The People’s Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Water Resources Development Authority
Amibara Irrigation Project II Pastoralist & Forestry 
Development Studies Final Report
Volume 1-Main Report
December 1991
MacDonald Agiicuiturai Services Lim ited
Demeter House, Station Road, Cambridge CBl 2RS UKThe People’s Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Water Resources Development Authority
Amibara Irrigation Project II Pastoralist & Forestry
Development Studies Final Report
December 1991
—■ JaaassssssxVOLUME 1
main REPORT
PASTURE AND FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
IN THE MIDDLE AWASH
CONTENTS
Page Nr
iibbrevioiions
kcknowlcdgemcnis
UMMARY
HATTER 1
INTRODUCTION
LI          General
1.2         Existing Data and Reports
1.3 Consultation. Data Collection and
Fieldwork
1-1
1-1
1-2
1-2
•I APTER 2                     THE ENVIRONMENT
2.1         The Study Area
2.2         Geology* Lund Forms and Soils
2.3         Surface Water
2.4         Groundwater
2.5         Climate
2.6         Vegetation
2.6.1        Natural Vegetation and Grazing Resources 2-5 Woody Biomass Estimates of Vegetation Types 2-5
2.7         Present Land Use
2-1
2-1
2-3
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-7
G)r
CONTENTS (cont)
Pape Nr
CHAPTER 3
THE POPULATION AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE STUDY AREA
3.1          The Afar and their Recent History
3.2          Afar Tribes and Clan Territories
3.3          The Issa
3.4          The Kcreyu
3.5          The Afar Population
3.6          The Non-AUr Population
3.7          Population Increase
3.8          Institutions
3d
3-2
3-2
3*3
3-4
3-6
3-6
3-8
3.8.1           Organisations Involved in Land and Water Development
3.8.2           WRC and WRDA
3-8
3.8.3
EVDSA
3-8
3.8.4
Ministry of Stare Farm Developmcnl
3-8
3.8.5
The Middle Awash Development Enterprise
3-9
3.8.6
The Relief and Rehabilitation Commission
3-9
3.8.7
Ministry of Agriculture
3-9
CHAPTER 4
THE AFAR PROBLEM AND RELATED ISSUES LN THE
MIDDLE AWASH
4.1          The Pastoral Problem
4.1.1           Introduction
4 J.2          The Livestock Population and Loss of Grazing 4-1
4.2          The Forestry Problem
4.3          The Problem as Seen by the Afar
4.3.1           Elements of the Afar       Problem
4-1
4-4
4-6
4-6
4.3.2           Loss of Land and the      Subsequent    Problems               4-7
4.3.3           The Afar Response
4.4          The Afar Problem         as Seen by the State Farms 4.5          The Afar Problem         as Seen by the Relief and
Rehabilitation Commission
4.6          The Afar Problem         as Seen by (he Donors
(ii)
4-8
4-9
4-1®
4_l1CONTENTS (coot)
Page Nr
CHAPTER 4 (cont)
4.7        The Afar Problem as Seen by the Awraja Administration
4.8        The Afar Problem as Seen by WRDA and EVDSA
4.9        The Afar Problem as Seen by the Nalional Wild Life Conservation Organisation of the MOA
CHAPTER 5
PAST   ATTEMPTS   TO   DEAL   WITH   THE   AFAR   PROBLEM AND RELATED ISSUES
5.1        Introduction
5.2        Afar Development Initiatives
5.3        Settlement Schemes
5.4        Farming on Smallholdings
5-1
5-1
5-2
54
5.4.1 Initiatives by Non-governmental Organisations 5-4
5.4.2 Institute of Agricultural Research Initiatives 5-4
5.5
Irrigated Pasture Schemes
5-5
5.6
Past Attempts to Solve the Wood Supply Problem
5-6
5.7
Environmental Protection Initiatives
5-9
CHAPTER 6
THE   PROPOSED   PROGRAMME   FOR   PASTURE   AND FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE AWASH
6.1        Essentials of the Approach Adopted
6.2         The Overall Programme
6.3        The Advance Programme
6.3.1         Programme Outline
6.3.2         Travelling Rural Health Units
6.3.3         Animal Requisites Programme
6-1
6-3
6-5
6-5
6-5
6-6
6.3.4
Establishment of Primary Schools in Remote
Areas
6-6
6.3.5
Development of Domestic Water Supplies
6-6
6.3.6
Assistance to Afar Farmers on Government
Settlement Schemes
6-6
(iii)CONTENTS (coni)
CHAPTER 6 (coni)             6.4         The Pasture and Agricultural Programme
6.4.1          Development Options
6.4.2         Programme Scope
> 6.4.3          Angelelc Irrigated Pasture
6.4.4         Small Irrigated Pasture and Farm Units within
State Farms
6.4.5          Small  Irrigated  Pasture  and  Farm  Units Outside the State Farms
6.4.6         Improved Management of the RRC Settlement
Schemes
6.4.7          Integrated  Water  Supply,  Fodder  and Range Conservation Programme
- 6.4.8          Alledeghi Plains Programme 6.4.9         Livestock Marketing
Page Nr
6-7
6-7
6-9
6-9
6-9
6-10
6-10
6-11
6-11
6-11
6.4.10       Crop Diversification and Cotton Oil Extraction              6-12
6.5         The Forestry and Tree Planting Programme
6.5.1         General
6.5.2         Irrigated  Tree  Plantations  in  Saline  Areas
6-13
6-13
for Firewood Production within State Farms                   6-13 6.5.3         Irrigated Wood lots next to Slate Farm
Worker Labour Quarters
6.5.4         Eastern  Boundary  Strip  and  West  Bank Perimeter Tree Planting
- 6.5.5            Irrigated Roadside Forage Strips within the
State Farms
6.5.6         Afar-owned Irrigated Tree Plots
- 6.5.7            Planting  Fruit  Trees  and  Browse  Around  Slate Farm Villages and Afar Compounds
6.5.8         Establishment of Shelter-belts 6.5.9         Nurseries
-6.6 Environmental Protection 6.7 The Training Programme
6-14
6-14
6-15
6-15
6-16
6-16
6-16
64?
6-1*
(iv)CONTENTS (cool)
Page Nr
CHAPTER ?
THE ANGELELE-BOLHAMO EXTENSION
7,| Introduction
7.2       The Halcrow^NEDECO Proposals 73        The Need for Revised Proposals 7.4        The Approach
7.5        The Restricted Programme 7.5.1         Outline
7-3
7-3
7-4
7-5
CHAPTER 8
7.5.2         Restricted Pasture and Agricultural Programme
7.5.3         Restricted Forestry and Tree Planting Programme
7.5.4         Costs of the Restricted Programme
PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION: INSTITUTIONAL AND STAFFING ASPECTS
Introduction
Institutional Aspects
8 23         Overall Co-ordination and Management 8.2.2         Service Co-operatives
Staffing
8.3.1         Programme Office
8-1
8-1
8-1
8-2
8-2
8-3
83.2
The Advance Programme
8-4
8.33
The Pasture and Agricultural Programme
8-5
833
The Forestry Programme
8-8
83.5
The Training Programme
8-9
Consultancies
8.4.1
8.4.2
A mi bar a Settlement Land Use Study and Site Selection of Pasture/Agricultural Blocks Livestock Marketing Study
8.4.3         Forage Block Programme
- 8 4.4
Sociological Aspects of the Pasture and Agricultural and Forestry Programmes
Programme Administration
8-9
8-9
8-10
8-10
8-11
8-11
(v)CONTENTS (cont)
Page Nr
CHAPTER 9
PROGRAMME COSTS
9.1
Cost Summary
9.2
Phase I Costs
9.3
Financial Analysis
9-1
9-1
9-5
REFERENCES
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II
TERMS OF REFERENCE
CONSULTATION ON THE DRAFT FINAL REPORT
(vi)Table
Nr
LIST OF TABLES
Title
Page Nr
2.1 Summary of Monthly Meteorological Data from the 1AR McLka Wercr.
1965 84
2.2                     Existing and Proposed Changes in Land Use from Dry Season Grazing to Irrigated Agriculture in the Middle Awash
3.1                     Distribution of Afar Dwellings and Population by Awraja
3.2                    The Non-Afar Population of the Project Area
4.1                     Livestock Numbers and their Tropical Livestock Unit Equivalents
in the Project Area
4.2                     Estimates of Livestock Numbers in the Proposed Angclcle - Bolhamo Irrigation Extension Area
4.3                     Estimate of Present Consumable Dry Matter Availability by Land form
Zone
2-4
2-9
3-5
3-7
5.1
lAR-assisted Afar Crop Production, 1987 to 1988
4-2
4-3
4-4
5-5
GJ                     Effects of Pasture and Forestry Programme Components on Land Degradation
6-18
7.1
9.1
9.2
Summary  of  Estimated  Phase  I  Costs  by  Programmes  and  Components  for the Angelelc-Bolhamo Area Alone
Summary or Estimated Project Costs
Summary cl Estimated Phase I Costs by Programme and Components
9.3                     Possible Reductions in Phase I Costs
7-6
9-2
9-4
9-4
(vii)LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Nr
2.1 The Study Area
Title
2.2                   Landforms in the Middle Awash
3.1 Distribution of Afar Settlement and Livestock Tracks
3J
Afar Clans in the Study Area
Followi^
Page Nr
2-2
2-2
3-1
3-2
3.3
Afar Livestock Grazing Patterns
3-3
3.4
Schematic Dry Season Distribution of Pastoral Dwellings
3-4
3.5
Schematic Wet Season Distribution of Pastoral Dwellings
3-4
6.1                    Schedule of Programme Operations
6.2                    Areas Proposed for Afforestation and Tree Planting
8.1 Afar Irrigation Water Users* Association Organisation Chart
6-4 6-14 8-8
•>7M9RO|1'A,TAP>r
(viii)VOLUME 2 * ANNEXES
List of Abbreviations
ANNEX A          THE ENVIRONMENT
ANNEX B          THE AFAR: POPULATION. PASTORALISM AND AGRICULTURE ANNEX C          LIVESTOCK
ANNEX D          FORESTRY
ANNEX E           IMPROVEMENTS IN ANIMAL FEED SUPPLIES FOR AFAR LIVESTOCK ANNEX F           DETAILS OF COSTS
Lisi of Referencesabbreviations
A ADC AIPSP
ASP
Awash Agricultural Development Corporation Amibara Irrigated Pasture Scheme for Pastoralists
Amibara Settlement Project
AVA
AVSA
Awash Valley Au thorny
Awash Valley Settlement Agency
°C
degree Celsius
cal
cv
d
DM
DP
EC.
EC
ELACO
calorie
cultivar
day
dry mailer
digestible protein
electrical conductivity of the saturation extract
European Community
Eihio-Libyan Joint Agricultural Company
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
ha
hp
hr
IAR IBRD ILCA IRR
kg
km
I
LC
l/s
m
MAADE
hectare
horse power
hour
Institute of Agricultural Research at Melka Wcrcr International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Iniernaiioml Livestock Centre for Africa
Internal Rate of Return
kilogram
kilometre
litre
Local Currency
litre per second
metre
Middle Awash Agricultural Development Enterprise
MAAE
MADC
Middle Awash Agricultural Enterprise
Middle Awash Development Corporation
me
motor cycle
mm
MOA
millimetre
Ministry of Agriculture
mS
millisiemens
MSFD
MWRC NOMADEP
Ministry of State Farm Development
Mclka Werer Research Centre
A FrenchTinanced programme of aid to the Afar, now discontinued
Nr
numberPCC
Project Control Centre of WRDA at Melka Werer
q
RRC
quintal
Relief and Rehabilitation Commission
s
SF
second
State Farm
t
TDN
tonne
total digestible nutrients
TLU
Tropical Livestock Unit
TOR
UK
Terms of Reference
United Kingdom
UNDP
WRC
WRDA
United Nations Development Programme
Water Resources Commission
Water Resources Development Authority
4WD
four-wheel drive
UNITS
All  units  and  their  abbreviations  are  SI  (Systeme  Internationale),  which  are  usually  equivalent  to metric units, except the following:
qt            quintal (100kg)
yr
year
d
day
md
man-day
mm
man-months
my
man-year
CURRENCY
Unless stated otherwise ail financial and economic calculations are made in the Ethiopian curr€* )
:
unit, the Birr, at 1990 prices. The exchange rate used is the official rate, namely Birr 2.05 to L’SS 1. and Birr 3.45 to £1 sterling.
i
I
07B89B0!/A/PAPA»packnowledgements
The team received very strong support throughout its stay in Ethiopia from the many organizations concerned with the Middle Awash. Grateful acknowledgment is therefore made for the technical and logistic assistance, and the advice provided by WRDA. and in particular *e would like to thank Ato Mekuria Tafeise. Ato Mesfin F/Selassi, A to Tibetan Tc shorn e and A to Alemayehu Galcta for their unstinting support throughout. The Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of State Farm Development were also very sopportive. and we would specifically like to thank Ato Kidane Wolde Yohannes and Ato Tedesse Wolde Michael, our livestock and forestry counterparts respectively.
in the study area Ato Me Ik am of the WRDA Project Control Centre and his staff, and the Awraja Administration all provided considerable assistance, as did the Director of the RRC Amibara Settlement, the various State Farm managers, and the Director and staff of the IAR.
In Addis Ababa discussions were held with many individuals too numerous to list individually, including members of the EVDSA, the Third and Fourth Livestock Development Projects, the World Bank. FAO, WWF. US Save the Children Fund and OXFAM.
The International Livestock Centre for Africa was a valuable source of information, and Messrs Stephen Sandford. Michel Corm, the library staff and the ILCA air survey team deserve our special thanks.
The team was (onunite io have the assistance in the Held of Ato Mahamud Mohamed. Alo All Hurdumo. Ato Aboti Hassan and Am Mohamed Dawed. as well as Ato All Hassan our Afar guard. Finally we should thank the Afar Clan Leaders, and the many Afar who helped the team. Without their courteous support n would not have been possible to have completed the study.
w,|»*D|/VWftrpSUMMARY
SI Overview
The Water Resources Development Authority commissioned this study by MacDonald Agricultural Services Ltd, with funding from the European Economic Community, as a prelude to the extension of the Amibara Irrigation project into the Angelele-Bolhamo area. The study was aimed specifically at the formulation of proposals for pasture and forestry developments in the Middle Awash Valley. These developments would provide services for the local Afar pastoralists, build up fuelwood and fodder supplies and help restore the ecological balance.
The report, based on fieldwork between June and August 1990. recommends that several interrelated preparatory activities be undertaken The Middle Awash Pasture and Forestry Development Programme has therefore been drawn up. with five main objectives:
r
(a)          to gain the confidence of the Afar, through initiatives to supply their strongly-felt needs in human and animal health, waler supply and education;
(b)         to establish a pasture and agricultural programme, aimed at:
improving fodder supplies and compensating for those lost to irrigation schemes, and
helping the Afar to diversify their economy through smallholder agriculture;
(c)           to   develop   forest   and   fodder   production   to   provide   fuelwood,   limber   for construction and animal feed;
(d)        to initiate a training programme in support of the above initiatives;
(c)         to develop appropriate management and institutional mechanisms to direct and co ordinate the programme.
The report emphasises that a sympathetic approach must be adopted and sufficient time must be allowed for the necessary changes io take place, in both physical and human terms. The Programme envisaged therefore covers a ten-year period. Hopefully other parallel developments to improve the efficiency of current irrigation and land husbandry operations will be successfully concluded during this  period.  They  would  address,  in  particular,  the  problems  of  rising  groundwater  and  soil salinisaiion. which have become such major constraints to productivity on the irrigated lands in recent years.  An  advance  programme  of  activities  in  the  area  is  also  proposed,  that  would  include  the Angelele-Bolhamo scheme, and - it is hoped - would enable the proposals in ihis report to be tested and progressively incorporated into this particular irrigation development.
SIThe Programme components cover a wide range of activities which arc currently the responsibility of several government agencies. Strong control and co-ordination at an appropriately high level government would he essential. For these reasons, it is provisinally suggested that the Program^ be established tn the office of the Prime Minister, with the Programme Team leader reporting directly to this office. This proposal can only be provisional at this stage, given the many changes occuniaj in the country towards the end of 1991.
There is considerable work involved in the full Programme, and costs would be high. Many of tfe project benefits are difficult to quantify by conventional financial and economic analysis, but wouij be justified by effects on the physical and human environment. The costs of the Programme over the lO ycar period, including contingencies, are:
I
Development Costs
USS 1 - Birr 2.05
Million Bin
Million USS
equivalent
Total Investment Costs Total Recurrent Costs Total Programme Costs
14.2
22.4
36.6
6.9
10.9
17.8
Two five-year phases are proposed for the Programme, the total costs being divided into Birr 27i million for Phase I and Bin 9.0 million for Phase II. Reductions in the Phase I costs could b< effected if various components, especially some housing and consultancy requirements, were deleted. This would reduce the Phase 1 cost io But 20.6 million.
S2 The Current Situation
The 925 450 ha study area, of which some 541 000 ha were investigated, is a branch of the EjJ| African Rift Valley, with extensive areas of alluvial soils, supporting deciduous Acacia bushland. 1* climate is tropical semi-arid with an average annual rainfall of 500 mm. The present land-usC comprises a gross irrigated cotton area of 22 841 ha. plus several small Afar farms, the rest of valley being used by the Afar for grazing. The area is occupied by some 30 Afar clans of the Deb* and Vraima tribes, their total estimated population being some 66 000. In addition, there are $»** 50 500 non-Afar State Farm workers, plus small numbers of Kcreyu and Issa.
The development of irrigation in the Middle Awash area has resulted in the loss of Afar dry grazmg bordering the river and the displacement of Afar settlements. The most noti^* consequences of this change in land-use are:
T
r M9B0|/A/FtR*»F
S2(i)
Hit  reduction  of  dry  season  grazing  by  about  23  COO  ha.  representing  some  40  000  t. or   20%.   of   the   total   annual   dry   matter   production   (livestock   feed)   in   the   project
area.
(b)            the  concentration  of  Afar  herds  on  fragile  rangelands  and  a  resultant  increase  in grazing pressure,
(c)
the destruction of forest and woodland, resulting from the increased demand for fuelwood, estimated al SO 000 l/year, from the large numbers of workers on the irrigated State Farms.
(d)          environmental degradation and sail erosion consequent on the above changes.
Past attempts io solve the pastoral problem have included settlement, farming on smallholdings and irrigated pastures. None has been very successful. With regard to die forestry problem, the recently started planting will go only a small way to providing the fuelwoud and building timbers required.
The  reasons  for  the  limited  success  of  attempts  io  help  the  Afar  include  a  failure  to  respect  clan territory and implementation of schemes which were:
(a)           too big. with complex management precluding Afar participation:
(b)            either   economically   or   institutionally   unsustainable.   It   is   believed   that   the   current irrigated  grazing  scheme  will  also  suffer  from  these  problems,  in  addition  to  severe technical problems of management.
The Proposed Middle Awash Pasture and Forestry Development Programme
Against   the   above   background,   the   report   outlines   a   Development   Programme   with   five   main components:
an Advance Programme
a Livestock and Agricultural Programme
a Forestry and Tree Planting Programme
u Training Programme
an Institutional Programme, in support of the above.
The Afar are suspicious of any initiative because they fear it will lead to a further loss of grazing land. The Advance Programme, armed at building up Afar confidence, would therefore provide for needs expressed by the Afar; human and animal health, water supplies and education, and interim support for the run down RRC settlements. In this and the other parts of the Programme the approach adopted would be a bottom up’ one. and each part of the programme would start with extensive dtscussion with the parties involved, including the Slate Farms, the Afar, the PCC. the Awraja Administration and other organisations involved.
e?lMB4l|/A/F*P/.rB
gain access to an equal area of dedicated Afar land, if it were possible to locate any of these smil| blocks in a contiguous manner to simplify water distribution, and so reduce costs, this would be dost, provided this arrangment could be accommodated within the pattern of Afar clan territory.
Jl is proposed that lhe Angelele irrigaied pasture scheme be limited al this stage io a 100 ha irrigated block, which would be used experimentally lo test ways of using irrigated pasture, including controlled direct grazing, cut-and-carry of green fodder and hay-making. Provision has therefore ben made for lhe equipment needed for this. In addition, some of the plots would be dedicated to Afar smallholder agnculture. Such an experimental approach would provide information for use in initiating the forage block and smallholding programme. The remaining 900 ha of the Angckk scheme would be sown to rainfed pasture and used for improved grazing for lhe time being.
The idea behind these proposals is thai once the various initiatives had been successfully tesied they would be progressively introduced throughout lhe Middle Awash area on a phased basis.
Further suggestions are made for possible crop diversification on the Stale Farms to provide crop bp products for animal feed, as well as an AHcdcghi Plains and an animal requisites programme. Tie former would probably call for the supply of capital equipment, which is outside lhe scope of lhe present Programme, bui it is hoped this might be provided by one of the other programmes concerned with the State Farms. In addition lo tree planting on blocks of land dedicated to forestry, propom arc included for planting on roadsides within, and on the eastern and western boundaries of,stH irrigation schemes, is well as on abandoned saline land.
Proposals are also made regarding training.
In   view   of   the   Programme's   complexity,   it   is   proposed   that   institutional   and   managetnf1 arrangements be handled by a Programme Office created io co-ordinate lhe whole programme. that  this  be  made  directly  responsible  io  the  Prime  Minister's  Office  The  Programme  Office  wo«,d be headed by a Programme Team Leader, assisted by a Deputy whom it is hoped would be an A^’ Each  of  the  individual  programmes  would  have  a  manager,  and  it  1S   su£g„led   that  the  AdvM*e Programme could be admrnistered by an appropriate non-govern me nt organisation (NGO). A Steen11? Comm.ttec  would  be  created  to  ensure  the  full  panietpation  of  aJ|  the  ministries  and  depart*^ concerned.
The other initiatives would mostly be based on small blocks of land either within, or on the edRe* the existing irrigation schemes, each block being located within a specific Clan Territory. The* blocks would be used for irrigated pasture, small-scale farming and tree growing, amongst
i
O hCf
activities. To dale. 5 000 ha have been dedicated to Afar use (the Amibara settlement and
irrigated pasture scheme). The concept underlying the small Mock programme would be * redistribution of this land; some of the small blocks being on State Farm land while the latter wo n
As indicated above, the full cosi of the Prnoramm. • 
._.f
ra
01 lhc Pro«  ^»ne is estimated al Birr 36.6 million mcJu^i
■ indint
contingencies, of which the five-year Phase I
ase rrogiammc accounts for Bitt 27.6 million.
S4This (cn-year Programme has been conceived in terms of the whole project area; it is anticipated, however, ihar priority may be accorded to the Angelelr-Bolhamo areaT in view of the importance attached io ihe development or further irrigation in this part of the Middle Awash. A separate cost for that part of the Phase I Programme limited io the Angclcle-Bolhamo area has therefore been prepared: this totals Birr 14.2 million
The proposed ten-year period represents a minimum lime in which to achieve a degree of progress with the Afar pastoral problem. There would be a mid-term review at the end of Phase I after five years.
S5CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The Waler Resources Development Authority (WRDA), which is responsible for the development of irrigated agriculture in Ethiopia, including the Awash River valley, intends to implement the extension of the Amibara-Bolhamo Irrigation Scheme, in the Middle Awash Valley. This extension would displace a substantial number of local Afar pastoralists. In the past such displacements have resulted in a serious disruption of Afar society, especially through the loss of critically important areas of dry season grazing. Because past attempts to compensate the Afar for this loss have not been very successful. WRDA, with the financial assistance of the EC, commissioned a study by a British firm of consultants, MacDonald Agricultural Services Limited (MAS). with the following broad terms of reference (Appendix 1 reproduces the study terms of reference in full):
(a)          to provide sound proposals to alleviate prevailing and future problems of
pastoralists in the region;
(b)          io devise an appropriate plan to restore the ecological balance, following lhe
expansion of irrigation in lhe region.
The team comprised: Mr M A Bruni, learn leader/land use planner; Mr M A Rhind. livestock specialist; Mr R M Bennett, forestry specialist; Mr P Devitt. rural sociologist; Mr R Goodyear, irrigation agronomist, plus Mr Kidanc Wolde Yohannes. livestock/rangc management: Mr Tedesse Wolde Michael, forestry; Mr Tibebu Tcshome. sociology; Mr Alemayehu Geleta, environmentalist; Mr Mahamud Mohamed and Mr Ali Hurduno, Afar technical assistants; Mr Abdi Hassan and Mt Mohamed Dawcd, Afar translators; and Mr Ali Hassan, guard.
Fieldwork was undertaken between June and Augusi 1990 and an Interim Report wm submitted to WRDA on August 8. This Draft Final Report covers the subsequent data analysis and planning work undertaken in the UK and also takes account of the comments made on lhe Interim Report.
The   Report   forms
part
of   the   study   financed   by   the   European   Communities   from   credits   of   the
European Development Fund, and is presented by MacDonald Agricultural Services Limited for consideration by the Ethiopian Administration, ft does not necessarily reflect the ..pinion of cither the lacier or of ihc European Communities.
1-11.2           Existing Data and Reports
In  the  course  of  its  work,  the  team  made  extensive  use  of  the  existing  literature  on  development:i the   Awash   Valley,   which   is   listed   in   the   Reference   Section.   The   Awash   Valley   Authority^ commissioned   a   number   of   studies   which   provide   the   main   environmental   information:   this supported  by  more  recent  data  on  climate  from  the  State  Farms  and  the  IAR.  Suggestions  on
and forestry problems are included in all the major proposals for irrigation development in the Mifc» Awash. These provided a starting point for the team’s thinking on these problems. The main report consulted included SOGREAH (1964), Italconsull (1969). Halcrow (1975. 1989). NEDECO (19t, 1986) and MacDonald (1987). In addition, numerous specialist studies were consulted, eg Liiq (1972) and the more recent work of the World Bank Livestock Projects on pasture development, uj Cossins (1972. 1973) on Afar sociology, as well as reports on the work of NGOs. include NOMADEP.
1.3 Consultation, Data Collection and Fieldwork
A large number of organisations are concerned, in one way or another, with the development old Middle Awash. The team had extensive consultations with these organisations in order to take acco« of their views in the process of formulating development proposals. These organisations included* Water Resources Development Authority (WRDA); (he Ministry of Agriculture (MOA); the MinkZT of State Farm Development (MSFD) and its related organisations: the Awash Agriculture Development Corporation (AADC), the Middle Awash Agricultural Development Enicrprtr (MAADE) and the Tcndaho Agricultural Development Enterprise (TADE), plus individual Si* Farms; the Ethiopian Valleys Development Studies Authority (EVDSA): the Relief and Rehabilitate Commission (RRC); the Amibara Drainage Project (ADP): the Third and Fourth Livestock Project NGOs, including the US Save the Children Fund and OXFAM: the relevant Awraja Administratis Wild Life Conservation International and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF): as well as international organisations concerned: the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA). the FM and World Bank Ethiopian offices, and the European Commission (EC).
In addition. extensive consultations were held with Afar clan leaders, individual Afar and
farmers and settlers working in the Middle Awash.
The team was assisted in its fieldwork by the Low Level Aerial Sample Survey of livestock, housing water resources and other features in the Middle Awash, undertaken by ILCA in January 1990. addition. January 1986 Landsat satellite imagery of the Middle Awash Valley was procured. •*** together with stud.es of the 1961 aerial photography, enabled estimates of forest and woodl*^ biomass to be made.
1-2CHAPTER 2
THE ENVIRONMENT
2J The Study Area
The approximate area was defined in the terms of reference by.
- latitude 9°N to lOqN and
longitude 39° 45'E io 40*30’ E.
Following initial fieldwork, revised project boundaries comprising the I 305 m (4 000 fl) contour to the cast and west of the Awash River were adopted (see Figure 2.1). The greater study area covers 925 430 ha. of which the land below lhe 1 000 m contour, where lhe grcaicsl concentration of livestock occurs, comprises 541 377 ha. The ILCA January 1990 aerial survey of Livestock and human habitations covered a slightly Larger area, namely 745 000 ha.
2.2 Geology. Land Forms and Soils
Thr Middle Awash is defined by Tertiary Rift Valley faulting to the east and west, the valley lloor having been block-faulted downwards. Within this area, a great thickness of silts, gravels and boulder beds were deposited on the valley flanks, while in rhe area close to the present Awash, true floodplain deposition occurred, giving rise to alluvial and heavy clay plains: the Bolhamo-Ainibara-Maro Gain plains. Previously the course of the Awash crossed lhe Allcdcghi Plain, at which time this great expanse of black clay was deposited.
Subsequently, volcanic activity in the Awash valley resulted in the intrusion of basaltic and cinder cones through the alluvial deposits. From north io south the main basalt cones and associated lava flows arc:
Asiole (I 099 ml
Ehiilc (878 m)
Derabak (1 121 m)
Dofan (1 151 m)
Gurmik (826 m)
Fantale (I 500+m)
2-1These mountains arc a conspicuous feature of the Middle Awash and contrast sharply with the valley floor, the average height of which falls from about 850 m in the Awara Mclka area to 550 m at the southern end of the Maro Gala plain, just north of the study area.
The Middle Awash was divided into seven major land form units by Currey (1972. 1973). These units, which are listed below, were adopted for the present study; their distribution is shown in Figure 2.2. The Undifferentiated Hill Margins is land outside Cuney’s area.
Land form unit
Area (ha)
Alluvial black clay
Alluvial brown soil
Alluvial river levees
Gravel fan
Gravel outwash plain
Acid lava
Basalt
Undifferentiated hill margins Lakes/springs etc
100 010
25 127
21 159
111 912
64 469
95 878
56 700
61 824
4 298
Total project area
541 377
The various land forms can be summarised as follows:
Alluvial Black Clays (Vertisols) probably formed in situ as shallow soils over the new basalt lavas, or were transported and deposited in basins of internal drainage, where the soils are deeper. The soils develop pronounced cracks and have a high moisture retention capacity, which supports vegetative growth through the dry season.
Alluvial Brown Soils are mainly derived from the Gravel Outwash Plains, from which the silt and clay has been washed out. They usually occur at higher elevations that the Alluvial Black Clays and are the main soils of the irrigation schemes.
Alluvial   River   Levees:   levees   occur   along   the   Awash,   as   a   result   of   alluvial   deposition   along   the banks during limes of flooding. They are characterised by dense Acacia nilotica forest and woodland.
Gravel Fans - these deposits are contemporaneous with the lavas and result from the erosion of IN lava/tuff-clay sequences of the higher ground bordering the Awash River. The soils, which are brow" to yellow, are shallow and arc prone to wind erosion after the vegetation has been overgrazed.
Gravel   Outwash   Plains   are   similar   to   the   Gravel   Fans   but   have   gentler   slopes.   The   soils   are to those of the Gravel Fans.
07*>«B0i/A/raP/*p
2-2Figure 2.1
The Study Area
J war1
J/rrfrfJ/
Mr £*-■<-
*4,14
LEGEND
Paginal Rmjwc__________ Samani Wataraouraa_
Land o*«13D0 m____ _
P*A, MgM (m]L, _________ .
tli
TarF'wRrmI______ .
EatoBnglrrigaladaid Slato Form Aram-,.,.__________ II InMIMwIgr Agna. RiMifrd}, Mita W*w
2 Amtwa HRC Sailarwi!
J Anritsam UnK I: Akjaia
4/5 Amiww Uhfi 2 and 3 : Arotmh 6 AngalaU Unit 1 : Subtate
F/M AngalMa UnltZandl
* Arnhem
IQ Kaka Sad Banana X
11 MokaSoi
B«l?Viooo[m 17   AlladagN   Artnai   MoWIrSg   C*n|rw   4   QuvwWAp    Staton B Dflfan Gdwi
14  Botwno
15  Kasrwri K<A^-a Seh»*rT»e
1$ Aaan Mate a Sctawn*
B     Lb      ARC     Sdtawil     Stntfno
m Haha Dab* RRC S^amant Schwr*
P '■ Prqacf Ennwion Araae _______________ _______ Hl TTP f.. the Middle Awash Landforms of the miu
'VW
A
/MfIOutwash Plains-
tn the major mountains, the associated lava flows and cinder deposits
Undifferentiated Hill Margins: these margins, outside Carrey’s area, mainly comprise Outwash Gravels, Gravel Terraces and Fans dr sen bed above.
23 Surface Waler
The major water source, much used by the Afar, is the Awash River, which has a mean annual flow of the order 2 600 million m’ at Heriile (Halcrow, 1990), The major tributaries, all on the left bank, are the rivers Hawadi, Kebena and Kcsem. There are also several seasonal rivers.
Four major lakes occur in the area: Hertale (salty) in the north: Lehadu and Asbahari near Ehaile
mountain, and Debhile Bahtr on I he flanks of Dofan Mountain. There are also several crater lakes and important springs, many of them hot, including Lake Her tale (cast shore), Melaka, Bilcn and Files
The Bilen and Filoa springs are key watering sites for the Afar in the dry season.
Some waier-hoiding surface depressions are found in the Alluvial Black Clays. The largest, south-east of Hale Dehii and called Kortumc, is an important grazing area nf seasonally flooded Sporobofjis grassland. Smaller Acacia-lined depressions occur on the Alledcghi plain and arc used by the Afar as watering points in the wet season. The ILCA 1990 Survey also records hand-dug ponds east of the Kescm plantation and near Bilcn.
2-4 Groundwater
There is very limited information about either the shallow or the deep groundwaicr resources of the study area. Two localities have been studied: the Allcdeghi Plains (Currey, 1974: Tadcsse and Heroik. 1983) and the Kesem-Kebena area (MacDonald. 1987). In both cases recharge is from the adjacent hill areas and rimfall. The pumping lifts and yields from bores on the Alledeghi range from 66 m to
T?«9B0UA/PAP/wr
2-3These mountains are a conspicuous feature of the Middle Awash and contrast sharply with the valley floor, the average height of which falls from about 850 m in the Awara Mclka area to 550 m at the southern end of the Maro Gala plain, just north of the study area.
The Middle Awash was divided into seven major land form units by Currcy (1972, 1973). Thetc units, which arc listed below, were adopted for the present study; their distribution is shown in Figure 2.2. The Undifferentiated Hill Margins is land outside Currey’s area.
Land form unit
Area (ha)
Alluvial black clay
Alluvial brown soil
Alluvial river levees
Gravel fan
Gravel outwash plain
Acid lava
Basalt
Undifferentiated hill margins Lakcs/springs etc
100 010
25 127
21 159
III 912
64 469
95 878
56 700
61 824
4 298
Total project area
541 377
The various land forms can be summarised as follows:
Alluvial Black Clays (Vertisols) probably formed in situ as shallow soils over the new basalt lavas, or were transported and deposited in basins of internal drainage, where the soils are deeper. The soils develop pronounced cracks and have a high moisture retention capacity, which supports vegetative growth through the dry season.
Alluvial Brown Soils are mainly derived from the Gravel Outwash Plains, from which the silt and clay has been washed out. They usually occur at higher elevations (hat the Alluvial Black Clays and are the main soils of the irrigation schemes.
Alluvial   River   Levees:   levees   occur   along   the   Awash,   as   a   result   of   alluvial   deposition   along   il* banks during limes of flooding. They arc characterised by dense Acacia nilotica forest and woodland
Gravel Fans - these deposits are contemporaneous with the lavas and result from the erosion of d* lava/tuff-clay sequences of the higher ground bordering the Awash River. The soils, which are bro*’ io yellow, are shallow and are prone to wind erosion after the vegetation has been overgrazed.
Gravel   Outwash   Plains   are   similar   to   the   Gravel   Fans   but   have   gentler   slopes.   The   soils   are   sim'tx to those of the Gravel Fans.
07MtBOI/A/PAF/wp
2-2Climate
The climate is tropical semi-arid, lhe annual rainfall, which is weakly bi modal. varying from 390 .
k
790 mm. The l-m-5 year maximum 24 hour rainfall has been estimated to be 57 mm (Halcrow. 19s5(
Temperatures  vary  from  mean  monthly  minima  of  1L6°C  and  24.9*C  to  mean  monthly  maxima 32.9°C  and  40°C  in  December  and  June  respectively.  Mean  relative  humidities  are  lowest  in  Jane (36,6%> and highest in August (58.0%). Mean daily sunshine reported on an annual basis is 8.5 hoars The  highest  wind  speeds  occur  in  June  (monthly  average  9.09  km/h),  in  which  month  and  July  ih- wind  run  may  exceed  200  km/d-  During  the  winter,  the  air  flow  is  from  the  north-east,  while  ifc stronger summer winds come from lhe south-west. Very strong winds are associated with lhe intense summer   thunderstorms.   Annual   potential   evapotranspiration,   estimated   by   lhe   Penman   method, approximates  to  2  400  mm.  ranging  from  a  monthly  mean  of  170  mm  in  August  lo 252  mm  in  June A  summary  of  monthly  meteorological  data  from  1AR  (Institute  of  Agricultural  Research)  at  Mclb
Wctct is given in Table 2.1.
TABLE 2.1
Sumrairy of Monthly Meteorological Data from the IAR Melka Werer for 1965 lo 1984
Rainfall
(mm)
Mean
temperature
Relative
humidity
I Hours of        Windspeed
sunshine
(km/h)
--------- ---- n
Radiation |
?
(ca)/cm /d)
15
492.7
529.7
561.3
582.3
584,J
577.5
545.5
562.4
562.2
571.9
532.1
502.7
550.3         |
CrT8>9Mni/4.MF**^
2-4Vegetation
2.6.1 Natural Vegetation and Grazing Resources
The dominant vegetation of the project area is deciduous Acacia bushland, but there is considerable local variation, from the SporoboittJ grassland on the Alledeghi Plains to rhe closed canopy Acacr'o nilotica forests bordering the Awash River. The major vegetation types are described in Annex A in relation to the land foTrn units of the project area.
From the grazing point of view there is considerable variation in the grass anjjJieTbaceous cover over short distances. Much of the area is heavily overgrazed, and-aJwruaT grasses have replaced the perennial cover. In places, however, where grazing rights are disputed and grazing pressure is Ihus reduced (as in the Alledeghi Plains and south of lhe Kesem River) there arc large areas of good grass cover.
2.6.2 Woody Biomass Estimates of Vegetation Types
The distribution of natural woody vegetation in the project area is closely related to available water, especially groundwater Natural vegetation is most developed along the flood plain of the Awash River. Vegetation becomes progressively sparser as the ground rises from the valley floor, the depth to the waicrtablc increases and plants have to rely on rain water only. Vegetation on these dry sites varies from closed dry thicket, to open shrubland, with occasional scattered trees, to grassy plains with no woody vegetation at all. There are a number of small tributaries of the Awash River whose courses arc marked by scattered trees, though water may flow only rarely in them. The natural woody vegetation may be divided into three classes:
(a)          Acacia Forest
Along lhe perennially flooded river valley there is a well-developed Acacia forest, usually dominated by Acacia nitoHrci, which reaches 30 m in height and has a closed canopy. The understory is often sparse and open, allowing grazing and browsing by Afar cattle, goats and camels. This forest contains an estimated 80 to 160 m’ of stem and branchwood (down to
10 cm diameter) per ha. and hence a loial biomass of between 120 and 240 tonnes per ha. If   this   forest   is   not   over-exploited   it   can   provide   useful   supplies   of   building   timber, fuclwood  and  fodder  in  the  form  of  grazing  and  browsing.  However,  if  loo  many  trees  are removed a dense thicket may result, which is inaccessible to livestock.
In previous studies (eg NEDECO, 1986) it has been suggested that this riverain strip be cleared and developed as high yielding plantations for fuelwood and poles. We strongly oppose this suggestion. The Acacia mtotica forest not only protects the river banks against erosion but is an important source of browse and firewood for the Afar, who would understandably be incensed by its destruction.
2-51
(b)           Acacia Woodland
In valley areas less frequently flooded, a more open vegetation results and individual ireec seldom exceed 20 m Canopy cover varies from 10% lo 40% and [he remaining ground j4 covered with a mixture of shrubs and grass. This vegetation type provides useful supp]jeK of fuel wood and fodder but construction limber is limited. Over-exploitation does not produce a dense thicket, as less moisture is available. Yields of wood can be expected 1d be 30 to 80 m per ha and total biomass 50 to 120 tonnes per ha.
It is not proposed that the natural woodland should be managed. as it should be adequately looked after by the Afar, once the pressure is taken off it by increasing she supply of firewood and poles from other planted trees,
(c)          Acacia Shrubland
Once above the floodplain, vegetation becomes very sparse and cannot be seen on dry season saiellite imagery. Trees, which occur rarely, arc seldom more than 10 m tall- The predominant species are Acticm bushes* each separated from its neighbour by 5 m to 10 m of sparse grass and herbs. This vegelation type produces Firewood, grazing and browse. When over-exploited, it is reduced to unpalatable herbs and subject to soil loss and wind and water erosion.
Work done on biomass relationships in the Sahel by the Centre Technique Forestier Tropical has
produced two useful formulae for estimating production from low rainfall areas:
CO Mean Annual Increment, (MAI) « 0,05 + 1,08 R2. R being the rainfall if
metres and MAf being in tonnes of dry weight/ha/annum
(ii) MAI x 10 = Total hiomass/ha.
Applying   these   formulae   to   the   dryland   Acacia   shrubland   areas,   which   have   an   average annual rainfall of 500 mm. gives the following results:
Mean annual increment
Tonnes/ha
0.320
Potential total biomass                3.2
From the satellite imagery it was possible to estimate [he area of Acacia Forest and Woodland, ihere was no way of distinguishing the areas of bare ground and grassland which occur within <hc
Action shrubland.
2-6photo graphs and on lhe 19K6 satellite image, and are as follows:
1961 (ha)
19S6 (ha)
Acacia Forest
6 568
5 805
Acacia Woodland
12 780
13 306
TOTAL
19 384
19 111
Thus, while the total forest/woodlnnd area of some 19 000 ha has hardly changed over lhe last 30 years, the area of forest has decreased and the woodland has expanded, mainly on the West Bank, between the Krbena River and Mount Dofan. This may be due io flood water hacking up against the flood dykes of rhe irrigation schemes.
1.7 Present Land Use
The area was originally used entirely by the Afar for extensive grazing, their semi-nomadic sysiem based on mixed herds of camels, cows, sheep and goats being in virtual balance with the grazing resources, except in drought years. In lhe last 30 years extensive irrigation has been developed adjacent io the rivers. and has replaced large areas of critically important Afar dry season grazing.
Apart from lhe irrigation schemes, which arc largely devoted to cotton production (fruit, vegetables and tobacco arc. however, produced at Awara Melka), there is virtually no arable agriculture in the area. The exceptions are the small areas farmed by a group of Soudam who settled on lhe banks of the Kebena River, and a number of small gardening initiatives undertaken by individual Afar, notably in lhe Kesem-Kebena area near Yalo. with NO MA DEP assistance: in Hiddi and Wassero; and around Melia Wcrer, with lhe help of IAR. In addition, there are three RRC Afar Settlement Schemes:
(i)           a nominal 80 ha of maize and cotton at Doha, from which RRC management has recently been withdrawn;
(ii)           a further 2 000 ha at Amibara. subsequently reduced to 1 127 ha. of which only 152 ha are currently cultivated to cotton, plus some small vegetable plots;
(lit) Hale Debit, where pumping and cultivation constraints limit lhe area cultivated (cotton, maize and horticultural crops) to 200 ha of the 426 ha scheme.
The Alledeghi plains contain a 2 00O ha area of fenced grassland which is operated as an Animal
2‘73
also used. Somali blackheaded sheep are purchased, maintained on highland hay for one month, W(J then exported to Saudi Arabia from Assab.
Lastly. some 22 978 ha of the 830 km Awash National Park (the northern Ranks and adjacent Gravel Fans of Fin talc Mountain) arc in the project area. Until recently, pastoralists (Afar and the Orojn0 Ecu and Kerryu people) were discouraged from being in this area, but lhe National Park's policy ma> he changed, pastoralists being integrated into National Park planning and management This would be a significant development with regard to lhe Afu situation on the west side of the Awash River, The National Park is also flanked by the extensive Awash West and Alledeghi Wild Life Reserves, where game is protected but grazing is permitted. The latter extends north to a line through Melki Wcrcr.
The estimated reduction (present and projected) of Afar grazing land within the project area as a result of the various land use developments outlined above is summarised in Tabic 2.2. which indicates that there has been a reduction in the wei season grazing area of some 6 (JOO ha. Some 23 ODO ha of the study area is the northern pan of the National Park. A recent aerial survey of the whole National Park (Jacobs and Scliloeder. 1991} in October 1991, showed (hat at that date there was a population of 27 000 Kereyu and Etu. plus some IK 000 Afar within the Park and that the associated livestock population was as follows:
Cattle
35 139
Sheep and goals
61 804
Camels
R 282
Donkeys
1 07R
If it was decided to exclude pastoralists from the Park, which has been suggested, bringing the total of lost wet season grazing to 29 000 ha, the resultani increase in grazing pressure on the surrounding areas would clearly be considerably increased. By contrast, if further irrigation is developed west of the Awash, the number of pastoralists making use of the Park would almost certainly increase.
It can be argued that the 1 000 ha Angeklc irrigated pasture should be excluded; however, th* success of this scheme must remain in some doubt and for this reason it has been included. Full achievement of the various irrigation development proposals would increase the total converted grazing land to 51 500 ha; again this includes further irrigated pasture.
On the basis of experience to date, the effects of the development of irrigation in the Middle Awash Valley include three major consequences, as follows;
a reduction in the quantities of animal feed, leading to overgrazing; degradation of forests, woodbind and trees in the grassland: increasing sheet, gulley and wind erosion.
2-8In subsequem sections of this report, the Afar wtunion is described, the various proposals made to deal with the above problems arc reviewed, and in light of this review proposals are made for a phased programme of assistance for Afar development.
TABLE 2J
Existing ind Proposed Changes in Land Use
from Dry Season Grazing tn Irrigated Agriculture in lhe Middle Awash
Existing
(ha)
Existing and
proposed
(ha)
Wet Season Grazing
Alkdeghi plains
National Park (Northern part)
Dry Season Grails#
Irrigation Schemes
Mclka Sadi*
Mclka Werer IAR
A mi bars RRC settlement
Amibara State Farm*
Amibara extension
(Algeta. Am bash. Sublale)
Angelcle pump irrigation
Angelele irrigated pasture
Hale Debii RRC settlement
Bo 1 h amo-G idiaro-Do fan
Bolhamo irrigated grazing
Bolhamo fuelwood planiation
Kcscm-Kehena;
A war a Mclka
Yalo
RRC settlement
Kescm-Kebena extension
6 OOO
23 non 29 OOO
Net
4 600
300
2 000
3 400
1 650
2 150
1 TOO
426
1 400
*
1 400
625
80
-
Gross
S 520
360
2 400
4 080
1 980
2 580
1 200
511
1 680
*
1 680
750
100
Nel
4 600
300
2 000
3 400
1 650
4 235
3 000
426
6 927
700
2 800
1 400
625
80
10 535
Gross
5 520
360
2 400
4 080
1 980
5 082
3 600
511
8 312
840
3 000
1 680
750
100
13 270
TOTAL
19 031
22 841
42 686
51 415
including   the   four   sites   totalling   418   ha   earmarked   for   forestry   which, if developed, will displace further Afar families.
Source: Consultant's estimates
OTimOJWHlVtoji
2-9CHAPTER 3
THE POPULATION AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE STUDY AREA
3.1 The Afar and Their Recent History
The Afar occupy the coastal area of Ethiopia from (he Danakil depression io Somalia. Then settlement origins in the Awash Valley are obscure, but a number of the clans now inhabiting the project area trace their ancestry back over five or six generations in roughly the same place. Despite the development of large-scale irrigation over the last two decades or more, these Afar still regard the Awash Valley as their ancestral territory.
Over lhe Iasi 5U years the Afar clans have moved in a generally westerly direction, as (lie military strength of the Issa has increased in the east. To the south there is periodic fighting between (he A Tar and ihe Kcrcyu, with territorial boundaries shifting back and forth. In the west, towards lhe higher land, rhe Afar encounler the Gala, farmers and stock keepers, who trade their grain for Afar cattle. This seems to be a relatively peaceful relationship, but these rough hills provide good grazing for only a few months in the year, and surface water is scarce.
Afar settlemenls in the study area were mapped in 1967. when the only development was a small village at Melka Werer with a small research station (the present Institute of Agricultural Research) and an airstrip nearby. The Afar settlements were mainly elongated clusters of dwellings on the edge of lhe floodplain 1 io 3 km from the Awash River, as shown on Figure 3.1. The settlement pattern and lhe animal tracks between water and grazing shows (he area now occupied by irrigation development, on boih banks of the river, to have been heavily utilised by the Afar. The aerial photographs from (his period show lhe floodplain covered largely with mature Acucfct forest, which was a source of browse und grazing during the dry season.
The aerial photographs also show tracks which indicate the traditional grazing patterns at that lime. These run more or less at right angles from the river through lhe wet season grazing on the floodplains towards the hills in the west mid the Altedcgbi Plains in the east. Other tracks connect the settlements. The major clans in the area each occupied their own territory as they do today, with a river frontage and a fairly well defined dry season grazing area as indicated hy the pattern of tracks, few tracks lead diagonally into the territories of other dans. On both hanks, some of the tracks converge at river crossings, where people and cattle swim or wade from one side to the other.
The importance of Afar clan territories will become evident in the course of this report; they were neglected in the design of Government projects intended to benefit the Afar. In the case of the Amibara Settlement Scheme that neglect has been a source of strife and. as a result, irrigated land is being wasted. Accordmg to many local Afar, the Third Livestock Project's 3 000 ha irrigated pasture block at Angelelc will probably suffer from similar problems.
3-13.2
Afar Tribes and Clin Territories
The project area is occupied by some 30 Afar clans. There may be more, but that cannot
determined without extensive field surveys. Some of the smaller clans identified may, on cloier examination, (urn out io be sub-clans. For the purposes of this study precise knowledge of the c|^
and sub-divisions is less important than an understanding of the relationships of the clans with 01$ another, and with their ancestral land. Figure 3.2 shows the distribution of the clans identified in present study.
The clans of the project area are divided between two tribes - the Debine and the Waima. The Debiu arc the larger and more widely dispersed tribe, with territory on both sides of the Awash River According to some versions of tribal history the Dcbinc have been established on their land for mam centuries, while the Waima moved in from the cast some 50 years ago.
The droughts of the 1970s and 1980s seem to have accelerated these movements of the Waima and to have put Dcbinc land, already depleted by the expansion of State farms, under increased pressure Tribal conflict over land rights has led to disputes and fighting, with many fatalities, whilst in the Kesem/Kcbcna Area the Waima were forced to move eastwards out of Debinc territory.
3.3 The Issa
The Issa, a sub-subdivision of the Has hi ya tribes of Somalia, live to the east of the study area. They are the traditional opponents of the Afar and recent battles have left numbers of dead and wounded The Afar say the Issa come heavily armed at night and steal their livestock, killing any Afar
oppose them.
These raids come as far west as Bilen. which is at the northern extension of the Amibara State Farm, and the Afar in that area say they are afraid to venture towards the road or over it into the Allede|hl plain to graze their livestock. This account, if true, would explain the relatively untouched pasWffS between the ridge which bounds the floodplain to the east and the Assab road, at the northern
of the Amibara block.
Afar living further south, in the vicinity of the Melka Werer and Melka Sadi, have adopted a
5
positive and aggressive stance against the Jssa menace. They combine their herds into large group ’ with up to 15 or 20 armed men to guard lhem, and lake them to graze in the hills to the east of Allcdcghi plain They may even use Issa wells in that area if they feel strong enough to fight off,he owners,
jFigure 3.1
Distribution of Afar Settlement and Livestock Tracks 1967Figure 3,2
i
Afar Clans in the Study Area
YIFAT
Hi k
Ehbi
DULECHA
AfiLEk HA 140MALE
MIDDLE
FED1HAJ AWASH
KALOWAIMA^/
iOLHAHO
EXTENSION
X
iONrrAi A 1 1
GERARAK
SAHEL*
kf| | iFEDIHA
fill! IF—
/*.'« ---- *
Sihrirr:!
4 AIHOROSSQ ]l _
METEHARA
LE&EHO
Pnwinhil iRto»c ,
Seasonal Wnl«!rtuuir»_____ Swottdfkxrfr^
SOURCE MAS Aii^rd 1«0
_-
|
"
L**J O*et 1300 m                     WflWP?
PaA , height im|..
A. ■' Tame Road ____________ _ RsAaa^ _________________ —
YIFAT
.
Debt ns
J3.4           The Kercyu
,       . .ho In lhe Kcsem/Kebena arc3 the Afar con from the Kerey .
M Here ...» nW. H~d
One result o< lh.ee hiW
A well-armed pastoral people who live io
—— ’V"
n„.
man's land, where no group is able to bong its ammals. unless <1 strong
.          •. 'male 11 rilles*; it is stroni uffiamsed enough i*
_
win a shoot-oui wilh lhe enemy or to deter attack by appearing to have mi itary n
necessity to mobH.se -fficienl numbers of armed men co protect herds and grazmg -emtory and, if
possible, win some animals off the enemy, makes heavy demands on the Afar Inboor force. TH
unwillingness of lhe Afar to take up settled agriculture or permanent employment can be better
understood in this light.
Ram his a strong influence on tribal and clan conflict over land and grazing. Following good rams there is abundant grass and browse, and the animals grow fat on lhe home pastures: or, if taken to distant pastures, lhe animnls of all groups grazing there find enough to eat. Conversely, during drought the home pastures are grazed out, and herdsmen move to where they can find something for their animals to eat, where they wilt encounter other clans or tribes wilh the same intention, and fighting is lhe usual outcome. In this context, the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the Awash Valley lias the same effect on pastoralists as continuous drought: the home pastures no Longer produce forage. and the original owners of lhe land are forced nuiwards, encountering others in a similar condition. Heavy concentrations oT livestock, on the remaining land aggravate the depletion of natural forage, and increasing levels of conflict result.
Afar clan territories are more clearly defined as they approach lhe Awash River, where floodplain and riverine forests provide dry season grazing, Territorial boundaries become vaguer as they recede from ihe river towards the higher plains and lhe hills. Thus the Alledeghi plains are generally regarded as open grazing for those Afar who arc willing 10 risk encounters with the Issa. The grazing patterns in the study area are shown very approximately on Figure 33.
The grtmng within a clan territory is not used by members of that clan alone. Others, when short of grass, may also graze there if they have oburncd thc permission of the clan elders, which is seldom
ri
C b rela,tS btlWCen ‘he tW° arC
’«*-”*■ -
the teX oZ’1' hS °f 'hMl ClaR al°ne’ bbt ClBn ' —rlhelB«
------
- - are aware
- the owner of
"zt/"
lhe whm  nc
,     »- »».
....km™ ..... F.,„ „ ,hi
“ d lh"'
3-3Some clans have within their territory a resource that is freely used by other Afar, regard!^ Qf^
clan membership. An example is the B.len hot springs. a perennial water source, belief l0 c '
minerals  that  are  beneficial  to  cattle  and  camels.  Although  Bilcn  is  within  Rakoba  clan  i
crrilflty
is  used  regularly  by  several  neighbouring  clans.  Asked  about  their  territorial  claims.  Afar  often
B|
We  are  all  Afar.  We  help  each  other'.  Nevertheless,  each  clan  has  a  clear  idea  of  where  r boundaries  lie.  There  may  be  exceptions  to  this  generalisation  in  lhe  case  of  some  smaller  clinfli have   lost   most   of   iheir   own   territory   and   have   been   allowed   io   seitle   in   lhe   territory   of neighbouring clans.
The clan boundaries have noE been obliterated from people's minds by lhe imposition of Stale fan or settle men t schemes across the Lf adinonal terriiories. When the cotion is harvested each clan chin prior right to graze the stalks in the fields within its own clan boundaries. On the Amibara Scillnti Scheme a recent dispute between the Hark a me la, lhe clan who originally owned lhe area, and A Sidihabura, who had taken up a block of land on lhe Scheme, resulted in 15 or more deaths and A departure or the Sidihabura from lhe scheme. The Harkamcla were thus left in possession of thd an re sirs I land, along with a few members of other smaller clans who did not pose any ihreat.
An  inference  to  be  drawn  from  such  events  is  lhai  Afar  territory  is  a  major  factor  determining  wkfl and how land is to be developed for Afar benefit
3.5 The Afar Population
In January 1990 1LCA carried out an aerial survey of the siudy area and mapped the distribution^ pastoral huts, For practical purposes it has been assumed that these are occupied by Afar, aliho^ a few in lhe south wesi are probably Kcreyu huts. A previous survey in this area, by
•
siik
(19S7),  showed  that,  on  average?  five  people  were  associated  with  each  hut  II  is  therefore  P°sSI to estimate the Afar population from the number of huts.
The ILCA aerial count of pastoral dwellings his allowed for lhe problems of aerial identifi^i^"- *
I
results being expressed as ranges; for example, of 5-30 or 400-600 huls/25 km . There is *
;
2
upper and a lower limit ic the number of huts within each 25 km of the study area sampJ' ^
1LJS
r
0
These dau have been analysed, using the figure of five persons per dwelling, to show lhe popula'' ^ of the project area by Awraja. and a mean has been calculated The results are shown on Fig“rt
and in Table 3.1 For comparison this table also shows the populations reported by the ABlJj administrations and by MacDonald (1987) for the Kescm/Kebena area.
0TWIJJ5t.VFaF.«wp
3-4Figure 3.3
Afar Livestock Grazing Patterns
♦cris’E
0.'..
fhrtatr
A? J
Mr AjhW*
A
t<VQ
SCHEME
PHASE 2
SCHEME
PHASE 1
Mr AjJAhir
/ r*a —*
iJW
▲
LEGEND
SOURCE MAS. Aix)md TWO
Pwwml Htaur_________      _
SwM Wttftrcoxw __
PcmJsU Prohd Enmw Aw.
rrrtnii
Umd bdfwn 050-1300m
---------
IwnorRotri_________ .,.
NOTE
Dim  io probMrrw of ogcam
and imted llnw, lam altw
,
cttfiotanWlwl n llhn
'ha# d Ilia Shrff AraoFigure 3.4
Sohema.ie Dry Season OB.nbu«on of PasB.a! OweHings
</
*t, .
X "J5|
11 IW
A»«>*____
(/ -
rfrrfrf/f
A
LEGEND
SOURCE lILCA. Jarxury 1 «>Q0
PflHW’ffll Ftafsr.„.. ____ _ ^,. i -
f
i .using kr*g*W rd Sferra Fwn Arw,___________
5—pi-ai Wiw«Qur»«„_
Suor^toalng. __________ , l_Z~Z?
DUirlbution o4 P-Mloral DwwMftg* (Mr)
Lqnd(h »r 130C wi----- ,----
P«*. h*W*l |r*k._______
*-------------- ----------Figure 3.5
Schematic Wet Season
Distribution of Pastoral Dwellings
——----------- —------------ 1
jorpcrT
Mt P^r^hah
Ft-frlfl
J32<
Dtdrch*
aaww?o 7*100 ’»’» 15^M
M0M5CDistribution of Afar
TABLE 3.1
[’veilings ind Popalalion by Awmja
Population
Awraja
Dwellings
1
2
3
—----- -
Max
Mm
Mean
Mai
Min
Mean
Yifai
Duleclia
Middle
Awash Metahara
2 170
6 810
I 490
4 905
1 830
5 857
10 850
34 050
7 450
24 525
9 150
29 287
-
-
40 850
-
2 730
3 885
1 815
2 850
2 272
3 367
13 650
19 425
9 075
14 250
11 362
16 837
55 628
-
13 000
TOTALS
15 595
11 060
13 326
77 975
55 300
66 636
Moles:                 (1) Population 1 - The number of dwellings, maximum and
minimum, recorded by ILCA in its January aerial survey,
multiplied by a factor of 5 (persons per dwelling).
(2)         Population 2 - Awraja population data based on 1986 food aid
distribution records. These arc considered by Awraja officials to
be inflated. and may therefore be regarded as maxima.
(3)          Population 3 - MacDonald estimated the population of this area
to be 12 000 in 1986. With a natural increase of 2% per year the
population would have grown to 13 000 by 1990.
Source: ILCA, January 1990
There are large discrepancies between the ILCA and awraja sources. The awraja data were collected no. by counting the population, but by asking clan. linclge household heads about the number of their members needing rood aid. There was no way of checking the accuracy of the information supplied. The ILCA survey was conducted in January, and reflects the population distribution ar that time of year; six months later, when the rains started, there were substantia) movements of Afar from one side or the river to the other, and to some extent along a north-south axis on the east bank. Some people were moving out of their permanent settlements to temporary camps further away from the nver to the west and east. In Angelde. for exampie. .he number of portable Afar dwellings almost doubled during one week in late July 1990.v by ILCA in October 1990 revealed that 70% of the
The subsequent second survey^
settlements recorded in that
most had grown larger. It cone u established villages of a permanent nature
season.
during (hc first survey. the difference^ portion of the pastoralist population
rc treats during the farming and
There  is  a  wide  margin  of  uncertainly  about  the  number  of  Afar  in  specific  areas,  such  a!il but  ii  seems  likely  that  most  Afar  move  around  within  the  study  area  and  would  therefore  haV.M included   in   the   ILCA   survey.   The   number   of   Afar   in   the   study   area   is   therefore   estimsidi maximum of 78 000 and a minimum of 55 000.
Further  information  on  the  distribution  of  population  by  clan,  number  of  households,  and  rtf matters is given in Annex B.
3 ‘ The Non-Afar Pop.iatio,
reasonihlyaccura(Cpjciurecaj]^ ^*ariabk *orkf°r« in the project area. From their rawi
arc also employees of Lhe IAR and th °-^ numbcrs Permanent and temporary workers small towns in the project area To eth Am,bara Scttlcmcnt Scheme, and the inhabitants of thtb
Although they keep few livestock
Table 3.2 summarises the inform
aftlOunr f° a population approaching (hat of die Air
X ake heavy demands on the environment for fuel and tiniW
and *n explanation of rhe method u” n°n‘Afar poPulal*on of the project area. Further
a,„.
««■»
Ihe
caie#(ihes „ ,iiai
I
3-7 Population Increase
There are no dan on the rate of population increase in the project area. MacDonald (l987^^ national average of 2.9% per year for the Stale Farm workers in lhe Kesem/Kcbena a«*. as the rate of population increase among the pastoralists is usually lower than it js j Ajf sedentary fanners, a figure of 2.0% per year is suggested. Applying these factors to «he “* and non-Afar populations, the projected populations in AD 2000 and AD 2025 would be-
I
5ed
||f
Afar
Non-Afar
totals
1990
population
66 636
50 529
117 165
I injected AD 20Q0
population
83 044
68 217
J51 26J
3-6
Projected AD 2025 j
I population I
136   242   I
139 404 I
275 646 1TABLE 5.2
The Non-Afar Population of the Project Area
Location
Workers
Households
Population
East Bank01
Permanent workers MAAE
Melka Sadi Farm
Melka Wcrer Farm
Amtbara Farm
Ginnery
Sub-tOtaJ
Temporary workers (average full time equivalent *}
361
776
1 276
1 420
80
3 913
361
776
1 276
1 420
80
3 913
2 116
4 656 |
7 656
8 520
480
23 478
1
Sub-tctaJ
Institute of Agricultural Research Amibara Settlement employees Town populations
Melka Sadi
Melka Wcrer
Arha (estimated)
Sub-total
West Bank
Permanent wurkers
Dofan/Bolhamo Farm
Temporary workers
Sub-iotR]
Kesem/Kebena
Permanent Workers
Awara Melka/Yalo Farm
Temporary Workers
Sub-total
7 032
84
100
184
1 172
84
100
825
526
500
2 035
7 032
504
600
4 126
3 156
3 00!)
11 386
624
1 257
1 SSI
624
210
834
3 744
1 257
5 001
372
1 400
1 772
372
233
605
2 232
1 400
3 632
TOTAL
14 782
8 559
50 529
Notes; (1) These data include the temporary employees of PCC
250 permanent staff.
hut not the
(2)
of lc        rir
IZ 000 in December to a minimum of 5 200 in January. The
5P°  y workers ranges from   maximum of
a
number of workers here is the average monthly workforce
: Current study estimate.
3-7The figures for the increase in the non-A far population should be used with caution. In
of further irrigation development tn the project area, this population could well remain more Ol )t static. as workers come and go from the Highlands.
3.8         Institutions
3.8.1      Orginisa lions Involved to Land and Water Development
There arc five major organisations concerned with land and water development in the Middle Awal The Water Authorities, the Ministry of Stale Farm Development (MSFD), the Relief ant Rehabilitation Commission (RRC), the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and the Province Administration.
In addition the Institute for Agricultural Research (JAR) and several NGOs are also active. This is detailed in Halcrow (1990). Three separate organisations ire involved in water resource managemen.
3.8.2       The Water Resources Commission (WRC) and the Water Resources Develop®^1 Authority (WRDA)
WRDA. which comes under the WRC. is charged with:
(a) planning new irrigation developments in the area (a task which has been contract^ to NEDECO and MacDonald, as Consultants):
TW
water management and the maintenance of plant and the irrigation system latter is undertaken by the WRDA Project Control Centre (PCC) al Melka v,c
3.1.3 The Elhmpiuu V*IIW Developweui Studies Authority
3-83.8.4 The Ministry of State Farm Development
The Ministry of Slate Farm Development is infer dVfa responsible for the Awash Agricultural Development Corporation (AADC). which in turn operates two enterprises in the Awash Valley: the Tcndaho Agricultural Development Enterprise (the old Mitchell Cotts' estate) in the Lower Awash, and the Middle Awash Agricultural Development Enterprise (MAADE).
3.8.5 The Middle Awash Agricultural Development Enterprise
The MAADE has its headquarters at Melka Sadi and is responsible for six State Farms: Melka Sadi. Melka Wcrer (recently established), Amibara-Angelele. Dofan-Bolhamo and Gewanc (to the north nT the study area). Each is divided into farm sections of about 1 000 ha, which are sub-divided into farm units of about 500 ha,
3.8.4 The Retief and Rehabilitation Commission
The Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (RRC) was established to deal with the problems resulting from the drought in the 1970s. It is responsible through its subsidiary (he Awash Valley Settlement Agency (AVSA) for a number of schemes in the Awash Valley, Two of these, the settlements near Asaha in the Lower Awash, and that at D<jho on the west bank in the study area have been closed down. There rennin the Amibara and Hale Debit Settlements where 152 ha and 200 ha respectively were cultivated in 1990, as detailed in Section 2.7.
3.8.7 The Ministry of Agriculture
The Animal Health Division of the Ministry of Agriculture maintains a small field station at Melka Wcrer, the staff or which provide a limited vaccination service for Afar livestock. However the service is constrained by the lack of transport, and the very limited funding available for drug supplies and equipment.CHAPTER 4
THE AFAR PROBLEM
and related issues
IN the MIDDLE awash
4.1    The    Pastoral    Problem
4.1.1 Introduction
The pM.er the Ater pu.tali«. taplpepd Mpb. develop™™ »» ,lnu-ly dlMPgpHed
,Pe neo bit Prip.ta ae.dnpq.en., >1 Tended,., ,n .he Lower AweOi.»» orderipken ,n 1981.
Ihn print riee Io inlense Arm mioroo; .his u an nl1ili.de lhal persists to ibis day. The su sequent
irrigation development in the Middle Awash has heightened (his mistrust and has resulted in:
(1) a substantial loss of dry season grazing.
(it) the destruction of woodland and trees, due to land clearing and increased firewood
consumption;
(iii) increased soil and wind erosion, the result of overgrazing and tree felling.
There is thus a major land use problem in the Middle Awash, the Afar being the disadvantaged party. Numerous proposals have been made to the Afar, but what has been attempted has not been very successful, and the droughts of 197^ and 1984 have further exacerbated the problem. Initiatives to help them have taken three forms:
settlement, based mainly on co Hun production;
farming on smallholdings.
provision of irrigated pasture.
Th. ™ , urpunudon,
u
wilh
in,,,,,,, in the land „„ Qf MidJfc
.tap     Petals.     |.WI.,WRDA,     EVDSA.     a.     SuKF„„s.     ,hc        |Aft.     the     RRC,     .he     Na.i<,„»|     Wild-
' C™.™,™ 
(MOA), ,be Awrnja Adminisiretiqn. os mll M NOO.S
These  are  discussed  below.  First,  however,  the loss of dry season grazing should be noled.
fundamental issue, the consequences following the
4-14.1.2      The Livestock Popol«t>o« and Low of Grains
The ILCA January and October 1990 estimates of present livestock numbers in the project shown in Table 4.1. together with the equivalent number of tropical liveslock units (TLU). The is a means of bringing (he different types of livestock and their feed requirements to a con^ denominator. Since the first survey was carried out in January, the January figures can be lake, , representing the dry season population
TABLE 4.1
Livestock Numbers and (heir Tropical Livestock Unit Equivalents in the Projccl Area
January 1990
October 1990
Number of
head
Number of
TLU
Number of
head
Number of
TLU
Camels
Cattle
Sheep and goats Equines
19 950
46 21X1
119 950
580
19 950
32 340
11 995
290
10 590
66 400
155 820
870
10 585
46 455
15 582
434
TOTAL
64 575
73 056
Source:
ILCA January and October 1.990 surveys
_
” *»ll he sCen that there »as an j .
^7r^Th,SrCOeCteWim^O*€men'in*e°foddme ’
y just over 9 000,
October, cattle wcre c
" udy "ea bc,ween
goars "t&rly 36 OOO. However
Small    r
UB1 na
i  nts.    ”°rtl’*Wcsten'    slopes
“• ** -«-«
and vaU / *0‘"hern f,arl of the Alledeghi PJatns and-"
h >   rhe   Jema   and   Gaci0"   ^''   ***   COn«nrra
(ed
to   th   ”   ’   '   S°Ulflcrn    ed8c    of     ‘he   agricultural   o'*
all hough ,herc
although there was some
R ‘*ers-           the 915 m con| *
“ S°meCOnc-‘--on around MoZ7° **• 
Of ^"‘er immcdi
ate jniere t
°
° f 'he Awash «<ver. in an area
were widely dispcl5f
a '°^the A *ash Dire Dawa
•be numbers of
crsurve-^boWnin/;^'--(appr0 «imaie]y JgOkm’), betw^"
4-2
JTABLE 4.2
Estimate of Livestock Numbers in the Proposed Aftgelele-BoltoBmo Irrigation Extension Aren
Livestock
January 1990
October 1990
Number
Density
1
(Nr/km )
Number |
Density
(Nr/km )
:
Gallic
Small ruminants
Camels
Total   domestic   TLU Pastoral dwellings
271
4 057
81
677
1 032
1.43
21.47
0.43
3.58
5.46
3 847
4 840
197
3 393
165
20*50
25.61
1.04
17.95
0.87
Source: ILCA January and October 1990 Surveys.
During the dry season January survey the proposed extension site supported 3% and 9% of ihc estimated total cattle and small ruminant populations compared with 21% and 26% for the wel season October survey. Pastoral dwellings declined from 1 032 to 165 between Ihc surveys. These marked changes in the estimates suggest that ihc proposed site is used as a temporary settlement during the dry season, and during the wet season as a gathering place for livestock from ihc irrigated zone uniil the harvest is complete, when animals can then utilise crop residues. Overall lhe figures underline Ihc importance or the proposed extension area in terms of Afar grazing
Turning to lhe livestock numbers in Table 4.1. it is generally accepted that one TLU requires 2.5 t
□f  fodder  dry  matter  annually  to  maintain  condition  which,  for  the  Middle  Awash  herd,  produces  a calculated  requirement  of  some  161  437  t  of  dry  matter  annually.  Calculations  were  therefore  made based  on  the  estimated  dry  matter  yield  from  the  vegetation  of  each  of  die  major  land  form  units.  The results  are  summarised  in  Table  4.3*  At  first  glance  this  table  suggests  that,  in  an  average  year  (the Table  4  J  estimates  are  for  an  average  year),  the  total  feed  supply  (some  1«8  000  I  of  dry  matter (DM)   equivalent)   is   broadly   in   balance   with   the   calculated   livestock   feed   requirement   of   some 161  000  t  (leaving  on  one  side  the  worse  scenario  that  would  result  from  using  the  higher  livestock numbers  revealed  by  the  October  survey).  In  fact,  however,  the  general  situation  is  much  worse  than these figures indicate, far the following reasons:
(a) The assumed DM yield of 2 (XX) kg/ha from irrigated land overstates the real supply
of feed from such land. Apart from a small contribution from weeds, the DM output is almost entirely in the form of residues from the cotton ciop. It comprises dried- out cotton stalks, cotton leaves and trash. Such materials have low digestibility, with a digestibility coefficient of below 411%. and are not a nutritious feed.
4-3TABLE 4.3
Estimate of Freseat Cons.mable Dry Matter Availability by Land Form 2
Outnui
2
(by-l
3
Black clay (Awash)
Black clay (AHedcahi)"1
Brown soil (irrigated)
Brown soil (non-irrigated)
Gravel fan
Area
(ha)
7 935
23 14V,J
20 000
5 127
Yield/ha
(kg)
2 000
300
2 000
products)
3 000
6 924 40 0(J0
15 381
in 912
4
213
23 50I
Acid lava
*5 878
5
16 395
Basalt
56 700
6
200
11 340
Gravel outwash plains
64 469
7
250
River levees
16 J17
21 159
8
1 000
21 159
Undifferemiifed hill margins
9
61 824
(overgrazed)
200
Lakes/swamps
(50% swamp)
4 298
(2 149)
4 000
total
Noles,
Source:
(1) Excluding the larce area nf
Afar-Issa conflict.
------- "—"-------------
at IS no1 av^ilable for grazing due to the
Consultant's estimates for an average year.
Moreover, cotton stalks are regularly removed from the fields f°r co° eJ|<jC]t >5 that in many irrigated areas the amount of DM actually available (° Jcr
king fue1'
r
well below 2 000 kg/ha. Taking these various factors into account, we c0 |e
f pd
C
(b)
t the
”***■’I.***
in practice, the conversion of land to irrigation probably reduces the uva nPn- supply by at least two-thirds, from the estimated output of 3 000 kg/ha u irrigated conditions. If the reduction in feed output were thus 2
development of 20 000 ha of irrigation would have reduced the Study ^re supply by 40 000 t per annum, or some 20%.
The figures in Table 4.1 are for the study area as a whole and concea variations in the feed supply/demand balance from area to exacerbated by the restrictions on the free movement of livestock and grazing. There is serious local overgrazing in many places. Moreover* reported deteriorating feed supply conditions over the last decade.
4-4(c)             During   the   past   20   yean   drought   has   been   a   frequent   problem.   Conditions   in drought  years  are,  of  course,  much  less  favourable  than  in  average  years  and  the effects  of  the  loss  of  grazing  from  irrigation  development  are  correspondingly  more serious during droughts
The current development of 3 000 ha of irrigated pasture of Angelele is seen as providing compensation for ihe loss of feed ouipul resulting from irrigation. While theoretically going some way io replacing the dry matter loss, this is not believed io he a satisfactory solution, for several reasons discussed in Annexes C and E.
4.2         The Forestry Problem
During this study steps were taken to quantify some of the factors relating to the wood supply
problem. A questionnaire was devised and information collected from 16 households on their
fuclwood and limber requirements. Households, selected throughout the irrigated area and at Arha
on the asphalt road, included both Stale Farm and other employees, and Afars. This sample, though
small, gives indications of the nature and sire of the wood problems as seen by the users.
The survey indicated that Ihe average household uses 15 kg (wet weight) of fuel wood per day. This average includes an allowance for some households using woodfuel for space healing in the three cold winter months. The survey indicated that over 95% of all wood used is consumed as fuel, less lhan 5% being used for construe non Fuelwood is used in the form of split logs, branch wood, cotton stalks or converted lo charcoal. Wood is always the preferred fuel for cooking the main meals, but those who can afford it appreciate charcoal as a source of quick heat for boiling wateT to make coffee.
For most people, obtaining fuelwood is a lime-consuming and often dangerous business. Colton stalks
are virtually the only fnelwood source remaining within the irrigated perimeter, as almost all the
natural vegetation has been removed. Bui cotton stalks arc only available for 4 to 5 months of the
year, and stockpiling them is discouraged due io pest problems.
In theory, under Ethiopian law. ail natural vegetation that is not on private property belongs to the State and only dead wood may be collected, after the Awraja has issued a permit. In practice, outside the irrigated area the Afar consider tall natural vegetation to be their property, Those who gather fuclwood without first paying the Afar for it risk their lives.
To get fuel the non-Afar population has three main options:
buying  firewood  or  charcoal  from  merchants  who  have  made  arrangements  with  the  Afar making their own arrangements and paying the Afar:
collecting fuelwood in large groups tu prevent Afar allacks.
45With or without payment to the Afar, fuel wood collecting still tales an average of IO hours per week and a week's fuel (75 kg) has to be carried, on average. 2.5 km. Even Afar women living outside dk eastern perimeter of the irrigated area have problems. When collecting with their donkeys near the asphalt road they risk being attacked by the Issa.
The price of delivered fuelwood varies from 7 birr per donkey load (90 kg wet weight) ic 8 cents pe kg. up to 16 cents per kg for smaller amounts. Those who collect wood themselves may pay 2 k 5 cents per kg to the Afar for the privilege. Charcoal is made locally by Highlanders who pay Afar for the right to operate. Charcoal kilns are all made of earth and 70% - 80% of the wood's calorific value may be lost in lhe conversion process. Charcoal sells in bulk for 15 birr a sack of 25 to 30 kg, and in small quantities such as 25 cents for 400 g. enough for one small fire.
Pressure on natural fuelwood is greatest in the area bounded by the northern limits of the Angelcle irrigated pasture scheme, lhe main asphalt road in the east, Arba Town in the south and the western limits of the Middle Awash Agricultural Enterprise (not including Gewane). There are approximately 14 500 households in this area. If each household uses 15 kg per day the total demand will be aboui HO (KM) lonncs per annum.
■> J The Problem as Seen by the A fir
3-1 Elemem of the Af.r Pr(}hlera
The re have been mail *
misunderstood - and L a 31
Prt>b,er" Wh‘Ch havc- however, been lug*1)
themselves    have    taken    a       .    mCd‘M      adoJ,|c<J       have    not    been    very    successful.    The    AW
subsequent auempts io
subsequent aiiempts to improve
their si///? " m°St °f 'hC 'nvejtiW‘'OM involved and in lhe
Most of the propels for
NEMC0 ' “2- ‘’sXXh'ZZ'i'h"Awul> <«« lUlcon.ult(1969).
„ J”           ""
The w|„u' ” 
dr > «««>"» b"J ”
—* **- in £
u PiniQj|^ BlVrri a
On
£
cerning irrigated pasture ar ’
<he blocks of r-
c onfirnic<j by ,he   T ■"”>»«-«.,„.e „managed efficiently; a  yie^
fh)
......
Farms arc currently managed*
'""“Bilhebfoei .
"'
,
' h'l'«»«0i11A „ ,
(
1
be able to participate in
. ,„ir(c)            rhe  blacks  existing  or  proposed  are  nevertheless  too  small  to  provide  forage  for  all rhe Afar who have been dispossessed of lheir land, and one outcome of this is likely to he fighting between clans;
(d)            a  large  block  of  irrigated  pasture  on  the  land  of  one  or  two  elans  is  a  recipe  for conflict;  if  access  is  restricted  to  the  clans  whose  land  is  occupied  by  the  irrigated pastures,  others  will  he  angered  that  they  have  not  also  been  provided  with  their own   irrigated   pasture:   if   access   is   open   to   everyone,   the   clans   who   originally ‘owned’   the   land   occupied   will   resent   this   land   being   convened   into   an   open
resource;
(e)            heavy  concentrations  of  livestock  on  the  irrigated  pastures  are  likely  to  induce  the transmission of diseases and parasites, as well as causing soil compaction problems;
CO lastly there is Lhe pervasive fear that such schemes are attempts by the government to manipulate Lhe Afar and io bring yet more of their best land under government control for irrigation.
These objections do not necessarily represent a consensus of Afar opinion, Afar culture docs not require individuals to subordinate their own views in the interest of consensus. Afars arc strongly independent in their opinions and [here arc no leaders or traditional authorities who can speak for all members of a group, without running lhe risk of being publicly contradicted and rebuked, even by much younger men. This itself is a problem for the Afar, which some recognise as a source of political weakness*
Afar  traditional  authority,  in  the  form  of  clan  leaders  (balabat.  makaban,  kidoh  habba)  nnd  clan  elders (filima   habba)   is   concerned   mainly   with   the   settlement   of  disputes,   and  lo   a  limited  extent   with mediating   between   the   clan   and   the   world   beyond,   including   the   government   (eg   the   awraja administration),    State    Farm    management,    consultants    and    hostile    neighbours.    The    senior    Alar concerned  cannot  undertake  commitments  which  arc  binding  on  other  members  of  the  dan,  unless exhaustive  consultations  have  shown  there  to  be  a  consensus,  but  even  then  individuals  are  free  to change   their   minds   and   take   lheir   own   course   of   action.   This   absence   of   a   strong   centralised authority,   or   of   decision-making   being   delegated   to   certain   elected   or   appointed   persons,   is   a considerable  obstacle  to  negotiated  agreements  with  the  Afar,  for  there  is  no  guarantee  that  any agreement  will  be  observed  by  all  in  the  public  interest.  It  is  a  factor  of  great  importance  in  designing a  programme  which  is  nol  founded  on  the  naive  expectation  that  consultations  with  Afar  leaders  will lead io conformity among the participants concerned.
4-74 j j Loss of Laud and the Subsequent Problems
The loss of land nnd grazing is identified by many Afar as (heir most serious problem and Lhe source of most of then other difficulties. Some, especially the older men. say lhere is only one solution;
•give us back our land’. Compensating the Afar by developing land which is theirs is not a solution that appeals io them.
Others hold the more realistic view that there is no prospect of their gelling their land back. They believe that a vital pari of their economy has been lost for good, and that over the coming decides the government will cake control of virtually all ihnt remains of their best grazing Land. It is clear co them, from lhe visits of various specialists io the proposed irrigation extension areas, that plans he in hand to occupy further large tracts of woodland and pasture.
On the east bank of lhe river lhe Afar see themselves being squeezed out of their traditional pastures
by two powerful lorces - ihc government, which converts lheir riverain dry season grazing into
i mg al i on schemes; and the Issa, said to be increasingly well armed and organised. who attack them from the east and restrict their use of the Allcdeghi Plains. The Afar in the Kcsem/Kebena area have
the same problems with lhe Kereyu. on lheir southern border.
As security deierimtes, the demands on men and hoys, to guard the livestock al grazing, increase greatly. This may mean less time spent in socialising and visiting, but more often it reduces >hc opportunities for other economic activities, such as wage employment or growing crops.
The toss of laija ireeis „[ lhdt mpsl pioducl,„  plsWtt reoriplim, |ivesmck m„vemo"'!
? ta“ile
|M
">« «"d™d IK Alar terts M „ vulnerable 10 drougM ’
mp
» te M Z
in "" to,‘ »for lb—* ’"<•hurr'““
.1 te,?d
*“'“"K'" “ 
The frequency and
E,™  illteald, is also com,deted pan ol ibis causal chain. Milk is regarded as an impol 'p^u^#l
or ite Alar diet. nos merely to, milribonal Iu!ms blli Oecnuse i. promores health ah'1 s,,e'’„
Camels- miik parrk.iariy i, considered sommlimg p(, p„,cell A
!pipe evid«»"1
camels   may   be   mereuat,   nnmter   (see   MreDowid   W.   Annex   Ci.   man,   Ata,   believe   lM‘
is leas abundant rte. before, and m . souse,„„„ ,he>
^y.
4-84_33 Thr Afar Response -
1 X If
The Afar do nol think that they can solve theseltfoblems themselves, while the solutions offered by
■* ij „ |      r
others  have  been  al  best  ineffectual,  and  Often  actually  harmful.  The  Afar  respond  to  this  stination in several ways:
(i)               Leave  us  alone  and  return  our  land  to  us:  then  we  shall  revert  io  our  traditional way of life.* This ideal is probably not held by many Afar. Il may be more of a set piece  response  to  the  enquiries  of  consultants  and  officials  imo  the  condition  of  the Afar.    Il    nevertheless    reflects    a    profound    bitterness    and    mistrust   of   outside intervention in Afnr affairs.
(ii)            Some  Afar  think  that,  since  government  has  taken  away  much  of  their  land  and hence  their  livelihood,  government  owes  the  Afar  a  living.  This  view  is  reinforced by  the  government's  own  cf  foils  io  provide  compensation,  namely  the  settlement schemes  at  Doho,  Ami  bars.  Hale  Debii  and  Asaita,  the  pasture  schemes  at  Galifage and   Angelele.   and   by   the   famine   relief   programmes   upon   which   many   Afar depended  during  lhe  1980s  droughts.  To  a  great  extent  ihe  Afar  have  participated as  recipients  only,  despite  the  formation  of  committees  meant  to  encourage  them to lake more responsibility.
(in) Other Afar, it seems, have been discouraged from solving their own problems
following government intervention.
(iv)           There  may  still  be  a  tendency,  during  and  after  a  severe  drought,  for  some  Afar  to believe that they have become more or less permanent dependents on the stale; and following  a  period  of  good  rains  to  believe  that  Ihe  golden  age  of  Afar  pastoralism has  returned  and  that  circumstances  have  not  after  all  changed  irrevocably.  In  either state  of  mind  they  will  not  be  very  receptive  lo  new  approaches  to  their  economic
problems.
(v)            Il seems, nevertheless, Chat an increasing number of Afar have now realised that the days of pure pastoral ism have gone, and will not return, and that survival with self- respect  is  incompatible  with  periodic  dependence  on  state  aid.  A  number  of  Afar have  turned  to  small-scale  irrigated  agriculture  as  an  alternative  or  supplement  to pasioralism.  Many  who  have  done  this  are  probably  people  who  lost  all  or  most  of their  livestock  in  the  recent  droughts,  and  therefore  had  to  find  other  means  of
surviving.
The view that taking up agriculture does not necessarily entail the abandonmcnl of Afar cultural identity, or even pastoralism. also seems to be growing. However, the difficulty for the majority of Afar in making this transition is that they do not know how or where to start.
Y . yJ/
rwiMlWFWv
4-9IT
A
4.4 The Problem .5 S«« by 1b* SUI* Firms The E.h.opi™  »ve.«.e«, lhe Middle A.uh
0
at re. oonon.
producing M n.»«h »•»» «""
” S'“ F,t"
****• “ P'°’
«e. » on. of .he
,MSFD> ,s ■*">'■< M,
’"**' *'’ ""
'«»
industry in Addis Abihx. for which iddilional spinning capacity u currently bcinR jnstalled. In doin( this lhe MSFD helps io clothe the nation and reduce the foreign exchange cost of importing colt0t As well as cotton, the area also produces some bananas on the cast hank and, at Kescm-Kcbcnao, the west bank, cilms fruit, mangoes and tobacco.
The  State  Farms,  however,  face  major  technical  and  organisational  problems  which  reduce  cotton yields to between half and two thirds of the planned levels. These are:
0! Salinity: After 20 years of irrigation about 3 000 ha are now so saline that cotton growing has had to be abandoned, ln other areas yields arc much reduced. When cotton growing first started yields were expected to be over 30 quintals per hectare Now they are well under 30 qutntals/ha on the better parts and under 20 quintals/hi in poorer areas. The current Amibara Drainage Project Phase 1 hopes to improve this situation on about 4 700 ha, but its effectiveness has yet to be proven.
(M Machinery; Cotton growing is a highly mechanised operation and heavily dependent on a well maintained fleet of machines. The State Farms have to compere for hard currency to buy spare parts, tyres and replacements, The fleet of tractots, the transport and other equipment is consequently in a poor state of repair This results in inadequate land and water management and crop maintenance and
s             supervision, which in turn reduces ihe size of lhe harvests.
(cj         Labour:  Working  on  the  Middle  Awash  Slate  Farms  is  not  an  attractive  occupy*011 Wages,  funded  by  the  national  government,  arc  low;  housing  is  poor,  especially  for the  temporary  labour;  ihe  area  is  unhealthy  compared  with  the  Highlands;  food  is almost  all  imported  and  expensive,  and  firewood  for  cooking  and  heating  is  difficU^ to   rind   or   expensive   to   buy.   The   Stale   Farms   find   it   difficult   To   attract voluntarily  and  have  to  draft  in  labour  on  a  quota  system  in  competition  with  oi^ urgent government needs for labour.
The rigidities of central planning mean that local State Farm management cannot increase productivity by paying attractive daily wages or good piecework rates, nor can they diversify cropping pattern to suit local conditions.
I r'j J-ktyljE
In   the   face   of   lhese   problems   du   Suu   Farm,   rlnd   it   difficult   to   meet   their   targets.   They   ha«
reeeurees ,o spare wilh which u itapro.e labour t0„diliOT! diffie.il io imagine ,ha, Hu Suu Fam. cmrld. .ilhow belp impltnl„, ,
.0 improve lhe fuelwood simarion Alihoogh lhey
steps to increase tree planting, it gets low priority.
4_1Q
c ,opping. B “
„„ p|,„[in|!
MveGiven all the technical problems they face, the State Farms have few resources with which to address the Afar problem and to try and integrate the Afar into their operations, apart from employing them, mainly as guards. The State Farms are very irritated when the Afar, in times of fodder shortage, drive their cattle into mature fields of cotion, and there has understandably been a wish to separate the Afar from the farms as much as possible, which partly accounts for lhe location of the Irrigated Pasture Scheme. However, they are certainly willing to listen io any proposals that may help to reduce difficulties, and they have responded positively to suggestions to deal with the machinery problem, is part of a package to increase fodder supplies through lhe introduction of a second crop that would also provide some by-products for animal feed (eg stover from maize, or wheal straw).
4-5 The Afar Problem as Seen by the Relief and Rehabilitation Commission
The RRC took over the Middle Awash settlement schemes from the Awash Valley Authority in 198U. The prime objective was the settlement of nomadic Afar, based on irrigated agriculture and modern animal husbandry methods. A less explicit aim was to reduce the problem of damage to Stale Farm crops and irrigation works by Afar livestock, and io provide improved housing and social services for lite Afar.
As a government institution the RRC was. and is, bound to implement government policy which, together with the official view of the Afar problem, changed substantially through the 1980s. In the early iVHOs nomadism was regarded by the authorities as an inherently backward form of economic production which should be abandoned in favour of settled agriculture, practised on a communal rather than an individual basis. The problem then was how to get the Afar to accept the proposed changes.
However, under the communal production system adopted at the Amibara Settlement Scheme virtually all the work was (lone by employed Highland labourers. The Afar simply collected their share of the profits after the crop had been sold and lhe expenses had been deducted. In 1984 Government decreed that the Afar had to cultivate themselves and lhe RRCs problem then became one of motivating the Arar to do some of the work. The RRC has used a succession of different formulae 10 achieve this end. culminating in a Torn of individual tenure, each Afar household in 1990 being given a 0.75 ha plot This is discussed further in Section 5,3,
The RRC s work with the Afar in 1990 reached a critical point; there was no operating budgci and the naff ia the Awash Valley were withdrawn from all but the Amibara and Hale Debit schemes It is now understood (Oc.ober 1991) that, following the change in government, the RRC is lo dtsengage entirely from any settlement activity, although it will continue with its relief work. The Afar arc however, far from prepared, technically or managenally, to take over the operation of the schemes Ihcmselves.
4-11The present 1991 siluntion can be summarised as follows.
(i)
The RCC has withdrawn entirely from any involvement with settlement sche
the major schemes hiving been handed over to the Ministry of Agrictii|Urc
(ii)
In the past the RRC provided management and basic services such  $ p^.
a
planting, pest control etc, cither without charge or at subsidised cost,
functions are now suspended hut, as far as is known, no new instructions have
issued to guide the remaining participants in lhe Afar settlement programme.
(iii)
Most of the land allocated to the settlement schemes has gone out of product^
leaving only small areas under cultivation in 1990 (Amihara 130 ha, Hale Debit2®
ha. Doho perhaps 20 ha). Recent clan conflict has reduced the number of
farmers on the schemes and put more land out of production.
(iv)
The  tractors  and  other  farm  equipment  used  by  the  RRC  for  lhe  settlement
schemes
are old and virtually defunct There is now no budget for either repairs or fiel, Despite some attempts to introduce lhe Afar to animal traction, the provision of free tractor cultivation has militated against this. Land preparation and cultivation on the settlement schemes was in L990 done in part by hand, and was a disincentive to continued effort because of lhe very low returns. The RRC is now powerless id arrest either the decline in production and the area cultivated, or the number of Ala farmers nn the schemes.
In view of these problems and changes, it is difficult to detect a clearly denned RRC view of the Afar
problem in lhe Middle Awash. While RRC settlement operations have slopped, it is not clear whtlhet
attempts will be made to secure further help for the remaining Afar settlers.
Il would be unfortunate if operations were stopped now, when a more realistic system seems to h* been adopted, and it is hoped that appropriate actions can be devised to ensure that those Afar * have tried io become farmers can be further helped.
4.6 The Afar Problem as Seen by the Donors
The donors are seriously concerned aboui the problems of the Middle Awash, and are ajuuous10 find and assist with possible solutions. They have already recognised that this wilt entail dealing the interrelated problems of overgrumg.deforestation and general environmental dcgradai‘°n' * ’ ]( are inextricably linked up wrih the irrigators and the Afar pastoralists in the Middle
1
conM,."" lhe, realise ,h„ . !„„„.
n.ccn.r.1 ex.en.roe of ini,.,™, is Jtpend„, „ , solul on w>.
,
„„„ 
gr(lllps, .„d |M‘
, he p«*
The present study is tn fact a response by WRDA to this situation.
07Srt|<H/A/frJlF/»F
4-124,7            The Afar Problem as Seen by lhe Awriji Admioiatratioo
The administration deals with a range of loca* issues, including security and the issue of p
various purposes such as the culling of trees. Security matters are a major concern, because there are
frequent incidents between Afar clans and tribes and between the Afar and their neighbours the ssa.
ihe Kercyu and the Highlanders.
The   Afar   problem   for   the   Awraja   Administration   is   therefore   largely   one   of   keeping   lhe   peace situation   characterised   by   ancient   hostilities   and   modern   tensions,   many   of   which   centre   on   the   loss of  land  considered  by  the  Afar  to  be  theirs,  to  their  old  neighbours  the  Issa  and  their  new  neighbours the   State   Farms.   These   problems   spill   over   from   one   awraja   to   another   as   the   Afar   and   their   enemies range    across    awraja    borders,    seeking    grazing,    raiding    livestock,    recapturing    livestock    and    taking revenge   on   each   other.   Much   of   the   Middle   Awash   administrator's   work   is   therefore   in   neighbouring awrajis. investigating. discussing and negotiating with ihc authorities there.
These matters are not only of local concern. The national As sab highway, of great strategic importance, runs through Afar territory: the State Farms, which occupy Afar land are of considerable importance to the national economy, and the struggle with the Issa has international overtones, as the Issa were armed by the Somalia during lhe Ogaden War.
In mid-199n it was evident that the Issa were on the offensive, and that the Afar had lost numbers of men and animals on ihc Alledeghi Plains and its western edges. This conflict effectively isolated large areas of grazing which otherwise could he used by the Afar. Administrative efforts to resolve lhe problem had not been successful. Government has in the pasi proposed boundaries between the Afar and Issa, but without marked effect. The administration also holds regular meetings with the Afar ciders, to help contain the problem.
The Problem » Seen by the Water Resources Development Authority and lhe Ethiopian Valleys Development Studies Authority
The Ethiopian Valleys Development Studies Authority (EVDSA) is concerned with strategic development planning, including irrigation for the mam valleys of Ethiopia, while the Water Resources Development Authority (WRDA) is concerned with the detailed planning and construction Of new irrigation developments. The latter covers irrigation schemes in the Middle Awash including the design of new farms In H82, NEDECO was contracted by WRDA as consultants to produce proposals (updated in 1986) for the development of an additional 11 000 ha of irrigation in the
ngelele-Bolhamo   area.   These   proposals   were   seen   as   part   of   the   development   of   irrigated   production tcqmred   to   ensure   an   adequate   supply   of   raw   cotton   to   the   new   mills   „   Kombolcha.   Bahar   Dur Awassa and elsewhere, as pan of official government policy.
4-13WRDA  also  recognises  that  if  government  policy  to  expand  the  area  of  cotton  prod^ be successful then the related Afar problem must be tackled, and this must be done as a „                 *
some urgency: in consequence they comm.ss.oned the present study. The EVDSA h,ve
*
concerns,  and  their  current  Master  Plan  for  the  Development  of  Surface  Water  Resource,  .  * Awash Basin (Halcrow. 1990) is, it « understood, being extended to cover this problem also<
Both authorities therefore recognise the central importance of finding a solution to the Afar probl^ to provide a sound basis for the long-term development, (including irrigation) of the Middle Aw^ WRDA furthermore hopes that the early implementation of recommendations in this report in Angelelc-Bolhamo  area  will  demonstrate  that,  given  the  right  lead,  the  Afar  will  co-operau  Ir, development operations aimed at helping them, it is also recognised that the 1986 NBDECO propose will need co be updated with regard to costs, and probably with regard to block layout in vie* « changes in government policy, announced in March 1990.
4.9   The   Problem   as   Seen   by   the   National   Wildlife   Conservation   Organisation   of   the Miahtry of Agricultnre
Ethiopia has two gazetted National Parks, one being the Awash Park (830 km*). The nonhen 23 000 ha of (his park (ie the land to the nonh of the Assab highway including Fantalc mountain* an in the study area. The park's animal population includes zebra, oryx. Swayne's hartebecn Soemering's gazelle, waterbuck and kudu, as well as a large livestock population in the norther sector, mostly belonging to the Kereyu people.
For the past 20 years it has been the National Wildlife Conservation Organisation's policy to relocn people within the parks to places outside them. However, inadequate funds and limited minpow have virtually prevented ibis, and currently a change to a policy of multiple land use within the ptf is being considered, but this change has not yet been publicly declared. It is further understood t* the change in policy may be delayed, as there are some uncertainties within the Conservati' Organisation as to the wiadem of doing this. It seems likely, therefore, that the status <)uo * persist, that the present uneasy accommodation of the pastoralists will continue, and the P< administration will allow further grazing, particularly in the northern part of the park.
0*119801 M/Wty
4-14CHAPTER 5
past attempts to deal with the afar problem and related issues
5.1         Introduction
Il was noled in Section 4.1 that past attempts to deal with the Afar problem had taken three forms: settlement, farming on smallholdings and the provision of irrigated pasture. The Afar themselves have also started some small initiatives. and in the Lower Awash they have for a long time engaged in farming as well as keeping livestock. These Afar initiatives are discussed first, because lessons can be learned from them, and the initiatives in the Kcsem/Kebena area could form the nucleus for fresh operations in the Middle Awash.
The major issues which are closely related to the Afar problem, namely the destruction of the woodland and the firewood problem, overgrazing and range degradation, and soil erosion arc also discussed in this Section.
5.2         Afar Development Initiatives
The Afar initiatives are invariably small in scale, and many have severe technical and management problems. They arc, however, organised and operated by Afar, and several have shown great resilience in the face of adversity.
The Afar at A fam bo. on the Lower Awash, have apparently been irrigating dates, maize, vegetables and pasture for several centuries. They also keep livestock, the household labour being divided between the farm and herd. Their economy is therefore probably more robust than that of the Afar in the Middle Awash. Boyd (1973) and Coisins (1973) also noted ihat the Afar in the delLa of the Lower Awash had been growing irrigated maize for generations, some were growing cotton, ox ploughing was widespread and many led sedentary lives using well demarcated grazing areas. Following the 1970Ts droughts and the loss of grazing land to irrigation schemes, many of these Afar turned to maize cultivation, and in 1973 there were some 5 OTO ha of maize and 2 WO ha of cotton grown on holdings averaging 1.8 ha and 2.8 ha respectively.
In the Middle Awash, following the severe drought of the early 1980s, the Afar in the Kescm/Kcbcna area constructed several small run-oLt he-river irrigation systems using simple hand tools (see MacDonald, 1987, Annex C for details). They have subsequently had some assistance from NGOs and from the IAR, which has provided some seed and technical advice. These small amounts of help have stimulated these Afar to further efforts and they have remained in control of their schemes, help being provided only when it was asked for
0Tll»iOI/AiT*r/»P
5-1There have been oilier instances at Amibara and Awara Melka where Afar, rather than jcin sellJcaient scheme, have cultivated small patches of land next to the canals. This has enabled them to grow what they warned in their own rashion, although they enjoyed none of the free services of the settlement scheme: they have, however, received some advice from the IAR.
5J Settlement Schemes
Settlement schemes io compensate the Afar displaced by irrigation development were, as noted, started by the AVA in the 1960s and were taken over by the RRC in 1980, The Amibara and Hile Debii schemes in the study are still just operational hul they are now paralysed by lack of funds.
The AVA was created in January 1962 as an autonomous regional development authority, with FAO support as the executive agency, assisted by the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission of Victoria State Australia. The wort covered a wide range of operations including resource surveys, hydrological operations, agronomic, and irrigated pasture trials, which are described in a series <rf publications: Boyd (1973). Cowins (1972. 1973). Curry’ (1972. 1973). Goudie (1972), Hogg (1972). K nocss: (1976), Lines (1972), Lines and Pattison (1974), Pattison (1974). Voelkner (1974), Waists er u( (1973).
Those relevant to this report are summarised in Annex C. Section C2.2. In addition. AVA commissioned consultants' support to help with lhe design and implementation of further irrigab^ development at Amibara and AngelclcBolhamo (Halcmw, 1975, Nedeco 1982) and also Inili*4 settlement to provide assistance io Afars who bad lost grazing land as a reSull of img«tlCl1 development. These settlement operations started at Amibara in 1966 and by 1975 a total of 1 300 1,1 had been developed, of which 500 ha was used as a relief projecl funded by lhe RCC, rhe AVA beidl the execulive agency.
5-2"The .tocial development of the AVA settlers and their involvement in both the day-to-day operation of their farms, and in the overall decision making processes leaves ■ great deal to he desired. AVA’s role has, with wme justification been described as paternalistic. It has a twofold result of submerging ihe Afars' inherent abilities and, as settlement expands, in creating an ever-increasing demand on AVA‘s management and support services.
’The conclusion from this study is that settlement should he in the form of communal farms adapting and utilising existing Afar social and institutional structures to facililate a smooth l rm sit ion of what is after all a major social change."
The FAO report (p47) also stated that the AVA was "now allotting new settlement areas to the Afars on a clan basis”. However, it is uncertain how far this initiative progressed. Following lhe subsequent change of government in the 1970s. the RRC adopted a collective approach to the management of the settlement schemes. In 1984 management objectives were again changed, and eventually each Afar household was expected io cultivate 0.75 ha.
In addition to catering for the displaced Afar, an additional aim of ihe schemes, under the RRC. was Io introduce the Afar io irrigated agriculture. Although the governments motive for doing this may have been more ideological than economic, ihe settlement schemes have succeeded in doing ihis for some Afar In many other important respects the schemes have been expensive failures. Until 1984, when government decreed that the Afar had to work on the scheme. Ihe majority of ihe work was done by Highland labourers, while the Afar participants simply collected the profiis and learnt link aboui farming themselves. The Afar on ihe schemes look little responsibility for ihe operation and management of lhe agricultural programme, and the major expenses, such as land preparation, canal maintenance, pesi control, mechanical repairs, etc. were bome by the RRC. When the RRC began to withdraw the Afar were in no position to take over ihe management of ihe schemes because;
they had almost no experience of water management;
ihey   had   grown   accustomed   to   heavily   subsidised   operating   costs;
they had little idea of the real cost of crop production:
they    had    little    appreciation    of    the    practical    difficulties    or    running    and    maintaining    farm machinery.
they   had   no   experience   of   ox-cultivation,    a   practical   alternative   to    tractors,    almost   all   of which had broken down;
they   had   been   obliged   by   lhe   RRC   to   grow   cotton   and   had   limited   experience   of   other crops.
These factors render the Afar farms on the settlement schemes extremely vulnerable. In mid-1990 il was unclear whether they could continue without external support, except perhaps on a much reduced scale, cultivating small patches of vegetable by hand. Tl hardly needs stressing that the collapse of these schemes is likely io be a powerful negative example to prospective Afar farmers and a setback for future efforts to encourage Afar to diversify into irrigated crop production.
5-3Th0
«
s. viable f
, ,M
semens 
bl “«.
n0
, .oib, «•""*> ensues because such      „
Wotl
I,
!„d io, .be use
ol ,be cl.es. —-«*
A,.
X- *
e “XC"«,o ,he,n' ”
ol responsibility because they M
pereereeie Ata
j, U thus important «>
' I
‘
S on lhe sellletnenl schemes need help to keep going,
origin^ cnvi“8Wl
*°n8Cr
*I
XX»' *
5.4        Firming on Sm ill holdings
5.4.1      Initiatives by Noi*goverBmenti1 Organisations
NOMADEP, a French NGO. worked with the Afar of the Kescm/Kebena area for some 10 years, from the mid* 1970s. Their main fields of work were in small-scale irrigation, animal traction, and humin and animal health. They (rained a number of young men and women to diagnose and treat the cammoncji animal and human diseases, using drugs supplied from a central store. Although there u little physical evidence of NOMADEP’s work visible today, their efforts arr remembered and appreciated by Afar in this and neighbouring areas. There is no doubt that many seeds were sown by
NOMADEP, and ihai much of the self-help effort in the area owes its origin to this source. Detail! of the initiative are given in NOMADEP (1983) and MacDonald (1987. Annex C). Other NGOs. including OXFAM, the US Save the Children Fund. World Vision, and The Red Cross, support Afar
projects in the Middle Awash
NGO assistance, though modest in scale, appears to be well adapted to the needs of the Afar- it seldom interferes with the management of their own affairs and gives support when needed, with * minimum of bureaucracy.
5.4.2    Institute of Agricultural Research Initiatives
The lAR’s terms of reference require it co undertake some extension work in addition to iw rese^" pnig™e I' h“  therefore been helping sedentary Afar to raise crops, principally in four locality
inct t ' 3
11 lhC Am,blua s«tlemeni Scheme. The IAR work with a Committee. *h,c’' mem rs from the State Fanns, the PCC. the Awraja Administration and the Party-
formed T” aPd dd"S Me responsibk for Scaling the land for cultivation whilst l*
ZsaZ a; Cr°PI ,hCy W8m 10 P,3nL reC“‘
maize, heans.
rhe crons
&
Vesetables' Tablc 51 *h<>ws the areas under cultivation nt cach
grown and thetr sale value for the season 1987/88; yields are not known.
5-4TABLE 5.1
JAR-Assisted Afar Crop Production
Locality
Kaidadora
Galsita
Mahan do
Sarkamo
Total
Households
17
14
38
36
105
Hectares
ID
4
25
5
44
Crop Production
(Quintals)
Wheat
Groundnut
Seasmc
Beans
Maize
80
3
40
140
80
8
12
50
136
30
40
290
120
50
296
41
92
550
Sale value (But)
33 700
13 000
34 700
6 000
87 400
Source:                     IAR, 1990
The sale values apparently represent gross income, but The 1 AR itself carries some of the cosls of production, with assistance from donor agencies. Production figures since 1987/88 are believed to have fallen, partly due to difficulties with tractor ploughing The IAR hopes to introduce animal traction (6 trained work oxen) in late 1990,
The IAR has also assisted groups of Afar farmers at Kesem/Kebcna and Gewane. and in principle is willing to help wherever it is asked. We consider that Ore IAR is making a useful contribution to helping the Afar, and these efforts should be encouraged.
5.5 Irrigated Pasture Schemes
The Ministry of Agricullutc's Third Livestock Project includes the irrigated pasture schemes at Galifagc in the Lower Awash and at Angelclc. The former was established in about 19X4. and the latter is still under construction. Both arc based on the concept that large blocks of irrigated pasture ire a means of compensating the Afar for the loss of dry season grazing land which has been converted into State Farms. Galifage is not counted a success, either by the project staff or by the Afar themselves, and it would seem that the Angelcle scheme will need to be modified (for reasons outlined below) if it is not also to run into problems.
5-5The forage deficit caused by extensive irrigated cotion development cannot be simply siibstil|
the large-scale irrigation of fodder crops. On the purely technical level there is no preccdcr Middle Awash for sustained high yields from large areas of irrigated pasture, the management ^f pastures, by continuous or rotational grazing, by cutting and carrying green material. o by
r
making, has not been resolved; the feasibility of regulating access io the pasture, and of r^sirictj' its use to certain groups al certain limes, has not be;tehnaessntaobt lbiseheende:stthaebeliscohendo:mtihceseocfonomics of *
w -r
_
pfoduclion under these conditions is unknown, and lhe probability of the government being wj||^
u "<Hj
nt in iiie
iChQqCf
to subsidise such a system indefinitely has nd been sufficiently assessed.
c■■■
-        ■ I - JT“ fa.., I L — — — — ■ L . iTifl. «■ ■ jH.n t lit rwr*
In short, there are serious doubts as io the wisdom of continuing with large-scale irrigated pnsiur( projects such as Galifage and Angelele. In consequence, recommendations for alternative methD<h of promoting Afar economic and pastoral development are elaborated in the following chapters of thij report,
5.6 Past Attempts tn Solve the Wood Supply Problem
When the irrigation projects first started the supply of fuelwood and building timber was not i problem. The land ihui was being cleared provided both sorts of wood close to where it was needed, and it it was not al hand lhe new vehicle fleet could transport ii. There were also capital fundi available to buy Eucalypi building poles from lhe highlands io build labour lines and oiher buildings
In lhe original banana plantations al Mclka Sadi trees were planted along some field boundaries to protecl lhe crops from strong winds. The species used for wind-breaks were mainly poplar (Popwh*1 deiroidej)„  eucalypi (£uccr/ypfuj sagejitfj), and cnsuarina (Ctfjwurirta r 9 litreh/o/fa). Other introductions used for wind-breaks include mangoes and Pifhfcolobiwm dulce.
This practice was not followed in the cotion plantations, because it was believed that the trees would interfere with lhe low flying spray planes. Tree planting was noi undertaken along canal banks, because trees can gel in the way of canal dredging operations and dead tree roots are said 10 product leaks in embankments.
However* the Stale Farms made considerable efforts 10 improve the environment of their livinf quirters and offices by planting amenity irees. A wide variety of species has been planted around a11 the settlements. All trees have lobe irrigated to start lhem off and, in camps on low hills above II* irrigated watertable or ouiside the irrigated areas, watering has to continue indefinitely it> ,uStfl' growth throughout the dry months.
5-6r
sesban and Prosopis juliflora and general purpose trees such as Parkinsoma aquilata. Casuarma
cquisrtifalia. Eucalyptus camaidulensis. Acacia cyanophyllum. Cardia africana. Albixia lebbek an
Hfhrcolnhjum dulce. In most cases the trees have been planted for amenity purposes, and there has
been little attempt to plant trees to supply fuelwood, fodder or building timber to date.
The State Farms are aware oT the need to provide wood for their future needs, and they do use the planted trees to a limited extent for their own building purposes. Only in the last few years have they started planting trees with the objective of creating future construction timber. However, by far the greatest need is for the fuel wood that is used every day by the labour force. So far the State Farms have made no attempts to plant trees to meet this need.
There is a small tree planting unit attached to the Middle Awash Agricultural Development Enterprise at Melka Sadi. It runs a well-organised nursery which aims to produce up to 500 000 plants a year. At present it receives virtually no funding, and plants are raised in polythene tubes donated by Forest Department nurseries through personal contacts. The nursery has no wheelbarrows or watering cans and little other equipment. Plants arc watered using tin cans with holes in the bottom, which takes up much of the labourers’ time. It should, however, he recorded thai World Bank funds totalling Birr 117 000 have been earmarked for tree planting on Class 6 land adjacent to the Melka Sadi State Farm headquarters.
The trees produced are mostly planted in 'pockets’. These axe small areas, rarely over 1 ha. near labour and administrative camps, where trees can be established using wastewater from domestic supplies. One reason why little has been done to produce fuelwood for the labour force is the abundance of canon stalks after the cotton has been harvested. Cotton stalks arc a satisfactory substitute for firewood for making small fires, as they light easily arid give sufficient heat to boil water. In theory the 10 800 ha of cotton cultivation could provide over 20 Q00 t of fuel. This would imply that it could be all transported to the labour camps before it had rotted, and could be burnt in ihe 4 months between harvesting and the next growing season, io minimise the risk of the rotten stalks harbouring cotton pests.
Al present all State Farm managers discourage labour from stockpiling cotton stalks in labour camps, because of the risks of pest infections: some managers forbid its use altogether. Although unsatisfactory in many ways, cotton stalks remain widely used, as they are free and reasonably abundant. Much or this resource would be lost to the local fuelwood balance, if plans to process the stalks imo briquettes, on a large scale, go ahead. These plans were described as pan  of a feasibility study in the UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. 1986. during which a sample of about 100 kg was shipped to Europe and a test batch of briquettes was produced. In the testing procedure only 38% of ihe original cotton stalk material ended up as briquettes. 9% being Jost
The comments! amenity tree is neem (Azidcrachra indices) planted for shade and its repuia keeping mosquitos away. Other species include pure ornamentals such as flamboyants , reg/o). African tulip trees (Spashndia nHofiea)h fodder trees such as Lejiccreao lewt 0  _phata &
£
5-7„m
Mqo^i F»te,,i.„.r(M»>.o»«“ «*
^“ing ,be !Ulk! *“ '27%1 ™'"
■"« »a,
. hich simulated handling only half lhe briqnelles survived iMacl. JO* bong broken rnlo small p|e, and 20% being lost as dust
Al    1985    prices    this    project    required    a    capital    of    USS    1.15    million    and    a    working    capii.j USS  530  000.  If  the  operation  goes  according  to  plan  all  costs  will  be  covered  by  selling  5  000t briquettes  al  114  Birr  a  tonne,  delivered  to  Addis  Ababa  No  account,  however,  is  taken  of  losses  i transportation  or  of  shortfalls  in  production.  Producing  5  0001  of  briquettes  at  the  factory  gate  wOtl| involve removing 13 000 t of cotton stalks from the Slate Farm fuel supplies, or about half the croj
Past proposals for increasing wood production in the Middle Awash irrigated ajca.s have all beer based on using land that was only marginally suitable for irrigation. These proposals take no accoun of the land owning patterns of the Afar. All the areas proposed arc either settled by, or heavily used by the Afar for grazing and browsing. In some cases they represent almost all (he remaining land available to a particular tribe ihai has not been alienated as State Farm land. All attempts to plant trees on these areas have been met with strong resistance by the Afar.
In   a   report   produced   in   1986   entitled   ‘Tree   Species   Selection   for   Afforestation   Programme   in   Melki Sadi   Stale   Farm’,   by   Kidane   Mengistu   and   Debakew   Bcrkc   of   the   Stale   Forest   Conservation   and Development   Department,   the   authors   recognise   the   fuelwood   problem   faced   by   (he   people   of   Melki Sadi  Farm.  They  proposed  that  some  86  ha  of  undeveloped  land  between  (hr  Melka  Sadi  Stale  Farm HQ  and  the  Awash  River  should  be  planted  up  with  a  mixture  of  eucalypts,  casuarina,  neem.  Albino lebbek,   Acacia   mlotica   and   Conocarpus   lancifolius.   They   also   recommended   a   further   nine   species for   testing   in   trials.   Details   of   nursery   procedures   were   given,   as   well   as   plantation   management techniques.  This  proposal  was  extended  in  1988  to  400  ha  in  a  report  written  by  Tliaye  Kibade  and Taye   Beyane   of   lhe   Natural   Resources   Conservation   and   Development   Department.   The   areas   to   be planted  included  extending  the  86  ha  recommended  in  the  1986  study  to  230  ha.  an  urea  of  about  N ha   in   a   strip   along   the   western   dyke   between   Melka   Sadi   and   Melka   Werer.   25   ha   in   a   triangl4 bounded  by  the  eastern  edge  of  the  irrigated  area,  the  main  access  road  to  Melka  Werer  and  the  ma'" canal, and 73 ha in a triangle at the northern end of the Amibara irrigated area.
Subsequently   Robertson   (1989),   the   environmental   consultant   for   the   Amibara   Drainage   ProjecI     J' commented on the 19Kg report pointing out that:
(be sites needed to be more clearly defined,
before planting, end products should be clearly defined: ill phniaiions would need irrigating;
Ik..... .r .ie„i„e
„ eaI
mdereJ1(nlaKd md.
the plantation s expected yreids and benefits had
not been given.
He also strewed the opposition of the Afar
Io any Change Of |aniI usc On ttlcSE sj(eSi5.7             Environmental Protection Initiatives
Environmental    degradation    in    the    form    of    overgrazing,    deforestation.    and    related    sheet    and    gulley erosion   is   a   serious   problem   in   the   Middle   Awash.   Soil   erosion   and   conservation   in   the   Awash   Valley has    been    extensively    reviewed    by    Halcrow    (1989.    Annexes    D,    E)    hut,    as    virtually    no    conservation work   or   research   has   been   done   in   the   Middle   Awash,   ibis   report   is   somewhat   theoretical.   It   is   noted that   the   Department   of   Communal   Forestry   and   Soil   Conservation   Development   of   the   MOA   is   the responsible   department,   that   overgrazing   is   the   major   problem,   that   there   arc   no   plan*   for   erosion control   in   the   huge   areas   of   grazing   land   in   the   Middle   Awash,   and   that   'there   is   no   practical   solution in   sight   to   improve   the   management   of  grazing   land,   nor   to   hold   constant  or   reduce   the   total   numbers of livestock' (Halcrow 1989).
Robertson (1989) discusses environmental issues in his report to the Amibaxa Drainage Project I, w hich is mandated to address some of these issues. The project is currently establishing a fenced plot in order to study vegetation regeneration, and as far as is known this is the only anti-degradation initiative in the Middle Awash, apart from various measures to control the flooding of thr Awash River; these arc limited to the irrigation schemes,
59CHAPTER 6
THE PROPOSED PROGRAMME FOR PASTURE AND FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT
IN THE MIDDLE AWASH
6.1         Essentials of Che Approach Adopted
The Government of Ethiopia has implemented a number of programmes for the benefit of the Afar, including the irrigated grazing scheme at Angelclc, which is currently being implemented. Despite the scale and the cost of these efforts, none has been very successful. In this section new proposals for pasture and forestry development programmes arc outlined, which also incorporate measures to deal with the broader problems of environmental degradation. First, however, the problems encountered in ihc earlier schemes are reviewed.
Some of the more popular projects, from the Afar point of view, are clearly unsustainable. The grazing scheme at Galifage. on ihc Lower Awash, for example, provides free irrigated pasture to all who wish use it. The Afar participate in the scheme bul bear none of the responsibility for its upkeep.
In ihc govern merit-supported Afar projects studied the Afar were only nominally concerned wiih the operation, management and maintenance of the project. li seems unlikely that any would survive withdrawal of government support.
With   a   few   notable   exceptions,   such   as   the   Afar   farmers   assisted   by   rhe   I   AR.   government-sponsored projects for the Alar seem to have certain flaws:
(a)               They   arc   too   big.   the   scale   and   complexity   of   the   management   required   to   keep them working precludes most Arar from participation in their management.
(b)               They    are    too    'intractable':    settlement    or    grazing    schemes    usually    occupy    large blocks     of     land,     which     arc     expected     to     provide     Afar     of     different     clans     with opportunities   for   farming   or   grazing,   ignoring   the   fact   that   such   blocks   mostly   fall within   the   traditional   territory   of   one   or   two   clans.   This   arrangement   has   given   rise of conflict of various kinds which are detailed in Annex 8.
Il   is   clear,   following   this   experience,   what   should   be   avoided,   and   what   shoold   be   mcorporated   in future Afar programmes. To be avoided are:
large scale and complexity of management and technology;
6-1IjrgE  single  blocks  of  land  to  be  developed  for  use  by  several  or  many  clans  uni have  an  established  tradition  of  co-operation  and  expressly  wish  to  work  together designated land;
taking  land  out  of  Afar  clan  territories  and  into  government  control,  and  after  ‘improv^ il. offering it back to the Afar as a project or scheme intended for their benefit;
projects  which  will  depend  on  continual  external  support  and  assistance.  because  they neither economically nor institutionally sustainable;
starling any project or programme without cilheT the corporate agreement (on a clan or sub clan basis) or the active participation of the Afar, even if this means that the initial aciiorn are very modest and tentative.
To be incorporated into an Afar programme arc the concepts that:
Afar need convincing that this programme is actually an opportunity for them. This cannot be done by words but. initially, only by direct actions which are to the immediate benefit of Afar, such as the provision of medical and veterinary services. This would be technical^ and administratively fairly simple, Tn this way trust could be established for joint ac»™ with the Afar on the more complex issues of land and livestock;
the action should be seen by the Afar as their action, taken by them, on their own bekalf
albeit with some a.ssjstance from ih
therefore   be   to   enable   Afar   to   °   Pr°*ramn,C*   A    cenCraJ     objective   of   the   programme   *t0
circumstanCCS and
confldcn“ in ihcir ability to adapt (o chanfi’i
*" ,htH 10 ""denake increasingly ambitious net.vines: ’
the  programme  should  be  flexible  and  open-ended,  designed  to  evolve  at  h   ra direction determined primarily by the Afar themselves;(he physical layout of (he programme - irrigated pasture blocks, gardens, orchards, settlements, etc - should conform lo the A far s’ own conception of clan territories and their boundaries, and lhe rights lhai various groups and individuals have within those territories. This will require a radically different approach to land use and physical planning to that usually adopted on an irrigation or settlement scheme.
Tl follows from this analysis that the existing Afar settlement and irrigated pasture schemes, and the proposals for the Afar in the Angelelc-Bulhamo extension, will need lo be adjusted in order to avoid the above problems.
Il must also be remembered that the Afar arc suspicious of the government's motives, yet for any programme io succeed it is essential to gain lhe Afars' irust. This could be done by providing them with a range of basic services which they have often asked for bur have seldom received, (f, however, they came to believe (hat lhe aim of lhe programme was to secure their acceptance of further State Farm development on their remaining dry season grating land, it is highly unlikely that their trust and co-operation would he forthcoming. Nevertheless, a major objective of the proposed programme is to achieve this end, and in this respect, therefore, there is an element of conflict implicit in the proposals.
Notwithstanding the above, there are strung arguments thai Ethiopia should ensure that its natural resources are used lo lhe optimum, in the overall naiional ini crest In (he Middle Awash this will entail convening the natural grazing, which is the basis of Afar existence, into irrigated crop land. If the Afar are to be convinced that justice is being done, a period is needed during which their own programme is established and begins to bear practical results which can clearly be seen to be of direct benefit lo them. This will enable alternative opportunities to be opened to them before more of their hnd is taken for irrigation
h follows that the best interests of the Slate Farms and of lhe Arar will be served by a carefully
phased, programme of improvement and development. This could also accommodate the rehabilitation
of existing schemes, leading to greater efficiency, as well as the proposed pastoral and forestry
programme.
6-2 The Overall Programme
There    art    five    parts    to    the    proposed    Pasture    and    Forestry    Development    Programme,    conservation being incorporated, where appropriate, in each part:
1*                 Advance Programme
2.              Pastoral and Agricultural Programme
3.              Forestry and Tree Planting Programme
6-34             Training Programme
5. Inslhuiional Programme
Each pari of the Programme described in the following pages is elaborated in a schedule q[ piogrammc operation! in Figure 6.1. Further detail about the technical aspects of the Programme will be found m Annexes C. D and E. whilst institutional and staffing aspects are discussed in Chapter g. The Programme is designed to help the Afar to develop a more diversified economy within ibt framework of their existing social structure and system of land rights. It also addresses the problems of the increasing shortage of wood and firewood, and cnvironmenlal degradation.
A, “ 
»n> h,« far-reaching
in,,.,’d ‘7 ‘ ”, ",,1!“k
i
n 2 OtlO to 3 000 ha settlement«
to IW 1,1 be*jr ”7 ''"
|lril'w,(dUl“moc*smelleru
nits of irrigated land - say SO
Of etitt... Stale Zby
.0                 A,„                 “!e                          Z“XdhT'""
5
hi
in ”'“d
with ihc Simc Farms for areas of e u ‘
toe results of the initial test nm™/              **
,CS|      Programme    were    wn     k* applied, and areas of land wmiM u
bank’ unils wh’ch cou,d bc exchanged
° r thc Sutc Farrns- II » anticipated that as
3 SUCCess lbei* these ideas would be broadly
be progressively dedteated to Afar Usc.
The Programme componer)ls „e
Wl,l’ful1 dncuil'ons with the Afar and th
° bot,0,n “P'. In each case, work would sitf
rm
Otder      10       ”,abIish       needs    of    lhe
«    c      ‘    '    "’°'U,,onsinVo,ved       <««    Slate    Farm    Enterprise.    RRC)    >»
° f aCtiQn ind novation of responsZity^
ftsponsibiljiy.
PrObkfnS r’S°lved- and 3 mU,Oi",y
One of the fundamental proble
Of ZZl TCOtl0n neldl Jhopoials to Zst AfS
‘ Pr°Pirnme components.
f °ddcr CauMd by ,h<? conVCrSiC”
“ to rc*e« this deficiency are therefore a f«tuff
The en'irc Pro
gramn e
,
,heu                       —is
ajs °
d<
,obwi "cans of SUPM Ut“,e ’"W* dcvcloprneni W0,Wn,y- This process will assist
th
—• no
to
ng r de?/'
e
MMdIe a"d -
Cf " solely on iranshumant pasioral>stn
""’•lUHih,
6-4r
Figure 6.1 A
a -j
> < - j—i ■•  A-
:;
■ L-J
?
o
□
T- .
■’TF 'a
.o a -o
. o-
III
’. :.‘A ’■;• •.’•'• :z Cj 7
■ ■<: :—r .■■ ,'■:
■ O -5:..;
■ ■. o •■
..' o
.R
—■ — r i-
'
■ ■ ■ *■■:——i—rr
:
o.
Q
r.L
-O-
o
!■ O O:
!=L
McUftutlM - Barilla «i »t K.fT . E>e*MNw«i «
T !!•>>» f
I
TrWaipg
OlHMalw «Hb
I«t«U*4 «|ik <k« ?»«•*•«■
£
4?ACTIVITY
fOAJE J
YEAR!
7RASIH
| J Livestock and Agricultural Programme
1,1  DOO ha Angalele Irrigated Pastura
(a)  Completion of civil worts, curtailed if necessary to serve 100 ha
(b) Discussions wfth East Bank AJara regarding management/ utilisation Issues
(cj Establishment of 100 ha pasture block to determine
Ji--
.> ■■■ i ■■
optimum management eyetem, with or without Alar partlctpatbn on 1 ha individual plots; and Alternative land use
(cropping, forasi ry} Inveetlgai Io ns.
(d) Soil survey and land classification
(e) Balance of 900 ha sown down to ranted pasture including legumes for experimental Afar rotational grazing use, ar use for crop production rice arxVor bananas
(1) Phasing in of optimum management system (possibly pasture production)
2, Smell Irrigated Pasture end Garden Unite on Edge of Existing State Farm (SF) Irrigation Schemes
(a) Negotiation with Enterprise Management and site selection, plot size dependent on Afar dan and Ifvestodi numbers concerned
(b) Establishment of pastures and gardens
(c) Provision of training programme in gardening /fodder handling for Afar participles
25 <w §•
S- ft a)Ftflurefi.l CACTIVITY
(b) Production by consultants of detailed landuse ptan which would respect Afar eJan boundaries for Amlbara Settlement, in collaboration wifi WADA’S ADP redesign of Irrigation system
(e) Implementation of revised landuse plan to include some settlement within the scheme, and provision of some access by animals; recnjimem of additional settlers, and edabfohment of fodder/ fuefwood units
(Ij as (e) above but for Hale Det>il and Awara Malka r»requiredACTIVITY
FJFAJf I
YEARS
FHXSB U
15.  Intergrated  Waler  Supply,  Fodder  and  Range  Conservation Programme for Livestock
I (a) Discussions widi Afars on EAV banks d Awash to determine water and fodder supply constraints/needs Including AJIedeghi Plain • on dan basts
(b)          Development of grsvty fed or pumped waler points around edge of irrigation schemes
I (c) Development of hand-dug wells and surface storage ponds; Including water coBection from rock surfaces and escarpments
(d) initiation of stonefine conservation construction on the contour on eroding areas plus graas/tegume seeding with or without
1 endoaure
(0 Determine optimum siting ol access routes io river frontage
In Bolhamo-Angetete and Kesem - Kebena areas on dan basis
(g) Trial sowing of grass/legume mixtures on selected srles/r roadways to Improve grazing within Irrigation schemes leading to general imptementafon with or without supplementary irrigatioo
(li) Spate irrigated pasture development
- Site investigatior^discusslons with Afare along Awash Plain
ftxxrms
-fnstafaiian of 2 stone gabion weirs In Wadis and seedhg of command area on trial baste
* • v *
• ' • .
' ... ■
X/
• monitoring and control
- extension of operations If trial succBsshiiACTIVITY
e, AJhdeghl PWnt Programme
(a} Inuesiigation erf the Alar - loss proWem: dtscusstons with ail parties involved
(b) Review erf Animal Hoirfing Centre & Quarantine Centre operations leading Id
(c) Possible revision <rf praceedures and Integration of Afars/
Issas Into scheme
(d) Initiation of on-siatlon trial programme to Improve grailng, Including] sowing grass / legume wilh orwilhout browse mixtures, leading to
(e) Programme of pasture rehabintallcn and enhancement Inked with 7c above and production of plains management ptan based on clan boundaries
7, Animal RequleHlea Programme
(a) Discussions with Afar on EW banks to gain an overview ot current reqiw sm ante (eg a nrthelml ntics, feedbiocfcs, tools etc)
(b) Recruitment & (raining of unpaid Afar Add auxiliaries
(c) Procurement of supplies
(d) Establishment of revolving fund, and erf centres on both E/W
rrAJB J
JtmQCOOQO
banks
'■•
(e) Continuation of programme Including monitoring
B, Livestock Marketing
(a) Discussions with Alar oh E/W Banks to determine current offtake ^marketing arrangements
(b) Livestock Marketing Consultancy
(c)   Enabling activities to improve/enhance inks with private sector purchaserand clans wishing to sell more livestock, and possibly with Alledeghl Livestock Centre
□□oapoD
T1 3
O) "HI
ACTIVITY
III Forestry end Tree PJanling Programme
rwi r
II
,. .
’77
f
J   1,   Development   of   Afer   owned   Tree   Plots   ■
[          for Fir* wood Product ton
(a) Discussions wth alate farms teaarttoff retease of land within present irrigationschemes.
I (b) Enhancement of existing Meker Sadi SF forestry nursery lo
Increase seeding production
(c)          Progressive establishment of the demonstration trial ptote (yrt: 1
£
a.
&
rt
O
«-h
13
.O
I «-t
vrazetc) ;-r
wj
I CD
(d)
Discussions with Alare on basis of lhe demonstration p
lots
B
3
leading 10
(a} Programme of establishment by Alans of indhlduafly owned tree plots associated with 100 ha pasture ■ garden initiatives
2, Planting of Roedskfe Verge* within Irrigated Areas with Leuoeene for Browse, Firewood Production end Shade
I (a) Consultation with Slate Farms and Afar* lo secure release of land and resolve ownership issue* eg of firewood and browse
can Don 1  □QUMO DOlJtldOfllf
:  ■
:
■7v?
1
. .«•.
dan basis
(b)          Establishment of nurseries
(cj Erection of fencing and porting up of selected sites
Ji-
(d)          Afar training programme In utilisation of Leucaena browse using existing oh site Leucaena initially with I AR help
I (e) Progressive removal of fences and imtiaiion of Leucaena utiiisaoon
iconnacffic
Iw
i —*
I ta— ■
Q
I■-1
I
S
"H
O
I *Crt
=T
I3
CL
iniionuonnijiioaoi^
'i
1 
■ ■■ ■>!$.■■ I
■ ■        I
S - ’       . I • • M "’l I .
~’r- ■               ■ ■ ’ J
3. Tree Planting on lhe Eastern Boundary end Western
Parameter of the Irrigation Schemes
(a) Discussions with the PCC ad the State Farms regarding retease of irrigation water taftngs
(b) Dtecuesbne with Afar dan teadart and State Farms reganing management and allocation of the E boundary tree belt
(c) EstabhhmwX of nurseries ;
(d)  Phased planting of the eastern boundary and western perimeter tree belts (wfth or without browse sfwubs) j
‘ • 1
lOODQODOI
IIC
ACTIVITY
l, Tree Planting on Abandoned Salins Arsa* wtthfq State Farm Irrigation Schemes
>4                                            4
7 
f«Att If
• 10
r.
Q Dfcwuastone with State Farms regarding release of abandoned land "
(b) EstaMlshrnent of nurseriee on Stets Farms
(c) Establishment of harvesting and safe pracoedwes with enterprise managers, phased planting of sahne areas,
S, TpreroegPrelasnstiivneg hAarrovuensdtinSgtaotef pFoalrems WenodrkfiererswVoiolldages
(a) Olscusstons with etale farms regarding release cl land for
; tree planting
(b) Establishment of nurseries
(c) Establishment of harvesting and sale proceeduros with enterprise managers
{(f) Phased planting
(e) Progressive harvesting erf poles and firewood
6, Planting of Fruit Traea and Browse Around State Farma Village* and Afar Compounds
(a) Discussions with SF managers end Ater dan leaders regarding planting strategy and use of Iru# and browse
(b) Introduction of fruit end browse species hto suitably located nurseries
looodooacoonninnnmooo
i’J
JoanboobctioDfjbbo!t□)'□□□
ts
1
I*
(c) Establishment of demonstration plots and extension programme to promote planting campaign
(d) Progressive planting wHh extension backup
(Dale palms would be included if trials show them to be suited io
l<-
OTOQCOor
the area)
..
7, Establishment of Shelter Belts
(a) Discussions wilh Awraga AdminfBiratcr, Enterprise Managera PCC and Afar clan leaders regarding Shelter Bel! sites
(b) EstaNteriment of nurseries
(c) Site selection, fencing and planting of Shelter Belt trial blocks
(d) Fencing and planting of Shelter Beris If trials successful
L .T- MF.-
Figure 6.1 H
Schedule of Programme Operations: III. Forestry and Tree Planting ProgrammeQ<i
IV                  Training Programme
I (a) Discussions with Minteoy of AgrfciMure regarding Hie
Mure of Hie Qewane Afar ad Pastoralist Training Cwrtre
(b) Relocation andfer ■MaUNvnent of second Afar training
centre In Aralbera areas; ate Mtection
(c) Prepratfan of contract, construction and procurement of materiass and equipment
(d) Recruitment of staff and preparation of syllabi
(e) Commencement of training course
(f) Visits by Afar and Steering Commrtee to relevant schemes abroad (0) Mentoring and evaluation by training centre staff
l
activity
V
Institutional Aspects
(a) Estabfishmenl and regular meetings of Programme Steering Committee
(b) Possible etrengtHng of Afar co-ortmating Committee^)
fc) Discusslans with concerned parties in an attempt to establish an Afar/lssa process to seek solutions to the proWems of uUWng the AffledegN Plains
(d) Investigation of possibility of establishing service co-operatives in middie Awash
,. 
f
-■          . 
'
...... ■ 14
' ••*...
,
>-•
• Ji-
(e)    ff Investigation poBitve, progressive establishment of ■■ ■<■ ■ ■
co-operatives
.fij
The Advance Programme
Progrnmme Outline
There is an urgent need to implement certain aspects of the Programme without delay, io gain (he confidence of the Afar, which can be done by responding to their often expressed and pressing needs in the fields of human and animal health, education and water supplies. An issue of greater urgency, however, is the continuation of some kind of support to the Afar settlement schemes (from which the RRC has withdrawn), to avoid their total collapse.
A second reason for the Advance Programme is that the Afar have developed an intense suspicion of government or other external involvement in their affairs. They say, with some justification, that they have been given many promises, but very few have been fulfilled and many promises of help have resulted ultimately in their losing more land. The Programme pul forward in this report depends entirely for its success on the trust and co-operation of the Afar, and this will have to be earned. This cannot be done by launching directly into difficult, protracted and contentious issues such as the reorganisation of Afar land-holding. It is best approached by addressing some of the most basic and urgent problems which all Afar say they confront daily. These include the problems of human and animal health.
The  Advance  Programme  therefore  comprises  the  following  five  elements  which  are  outlined  in Sections 6.3.2 to 63.6:
provision of a travelling rural health unit, on each bank of the A wash River, to serve remote
Afar communities:
initiation of an Animal Requisites Programme:
esatbliihmcnt of 4 to 6 primary schools to serve remote Afar communities;
development of domestic water supplies in  areas where water is distant or of low quality;
assistance to Afar farmers on government settlement schemes, where RRC support hits been withdrawn.
*3,2 Traveling Rural He nil h Units
unit would comprise a rural health worker who would be supplied with a 4.Wh appropriate supplies of drugs. The vehicle would double as an ambulance for seri
.
°
*ould  be  established  with  the  hospital  m  Metahara  and  with  the  cltnics  on  the  Stale7^
as
Af „ midwives. Tht ajm
, [o es|aMiRh
-whicb would be visited on a regular basis, hopefully
mti
P,„v..w» b bcl.d«a W U» «—»
„ 
*>“ 
**«*•
‘
’■>"«
os Savc ,hc cm.d„„ P„nd.
»>.
he intludrt;« tor mid-be ™"“’
a similar programme m
63.3 Aninal Requisites Programme
M d„MMe.
There is a widespread requirement among most Afar for simple help with basic animal problem^, which five, nuke may be the most serious. There is a small government initiative, and Freilck technical co-operation provides help on a repayment basis with rinderpest vaccinations.
Since many Afar ire outside these scheme, it is hoped to establish a corps of unpaid Afar fiell auxiliaries who would do the work and supply drugs. These drugs would be paid for. the proceed being used to establish a revolving fund. Such initiatives have been very successful in the Sahel region in West Africa.
6.3.4        Establishment of Primary Schools io Remote Areas
This initiative would be linked with the Ministry of Education, the object being to establish up to six primary schools to serve ihe remoter parts of the Middle Awash, in order to benefit the Afar communities. It is appreciated that considerable problems would be encountered, due to (he mov email of Afar families and the limited knowledge that some Afar have of Amharic. It is believed, however, that as many young Afar are now sufficiently keen to obtain schooling, the initiative should be tried.
6.3.5       Development of Domestic Water Supplies
NOMADEP developed a good number of wells in the Kesem district in the 1970s. A similar initiative naged tor the many Afar areas (hat still lack dependable water supplies. It is hoped that loc*3
labour would be mobilised to excavate the wells, the programme providing supervision, ihe look required and limited supplies of cemeni for use in the construction of well heads. Complicated wa^
lifting equipment is not proposed; buckets and possibly animal power would he the preferred soW* 6.3.6        Assistance to Afar Farmers on Settlement Schemes
wiih^aw^f*"On °^RRC Supporl 10 d|e Afar Settlements is now in doubt. All help haS tractors lhebT \ Se'UCmen’ Md- whilc thc A">ibara and the Hale Debit Schemes retail |W’
cultivation next" J^rercVoevenhT"'"
WhHe “ ” h°pCd
—•6- b.«m Md to„he ' Zrm‘,n,' d"n8“ ’8riC“"“' °P' ' Afar farmers w,]| abandon (heir holdings.
.
6-6This would be a major set-back to the whole process of encouraging Afar to lake up agriculture. As this is a central element of the proposed programme, the provision of interim support until these farmers arc established on a sounder footing is seen as a matter of urgency: a provision to enable this io be done has therefore been included in the Advance Programme.
It is difficult co be specific about the form that this assistance would take, as so much uncertainly surrounds the future of RRC operations in these schemes. If the RRC withdraws from the remaining schemes, it would probably be necessary to appoint a field manager to co-ordinate the interim operation. His first task would be to tour the settlement schemes and list (he immediate needs of the farmers. It is also hoped that the assistance of the IAR. which has considerable experience of helping Afar farmers, would continue to be available The kind of support that would be needed would probably be very basic; procuring a tractor for a few days of land preparation; arranging a supply of seed; ensuring with the PCC that the Afar fanners receive a reliable supply of irrigation water: providing technical advice; transporting crops; etc. These would be short-term activities, aimed at ensuring the continuation of irrigated agriculture on the settlement schemes. Longer-term solutions, which might include farmer training, the development of animal traction and the reorganisation of the physical layout of Afar farm holdings, would be addressed when the immediate viability of Afar agriculture on the settlement schemes was no longer m doubt.
This Advance Programme should start as soon as possible. Il would be relatively simple to set up and implement; it meets immediate Afar needs; it is non-controvcrsial; and its benefits will be felt quickly. It should help to secure the confidence of the Afar in the larger Programme, and it should promote the growth of trust between programme staff and Afar.
The Advance Programme could be implemented by an NGO, at an estimated cost of Birr 3 009 050 (including 10% contingency) for the Phase 1 (see Chapter9). There is. however, the potential problem or susiainability, many social programmes of the kind envisaged here having collapsed when donor funding ended It is therefore envisaged that from lhe beginning of the Advance Programme, the participating Afar would be asked to make a small financial contribution to the initiatives they joined. A suitable mechanism to allow this to be done would have to be established, the idea being that ihesc indigenous funds would enable operations to continue when donor funding came to an end.
The Pasture and Agricultural Prugrionue
<4,1 Development Oplions
hc ree main options for development discussed in detail in Annex E (E3-1 to E3-16). are summarised(.) Larf* Scale Schema (nr Irrigated P«Hire/Forn e
B
A 3 ODO hi Mock of undated pMture. located on heavy black clay soil is being developed
the Bilen and Kuriumc swamps under the Third Livestock Project. It is intended i0
compensation for the Afar who have lost dry season grazing, bui access is to be restricted t0 IWfl clans, and the total herd Ihal could be accommodated on the scheme would number 15 000 cnn]e. Th unresolved problems include:
the difficulty of managing such a herd on 3 000 ha of intensively grazed irrigated land:
the concentration of people and catlie around ihe scheme:
the absence of a clearly defined field layout plan, planting programme, irrigation system or method of land allocation.
Direct grazing on heavy clay soil presents enormous problems under sophisticated management systems and would have no hope of achieving acceptable production levels under the system proposed. The alternatives are cutting and caning green material and hay making: the latter whicli is non-perishable presents fewer problems.
Hay making however has some adverse characteristics including high investment operation and maintenance costs; ihe exclusion of the Afar from the production process: problems of over the (air distribution of Lhc hay; and the difficulty of finding suitable managers for such a scheme in Ethiopia
In view of these problems it is proposed in this report that development be restricted to a 100 hi experimental plot for the time being, on which the alternative methods of utilisation. including cut and carl, hay making and possibly the involvement of Afar in irrigated farming would be tested.
(b) Small Scale Schemes for irrigated Pasture and Forage
Under this option the difficulty of relocating those Afar who live on the periphery of the irrigation schemes is recognised. Instead it is proposed lhai they should be provided with small blocks of Iflnd excised from the existing Stale Farm irrigation schemes. These would initially be planted IO Pas,Ljrc forage in order to gain the co-operation of the Afar concerned. Each Afar family would be granted aboui 1.0 ha, the use of which for hay and green material production would require some 260 r*iaP days  of  Labour.  Direct  grazing  would  not  be  permitted,  unless  individual  animals  were  telhcte Having  involved  these  Afar  in  irrigation  through  their  livestock,  it  is  hoped  that  it  would  then  k possible io introduce ihem io irrigated crop production.
6-8(C)
Individual Irrigated Farm Development
Afar have shown themselves to he averse io collective irrigated firming, but more responsive
[o the cultivation of individually Allocated 0.25 to 0.5 ha plots of land. Future development should therefore be based on such family units, with minimum government involvement. Sites where individual plots could be allocatrd to Afar families include the Amibara Irrigated Pasture Scheme, lhe Amibara Settlement Project, and small blocks of land dedicated to Afar use. excised from existing State Farms The transition to irrigated farming for the participating Afar would probably be more easily achieved if they first produced grass and forage, with crops subsequently being progressively introduced.
6.4.2 Programme Scope
Against this background the Pasture and Agricultural Programme includes seven specific initiatives co be implemented on blocks ol land within the territory of each clan. The estimated Phase 1 investment and recurrent costs are Birr 27 248 000 (including contingencies). However, this includes a two million Birr provision for possible improvements to the Amibara Settlement Scheme and other items that might be susceptible to small cost reductions. As there is some doubt about this hem. (he cost of the Phase I programme could reduce to Bin 20 193 700 including contingencies. In addition it is also hoped that action could be taken io initiate crop diversification on the Stale Farms, and the development of a cotton oil extraction plant at Melka Wercr. These initiatives could make a substantial contribution to livestock Teed supplies in the Middle Awash. As they are rather different From the rest of the programme these items have not been included in the projeci costs. It is nevertheless hoped that findings on these initiatives could be included in one of the irrigation development programmes.
6.4.3 Angelete Irrigated Pasture
For reasons already explained (Section 4.2.3) it is believed that this irrigated pasture initiative should limited to a trial block of 100 ha in the first instance and that the balance of the cleared land
should, for the time being, be sown io dryland pasture, preferably including a legume.
Th
15 w°uld enable critically important management problems to be investigated, including appropriate P^stuTc/legume mixes for the Alluvial Black Clay soils, the method of harvesting, including cut-and-
arT> green fodder versus haymaking and, of critical importance, the most appropriate way of cr ^suring Afar participation.
The
r csu|is of this trial work, which would need to continue for several years, would enable n rational
vision to be made about the future of the scheme.
6-96,4.4 Small Irrigated Pasture and Farm Units Witbin Stale Farms
The idea of pasture development on the State Farms would be io develop a series of clan-h^ enterprises, each unit of which (say 1 ha) would be vested in an individual or preferably a
the clan. Il is envisaged that these individual units would be grouped into blocks, each
maximum area of 100 ha: they would be located on the edge of, bul still within, the State Farms excision of small blocks of developed irrigated land from existing State Farms would enable Uf operation lobe started without delay. The schemes would draw on the experience of JAR suppOn individual Afars, and on the earlier NOMADF.P work. This initiative would include a tra^
element, linked to the proposed training institute.
It is appreciated that this proposal would call for changes in the water distribution systems, to enable a separately controlled water supply to be provided for each 100 ha block. This would be requi^ because the water application regime feu these blocks would net necessarily be the same as rhai fOr the State Farm concerned
An alternative would be to group the 100 ha blocks into larger areas of about I 000 ha each, associated for example with the Secondary Canals Nr 3 in McLka Sadi and Nr 8 in Amibara. This would have the advantage that the present water distribution system would not nEtd to be altered and in consequence additional funding would not be required. The social disadvantage, however, would be considerable, ts il would not he possible to provide blocks of irrigated land on un Afar clan hash. As has already been explained, it is believed that this is of fundamental importance to the success of this initiative.
In view of this and in recognition of the fact that the provision of separately controlled water supplies to these 100 hi blocks will entail further engineering works, a lump sum provision has been made for those works, on the basis of Birr 35 (MX) per 1Q0 ha block (sec Chapter 9).
With regard to the provision of water to the blocks, it is envisaged that two or three division boscJ would be inserted in each field canal to limit the discharge, and thus reduce the problem of *atcr management: the actual allocation of the water would remain the responsibility of the PCC. The opening of furrows would be the responsibility of the participating Afar, who would do this by h®  ^ In due course when they had been introduced io animal traction, animals might be used for purpose.
fl is also envisaged that an Afar Irrigation Water Users Association would be formed to repffS^ those Afars using irrigated land in the 100 ha blocks. The Association would also be represented the PCC Water Adminstration Committee. This is described in mojc detail in Chapter 8.
11
6-106 4 5 Small Irrigated Pasture and Farm Units Outside the State Farms
Small irrigated P^s,orc areas outside rhe State Farms would he very similar (o the units described above* hul they would be cutside lhe State Farm boundaries, h is envisaged that they would draw their irriji-afcd water from the State Farm system.
6                    Improved Management or the RRC SeUkmeat Schemes
Management  of  the  RRC  settlement  schemes  is  an  important  issue;  31  the  lime  of  writing  it  is uncertain what their future is to he.
As a mailer of principle RRC land which has been dedicated to Afar use should be retained for this purpose. However, as noted above, there arc severe management problems with such schemes, and the problems involved probably preclude lhe whole 1 127 ha of rhe Amibara Sctllemenl being turned into individual holdings
In view of the WRDA proposal io redesign the irrigaiion system for the scheme, which will require access to and agreement on a land use plan ( which, as far as is known, has not been produced), it is envisaged thai the first stage of this initiative would be the production of such a land use plan. This might well result in the conclusion that much of or even all of the 1 127 ha should be treated as a land bank, eventually to be handed over to the State Farms for cotton production, against the provision of 100 ha blocks totalling I 100 ha within the various State Farms. There would thus hr an exchange ol land on an equitable basis.
An alternative solution might be to retain one or two blocks of about 100 ha. for individual Afar holdings, with other areas (possibly saline areas) being dedicated to forestry use. with lhe balance of the land being handed over to the State Farms. Whatever solution is eventually adopted, this work will be the greatest importance in connection with the proposed Angelele-Bolhamo development,
4.4.7 Integrated Water Supply, Fodder and Range Conservation Programme
In cases rangeland initiatives would be linked, and would include the provision of water points 'inked io the irrigation systems' peripheral canals and drams, aimed at dispersing ihe present concentration of animals at certain points. This would be a First step in reducing the local pressure on the range.
Various soil conservation measures, including the construction of stone lines, are also envisaged.
CSc ^avc been successfully introduced in Burkina Faso to limit sheet erosion in an environment
Slfn’Iar to that of the Awash. In addition, the accumulation of soil moisture associated with stone Res st,Ould enable grass or browse to be re-established, although the problem of controlling
^'citation would remain. This technique would seem to be appropriate for Lhe land bordering the
4CCCSS road Melka Wercr.K might ah. pm..
di,e,sLon ”'UC'"W!
’«« •«, „ ,
river, to enable Sp.l. Hoods .0 be dinned «, wmer local eree. of pneltee or be„wse.
6.4,8 Alledeghi Plains Programme
The improved use of lhe Alledcghi plains was included in early plans for the devclopmcn[ of
».
Middle Awash, as one means of compensating the Afar for lost dry season grazing, and product^ bores were drilled io improve the water production in Ihis dry area. This has not been successful ,, pan because of lhe Afar - Issa feuding. In addition, a large block of land has become a sheep holrjjRj ground A programme of work, including an initiative lo try to secure some degree of co-opernjQl between the Afar and the Issa, is therefore proposed. Il is reported that improvements were achic^ in Lhe 1970s as a result of discussions between the senior Afar and Issa.
If greater use could be made of these plains and if. as envisaged in the programme, the quality of grazing could be improved, this would be a considerable step in relieving lhe Afar problem.
6.4.9 Livestock Marketing
Vlihuugh most Afar keep the minimum number of Livestock lo cater for their needs, and few animah rc sold. Afar do trade animals from time lo lime, eg in order lo purchase grain. The size of this peration is not known. While it is unlikely that marketing of livestock will be a constraint to evclnpmenl in the near future, it can be anticipated ihai improved marketing will be required jn
/cars to come. It js proposed therefore to investigate the present situation, and to seek ways to improve existing private sector marketing arrangements if this seems appropriate. Intervention in the marketing chain by the state is noi envisaged.
6.4,10 Crop Diversification and Cotton Oil Extraction
In addition there are two important possibilities, which while not included in lhe present programme should be borne in mind in the broader context of development in lhe Middle Awash, as each cciiW result in important benefits to Afar livestock feed supplies:
(a) Crop Diversification on the State Firms
Crop diversification on the State Farms would be aimed at the introduction of dcub]c cropping, resulting in the production of crop by-products suitable for animal feed. Dou^ cropping has been included in most proposals for irrigation development in the e Awash {eg MacDonald, 1987): there arc, however, severe organisational and equips constraints thai prevent this being realised. To resolve this considerable problem it fcK that further studies should be undertaken, as pari or inputs io improve the efficiency * existing irrigation.
CrTl»W!/A/7*F/*P
6-12If the results of these studies were positive its kprno^bha.bklie. that the solutions proposed would
include the introduction of considerable quantities nf
J,
quantities of new equipment, which would be
.
and funding of (he .rd„
w ,ipmtn. and sranspon. The «,Ml in...d.„ion
reaeiWe. -»ukl have to fnllnw a carrfnll, de.ij.ed series or trial.
(b ) The Development of a Cotton Oil Extraction Flint in Melka Werer
(> cJ
At present all (he colton seed (except that kept for next year's sowing) is processed in Addis Ababa, and the resultant cotton seed cake is sold io animal enterprises in the highlands. Thus a source of animal feed produced in the Middle Awash is not available to the Afar cattle in the area.
h  is  therefore  suggested  that  the  authorities  concerned  with  the  major  irrigation  schemes  in  the Awash should consider an initiative on the following lines: initially a colion seed cake feeding trial would be started with selected Afar. If this trial established the acceptability of this food source, the next step would be to commission a study into the feasibility of establishing an appropriate plant at Melka Werer, A plant would be constructed only if the study results were positive. The anticipated costs of a consultancy study arc Birr 24 000. while plant construction costs could be of the order Birr 35 million.
6*5    The    Forestry    and    Tree    Planting    Programme
6.5*1 General
The wood supply problem can best be solved by estimating the demand locally and meeting it, as far as possible, with planted trees. Fuclwood is heavy to transport, so it makes sense to grow the trees as close to where people live as possible. Two ways to do this are to increase the use of improved stoves, already in use in many houses built by the SLate Farms, and to electrify cooking in State Farm camps.
Seven initiatives under this part of the programme aic proposed, of these, three involve the Afar in glowing. ]f this is to be successful it is imperative that the trees clearly belong to the Afar from
'he moment (hey are planted. The Afar must also be given adequate technical help with sue Preparation, irrigation, planting, weeding and protection to ensure success. In most cases this period "eel rot last more than two years in any one area. Once lhe trees are sufficiently well established 10 Rd lheir roots into the shallow water tables of the irrigated area they will need little attention apart f, °m protection, an Afar speciality.
"Um
6-13T. d.«, lhe ,.nd
and e/taB » Pl»» «"
“b""'5 ” 
lu,e *“ 
”«1 bV u.
*-• '• »oul, '
main an an.pieiou. Sian 10 an arforeslaii™ fl««<»"«« '<■»“                «" «"»’«! r»r Ata, „„ "»
it may be expensive io clear, level and irrigate. Tree planting is not therefore proposed
areas.
Details of planting methods, yields, costs, returns, the total area to be planted and gross yields given for each initiative in Annex D. Figure 6.2 shows the suggested locations of the various b]^
of land which would be planted under each initiative, including the eastern boundary and Wcs( perimeter tree plantings and the nurseries involved.
The  cost  of  the  Phase  I  forestry  programme  is  estimated  al  Bin  7  962  616,  including  io$ contingency.
6.5.2 Irrigated Tree Plantations in Saline Areas for Firewood Production within State Fan,
It is understood that some or the blocks on the State Fanns may be completely abandoned In addition, there are small irregular areas within the schemes where cultivation is uneconomic because of the difficulty of manoeuvring farm machinery on them. Il is proposed that such areas should be identified in collaboration with the Stale Farm Management and lhe WRDA A mi bar a Drainage Project (ADP) and. subject io their agreement, these areas would be planted up with salt-tolerant species However, this should only be done when it is clear from the ADP results that lhe abandoned areas cannot be reclaimed by drainage.
Eucalyptus sar^entii. already growing successfully on some of these areas as wind breaks, should be planted initially until other species, which arc detailed in Annex D. have proved themselves. The cucalypt should give stems with a mean diameter of 12 cm, ideal for firewood, after 4 to 5 years. Thereafter it should provide up to 20 m /ha per annum of fuelwood and poles on 3-4 year coppice rotations.
These trees would be the property of the Slate Farms, which should make arrangements to sell the® to their workers or io lhe general public before the first harvest is due. The estimated costs
hectare would be Bin I 561.
Il is proposed that 450 ha of saline land be planted, which by year 9 should produce a steady yiekl
□f  8  100  t  of  fuciwood  annually,  representing  about  21*  of  the  East  Bank  non-Afar  popul**”’’1 demand for woodfuel. An internal rate of reiiim of 43% has been calculated.
3
6-14Figure 6.2
Areas Proposed for Afforestation and Tree Planting
Legend  Proposed  Afforestation  and  Tree  Planting  Programme
Road strip l50ha
Eastern boundary strip 500m wide 1170ha Western perimeter strip
Natural forest Io be left unditurbed
Farm Woodtots 880 ha
Nursenes
Main Nursery
Salme areas 650ha
Possble Sites of Land for Afar use within the Angelele-Bolhamo Scheme* Farm  Woodlots  for  development  within the Angelele-Bohamo Scheme
Salme  areas  tor  development  within the Angeiele-Bolhamo Scheme AngeWe-Bolhamo Scheme Limn Currently Irrigated areas (1990)
Actual sites to be confirmed after surveys of Clan land3 Irrigated Wood Lots next to State Farm Worker Labour Quarters
Simile procedures to those outlined above regarding the release of State Farm, as well as the management and utilisation of the trees, would be agreed with the Slate Farm management. The idea underlying this initiative is to provide each workers’ village with as much of its own supply of firewood as possible near the village itself. This would reduce the destnjeture of natural vegetation and hopefully, make the work-force more productive by reducing the lime and effort they have io spend collecting fuel wood. The trees could either belong directly to the State Farms or growing, protecting and selling them could be contracted out to private individuals.
The costs, which would be similar to those for the saline plantations given above could he reduced to I 013 birr per ha if the tree owners provide the labour.
Il is proposed that 430 ha and 70 ha should be planted in this way on the east and west banks respectively, and that some of the unused land on the Settlement Schemes could be used for this purpose. A steady yield of 7 200 I annually from 400 ha is anticipated.
6.5.4       Eastern Boundary Strip and West Bank Perimeter Tree Planting
A belt of trees could be established along the eastern and western boundaries Io supply firewood and/or building poles. They would be pump-irrigated from the Stale Farm peripheral canals and drains. Their width would depend on local circumstance such as topography. local demand and water availability. Priority should be given to planting those areas where natural vegetation is absent or sparse. The ownership of the trees within the bell, either Afar or State Farms, would have io he clearly defined before planting. Fencing might be needed in order to achieve establishment. The division of ownership between Afar and the Stare Farms would have to be negotiated with ihe appropriate Afar clan chiefs.
The species would include those proposed for the saline areas, plus local Acacias, planted on KOO ha of unproductive land, at a cost of 2 116 Birr/ba. The anticipated output after year 9 would be 10 800 I per annum, equal io about 28% of the East Bank non-A far population’s demand for woodfuel. The internal rale of return is estimated to be 24%.
4.5.5       Irrigated Roadside Forage Strips witbin the State Farms
So
e of (he roadways within the irrigation schemes arc very wide. Even when allowance has been
^ade lor access by dragline to maintain the canal, and for land on which to dump the sediment, there 15 ’till sufficient land to accommodate several rows of trees. Il is therefore proposed that these road
cr Res be converted to Leucacna-Sesbania-Caliiandra plantations, which would be used to provide r °wsc and Firewood. Ideally the Afar should own these trees, as they will use the browse.some 4en.oo.uMbn Pio« » «>•«'“ 
Hooe-ee. i< ■« *
u                       M „ i. IS
**
„ , w. P —‘
10 ,.M<
l ell „ smenny do*- P'»K '™“la
»«««« led
U "—’ «**
b ',,S ’”'d **
„« ,-M.y «««’“
P
rt
— pw.ee.- -
iniuMly .= pe«».
*• * M kepl 4 m .» .««4
“ re-“S'‘ h‘ "",7 ’*"*
P'»e
about 3 «• The height of the he
It is proposed that 40 and SO ha should be planted on the east and west banks respectively ai a
of 2 804 Birr/ha, Annual yields or fuelwood and fodder could be 10 l/ha and 30 l/ha. The steady yj from 70 ha after year 6 would be some 2 100 l of dry fodder, equivalent to the yield from abo
700 lia of natural riverain grazing.
6.5.6       Afar-owned Irrigated Tree Plots
A Tars supply a good deal of the firewood which is used within the State Farm settlements. In doty so they are depleting their own riverain A cacia nilotica forests, with damaging environmental restrict h  is  therefore  proposed  to  encourage,  by  means  of  appropriate  consultation  and  use  o! demonstrations,  a  number  of  Afar  to  establish  individually  owned  tree  plots  which  would  kt associated with the 100 ha pasture-farming initiatives.
The species to be planted would be the same as those used in Slate Farm irrigated woodlots, estimated establishment cost of 1 013 Birr/ha^ assuming the Afar provide the labour. If 130 ha com- be planted, the anticipated fuelwood output at maturity would be 2 340 I per annum. The estim^ internal rate of return is 43%.
6.5.7       Planting Fruit Trees and Browse Around State Farm Villages and Afar C<jmp°ui
The absence of both fruit trees and browse is a notable feature of the area, although a s made recently with some planting. Il is therefore proposed that a dialogue should
Stile Farm managers and clan leaders about this possibility. A scries of demonstration p be established al the same Lime, to show the benefits. Date palms would be i,lC^LI
tart has
programme, if trials showed them to be suitable, although the area may be loo hunu • spjnc^ would include Lfucatna< and a number of other species detailed in Annex D, including CJpwnna, which was introduced to the area in 1975 but never multiplied (sc©
10b
Paragraph 5.4) Yields would obviously be variable; Leucaena will product from w
_
>> ./ha herb**
jt,
mailer up io 70 t/ha when irrigated. The costs involved would mainly be minor items totalling some 2 SOD Birr/ha.
6-16At c
erw
Establishment of Shelter-belts
._Min times of [he year wind erosion is a serious problem in the vea and wind-blown soil may
educe visibility to less than 50 m. The material transported, clay and silt is the finest pan or 'heart p f the soil* Where wind erosion is a constant problem, the fine material is eventually blown away, and all that remains is unfertile sand.
Tins problem can be dramatically reduced by planting sheller-bells of irces al right angles to the prevailing wind, which protect the soil down-wind from the bell, li is therefore proposed that a trial shcltcf-hcll programme should be initiated to sec whether this technique could be fairly widely introduced in the area. Such programmes have successfully been established in Nonhem Nigeria and Mali Growing shelter-belts may be expensive, because fencing and/or guards arc needed in order to gel the trees established. Once this is done, however, and the trees have grown out of reach of livestock, the fencing can be removed. It would be important lo ensure that all parties concerned are fully involved in the enterprise from the beginning, and that they benefit from the ouicome; browse and/or firewood can be harvested from such belts. The estimated cost per hectare of shelter-belts, eight rows wide is 1 794 Bin.
6.5.9 Nurseries
If people are to he encouraged to grow trees it is very important that seedlings should be readily available. Ii is therefore proposed that a nursery should be set up in each Slate Farm camp to provide plants io nearby users. These nurseries can be very simple; all they need is a nurseryman with some experience, some simple tools such as watering cans, hoes, shading materials and polythene tubes and, most important of all. a reliable source of waicr as close to the nursery as possible.
Environ mental Protection
Sound land use is the best way io control, or better, eliminate environmental degradation which, in : he Middle Awash, is caused by overgrazing and the destruction of woody vegetation. This will entail mcreasmg the production of fodder resources and planting more frees. The concept of sound land use 5 embodied in the Programmes proposed in this report, and mosi of them combine improved land use
1,1 ar| ^’degradation measures as outlined below.
Uc h of the grazing-induced soil erosion - sheet and gully erosion, and wind erosion-could be
ted by providing alternative sources of animal feed, thereby allowing the herbaceous vegciaLion *o ld°VCr **d educing the erosion. The alternative course of action, reducing animal numbers,
ai ihe moment be virtually impossible.However. <hcci and wind erosion is so bad in some areas, (eg on the land between th,<IC- Aassab hiok
■nd Mclka Werer) that direct action in the fonn of shelter-belts is proposed. These can *
'
purpose if the planting includes firewood and browse species. The tree planting within and margins of the irrigation schemes would also be multi-purpose, aimed at reducing wind a,<>n*!llt
the schemes (prevalent after cultivation, but before the crop has grown) as well as prov’d- Cr° °
!i
n 0,1
and/or browse. The destruction of woody vegetation for firewood and building
p0 es
|
countered by the above initiatives, as well as by the development of various types of *°
j j - vi wood lo|
Uld *
Increasing salinity is another serious degradational problem within the irrigated areas; the ADP win start a series of drainage operations in December 1991 to drain part of the area and initiate practice to reduce the salinity problem. Following ADP operations, any fields which are designated fa permanent abandonment would be planted to sail-tolerant trees to provide wood. This would also help combat the salinity problem by reducing groundwater levels (through increased transpiration from the trees). rising ground water being one of the main causes of salinity.
In summary, the various initiatives proposed can be grouped as shown in Table 6J in terms of then role in limiting degradation.
TABLE 6.1
Effects of Pasture and Forestry Programme Components on Land Degradation
Feature of Land Degrade lion Improved
lalUallta
Sheet
froiiDn
Gully
erosion
Wind
rroiion
De uni ci ion of
woody
vcgolation
Rinf*-
land
1 degrad ation
'SaJipii?
»r
jrn|i«^ land
PaKvrr Profriomf
Ang&tcje 'Irrig.alcJ Paituit ImjjiLed uniti vruhm Slate Fbhdi knitted until oQtcide Slate Firmc Crop divtrnficilicni a  Stale ianru
n
Cohoe oil plant U Melka Wcrcr
lntc|riiicd waler. fodder and um^t c&eii. Alledcjhi Plami pro£runsic
Fareitr; and Tree PliBlJng Pro^rtHne I AHr-owned Um p)ou
RtiLdndc ptiniini in imfticd arem
Trrr planting or> euurn boundary
Tree planting on ixlrnr heu
i Tree planting around »oifccri' villa^ei
Frail imAnwu plant mg n<ir corapoundi Stfl] If r-he|ii
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
A
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
X
•AW
X
X
X
31
XJ. The Training Programme
6.7
Thc/e is a training element tn many of itie initiatives outlined above, and it is fell that the whole irairnng exercise needs a tangible focus. There is already an Afar and pastoralisl training centre al Qcwane, bul its future is uncertain because of flooding problems a! lhe sile. Il is understood that the centre may be moved, and lhat ii could be relocated in rhe Melka Werer area. It is therefore proposed that these questions be lhe subject of discussions with the Ministry of Agriculture and ihe other parlies concerned
Wherever the centre or centres are finally established, a series of training courses are envisaged to provide general support lo lhe Afar programme. The courses would not however be limited lo Afar, and those for example concerned with tree planting would be open to nil: Afar. Slate Farm workers, managers, anyone in fact who wished to participate in the tree planting programme.
It would be imporlant to keep the training closely related to problems al field Level. Monitoring and evalQition would therefore be done by the teaching siiff as part of their normal duties.
It is also envisaged that lhe training would include visits to enable A far* to see how far problems similar to those in the Middle Awash had been dealt with elsewhere. This could include visits abroad, for example to pastoral development schemes in Sudan, which are helping pastoral people to start small agricultural holdings.
In addition provision would be made for language training al lhe Centre: Courses in Afar would be provided for Programme staff, as well as courses in the Amharic for the Afar.
The financial provision for lhe training programme is Birr 2 572 900, including 10% contingency. This includes money to enable a new centre to be constructed at Melka Werer. if this is agreed, and provisions for staff salaries, and training programme scholarships.
6-19iiCHAPTER 7
THE ANGELE-BULHAMO EXTENSION
■j | Introduction
Although the Terms of Reference for ihr present study referred specifically to the provision of sound proposals to alleviate the problems of lhe pastoralists in the Middle Awash, they also called on proposals to devise a plan to restore the ecological balance, following the expansion of irrigation development in the region.
It is believed that the proposals outlined in Chapter 0 should, if implemented, go a long way to achieving the above objectives. However, underlying the proposals made in this report are several ideas, including respect for traditional Afar clan territories, which, if honoured, would require modifications to the present proposals Tor the Angekle Bolhamo extension (NEDECO. 1986).
In  this  chapter  the  implications  of  the  suggestions  for  a  Pasture  and  Forestry  Programme  are considered in relation to the proposals for the Amibara-Bolhamo irrigation extension.
7-2 The Halcrow - NEDECO Proposals
The HaltTow (1975) and NEDECO (1982,1986) proposals both recognized lhe importance of Afar social organisation in settlement planning. They also correctly calculated ihat full development would result in the need to resettle substantial numbers of people, and to provide considerable quantities of firewood. Thus NEDECO (1982) calculated that by 1990 the west bank Afar population eligible for resettlement would be about 14 ODO people. In their Case B they planned for the resettlement of
households (3 600 people) with each family to be provided with a 1,6 ha plot.
Their Case C provided for 1 200 households (7 200 people) to be se ttled on I 920 ha. These proposals *ould have catered for 30% and 60% of the eligible Afar respectively; the proportion would of course ^*e lower in 1990. With regard to woodfuel NEDECO (1986) calculated that:
(a) after projcci completion 42 000 people would live on the project area, who would require 54 000 of fuelwood annually, and
there were 9 300 ha of land available for afforestation.
To
cle
,nc ft  this  demand  they  pui  forward  a  number  of  options  which  included  block  planting,  and  the a,| CL and replanting of lhe riverine areas with fast growing species.
alS° m>de 10 pfovi<ie (hc Afar Wllh iTri8aud Kra7inK on 612 ha of pastures plus an
a area of 700 ha irrigated with rain water, as well as a substantial scnlemcni areaThese proposals fully recognised the size of the social problem involved in the propose iiriga developments, and pul forward large-scale, centrally plannrd solutions. Wiih the benefit of °r
ten years’ hindsight, it is now known that these solutions would not work, for the reasons dc|
in Annex B of this report. Major omissions in the planning undertaken included n failure to rccog ? Afar clan rights to the land involved, the problems involved in helping pastoralists to k ' ' farmers, and the immense difficulties of managing the utilisation of irrigated pastures.
7 3 The Need for Revised Proposals
+
Against this background the main question is - what should he done to enable the irrigation extension proposals io be implemented? An ideal approach might be as follows:
tai The efficiency of existing irrigation would be improved, which would probably he the most cosi-effective and quickest way to achieve the government target of increased cotion production,
(h)   While   the   above   was   being   undertaken,   lhe   Pasture   and   Forestry   Programme proposed in this report would be tested, and for those initiatives which were proved successful, the results would be progressively introduced throughout the project
area.
(cl The Angelele-Bolhamo 1986 proposals would be redesigned and implemented, taking account of the lessons learnt from ihe testing of the Pasture and Forestry Programme.
There are. however, some problems with this approach. Firstly, the improvement in the efficiency or existing irrigation operations, the importance of which is widely admitted, lies outside the cornp^ of the present programme.
Secondly, it would he some years before lhe results of the Pasture and Forestry Programme became available for wider applicalion. which, together with the lead time involved in initiating a n<
irrigation scheme could mean a delay in the start of the Angelele-Bolhamo scheme by a number •
years.
While some redesign of the Angelele-Bolhamo proposals will be required to take account of both cost changes in the past five years, and the changes in government policy announced in Mafvh 1            . the extent of this redesign cannot be predicted. This, however, need not preclude selected pat[
the proposed Pasture and Forestry Programme being tested within the area of existing irrigation will uliimately be incorporated inio the lonhcoming Angelele-Bolhamo scheme. In this way a foundation could he laid for the incorporation of the proposals in the Pasture and Forestry progrB f| inio the implementation schedule of lhe Angelele-Bolhamo scheme when this is undertaken-1° the proposed Pasture and Forestry Programme would be targeted initially within the AngL Bolhamo area.
p?H a » mi ffijr A r/wy
7-2, w0Uld be difficult to describe this restricted programme in detail. because the exact limits to clan
" d sub-clan land in the Angelelc-Bolhamo area jS nor known, lhe responsc Qf
involvcd
^finoi be predicted, and lhe future management pattern of the Slate Farms or their successors is nkown. Il is. however, possible to outline this restricted programme, and to give an indicative cost
(or ibis alternative approach. This is done below. The idea would be to implement each part of the pfQgramrne detailed in Chapter 6, but restricted to the Angelele-Holtiamo area, with lhe same iJminiStt^tivc arrangements, hui in some cases restricted in size due to the smaller compass of lhe operations.
The Approach
Pus would be participative and bottom up’ in concept. Talks would initially have to he held with tht A fir clan leaders to explain lhe Programme to them, to sect their reaction to which it would he necessary to respond, and hopefully, with their participation, to plan the implementation of operations on a clan basis.
7.5 The Restricted Programme
7.5,1 Outline
Although smaller in extent, the Restricted Programme would be no less complicated lhan the full Programme: the Programme Office, and staff would therefore be unchanged. The Advance Programme *yuid cover lhe same range of activities, but on a restricted scale, assistance to Afar farmers on settlement schemes being excluded entirely. In detail there would be only one travelling rurat health «nit, ajid only two primary schools, while the animal requisites and water supply programmes would
limited to a sixth and a fifth of those in the full programme respectively.
7.5.2
i1
Restricted Pasture and Agricultural Programme
regard to the components of the Pasture and Agricultural Programme, the proposals for ihe
ht  C ° e !rilllate(J Pasture would be retained in full because the investigatory work proposed would
Ufl damcnial to the whole programme. On the other hand thc small irrigated pasture and farm unit ! P°"erit would be restricted to seven units on thc west and five units on the east bank (see Figure
r »mi|r C'r apprO!l’rnalc locations). They would be limited to 10 ha in size, and if each participating llvo]  r®siricted to a maximum holding of I ha. some 120 families nr 720 individuals would be
'he a       Al,ht)u8|i this is a small proportion of thc total number of Afar likely to be displaced by has to   cle Bolhai’io at fui| development, it is firmly believed that thc approach to Afar settlement
of
Jt||l  C hy sl°* simple stages if there is to be any lasting chance of success. Improved management Rler't schemes and the Alledeght Plains programmes would be excluded from this restricted
'**»•»*,
7-3programme, while the integrated water supply, fodder and range conservation programme womd  h reduced by seventy five percent. It would not be realistic at this stage to predict, as has been d0|)e for the forestry programme, the extent of land allocation for Afar use at full irrigation developm^' the number of unknown factors in the process being far too large.
One problem associated with the restricted programme is the fact that the irrigated pasture and faun plots would be located within what later on will be a bigger irrigation scheme. Fortunately however it should he possible to locate these plots on the periphery of the scheme or adjacent to the old course of the Awash River on the west bank, where there should always be reasonable access to the iand outside lhe main Angelele-Bolhamo scheme.
73.3 Restricted Forestry and Tree Planting Programme
The Forestry and Tree Planting Programme would be similarly restricted. Planting on saline areas would be reduced by two thirds, while irrigated woodlots next to State Farm worker labour quarters would he limited to seven sites shown on Figure 6.1, (about half lhe 500 ha total). Eastern boundary strip and west bank perimeter planting would be limited to 2 km of the latter on lhe southern boundary of the present Dofan block, w hile lhe former would extend over 8 km on lhe north-eastern boundary of the Angekle-Bolhamo scheme. Road side forage planting would be restricted to 10 ha. as would the area dedicated to Afar tree plots, while only a tenth of the proposed fruit tree and browse planting would be undertaken. There would be no shelter bell planting, and the training programme would be limited.
With regard io the forestry programme at full development some calculations have been made. The additional work force required by the Extension will need a source of fuelwood and building poles produced by the Project. The enlarged work force should not be made to rely on the natural vegetation. Wood supplies should be conveniently located in several farm woodlots rather than in one large plantation as has been previously suggested.
The newly proposed locations are all shown in Figure 6.1 The cxaci areas will depend on population of each camp and the ratio of permanent to temporary employees. When the extension areas arc fully operational the additional forestry areas needed will be:
East Bank - Angelele
Afar irrigated plots
wood production
Irrigated plantations
Area (ha)
50
on saline areas
Irrigated Slate Farm woodlois
230
150
Eastern boundary strip
373
Roadside strips
50
Total
853
7-4, w - ’o' '""
10
Afar irrigated plots wood production
Irrigated plantations on saline areas
Irrigated Stale Farm woodlots
Western perimeter strip
Roadside strips
Total
» We Kewm-Kebene-Yalo project g„„ a|,ead.
Area (ha)
90
BO
230
227
60
737
would be:
Afar irrigated plots wood production Irrigated plantations on saline areas
Irrigated State Farm woodlots
Western perimeter strip
Roadside strips
Total
Area (ha)
36
6K6
100
-
120
737
The development of the new irrigation areas would of course release considerable quantities of helwood as a result of land clearing. This would provide supplies for a number of years, and would probably be sufficient lo fill rhe gap before rhe planting came on stream.
7.5.* Costs of the Restricted Programme
°Mhe basis of the above outline proposals for a program llle wits have been recalculated. These are summarised mil
«e restricted to the Angclcle-Bolhamo area.
phase j nnIyTABLE 7J
Summary of Estimated Phase I Costs
for the Restricted Programme (for the Aagelele-Bolhumo Area Atone)
Item
Birr
Programme Of Hee
Advance Programme
Pasture and Agricultural Programme Forestry Programme
Consultants
Drivers and Local Staff per diem Building Maintenance
10% Contingencies
Total
2 218 200 1 259 500 4 896 150 4 218 780
234 000
54 900
57 000
12 938 530
1 293 853
14 232 383
ll will be seen that compared with the full Phase 1 Programme (see Chapter 9) costs would be reduced from some Birr 27.6 million io Birr 14.2 million, li is unlikely that a much larger saving could be achieved, as it is believed that much of the infrastructure and administrative provision required for the larger programme would also be required foT ihe restricted programme.
■' A/F* P/w F
7-6CHAPTER 8
PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION : INSTITUTIONAL AND STAFFING ASPECTS
-         introduction
L'
In ibis section of the report the actions required io implement the proposed .Middle Awash Pasture and Forestry Development Programme are outlined. This will entail, amongst other things, mobilising ( he assistance of NGOs. consultants and local institutions.
Institutional Aspects
gjj Overall Co-ordination and Management
In view of the range of the proposed activities, the number of organisations concerned . and the consequent need for co-ordination, it will be important to secure support for the Programme at an appropriate level within government. At the moment a number of governmental institutional reforms arc contemplated, including privatisation of part of the State Farm Sector (which could include farms in the Middle Awash) as well as departmental reorganisation, which could lead to there being one rather than three Ministries dealing with agriculture. In addition, Lhe proposed Programme could not be easily accommodated in any one of the organisations concerned, which include WRDA, MSFD and S!OA. in view of its wide range of activities.
For  these reasons it is provisionally proposed that lhe Programme be established in the office of the Pr inic Minister and that the Team Leader and his deputy should be directly responsible to litis office
• d is doubtful, based on past experience, whether much progress would be made.It is not, however, the intention to set up another organisation in parallel with those thai c
already. The Programme would inter alia establish small pastoral and forestry teams, hut ih^
be done with a view to these teams being absorbed into the appropriate pari of the government Scrvp after they had been properly established after, say, five years. By this time the government refOrin should have been completed, and the programmes themselves should have resolved any proble encountered.
8.2,1 Service Co-operatives
Il has been suggested that the development of service co operatives for the Afar would be an effective way of providing them with the basic provisions that they need, while at the same time helping them to become more closely involved in the cash economy.
However, given the current changing nature of the Peasant Associations, the Producer Co-operatives and the related Service Co-operatives, it is difficult to make a firm recommendation regarding their introduction into the Afar areas. Service Co-operatives could provide a basis for the provision ol basic Afar requirements including sugar, salt and soap, as well as animal harness, donkey carts, seed, fertiliser and tools for those who join the Pasture and Agricultural Programme.
The requirements to start two or three Service Co-operatives, lhe construction of a store, and the money required to stock them initially would be fairly small, and could be covered by the Advance Programme Operational Fund and/or out of contingencies. At the same time the establishment of such Co-operarivcs could form an important part of the NGO programme. The problems of sustaining such an initiative should not however be overlooked. The existing Service Co-operatives have been constrained by a shortage of suitably trained staff (particularly accountants), the irregularity of supplies, and variable support from the members. All these problems are likely to be compounded in lhe Afar area of the Middle Awash.
Nevertheless, it is an attractive idea, and it could form an important part of lhe NGO programme It is therefore suggested that it is something that lhe Programme Team Leader the Afar and the relevant government officials should discuss early in (he programme with a view to its inclusion in it* Advance Programme.
8.3 Staffing
In the following section the terms of reference, staffing, and other requirements of the Progf* ’ are detailed.
1 11’1
D7i»v>ai..'ju»aF>p
8-2jl if proposed that the senior posts in the Pr0Rrani
»„„„ .»>. sa
<f nr M h ealihrr
S
scnral fcr
««M h,
nd)Cil in concept, and furthermore it WlHcncou ke* Positl0ns
* ^larised social situauon in the Mtddle A / * nUmbcr of *P"iai difficuL^J
rccnj(t™m
is
I, ..II need .he he.p or
rtWOns international recruitment is proposed . ■ .
Mr Woo,,,
"*™> r,«
f           he'r fu" and unblased SDBn
’ who
SJ.l Programme Office
,».d he l«.«d I. Melka Were, an, .ould „mp  SI
„
,
* Pwamme Co o.d,„ .dm,dnd n„„„ 
_ £»
Leader would have the following terms of reference:
To be responsible for
(i)            The  Middle  Awash  Pasture  and  Forestry  Programme,  reporting  io  the  Prime Minister's Office,
(ii)
The overall implementation of the Pasture and Forestry Development Programme
in the Middle Awash, and the co-ordination of the different components of the
Programme. To this end. a Steering Committee would be established, detailed in
Section 8.4.
(hi) (iv)
(v)
(VI)
The com missioning and administration of the various consultancies proposed as part
of the Programme.
The clearance of the annual work programme for each programme component, with
the line Ministry or Government Organisation concerned.
The Programme Budget.
The production of quarterly progress reports.
Tile
ril, Jtdl Eraa,ne T*’,n Leader should be a graduate in agriculture, forestry, anima! production, or
P-ist
Uc
r  SC1CnCC“ *i,h a‘ Ieasl 10 ycars' «P"ien« of ,fopical agriculture, preferably in semi-arid
r °rcs(ry development. In the first instance the post might be filled by an expatriate. The lt         c    Uld b£ spccif'cally responsible for the co-ordination of those aspects of the programme
1h  <lir *°
*hi|e (.CC,ly concerncd the Afar. His role would be crucial to the success of the Programme and. ' ’•PPoiitIntent should be made on the basis of the best man for the job. it would be very250 people. Some of this experience should preferably he in lhe public sector.
8J.2 The Advance Pragramme
It is envisaged lhal the Advance Programme could be implemented with the help of an NGO alread established in Ethiopia, of which there arc several, including the US Save the Children Fund Care and OXFAM, which arc active in the Middle Awash. Of these. OXFAM may be lhe most appropriate
as ii is already active in the project area. The NGO chosen would appoint a Field Miniger, with the following terms of reference:
(i)           To be responsible to the Programme Team Leader for the Advance Programme, to whom the NGO concerned would delegate administrative authority for these NGO operations.
(ii)           Together  with  the  Pastoral  and  Agricultural  Manager  to  be  responsible  for  the Animal   Requisites   and   Assistance   to   Afar   Farmers   on   Settlement   Scheme Programmes,
(iii)         To  he  specifically  responsible  for  the  rural  health,  education  and  water  supply components of the Advance Programme.
(iv)         To  produce  an  annual  work  programme  and  budget  Tor  rhe  attention  of  the Programme Team Leader, and the NGO concerned.
(v)          To produce quarterly progress reports.s h01ild preferably be a graduate with postgraduate training and/or at least seven R rural development in Africa, Previous experience in one or more of the following
fS * cXPcricnCC .
b e: r
i   ural health, education, village water supply development, or agriculture.
Ji*
u $ w0111
j-irk with. t*e*am of four volunteers, who would he posted in pairs to work on the east and
r*c .< of the Awas"-
<cJ)
ban*5
One volunteer in each pair would be responsible for the health and and the other for the water supply and agricultural settlement support
n
e d□a..c^ati*o' nal > >t,a
01
-
The latter migm aim- v
de emed this appropriate.
cover the Animal Requisites Programme, if the Animal Production
in ni*‘ivr
Man*?er
With regard to the professional qualifications and/or experience of the volunteers, it would be
dcirxble if one volunteer was qualified or experienced in the health field (a doctor or nurse), one
in education (a teacher), one in agriculture, and one in rural water supplies (an engineer). The
lg
nculiural  volunteer,  who  might  reside  on  the  east  bank,  would  be  responsible  for  ill  the
agnculmral work of the volunteers, but would delegate this authority to the water engineer on the west bank. The health volunteer would do likewise, delegating his or her authority to the educational volunteer on the other hank. Each volunteer would therefore cover two disciplines, and would have overall responsibility for one of them.
The two rural health workers and the six teachers would be appointed in collaboration with the Ministries of Health and Education, who would be responsible for funding these staff.
MJ The Pasture and Agricultural Programme
The Pasture and Agricultural Programme would come under lhe Pasture and Agricultural Manager, who would be responsible to the Programme Team Leader, as shown in the following organogram.
Tli
c
lUr€ a,1<1 ^Sricultural Manager would have lhe following terms of reference:
U)
r o be responsible overall for the Pastoral and Agricultural Programme.
(U)
To be specifically responsible for the questions of improved management on the
settlement schemes, and livestock marketing-
8-5(hi)
To help organise, with the Deputy, discussion* with Afar clan leaders
mangers, WRDA. 1AR, and others concerned, prior to the establish F
Forage Block and Range Development Programmes.
of
^IT|
the
(iv)
To prepare, in collaboration wilh the Forage Block and Range D vei
C
Managers, an annual work programme and budget.
(v) To produce quarterly progress reports.
The  Pastoral  and  Agricultural  Manager  would  be  a  graduate  in  agriculture,  with  speciali^ij and/or postgraduate qualifications in animal production/range management, and at least seven v1
y?an' field experience, preferably in semi-arid areas, including work in extension. In Lhe event that the post holder were a European, an Ethiopian counterpart, preferably an Afar, would be appointed with a view to caking over nt the earliest suitable opportunity
The Pasture and Agricultural Programme would consist of;
(a)           Forage Block and Agricultural Small Holding Programme
This would be headed by a Forage Manager with an agricultural diploma qualification, and at least five years’ field experience in African livestock/agricultural extension and/or irrigation work, The Manager would be responsible for lhe development of the irrigation blocks (±100 ha) of pasture, which would probably include a number of arable small holdings, ie the 100 ha of the Angelele Irrigated Pasture Scheme, and the blocks within, and ouiride the Slate Fanns. He would work in dose cooperation with the Forestry and Tree Planting Manager in connection with any tree or fodder shrub planting on lhe irrigated blocks, and with rhe I AR with respect to the smallholdings. Consultant support to help initiate the programme would also be provided. It would be important to discuss lhe relationship of ihc Pasture and Forestry Programme to lhe Angelcle Irrigated Pasture Scheme wil* the officials concerned in the MOA at an early date.
ft is envisaged that lhe programme would start experimentally on one block, where different meihnds of irrigated fodder utilisation would be evaluated, with Afar participation. Subsequently, up foof 100 ha blocks would be developed on each side of the river. The Forage Manager would therefor be supported at field level by four Forage ProdiHtiua Supervisors. These should be expend and practical field men. each capable of managing two blocks, the larger part of which would t* ir fodder production and probably hay conservation.
Each block would also require an Extension Agent ■ making a total of eight. Their role would bf«’ disseminate lhe Programme s services to the Afar dan communities. The Agents would intr^' small initiatives involved with fodder, browse and/or crop production, including relevant h>P'cs * tillage development. These agents should be Arar, who would undergo suitable in service trairn"^ either Gewane or lhe Training Centre suggested for Melka Werer,„  „i««d
e
Af "
AumuIm w„.ld k. foim!d. wbicll
“ ■’
^ uld.
Af«r lrrl««io"
| hen have the following members:
PCC wller Admlnism,iol,
Tbe
woU d (
pCC Manager
Representative of Ministry of Slate Farms
IAR (representative)
District Development Committee (representative)
Chairman Member
Member
Member
Settlement Project (representative)
Afar Irrigation Waler Users' Association
Member
Members
would have the following responsibilities:
This committee
(i)          to provide relevant advice and suggestions to water users regarding equitable water distribution and appropriate water use;
(ji) to examine the causes of disputes that may arise between different users and to formulate possible solutions to the disputes:
(iii)        to he responsible for the administration and execution of the various rules, regulations and guidelines regarding:
water use
collection of irrigation water charges
amendments
(tv) to assess the actual need of each irrigation water user and issue guidelines which will be accordingly implemented.
Afar Irrigation Water Users* Association would be the apex of a three tier structure. the other Local Afar Water Users’ Committees and Afar Grasp Users* Committees.
b is
Com
,s aged that each clan-based 100 ha irrigated block would have its own Group Users’
*' ^presenting the individual families participihng in ihe use of the block. These Users* would:
(«)
Hi)
establish the irrigation schedules to be followed in their block:
nominate individuals who would be responsible for the operation of the irrigation
system;
(iii)
help prepare a schedule of irrigation water charges.
h- J
hy ’he
h,Ve 10 ** co’ordl naled Wlth o[her Usets’ Committees an J subsequently endorsed alcr Administration Committee.
8-7A scries of Loen I Water liners’ Committees would also he formed, covering a number nf !hc
j mg a led blocks, possibly, but noi necessarily, those drawing their water from a common sourcc p Group Users' Committee covered by the Local Committee would be represented on the laiier main (asks of these local committees would be io:
(i)           help co-ordinate the technical aspects of irrigated water use on the different blocks:
(ii)          form a link between the Group User Commitlees and the Water Users’ Associate
(iii)         help settle any disputes that may arise between groups.
100
The Afar Irrigation Water Users' Association would comprise one representative from each Loci] Waler Users’ Association and possibly selected senior members of lhe Afar community. The main tasks of the association would include the following:
(i)
preparation  and  presentation
in  the  PCC  Water  Administration  Committee,  of
irrigation  water
requirements
schedules,
based  un  data  supplied  by  the  Local
Committees;
(ii)
implementation within Afar irrigated areas, of irrigation water user directives issued
by the PCC Committee;
(iii)
co ordination of irrigation water charge payments by association members, on a
timely basis:
(iv)
dissemination of information on new developments concerning irrigation water use
to association members.
The relationship of the Association, the Local Committees and Groups is shown in Figure ILL
(b)           The Range Development, CanservalioD and Water Supply Programme
This, the second component of the Pasture and Agricultural Programme, would be headed by a Rflll*e and Conservation Manager, with an agricultural diploma qualification, and experienced in rang management and waler conservation operations in semi-arid areas. He woold be responsible for.
the installation of water points around the irrigation scheme, fed by off-lakes fr£>rn canals and drains (in collaboration with WRDA and the relevant State Farm Managers)-
waler-spreading initiatives, possibly using gabions along lhe escarpment foot to west of the river;
the eastf^
0TtffKD1/A/F*P3*F
8-8Afar Irrigation Water Users’ Association Organisation Chart
Afar Water Users
Association
Local
Committee
1
Local
Commrttee
-—--------------
Local Commttiee
N
!
Group
Group
N
Group
1
1
Group
Nlhe cDns<rucuon of water holding tanks, nsing Afar din llbnur> Dn A||degJij
jUewhere:
the construction of stone lines (particularly on the eroded land between Melka Werer and the Assab Road) behind which browse planting on an experimental basis using Acacia and frojopir SPP would bc undertaken.
would close collaboration with the Forestry Shelter Belt Programme and with the Ami bar a p ainige Piojccl Conservation Programme, both of which are inter-related.
The Manager would be assisted by eight peripatetic extension agents/foremcn who, working through the dan based self-help system, would organise local conservation activities.
The Animil Requisites Programme
The third component of the Pasture and Agricultural Programme would, as noted above, be ^ministered with lhe help of the NGO Advance Programme, the Pastoral and Agricultural Manager being responsible for the Technical direction of the Programme, He would be assisted by a Supplies Officer, who would be responsible for organising the procurement and distribution of requisites including supplies of anhcbniniics and equipment, issued against reimbursement to a revolving fund, for which the Supplies Officer would also be responsible. It is envisaged that in addition to simple animiJ drugs, feedblocks, seeds, handtools etc, could also be supplied. This service would be an interim measure, until demand led to the establishment of normal supply Lines,
1154 Th* Forestry Programme
h « Programme would come under the Forestry Manager, who would be responsible to the
gramme Team Leader and have lhe fallowing terms of reference:
(0           To be responsible for the Forestry and Tree Planting Programme.
With the Deputy Director, to help organise discussions with Afar clan leaders, Slate Farm Managers, WRDA, I AR, the ADP and others concerned. prior to the initiation of the various tree planting and forestry initiatives.
To prepare, in collaboration with the Pasture and Agricultural Programme Managers (who would be concerned with certain aspects of the Forestry Programme, eg the Production of browse planting malerial), an annual work programme and budget.
(iv)
To produce quarierly reports.
89The Forestry Manager would be a graduate in forestry, with al least seven years exp^j.
preferably in semi-arid areas, including irrigated forestry work. Il is envisaged lhai the pCJl
would be a European, al least for the Phase 1 programme. He would be supported by a «
counterpart forester with at least five years’ field experience. This initiative would consist nf
(a) IrTigaicd Tree Plantations in Saline Areas
This would be undertaken by iwo diploma level foresters, who would oversee the wort,; i0 h undertaken by the Stale Farm. The Forestry Programme would provide funds and equipment (tool transport, planting materials) and a work force of 10-60 labourers and 2-25 guards. The need for th latter would progressively decline following lhe establishment of lhe plantations.
lb) Irrigated Woodlots next io State Farm Labour Quarters
Two diploma level foresters would oversee the work involved undertaken by State Farm or private individuals, supported by funds and equipment produced by the programme, helped hy 10-60 Labourers and 2-25 guards.
(c)          Eastern Boundary Strip and West Bank Perimeter Tree Plantings
Two diploma foresters would be involved, one to oversee the State Farm programme and the oiher
to supervise Afar tTee growers A labour force o( 15-60 labourers would be required for the Sure Farm work, plus 2-20 guards, while lhe Afar programme would require 10 foremen.
id) Irrigated Roadside Forage Strips
One diploma level forester, supervising two foremen would undertake I h is programme. Il is envisage J the Afar would contribute (heir labour free of charge; up to ten guards may also be required.
(e) Afar Owned Irrigated Tree Plots
The above diploma level forester would also oversee this programme.
(f) Fruit Tree and Browse Planting around Stale Farm Villages and Afar Compounds
This would be overseen by a diploma level Agriculturist, who would supervise two extension
«
5
inn agCld ’
WiMlOI/AjtaF/*!
810. Shelter Belts
ni , ...Id be Ite <«poMibilils, of Ibe cOTTO „  wr>. and roasihl, some «»«rd . „ 
... bi. Amibara Drainage Project. 
}J j The T ruining Programme
M
s       is c
•o.M
” I)le inpuls fa thir. , 
, 
lh,,tlr for"ide. of  *, b4,' e ,
k
toM
The provision of training will be an important pan of the programme but
held «ith government it is not known whether (his training would Un"'dlSCu”ioni have ^en wining centre at Gewane. or whether a new ce(Itre would bc ^.|( >f “"‘J"*’*'" ” 'he e’i5,i"«
ptovHion has been made in rhe Programme costs. This includes * Doctor, a lecturer, a language tutor and a supervisor for Vtrl" rrfctence would need to be established in discussion with the MOA h h
' ” Wc«r. for which a
i "C,Udi"e 3
“™” °f
wining   in   the   Middle   Awash   is   discussed   For
this   r   «   k   ’   *   ”   “*   Wh°,e     qucslion     °f reason they are not elaboraied here.
SJ Consultancies
M.1 Amib&ra Settlement Lind Use Study and Site Selection of Pasturc/Agricuhural Blocks
Aland use planner experienced in soil survey and land capability classification would undertake Ihis cansulumcy to:
11  > Undertake a review of existing soil, land use, and land capability data far the study
area.
(n the light of current Ethiopian government policy concerning settlement, the work of the Pasture and Forestry Development Programme in the Middle Awash, and the Amibara Drainage Project^ draw up a land use development plan for the Amibara Settlement,
In collaboration with the Middle Awash Agricultural Enterprise, the PCC and State Faim managers, and using the results of the soil survey review, select .suitable sites *nhin and adjacent to the State Farms for development as blocks of pasiure/smalh holdings for Afar use.
Undertake a  soil survey  of the proposed 100  ha  experimental unit of the Angelele ligated Pasture Project, and on this basis draw up a dcvclopment/management plan ( ,rrigaied pasture/smallholdcr farming) for the unit.
8*118.4.2 Livestock Marketing Study
An agricultural economist would carry out a livestock marketing study at a dme in th  p
c
when this can be shown to be relevant. At the moment livestock marketing is not »
a
development
lo  the Middle Awash. TL   he study would:
°8ramnle
nt to
in collaboration with members of lhe Pasture and Agricultural pr determine, by means of spot checks, lhe approximate size and dvnamir
7  <«>i|CS of |L
livestock population to the Middle Awash.
(ii) Seek lhc views of Afar on their livestock marketing needs, and as Far -
41 as Possible
determine the cunent level of offtake and lhe major outlets (markets, exchang
with highland farmers, etc).
(iii)         Assess the potential market for livestock sales from lhe Middle Awash.
(iv)         In  the  light  of  the  information  gathered  propose,  if  this  is  appropriate,  suitable means   of   improving   the   marketing   situation   in   order   to   benefit   the   Afar. Government intervention in the marketing chain is not envisaged.
8.4.3 Forage Block Programme
A forage block programme would be undertaken by a forage management specialist with experience in irrigated pasture production and management. In view of thc limited number of people with these skills, and the need to train Ethiopians in this field, the provision of one and a half man months consultant support to lhc programme is proposed. The consultant would work in close co-operalion with the Forage Block Programme Manager; ii is hoped support would also be provided by the fourth livestock project. The programme would:
(i)   Help   in   thc   design   of   an   experimental   programme   of   irrigated
1
pasture manage* ^
on the 100  ha  irrigated experimental block in the Angclclc Irrigated Pasiu« Scheme,  which would probably  include direct grazing  by  Afar cattle,  cut-and-can? systems and hay  making.  Very  close liaison with participating  Afar would beJfi essential part of this initiative.
Participate in the .election of blocks of irrigated land within and adjacent to late Farms, and in the development of management systems for these blocks 111
mviuged that lhc initiaJ of |Md Me<j ,n Mch wock ^u|d sma(l wouid
** progressively expanded as the Afar gained confidence and inWrCSl participating in these schemes.
8-12Monitor the genera) progress of ihe Fora B|
Forestry  Browse Planimg  Programme,  and ensure (hit iTT”’ *',h 'hC kept supplied with up to  date technical information on" l^" PWSfarnmC “
elsewhere. 
I.M Sociological Aspects of the PBS(ure 1(|d
A social anthropologist would be employed:
To l-.ov.de ndvic, lhc Pro( ramriie
,
programmes (agriculture. fOrcstryi eIc)
being undertaken. 
° n rcltv"' P“‘“«
* 
“"d F’««n Programmes
'
' mana«ers of the various
‘
hc Soci«»o*ical aspects of the work
(jj) To liaise with Afar clan leaders and members of ihe clans to ensure that adequate
accouni was being taken of their needs.
(iii) To develop and initiate a simple monitoring system to ensure that the Team Leader
was obtaining reliable information on the social impact of ihe Programme,
1.5 Programme Administration
The day-to-day administration and co-ordination of the Programme would be the responsibility of ihe Programme Team Leader. To help in overall direction a Steering Committee would be established, on which the Team Leader’s Deputy as well as the managers of each programme component would 5,t  logger with representatives of the main departments involved with the Programme (including
MOA, IAR. MAAE. etc), plus representatives of the donors concerned. It would be most dciirable if one or two senior Afar could also sit on this committee.
Th
progr mm',,ec would meet at least once a year, to review progress reports and the forward
,
~ -W wp uid
?r °|trjtn    SCl
subrn’ ied by the Programme Team Leader. To this end the Programme Team
a     s  m
’  ple    system    of    monitoring    and    evaluation,    to    be    administered    by    the
Of(iCc
c  Managers, to enable progress to be measured.
TcaTO ^“cader would submil an Annual Progress Report to the Prime Minister's k WQuld he copied to the donors concerned. TheTc would also a mid-term review six
*>l« endCHAPTER 9
programme costs
Cost Summary
A               »< Pro8™mme-.< «... >. 
*» «, an annua, basis are..............................Anna. F. Keeled Programme arc summarised in Chapter 7.
prltc! „ 
#
,i,h „p,.„,mr,
™ Ml «... of Phrne I and Ph... if
m
................ ” 
° rTh. torn! Fromm™  „„ 
c       is ,jn. „
With 10% contingencies added, rises to Birr 36.6 million. 
’
Blft 3.66 million As these costs are probably higher thin This i. ..... in Secdoo 9.2.
XTis sc'",,"i'd “r"io
.
P'
“ E*""i f“
9.2 Phase 1 Costs
Phase I costs, summarised in Table 9.2, include several cost elements which could be reduced in the light of the following comments.
Firstly,  the Programme includes a  substantial house building  programme (Bitt 1.6  million),  because tile supply of houses in the middle Awash is very limited. It is understood, however, chat the Amibara Drainage Project may be building houses at Melka Wercr. in which case existing housing might be ’vaihhk f0r thc paSmrc and Forestry  Programme,  with the result that the budget for house construction could be substantially reduced.
Secondly. the p,o...m„ of Bin 2 million for th. ™p.o«d
may no. be needed if these schemes ere incorpo.e.ed into the Sime Fann.. imi “ >■
G
■ Tminm, Ctee may no. be reqmred. if h is decided .0 relmn me ex.«»  .«-« «   ">““
8
Tl " leneral ley,. 
be cm. if it -me
» "d"" ""
d
m,earned panccmrmmins block, end tree pl^™. P'»'" '
rate, proposed me modem compmed to the imi— •«’"
“ ««  A„8.lc1e p„.„re Scheme and th. pn>>e«.d *.|ele'e»»“»~ P"^’*'''
hO "’"
a
‘
9-1TABLE 9.1
Sommary of EstimBled Progrummf Costs
Estimated Programme Costs
Item
Phase 1 
(Years 1 to 5)
Phase 2 (Years 6 to JQ? TnUls
A Investment Costs
Al
A2
Programme Office Subtotals
Advance Programme
329.0
5.5       334j
A2.1        Housing and Office
A2.2        Transport
A2.3        Rural Health Units
A2 5        Primary Schools
A2 5        Domestic Water Supplies
A2.6        Settlement Farmers' Assistance
Advance Programme Sobtotals
A3 Pastoral and Agricultural Programme
A3.1        Housing and Office
A31         Transport
A3.3 Angelele Irrigated Pasture Equipment A3.4 Irrigated Pasturc/Farm Units (800 ha} A3,5 Improved Senlcmcni Management
A3,6        Integrated Water Supply/Range Cons A3.7        Animal Requisites Programme
A3,8        Lump sum provision for engineering works io supply a separate water supply io each 1011 ha block within existing irrigation schemes al Birr 3 500/100 ha
(10 blocks in Phase I. 10 blocks in
Phase tr)
Pasture and Agriculture Subtotals
A4 Forestry and Tree Planting Programme
A4.I         Housing and Office
A4.2        Transport
A4.3         Equipment
A4.4        Land Preparation
Forestry and Tree Planting Subtotals
A5           Training Programme
A5.1        Training Centre
A5,2        Animal Training Unit Training Programme Subtotals
Subtotal A Investment Costs
266.0
268.0
80.0
378.0
4.5
240.0
2.5
122.0
20.0
9.0
3,0
0.0
1 236,5
156.5
1 393.0
1 665.0
348.0
516.5
1 04 1.8
2 000.0
157.0
266.0
2.5
170.5
254.5
584.3
0.0
13.0
0.0
350.0
6 344.3
350,0
0.0
170,0
50,0
0.0
0.0
0.0
J 374.7
1
1
7 719-1 1
892,0
638.0
50.0
100.0
I 571.0
8.0
1 6S0.0
1
220,0 1 .900,0 1
1 579.0
11 168.8
0.0 1 7515.7 U
1 579-0 ITABLE 9.t (ront)
Estimated Programme Costs | Birr (100)
Phase 1 
Phase 2 
Totals
(Years 1 io 5) (Years 6 co IQ)
RffUrr«» C<”°
imme      Director      s      Office
P f - ProEramnie
Agriculture      Programme
£^ry Prosramme
Traci ng Programme
tS'staff P" DiemS
Stiff Cost* Subtotals
ronsulianis
four Consultant Subtotals
Vehicle   Operalion   and   Maintenance Programme Director s Office
Advance Programme
Pasture  and  Agriculture  Programme Forestry Programme
Vehicle Operating Subtotals
04      Advance      Programme      Operations Fund Subtotals
35 Pasture and Agriculture Programme
351 Angelrie Irrigated Pasture
3S.2 Irrigated Blocks
35  5   Alkdcghi  Plains  and  Cons  Programme Pasture     and     Agriculture     Programme
Subtotals
hi forestry Programme (non-lahour) - Saline Area Plantations
Irrigated Woodlorj 4.4 as,«   Boundary Planting #  «°adside Forage Strips
1 849.2
1 295.0
2  217,5
2 975,5
160.0
122.5
9.0
124,2
1 295.0
662.5
1 420.5
160.0
122.5
9.0
S 628.7
264.0
3 79J , 7            12 422.4 0.0                   264.0
40,0
114.0
182.0
178.0
40.0
114 0
182.0
178.0
514.0
90.0
514.0                 1 028.0
90.0
180.0
J 059.2
20.0
2U0.0
1 059.2
10.0
200,0
1 279 2
1 269 1
2 548.3
fn
4
6j ?^,Tned Tree Plots
forestry Programme Subtotals
477.5
4433
I 222.4
107.1
134.0
2.5
18.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0,0
0.0
2 405.2
0.0                 2 405,2
* >d V
e
isits
T ^. ?
h  laj5hips
75.0
250.0
125,0
0.0
‘"“■■I? Programme Subtotals
75.0
250.0
125.0
L50.0
600.0
450.0
1 050.0
B M“»<«»nce Subtotals
?        Expenses
VeraJ1
171.0
285.0
456.0
t0Ul B R«««rrent Costs
13 952.1
6 401.8
20 353.9
U
^ btota| a i
p “Re 9.   ,tt**stment Costs (from
2j
11 16K-H
1 756.7
12 925.5
M ‘"«'ne
25 120.9
8 158.5
33 279.4
ics (10% of
2 512.1
815.8
3 327,9
27 633.0
8 974.3
36 607.3TABLE 9.2
Summary of Estimated Phase I Costs bj Programmes and Components
Item
Birr 000
Programme Office
Advance Programme
Pasture &. Agriculture Programme111 Forestry Programme
Training Programme
Consultants
Drivers and Local Staff per diem Building Maintenance
Total
10% contingencies
Total Phase I cost
2 218.2
2 735.5 10 023.0
7 238 7
2 339.0
264,0
BLS
171.0
25 120.9 2 512,1
27 633.0
Note:       ”* Includes Bin 51.5 million for Stale Farm machinery in lhe crop diversification component.
TABLE 9.3
Possible Reductions in Phase I Costs
hem
BirT'000
Full Phase 1 costs (Table 9.2)
Less:
11
Reduced housing provision ’ Improved settlement management Training Centre
Consultants
13
Artgclele Irrigation pasture  ’ Training Centre materials Training Centre meals Building maintenance131
Total Reduction
New Total
10% contingencies
Total Reduced Phase 1 cost
25 120.9
I 653.0
2 000.0
1 571.0
264.0
500.0
75.0
250.0
100.0
6 413.0
18 707.9
1 870.8 20 578.7
Noles: 1
i
A provision under the Forestry Programme A4.1, Bin 892 000. would remain Machinery costs could possibly be reduced if it were decided to carry on1 tri*ls haymaking on 50 ha rather than the- 100 ha costed in the proposals.
Reduced because of lhe smaller building programme.
r.fTiBi f ao! /a/F*   f
9-4pjr .mention in presenting a widc rJU)gc
?*•"..d
, p( (,( funding for Phase i of Ihe
i "-’ in",he rr~-  * 
w
.n
’PPraisal ff ftt, s "P"" h4s k,„
* *"■££--c:1
p *“ 'i. 
e
SKn’«^^,n
If this approach is adopted, the cost of the Phase
ro
^eluding contingencies) as shown in Table 9 3
j j Financial Analysis
P  gr.ifTj
riIC C0||kj l
Most of this programme is not susceptible ,  conventional financ
0
il ms been forcibly argued that the cost to a nation that neglects CC°nOm'C Ma|y«  However,
s
therefore that socially responsible programmes, such * {J|c *'* seise (see Pearce, et al. 1989). It has been possible to anaJysc"L”7°^’ H”*’ ' " c« be predicted and the results are presented in Annex D
e *Wo"'*"t>’ considerable. and
0   g term
Pr °?rammc wherc befitsreferences
Livestock      Sub-sector      Review.      R
eport         l0         Minjsuy         0,
aXCM
1984
toy’ll. T M 1973
CfaJhokar, j> a 1984
Co,r\ M
1981
Co *X hf
1982
Agriculture.
Sydney; Australian Agric Consulting  and Management Co. Mam Report; Annexes: Volume 1: Physical Resources and Climate, Ruminant Livestock, Poultry. Agriculture;
Volume  II:  Animal  Nutrition.  Pasture  and  Fodder.  Range Management. Animal Hcalih. Animal Research;
Volume III: Livestock and Meat Marketing.  Sociology. Education,  Training  and Extensions.  Production Data Recording. Milk Marketing, Terms of Reference.
South-East  Rangelands  Project,  Report  to  the  Ministry  of Agriculture.
Sydney; Australian Agriculture Consulting and Management Co.
Main Report; Annexes Volume I; Co-operative Development,  Animal Produce and Health: Volume It: Infrastructual Development,  Land Use and Range Management,  Controls and Trade in Livestock,  Livestock Marketing,  Livestock Population Models.  Financial and Economic Analysis. Monitoring and Evaluation.
The economics of crop production in the Awash Valley
Rome: FAO. UNDP/SF/ETH 72/006 InT Technical Report
Nr 22, 1-96.
Noil-conventional  feed  resources  for  livestock  in  soil  and water conservation programme.
Addis    Ababa.    FAO,    Soil    and    Water    Conservation Programme, ETH/81/003, field document Nr 15, 1-29.
Resultats de travaux de terrain sur la v^gdtaunn et la (lore des paturages extensifs de la Kessem-Kabana (Moyenne
Vallee de I*Awash. Ethiopia).
Addis Ababa: NOMADEP. unpublished report, 1-26.
Resullals de travaux  de terrain sur la  vacation el la  Pore des pat u rages extensifs de la  Kesscm-Kahana  (Moyenne Vallee de 1’Awash, Ethiopia).
Addis Ababa. NOMADEP. unpublished report, 3-20.
R IConn. M.
Floch. E le
1982                       Dossier des informations recueilljes sur le terrain ]
2ime      mission      de      pastoralismc      aupre$      du      r*dc|1
NOMADEP.  Region  de  Kesscm-Kabana  (Moy n
C   nc
V  Pr°JtC’
Cossins, N J                       1972
I'Awash) Elbiopia.
Addis Ababa: NOMADEP, unpublished report l 59 No way to live: a sludy of the Afar clans
.
' O| ihe Nt
Cossins. N J                       1973
Rangelands carried out for the Livestock and Meat Bo
the Imperial Ethiopian Government, Addis Ababa* Liv
and Meat Board, 1-120, Appendices LV.
Green heart of a  dying  land: a  study  of the new Co[lQ1
wealth, the old Afar Sultanate of Aussa.
Addis  Ababa:  unpublished  report  for  Sir  Alexander  Gibb
and  Co.  and  Hunting  Technical  Services.  1-161.  Appendices
1-6.
Crabtree, D
1990
Notes on forestry species for planting in Shewa. Addis Ababa: Shewa PADEP VI Co-ordination office. Technical Guidance Paper Nr 4.
Curry, D T
1972
Geomorphic.   geological   and   groundwater   studies   in   die
Awash Valley.
Rome: FAO. UNDP/SF/ETH 25, Informal Technical Report Nr 4. 1-54, maps.
Curry, D T
1973
Additional  geomorphic.  geological  and  groundwater  studies
De Pauw E                         1988
in the Awash Valley.
Rome: FAO. UNDP/FAO/ETH 72/006. Informal Technical Report Nr 14. 1-58, maps.
A  summary  of  the  Agricultural  Ecology  of  Elhiopi*-  RfPLrt ETH/82/010. FAO. Rome.
Edr A N
1973
Irrigation for the Afars. London: Intermediate Techfli *
Development Ltd. Unpublished report to Governmet11
Ethiopia, sponsored by OA, 1-42.
FAO
1984
.... n scale
Assistant io land use planning maps at 1 million .
legends for geomorphology and soils and land rcsout Rome: FAO Rep AG: DP/ETH/78/00^
{ITiraffW
R-21974
po
,     i
Bfld.G I'4-’
,95M
B( . 
l9RI
F!oc h. B
-
|e
Ftflmw B. Persson, S 1974
Gcbie-Mariam. A 1987a
Gtbre-Mariam. A 1987b
Gibb 1975
S«r Alexander & Panners
Gwdytir. R
1989
Goudie. a G
1972
Devclopmem of the Aw«h Val)ey PrDJKt
Rome:  FAO,  Interim  Report  Proj  AGS:  DP/ETHZ72/006. 1-75, mnp>
The Nomadic Areas of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: UNDP/RRC. Rc-porl ETH/8J/OOI. Parts I ~ IV,
Appui technique au nomad development project Region Kesscm-Kabana,  Ethiopia: rapport de Mission de Pastoralismc.
Montpellier:  CEPE/CNRS.  unpublished  report,  1-30.  plus ms appendix 1-10,
An  illustrated  guide  to  the  grasses nf  Ethiopia.
Asella: Chilalo Agriculure Development Unit, 1-504.
Labour   inputs   and   Lime   allocations   among   the   Afar. Nomadic Peoples. 23. 37-56.
Livestock production and its socio-economic importance among the Afar in north-east Ethiopia. Uppsala: Somali Camel Research Project. Mogadishu, unpublished report.
The Afar people, land tenure and institutions. Feasibility Study  of  lhe  Lower  Awash  Valley.  London:  Sir  Alexander Gibb and Partners,
Irrigation Agronomy  Report.  Addis Ababa: unpublished consultant report to the Amibara Drainage Project. 1-43 and appendix.
Irrigated Land Settlement. Addis Ababa: State Rivers and Water Supply Commission of Australia report forFAO/AVA.
Aileron
1975                        Angclele  and  Bolhamo  feasibility  study  report,  Annex  IV: Agriculture and Livestock. WRDA. Addis Ababa.
1990                        Master plan for the development of surface waler resources in the Awash basin. WRDA, Addis Ababa, Volumes Ml
Main Report and Annexes A-RHale row
Sir W & Partners
1985
• nlan for Mcfka Sadi and Amibara arC)u Main X=P»n Volume Aw„„
Vote 2-10-
Helland. J
Hogfi, R J TLCA
1980                      An Analysis of Afar pastoral ism in the NE Ranchi
6**and$ m Ethiopia Addis Ababa, TLCA, Working Document n j
1972                      Agricultural Extension, Addis Ababa: Station Rivers
and Water Supply Commission report for AV A
1990                      Report of the low-level aerial sample survey of pan of lht Middle   Awash   Valley,   Ethiopia.   Addis   Ababa:   ILCA. Volume   I,   January   1990,   1-92,   Maps   1-21:   Volume   n October 1990. 1-55. Maps 1-17.
1LCA
19B3 
Livestock marketing in NE Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. ILCA. JEPSS Research Report Nr 8. 1-109.
1TALCONSULT
Jacobs. M J and Schloeder. C A
1969                      Mclka Sadi - Amibara. Proposed irrigation project, feasibility study. Volume V, Sociological and Health Aspects. Rome
1991                      Aerial survey report from Awash National Park: October 12- 13,     1990. Unpublished Report, Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organisation.
Jahnke. H E
1982 
Livestock production systems and livestock development in
Tropical  Africa.  Kiel:  Kieler  Wessenschaflsverlag  Vauk,  1-
253.
Kidanc Mcngisto
Dcbalkcw Bcrhe
1986 
Tree species for an afforestation programme in Me Uta SadJ
Slate  Farm.  Addis  Ababa:  Ministry  of  Agriculture,  S|atc
Forest     Conservation     and     Development     Department,
unpublished report. 1-9. map. annex.
Knness. K
1976 
Assignment report on animal production in the Middle
Awash Valley.
Rome: FOA. Report UNDP/FAO ETH/75/OOI. 1-58.
Landon. J R
1984
Booker tropical soil manual London: Booker AgricullurC International Lid. 1-192, Annexes A-Q.
OTiWBfii/A^aW*P1977
L(
FlP^r0U H
1972
Line*'G G
<J G                     1974
R^gdond protection and annual rainfall relati(JnS jf) |he
Meduenanean  basin  and  in  the  African  Sahel  ian-Sudani.n Zone. Jour. Range Management, 30. 1H1-198,
Livestock  Development  Programme.  Development  of  Awash Valley - Phase 111. Ethiopia,
Rome, FAO.UNDP/FAO/ETH 72/006. Int Technical Report Nr 10. pl-119
Progress  report  in  technology  and  economics  of  irrigated pasture in the Awash Valley.
Rome:  FAO.  Development  of  the  Awash  Valley.  Phase  HL UNDP/FAO/ETH 72/006. Ini Technical Report Nr 25. 1-.
XicDonild
«ii M Panners
1987 Kesem irrigation project feasibility  study.  Cambridge: Sir M MacDonald & Partners, a UNDP/FAO report to WRDA. Volume 1  Main Report.  Volumes 2-5,  Annexes A-N and appendices,  Albums 1  and 2  maps and drawings (including soil and vegetation).  Annex  C sociology  and livestock covers the Afar issue.
Ministry cif
1989
Forage Ex tension Manual.
A^nculiurc
Addis  Ababa:  Ministry  of  Agriculture.  Animal  and  Fishery
Resources Development. Fourth Livestock Project. 1-94.
nedeco
1982
Angelele-Bolhamo irrigation Project. Irrigation Expansion
Project.
Amersfoorti NEDECO. Volumes I-1V*
'’TDECO
1982
Angelele-Bolhamo and Amibara irrigation expansion project,
re-appraisal   and   updating   of   previous   feasibility   studies. Amersfoort: NEDECO.
nedeco
1986
Angelelc-Bolhamo Irrigation Project. Final Design Report. Amersfoort: NEDECO. Vols 1-5.
Poison. M
1983
Calf  growth,  milk  offtake  and  estimated  lactation  yields  of
borana cattle in the southern rangelands of Ethiopia. Addis
Ababa: 1LCA. /EPSS Research Report Nr 6.
1983
Evaluation of Nomadep Project and Future Prospects.
’^AhEp
1978                         Health-Home Economics Survey: Kesetn/Kcbcna.
R-5Pattison, R J 
1974
N 27.
r
Pearce D.  1989
Makrandya A and
Barbier E B
Richards, D M V 1987
Cattle handling facilities, Inf Technical Report
Blueprini     for     a     Green     Economy     ppi-192 Publications Lid, London.
Ethiopia: fodder resources for dry season fCe<j handbook. 
Rome: FAO, Cactus fodder and fodder shrub
__
P ’
• WQUctjqiii
Robertson. V C                 1989
Sandford. S 1986
SOGKEAH 1965
Sutcliffe. J P                      1989
Swedish International 1990
Development Authority
Tadesse Wolde Mikaik 1990
Tafessc Mesfin               1990
development, consultant report AG: TCP/ETH/4535 | jg
Report   on   the   first   visit   by   the   environmentalist   t0 Amibara Drainage Project.
Addis     Ababa:     WRDA     Amibara     Drainage     Project unpublished manuscript report, 1-51. appendix.
Management of pastoral development in the Third World; 1 report for ODI. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
Report  on  the  Survey  of  the  Awash  River  Basin.
Rome: FAO. Volumes 1-5.
A rural land use plan of Yercr and Kereyu (Shewa). Addis Ababa: FAO report Nr AG: DP/ETH/87/006, Field document Nr 47. 1-217.
Ethiopia,  forest products pricing  and marketing  study. Stockholm: SIDA.  Vol I Executive Summary,  II Technical
Report.
Forestry  development  and  protection  in  the  Awash  Valley* past work and future developments.
Addis    Ababa:    Ministry    of    State    Farm    Devclopme^- unpublished report. 1-13.
Development of the Amibara Irrigated Pasture.
Addis Ababa: Third Livestock Project, unpublished io<
report.
Til aye Kibadc
Tayc Beyabe
1988                      Amibara fuelwood plantation project.
Addis Ababa: Ministry  of Agriculture,  Natural Rc‘ Conservation and Development Department,  unPu report, l-l I. maps, annexes 1-11.
3?M9iL'l/A/F*F/*F1983
1984
^DP^or,d BanlC
YflelkiK*. H E
1974
voelkncr. H E               1974
Vqji Brcitcnhach. F 1963 WARD A                         1985
Water     Resources     1981 ^opmeni Authority
* i(tr Resources
n Pnent Authority
J'lts°n- R M
rj
Vmj
**>*. s j
1973
1985
The  Southern  Afar;  A  HouuhoW  Economics  Study.  Addis Abaha; LLCA. JEPSS Research Report.
The nomadic areas of Ethiopia.
Addis Ababa: Report for the RRC. Volumes l-IV.
Ethiopia: Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme report. Annexes 1*6: Agricultural residue briquetting pilot projects for substitute domestic and industrial fuels.
New York: UNDP, 1-138.
The   social   feasibility   oT   selling   semi-nomadic   Afar   in irrigated agriculture in the Awash Valley. Ethiopia.
Rome: FAO.  Development of the Awash Valley  Phase 111. UNDP/FAO/ETH 72/006 Jnf Technical Report Nr 23. 1-60, Appendices AC. maps.
The social feasibility  of settling  the semi-nomadic Afar on irrigated agriculture in the Awash Valley: Addis Ababa. State Rivers and Water Supply Commission, report forFAO/AVA.
The  indigenous  trees  of  Ethiopia.  Addis  Ababa:  Ethiopian Forestry Association. 1-306, illustr 129.
Preliminary proposal for the development of 3 UOIJ ha of irrigated pasture for Afar livestock grazing in Angele Ic area. Addis Ababa: WARDA.
Agriculture development under irrigation in Ethiopia.
Addis Ababa: unpublished report by UNDP/FAO Development of Irrigated Agriculture Project. 1-63.
Prclimiiwy  proposal for the development of 3  OOO ha  of irrigated pasture for Afar livestock grazing in the Angclclr area  Addis Ababa: WRDA,  unpublished internal report, 1-22,
Report  on  an  aerial  survey  of  part  of  rhe  Middle  Awash Valley and the Alledcghi Plains.
Addis Ababa: Resource Management and Resource Surveys, unpublished report for AV A.
Ethiopia  energy  projects.  Washington:  World  Bank.  Stafl Appraisal Report Nr 5555-ET, 1-100.
R-71986
V/otld Bank
A „lhim sch“™'” ’>"'0'”lm; p'*“
“XZ" w"'"i B“k- •***?! w<’,ti”‘wp"
project, Ethiopia* 1*22,
ThUd LTheKC»  some doubt about the production of tWs
tNoW'
report, and it ma>
Livestock Project).
have been prepared by the Thir<1
Report
Woild Bank
1987
Fourth Livestock Develop Washingion- Wort
et. I-’1-APPENDIX 1
TERMS OF REFERENCEI
.introduction
Expansion of irrigated agriculture in the Midd-
resU!ts in the removal of the natural vegem * A^h RlVer 3asin put under crops. This decreases the traor^ landS t0 be tfie ftfar semi-nomadic people. rn
grazin9 land for
cleared decreasing the supply of fuelwood
Drowse needs of livestock. Irrigation dev ''°flS',ructiQri u°o<! and increase of population density on the far^J WlH Cr*at*
pressure on the remaining natural enviroment.’’"
W ‘11 be
‘
T hese problems have Peen recognized Dy develocflient organizations and a number of compensatory programmes were launched. However, a number of shortcomings were seen in these programmes. Thus to plan effective compensatory programmes for the Afar semi - nomadic pastoralists and also device the means to cater for ecological imbalance (including
erosion control and soil conservation), conducting a study or these issues has Deen considered essential as part of the planned expansion of irrigation development in the area. The study is expected tc 
review existing conditions and come up with favourable and viable development schemes.
This   Terms   of   reference   is   designed   to study the following main objectives.
achieve from the outcome of the
a) To provide sound proposal to alleviate the prevailing and the future problems of pastoralists in the region.
..
h)T To devise an appropriate plan to restore expansion of irrigation development in the reg.on.
.
p-ological balance fallowing
HD B-l2. The Project Area
The    proposed    study    area    is    situated    in    the    Middle    Valley    of River Basin. It has the following approximate boundaries:
* Latitude from 9’N to and,
- Longitude from 39° 45°E to 40’ 30' E
In this area there are two large scale and interrelated irrigated
projects, along the Awash River and are located north-east of Addis Ababa, about 2B0 km along Addis Ababa - Nazerate - Assab road.
These projects are:-
a)   Melka Sadi - Amibara (10.00C ha) which is fully developed at
this stage and,
b)   Amibara Irrigation Expansion Project (11,100 ha) where final desigr is ready for implementation. Presently the Government is looking for finance to implement the Project.
The    sub-basin    is    characterized    as    a    semi-arid    zone    with    the    following climatic conditions.
-  Mean annual rainfall
-  Peak rainfall in July-August
-  Driest month - December
-  Mean temperature : Min
; Max
- TotaL annual average evaporation
-   Average daily evaporation
: 500-550 mm
; IDO-1 IS mm/month
: 3 mm
: 23’C
J 3O“C
: 2. a 00 trw ; 7-8.5 mm
Ap s-2. , agricultural development in the traditional dry season pastures
of the Awash Valley started in the early sixties with the
regulation of the Awash River at Koka. From the available records the first large scale development was the Tendaho scheme which was started in the lower Awash area by Mitchell Cotts in 1961. This scheme occupied some 5,800 ha of what was previously part of grazing lands used by the local pastoralist population in
the area, generally known as the Afars. Flooded seasonally
by the Awash river, these areas were used by the pastoralists
to graze their livestock during the dry season. During the sub sequent years, this scheme has been followed by other large scale Irrigated plantations established in different parts of the valley (totalling mere than 60.DOC naj with the result
that the quantity of graze and size of area now available to
the pastoralists within the valley has been severely reduced.
3.2 The Amibara Irrigation Expansion Project will develop sone 12.MO ha gross area. Of this some 4,000 ha will extend over already existing agriculture land, and some 8.000 ha will affect the natural vegetation. This natural vegetation is used at present
as dry season pasture by the Afars, and as a source of scarce ruelwood and construction wood.
Livestock is central to the social culture, diet and economy of Pastoralists. In addition to the loss of their grazing areas
the Afar pastoralists have also lost great numDers of animals
in a succession of drougnts and as a consequence of the reduced quantity of available graze. In approving the establishment cf further plantation areas in the Awash Valley, the Government
° Ethiopia is intent on providing irrigated pastures as a
r
compensation for tne grazing areas that will be lost to the aastoraljsts through these schemes. The Netherlands Engineering
Ap 5-3Consultants (NEDECO) prepared the Project estimate (guesstinute) some o.OCO people and 12,500 livestock will be affected by
the scheme alone on the Bnlhamo side of the project area
3J In considering the establishment and expansion of the cotton plantations in the region, it is advisable to draw on the experience gained from previous efforts to establish settlemen schemes and irrigated pastures as compensatory measures . displacement that this has causes from their areas of permanent? and for grazing land taken away from the pastoralists, Tne con suitants put forward a proposal to develop a settlement scheme for the displaced families. This proposal is patterned after
the existing Amibara Settlement Scheme which unfortunately niS not succeeded. Therefore, a very different alternative would seem to be necessary. Past experience tends to show that cottai growing is not a feasible option in the short-run, and that priority should be given to the livestock-raising needs of the Afar, including irrigated pasture, rangeland improvement and associated services (animal health, extension/training, etc).
1 **■ tn§
3.5 Contrary to layman's belief that transhumant Ethiopian Populations roam freely with no fixed abode, several recent studies have
shown that these populations have a “home range" to wnicn they
return year after year. This pome of view is supported by a study    ‘funded    by    UNCP    on    the    “Feasibility    of    Establishing
Irrigated Agriculture in the Kessem Kebena Plains" (December, 1960) whicn gives the following descript;on:
II
“The Afars possess
very little apart from their livestock:
They live in sma11
portable   shelters   made   of   wooden   poles   and   mats
their economy
centres almost exclusively on tneir herds and
and   habit   they   seem   to   be   nomads,   but   in   fact migrations rarely take them more than a day's
flocks. Ih c'Jl'ure
their season^1
walk from the ifpercent villas. They are therefore more justly described
aS senii-nomads or transhumants, than as.nomads. rn the dry season grazing area are the villages of the Afar which are
partially but seldom completely evacuated during the rains,
of the villages have been in the same place for genera tions. There are old livestock enclosures with manure 1,5 m
thick. Vet the great majority of dwellings are of the traditional portable type designed for quick erection and dismantling and easy transport .
Thus it would also seem more appropriate to speak of a seasonal transhumance rather than a 1 i^e of aimless wandering in the case of the Afar population within the project area. The design of
the large-scale irrigation project Should therefore take this
into consideration. Proposals for compensation should oe based on a fair knowledge of the aspirations of the populations the significance of clan boundaries, human and livestock numbers; and the involvement of the communities that will be displaced.
3.5 The population density in the area will increase considerably.
At present there are some 7,000 permanent laoourers and 20,000- 30,000 seasonal workers. This is expected to almost double as
a result of the proposed expansion project. Annual fuelwoad demand has been estimated at some 60,000 m*. This will exert
a heavy pressure an the remaining natural vegetation mainly
the riverine woodland, whose existence will be in serious danger by uncontrolled fellings.
The foreseen shortage of fuelwood would increase the use of substitutes such as cow dung and agricultural waste. It would also increase the rate of deforestation as more and .more pressure WQuld oe put on the remaining forest resources to meet the heavy a& mand for fuelwood.3.3 Due  to land clearing and consequent removal of trees a™
for
the Amibara Irrigation Project significant soil
■he  area has been observed, which was
coltrns of dust spiralling towards the bed. etc. The Government of Ethiopia deforestation which took place but so
Shown by guUey
sky, sedimentation of ' has recognized the cri ^
, -1ia shrtihr
1
er «ion !n
ti
far no signifjcant 2ctia/'
has been taken due to budgetary limitations.
3.9 The Amibara Irrigation Expansion Project intends to undertake j reforestation programme together with management of the remnan- of natural forests, in particular riverine forests. The complex Amibara Irrigation Project had also planned afforestation pro grammes but implementation was delayed due to a variety of reawij It is therefore necessary to review all available data, existing conditions and come up with a viable sub-project for incorporate into the envisaged expansion of irrigated development.
Objectives of Study
The objective of the Pastoralist Development Programme will be to obtain data concerning the socioeconomic constraints and needs of the target population, as well as their livestock numbers and grazing areas. The study will also serve.the additional purpose of familiars ing tne pastoralists with the objectives of the project.
The objective of the Forestry Development Study will be to estimate the demand for different wood products, the assess the potential or natural and riverine forest, to map the exact location of afrorest--- areas and existing forests, to identify an appropriate management system in the silvopastoral context and to draft an appropriate a -‘
c
progranime..I„  Description of Studies
d
Oet^L---------- -------- “
pastoral ists Development Programme
5J
This
study will be carried out in two parts involving:
part 1: An aerial sample survey of the Aaibara. Angelele Bolhamo areas,surrounding pastures, forests, mo settlements and,
part 2: Ground work among the pastoralists, assisted by data
■ ram part one and designing favourable development programme.
a) Part 1 of the Study
The first part of the project should be executed partly
in advance and partly simultaneously as toe second
part and should liaise closely with this. It will concern
a low level aerial survey of the dry and wet season
grazing areas of the target populations. Tne study will
collect data an livestock population, human settlements, established forms of land use, water sources ar.d forest areas. Such data should then be fed back to me ground survey team for field verification. This study should be repeated
during the wet season in order to observe seasonal migration, and wet season areas of permanence.
In order to support and clarify data of aerial sample survey concerning vegetation covers and soils two satellite scots
Cimagas) are required. The two images should concide with the wet and dry season aerial sample surveys.
b > Part 2 of the Study
i)      identify the leaders of the dans that have been afrected and which will be directly affected by the proposed expansion project (in the Bolhamo area} and through them explain the objectives of the project and the purpose of the study to the involved cosmunities;
Ap 3-7H) identify tfie areas used for pasture, crops and permanence
both during the dry and wet season periods and within these
the clan boundaries and movement patterns ana indicate these areas on a map;
in) analyse changes that have occured as a consequence of the
existing Melka Sadi • Amibara Irrigation Schemes on the Afar
way of Iifej
iv) through frank discussions with some of the population a<z<ac<- *
Lrlfii
acceptance    of    the    proposals    concerning    the    pasture    developnen-    ' programme    as    a    compensation    for    the    loss    of    grazing    areas identify     additional     requirements     which     could     be     considered     aurir. project    design,    such    as    -    role    of    women,    health    needs;    veterinary services,'agriculture       training       and       extension       services,       essential
consumer items; assess the attitudes towards food crop production
v)
identify a strategy for orgmzing the pastoralist population
in line with Government’s orientation, i.e. into Pastoralists
Associations and Service Cooperatives, through wmch propose:!
assistance could be channelled;
vi)
assess the attitudes towards settlement either on a permanent
or seasonal basis, and estimate the percentage of the population
that will be ready to join in such a programme;
vii)
identify project activities in which the pastoralists might de
willing to participate e.g. planting of pasture grass, fuelwood trees; construction of access routes, welts, ponds etc;
viii)       identify areas (location and hectarage) wnere pastures, forest and food crops could be developed, taking into account the irrigation plan of the project;
ix)         in connection with activities in which the pastoralists mign. be willing to participate, design a training extension system aimed at providing them with the necessary skills;
x)          carryout field verification/correlation of some of the s , inert areas identified by the aerial survey team and estabh5 their degree of permanence;
Ap B-B
_ > 1 *■$u99 st and plan naw ths devisee pastoraif;-
e
Xi)
programme will fit in the Amitur* Irrigation
project development time frame.
Forestry Development Programme
The forestry development programme will in particular address -he following:
dere!scn»rt
Expnasicn
jj
Identify and map the areas suitable for tree growing. For each area identified, the study will propose an appro priate afforestation method, i.e. block planting, shelterbelts, windbreaks, etc. in existing and future irrigated areas and outside agriculture land. i.e.
marginal or border areas;
ii)
Identify suitable shrubs and trees to be included in the
reforestation/management programme. Identify multipurpose
snrubs/trees for inclusion in grating areas and enrichment
plantings;
iii)
Identify site(s) for nursery (-ies);
Iv) Predict the annual wood product requirement for the coming
20     years     taking     into     consideration     existing     and     foreseen expansion    of    the    population    in    the    Anibara    and    expansion areas (cotton workers, settlement areas, Afars, etcj;
')      Estimate      the      quantity      of      cotton      Stalk      briquette     to     be used as complement to fuelwood;
v 'l     Propose     concrete     measures     for     water     and     wind     erosion control;
Hi'     Prepare     a     comprehensive     and     practical     management     plan     "ar existing and future forests;
vii i) Estimate total investment and operating cost of the above programme including labour requirements and .raining programme.;x) Estimate total benefits of the programme including a,
of fuelwood produced per year, value of such fuelwcca" *
and any long-term environmental benefits.
Prepare strategy(ies) to fit the proposals of the stud into the Amibara Irrigation Expansion Project develop time frame, including the use of cleared vegetation
6.       Composition of study team
The study shall be carried out by an international consulting firm
which has adequate experience in performing such studies in similar areas. The study could be composed of the following specialists.
i) Land use specialist (Team Leader) with experience in range manage, ment and soil conservation. (4 months)
ii) Livestock production specialist (1 month)
tii) Agroforester with experience in interpretation of satellite
imagery. (2 months)
iv)        Socio-Economi st with emphasis in natural resources development. (2 months)
v)          Irrigation agronomist (2 months)
vi)        Two local assistants preferably specialized in sociology and livestock production and with knowledge of the Afar way of
life.
However, the consultant is free to suggest his composition of the study team within the above mentioned general context.
7.       Duration
It is expected that the study will be launched in March/April continue upto August/Septemoer 1990. It Is felt that a period of ’ months would be sufficient. However, for the purpose of planning,
a maximum of 5 months has been proposed maintaining the propose^ specialists man-month inputs, of which:-
• > 5 qqO
Ap b~iortf
r
cne month will be for preparation;
- ths will be for field works;
Two ntcnu^
Cne month for report compilation and submission.
^anization and Responsibilities
WROA    will    coordinate    the    study,    it    will    also    make    available    to the     consultants     all     relevent     reports,     maps,     etc.     necessary     for     the execution of the study.
7he consultants will be supplied with:
_
Local       transportation       facilities,       office       and       secretarial       services, while in Ethiopia:
-     5uppart     staff,     junior     experts,     interpreters     and     technicians     as required. The Consultants shall detail their requirements.
consultants shall cover tne cost of accomodation. Costs snail De given on a daily basis. Consultants shall be responsible for paying
for their international transport on a reimbursable basis. Cost estimates shall be provided.
Satellite imagery shall be supplied by Consultant. The Consultant snail list and cost small survey and other equipment as necessary.
Reports and Haps_
Report writing, printing wil.
The study is expected to produce u
hi he the responsibility o 1
me consultants.
In
addition the consultants should also pro
',11 reoorts on both components.
series of simple maps
snould show
which would facilitate project inter clan names and boundaries and ina
, interventions.
n tt
, erns- The
. < wirare movement paxuen^
M
location of pasture areas, forest areas, ,
streams should also be shown. A map ibd
b y the pastoralists for pasture areas wi-i
should also be prepared. The report shou
T be consultants should submit- the repor
1 -‘ The final draft reports and maps in W copies the study so that wRCA could review the stud/-
2 > final draft r^rts W
Reived aments cn the draft fira1*
■•settlements'1, and surface
locations preferred
irrigation boundary
detailed as possible,
-
*n URDA as follows-
u ithm a rcrtt.ns cr uc
ifter ravingPrevious Studies
,. lo Awash sub-basm several pas: and recent studies .e-e
tne Middle
in1
. 3rrled °ut’
studles refer - to general basin wise water resources j nal and local irrigation development, and specific
reg O
>«ewlnce
Although tner
ije ,(t«e re|e7int
d support the living standard of the Afar population.
are quite a large number of reports on the study topics
references are listed below.
Regional Studies
^CONSULT:                               Melka-Sadi  Amibara  Proposed  Project  Feasibilt? Studies. 1969
$®EA:                                              Reconnaissance survey of Awasn '/alley, 1961-1964
SIR WILLIAM HALCROW
WO PARTNERS:
Angelele Bolhamo Feasibility Study Report
OctoDer, 1975
'■EOECO:                                        Angelele  Bolhamo  Feasibility  Stud?  Report updated in 1962
SIR WILLIAM HALCROU
WO PARTNERS:
SIR H. MACDONALD ANO
’WTNERS LITTED:
NEOECO:
A Master Plan for the Development of Surface Water Resources in Awash 3asin 1969
Feasibility Study of Kessem Irrigation Projet
in 1987
Angelele 9olhan!o Irrigation Project Final Design Report Noverser 1986URDA:
UKOP/RRC:
LINES, C.E, £
R.J. PATTISON:
A.G. COUOIE:
G.E. LINES:
G.E. HUES:
Soeciftc Studies on Piistorali£ts
"Preliminary Proposal for the Develop^
3.000 ha. Irrigated Pasture far Afar Li^ Grazing in Angelclc Area. "March 1%$. annex to this report includes a goad bitH,^ The Uomadic Areas of Ethiopia. September
“Development of the Awash Valley - Phase m Ethiopia Progress Report o« Technology and Economics of Irrigated Pasture in the Auasii Valley", July 1974. Prepared for the fao.
Irrigation Land Settlement in Ami ban Livestock Development Proqraanue.
[TALCOID!:
Technology and Economics of Irrigated Pasture In the Awash Valley
nelka Sadi - Amibara Proposed Irrigation Vol. V. Agriculture and Livestock
11.J. HOGG:                                           Agricultural Extension (in Ambara)
R.J. PULTICUS;
Cattle Handlinq Facilities (in Amibara)
H.A. UATSOU:                                       A Livestock Survey of ;a 11edeghi Plains
UfiOA:
Provision of Alternative Crazing for jjj—
r       B f AT*
----------------------------------------------------------’---------7T7 Hi<‘ in the Melka Sadi - Ami bar a Areas or__tnc_j^^
Awash
H.E. VOELKNER:                                   The Social Feasibility of Settling
Afars on Irriqated Agriculture in tl>e_^--^
Valley
(iilAPPENDIX II
CONSULTATION ON THE DRAFT FINAL REPORTWATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY
CONSULTATION
0N"
PASTORALIST and forestry development studies THE MIDDLE AWASH BASIN
REPORT OF CONSULTATION PROCEEDINGS Rapporteurs:
Kelemu Sinke (WRDA) Ejigneh Simie (WRDA) Tibebu Teslwmc (WRDA)
ADDIS ABABA
NOVEMBER, 1991pAS^u
orrnnALlST AND FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT STUDY
IN THF MIDDLE AWASH
o  N  TENTS
Page
Abbreviations
pj-eartiable
b
1.1 ■ 1.2.
1.3.
1.4 • ],5.
Int roducLi on ....... P . ............................ ............, . ,
RucligrortlnJ . , . ...............................•.............. .. ,
Objective of the Study ............................................ Objective of the Consul t.o Hon
Activities ............................................................ .
■
■k
*
2        The Programme
b
Introductory Remark
4.        Keynote Address
Openning Address . . ,
The Sessions
6.1.        Session          1              Overvi ew
I-
1
1
2
3
I 1
5
5
5
5
a
G
0. i ♦ 1 .
6,2.        Session
0-2.1 .
0-2.2.
Session
6,34.
5-3.2.
Prosei J .11 j on - .
II              The Advance Programme
Prpsenta     t     ion     . 
Discussions ..
III - Pasture 4 Agricultural Programme..
6.4 ,
Sess iOI1
0 ■ . 1 .
R ■1.2.
Presentation Discussions
IV
Forestry
Program
.ind Tree Planting
+ + »
Pre sen tat i •!
-• D I scn ss j <nifc- - * * 
16
JG
16
2 5
25
2R
40
in
-inL J
6.5. Session V
- The Angelele Bolhamo Extension.
...
 Presentntion .......................... .............................................................
........
5!)
6.5,1*
......
6.5.2. 
Discussions ..................................................................................   „
" * ' ’
50
d0
6.6. Session VI - Institutional, Training and
Staffing Aspect ................... .......................................
C. 0 . 1 .>    P resell I -i 1 i on . . .............................................................
6,6.2.       D i • r iiss i < ar.        .............. . . ........................ . . ... .................
5q
:jD
Rapporteurs ’ Report♦...................................................................................................................
Closing Address ...........................................................................................................................
Result of the Evaluation of the Consultation .........
5G
LIST OF FIGURES
Figurr* 6.3.1.
Figure 6.3.2.
APPENDICES
29
34
Appendix 1
Appendix 2 
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Appendix 8
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
Tentative    Progranri”    fnr    r’cmsii    1    La    I    i    on 
on Draft Final Report of PFDS
Introductory            Remark            (full            content)
.... 
Keynote Address (full content )
........
Opening Address (full content) ........................................ ................
Questions, 
Suggestions,               Vi»w$ 
T r nnsm i 1.1 fi 1 Slip . ........... ........................................................
Rapportonrs. Report ( ful J content }
. . . • •
Closing Statement (full content) ..................................................... Consult    alien    Eval    no    1    ion    Form
list of Part i' i p-mt s ................................................. .. ................... Results of the Cunsu 1 t at. i on Rvaluntion-aAJ>£ ADB AlPS$ ASP
ABBREVIATIONS
. Awash ASricLUfau,,! nov.jop.,^ Cori orati<)n ,
-   African Development Hnnk
-   Ami, bar a Irrigation r,-
|
<H urp
r
Pastoralists
hC|1’ r°r
- Amibnra Settlement Scheme
AVA               - Awash Valley Authority
avsa
- Awash Valley Set 1 1 rq ,.  f \gcnry
nh
EEC              * European Economir rVmmuni! v
EVDSA - Ethiopian Valli-y ncv« 1 ^.nvni SI nrlirs Authority
EKCO           - Ethiopian Kildlifr
ha LAR
- hectare
1
- Institute of Agriru  Oir.i I
r\nt ic»n Organization h
ILCA             - Tnternationnl Livestock Crater f.»r Africa IRR               - Internal Rato of Rnlnm
- Kilogram
km
Si
- K j Jometer
- meter
&1AADE           Middle Awash Agricultural development Enterpri. Nadp
Middle Awash Dnvnl ymcnf r»»rpnrat i o:jMDT               - Ministry of Domestic Trade
MSFD           - Ministry of State? Farm Development
NGO              - Non-Governmental Organisation NOMADEP - A French-finnir'^l Programme to aid the Afar. ONCCP - Office of National rnmmiI tee Tor Central PLann; OXFAN/UK ~ Oxford Fam i 1 y/Fni led K i ipjdrnt 'tGOJ P(*C              - Project Centro] renter (of the WRDA)
PFDS             - Pastoralist and F. w'xtry Development Studios RRC               - Relief end Rebabi1itai i «ii roinniission SCF/US - Save the Children Federal inn (United Stales)
SF                 - State Farm
wri
- Wildlife Ccn^''.-U
WRC - Water Feson ices
KFDA - Water Resources
• ii lnl*-*»ivr i I on a 1 Commi ss i on
Op v»? I opnirn * Xu f ho rill'pheahable
I'
1.1. Introduction
In
 order to meet the increasing cotton demand  f the
o
1               country          s          textile          factories          the          Government          of          Ethiopil
through 
the             Water             Resources             Development             Authority 
(WRDA)        has        planned        to        expand        cotton        production        in        the
Middle Awash Basin by Bolhaino Irrigation Project.
undertaking the
Angelele
2, 
The necessary  study  and  design  documents of this irrigation  project have been  prepared  in  1986.  To materalizP the i mpl erirnntat ion  of the project several
international
financing 
organizations
including               African 
Development         Bank,         World         Bank         and         EEC         have         been approached.
3.        The financing organizations and the Government have
considered  the importance of examining  the prevailing social and  ecologicnJ problems and  plan  appropriate
programme             before             any             further
irrigation             development
proceeds in  the region.  Hence the consulting  firm
MacDonald  Agricultural Services Limited  (MAS) has been 
selected 
to undertake the study with broad
undermentioned objectives:-
a )           to            examine            the            prevailing            problems            of pastoralists          and          prepare          sound          proposals          that alleviate         the         presenl         and         future         problems         of the          pastoralists          following          any          expansion          of projects;
kJ to  draw-up  an  appropriate plan  to  restore ecological balance that: might result due to the implementation of the expansion.
Concurrently,           th**           consultant           has           now           submitted           the innl draft report on the subject matter*
i1.2, Background
4.          Expansion of irrigated agr i'-rlturr in the Middle
Basin  results in  th? removal of natural ''egetat'  ^WQah the lands to  be pat under crops.  This decreas^ °n traditional grazing land of the Afar semi_^S
people.  Moreover.  the clearing  of trees an<j ,l0*adic decrease the supply  of fiiij wndd  ,  construction  w S^lJr^s
browse           needs           of           livestock.           Irrigation           develOplnent
anc J
create an  increase of population  density  on  the *Wl^ thus exerting  a heavy  pressure on  th? remaining  nat**^5 resources. Urftl
5 .         The some
wil 1 the
Anglelc 1
Bolhamo Irrigation Project could devel
12.000 ha. gross nrrn.  gross arm. Of this some 4.000 
extend over already exist j ng balance 8.000 ha. will
acjri culture land effect
vegetation . as
The natural vegetation dry season pasture by the A fats.
i
op ha.
i and the natural
s used at present
and as source of
scare fuelwood and construction wood.
6»  Livestock  is th? focus to  the social,  culture,  diet and 
economy        of        the        pastoralist.        The        lose        of        their        grazing 
areas
have
had 
entailed 
in 
reduced 
quantity 
af
available
feeds
which 
inturn 
lends
itself
for
the
loss
of great number of animals on successive of droughts^
7.           In           approving           the           establishment           of           further           plantation areas      in      the      Awash      Basin      the      Government      of      Ethiopia      has the          intention          of          providing          irrigated          pastures          as          a compensation       for       the       grazing       nr?ns       that,       will       he       lost       to 
the pastoralists through these schemes. 
Netherlands Engineering Consultants (NEDECO) prepared the project esliiMte (guesstimate) that some
6.000 people and 12.500 livestock may be affected hj the scheme alone on the Rolhamo side of the projes
area.
8. In considering the establishment and expansions of l’ cotton plantations in the region, the experience gaHeS from previous efforts to establish settlement
and irrigated pastures as compensatory measures for displacement from their areas of permanence and grazing land taken away frtjrn the pastoralists coui used in drawing a sound recommendations-
The
who
29*
Th€  consultant! VEDFCd, which 
Ingelele Bolhamo IrrignLion Froj 1
*i
£ J-he desi£" of
proposal
to            develop            a            Sett]4ent'            Snh            fo^a^
* 
displaced            families.            This            proposal            adon^Z^h            f°r
th<?
Amibara Settlertent Scheme w|
(icIl
 unfortunate^ has^not
succeeded.
past experience has had upon the livestock-raisin irrigated pastures, associated services training , etc * * *) ■
icvealed  that emphasis be laid 
8 needs of the Afar,  including 
rangeland 
improvement
and 
(animal health, extension
At present there are same 7,000 permanent Labourers and 20,000 - 30,000 seasonal workers involved in Amibara Irrigation Project. Tlds is expected to be almost
doubled as a result. of the proposed expansion project. Annual furlwood demand Ims been estimated at some 60,000 M 3 . This will exert a heavy pressure on the remaining natural vcgrlal ion mainly the riverine wood* land.
Due
to land clearing and consequent
removal of trees
and          shurbs          during          the          construction          of          the
Irrigation              Project, 
significant
soil
erosion 
area observed, which was manifested by
format ion,
columns of dust spiralling towards
Amibara in the
gulley the sky,
sedimentations         of         river         bed,         etc.         The         Government         of
Ethiopia              has
recognized 
the              critical
deforestation 
which        tookplace        but        so        far        no        significant        action        has been taken to alleviate those issues.
13.           Concurrently!           it           has           been           considered           necessary           to 
conduct
a             study             on             pastoralist             and             forestry 
development            programmes            before            implementation            of            the proposed Angelele Rulhumo Irrigation Project.
l  -1. Objectives of the Study
l4.  The Middle Awash Basin Pasture and Forestry Development Programme has been drawn up with five main objectives.-
to       gain       the       confidence       of       the
initiatives
to 
supply 
their
needs        in        human        and        animal supply and education;
Afar, through strongly-felt
health, water
3bj          to           establish           a programme, aimer!
paslure at;
f odder far those
the Afar
fi n d
- improving carapensati ng schemes, and
- helping economy
stippl ies
,ost ,o
through smal 1
to diversify +1
'-Ider
to develop forest and fodder producti provide fuelwood, timber Tor construction an i null f red ;
to and
d)         to initiate a training programme in 
of the above initiatives; e)          to develop 
Suph
appropriate                   management              and
institutional mechanisms coordinate the programme,
1.4. Objectives of the Consultation
to direct
an^
!□. The Pastoralist and Forestry Development Studies incorporate multidi sc i pl i rirs , which call for co
operation of relevant govr organizations. Thus, it Consultation on the subject concerned organizations prepnrntinns of the firm I i xvith a workable proposal.
1*5. Act ivities
M’nirirnt and non-government is proposed to conduct □
in order to obtain views of
and             individuals for hH’timoiit which would come up
The Consul tatj on on Development Studies will Development Authority Design
Pastorali si and be hold in the Water
Con tc r
Forestry 
............ ..  Resources
Conference Hal J
2 days comprises comment s c o m p iling Agenei es j d raw j ng
( f rom of
□ f
Oct. JG1.li Consult  a  nt  1   s the relevant
- Ort.. 
L7tl1r 19*11 * 
comments of Elhiopi
present at i ons > national c
abd AT] ■*.
“
w  * compelJ
Grg«!izati5"2 SupP°^j'|^
and discussing the commenttsh aend    i agreement on methods    on m of eth fodinas oflizing 
re por ts<
The Cans ill tai ion
is held in English language.
4PROGRAMME
pleosr          refer          the          ntlnehr-,|          schedule overall programme.
1  Vl'Prildi.'; ] ) on
the
iN
troductory remark
n          Please          see          the          attached          for          the          introductory          remark presented         by         the         member         of         organizing         committee         and Project Engineer of Ange]rl.e PoJhamo Irrigation Project
Ato Assefo Telila (Appendix 2 ) .
keynote address
19.  Please refer the attached  for the keynote address by the General Manager of Water Resources Development Authority (WRDA), A to Piru I Lissa. (Appendix 31.
OPENING ADDRESS
The Consultation  was officially  or-^n  by  the Deputy Commissioner of the Water Resources Commission  (WRC) Ate Kef ya Lew Achamyeieli.  Refer Appendix  4  for the full text of the opening address,
TtlE SESSIONS
1  he chairman, Ato Melesse Entin I nmai*, Head of Planning and Programming Department, WRC, went through the tentative programme (Appendix 1) and noted that should 
here be a need to go to the third day, the programme Ou ld be relaxed to part of day thr^e, (October 18}.22.
Further, he elaborated nn the overall apprOi . 
the sessions nrr fn h»? concbn*t m i . The Cq^  °  ho^
rupee sen tin Live will p rr-<« n 1 tlie b i gh J j yh t <5^  ^’ Pt’s
1h
1n
r
topics at Llie beginning of
to be followed by coiwhIs, quarries, sur^
opinions, etc by the participants, The parr^ior,st
can pose their comments directly or puss comment^*^ mittal slip (Appendix 5) Io be read hv the ^k *’ " *nv 
for 15 to 20°^* C'ach
• VI'- chairman,
23 . It was also  disrlosrd comments of the draft could  he on  tort,  a j ned session are addressed.
t.h.if VRD\ has prepared a k furil report and tliese
t “'’
n]
The < li?iirmnn  i nt.rnijitrr..?
Mr.  Mar t i i»  P runt,  T  1 
very  wide experience in 
' 11 n 
• e s Fas 1
Pr i
|U r.-l ov.-,ni topics of TP 1  the
■'in  S r"|OT-S"|1i ,n! ivp
t li'it. Mr. Brunt hfts a'
v ring a
He        has Agency the 70 th
d if f erent and the Mr. Brunt.
wwororkekedd        tn        the (ODA) for 30
ho has studies -
st and Northern Africa.
Oyprseas Development
his re L i rrment. 
ir. Ethiopia in
 two 
f
r)
land        use        study        of        the        Southern has participator! in 1 he PFDS in
■_if th" highland forest Rift Valley, 
a capacity of
a team leftder.
6.1. Session I - Overview
6.1*1, Presentation - by Mr. Brunt
25.      The      substance      of      the      Torino      f      Rr      •      f*»itrarr      is      Io      cornVU with        a        sound        proposal        to        allwintr        1        Pc        prevailing        and future          social          problems          which          has          precipitated          as          tijC result        of        the        introdud        ion        of        irrigation        in        the        M-idcL^ Awash            Basin.           The           pi.inly           shall           also           device           an npproprinte          plan          to          restore          1          lie          ecological          balanc? following the? expansion of irrig/ii ion in the area-
2G*
The Terms of
Reformer appears pretty simple, 
most of the considerable represenLnt ive answers are furnisher! co-operation of t hr solution may be deviser!
participants. 1 now they conceive problems and the
is no4- all together sure if l1^ rylC
in I Ik Report. Perhaps wit*1
,cry
-
Consult^”
part icipnn! s a more
w<3f
an  foi-e irrigation 
project
fireH’
a|-fO,jt
tr*.J
."'0,00(1 
local Afar Pastoralists.
23'
Rainfall fairly 
rain---------
about 550 mnt/ycnr. soils in most
of
t'-r Mr,idle Awash, t||(? Jia, vas used mainly by the
together           with 
infall crop production.
is P oor
Tills
the area precludes
nA     The subsequent developmei,! of j r t f
s  41
-  , on, concentrated
‘        on belt of brown alluvia] soils n]ong (he river renoved
about 23,000 pastoralists* 
season  grazing 
ba of land fj-nu, f.he use of Afar
This p*irt. i rulat* I-ind was the prime dry
land, 
Tt              w/is
land 
seasonally 
innundated           (flooded)           by           rhe           fiver.           of           course           with 
the
regulation             (dam)             upstream,             the
flooding             has
vertnaJ J y ceased.
Ut1iaL does. this !
nr cnnx o i - i on nF Lhe 23,000 ha
of land  to  irrigation  u*cnn  to  the Af.irs in  terms of their livestock  ? This area represents a production  of animal feed of about 40 000 tons/yrnr dry matter.
r
considers
the
proposed 
3000 
31.  Looking  into  the feed  requirement of the total
livestock      population      i      ri      the      .ires,      the      loss      is      some      2O9C* 
Inorder      to      appreciate      th**      mn      gh      ■      tud*’      ot      this      loss,      one
is       only       15%       of       the       loss.       This       gives       a       feeling       on       the magnitude of the problem*
If full scale irrigation  d^vr 1  r»pmr,n’ goes ahead  in  the Middle Awash,  ie.  Angl^’r Pel h.-tim> end  Kesem Hebron schemes are implemented,  the venversian  of land  from grazing Ln irrigation v. r I ] bn in the n”drr of 51500. hn,
h.i
of
Angelcle
Irri
gated 
Pasture
Project, 
wbiel’i
produced 
GOOO
tons, 
which 
■
Jb          In      addition      to      change      in      I      nd      itse,      •here      has      also      been cojis         i       dem       hl       e       increase       in       nr^nrl       population       in       the Middle       Awash.       It       i*       worked       on*       that       somewhere       in       the r,e         j     ghhourhood      of      50,000      ,-.dd      i      !      •-.ma!      people      have      come MjLo          the        area        which        tnge«|ier        with        the        Afar        population add        upto        60,000        people.        [Th?        Af;.r        population        figure        in The a e  fluctuates.)
ra
3 L r i -
-j      n     Population     pressure     p!     rtre*»     I     b,s        Jr’iiuiud     Oil     the     local
WootJ
resources
of
the
ord^r
of
Rfl.DOC
tons/year. 
The
r ‘rprl<H!ii
nnnt
requireni
enl
is
f1 
rehyc.). 
Th-
construct
i
chi
h ‘ood requtrement is ver' (I yr-t'-m I nge of the tnt.nl .35. The result of the
in pop’ll a t ion conrpn* r*i t- in the nrras nw;iy from 1 avor^nr ’ ng nip! rntigr t’ g
' Pl ’ 111 ’ 11
<»in1 th-
r,
1        r-np     number     of     \     fa        '     hC!        ^P ’>■■      ’’i-.      -f      rt^n      i      i      hi-      i      ahJ*ai>
r.‘i I. i1 i rhi.
3S.
The woody vegetation have
destroyed and the los^s e
of bush sAvnna, awn;.
compares t he extent tf t li<-
the river on n t r pliotogr:
ago wj1h recrii! sate]jte imagery 
about ftOO Im which • ■* nlmnl 11.5% of forest .
I icr !r irobnbiy 
fiv'in | be nec ar
gr
V ■x’ p r.
f .-1 j rj y '"■atest
s e»v &r^
. <”ite»is5.Vel
ln  the  V 1
a
n
p 11 s
taken
Torrst Romp 10 or ]g
Gut if
eas
, 
bo ^rder
1  otie
irig
showeJd n decrea, r  hr netn |
n
J S’PArs
- s«  nf
aep ncj,1
37. The result of t.hc t|<- Iriulirm >r I lie woody verntar cvcrgrnzirsg anr) dr-r ■ dr, t i n ii t-f -r iv. n!l,i |,e rb" ; .lnd1 ?ri' 
led to inn*asp runoff
rav,ii i tig soil erosion. ,^d
in       places,       wind       ert^ion       is       >i<i       i       1       e       considerable       "       "
certain monllis of the ymr. 
3P- That is the Ein'i ronmpi’t al pr-M nm i.Tiich the Consultant was required to nddrc°s.
in
39 .       What has assisted 
been done on t !»■-*
by 
the
possible so I nt ions
jj a ’ 1 n 11 a 1
to b«s r-fUT 1
par1                 of           the           Consultant, coiiiiicr parts, to bring
1.1-r"
4 0 .       To        accomplish        tkiis        t;i’        L itrirlo rt.nken .
•    ' on tn.-: ' ti o’ 1 components tore
1   Vrin] Survey of 1 |v- nrr.'t T1.CA (rnnimi SKini.t‘»’ I • \ WPUX season to ch-Lc rrn i i”' 1 In* p-
In nd use, size uT ] j v<--1 qf And 1 he distrihnl inn of 1 hr* off—red the stud; v/jl.h key
area.
h.i ■                 mid' rl nk-i» T'j
1m.IL in dry and wd
1   l   <■   i-h    of   vegetal   i   on   -il,! population         in         the         area h   ih   j   tn   I   j   on   .   This   ha-p
.-.sports of the study
m.2 Th'-
r ■ s I .si 11 i -1>>" — i. I ’■ - rl 1 he land for hl r-.'t ' . ■■ *-.H
I fc.r | lie si.itd;- \ i tv-vi. The i nip0 r*-a^'r
of          HI I •<     1 .'1 lid r< : /ri i ! ■ •        L ba r- i i f f
F— Ft I ' X l,r ”
.
sc> i 1   s ham d i f rr. i-, , ' (Ieve- 1 ipyieii t .
pnl nnf i.d
for
i ri > 5 n
The    fund    a    mental    rei:ru    i—    mr    hr    ?nasi    i    f,G      ]•    n      *    L      heinrs 
this           map.
r cr           ae.i           ancr,           Hr*
Irrigation           sCoSjt<''
h&ve used the f^ri i 1 •x
i- h i c h prerbired I nr -Hr- ' n t ha dr?'
alltivifil L
nf
r
the - f rt r .<
To hnld extensive |;
...;
Middl*? clans
area ,
j n the
thci r
dev?] op?d.
Awash and with different clans and 
inorder lo understand tin* problems of
w:'h the A Cars in 
what their attitude i
--------  is towards t___ he cWha1nge  <sr   s
land     use     and     things     1     Int     should     be     clone
op i n ion,
t ho
sub
the
«-r * ■ S J x n
-^nd how this nt. titudc have
n i To determine the present population in the area-
" the Consultant relied on ILCA’s aerial photo work 
assisted by ground work by determining the average
household size of the \fars and non-Afars.
40.5        To        find        out        what        the        riui        umplian        wood        is        for construction         and         fnd         in         *         |.o         area,         Fuel         wood 
survey 
have
been 
launched, 
the
statistics
obtained  from the survey  lui\r born  irsrd  for future project ion  and  ihereby  Mir- area required  for const rue hi on  timber and  writ>d  furl product ion  in the years to rnmr,
4        0.6        Review        of        previous        ittnjnp?"        to        resolve        the        Afar problem;          which          w^re          largely          review          of          leterature; and
40.7        Consulting        all        I        Ims--        people        who        are        involved        in one        way        or        another.        Thus        includes        individuals        from
WRDA
p         JAR,      RRC,      Minis      fry      r>f      Stale      Farms,      Awraja
Administration         N'GOs         ,         nnrl         of         course         the         local peopl e themselves.
Surveys of th**  population  reyenl Hii‘1  there are two main  Afar tribes in  the arm - the Debine and  the haima.  In  these two  tribes,there are at least 30  clans
an d s u he Ians each heritorially rights-
r he Afars move around, 
of which have a recognized
in and out of the area quite
°xtensi vely. But at the time of the survey there arc
^bout 55,000 of them on the west bank and about 11,000 the east bank, totalling Jo 06,000- In regard to 
he non-Afars - Lhe workers and the causal labourers on e  State Farms arc about EOOO on the west bank and 
- omt ‘11,900 on the east 1 i-ink Ln tolling about 50,500 People,
and 
T-ion increment in Middle Awash is not known, the Consultant has assumed a growth rate of 2% per
B
y thf, yenr
 2025 the Lola I ATar and ncni-Afar
^ulation will be 275,000.4-1. The TLCA survey un the HvpsI.dcI: reveals]
inferm/it ion on the distribution df the
Cntt]
Q eQ°d 
camels, the sheep ami goals nnd I he donkevRC>
different units of livestock Pre expressed in ?'
Livestock    Units    (TI.l1)    •    Tli»'    T    t     r    >.    survey    i    nc]    j    t      r^l>icaj there are about 64,500 TT U in ! tie dry season and"
73,000 TLU in the wo L season in the n'roa, 
a t>Out
45.        The major much feeds pupil] at i on .
inhprAst hen; Li,  t—w of 1,hc problem i - is require) Io  f/^rl these ]jv S A lives I rad unit requires about.
of dry matler to keep it
in condition each year. °ns
46.        The        production        of        feed        of        the        diffr.rent        land        units surveyed       and       pstimntor]       to       prr.ducr       j       n           the       Orcj       ,       ’S 107,000        tons        of        dry        mailer        each        year.        The        deman^fr^ the       nnimal       population       is       about       161,000       Lons       in       the season      and      about      182,000      Ions      in      the      wet      season.      So      C-ri the       face       value       th^rc       is       a       positive       balance       i..       e.       there is        more        dry        matter        available        than        the        requirement        to keep        the        livestock        in        rnrirtit.        ion.        However,        when        cons idering          the          problem          nf          distribution          of          the          livestock herds       and       the       availability       of       some       of       the       animal       feed, 
the            situation 
is            not            snl
isfnrtory.            Access
to 
irrigation  is not possible Tor 1  be reason  of damage of
structure.  Alidege plain  is not also  accessible to  the
Afars (the feed  survey  includes this area).  The
general conclusion  is that the present livestock  popul
ation is only’
marginally imbalance
with food
product ion.  So  if then*  is nny  further diminish  m food  supply  or increase in  livestock  numbers,  it- ^-s going to put the whole balance very much at risk-
47- Passing to fores! r; , 
1 hi* ao-rn'je consumption
4 8 .
fuel wood per house hold is about 15 kg/day wot wood- Cotten stalks are also used Tor fuel wood by 
worker, hut cotton sfnTI?^ ire available for 3—1 month3 in a year and second]; the agriculturists prefer
burn the cotton st .nits *-;o ns no! Io ]iarbou
iused s/pests for the nrsi season.
Using this statistics of l5kr/dny and on the assumr that there are 14,500 households in the area requJlJ ]
fuelwood and construction demand of about E0,(10ri tons/:
a
tirribcr ! hnre r.
49.
The survey further r*»vi’filrl t!i.it iirnst hnusrho-1^ about 10 hours a wet’k un fd < n i ng fn^lwood and ^pC|; process of this colled ion an a’.r*'-ige of 2*^ a
is w’nlkod in order to gri!h*-r j| .
1 fThe        study        tried        to        de
50 *
orgam^at lojis/peojJe j n what would be the possible 1 seen on their part. 
Unidnp
11
area
1 :tl‘J-t-inns  ------ : to the problem as ■*°’
attitudes           of           different, to       the       problem       and 
■■ »•**
The Afar view
5J . The Afars view can be categorized in two broad groups:
51       .1       The       elderly       Af/irs       vfnw^       zirr*       quit'*       uncompromising. 
They       are very hitler’ far I heir life been        changed due Io l.hr t nlrodrict. ion 
style    have of irriga
tion.       Tn       summary       what       they       would       like       to       see       is
that          to        get bark their land and they care         of        their lives lock by themselves. 
will    take No
envolvement whatsoever.  The followers of this veiw could  be considered  as minority,  however,  the role of elderly  in  a trad  itinr.nl society  could  not be undermined  anrl as such  they  have considerable inflnence.
5].  2  The next group  of Af-irs could  be termed  a moderate once and  the way  they  look  into  the problem is compromising.  The government has taken their land  and  as I hr result they  have a very 
considerable i*rol • 1 eisis <
^nrir n rr^n tl y , they argue
that       their       probl       runs       -bmjld       laid       at       the       door       of I he government to get food assistance.
^rticipants here could c'rarJy >.ee I hat neither of the veiws provide suilisfarlcru bnsi^ for the long term solutions of the social problems in I he area. The
clock can not bo turned back nor keep on providing aOvernni^nt               handout t c- one group of people to
Perpetuate. 
Tt will k too expr’iis i vo. One has to find
Someway to help the Afars l.c help themselves.
53 ’ It -
is encouraging lo nul<‘ t h-i  I here ir  a number cl
1
u
j,              that change has 1 iIuul place and that they can not
p - ent. j rc 1 y on I rad t * i iu*a I pasI ora 1 ] st way of life, 
j woffle exercising past rulIsm with certain crop pro-
have com? to be iriip^’ .'il i ’■ r ■ number ol jXCuis
nn?T WrtT i^
this initiative al rm-.dy ami there are a good
r    n     f   them   par   I   i   ri’.l   i   i'l   y   .-ntung   ’•   -h*‘   younger   ^far   wno 
n
1  bp prepared to t rj 1 bi
1 : fo if assisted.
1 154 . The view of the Afars r-nnrrr
assist them can be ?
wheather           settlement           schemes           or           irrigated           pastUp^
r-nnrnriiiiig previous atLQrnrj suiwrized, the inltiatiy °
l
1V
a, 
too large to be manageJ them to do so.
pasture output
ed by Afars if they On the other hand, the irr^ to
are too small to provide them
compensation          for          the         lost         forage         production         lost'^d 
y p JT. J g 
project did organization
clans and subclans.
(7 k ■             +■ Il .TT V*       4 i kJ*fe 1 ■n ¥* rf CX E*n H 1 j-l 4            _--------- J _» a
Further, 
the
large
scale
not respect the vital aspect of the 1 re
- respect for the territoriality each^J
irrieated\al7..?
55, As far as the irrigated pastures are concerned the Af express justifiable concern that if they did havl access to their livestock there would be increased problem of animal disease.
5G .      Finally, the Afars arr of the opinion that moves to provide them with compensation is by the government to Lake away more land to development.
all this a precursor
i rrigation
57.       To       summerizc,       the       Afars       are       n       very       suspicious       people       of any      move      by      people      from      outside      to      come      and      help      them, whatever         the         help         may         be.         Overcoming         this         suspicion is the most difficult problem.
The State Farms View
5R. They have quite a number of problems of their own 
They have considerable pressur* to produce more cotLon. On the otherhand, there are technical problems
salinity, machinery availability, labour supply etc- 59. Given these problems, it is not surprising that
State Farm have done nothing on the issue pastoralists and a little on the ftielwood problem.
R R C View
60.         There are three Afars use: the
Hal id*’be area and
n settleirirnLM areas dedicated  for Ami barn  area (about 1100  ha . tile De ho area.
the
the
126J ■
The RRC hod pooled out from the other two 
re
 will a number of
"
ve
 no assistance in
from the Doho arp L. ' settlement'* centers, embryonic Afar farm
the future.
in 1990 and by It appear
which wil}
W R D A View
£ ,  Their view has been  described  to  the meeting  during  the keynote and  opening  address by  the General Manager fwRDA) ^nd Deputy  Commissioner (WRC) respectively. That is the development of irrigation  in  Ethiopia but has also  recognized  the past and  future social problem
,soc     i    a    t    ed    with    irrigation    development    and    w    ou    I    d    like to          address          this          issue*          The          'commissioning          of          PFDS speaks quite loudly for their view*
63.         Nevertheless,         as         an         organization,         WRDA         is         also         under pressure          to          develop          more          irrigation          and          their          next objective        to        bring        the        Ange        tele        -        Bolliamo        extension into        being.        ft        is        this        particular        problem        which        is        the main focus of this Consulting.
Awraja Administration View
64.        One        of        their        main        task        is        to        reduce        the        conflict between        different        ethnic        groups        to        a        minimum.        There        is a        traditional        competition        between        the        Afar        and        the        Issa for        a        very        long        time,        and        also        similar        element        of competition        between        the        Afar        and        the        Kereyu        and        nt times       between       the       Afar       and       the       other       ethnic       group*       who Ijve on the higher ground around the valley.
The     PFDS     should     look     into     this     coinpe     tat     i     ve     way     of     life inorder to minimize if not totally eliminate.
The Donors View
66.     T1
e  donors appears very keen to give as much help as
can tn the overall social and economic development El hiopi . But, in connection to irrigation develop-
n
recognize that there are these social °tJlems and therefore EEC funded this particular study 
WoZi c°hsultant is of the opinion that the view of the Dank is very similar to th:>t of EEC.
13National Wildlife Conservation Orgnization
67.       The Consultant is of the opinion that the NWCq like to see the nren devoted entirely to w'iW°ul<3 conservation and the pastorlalist who have cont’ ^^^ use the area in a traditional way shou Id 
relocated outside the park. 
(NWcoj
1
to
If
the park organization is able to obtain the
land entirely concentration of area. 
Therefore
s loujy
USe of P °Ject
r
and       its       policy       is prob 1em.
for their prupose, a
animals will develop in the the position of the park 
an important component in
°J-gani
Ka1 iQr
.
the overali
Past Attempts to Deal with Afar Problems
69.              This       has       already       been       iouched       upon       many       of       thcsp perhaps       go       over       them       guidely.       There       has       been       the       Afar initiatives,         the         run         of         the         river         irrigation         themselves in       the       Kesem       area       and       a       number       of       small       cultivated plots       within       the       irrigated       .iron       (of       the       project)       on       the east        bank.        IAR        is        assisting        the        embrayonic        Afar        farms in extension service.
70.            The     Ami     bara     scheme     which     has     11027     hut     dedicated     to     Afar use       only       have       had       ahout       130       ha       under       cultivation.       The Halo      Dnbi      scheme,      ‘126      ha,      have      had      about      200      ha.      under cult ivat ion.
71.             There     are     a     number     of     NGOs     initiatives,     NOMADEP     is     one of          the          important          forefront          runner          providing          help          fcr the         Afar.         Currently         Oxfam,         Save         the         Children         (U.S.A), World      Vision      and      Red      Cross      arc      active      in      the      area,      The
assistance
include
small
scale
irrigation, 
anil"11
traction unit, human and animal health programme*
72.        The Amibara Irrigated Pasture scheme (3000 ha)
also be mentioned 1000 ha. has been cleared. 50 is
the laud has not been brought under maucigement nhlC* g the responsibility of the Third Livestock under
Ministry of Agriculture.73’
Lastly, the fuelwood sunrtJv address by the State Farm Melka Sedi settlement. 
land is identified 
fr)
'. 
again most of tj,j  , 
s
grazing and little fnj. 
entail conflict over Janci „Se 1 V;it'On > -4. Against. this technical and social hnckcround i
',
Pr - ,
r . rln*-aI jotl.
L, ^'l by
aspect has partially been There is a nursery in the
An are a of 230 lia. of Unfortunately, 
the Afars for which may again
spe  what MAS has provided as a sciiutio^' J®1 us
outset, MAS has underscored the thin** i u .At t3lc
avoided are, namely:                                                         tMng’ whlch ahould be
74.1  Large schemes will not work,  because they  nre
outside
the
competence
of
the
Afar
to
mana
gement
and 
to 
deal
with 
conceptu
al
1 
y<
Therefore
the
appronagcch must be small scale.
74.2               The         critical         business         of         Afar         clan         territoriality must      be      respected      and      it      must      be      the      basis      for      any future land use planning.
74.3           The      confidence      of      the      Afaps      must      be      gained      if      any successful         programme         is         contemplate         in         the         area. To      achieve      this,      this      propose!      must      be      seen      by      the Afars        to        be        their        programme        designed        with        their participation to help them.
74.4                Because          of          the          large          unknown          factors,          the programme        must        be        flexible.        II        should        be        designed sti      that      it      can      rvedvr      al      n      mile      and      in      a      direction with      which      the      Afar      have      parLie      I      pntrd.      Thus      the
*’bot t orn-ui/' approach is applied.
j4.o Lastly, training programme should He provided.
75. The cpUrk overview o. <ne i   - r ryf the proposals I 75.1     The advance programme
placed by MAS are:
75.2     The pasture and ag
, ql,ricu)tur'’J pvogrnmme
75.3     The forestry programme 75.-I Training programme
‘S.S Institutional M'-
~3.A The Angclrle-B^>,:MnO Programme)
15
=* 
t,«lrictive
ini1 iat r-p6.2. Session II • The Advance Programme
$.2,1 - Presentation - By Mr. H.Brunt
The idea of the advance programme is to 
Afar* which they say they need. Thin 
show then that the assistance is honest, 
of implementation of the programme this woui j
gagaiin a n a good w     good  orking relationship and
r
pr ovidi
attemptsd- *he
1
Tn th  er?''*
e
Id -n J? ”
thereby gain\e
9
t i •       Discussio
n
with 
the
\fnrs
have
had 
felt
needs
which 
require
a
ssistance
range
and 
animal
health, 
educa
tion 
for
young
provision of domestic water supply.
t»« th,
hu.,,
members ♦ .
Under
needs,
this
proposal,            providing            ho)p<-
to
there are five initiatives.
their felt
78.1      Provision oT t we trn^lling health units on
two banks.
78.2      Anim«] rcQuis-te
78.3      Schools programme .
73.4      Pro\ is ion of dome- • j<- water supply .
78.5      Assistance to RPC’s previous Afar settler.
6.2.2. Discussions
79. Question / Comment, etc
(Q) The stalenent "Fill ! ar h i »«vciii<'H< of 'he vnl irrigation development proposals would increase total land lost to 51,500 ha. . . . ” should be amended read as the total converted gracing land--- . 
because that the Afar pastoralists orc benefiting nany ways from the various development schemes-
Reply (R) Comment accepted
jb
(WRPA’s written comm-
IfThe        statement        "th-        Af.tr,        n        tribe        of
’Arabs* . ... 
•laboratiqn nr -H- h«i
removed as its essenr- i » nor rj-.^r.
A frlean to be
(WpHA'^ written            cn*ni’«’ r. ♦ .
(gj Comment accepted
(Q) The outcome of ILC»Vs second  round  low*level
Aerial        Sample        Survey        October        1990        is        not        properly 
explained-
For
example
Velum* 
2 
Annexes
B       4 
C
give
information 
nn 
the
Afar
(Popul-it
ion 
. 
Pastoralism and 
Agriculture) and Livestock
respectively.             However,             these             Annexes             do             not
explain aspects
such as displacements frosi
development            area            figuratively.            The            Consultant expected to elaborate on ILCA’s study.
(WRDVs written comment)
is
(R)        Agreed)        the        ILCA        second        survey        results        will        be further elaborated.
82.       (Q) This section docs not show whether the Project
Control Center (PCC) employees are included  in estimation  of non  Afar population  or not.  If not
taken           into           account
in           the           estimation,           please
include the same.  The total number of ^mployr**s in  the PCC,  upto  end  of August,  1991  is 500, Among  these 250  nr**  permanent employees and  the rest are empjoyed on temporary basis.
(WPDA's written comment)
IR) This point will be checked  with  the team members concerned,  and  an  ammenrlement with  made if necessary.
As the Ministry  of Agriculture has roles in  the sub  basin; it is necessary  to  spell out its duties briefly  as stated  far other institutions in  the area.
[WRPA’s written comment)
' R’'       The       Mn.\       Work       in       th-       u-iiw-il       Ji-ilth       sretor       will       be *<id d, it i  an ommi ^'sion.
B5
J784. IQ) Nation*! Vatrr Ri
(NVRDC) h«» 
Cc»»i»»ion ('•RCJ. 
l>«". ««1 npmcnt r
r^nnmcd ns Rater n"’ni’M*
1’     ’ ’ fell nnef»sRftr *3°'<rr,
the       name       NRROC       hy       *»»**       vhcr<vo
r           j,       nppenrs
dcnit»rnt. 
(KRDA’s written
*n
comin»nt)
(R)        Voted, this will be rectified
85.        (Q)
The Consultant is advised to note that
the arrival of Government representative °r area, there was no Afar initiated pasture }" the Galifagr region. 
nnd
to the >n
(WROX'S written comncnt| (R)       MAS       believes       that       Ih^m       is       a       description       of       ver* 
simple water diversion  to  encourage pasture an! date palm growth  by  the Afars in  the Lower Awash in  the literature,  this was before government become involved.  If the reference ran  be found, this section  will be suitably  expended,  if not it will be deleted.  With  the rlmirman’s permission, Mr.  Gerard  (Save the Children,  US who  has been associated  with  the Afars for quite a time) bns been  requested  to  intervene in  this issue.  Mr. 
Gerard       explained       in       the       Lower       Awash       delta       Afambo 
area       -       maize,       sorghum,       palm       trees       A      hotpopper      were
grown,       perhaps
for
now
the
due
Iasi
to 
100       years. 
However, 
js
declining 
the
shortage
of
water
it
m
the
 Awash River.
86.
(Q)       As
one of the severa
l proble
ms the la
ck of
housing, other social services and buildings the Afars has not been mentioned in the repor
(R) Agreed, this will be dour.
13S'-
(G»
The experience of Awash *>11^ Authority operated settlement «h*e- », not ml
presented in the report..
except.  mentioning  nT  if.  Thu*,  thr Cofliuitant expected  lo  exponri nitil include the pnwt nt^jirt AVA in the region.
tWffnA’s written comment )
Authority (AYA) — « —!W -sj ^|i a ’ ..i
*» hardly anythin<
1 •
of
/r)      A      note      on      AVA      set      t      lemnnt.      odministrat      ion      will      t* 
reflected in th** Mn t n P^pnrt. 
How*ver. the
agr     i     citl     t     u     rnl     annex     has     n     fair     extensive     coverage to the AVA experience and the work of others too.
(q)        Eventhough        it        is        not        materialized        World        Bank        has made         a         contribution         amount        ing         Birr        117,000        for resumption       of       nursery       and       tree       planting       on       class       6 
lands adjacent to  the Heiko  Sadi Farms Head Quarter.  This World  Bank  contribution  should  be mentioned  as one of past attempts to  solve wood supply problem in the region.
(KRD.Vs written comment) (R) Comments accepted
B9.     (Q) It is noted that Afar clan territoriality is an
important            concept
in            gaining 
their
confidence# 
The notion  of small scale approach  coupled  with community  and  animal health  ear*'  would  be vital in achieving  the A Tars 1 ennf idorme,  though  the latter may  have sustainability  problem.  However,  how about the id^a of including  simple agricultural initiatives in the Advance Programme?
(S^r/ ^i  D. Gerard)
T
t
( R) The consultant pc j rd  cd  on! That the Advance Programme included  support Io  l he RRC Settelement Schemes,  and  said  hr rnnld  see no  reason  why  this could  not be extended  in  a »*iod**xt way  to  help selected Afar who n«];ed to «l.irt farming.90. 4QJ
Travelling 
pcpulntion in 1 hr cnrn|-<t cowwunity 
V 11 *h f n < t 5 to
to fo]j’At th* p’ogrftmih*’ nppo.irs to h W~UP
I hr
rffri I pt nrr liAtt 1 tw j n ars^ e °ho *
Affirs. Any trillion «». ihin nrvronclp '
l lin S th„
(srr/rsA,          n
- G°rartj)
(Fl
The          consultant          ngr#****l         tli.it Health             Units             canid             also copmuni       ly       henl       th       prngrnmmr* 
1 he Trave* 1 ] ing '- "•‘'■'i to  ..; 4r"' 
sP
programme should  he constrH approach  tc the rural health piementation this could bo r|
r***d
::v% - :
rr»blom. Ourl,“£ iHcussed in detail.
91,         (Q) One major prnhleir of the Anrfvnnce Progrommn
issue of sustainability,  after the project phases out After 30  yrs*  How should  w**  built-in  sustain ability element in the progrnmmp?
IH-CA  GcLnchew Asmenew)
(
(R)         The         consultant         also         Agreed         that         the         problem         of sustainability            had            not            been            Adequately            addressed in         the         report.         This         omission         would         be         corrected a       particular       ways       would       have       to       be       devised       to       get the         Afar         to         contribute         to         those         initiatives         which were        aimed        nt        helping        them        so        that        there        ar** better        rhnnre        nf        Mier**        A        fans        being        able        t° continue         the         ini!         inliv**         in         question         when         the project closed down.
92.      (Qi      a}      Has      t      lie      re      been      any      experiences      in      the      P°*      s with          Advance          Programmes          to          solve          pastora problems0            Tf        so        could        these        be        included        J- the report.
b) If the main gon] is to confidence of A fairs, can’t achieved by placing several
establishing it
animal
simpizJh 
assistants          among          the          clans.          This          ^flS achieved in ntlmr pa^l.nrn] comm tin i t ieS *
fT!PA, M. Saleem)
20With 
regard 
to th** que*tl^n 
information
where
gu  r dn  nro  *
that
about con 1 •! b<
The r | I mi t
\dvanr*
i ncl ifdnd
bheth*r there *** PrngreiMte* *!■<• 
n th* report fvr
that             NOMAPFp 
harl niidrrt nt-> the Advnnr** 
n*t
proposal? 
in
rr»nHhrfr*i the * 11» far nork
work        had        horn in the report
in
Pmg rnnige
I hr Ktxtern rm *
•aeetirtt
to the 4 that this
annexe*.
It wai descri&ed
Yl r consul Inn! d id not have ibM tiled information bout other programmes, hut ;l wa* generally known 
that- pastural programmes in Kenya and the Sudan fjr example had included M*oci/il** components. but
°t isolated as an Advance projni««e. Tn these
n ° o£rammes the problem nr rnn* ; rf-rc* building had 
-
not hern *^o impr-tapt .
Tn  replF to  the v-rond 
nf
i o,ri>>ni
the
consultant
ngrred            that
the            Advance            Programs            could            be
restricted        to        the        animal        health        component,        bu*        b- so       doing       this       would       exclude       the       very       real       problems of         human         health         A         education         Py         including         the latter        the        whole        community        would        be        catered        for including the women and chi 1 firm,
33.        (Q)       Can lack of range It-vH" development in Advance
Programme bo included**
(EVPS A. Tilahun Eshetii)
The
of
it
consult ant sa id range land development could course be inc link’d in ’he Advance nprogramn^. wns however a question of timing, and not
trying to do too many tilings nt once. The Advance Programme had been designed to provide the nfar with the help they said th-*y wanted* Help with improving the rangeland had nut been included in their high prioriLy requirements.
(Q)  Please make comment s with regard to steps to be token to settle Afnrs.
(Iir'.. Abate Tedla)
21(K)
The wtepn which the drscribed
Ihnrxen,
«»•! t J ri>riil
Thour Afar vmy of irrigated Land
t C hr* 1 i • i 1.0 S01 ! ] 11r’A par’ i c ipnnt
in
t o on
who
t be report• 
% b i ’ h ho 
• L«* Hpr ♦•o •!•> I
■' the
«'nqui red 
v i *■ I**-* I to mippt r*r. nt
pnrtJeu] “IrMi ] d
i s
Afar,
are
life
won 1 d nf
h r»
O . *i tn 1.0 11n 
These plots
block of land of up would be located * one clan. This rixid r> hot wem The snn ’ 1 fam i 1 \
would
pmbnbl y ho
to inn bzi.
H bin the t rad 5 t K'Mlld redueo the
! •ms o\ er i b** ic- P1 o • c i
nrly
r <Ter
not c
th teoir
per
pnrt of
; b’-.
fo th* envi»«gMl
■ P^>i f«M?  <*
•    • 
Ml Q lar^^r
y
Such 100 ha blOek, 
ndUional land 
Qf
irrigated :nstancc also
pnstur*» production , but it is envisaged that
wish to undertake crop
hoped t he ng ronomic important operat. i on Afar in
IAR would be able • extension advice I
point lint is fundninnfi t a ] is the essotil Ini need 
the wbolc process
so1 orf i on n r Lot i] m«j in 
tlf land.
t o 
f min the
would not only 
problems Of mo of such land, 
would probably be used f0: a  • in the first
some Afar would production. It is
•o continue with their to such farmers. An 
' to the whole
This process of consultation, 
in the
part, i c i pate, decided to use
thnm who wished 
i Im way in which the
involve the beginning, 
help to 
Afar
95.        (Q)
L^t us assume (he program is implemented  and successful as pl mined.  This will encourage Influx of mure and more lo the site.
got
the
a) Js it f i nnif i /i ? 1 \ , 
manegerin1ly 
ftn ^
technically  possible to  moot the additional requirement of i ho  original ns well as new comming nomads*'
’        11 th’« h not posvil.l.., doesn't it even
worsen      the      *•.      i      timi      i-jn      thin      it      is      now      !• 
Aggravating 
at the nrp;in
(P)     The       question j? whether, proposed programme i
pressur<
is suer
ovr-5population 
(n'Tfi’, TcsTiiyc Kid°n<?' in th-- event t’j‘d,thc
oss fully jmp]emen , t0
problem of <jfgrnd.it ‘ ji< would become the iriflux of \r'r mid o 1 tors from area, attracted b; lb* i«-n.fi! : t, 
c
worse. ° th? °’,tSid,.-ithip
to be seen
the project arc •.
o *»This
k«pt
n ,on i I ored apprnpr i nt r- prohlrms. buL should trying to
in ci»rt--r.tti '■ ’y  H-1 7            1 in mi nr! when 
if-r-oi--*r--«^-  e of ah* pr - ojec mn
snd      it      must      be
dnrirvj nr-t i rlf> , 
fh   M
 f  . |  |    | 
T  n||
Th t U type «*f ihftrfnr } •> not hr* II* rd H«r
t nr I 1 e <~u rj*en *
~.i so
contain
t is
that sich 
nJ wayt •n Argument
problems. IP He would
present. for
Dot
a rg nt the
uments were accepted i-r:
nil. Kevr-th'-I^M, it i« appreciated that at moment there nr* srr prnhlens, which ari»e
If
be
luch
dor.*
f rom the nwu proposa]s between 
dispute's
the
hrse rtrr rorogn j u-<«d l)l( t (,«, report, and nrr mnde Tor e'r<n l» to op^n a dialo?u-
ntlmic -roups jn
r
Afar and ’ssn J*r>-t the disputed 
use
be
of rhe AllorH-hi P’.-m-'. H’W dialogue could held between the Af-nr ■••!<) n*-|w»r groups on
margins of the prnj<>rt Kcreyu, for pxnmpjn,
Ar**:           the Issa and
the
the
9C.     <Q)
!R)
The Advance Programme should  share ideas of impl emen  ta Lion  with  th**  nrw Xfnr leaders (ALF) , because there nrr other idr^s going  on  very recently apart from this one-
1  T ' PF i Fya.su Trmcsgen)
The consultant agreed  with  \to  Fyasu  that there should  be detailed  discussion  with  rhe new Afar
leaders when  Implementation  whs bring  planned  in 
view of the fart that other Initiatives were being
consider
ed 
in 
the
3pm. 
Tl
should 
hr
noted 
that
after
the
consul
t
ationt
inf
-r^a!
talks
were
held 
between      WRDA,      some      of
t
h^
v nn*s, 
th** 
consultant
and Afar leader*-' who t ■'
>  rt
r  present
at the
consultation. member of the \fnr Pnr 1 iamentrian.
These
in     Jud     d     Alifflirah     Helena,     a T :Le**n* i ot* Front* and n
9?>          (Q)
Can         you         Rpccificoll:         put         th*         rv*n*!M*'         of         each surrounding i nsl i UH i vrut in Ik Vehorn*'* Programme.
( T ‘ T , (‘h-r^ww            icha)1
(R)
The •and*l** of ‘
r  ’",Q' > t 'it io e .
Hid?    t"    »’r    «-nnr..»-i..-d    »    i    f    1,    I    |,o    Advnnce    2lcF»    «r
n
hnn
Report. 
overall respond!bi J•1} fn» th- ir'(.lP.ment°J,ld h.v the prograaoe. The Ministry  of Health o
Education wrnM !•••  '-on^-rned with " an'
components. Tt wn* !>o; - J  t|,n j \p would h th“’
Iron* |1j- Ml 11.-»? <.r| i„ , hn rnn, ?Rra»s ven, yet to l».« «f’I Crtr-d, w " lant'
agricultural
At this st ng** i • detail as th which it is Consult tinn, implement at ion donor(concerned.
ro!.> ;n connectin'* a
contnining siippo* ‘ *e ’ !••• PF*’ ?nH loment " w‘t sc he*ej
wlirn Wil]
hr Id,
•le I xi i I
,o  go into the <“■
fol lowing S of
mor discussion
determ j nod
J   th   i proje'
th
Bused            on            clan            traditional
structure
with it
seen 
neeecsarj
to            strength            development            structure            anor
(H)
Afm Midi .*»s |'f«  lornlint \nsnriat ions - sir Association  may  help  tn  organ  IAdvance Programs and to take ov**r ifo* prog rr min'** after some years.
(Srr/VSX, D. Gcrnrd)
The        Consult        nut.        agreed        that        there        was        a        stron argument        to        include        the        format        ion        of        Pastoralis Associating          on          a          clan          basis          in          the          Advanc Programme.         This         would         provide         a         basis         for         th Afar       to       take       ovrt       the       Programme       in       due       course       e well       as       a       basis       for       partivlput       ion       in       the       Advanc*. Programme.           Thi<           Mi^-slinn           would           he           incorporate in th** Final Report.
99.        (Q)
Interested          in          .!•*«          n>-’••jm          regarding extension proposal.
(FWrn/wrj, C.
Kesem-Kcben Schloeder)(R)
The Consultant agreed that ..
' it would be detirebls * secure Afar finnn'-ial ccunmitr-------------------------------  ‘
Progra«'" ' *'
r
1 nr,'f'r lo tr; to
1  • m*»n* to the Advance
-ustainability. Will, rrg.-ir,| development of irrigation in th~
he pressure
KflS
’•      * deifrwe of
to the possibi* Kesen-Kebena are* 
displaced pastornl’sts.
» - »
also agreed thnt this wonjH result in greater being exerted on rh- Wional Park fro* 
;
quality in this nr- nrens. The J .
Hnwr»vr*r, such development a relatively low prierity, as the land 
i vns nhtlvly poorer to other The report by Mir*»onrld on this arta had 
ade proposals for n^cistAnce to the -----------------------------------------  -A--f-a-r- vhi   ---- cn were very similar to tlw^r being discussed today*
5.3. Session III - Pasture 1 Agricultural Programme
6.3.1- Presentation (Dy M. Brunt)
100.           The           pasture           and           agriculture           initiative           addresses           the problem       of       animal       food       supply       Mid       included       in       it       would be      the      agricultural      c      o^pr-n^n      t      *0      help      those      Afars      whu wish    to    take    rm*    *>g    r    i    ru    |    t    u    ra    1    production    in    Lhei-k sys tern.
101. There are several
encounter in this progrnmrn . 
_ rifljor
1 lechniril problem which will b‘
 component is -t
. j pcfttcj to Afar u$
which -ould he irrigated a d tl . th 
series           Of           small           block           of           J"’”'.^’j^^biocks           of           land 
q,
would be distributed arnnt-d h I
exislii.g irrigation scheme. Fnch docy lapr
Capprox
. 100 he)
will be located in Afar rb'" ‘' ' 
Io ". The objective in prot h1ibj ‘ /T* 
is to cor away from . 1-
provide compensation m he I ’ within the bloc territorial Uy .nd to rnaU- the tf».» “"*"„, , h K
.
to manage their own enterpr’cri
to a hectare of 1*^ pirated to -
’’
„ *       , -il1 Irrigation b 1 ocI*.
, ,ble attempts tn respect cU” e*ch faail.PArtiCM'At >”€• initiative, one >»"• 
!1 ‘"........  ’•           * Teto lnunchin- ’•»' v’*re ♦ hr. fln„*
t«-rhti«< n! problems > ••■ i ■’
(large) irrigation i.i.inr* nud small scale
under Afar nnnngettenf . On the latter one vahinble experience fro® which conclusion can But ns far ns the (tnrje) irrig'i’ed pasture
Afar use la concerned the Angolole scheme is eoasixsinnrd and the ox-peri on<-r ;n , |)f, not very encouraging.
» «     : I, t
.
P^Odu ^i
C
° n          th- to
U.a
,c
• I >S;'-ed pasture
—       is I*o w<> r
• lh'^
b * d . 
for’r••a.
not
Ak *sh
th? yet
is
103. Probably irrigated
103.1.
there are •been possible pasture cot:! J hn usnd by the
way 3
that P“storali {
st
Xllow the pastoralist <n put t‘ the land and graze the production, huge management and technical because the animal0 w
t-hc animals This
0 I ha$
i ' I t rample the grass.
Problo,,
103.2.       To 
cut
and 
enrrj
t
!:<>
product
ion. 
This
has
also 
consider
able
o 
rgnni      zn
I. 
i
on 
probions
-
rutting        C'jiM        pitiful        mid        distributing        to        Afar* participant s.
103.3.  Lot the grass nnlure,  iimIjo hay.  bail hoy  am.’ distribute the bailed  hay.  The problem ii< here is,  it is expensive and  distribution  is cample?..
101. Tn short
did not technical!y economical 1y reason. it block, of
get
the )i•estrek cottipl et el)
v i itbl t». sens ibl r
group ef the consulting 
‘    * J tcan
snt i s faciery sor* i :• 1 1 y
o»i t lie nhnvp 
j s which
suggested that I lie 3000 1 0nn ha h been
answer which acceptable fln issue. For thU
ha. Angled 
h.-i I, horn cleared, J*' 
commissioning of this should be ti<;r»d 
col 1 aboral ion with [
I •<«
prsi riH **i| to 1 00 ha • an<
n* perl men I .» 1 1 y to 
«.*«!•» •♦♦•pal i ng \fars
will
he a sat i sf/icI c»rj Hriurig^m^u I • 
that this work 
is »!<•»»* tn*! rm son;* !• 1 o
a re
reached before t !»'• business r»T 
comm i ssioni r»g be located boundar i es
t hr mn 
blr.rhs nf lnnd which
i work °w* .. i.lHch,hopefully Tt is import*"’
sound concl«s1^
-t
either tiHiln I he existing 
and/or jn* t nut >id« the peripheral
of
Far th-
currently irrigated sch'M!:
i*r* s.mny ru *=r a enir»hl ,.k
lnn-l K« Jiva,, .,r. r ’ .l J.'hclr
l
to3-
1
 drveloperJ r/rrirr
' bc SF
of         the         main         reason
i ?
, , <itor i n I i t y •
of the land cio 
.
In  H.hlJtM”,
devel orm**n f ^henie from same of the r*nfi;»lf
Itarevcr. thr*r« ■
jn
<-ho»iU
stance of 1 WAjr w^er* by
r
cJ an terr 1 
$o/nc
 nur'^’1 L ,on‘
supply nnd
wlit^h wntild erm hl» water t
! e pi-.v Mr- jpMit ionnl
point for Afar
co’icen tra t ion Further» nt tent ton plains. A because of programme
AF/ir r •< * * J ** i.h i**ltro 
of livcst.or! ♦hi'h ]*d to
should he fh-nvn to the Alledeghi
fodde r o b* drawn 
watering the current
overgrazing.
hi
kit of
1'Mid is not used at the mount
the Afnr and Tssn conflict. Legume planting pi: the pl ^hotild br considered seriously 
if access to the plain could
107- In  the longer term,  H is could  bo  done within  the SF the supply of nninuil (VM;
hr assured.
^uggrstted      that      two      thing vrhi*‘h would     also help in
107.1.
107.2.
TP ways could  be f'jurid  on  improving  the management oT  this irrigated  Areas,  which would  include double *  Topping  with  crop diversification  cn  some of rhe SF whereby  the first crop  will be cot Inn  and  the second  will br agronomic rrop^i I hr by-products which could  In? iiseil for aiiiival feed.  This has also the agronomic benefit for the farm land.
Attention  is •  Hnwn  In  H»r cotton  seed  which is one oT  Hie by-nrodncI nf the cotton  crop current] j- e»ported  from the area and  used  in 
the highland. 
this rollon seed is an
important aninttI f*  ^d  there should  be a way where 1his by-product could  be used  within the Middle Awash.
• *6 • 3 * Z *
Piscissions
1CF- (Q)      WRDA rtgrres with 1 
ronloiHs ur l|ij3
would        liU*        thf        wlion        bo        i        nrorporntod        'rtiori             a*-
the final report ■
(R)      The commnTil is nol c>.’ir. 
this            with            1 hr HPderst nttt! i ng salisfnied with pr'iprjy-nl mH ?hnl ] bo l ft , 
ru Uy i&
"-ton cowenii
However  HAS w ii
(
that              VRda       f
P
ore . 
1? ne -
109. IQ)      Change 111*' I
w  v-r- ntir•,* f  Afnr Farmer -
Government       SrtH       -m^h!       ■=>       horr»*‘,r           to       Assistance       t-
o
Afar FariM*r* on (R)      rowcnt nerrpte.l.
1  - 1 on^i i f
.
110. IQ)      VPDa in principle* 
enterprises. 
development on 1 h' 
a series of rlmi b.wrf nn'^rpriseR. . accepted by 1 hr» 'pMImrM:*. 
^n, 1 ] scale holding
* In* concept
” . • ♦ pasture
-si #• 
w-oulrl be to develop
is no’ I*        rnl.her propose*
that         thoRr* small
s'rib’ holdings Le owned by
group    of    imliviihi    11    <•    n»    rriiui    l    >'•<    who    have    comccr interests.
Also  it doe m not r •  < p  I •  b  •  i ■1 ■” i «  j f ’’The exci si®3
of vrn- ] blocks r?f
1
fx:*' i ng ...'■. 
ve 1 nimd irrigated land ^r/‘t Tl       in.Ht.c.Ti] proposes that
"
aforementioned bl >< 1 <■- «,•■ u’J-T-nl to each ot Honcn WRPA .•■■.iijvr.'■- t'b’ir; Iri . of lmwl in Melo* 
area xml IDGO b/. . irrigated by Fr. . mini-;, 
u \... i b-. t r nir.i. 
r.-in.-l Number 3 “n CBJial 1 <><l ’ ' 1 !i u.uliT by Secondary sl)Ouf
The foryrt;„
Isftej
is
;1
Number R.            The ;.S;-  nnu --?-er! (<< this comment
the        locations        nf        f|fo        srl^rtH        1/inds        and        c (Figure G.3,] )
Jjr>
regarding cn»i‘ j|. ...1 Angdffk Trrjgalvd is FPrjniT’pd Willi
gflOO b*1 f  j f            s-.'] r>p i rkg the              sSjon
frojert due dis J      r rg.-n i zn 1 i°|lS ’Figure 6.3 I
29Under this »rc-1 ion il Is suggested Control Center ( PCC ) could lake 1 he controlling field ennuis, In^tond, 
its structural orgnnv.ntion which is water administration. This <^cHnn Waler A'lmini.^l rnl inn Cmmi I I following members:
The
that the Project responsibility of
pCC has section in responsible tor
is known as ’’The Committee has the
1 . 2 . 3 .
J.
PCC’s Maivigei
Rrprosoiii n  l i \ f'  nf Ministry  of
State Farm* ........................ ..
C!lair’nan
Member
District Do\ ol opiiwnt Comme t tee (rori'oseiiI nI i' r}
• . ■
rr
Project
6.
above
Settlement (representative )
Afar   Irr   i   £n   t; \ssoc hl ion <
n Y.atrr r
i !r<
*1
The
committor ba*. t |m fnlli-i ing responsibilities.
1 .
The Commit lee pros iJos r^l^vant advise and suggestions regarding  cpij table water distribution and appropriate util *^1 ion tn the user.
;
2.
3 .
Tire Coinmiltec examines may arise hetwerri di possible solid ions C u*
the       muses       nf       disputed       that
rfr
rrjii
users;           forwards
final •He i R. i on.
The     romitiil     tee     w     i     1        1        be     responsible     for of the rules, regidntions nnd guidances
m) water use
b)    collect ion of lrr‘g.'i< ion writer c)     r’lninf ridere^n! s
follow up regarding
charge5
•1 .
The Cumin • t tee
irrigation 
Fill be accordihg1} i hj J •-uien I •••!.
o . t bo mluxil need and irjhips guidel
5.
other
reMted
The          Count 1 * * or- performs FCior nct iv itics.A Cars are
expected t  .
of  Afar
o
the <
wrter. Most life style, utilize and their own interest .
nn d SO t”*  V-ss nr-rtisf nmo,l
p
1
administer i j ' igai jrn, xnterz>,  *ll l ri|
organization I lie? emnonlos
r
t l. '
( sers *T ^-no4>Uo»
to fam iing. To  n their the Atari need 
from their —
Thus, 1
g
c
™' . Eventually the
**  ... 5 •••*<? aw re prcipQ
features;
"r'OT1.i-.Ss      (>w..hi ...c.h ha   ..    ve cm:.w;■i■M■i■! i ,lp
(      rPst)
s
'"itiallr"!"'-
»">
organ,.,,.,
• 
-■I '.'ll. I.avr the fcllnuin^
■“"’'ins
in numbers of committee will be formed based on 
Nation of irrigable land to the families which will
form groups later or,.
The Association  will comprise of representatives from each  committee,  which  will communicate with  WRDA to acquire the necessary irrigation water.
Duties and Responsibilit i es of the As5o^i^tio_n
1 Group
In order to ac-qudnt the Afars into Association, tho first ”tage is to ornl’ ‘ “ Groups individual families. The main tasks of thc.e □- P
are the following:-
- Their mein neUvt.r U “ f individual family irrjgr>-i^
They establish • yyig iHon uchedtiies*
They    assign    i    n-'    ■    "    i    r"ls    vim    will    operate i rr 1 g a t ion s y r t« *iii .
They prep irt* 
r;it.cr char ~
p
3 32 ) Tile Local Commi ttes
The committee will hp farmed by represe
from each smaller groups. 
This committee will roTIt-cl the interest of respective groups* 
The following arc I he major tasks of the committee a)        Coordinated the technics of irrigation water
utilization.
’ ntatiyes
. their
nnd the Association. might arise among
i waler use activities
3}
b)          Liaises brtwrcii Groups
c)          Settle any djspu!'* H«M Group?.
d)          Perform* an; : ri igai i
The     yat-er       Users Association
The                 As soc i a L i on w ill I
formed             from          each
respective        committee        1        hr        following        nre        the        major        tasks of the Association:-
a} Prepares its irrigation write requirements V
b)          Present? irrigation schedule
c)
Follows up the implementation of irrigation water user directives.
d)
Alerts i L <? m^nibr r t to pay their
water chargrs in time.
e)
Coinjnun ica r e?r- • r« its nrmh^rs
d’*ve 1 rvprncn t s rcgrnrling irrigation
irrigation
any 
water use-
1 *>T he Association, w} j j |( n j.,nal set-up- (see Figure fl. 3.2.
l l„ J
- fl' H twI
,,g
However, 
should 
, rl!l other ways of orgnti./b
bc
c«'H< iiV »-n<] that WRDA is
r^
c
eCt l
the^s3enc nre pr  i  esented hy I h-
constng w  il I nn I nlf.'r management bodies
(R)
Ac noted jn the meeting by n>anj- 3p ak
.
beijcved that respect of >fnr clnn boun"' 
he       fiindniricntnl to the success of an.. dari aims to provide compensnI i arj to the Afa- grazing and l.c help the Afar (
adopt simple crop cultivation to s  p™.„ livelihood from th- natures ° ’',ppIeaen
;in
he as
till s
os5.-utj.nl to rennin ! h- the adoption of 1000 ]in,
objective. 
The
riist ribtition 
add i t i o i i a1 di s L r i bi 11 ion
are appreciated, e?;ptms» involved
it is
es will any scheme that
for over-
to progressively 
. ’____ it their
It will therefore nti.il ] block approach, 
blocks would defeat problems of water
and help with the in changing the
system i.-jJl rjhvictisly be needed.Figure 6.3.2.
WATER USERS' ASSOCIATION 0 R G A NI ZAT IQNAL CHART
-    34    -The sii£g -~ *  ' 
ez
A eqoe      iat      ton 
is  appreciated Hint Ihh 
nx  *rAht!'di?ig ri). \fn- ..
i nr* ve  nr* ry vnl vertoddo       y      vn?iPtb|o}         nrvi      L 
• rJh
------
‘*5 v
V*ers
appreciated t hut IhH
Xl^cJn' rU
-J
chfl
n es m
3
ays
^ ---
«hl <■          » sr‘1- .r■.d . I    I ■        \ r ...
1,1  th« <o,t e.r distribution distribution 
fOr
cn
roV
 i df*d for n;H. | on | ,. 
r
supply t(J
required In'iatiHP i hr
these blocks would uni
J 1:        b|- ^- This would be
re ’i« far
Lhat for I
H. ie? 5 I .    n IC ■1   ■ pM4    i’ri **tMirerard.
nArGBSrtHly       be       the       sane
as
Ari alteninlivc ■-op!,! bo to group the 100 ha. into Inrgei- blocks of about 1000 ha
nssorinted for r.'ui^b , ; th rhr Secondary Canals
No •
in Motka S.ndi, .and \n. 
I■
3 JnAmibsra.
would have the ;rb 
have the mb .milage that the present
units each.
This
d ist r i bu L ion «;-•* I '* n 
r
i mu Id noi j,., J
and in con^equ^n^’ required. The
be consj dfrabl<? provide bl-'rks bnsis . Aft bn 
bo liever] Um t I h the* success of I
water
need to be altered,
n-l»!: 1 inunl funding would not be
•-nvlnl df sn Vantage however would * ,s i* 1 •'••’’-1 ! liot be possible to 
r  r ’T'r^n^i i! Lind on an Afar clan -rjmar^ hrr-n explained, it is
*      •(* f'lurl iineid ii importance Lu r *- i i. i t t .1! i vr?.
Tn  view of this,  nr 1  in  rerr-gnition  oT the fact
that the provision  of s^pttrntely  controlled  water
supplies to tliv^^
hn. blocks will entail
further eng  2  peer hit*  works,  n  lump  sum provision has been  math- ft**  I h'sr wjrts> on  the basis cf cost per 109 ha. block.
Il is fully  re< liaised  b’ fl”.- repsuiltants that if tire Siiriil 1  scale /ipprijncb  is adapted  and  blocks oT irrigated  land  of i.ipi n  inn  ha.  for Afar use art
developed,  each  .lornlorl ur*bih  the land  of an  Afar c ian,  that.  this prrs'-.<b  rnt merring  problems- These arise LrrraiM*  the watering  region? for these blocks will rltffei- frenp  rhe Sla*r Farm regime and 
there Torr
i itdcprncb'r.t wt“r control will bf
required,  which  will
i uvestment.
c-iU              fcr
additionalIn    the    consul    *    mil    ’    «•    view,    one    of    the    r
past           attempts           nt           providing           compensation 
one of the reasons w||V
Afar lind failed v.is hernusu 1* was on too big a scale. This applied the RHC Sell 1 emeu’s (Ami barn, and I hr irrigated pasture nt
Awash• because i the Afar
The npprrineli Imd n f i Ju* v i p t
were un Th i s
proposed
able to prublem
bn.
o f the operations corm— 
----- a for the the approach proposed 
_.'__J equally t0 boho and Hale Debi '<
Gnlifage in the Low^v been ’’top down” nr<’
rnniiHgemcnt . the proposed 3000
Angelele is fully developed. consultant ennriol agree
cnnnni agree with the suggestion 
participate in would also occur
irrigated pasture For these reason 
the        100        ha.  b ’ neblks ac skshoii] d l shoul   ie  d        be        amalgamated        into"u-
c °ncern-d
II A if
Bt the
t hr I
larger blocks of mog |ia nu,| jogo ha. * Sadi and Am»barn rm,
canals No.3 and  o.
v
in the Mei: i associated with secondary 
sea]e , 100 ha. bl nr !
Being located in
P respectively. The small
.ippro/iHn based on each bloci;
the traditional land of one clan 
or sub-clan, importance. If including the clan’s land is
if. ven as i ng of fundamental
respert Tor \far clan organisation 
• rad i t i orinl boundaries to each iwl respected, it is the consul-
tan! 1s be 1i e f
Ihnl any nnu initiatives
to 
deci
with the \fnr unlikely to succeed.
mcic i n-oronnin i c probl rm
will I •
With because involved be]ievrd shou1d
regard
of
i n that
t- t he
the Angelele irrigated technical and social
t. h»? a
be i n i t i a ] 1 y
Afar use of such land, small block of about
commissioned, with the
pa rt ic i pa 1 j on uf should be used
1 lie \r..r concerned. This
tn i uvoc i igato different managen’**' 
syst eins,
of green foddei this work,
including direct gracing, cut agrnd c acing, c arr^ut and carr
•iim-j h..y     making. The results 'r
pasture. problems
it 100 ha. 
fuJ bio*'
ts o
which W’liJd linvr-
two way
bl ocl;s
years, shoutd provide a
in which the proposed 100 ha
of land would ho smlsequcnt1y
go on for at leas
sound basis for th 
clan base-* 
remai n i ng
900       !,n.       ^«f 1 and rlrnred
used. Th at Angeleb-
should be sown down Io <bj
’ «hd pasture.
3 0The         issue      oT      1      It-      pl><      . 
,pr
sl
™]dy reJjes. The
t llt .  central point
■
jj. wher* tu
to 
ft
*hole
engineering 
.ocinl factor.
The consultant
problems
concept of ci ‘ voi p 
O
shoil J d r)#a
the ?
should      be Proposal.        Th-
thanked 
\t 0
observations that the Afar <Jan 
very  improtant ,  end  would  have
making              proposals
for
pastoralist
development        in        tin*        Middle        Awash, 
superceded by the
Tilahun Eshetu)
Tilahun  for hia structure would  be to  be respected  in —  - and  forest rj-
to note that 1
small scale approach,
EV ’_; ^•PfnrLed the concept of a
.  ■ Furthermore he agreed with
rrne , 
!!e Was Pleased
the j
suggestion that Afar clans could be used
which to base
Associ ntions-
_ . on a serins oT Afar Water Users
The 1 ntter had been proposed by 
WRDA
in 
their
written 
report, 
and 
this
proposal
comments      on had        the
the draft final full endarseaent
of the consultant.
112.  id)     Sect ion 2.7
The notion that wet, grazing land ha.) due to the Park needs to be
is   reduced   (29DG qualified. The
fact that the Afars are discourage to  dwell do  not necessary  rn^ans fhnh  they  have no  access to  the park to graze their livestock.
(rwLO/wri, C. Scbloederl
(R)
The
ful] been
consultant asked Ms. Schloedcr to 
of the surveys which had recently 
provide
details _ .................................. ..
completed in the National Park*
agreed that the Parks should not be seen as
-     ' It was
areas
that could Pastoralist s lrt 'ieatio
n
appreciatel head  f
be who
used        to        proviprdeovide gr graazziing   ng       to 1,011]<1 be displaced if
o
Presented 
Xi
c °ns
 --P-q-U--e-ri-c---------- e some 2/3 !s of the land Wlth 3  already over utilized.
r. 
for
dev?] opinnnt takes place* that thorp were already so»e
livestock in the !-*•*» considerable competition 0 limited feed resources 1 a* 
■-> 75900 Park, a— nd t Wlhald t this
pk
ar
wa
37It was agreed tbul wildlife* development
very important form of development W*s a considerable eronomir potential. 
i . ,...i also rr.rr^clcd his earlier
1 w ith
•••'•'h <T I ho c-nlvnl and northern 
5          . Of th'- MJedcghi Plains was a virtually
P ”r i -rn’inf resource.  He pointed  out that i
unused U» • 
»            •,«. nn(1„ (lf lbr gnme reserve on
n
‘.I"       \llodcghi       Plains.       and       >.-<re'-d       that       there       is       an 
the All edcgi important *J‘ (oryx, gazcll • 
r
p onrees, nHho*«S 1 P
S
population of plains game „ pbrflj which used these grazing
. Ihi, population is in decline
the
Qf
113. (Q)
Risks 01 inis* Pastoralists:
, InrfP scale settlement among Afar
The        pnvf        o.'iprriviwc        shows        that        it        was no I sii(T**R«fnl (RRC).
11         brings         c'llifl borause i t
r*         smoiig dunsn ’ I
the Afar
take
clan
into
r nns i dr ra I i nit th'* I erritorinlity/clan
S • I’Ui LU pe .
3. Tt dnosn’i
bu.t slcadj Will lu'Vr I* large scab*
I . IL willlo 
sett 1 Cinonf IrndiI i oua1
frdk.w "hot.tom-up‘* and slow approach (Afar pastoralists
*'1 1! ' al] at, once and at a
•it tlie big i nni ng) .
d   i   1*1   '   cu   I   I   for   a   large   scale tn        be        complementary        of        the pn’-st or.t 1 i s 1 system.
5.
G.
■» }  he  •  ir.p  if*  o»ir   » 
1 rad Io f»irI |>er
they will fear loss of land.
It bill
inrren 
A far and ox pc r i crir» g (•<.♦• I »rtd<" among  1 he' ll! ill,  mor may  pr*ivji co lice i n • n^
nt n i I
O f ]’!•
\ Tar:
st
a lid i ng
I Wo groups
VC go | .-.Mo
$t*r*. iv*'s and their
segregation between Arcording to our
j bln to have a and complementary 
('far may provide
and the non Af&r
know-ho*(R)
The
for
consultant tJiiinl‘o | 
a small scale, dn,' , 
r
f _ . ,
0
usl „, al and foro.fr, pr,b|,; « »PPr»
,
Mh
5
pu- He
.large I In* 
agreed Lint
scale Jmpstt ini Acs
 ^P-rjcnc L Avash?
- ;>-«
W(?rr nM
shoUfl
^’’11olrl,.,irji
n 1 most is nnl
ad n p I r c' proceed He also
............. V."’n cerium In 
respected. p 
.. L|,Qt conflict H
^ essrul
cnniet"f, 
(eg. 
1 Hn terrh .
rt 4 t
.  .?a
had     l.o     he     rie.V* 
at a speed which they”
■\
k kk*-’
,bir  '0 allow L f^oach 
.     , . Afar
that Lnrjp' d 4cc°«odate. 
agreed that lnrje
►;arerbn hod e?;
differences b.o
i n
^.Irast io ()lp b
Vppn
rtpii-A Tor *1 c C 11 1 c
J nt^ention Afar and the
f rout
"
Afar, 
jh 1 1 k i heipi ng services, The
in due meat ,
with project. 
^nle arproncl tSJh“ ^nrse sf(O„JrJ , J ^eby the
vegetable, i-
‘° ?rod'JC*
njrjcn|liiPal
a °ClaI technical
 , Hnon-Afnr
114. (Q)
Mete km             Rut Agricn 1 I iire
Sedi. What am] Mot oka affected the
covers        brlwren        Awash        Station        and the           study           concentrated           (pasture, 
and  foerpstrj ) on  Araibara 1  .Melka rihmit arms of \wara Helka,  Bolhanto i%'!inr<*  i jrr*11] H ml .igr iritl Lure has also Li To of I.lie \far?
(WRDA,               Meshesha)
(RJ        Tn       re^pons'       t.o       Lhc       suggestion       that       the       comments had limited their work to problems associated with
Am i bn ra Splty,
Jisoush
P0      inlet] nrcnunt
and Melka Sedi, nnd had ignored Awara
Rulluuno etc, Hr-? consul t.ant promised to 
this in de Kai) oiirr-id°
out        that Ike study hnrl of       all the prist ini
7  of th
e
ve] opments throughout the nrea,
report was spec ifirstly
the meeting. He
in fact taken and proposed 
and that chapter concerned with
AngeJoip - Rolhamn ^inis  onw
r6.4. Session IV - Forestry & Tree Planting Programme 6.4.1. Presentation (Mr. M. Brunt)
116.         Tn         consequence,         it         is.         bvradly         suggested         seven         initiates on         the         forestry         Trevi         t         to         enable         both         fuelwood, construction           timber           and           br.-uivo           provide           more           anima] feed     to     be     produced.     Th     i     «     hi.it     ini     ivr     would     cover     about 1800       ha.       and       would       also       include       planting       on       saline       land 
within         existing         irr’g'd         d         land,         Wood         lots         near         labour
quarters oxi
t
st        5        ng        boundaries        of        the        existing        irrigation 
117.
schemes (east bniindr> and  wi“.lr'rn  perimeter) ,  along road  sides within  the CT,  on  \fnr trees plots and  in the eroded  dry  1  .and  brh«»'^h  I he read  and  the farm as n she 1 tr r bel t.s .
G-4.2. Discussions
(Q) The plantation tbal is suggested tc be within the QtnFn- Farms and i<Li< li is proposed to be owned J
Agr icii 1 t uro.
(R) It Shall he looked into(<1)
Presently KRM , drains rarfo i„
tl ,e inerean.nv , , „ . not ment.oncl, N-w write lip. 
‘"5             «»t        . ,
’ ;.rw. In „rd
ff. *3 attai9pt .
■ ,Llpn co« nt)
«.b.t
l’ lb.
?
(N
CoTiin’rril --irrept'-r!,
,*o li -'
(Q)
To 
ensure
pl an tai i on XlSpOf
p rope r
I h
propei
from ^rnnomic o! i! i zat Inn nm)
marl-.p
to be dr-vel op/v? brfnrc. ? |>P ^ree L n b1c size.
"I the forest conservation 
control system
- rrops reach a
, I RRC, Tefcri Dckele)
(P) The raiisiibanl
»|Mt a control and
ut i 1  i ion  syOrir would  I .a required  to  ensure
adequate prof i n:i of 1  Lp planted  tree crops
before they  rrm‘hM mr rh  *t nljle size.  Provisions
for t his h/wj b^oi-
a)
b)
The use •> f • » ■ ’• f <r» 
l hrM* include:
•- iar«1 per 25 ha. )
The coueop! 'bril the Afar would  theaselves
gunji! 1  ho  i t ni<|.  irons,  (They  already  guard 
the imlirrnl
thini* he J opi jt£ to fhrnil rnd
wMrh they see as sose-
c )
K'f).
IQ)
1
thft   use   of   p|*   1   r/   ?   :j£   I   j    ptf'l   ret   the   proposed shelter I • *” 11 r .
jf f*»r^slry development ret the demand of
'i-i  er ini • So identifying fq necessary. The
•ib;»hi Report appear for
.-,] T^icnl aspect. Ke
• fij.it** quick graving, 
- eg. euca~
f*
1 r t-
;,
’■'-pG'i Treesoer. j(H)
The details which it planting.
dot a I
of fiis* growi ng > high 
i*; proposed shoulij bo Those include
Vppcndl
X D Ll yielding J - ’auUU
Carnaldu1 ens i s, 
At: j dcrflrl?  fl
1
__
E.q  u  ?  se  t  i  fol>  a  and  Tamar  r  ndn<
■ „...... < .tdjij Lnd^ca (tamarikj, 
Fj.ral vptus,Sargentii, i ml i ra (neem) Casuaritui
gives fun J species
Included in the
rI ci t-»«l ^-1 i - - ■*-•■
* 1
defiepeld obs nding un  erved ions
1 rees prr berin re
particular site. The consultants
sn
ggeM that a planting of 450
_____
1>rodiir c a mean annual i nt cement oF year of stem volume. This is not a figure but js cn° based on the
this species in 1 ho nine Mr 1 kn Sad i .
o
121.        {Q)       Have you lr;ed I*' 
and rliarrnnl I rr.nspoH rd mu in rmd si dr- inun . 
a huge drforrFta*inn.
»• s. * • s
f Furnl vplns sarngen_t i i . 'would *              20m"3/h& per
is not a theoretical growth of trees of
xrnr old wind breaks near
! he magnitude of fuelwood 
» o I hr Awash-Addis Ababu To me this seems to induce
(R)
In the able In ntnoun t of the projec t
I i i»p . i I ! a M produce an
t M\RF, Fit sum Birhan
r ’ > ‘ h° consu 11nnt
Ki dane)
Areiirntr
assessment sold hy the
was of
nf rurlwQ"i? and rhnrronl road fnr 11 Hr? ill tbr
area — '■ nrl udi ng Xddis 
consultant’s view the coiisiimpl inn hy the proJeel area, 
the area proposed this sltou 1 d const rue* j on needs of Ibis
SO,000 tons
llii" 1 he
TI
r<ir
i s Afar
1 owns outside Ababa. In
a small proportion and non Afar living in 
not
t fop side
the the
of
? > i ripo pl an L
1 |‘i'r      ;• 1 nut i ng
to note that if is planted, 
I 13 1 /i nd pop'I 1 per
J * i a supply
Tim ] vnni i •=.li T f i <’
household consnmpl !<»n wet wood for the
project
•il. inn - 1 . e . annum, based
of lukg/dny
of timber for lent to meet the
a requirement of
rs t ln»a I ed ! J U -
122. (Q)
Accordi ng i n
tree may plmay ay play a
on r
• •’ pc r •
pints Systorn), tree are
(t oifipl ora»‘!i Vary Io I lw
Soin*- u f I hr ad  .’Til ngr fuoJ , S'-r-ii’- iy fuel wood 
on an average
•pi» per household of
50R household in the
thild: the date pal"
the small irrigated 
A far         Pastoral ist
1
lOkg/yrar)( propjo . Further
provides ;ig rce.'il j T e i I r-'-dii •• e the
"It Ji J con RC<pir-r« i ly to droughI, salt
I  be  r  i  £  It  o  f  s..  . 
s of the date palf
lU'oduction (30-
rni croc 1 imate to e v.y pnf »*nnspi ra t i0,1
1 J nn t i on   resist&pf
r
rr • V } <- 1
 *«n I  I r .
t
( rcr/iHA , P- Gyrat'd)
12Th* th* roo’i
; Pipn rt
( V;t1 un b 1
i h- i * ■■■! ‘.p .
r> f 1 1;** rf-i , <■' in if r-i; |
inn J-
f tri ’ Urj -r 4 
n
t
felic i ttS sbnrlf
1 1 ;111 ;l
1
ft! i,J baHru pi'c<Kl I hi
'i-'-nd Tor M’*. which 
X n r<?)
.
'"‘eria]; ,
outlining 
■ produces ^elWO0(j
’^ile the
Th”
f.^pnH -?•••■
■'■••N1 r |r|| I !* I s I r-po rnr
If ;'; ,n^^-eiiaat‘
-e.
\vash
«n irHsat'-l
], v( zrut-Tt
:l
f rn]'
T .•  11 Afcish.
, ;V?r irt the Lower
1  iJraat suce-sq a =
7
grcivn successfully j- - ■ ™
It is k„.„„ “
al
the Mi'Mb’
i:
t rr ,Ilflix D [’urn h2.
_ Further,, 
>!■ Lg noted in
■ ,n a trial in 
-
were one
of the specie i
wood to 
sii rvry
groti*.
II
who were ■jiie-s ’l  'jo 'ijpcJ      - RAid t saihed tyhey wanted 
r or ho 1!AS report that dates
. “^ People in the fue>
§n i Lrtb I e rillages hnwevrr
r jT*f
anH \fa'" th.’il it hrs-
imp 1 hrrr-rprf’ h^m proposed
ru ■- pl rinf j hg < onpouridR.
r t i i gl
'’Mittd State Forn 
- Tt should b? noted 
, -J as fl
long
Ijp
t. p rm ava i 1 '■ i7 : I y riel ermi nnd fni1 i
h Miter rrtntsuwption, the nf i.’.if,p)* should therefore p'l'-t- 'z rj.ir site before dote
pft) ms are*
pl ’1 TI t P‘1 .
As esiabl i shiii^ r n*  *.  h ■ ir; Irrigation  water from canals can  <rn  ss-- xhcrlaigc of water,  is it not possible to  s?1pH I re*  speHes froa the local Lrees tn nvf» M 1 li f s problem?
fKpr.'h                 Mekonnenl 1       t    is.    i*rr.»    J    1    pprcc    i    I    rd    l    ha1    t.hr    rstabl    ishuient    of
tree plots for fnnlu’oorl usiri place eirffi i i j nri*jl
production will nn I iniited supplies of
irrigation  wat^r,  !! should  br not rd  however, 
1 b;ii tho^r- ( ren  pin*  ” shrill d  only  nerd  irriga’ing 
for 2 — 3 
to ensure I hr seedlings established
'      hr-ni^e      1      \      pr.:,      Opt      'Ih-ij       con!      sysfrir      had      reached 
Uip  zonr Qp 
1,01 bn required.
q, 
rid the/ i-rigntion Should
i ’••jn rd hn vo
A ?lr i j
f indigenous species, b-innnd, Ous has beer, 
qy-ci-^ Koulu
t hr j nr’
fl
Thus
r,
Ar pc r -1
»_r 1 1 * 11 i r .1 • ■' i11 aid i ng in • hr F/istem r• r Si! i l,r" and in T --■
Have         bee
t -r:j     Pounding   a« , hr wind breaks.
. 
d124     (Q)     It
It is not however possible to rely entirely 
indigenous species if the t.otal wood demand ?
the area is to be supplied in a reasonable ti
This is because the local species, which produce
good dense wood much appreciated ns good firewood 
lakes a long time Io grow.
apears      that      the      proposed      tree      are      geared'      more to        fuelwood        and        construction        timber.        Further        it also         consider         the         soil         conservation         aspect.         j wonder      if      plants      that      would      he      used      as      aninal feed, especially camels feed is considered?
(Price Control Div. of the Min. of Trade, Umar Ali)
(R) The consultant agreed  t.li.il the inclusion  of browse producing  species in  the tree planting  programme would  be important not only  to  produce additional food  for the cattle,  but.  to  cater for the goats and  camels which  ent a lot of browse.  Proposals to  plant browse species in  the Eastern  Bounding and  Western  Periin«'tcr plant ings,  in  the shelter belts adjoining  selected  roads within  the irrigation  schemes,  and  around  Afar compounds had accordingly  been  made’.  The species included 
LCMCHena Leucpreohnla . 
, sesban ■ Calliandra
cal Qt hy_rsus , At r i i-l ny nnmmii 1 a r i a. various Acac ia
species, Prosoni s and the spineless cactus
(opuo.LiQ f i£ ys Indi cal. While the latter has a
low nutrient value, it, previous green material and 
roughage and is very drought resistant.
125. (Q)             1.       What       approach       is       suggested       to          make          irrjgated planting cost effective?
2.  Isn’t there n  possibility for the problem of post in slocks for fuelwood?
technical solution 
order to use cotton
(E.DSAj Tilahun Eshetu)
4 1(R) In reply suggested 
e f f e chi ve de La i I r*d be rr fo r*r*d effect i ve♦
to           the           w Hon ,
whnt           approach           1.
revealed the following j
th/P ° 1 7 lrri^tf,d Plantations  cost the Consultant said that the proposals 
iri      t.he      report      ln          Appendix      D      (which      should In      Tor      del.i      its)      appeared      to      be      cost
Analysis         of         ,         |1PSC              proposals         had
- internal rates of return.
IRR
(X)
Saline nren irrigated tree plantations 37
Eastern Boundary nnd Western Perimeter
Tree Plantings (over 25 years) ................................................. 24
3. Afar owned irrigated tree plots
(over 25 years) ........................................................................ 37
Kith regard to Hie second rjuestion
Weather there •••/»«  e technical method  of treating cotton  strilks Io  pp/’veril them harbouring  cotton pests so  that the Wilks eon  hl be safely  used  for woodfuel,  t ho  consultant said  he had  no 
information  about this point.  He undertook  to look  inl.o  this cpiesl ion»  and  include any  relevant information in the revised final report.
126
tQ) Several of
the Forestry proposals depend 
level <»f irrigation. Given 
ociated minimum with Koka Dam, 
vp been made with regard to extending fFV’CH/WCT. C. Schloader)
on a
guaranteed 
problems, a
the
what
deejr i ons
the life of Evoka?
(R) The Consultant ncr.-.l I bn* not only the Forestry 
. hn- the TOO 1m. irrigated pasture/
prop w . 
• 
agricultural bjorns • guaranteed 
j or ,\far ns*’ depended on a
level      nf
irrigation           supplier.
rThe      VRPA         "’'      Vswni-      iutlon      vould      go      some      way 
.1     I     hut     thcr^     should     bo     an     Af*P
voter Usrrs A- _ ensure that
water. 
involved       in       '» limited dur 1°
drought even J
t  h- j r fair share of the
. however more serious iSSues , hr life of ' he existing dam
to
{lH
nI1 d       given       tWheQS
incidence       of
lobe
that. there
could be uhhiI 1
j   d the prolonged life is
, r rn RP
•           50 years. This suggests f ,„. „ „tto. outlet th.t
t.hr dam. Tn addition, if
*             of irrigation on the Awash
the long 
is           to be msured lheie^^^.ty
Lcrn‘ '
. there would appear to be a need
T
he       consllltanl
for
mentioned tim
for the deV^
bp [ , lc^OH. Uqnn) Master Plan report
Qlir
far? water resources in
the        Awash        Bn-*1P h r     .        .        t           havn            detailed        informa-
lo U
r ’.. i L        had        been        commissioned        by 
EVDSA but said h tion regarding then respect in bn nd*
’’^.Xendntions in this
a)        Uns        the        r'msiil|-inl        I.Jif'u        into        account        the effect      of      chmiiral      sprnv      on      tree      growth?      For T     have     observer)     that     t     ree     growth     are     signifi cant ly retarded because of such practice.
b)       According       to       the       roimnl       l.ants       estimation       1660 
ha land  which  is e?.  pec ted  to  yield  about 30,000  tons? cT wood/ year is to  meet the wood demand  of the 1-1500  households.  After the R0000  ton?; wood  is ronsiimcd  ( i .  r? - in  year one) whnl. hnppopis I bn following years?
( F PD, G/Kidnn Teklu)
er
The Consul I afd f-j-id spraying roHon had growth. He promised arui if inform'd inn included in lhe final
that     he     was        nn     aware     that an adverse effect on tree
Inc1 into this question> was available it would report.
Kith reg fire! I
$ usta i nabi J i 1 y
possible to rn*rt ! be rstiwntpj
« tn f>
u (he qunj: I ion of u'mill supplies,
meet ! be
concerning
jt. would not wood demand °
80000 tons pr-r .•umu>irrri .i•nuyr m-u.-iriri ifnm<*. be possible onr-r lb" fitel oner lb" proposed hid been achieved,
was in full pj'odu'* t i 01 .
range
Thia "°ollnU»«
r
and when this pla^V’ When (.his was the cflS
of         a              ing2P-- (Q)
is estimated  that il inrild  hr possible to  harvest 8000  0  tons of timber each  y®ar,  [f further irrigation  is rJ^v-'loprd  ( the trees that are cl.enrrd  would  hr MrH-piM nnrj r*!reiihely tisorl Tor fin*! wrxitl.  This supjdx  W”iild  go 3one way to  nipd  I Ji-*  gap,  ln-hin  Uh* Full benefit from the plantations was avalInhle.
The forestry  development aspect intended  to  be integrated  with  the scheme according  to  what is drawn  up  by  the consultant is,  in  my  opinion, nothing  more than  carrying  out amenity  tree planting.  Thus,  if the forestry  and  tree planting programme is not going  to  fully  support (satisfy) the wood need of the A Cars that would be affected
by the irrigation scheme ns well as other
settlers, 
then 
forest in  the agon  1z i ng  ri &k. Consultant to
the rvjstrnre of the riverine Middle Awash will fall to an 
Therefore, T earnestly urge the conisdor the issue seriously end
f   Ind what
ways to produce more wood 
is already proposed (80000
art i f ieally tons/ year).
than
(SFCDD, G/Kidan Teklu)
(R)        The        Consultant        agrmd        flint        i        h^        riverine        forests are         under         increasing         pr^s’Uirc         for         fuelwood         and charcoal       production.       However,       it       was       not       true       to say         that         the         planting         proposals         made         by         the Consultant         were         simply         amenity         planting.         If         the
results
of
th**            consultant            calculations            are
earned      there      is      an      annual      demand      for      80000      tons of timber and the planting of 1850 ha should, it
i s believed produce enough ’ imb^r to meet this demand, once the plan tn 11 rui*: Imd matured and come into product i on.
What other sources of energy that could replace firewood are thought inln*' (i.e. have been 
considered )
{frrn, Fnsil Tekkie)
•17(R) The other nnurers of ♦•rrrgy reviewed b Consultant ns on alternative tn woodfuel • X cotton stalks, dmtroid, thing, e j cc t r i ^nc^U(^ d 
o
I Arosnnr. However, on grounds of Clty and 
nvn i I al. i I I • v iu 
practical al • ern.’it • ve to wood furl. 
130. (Q)            Tree plantation • ilhiit S’.i|  Farms can hart
t
insects which can nfferi cotton and other cr °Ur
How do the consultant see this?
(WR|i.\, Goshu Kebede)
i I'M'ie ,,f I hrso pr Clther
ca ^nt Q
°Ps.
(R)     As     far     as     is     known     there     is     no     easy     answer     to     th use        of        cotton        stalls        for        fuel.        The        stalks        do harbour       cotton       pests,       and       should       therefore       in       the interests        of        cron        hyglne        lw        burnt        shortly        after harvest.    On    Mm    al    her    Land    the    10R00    ha    of    cotton can     in     theory     provide     over     2OHO0     tons     of     fuel     per annum,       equal       to       a       quarter       of       the       annual       fuel requirement        in        the        project        area.        The        consultant has       already       promise.!       t.o       *re       If       there       is       any technical       answer       to       the       problem      of      controlling       the parts       in       the       '’tolls.       Tt       is       thought       however       that this is very doubtful.
131.      (Q)       There      ore      some      indigenous      species      which      are      very much      favourer)      by      the      local      pastoral      i      sts,      because of         their         multi-purpose         uses*         One         example         is Arene     j_a     tort     i     Is.     This     tree     produces     lots     of     pods during        the        dry        season,        excellent        shed,        fuelwood etc.      S«j        it      will      be      necessary      to      include      the      spice
(TW, Gebru Bongerl
(R)
in the programme.
The Consultant agreed that Ar/ important multi-purpose tree, provide valuable livestock feed*
the pods of which He confirmed 
la tortiJ^S 1S
u
dh 
that      it      had      been      included      in      the      proposed      use
spec i es 1o i ncu1 drd• a) hid a 11ad prov ided
be planted. 
Another also
f ° £ 
been
Another improt'ant Ac nc.ifl also been included.
- AsacJJl
browse and firewood,
whi r h enhanced
were a rich source of «ni the nitrogen <tntns
This normal11 it produces
imal feed and of the
F inn1 J y it
it could
t he Iroe
shed its l**;iveK in the
be grown In t
.................. .  rains , sO
crcqdnnd with no fear
pods also 
soil • that that
would shade the crops.Animal      dung     f-rrn     I     hr     p.ist
(Q>
.T
O) n
}
h 'rds could or  energy for tfv-
(p.)
possibly b- an enormous
Afar themselves. 
The Consultant sai.l he hel that already used dung as n snur.'r or f “i this       should       not       be
V.Q 1 npj
helped
fprt il i?n f ho fertilize the range
' p"rrn. Ui Snidj
50m* Afar
However,
strongly       encouraged       « 
if it is farming, use animal
hoped     that      somr      Afar   writlnla
-
] al1 _ I    and,    nd           b
it. is also to he ! maiiurp on their farms.
and in addition engage io 
ZT.7'
dung
h^ped that they will
.U. (Q) Did for
t         bst furl?
ndy incl nd*- Iho cnitnn stalk briquetting
(Tin?. E-asiri Tcmesgen)
(R)       The       consultant did rrviru I 193G
hriquitting at. t met 1 vn br i qiic 1 Los
cotton
T
proposals ,  R.-y rlo not seem to 
.n>- tfr prT.du^rj ■ H of a test batch i-r* * n | -d in «miF; W oT I ho stalks I
be i ng incorpo r.at rd loss be i ng
as
briquetten
to
v«* ry
are
iu the briquette * aiost of
fine* manufactured fragile - ami only about 50%
stalk i be i of
used the the
seem
be used for furl
plus
s*c home R  t a l.k s
large capital high rurmi
i-rsii JI • as l rrsiill. Tn addition a i ii* ov tritont would bo required, 
ng rusts. Tn addition, if this
b’r*re implemented 11 would result
in cotton 
aven ,
nr ban
the 1 .• t he t-
be i ng
as the
inn rke t s <
*»rnl fuel ^isp’.dy pmld^m,
»T<»vp bo suyun rt ^d .
11  ‘ lQ)
T       i    »«l     i     h
101         “t      or
'
I>1 ots
°wned t
Ve(i
4ntv°ducti
1 a i'in j n«
c ub t iva t i o11 o T r r’ ((t thehe part- of
harvest of l-hr c enc;onrngr
. ...
sported rut of the Middle Awash -iidohHon would be to supply the
TIiir vmild therefore exacerbate the scheme cannot
individually owned h. Rut Trow the view
T    be!jeve    this    Afar sc'cescful       along       with g      than      with      pasture o \fars once start
they wtV- be obliged to stay
pyef'ibers)* until rhr same time trees ns well.
,r
fmnily HiH nt for I hr
(c--r* c\
they
will
l
\2 i Abd ell ah)
: P(R)      The Consul t mil
for
expressed
sn i d the
individually              owned agreed that if such proposed) with some
would encourage those t
hr welcome the support Approach to introduce
?  pltrotees pi  to tnthes l A.o tfaher. a And  far, Initialives wwereer ce comombibinened d (as
___ i------ - •** 
simple crop production.
members of the Afar family 
* •
---• this
concerned        to        tend        the
tree        seedlings, 
would       also       he       interested       in       looking       after crops.
6.5. Session V - The Angelele Bolhamo Extension 6.5.1. Presentation - (By M. Brunt)
i
ars they
- their
135.                  Against       the       background       of       main       question       -       what should      bo      done      to      enable      the      irrigation      extension 
1
proposals to ho implemented*  The* approach might be
135.1.           To      iriprov** existing irr
the r f for i ency igat ion,
of     the
135.2            Si      multaneous  with 
the        above,        to.undertak 
the           Pasture evaluate the
and       Forestry       Programme       and rcsult,
135.3.           Redesign        the in light of
19R6 \jiglclo Bolhamo the above two.
design
6.5.2.            Discussions
(No              J ons , comment , etc)
6.6. Session                     VI - Institutional, Aspect
Staffing 4 Training
6.6.1           Presentation             (By Mr. M.       Brunt)
136.
The     report     gives     f     bo     proposal     nn eqnired to undertake this; w»
the       staff re'13G.1           The     Report
n            the     need     for     the     prograsaie s cs
office to  oversee the whole range of nrl 1  v  i I i-tirl it chnubl he located  in  one of the hopti’y  Prime Minister’s Offices (under lh  iT^vinus government arrangaent)
A
136-2. As Tar ■ « the advance programme is
concerned  tie* participation of NGOs have
t
major rnl<*. They are probably better
versed than tho other institutions con
cerned in the dr! irate negotiations and 
working relations that is required.
A     tm     year     programme     wns     invisaged.     The     ten     year is     divided     into     two     pluses,     “*.n     total     cost     in     the ten     years     is     of     the     order     nf     Birr     36     Million     or US$17.5       Million       *       The       fi^st       phase       would       cost about       Birr       27       ‘III’ion.       There       are       ways       whereby that       sum       might       be       reduced       in       magnitude,       by limiting     the     programme.     Tn     any     rase,     to     put     flesh on   I   lie   bones   of   I   he   prop»v   il   r     j.c.    to   workout   the Cull     details:     oT     vhn1     is     requir’d,     these     costs     have certainly to Le revised.
6.6.2. Discussions
UR. (Q) Tn  order to  i ur«! t Ik- |r"r,pissed  PFC programme effectively,  if has b«Tn  suggested  that the programme be cM H dished  in  the office of Deputy Prime Mini st •■'i ,  for XjHvnl Resources and  that the Team Tender .*md  bi *•  rlepul y  should  be directly 
rospons • 1<] e I n I
Prvstad 1 v this gec» rnnv'id R"t ”1‘ abandoned -
Prim** Minister.
Th--- Mini st i one of scheme.
the
v of Wrirn! lur< organ t v-tt
rrruls! be considered as fur implementing the
However,
Agriculture is
of Ibis fart
i lutpp ropr i n t ♦- t he pro jnct .
Io implement °rgtinizat i on s
it     is     believed     that     Ministry     of a      v.'j-y      hug*      organization.      Because tbe      Ministry      is      considered      to      be office      to      disrhnrgc      tho      duties      of A     v]"'i     i.-il     organization     is     required 
Hi*’         study.         Th*'         iisplcaentnion 
cl^nror. S i ucr Process
hrnilil     bp     determined     as     facts     become go t r •'rurnnt rest ructuring is under
I ho rorr-nl* -til shauJd give this point due
i-onsi ilcrut ion AspiM- i.s .
r.f. ]              i co the Institutional
. | . .. » ♦     . i > ♦ t .'H coDocnt !C R)       With it fr !’»• in »* concerning the Leader’s nffp-e (vhirh 
rorn<* under th** h'*pnty rcNpvnaible for '*
I banked I lie p ud i* ipant*.
1  '' ‘ h' ‘ u i d«' InrnLion o f
it bnd 
T r i nir •
" '•? ^rosrnDime
■"•=-'•3 cli
Scl]Ssieri
Ojurnl
f r»i !
r’^
s 11 g ’J r m I i i»11 st ♦ r • ’ n -11 r * d I 11 ■ihe 11Mrn w f‘n ' a.'srt r. 
proposed ahou;; Minister’s Off- 1 d
the Cons theJ C^’onsultant I- he - ---------r---e--- m-- nriy helpfuJl
II ml in vi»*k of I hr Tima! concerned with the pregrn mmr, of 1 hr is.surp. insmlv'l, ! lrAn* off ire lo hr ftrrntiiil ildn GovormnrnI .
139. (Q) Various proposal Imd bom
»o r of ami the
n  concensus He part merits
complexity was a need for this
! o I bo h l
S ior
|   echelons of
st cd, such ns
health,  water sh[p\” Me,  1  o  make the Advanced 
Programme eTTcc!h>.  However,  it is not clear
about how the Vlvrnrr Programme is coordinated 
and  guided  by  a single <n1rrprisr that is to  say 
the strueture1  sr1  up  ef th**  enterprise (block) is
not clearly r?:pl n <
♦
(WL’P\j Go-dm KrhocJc)
(R)          In          brief,          it          was          envisaged          that          the          whole programme    would    be    r-no    r«I    i    nn    t    rd    by    a    Programme    Team Leader.whose       drpnly       would,       j       t       *       was       hoped       be       an 
Afar*               The              ^\rorl5vr
responsibility 
for
the
Advance Prngrnnipr- would  be i/ sTnd  in  an  XrGO .  The latter would  appniri? a Field  ‘‘kinngcr,  who  would  be asS 5  s ’ rtj By  a Tram c.-f four 1 o  1  ill)tcr rs covering rural health,  e.lu.  .  'inn,  v  •  1  1 i^e wnt^r supply  and agr i cu 1 t u re .
140- (Q)
A}
The      st      nJ
(section
i-"
raided i fiit.ttrr *=h
shmi
rd ■ -i! i n
future as
r« 1 i M1 and nn with regal’d to
I hr
an other
b)
The
a nd tie* • r I
RUT jtrial n r
’’l wop I
mh/rh i 1 • 4 1t i .-(t anm’<■ t.mrr whenever ,v ar :s<- <hoij)il kJ kg be 5erlflt o^
t
document institution
issues RRC’s
rel
the
r nns i fh • rr . 1 from i|j a t«-r p re pa nines s pot view.
(PRf\ ’’’■
f-r i Bckcle)
*o(R)
The his < Hr
f rom tha t
.ul Cyywonsul  c  ba oncnl er Ini h..,„  ng Ik..,| ,|,        hr char pnr  nge rd errrolers ofc tiUheHve for
"° "
t
M ” mc wr™,  uillulriiwiiig  clirHi the Management of srttll-ment schemes,  end alternative arrangements would therefore be
required to help the participating Afar?
remi ncled the antici paled 
p1emen t in eventual 1y* paragraph change,
:.e meeting thnt the consultant
ihiH development and had included t he .Advance Progrnmin  to cover
n
The Consultant also agreed to 4.5 of the Mnin Report to reflect
and took note that the RHC
He also had
an this
revise this
would
nevertheless vcmnin  active in  the relief sector, and  as such  could  have i further role to  play  to t.ho Middle Awash in the event of further drought.
Since our conservation  areas (Awash  National Park and  Allideghi Plains),  which  the project has included  part of this area.  also  contribute a great deal in  the country’s economy.  Review of this should  he included  j ri your final write up. Among  others,  what,  would  he the impact of the livestock  overgrazing  in  the conservation  areas, the requirement uf firewood  by  the nomads in  the conservation  arruis.  T should  also  be underscore that the conservation  area is valuable natural resoiii*ces which  generate foreign  currency  through wise utilization  of resources,  by  maintaining  the ’‘'COsystem j  proper* ha lance.
n
(Ewrn, Fnsil Tckb-i
The Consultant undertook  to  expand  the section  of the Report deal ing  with  the benefits that accrue from the National Park,  and  the impact on  the Park Hint would  ncriir in  I he event of the development °f further irrigation.
According  to  my  three years experience as trainer Q f pastoralists’ in  th? Cewane Training  Center,  it is my  impression  that the Afar pastoralists are eager to  be trained  more practically  through demonstration  than  theoretically  but the method applied  by  the 1  miners of the Center mrty  not meet the method  easily  acct-1  cd  by  1  he A Tors due to -rvcrnl rvwmsi such nslack of Afar language sienkcr t  -
lark        of        attention        to        ^tgnnixe ration requiremenls;
absence nf trainee follow-up af, sess i on . 
r
ea, ch
There Torr, Consu11 an I
T       would       like have inculdnd
I <1
i li
k 11 o w his
findings about I ho  most trianing  and  problems training center?
oppropri nt.r methodci; of the already
R  weporhr | |  t, lPp
Lhe
his
—   °gy   of existing
(E) The Consultant agreed that practical training f0
I      be      Afar      would      ho      imprnlnnt,      and      that      this      was wbal      they      wanted.      He      also      .agreed      that      there
^
ws
scope to  improve rurreni training  proceedings. With  this in  mind  the Consultant’s Report included proposals for
a) Language training, so that some of the training should be given in Afar;
h) Practical demonstrnl ions - eg. in anima] traction, and simple animal health procedures;
c )     F a c i 1 i t i e s follow         up 
Io enable the trainers to the results of their training 
under          the   Hinni tor i ng arrangements . The
t rai ai ng
proposals therefore included 
a       provision       for
a director, a lecturer, n
language
tutor and a supervisor.
143. (Q)
143.1      The              proposal
concecronc ning e ernisng   tabl i--~,'in'*nt ,^
establishment
small
irrigated plots would hr best- so u ’ _
rJ
for the problems of Afar. of Study is considered, dislocated by the SF should clans and work on the small of clan rrlnI ion and lorri receive due emphasis.
Tf implements the
be regrouped H
»>to r•’ i«;n 1 11 y       ."“.SS
1 43.2
Currently,        the
the      people      and      their      animals      around      1         ’      j^al3
watering        paints        U45C            he        5tfltC
Farm are mostly affected by the
( insecticides) sprayed to protect co pest consequently the health sit.uati°  is
f o0
r
n
people as well as their vC?S ^jabl i * 
r
serious affected, therefore, the fl'al
of potable water need good attention*
5-1143 * 3
In order to got the Afar
contribution be exercised promises, al tai nable. marie have
i nvolveinenl
participation and Of the Afar people, care should 
not to some th ing
A number of
provide impossible
born of
rtudi pr
rondipr Led I hr Afar
through elders,
unfortunately a few have been implemented, result most of
about any new studies.
unrealist i c
or un previ ous1y 
good but
A
the Afars are enthusiastic Therefore, I support
the idea of Advance Programme which  will give good  opportunity  to  attain  the confidence and trust of the future participan Is.
(Price Control of
Mln. of Trade. Umar Ali)
(R)       The       Crisultant       welcomed       the       strong       support       of       Ato Umar         Ali,         himself         an         Afar         with         considerable experience           of           administrative           problems           in           the Middle        Awash.        He        was           heartned        that        Ato        Omar believed       the       small       scale       clan       based       approach       wns
the correct one. 
He imtrrl I ho increasing concern
on the i>art of the Afar with regard to the
polluted water in the Awash river and promised to 
try to find simple methods to deal with this
problem, which could hr included in the final
report*            He said however that the problem would
almost certainty be rather difficult to solve.
He entirely  agreed  that there was a great deal of suspicion  on  the part of the Afar because of broken  promises in  the pari ,  and  welcomed  the support of Ato  Umar For the Advance Programme, which  was designed  to  provide for the felt needs of the Afar,  am! to  the process to  establish  a good and trustful working relationship with them.7.           RAPPORTEURS’ REPORT J4-I. The Chairman aijno^i, 
nlir]K
a thnt t hr- Consultation is almost ith that he invited the
ready for WX,K,f ? *„orteurs in deliver their Report, representative oi 11 chairman announced thnt the
In the meantime. 
Organizing 
Comni
,-jnestiennnires «                   8 
, 
this Consul tat ion Ims prepared ' I he view nT I lie pa r I i c i pants on
_      prtr( i- ipnnts were
rimuesl™ 1n i ■ -TT 1 ri o-i.
members ol - n t.ncf the O r £ a r 11 " i n b
.
A Io  Ke1emu  Si like i on 
prrsnnted 
the fill 1 content)
the                 Rapporteurs
rjnos H onint-i res anti submit Cam i t ten .
bfdin I f Report .
k I lb 11 y to
of I he rapporteurs ( Sen appendix G for
8. CLOSING ADDRESS
1*15. The closing address
m.ade hy \lo Dim ltissn, the
General      Manager      of      WRDA.      PJvnsc      see      Appendix      7      for full content.
9* EVALUATION OF THE CONSULTANCY
I<16, As indicated in rar-, lit ti have hHr| prtf,5il / asses, th,, 
prepnrnLion          r          r              f          Participants          on          the          overall
k  ' Lhr' Oi S,inj-mg Committee
. .
” ifl' th» 
»
cjueslions. ( Sec Append i"''r^'
T ''‘' fr“**
pi ^ht
onlv resHt'of
S  * S1 er<?d parti rants (See Appendix 9)
r "ir',}
r PDr
result of responds are evaluated    Appendix 10.
tbc - ^estionnnlres. The
lnAppudii 1
PaS* J of 2
tentative programme
FOR
CONSULTATION ON DRAFT FINAL REPORT
OE
PAST
ORALIST AND FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (PFDS)
IE
MIDDLE AWASH RIVER BASIN
ORGANIZED
BY : WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION 'VIC) / MTFR RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY(WRD.H
OATE
; OCTOBER 1G - 17, 1!)!>1
\TMJE
.         hesovrceS DEVEinrMF'T ”F!VC’! CriTFR, MW
WATn;
(Near AMCE)
Day 
i * 
---------------- -
»         D.il*>      ; Til*" (Ln) I
kt hi lies
;             Day
•  Tuesday
1
1
1
k
1
1
»
k
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
*
1
»
1
1
1
I
1
1
I
1
I
1
1
1
k
1
1
1
1
1
1
»
1
«»
}
i
'
•
1
!
•
!
!  Oct.  IG,  1991  •  08:00  -  09:00;
i
»
! 09:00 - 10:00’
• »
fb-jidi alien
Oy •linj *••».« i» hi
!
• i
i ; r
» I i
i
••                                               1 1
'
1
i
i !
• I ;
.
•
•
’
*
1»
»
• Intrmbjrtury rcanik by J the urpnizing rone it tee J 
»
•
. Kcynot* mltlress by the I G'Mi’T tl Manner, VRDA !
i i
■
;
: ■
. Pp.-uiir/ n-blirs<. bj the J r/r-’meis’-i»>?:«*r»
.
[ 10:03 - PJ-'l 1
1»
To? hr. tl.
1
1
■
; 10:13 - U:pn;
'
1
!;
1
1i
1 • Overt •"K            i i
•
Present .it inn on the
’        apynwh, rinding am!
co?n InsiniiH ».f Hie rms ly            ('1r. Brunt) I
i
; 11:00 - 12:00
ww
!• __ ;
'    . Pis-n*i‘-ion«
IAppendix I
Page 2 of 2
i
!    --------------- •---------------------------- 1--------------------------- ,_______ _
Da T I
! Tine (hrs.}!                                 Acfiijlien
i1
i1
1                            112:00 -      13:00;   Lunch brcak/film show
*
1
1r
I1
ii 1
1
>                     1                            ‘13:00   -
1                         II
11:30'   Session 11- .Advance
1i
1
Programme
*
1
i
i
i
i
II
1
»
i
i
•
1
1
11
I
1
11
1i
i
1
1
!1  1:30  -
1
14: 15!
4
1
-  Pt’faentat ion
-  Discussions Tea break
I
<
III
I
I
I 1
I
•I
I
I
I
I
I
ill i| Ii
I
r
i
i
i
i
t
>
1
1
11
1
11
’11:45 - ♦
i i ii i
i■ - -_ (- -- <
1
__ ____ i
I
i
_ __
15:90! 1
■
1
1 1 1 1
Session III- The Pasture and Agri culture Programme
-  Presentation
-  Dismiss ions
Day 2      ! Thrusday [Oct.
1 
17, 1901‘00:30 - 10:00’
i
i
1
1
1
1 Session TV- The Forestry 
■
i
i
■ii ii
ii
1 1 1 1 I
»
II 1
1
1
i i ■
1
1 1 ’
• 1 1 1 1
and Tree Planting Programme
-  Presen tat ion
-  Discussions
l
i
i
It
1
i
•
i
a
I
I
i
ii
1
I
t
I
i
i
I
i
1
I
i1
12:00!
1
1
I1
I
1'
*
i
I
1
I
1
•10:15  -
1 
I1
1
1
»
1’
1*
11
■12:00 - 1
00!
:  10:00  -  10:15!  Ton Lrenh
Session V - The AngeJ ele Bolhaio Extension
-   Presentation
-  Discussions 3:            Lunch break/film
»
I
■
r
l
i a r
i
t
i
ii
■ i
i
i
i
!■
i
*
I
i
: r ii f'
Session VI- Institutional.
Training and Staffing aspect
-  Presentation
-  Discussions
i
1
1
1
I1
1
I
1
I
1
1
1
1
•13:00 - ] kBO'i i
i i 4 4 1
ii <
» ’
1 4
: t
[1 1:30 - 11:13;           Ten brenli
i
i
It
1
i
►
1
i
[1  1:45  -  15:1".;
i
i
Rapport curs' Report
I
i
*
H
! 15:13 - 15:30? Closing statement by the
C5LWRPA
i
■
frrAppendix 2
Paffe I of 2
introductory REMARK
By Ato Assefa Telila
Member of the Organizing Committee and
Project Engineer, Anglcle Rollmmo Irrigation Project
Dear    Ato Kefya lew Achamyeloh Dear    Ato Birru Itissa
Dear
participants and invited guests.
On behalf of the Organizing pleasure for me to welcome you   -
n
Pastoralists and Forestry Dvveloymcn 
the Water Resources Commission.
WRDA initiated  the rortnulnl i mi
D,C of WFIC
GJ of WRDA
Committee, it is a
this Consultation
great
Studies organised programmr in order
on 
by
solve inadvance
the ecological
project area of
to 
the problems wf the Afar pastoralists inha]anee thaL might occur in
and 
the proposed
the
concerned
transfered into To 
Angelele Bolhamo  Irrigation  Project; so  that plan  in  implementing  this project could  be realiLy.
the. — e
, h. hi'«d Consult”^ -
ic ,B to
two volumes and submit to
F
ksss rio °;^"^
its "
'
These doucmeat 1991 calling finalization
^cision to ^ntertai n c onecived.
of the organize
comments
I parti ci pants comments
Iine with Programme
in prior this , inorder
May to 
the to 
was
Consultation ^aS political condition
^conveniences, out Jnternational Organiz.ati . the call positively*
twice posI polled in the country.
of 31 Govern#™ 1.«
by du f‘
participants Io the
prevailing
Despite XoirCovernmont
•           of them have responded
Patino
o                     Positively. This positive response
y could be considered conrident i al 1 y 
’ccessful completion of the Consultation Progrnrame.
these and for
of partici-
th?
ns a good sign for
3I would like Io Lake this »>p|*»»rt un i I v sending copies of the doriimenf s to snmr- and also for letting you know lair oT
near future we will see Io it that the distributed to relevant organizations.
Appendix 2
T’agp 2 of 3
I 11  apologize for pu  i I i c i pants on programme.  Tn required copies
not t i ine
the a re
Ladies mid 
request for
rerun rks * 
Gentlemen # clarifications
T would urge you to feel
f rep 
chairman ar if I
■
raise quest inns or express
The
I lif' paua )
to
At
He
attend to
i s t. w ill do          their
and your
best
this time
is A to
your demands.
I would like to B i rrii I tli Rsa , 
Author!ty.
i iiln rd uro Manager
on r of
keynote Wfi ter
speaker.
Rosoli rces
Deve 1 opine n l Ladies nnd
gon 11 omen>
T now i ir, i I n
V t o B irru Ittissa to
give the keynote address. Thnilk you very mu eh
Thunk you Ato Birru It LissaAppend ix 3 Paj* 1 of 3
KEYNOTE address
BY ATO BIRRU ITTISSA, GENERAL MANAGER, WRDA
Ato Kefyalew Achamyeleh,
Deputy Commissioner, Water Resources Comnission Distinguished Participants,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I welcome you nil
Pastoralist and Fores.rJ
It is my belief that with 
Will       be       able       to       bring       be           r;
Consultation on 
part irip'illOn an
.
subj
eet which
t           possible       standard, 
we
we
will be considering to the highest t
Ethiopia undeniably is ric » water*
heW alth however is not In®
<?11 known for the abundance
1
, .      . 5tfl water resources, irrigable land-
i ts Our country is also 
Cospared to 
the various catchments 111
Awash Basin in well devcl P
*
^ rig?ition development comm*
r
° * lj in
r
ago as the 1940’s»
these v ^r ious
^itlated diffi
the loc ] _
ft
t-he great wealth oT w.ilrr mid In nd the resources to the required degree is
problems.                 Whenever nil irrigation *nd implemented.
may include among othersi
people from their indi enoua habitat*,
■J, the
vjltlllfe. Tl.o ovoroll implication of these are imhal nnco* coupled with social pro e^s-
S
countryi irrigation in the Snure documents show aodern 
the Lower Awash Sasiit as
dove1opsent not without
schcee is rlirricuUirs often arise- These
I hr dial cent ion of the loss of
gazing land lo{ 5S of 1 X ^logical i
or r.m . -4 the
5Appendix 3'
Page 2 of 3
It        is        beyond        doubt,        given        the        limited        resources        of        Ollr planet earth, that nil our ini crest cun not be ful filled
The accepted  notion  must he to  minimize the conflict of interests while the resources /ire developed  to  the optimum. In  this Consultation,  the problem that yon  have on  your hands is ’resources use conflict brlv’Wi pastoralists and irrigation development*.
The solution to the above conflict will require* careful and appropriate pl mini ng. With Ibis in mind the Water Rnsourres
DeveJopmen consultan          t Forestry
t           Authority corniid ss i num! ait International
study in Dove I opine n I
Ma)      1990 Studios.1 .
pnt i t 1 <•»I 1 Pasl ornlist and 
The consul tan I siiluni I I rd n
draft final report on study which is niernd problems in the Mlriril five him J or nd ieities.
1 hose slnrlios in October, 1991. 
io prnpoRp possible solutions to 
r Awash Uji s i n ,           * n< ludrs proposals TinmH i v i I b-s would
The
the
for
1.                    Gain         the         ronfidonee        nf         the         \fai        ,         Hirnngli        intiatives        to supply          their          sfrunglx          f-1i          iieorls          in          human          mid          animal health, Kilter supply irul ndiii-n! ion;
2.                  Establish       a       pasture       and       .agri       cii       1       Hirn       1       programme       aimed at:
those lost to
1 rr i gn  inn
— improving fodder supplies mid compensating *JJ 1                    s« lie mo.s ;   and ,
h^lping the                A fa r fo di         vp rsi T>
the i r       i:CD1l°n-
through smal1           holder agri          r ii 1 true          mid
3.
Pr*ve ] op 
fuel wood,
T o rest timber
mid fculih'*- far rori si rud
p mi hie t J on to inn and animal
Initialo          a          training          pi          ogrmiinm          in initiatives; and finally,
5 .
Develop 
approprinl
e               managomenI
s uppor 1 n 1 he
ami           innti the programme-
prov
f reds;
above tutio"rt]
mechanism t.o direct and r ou rd i na l oAppendix 3
Page 3 of 3
D/Comm± ssloner ,
Distiiigu ished part icipnnt s ,
At this juncture,  it is import nut tn  point out that these and  other relevant objectives (if any) should  be carefully and  fully  considered  in  a professional manner by  the participants in  order that we may  tackle the oft-mentioned problems of sub-basin  irrigation  development and  the related issues of grazing  degradation  and  deforestation* 
F1 rial ly ,
discharge
it is their
my        sincere        belief        tJial        participants responsibilities      i      ri      helping      us      to improtnnl national problems. I therefore,
will
solutic- _
find 
a
un to these
wish the CcjusuI tat-ioti al J
■ heal skrrT'rss.
1
I now call upon, the D/roiM'ife K'H ”' »o olficmlh consultation ♦
Thank      you jAppendix 4
p *ge 1 of 3
PENNING ADDRESS:
B y aTO KEFYALEW achamyeleh RESOURCES commission
2ear Participants,
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF THE WATER
On behalf of the Water Resources Commission, I and honoured to deliver the opening address
Consultation        on        the        Draft        Final        Report        of        "Pastoralist        and Forestry Development Studios in the Middle Awash.”
feel pleased to the
Unlike the common practice iti the developed world, in Ethiopia are not planned throughly in their Irrigation projects for* one have not bern an exception this respect . The social and rrplngical aspects irrigation development have not been giirn proper
up to the present in our country.
been exasperated by the absolute lack of political for any successful participal ion in the irrigation by the people most affected by its development.
It is obvious that the la*-
, i. » r *• I tent Ion 
consideration f social and pastorali st irrigation
♦•  ro , , * A '
projects entirely, 
in of
emphasis
This state of affairs has
support projects
and appropriate
or project components has resulted in various environmental problems* Tn recent years the
people that have been most directly affected by expansion have dr nro:i<\t r i * rd their un-wi 11 ingnoss
no ^ ° w irrigation art ivit j cs Io go ni» unaffected. We did au.-,. ?av° to wait so long to kive bark what we have taken 
in th„ rirnt Place.
thDA
activity
be’ en 
charged      with      the      responsibility      to      folow      up 
tUirl^y. . , _ . which
ea £er t ' ■
ies      of      Angelele      Rolhamo      Irrigation      Project      (ABIP)
/. ’-he ABTP.
. alr and VrohiR
u 12,000 ha are tn he developed Obviously IIip Water Resources
keenly interested on the manner of ---- -- The Coinmissir.n has a
acceptable solution tn and the ecological imbalance
BS H
result of ABTP and similar
for irrigated Commission is
implemontati on si rong desire Io see a
1 hr Afar pastoralists
■ that might be created projects in Middle Awash
aappendix )
rngc 2 Of 3
According to » t98t> study of H*o 
‘"'’““Ive
ontim.te is ll.nl some f.OOn  !•<•.,,.to  nod  12.  >00  1  tvontock  win be affected  by  the irrignlicm scheme on  the Rolhamo  side alone.  It is’ not conceivable on  the part of the WRC to proceed  with  the development,  without a workable scheme for the population and their livestock in the area.
Experience on  the ongoing  irrigation  schemes have shown  to us that the issues of Hie pastoralists and  forestry development have to  be proper! y  addressed  in  conjunction with  the irrigation  development*  These issues have caused concern  from the international financing  agencies as a result of which  EEC finally  nllocal nd  funds to  undertake this aspect of the study  in  rimro  detail than  it had  been dealt with previously.
It is in  line with  the above «hat VRC approved  the launching of the study  entitled  ’Pastoralist and  Forestry  Development Stud ies . 1
Dear Participants,
It         is         hoped         that         your         invaluable         comments         and         active participation will enablei-
a)        To        analyse        the        prevailing        problems        of        pastoralists        and 
prepare            apprcprialc            strategies
that            would            adequately 
alleviate         the         present.         and         future         problems         of         the
pastoralists            affected            by Middle Awash.
irrigation            development
in 
an ecc 1 disturbed0
j 11’1'T f'i'r i .11 o Finn to restore and sustain
it       rbed       due       to       the       implementation       of       the       irrigation 
‘ ,ICP
 Hint might otherwise have been
expnn.,      on      in      the      Middle      \wash      P-lsin      thereby      laying      the
Lhr^'trea^11 °* * r«nnr^’- ^3lC
.neficjnries,        the        possible        implernentati        on        and        the        planners
I hy and nil round development in inv.Hing rhe representative of
uO
. J Ha ?
project dorunu-nl so as tn rome up with a sound
an prac ica proposal , in a way, js a new experience -
9Appendix 4
Page 3 of 3
immense 1 y
this wide cold ri Lute
part ici pal Inn wil 1 , to I hr- amnpt abi 1 i l.y
I am confident, of the scheme.
jt is my  hope that all the participants will give their unreserved  interest and  Attention  ih  the deliberations and discussions for a successful outcome.
I      would      like      to      express      by      graLitude      and      appreciation      to      the
Consultant, MacDonald Agricultural Services who
the          assignment          of          preparing          this          document, organizers of the Cansiilnl .it ion Programme who
undertook and          the made the
effort to  upgrade the standard  of I lie output through  sharing of views among  different National Organizations somehow directly or indirectly involved in the problem.
I wish everyone to have au 
important exercise.
I now declare the Consultat  mi open <■ ffi' Tally,
r
’hank you.
trig experience in this
10APPENDIX 5.Appendix 5
CONSULTATION
0 N
PASTORALIST AND FORESTRY DEV, STUDIES QUESTIONS, SUGGESTIONS VIEWS
Name  f
Name of
o
Organ i za t i on
participant
In case
you need add it.l dtj-t 1
-pur-,
isc use overleafAppendix 6
1 of 3 ScpL. 17, 1991
RAPPORTEURS’ REPORT
(Presented by Kelemu Sinke)
Mr- Chairman
Dear Participants,
The Rapporteurs of this Consti 1  ' nt ion  - Paslcralist and Forestry  Development Stiidi<-s would  like to  present the deliberation of the house in two parts,
Hart i
Part      I      deals      with      a      cpiich      pvaIiih!      i<»b      of      the      Consultation held from Sept. LG - 17, 1A91-
Part II
Pel vt I X de A Is with thp rnmni l.iUnn n F t I n> Prrupnt nfinnt hv
^Pinion of their respective organizations or otherwise.
to is
J 2Appendix 6
Page 2 of 3
Coming     back     to     Part     I     -     a     quick     evaluation     of     this Consul tat i on:
It         Out         of         the        30         National.         International        and         Non governmental        Organizations        invited        15        have        sent        their
representative.       This       is       50%.       Out       of       total       invited       50 
guests 36 have appeared, which is 72%.
However,  the chief person  in  the factual event-i.e the major protagonist.,  so  to  speak,  the representatives of the Afar pastoralist,  are drlignled  at a minimal level in this Consultancy.
The rapporteurs can  not evrremphasir»' the participation of the Afars,  be it directly  or by  way  of representation,  for this notion  has been  underscored during  the keynote and  opening  addresses.  This is on top  of the Consulant persistant argument,  that failure to  envolve the Afars in  the planning  has contributed for the foiling of such s<hemes previously attempted.
2.             Out     of     the     total     time     *il     Inter!     for     discussion     sessions the        first        TV        sessions        -        the        substance        of        the Consultation,      have      more      nr      less      gone      as      schedule.      This in      away      indicates      that      the      give      and      take      aspect      has proceeded satisfactorily.
3.         Tn these two days about 53 valuable points arc
reflected by way of comments* quarries, suggestions, 
etc. from the participants.
Out of this 25% are on the o'er-.11 concept or approach 
2 % are on the far1s/fjgures
15% are on untoin hed issues, lightly addressed issues or overlooked issues. 
25% are on seeking adifional information 10% are minor editorials and th* rest 23% others (miscellaneous)
13Appendix 6
Page 3 of 3
Of the issues that were aired,  two have not received  a general,  consensus or convrrgrnce.  These are on  sizing of the fields and  institutional aspect.  However> on  the first issue-i.e.  sizing  ~ the house appears to  incline towards the Consultant view.
In  any  case,  these are the areas where the degree of success oT the objectives gyrates.  And  as such, hopefully,  the Consultant in  collaboration  with  WRDA will thresh  out these issues and  come up  with  a sound solution to make the proposal worknble.
From the simple statistics of para 3  and  the enthusiasm of the participants to  contribute towards the success of the proposal,  one can  generalize that the Afar Pastoralist case is ;i burning  issue that needs a solution , sustn i liable sol ution .
Finally  it js the ol.iservnl ion  of the Rcpporteurs that the Consultancy  done on  tlir part of Macdonald  is in  a professional like manner with  bold  suggestions breaking away  from the traditional prart ices of looking  into  the problem which may require rant ion when implementing.Appendix 7
Pa ge 1 of 2
closing STATEMENT
(BY ATO BIRRU ITTISSA, GM, KRDA) Ladies and Gentlemen,
It is
this
my        bclieT        that Consul tat ion
information from the last two days.
how difficult and
each  one oT you  who  participated  in 
programme has gathered  valuable
serious discussions you  had  during  the I also  feel that you  have by  now realized sensitive the subject matter is.
I have gat bored
many of the comments pants were constructive arid
to the successful
comments are
represent.at iv
considerate “
from tin” report «• of Hip rapporteurs that raised and discussed by the partici-
will without. donbLp contribute completion of the final report. These
also great 1* appreciated by the Consultant’s e. I hope F hese comments will be given due
Ion and incorporated in the final report.
H n w © v 
One
1             lr
iSated f> . pressed
r ^-ichGti
s  <J i vet.
i there were ver* few
°f them was the provision cT small blocks o
Items which wore controversial, developed
1    and    with    1n    the its reservation0
existing    state    f.i    this     .    WRDA    Ims on Fills particular item*
however j of I hr-
opinion    llol    .i    compromise    can    be
provided the und<*i standtti
g      nf      the      actual      situation 
duo 4ind special
|   . thp qi|1 route* or ‘he
cuj. i ilei’iif ion.
v ^ry
Wfts
VQ Uy 
, useful And in this report the
Lo  the host KAtisfm-tion of Hh> participants.
RpoH :iru
bS
has been Consultant
1 5Appendix 7
Page 2 of 2
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I      would      like      to      assure      you      that      however      controvertial      some of      the      items      raised      during      the      Consultation      may      seem,      a compromise         should         be         reached         during         subsequent         serious discussions with the concerned bodies.
Dear Participants
It is beyond  doubt,  that jour comments will help  to  enrich the final report and  enable us to  produce a sound  working document.
Finally,  I would  like to  thank  all of you  for your great efforts for the success of this Consultation,  and  invite you all for a final refreshment on  the terrace outside this hall .
Thank you very much again.
IfAppendix 8
Page 1 of 2
,ri
:
. cn or- i’a-tornli; t .nd I-orjr.try Development■ Sludk-s in tlic Aw.ir»h kiv- r 3ncii,
October i6 - 17, 199]
Evaluation Forir. - —----------- --------
Ka&u/OptXOhol____________________
Organization 
_
Lcrk the bar. which corresponds l-ist to your opinion. i.   lour dearie of inten-ft in the puvticuL.r Copic of tlnr
Consultation was high i I
The objectives oi r.hL. Cor.&ultrtion
[        j ( ] low
Cll ‘ar I ] I ! I
televd-jt [ j I J ( J [
)       (J not clc.-r
] Er.tp.ir.il
CircxL the lttur or number of the .tl.sver you  |.
c  rcst
Th--  quality  of  the  pccn  i.idtiou  cl  thv  approach,  ffr.dir.^s and exclusions of the PFDS by HAS (hr. i;.Brunt)
(n) v.:ry £ood *b £ai» A.    Thk Consul tazloi.
(a) puoiiy org»tr.Uuo
5
Vhdt uuuld yon s^y al/t?ut (a) iHCuiivcriunt
ch-
(u) rutd iri.EK iin?rov..Dlcnt<
(b) w.ll Grgai-t-H[j (locarxor)?
S’.(u4.»ccory
b.      how do you
th. coriplincar.-n ProPr,inr
..  .
(   ilr a|j
^. ?Appendix 8
Page 2 of 2
Pic nse libt
ioi !mprovitnw;u ?
^ug^«:.nor> or nuarks yuu h.ivi ru uff»*r
PIcjjSq indicctu, al Ht.y, ILcm^ you consider alwuld hs»V'. be jn luclufU’G/ccci’LdteXcd cowards db: imprnv.tiUjt □£ i.hls pro£c^;r. >?
181
Appendix 9 Page 1 of 2
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
participant's. Name
1.     Umer Ali
2.      lyasu Temesgen
3.     Tilahun Eshete
4.      Cathy Schloeder
5.      Fassil Tekle
Geremew Iticha
1« Abate Tedla
Getachew Asamenew S’ Mohammed Saleem
Fitsum Birhan Kidane 11.         Gebrekidan Teklu 12.      Gebru Bonger
13.      Ali Said
14.         Tesfaye Kidane
15.
Chris Mason
u.        Girmn Tilahun n.          Teferi Bekele
18.
19.
Ali Abdella Denis Gerard
20.         Kefyalew Achamy
Organization
MOT
AADC/TADC EVDSA
FKCO/WCI EWCO
I AR TLCA ILCA ILCA MAADE MOA moa/tldp ONCCP ONCCP
OXFAM/UK OXFAM/UK
RRC SCF/USA SCF/USA WRC
19Part, i r i pant ’_s Name
21 .         Melese Endalamaw
22 .          Birru 111issa
23.          Assefa Telila
24 .         Aralew Negussie
25 .          Akai ii Meshesbn
2&.         Ejigneh Sime
27.          Cetaneh Assefa
28.          Goshu Kcbede
29 .         11 a i1u Habte
30 .         Kclemu Sinke
31 .         Melkamu Ruga
32. Mel akeseiam Dime!ros
Appendix 9 Page 2 of 2
Organ!zation WRC
WRDA
FF
f»
IT
IF
•T
M
*1
IF
■4
33 .
Melaku Melionnen
n
34 .
Solomon Soy on in
PI
35 .
Tibobu Teshome
pp
3G.
Wnscnu AsTaw
1'F
20M’K’iidix 10 Page 1 of 3
RESULT OF EVALUATION
OF THE CONSULTANCY
OH PASTORALIST A£D FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 1. ON THE SUBJECT MATTER
Result in
No               Questions
Opinion
Reiark
Nunber
Percent
1     Your degree of interest in this
field of
Consultancy
high  I 1
( ]
low                [ ] no comment [ ]
15
5
-
-
75
25
•
2a        The objectives of this Consultation
clear [ I
[ 1
[ 1
not clear [ ]
no comment [ 1
1C
-
3
-
1
80
-
15
5
2b
The objectives of
this Consultation
3           The quality of the presentation; and
| approach, findings and conclusions of
1 PFDS as presented by Mr. M.Brunt and
J conducted by MAS
relevant [ ]
I ]
I I
marginal [ I
don’t know [ ]
very good
fair
need large
improvement
13
1
1
-
5
13
C
I
C5
5
5
25
65
30
______Appendix 10 Page 2 of 3
2. ON TU£ GENERAL
No
Questions
Opinion
Result in Number |   Percent
Remark
4
The Consultation
poorly organized well organized
3
1 1
15
70
some parti
ci pants
included a
fairly OK
box - (152)
5
What would you say about the venue”
T nconveni ent
Satisfay
1
19
5
95
6
Flow do you rate the complementary programme
(film show)
Sat isfactory
Poor
ID
1
95
I ___ - _
7.             Please list any suggestion or remark you have to offer
for improvement?
The fol lowing general open inns nn* noted
7*1. DraTt Report are disLri1nit»'d njily three days before the Consultation,
7.2.        DraTt Report arc not received al nil. restricted circulation approach might minimize tho problem.
7.3.            Letter     of     invitation     were     no!     properly     and     timely     sent. 
Further             reminder
comraunicntion 
to             encourage
participants tu show up luis nut hern dune.
r»n*
Appendix 10 Page 3 of 3
7.1.     The     Consultation     is     held     nl     I     Im     wrong     time     -     (for some institutional aspect could not be resolved)
7.5.            Due      attention      should      be      paid      to      arrangement      of Conference       Hall.       The       idea       of       having       more       than one       microphone       for       the       participants       would       improve the efficiency.
7.6.                Consultation          partjcpantK          should          furnish          their comments in writing prior tn the meeting.
7.7.      List of Participants with their proper addresses, 
profession ole should be distributed - to assist
in future communication.
7.8.            Important      Organizations      -      \DB,      World      Bank,      EEC, FAO,      etc      should      have      been      communicated      tine      and again to attend the inerting.
7.9.      Group discussion might have helped in squeezing 
out more views.
8.             Please      indicate,      if      any,      items      you      consider      should      have been          included/considered          towards          the          improvement          of this Programme*’
Participants appear no* to bo clear on this question. The word programme is understood b\ some as PFDS programme and by others the programme of tlm ConsulLation session. Due to the ambiguity of the question, this part is not entertained in this evaluation.
23i’

< <

Summery

Summary of Amibara Irrigation Project II Report

Summary of Amibara Irrigation Project II Final Report

Project Title: Amibara Irrigation Project II - Pastoralist & Forestry Development Studies

Commissioned by: Water Resources Development Authority, People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Prepared by: MacDonald Agricultural Services Limited, UK

Date: December 1991

1. Introduction

The report examines the impact of irrigation development on Afar pastoralists in Ethiopia's Middle Awash Valley and proposes solutions to mitigate negative effects. The study was commissioned by WRDA with EC funding to address:

Problems faced by pastoralists due to irrigation expansion
Ecological restoration needs following irrigation development

2. Key Findings

Environmental Context

Study area covers 925,450 ha in the East African Rift Valley
Tropical semi-arid climate with 500mm annual rainfall
Dominant vegetation is deciduous Acacia bushland
22,841 ha currently under irrigated cotton production

Population

Group	Estimated Population
Afar pastoralists	66,000 (30 clans)
Non-Afar (State Farm workers, etc.)	50,500

Major Problems Identified

Loss of grazing land: 23,000 ha of dry season grazing lost to irrigation (40,000 tons annual dry matter production)
Overgrazing: Concentration of herds on fragile rangelands
Deforestation: 80,000 tons/year fuelwood demand from State Farm workers
Environmental degradation: Soil erosion and ecological imbalance

3. Proposed Development Programme

A 10-year Middle Awash Pasture and Forestry Development Programme is proposed with five main components:

3.1 Advance Programme (Phase I)

Travelling rural health units
Animal health services
Primary schools in remote areas
Domestic water supply development
Support for Afar settlement schemes

3.2 Pasture and Agricultural Programme

Small-scale irrigated pasture/farm units (50-100 ha blocks)
Angelele irrigated pasture limited to 100 ha experimental plot
Improved management of RRC settlement schemes
Integrated water supply and range conservation
Alledeghi Plains development initiative

3.3 Forestry and Tree Planting Programme

Afar-owned tree plots for firewood production
Roadside planting within irrigated areas
Eastern boundary and western perimeter tree belts
Planting on abandoned saline areas
Fruit trees and browse around settlements

3.4 Training Programme

Capacity building for Afar in agriculture, forestry, and resource management.

3.5 Institutional Programme

Establishment of management structures to coordinate implementation.

4. Estimated Costs

Component	Birr (million)	US$ equivalent (million)
Total Investment Costs	14.2	6.9
Total Recurrent Costs	22.4	10.9
Total Programme Costs	36.6	17.8

5. Key Recommendations

        Adopt small-scale, clan-based approaches rather than large centralized schemes
Ensure Afar ownership and participation in all initiatives
Phase implementation over 10 years with mid-term review
Establish high-level coordination mechanism (suggested under Prime Minister's Office)
Prioritize confidence-building measures through the Advance Programme

               
            