Sori?an 1, I ao GJ I ■ - ; A4IC4 160 (ING 420 - Ijrge propH. VfS in profile lertunu tfirialile. tery conpict layer below 470 £■> 10 VR 3/7 « nsu • zc zc - - - 10 Y« 3/7 - 7 420 460 - vH - n. M» P -------------- — -------- -— — - ---- ~ -- ._________ _ 1— «LS *- ■ 1 -h ----------------1 Hals:-84- 1 6 I k I I « D II » ■I11 11 I II I I H II II j 0 II II l< H I I 1 -85- AFPCTD1X B puriCLZ size dlstmbutiob or son samplei i OQ Qi I-97/ Silt S«nd Frofilt Depih (cal City 0-2u FL3t Mtd. Co«r*» 2-6 6-10 20-60 Toiil 6-60u Fiat 50-200 Mad. Coarse ratal Texture 200-600 600-200 60-lX£ 40) - L -1 -3 -4 0- 10 50-LOO 100-130 150-190 37 ia >6 17 71 22 18 40 15 n 16 13 74 26 75 13 27 27 69 13 2 5 9 - -2 ■* 5 9 16 1 1 18 Z(C)L IL IL XL 4D4 - 1 -2 -J -4 -5 -6 -7 0- 75 23- 55 55- 70 70-140 140-190 250 350 1 27 15 35 13 85 « 19 30 12 51 17 13 19 32 >4 19 19 32 16 47 3 3 JO SO 63 22 21 )J 17 76 *7 24 S’ 10 51 62 32 .i.a. J 10 4 29 J ■1 i1 8 IQ 29 14 32 1 2 Z(C)L | ia. EL EL EL XL EC 405 - I -: -3 -4 -5 ’4 -7 -4 — 0- 30 30- 40 ftO- B5 85-100 100-185 * 30C -w 14 17 36 33 68 13 17 30 IS 71 14 24 30 12 76 16 2 10 LO 3 - 13 ■ 6 *■ 2 10 21 23 54 - 79 ---- a 19 33 32 B4 a -- 1 ■=• •«• - - —— 19 in 36 13 59 - - 29 36 65 7 11 12 17 3 5 35 EL EL EL XL X XL XL uD6 - I -2 -1 -4 0- -5* 45-140 140-195 3 SO 13 13 27 3D 30 n 23 44 16 83 20 27 53 - SO w 25 U i: 58 7 w7 31- 4 ---- 6--« XL EL ZL ECL -*DT - 1 -J -1 -4 o- n 55- 90 90-130 iK-iao w 26 20 3 47 » 25 20 15 60 6 17 28 34 79 20 17 35 13 67 7 3 3 13 4 4 z 10 11 2 2 15 * 6 5 4 13 XC(L) XCL XL XL 401 - J “ • -3 -4 -5 fl- 10 30- 83 85-123 125-140 140-190 23 33 25 a a 15 20 50 T 9 •) 13 25 24 4 53 25 35 13 73 6 13 26 45 16 43 9 68 4 4 2 10 2-- •* 3 1 4’ 4 **4 tl)L XCL T» L XCL 40? - 1 -2 -3 -4 0- 40 40- 50 W-134 136-165 n in 5 a 22 17 22 71 22 33 U 66 6 10 11 37 17 20 29 61 6 6*- 6 6 33 3 - Si 29 1 1 31 ZL 2 CL SL XL 4ja • i *2 -J -4 fl- M 30-73 75-L30 130-130 22 19 4] A 68 34 IB 36 6 60 25 2D 33 13 66 IB 21 29 19 69 5J19 3216 53 LO 2 I9 13 IL XCL XL XL 411 - 1 -2 -3 -4 -5 0- 15 35- 90 W-L35 130 300 1 11 1 21 36 24 22 12 M 4 2 6 33 7 63 4 3 2 9 67 14 9 6 29 2 2 32 29 27 7 63 3 2 30 18 76 13 47 7 1 - 3 4 5 ZCL XCL C XCL XCL 412 - 1 -2 -3 ’4 5 0- 30 30- 70 70-135 1BD 230 U) H 11 2D 12 34 17 9 60 ia 35 16 69 1 24 23 24 73 4 1 7 215 2ft 26 !• IB 31 JO 69 1 11 4 w 19 n4217 XC<Ll 11 ZL XL XLOD □t I i BAPPENDIX C COtfPOTER PROGRAM TO SOLVE THE CORRECTED GLOVKR-DCMM KQOATION AND GENERATE WATKRTABLE RECESSIONSCalculation of Subsurface Drain Spacings by Computer The computer program® listed in thia Appendix has been written to facili tate rapid repetitive calculations of drain spacings and to generate water table recessions. The program is based on Equations 43, 41, 12 and 10 of ILRI Publication 16, Volume 2 (Ref 5) and because the solution for L is explicit, iterative procedures are required- Equation 43 represents the Corrected Glover-Dumni Equation; equations 41 and 12 calculate the value of d (Hooghoudt’s equivalent depth) and TT (rime averaged hydraulic head), and equation 10 calculates the value of Fg required in the solution of equation 12« To generate watertable recessions, the equation proposed by Dunnn (equation 37), which assumes an initial watertable having the shape of a fourth degree parabola, was modified. The modified equation is shown in the explanatory text which precedes the main program, and the modification ensures that the value of h calculated for the recession agrees with rhe o corresponding value provided as input data. The use of the work ’modified* in this context should not be confused with the Modified Glover-Dmnn Equation, which has rather different connotations * Thia ccwputer program is copyright of Sir William Hal crow & Partners•51Wl ( d, 01 QllQn) JI dUDA (0001 '• ) < .LrfOU , / > 1W J ?K.? <110? *•) lllJfl Z t DI DO 9 * urn J 'J Z 01 01 ( .A . 3H OHO*. > Jl OlOA Wl * > ’J < riuHii .• > jtic? ctioz '«) jilsn j I 01 00 t» 03 kill) JJ * <rnj '/if ♦# •£> m^flj »i« l 1 )VH *(!>•! < H0Z ’Mrn I 311 JA I nI M ' <6 • I IDT Dd 3 01 05 ro il in JE <£ JU /II ‘I OU •< <M) 1 DM 130 J$ Ml Mud ,> JVM¥OJ £<G? <•*!« < I '1 CffOJ ’KH1> HUH it JU *211 '» OU *t (ll> 0 H1J3C tUOOhOOOH .> AWMdOJ £147 GM *U Url •di < nos 'mi □ 1 HR Zll * > OU ‘ ,< hi > IVlH OVIM OJOVIlAI-JMl1 r) IVUlOj 1 Hr? f <¥>•11 *<¥>•] * ¥11* 1 1 IO> MAD 11 ion (EX* -(€)•] ‘01 <010? ' Wfl 1 > >1 I1A O>*M CU V1 *1 < HOI mi JI 11ft w cr I <r ivn m m *1H < 000/ "wnii !l IIH CU»M <U*1 *DH i ZODZ 'HAD Ji ISA ( UOM '(Uli ‘AW ( 100? 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