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IMPERIAL ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT
AWASH VALLEY AUTHORITY ADDIS ABABA
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MELKA SADI-AMIBARA PROPOSED
IRRIGATION PROJECT
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PROPOSAL
FOR SERVICES
ITALC0HS1 I 1 1
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Rome, Jiinc l Xwi
VIMPERIAL ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT 
AWASH VALLEY AUTHORITY
ADDIS ABABA
MELKA SADI-AMIBARA PROPOSED
IRRIGATION PROJECT
PROPOSAL FOR SERVICES
I CONSLLT
Rome. June 1968SOCrCTA GENEMAIXPEI. PMXIETTAZJONI. CONWUNZE E PARTEC IPAZIOXI
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0O1A5 ROMA VIA PASTRENGO. 16
Roma,
7 June 1968
6 0 318
Awash Valley Authority
Imperial Ethiopean Government
Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Gentlemen:
We are pleased to submit herewith our Proposal for Services
for the Melka Sadi - Amibara Proposed Irrigation Project.
We also include, for your information, a copy of ’’Projects
Studied and Designed by Italconsult over the Last Five Years”, and ’’Gen eral Description of 10 Notable Hydraulic and Agricultural Development
Projects”. A brief description of the Company is given in the Preface of
the Proposal for Services.
We trust that our proposal will meet with your favorable con sideration and remain at your complete disposal to supply any further in formation you may require.
Very truly yours,
ITALCONSULT
SCC’ETA PER AZ'ONI
UN D'.R ETTORE "
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(DR. C.SEGM)/
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,CONTENTS
PREFACE
1.      INTRODUCTION
2.       OBJECTIVES
3.      SPECIAL ASPECTS
4.       SCOPE OF CONSULTING SERVICES
4.1       FEASIBILITY
4. 1. 1        General
4. 1. 2        Engineering 
4. 1. 3        Irrigation Engineering 
4. 1. 4        Agriculture
4. I. 5        Demographic and Sociology Aspects 4. I. 6        Economic and Financial Aspects
4. 1. 7       Time Schedule
4. 1. 8       Organization and Personnel
4. 2      ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 
Page 1 
3
7
11
11
4. 2. 1       Organization of Service Center
4. 2. 2  Settlement Schemes, Desing and  Management
H
13
21
36
40
49
49
5 3
53
57
4.  2.  3         Management  Responsibilities  for
the  Imple
mentation of the Project
62
4. 2. 4 
Organization and Management of
AV A
63
4. 2. 5 
Manpower Requirements
63
4. 2. 6 
Legislative Aspects
63
FIGURES
1    - LOCATION MAP
2  - TIME SCHEDULE BY MAJOR TYPES OF ACTIVITIES
3    - PROJECT PERSONNEL TIME CHART
CURRICULA VITAEPREFACE
Italconsult,  Society  Generale per Progettazioni,  Consulenze e Partecipa- zioni,  Society  per Azioni,  with  a Registered  Capital of Lire 1,500,000,000 (USS 2, 500, 000) was established in Rome in March 1957.
The Company employs a staff of more than 400 specialists in civil, hy draulic, soil and structura 1 engineering, geology, agronomy, economics and sociology, and provides a full range of services from preliminary surveys, overall studies and general planning of economic and social development, to the final design and supervision of works.
Italconsult has had considerable experience in the design and construc tion of roads and airports, public utilities and buildings; land, water and agricultural development programs; town, industrial areas and tourism planning; study and training of human resources; and economic studies. Its activities have embraced more than 50 countries, and its services have been performed for nearly all the main international organizations.1, introduction
The Imperial Ethiopian Government - Awa.h Valley An hortt, (AAM u ni inner oi 16th May, ,963. invited rtaleoneait^.^m.t^^. .-- (ethnical and economic fea.ibility etudten «neern.ng
Melka Sadi and Amibara areas covering some 20, 000 r- m Valley of the Awash River (see Fig- 1).
-X. -
The         basic         facts         about         the         Study         Area         were         derived         fro»~“ tied "Survey of the Awash River Basin" prepared by UNS* -r AO — .
Italconsult then  sent Mr.  P.  Leon  (general economist) and  A-TaxMOrffsa©
(Irrigation Engineer) to Ethiopia to complete the collection 01 
—aXLGe:
to     have     talks     with     AV     A     technical     personnel     and     to     make     a     reco^caisssrxe of the Area.
At this point we would like to express our sincere thanks to the General
Manager of AVA, Vice Minister Assefa Defaye, to Chief Engineer Mr. 
Hailu Yemanu and to all the technical staff for the useful exchange of
ideas made possible by their kind cooperation.
The objectives of the study are dealt with in Chapter 2. It has been 
thought best to divide the requests set forth in the Terms of Reference
into two parts. The first part covers the investigations and data proces
sing needed to assess the technical a_nd economic feasibility of th** Project, 
while the second covers more specific problems of the organsrm -d 
management of the Study Area and of the AVA as a whole.
Certain     specific     problems     which,     in     our     opinion,     may     have     a     decided     bea ing on the conclusions of the feasibility report are highlighted in Chapter
Para. 4. ; gives a detailed exposition of the scope of the Consulting Services relating to the Feasibility Study . The scheme proposed in the Terms of Reference has been followed here with but marginal variation* although in certain cases the studies relating to the humi asuect have been given more emphasis. For this part of the Studv the staging and time scheduling have been detailed. It is thought that the minimum time the StLd in' SlUdy WUl b° tOn months- However, the organisation of
roear sV
ogards the sub-contracts for subsoil investigations and the groundwater
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schedule, especially as- 4 -
elating to organization and management
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LOCATION  OF  PROJECT  AREA)
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2. objectives
The
a)
b)
c)
purpose    of    the    Study    is: to establish the technical
and economic feasibility of a proposed ir
rigation scheme - covering about 20,000 hectares in the Awash River
Valley;
to     describe     the     conditions     within     which     such     a     scheme     can     be     a     pro- fitable undertaking for the economy of the country,
to     analyze     the     financial     aspects     of     the     scheme,     in     a     form     which     can be submitted to international financing agencies.
An  allied  purpose of the Study  is that of making  an  analysis of the organi zation  and  management of both  the implementation  and  the administration of the scheme. This analysis will:
a)      identify the possible alternatives in organizing and managing the dif ferent parts of the scheme (waterworks, agricultural extension, marketing, settlement schemes, etc.) and appraise the relative ad vantages and disadvantages of each;
b)      determine the respective fields of responsibilities of the Central Government, local authorities, Awash Valley Authority.
c)      determine the basic legislative framework for operating the scheme (water rights, tenure legislation, etc.).
While the primary purpose of the Study (the feasibility part) can be carried out fully, the second part (organization) depends to a large extent on Governmental and AVA policies and plans, not only as to their respective general spheres of responsibility but also as to the eventual development
.’‘"the ‘ 7 Wh°‘e AW"h RiVCr VaUe’'- The
I ty. therefore, se™, essential for carrying out the second part.
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authori-- 7 -
3. SPECIAL ASPECTS
Before going on the explain how the Study^wouldbe
must be drawn to the importance of a number op 
ing the proposed project:
- The lands to be irrigated have never been cultivated and arc thus
virgin areas from the agricultural aspect. Information available from farming being done in relatively nearby areas and data from tests
run under conditions closely approximating to those encountered over a large part of the Project Area (although covering just one
year) show that most of the land is very fertile and that it gives high yields when irrigated.
i The fertility of the soils is such that the addition of fertilizers may 
i have, at the present time, little influence on increasing yields. Natu-y rally, thia fact must be very carefully checked by means of further test-work. However, it is possible that natural fertility might be negatively affected as the lands are exploited.
Furthermore, although there should be no great number of dangerous pests present in the Project Area (which has not previously been cropped), nonetheless they might be present later.
Thus, it is to be expected that the quantity of these and other tech nical means required by the Project will not remain unvaried at any one given level. Indeed, the structure of inputs and outputs will change during the life of the project.
To all intents and purposes the Project Area is suitable for growing any tropical crop which can be cultivated in an arid climate when ir rigation is available. Some of these crops have already been ex perimented with to a fairly wide extent or are actually being grown in nearby or similar environments in Ethiopia. Others have not been sufficiently tested or have not been tested at all. Thus, although the / feasibility study will specify crops to be grown, it will leave room ' tor further tests and experiments.
P
At     the    present     time    the     population    de the inhabitants of the Area and of the
nsity is very low. Furthermore, 
surrounding zones are concern-- 8 -
ed almost exclusively with nomadic herding. Some experiments on 
the possibility of settling the nomads have now been under way in the
Area for a little over a year. Despite the short space of time involved 
these have already yielded some useful pointers. Nonetheless, it is
apparent that this is an extremely complex problem which can have
very far-reaching effects, both direct and indirect, on the feasibility 
study.
By way of example, it will have a direct effect on the choice of crop
ping patterns, since account must be taken of the nomads' adaptabi
lity to farming, as well as of their particular requirements and at
titudes. An indirect influence of importance is the social and health 
aspect, as is that concerning relations between nomads who will be
settled and those who will remain around the fringe of the Project
Area but who will nonetheless feel the influence of the irrigation area
to some extent.
The account mustalso be taken of the possibility of benefitting from
the nomads great experience in stockraising and their inborn aptitude
in this sphere. This could be done by setting up stockraising units
within the Project Area. In this case, the animals could benefit from
the large quantity of crop residues which will be available for fodder
as well as from forage grown on the irrigated lands or on the mar
ginal lands. The nomads living around the fringes of the district
could benefit from supplementary water points and from the forage
grown on the neighboring lands, possibly assisted by occasional or
planned irrigation. Thus, the feasibility study will also include the
indirect benefits arising from the development of areas adjoining 
the Project Area.
There will be considerable irrigation development in the Awash Valley* 
and this will have a determinant effect on the national economy. 
The Melka Sadi and Amibara district is one of the priority areas. It
will thus assume the role of a pilot area where ideas will be tested 
out and solutions indicated for lands to be irrigated subsequently. 
Hence the Study Area must be viewed from two aspects: during an 
initial phase it will exist as an independent, autonomous unit, while
in a second phase it will form part and parcel of a much vaster system-
Rigid  solutions must therefore be avoided.  Instead,  flexible solutions must be sought which  can  be adapted  to  situations whose development cannot oe exactly foreseen at the time the Study is being made.• 9 -
The water resources of the Awash basin arc limited. Hence, it will
be necessary to study ways and means of keeping the unit water require ments to a minimum, having regard to the full development of the irrigated potential in the Valley. The possibility of diverting the
waters from the Meki to the Awash basin is under consideration. However, at the moment there are only a few technical and cost data available on this scheme. In an initial approach to the problem, it is thought that the cost of diverting the Meki should be split up over all the irrigable areas in the Awash basin, including the Melka Sadi and Amibara district. How these costs should be divided up is a question to be examined during the feasibility study, bearing in mind that they will only be known very approximately.- 11
4. 1 4. 1. 1
4. 1.2
FEASIBILITY
General
In view of the short space of time available for the Study, as
regards the general information and the environmental cha
racteristics, the Study will have to be based on information 
and data already available. Supplementary investigations
will be made where these are deemed necessary to obtain 
a more precise knowledge of such items as the Project Area
topography^and sub-soils and soils. Further investigations
will probably be necessary in the Final Design stage.
Temporary or occasional measurements of climatic condi
tions, river discharges and of the nature of the water available
will only be made, for example, to support or clarify certain 
particular aspects of existing data.
Particular attention will be given to a survey of the possible
markets for products obtainable from the Project, since the
output of the 20, 000-ha irrigation district will have a decided 
impact on the overall production of some sectors of the
Country's          agriculture,          thus          influencing          Ethiopia's          consumption and needs as well as exports.
Engineering
4. 1.2.     1 Uxdro log y _a nd_ C li mat o logy
The Melka Sadi and Amibara district (M.S. A. ) covers some 20, 000 ha in the Awash Valley where the total irrigable area is around 170, 000 ha. Thus the water balance of the M. S. A. district can only be viewed within the framework of overall water-use requirements in the Awash basin.- 12 -
In view of the limited time available for the Study, it will not be possible to collect hydrological data which would alter to any great extent the picture obtained from the data which the FAO mission started to collect in 1961 and which AVA has continued to collect since the departure of this mission. 
Some check and control measurements can however be made.
Water availability for the Awash Valley will be worked out on the basis of the existing data, completing the processing of these where necessary. Then, bearing in mind the indications available on present or expected water uses, an assessment will be made of the water requirements for the M. S. A. district so that, inter alia, the resources of the Awash Valley can be exploited to the best possible advantage.
The flood regime under present conditions, and as it will be when the expected regulating structures are built, will be studied in order to ascertain what flood-protection works will be required.
The meteorological data available will also be processed and used for calculating evapotranspiration in accordance with current procedures. Data relating to other climatic factors (winds, dew-point, etc.) will also be considered as limiting factors for crop production.
Such microclimates as may exist will be examined if these are likely to have an appreciable influence on the crops.
Hydrological and meteorological data will also be utilized for the groundwater study.
4. 1.2.2
A    detailed    soil    survey    and    land    classification    will    be    made over the total area of 20, 000 ha.
The study methods used wiU be those of the U. S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation, as laid down in the Terms of Reference.Accordingly, some 2, 500 samples will be taken (one every 
8 ha) 1, 000 of these samples will be subjected to fairly detailed analyses while the remainder will be the object of
field tests and rapid tests in the field laboratory.
Physical analyses will also be run to determine such points
as field capacity, wilting capacity, saturation, specific
weight, bulk density, pore space, etc.
In addition, investigations will be made to ascertain the
intake rate, the permeability and the hydraulic conductivity of the soils (Vaimeyer double ring infiItrometcr as modified 
by Picker - Auger hole - piezometers).
Topography
The following cartographic material is available:
-   1:5, 000 maps with 25 cm contours
-   1:20, 000 maps with 60 cm contours
-   1:10, 000 air photos.
The supplementary work required will be as follows:
-   1:500 surveys with 25 cm contours of the diversion sites and for structures of particular interest, if any
-   Levelling of wells and plotting their position, in order to facilitate the groundwater study.
Irrigation Engineering
Irrigation Parameter_s
In the first place, the water requirements of all the ecologi cally feasible crops will be worked out. To this end the following points will be considered:
- the theoretical formulae most suited to the Study Area- 14 -
-   the data already obtained on the Experimental Farm located in the Area
-   such other data as are available for irrigated crops already grown in similar parts of the Country.
These first data on water requirements will be one of the factors considered when making the final selection of the cropping pattern. Indeed, the quantity of water required has a direct bearing on the economic choice of crops. In turn, the choice of cropping pattern, by determining the quantity of water needed in the Area, will also define the size of the irrigated perimeters.
Various possible irrigation systems will also be carefully examined, taking into account the amount of water they re quire and their suitability and utility to the farmers who must operate them.
Once the final cropping pattern has been chosen, the detailed irrigation parameters listed below will be worked out, con sidering the crops involved, the irrigation method to be adopted crop water requirements and the hydraulic charac
f
teristics of the soil:
-   irrigation diagram and calendar
-   total irrigation volumes and field modules
-   turns and watering rates
-   peak consumption and degree of flexibility of the network.
-  irrigation efficiency.
Drainage parameters will then be ascertained on the basis of:
-   soil types
-   rainfall characteristics of the zone
-  location of water tables
-   morphology and ground elevation
g ion methods and water applications envisaged
-  ^pected size of plots and leveUing pattern
-  Particular crop requirements
■ specific requirements (leaching, etc. ).- 15 -
Should the water table occur relatively near the surface, 
this could have a considerable influence both on water re quirements (since it would increase the field efficiency or contribute directly to the water balance through evaporation) and on the parameters for the drainage network: the latter may not only be necessary to drain away rain water and excess irrigation water but also to keep the water table at
a predetermined level. Consideration must be given both 
to the nature of such water tables as may be present at the moment, as well as to the modifications which may occur in the future when the area is irrigated.
4. 1.3.2
Various possible solutions exist for diverting the Awash waters and for irrigating the M.S. A. District.
The aim of the first field trip will be that of completing and obtainingan overall picture of the factors to be used in the
final scheme. Naturally, the choice of the solution must
be based on both technical and economic criteria. Account
will also be taken of the fact that one of the proposed schemes calls for the construction of diversion works which would 
not only feed water to the Study Area but to neighboring districts as well. In this case it will be necessary not only 
to assess the share of the cost to be attributed to the Area
but also the time schedule for the utilization of the works
in zones outside the Study Area.
As a basic principle only works which are simple to build and operate will be considered. The program of investigations
for the diversion sites will be drawn up as early as possible
so that, amongst other things, AVA will be able to assign 
the sub-contracts for subsoil investigations.
Regarding these sub-contracts, the limited geological knowledge so far available on the area indicates that it should be possible not only to use boreholes and mechanical tests
but also geophysical investigations. This would provide a
better knowledge of the foundation conditions and allow survey times to be reduced.- 16 -
4. 1. 3. 3 Irrigation and Drainage J{etwork
The design of the irrigation network will include the main and secondary canals, possible pumping stations and, where required, all the relative structures.
The possible need to line some sections of canal to reduce losses will be studied. Should such lining in fact be necessary, an examination will be made of whether this can be deferred until such times as the water consumption and hence the use of the network increases, thus reducing the initial investment required.
The design of the distribution network will be drawn up with a view to achieving simple, orderly and economical operation involving minimum waste and low labor costs. To this end, constructional systems will be studied which permit the best use to be made of machinery, technical personnel and labor available locally, without impairing efficiency.
The quality of the water available will be carefully considered when establishing the constructional features of the network so as to avoid or limit damage which might otherwise be caused by corrosion and encrustation.
The dimensions of the irrigation network as a whole will be based on the cropping pattern selected. However, they will
be such that it will be possible to vary the pattern in the future should changing economic and social needs so required.
The design of the drainage network will be carried out with particular care so as to avoid excessively large structures (which would only be required in exceptional events) or undersized structures which could cause frequent and exces sive damage.
4. 1. 3. 4 Repre tentative Jr ricatipnJDnits
Once the dimensions of the type farms have been fixed, along with the cropping patterns, the irrigation system and the irrigation and drainage parameters, a certain number of areas, each measuring less than 100 ha, will be selected.These will be representative of the various typical situations which exist in the District. Detailed designs will then be drawn up for all the irrigation and drainage works (tertiary canals, field ditches, drainage ditches, etc.) and for the in frastructure therein (feeder roads, crossings, possible windbreaks, etc. ). The layout of the individual plots and earth-movement quantities will be worked out for these areas.
The data thus obtained will then be extrapolated, on a reasoned basis, to the whole of the Study Area so as to assess the quan tities and total cost of the most important works (such as tertiary canals, field ditches, feeder roads, windbreaks, etc.)
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The question of linking the Study Area to the main markets and supply centers will be examined first, account being taken 
of the national communications program. Then the matter
of road communications within the Area will be studied. Where possible, the banks of the main and secondary canals will be used for roads. Particular attention will be given 
to forecasts of traffic type and density within the District and of that plying to the outside in years to come. An attempt will be made to find solutions which adequately meet the needs during the first years of the Project but which can at the
same time be upgraded without difficulty and without excessive costs to satisfy the more complex needs which will arise
in the future.
H ydro powe_r
There is the possibility that the irrigation waters may also be harnessed for hydroelectric power generation. The produc tive capacity would be between 600 and 700 kW.
In view of the location of the hydroelectric station in question, and of the small amount of power that can be produced, it would only be worth while using such power within a short distance of the plant itself.- 18 -
The population to be settled in the irrigation districts will be considered in this respect. A survey will, therefore, be undertaken to ascertain whether, and to what extent, the future towns and villages will constitute a real market for the electric power available for domestic (lighting and house hold appliances) and agricultural uses (e. g. pumping, cotton ginning,etc. ). Connecting up the village near Awash Station could also be considered.
Should the investigations show that electrification of the area is advisable (for promoting social development and/or because an effective power market is available) an exami nation will be made of the technical characteristics the proposed hydroelectric plant should have. Since, broadly speaking, this plant would be the only source of power in the locality, it may well be that supplementary works will have to be created to regulate production on an annual monthly and daily basis, in keeping with demand, so as to ensure marketability.
As an alternative, the possibility of supplementing the hy droelectric production of the plant in question with thermo electric plants (e. g. small Diesel generators) will be exa mined.
A solution of this kind (which would, in any case, depend upon whether or not there is an actual market for electricity) could indicate to what extent it would be profitable to regularize hydroelectric generation by means of supplementa ry works involving a combined thermo-hydro generating source in w’hich the regulating action would be provided exclusively by Diesel sets (naturally, such a study would involve a comparative analysis of the fixed and operating costs of the generating stations considered in the two alterna tive schemes).
Final recommendations would include a preliminary assess ment of the investments required both for the generation of electricity and its distribution to the potential users, such as lo provide concrete criteria on the suitability of establish ing an"electricity program" in the strict sense of the word.- 19 -
4. 1.3.7 Flo_pd JPjotj£tj.on_
The    M.    S.    A.    alluvial    plain    is    liable    to    flooding    by    the    Awash river.
The natural regime of this river has already been modified 
by the construction of the Koka dam. Further regulating 
and storage works are envisaged both on the main course
of the river and on a number of tributaries. Similarly 
the possibility of channelling part of the flows of the Meki
river into the Awash basin is also being studied. Most of
the Awash flows will be used for irrigation.
It    is    thus    obvious    that    the    regime    of    the    Awash    will    undergo quite substantial modifications in the future.
The flood protection study would follow two main lines:
-   Estimation of the size and frequency of the floods up to the end of the Project’s useful life in relation to the proposed measures which would modify the present regime of the Awash.
-   Study of the protection works in relation to the estimated size and frequency of the floods.
Final solutions would then be selected mainly on the basis of economic criteria. However, due account would also be given to the effects such solutions would have on social stabi lity and security throughout the area.
4. 1. 3. 8 Groundwater_
Up to now no studies have been made to ascertain whether there are any groundwaters in the Study Area. However, 
an initial examination of the general hydrogeological condi tions, indicates that there may well be. The main source
of recharge could be infiltration from the river bed.
From information gathered on the spot it seems that there has been a gradual decline in tree-growth in the Study Area. This, together with other considerations and impressions, leads to the following assumptions:
- There is a shallow aquifer.- The water table is gradually being lowered, this phenomenon being linked to the construction of flood control works
which have reduced the Awash floods and therefore affected aquifer recharge.
Irrigation of the area could, however, have just the opposite effect, by providing a new source of recharge. It is clear, therefore, that the groundwater study would not be limited 
to determining the characteristics of the present hydrogeolo gical parameters, but would also include an assessment of
the new hydrodynamic balances which would occur in the future.
Once having determined the characteristics of such ground waters as may occur and having assessed those of the future regime, aspects having a more direct bearing on a feasibility assessment on the area would be considered:
Use of such waters for irrigation. It would seem
however, that eventhough such a possibility may exist
it must be limited to areas of very restricted interest. Another possibility would be to tap the groundwater in order to lower the water table and to use the waters thus obtained for irrigation.
Use of such waters for domestic purposes and for live stock. This possibility must be compared with the alternative of using surface waters after suitable treat ment, if this proves necessary.
The effect of the groundwaters on the water balance of the crops. Because of irrigation, the water table could 
rise to very near the surface in the future and this could give rise to conditions whereby water would be exchanged with the upper layers of the soil thus influencing both the irrigation and drainage parameters.
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Organization of irrigation and management of the works will be examined within the broader context of administration of the whole irrigation district,- 21
With regard to water distribution, particular account will
be taken of the following points:
Part of the irrigable land will be assigned to the nomads. Their share in water management will necessarily be somewhat limited during the first few years. It will however be gradually extended later. This would require a considerable organizational contribution from the Authorities as well as from its personnel at the beginning of the District's life, as soon as the first irrigation works are complete. It will be necessary for these problems
to be tackled at the very outset of the implementation phase.
Striking modifications could occur in the future in crop ping patterns. Accordingly, provision will have to be made so that both the structures and the management of water distribution works will be very flexible,
- A correct application of water leads to higher yields
from the crops and to a more economical management of the works.
To sum up, it is felt that irrigation organization and mana gement possess many aspects which converge in the final feasibility assessment.
4.1.4 Agriculture 4. 1.4. 1 
CxSLRs
Available knowledge on the ecological and pedological condi tions of the Project Area indicate that in general, with the aid of irrigation, almost all tropical crops are feasible. However, the crops to be preferred - at least in the initial stages - will be determined after a careful examination 
and check of all available data. Such data may be derived from the agricultural activities already in existence in the Middle Awash Valley or other similar areas in Ethiopia or elsewhere; from the results of irrigation experiments conducted in Metahara or other Ethiopian experimental centers; and from the results of cultivation tests already made in loco by certain nomadic families.All the information obtained, accurately specifying the
environmental and real conditions to which it refers, will
be classified in relation to its statistical validity and then 
the individual items evaluated for a methodical consideration 
of the validity of their extrapolation to project conditions.
It should be noted that these investigations need not be limited 
to the zones to be selected for irrigation, since these may 
be conditioned from the productive and economic standpoint
by a larger area in which they lie. Any productive change
in the selected zones could have repercussions in the said 
area and there could be return effects in the selected zones. 
It must also be realized that development of the irrigated 
areas, while on the one hand exerting a definite influence
on development prospects and conditions in the adjoining 
zones, will on the other hand be influenced by the present
or potential utilization of these areas which - since they arc
inhabited by nomads - will lend special importance to those
aspects connected with the prospects of considerable develop
ment of the livestock units.
The above-mentioned study of the available data, suitably 
processed, related to the ecological and pedological condi
tions of the Project Area, will make it possible to define
the basic technico-agronomic parameters required to for
mulate the alternative technical solutions which will form
the basis of the feasibility report.
A     careful     study     will     then     be     made     of     the     "external     physical conditions"          determining          the          aforementioned          technico-agro nomic parameters.
In the first place an analysis will be made of all the condi tions (ecological and microclimatic conditions, soils quantity and quality of irrigation water, biological factors limiting crops), on the basis of which it will be possible to select
the ecologically possible crops.
These will in turn be determined on the basis of the condi tions analyzed above and other fundamental assumptions, such as the demand for agricultural products, supply of ma terials and equipment, yields, soil conservation and crop rotation, crop water requirements and irrigation methods, labor requirements and mechanization.It will also be advisable in formulating the cropping patterns, to consider the need for:
1)      Supolementary seasonal crops (in line with the greater possibilities offered by irrigation) for both the direct market and initial processing industries, in order to prolong their period of activity.
2)      Secondary crops, or crops supplementing cash crops, for subsistence consumption, which will still for
some time to come replace a market economy and con stitute a safety factor, more easily persuading the no madic populations to become attached to the Land.
3)      External livestock production integrated by internal livestock production, will together supply the dairy 
and meat conservation industries, favorably influencing at least the seasonal stabilization (availability of grazing areas), of nomads, with whom profitable relations should be formed.
In particular, account will be taken of the crop suitability of the various zones into which the area may be divided 
(crop zoning).
In carrying out the studies on the aspects mentioned above, modern methods which have been tested successfully in similar environments will be adopted.
While what has been set out will enable the most advisable crops to be ascertained and the most suitable techniques for obtaining them to be defined, at the same time it will be necessary to provide for an adequate series of investigations which, based on a present program, will make it possible to ascertain the adaptability of new species in addition to those already known and of new varieties of the species already present, and also to seek alternatives to and improvement in the agronomic techniques used in the Project. The results achieved here, together with appropriate interpretation of the results which emerge from the Project’s initial accom plishments, will make it possible to make well-thought-out adaptations to the original scheme if and when the data gradually becoming available justify this.- 24 -
4. 1.4. 2 Livestock Production,
When the basic technico-agronomic parameters for a wide range of possible crops have been defined, it will be neces
sary to complete the technical picture by defining the basic livestock aspects.
In this respect consideration will be given to the possibility 
of integrating direct livestock activity within the Project, 
and of consolidating and upgrading livestock activity in areas adjoining the irrigated area thanks to the additional feedstuffs derived directly or indirectly from irrigation, in particular because of the latter more regular availability and higher
quality.
As far as the prospects of directly integrating livestock ac
tivity on the project are concerned, this can occur either
as a primary function - i. c. aiming, in the first place at
an appropriate output of fodder, and secondarily by taking advantage of the usable residues of cash or food crops grown during the course of the normal program or as a subsidiary function, i. e. essentially commensurate with the usable
crop residues or with other available fodder resources.
Choice of one of the two alternatives must be based on a
careful assessment of certain specific circumstances, and essentially:
- The suitability of the environment for the development
and production of appropriate fodder plants and the relative advantage of going over to a specific fodder production.
An assessment of the usable residues obtainable from
the cropping pattern visualized, with an estimate of
their amount, nutritive value and calendar of availability* An evaluation of the accessory fodder resources obtai nable within the irrigation area.
Determination of the most suitable animal species to use these products and, in this context , the ascertain ment of the possible productions of greatest interest
and hence the breeds of most advantageous use, not forgetting the influence of local environmental and health conditions.A study of the feed ration,and the possible food calendar for the species and breeds selected on the basis of the size and envisaged calendar of obtainability of the aval- lable food resources.
A study of the form or forms to be taken by the livestock unit in relation to the technical, structural and social features of the Project.
Regarding the possibility of consolidating livestock activities in the adjoining areas, such areas will have to be defined on the basis of an accurate consideration of those elements
which emerge from the following:
Determination of the size and composition of the existing livestock population, based on available statistical ele ments suitably checked and revised.
Determination of the morphological and productive cha racteristics of the main species and varieties present, 
by direct survey.
An assessment of present fodder resources and the features and validity of their present utilization.
Determination of the present food production diagram
of the main species and varieties raised, in relation 
to the conditions of the ecological and local health en vironment.
Study of the possible quantitative increase and quality improvement in fodder production in a number
of areas bordering the Project and the possible advanta ges of this for present nomadic activity.
- Study of other advantageous interrelations between 
Project activities and nomadic activity, and an assess ment of the consequent increase in the contribution made by nomadic livestock production to the Country’s trading economy.
Study of the most appropriate contractual and/or organi zational forms for the interrelations envisaged, aiming at satisfactorily harmonizing and consolidating, the mutual interests of the economic activities of the social groupings in the entire zone.- 26 -
Consideration will be given to the need for veterinary studies and instance regarding both livestock in the
Area and in the surrounding lands, also in relation to 
the veterinary problems created by the neighbouring 
game reserve.
4. 1.4. 3 Choice^of_Al_ternative_Cropping_Pattcrns
Experience has shown that, in irrigated areas with charac teristics not similar from those obtaining in the Project Area, technically feasible cropping patterns are several in number. 
It is likely, therefore that a preliminary choice will be needed, 
in order to reduce the number of alternative cropping patterns
to manageable proportions. Two main produces will be used 
to achieve this.
An analysis of the marketing conditions of each crop (see below, para. 4. 1.6. l) will limit the number of crops among which a more complete economic choice will later be carried out. In particular, the possibility of competitive production 
of some of the possible crops elsewhere in the country, will
be taken into account.
The second procedure is to include, of the possible crops, 
only those which require cultivation techniques that are well within the present and prospective technical abilities of the farmers to be settled in the Area, taking due account of
possible transitoried cropping patterns. Experience has
shown that the farmers development in terms of skill is one
of the major limitations to the types of crops that can be grown.
4. 1.4. 4 AnHcig^je^ Y^Jd_s, _Va_lue_of--CrQgs^and_Unit Ope_rating_ Cost^
A basic element necessary for selecting the cropping pattern is the yield obtainable from ecologically suitable crops. Thesc would be estimated with conservative criteria on the basis
of a thorough study of each crop. Account would be taken of occurrencesin advanced farms with available irrigation water located in the Area or in similar ecological areas. Naturally, due account would be given to the results obtained from ex periments as well as to estimates obtained from other sources.The unit operating cost for the ecologically feasibility crops will be calculated on the basis of the individual cycle of pro duction for each crop. The livestock data will also be reier- red to one year and per ha of forage or per ha of by-products of other crops. The unit operating costs will include current inputs (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides, fuel and lubricants and other services) water charges, wages and salaries, and separately interest on advances and imputed charges for depreciation of on-farm investments. The latter items, however, will form part of a more detailed analysis at a later stage (see below, para 4. 1.6. 3).
The value of the output of the crops in question will be esti mated on the basis of farm-gate prices. The output of livestock will be calculated as the local livestock production less the cattle replenishment quota.
On-fa rrn _I ny_estjnents
On-farm investments deeded for the rational exploitation of the land will include:
Land reclamation works;
Land settlement works;
Investments for agricultural development.
Land reclamation works refer to all the works enabling the land to be irrigated and cultivated. The works include all the works necessary such as clearing and grubbing, land leveling, irrigation and drainage canals, farm roads, and windbreaks. The land settlement works include houses for farmers and workers, prime stores, water and electricity links and farm-yards. Legal and periodical charges for the registration and assigning of the farms will be also consi dered.
Investments for agriculture development relate to fruit-trees, farm machinery and implements, livestock and cattlesheds and equipment.- 28 -
In determining these investments due account will be taken 
of the type of farms to be set up in the Area, and of the different soil classes (morphology and texture) according 
to the cropping patterns.
In  addition,  the work  schedules will be drawn  up  for the in dividual works and  an  estimate made of the reinvestments necessary during the useful life of the Project.
4. 1.4. 6 Processing Industrie^
According to the size and type of production obtainable from the new cropping patterns it may be necessary to set ip first- stage processing plants or conservation facilities.
Hence it will be necessary to examine the suitability and profitability of establishing the following plants:
a)     One or more mills for the extraction of oil from cotton seeds, ground-nuts, etc. ;
b)      A ginning mill for cotton with equipment for the grading of raw cotton and the baling of the fiber;
c)      A mill for grinding cereals, both for local consumption and for forwarding to more distant markets;
d)      An industrial complex for the utilization of by-products for the production of animal feeds, possibly supplemented by a plant for the dehydration etc. of forage ;
e)      A depot for the collection and processing of fresh milk to be delivered to the market, complete with a cheese making plant which might also utilize milk from animals raised outside the Project Area. Little use is made on this product at present, and in some cases it is compl "
e
tely wasted ;
f)      A plant for packing and grading products to be sent to distant markets;
g)      Possibly a plant for canning vegetables and fruit and f°r extracting juice.- 29 -
4, 1.4. 7 SettlernentJSchenie,
A study will be needed to indicate final criteria which will
have to be adopted to solve the problems of rural settlement
and related services (see below, para. 4.2.2).
Experience so far acquired both from public interventions
and private efforts, is not sufficient to establish the
pattern of settlement best suited to the Area. Accordingly 
the problem will have to be re-examined and the advantages
and disadvantages of any solution weighed in relation to the
traditions and aspirations of the local population as well as
to the special needs arising from the productive set-up to be
established in the Area. Account should, however, also be
taken of the costs involved, the advantages relating to the
use of services, the needs of the Community, etc.
Nevertheless,       whatever       criteria       are       adopted,       it       is       envisaged that:
a)      Rural houses must be such as to meet the traditional needs of family life and the requirements of a higher standard of living. They should be reasonably comfor table and should have adequate hygienic standards.
Suitable shelter should also be provided for the livestock together with premises for storing the products needed for consumption by the farmer’s family.
Buildings should be constructed as economically as possible and the greatest use made of local materials. They should be simply designed and inexpensive to maintain.
b)      The public service buildings should be located so as to ensure that the farmers have available, within a reason able distance, basic social services (schools,places
of worship, branch administrative offices, medical and social centers, shops, post and telegraph offices, re- creational centers, etc.).- 30 -
The number of service buildings, their dimensions, 
characteristics, and particularly their concentration in 
settlements of different sizes and categories, will de
pend on the criteria selected for the settlement. They 
should, however, all in all, be proportioned to the
size of the population to be settled in the Area, due
account being taken,both of the rural families, and 
of other families who will be needed for the tertiary 
activities which will develop parallel to the agricultural
developments.
Naturally, the individual settlements should be provided 
with domestic water and power supplies proportioned 
to the size of each.
The capital and running costs of settlement schemes
will be ascertained, and shown in the appropriate
breakdown. They will cover, for the purpose of the
feasibility study, only those buildings and works which 
have a direct relationship with the project.
Costs     for     purely     social     purposes     will     not     be     considered as part of the project costs.
4. 1.4. 8
Once a small number of cropping alternatives have been selected the following aspects, relating to each alternative, will need particular study.
a) Agricultural practices
The nature and extent of the agricultural practices indicated for tilling the land, seeding, irrigation, crop care, pest control, and harvesting, will be based31 -
on experience acquired in similar conditions, and on considerations, as to the local environment and re quirements and preferences noted for the individual crops to be grown.
Especially in the case of seasonal crops, and where
it is aimed to produce two harvests a year, the ploughing and seeding seasons will be carefully determined.
On the basis of previous experience, completed by 
an interpretative study on the influence of the local ecological conditions on the various development phases of the various crops, a work-schedule will
be drawn up of the best times, and of the expected limits for the various agricultural practices for the individual crops.
By joining to this a global schedule of technical prac tices related to each, and taking account of the areas expected to be put under a particular cropland of the technical equipment necessary for the performance of each type of operation, it will be possible to de termine exactly what individual technical means
will be required.
In any case, the aim will be to introduce advanced agricultural techniques, in order to obtain high yields by the application of modern technical methods and equipment.
With regard to mechanization, this will have to be con sidered in different ways, according to the size and method of running the farms, and the main crops grown.
The advisability of setting up machine and implement "pools" for all cultural operations will be considered, as- 32 -
will the possibility of using aircraft for pest control. In
this case need for the necessary ancillary organization (landing strips - stores - etc. ) will also receive attention.
In addition, it will also be necessary to consider the
possible need for draft animals to meet the requirements
of particular farms and types of crops.
b) Intermediate uses of the Area Before Total Project Im plementation
A careful study will be made to determine the maximum area which can be conveniently brought into cultivation each year.
The phasing will be worked out on the basis of experience gained in similar circumstances in Ethiopia or in other countries, giving particular consideration to the problems involved in:
-     creating a technico-administrative organization for
all the Project requirements
-     finding the necessary means of production on the market
obtaining the funds for the investments and for the credit service to the farmers
selecting and training a large number of farmers' families to be settled in the area in question.
The Area will be divided into various "Development Blocks" each corresponding to an annual implementation program. Priorities will be worked out for these Blocks, and precedence will be given to those Blocks which produce the greatest benefits for a given investment.
Blocks whose final use has not been established can be used for growing cash or food crops (outside the scheduled program) if some irrigation water is available, while those not irrigated can be used to provide grazing, possibly for the stock raised by nomads which may at a future date be integrated into the Project.- 33 -
c)      Service Centers and Agricultural Research
The Service Centers will be the basis of the productive
organization for the whole Area. They will have the aim
of furthering research and demonstration, as well as
technical assistance (see below para. 4. 2. 1).
An economic evaluation will be made of these Centers, 
assuming that the following works and activities will be
implemented:
Pilot farm: This would consist of an experimental
farm with special sections for research, experimenta
tion, seed reproduction and distribution, livestock 
selection.
Mechanization service
Veterinary assistance service
Technical assistance service for farmers
Technical assistance service for cooperation
Service for training and assisting cadres involved 
in cooperation and the administration of the rural
communities
Home economics assistance
Adult vocational training service,
A    broad    evaluation    will    then    be    made    of    the    cost    of    build ing     and     equipping     the     premises     and     of     the     cost     of     operat ing the services (staff, supplies, etc. ).
It appears necessary to set up a research and experimen tation unit in view of the relatively small amount of real experience yet available in the Project Area. The unit will have a practical objective but its activities must- 34 -
be soundly based on scientific lines. Essentially this
unit will have to see to the following items:
Check the validity of the cultural techniques used 
for each individual crop grown within the Project Area
and improve or modify these as required.
Test the adaptability, yields and economic interest
of new species and varieties of crops thought suitable
for the environment and the Project aims
Confirm the validity of the crop rotations and of
the crop-livestock integration system adopted, see
ing and perfecting other alternatives which may be of
greater interest
Study        and        clarify        technico-agronomic        problems
which    may    arise    during    the    time    the    Project    is
running in
Examine    the    state    of    animal    health    trends    on    the    basis of the introduction of new crops.
The results obtained at the research center should be brought to the attention of farmers without delay, so that practical benefits can be reaped therefrom.
The feasibility study must thus include an outline pro gram of the research work to be done and of the metho dology recommended.
d)      Cooperatives
The creation of associative forms is necessary if modern agriculture is to be gotten under way, especially in the zones where small farms prevail.
Hence, on the basis of the demographic, sociological, and land tenure data, as well as on that relating to the way the farms are run and the crops chosen, the Study will pinpoint the type and number of associative forms, both primary and secondary, to be set up in the Area.- 35 -
As far as the major problems of cooperation are con cerned (formation of an associative spirit, formation of directional and administrative cadres) it will be neces sary to insert a special service in the general organization of the Service Centers.
e)   Land Ownership, Tenancy and Size of Holdings
A survey will first be made of the present cadastral situa tion of the project lands> to ascertain ownership and tenancy conditions, size of holdings and the existence and extent of servitudes, restrictions and/or third-party rights. When these factors have been ascertained, and a land ownership map of the Project Area has been drawn up, showing all third-party rights and restrictions, a study 
will be made of the suitability of present land tenure conditions for the purposes of the reclamation and the envisaged final destination of the project lands, and the formulation of supplementary suggestions (see also below, para. 4. 1. 6. 5).
f)      Game Reserve and Ecological Balance
The Project is heated near a large, well-stocked Game Reserve, while the river from which irrigation water
is to be taken continues for a few hundred km through broad areas already partly utilized and of special interest for their possible future development.
The Project must therefore take account of these special circumstances and, as far as the Reserve is concerned, study and adopt methods which will not interfere with 
the life and development of the wild animals, in view of
the great natural and tourist interest which National
Parks and Reserves may have in the context of the Country’s general economy. In this respect consideration must
be given to the effect of the expected concentration of herds in zones bordering the Project Area, and to the advisability of erecting fencing or of digging ditches to prevent the ingress of wild or domestic animals where this is undesirable or may harm the cultivated areas.- 36 -
In the light of the above, when the Project is being im
plemented, care must be taken to avoid removing or
overly reducing any plant formations, not directly con
cerning the cropped lands, while irrigation water must
be taken in such a way as not to reduce or alter the flow
downstream so radically as to seriously disturb the
present bio-ecological balance of the zones adjoining 
the lower river valley. All drainage water and all
irrigation water which can be reclaimed must hence be
methodically returned to the river.
By adhering to the suggestions given above it should be
possible to avoid interference with the development of
tourist and game-hunting activities which the imple
mentation of the project will indirectly foster.
It will be necessary  to  identify  the health  relation  be tween  wild  animals and  permanent and  nomadic stock units, should they be intermixed.
4. 1. 5              Demographic and Sociology Aspects
After considering the possible crops to be grown on the irri gated land, the number, size and type of farm unit the num ber of persons to be employed in other primary activities
and those needed for secondary and tertiary activities, and the average composition of the families at present in the zone and in the bordering areas, the following estimates will be made:
Total population in the Area (present inhabitants and future settlements)
Distribution of the population among the various zones of the Area
Density
Birth and death (general and infantile) rates of the popu lation allocated to the Area
Population growth (expected average rate of increase)Assumed make-up of the population by sex and by age group
Breakdown of the population by economic acitivity Standard of living (sanitary conditions and income) Epidemic and endemic diseases.
Introduction
The Melka Scdi-Amibara development Project involves pro blem concerning population.
The local or surrounding Galla population should provide, both independent farmers and qualified labor, at a sufficient
ly social and productive level to contribute to the development and to the economic success of the Project. This means that
this population has to be prepared to take on functions which are partly or totally different from its own cultural tradition and self-subsistence economy, and that new social and eco nomic patterns and technical skills must be reached to match 
output to the capital investments.
A New_Social ^att£rn_
a) Social Organization
The Tribal types of organization are hardly suitable for producing a number of independent conjugal families, ready to associate in cooperatives. Its families are of the "extended” type. In other words.there is a number
of conjugal families under a strong order, ready to asso ciate with other similar families inside the Kin group, but not to others. If the tribal structure is disintegra - ting, the conjugal families emerging from the dissolution of the extended family, tend to be highly individualistic, and are reluctant to join any type of association.
The present situation and the tendency of the groups to be settled, and to benefit from land distribution must be- 38 -
investigated, in order to program those steps in land distribution and cooperation, and in educational action, likely to facilitate the emergence of a new social orga- nization.
b) Settlements
Though the settlement of nomads has met frequent
failures in many countries, local conditions seem quite favorable: not only have the main bulk of the Galla groups been settled for a long time, but the experiments con ducted by the A. V. Authority show that there is a tendency for the stock-raisers to settle and to appreciate the highe and more consistent standards of living deriving from agriculture. Of course, further investigations and expe riments should be carried out to verify this tendency. 
A second point should be raised on the type of settle ment. A study should be made to ascertain whether other groups related to the one to settle are already sedentary,what type of settlement they are used to, whether this type would still suit the nomads, and how at least some of the new villages could be modernized including improvement of social services, marketing facilities, and technical assistance.
4, 1. 5. 3 AJ^ew_Ecojiqmic_Pattern
The change from traditional stock-raising techniques to modern agricultural skills can be hampered, if male nomads regard manual work as degrading. The position of male and female, young and old, in the traditional economy must be ascertained, and schemes of farm organization should take account of this factor.
The key point is to raise a marketing entrepreneurship from a subsistence economy tradition, and to avoid farmers grow ing just what is needed by the family, without feeling any in centives towards accumulation, marketing and increasing their standard of living. In the same way, laborers may only work until they have received sufficient wages for the family needs, and then wait until the family is again in need, before resuming work.- 39 -
Both technical skill and entrepreneurial capacity are essen tial to plan a farm budget, to build up productive programs or to modify them in time, to evaluate the necessity of pur chasing fertilizers and chemicals for plant protection, etc. The development of a new economic pattern is required.
4. 1. 5. 4
To      meet      the      above-mentioned      problems      and      objectives      ,      socio logical investigations are needed to ascertain:
the     family     system     of     the     groups     concerned     with     the
Awash Project
their      customary      laws      concerning      exploitation      of      land      and grazing ,and concerning inheritance
the     type     of     settlement     used     by     the     Kin     groups     already settled
the     position     of     the     members     of     the     family     in     traditional economic activities
the      existing      technical      level      in      stock-raising      (and      agri culture, if any)
the economic features of the traditional enterprise.
Most of such  investigations have probably  been  already undertaken  by  the FAO experts on  the spot.  If not,  they should be scheduled in the Program of Work.
4. 1. 5. 5 
J>r
An Educational Program must be prepared on the basis of the results of the sociological investigations,and of the technical and economic objectives of the Project.
This program should cover:
Recovery of young illiterates of school age Recovery of adult illiterates- 40 -
The     adjustment     of     heads     of     families     to     the     new     social
and economic organization
The    adjustment    of    women    to    the    new    type    of    family    life, to keeping house, babycraft,etc.
Leisure
Instruction      and      vocational      training      of,both      the      young      and the fully-grown.
Instruction      of      adults,      men      and      women,      to      the      associative forms that will be set up in the Area.
4. 1. 5. 6
National personnel to collaborate as counterparts with the foreign experts, and to work later on the spot,must be trained.
The personnel collaborating in the sociological investigations, should later be used as Community Workers in the settled areas.
Two selected teachers should collaborate in preparing the Education Program, so as to acquire new techniques and methods. They should later train the additional staff to operate the courses on the spot.
4. 1. 6 Economic and Financial Aspects
The     study     of     the     economic     and     financial     aspects     is     subdivided into a number of steps.
4. 1. 6. 1 
is?
The first step is a series of marketing studies on the crops which the agronomic analysis will have shown as possible for the area in question. These marketing studies are designed 
to indicate:
a)           the present and prospective levels of demand, both do mestic and export, for each crop. The study of export- 41
possibilities will be based largely on available studies (FAO, IBRD, GATT, etc. ). The study of domestic
demand will require original investigations of the Country s consumption pattern and likely future development, as
well as of the Country’s possibilities in terms of pro cessing industries.
b)      The present and prospective competitive supply of the same crops from other regions in the Country. This
study will be based largely on data available at the Statis tics Bureau and the Planning Board, supplemented by information collected by the Stanford Research Institute and the Swedish International Devd opment Agency Teams, as well as by foreign aid missions*
c)       The present and prospective price levels, both domestic and international (landed basis), for each crop. Partic- cular attention will be paid to obtaining internal prices free of any possible distortions introduced by public policies of subsidization.
These studies shall also briefly review the marketing organiza tion for each crop, the existing storage facilities, and present Government policies regarding fiscal, financial or other in centives. The present situation of the processing industries, when the crop can only be regarded as a raw material, will
be examined including their profitability and adequacy vis- ^.-vis local and export markets.
4. 1. 6. 2 Study of_Cost
r s
The second step consits in a study of the relevant cost para meters to be applied to each possible development alternative.’ Wage rates, the foreign exchange rate, the price of other production inputs such as power and transportation, will all need careful scrutiny to determine:
a)      their current market of official levels;
b)    whether such levels are not inconsistent with a sound and orderly development of the economy;c)     in the event that some of these prices are in fact incon sistent, whether a different level represents - or ensures
a better economic equilibrium to the Country.
We shall be guided, in this analysis, by studies and considera tions already made by institutions such as the IBRD and the IMF. The possibility of changes in these prices through time - in relation to the expected changes in the economy of the coun try - will also be investigated. This analysis appears all the more relevant in the case of Ethiopia, which has recently shown sluggish growth conditions.
The_ Choice^              JLS£L§P2h31o_?_
The third step consists in a full feasibility study of all possible development alternatives. The technical and engineering studies will have identified a number of technical alternatives, each characterized by different amounts of available water and different levels of investment and operating costs. The agro nomic studies, in turn, will have identified for each technical alternative, alternative cropping patterns. At this stage, a calculation of costs and benefits, over the economic life of
the project, for all alternatives is possible. The project costs will include:
a)     capital costs, including main hydraulic works, irrigation and drainage networks, etc. , as well as renewals if the economic life of part of the works is shorter than the average for that of the Project as a whole.
b)      agricultural investment costs, such as land reclamation (clearance and grubbing, land leveling, irrigation canals, draining canals, roads, etc. ), farm machinery and im plements, livestock and sheds, etc. including renewals as defined above.
c)      settlement costs, such as housing, water and power con nections, social infrastructure, including renewals as defined above.
processing investment costs, whenever necessary, such as cotton inn, sugar mill, etc. , including renewals as de fined above.e)       annual maintenance costs of all infrastructures. calculated for the duration of the life of each type of works.
f)       annual operating costs, including working capital require ments, labor costs, machinery and equipment costs, etc.
g)      water charge. Since the project utilizes waters collected by an already existing dam and reservoir, water changes must be assumed as a current cost in the project. How ever, the level of such changes is not at present determined on an economic basis. Thus a separate determination of water changes is needed.
The Project benefits will include the net value of increased production - deducting the corresponding operation and maintenance costs - in the Project Area for all alternative cropping patterns, taking into account prices of produce as established in the marketing studies referred to above. In direct benefits will also be calculated and included in the stream of total Project benefits. These are most likely to include the benefits from increased agricultural production 
in areas neighboring the irrigated lands and which will
utilize both the marketing and organizational infrastructure created in the Project Area and the increased technical know ledge distributed to farmers in the Project Area. Indirect benefits will also include those deriving from all those an cillary activities whose existence depends on the development of the Project Area (services, processing, transportation, 
etc. ).
Annual streams of costs and benefits will then be set up for each alternative cropping pattern. The internal rate of return will be calculated for all alternatives, and the highest rate
of return will indicate the best choice. It is likely that some simplifications will be needed in the process of calculating the internal rates or return. These will be achieved by appro priate aggregations, designed so as not to introduce biases
in the choice. The level of the rate of return of the best al ternative will indicate,by comparison with going rates of return in agriculture and other sectors of the economy, whether the project can be considered feasible. An appropriate dimension of this point will be undertaken in the final report.- 44 -
4. 1.6. 4
t1
4. 1.6. 5
Time_Schedule_of_Implementation_and_of Ajjriculturjd_Pr_a ctiCe!
The above procedure assumes a time schedule of works, both hydraulic and agricultural, to bring the Project Area to full production. The most appropriate pace of implementation of
the Project will have been studied largely from the technical and agronomic point of view. This study will have identified and classified the successive ’’development blocks” (see above para. 4. 1.4. 8). Alongside the Study of this time schedule, a study of the improvement through time of agricultural practices will also be undertaken (see above, para 4. 1.4. 8), 
so as to establish the time sequence of increases in produc tivity, which cannot be assumed to start as soon as works
have been completed. Both these time schedules wHl be utilized in the determination of the annual costs and benefits streams.
Farm _Si_ze_and JDjrganization _Study
There exist an economic problem related to the choice of
farm sizes and organizations. In the intentions of the Autho rity, a variety of tenures is possible and should, in fact, be carried out in the development of the Area. Roughly, three types of tenure are under consideration:
a)       small-holdings to be destined to the nomadic population presently exploiting the lands to be irrigated;
b)      medium size farms, of over 100 ha.
c)       large size commercial farms.
Even before considering the share of land that each tenure type should be afforded in the Area, it will be necessary 
to evaluate whether any one of these types is feasible and the extent of incremental costs or loss in terms of output of they might respectively imply. When the sociological results are in hand, it will be possible to decide on the share of each tenure, taking into account that the possible advantage in terms of productivity of the larger, farm
can be compensated by lower labor costs of the smallholder and/or, by a cooperative arrangement, among smallholders.- 45 -
The analysis will be based on typical farm budgets (see below) for each tenure type and supplemented by a study of the pos sibility of setting up (and the character of) farmers'coopera tives. This study will also be based on the sociological ana lysis described below, but will utilize the experience of the cooperative movement elsewhere in the Country.
4. 1. 6. 6 Farm Budgets
Typical farm budgets (including commercial-type estates) for each tenure type, will be set up to illustrate their positions at different moments of time (before full production, at full production but with limited improvement in agricultural practices, at best conditions). Budgets will also be construc ted, if needed, for cooperatives and for processing industries linked to the project. For this purpose, income accounts
and balance sheets and cash-flow statements will be built
up. They will show the day-to-day financial position and the rates of return that can be expected. The cash-flow statements will include the following uses of the funds: operating and maintenance costs, investment costs (including replacements), debt servicing, taxes and, as a balance item, cash disposal (cash surplus). The sources of funds are income (value of the gross output), long and medium-term loans and the contribu tion of the farmers’ own money.
These accounts will be utilized not only for the economic analysis of deciding farm sizes (see above), but also - and primarily - to determine the following major points:
a)       the ability of different farm types and enterprises to sustain current costs, depreciation charges and earn 
a satisfactory return, including financing part of their own investment needs;
b)      the capacity of different farm types and enterprises to repay investments in main hydraulic and agricultural works;
c)      the extent to which different farm types and enterprises will need to have recourse to short and medium term credit.- 46 -
To determine the above issues with validity for the Project Area it will be necessary to extend the results of typical
farm or plantation budgets to the Area as a whole. This exercise will not be the simple result of an addition, but
will have to take into account possible costs and benefits related to the totality of the area. i. e. costs and benefits
of common services, of< cooperatives, of ancillary activities. A set of aggregate accounts will therefore have to be drawn up, and their results examined. Out of this examination, it
should be possible to obtain:
a)
total short-term credit needs
b)
total medium and long term credit needs
c)
total feasible self-financing
d)       total repayment capacity for main (common) investments.
Inter alia, it will also be possible, at this stage, to argue
whether repayment of main investments should take the form
of higher water charges, of lower buying prices for the product
of higher general or specific taxation, or a combination of
these means.
4. 1. 6. 7 P£^anization^ of_Credit
Since the preceding  analysis will ha\e provided  a measure of short and  long-term credit needs,  a study  of the appro priate credit organization becomes necessary at this stage.
Ethiopia’s agricultural credit system is still in its infancy, and no credit institution is at present engaged in financing medium and long-term credit requirements of individual farmers. The main obstacle appears to be the costly super vision which would have to be carried out by credit institu tions. Short-term credit is normally provided by commercial banks, but here again the creation of a large small-holding development may pose new problems.
Italconsult will thus examine all the possible alternatives
in organizing credit activities. At first approximation, 
they appear to be:
a)      a local branch of the Development Bank, supplemented by a branch of a Commercial Bank;- 47 -
b)       both branches as above, supplemented by AVA personnel for supervision purposes;
c)       a consortium of banks and AVA, financing a predetermined credit plan for the whole area, also including AVA supt r visory staff;
c ) a subdivision of AVA, dealing with all or part of the credit requirements.
Any study of these alternatives will have to be based on the past experience of local credit institutions. Direct investiga tions will thus be required. A recommended solution will be provided in the Final Report.
4. 1. 6. 8 The_rinancial_Posjtion_of_the_Awash_Valley_AuthpritxJAVA)
as_ a 2result_of_th€^ project.
Considering the present financial and organizational responsibi lity of the AVA, it will be possible to construct financial statements regarding the project as it concerns the AVA this will include cash flow statements, income accounts and balance sheets.
This study should indicate whether the responsibilities of the AVA should be increased, and the extent to which payments by users of the Area should be appropriated by the Authority. 
The results of this study would naturally spill over onto the organizational and management aspects of AVA (see below). Water charges as considered in this study, need not show the levels indicated for the calculation of the Project's internal rate of return. Financial consideration will be more relevant at this stage, than economic ones.
However, the full financial position of the Authority cannot be determined solely on the basis of the Melka Sadi and Amibara project. Other future irrigation projects in the Awash Valley should be taken into account. To the extent that some of the results of the analysis of the Melka Sadi and Amibara project can be extrapolated to other areas, these will be exploited. 
It will, neverthless, be necessary to have recourse to the AVA's advice on the form, timing and organization of further developments.- 48 -
4. 1. 6. 9
The accounts described above will yield a measure of the finarv cial rate of return. Since the Project’s overall internal rate
of return will have already been established, it does not seem necessary to arrive at an internal rate of return of the Project
vis-i-vis AV A. If problems of choice were created by such analysis, it would still be reasonable to base the choice on the financial rate of return.
Economy
The above analysis on farm and AVA finances will naturally yield the extent of Government support or earnings (on a net basis) from the Project. There is little a-priori reason for
the Government to allocate to itself a part of the possible
profits from the Project or to release that part to AVA or the farmers. The extent of the Government's earnings share (positive or negative) will have to be determined after con sideration of the required profit incentive for farmers, the required financial autonomy of AVA and the general flexibility of Government current and capital budgets.
This study will therefore be, essentially, an analysis of the financial constraints on these three major partners in the Project. It is not unlikely that a number of nearly equally feasible sharing alternatives can be presented to the Govern ment for decision. Also in this case, computation of the internal rate of return on the Government's investment would appear redundant.
The Project’s characteristics will be dissected to show its impact on the Country's value added, private disposable in comes, balance of payments and employment situation. The results can be further analyzed, as indicated by the Terms of Reference, for one or more of these aspects (e. g. for employment: classification of manpower requirements by skill level).- 49 -
4, 1. 7 Time Schedule
Fig. 2 shows schematically the Time Schedule of the main activities involved.
In view of the complexity of the Study and the multiplicity of the field investigations to be made, as well as the processing to be done at Head Office, it is retained that a period of ten months will be required from the date the Contract is signed to the time the Final Report is handed over. As soon as the technical and organizational preparations have been made, a mission,composed of those responsible for the main sector to be investigated will be sent into the field to obtain direct
7
sight of the problems, before drawing up the detailed program
of investigations and surveys.
All field investigations should be under way by the first and 
second months,and they should be completed by the eighth,,The
ninth and tenth months will be used to complete data processing 
draw up the Final Report, prepare maps, and editing.
In preparing the Time Schedule,it has also been necessary 
to assign time for the completion of subcontracts covering 
drilling for the study of groundwaters and subsurface ex
ploratory work. It is apparent that, should the time required 
for these subcontracts be longer than has been allowed for, 
this could reflect on the performance of the other activities.
Fig.     3     gives     a     detailed     Time     Schedule     of     the     individual     experts’ stays in Ethiopia and Head Office.
4. 1. 8             Organization and Personnel
An Advisory Board consisting, in addition to the Project Manager, of the persons listed below will be in charge of work approach, control of investigations,and supervision 
of the Final Report:
F.    Bigi
: Agronomist
S.   Ffe d'Ostiani
: Sociologist
G.   Mangano
: Irrigation Engineer
E.    Tosco
: Economist.The main investigation teams will consist of the following personnel:
Engineering
F. Mancini
P. Baldaccini
G. Gusberti
Irrigation Engineering
A. Tamburrino
J. Mouton
M. Bolognini
F. Barluzzi
Agriculture and Settlement A. Sammicheli
P. Salazar
L. Corti
C. Bonnaccorsi Demography and Sociology P. Balbo
Economics
: Chief Soil Scientist
: Chief of Soil Surveyors
: Hydrologist
: Irrigation Engineer and Project Manager
: Responsible for Geology and Hydrogeology : Geologist
: Hydroelectric Engineer.
: Agronomist
: Agricultural Economist
: Animal Husbandry Expert : Physical Planning Expert : Sociologist
P. Leon
M. Guccione T. Naccarato
: Economist
: Financial Analyst : Statistician
The collaboration of other Company experts may also be sought
for more specialized sectors,such as entomology, farm organic ' 
3
tion, manpower requirements, legislation, fiscal problems, etc.time schedule by major types of activities
ITEM
MONTHS
23
CONSULTING services
-      PRELIMINARY technical and . organizational stage
—   PRELIMINARY field mission by sectoral HEADS ANO PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROGRAM- OF INVESTIGATION
SOIL SCIENCE
FKld surveys
Laboratory  lest,  processing  ol  results
and preparation of report
hydrology
Collection ot data and held checks
Data    processing    and    preparation
of report
TOPOGRAPHY
Field surveys
Preparation ol maps
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Field surveys
Data    processing    and    preparation
of report
AGRICULTURE AND SETTLEMENT
Field surveys
Data     processing    and    preparation
ol report
demography and sociology
field surveys
■1
t—1
^7/77/777.
1
f—i—i— ’
17777777777777777?
Data processing
ol report
and
preparation
1 I
W//M
ECONOMICS
Field surveys
— 1
i
Ost* processing end preparalion
ol report
preparation of maps ano editing
DELIVERY of the final report
SUB-CONTRACTS
groundwater investigations
I—
SUB-SOIL investigations
No 21782
ITALCONSULTIPROJECT PERSONNEL TIME CHART
description
SOIL SCIENCE
CHIEF SOIL SCIENTIST
SOIL SCIENTIST
SOIL SCIENTIST
SOIL SCIENTIST
SOIL SCIENTIST
HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIST
TOPOGRAPHY
SURVEYOR
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
IRRIGATION ENGINEER
SENIOR GEOLOGIST
GEOLOGIST
HYDROELECTRIC ENGINEER AGRICULTURE.ndSETTLEMENT
AGRONOMIST
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIST animal HUSBANDRY EXPERT
PHYSICAL PLANNING EXPERT OEMOGRAPHYand SOCIOLOGY
SOCIOLOGIST ECONOMICS
ECONOMIST financial ANALYST
STATISTICIAN
LEGEND
DELIVERY OF FINAL REPORT
L ~ I FIELD
HOME
H’ALCONSULT£
i
■- 51 -
The function of Chief of Mission in Ethiopia will be carried 
out by the agronomist, Mr. A. Sammicheli.
The       following       man-months       breakdown       is       anticipated       for       experts in Ethiopia and Head Office:
Man-months
Expert
Ethiopia
Head Office
Mr.
F.     Mancini
1
2
Mr.
P.      Baldaccini
4
2
Soil
Surveyor
4
1
Soil
Surveyor
4
1
Soil
Surveyor
4
1
Mr.
G.     Gusberti
2
2
Surve
yor
1
2
Mr.
A.     Tamburrino
4
Mr.
J.     Mouton
1
2
Mr.
M.     Bolognini
5
1
Mr.
F.      Barluzzi
1
1
Mr.
A.     Sammicheli
— 6
2
Mr.
P.     Salazar
2
4
Mr.
L.     Corti
1
2
Mr.
C.      Bonaccorsi
1
1
Mr.
P.      Balbo
2
3
Mr.
P.      Leon
3
4
Mr.
M.     Guccione
1
2
Mr.
T.     Naccarato
1
3
-It is expected that the following local personnel will be required 6 laborers for a total of 30 man-months
6 drivers for a total of 50 man-months
A furnished three-room office will also be required in Addis Ababa, and perhaps a similar one within the Study Area.- 53 -
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
As mentioned above, the second part of the study is concerned 
with a number of organizational management and implementation aspects of these problems. Before making a full on-the-spot in vestigation of all the complex elements involved, it is impossible
to ascertain the extent of the investigations needed to arrive at practical solutions for all those elements.
4.2,1 Organization of Service Centers
The criteria of action, the responsibilities, the means,and the
staffing of the Service Centers will be studied.
However, even now it can be stated that these Centers will be
the basis of the productive organization throughout the Area. Hence,this study will be of prime importance.
Earlier it was stated they had two aims, although three were listed. The Centers will have the following basic aims:
a)      Research and demonstration
b)       Production
c)       Technical assistance
a )      B-e^aixh^and-Demonstration^
In a territory where farming is to be set up ex novo, special attention must be paid to research and demonstration, since all the productive factors must be the object of attentive research and experimentation. All the various possible combinations of these will have to be closely studied and tested many times, before it will be possible to propose that they be adopted by the individual farmers.
Accordingly,       the       efficiency       of       the       research       and       demonstration measures condition the entire development plan,both in rela-tion to the final results obtained and the time required for implementation. Any mistake in this field can have far-reach
ing consequences not only at an economic level, but also in 
regard to the amount of confidence that the private operators
will have in the technical suggestions made to them.
P r qductiqn_
Service Centers may have to make available all or most of
the technical means required for production,and particularly seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural machinery for
all farming and harvesting work, seedlings for fruit planta
tions, livestock and breeding animals, feedstuffs, veterinary services.
In a process of basic agrarian improvement, such as that envisaged here, it is essential that all the equipment, supplies, 
and assistance listed above be placed at the disposal of pri
vate farmers,and that both the quality and quantity of these
items should be adequate. Furthermore, they must be avai
lable when needed.and there should be no bottlenecks which 
might compromise the technical and economic results of the farming and animal husbandry activities. It is necessary, 
in fact, to bear in mind the considerable effort demanded of
the private farmers for the organization of all the phases of production-sowing, irrigation, crop-care,and harvesting -
over areas far greater than they cultivated in the past,and 
involving the employment of more intensive technical methods and labor than those required by traditional agriculture.
If the farmers are to confront this task with calm and confi dence and are to assume the responsibility and risk deriving from such new combinations of productive factors, it is ab solutely essential that the public intervention be capable of coping rapidly and efficiently with all the needs of the enter prises.
T^chnica^ Assi £tance_
In view’ of the radical structural modification to be carried out in the area, technical assistance will be of decisive im portance.- 55 -
If nowadays operations of this nature arc unanimously con
sidered to be of considerable importance,even where the eco
nomic and social structure is already settled and consolidated, 
their introduction into underdeveloped environments is un
doubtedly of even greater importance.
The basic cultural conditions, together with the instinctive
reaction of the inhabitants to radical changes in ancient tradi
tions and to the complexity of the new technical processes
and techniques that such changes involve, form obstacles that
are almost insurmountable, if decisive all-embracing mea
sures are not taken in the field of education, general and spe
cialized instruction, and vocational training.
Even in this sphere, as in those mentioned previously, all
the initiatives and all the responsibilities must be the object
of public intervention. Only after a first phase in which tan
gible results have been obtained and substantiated in raising 
individual standards and in developing community spirit, will
it be possible to tackle problems of an associative character, 
stimulating, above all, practical forms of collective activity 
which constitute the first step towards wider and more com
plex associations.
With     reference     to     point     (a)     (Research     and     Demonstrati     on),     the following items will be studied:
i.       The advisability of setting up a Pilot Farm which could consist of one or more plots located in various zones, re presentative of the diverse conditions prevailing in the Area.
ii.      The creation of special sections, such as:
Experimental Section: for ascertaining the most suitable ways of leveling, leaching,and basic manuring of the lands. It will also study new crops, irrigation parame ters, cropping practices, etc.
Demonstration Section: for checking the experimental results on a larger scale.Seed and Plant Section: for producing and distributing selected seeds.
Animal Husbandry Section: for the creation of experi mental livestock Centers and the production of selected breeding stock.
iii.     Staffing requirements.
iv.     The organization and management of the Service. As regards point (b) (Production) the Study will consider:
i)      The creation of a mechanization service.
ii)      The amount and type of mechanical equipment required in the Area and in each individual Service Center.
iii)     Staffing requirements.
iv)     The organization and management of the Service.
v)      The need to set up an Animal Husbandry Service, including technical and veterinary services. It would also provide continuous control and ensure the gradual morphological and functional improvement of the stock.
Finally, as regards point (c) (Technical Assistance), a study will be made of the creation of a Service devoted mainly to the human factor and having the following aims:
increase farmers’ productivity develop enterprise
develop associative spirit
develop a social and civic conscience improve marginal economic activities improve standards of hygiene
raise cultural standards.- 57 -
The organization, staff and means required for the following branches of activity will also be studied:
i)       Technical Assistance to Agriculture : extension and assistance (to individual farmers or to groups of farmers); selection of leaders; demonstration activities; organization of pest con trol and veterinary services; training of water bailiffs, pruners, etc. ;
ii)      Technical Assistance to Local Agencies, etc.: refresher courses; training and individual assistance for administrators; training cooperative officials, managers of village services, etc. ;
♦
iii)     Technical Assistance to Families: courses or individual as
sistance in home economics, marginal economic activities, 
hygiene, etc.;
iv)     Technical Assistance for Mechanization: vocational training 
of operators, mechanics, tractor drivers, etc.;
v)             Technical      Assistance      for      the      Organization      and      Development of       Community       Life:       adult       education,       preparation       for       coope ration, etc.
4-2.2 Settlement Schemes, Design and Management
4.2.2.1 Design_
The settlement of a population  in  the Study  Area poses numerous problems,  as to  the location  and  size of the villages,and  the tech nical and  social infrastructures.  .  The following  studies will, therefore, have to be conducted:
a )           Urbani9tic Layout
The     Study     must     take     account     of     the     population     and     sociological data relating to the Study Area (see para. 4. 1.5),and in par-ticular of the present and expected population; the proba ble composition of the population according to age: the way of life (state of health and income); the future distri bution of the population in the Area,with regard to produ . 
c
tive activities, the land tenure situation, the type of hold ings, etc.
On the basis of these data and the results of the studies o
n
Project dimensions, crop suitability and land tenure situa tions, the size of the Administrative Center and the villages will be established.
Next, sites for these centers will be chosen, bearing in 
mind the following needs:
Easy, rapid communication between central and branch offices; between these and the technical and social ser vice centers; between the latter and the agricultural workers’ settlements; and between these settlements and the places of work.
Minimum capital and running costs for the public fa cilities, transportation and power costs, cost of mair. taining the infrastructures, etc.
The following documents will then be prepared at a scale of 1:25, 000:
Area boundaries and access
Topographical map
Zoning plan to establish the limits of the areas crops classified according to type of land tenure type of crop; the areas of rangeland; the Urb^° ***' and the villages; draft layouts of the main and ary road networks;
Airports
Water and
electricity supply networks.- 59 -
b)     The Urban Center
The following are planned for this study:
1:2, 000 survey of the area where the Urban Center
is to be set up
Zoning plan to establish the limits of the zones used collectively, commercial centers, private buildings, green areas and general services
Internal roads and links with the external network
Land works and delimitation of protected areas
Water and electricity distribution networks, drainage, etc.
The following drawing will be prepared at a scale of 1:500:
Map of each zone with: building lots, building volumes, use made of individual buildings, road embankments, parking lots
Types of buildings and profiles
Standard road sections.
c)      Villages
A standard layout will be prepared of a village or a group of villages according to the urbanistic solution adopted (see point a) (concentrated villages with branch Service Center or satellite formation round a common Service Center).
The following drawing will then be prepared at a scale of 1:2, 000 and 1:500:
Zoning  plan  to  establish  the limits of the zones for private buildings,  collective activities and  general services- 60 -
Internal roads and links with the outside network
Schemes for the water and electricity distribution works and drainage networks, etc. 
net
Next.a    study    will    be    made    of    the    type    of    dwellings    recon-, mended.
d)     Schools
A    preliminary    brief    investigation    will    be    made    of    the    Gov ernment’s    schools    policy,    so    that    the    Study    can    follow    the general guidelines adopted in Ethiopia.
Next,     a     short     and     medium-term     estimate     will     be     made     of the    male    and    female    school    population    in    the    zone,    the number     of     elementary     classes     and     the     number     and     size of    the    school    buildings    required    (with    one    or    more    than one      class;      with      service      quarters      included      or      separate; etc.).
Then we shall assess the need for present and future vo cational training, and the advisability of setting up a school,perhaps with an adjoining farm.
The location of the proposed schools will be such that t pupils can reach them without difficulty, and the time quired to get there will be assessed.
Finally, the following documents will be drawn up*
Standard architectural design Layout of classes and services Quarters for teachers.
e )    Hospitals
lhe study must take account of the population ana. 
ogical data of the Area, and in particular of the
ation.the     average     birth     and     death     rates,     and     the     P endemic diseases present here.
p<jp,
iU*
iden’.:ic<■- 61 -
The study must therefore establish:
Size of hospital and medical centers
Location
Staff required (technical and management)
Equipment.
The following documents will then be prepared:
%
Standard       architectural       design       for       hospital       and       medical centers
Distribution of internal and external premises Services
Quarters for technical staff.
4. 2. 2. 2 Management
A study of the organizational and the management criteria is
a basic require for deciding upon the settlement schemes to be introduced. It must, in turn, take account of the findings of sociological studies and production needs.
The study must in faetjind solutions which respect ancient
habits and traditions of the social organization of the popula tion to be settled, while at the same time fully meeting all the responsibilities connected with running the Area on modern productive lines. The objectives of the study will therefore be
as follows:
Determine the responsibilities and functions of the bodies in charge of the community's social and economic life (in dividual villages and settlements).
Suggest ways of appointing persons to fill managerial or executive positions in these bodies.- 62 -
Formulate and  organizational scheme establishing  varioUs degrees of authority  or priority  where decision-making  ja concerned.
Suggest       the       procedural       forms       for       the       principal       administra tive        functions        (justice,        cassations,        public        utility        expendi ture, etc.).
Assess possibility of signing joint agreements for the com mon management of certain productive or maintenance activities.
4. 2. 3 Management Responsibilities for the Implementation of the
Project
A number of problems arise in defining the responsibilities to be attributed to the AVA, the Central Government, local au thorities, in the implementation and - later - the running of the project.
No a-priori solution can be regarded as fully satisfactory, in isolation from the consideration of the type of agriculture to be pursued in the Project Area and thereabouts, of the types of tenure which will be adopted, of the type of farmers and la borers who will work the land.
A full study is needed which will take into account (a) the re sults of the financial analysis described above (paras. 4. 1.6.8- 4. 1.6.9); (b) the present structure of AVA and of central and local permanent services; (c) the problem of personnel availa bility, and the need to economize on scarce talents. The study should indicate a practical solution as to the respective re sponsibilities of the parties involved. In this context, the need to provide AVA with managerial autonomy will be taken into account. The study shall also indicate the requisite operational links between the parties involved.- 63 -
4.2.4               Organization and Management of AVA
The study outlined above will indicate the main responsibilities of AVA. These should be further described and analyzed to ensure that organization and management will be capable of providing the requisite leadership. However, a full appraisal
of the possible organization of AVA depends also on the future expansion of irrigation - beyond the Melka Sadi - Amibara area, in the Awash Valley. These can only be approximately indi cated in the proposed study.
Here again, the results of the financial analysis described in paras. 4. 1.6.8 -4. 1.6.9 will be utilized.
4.2.5 Manpower Requirements
In the course of the first part of the study, and in the prepara tion of the studies mentioned above on the organization manage ment of the agencies responsible for the project, the manpower requirements for the different phases of implementation of the project and for its running will have been identified.
A more specific study is needed to classify the requirements by skill and broad job descriptions. This can only be carried out when the previous studies have been completed. When the classification and numbers of skilled personnel have been as certained, it will be possible to assess whether current availa bility in Ethiopia will permit their satisfaction. If not, an esti mate of foreign technical assistance requirements will be made.
Legislative Aspects
A number of indications on the necessary legislative action for the implementation of the Project will be obtained in the first part of the study. However, those specific analyses of legis lation needs on water rights, land tenure, charters of agencies, and organizationswill have to be carried out.CURRICULA VITAE’iADVISORY BOARD
F.     BIGI
A  FE D'OSTIANI G.    MANGANO E. S. TOSCO
KEY PERSONNEL
p.
p.
BALBO BALDACCINI
F.     BARLUZZI M.    BOLOGNINI C.    BONACCORSI L.     CORTI
M.    GUCCIONE L.     GUSBERTI P.     LEON
F.     MANCINI
J.      MOUTON
T.     NACCARATO P.     SALAZAR
A.
SAMMICHELI
A.
tamburrinoOKA’JjW.,-
MIW-Z • H
L?.z TOOC-- ’’Ou
r
37fOr ».’Ferdinando BIGI
date and PLACE Of BIRTH nationality
education
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
1912, Rome, Italy.
Italian.
Graduated         in         Agricultural         Sciences,         University of Florence, Italy, 1938.
Phd.       ,       Sub-tropical       and       Tropical       Agriculture, University of Florence, 1964.
Consultant Agronomist for Tropical Countries, Italconsult, Rome, 1957, topresent.
Mr. Bigi has collaborated on agricultural
aspects of the Land Transport Survey, Sierra Leone, (International Bank for Reconstruction 
and Development); the Viedma Valley Agricultural Development Plan, Argentina; Ten-year Agri cultural Development Plan,Ecuador; Economic Feasibility Study of the S41ingu4 Dam, Mali;
the Rio Tera and Arlanza Irrigation and Power Schemes, Spain (88, 000 ha); the project for Diversification of Agricultural Production in Somalia, (EEC); and on the preliminary study 
of the technical and economic conditions of a reclamation, irrigation and settlement program
in the Kano Plain, Kenya,
Director General, Istituto Agronomico per l’Oltre- mare, Florence, Italy, 1963 to present.
Apart from having complete responsibility for the Institute, Mr. Bigi is concerned with post-graduate courses in tropical and sub-tropical agriculture; special studies, research and experimentation; tech nical assistance in the form of scholarship, con sultancy and study missions; collection of specimens and documentation; and liaison with foreign institutes scientific bodies and academies. Among the most recent study missions on which Mr. Bigi has col laborated are the following.F - BIG1 (Cont.
. Technico-economic study on banana produc
tion in Costa Rica and Ecuador cnmwc
ned by the EEC. 
.      Collaborated      with      the      IBRD      committee      for the       coordination       of       technical       assistance       to Tunisia.
Study of a possible Italian technical aid program to provide the productivity of the
cashew-nut crop in Tanzania.
Technical Advisor to the Somalian Association of Banana Growers, 1960-1965.
Managing Director of the Agricultural Companies of La Centrale Group operating in Africa and Italy, 1 957-1963.
General Manager of the Italo-Somali Agricultu ral Company at Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi, Italy, 1950-1956.
Consultant to the Irrigation and Land Reform Agency for Apulia and Lucania, Italy, 1949.
Agricultural Inspector for Apulia and Luc with Montecatini Company, Italy, 1941
Technical Assistant with the Coffee
the Scott Agricultural Laboratory» Nairo 1945-1946.
°‘F. BIGI (Cont. ) 3.
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
In charge of the Entomology, Pathology,and
Biology      Service      for     the     Cotton     Agency,     Italian East Africa, 1938-1947.
Agronomist,       Agricultural       Bureau       of       the       Somali Government, 1 931 - 1938.
-     Italian delegate to IBRD Subcommittee for the
Coordination of aid to Tunisia, 1968.
-     EEC member of the INEAC Scientific Consulta
tive Committee, since 1966.
-     Member of the Italian National Committee for
FAO, since 1 963.
-     Advisor to the Italian Institute for Africa, since
1963.
Corresponding       member       of       "Accademia       dei       Geor- gofili”, Florence, 1958.
Member of the Somalia Territorial Council,
1952-1955.
President      of      the      Somalia      Chamber      of      Commerce, Industry and Agriculture, 1954-1956.
President      of      the      Somalia      Economic      Council,      1953 
1955.
Vice-president      of      the      Somalia      Chamber      of      Com merce, Industry and Agriculture, 1953-1954.
Advisor      to      the      Somalia      Chamber      of      Commerce, Industry and Agriculture, 1950-1953.a;
F. BIGI (Cont.
PUBLICATIONS
Author      of      numerous      publications      on      sub 
and tropical agriculture.
“tropical
LANGUAGES
Fluent      in      English;      good      knowledge      of      Frenchand German.Alessandro FE' D'OSTIANI
date and place OF BIRTH nationality EDUCATION
professional EXPERIENCE
1911, Turin, Italy.
Italian.
Studied Law, University of Turin, Italy, 
1929-1933.
Participated      in      Seminars      on      Community      De velopment     Studies     in     Southern     Italy,     with     the European Youth Organization, UN, etc.
- Senior Sociologist, Italconsult, Rome. 1958 
to present.
Mr. Fe’ d'Ostiani is responsible for human resource aspects of Company studies. Spe cifically, he has been responsible for social aspects of the Study for the Reconstruction and Development of the Northern Region (Kur- distan), Iraq; has developed specialized schemes for training irrigators, including cartoon films and other audio-visual aids, for the Land Reclamation Project in Egypt; or- ganized SEDES (Social and Economic Develop ment System) which provides extensive training programs and the necessary educational material for the needs of developing countries - presen ted to UNESCO, UNO. EEC, ILO, FAO; par ticipated in preparing audio-visual training schemes for industrial labor in Italy; has been re sponsible for social studies and bedouin settlement and training programs for the
Jeddah-Mecca-Tail Area Water Supply Studies, Water and Agricultural Development Studies for Central Region, (Areas II and III)and Water and Agricultural Development Studies for Eastern Region, (Area IV), Saudi Arabia; aA. Fe' D'OSTIANI (Cont. ) 2
member of the Italconsult Mission in Santo Domingo for preparing training schemes lor the CorporacionAzucarera labor force; has been involved in studies of social problems
for lhe Study
 for the Creation of an Industrial
Ra ri-Brindisi-Taranto, Italy.on 
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
behalf of the EEC; has supervised the StudL
of tVie Social Aspects of Agricultural Develop
ment and Land Settlement for the Viedma
Valley Agricultural Development Plan, A r g en tina; Overall Ten-ycar Development Plan, 
Ruanda Urundi and the Tangier s Hinterland Agricultural Development Study; has been in charge of social studies and multipurpose
training programs for the Baluchistan and 
Sistan Agricultural Development Projects, Iran.
Director, Italian School of Social Services, Messina, 1956-1958.
Independent Consultant for socio-economic studies in Southern Italy, 1954-1956.
In charge of a special course promoted by Community Services, Italy.
“loted courseson adult education under the sponsorship of the Irrigation and Land Recla-
a ion Development Agency for Apulia and Lucania, Italy.
^Wi^aors rmea Aspons n i-i °bl ° rr tra* *ng on behalf of Ente
n
e  VoltUrno /jla e Luoania, Ente Riforma Sele of the Study ^ectamation Agencies), and Italy. y and formation Center, Palermo,A. FE' D'OSTIANI (Cont. )3.
publications
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
LANGUAGES
Author of many publications and editor of text books for the School of Social Services.
Regular contributor to the following Italian Magazines: Terza Generazione, Quaderni Meridionali, Centro Sociale. Giovane Europa
Committee on Extra-mural Education,Italian Ministry of Education.
Fluent in French and English.Giorgio MANGANO
date AND place Of BIRTH nationality education
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
1 918, Tripoli, Libya.
Italian.
Graduated in Civil Engineering (Hydraulics), University of Rome, Italy, 1941.
- Senior Hydraulic Engineer, Italconsult, Rome,
1 960 to present.
Mr. Mangano is in charge of the general planning, preliminary and final design and implementation of a large portion of the Com pany's irrigation, drainage and water resource projects: he has been Project Coordinator for
the Jeddah-Mecca-Taif Area Water Supply Studies,(18, 000 sq.km)) the Water and Agricul- tural Development Studies for Central Region, (Areas II and LU], (235, 000 sq. km);, the Water
and Agricultural Development Studies for Eastern Region, (Area IVi(362, 000 sq.km), Saudi Arabia, a program conducted on behalf
of the Ministry of Water and Agriculture, S.A. 
He has supervised the preparation of the final design for the Malaki Dam, Wadi Jizan, S. A. , storage capacity 70 million cu. m; the techni
cal Droposal for the Mussayeb Area Land Re- clamation and Irrigation Plan, Iraq,(60,000 ha); the preliminary design of the Selingue Dam, Mali, storage capacity 1,250 million cu. m, 
and the Economic Feasibility Study of the Selineue Dam, Mali (EEC); the technical pro-
for tfcp irrigation of the Senegal Delta Area, Senegal,(50, 000 ha); feasibility study 
for the Land and Water Surveys on the Wadi Jizan Areas, S. A. (50, 000 ha),(UN Special Fund).
He has been in charge of the pre liminary design for two Land Reclama-G. MANGANO (Cont. ) 2
tion, Irrigation, and Rural Settlement Project
in Egypt.(60  000 and 1 30  000 ha). H  has ‘
t
t
c
participated in the Study of the Agricultural
Development Ten-Ycar Plan, Ecuador; the
Study of the Niger River, West Africa, the
Chocon-Cerros Colorados Complex, Argen
tina; Pampas de Olmos Agricultural Develop
ment and Hydro-electric Power Project, Peru 
1 12, 000 ha (UN Special Fund) and the Rio 
Arlanza and Rio Tera Irrigation and Power
Schemes, Spain,(88, 000 ha).
Consultant       on       Irrigation       and       Drainage,       Greek Government, Ministry of Public Works,
Athens, 1 959- 1 960.
Chief, Engineering Department and succes
sively, Deputy General Manager, Apulia and 
Lucania Irrigation Development Agency, Italy 
1949-1959.
Was responsible for the execution of land 
reclamation and irrigation works amounting 
to 20 billion Italian lire, and for final design 
of projects totalling 35 billion Italian lire;
participated in the planning and preliminary 
design of major irrigation works in Apulia
and Lucania; conducted a series of geohydro-
logical investigations and supervised the dril
ling of over 1, 000 exploitation wells in Apulia, 
Lucania.and Molise, Italy.
J rri nc gXyn A, Sal geencrno, I   y° staaltaynd, 1 946-       Reclamatio194 9.      n andg
6
the exertion nCf design and supervised gation and hydrau) nUmber of ^P«rtant irri
r
gation anj ^n7 ™naged - na ge and potabl
an irrioatin j W'ater systems and roads over
8 on district of j 6j 000 ha
° f irri«ation* dr31'TEACHING EXPERIENCE
PUBLICATIONS
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
LANGUAGES
G. MANG ANO (Cont. ) 3
Site       Engineer,       Giulio       Laudisa       Construction 
Co., Rome, 1945-1946.
Supervised road construction works.
Lectured      in      Hydraulic      Works      Design,      Univer sity of Bari, Italy, 1956-1959.
Published various papers on irrigation for
the Second and Fifth International Commission 
on Irrigation and Drainage Congresses.
Italian Hydrotechnical Association, Italian
Association        for        Agrarian        Engineers,        American Society of Civil Engineers.
Fluent     in     French;     working     knowledge     of English and Spanish.Emanuele Samuele TOSCO
daT
e and place
o f birth nationality educati on
PROFESSIONAL experience
1 920, Turin, Italy.
Italian.
Graduated in Economics, University of Turin, 
Italy, 1945.
Post-graduate courses in Economic Development and Public Finance, under Professor Henry Wallich, Yale University, U.S.A.; Money and Credit under Professor Robert Triffin, Yale University, U.S.A.
Head of Economic and Financial Studies Sections, Italconsult, Rome, 1962 to present.
Mr. Tosco has had overall responsibility for organizing economic and financial studies, identi fying methods, and implementing economic and financial programs in the Chocon-Cerros - Colorados Complex, Argentina; Pampas de Olmos Agricultural Development and Hydro-Electric Power Project, Peru, (112,000 ha); Project for the Overall Develop ment of the Rio "Paraiba do Sul^'Basin, Brazil; Development Plan for the West - Central Region, Venezuela (34, 000 sq. km); and Mu River Irriga tion Project, Burma, 520, 000 ha, (UN Special
F und).
He has supervised the Land Transport Survey, Sierra Leone (International Bank for Reconstruction and Developmentland Tunisia Transport Survey, 
(International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment),has been responsible for the planning and set ting-up of Industrial Development Poles in the Brindisi-Bari-Taranto area, Italy, and in the Cadiz- Sevilla area, Spain.E. S. TOSCO (Cont
Chief of Regional Development Division, Europea
Economic Community, Brussels, Belgium, 1959
1961.
Duties covered formulating an economic dev 1 
ment policy for the common market area; coordi P
nating agricultural, industrial and transportation 
policies of member countries; drafting investment
programs; consulting to the EEC Commission on 
European Bank projects (financing of infrastructures
and industrial projects); membership of the Joint
Committee      for      underdeveloped      areas      of      the      European Coal and Steel Community.
Consultant     to     Banco     Central     and     Banco     de     Fomento, Honduras, 1 951 -1 956.
Was responsible for establishing research departments for the two banks, determining national product, national income and balancing payment accounts, outlining economic, financial and monetary policy, and setting up new branches.
While consultant to the two banks was appointed Economic Adviser to the Ministry of Finance and Economy, to the Ministry of Agriculture and to the National Economics Council, Honduras and member of several commissions on economic and fiscal studies for the United Nations and the Interamerican Statistics Institute in the U. S. A. , Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Venezuela, Columbia and Brazil. He participated in studies and projects
related to agriculture and livestock development, legislative and financial studies, econometric analyses, industrial plant promotion, and studies for highway, hydroelectric and agricultural mechanization projects.
Chief of Census Office and Adviser, Ministry Economics and Institute for Economic Resear El Salvador, 1947-1950.TEACHING EXPERIENCE
E.S. TOSCO (Cont.) 3.
Set up basi9 for national accounting; super
vised census of housing, population and livestock;
carried out econometric analyses; drew up sectoral
development programs, and was responsible for
elaboration, promotion and implementation of
industrial and infrastructural projects.
Economist,       Turin       Chamber       of       Commerce,       Industry and Agriculture, Italy 1946.
Carried out market research with special refe
rence to the U.S. and Latin America.
- Professor of Economic Policy, and Econometrics, 
University of Brussels, Belgium, 1959-1961.
Organized lectures at the European Administra
tion Institute, Fontainebleau, Paris and at L.e
Institute of European Studies, University of Turin, 
Italy; and was appointed a member of the Rockefel
ler Foundation Study Group for economic policy of
Western Countries.
Professor of Economic Policy, International
University of Comparative Sciences, Luxembourg,
1959.
Professor of Economic Development Financing Institute of Social Studies,  the Hague,  Holland, 
1958.
- Professor of National Accountancy, Monetary Study Center for Latin America, Mexico, 1957.E. S. TOSCO (Cont.
) 4.
f 89or of Economic Statistics and  Mathemati f7r°Economists,  Department of Economics.  Uni- versify of Honduras. 1951-1956.
CB
University
PUBLICATIONS
LANGUAGES
Professor       of       Economics       and       Statistics, of El Salvador, 1947-1950.
Published two books, eleven articles for scientific and technical magazines, and forty-seven other publications on specialized topics.
Fluent in French, English and Spanish.Paolo BALBO DI VINADIO
dA
te and place
OF BIRTH nationality education
professional experience
s
1915, Turin, Italy.
Italian.
Graduated     in     Law,     University     of     Turin,     Italy, 1935.
Sociologist, Italconsult, Rome, I960 to pre-
sent.
Mr. Balbo has been responsible for the CAPI (Centro di Addestramento Professionale per l’ln- dustria) educational project; has served a  Chief
of Mission for the Study for the Reconstruction and Development of the Northern Regions, Iraq; has served on the NATO Parlame ntarian Confer ence Special Committee on Developing NATO Countries for the Project for Greek-Turkish Tourist Cooperation in the Aegean Sea; collabo rated on the Tourist Development Plan for the Town of Hammana, Lebanon; has been responsi ble for educational projects and labor training at Italsider’s Bagnoli and Taranto worksltaly;collabo- rated on the development of educational methods for the Italian Committee of the ILQ, Turin; col laborated on the Study for the Creation of an In dustrial Complex in Bari-Brindisi-Taranto, Italy for the EEC; devised SEDES (Social and Educa tional Development System) for agricultural and industrial training; responsible for the training 
of water bailiff instructors for the Land Recla mation Project, Egypt; and the Managerial Train ing Program in Sistan and Baluchistan, Iran.P. BALBO DI VINADIO
PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS                  Member of the National Committee for Ad Education, Rome, 1959-1960. 
- General Secretary and Administrator of the
Uit
National       Association       for       Promoting       the       Interests of Southern Italy. Rome, 1956-1959.
Member      of      the      Italian      "Danilo      Dolci"     Committee for Economic and Social Action in Sicily, 1957-1959
Organization     of     Centers     for     the     Study     of     Labor Relations, Turin, 1954-1956.
Conducted      studies      and      research      on      labor      conditions for the review "Third Generation", Turin, 1953-1954.
LANGUAGES
- Staff Officer, Italian Army, 1952-1954.
Fluent in French; working knowledge of English.Paolo BALDACCINI
daTE    aND      pLACE 0 F birth nationality education
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
I 932, Florence, Italy.
Italian.
Graduated       in       Agriculture,       University       of       Florence, Italy, 1956.
Post-graduate course in Tropical and Subtropical
Crops, Istituto Agronomico per l'Oltremare, 
Florence, Italy 1959.
Soil Engineer, Italconsult, Rome, Italy, 1966 to 
present.
Mr. Baldaccini has been Chief of the Field Team
preparing a 1:30, 000 soil classification map for the
Mu River Irrigation Project, Burma (520, 000 ha), 
a United Nations Special Fund Project,
Director of the Soils Laboratory of the Ente
Autonomo del Flumendosa, Sardinia, Italy, 
1962-1966.
Was responsible for detailed soil surveys over
the whole area controlled by the Agency (about
100, 000 ha), and in particular for the hydrologic
and hydrodynamic investigations,and for the de
tailed studies of specific areas within the Irriga
tion District of Trexenta, Marmilla, Ussana. 
Photointerpretation was used in this work.
Soil      Scientist,      Oristano,      Cixerri,      and      Baso      Sulcis Reclamation Agencies, Sardinia, Italy, 1961.
Was responsible for various pedologic investi gations and soil classification surveys for irrigation purposes.P. baldaccini (Cont } 2
Soil Scientist, Meteorological Department of Italian Ministry of Agriculture and Forests * 1960-1961. 
’ taly
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
MEMBERSHIP OF
OFFICIAL BODIES
PUBLICATIONS
Soil      Scientist,      Italian      Institute      for      Soil      Conservatio and Research, Florence, Italy, 1956-1958.
Lecturer      in      Mineralogy      and      Geology,      University      of Sassari, Sardinia, Italy, 1964 to present.
Founder-member of the Italian Soil Map Committee.
Member of the Italian Geological Society.
Member of the Italian Botanical Society.
Member of the Italian Biogeographical Society.
Published      various      articles      on      soil      studies,      mainly on Sardinia, Italy.
LANGUAGES                        Good knowledge of French and English.Francesco BARLUZZI
date and place
0 F birth
nationality education
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
1915, Rome, Italy.
Italian.
Graduated        in        Electrical        Engineering,        University of Rome, Italy, 1938.
Post-graduate fellowship, Columbia University,
New York, USA, 1938.
Post-graduate course: Telecommunications Engi neering, Istituto Superiore Telecomunicazioni, Rome, Italy, 1940-1941.
Senior Hydro-electrical Engineer, Italconsult, 
Rome, 1961 to present.
Mr. Barluzzi is responsible for technical and technico-economic aspects of large-scale power projects. Specifically, he has been responsible
for the power aspects of the Mu River Irrigation Project, Burma (UN Special Fund); has conducted 
a market study and, as Associate Member of Inter national Technical Committee, collaborated on the Final Design for the Chocon-Cerros Colorados Complex, Argentina.(total installed capacity l,650MW) He has also conducted technico-economic studies on: the growth of electricity-supplies in certain regions
of Venezuela; the power market in relation to hydro electric generating stations in the Niger Basin; Mali; sea water distillation plant and undersea pipelines for the islands of Gozo and Comino, Ma lta; distil - lation plant to serve the Aeolian Islands, Italy; desalination plants for the Eastern Regions, Saudi Arabia; Electric power market in certain provincesF. BARLUZZI (Cont.) 2
of Spain; development prospects of the electricity 
industry, Mogadishu, Somalia; power infra st rue-
tures in relation to Development Poles, Sout he r n 
Italy, utilization of electricity to be generated by 
the Pampas de Olmos Power Stations, Peru (total
installed capacity 520 MW).
Adviser to Italian Nuclear Energy Commission 
(CNEN), Rome, Italy, 1960-1963.
Specialized in electric power generation from
nuclear sources.
Assistant Manager, Technico-economic Study 
Center, AGIP-Nucleare, Rome, Italy, 1957-1960.
Departmental         Manager,         Electric         Power         Company (SRE), Rome, Italy, 1950-1957.
Electrical        Engineer,        Rome        Technical        Office, Siemens, Milan, Italy, 1949-1950.
-     Consultant to SICI (Central Italian Industrial
Company), Rome, Italy, 1946-1949.
Collaborated on designs for hydro-electric
development projects on the River Tiber.
Consultant,      Italian      Ministry      of      Public      Works, Rome, Italy, J 946-1 949.
Collaborated on post-war electric power development.
-    Consultant, Utilities Division, Allied Commissio Headquarters, Rome, 1944-1946.F. BARLUZZI (Cont. ) 3.
PLICATIONS
LANGUAGES
Electric Power Tariffs, Rome, 1962.
The Second Generation of Nuclear Power Plants in Italy, Rome, 1962.
Water and Electric Power, Rome 1963.
Fluent in French and English; working know ledge of Spanish.Marcello BOLOGNINI
pate and pl ace OF birth nationality fducation
PROFESSIONAL 
“XPERIence
1 930, Bologna, Italy.
Italian.
Graduated     in     Geology,     University     of     Padua Italy, 1 958.
Post-graduate       course       in       Hydrogeology,       Univer sity of Padua, 1958,
Studied Geological interpretation of air photo graphs under Professor Marchesini at Geomap, Florence, Italy.
Geologist, Italconsult, Rome, 1958 to present. Mr. Bolognini is concerned with geological
and hydrogeological surveys and projects, specifically, preparing proposals for drilling projects, purchasing drilling equipment, or ganizing and drilling work sites, taking hydro- logical measures of rivers and streams, and conducting boring-hole pumping tests. He has been responsible for sub-soil investigations - boreholes, pits and trenches - for a portion of the Pugliese Aqueduct,Italy, which includes division and conveyor works; was engaged in the UN SDecial Fund Groundwater Survey in Togo, West Africa (34, 000 sq. km);determin-
tng geological structures for a groundwater bearing formation inventory, supervising hydrogeological aspects of drilling operations, conducting pumping tests,and training local personnel; was responsible for the groundwater inve stigations of the UN Special Fund-FAO Project in the Wadi Jizan Area, Saudi Arabia,M. BOLOGNINI (Cont. ) 2
PUBLICATIONS
LANGUAGES
(50, 000 ha),where he conducted the drilling program and pumping tests, supervised geo physical investigations and made physical tests on the hydrogeological characteristics of the water bearing strata; conducted groundwater investigations and supervised the drilling program yield tests and geophysical investiga tions, and was responsible for the siting, installation and initiation of a network of meteorological stations for the Baluchistan 
and Sistan Water and Agricultural Development programs, Iran (870, 000 ha).
Has published three papers on geological inter pretation of air photographs, the first on li
near s in the Larderello area, Italy; the second on the system of linears in Goulimine, North Morocco, presented to the International Geo logical Congresses at Deft and Nairobi; the
third on the geology of underground water resources in crystalline rocks in Togo, West Africa, presented to the International Congress of Hydrogeology in Istanbul, 1967.
Fluent in French; working knowledge of English.Carlo BONACCORSI
Afjn PLACE
3 aTE ‘
a
OF S»TH (UlIONALITY
1929, Rome, Italy. Italian.
EDUCATION                          Graduated in Architecture, University of Rome, 
Italy, 1 956.
PROFESSIONAL 
experience                   Architect, Italconsult, Rome, 1960 to present.
Mr. Bonaccorsi has been responsible for town planning, preliminary and final design of public buildings and housing units in the Wadi Dawasir area for the Water and Agricultural Development Studies for Central Region (Areas II and III), Saudi Arabia; final design of air terminals for the Beida Inter national Airport and the New Tobruk National Air- port, Libya; final design of air terminal and accessory buildings for the Burao, Baidoa, Bosaso, Belet Uen, Chisimaio, Galcaio Airports, Somalia; final design of Afagnangan Hospital, Togo,(200 beds); preliminary and final design of housing and public buildings for the project for Land Reclamation Contract in Egypt. 
(60, 000 ha); preliminary and final design of an Industrial Development Plan in Tortoli, Sardinia, and Ascoli Piceno, Marche (Italy); preliminary 
and final design of private residences in Italy and Switzerland; preliminary design of the Fiat-Concord^ Housing Project, Cordoba, Argentina; and preliminary design of a tourist settlement near Cape Sounion, Greece, (400 beds).
Independent Consultant, Rome, !taly» 1957-1960.C. BONACCORSI (Cont.)
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
LANGUAGES
Ordine degli Architetti, Rome.
Fluent in English and French.r
Linneo CORTI
n
 PLACE
:
EANP
sir™
■IONALITY
1921, TreBivio(Sondrio), Italy Italian.
•cation                       Graduated in Veterinary Medicine Turin, Italy, 1948.
SESSIONAL
University of
Senior Range Management and Animal Husbandry Expert, Italconsult, Rome, 1959 to present.
Mr. Corti has been responsible for livestock 
and range management studies for the Jeddah-Mecca- Taif Area Water Supply Studies (18, 000 sq. km); Water and Agricultural Development Studies for Central Region, Area II and III (235, 000 sq. km); and Water and Agricultural Development Studies for Eastern Region, Area IV (362, 000 sq. km), 
S. A. ; and conducted livestock and veterinary studies in the underdeveloped areas of Southern Italy. 
For the Baluchistan, Sistan and East Kerman Water and Agricultural Development Studies. Iran, coordinated investigations and research in upgrad.ng and ecological and epizoologic aspects of farmbred and nomadic stock, and initiated livestock and vet erinary services; made livestock and range manage ment studies and surveys in Senegal, and was re sponsible for livestock and range management tu 
for the Study 
Reconstruction and D
of the Northern Regions (Kurdistan), Iraq
Director of the Rivoli (Turin) Artificial Insemination Center, Italy, 1 957-1958.L. CORTI (Cont. ) 2.
- Vice President, Municipal Milk Distribution Center, Turin, 1948-1957.
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
LANGUAGES
Administrative      Council      of      the      Piedmont      Livestock and Dairy Institute.
Turin     Provincial     Committee     for     the     Control     of Infectious Diseases in Animals.
Turin Provincial Livestock Commission.
Secretary       of       Piedmont      Veterinary       Surgeons Technical and Scientific Committee.
Fluent in English and French.Marcello GUCCIONE
t£and pl^cE
0; BIRTH RATIONALITY
EDUCATION
.11
1936, Palermo, Italy.
Italian.
Graduated      in      Agriculture,      University      of      Paler mo, Italy, 1959.
Post-graduate courses in Marketing Statistics
and Econometrics at the Center for Advanced 
Training in Agricultural Economics, Univer
sity of Naples, Italy.
Agricultural Economist, Italconsult, Rome,
1961 to present.
Mr. Guccione has collaborated on the Tran
sport Survey, Tunisia (14, 000 km) an Interna
tional Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Program; Preliminary Study for the Qverall_De-
velopment of the Rio Paraiba do Sul Basin,
Brazil, (110,000 sq.km); Pampas de Olmog. 
Agricultural Development and Hydroelectric
Project, Peru, 11
Feasibility Studt
■Slaughterhouse Protot^ -Y^^7^d 
e
the West Central Region_gf_VgL__---
as project manager for the
for the <>reation^-^5^h4^^ne
Poultry Deep FrjezeU, , plans forjhejn-
Area, Italy; collaborate
dustrial      DevelopmentJ2l~-X—~-ff.      T«»ra.      Irrigation Piceno; Italy;
and Power Schemes_, Spam                       Somalia, tion of Agricultural_Pro_2L f; eation of.
r
(EEC); FeasibilitxJtudy_£r_^-^^
an Agricultural2jach^X----^ er
t
Italy; Baluchis tan_anj---------------- -M. GUCC1ONE (Cont. ) 2.
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
languages
and Agricultural Development Projects, Iran 
(870, 000 ha); Agricultural Development Ten-
ycar Plan, Ecuador.
International Association of Agricultural
Economists.
Fluent      in      French,      good      knowledge      of      English and Spanish.Luigi GUSBERTI
date and PLACE OF BIRTH NATIONALITY
iDUCATION
professional EXPERIENCE
1931, Modena, Italy.
Italian.
Graduated in Civil Engineering (Hydraulics), University of Padua, Italy, 1955.
Post-graduate course in Hydraulic Engineering under Professor C, Jaeger, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England.
Senior Hydrologist, Italconsult, Rome, 1963 to present,
Mr. Gusberti is concerned with surface-water hydrology and with calculations relating to schemes for tapping, diverting fixing water ««urc^ Specifically, he has been engag 
Olmos Agricultural Development an y — Power Project, P^
Fund - FAO), studying the hydro ogy 
-Hroelectric
S
the western slo^ th€ ^^J^ting regula- diverted to the Pacific
* verting, and utiliza*
tion schemes for the tapping^* the Overall. tion of water resources, I- —- Zj g 7in, Brazil, 
5
a
Development of th£_£araj_^__-----^^  the
fr
iver
(1 10, 000 sq. km),studying > ob .frigation, and its tributaries for floo nayigation2l purposes, 
hydroelectric generation, 
the Border to .Border^AyR-^; (280 Rm); (1, 800 km); Ageda^axfii^-^^^ance,,.
Highway, Libya
District, Senegal, 7JI-r. GUSBERJi
PUBLICATIONS
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
c.ydrologist, Cremona Reclamation Boa d
Italy. 1959-1962.
Supervised works for the irrigation anr|
drainage cf an extensive area supplied by th*-
Po River, had complete rcsponsibility fOr
management of a 40. 000 ha irrigation district
Hydrologist,          Hydrological          Department.          Edison Group Milan, Italy. 1956-1959.
Responsible for calculations and reports
for various hydroelectric and irrigation pro
jects and studies on water courses, including
water balance, flow regulation and study of
flood discharges.
Paper submitted to the ”6° Convegno Italiano
di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idraulichc". Uni
versity of Padua. Italy, 1959.
Published a  number of articles in ' L’Enerp- Elettrica”  Milan,  Italy  and contributed papers to ’’Water Power” London, England,
President     of     Pi     eve     Tcrzagni     Irrigation     B (Italy).
Member of FAST (Milan), water atudy g °
ru
LANGUAGES
Fluent in English; working knowledge Spanish and French.Paolo LEON
rjATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH nationality education
1 935, Venice, Italy.
Italian.
Graduated Ln. Law. cum lauds, University of Rome, italy^ 1958.
Research Student under Lord Kahn. King’s College. Cambridge. U.K. 1959-l%0  Studies
#
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
were primarily in Growth and Capital Theory, 
At the end of the year, passed examination for
Phd Program.
Corporate       Finance       Course       IBRD-IFC.       Washing ton DC, 1 962.
Senior       Economist,       Italconsult,       Rome,       1968 
to pre sent.
Mr. Leon has collaborated on Phase HI of the Land Transport Survey, Sierra Leone, an International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Program covering 5, 600 km.
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1961-1967.
Served as economist-Ioan officer on Mis sion in British Guiana, British Honduras, Malta. Mauritius! Trinidad, Lesotho Botswana, Tobago and South Africa, with responsibility for writing economic reports. based on detailed study and analyses in each country, coordinating the activities of technical and financial experts lawyers and treasurers, and steering loans through negotiations with borrower and Bank,P. LEON (Cont. ) 2
Was assistant to the director of Special Ec
mic Studies.where duties included preparation of Background documents for Management decisions on allocations of funds among countries, and guide lines for terms of Bank lending. During this period he collaborated on a Multi-volume report of N> « based on sectoral and project analyses, and authored a long term model on Nigeria illustrate a long-run ’’external debt” cycle.
Organized and was secretary of the Economic Committee composed of senior bank economists charged with reviewing economic reports policies,
Served as chief economist-deputy chief of a 22- expert economic mission for setting up a 4-year development plan in Algeria,where responsibilities included coordination of reports of sectoral experts, analyzing and projecting national accounts and Government budget, collaborating on industrial analyses, finalizing the report.and discussing it with the Government.
Was Chief of the International Development Finance Division, with responsibility for studying and analyzing international capital movements, particularly foreign aid, external debt of develop ing countries, trade policies, private foreign investment, etc.
Became Senior Economist in the Department of Operations, Africa, in charge of coordinating economic work of French-speaking countries, headed economic mission to Senegal.
Economist. ENI's Bureau of Economic Studies. Rome, 1956-1960.
Responsible for all Bureau activities ENI annual report, planning investments, *PC analyses of individual oil producing counl♦lC , related to Energy and Hydrocarbon, specil1 the parts associated with the marketing ot and petroleum products.
cilP. LEON (Cont.) 3,
publications
Nota sull’utilita del reddito e sviluppo economics
Studi Economic!. 1961.
Tecniche di produzione. progresso tecnico e svilup po economic Rivista InternazionaJc di Scienze Eco-
nomiche e Commercial!, 1962.
Programmazione e Consumi, Nord e Sad. 1 963.
Ipotesi sullo Sviluppo deirEconomia Capital!stica, Torino 1965,
Multiple Discount Rates in Economic Planning, Economia Internazionale, 1966,
Due problemi in tema di programmazione, 
Studi economic!, 1967,
Structural Change and Growth tn Capitalism. 1 967.
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
Assistant to the Chair of Political Economy, University of Rome, Italy, 1958-1960.
 Libero Docente  in Economics. Uni ver sity of Rome
1968.
MH
. 
PROFESSIONAL
Rc anizations
Society for International Development. American Economic Association,
Royal Economic Society.
^^Uaces
Fluent in English and French; working knowledge
of Spanish.Fiorenzo MANCIN]
pate AND place OF BIRTH NATIONALITY EDUCATION
1922, Florence, Italy.
Italia^
Graduated      in      Agriculture,      University      of Florence, Italy, 1946,
Post-graduate course in  Soil Surveys and Soil Conservation,  University  of Georgia, USA L95Z.
r
“sessional
“'■PERIENCB
Consultant in Soil Science, Italconsult, 
Rome, 1962 to present,
M.r. 
Mancini
has
been 
responsible
for
the
soil
survey 
and 
land 
classification 
of
the Mu River Irrigation Project, Burma, 520, 000 ha (UN Special Fund);detailed soil survey and land classification of
127,000 ha for the Tangier Hinterland Agricultural Development Study, Morocco; detailed soil survey and land classification of 88, 000 ha for the Rio Tera and Rio Arlan- za Irrigation and Power Schemes, Spa in.
-     President, FAO European Soil Classified - tion and Survey Working Party, Rome,
1963 to 1965.
-     Consultant on numerous soil investigations in Italy; Argentina, Morocco and Nigeria, 1958-1963.PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
PUBLICATIONS
languages
F. MANCINI (Cont. ) 2.
- Member of Italian Soil Mapping Committee en
gaged in preparation of 1:10, 000 and 1:25, 000
maps covering the whole of Italy; and Italian
representative of the International Quaternary
Commission investigating formation and litho
logy of quaternary sediments, 1955-1957.
Adviser to the Society for Geographic Studies,
Florence, Italy, 1 950- 1 966, and Vice Chairman
of the Italian Geological Society, 1 968.
Member of Italian Forestry Academy.
Member of ' Accademia dei Gcorgofili", Florence.
Member of International Soil Science Society.
Secretary of Italian Society of Soil Science.
Professor of Soil Science, formerly Lecturer,
Faculty        of        Agriculture        and        Forestry.        University of Florence, 1948 to present.
Director, Institute of Applied Geology of
Faculty        of        Agriculture,        University        of        Florence. 1954 to present.
Author of more than fifty articles on forniatio
classification and mapping of soils, including
soil map of Italy, and papers on applied geon-or
phological and geological problems.
Fluent        in        English,        French,and        German;        uorkm, knowledge of Spanish.Jean MOUTON
i;ATlONALlTY
LDL’CATION Graduated in Engineering, Geology and Science. Ecole Nationale Sup^rieure de G^ologie Nancv I 948.
PROFESSIONAL
1925, Bonneville. France. F rench.
experience
Consultant     for     Geophysical     and     Geological     Studies. Italconsult, Rome, 1959 to present.
Mr. Mouton has been responsible for geolo
gical, mineral prospecting, water research and 
foundation studies. Specifically, he has been res
ponsible for geophysical studies for groundwater
investigations for the Jeddah-Mecca-Tail Area-
Water Supply Studies (19. 000 so. km), Water and 
Agricultural,Development Studies for Central
Re fl ionj (Ar ea II and III), (235, 000 sq. km) and 
Water and Agri cultural Development Studies
for Eastern Region, (Area IV), (362, DOO sq.km), 
Saudi Arabia; Survey of Groundwater Resources
in Togo, 34, 000 sq. km. (UN Special Fund) and 
for geological investigations of the Malaki Dam
Site, Saudi Arabia, the work involving sinking 
of boreholes, pits and trenches.
‘ Manager, Compagnia Mediterranea di Prospezio- ni. Rome, 1959 to present.
Has carried out subsoil studies for ground water s, hydrocarbon and mineralJ. MOUTON (Cont.) z.
languages
prospecting using geophysical methods, as well
as investigations for soil and foundations studies
relating to large civil engineering works, and for
soils studies for agricultural purposes.
Carried out special investigations regarding
vibrations and soil movements transmitted by
civil works, and research for underground cavities.
Specifically, he contributed to 77 hydrogeological
studies involving geophysical prospecting in Italy,
France, Greece, Togo, Saudi Arabia,and Upper
Volta; 23 exploratory geophysical studies in Italy
and Austria; 13 geophysical mineral studies (plus
geochemical prospecting) for metallic sulphur,
mineral salts, and natural gas.
Geophysicist,       Head       of       Study       Service,       Compagnia Generale di Geofisica, Rome, 1956-1959,
Made geophysical investigations for various
engineering and hydrological works, and for ex
ploration of potassium salts, pyrites and lignite.
Engineer      and      Head      of      Mission,      Companie      Gene rate de Geophysique, Paris, 1948- 1 9^6-
Conducted geophysical surveys for engineer ing w orks and mineral prospecting in France, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Italy, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
Fluent in Italian and English.r
Tull io NACCARATO
0 XrE AND PLACE Of BIRTH
S ATIONAL1TY education
PROFESSIONAL experience
1933, Aiello Calabro {Cosenza), Italy.
Italian.
Graduated      in      Statistical      Science,      University of Rome, Italy, I960.
Statistician, Italconsult. Rome, 1962 to 
pre sent.
Mr. Naccarato has been concerned with statistical analyses for the Transport Survey, Tunisia; (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) ; Land Transport Survey, Sierra Leone (International Bank for Recon struction and Development); Project for the Overall Development of the "Rio Paraiba do 
■Sul Basin11, Brazil (l 10, OOOTia); Feasibility Study for the Kabul-Herat Highway Afghanistan (87 0 km); Pampas de Olmos Agricultural Development and Hydro-electric Power Project, Peru, 112, 000 ha (UN Special Ftfud-
F ACJ; Study for the Qr cation of an Industrial Complex at Bari, Brindisi, Taranto, Italy; Feasibility Studies for the Afjgoi-Baidoa Road (230 km) and Sc>>lambot-Gelib Road (280 km), So ma li a; Plan for the Industrial Development
of Syracuse. 11 al y;               Plan for the Industrial Development of Ascoli Piceno Province  11aly, 
r
and Feasibility Study for the Creationjjf a. Fruit Vegetable and Poultry De^P Freeze Unit in the Met apont ine area, 11 al y.T. NACCARATO (Cont.) 2.
LANGUAGES
StedisticiaD, Istituto Nazionale Economia Agra- ria (Italian Institute for Farm Economics), 1961-1962.
Collaborated on a study of chemical fertilizers in Italy, study of probable con sumption of chemical fertilizers in Italy from 1965-1970; study of the role of agri culture in the economy of the Molise Region farm economy investigations on Sardinia; was responsible for the agricultural section of the Report of Activities, April 1962.
Working knowledge of F rench and Spanish.Paolo SALAZAR
pl>ACE
^IONALITY
PROFESSIONAL experience
1924, Cagliari, Italy,
Italian.
Graduated in Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sardinia, 1951.
Post-graduate course in citrus growing, Catania Experimental Citrus Station. Sicily 1959.
Participated in Agricultural Cooperative Seminar. Cagliari, Sardinia. I960.
Agricultural Economist. Italconsult. Rome, 1964 to present,
Mr. Salazar is concerned with developing agronomical and agricultural-economic proposals, studies and reports, preparing budgets, and analyzing agricultural, livestock, market, a nd population data. He contributed to the Mu RiY£I Irrigation Project, Burma, a United Nations Spe cial Fund feasibility study for the irrigation o± 520. 000 ha, studying crop patterns, irrigation poasibilities,and present and potential markets, the UN Special Fund Program2IL^^hania-^ studying the effects of a direct road between Kabul and Herat on agricultural development m a 400, 000 sq. km area; the J?am pa a jie^Qlmoj Agricultural
Project. Peru. 
'7 study for the irrigation and agricu 
112.000 ha of uncultivated land, studying n
internationalP. SALAZAR (Cont.) 2.
market possibilities as well as agricultural and
livestock production throughout Peru; land recla
mation and irrigation plans for the Rio Tera and
Rio Arlanza Irrigation and Power Schemes./88,000 ha)
compiling and analyzing data on agriculture and live-
stock, industries, markets, and population.
Independent Consultant, Rome, 1961-1963.
Agronomic Consultant for several agricultural
projects in intensively cultivated areas in Tuscany
and Latium, Italy.
Manager, Pula Resettlement Center for Sardinia
Land Reform Agency, 1956-1960.
Supervised all land reclamation and irrigation
projects; was responsible for the technical manage
ment and organization of 200 small farms covering
6, 000 ha, most of which were irrigated; managed a
27 ha Demonstration Farm and Livestock Breeding
Center; managed and provided technical direction
for a group of nurseries producing seedlings of forest
and orchard trees, valued at $ 1, 500. 000; conducted
agricultural experimentation with special emphasis
on tobacco, citrus fruits,and vegetables.
Planner, Sardinian Land Reform Agency, 1952-1956.
Completed various projects and designs for lane
reclamation and irrigated land settlements, and develop
ment for a total of 20, 000 ha.
Employed by Provincial Agricultural Inspectorate,
Sassari, Sardinia, 1947-1952,
Conducted soil research, did mapping and for small-scale agricultural works, participP. SALAZAR (Cont.) 3.
the campaign against Dociostarum and olive diseases, and served as Regional Director Tot the Rockefeller Foundation anopheles extermination campaign,while a student at the University of Sassari.
Fluent in French and Spanish; working knowledge of English.nATE AND PLACE qF 3IRTH NATIONALITY education
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Augusto SAMMICHE7LI
1922, Florence, Italy.
Italian.
Graduated in Agriculture, Institute of Tropical and Sub-tropical Agriculture, Florence, Italy 
1942.
Post-graduate courses in Tropical and Sub-tro- pcal Agriculture,Institute of Tropical and Sub tropical Agriculture, Florence, 1945.
* Agronomist. Italconsult, Rome. 1962 co present.
Mr, Sammicheli has served on many agri cultural development projects in tropical and 
Bub-tropical regions. He has been responsible
for the agricultural commodities origin and des tination study for the Tunisia Transport Survey (International Bank for Reconstruction and De velopment)? investigation for planting 2, 000 ha
□ f date palms for the project for Diversification of Arri cultural Production, Somalia (E.E.C,); Agrarian and Livestock Report of the Study lor the Overall Development of the Rio Paraiba do Sul Basin, Brazil (1 10,000 sq.km): agricultural commodities origin and destination study and pertinent projections for the Land Transport Survey in Sierra Leone (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development). Mr. Sammi- cheli has also collaborated on the Pampas de.Oj- mos Agricultural Development arid Hvdroelecjiuc Power Project, Peru (UN Special runo-tAOj;
(I 12. 000 sq.km): Vientiane Plain.IrnfiaUon Pilot.A. SAM MICHELI (Cont.) 2.
Scheme, Laos (300 ha) (UN Special Fund); Eco
nomic Feasibility Study of the Selingu^ Dam, Mali (EEC); preliminary investigation for the
irrigation of the SenegaiRiver pseudo delta, Senegal (200,000 ha); preliminary investigations
of the 68, 000 ha Mussayed Irrigation District, 
Iraq; and final design for irrigating 4,000 ha
by hill lakes in the Cap Bon, Bizerta and Medjer
dah Valley districts, Tunisia.
Agronomist, Nuovo Ca6toro Company, Florence, 1961 to 1962.
Responsible for study and design of pasture development, creation of irrigation districts, and construction of hill lakes (Northern Ca meroon) .
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Direction 
for Somalia, 1952 to 1961.
Held the following positions with the Somali Bureau of Agriculture: Director of the General Agricultural Station, Chief of the Upper Giuba Area Locust Control Service; Director of the
Lower Giuba Joint Agricultural Section; Chief
of the Locust Control Service, collaborated in 
the FAO Campaign to control migratory locusts; Chief of the Baidoa Agricultural Section, Upper Giuba (Experimental Dry-Farming Station); Chief of the Afgoi Agricultural Section, and the Plant Health Service, Benadir.
While in Somalia, headed three technical mis sions to Kenya and Tanganyika, one to British Somalia and one to French Somalia.
- On the staff of the "OLivieri" Farm in S.Cascxanc Florence, 1947 to 1952.A.SAMMIGHELI (Com.) 3.
dB
SaoFnEistSlOaNtAkions
LANGUAGES
- Employed by the S. A. Aziende Agricok Marem-
mane, Orbetello, Italy, 1945 to 1947.
Member of Florence University's Biological
Mission   to   Somalia   classifying   new   botanic   and. Eoological species.
Fluent   in   Portuguese;   good   knowledge   of   Spanish; working knowledge of English.Antonio TAMBURRINO
ca te and place OF birth RATIONALITY
EDUCATION
PROFESSIONAL experience
1937, Matera, Italy.
Italian.
Graduated     in     Civil     Engineering     (Hydraulics), University of Rome, Italy, 1961.
Post-graduate     course     in     calculation     of     free-flow works, University of Rome, Italy, 1962.
Senior Hydraulic Engineer, Italconsult, Rome,
19&3 to present.
Mr. Tamburrino has been responsible for the design of irrigation and drainage schemes for the
Study for the Reconstruction and_ Development of the Northern Regions (Kurdistan), Iraq (50, 000sq.km), and the Mu fUver Irrigation, Project, Burma,
520, 000 ha. (UN Special Fund).
He has collaborated on the supervision of the Pampas de Olmos Agricultural Developrnent_and Hydro-_ele_ctric_ Power Project, Peru, 11 2, 000 ha. (UN Special Fund - FAO), and the project for the Overall Development of the Rio Paraiba do_Sul — Basin, Brazil; has been in charge of the Survey
of Groundwater Resources, Togo. 34. 000 sq, km. (UN Special Fund).the hydrological portion of the final design of 190 km of roads for the AtakgmJ- Palimd and Atakpamd-Badou Roads Project. (E£CL Togo; hydrological portion of the final design o
730 km of roads for the Roads in the Upper an Lower Casamance D» tnct^(EEC) Senegal. He
2
3
has s erve-d as hydrologist for the Hydrology .A. TAMBURRINO (Cont.) 2.
LANGUAGES
Survey, East Pakistan; (UN Special Fund - FAO);
Engineer in charge of irrigation and drainage for
the Economic Feasibility Study of the S^lingud Dam
on the Sankarani River, Mali; Engineer in charge of irrigation and drainage for the Land and Water
Surveys on the Wadi Jizan Area, Saudi Arabia
(50, 000 ha) (UN Special Fund - FAO); Hydrologist
for the Study of the Water Resources of Syracuse Province, Italy; collaborated on the design of the
Malaki Dam, Saudi Arabia; and was responsible
for the final design of an irrigation network for
Wadi Dawasir, in connection with the Water and Agricultural Development Studies for Central Region (Areas II and III), Saudi Arabia (235, OOOsq.km).
Engineer, ENI Group, Rome, 1962 to 1963. Designed and supervised works for pumping 
stations and pipelines.
Engineer, Ente Maremma (Land Reform Agency), Rome, 1 962.
Conducted studies on the harnessing, for irrigation and hydroelectric purposes, of the waters of the Ombrone River, Tuscany.
Fluent in French and English.

< <

Summery

Summary of Melka Sadi-Amibara Irrigation Project Proposal

Melka Sadi-Amibara Irrigation Project Proposal Summary

Project Overview

The document presents a proposal by Italconsult to the Imperial Ethiopian Government's Awash Valley Authority (AVA) for consulting services related to the Melka Sadi-Amibara Irrigation Project in the Awash River Valley. Dated June 1968, the proposal outlines comprehensive technical, agricultural, economic, and sociological studies for irrigating approximately 20,000 hectares of land.

Key Objectives

Establish technical and economic feasibility of the irrigation scheme
Analyze financial aspects for international financing agencies
Study organization and management of implementation and administration
Examine water resource allocation within the broader Awash basin context
Address settlement of nomadic populations and social transformation

Main Components

            1. Feasibility Study
            Engineering: Hydrology, pedology, topography, irrigation engineering
Agriculture: Crop selection, livestock integration, processing industries
Demographic/Sociology: Population studies, social patterns, education programs
Economic/Financial: Market studies, cost parameters, farm budgets, credit organization

        

            2. Organization & Management
            Service Centers organization
Settlement scheme design and management
AVA's organizational structure
Manpower requirements
Legislative aspects

        

Special Aspects Highlighted

Virgin agricultural lands with high fertility but potential pest risks
Low population density with predominantly nomadic inhabitants
Potential integration of traditional livestock knowledge with modern agriculture
Limited water resources requiring careful allocation
Need for flexible solutions adaptable to future developments
Proximity to game reserve requiring ecological considerations

Implementation Details

Time Schedule

10-month timeline from contract signing to final report delivery:

Months 1-2: Preliminary technical/organizational stage and field mission
Months 3-8: Field investigations across all disciplines
Months 9-10: Data processing, report preparation, and editing

Personnel

The project involves an international team of experts across multiple disciplines:

Discipline	Key Personnel
Advisory Board	F. Bigi (Agronomist), S. Fè d'Ostiani (Sociologist), G. Mangano (Irrigation Engineer), E. Tosco (Economist)
Engineering	F. Mancini (Chief Soil Scientist), P. Baldaccini (Soil Surveyor), G. Gusberti (Hydrologist)
Irrigation Engineering	A. Tamburrino (Project Manager), J. Mouton (Geology), M. Bolognini (Geologist), F. Barluzzi (Hydroelectric)
Agriculture	A. Sammicheli (Chief of Mission), P. Salazar (Agricultural Economist), L. Corti (Animal Husbandry)
Economics	P. Leon (Economist), M. Guccione (Financial Analyst), T. Naccarato (Statistician)

Key Considerations

Water balance must consider the entire Awash basin (170,000 ha irrigable)
Need for flood protection works due to Awash River's flood regime
Potential for hydroelectric power generation (600-700 kW)
Groundwater studies needed to assess potential uses and impacts
Flexible irrigation network design to accommodate future crop pattern changes
Service Centers crucial for research, production support, and technical assistance

Conclusion

The proposal presents a comprehensive approach to developing the Melka Sadi-Amibara irrigation area, addressing not just the technical aspects of irrigation but also the complex social and economic transformations required to make the project successful. Italconsult emphasizes the need for flexible solutions that can adapt to changing circumstances while providing detailed methodologies for each study component. The project is positioned as a pilot for broader development in the Awash Valley, with significant attention given to integrating the local nomadic population into settled agricultural communities.