IMPERIAL ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT
AWASH VALl.f Y AUTHORITY ADDIS AHAB A
MF.LKA SAD1-AMIBARA PROPOSED
*
IRRIGATION PROJECT
STUDIES AND SURVEYS
VOI - SOU S( IFNCICONTENTS
PART I -
PART II -
PART Ill-
GENERAL REPORT
STUDIES AND SURVEYS
VOL. 1 - HYDROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY VOL. 2 - SOIL SCIENCE
VOL. J - GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY
VOL. 4 - IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
VOL. 5 - AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK
VOL. 6 - ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS VOL. 7 - SOCIOLOGICAL AND HEALTH ASPECTS OUTLINE OF THE PROJECTIMPERIAL ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT
AWASH VALLEY AUTHORITY
ADDIS ABABA
MELKA SAD1-AMIBARA PROPOSED
IRRIGATION PROJECT
FEASIBILITY STUDY
PART 11
STUDIES AND SURVEYS
VOL. 2 - SOIL SCIENCE
Rome, July 1969CONTENTS
1.      INTRODUCTION
2.  GENERAL FEATURES OF THE STUDY AREA
2. 1       GEOMORPHOLOGY
2.2       drainage
2. 3      VEGETATION
2.4       SOIL FORMATION FACTORS
2.4.1        Parent Material
2.4.2        Climate
2. 4. 3 Relief
2. 4. 4 Time
2. 4. 5 Man
3.      SOIL CLASSIFICATION
3.           1 CRITERIA AND METHODS
3. 2 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL MAPPING UNIT 3. 2. 1 Mapping Unit No. 1
3. 2. 2 Mapping Unit No. 2
3’. 2’. 3 Mapping Unit No. 3
3. 2. 4 Mapping Unit No. 4
3. 2. 5 Mapping Unit No. 5
3. 2. 6 Mapping Unit No. 6
3. 2. 7 Mapping Unit No. 7
3. 2. 8 Mapping Unit No. 8
3. 2. 9 Mapping Unit No. 9
3.2.10      Mapping Unit No. 1 0
3.2.11      Mapping Unit No. 11
3. 2. 12 Mapping Unit No. 12
3. 3 CONCLUSIONS
Page 1
5
5
6
6
9
9
9 1 0
12
12
14
14
14
14
16
17
19
21
24
26 26 27 29 31 32
32Page 35
4.      LAND CLASSIFICATION
4. 1
4.2
CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATIONS
land classes description
4.2.1         Class 1 - Arable Land
4.2.2        Class 2 - Arable Land
4.2.3        Class 3 - Arable Land
4.2.4         Class 4 - Limited Arable Land 4.2.5        Class 6 - Non-arable Land
35
39
39
40
41
42
42
4.   3 CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX - LABORATORY ANALYSES ON SOIL SAMPLES TABLES
1    - SAMPLE OF PROFILE FIELD SHEET
2    - SAMPLE OF PROFILE FIELD SHEET
3    - HECTARES OF SOIL MAPPING UNITS
4    - LAND CLASSIFICATION SPECIFIC AT ION-DETAILED LAND CLASSIFICATION
5    - HECTARES OF LAND CLASSES AND SUBCLASSES OF THE GROSS CLASSIFICATION AREA
43MAPS
1   - SOIL CLASSIFICATION (Volume 2. Map 1. Sheet 1)
2    - SOIL CLASSIFICATION (Volume 2. Map 1, Sheet 2)
3  - LAND CLASSIFICATION (Part II, Volume 2, Map 2. 
4  - LAND CLASSIFICATION (Part II, Volume 2, Map 2, 
Sheet 1)
Sheet 2)
5   -     LOCATION OF SOIL PROFILES (Part II, Volume 2,                           Map 3, Sheet           1)
6    -     LOCATION OF SOIL PROFILES (Part II, Volume 2,                           Map 3, Sheet            2) (These maps form a separate volume)1. INTRODUCTION
Between December 1 5th, 1968 and March 31 st. 1969, soil and land das - sification surveys were carried out on the right-handbankof the Awash Riv er. The gross classification area covers 28, 548 ha.
The main steps involved in the present study may be summarized as fol lows:
PreEminary photointerpretation of the Study Area on 1:10, 000 aerial photographs, in order to identify geomorphological units, the drain age pattern and vegetation associations. The photointerpretation
also made it possible to eUminate rock outcrops from the Area to be studied and to prepare itineraries.
Detailed soil classification at a scale of 1:5, 000, in order to sepa rate the soil into natural groupings and to provide information for land classification.
Detailed land classification at 1:5,000 scale, in order to establish the extent and degree of suitability of the lands for sustained culti vation under irrigation.
As topographic base for the above-mentioned surveys, the 1:5, 000 topo graphic maps and the 1:20, 000 reduction obtained therefrom were used. The 1:10, 000 air photographs were also great help.
In all, 1,682 soil profiles were examined. These were generally regular ly distributed on a 400 x 400 m grid and were about 1.5m deep, though five percent of profiles reached 2.5 m. In addition, 1 4piezometers were drilled down to 35-45 m (see Vol. 3, Part II). About 400 test holes were also sunk to determine exactly the limit between the soil units and be tween the land classes, and where only one or two profiles showed char acteristics different from those of the surrounding profiles.
Each profile was described in a field sheet according to the standards of the U.S. Soil Survey Manual. A sample field sheet is given in TableB 1 and 2. The sheets include the following notations: locality, profile number, physiography, slope, surface drainage, parent material, ero-I- 2 -
SAMPLE OF PROFILE FIELD SHEET
Miopia MELKA - R1LEVAMENTO PEDOLOGICO SCHEDA DI CAMPAGNA
Data 25/11/68
LOCALITA'
SlGLA della STAZIONE
FOTO No.
01/3/W
FISIOGRAFIA
PENDENZA
DRENAGGIO ESTERNO
SUBSTRATO PEDOGENETICO              ALLUVIONI EROSIONE          1DRICA MOD. 1NCANALATA PETROSITA’               ASSENTE
ERODIBILITA' IDRICA MEDIA
ROCCIOSITA'
ASPETTO SUPERFICIAL^               PLANEGGLANTE
ASSOCIAZIONE VEGETALE ’’ANGALU" "ADA1TU* " QUALCHE ACACIA A SPINE GRAND1 ISOLATESAMPLE OF PROFILE FIELD SHEET
CAMPIONE No.
Ol/J/W
(0-30)
01/3/W
(30-80)
01/3/w
(80-150)
OR1ZZONTE
PROFONDITA' cm
LI MITE
COLORE ASCIUTTO
COLORE UMIDO
TESSITURA
STRUTTURA
POROSITA' DIMENS.
POROSITA' FREQ.
CONSISTENZA
DRENAGGIO INT.
CONCREZlONI
EFFLORESCENZE
FENDITURE
RIVESTIMENT1
Ficce di Pressione
ATT1V.. B1OLOG1CA
RADICI
EFF. ALL'HCl
SCHELETRO
ALTRE CARATTERISTICHE
I
0-30
CHLARO
LINEARE
10YR 3/4
10YR 3/2
LIM. ARG.
POL.   ED.   SUB MIN. DEBOLE
0
1
FRIAB.
PL. N. ST
rapido
(LIBERO)
ASSENTI
ASSENTI
VERTIC.
1 cm
ASSENTI
ASSENTI
2
ABB.
FIN1.
DEBOLE
assente
VEDI PROFI
II
30-80
CHIA RO
LINEARE
10YR 3/3
10YR 3/2
LIM. ARG.
POL. SUB TEND. PRISM.
0
1
POCO DURO
PL. N. ST.
NORM.
ASSENTI
ASSENTI MEDIE VERT.
ABB. PSEUDO
MICELI
ASSENTI
I
SCARSE
FINI
DEBOLE
ASSENTE LO No. 0I/4/W
III
80-150
10YR 4/2
10YR 3/2
LIM.ARG.SAB.
POL. SUB
TEND. PRISM.
0
0
PLAS. N. ST.
NORM.
ASSENTI PSEUDOMICELI
MINUTE
VERT.
ASSENTI
ASSENTI
1
SCARSE
DEBOLE
ASSENTE- 4 -
sion, erodability, stoniness, rockiness, surface characteristics, vege tation; horizon depths and boundaries, dry and moist colors, texture, structure, pore size and frequency, consistency, internal drainage, concretions, efflorescences, gravel, effervescence, fissures, coatings, pressure faces, biological activity, arid root distribution.
In Italconsult's Addis Ababa soil laboratory, the following analyses were run on the samples taken from the horizons of profiles: gravel, texture, bulk density, pH, total and active lime, soluble soil salts, and electrical conductivity of saturation extract (see Appendix) (1). Osmotic pressure and total moisture stress (at field capacity) were calculated according
to the procedure set forth in "Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils" (pages 13 and 59 respectively) of the United States Depart ment of Agriculture.
A 1:20, 000 soil Classification Map and a 1:20, 000 Land Classification Map are submitted with this Report (see Map 1 - sheets 1 -2, and Map 2, sheets 1 -2). The soil profile location and number are shown on Map 3, sheets 1-2.
(l) The laboratory analyses given in the Appendix refer to certain pro files in which all the horizons were sampled.- 5 -
2. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE STUDY AREA
2.1 geomorphology
The Study Area lies in the Rift Valley region. Three main geo morphological units may be recognized: the recent alluvial plain,
a series of old fluviatile terraces and volcanic formations of various genesis and age.
The alluvial plain is very recent. Flooding and sedimentation
have only been reduced since Koka Dam has been built.
The river once used to meander through the plain depositing its load as its velocity dropped. The rate of deposition near the main stream must have been considerable since in some cases the river now runs above the level of the plain and is bordered by levees.
Traces of this period of building of the Melka Sadi-Amibara plains, can clearly be seen in the Held and with the help of photointerpre tation, being marked by the presence of old meanders, tributary rivulets, etc; now highlighted by differences in vegetation, es carpments, etc. These phenomena are very important from the point of view of the natural layout pedogenetic parent materials
in the Area. The different types of soils arc distributed in elon gated strips which often run roughly parallel to the river. Fre quent variations in texture occur vertically and horizontally but coarse materials are generally lacking.
The old terrace* dominate the adjacent alluvial plain. In the Study Area at least two terraces are easily visible. The lower one is only a few meters higher than the plain, and the transition is normally very gradual. The higher unit on the other hand is clearly separated from the plain by a sharp escarpment up to
8-10 m high. Isolated remnants of this terrace may be observed in the northern part of the Area.
The older terrace is formed mainly of gravel and cobble, and’ the younger one mainly of sand. The bulk of these materials isof volcanic origin. Morphologically, the higher unit is well pre served because of the presence of a strongly developed calcium carbonate crust of pedological origin which cements the gravels and sand.
The area has known recent volcanic activity which gave rise to many lava flows surrounding the plain and, in some cases, bor dering the terraces. These flows have evidently influenced the course of the Awash which nowadays is cutting its way through the lava in many cases, especially where the materials are more easily erodible and less resistent. A caldera occurs on the plain near Bahadamu, and other peculiar outcrops of various shapes and sizes are present especially near Melka Sadi.
drainage
The external drainage of the Study Area consists of an extensive series of temporary streams descending to the plain from the east and the southeast. They are collected by a larger channel running at the foot of the terraces to the north roughly parallel to the course of the Awash which is separated by a gently undu lating divide, only a little higher than the plain its elf.This stream flows towards Unda Bilen.
To the west from the divide to the Awash River, the drainage is very uncertain and difficult. Many abandoned meanders or parts of meanders are to be noted but there is no clear hydrographic pattern. In some localities small short temporary streams oc cur but the runoff is continuously changing its course. There is
a swamp in the northern part of the Unda Bilen jjlain. VEGETATION
In the Study Area, the vegetation may be subdivided into three large parallel strips running from the river to the alluvial ter-- 7 -
races     in    the     following    order:    the of the river; the alluvial plain as
per terraces and terraces.
tunnel forest along the bank such; and the slopes of the up-
This approximate subdivision varies according  to  the composi- tion of the soil,  the soil humidity  and the degree of degradation caused by man.
The tunnel forest is generally formed by the thickening of vege
tation with typical riparian plants, such as: Tamarix_sp., Ficus
sycomorus, Calotropis procera, Solanum sp. and others. This
type of vegetation nearly always grows on recent alluvial soils
with a high proportion of sand and silt. This strip is not very
broad. It never exceeds 200 m in width, and in some cases is
totally absent.
The flora of the alluvial plain formed by the recent terrace
varies appreciably according to the edaphic factors. Here grows
a "scrub” with Cadraba rotundifolia, Salvadora persica, Grewia
tenax, Sanseviera sp. and* a variety of graminaceae and other
annuals.
Soil consisting of alternations of sandy-silt and clay horizons is
generally found beneath this type of vegetation. In parts where
the proportion of sand is higher there is usually an increase of
Salvadora persica which, together with other plants mentioned
above, forms round shaped thickets where the individual shrubs
are close to one another. However, there are often large empty
spaces between the different patches of vegetation, where thick
therophytes appear after the rains.
Apart from the plants mentioned above, the following plants may
also be encountered inside the thickets: Caralluma rctrospiciens,
C. penicillata, Cissus quadrangularis, Aloe trichosantha, Cissus
S£., and a few isolated Acacia longispina or Acacia tortilis var.
spirocarpa. In the areas where there are human settlements,
such as Debu, Amibara and Algheita, the vegetal association’
described above has been completely destroyed and the plain is
barren and subject to severe wind erosion.
Another     typical     formation     is     provided     by     the     association     of     Aca- ciajortilis var. spirocarpa; Acacia longispina, Cadaba rotundi-- 8 -
fnlia. Abutilon sp. and Sola num incanum. There is generally draining clayey surface horizon here. Where the clay is
thicker and the soils tend to be more vertic in type, there is creator number of Acacia long!spina, in almost pure populations or the complete disappearance of the tree cover. In t e atter case, the plains are virtually without vegetation or only have a few isolated plants of A. longispina or Caraba bushes.
Thick populations of Abutilon sp. often give a characteristic ap pearance to these environments. After the rains - even when these are not abundant - a thick cover of Graminaceae and Cipe- rus sp. springs up, especially where drainage is slower. Often the undergrowth consists of formations with Calotropis proc era in zones which are moderately well-drained of which lie near the river. On these rather slow draining clayey soils, herbaceous crops may grow, They are mainly multiannual Graminaceae whose bushes have a characteristic cushion-shape and are often
called "cushion soils”. 
*
At points where water ponds and where there is an increase in salt concentration,  the presence of Cyperus sp.,  Arundo  sp,  , Phragmites sp., and other typical Graminaceae is noted.
On the third strip comprising the slopes of the upper alluvial terraces and the terraces themselves, the soils have rather a varied grain size distribution and their carbonate content is al ways fairly high: vegetation becomes thinner and isolated Do- bera glabra with their typical umbrella form are characteristic. Associated with these are small bushes of Cadaba rotundifolia, isolated Acacia longispina and various annuals in scattered patches. Vegetation is thicker along the gullies where an Acacia called "Garantii” in Danakil is predominant.
There are generally no perennials on the top of the terraces where the cover consists of scattered annual and multiannual
type shrubs.
° U?CrOpS pre8ent in StudY Area, Acacia meUifera g ows thickly often in pure populations or perhaps associated
Cissus quadran-- 9 -
2.4           SOIL FORMATION FACTORS
2.4.1       Parent Material
sand - mostly of volcanic origin - are more general.
As stated from the physical point of view, these parent materials are very different. Their permeability changes suddenly not only horizontally but also vertically. The old gravels on the raised terraces have always had a very high infiltration rate, result ing in very arid conditions. Conversely, on the alluvial plain there are clayey areas with very low permeability and large areas where interbedded sediments are present. This results
in alternating textures and structures and corresponding alter nations in permeability and water retention capacity.
The salts present in some deposits especially on or at the foot
of certain hills have often been originated from thermal and mineral water springs connected with the la st phas es of the re- gional volcanism. The volcanic rocks themselves are generally rather high in alkaline elements.
2.4.2       ClimateMean annual air temperature varies only slightly around 2 5°- 26°C. Variations over the year are very limited.
Thus the soil is warm enough throughout the year but there is not always enough moisture to allow mineral weathering to go ahead. In other words, loss of water by evapotranspiration is
so high that the soil is dry for long periods. This hinders any great eluviation of soluble salts or complete leaching of the carbonates. Thus soils deriving from parent materials high in carbonates may have these salts variously disposed in the pro file but there is certainly no big loss. Especially in the more hydromorphic phases, the accumulation of calcium carbonate as soft or hard concretions is very frequent. In the soils on slopes and on the older terraces a real calcic horizon is clearly visible in many localities. It is however very difficult to say if these illuvial horizons are due to more arid climatic conditions which pertained in previous times or to local aridity deriving from better runoff and/or higher soil permeability.
Absence of leaching (or not very intense leaching) is the cause of neutral or alkaline reaction in the soils of the Study Area. In fact there are no pHs lower than 7 in soils lacking carbonates too. This is also considered important as regards in-situ clay formation as well. It is obvious that in the presence of large amounts of calcium and magnesium ions and of stagnation phe nomena, formation of montmorillonite clay is prevalent.
As far as other cEmatic factors are concerned, the action of wind is to be stressed. Increasing evapotranspiration during the dry periods and erosion of the sandy and silty soil fractions may cause variations in the vegetation pattern, in the sequence of genetic horizons, and in the accumulation of new layers to the leeward side.
2.4.3       Relief
The effect of topography in the Study Area is very interesting not only for its correlation with erosion problems, but with that of soils formation too.The toposequencc of soils from the terraces to the Awash River
in some cases really seems to follow a "chain" strictly related
to the erosion and deposition of soil materials and especially to
the soil moisture regime.
In view of this close connection between the soils, their relative position and natural equilibrium in the natural landscape^ it is necessary to consider the geomorphologic units described in para 2.1 (Geomorphology) and observe their relation to pedogenesis.
The elevation of the terraces over the plains is partly responsi ble of their aridity. Drainage is very rapid, according to the characteristics of the parent materials, and the topographic gra dient. Runoff waters and superficial temporary water tables col lect in the narrow depression at the foot of terrace, originating
a particular type of soil with poor drainage, accumulations of salts and calcium carbonate and with many characteristics bound up with water saturation. The gentle ridge between the terraces and the river is like a sort of watershed which due to textural char acteristics and modes of sedimentation drains partly towards the aforesaid area and partly towards the river.
The following area in this ideal transect has a gentle slope to
the right bank of the Awash. As mentioned in the previous chap ter, this is intersected by an irregular pattern or depressions and elevations of pedogenetic origin emphasized by erosion. In some places the river runs above the level of the plain creating
a smooth relief in these areas.
Here too, microrelief features may influence soil genesis or reclamation works (leveling, etc.). For instance, near the Awash, small often elongated depressions up to one meter deep are fre quent in the sandy soils; these are probably due not only to circu lating waters but also to packing.
In the more clayey materials the typical Gilgai microrelief is common and generally very well expressed also in the soils without extreme vertic characteristics.12 -
No absolute dates can be provided regarding time as pedogenetic factor. It is also difficult to estimate the rate of weathering which is, of course, rather different in the alluvial plain, on the slopes and on the terraces, where sufficient amounts of water are pre- sent for shorter periods.
There seems to have been no pedogenesis causing the formation of red soils in time gone by. Remnants of red soils are present only in small, scattered patches on the highest terrace of the Arba and the Awash. These arc slightly weather ed pa rent ma terials rather than soil horizons as such.
In the more recent soils but those which are much older than the alluvial ones, a calcic horizon is the main pedogenetic feature; clay formation was not very pronounced, or if it waB, erosion eliminated some of the finest particles.
In the alluvial plain, some of the deposits are constituted by ma terial mainly deriving from surface horizons of soils situated upstream. Pedogenesis in this case is of course more rapid be cause part of the materials were already weathered in other places.
The presence of these soil sediments also denotates that water erosion has been intense in large areas in the upper catchment.
Man has had a profound and leng / influence on pedogenesis in the Study Area. Obsidian implements have been found on the terraces, generally near the edge of the escarpments. There are at least two types, indicating different periods of settlement and/or the presence of people with different traditions.
Temporary villages without houses but with fencing occur in all parts of the plain, and the Locals change their place of abode very frequently. These villages of different age and variable state of- 13 -
preservation are easily recognizable from air photographs.
Digging profiles in these areas is not easy because the soil is
hard and compact. Furthermore, profiles normally show layers
of ash mixed with coal and soil turned red due to the high tem
peratures induced by fire.
Overgrazing is very widespread: numerous camels, zebus, sheep,
etc. are present even today. The first effect of this practice is
the destruction of the grass cover, so the surface soil horizons
are easily removed by wind and/or water erosion. Another effect
is the compaction of the soil, with a sharp decrease in the rate
of water infiltration so that runoff is rather high.
Man also  uses timber and lumber products and often causes fires in the woods.  This decreases the vegetation cover and increases erosion.
Cultural practices have had Little effect on the soils; indeed, tillage has always been almost nil here, both in space and in
time.- 14 -
3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
CRITERIA AND METHODS
Soil classification was carried out on the basis of the "Supple ment to Soil Classification System (7th Approximation)" of the Soil Survey Staff - U.S. Department of Agriculture, March 1967.
11 soil units have been included on the Soil Classification Map
(see Map 1 - sheets 1 and 2).
Some of the soil mapping units are formed of only one classifica tion unit at rather a low level (soil family or series). Others consist of two classification units at higher level; for instance, Light and rather dark colored vertisols pertaining to two great soil groups of the suborder Usterts are so intermixed in the same morphological unit that they cannot be separated even by very detailed studies. In other cases, the differences existing in drain age, salinity and texture in the interlayered recent alluvial soils which are widely represented in the Study Area have been mapped as phases.
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL MAPPING UNIT
3.2.1 Mapping Unit No. 1
The soils of this unit are rather uniform with some differences in texture which grades from sandy loam to loam and in some cases to clay loam. Structure is well expressed only in the sur face horizon where it is crumb like, but deeper down the origi nal sedimentation layers are still clearly visible. Evolution is very poor, and these soils can be included in Fluvents suborder, Entisol9 order of the American system. They lack fragments of
diagnostic horizon and have an irregular decrease in organic matter,.- 15 -
The Great Soil Group will be Usti fluvents since the soils remain
dry for lengthy periods and the mean annual temperature is a ove
2Z°C Temperature also differs less than 5 degrees at 50 cm
depth'in winter and in summer. Soils of this unit probably belong
to thcTypic subgroup because they have no mottles and other characteristics associated with saturation. These peculiarities
are however sometimes present in the deeper horizon but not so
well expressed as to allow their inclusion in the Aquic subgroup.
This unit is present only near the bank of the Awash River where
it forms a very long strip of variable width. The minimum width
is observed near Melka Warar where it is only a few meters but
in many places it is up to 300-400 m broad.
The landscape of this unit is characterized by the ’’tunnel forest” with tall trees very near the river and a gradual decrease in dimensions, number of species and density the farther one moves away from the stream.
The area is nearly flat and is often inundated during the floods. Water in this case probably flows rather slowly because of the braking action exerted by the dense shrub and tree cover. This
is the reason of an abundant accumulation of fine material which
in some instances results in a natural levee being built above the
level of the surrounding plain.
The typical profile of this unit may he described as follows;
cm 0-12 Fine weak, friable crumb structure; very fine pores, abundant; biological activity medium; fine vertical roots common; pH 7.5; none or slight effervescence; dry color brown (10 YR 4.5/3). Lower boundary
is clear and wavy.
Medium friable lamellar structure evident; few very small pores; a few fine vertical roots; biological activity weak; pH 7.5; moderate effervescence; dry color from grayish brown to dark grayish brown (10 YR 4. 5/2) in the matrix with some fine not very evident whitish calcium carbonate efflorescences; few moderate fine mottles. Lower boundary linear and clear.cm 28-45 Fine lamellar structure evident; fine interpedal
voids common; very fine roots common in every direction; no biological activity; pH 7.5-8; strong effervescence; small white calcium carbonate ef florescences common; dry color dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2). Lower boundary clear and wavy.
cm 45-140 Sequence of thin sandy silty lamellar layers; a few very fine roots; no biological activity; Little com mon white calcium carbonate pseudomicelia; pH 7.5-8; strong effervescence; dry crushed color grayish brown (10 YR 5/2); some medium brown mottles (7.5 YR 5/4). Lower boundary clear.
cm 140-150 and deeper - Very similar to the previous one ex
cept that there is little effervescence and the color is very dark grayish brown to dark grayish brown (10 YR 3. 5/2).
Analytic*! Refulf
Depth (cm)
Description
0-12
12-28
28.45
45-140
140-150
Sand (*)
SH»(%)
Clay (%)
Bulk density
pH
Carbonates
ec x i<r
Dry Residue (%) (1:5 extract)
C1‘ (as NaC!) (%)
so4 -
34. 8
38. 4
26. 8
1. 04
8 05
0. 77
3. 17
0. 13
0.27
trace
49.6
35. 3
25. 1
1.28
7. 84
0. 74
6. 30
0. u
0. 27
trace
76. 2
12.4
11.4
(.28
8. 25
1.87
1.74
0.21
0. 21
trace
85.4
5. 8
8. 8
1. 70
8. 27
5. 40
1.25
0. 15
0. 19
absent
4 0. 5
45. 2
14. 3
1.82
8. 24
I. 08
2.66
0. 1 9
0. 23
trace3. 2. 3 Mapping Unit No. 3
Soils of this unit show some common characteristics in the top-
soil but vary considerably in the lower horizon. Texture at the surface generally varies from clay to clay loam but at variable depth it lightens to clay loam or sandy clay loam or loam. Vertic characteristics in the surface horizon are the rule, with self mulching, cracks, etc. The structure is often subangular blocky
and then prismatic but in many cases the lower layers are mas sive. Slickensides are generally present in clayey horizons. Carbonates are absent or present in small percentages, in which case some fine concretions may appear.
These soils are not vertisols because they have not ”30% or more clay in all horizons down to a lithic or a paralithic contact, to a calcic horizon or to 1 m, whichever is shallower”. Many of them are probably Vertic Usthortents. The depth to which the finer texture arrives is in some cases considerable (70-80 cm) so that from an agronomic point of view the soils may be considered as vertisols, in many other cases the change in texture is already visible at a depth of 30 or 40 cm.
It is felt that all these soils may be included in the Entisols or
der because the cambic horizon, although under formation, is
not yet clearly expressed.
In this unit however, some Vertisols may be present where the texture changes, as discussed above, and so also the deeper horizons have more than 30% clay. In other places the change may occur at a depth of over one meter. All the requirements
for the vertisols are in that case recognizable in the sample
section and the soils are very similar to those of the following
unit. 
Unit 3 soils are widespread. Indeed, fairly large areas were mapped not far from the river. These were bordered by the typical vertisols, by the so called ”interlayered” soils of Unit 6
and in some cases by the soils of the Unit 1. Thus Unit 3 soils
occur on the Melka Sadi plain west from the Asada and in Amibara plain especially north of Bahadamu.
—- 18 -
The landscape of this mapping unit is in some cases rather flat but in many instances a very typical "Gilgai" microrelief occurs Vegetation may also vary, with predominance of large trees or of a shrub cover.
When the microrelief is well expressed, sequences of hollows and slight elevations may be observed especially in spots where vegetation is not so dense. In some cases Gilgai in this unit is more typical than in the unit where the swelling clays dominate the entire soil profile.
Attention must be paid to the physical conditions of the topsoil where, as already stated the clay content may reach 60-70%. The swelling nature of this clay has been already stressed, but with proper tillage some of the present difficulties may be over come.
The typical profile of this unit may be described as follows:
cm 0-25
cm 25-50
cm 50-100
cm 100-1 50
From crumb to fine granular structure due to self mulching; hard when dry; clay; common pores; intense biological activity; common roots; pH 8.5; traces of carbonates, dry color dark brown (1 0 YR 3/2)% Lower boundary Linear and clear.
Prismatic medium structure; very hard when dry; • clay; few pores; slight biological activity; fine ver tical roots common; pH 8.5; carbonates absent or in traces; dry color brown (10 YR 3. 5/2). Lower boundary wavy and clear.
Medium moderate angular blocky structure; hard when dry; sandy loam; few pores; slight biological activity; roots absent; pH 8. 5; absence of carbonates^ dry color brown (10 YR 4/3). Lower boundary
gradual.
Massive; hard when dry; sandy loam; few pores; no biological activity; other characteristics as the previous horizon.10 -
Analytical Results,
——“]
Depth (cm)
Description
0-25
25-50
50-160
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
PH
Carbonates (%)
40. 0
26. 6
33
7. 77
0. 31
6.3
27.5
66.2
7. 73
0. 54
64. 6
1 0. 2
25.2
7.51
0.97
1.2.4 Mapping Unit No.
This unit is composed of two kinds of soils divisible only at the Great Group level. The main characteristics of the profiles
are; marked self-mulching in the top horizon followed by an evident blocky or prismatic structure* the latter in the
lower part of the profile* The soil horizon sequence may be AC or ABC. These soils are very deep, with texture ranging from clay to silt clay. They contain a great amount of nnontmorillonilie and illitic clays. These mineralogical characteristics arc re sponsible for the peculiar genesis of these soils. Swelling clays cause the pressures that originate the blocky and prismatic structure and corresponding cracks, so that the superficial self mulching material drops to the bottom of the fissures. The re sulting soils arc very uniform in chemical and physical character istics all through the profile. The presence of a superficial
"Gilgai11 is bound up with the swelling clay too. Sometimes the soil docs not dry up to the lower horizons and so the genesis of a cambic B, where the soil material does not crack, is possible.
This soil is free of carbonates in the A horizon, chough traces of calcareous concretions may be found at times in the deepestpart of the B.  Cation exchange capacity  is very  high and Caf+ commands a  very  important position in the total unchangeable bases.  Reaction is generally  slightly  alkaline and drainage is
slow.     These     soils     may     be     included     in     the     suborder     of     Usterts, 
for     the     cumulative     number     of     days     that     cracks     remain     open     during the     year,     for     the     mean     annual     soil     temperature     which     is     higher than    Z2°C    and    for    a    mean    summer    and    mean    winter    soil    tempera ture that differs by less than 5 °C at a depth of 50 cm.
As previously stated, these soils can be divided at the Great
Group level according to the moist chromas throughout the upper
30 cm in more than half of each perlon.
If the chromas are more than 1.5, they art CKromufitcrtS, and
if they are less than arc Pellusterts. The vertisols of this map
ping unit have all the characteristics required for the typi c sub - group of Lhe previous Great Groups. (Typic Chromusterts, T vpic
Pellusterts).
Unit 4 occurs roughly as large patches roughly parallel to the
present course of the Awash, in areas lay slighLly lower than
their surroundings. Here the water flowed slowly during floods
and only very fine sediments were deposited. Water saturation characteristics due to such morphological conditions were neces
sary for the genesis of vertisols. These subgroups of soils are
not found beyond the central strip of coarser sediments.
"Gilgai” microrelief is frequent, but not necessarily present.
These soils are not generally covered by tall tree forest, but
shrubs and graminaceous grasses are common.
The Typical Pellusterts may be described as follows;
Fine granular structure evident due to self-mulching; clay; hard when dry; pores common; biological ac * tivity; medium vertical rootsx(>nimop;pH 8; ca rbonates absent; dry color black {10 YR i/l). Lower bounda
ry wavy and clear.
em 2S-85
Medium prismatic structure evident; clay, very hard when dry; pares absent; wide cracks common; pro- 21 -
minenit slickensides close to intersect frequent; few roots; pH 8; Absence of carbonates; dry color
black (10 YR 2/1). Lower boundary diffuse,
cm 05-140 Medium angular blocky structure evident; clay;
very hard when dry; pores absent; pressure faces common, plus a few slickensides; medium subverti cal cracks; biological activity and roots absent; pH 8; a few fine calcium carbonates concretions; dry color dark gray (l 0 YR 3/1).
Analytical Results
Depth (cm)
Description
0-25
25-85
85-140
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
Bulk density
PH
Carbonates (%)
Dry residue (%)
(1:5 extract)
Cl-(ns Naci) (%)
so4"
20-8
2 7.9
51.3
1.07
?. 93
-
0.25
0. 02
absent
5.9
23.4
70. 7
1.20
7. 82
0. 58
0. 38
2.15
aba ent
4.9
24. 5
70, 6
1 .31
7.93
0. 89
0.27
0. 51
tr ac c
j
‘2. 5 Mapping Unit No, 5
rhe -oH- In question have many characteristic* in common with
C O Unit No. 4 because o£ their macromorphoiogical proper-- 22 -
ties. Here again the soils have a dark color, and a coarse pris matic or blocky structure with prominent cracks due to the nature Of the clay in the soil. The texture is clayey especially in the deeper part of the profile, pressure faces and slickensides were observed. Gilgai is common, where lateral forces do not distur the natural sequence of horizons.
Important differences were observed in the chemical and physical properties of this unit. These soils have carbonates and some times sulphates especially in the lower horizons, and exceptional ly salts are present. These characteristics can readily be tied
in with the peculiar topography of the soils, indeed, these soiL=> receive solid materials from the surrounding calcareous terraces, while water can also drain naturally from these sites both ex ternally and internally,
Naturally those soils have been classified among the Vertiaola in the Usterts suborder, for the mechanism of cracking, mean annual temperature and difference in soil temperature. They
fall in the Chromuaterts Great Group because they have moist chromas of 1.5 or more throughout the upper 30 Cm in more than half of each pedon. They are not typic ecause they do not have cracks that remain open for more than 150 days during th*? year. The mean annual soil temperature is over 1 5°C, and so they may be called Udic Chromusterts.
These soils cover a wide area in the Melka Sadi and Amibara plains, where they occupy a particular position between Che ter races and the central part of the plains.
They follow the line of the foot of the terraces, where in many cases a sort of a temporary drainage way is to be found. This is marked in the field by the presence of trees, especially Acacia, in a ’’bush savannah” type of landscape.
This depression appears to divide the soils with the loamy top layers from the soils of the other bank that are not influenced bv this phenomenon of aUuvial-coUuviaL origin. This mapping unit covers a wide area.~ 23 -
This mapping unit appears to go together with a flat to gen y undulating landscape with some bushes and especially charac terized by a pronounced surface aspect of a pillow sequence where graminaceous grasses occur. This phenomenon is em phasized by considerable wind and water erosion. Sometimes large areas occur without any trace of vegetation especially
where the top horizon is thin and loamy.
The typical Vertisols of this unit may be described as follows;
cm 0-10 Medium subangular blocky structure evidentjclay;
very hard when dry; few pores; slight biological activity; small vertical roots common; pH 8.5; a
few fine calcium carbonate concretions; strong ef fervescence; color dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2). Lower boundary diffuse.
cm 10-70 Coarse prismatic structure evident; clay; very hard when dry; very few pores; biological activity absent; few roots; abundant wide cracks; pH 8. 4; a few small calcium carbonate concretions; strong effervescence; pressure faces not very evident-color very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2). Lower boundary clear.
cm 70-150 Massive; clay; very hard when dry; no pores; bio logical activity absent; no roots; pH 8. 2; moderate effervescence; dark grayish brown mottles common (10 YR 4/2).
analytical results
Depth (cm)
Description
0.10
10-70
10-150
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (*)
pH
Carbon*tea (%)
Active C* COj
EC x IO3
12.0
28. 1
59.9
8.61
7. 00
-
5
0.8
28.0
71.2
8. 43
8. 16
-
3.8
19.6
30.2
50. 2
8.23
6. 14
6
7.45- 24 -
3. 2.6             Mapping Unit No. 6
The    soils    included    in    this    unit    generally    have    a    sequence    of layers      with      different      texture,      porosity      and      color.      In      some cases     however     the     variation     in     texture     occurs     only     at     con siderable     depth.     In     general     the     thickness     of     the     individual layers     is     variable     and     the     succession     may     be     rather     indif ferent.      Silty      and      sandy      materials      predominate      on      finer      sedi ments which occur as a rule in this layer.
These sediments were originated from river action during recent times. Rather slow moving wandering waters creat ed these deposits where lenticular and prolate forms are very common.
These soils are but slightly developed as evidenced by the weak crumb structure and has good porosity and permeabi lity. Deeper the structure becomes blocky. Where the pedo- genetic structure finishes, weak lamellar disposition due
to sedimentation is commonly present. The thin more clayey layers are darker in color and may derive from eroded soil profiles situated upstream. Hence they could be considered as soil sediments.
In the deeper part of the profile fine pseudomiscelles of cal cium carbonate may be present. In other successions, layers of loose medium and coarse sand can be observed.
These soils should be classified among the Entisols Order of the American system because they lack any diagnostic horizon except in some cases when an ochric epipedon is present. The suborder is Fluvents, the Great Group Ustifluvents because they may be dry for more than 90 days in most years in some subhorizons- 25 -
between 18 and 50 cm. The mean annual soil temperature
higher than 22°C which is another reason for the inclusion
soils in this Great Group. Furthermore, most of the soils of th
unit lack aquic and vertic characters and so can be classified in the typic Subgroup.
Mapping Unit No. 6 is widespread in the area surveyed. It covers large areas in the central part of the Melka Sadi plain, near the river south of Bahadamu, in the Amibara plain and northwards to the west of Unda Bilen.
The landscape is generally flat but may be gently undulating.
The slope is always very smooth but runoff during storms may cause local movement of fine particles and r es'edimentation. Wind erosion may also play an important role, especially during long dry periods.
As already stressed the texture changes many times in a vertical
control section. A rather widespread sequence being as follows:
cm 0-45
Weak fine subangular blocky structure; sandy clay
loam; friable; slight biological activity; few roots;
pH 8.6; strong effervescence; color brown (10 YR
cm 45-60
5/3). Lower boundary abrupt and wavy.
Fine moderate subangular blocky structure; loam;
friable; ho biological activity; no roots; pH 8. 5;
strong effervescence; color brown to dark brown
cm 60-85
(10 YR 4/3). Lower boundary linear and abrupt. Massive; loam; very similar to the previous horizon
except for evident mottle. Lower boundary linear
cm 85-95
and abrupt.
Moderate fine subangular blocky structure; silty
clay to silt clay loam; friable; few pores; pH 8.3;
cm 95-150
strong effervescence; no roots; no biological activity; color very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2). Lower boundary clear.
Noncoherent sand; pH 8.9; strong effervescence brown color (1 0 YR 5. 3),Rs«sdl±
_______________ _____________ 1
Depth (cm)
Description
0-45
45.60
60-B5
a*-is
95-150
Sand (%)
Silt (*)
Clay (>»
Ca rbonatea
59.5
IB. 4
21.6
B. 64
4. 24
IT. 1
)B 6
24. J
a 60
J. 41
J9. ■
41 B
IB. 4
B 61
2. 5>
7.6
52. 4
40. 0
B. J2
2. 99
•9.7
5. 7
4. 6
B. 9)
4.47
3.2.7        Mapping Unit No. 7
This unit is a phase of Unit No. 6, but with hydromorphic features (mottles, etc.) in the deeper part of the profile where the elec trical conductivity is also rather high in many cases. Some of
the profiles can be included in the Aquic Subgroup of the Ustiflu- vents Great Group.
The diffusion of the unit is limited to the Melka Sadi plain where it covers relatively small areas. The landscape is characterized
by minor undulations with rather sharp slopes and small depres sions where water ponds during rainy periods. The vegetation is often dominated by tall-growing trees.
3.2.8        Mapping Unit No. 8
This is a textural phase of Unit No. 6; the surface horizons contain more sand. These soils are limited to just one largish area and several very small ones in the eastern part of the Melka Sadi plain. Some of the areas seem to have been originated by the influence of the river which created many meanders during the recent past Part of those meanders, filled mainly with sandy deposits, have been preserved up to now. They are easily recognized on the aerial photos by their typical morphology and vegetation pattern.- 27 -
3.2.9        Mapping Unit No. 9
The soils of the mapping unit in question are rather uniform as regards genetic characteristics, but they arequite variable re garding physical properties, especially texture. This fact is
easily explained if we consider the parent material: the alluvia terraces of the right bank of the Awash River. These morphologic al units are heterogeneous because of their process of sedimenta tion, so the alluvial-colluvial materials coming from them are perforce variable.
These soils are very young at least as far as concerns the upper part of the profile which is subjected to a continuous process of accumulation and erosion on the gentle slopes at the foot of the ter races. The lower part of the profile has some characteristics
that are probably bound up with older environmental conditions (calcic horizon), but the possibility cannot be excluded that they also continue up to the present day.
This soil is characterized by a remarkable difference between moist (10 YR 3/2) and dry (1 0 YR 5. 5/2.5) colors; this change is not present in the cemented horizon where Light colors are do minant.
Texture is variable from sandy loam to loam with coarse parti cles of variable percentages and dimensions. The structure is medium subangular blocky, with common pressure faces, though it becomes massive in the lower horizons, where calcium car bonate accumulations occur as a cemented hard layer or as com mon irregular concretions.
CaCO3 is present in all horizons. A temporary water table oc
curs at variable depths. Salts are present mainly in the lower
part of the profile.
This soil is an Aridisol with no argillic horizon but with a calcic instead. The conductivity of the saturation extract is 2 mmhos/cm or greater at 25°C and there is a salic horizon within 75 cm of
the surface. The soils are saturated with water within 1 m of the surface for one month or more. They should be included in the sub order of Arthids and inthe Great.Groups of Calciorthiids ..because they have a calcic horizon withits upper bondery within 1 m ofthe surface; are calcareous in all parts above the calcic horizon; have no duripan, have no salic horizon above the calcic horizon and have no petrocalcic horizon that ha  its upper boundary with
8
in 1 m of the surface.
These soils occur as abroad band taking in the gentle escarpments of the first terrace and the gentle slope of the materials that join the recent alluvial sediments to the older ones.
The landscape is variable as regards slope and lacks vegetation apart some bushes and sparse Acacia; grasses too are scarce and localized near the erosion lines or in irregular spots. Some times where erosion is more severe, calcic horizons or concre tions cover the surface especially near the top of the terraces.
The characteristics sequence can be described in the following way:
cm 0-20
cm 20-60
cm 60-75
Fine moderate subangular blocky structure; friable when dry; clay loam; few fine pores; slight bio logical activity; small roots common; pH 8. 3;strong effervescence; dry color light gray to light brownish gray (10 YR 6/1.5). Lower boundary gradual. ..
Medium prismatic structure evident; hard when dry; clay; no pores; no biological activity; few fine roots; pH 8.2; strong effervescence; abundant medium vertical cracks; dry color dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2). Lower boundary gradual.
Medium and coarse moderate angular blocky struc ture; friable; clay to clay loam; few pores; no bio logical activity; no roots; pH 8.5; very strong ef fervescence; coarse irregular abundant concretions of calcium carbonate; medium vertical cracks abundant; dry color grayish brown (10 YR 5/2). Lower boundary gradual.
cm 75-100 Medium prismatic structure evident; hard when
dry; clay; very similar to the previous horizon but darker in color: dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2). Lower boundary gradual.- 29 -
cm 100-150 Massive; hard when, dr y^ clay; ral activity; no roots, pH
®
«
Cy     color     v«y     dark     grayish     brown     to     dark     grayt.h brown. (10 YR 3. 5/2).
■           ------------------ ——t
1
Depth (cm)
Inscription
0.20
20*00
60-75
75-100
100-150
Sand (*)
Silt (%)
Clay (*)
pH
Carbonate*
Bulk density
Dry rseldue ((li* MlHCl)
Cl“(a« NaCI) (*)
22. B
41.8
IS. 4
B. J7
4. 40
1. 06
0. >1
0. JZ
absent
14. 4
11
44. 1
8. 24
6.51
1. IS
0. 1 7
0. 12
absent
JI.4
2B. 4
54. 7
B. 61
12.75
1. J7
0. 20
0. 41
absent
14. •
27.5
52.7
8. 08
8. 16
1.15
0. 40
1. 16
absent
14.4
37. 5
48. 1
7. 84
6 65
0. 44
2. 84
5.54
abundant
3.2. 10 Mapping Unit No. 10
This unit includes all the soils that clearly show saline and/or alkaline characteristics. They may vary considerably.
In some cases there are typical saline soils with a pH lower than 8.4 and in many horizons lower than 8. Sulphates and chlorides are present and may reach 4-5% as total salts.
Alkaline soils are also present with a pH of around and sometimes higher than 10. Sulphates and chlorides are abundant. Total salts may exceed 1%. Dry residue is in general over 1% and can ar rive at 3-4%.
The morphological properties of the saline soils in the Study Area are as follows: blocky structure in the first horizons and pris matic to hard massive in the lower ones; drainage is slow; a fluctuating water table is often present and small calcium car-- 30 -
bonate concretions are common. Efflorescences are very fre quenton the surface and in the profile. Gypsum crystals are
often visible.
As far as the alkali soils are concerned, their morphology is as follows: blocky structure on surface to prismatic or massive in the lower part, consistence friable, slightly plastic, non-sticky,
they have a general fatty feel: mottles and other hydromorphic features such as small carbonate concretions at the bottom. Ef- florescences on and in these profiles are also very common.
These soils are present in the Melka Sadi plain where they cover
a small area. More to the north in the western part of the Amibara plain they constitute a long strip interrupted at Gibri and starting again near Buri, merging in the UndaBilen plain around the swamp.
The landscape is gently sloping to the west sometimes dissected
by temporary water courses. The areas of these saline and alkali soils are not only receiving runoff but also waters from the hot springs which are fairly frequent in this region. This may be
another reason for the local marked accumulation of salts in re stricted areas.
A typical profile of an alkali soil is as follows;
cm 0-6                  Incoherent; weak lamellar structure; friable; sandy clay loam; no pores; no biological activity; no roots; pH 10; strong effervescence; saline efflorescences; dry color„dark reddish gray (6 YR 4/1.5). Lower boundary wavy and abrupt.
cm 6-37
7
cm 37-60
Massive; sandy loam; friable when dry; no pores; no roots; no biological activity; a little fine gravel; pH 10; strong effervescence; moist color grayish brown to brown (1 0 YR 4. 5/2.5). Lower boundary clear and linear. 
Massive; sandy loam; friable when dry; very similar to the previous horizon but with same fine clear mottles and moist color brown to dark brown (10 YR 4/ 3). Lower boundary clear and linear.- 31 -
a. 60-120 As the previous borison.
water table present; moist color dark g y
(10 YR 4/2).
Analytical Results
•________—— -------------------------------------
Depth   (cm)
Description
0-6
6-37
3 7-60
60-120
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
pH
Carbonates (%)
Active CaCO^
47.4
26. 7
25.9
10.10
9. 80
3.25
48. 1
36. 5
15.4
10. 1 I
11.90
4. 82
53.5
31. 1
15.4
10.04
15. 32
3.00
52. 0
24. 8
23.2
1 0. 08
1 7. 03
6. 70
3.2.11 Mapping Unit No, 11
The soils included in this unit derive from the sands, pebbles, and gravels of the old fluviatile terraces that bound the recent plain. The unit is composed of soils with various degrees of evolution and all are more or less eroded. There are slightly eroded soils with an A Bca C sequence and profiles fully truncat ed where a new A horizon is now under formation from a fresh unweathered C. In other cases the calcic horizon is at the sur
face.
This unit occurs at the extreme eastern limit of the Study Area.
The landscape is rolling and sometimes dissected by small gullies there being severe erosion on the slopes. The escarpments are rather steep and from a distance the terraces appear as a se- quence of rounded elevations.- 32 -
3.2.12 Mapping Unit No. 12
This     unit     includes     the     lithosols     on     volcanic     rocks     and     debris accumulations near the main outcrops.
Villages     are     sited     on     some     of     these     outcrops,     though     otherB     are unsuitable for this purpose, being too steep.
There is no question of classification and distribution in this unit. Soils cover only a small percentage of the surface and ar< in the first stages of evolution
3.3              CONCLUSIONS
The hectarages of soil the mapping units separated on the Soil
Classification Map (see Map 1 - sheets 1 and 2) are given in
Table 3.
From      the      pedogenetic      standpoint      two      evolutive      tendencies      are present in the soils of the Study Area.
One, in the more arid upland landscape, is characterized by a movement of carbonates in the profile with pronounced tendency towards accumulations in the deeper horizons; there is little
in-situ clay formation and the influence of the scattered vege tation cover is moderate. Water and wind erosion are intense and widespread. The soils in general belong to the Aridisols order of the American system.
In the plain and in the depressions, on the contrary, the evolu tion of the soils is different. Where fine sediments prevail vertic phenomena are well expressed both on the surface (Gilgai) and in the profile (cracks, slickensides, pressure faces). Clay formation in-situ continues with montmorillonitic clays pre dominating; the phenomenon being facilitated by simultaneous presence of water and large amounts of bases, principally calcium, for long periods. Thus, most of the soils must be included in the Vertisols order.- 33
Table 3
HECTARES OF SOIL MAPPING UNITS
Unit No.
Description
ha
Soils on very recent alluvium
Undulating phase of 1
Vertisols on recent alluvium
Non-calcareous vertisols on recent alluvium
Hydromorphic vertisols
Soils on recent alluvium with frequent alternations of grain size
Hydromorphic phase of 6
Sandy phase of 6
Arid brown soils on terrace alluvium
Saline and alkali soils on recent alluvium
Calcareous soils with frequent calcic horizons on pebbly terrace alluvium
Lithosols and outcropping rock
Z. 076
708
3, 362
2. 035
3, 710
8, 25!
201
52
5,803
1,899
451
193
tai
28, 741
—------- —1On the coarser deposits, young or very young soils are present. Pedological charac teris tics are well expressed only in the up per horizons where vegetation seems to play an important role. Erosion phenomena are limited while until a few years ago there wereconsiderable accumulations of new fluviatile sediments. These soils belong to the Entisols order of the American system- 35 -
4. LAND CLASSIFICATION
4<  i CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATIONS
Land classification was performed following the basic criteri set forth in the "Bureau of Reclamation Manual, Vol. V - Part 11, Land Classification" of the United States Department of the In- terior.
In view of the particular features of the Study Area, it was thought advisable to adjust and select the land class differentia as shown in Table 4,
Land classes and subclasses have been identified and indicated with a mapping symbol which specifies the following physical and economic factors:
Lnnd
Soil
Topography
Drainogo
Cl»i«
Daflcioncy
□•Hei««cy
Deficiency
Additional
_
Land
Land
Farm Water
Land
Appraisal*
Ua«
Development
Requirement
Drainability
Land class was designated on the basis of soil, topography, and drainage characteristics.
In assigning the land classes, account has not been taken of the interaction of soil, drainage and topography deficiencies which would have resulted in the land being placed in a lower class, 
i.e. a combination of a Class 3 deficiency with another one of Class 3 did not result in the land being placed in Class 4 or 6. This course has been taken because the limitations affecting the lands are easily modifiable e. g. gradient, vegetation cover and salinity (where external drainage permits easy leaching).
The specific deficiencies with regard to soil topography and drain age are shown on the Land Classification Map (Map 2 - sheets 1 and 2) by the following additional appraisals:- 36 -
LAND CIJKSSIFICATION SPECIFICATIONS DETAILED LAND CJ-ASSIFICATION
Class 3 - Arable
Class 2 - Arable
Land Characteristic
Class I - Arable
Soilr
Sandy loam to  *Y
cl
Sandy loam to clay
Sandy loam to silt loam
Texture
Good
Good
Good
Depth
7.9 <3.4
B. 5 <9- 0
Reaction
pH in H/> (1:2.5)
Salinity
Electrical conductivity
saturation extract
<7. B
0
of
o
C
<10 mmhos/ cm 25 C
<10 mmhoi/cm 25 C
4 inmhoi/cm
in well or slowly perme
able soil
in very slowly perme
able soil
...
T^jogja
phy
Slope
Earth movement for grad
ing and for leveling
Vegetation cover
Flooding
Infiltration rate
Internal drainage
Water Labia
■«. JOO cm/ha
Nil     or     negligible-     Clearing coat nil or very small
4%
-< 500 cm/ha
Scattered trees and bushes. Clearing cost small to mod
erate-
<L6%
1,000 cm/ha
Frequent trees and bushes. Clearing i oat moderate to expensive (but feasible)
----------- -------------------------
r
1
Dramace-
(see footnote on page 3 7 )
mostly>>2S inm/h
Slow
Absent
rnoStly<25 mm h
z
mostly->7 5 mm/h
Good
Absent
Very slow
1  Temporarily  present at
1  various depths
■
---------------------— - ■ "
Class 4 -        Limited Arable.
Include.      U„d.      hiving      excc.ivc      d.ficlencie.      .nd      restricted      utility      but      which      .peci.l      economic      and      engineering      etudie. have shown to be irrigable.
d
.     . 
UoV ;b.y u'dude^andVrith
**irnpi, and rocky lands.
k                    ,.„»irements (orC tlashes 6 -   oth Ner on lan-ard cablasleses, and are not suitable for Irrig "d .oil. that .re recUim.bl. with ddfUully b.c.u.e ol texture and po.ition.- 37 -
For soils:
k - shallow depth to gravel or cobble q - available moisture capacity
x - stoniness
a - salinity and/or alkalinity
For topography: g - slope
u - surface undulations
c - brush or tree cover
For drainage (1): w - subsurface drainage.
These additional appraisals are defined further by use of sub script numerals, such as at, a2» and a3, indicating their mag nitude.
For example, in the symbol group 
— a382wp a3 indicates
salt    content    of    Class    6,    g£    indicates    slope    of    Class    3,    and , indicates internal drainage of Class 2.
(1) The land lying between the Awash River and the terraces located on the north-eastern edge of the Study Area is subject to flooding. This has been reduced since the Koka Dam has been built.
All other flooding will be eliminated by the dyke provided for in the Project far irrigating the alluvial plain (see Vol. 4 - Part II). In view of this, and because of the uniformity of flooding in the area to be irrigated, it has been thought ad visable not to consider this phenomenon in the drainage as sessment and not to indicate it by means of an additional ap praisal symbol (f) on the right of the mapping symbol in the areas on the Land Classification Map. In any case, con sideration of flooding would not have helped bring out the better aspects of the land and would have led to the disap pearance of the lands placed in Class 1.of      course,      no      deficiencies,      and      therefore      no      additional      appraisals, appear in the Class 1 land symbol.
The following Land Uses have been distinguished:
c - Irrigated
B - Brush or Timber
W - Waste or miscellaneous
Land development cost level has been assessed as 1,2, 3, 4 or 6 taking into account land preparation (leveling, grading and clearing brush and/or trees) and soil improvements (including leaching and soil amendments).
Farm water requirement has been stated in the following way:
<■ 8, 000 cu. m/ha - Low
9, OOOcu.m/ha - Medium
>*10, 000 cu.m/ha - High
As can be noted, differences are limited; however, for
further explanation as to how these limits were fixed, reference should be made to Vol. 4 (Part II). Suffice it to state here that texture, infiltration rate and expected crops have been the main factors influencing the water requirement.
Land drainability has been assessed as:
X - Good
Y - Restricted
Z - Poor or negligible (1),
depending on hydraulic conductivity, slope, position and other physical properties of the soil such as texture and structure
(1) In our case poor or negligible land drainability has not been found.- 39 -
It was thought advisable not to indicate Land Productivity in the land classification symbol because the assessment as to yields of the various crops which may be grown on the various land classes will be the outcome of the whole feasibility study.
LAND CLASSES DESCRIPTION
4. 2. 1 Class 1 - Arable Land
Class I land covers a total of 969 ha. It occurs mainly in the southern part of the Amibara alluvial plain (see Map 2 - sheets
I and 2). Most of class 1 tracts of land are already under ir- rigated agriculture.
The soil shows a variable sequence of sandy loam to silt loam textured horizons. Gravel is absent. Surface horizons have a weak crumb structure and their permeability to water and air
is good. Subsurface horizons show a blocky structure. Soil reaction may be mildly to moderately alkaline. Electrical con ductivity of saturation extract does not exceed 4 mmhos/cm at 25°C.
Topography is very regular; microrelief is absent; slope is up to 2%© , so that only minor grading will be needed. Land placed in Class 1 is devoid of brush or tree cover, or has been recent
ly cleared; as stressed above most of this land is irrigated cultivated.
These areas are well drained as result of surface (1) and sub surface drainage.
The water requirement is medium. Land drainability is good. The agricultural value of this land is high. In view of the fore- goings the land development cost will be very low.
(1) See footnote             on page 37.- 40 -
class 2 ■ Arable Land
Class 2 land covers a total of 13, 124 ha, and accounts for the major part of the Melka Sadi-Amibara alluvial plain (see Map
2 - sheets 1 and 2), A small part of this class of land is cul
tivated under irrigation.
Soil texture ranges from sandy loam to clay according to what was stated in para. 3.2.1, 3.2.3, 3.2.4 and 3.2.6: comparison 
of the Soil Classification Map and the Land Classification Map shows that Class 2 lands roughly correspond with soil mapping units No. 1,        3, 4 and 6. As regards structure too, which may be
fine medium crumb and prismatic medium and coarse, reference should be made to the abovementioned paragraphs. Gravel is absent. Soil reaction may be mildly to moderately alkaline. Electrical conductivity of saturation extract is below lOmmho^fem at 25 C; however - in large tracts of land, conductivity is less than 4 mmhos (as can be seen from the symbol appended to each area delimited on the map).
Topography is regular or very gently undulating; microrelief is generally represented by hollows and "Gilgai"; slope may reach 4%a The lands in question are with or without vegetation, de pending on the place in question. A very narrow strip (some ten meters wide) along the Awash River is covered by the "tunnel forest”, characterized by large and very closely spaced trees. Tall trees, shrubs and graminaceae, are present in the re maining part.
Class 2 land is well drained or moderately well drained, de pending mainly on the internal drainage which is good to slow'; this is never very slow although clayey horizons are present
a t places, due to the prominent wide cracks which occur deeper down in such horizon .
The water requirement is generally medium; only along the western range of the Melka Sadi - Amibara alluvial plain, it ls  high. Land drainability is good or somewhat restricted. 
J-- nd development class level will be 1 or 2 according to the
a
ev eling, grading, and clearing to be performed; account has a iso been taken of the leaching requirement.- 41 -
 Arable Land
ss 3 land covers a total of 6, 230 ha. It forms a strip on the stern edge of the Melka Sadi-Amibara alluvial plain and occurs small or large tracts within Class 2 land and on the western 
border of the Study Area (see Map 2-sheets 1 and 2). The western boundary of the abovementioned strip corresponds with the western boundary of Soil Mapping Unit No. 5 (see para. 3.2.5).
The soil in the strip generally has a clayey texture, with a coarse prismatic structure and wide cracks. Soil reaction is mildly or moderately alkaline, or even alkaline. Electrical conductivity of the saturation extract is below 10 mmhos/cm at 25°C in the upper horizons of the profiles (about 0-40 cm in depth). In the other tracts of Class 3 land outlined above these soil deficiences are generally absent and texture ranges from sandy loam to loam.
Topography varies from flat to gently undulating; microrelief often consists of pillows or hummocks. Slope may reach a Excepting some large areas, practically devoid of vegetation, the remaining part is covered by graminaceous plants, scrubs, and 
- to a lesser extent - by tall tree vegetation.
The large etrip of Claes 3 land lying on the eastern .edge alluvial plain shows the following drainagee Cl
(lactuat.
Slow internal drainage, local presence o ing water table, and sheet or rill erosion a °"8 These drainage deficiencies do not exist in a 3   land to the west.
p         eastern part,
ts  of Class
textured      soils      are The           water           requirement           is           lowe^“^inability           U           ^^The
present; medium elsewhere. 
the eastern strip; good or somew a
Land development class level has gen 
or » because it will be quite costly to 
for         irrigated     farming.     Due     to     their need special irrigation practices an
restricted range of crops.
restricted elsewh
y  been assesse
the lands in istics, these lands
re
suitable     -     *°r        -
■- 42 -
Elevation has been taken into account in class f
part of the Area. Land, which other wise shoi.l^i? Castern 3, has be n classified subclass 6h because it co 
ally dominated by the irrigation network r  th*  °tbe technic-
ClaBS
u
n
limited areas, although Class 3, were left out 0^°™' S°me perimeter when the Project Area delimit
fact, those areas were technically irritable k J considerations showed that it was not convenient m the Project Area. 
include them in
In
eC °nOrnic
4  2.4 Class 4 - Limited Arable Land
Class 4 land covers a total of 457 ha. It occurs in small lots mainly in the south-eastern part of the Study Area (see Map 2 - sheets 1 and 2). The soil deficiency of land placed in Class 4 
is always represented by the high value of the electrical con ductivity of the saturation extract .exceeding 10 mmhos/cmat 25 C However because texture is sandy loam to silt loam (i.e, moderate ly coarse or moderately fine) and internal drainage is good in. most of these soils, or at least slow, all the requirements neces sary for leaching are satisfied. Thus, these lands could well be used for truck farming (subclass 4 V).
Slight     topography     deficiency     such     as     slope     or     microrclief     may     be Present.
^   6 " Non-arable Land
ss
Class 6 land covers a total of 7, 768 ha w Part on the eastern strip of the
1 and 2), on the terraces which omi Minor lots are present within Class
. . u  for the most
e
Ma p. 2 . sheets
^nate the alluvial plain.
Glass 3 lands.
Itl the
c °ntent
*e la
Gen^ali
s ho\v 
y>
a
of     th     e        Class        level     deficiency     consists     in     a     high     salts e  soil or slope which exceeds a 6%<
te xture is sandy loam to loam; surface horizons Medium subangular blocky structure. Lime con-- 43 -
retions and fine gravel are common. Stoninesa is present in Soil Mapping Unit 11 (see Map 1 - sheets 1 and 2), Electrical conductivity of the saturation extract exceeds 10 mmhos/cm at 25°C. Reaction may be very strongly alkaline. Another de ficiency of these soils is their low available moisture capacity.
The topography deficiency is represented by excessive slope (more than 6%r. ) which results in marked rill or gully erosion. Undula tions are sometimes present. The land in question is covered by gramineous species and/or shrubs, and by sparse trees.
Internal drainage is slow. A temporary water table is present
in places at variable depth. A swamp occurs in the north eastern part of the surveyed area.
The land development cost might be at the 3-4-6 level.
As shown on Map 2 , a number of areas have been placed in Class 6 because of their high lie; they have soil-topography-drainage deficiencies of Class 3. It should be remembered that other de ductions may also be present even within the area it is planned to irrigate because of the specific irrigation design.
4,3 conclusions
mt v
c j 6 tarage of the land classes and subclasses of the gross
a8 8ification area are given in Table 5 (l).
Th
th  LfUrVeyS and classification indicate that most of the lands in 
e
e
2 and 
-Amibara Area are arable and belong to Classes 1,
Au,, , ’ These Lands lie on the alluvial plain to the east of the aar > River.
° f Umited arability, belonging to Class 4 occur on the
ter
ra  0 orders of the plain. Also on the east, where the Recen. 
soil C/S °CCUr there is a broad band of land with such marked <  '°P°gra hy and drainage deficiencies that it is notable and 
t
P
in  Class 6.
------------- - ----------------------  . >. 
he  hectarage of land classes and subclasses within the V** expected to be irrigated are given in Table
•   (Part II) - Agriculture and Livestock.
544
HECTARES OF CANO CLASSES AND SUBCLASSES OF THE GROSS CLASSIFICATION AREA
Uble 5
Land Clin
2
>
4
Claaa 1*4
6
i
Land Satclaaa
2a
2t
2d
2at
2ad
2td
Zatd
Claaa! | Tola! |
3a»
‘1
Sad
...
laid
Cliu 1
Total
Va
Vat
Vatd
Claaa 4
Total |
Total
6t
bat
bad
6atd
6h(laid)
Claaa 6
Total
Total
Irrifatrd
365
215
0
145
0
TO
0
37
490
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
■95
0
0
0
0
0
0
■ 55
Non rn gated
604
I, 062
2. 009
373
4, 552
964
J.466
2. 206
12.634
1.012
651
>u
J35
4. 217
6.210
62
JOB
■7
457
19. 925
304
II
6. 576
469
(    7,766
27.693
Total
H9
l 300
u
it??9
51S
4.552
i 4«m
1.465
2,243
Uvlil
l 012
;
653
ID
III
<217
6.210
62
JOB
■7
>04
• ••
ll
6 M6
;
449
7.76#
r*«
•The main factors which determined what class the land should be in are salinity, soil reaction, grading, leveling and finally, internal drainage.appendix
laboratory analyses on soil samplesLima
Sand 05-2. 0 mm
Laboratory
Texture
Bulk
Density
P»<
Total
W
Active
(*)
Soil
Soluble
Salle
1%)
Osmotic \
EC x 10* ' Pressure 1
nmho/cm i (al Field L
25°C         1    Capacity)
(alm)
Total Mokelure \
Strata
t Field Capacity!
(atm)               \
29.8
33.6 29.9
60.0
55.4
66.6
4B.0
65.5
37.5
40.4 28.2
54.2 61. J
17.3 19.8 41.7 35.8 42.0
Clay loam Loan
Loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Loam Sandy loam Loam
Loam Loam
Sandy loaxn Sandy loam Silty loam
Clay
5lity loam Clay loam Loam
•
1.01
1. IB
1.21
1.12
1.21
1.16
1.07
1. 15
1.02
1.21
1.14
1.28
1.20
1.14
1.16
1.28
8.93
8.72
8.14
8.34
8.35
7.80
8.12
8.66
8.65
7.78
9.07
7.84
7.94
9.01
8.74
8. IB
8.40
8. 75
6.1
4.4
1.4
1.6
1.9
8.5
9.4
5.0
4.1
4.9
4. 7
2.3
13. 3
11.5
6.8
16.2
7.2
6.8
3.1
3.2
2.4
5.4
3.8
5.9
7.1
6.7
6.4
•
l.l
0.6
1.6
3.3
10.8
11.6
0.8
3.5
3.2
3.0
6.4
5.1
3.5
20.0
9.7
7.0
>10.00 I             » 7.20               >     7.50              1 4.24                    3.05                         3.35              1
4.67                   3.36
3.66
2.66                   1.91                          2.21
2.10                   1.51                          1.81
7.63                   5.49                          5. 79 >10.00                > 7.20               >     7.50 >10. 00                   7.20               >     7.50
5. 10                   3.67
3.97
>10.00          >    7.20                 >    7.50 6.80                  4. 90                          5.20
>10. 00                > 7.20                >     7.50
>10.00                 > 7.20                >    7.50
*>10. 00                > 7.20               >  - 7.50
>10.00                 > 7.20               >    7.50
>10.00                > 7.20               >    7.50
>io.oo             > 7.20               >    7. 50
>10.00
> 7.20
7.50
1So/7
Sample
Depth
ParttcJe Si**
Soil Profit
Total            Active
45-65
65-80
00-150
Laboratory
Texture
Sandy k>*m Loam Sandy loam Loam
Bulk
□ enelly
Soil
Soluble
EC ■ 101 mmho/ cm
25°C
OsmoUc Preeeuro (aI Field Capacity)
(alm)
’
l               Six e ■ ■
lut     Fiold     Capacity (atm)
Clay ]n,»rr
40-65
05-115
115-140
Sandy lu.im Sand
Sandy tonn
Sandy clay loam Clay loam Lutin
Sandy loam Silly loam
Silly clay Silly loam
* 10. 00
>10. 00
46-140
20-80 00-150
40-95
95-140
l.OJfn
25-90
90-140
Sandy loam Sand Loamy land
• I 0. Q0
>10.00
>10. 00
* 10.00
> 10. 00
>10.00
>10.00
>10.00
r VParticle Slit
Lime
I Soil Profit
Ho.
Sample
Depth
Gray el
PH
Total
(*)
Active
(5)
Soil
Soluble
Salts
(*)
EC x 10*1 m mho/cm
25°C
Osmotic 1
Pressure 'i
(at Field ’
Capacity) 1
(atm)
Total Moisture \
Street             1
at Field Capacity)! (atm)                 1
139
35-85
86-115
115-140
> 7.20  | > 7.50 > 7.20 > 7.50
> 7.20                               7.30
7.20
> 7.50
142
4.96                           5.26
25-45
110-150
6.8
10. 7
9.8
7.4
0.4
1.2
2. 7
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7.20
>     7.50
> 7.50
>    7.50
146
Sand 05-2. 0mm
55.5
70.6
80.7
60.2
51.2
50.4
69.8
76.0
JI.9
49. 1
62.3
29. 8
40.6 36. I 48.0
76.9 31.7 23.9 25.2
Laboratory
Texture
5andy   cUy   loam Sandy loam Loamy sand Sandy loam
Loam
Loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Clay loam
10-50
50-0$
85-105
105-140
Loam
Sandy loam
Loam
147
Loam
Clay loam Loam Loamy sand Loam
Loam
Silty loam
Bulk DeneMv
l/<c 0.83 1.09 0. 79
1.02
1,10
0.84
1.20 1.33
1.06
1.15
1.27
1.18 1. 17 1.06 1.16 1.06
9.95 8.12 9.96
10.00
8.00
7. 78
7.83
8.  16
7.41
6. 00
8.29
8. 34
6. 33 7.42 6.06 8.28
a.  13 «. 33 8. 17
9. 5
10.9
19.9
11.5
1.1
2.5
2.7
3.1
0. 1
4. 7
3.8
2.8
2. 3
2.4
2.8
2.4
0. 1
0.0
0.9
1.6
15-105 105-140
11.0
31.8
9.9
5.6
3.2
10.8
15.D
2.6
2.0
1.7
0. 7
0.9
0.9
4. 1
0. 7
0.4
40-70 70-120
-
•
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
6.89
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
7.69
9. 71
2.28
3.55
2.61
> 10.00
4. 88
2.02
5. 10
3.89
2.83
5.54                            5.84 6.99                              7.29 1.64                              1.94 2.56                              2.86 1. 88                           2. 18
> 7.20
>    7.50
3.51 3.81
1.45 1.55
3.67 3.97
2. 80 3.10
2. 04 2. 34Soil
Dapth
160
161
45-50 80-150
0-7/9
7/9-60/65
bO/65-80
80-150
C-25
25-75
75-150
0-5
40-85
85-130
130-150
0*30
30.40
40-46
46-76
76-150
1.4
1.5
1.4
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
Ail
nil
13.5 8. 7
13.0
40. 0
29.0
26. 0
26.2
9.3
13.5
3.8
3.2 13.7
Parricle 5i«e
sut
002      05 mm 24.2
27.2 18.0
27.5 20.0 17.9 32.7
26.2
16.8
11.9
23.3
35. 7
41.7
41.0
38. 7
29.8
59.7 24. I 47.7 39.5
Lime
Sand
. 05-2. 0 mm 61.8
57.3
72.0
59.0
58.6
37.8
45. 3 59. I 69. 7 79.4 62.9 24. 3 29.3
33.0
35.0
60.9
26. 8 71.4 49.1 46.8
Laboratory
Texture
Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy clay loam Clay
Loam Sandy loam
Sandy loam Loamy sand Sandy loam
Clay
Clay loam Loam Loam
Sandy loam Silty loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Loam
Balk Penalty
i/cc 1.19 1.34 1.23 0. 88 1.10
I.01
1.03
1. 12
1.28
0.97
1.16 1.22 1.12
1.05
1.05
1.08
1.07 0.96 1.09 1.21
PH
Total
(%)
Active
(%)
Soil Soluble
Salt.
(%)
8.27 8.07 fl.85 9.63
8.13
7. 70
7. 72
7.96
7. 88 8. 02 8. 75
8.22 8. 16 8. 57 8,53
8.30 7. 75 7.67 7.61 7. 89
6.5
8.3
9.9
13.6
4.7
3.5
24.0
23.8
4. 7
3.2
23. 1
7.0
7.9
26.0
20.6
1.4
1.5
1.4
0.5
2. 7
-
4.2
3.9
5.4
-
2.5
13. 3
10.5
1.7
2.2
12.1
7.0
5. 8
12.7
9. 7
1.4
-
-
r
•
0.9
3.5
2.0
7.2
1.9
9.5
9.5
5.7
13. 7
17. 7
7.9
1. 7
1.7
1.5
2.8
2.3
H.5
14. 6
21.0
5.6
EC x 10* mmho/ cm
25°C 6.62 9.9Q
8.77 >10.00
5.59
>10.00
>10.00
9.99
>10.00
>  10.  00
> 10. 00
>  10.  00
>10.00
8.93
8.47
>  10.  00
> 10.00
>    10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
Oimolic Prtiiurft (at Field Capacity)
(alm)
4.77 7.13
6. 31 > 7.20
4.02
>    7.20
>     7.20
7. 19
>    7.20
>    7.20
>    7.20
>    7.20
>    7.20
6.43
>     7.20
>    7.20
>    7.20
>    7.20
>    7.20
>   7.20
Total Montura I Str eee
(al Field Capacity)' (atm)
5.07
7.43
6.61
> 7.50
4.32
>   7.   50
* 7.50
7.49
> 7.50 > 7.30 > 7.50
>   8.20
>    7.50
6. 73
>    7.50
>    7.50
>    7.50
>    7.50
>   7.50
>   7.50/ Soil
/ SampJ
/                            Particle Site
Limo
Soil Profile
No.
9 j Grival
/       D«pCh                                 Clay          /          Slit
Sind
Laboratory
Tax hire
(cm)
/ (%)                         <. QOZ mm      /. 002 -. 05 mrr         . 05-2. 0 mm
Bulk
| Density
l/«
PH
Total
(*)
Active
(*)
Soil         1 Soluble |
Salta
(*)
EC x 10* *1 mmho/ cm 1
25°C
Osmotic I
Pressure I
(at Field 1
Capacity) i
(atm)
Total MoiatuTe \
Strata             \
at Field Capacity)
(atm)
263
164
1 66
170
0-35       I nil 35-60       1 nil
60-70 nil 70-90 nil 90-115 nil
115-140 nil
0-20            Ail 20-30              tlkl JOrlOO        nil 100-140          nil
0-40            nil 40-60             nil 60-00             nil 80-95             nil 95-140           nil
0-20            nil 20-35             ml 35-120           nil
120-150 ml
6.0            I         46.9 4.7                        46.4 5.7            1
6.3                       63.8
4.9                       51.2
7.9                       22.2
16.2                       37.4
20.0                       41.3 19.9                       30.8
B.4                       18.2
10. 6                      42. B 2.2                       16.8 3.0                       32.3 2. 0                       37.5
11. B                      27. 3
IB.3 46.8 36. 3 43.5 34. 7 44. i
19.6                       44. 5
47,1
40.9
67,2
29.9
43.9
69.9
46.4
38.7
49. 3
73.4
46.6
81.0
64.7
60.5
60.9
34.9
20.2
21.2
35.7
Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam
Silty loam
Silty loam
Sandy loam
Loam
Loam
Ixj am
Sandy loam
Loam
Loamy tand Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam
Loarn
Clay loam
Clay loam
Loam
i.n
1.06
1.20
1.07
1.12
1.08
1.08
1.04
1.19
1.23
I. 17
I. 19
1.2)
1.20
1.35
1.20
I.11
1.15
0. 96
7.73
6. 64
7. 75
7. 75
8.03
8. 14
8. 03
7.84
8. 64
7.66
0.90
7. 75
7.81
7. 75
8.01
7.97
7.94
8.26
7.97
2.4
4.2
0.8
3.7
0.0
1.5
1.2
1.0
0.9
-
3.5
4.2
4.2
0.0
4.2
0.4
1.4
1.4
2.8
1.6
2.6
2. 7
3.4
2.0
2.7
9.3
21.2
B.O
11. 1
5.7
9.0
1-9
3.4
6.5
4.6
1.0
10. 5
10. 1
5.4
10.5
0. 7
0.8
1.9
5.6
* 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
6.49
> 10. 00
* 10.00
> 10. 00
6. 37
> 10.00
> 10. 00
> 10.00
> 1 0. DO
5. 10
6. 17
7.51
> 1 0. 00
> 7.20            '                > 7.50
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7.50
> 7.50
> 7.50
> 7.20                            > 7.50
> 7.20
> 7.50
4.67                               4.97
> 7.20
> 7.20
* 7.20
> 7.50
> 7.50
> 7.50
4.59                               4.89
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7. 30
> 7. 50
> 7.50
> 7.50
3.67 3.97
4. 44 4. 74
5.41 5.71
> 7.20
> 7.50
1•/
/
y
c
/
I      Soil Protilt
Sample
Depth
Particle Site 002 -. 05 mr
J
’       Laboratory Sand I Texture
n . 05-2. Omn        1
ECmIO1 mmho/cm
25®C
Total Moisture ' Stress              I
lat Field Capacity)' (atm)
35-75
75-115
115-150
180
32.5 13.8 28.5 20.8 21.7 23.3 19.2
25.0
29.2
29.5
38.0 28. 5 11.0 49.8
18.4
41.4
18.5
45.8
47.9
33.0          1 Clay loam
57.2           1 Sandy clay loam 61.2           1 Sandy loam
52.2           J Sandy clay loam 63. 3             Sandy loam
3 5-80 80-1 to
110-150
15-75
75-125
115-150
182
40-58
58-108
108-140
185
40-75 75-140
63.5
65.6
49.0
55.8
31.0
52.0
65.2
41.2
44.7
30.1
28.5
73.9
40.1
32.0
Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy clay loam
Sandy loam Clay loam Sandy loam Sandy loam
Clay
Si*ndy loam
Clay
Clay lo»ni Sandy loam
Loam
Loam
Bulk Density
f/ cc 1.25
1.17
1.18
1.29
1.22
1.05
1.11
1.15
8.63 8.60
9.07
8.40
7.91
8. 33 8,44 8. 40 8. 57
8.10
7. 70
7.75
8.  3) 8. 14
B. 30
8. 37
7.73
7. 64 7. 62
Lime Total
(%) 4.7
10.3
22.6
10.3
5.3
2.5
6.6
10.0 6.8 5.5 6.0
7.8 0. 7 0.9 5.7
5.0
2.5
2. 7
1.4
Active (%)
3.2 7.7
15.2
5.2
4.7
4.0 4. 7
Soil Soluble
Salle (%) 1.0 4.5
6.0
2.4
10.7
11.5 10. 7
6.5
18!
3. I
3.2
3, 3
2.8
2.0
3.72
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
4. 11
8. 85
> 10.00
> 10.00
3.27
0.98
> 10,00
> 10.00
8. 47
8.33 > 10.00
Osmotic Pressure Ut Field Capacity)
(atm)
2.68
» 7.20
>    7.20
>    7.20
>    7.20
>    7.20
>     7.20
* 7.20
2.96
6. 37
>    7.20
>     7.20
2.35
0. 70
> 7.20 > 7.20
6. 10 6, 00
>    7.20
>    7.50
>    7.50
>    7.50
>     7.50
>     7.50
>    7.50
3.26
6.67
> 7.50 > 7. 50
3.35
1.00
> 7. 50
>    7.50
6.40
6. 30
>    7.50Partida Slaa
Sod Profile
Soil /
Sample / Gravel Depth /           (%)
Laboratory
Texture
. 002      05 mm
Bulk Danaity
t/ec
PH
Total
(%)
Active
(%)
Soluble Salle
EC x 10* m mho/cm
OamoUc Preaauaa Ul Field Capacity)
(•Un)
Total Molalura \ Strata i
,Vat Field Capacity'
40-60
60-76
76-140
0-50
50-80
80-110
110-150
0-25
25-60
60-115
115-150
0-20
20-70
70-140
0-45
45-95
95-140
nil
nil
nil
1.0
nil
nil
nil
nil
1.0
nil
1.1
nil
1.2
2.6
3.1 5.5
27.0
15.0
24.0
15.4
U.S 27.0
45.3
38.5
24.5
51.7
39.0 32.5
L<Mm Loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam Sandy loam Loam Loam
Loam Loam
La am
Clay loam Loam
Clay loam
Clay loam
8,82
7. 66
7.97
0.38
7.93
7.62
7.58
7.68
8. 10
8. 14
8. 33
8.21
8.42
8. 74
9.64
8. 81
8.41
9.17
0.7
1.2
0.4
2.2
1.2
2.3
0.6
2.8
1.7
3.0
4.2
3.9
9.8
8.2
6.4
6.1
12.4
11.1
-q
3.2
3.2
1.2
6.9
5.2
2.18
6.62
9.90
>10.00 8.26 9.09
> 10.00
>10. 00
3.60
2.56 2.06 3.77
>10.00
* 10.00
>10.00
4.57
>10.00 >10.00
7.B > 7.20
5.95
6.54
> 7.20
> 7.20
2.59
1.84
1.48 2. 71
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7.20
3.29
> 7.20 > 7.20
1.87
5.07
7.23
-> 7.50
6.25
6.84
> 7.50
> 7.50
2.89
2. 1 1
I. 78
3.01
> 8.20
> 7.50
> 7.50
L29 > 7.50 > 7.50PerHcJe Sl*e
Lima
Laboratory
Texture
Bulk
Denaity  pH
</cc
Total
(*)
Active
(*)
Soil
Soluble
Saha
(%)
Oamotlc i
EC a 1011 Praaaura '
mmho/cm ,
Ul Field V
25°C Capacity) f
(atm)
Total Moiatura \
Strcaa
At Field Capacity)!
(atm)                   ]
54.2                Sandy loam 46.2                Loam
76.0                Loamy aand
207
22b
0-20
20-40
40-60
60-95
95-140
0-20 20-55 55-05 85-140
0-20
20-90
90-140
nil all 2.6 nil
2.2 nil nil ail nil 1.2
2.1
1.5
14. 1
6.0 16.5
21.1
33. 3
52.8
52.8
37. 7 41.0 11.9
1. 5
34.6
8.7
20.0
40.2
36.8
45.2 51.5 36. 1 28.8 45. 5
47.4
55.5
31.5
9.2 48.0 40. 9
42. J 24.2 32.5
58.3
36. 3
41.4
40.2
47.9
49.6
65.2
36. 0
31.5
11.2
15.7
53.1
11.0
47.2
54.2
41.2
58. 8
Sandy clay loam
Loam
Loam
Loam
Silly loam
Loam
Sandy loam
Loam
Loam
Stlty clay loam
Clay Sandy clay Silty diy
Loam
Sandy loam Clay loam Sandy loam
8.35
7.74
7.90
8. 00
8.04
7.97
8.05
7. 73
7.90
7.47
7.58
7.45
7.69
7. 52
8.  03
8.08
8. 30
8. 08
7. 75
5.3
6.4
11.7
18.0
2. 1
0.2
2.4
5.2
1.9
0.8
2.2
0.1
0.9
0. 0
3.0
1.1
1.5
4.6
5.8
0.2
-
3.1
4.9
4.9
4.18                    3.01
3.31
> 10.00                  > 7.20                            > 7.50
->10.00
> 7.20
’ > 7.30
>10.00                  > 7.20                             > 7.50
7.63
5.49
‘ • 5.79
7.25                      5.22                                5.52
6.66
4. 79
5.09
3.4
>10. 00                    >7.20                            > 7.50
> 10. 00                   > 7.20
>10.00                  > 7.20
> 10. 00                   > 7.20
>10.00                  > 7.20
>10.00                   * 7.20
1.9
7. 35
6. 13
4.97
2.22
>10.00
> 10. 00
> 1 0. 00
5.29
4.41
3.58
1.60
> 7.20
> 7.20
* 7.20
> 7. 50
> 7.50
>• 7.50
> 7.50
• 7.50
6.29
5.41
4. 58
1.90
> 7.50
> 7.50
* 7.50/ Soil
/ ProMt
No.
/ Soil
1 Stmpl           t / Qrav*
!       Dtpih           / (*)
I (cm)
/                               Particle Site
J/
/          CUy
Lima
/<. 002 mm              1. 002 -. 05 mrr    1. 05-2. 0mm
1        Sand
Laboratory
Texture
| Bulk
Danaity
4 /cc
PH
Total
w
Active
(*)
Soil
Soluble
Salta
(%)
EC a 101 mmho/cm
25°C
Otmcuc \
Prtnurt
(*l Field
Capacity)
(atm)
Total Moisture \ Strata              \
Lt Field Capacity)! (atm)                  \
I----------------
234
-
-
243
o-is           / nil 15-BS          1 nil
45-140 nil
0-20               nil 20-75                nil 75-150               6.6
0-45               Ml 45-95                nil 95-130               7.8
0-30               nil 30-75                nil 75-120              nil 120-140             nil
0-20              nil 20-60                 nil 60-95                nil 95-150              nil
0-15               nil 15-40                nil
40-150 nil
59.5
41.6
50.9
33.9 1  23.0
36.0
-
45.5 12.9
-
-
-
■
36.0
13.1
-
-
58.0                          16.8                       25.2
-
-
14. 1
15.2
26. 7
19.0
3.8
20.9
82.1
63.9
-
245
26.0 45.3
7.0                       78.0
2.0
4. 7
247
51.6 42.9 5.5
22.6 39. 1 38. 3
55.1
24.8
24.3                         29.2
2<a
22.9
30.5
20.1
46.5
46.6
14.8
12.2
31.2
5.8
13.1
43.1
51.1
31.2                       55.7
1.22
1.23
1.11
1.32
0.99
1.34
1.26
1.08
1.04
1.02
1.20
1.02
1.02
1.20
7.84
8.00
8.06
8.23
8.44
8.13
8.41
9.48
9.93
7.97
B. 52
8.02
8.53
7.63
7. 70
7.93
8. 00
8. 14
7. 70
7.97
0.0
0.1
1.3
2.9
3.3
3. 1
2.4
8.5
16.8
1.3
1.5
7.1
3.8
1.2
1.9
2. 1
3.2
2.0
1.2
4.0
5.1
13. 8                         49.4                       36.8
249
68.3 16.9
15.3 72.5
50.6 11.2
Clay
Clay
Silty clay
Clay
Clay
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Loam
Sandy loam
Silly clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Loam
Loam
Silty loam
Sandy loam
Silty clay loam Sandy loam
Sandy loam
10.3
10.8
12.0
l.l
1.6
4. 1
3.2
8.0
16.5
11.9
4. 1
1.6
14.2
6.2
6.66
5.68
6.67
4.33
4. 31
1.72
»10. 00
>10.00
> to.00
3.95
2.14
> 10. 00
7. 63
»10.00
> 10. 00
>10.00
»10.00
3. 80
>10.00
>10. 00
4.79
4.09
4.80
3.12
3.10
1.24
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7.20
2.84
1.54
> 7.20
5.49
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7.20
2. 74
> 7.20
> 7.20
5.79
5.09
5.80
4.12
4.10
1.54
> 7.50
> 7.50
> 7.50
3.84
1.84
> 7. 50
9. 79
> 7.50
> 7.50
> 7.50
> 7.50
3.04
» 7.50
» 7.50
6YParticle jj«
Lime
i
i
■
I
laboratory
T I’Mlurf
EC x 101 \
Oimolic i
Preaaura 1
pH
mmho/cm 1          (At Fiald V
,1 Silt i Sard
I . 002-. 05 mm '. 05-2. 0 mm
Bulk D>nnty
g/cc
Activa
(*>
n
Soil
Soluble
Salt*
(%)
Z5°C          1
Capacity) 1
(alm)
Total Moisture \
Str a a a          \
at Field Capac.ily)\
(<tm)
1.1>
I. N
1.04
1.18
I. 11
1.05
1.07
1. 10
1.9
0.4
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.8
0.6
....
0, 60
269
0 25
25-90
90-140
16. 5
4.2
3.5
Zi. n
3.7
54.7
41.5
45.a
29.2
28.6
46. 6
26. 6
27.5
>0.2
41.8
30.5
25.2
11.0
5.4
J
tl #. □
95. 6
15.0
io. a
I Sandy loam
San<J
!
Silty clay loan. Silty clay
38.5                 Loam
14.3
7.5
1.7
8.6
18. 6
37.8
40.4
6. 3
64.6
28. I
10. 0
58. 3
82.8
91.1
Clay
Clay
Loam
Clay loam
Clay
Sandy clay loam Clay loam
Clay
Sandy loam Loamy aand
Sand
1.12
1.29
1.44
R. <1 6.58
8. I 3
8.13
8. 14
7.50
8.08
8.22
7. 77
7. 73
7.51
7. 68
7. 99
7. 77 7.96 8.01
Total
(*)
3.6
5.0
0.0
1.2
3. 8
0. 1
0.5
2. 7
0.3 0.5
1.0
0.0
1.0
9.6
2.7
0. 5
5.9
6. 8
1.5
2.70
0. B4
4.85
4.42
3.03
5.40
4.24
3.08
4. 81
8.93
9. 34
5.38
4.69
8. 92
> 10. 00
9.52
3.49
3. 18
2. 18
3.89
3.05
2.22
3.46
6.43
6. 72
3. 87
3. 38
6.42
>     7.20
6. 85
2.24
0.70
3.79
4.18
2.48
4.89
4.05
2.52
3. 76
7.43
7. 02
4. 17
4. 38
6.72
7. 30
6.95/                               Particle Sier
i Soil
/ Profile
1 No.
/ Soil
/ S*mph
/ Depth
1         (cm)
Lima
r 1 Gnvt.
r
/ (*)          /          Cloy
1          Silt
/         Sand
Laboratory
Texture
/<. 002 mm         1.002       05 mm    /. 05-2. 0mm
* Bulk
Denaicy
f/cc
PH
Total
(%)
Active
(*)
Soil
Soluble
Salta
(%)
EC x 101 mm bo/cm
25°C
Osmotic \
Preeaura I
Ut Field 1
Capacity)
(atm)
Total Mokalure i
Sltaaa
(al Field Capacity)!
(atm)
2 76
291
295
302
1
0-15
15-45
45-115
115-140
0-20
20-50
50-150
o-n
11-55
55-70
70-150
0-25
25*60
60-96
96-150
0 20
20-40
40-150
nil
oil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
oil
oil
nil
nil
I. 1
nil
nil
nil
nil
40.9
51.0
19.4
36.2
27.6
31.B
10.0
29.8
33.4
13.5
26.4
14.2
15.6
11.2
24.1
30.5
67.5
23.0
40.3
37.9
37.6
52.5
35. fl
37.9
29.7
46.0
51.3
33.0
21. 5
34. 7
24.9
27.1
39.2
20. 1
22. 1
65.6
10.1
11.1
43.0
11.3
36.6
30.3
60. 3
24.2
15. 3
53.5
45. 1
51.1
59.5
60. 0
36. 0
49.4
10.4
11.4
Silly clay
Clay
Loam
Silty clay loam
Clay loam
Clay loam
Sandy loam
Clay loam
Silty clay loam Sandy loam
Loam
Loam
Satkdy loam
Sandy loam
Loam
Sandy clay loam
Clay
Silty loitm
1.03
1.12
1.03
1.13
7.97
B. 00
7.66
7.81
1.03
7.80
7. 77
7.16
7.97
7. 74
7.62
7.63
7.40
7.66
B.23
. 8.02
7. 80
7. 70
0.0
0.2
3. 3
2.5
1.0
2.0
1.9
0.0
0.8
0.2
1.0
0.0
0. 0
1. 8
0. 6
0.6
1.4
1.2
-
•
-
-
-
1.2
1.2
13.B
6. B
-
-
-
-
4. 31
5.05
8.69
> 10.00
4.63
9.26
8. 33
5. 10
4.90
9.80
> 10 00
> 10. 00
> 10.00
» 10.00
2.91
5.29
9. 01
3.15
3.64
.... '
4.64
6.26                            6.56
> 7.20
3. 33
6.67
6. 00
3.67
3.53
7. 06
* 7.20
> 7.50
3.63
6.97
6. 30
3.97
1. 83
7.36
» 7. 50
» 7.20                         > 7. 50
> 10.00
> 7.20
> 7.20
2. 09
J. 11
6.49
> 7.20
> 7. 50
> 7.50
2. 19
4.11
7. 49
7.20
J
•/                               Particle 51 *•
/         Soil
/ Profile
/ Na.
/ Soil
•Umpj
/ Dopth
/         (cm)
Lima
■ I Crtvt
/ (*)
jr
/          Clay
/           Silt
/         Laboratory Teature
1      Bulk Oanaily
</ee
PH
/<. 002 mm             1.002 -. 05 mm
F Sand
. 05-2. 0 mm
Total
(%)
Active
(%)
Soil
Soluble
Salta
(%)
EC Ml0Jl mmho/cm 1
25°C          1
Oamotic \
Preiiurt *]
Ut Field \
Capacity) V
(atm)
Total MoiaVura \
Straaa             \
At Field Capacity^
(alm)
1
1       0-25                nil          /....
I          53,9
25-45
nil                        3.                            ♦ 1.4
3
45-75 nil 3.0 39.3
75-140 nil 12.2 15. 7
318                     0-25                1.6
10.9
25-75                 1.2                      14.3
18.8
41.3
4.35
> 7.20                         > 7.50
75-140            14.6                        8. 7                          33.5
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.13
1.16
1.11
1.19
3.60                             3.90
> 7.20                         > 7.50
> 7.20                         > 7.50
* 7.20                         > 7.50
4.05
4.7
12.4
1.9
20.0
15.5
5.5
2.2
5.5
14. a
> 7.20
> 7.50
335                     0-15                nil
20. a                          47.2
2.56                             2. 86
15-35 nil 16. 7 43.7
35-49 nil 14. 3 22.8
49-79 nil 18.4 48. 1
79-150 nil 22. 3 31. 1
4.26
4.56
3. 73                             4. 03
5.49
5.79
4. 67                             4.97
33b                      0-10              nil                     27. 3
30.2
10-30                nil                     26.9                           25.8
10-140              nil
338 0-5 2.4
10.2 28.4
19. a 44.2
5-45              nil                     16.8
M.6
45-150              nil
39.7                          42. 1
J0.9
55.3
57. 7
72.1
70. 3
44.4
57. 8
32.0
39.6
62.9
>3.5
46. 6
42.5
47.3
41.4
36.0
51.6
18.2
Silty loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Loam
Sandy loam
Loam
Loam
Sandy loam
Loam
Loam
Clay Loam Sandy clay Loam Clay loam
Loam
Loam
Silty clay loam
7.98
7. 64
7.50
7.67
7.84
7. 72
7. 84
8. 12
8. 14
8.06
8. 31
8.IB
8. 6$
8. 33
9.36
8.58
7. 71
7. 59
0.5
1.8
0.0
0.8
3.8
6.1
28.8
0.9
1.4
1.4
0.9
1.2
4.9
6. 8
9. 4
3. 5
J. 7
3. 3
4.9
5.9
5.00
>10.00
>10.00
>10.00
5.62
>10.00
> 10. 00
3. 56
5.92
5.
7. 63
6.49
>io.oo
>10.00
> 10. 00
9.26
>10.00
> 10.00
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7. 50
> 7. 50
> 7.20                              > 7.50
6.67
> 7.20
> 7.20
6.97
> 7.50
> 7.50/
/ Sail
/ Profile
No.
/ Soil
! Sompi
/       Dcptl /         (cm)
0-20
20-60
60-140
0-lB 18-58 58-145
0-20
20-80
80-140
0-20
20-80
80-140
0-40
40-90
90-140
0-10
30-70
70-150
e / Griv
/ (*)
1
/
Clo
Particle Si*"
/           Silr
.002-. 05 m
Lime
1       Labore tor/ Texture
1      Bulk
1      Denilty l/cc
pH
r
/         Sand m /. 05-2. Omn
Total
(%)
Active
(*)
Soil
Soluble
Salta
(%)
EC x 101 m mho/cm
Z5°C
Oemotlc \
Preeeure 1
(al Field \
Capacity)
(atm)
Total Moietnre \
Streea              \
tat Field Capacity^
(atm)                   I
357
' nil
/ 28.0
/
52.2            / 19.8
nil         /         35.3
nil
28.3
376
nil          1         24.1
177
179
180
382
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
I.2
nil
nil
36.5
33.2
20. 1
32.9
17.6
40.8
58.5
36.5
31.2
23.9
17.2
40.8
30. 1
31.3
I           46.4
42.4
38.4
38.0
50.5
40.8
45.3
51.0
33.7
25.3
41.9
38.0
30.2
39. 7
27.5
-*39.8
44.3
,1.3
1        29.3
37.5
25.5
16. 3
39. 1
18.8
31.4
25.5
16.2
20. 6
30.8
45.9
23.1
11.7
30.1
24.4
Silty clay loam Silty clay loam Clay loam
Loam
Clay loam Silty clay loam
Loam
Silty elay loam Silly loam Clay
Clay Clay loam Clay loam Loam Clay loam
Clay Clay loom Clay loam
8.03
8.21
7. 82
8. 30 8. 13 7. 58
8. 34
8.46
8.58
8.22 8. 54 8.05
8. 17 8. 12 7. 72 0. 35
8.00
8. 04
1.0
0.4
1.4
0.6
0.2
0.0
0.6
0. 1
0.6
4.9
5.9
2.9
4.9
4.3
8.9
3.6
3.8
3.6
-
-
-
-
-
-
5. 0
•
-
-
7.9
r
-
4.03
2.88
9.71
5.52
7.25
> 10.00
3.22
5.21
6.62
4. 17
8. 77
....
> 10.00
> 10.00
> 10. 00
6.94
> 10.00
> 10.00
2.90
2.07
6.99
3.97
5.22
>     7.20
2.32
3. 75
4. 77
3.00
6. 31
5.M
>     7.20
>     7.20
>    7.20
5. 00
>     7.20
> 7.20
3.20
2.37
7.29
4.27
5.52
> 7. 50
2.52
4.05
5.07
4. 00
7. 31
5.44
>    7.50
> 7. 50
>    7. 50                1
6. 00
>     7.50
-> 7.50
1  *
u/ Sail
! Profile
/ No,
/        Soil
! Sam ph /Grave
1                               Particle Siae
Lime
T
I Depth 1  Clay
/ (*)
J/
/         (cm}
l<. 002 mm
/           Silt              1         Sand
1.002  -. 05  mnf> 1. 05-2. 0 mm
' .Laboratory
Texture
Bulk
Density
t/cc
PH
Total
(%)
Active
(%)
Soil
Soluble
Salle
(*)
-1
EC x 10* mmho/ cm
25°C
Osmotic \
Pressure I
(At Field 1
Capacity)
(alm)
Total Moisture \
Str e a •          \
>t Field Capacity))
W
1
/
/
1        395
7-
---------------------
37.0            '         34. 6
398
23.0
32.4
33.4
30.8
26.2
57.9
58.4
59.6
62.8
69.7
1 413
1
439
1
1       441
I
'------------------
0-20
20-50
50-110
110*150
0-20
20-50
50-115
85-140
0-15
15*40
40-50
50-100
100-140
0*50
30-95
95-140
0-10
20-70
70-150
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
—
27.6
10. J
9.2
7.0
6.4
4. 1
3.8
6.5
37.0
20.9
22.1
20. 0
12.2
47. h
50.5
23. 5
55.6
26.5
H. 1
24. 8 71.4
SO. 3 43.2
39.2 23. 8
47. 0                       24.1
59.7                        10.2
30. B                      49.2
26.2                        61.6
22.9 29.3
31.1
11.4
40. 6 27.9
24. 6 19.8
24. 3 49.2
25. 7 66.2
Clay loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Silty loam
Clay loam
Clay loam
Silty loam
Loam
Sandy loam
Clay
Clay
Loam
Clay
Sandy clay luam Sandy loam
B. 53
8.5?
8.78
8.66
8.03
7.85
7. 74
7.91
7.95
8.03
8.01
8.13
8.26
0. 05
7.61
7. 70
7. 77
B. 19
8. 04
2.0
4.5
4.2
2.4
1.0
0.9
1.5
1.7
0.5
0. H
1.7
2.4
2.9
0. 3
0. 1
3. 3
0.2
4.5
2. 1
■
4.03
4. 59
2.26
2. 72
9.80
► 10.00
> 10.00
> 10.00
3. 76
3. 58
3. 40
2.07
1. 38
5. 13
> 10.00
7. 57
5. 88
3. 31
2.06
2.90
3. 30
1.63
4.96
7.06
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7.20
2. 71
2. 58
2.45
1.49
0.99
3.69
>    7.20
5.45
4.23
2. 38
1.48
3.20                1
3.50
1.93
2.26
7.36
> 7.50
>     7.50
>     7.50
3.01
2.88
2.75
1. 79
1.29
4.69
>     7. 50
5.23
2. 68
1. 76
1
>
•
■n
Laboratory
Texture
Total
Active
Soil Soluble
Salto
\m EmCho/x 10* cm
25°C
Sample Dep<h (cm)
OamoUc Preaiure (At Ti«ld Capacity)
atm)
Total Motel
Str
Lat Field Capacity) I atm)
3.25
15-35
35-150
20-40 40-140
15-55
55-100
100-140
65-H5
115-150
Clay loam Silty clay loam Clay
Clay loam Silly clay loam Clay
Clay loam
Loam
Loarrt
loam Sandy
loam Sandy
Loam Sandy
Silty clay
...
4.17
3.47
5.23
$0-150
20-60 60-140
4.10
5.88
4.50
5.38
4.40
5.88
3.45 10. 00
9.90
6.45
7. 30
7.87
10.00
10.00
10. 00
3.35
4. 18 4. 67
2.95          1
4.23
3.24
3.87
3.17
4.23
2.48
» 7.20 ?. 13
4.64
5.26
5.67
> 7.20
> 7.20
> 7.20
2. 41
3.01 3.36
2.78
, 7.50
7.43
4.94
5.56
5.97
> 7.50
, 7.50
> 7. 50
3.41
4.01
4. 36Particle Siaa
Sample / Gravel Depth
Laboratory
Textura
00205 mm
Bulk Danaity
r/c
Active
(5)
Clay loam
Clay loam
489
492
496
502
1      J5-80 80-150
0-15
15-45
45-75
75-140
0-15
15-35
35-140
0-15
15-40
40-100
I 00-1 40
0-20
20-60
60-95
95-140
nil
nil
nil
nil
all
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
Mil
nil
nil
nil
nil
3.5
nil
29.6 43.2 50.2
57. B 38.3
8.1 10.5
45.1
59. 6
39.7
54.5 65.6 14.3 15.7
24.0
30.0
26.7
Clay loam Silly loam
Clay loam Silty clay CUy loam Silty loam Loam
Loam Clay loam Loim
Lima Total
(%)
0.0
1.1
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
Z. 5
1.7
1.2 0.9 1.1 3.6 3.5 2.4 3.8 2.4 3.6 5.0
Soil Soluble
Salta (%)
EC x 101 m mho/cm
25°C
9.61 7.94 5.65
>10.00 7.25
>10.00
4. 10
3.26
9.26
6. 10
5.23
9.43
*   10.   00
>10.00
» 10. 00
> io.oo
>10.00 > 10. 00
Osmotic Praaaure (aI Field Capacity)
(atm)
6.92 5. 72
4.07
>7.20
5.22
> 7.20 2.95 >2.35
5.95
4. 39
3. 76
6. 79
>  7.20
>  7.20
» 7.20
>  7.20
>  7.20
>  7.20
Total Moisture I Str as a I
(at Field Capacity)! (atm)
7.22
6.02
5.07
>    7. 50
6.22 >    7.50
3.25
2.65
6.95
5.39
4.06
7. 79
>     7. 50
>    7.50
» 7.50
>    7.50
>    7.50
»     7.50/ Soil
1
f
PAfticl* Sloe
Lima
1 Soil
/ Profile
No.
I       Depth      1 (*)
I Semple / Grove
/
/ Clay
<. 002 mm
Laboratory
|           Silt              /          Sand
1.002-. 05 mu 1. 05-2. 0 mm
1      Bulk Density
■ «/cc
P«
Total
(%)
Active
(%)
Soil
Soluble
Salt*
(*)
EC x !0> m mho/cm
25°C
I        (cm)
Osmotic
Prmuri
(at Field
Capacity)
(atm)
Total Moletux Q 1 Sixes o              ,
(at Field Capacity)! (atm)                  1
7------
LT
0-10
10-20
20-35
JS-80
0-30
10-65
65-165
165-200
0-25
50-100
100*150
0-20
20-05
85-120
0-25
25-85
05-150
0-80
80-120
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
ml
nil
nil
ml
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
30. B
27.5
27.8
16.5
46.6
52.5
46.0
10.0
52.9
11.6
15.4
37.2
57.6
27. 8
51.3
70.7
70.6
22.7
61.0
47.8
46. 7
48.6
37.8
44.4
34. 5
17.®
65. 6
34.®
20.0
33.2
40.4
H.4
57.1
27.9
23.4
24.5
43.7
33.5
21.4
25.8
23. 6
45. 7
9.0
13.0
36.2
24.2
12.3
68.4
51.4
22.4
II.0
15.1
20.8
5,9
4.9
33.6
5.5
Clay loam
Clay loam
Clay loam
Loam
Silty clay
Clay
Clay
Silty loam
Clay
Sandy loam
Loam
Clay loam
Clay
Silly clay loam
Clay
Clay
Clay
Loam
Clay
-
-
-
-
-
-
•
-
-
-
552
1.01
1.15
1.16
1.17
-
-
-
2.6
3. 3
1.6
0.9
560
-
-
-
-
-
561
-
-
-
579
•
-
•
1.05
1.21
1.30
1.07
1.20
1.31
8.28
8.62
8.51
8.49
7. 62
7.77
8.02
8.11
8.94
8. 43
8. 49
8.01
7.99
7. 62
7.93
7. 82
7.93
8.11
7. 72
0.5
0.9
1.2
1.1
0.0
0. 5
I. 7
2.1
0. 1
0.0
0. 8
5.4
5.6
4.9
0. 0
O.6
0.9
1.5
0.1
-
-
-
1.2
1. 3
2.3
1.2
1.9
1.3
3.48                      2.50 1.95                      1.40
2. 58                      1.86
1.89                      1.36
7.41                      5. 33
> 10. 00                   * 7.20
4.61                     3. 32
3.42                      2.46
6.62                    4. 77
8. 33                    6. 00
3. 10                    2.23
6. 13                    4. 41
6.02 1                    4. 33
9. 80       '             7. 06
5. 85                      4.21
6. 71      1             4.83
6. 13                      4.41
5?0
-
-
•
4. 65
> 10.00
J.M
> 7.20
2.80
1.70
2.16
2.66
6. 33
> 7. 50
4. 32
2. 76
5.77
6. 30
2.53
4. 71
5. 33
7.36
5.21
5.83
5.41
L
> 7. 50  —
1 "■*Lime
Particle
Laboratory
Texture
Bulk
Density
Soil
Soluble
I Soil
profit
Sample
Depth
PH
Active
EC * 10* mmho/cm 25°C
Oomollc Procure (At Field Capacity)
(alm)
Total Molaluro \ Strata
tat riaU Capacity) (atm)
590
J2O-J50
150*200
Clay loam Clay
40-50
90-100
25-50
50-75
75-87
87-105
105-140
20-80 80-150
40-102
102-112
1 12-150
Clay loam Lo«m
Silty loam Lo*m Clay loam
Clay loam Silty clay Clay loam
Clay Loam Sandy loam Loamy tend Sandy loam
7.91
8.06
8.61
8.25
8.66
6.92
7.44
8.20
8. 14
8. 54
8.21
7.62
8.03
8.27
8. 12
7.93
8.35
8.48
Total (%>
0.0 0.2
2.1
3.2
3.7
0.1
0.8
2.9
2.6 3.1 3.6
0.0
0.2
0.5
2.4 3.7 2.4 2.2
> 10.00
-> 10.00
3.89
3.77
4. 17
7. 52 ->io.oo
4.22 4.40
3. 10 4.83 5.68 5.68 2.29 4.29
8. 00
2.37
2.52
>7.20
>7.20
2.80
2.71
3.00
5.41 > 7.20
3.04
3. 17
2.23
3.48
4.09
4.09
1.65
3.09 5. 76 1.71 1.81
> 7.50 > 7.50
3.10
3.71
4.00
6.41
> 7.50
3.34
3.47
2.53
3.78
4.39
5.09
1.95
1.39
6.04
1.81
2.11Lima
Soil Profile
No.
Laboratory
T exturc
Bulk Density
Soil          1                1
Sol u bl e    !
EC *10 1
Total
(%)
Active
(*)
Salta  '
<%)
mmho/cm I
25°C          1
Oimottc '
Preaaura '
Ut Field V
Capacity) 1
(atm)
Total Moiatara \
Stress              \
I Field Capacity)’
(atm)
612
1
71
625                     a 90
3 lay loam loam
’ loam ' loam
loam
clay loan
clay loam loam
1.7
6.5
10.6
1.2
2.6
0.9
2.1
2.0
0.1
0.1
1.4
1.4
2.5
2.9
3.0
3.6
>.2
4.0
3.3
. 1    2.74
5.05
6.49
3.69
5. 7R
>10. 00
>10.00
>10.00
1.0                           7.75
>.• >10.00 4.9 9.90
6.53
9. 17
7. 30
1.6                           3.97
2. 0                          2.96
1
1.97  1 2.27
3.64
4.64
4.67 4.97
2.B0 3.10
4.16
4.46
> 7.20                            > 7.50
> 7.20                            > 7.50
> 7.20                            > 7.50
5.56                             6.68
>. 7.20 •> 7. 50
7. 1 3
4. 70
7.43
5.00
6.60 7. 70
5.26 5.56
1.9
Sandy clay loam Clay loam
3. 60
6.85
2.86
2.14
2.59
3.86
3.14
3.59
6. 37                                 6.67
•                            8.62
6.21
I
6.51Soil
Protile
No.
I       Soil
1  Sample
'       Depth
1        (cm)
'                               Particle Siac
r
Lima
I Gravel
/ (*)
/          Clay
<. 002 mm
1          Silt
. 002-. 05 mm
1         Sand
. 05-2. 0 mm
Laboratory
T exture
Bulk Denaily
g/cc
PH
Total
(%)
Active
(%)
Soil
Soluble
Salts
(%)
3
EC x 10  , m mho/cm
Z5°C
Oamotic (
Pmturi 1 (At Field '
Capacity)
(atm)
Total Moiatura \
Strata
(At Field Capacity)!
(atm)
645                      0-20        I nil
1
20-80 nil
80-150 | nil
666                      0-40               nil 40-135             ml
135-230               ml
230-240               nil
713                      0-40               mi 40-60               nil
60-150            mi
714                      0-55              nil 55-105             nil
105-140              nil
140-170              nil
721                     0«90              nil 90-115            ml
iiS-170             nil
734                     0-15              mi 15-40              nil
40-150            nil
35. 7
52.9
47.3
34.6
41.6
26.2
65. 3
24.0
33.2
16.0
44. 1
34.6
23. 8
13. 1
23.0
12.4
23. 3
4. 3
29. 7
39.2
41.5
30.8
17.8
37. 3
38.9
35.9
21.9
32. i
33. D
50.2
24. 3
38.0
37.8
11.7
33.7
19.8
39.9
71.6
48.1
32.9
22.8
16. 3
34.9
28.1
19.5
37.9
12.8
43.9
33.8
33. 8
31.6
27. 4
38.4
75.2
43.1
67.8
36. a
24.1
22.2
27.9
Clay loam
Clay
Clay
Clay loam
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Clay loam
Silty loam
Clay
Clay loam
Loam
Sandy loain
Loam
Sandy loam
Loam
Silty loam
Clay loam
Clay loam
8. 13
7.94 7.58 8. 11 7.95 7.93 7. 64
8.  19
7. 83
7.93
7.92
8.  34
8. 54
8. 73
«. 70 8.26 7. 83 7.66 7.64 7.71
3.5
5.0
3.4
1.2
3.1
2.8
0.2
2.5
5. 3
2.8
0. 0
1.8
2.8
1.6
3.7
3. 3
2. 5
0.0
0.0
2.5
4.9
*
*
•
4.57
10.00
> 10.00
3.39
6.13
7.94
> 10.00
6. 62
> 10.00
» 10. 00
4. 95
4. 00
3.05
1.69
3.44
3.92
8.26
8.62
>10.00 |
>10.00
3.29
7.20
> 7.20
2.44
4.41
5. n
> 7.20
4. 77
> 7.20
> 7.20
3.56
2.88
2.20
1.22
2.48
2.82
5.95
6.21
> 7.20
> 7.20
3.59
8.20
> 7.50
2. 74
5.41
6.02
> 7. 50
5.07
> 7.50
» 7. 50
4. 56
1. 18
2.50
1.52
2. 78
3.12
6.25
6.51
> 7.50
> 7.50Soil
/ Proiile
' No.
/        Soil
Sompi
1  Dept 1
j (cm)
i
FartieJe Sixe
e l Crave
/ (*)
tJ  1
J    CUy   (           Silt
i
1  Laboratory
Texture
Lime
K. 002 mm
1       41. 7
I.002-. 05 mr
1             Sand
n . 05-2. Omrr
Bulk | Density 
g/ec
pH
Total
(*)
Active
(%)
Soil Soluble
Salts (%)
EC x IO1 mmho/cm
25°C
ToUl Moisture \ Stress
(at Field Capacity)' (atm)
1
/        764           1        0-30
| nil
36.2                 ' 22.1
|       30-90            J nil           I        44. 0
-
nil          1       51.6
-
766
•
-
-
769
-
771
773
-
5.0            |
7.2
7.0
5.8
6. 0 1
6.2
775
90-150
0-25
25-60
60-150
0-20
20-110
I 1D-14C
0-45
45-90
90-150
0-20
20-70
70-140
0-65
65-85
85-115
115-150
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
1.8
4.0
36. 1
nil
nil
9.9
nil
nil
nil
nil
30.5
22.4
55.9
67.2
82.4
10. J
15.4
20. 8
21.3
12. 7
15. 7
18.6
20. J
38.7
24.4
22.9
>9. 7
38.3
28.9
26.2
32.1
23.2
17.0
33.8
20. fl
2 7. 3
J8. 1
51.3
46.7
29.2
23. 5
37.8
28.8
23.6
16. 3
10.1
40.6
51.4
12.0
9.6
0.6
55.9
63. ft
51.9
40.6
36.0
37.6
52.2
56.2
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay loam Sandy clay loam
Clay
Clay
Clay
Sandy loam Sandy Loam
Loam
Loam
Silty loam
Loam
Sandy loam Sandy clay loam
23. 5                "lay loam
46. 8                 -oant
53.5  S amly clay loam
7.82 fl. 07 8. 04 7.96
8. 04 7. 7B
7.66 7.91
8.35 7.93 7.68 7.90 7. 80 7. 87
8.36
8.  52
8.93
8.47 8. 53
0.0
0.8
2.9
0.8
3.9
3. 1
0.0
0.2
0.5
5. 1
8. 0
13.0
6.4
6.6
8. 7
2. 1
1.9
3. 3
3.2
1
-
5.35
4.10 3.83
5. 00
3.52
6.62
4.61
6.21
2. 35
> 10.00
>      10.00
> 10.00
>      10.00
»       10.00
> 10.00
2.52
J. 09 2.86 1.75
Osmotic Pressure (At Field
Capacity) (atm)
3.85 2.95 2.76 3.60 2.53 4. 77
3.32
4.47
1.69
>  7.20
* 7.20
>  7.20
>  7.20
>  7.20
>  7.20
I.HI
3.22 2.06 1.36
3.90
2.83
5. 77
4.32
4. 77
1.99
>    7.50
>   7.50
>   7.50
>    7.50
>   7.50
>   7.50
2.n
2.52
2.36
1.56
■Soil Profile
No.
/        Soil
/ Sam pl b I Grave
L
Ferric!* Sla*
Lima
i        Depth /         (cm)
/ (fi)
7 cu
r
<. 002 mm
1          Silt
.002-., 05 mn
30.0
30.0
16. 7
J7.3 50.9
23. 5
41.5
28.9
32.9
38. 1 32.7 19.2
1.6 38. 1 60. 5 29.4 34. 0 24. J 41.0
|          Sand i . 05-2. Omrr
1
6.3
3.6
6.1
49.5
23.8
67.6
48. 4
62.7
57.9
19.5
11. 1
63.2
39.5
29.2
1 1.0
20.4
17.9
60.0 9.1
PH
L
Laboratory T exturo
Bulk
Density
l/«
Total
(%>
Active
(%)
Soil
Soluble
Salta
(%)
EC x l0J m mho/cm
25°C
Oamotic 1 I Pressure
(At Field
Capacity)
(atm)
Total Moielu
Street
Cat Field Capa
(atm)
J
795
0-20         J nil
812
813
837
845
851
20-60 60-110
0-30
30-05
85-150
0-55
55-125
125-150
0-15
15*95
95-140
0-20
20-70
70-140
0-15
15-65
65-80
80-150
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
63. 7 66.4
77.2
13.2
17. 3
8.9
8. 1 8.4 9.2
42.4
56.2
17.6
58.9
32. 7 26.5
50.2
46. 1
15. 7
49.9
Clay Clay
Clay
Loam Silty loam Sandy loam
Loam Sandy loam 5andy loam Clay
Clay Sandy loam
Clay
Clay loam Silty loam
Clay
Clay Sandy loam Silly clay
8.01
6.15
8. 08
8.44
8.37
8.35
6. 88
7. ?9
7.84
8.02
8.07
8.53
7. 79
7. 63
7.62
7.66
7.92
8.22
8.25
1.2
1.4
1.3
2.1
3.6
2. 1
0.0
2.8
2. 3
2. 8
2. 7
2.7
2.9
4.5
4.9
0.4
0. 7
3.5
4.5
6.62
4. 38
4.86
2. 78
5.38
6.45
> 10. 00
> 10.00
> 10.00
4.90
4.24
4.17
» 10.00
> 10. 00
* 10.00
4. 74
5.11
2.28
3.92
4.77
3.15
3.51
2.00
3.87
4.64
> 7.20
» 7.20
> 7.20
3.53
3.05
1. 00
> 7.20
* 7.20
» 7.20
3.41
3.69
1.64
2.82
5.77
4.15
4.51
2. 30
4.17
4.94
> 7.50
> 7.50
> 7.50
4. 53
4.05
3.30
> 7. 50
> 7.50
> 7.50
4. 41
4.69
1.94
3.82
UYf     / Sod
!         Profile
/ No.
/         Sai 1           I
'      Sample      /      Grev
/        Depth / (%)
/         (cm) /
/
91 /
/          Clay
Particle Size
/         Laboratory
I Silt l Sand I Texture
l<. OOi mm                   .002-. 05 mnn 1. 05-2. Omrr
1      Bulk Denaity
g/cc
p
Lime
Total
<*)
Active
(*)
1 ™ 1
Soluble
Salta
(*)
EC a 10s mmho/cm
25°C
■
Osmotic. \
Prmura \
(at Field \
Capacity)
(atm)
Total MaHVuK \
Sum                   \ >t Field Capacity) !
(atm)
1
B56           /         0-15             / nil /       15-50              / nil
/       50-150         I nil 857                        0-25                nil
44. 0
44. 6
66. J
55. 9
18.9
39. 7
68. 0
15.0
16. 2
1 1. 1
63. 5
78.6
18. 1
35.2
58.9
60. Z
27.3
/ ...
/         .4.2
' 5ilt/ eiay
42.9
29. 7
12. 5 1 Silty clay
5.0               Cl.y
1
32. 7                         31.4            | Clay loam
25-75 nil
75-150 nil
45. 4
31.1
35. 7              Loam
29.2 Clay loam
890                        0-60                nil 60 -95                nil
95-110              nil
110-150              nil
892                        0-50                nil 10-150             nil
909                        0-20                nil 20-55                nil
55-140              nil
27. 0                           5. 0              Clay
20. 3
66. 7              Sandy loam
22.4                          41.4              Clay* loam
19.Z
29.Z
69. 7 Sandy loam
7. 3              Clay
20. 5                           0.9              Clay
16. 7
65.2              Sandy loam
>7. 3                         29.5              Clay loam
7. 3              Clay
943                       0-40
nil
40-«O               nil
33. 8
24. 3
14. 3
>5.5
38. 4
Clay
Clay loam
8.22
8. 1 1
8.09
8. 00
8. 01
8. 34
8. 65
7. 63
7. 62
8. 00
7.97
8. 06
8. 82
8. 48
8. 17
7.65
8.07
0. 7
1.0
0.6
0.9
I.Z
1.0
0.5
1.2
1. 6
3. 5
0.9
1.0
0. 7
0.8
0. 0
0. 0
2.4
-
2.79
3.98
4. 44
4. 63
4. 03
2.41
6. 90
4.81
6. 37
3.20
3. 82
4. 10
2.37
4. 1 7
5. 05
5.85
7. 14
2.01
2. 86
3.20
3. 33
2.90
1. 73
4.97
3. 46
4. 59
2. 30
2. 75
2.95
1.71
3. 00
3. 64
4.21
5. 14
3.01
3.86
4.20
3.63
3.20
2.03
5.97
3. 76
4.89
2.60
J. 75
3.95
2.01
3. 30
4.64
5.21
5.44/
Particle Sire
/ Soil
/ Profile
/ No.
/         Soli
/ Sample
1  Depth
/          (cm)
Lima
/ (*> 7 «,                              /            Silt
/     Grave
1        Sand
!<■. 002 mm 1.002 -. 05 mn > 1. 05-2. 0 mm
1        Laboratory T extur e
Bulk
D*naity
l/«
J
1—
pH
OimoUe \ EC a 10*\         pTtnure I
Total
(%)
Active
(*)
Soil
Soluble
Salts
(%)
mmho/ cm !
(at Yield I
25°C Capacity) 1
(atm)
Total Montura \ Stress             \
(at Field Capacity)^ (atm)                 \
949                        0-20
20-90
90-150
957                         0-15
15-80
80-150
959                         0-10
10-80
80-150
961                         0-15
15-80
80-150
987                        0-55
55-65
65-105
105-180
nil          /
nil 1 81.0
nil
28. 4
18. 1
....
0.9
60.2
4.7
nil 44.6 nil 55.4
nil 61.3 nil 86.9
35. 6 ...
J4.3
7. 0 37. 6
33. 5
5.2
1 3. 0                        O. 1
nil
75.4
nil                      74. 5
nil
68.0
nil 62.9
nil 70. 7
nil
22.9
nil                      14.9
nil
nil
33.5
15. 7
9» 5
0-40
40-60
60-105
105-150
nil                     23.2
21.1
22. 1
22.9
36. 4
24. 3
45.9
31.9
53.5
22.9
45. 7
3. 5
3.4
9. I
0. 7
5.0
31.2
53.2
13.0
61.4
30.9
nil
nil
nil
15. 1
68. 4
62.4
35. 6                       49.3
23. 8
33. 8
7.8
3. 8
CUy
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Loam
Sandy loam Silty clay loam Sandy loam
Loam
Loam
Clay
Clay
9. 33
8. 20
7. 78
6.92
8. 1 J
8. 35
7.26
8. 22
7. 75
7.86
8. 09
8. 27
8.26
8. 50
8. 09
B. 04
8. 04
B.26
A. 30
8.42
4. 6
4. 7
5. 0
0. 0
1.5
2. 7
2.2
O. 6
u. 6
0. 5
0.9
0.6
2.9
1. 1
2.2
2.8
2.5
1.9
1.2
2.8
4. 78                    3.44 6. 13                    4.41
>10. 00 >7.20
3.04                    2. t9 4. 15                    2.99 3.89                    2. 80
4. 11                     2.96 4. 35                    3.13 6. 90                     4.97
3.86                   2. 78 3.91                    2.81 5. 35                   3. B5
2.21                     1.59
2. 81                    2. 02
5.26                    3. 79
3. 87                   2. 79
3. 10                   2.23
1.64                    1.18
3. 64                   2.62
2. 39                    1.72
5.41
a. 7. 50
3. 19
3.99
3. BO
3.96
4. 13
5.97
3. 78
3.81
4. 85
1.89
2.32
4.09
3. 09
2.53
1.48
3.62
2. 72/M/
/                                Particle Siu
/ Soil
I Profile
/ No.
/ Sample Gray                  el /
/ Depth I (%) / clay
1        Si nd
m /. 05-2. Omi
Laboratory
T ejrtnrc
Dulk
1 Denait
1  Silt
1.002-. 05 m
Tr ph
Lime
Total Active
/       (cm) /
/<. 002 mm
(%)
(*)
Soil
Soluble
Salts
<%)
EC x 10* rnmho/cm
25°C
Osmotic
Pressur•
(at Field
Capacity)
(atm)
Total Moisture
Stress
(at Field Capacity1
(atm)
989          /          0-65
I 65-100
100-160
160-180
990                      0-70
70-100
100-14)
143-17)
991                      0-60
60-95
95-150
992                      O-iOO 100-150
150-170
993                      0-30
90-150
994                      0-95
95-175
nil / 17.8
nil / 47.8
| 34.0 1  48.2
I           37.8
-
48.9            I         45.4
■
-
1 8. 10
8.45
i.Z
1,7
nil
1 5' 7
-             1       8.47                     1.4
nil I 22.1
nil
39.7
59.4 18.9
38.2
21.7
-
8.40                  3.0
nil 53.5
nil 38.6
nil 22.4
44.6                          1.9
- 8.14
H.23
0.0
1.1
51.8
9.6
8.43                   2. 0
37.3                       40. 3
8. 50
2.1
nil                     58.6                           33.8                          7.6
8.64                     0.2
2.84                               3.14
2.46                            3.46
1.44                            1.74
2.38                            2.68
2.65                             3.65
3.29                            4.29
2.00                            2.30
2.19                               2.39
7.13 8.13
nil
18.6                           29.2                      52.2
7. 78
1.4
4.56
4.86
nil                      49.4                           46.7
nil
72.6                          19.4
3.9
8.0
7. 74 4.6
8.29 1.2
5.90 6.90
2.49 3.49
nil                       58.9
32.4                          8.7
«. 33
2. 3
nil          1         30.2                           40.5
8.59  | 4.2
8.44 0.7
3. 69
2.34
4.69
2. 64
nil                       58.6
31.1
29.3
10.3
nil
65.3                        29.7                           5.0
8.66
1. 7
-
nil                    56.7
33.5                         9.8                (
8.55                   O. 7
nil
35.9
56.7
7, 4              h
Loam
CUy
Loam
Loam
Clay
Silty elay
Silty clay loam
Loam
Clay
Sandy loam
Silty clay
Clay
Clay
Clay loam
Clay
"lay
7lay
llty clay loam
9. 13
4.2
3.94
3.42
2.00
3. 31
3.68
4.57
2.76
3. 04
9.90
6. 33
8.20
3.46
5.13
J.25
> 10.00
> to. DO
3.47
3.60
> 7.20 > 7. 50
> 7.20 > 7.50
2.50
2.59
3.50
2.89
1
1
1
IF*articJe Siae
Lim« Total
(%)
Active (%)
Soil
Soluble
Salta
(%)
EC m 10a m mho/ cm
25°C
(atm)
3. 17
» 10.00
2. 84
Oamotlc Preiaure
(at Field Capacity) (atm)
2.28 > 7.20
2.04
3.28 > 7.50
2.34
> 10.00
>
7.20
»      7.50
> 10.00
>
7.20
> 7.50
7. 90 8.  53 7.95 8.  14 8. 48
6. 62 > 10.00
I.  91 3.26
J.  15
4. 77
» 7.20 2. 81 2. 35
2.27
8.  33
4. 00
2. 86
8. 54
3.  77
2.  71
8. 61
5.29
3.  BI
8. 33
4.  11
2.96
1053
0-25
25-50
50-70
70-1 50
1.3
nil
70. 7
11.3 
18.0
8.23
3. 71
46. 4
35.1
8. 01
2.21
nil
34. 3
8. 14
2. 46
nil
59.4
46.4
45. 6
IB.5
6.3
0.0
Clay
Clay
Clay
Silty elay
8.19
5.15
3.07
3.45 I
3.82
2. 75
. 
ir-=tSample
Depth
Laboratory
Trxlurc
Bulk
Density
Total
Active
Soil Soluble
Salta
EC M 10*
mmho/ c m
Preaeure
(-at Field
Capacity)
(atm)
30-65
65-00
00-90
90-150
Loam Loam Sandy loam
7.94                   5. 72
1.93
3.02
1.39
2. 17
6. 10 4.39
3.52 2.53
6.02
1.69
2.47
5.39
2.63
30-80 80-1 IS
115-150
Silty loam
Silty loam
Sandy loam
20-80 80-135
3.40  J 4. 48
3.25  1 4.25
135-150
4. 03
4. 52
5. 05
5. 59
3. 64        |
4. 64
4. 02         I                 5.02
18-60
60-150
Clay loarn
Sandy loam
5. 59     /           4. 02        1                 4.32
4. 02
1.88 |
2.89         )
3.89
1.35          1                  1.65
20-140Lima
/ s*n
Bulk
Penalty
«/«c
Total
(*)
Active
(*>
Soil           1 Soluble
Salt* |
Tout Niota"*** ' St»*«a
M Field Capacity (atm)
P>«
r
Gravel
Laboratory T»xtu ®
Profit*
No.
1091
I        Sample ' Depth
partici* Siao 05 mm
J00-I5O
15-65
1095
0-45
45-150
I 098
65-140
1134
10-70 70-150
1143
15-35
35-150
1145
15-65
Aj-150
loam
1149
I
I
I
I
45-oO
60-85
J5-2. 0mm U.S
0.9
9.2
11.4
9.5
7.1
40.0
12.0
0.8
19.6 10. > 33.3 13.4
0.2
7.6
30.6
59.5 37.1
39.6
- ----------
7.5
f Silty loam | Clay
Clay
Clay
Silty clay
clay
Loam
cuy
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay Loam Silty clay
Clay
Clay
Clay loam Sar.dy clay Loam Luim
8.41
8.14
7.50
7.68
8. 30 7.63 8.15 8.61 8.43 8.23 7.38
8.23
8. 46
7.87
7.90
8.58 8.64 8.60 8.61
8.4
1.4
0.0
0.2
3.2
o.o
2.9
7.0
8.2
6. 1 0. o
3.2 2. 6 o.o 0. o 2.8
4.2
3. 9
2. 5
6.1
-
-
EC x. IO1 I mmho/cm i
Z5°C
> 10. oo 8.62 3.69
3.3!
3.44
4. 57
4.72
1.65 4.61
9.09
3.73
3. 12
3.57
3. 87
3. 73 2.63 2.05
2.34
OimolU \ Pr»»»u»e \ (*l Field Capacity)
(atm)
>7.20
6.21
2.66
2. 38 2.48
3.29
3.40
2.63
3.32
6. 54
2.68
2.25
2.57
2.79
2. 68 1.89
1.48
1.68
1.72
>7.50
7.21
3.66
3.38
3.48
4.29
3. 70
3.63
4.32
7.44
3. 68
2.55
3.67
3.79
3.68
2.19
1.78
1.98
2.02f Soil
Profile No.
Soil
Sample
Depth
Laboratory
Taxhire
Soil
Soluble
EC * IO1 mmho/cm
Straw* Vat Field Capacity^
(atm)
I I IB
85-95
95-150
Silly clay
Loamy aand Loam
30-60
60-1 50
Silty clay loam
20 -45
45-85
85-110
15-55
55-95
95-125
Clay loarn
> 10. 00
>7.20
> 7. 50
125-150
Silty clay
01
Clay
0
1
0.
> 10. 00
> 7. 20
> 7. 50
15-30
80-150
Silty clay loam
> 10. 00
> 7.20
> 7.50
Silty loam
> 10. 00
* 7.20
30 ?0
90-140
b?-Y:r/7
•n
l/ * 'j
Soil
Simple
Depth
/ Bulk 1 Density I l/«
Lim«
L^Loralary
Texture
1  pH
Oemotlc i
Preeaure
(
Total
(%)
Active
(%)
Soil
Soluble
Sella
(%)
EC - »0> mmhv/ cm
25°C
(al Field I
Capacity)
(atm)
'ratal MoitUta ( Stvaaa
Ut Field Capacity)!. (»tm)
1241
1244
1246
1250
20. 2
27. 0
1254
Clay loam
Silty loam
Silty loam
Sandy clay loam Sandy loam
1266
Sandy clay loam Clay loam
1284
40-70
0-10
10-115
115-150
0-30
30-100
100-150
0-15
15-75
75-150
0-30 30-60
0-10
10-90
90-130
0-20 20-60
<. 002 mm
86. 9 66. 7 71 . 6
50. 5 46. 3
Clay
44. 0
62.4
1.07
1.01
1.01
1.07
1.23
1.05
1.09
1.09
1.09
1. 18
I.01
0.88
1.09
1.23
1.02
1.13
1.13
1.06
1.15
8. 02
7.27
7.24
8.37
7. 65
7. 70
8.21
8. 59
8.50
8.21
7.61
7.94
7.13
8.05
7. 73
7.82
8. 71
8. 37
8. 29
0.4
0.4
0. 3
2. I
1.9
2. 1
1.8
2. 7
3.2
4.2
6.6
2.9
0.0
0.9
0.0
0.2
2. 1
4. 9
6.5 J
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4. 1
-
-
-
-
0.6                      4.65 2. 1                     7. 52
5. 0                » 10.00
0.4                      4. 35
2.2                       6.49
4.5                 > 10. 00
0. 7                     3.41
0.9                       4.06
0.9                       4.22
1.3                     4.42
8. 6              > 10.00
14. 1             > 10.00
1.0                    3. 09
0. 8                     1.25
0. 7                     5.43
1.1                     5. 78
0. 7                    2. 56
1.5                     3. 56
0.8 4.U |
3. 35
5.41
* 7.Z0
3. 13
4.67
> 7.20
2. 45
2.92
3.04
3. 18
> 7.20
> 7.20
2.22
0.90
3.91
4.16
1.84
2.56
3.00
4. 35
6.41
■> 7.50
4. 13
5.67
> 7. 50
3. 45
3.92
4.04
3.48
> 7.50
> 7. 50
2.52
1.20
4.91
5. 16
2. 14
2.86
4. 00Soli ProMJa
No. 1284
1289
1300
1322
1332
1362
Soil S*rnpl*
Depth
fem)
60-75
75-100
100-150
0-20
20-120
120-150
0-10
10-25
25-140
0-40
40-100
100-150
0-15 15-150
0-15
15-60
60-150
Gravel
1.4 nil
nil 1.4 1.7
10.0 19.0
nil nil nil nil nil
nil
nil
nil
39. 7 52.7 48. 1 75.9 79.7 49.9 10.3
13.0
19.7
4.9
7.3
3.2
68.3
60.5
53.2
56.2
71.3
Particle 5i*e
Silt
. 002-. 05 mm 28.9
27.5 37.5
I 7.0
18.4
27.5
22.4 44.3 51.6 35.1 20.8 32.7 19.7 32.1
27.5
9.4
18.6
Lkme
' Sand
. 05-2. Omm 11.4 19.8
14.4 7.1 1.9
22.6
67.3
42.7
28. 7
60.0 71.9 64.1 12.0 17.4 19.3 34.4 10. 1
Laboratory Texture
Clay loam Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay Sandy loam Loam Silty loam
Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Clay
Clay Clay Clay Clay
Bulk Density l/«
1.37 1.15 0.93 I.01 1.24 1.09
pH
1.10
1.18
1.09
I. 02 1.22
1.03
1.14
1.23
8. 63 8.08 7.84
8.26 8.  37 8.08
8.92
9.  88
10. 12
7.64
7. 74
8.17 7. 68 8.22
8.  38 8. 30 8.23
Total (%)
12. 7
8.2 6.6 0.0 0.4 3.1 2.7
5.3 0.3 5.2
1.1
0.4
0.7
2.8
1.3
1.4
1.4
Active
(5)
Soil
Soluble
Salle
4.8
1.0
2.0
14.2
0.9
0.4 1.9
3.92
7.43
2.3
5.1
6.2 10. 7
12.2
1.5
1.9
0.3
0.4
0.8
EC m 1OJ m mho/ cm
25°C
3.08 6.21
»• 10.00
4.13
4. 06
8.93
1.98
>-  10.  00
> 10.00
7. 09
> 10.00
> 10.00
4. 85
3.89
2.67
2.73
4.88
2.92
6.43
1.42 ” 7.20
>    7.20
5. 10
>    7.20
>    7.20
3.49
2. 80
1.92
1.96
3.51
> 7.50 > 7.50
5.40
>  7.50
>  7.50
4.49
3.80
2.92
2.96
4.51
U-VParticJe .Sis*
Silt
j          Send
Laboratory
Tsxturs
. 002       05 mrr     1. 05-2. 0 mm
31.9                     43.0 19. 7                    22.5
22.1                     29.3
30.0                     14.4
16.7                       5.8
16.5                       4. 7
34.8                     20.1 14.0                     16.9
24.6                     17.4
32.1                     21.5
25.7                        3.6
23.5                      10.6
16.7                     56.3 22.1                      52.2
18.9                     63.0
6.8                     77.0
25.7                        4.9
20.8                        6.8
18.6                        6.3
Loam
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Sandy clay loam Sandy clay loam Sandy loam Sandy loam
Clay
Clay
Clay
Bulk Density
l/« 1.01
1.24
1.09
1.19
1.22
1.23
0.98
1.11
1.21
1.07
1.23
1.15
1.06
1.22
1.16
1.17
I. 00
1.01
1.22
PH
8.53
8.59
8.23
7.87
8.20
8.03
8.42
8.17
7.92
8.66
B.93
7.93
8.24
8.34
8.18
8.06
8.86
8. 73 8.25
Z£-Soil ProHle
Na,
1533
Gravel
(%)                Clay
<. 002 mm
30. 5
52.4
22.1
1554
1535
1561
1573
SoU Sample
Depth (cm)
0-20 20-80
to-uo
0-40 40-150
0-20
60-70
70-150
0-35
35-63
64-140
0-37
37-60
60-150
Lima Total
Active
(*)
15
>0
10
ail
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
1.2
4.5
6. 0
nil nil
34. J                                                                                                                                                     8
21.6
52.7
30.0
46.4
33.6
35.4
5.1
25.9
15.4
23.2
I
I
37.0
15.9
52.9
26.7
31.1
24.8
24.4
48. 7
42.0
47.4
53.5
52.0
Clay loam
Sandy clay
Silty loam
Loam
Sandy loam
Sandy clay loam
8.46
10.03
10.41
10.10
10.04
10.08
0.2
0.2
0.0
1.3
2.3
0.4
2.5
0.0
11.7
13.8
10.3 9.8
15.3 17.0
Soil
.Soluble Salta (%) 1.2
9.3 9.0 2.9 2.2 0.9 1.4 1.9
EC x IOJ mmho/cm
25°C
9.5 6.1 7.5 3.2
3.0 6. 7
3.89
>10.00
>10.00
8.20
7.94
3.45
6.25
7. 75
8.26
>  10.  00
> 10.00
>10.00
>    10.00
>10.00
Oimoiic Preaaurc (at Field Capacity) (alm)
2.80
>    7.20
>7.20
5.90
5.72
2.48
4.  50
5. 58
5.95
>   7.20
>   7.20
>7.20
^7.20
>7.20
Total Moisture Streee
(at Field Capacity) (atm)
3.10
> 7. 50
->7.50
6.20
6.02
3.48
4.80
6.58
6.25
>    7.J0
>   7.50
>  7. 50
>    7.50
>7.50

< <

Summery

Summary: Melka Sadi-Amibara Irrigation Project - Soil Science

Melka Sadi-Amibara Proposed Irrigation Project Feasibility Study

Volume 2: Soil Science - Summary

Project Overview

Location: Right bank of the Awash River, Ethiopia

Study Area: 28,548 hectares

Conducted by: Italconsult for the Imperial Ethiopian Government's Awash Valley Authority

Study Period: December 15, 1968 - March 31, 1969

Report Date: July 1969

1. Introduction

The study involved detailed soil and land classification surveys using:

1:10,000 aerial photographs for preliminary interpretation
1:5,000 scale topographic maps as base
1,682 soil profiles examined (typically 1.5m deep, some to 2.5m)
14 piezometers drilled (35-45m deep)
400 test holes for boundary determination

Profiles were described following US Soil Survey Manual standards, with laboratory analyses including texture, pH, salinity, and conductivity measurements.

2. General Features of the Study Area

Geomorphology

Three main units identified:

Recent alluvial plain: Very recent deposits with variable textures
Old fluviatile terraces: Two visible terraces with gravel/sand deposits
Volcanic formations: Lava flows influencing river course

Drainage

Complex drainage patterns with temporary streams, abandoned meanders, and a swamp in the northern area. Koka Dam has reduced flooding.

Vegetation

Three parallel vegetation strips:

Tunnel forest along river banks
Alluvial plain scrub vegetation
Upper terrace slopes with sparse vegetation

Soil Formation Factors

Factor	Characteristics
Parent Material	Volcanic origin materials with variable texture and permeability
Climate	500-600mm annual rainfall, 25-26°C mean temperature, limited leaching
Relief	Topography influences soil moisture and erosion patterns
Time	Different rates of weathering across landscape units
Human Impact	Overgrazing, vegetation clearing, and compaction effects

3. Soil Classification

12 soil mapping units identified using USDA Soil Taxonomy (1967 Supplement):

Unit No.	Description	Area (ha)	Classification
1	Soils on very recent alluvium	2,076	Ustifluvents (Entisols)
3	Vertisols on recent alluvium	3,362	Vertic Usthortents
4	Non-calcareous vertisols	2,035	Typic Chromusterts/Pellusterts
5	Hydromorphic vertisols	3,710	Ustic Chromusterts
6	Soils with grain size alternations	8,251	Typic Ustifluvents
9	Arid brown soils on terraces	5,803	Calciorthids (Aridisols)
10	Saline/alkali soils	1,899	Saline and sodic soils

Total classified area: 28,741 ha

4. Land Classification

Land classified based on soil, topography, and drainage characteristics following US Bureau of Reclamation standards:

Class	Description	Area (ha)	Characteristics
1	Prime arable land	969	Good texture, drainage; minimal limitations
2	Good arable land	13,124	Moderate limitations (texture, drainage)
3	Arable land with limitations	6,230	Severe but manageable constraints
4	Limited arable land	457	High salinity but reclaimable
6	Non-arable land	7,768	Excessive slope, salinity, or other limitations

        Key Conclusions
        Most arable lands (Classes 1-3) are on the alluvial plain east of the Awash River
Main limiting factors are salinity, soil reaction, grading requirements, and drainage
Vertisols and Entisols dominate the alluvial plain, while Aridisols are found on terraces
About 72% of the area (20,780 ha) is classified as arable (Classes 1-3)

               
            