Amibara Irrigation Project II - Drainage and Salinity Study Summary

AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT II
<p,.
REPORT ON
DRAINAGE AND SALINITY STUDY
JANUARY
1982
Sir William Halorow & PartnersAMTBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT II
REPORT ON
DRAINAGE AND SALINITY STUDY
JANUARY
Sir William Halcrow & PartnersPAET A
MELKA SADI FAEM SOIL SALINITY STUDY AND
OUTLINE DRAINAGE
DESIGNFigures and tables in text
Fig. 1 
Fig. 2 
Fig. J
Fiff. 4
Location of study area
Detail of observation well Detail of AU* observation well
Soil Map - Melka Sadi Fann
PAGE NO
1
10
12
/
15
Table 1                Water table depths and water analysis results
for 6 wells at Malka Sadi Farm. 
2             Depth and E.C. of ground water at AXP observation
wells and deep bores. 
5 Water table levels and salinities from selected
sites at different dates. 
A.        Results        of        Hydraulic        conductivity        and        Infiltration tests. 
5             Analysis of Awash River Water
5
6
9
22
26f.&
amibara irrigation PROJECT II
MELKA SADI FARM
SOIL SALINITY STUDY AND OUTLINE DRAINAGE DESIGN
Contents
PAGE NO
I. SOIL SALINITY STUDY
1. Summary
2. Background and Previous Studies
3.        Geology and Hydrogeology
4.        Climate
5.        Field Studies and Methods
6.        Soils of the Study Area
2
2
4
11
13
16
7.
Hydraulic Conductivity
21
8.
Water Quality
25
9.
Salinity Hazard
27
10.         Alkali Hazard
11. Reclamation of Saline Soils
27
11Maps,
(See Separate Folder)
Map No. 1             Contour    map    of    the    ground    water levels
2             Contour    map    of    the    ground    water salinity.
3             Contour    map    of    the    impervious layer(s)
4             Location     of     field     test     sites     and observation wells
5             Farm layout and saline areas.PAGE NO
II OUTLINE DRAINAGE DESIGN
1.        Introduction
32
2.        Drainage Requirements
32
5.        Drainable Excess
33
4.        Drain Spacing Equations
34
5.        Data from Field Observations
35
6.        Field Drain Design
36
7.        Interceptor Drains
38
8.        Block Drains
38
9.        Collector Drain Design
38
10.      Biasing of Construction
39
11.      Leaching Trials
40
12.      Quantities
40
Bills of        Quantities
Figure 5            In-field Drainage Requirements
Figure 6            Drain Construction Phasing
Figure     7     Drains     SD1,     SD2     -     Long     sections
Theu'n SD2 - cross sections
Figure    8    Longitudinal    Sections    of    Drains    TD1,    TD    2,    TD    5,    TD    4, TD 5.ANNEX
1
Observation Well Records
ANNEX
2
Soil Profile Descriptions
ANNEX
3
Results of Soil Chemical Analysis
ANNEX
4
Variation in rainfall amountsI I I a
iFIGURE I
I
1Soil Salinity Study
1. SUMMARY
The field studies for this report were carried out between March and September, 1981, Forty-one sites were examined and tested for^infilitration into the topsoil, pemeability both above and below the water table. Depth to impemeable layers was determined by auger bore to 5 metres depth at 48 sites. The 5m bores were described and water levels and salinities recorded.
At    19    sites,    2m    deep    pit6    were    dug,    described    and    sampled    for    full chemical analysis.
The outline
design for the Melka Sadi Fam area is based
on the finding of the above field studies and discusses the need 
for drainage, field drainage design criteria, hydrulic conductivity 
values, choice of field drainage system and recommendations for a
drainage system, leaching and drainage trials.
2. Background and previous studies
The    Melka    Sadi    study    area    occupies    some    4,200ha.    of    the    Middle    Awash 
valley floor see Figure 1, 
l,528ha. are occupied by the Melka Sadi
Farm, previously MAESCO Farm, now under State Fams Management. The remainder of the study area 2,870ha. is presently under development
for cotton production, by the Amibara Irrigation Project II. Irrigation water is supplied by gravity canal from a weir on the Awash River.
The principal crop at the Melka Sadi Fam is Banana, grown on the flat in small irrigation basins. Since cultivation was started in 1971 approximately of the area has been abandoned due to salinity and rising water tables. On the remainder of the fam almost every nlot is showing sign of poor growth With resultant lose of yield.
2Some 46ha. of the abandoned areas has been planted with grass
(sp?) and lucerne for fooder production with varying results 0
The existing drainage system, which mirrors the irrigation 
layout was designed to deal with rainfall, excess irrigation 
water, spillage, seepage and ground water control• The system originally discharged into the Awash river through a flap-
gate.
The depth of the field drain system is about 1.2m and the main drain is about 1.5m deep. The Main Drain is now connected to 
the Amibara Project primary drain which is 1.86m deep at the point of junction. See Map 5.
Previous studies of the area in 1969 and 1971 by Italconsult included soil and land classification mapping at 1:20.00 scale and 1 iml ted infiltration and permeability measunnents  The irrigation suitability 
0
classification showed the Melka Sadi Farm to be of Class I suitability 
and the area North of the present Farm to be Class II.
e
In 1969 number of observation walls were Ina tai 1 ad, unfortunately some were blocked or destroyed and records lost. In mid 1980, 
the Amibara Project provided a 2km. grid of observation wells through 
out the Melka Sadi area* These have been checked monthly since August 1980 both for water level and salinity (E.C.).
A geological study by FAO in 1973 included a section on the ground water levels at Melka Sadi.
In 1980 the Water Management Advisor of AIP carried out an investigation in to the water/salinity problems at Melka Sadi Fazm. It was found 
that a minimum of 60cm of water per year was applied in excess of Banana crop needs leaching requirement and irrigation losses and this 60cm plus was a major contributing factor to the rise in the water tables.
3?• Geology and Hydrogeology
3>1. Geology:-
The Middle Awash Valley lies in the Ethiopian rift of Terteary age  extending North East towards the Red Sea. The Floor of the
t
Valley is built up from recent allvuiall/colluvial deposits from
the Awash river and outwash from the escarpment. Underlying sediments consist of nearly horizontal beds of basalts, pumice, tuffs, gravel, sands, silts and clays,the latter are often 
saline. These beds are exposed in the Arba river gourge and on the escarpment south of Melka Sadi Village.
Wt thin the study area there are several features of volcanic origin. An example is the small Aseda hill where the bedding is turned through 90° exposing the silt and clay beds, which still contain 
.QTna.ll amounts of soluble salts. Volcanic activity in the valley 
at present is limited to fumeroles and hot springs.
THp present, fmilt controlled Awash river course was established in Plio - pleistocene times; previously the river flowed in the Alledegh graben to the south of its present course.
The new course of the Awash was periodically blocked by lava flows or outwash from the escarpment creating temporary lacustrine conditions. The Valley floor was then some 50m below its present level.
J.2. hydrology:-
There are two separate aquifer systems in the study area. One is the deep, confined aquifers of the basalt - tuff * lava - gravel sequence which occurs at depths between 50 and 70 mts. These confined aquifers have alkaline water, PE 8 - 9, with a high bicarbonate content and temperature in the range J5° - 40° and the E.C. is usually between 1000 - 2000 micromhoe.
The well drilled at the Project H.Q. tapped a confined aquifer at 60m and the static water level rose to within 11 mts. of the ground level.
4The other system is the shallow aquifers of the recent alluvium/ colluvium which have a variable salinity, according to location and depth. Where comparatively non-saline water is entering the aquifer the salinity of that aquifer is low and the water level is usually close to the surface, 1*3 mts below ground level, i.e. at AIP 3 where the rater level fluctuates between 3.0 and 1.8m in response to the irrigation water applications and the salinity is less than 
10p0 micromho3. These aquifers are perched over soil horizons of low permeability.
The very high salinities which occure at shal low depth in the
Ahanrinnart areas in the
njnlty of AIP 10, Pll, BRH 6
and DRH 24, are the result of the applied irrigation water joining up with an existing shallow saline water table causing an upward movement of soluble salts leading to the formation of a salt erust on the 3oil surface.
Table 1 •           Water table depth and Water analysis results from 6 observation wells in the Melka Sadi Farm
Well No. AIP
Depth to Water table
EC
nnnhos / cm
PH        Na         Ca        Mg       B         CO 3
SAB.
i I
1
2
3 6 8 10
2.80 1.25 1.37 .
3.40
1.45
2.55
6.3               8.7      1326         16.0      17.3      4.0     79.3           68.6; 1.0               8.5      73.2         56.1      21.4      0.9   341.6              2.1c 1.0               8.3   207.4           38.5        5.8      3.8   475.8             8.2
2.7               8.3    425.0         11.2         2.4      1.7     73.2           29.8 0.63             8.4   117.3          15.2         3.4      0.6   268.4             2.0E
5.6               6.7    595.0     136.31  99           43.6     36.6              7.61
I
I
Chemical analysis of six waters from observation wells are given in Table No. 1.
At Pll the water table rose 5 metres in 9 years to within 1.8 metres of the surface. The salinity of the ground rater at Pll is 37.2 mmhos while the salinity of the rater in the observation well is 10.0 mnhos. Table 2 shown the depths and E.C. of the .ground raters at AIP observation wells and at open bores.Table 2
Site
AZP 1 U
E.C.     open     bore
!. obs. well
;er
4.5
Depth 
m.
5.00
AZP  2  B
s
0.99
1.50
AZP  J  B
0.97
1.97
AZP  4  U
AZPl’    C
water
21.6
2.2
2.2
12.4
7.0
0.67
11.2
12.7
7.9
57.2
22.5
60.1
40.1
20.2
14.4
15.9
2.6
7.2
2.2
1.21
56.0
29.4
3.8
6.2
4.0
11.2
Depth
m.
2.89
1.50
2.66
2.75
5.72
1.62
2.50
4.75
5.50
2.7
5.17
2.99
5.71
1.22
2.14
2.18
2.52
2.89
2.54
5.00
2.86
5.10
5.59
5.61
5.45
2.14
1.50
8.6
5.00
AZP  6  U
2.8
5.51
AZP  7  U
10.0
6.00
AZP  0  B
0.69
1.88
AZPIO A
AZP12.  C
4.0
2.60
4.8
5.14
11.2
7.97
AZP14 C
2.2
7.00
AZP22  C
4.6
9.51
PZ1       A
9.6
2.09
DRH  20  P
DRH  21  B£
DHH  22  A
DRH  25  A
DRH  24  A
DRH  25  A
Key to crop at site
u     Uncultivated c     Cotton
B        Banana
DRH  26  A
B        Banana - saline
DRE 27 A
*O*        Pasture
s
DRH  28  B^
kJ 
DRH  29  A
A        Abandoned plota
DRH  50  A
DRH  51  A
DRH 5?- A
DRH  55  --
DRH  54  B
DRH  55  B
DRH 56
6L
S*T
Cfr*2 09*1 V9’0
02. “2 22,*T
QQ'z 91*6 6fr*T SZ*6
oe’T oL'o
LO’T LO'l
68’0
2*2
2*T
62*8
6*2
S 8 t'S HHd B S 66 HHd
S 26 HHd
S l6 HHd
2.6*1 fl 6t HHd
62.* 0 Ed 8fr HHd
26*0
e 2.V HHd
22/0                  V 9> HHd
02*V V 6fr HHd
99*0
09*2
26*0
62/9
fr’2.
0*T
fl H HHd
fl W HHd
a 6V HHd
ff 2fr HHd
a rV HHd
a OV HHd
$9*0
0*9
a 66 HHd
92*2
9*M
V 86 HHd
frS*T
9*3
S a 2.6 HHd\/here the water levels are deeper, 5 — 15 neters below ground level, the sal ini ties are high or very high. The recharge of these deep aquifers is partly derived from irrigation water
but it probably also includes seepage from the very deep confined sal ine aquifers passing up through the salt rich 
clay/silt beds of low permeability. Another source of recharge water in the past was the seasonal flood from the River Awash which left behind shallow pools of evaporating and therefor saline water some of which entered the aquifer in the course of time* THp flooding is prevented since the building of the East and West Dykes.
Some water is entering the aquifer from the river, particularly of times of high flows. Observation wells AIP 5» PPI, A1P 11 sho:. ed a rise on the water table following the prolonged high 
r
flows of August and September 1901.
Deep auger bores on the Melka Sadi Farm HQ area revealed very saline waters, which are slightly confined and associated with weathering calcareous tuffs and clays which may be charged from
the high ground around Unda Evu hill or from springs associated with the local vents and lava cones. (A similar situation has
been detected around the Anibara and Ambash Volcanics.) The
sites with these very high salinities are DRH 20, DRH 21, DRH 2J, DRH 25, DRH J2 and DRH 56. The E.C. of DRH 21 was 60.0 millimohs at 4 metres, and the water level rose 1.0 metre after 6 hours.
The present ground water levels are shown on Map No. 1 and the salinity values on Map No. 2. The depth to impermeable or
very slowly permeable horizons is shown in Map No. J.
The ground water contour map produced by Curry in I971 from a small number of observation wells showed the Melka Sadi and Anibara areas as two separate drainage basins. The Do fan volcanices having restricted the valley between the two basins. The Melka Sadi basin 
is oho’.m as draining tov’ards the river from a water table mound to the south oast of the study area which originated from river
8Table 3
Water levels and salinities (E.C. mmhos) of ground Melka Sadi Farm - selected dates
observation wellB
Well Pll
w/l> E.C.
Well AIP 1
w/lm
E.C.
Well AIP 6
w/lm
E.C.
30/7/70
6.92 -
26/6/80
3.40
-
12/7/80
5.25
-
3/ 1/71
6.45 -
4/12/80
3.50
6.3
4/12/80
3.93
2.2
31/5/71
6.33 -
25/5/01
3.00
7.2^
28/5/81
3.45
2.4
7/ 1/72
6.17 -
4/H/81
2.56
6.0
5/H/81
3.22
2.6
1/ 2/73
5.70 -
24/11/73
5.29 -
Well AIP 2
Well AIP 8
10/6/74
4.41 -
7/6/80
2.60
-
12/7/80
2.40
-
19/6/75
2.21 . -
4/12/80
1.55
0.90
4/12/80
2.14
0.60
7/ 6/76
2.10 -
25/5/80
0.59
0.95
26/5/81
2.18
0.66
7/ 1/79
1.95 -
4/11/81
0.92
1.00
5/11/81
2.15
0.62
4/12/80
2.17 9.6 1.47 9.0^
-
25/5/81
Well AIP 3
Well AIP 10
5/11/81
1.05 9.9
12/7/80
4/12/80
25/5/01
5/H/81
2.15
-
12/7/80
2.60
-
3.12
1.0
7/12/80
3.05
5.o
2.23
0.9
25/5/81
2.64
3.6^
1.76
0.94
5/H/81
2.58
3.6
Note
1/
Ground
v/atcr
level
in
open
bore
was   2.70m   and
E  C. 37.2
ZJ Ground
water
level
in
open
bore
was   2.69m   and
E  C. 21.6
y     Ground
water
level
in
open
bore
was   2.66m   and
E  C. 11.2figure 2
ITALCONSULT
OBSERVATION WELL
No.P.H
10seepage at the start of the upper plain. But it was suspected
that, two water systems, both under pressure were being read as
representing one system. Since this study was made the ground 
water levels have risen conderably, especially within the Melka
Sadi Pa-rm area. See Map No. 1. Curry also noted a relation 
ship between high river flows and rises at some of the observation 
wells.
3.2.1. Observation wells:-
There are 20 AZP observation wells in the Melka Sadi area on 2x2 km. 
gird and four of the earlier wells are still in operation* Seven of
these 24 wells are in the Melka Sadi Farm. liecords for the earlier
wells are available for the years 1970 - 1979 water levels only.
The ALP observation wells have records of monthly readings from
Mid 1980 to date, both for water levels and sal inity (E.C.). 
The earlier wells are now recorded monthly also.
Water table levels and salinities from the Melka Sadi Farm area
for selected dates are shown in Table 3 aJid ^11 records are shown 
in Annex 1.
Figure 2 and 3 show the construction details of both types of
observation well.
A further 3 observation wells are planned for the farm area and are
to be installed as soon as possible.
4.                  Climate
The climate of the study area is semi-desert with a bi animal
rainfall pattern. Bain fall amounts at Melka Warer Research Station 
range between 658mm and 300mm per year with an annual mean of 550mm, approximately half of which falls in July and August with another
lesser peak during February - April (l6 years of records available).
There are two rainfall station at Melka Sadi but records are incomplete with many years missing. However from the data available it is clear that there are considerable variation in rainfall amounts over the area from site to site and from year to year, see Annex 4. (Variation in local rainfall amounts.)
11FIGURE 3
AIP OBSERVATION WELL
12Temperatures range between a mean maximum of 37°C in June and a mean minimum of 12.8°C on December. The annual variation in mean monthly temperature is about 8°C only.
Evaporation  figures,  E-Pen, in  August to  252mm in  June. 196mm.
5.               Field Studies:-
5.1.          Methods and Equipment
range from a monthly mean of 170mm The average mean evaporation is
Fifty-five sites were examind in the Melka Sadi area, forty 
one of these sites were within the Melka Sadi Fann Area of
l,330ha giving 1 site per 32 ha.
As each of the sites the following tests and tbservations
were made.
I.          Infiltration rate at the soil surface using 3 sets of
double rings and a 10cm. head of water. Each tests was run for a least 8 hours and values expressed in mm/hr.
H. Hydraulic condactivity (pemeability) measurement wH.hin 
the dry soil profiles at 3 depths below the surface using 
the "pour in method". These tests were run for a least
6 hours and results expressed in metres/day.
III.       Hydraulic conductivity measurements within the soil profile below the water table using the "pump out method"
values expressed in metres/day.
IV.  At each site a 5 metre deep auger bor9 was made and the soil profile described, water levels and salinities
recorded.
V.          At 19 of the sites 2m deep soil pits were dug, described and sampled for laboratory analysis.
13Equipment used in the study included:—
1.      4 wheel drive vehicle
1.      2 wheel water trailer (see note below)
3.      Sets double infiltration rings
4- Graduated Plastic 45 litre Jerrycans will taps
4.      Modified petrol engine carburettors and Plastic pipes
1.      10cm Edelman auger heads
2.      ljcm "Jarret” auger heads
2.   10cm Jarret type auger heads (local manufacture)
2.   Edelman 6 cm augers
20.       1 metre lengths of •J" galvanised pipe
1. Portable E.C. meter.
The 4 wheel drive vehicle and water trailer was replaced in 
June by a 1 ton Mercedes truck fitted with a 1000 litre tank. 
Apart from a few tlmee . during heavy rain this proved 
ideal for the work.
The     field     studies     were     carried     out     by     the     soil     salinity specialist, will part time assistance of the Drainage
Engineer}       and    a    team    of    3    labourers.    Soil    pits    were    dug    by sub-contract labour.
5.2.               Field work programme
The soil salinity specialist arrived on site on 11th February
1981.
Digging of soil pits started on March 8th and sampling of the oit- has completed by 27th March and the samples Bent to Addis Ababa for analysis at the Holetta Soils laboratory of the Institute
of Agricultural Hesearch.
Levelling of the observation wells carried out by Project survey staff in February and March 1981.
Field testing of infiltration and permeability started on May 
18th and was concluded at the end of the September when field work was started on the Amibara Extension area. The delay in starting the field studies was due to transport problems and 
to lack of equipment.
14I
I
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I
I
I
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I
I
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I
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I
I
I
I
I
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Figure 4
Recent A\uviums
156                       Soils of the study area (see figure 4)
Three soil groups were found in the Melia
south east of the area are the saline alluviall/colluvial soils
of the escarpeient foot with variable tex lures  usually medium to 
area. In the
t
6.1.
coarse, with weathering tuffs and clays in the deep sub-soils.
The second soil group is the normally nnn-nal ina, medium and
fine      textured      al      luvium      with      stratified      and      l      aminated      profiles on which the greater part of the Melka Sadi Farm is established.
The third group, and the most wide spread in the Melka Sadi
area are the fine textured vertisols of variable depth overlying 
stratified often coarse textured alluviuals. The vertisols vary 
in depth from a few centimetres to more than J metres deep in the
North of the area. This soil group is limited to the North and 
Western portion of the Melka Sadi Faro.
All three soil groups are readily identified in the field by 
colour, texture, surface appearance and some times by the
natural vegetation.
Al nng side the Awash river there is narrow strip of recent, 
coarse textured alluvium, but very little of this within the
proposed irrigation area.
Soil profile description are show in Annex 2 and results of
soil analysis in Annex 3.
The levels ofsoil salinity in the presently cultivated land at the Ifelka Sadi Farm are generally lower than shown by Italconsult, 
this is due to leaching by the applied irrigation water over time. Hoover the salinity levels in the abandoned areas are now higher than 3hown in the Italconsult reports e
It would appear that leaching of soluble salts in the.early stages of development were successful, but later the existing saline water tables rose and eventually met with the infiltrating irrigation water
16and saturated the soil profiles above the water table resulting 
in the upward movement of soluble salts which was accelerated once the area was abondoned. Rainfall being insufficient to leach out the . salts.
These abandoned area have a damp surface crumb or crust (Hygroscopic) overlying a deflocculated layer which is of very low permeability up 
to 25cm thick. This layer prevents the entry of rainfall which together with spillage and runoff forms evaporation pans which have become progressively more saline.
A si mi Tat situation can be seen alongside many canals where seepage through the bank is causing the road to be come damp with salts and after rain to surface layers deflocculate and the road becomes impassible to vehicles.
Abandoned areas are shown on Map 5* together with other areas affected by salinity/high water tables.
6.2.               Previous Mapping
The soil map produced by Italconsult in 1969 was found to be accurate as far as soil units mapped and general arrangement of the different horizons are described. But the present saline
area are now far more widespread 
as mapped, (Soil unit 10 -
Saline and Alkaline soils). The report does not report on the
water levels and salinities of the ground water apart for a
comment that soil unit 10 often had a fluctuating water table
below it.
The frequent alteration for grain size of soil unit 6; soils on 
recent alluviom, was also noted in the report. This was found to be correct, big variation in grain size (textures) were found in bores only 1 - 2m apart  Unit 6 is the most wide spread soil unit at the
0
Melka Sadi Farm
o
*
17Average E.C. values Sat. Ex. for the Melka Sadi area are shwon below:-
E.C . xlO^ m.mhos/cm.
Range
Topsoils
2.24
6.0 - 0.98
Upper subsoils
2.94
8.5 - 0.72
Subsoils
5.12
8.1 - 0.16
Deep sub-soils
5.22
9.5 - 0.68
(>150 cm deep)
High E.C. values
were found on the
top soils of the abandoned
area (Field Tests) i.e. at DRH 2 where the E.C. of the top soil was 22.0 m.mhos/cm at J - 10cm deepth. High E.C. values were also found in the weathering tuffs and clays (5m deep bores)
at one site as high as 60 rnmhos, see table 2.
6.J.2. Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (E.S.P.)
A high concentration of Exchangeable Sodium causes break down of soil structure, which reduces permeability, aeration and workability. The amount of exchangeable sodium present is expressed as E.S.P. which is determined from the extracted cations less soluble oations to give the sodium absorbtion 
ratio (S.A.H.).
SAP     = Na Exchangeable
and
E.S.P. + 100 (-0.0125 + 0.01475 SAP) 1+ (-0.0126 + 0.01475 SO)
v S P figure of 15 or lesB is conBiiered to the limit' 
for a non-alkallne soil. But higher E.S.P. values can be
tolerated if the soil is a fine textured vertisol as in the
- lo-rth of the Melka Sadi Area. High exchangeable Bodium can also have an effect on plant growth and some authorities quote
186.3                Results of Soil Analysis (see Annex 3)
6.3.1.                Electrical Conductivity Values (E.C.)
Measurement of the E.C. of a soil/water mixture gives a good 1nd1 nation of the total amount of ionized salts present in the soil. The amount of salts that come in to solution in dependant on the soil water ratio. E.C. measurement is best carried out with moisture contents as in the field. As this testing routine is difficult to carry out the best alternative is on an.Saturated extract. The accepted interpretaion of E.C. values of the Sat. Ex. of a soil are as follows:-
E.C. Sat. Ex.
0-2 m.m hos/cm
2-4  " " "
4-8            "       « n 8 - 16 " " "
16             nun
Crop reaction
effect almost negligeable
yields    of    senstive    crops    may    be reduced.
Yields of many crops may be reduced.
Only    a    tolerant    crop    will    give reasonable yields
Only    a    few    very    tolerant    crops    will give reasonable yields.
The    banana    plant    i3    of    low    salt    tolerance    and    reduction    of    yields may occur if theE.C. is >1<0 m.mhos/cm Sat. Ex.
Field electrical conductivity values were determined on a 1:1 
Soil/water mixture which due to the dilution of the soluble
salts will give a different conductivity to that of a saturation 
extract. A general guide for comparuing 1:1 soil water E.C. 
with Sat. Ex. is to multiply the 1:1 results by 2.2a
By checking the E.C. of infltration sites before and after the
test an indication of the leaching affect could be obtained. 
Results below show that the E.C. of the 1:1 soil/water miYture in 
the top 25cm. of the soil profile was reduced after 8hrs.
E.C. 1:1 (0 - 25cm) E.C. after infiltration (0 - 25)
Site DRH 6 DRH 23 
DRH 21 
10.2
6.8
6.5
5.1
5.7
1.6
ALP 10 
2.1
0.46
DRH 24 
DRH 5 
6.6
5.6
8.7
5.2
DRH 7
19
8.4
5.5b,      figure    of    3    mill    —ahtHto!entg    exchangeable    sodium    per    100g.    soil as the upper 11ni t. of a nnn«^lkaJ ins 3oil.
E.S.P. values for Melka Sadi Area are given below.
E.S.P. values of non-ealine non-alkaline soils.
(E.C.^4.0 m.mhos and ESP<15) ESP
Topsoils
Upper          Bub-soils
Subsoils
Deep          sub-soils
(       150 cm deep)
ESP values for saline - alkaline aoils.
2.76
4.36
4.36
4.68
E.C.
(E.C.- 4.0 m.mhos and ESP^15 )
.               ESP
Topsoils
7.13
Upper sub-soils
12.70
Sub-soils
24.20
Deep sub-soils
38.65
(^150 cm deep)
The high ESP values in the deep sub-6oils are generally associated with weathering tuffs and clays, as are the high E.C. values mentioned above.
6.J.3.             PH Values (Sat. Ex.)
The average PH values for all samples was 7,55 with the range between 7.15 and 9.6.
A PH value greater than 8.5 is generally regraded as indicating 
an E.S.P.>15- high ESP values.
S'oliole Anions
9.5 values coincided with the
Only traces of S04 were present in half the
3amp es,
i
20the remander, high, often very high values of S04 were obtained indicating the present of gypsum (CaS04), an important factor in the presenOeof high sodium levels. In many cases high levels of
S04 were pre sent., in the samples with a high exchangeable sodium.
7.          Eydraulic Conductivity (Permeability) and Infiltration Tests
7.1.       Pour in Tests
Pour in tests, following the USBT method, were carried and in soil profiles above the water table, usually at 3 depths, 0 - 60cm, 
60 - 120cm and 120 - 180 cm below the ground surface.
Each tests section was 60cm deep and 5cm radius giving a wetted area of 1963 sq.cm. VJhen swelling days (vertisols) or loose
sands were encountered a filler of gravel or volcanic ash was placed in the hole prior to the test* This ywb kue- T/u 
Tests were run for a minimum of 6 hours to ensure that the surrounding soil envelope was saturated. Water used in the
test was taken from an adjacent canal of from the main canal
Ad thin the farm area.
Results are expressed on metres/day.
7.2.       Pump cut Tests
Pump out tests, following the ’’Auger hole method” of Houghoudt et.al,, were made of the soil profiles below the water table. 
OA-dng to the laminated variable textures of many profiles Ari.de variations in results were obtained from site to site, some
sites having very high values indeed, where slightly confined Abater were found in coarse textured aquifers0
Results were expressed in metres/day.
7.3.     Infiltration tests
Infiltration tests using 3 sets of double rings per site and
water depth of 10cm were run of a minimum of 8 hours. At many 
by
sites the rings were set in my hand but at others it was necessary to use a hydrulic jack and the weight of the
'21
oiTable 4
Results of Hydraulic Conductivity and Infiltration Tests
n K" - Hydraulic POUR
conductivity m/day IN TEST
Infiltration th       /day 
(Average of th
e 3 rin^s)
Site
0—60cm
60-120
120-180
DEH 1
0.048
0.041
-
0.34
DRH 2
0.059
0.063
0.116
—
DRH 3
O.O9;O.12
0.134
- .
DRH 4
-
0.120
0.016
0.63
DRE 6
0.096
0.09e
0.50
0.13
DRH 7
0.033
0.15
-
0.14
DRH 20
0.03
0.09
0.25
0.73
LRE 21
0.190
0.197
0.102
O.31
DRH 22
0.180
0.156
O.I44
0.72
DRH 23
0.40
0.103
-
-0.42
DRH 24
0.10
0.096
0.028
0.6l
DRH 25
0.194
0.21
0.43
0.50
DRH 26
0.10
0.078
0.07
0.78
DRH 27
0.11
0.11
0.122
0.64
DRH 28
0.085
0.031
0.0337
0.60
DRH 2°
0.054
0.09
0.108
0.54
DRH 30
0.231
0.154
0.083
0.76
DRH 31
0.09
0.081
0.12
0.30
DRH 32
0.11
0.17
0.036
0.43
DRH 33
0.0024
0.0072
0.0024
0.10
DRH 34
0.018
0.067
0.04
0.35
DRH 35
0.09
0.137
0.3217
o.57
DRH 36
0.041
0.065
0.039
0.71
DRH 37
0.0156
0.014
0.072
0.08
DRH 38
0.06
0.114
0.072
0.48
DRH 39
0.019
-
-
0.53
22DEH 40
0.103
-
-
0.53
DEH 41
0.054
0.08
-
0.69
DRH 42
0.067
-
-
0.96
DEH 44
0.109
0.06
0.09
1.71
DEH 45
0.194
0.103
-
1.86
DEH 46
-
0.0296
0.06
-
DEH 47
0.102
0.118
-
1.18
DEH 48
0.062
0.02
0.052
0.69
DRH 49
-
0.061
0.063
0.61
DEH 50
0.045
0.0346
-
0.33
DRH 51
0.216,0.212
-
-
0.50
DEH 52
0.120
0.083
-
0.53
DRH 53
0.033
0.130
.0.072
1.75
Pll
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.04
POMP OPT TEST
DRH 1
Depth m.
2.52
"k" M/day
2.37
0.34
DRH 2
2.23
O.884
-
DRH 4
3.41
0.969
0.63
DRH 20
4.05
0.0379
0.43
DRH 20
4.89
0.0326
-
DRH 21
3.79
0.9915
0.31
DRH 23
1.78
0.198
0.42
DRH 23
I.83
0.154
-
DRH 24
2.32
4.30
0.61
DRH 24
2.36
1.46
-
DRH 25
2.58
4.43
0.50
DRH 28
3.00
0.4
0.60
DRH 30
3.03
1.62
0.76
DRH 32
3.70
2.23
0.43
DRH 32
4.10
1.35
-
DRH 33
3.75
0.874
0.10
DRH 34
7.31
0.171
o.35
DRH 34
7.52
0.924
-
DRH 35
2.35
5.0
0.57
DRH 37
1.73
0.857
0.03
23vehicle to drive the rings into the soil. On the finer, 
textured soils with a strong deep cracking patterns initial
wetting of the soil was prolonged to allow the clay to swell sufficiently to hold water in the rings • 
7.4.      Results of ardrulic conductivity and infiltration tests
Results are shown in Table No. 4 are discussed in the
drainage Design Section.
8.         Water Quality
The quality of irrigation water is dependant on the total salt content, the nature of the salts particularly sodium, and the percentage of sodium to the other metalic cations and of Calcium and Magnesum to Bicarbonates.
Total salt content is related to the electrical conductivity 
(E.C.) usually around .28 m.mhos at Melka Sadi Farm equivalent to l60 ppm salts.
, .,
Sodium
percentage is the percentage of sodium cations in the
total cations expressed in milli-equivalents per litre.
(Residual Sodium Bicarbonate is carbonate CO plus bicarbonate HCO_. us the Calcium plus Magnesium all in Mec/1.
Qnv vo ‘ The water from the Awash river varies is quad i,ty through the year
during periods of low flows there is usually an increase in 
disolvod salts and thus a lowering in quality. The USDA guide
for water quality shows the Awash water to be of
that is low sodium - low salinity hazard but during low flows the quality may drop to C S , low sodium hazard, medium salinity hazard.
quality
Q1
Sodium percentages are leso the 6.7^ upper limit fcr 1st quality water and residual sodium bicarbonate is normally less than 1.25Meq/l the upper limit for 1st quality water.
However it must be stated that -rater of first quality contains soluble salts in appreciable quantities. A -.-rater containing 200 ppm. of disolvod salts a concentration related to an 3.C. of 0.J5 nimhos, will add 2000kg. of salt to each hectare per year when the water is applied at the rate of lm per year.
Results of river Awash water analysis are shown in Table 5* 25TABDS 5 Anr.lyrtc of Aw? ch River Wyler
Location 
of Somple
Data
Sampled
EC x
!06
rll
me/litre
SAR
Co 1
Da
K
tco5
Cl
Boron
ppm
Rea.
JhCOj
Mg
co 3
S0 4
Melka Sr.<Ji Diversion
Weir
31/12/70
5/1/ 71
13/1/71
24/1/71
6/2/71
19/2/71
270
280
520
334
329
316
e.l
7.7
8.0
8.5
7.7
7.8
1.33
1.36
1.20
1.12
1.25
1.24
1.33
1.28
0.56
0.24
0.15
0.25
1.40
0.65
1.45
1.65
1.61
1.70
0.19
0.10
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.17
2.90 3.30
1.70
0.40 3.00
2.85
nil
nil
0.88
nil
nil
nil
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.43
0.45
0.41
nil
nil
0.01 0.01
nil
0.01
nil
0.1
nil
nil
nil
nil
1.21
0.56
1.57
2.00
1.92
1.96
0.24 4
0.76
0.82
0.00
1.6
1.369.               Alkali Hazard
Irrigation water with a high concentration of both carbonate and bi-carbonate usually precipitates insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonates in the soil thus the relative proportion of sodium in the soil water is increased. Some of the sodium will be absorbed on to the soil colloids which affects the physical structure of
the soil, reducing the permeability and a high level of sodium in x the soil is toxic to plants.
10.
In  the Hydropedological report,  SWHP 1975|’two  waters were selected on  the basis of highest SAR values,  (that for Melka Sadi having  a SAR of 2.0.) and the expected SAR of the drainage water calculated
using various values              for the leaching requirement.
The results obtained indicated that there will not be an alkali
hazard unless the amount of water percolating below the rootzone is reduced to less than 5% of the applied water, tp-ki ng the critical Level of the SAR of the drainage water as 15.
Deep percolation losses are expected to be in the range 15 - 20%
thus the problem of excessive quantities of exchangeable sodium on the soil colloid complex ia not expected.
Salinity Hazard
Irrigation waters contain dissolved salts and these must be removed or reduced in the rooting zone before building up to a level hamfull to the crop. Each crop having,its own level of tolerance. The
i$ 
problem is complicated if there^a shallow saline water table oresent.
During the irrigation season each water application moves down into the soil carrying dissolved salts, and some salts from the soil
also, under the influence of gravity. When irrigation steps there
is an upward reverse movement of water and dissolved salts towards the soil surfaoe, if there is a shallow water table the upward capillary flow is maintained from the water table, also containing dissolved salts. Leading to increasing amounts of salts deposited at or near the surface of the soil. This is generally refered to 
as Secondary Salinisation.
27If there is a large volume of water passing through the soil and the
v/ater table can be keept at a level by drainage then there is little risk of build up of salt in the soil profile. But irrigation water
is usually 1 imj tert and the adopted drainage system will be dictated partly by cost, by the amount of land lost to drains, especially 
a si/rface
system, and the soils physical condition. A
comproimise has to be arrived at which will allow the water teble
to be controlled at an acceptable depth and the dissolved salt
content of the soil water keept below the tolerance limit of the
crop.
In order to ensure the removal of the dissolved salts from the
soil profile into the drainage system a proportion of the irrigation 
water must move through the soil to the drains, this proportion is
refered to as the 1 patching requirement and usually expressed as a percentage of the whole applied irrigation water together with any effective rainfall amounts.
The leaching requirement is determined by the following equation Leaching requirement = ECiw
ECdw
Where ECiw is the E.C. of the irrigation water
ECdw is the E.C. of the water below the root jeone f is the leaching efficiency.
Leaching efficiency is dependant on an uniform movement of water through the soil profile. The medium to light textured soils of
the Melka Sadi farm are expected to have a leaching efficiency around 0.6, while the fine textured cracking clays ’.dll have a lower value, around 0.4 due to the concentration of water in the cracks causing an uneven water distribution in the eoil profile.
With a water supply EC   of C.23 nnnhos and an EC^ of 4.0 mmhos
iv
end an efficency factor of 0.6, the leaching requirement ’.dll be
EC = ^EC =
0 ^8 1
4*0 X 0.6 
=             11.66^ of the applied water
The calculated water requirement for Banana at Melka Sadi fam is 10cm applied every fifteen days and allows for a leaching 
re mn* rement of 10'/..-i
The     fine     textured     aoils     having     a     lower     leaching     efficiency     factor of 0,4 the leaching requirement will be:-
T 1 oV 17-5*
This high requirement on the fine textured soils is the same as the
calculated field percolation losses, assuming an irrigation 
efficiency of 65%.
By    growing    a    more    salt    tolerant    crop,    ie.    cotton,    the    SC^W      can    be raised to 12.0 mmhos. giving a LR^ of:-
5.8%
IJhich is far less than the calculated field percolation losses of 17.5%.
2911- Reclamation of saline soils
Permanent       reclamation       of       saline       —       alkaline       soils       require       four       essential steps and the attainment of four basic conditions:
1.      Lowering of the water table
2.      Satisfactory infiltration and permeability
3.      Removal of excess salts by leaching
4.      Careful soil/water management thereafter
Lowering the water table by means of a sub surface drainage system combined with open field drains in the early stages of leaching is
the system reconmended for drainage trials at Melka Sadi Farm. The minimum water table depth required is dependant on the crop and the irrigation syston being used. For Melka Sadi Farm, irrigated Banana
in a 15 day cycle throughout the year and with 10 cm applied each 15 day, the minimum water table depth below ground level needed is 1.8m.
The infiltration and permeability rates recorded are satisfactory and 
at present reduction of the permeability during and after leaching is
not expected. However, it should be watched for during the leaching drainage trials.
Removal of excess salts requires large amounts of water to be applied 
at the initial stages. The present water distribution system at
Melka Sadi Farm is considered able to supply this water in addition to normal irrigation needs.
Careful management of the leached land is required to maintain a satisfactory salt balance, to ensure that there is no over watering 
to overload the drainage system and raise up the water table level
and to avoid leaching out of plant nutrients, while at the same time provide sufficient water for crop growth.
The characteristics of the Banana plant related to the problems of
salinity and drainage are given below.
-   root system
The vertical rooting of the Banana plant is between 65 and 75 cm. The roots of a vegetatively propogated plant are adventitious roots and upwards of 400 are produced by each plant, spreading laterally to
4.5 metres. The majority of these roots are found in the top 75-65 cm
of the soil profile forming a dense mat.
-   pH and salinity (soluble salts)
Banana will tolerate a wide range of soil reaction, pH 4.5-8.0. Outside the range of 6.0-7.2 some problems of nutrient absorption can be expected. The average pH at the Melka-Sadi Farm is 7.0.
50Soluble salts in excess of 500 ppm are toxic to the Banana plant. This level is £ to an E.C. value of 0.78 mmhos/cm. The E.C. of
the irrigation supply is normally in the range 0.2-0.3 mmhos which is * 190 ppm. The difference between the E.C. of the irrigation supply and the toxic level is therefore small and it is vital to 
keep the soluble salt content below the 500 ppm level, particularly in the top 60-75 cm of the soil profile.
• water requirements
The ideal would be 2.5 cm of rainfall per week throughout the year, equivalent to 1.3 m per annum. This would ensure an uniform growth which is important if high yields are to be obtained. The proposed water application is 10 cm every 15 days, which is equivalent to 
2.43 metres per annum and allows for a 10Z leaching requirement, assuming a 65Z irrigation efficiency.
31Drainage Design 
1. INTRODUCTION
The existing drainage system of the Melka Sadi area has proved inadequate, and the rapid implementation of a drainage programme is now required to lower the water table and reverse the soil sal inity build-up by leaching. Whereas
a high water table does not necessarily prevent the area from being productive (since shallow-rooted crops can generally be grown), a continued increase in salinity does inevitably lead to severe restrictions on the land use.
Based on the field studies described in Part 1 of this
report, a system of drainage and its cost together with a suggested phAAing of the construction is outlined below.
2 Drainage Requirements
GBie present main crop in the Melka Sadi area is banana, which is a moderately deep rooted plant with roots extending down to about 1.2m. Of the other crops likely to be grown, the deep-rooted ones, alfalfa, cotton, maize and sorghum, have roots extending to about 1.8m.
So as not to prealude the growing of these crops, drainage design has been considered on the basis of lowering the water table to a depth of 1.8m where possible. However where the
permeable soil layer is shallow and drain spacing to obtain 
a water table at this depth would be very close, design has been based on drawing the water table down to 1.5m depth. The area so affected comprises some 25% of the irrigated area.
52After each application of irrigation water, the water
table rises within the soil to a level dependant on the
amount of deep percolation and the porosity of the soil. 
The acceptable limit for this rise has been set at 0.5m
thus the minimum depth to the water table is 1.5m
(1.2m in areas of shallow permeable soil).
In order to remove the salts in the soil within the rooting 
zone, sufficient water haB to be applied at the surface
such that deep percolation is adequate for this leaching requirement.
The minumum amounts for leaching on clay and medium textured soils have been determined to be 1 C% and 7% of field application respectively. Since losses to deep percolation 
for furrow and basin irrigation (as practised at Amibara)
are estimated to be 2C% and 25% of field application respectively, the leaching requirements are more than satisfied.
3          Drainable Excess
The drainable excess within the area (other than rainfall
runoff) comprises seepage losses from the canals, percolation losses from the fields and surface runoff' a -y , 
—- ---------------
The peak gross field application is 100mm every 15 days for bananas. This represents 70% of the diverted water into the area, some 20% having been lost by seepage from distribution channels, 10% by spillage onto banks and evaporation. The seepage losses are (100 x 2O)/7O = 28.5nnn per irrigation.
In-field losses to deep percolation amount to 25% of the irrigation application for basin irrigation, and for an 
application of 100mm some 25mm per irrigation is to be drained.
.,
351
CO
(J tt) &V/ec Arr-J^Z^
. 6?^y*1 .
MW
/r
£&<*)
Surface runoff losses are 10% of field application, or
1Qnm per irrigation.
Drain Spacing Equations
Hie various method a of calculating drain spacing from details of the soils characteristics fall into two main categories - steady-state and non steady-state. Since the time interval between each irrigation application is large, the method chosen for the calculations is the non steady-state type by Glover Dumm^ where the water table is assumed to reach the highest permitted level immediately after irrigation, dropping to the lowest level immediately preceding the subsequent irrigation. The formula is:-
Z --
L =  V(^r-) * flnTl-16
1
where L = drain spacing (m)
K = hydraulic conductivity of the soil (m/day)
d-= modified value of the depth from the drain water level to the impervious layer from Hooghoudt  (m)
yA s soil porosity (expressed as a decimal)
ho = maximum height of water table above drain water level (m)
h. = desired height of water table above drain water level after time t days (m)
1
ami d =
D
1 + 8D Ln D irL u
/
where     D     =     actual     depth     from     drain     water     level     to     the     impervious layer (m)
u = wetted perimeter of the drain (open drains) (m)
or u = 1Tr  where r
o                   Q is effective radius (pipe tiraina) (m)
Refer LLHI Publication No 16 Drainage Principles and Applications
54Data from Field Observations
The measured values of hydraulic conductivity (k) of the
soils essentially split the area into five parts as shown 
on figure 5. For the purposes of the drain spacing 
calculations, K values of 0.4, 0-8, 1.85 and 2.5 have been used (the 1.8 and 1.9 areas being taken together with 
average K of 1.85).
The depth (D) from designed drain water level to the impervious layer is calculated from the difference between observed permeable soil depth and required drain depth. Contours of
depth to the relatively impermeable layer are plotted on 
figure 5 .
Although not directly measured, the porosity (^x) can be deduced from the hydraulic conductivity of the soil from the general relationship according to the USER •
Since sand layers form part of the soil mafla where greater
values of hydraulic conductivity have been observed, porosity 
of these soils has been takan to be less than that indi naled by 
the USER and the rate of increase of porosity with hydrant i n conductivity has conservatively been estimated at hat f that given. The values used are listed below:
K (m/day)
0.4
0.8
1.85
2.5
/* (USER)
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.18
/*
(used, in calculations)
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
USER - Drainage Manual. Figure 2-5 "Curve showing general relationship between specific yield and hydraulic conductivity”.
356       Field Dra-ir Desigi
The in-field drainage requirement has been shown to be 25mm for each irrigation application. For this depth of recharge
to the water table, field, drain spacings for each value of K were found to be most significantly affected by the depth of permeable soil for a given water table - (and hence drain -) depth. From the large range of spacings and depths possible, 
a compromise was decided upon for each area of hydraulic con ductivity with a total of 0 different types of drains being required. These are listed in the table over, and the areas
to which the type numbers refer are shown on figure 5. The northern area (9) listed on this figure as’Not drainable at present  lies below the 759*75 contour as shown on figure 6 and was found to be too low relative to the expected level of water (from irrigation losses) in the Primary Drain as it exists. Deepening and widening of this drain from the Melka Sadi area for some considerable distance would be necessary before it would be possible to adequately drain this area (9)
1FIELD DRAIN DETAILS
Hydraulic
Conductivity
(m/day)
D d
Depth to 
Impervious
Layer
(m)
Depth to 
water table
Design            Min (m)           (m)
Drain
Spacing
(m)
For Open Drains
For Pipe Drains
Depth      to       Bed             Side invert              . width           slope
(m)                  (m)              (m)
Uj
Pipej) 5 Gravel Diam£ Surround 
(m)£ £           (m)
+
Type
0.4 c-6
0.4
0.8
0.8
1.85
1.85
1.85 -
2.5
2.5
l.t.* 2.5
g.e.*2.5
l.t. 5.0
g.e. 5.0
l.t. 5.0
5.0 to 4-0
g.e. 4.0
l.t. 2.5
g.e. 2.5
1.5                  1.2 1.8                  1.5
1.5                  1.2
1.8                  1.5
1.8                 1.5
1.8                  1.5
1.8                 1.5
1.5                  1.2 1.8                 1.5
20
55
55
45
50
75
90
50
50
2.0                     Nil                1.5:1
2.5 Nil
2.0 Nil
2.5 Nil
1.5:1
1.5:1
1.5:1
2.5                      0.5                1.5:1
2.5                      0.5                1.5:1
2.5                      0.5                1.5:1
2.0
0.5                1.5:1
2.5                      0.5                1.5:1
0.1 i-1 0.175
0.12-2- 0.175
0.1 i-5 0.175
0.12.2 0.175
0.152-2/0.25
0.152.2i'0.25
O.152VO.25
o.15‘ *”'0.25
0.15^-2^0.25
5
4
8
7
2
5
1
6
2
*l.t. leBS than
g.e. greater than or equal to
+ Refer also to Figure 5-
total of 0.001 m^/s for a typical 10 ha field, which would normally be drained by percolation to the in-field drains, particularly where these are closely spaced. However, for
the wider spaced drains, interceptor drains constructed parallel
to the canals at about 50® from the canal centre line might
be necessary, especially in areas of steeper ground slope where the depth to the impervious layer is not great. The eastern 
area of Phase 1 adjacent to drain SD2 as shown on figure 5 is, 
by inspection, an area where problems may occur. It is recommended that the water table be monitored in a number of areas after the construction drains in Phase 1 and action taken 
as necessary should interceptor drains be found to be required.
8       Block Drains
Block drains are required to convey percolation and run off losses away from the fields. It has been assumed that the irrigation 
losses by surface runoff of 10mm per irrigation are drain Ad in
24 hours at an average rate of 0.4mm/hr, and for a typical 10 ha block this would amount to some 12 l/s. Total block draln capacity for 10 ha would be about 16 l/s, and an adequate design would be drain depth 2.0m or 2.Jm to suit in-field drains, bed width 0.5m
and minimum bed slope 0*00015- The depth of flow for this design would be of the order of 0.2m as for the in-field drains.
9        Collector brain Design
The overall losses each 15 days are field application losses of
59mm and conveyance losses of 28.5mm, and for the irrigated area of approximately 1000 ha (excluding the northern area), amount to some 0.5 mV * Drain SB1 has been designed for a flow of
0.4 mV® anh drain SD2 for 0.1 m^/® at the lower ends.
Outflow from the area is limited by the capacity of the Prima-ry pre-in, and it has been calculated that the depth of flow in this
7        Interceptor Drains
Conveyance losses have been shown to be some 28.5™ per irrigation at a field application rate of 100mm. each 15 days . It has been calculated that this would amount to a
8
drain is 0.58® a
rate of 0-5 m5/8. It has been assumed
that no significant backing up effects occur as a result of drainage 56of areas downstream of the Melka Sadi area.
This depth of flow effectively limits the drainable area to land 
lying above the 759.75 contour. Since the ground slope through 
whinh the Primary Drain flows is small, considerable enlarging 
of the H-rpin for a distance of several kilometres would be
necessary before affecting the drain water level, and it is
not considered that this would be cost effective at this time. 
It is recommended that alterations to the Primary Drain be
carried out as part of the normal maintenance programme.
Figures     7     and     8     show     the     longitudinal     sections     of     the     collector drains for the area and typical cross sections of drain SD2.
10    Phasing of Construction
The area has been split into five phases for construction of the drainage system as shown on figure 6. Each uhase represents approximately one fifth of the work involved in construction, 
and is ordered such that the relative cost per hectare of construction increases from phase 1 to phase 5*as shown below:—
Phase
Area to be
Drained
Relative Cost per hectare
Notes
1
2
3
4
5
210 ha
219 ha
252 ha
192 ha
145 ha
100
102
101
112
118
Not  including non-saline area
it
it
it
ii                ii                    n
n
lucerne area
ii
ii                     pasture area
* except Phase 5 where a large area of widely spaced drains are required, this slightly reducing the relative cost per ha.
5911       Leaching Trials
During each phase of construction, an area of high or moderately high salinity (abandoned areas) is included on which, particularly in earlier phases, leaching trials can be performed. The results of these trials may affect the design or implementation of the remainder of drains for the area, and it is for this reason that the main
inclusion  of the saline areas is towards the end  of implementation 
of the system, as shown below:
Phase
Area of
Saline Soil
(ha)
Total
Area
(ha)
Notes
1
60
210
For leaching trials on soils
of K 0.8 and 2.5
2
9
219
For leaching trial on soil
of K 0.4 as mainly included 
in Phases 4 and 5
3
4
5
50
137
82
252
192
145
< Ma-in inclusion of drainage
<  of saline areas
TOTALS
338
1018
12       Quantities
The quantities, tabled for each phase of construction, include
all major items of work required to implement the system, and are included over.
Since the longitudinal and cross sectional details of all existing drains other than drain SD2 and the Primary ^rain were not available, a reduction has been made for the existing excavation within the proposed revised design cross section for drains SD1 and TD1 to TD5 based on the known drain details. No existing drain has been assumed along the line of block drain.
40AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT BILLS OF QUANTITIES MET.KA SADI DRAINAGE
PHASE 1
I tea
Description
Unit
Quantity
Rata
Amount
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
Construct Type 1  drain  (90m c/c, 2.  nominal depth) in  fields of area of 50.90 ha
Construct Type 2 drains (50m c/c, 
2.3m nominal depth) in fields of
area of 59*21 ha
Construct Type 3  drain  (75m c/c, 2.3m nominal depth) in  fields of area of 40.85 ha
Construct Type 7 drains (35m c/c, 2.0m nominal depth) in fields of area of 60.46 ha
Construct Type 6 drains (45m c/c, 2o5m nominal depth) in fields of area of 9*97 ha
Excavate drain SDI (cut to spoil) from km 0+000 (at Primary Drain) to km 2+500
Excavate drain SD2 (cut to spoil) from km 5+215 (at Primary Drain) to km 3+900
Excavate drain TD2 (cut to spoil) from km 0+000 to km 2+000
Excavate Block Drains (cut to spoilt 2.3m nominal depth, side slopes 1.5h:1v, bed width 0.5m
Construct Culvert C1
Construct Culvert C2
Construct Culvert C5
Construct Culvert C4
Construct Temporary Drop structure on Drain SD2
Construct Culverts on Block Drain for access requirements (Provisional)
lin      m
4700
lin     m
11800
lin      m
5700
lin      m
16900
lin      m
2200
22500
m
5
1800
15000
No
No
No
No
No
46500
1
1
1
1
1
No
49
9
9
I I I I I I
I
AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT MELKA SADI DRAINAGE PHASE 2
I tea
2.1
Description
Construct      Type      1      drains      (90m      /c, 
2.3m      nominal      depth)      in      fields      of area 11.3 ha.
Construct       Type       2       drains       (50mC/c, 
2.3m      nominal      depth)      in      fields      of area 42.95 ha.
c
Construct      Type      3      drains      (75m      /c,2.3m nominal depth) in fields of area
84.7 ha.
c
Unit         Quantity
Aaount
lin m
1400
2.2
lin m
8600
2.3
lin m
11900
2.4
Construct Type 4 drains (35m
/c,
lin m
2.5
2.3m      nominal      depth)      in      fields      of area 8,8 ha
Construct Type 7 drains (35m /c, 2.0 nominal depth) in fields of area 52.1 ha
2400
lin m
14600
I
1
I
2.6
C
Construct Type 8 drains (45m /c,
2.3      nominal      depth)      in 
fields
of
area 47.9 ha
lin m
Excavate      drain      SD1      (cut
spoil)
from km 2 + 500 to km 3 + 400
Excavate      drain      TD1      (cut
to 
spoil)
from km 0 + 000 to km 2 4- 800
I
1
1
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
to 
Excavate      drain      TD3      (cut
to 
spoil)
from km 0 + 000 to km 1 + 500 Construct Culvert C5
No
10500
5100
20250
11250
1
I
I
1
I
i
I\
ft a
i i i i i I I I
iAMTBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT MEIJCA SADI DRAINAGE
PHASE 3
Itea
Description
Unit
Quantity
Rate
Aaount
3.1
lin     m
9400
5.2
Construct Type 1 drains (9Qn c/c, 2.3m nominal depth) in fields of
area 78.64m ha
Construct Type 2 drains (50m c/c, 2.3m nominal depth) in field of
area 60.50 ha
Construct Type 3 drains (75  c/c, 
lin     m
13700
3.3
3.4
3.5
3-6
3.7
3.8
3-9
3.10
3.11
5.12
5.13
m
2.3m nominal depth) in fields of
area 96.20 ha
Construct Type 4 drains (35m c/c, 2.3m nominal depth) in fields of
area 22.4 ha
Construct Type 6 drains (30m c/c, 2.0m nominal depth) in fields of
area 36.45 ha
Excavate drain SD1 (cut to spoil) from km 3+900 to km 8+000
Excavate drain TD4 (cut to spoil) from km 0+000 to km 1+900
Excavate drain TD5 (cut to spoil) from km 0+000 to km 2+050
Excavate Block Brains (cut to spoil 2.3m nominal depth, side slopes
1.5h:1v, bed width 0.5m
Construct Culvert C6
Construct Culvert C7
Construct Culvert C8
Construct Culverts on Block Drains for access requirements
(Provisional)
lin     m
13500
•
•
lin     m
6300
-
lin     m
m5
12400
28300
14250
15400
5
m
No
No
No
34500
1
1
1
•
No
3
i
i
*► 8 tE
IIl
I
i
k
k
I■
AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT MELKA SADI DRAINAGE
PHASE 4
Ites
Description
Unit
Quantity
Rite
Abo an t
4.1
4.2
4.5
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
Construct Type 4  drain  (35m c/c, 2<3m nominal depth) in  fields of area 119.6 ha
Construct Type 6 -drains (30m c/c, 
2.0m nominal depth) in fields of
area 72.38 ha
Excavate drain SD2 (cut to spoil)
from km 3+900 to km 1+400
Excavate drain TD1 (cut to spoil)
from km 2+800 to km 4+050
Excavate drain TD4 (cut to spoil)
from km 1+900 to km 2+200
Excavate Block Drains (cut to spoil
2.3m nominal depth, side slopes
1.5h:1v, bed width 0.5m
Excavate Block Drains (cut to spoil
2.0m nominal depth, side slopes
1.5h:1v, bed. width 0.5m
Construct        culverts        on        Block        Drains for access requirements (Provisions
Allow for lowering of invert
level of Bridge
lin m
53500
lin m
m5
24600
15000
9400
2250
m5
20900
) No
Lump
13300
4
Sum
•
(i
•
1 __■AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT MELKA SADI DRAINAGE PHASE 5
Itea
Description
Unit
Quantity
Rata
Aaount
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
c
Construct Type 4  drains (35m /c, 2.3m nominal depth) in  fields of area 82.40 ha
c
Construct Type 5 drains (20m /c,
2.0m      nominal      depth)      in      fields      of area/63.45 ha
Excavate Block Drains (cut to spoil)
2.3m nominal depth, side slopes
1.5h:1v, bed with 0.5m
Excavate Block Drains (cut to spoil)
2.0m nominal depth, side slopes
1.5h:1v, bed width 0.5ra
Construct        culverts        on        Block        Drains for access requirements (Provisional)
lin tn
23100
lin m
m3
m3
No
31750
35400
•
8400
5
-
II
I
I
jFIGURE 5
Sir William Holcrow ft Partner*.
DRAIN          DRAIN DEPTH        SPACING
2.3                 90
23
50
2.3
75
2.3
35
2.0
20
2.0
30
2.0
35
2.3
45
drainable   at presentI ft I
■
R
ft R
I
W WJUtFIGURE
Sir William Holcrow ft Partners
AWASH HI*
Temporary Drop Structure on Droin
SD2 Constructed under Phoee I
GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA
AWASH VALLEY DEVELOPMENTAGENCY
LEGEND
E«i*ting Main and Collector Drain*
Other Eii*tlng Drain* $ Block Droin* a* Required
9 Cl Cdvert under Road Bridge
AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT II DRAIN
CONSTRUCTION PHASING
iI
!
■
■
II k k
■J k k k k
k k k k k k kFIGURE 7
o«
Sir Willorm Halcrow B Partners.
DRAIN SDI-LONGITUDINAL SECTION
DRAIN SD2-LONGITUDINAL SECTION
SIDE SLOPES I5h:lv, BED WIDTH O5m
-----------------------------1---
OU WAGE Km?
mm
GROUNO 8 LEVEL ?
DESIGN W*TR*» LEVEL FOR ?
IRRIGATION < LOSS ONLY
r £
2
J
m
K-
V
T
c
REVISED ? BED LEVEL 9
*
♦
«0
K
«
m
K
EXISTING FFL
OGJ. 742 50
T
EXISTING DRAIN SECTION
EXISTING FFL
IEVISEO
REVISED FFL
OGL 739 79
EXISTING DRAIN SECTION
------REVISED DRAIN SECTION
GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA
AWASH VALLEY
DEVELOPMENT AGENCY AMIBARA IRRIGATION
PROJECT n
DRAWS SDI.SD2-L0NG SECTIONS DRAINS SD2-CROSS SECTIONS
------- REVISED DRAIN SECTION
Km 1*400
DRAIN SD2 - CROSS SECTIONS
73764
Km 3 t900k
k
I
I
I
I
IFIGURE 8
Sir Williom Holcrow a Portners.
DDRRAAIINN TTDD..44
DRAIN TD.I.
745 745
744 744
<a?o
uu
__cc
5o
mm
--743 743
uu
dd
742 742
Cc
oo
88
--741 741
740 740
739 739
738
Width 0-5m
SSiiddee ssllopopeess 1-1-5 5 hh::IvIv bb ww 0  0 5m5m
slopes
Chomoge Km Ground level
Waler level for irrigation
loss only Bed level
NOTE:
For   loconon   of   these droms see figure 2
Depth io be 2    42m constant
Side  slopes  I  5  h  Iv b w 0 ■ 5 m
GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA AWASH VALLEY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY AMI0ARA IRRIGATION PROJECT [[
LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS OF DRAINS T.D.I, TD2, T.D3,T.D4, ft TD-5.
Choinoge Krn 9
Choinoge Km m■
■
■
■ANNEX I
Observation Well Records■SMELKA SADI WELLS
OBSERVATION WELL RECORDS EC MILLIMHOS AT 25 °C
1
1
1
26.8.80
DEPTH
EC
12.9.80
DEPTH
EC
25.9.80
DEPTH
EC
13.10.80 DEPTH
EC
1
1 1
3.7
5.0
3.8
5.0
3.8
5.0
3.5
5.6
2 1
2.8
.58
2.8
.63
2.75
.60
1.5
.74
3 1
3.25
.78
2.7
.84
2.35
.88
2.6
1.0
4 1
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.1
10.0
5 1
7.2
2.3
7.3
2.3
7.35
2.3
7.3
2.4
6 1
3.55
2.3
3.6
2.2
3.7
2.0
3.8
2.2
7 1
7.02
>10
7.8
>10
7.85
>10
7.1
>10
8 1
2.5
.56
2.7
.56
2.7
.54
2.45
.56
9 1
10.55
>10
10.5
>10
10.45
>10
10.5
>10
10 |
2.9
4.4
2.9
4.0
2.9
4.5
3.0
5.0
11 1
9.75
2.2
9.6
2.2
9.85
2.3
9.9
2.2
12 [
-
-
-
-
-
-
5.6
5.6
13 1
8.15
4.4
8.25
5.9
8.3
6.0
8.3
6.0
14 |
4.2
2.0
4.3
2.0
4.25
2.1
4.4
2.2
15 I
8.1
.99
8.1
.99
8.2
.94
8.45
1.0
16 I
9.1
4.2
9.65
4.5
9.85
4.5
9.8
17 I
7.25
4.5
1.6
7.25
1.8
7.25
2.0
18 |
7.15
2.0
6.35
3.0
6.35
3.0
6.4
3.0
19 |
9.28
9.45
>10
3.2
9.45
>10
9.45
>10
20 |
10.4
7.1
9.45
>10
10.4
7.3
10.4
7.4
10.33
8.8
21 1
11.0
7.6
11.0
7.8
11.2
8.7
22 |
10.0
11.7
3.6
>10
10.0
3.9
10.0
3.6
C5 |
-
9.9
4.0
-
-
-
-
PIO I
—
-
9.3
-
.50
-
-
-
PH 1
-
-
10.7
-
>10
-
-
- .
PPI 1
-
-
2.3
9.0
-
-
-
-
11.4
1.2I 30.10.80
16.11.80
4.12.80 DEPTH
1.1.81 DEPTH
1
1 DEPTH
1
EC
DEPTH
EC
EC
EC
1
1
1
I 3.48
1
1
6.0
3.65
6.0
3.5
6.3
3.25
6.3 
1
2
1    1.72
.78
1.50
1.0
1.55
.90
1.68
1.0 1
3
1 2.26
1.0
2.90
1.0
3.21
1.0
2.82
1.0 1
4
1 4.1
>10
4.15
10
3.85
9.7
3.84
9.6 
1
5
1    7.33
2.4
7.45
2.5
7.45
2.6
7.44
2.6 1
6
1    3.97
2.2
3.93
2.2
3.89
2.5
3.85
2.7 
1
7
1   6.95
>10
6.90
>10
6.75
>10
6.6
>10 1
8
I 2.05
.62
1.95
.60
2.14
.60
1.9
.63 I
9
1 10.56
>10
10.56
>10
10.52
>10
10.44
>10 1
10
1    3.16
5.6
3.12
5.7
3.05
5.0
3.0
5.6 
1
11
1    9.85
2.2
9.88
2.6
9.88
2.4
9.80
2.4 
I
12
I 5.45
5.2
5.38
5.0
5.27
5.0
5.2
5.4 
1
13
I 8.24
6.8
8.25
7.0
8.24
7.1
8.14
7.8 
|
14
1 4.3
2.3
4.30
2.4
4.25
2.2
4.2
2.3 
I
15
I 8.05
1.0
8.05
1.0
8.04
1.0
8.01
1.0 1
16
I 9.8
4.6
9.80
4.2
9.80
4.6
9.77
4.6 
1
17
I 7.13
2.2
7.10
2.4
7.08
2.3
7.02
2.5 
1
18
I 9.26
3.1
6.28
3.1
6.25
3.0
6.2
3.2 
I
19
1    9.38
>10
9.45
>10
9.48
>10
9.57
>10 
I
20
I 10.3
9.2
10.3
9.5
10.27
9.8
10.23
9.8 
1
21
I 11.75
9.2
11.8
9.4
11.71
9.4
11.72
9.5 
1
22
I 9.85
4.1
9.85
4.4
9.8
4.4
9.78
4.6 
!
C5
I 9.25
.6
9.3
.61
9.3
.60
9.32
.62 I
PIO
1 10.74
>10
10.78
>10
10.74
>10
10.96
>10
Pll
I 2.24
9.7
2.25
9.8
2.17
9.6
2.06
10
PPI
I 11.35
1
1
1.2
11.37
1.4
11.38
1.2 |
1
11
I 21.1.81 1 DEPTH
1
r
EC
11.2.81 DEPTH
EC
6.3.81 DEPTH
EC
25.3.81 DEPTH
EC
1 I 3.39
2 1 1.65
6.1
.92
3.32
1.45
5.9
0.92
3.36
1.69
6.0
1.0
3.48
2.32
6.0
1.0
3 I 2.76
4 I 3.80
1.0
9.2
2.00
3.79
0.90
9.4
1.63
3.65
0.88
9.6
2.08
3.6
0.90
9.6
5 1 7.44
6 [ 3.59
2.5
2.6
7.4
3.43
2.6
2.5
7.38
3.25
2.6
2.4
7.37
3.35
2.6
2.2
7 I 6.41
8 1 1.81
>10
.64
6.38
1.97
>10
0.80
6.29
1.50
>10
0.66
6.22
1.85
>10
0.70
9    1 10.36 10  I 3.02
>10
5.5
10.32
2.9
>10
4.4
10.25
2.75
>10
4.4
10.19
2.69
>10
4.2
11 1  9.80
12 1 5.21 '
2.5
5.2
9.72
5.18
2.4
5.3
9.96
5.10
2.5
5.3
9.63
5.23
2.5
5.3
13  1 8.09 14  1 4.2
7.5
2.2
7.98
4.14
7.5
2.2
7.95
4.13
8.4
2.2
7.93
4.13
8.3
2.2
15 1 8.06
16 I 9.76
.96
4.7
8.16
9.74
.98
4.6
7.94
9.80
1.0
4.8
7.94
9.63
1.0
4.6
17  1   6.98 18  1 6.13
2.7
3.0
6.93
6.15
2.7
3.1 *
6.85
6.00
2.8
2.4
6.82
5.98
3.0
1.8
19 1 9.58
20 I 10.13
>10
9.7
9.54
10.08
>10
9.7
9.51
10.03
>10
10.0
9.44
10.00
>10
9.9
21  1 11.69
22
C5
1 9.75
I 9.29
9.0
4.6
11.67
9.89
9.1
4.5
11.51
9.67
9.0
4.2
11.69
9.68
9.6
4.8
PIO  1 10.59
.50
>10
9.28
10.53
0.60
>10
9.27
10.48
0.62
>10
9.23
10.46
0.60
>10
PH
PPI
1 2.17 1 11.41
1
1
9.7
1.2
2.20
11.40
9.4
1.2
1.89
11.37
9.7
1.3
1.94
11.33
9.6
1.1a -4«-4a-4«-4^M*-i*"4»-4'-«•—I N N N U ■-<■-<
Dm Dm Ok
1
I 21.4.81 I DEPTH
1
7.5.81
DEPTH
28.5.81 DEPTH
16.6.81 DEPTH
1
1
EC
EC
EC
EC
1
1
1
1
1  3.50
1  2.85
5.80
1.20
3.43
2.87
5.7
1.0
3.00
0.59
4.30
0.95
3.00
1.38
0.91
8.0 
5.00 I 1
1 3.39 1    3.64
0.95
9.40
3.13
3.69
0.97
8.70
1.84
3.82
0.86
8.20
1.64
3.72
0.81 I
I
I 7.14 1    3.38
2.60
2.4
7.0
3.47
2.6
2.6
6.98
3.45
2.5
2.4
6.95
2.4 
3.46
6.22
|
2.30 I
1 6.28 1   2.14
>10
0.63
6.32
2.56
>10
0.65
6.38
2.59
>10
0.69
2.30
0.64
>10 1
|
1 10.05
1  2.67
>10
4.0
10.09
2.72
>10
3.90
9.99
2.64
>10
3.60
9.96
2.66
>10 1
3.50 I
1  9.62
1  5.47
2.50
5.4
9.47
5.57
2.40
5.0
9.49
5.67
2.30
4.9
9.40
1  7.96
1  4.11
8.60
2.20
7.93
4.03
8.4
2.00
8.05
4.05
8.2
2.0
5.59
7.90
4.60
2.0 
2.40 I
|
4.04
7.90
8.40 I
I
1   7.95 I 9.57
1.00
4.80
8.97
9.60
0.88
4.60
7.84
9.56
0.88
4.20
9.64
4.20
0.80 I
|
I 6.82 1   5.96
3.0
1.8
6.79
2.90
6.75
-
2.9
-
6.72
DESTROYED
-
2.80 I
1
I 9.28
I 9.85
>10
>10
9.17
9.82
>10
9.80
9.00
9.77
>10
9.20
8.93
9.72
>10 |
8.2 |
I 11.65 I 9.58
8.90
4.60
11.62
9.59
8.70
4.4
11.60
9.56
8.20
4.20
11.58
9.65
7.8 
5.0 
|
|
1 9.15
I 10.42
0.61
>10
9.10
10.35
0.61
>10
9.06
10.34
0.67
>10
9.00
10.30
2.10
0.68 I
>10 |
I 1.97 1 11.18
1
1
9.40
1.20
2.09
11.17
9.40
1.20
2.09
11.18
9.0
1.20
8.40 
11.16
|
1.20 |
1
1I 2.9.81 
24.9.81 
4.11.81 
I
I DEPTH EC
DEPTH EC
DEPTH EC
I
1
2
1
1 2.87
1  2.40
6.0
0.98
2.75
2.82
5.4
1.0
2.56
0.92
6.0
1.0
3 11 2.50
4 I1 3.23
5 11 6.31
0.85
9.3
2.81
3.12
0.88
9.2
1.76
3.09
0.94
9.4
6 11 
3.44
2.6
2.9
5.90
3.31
2.6
2.8
5.86
3.22
2.6
2.6
7 11 6.0
8 11 2.35
>10
0.66
6.20
2.21
>10
0.62
6.27
2.15
>10
Q.62
9 1
10 |
11 1
9.81
2.6
>10
4.0
9.73
2.62
>10
4.0
9.58
2.58
>10
3.6
12 |
9.14
5.22
2.5
5.2
8.92
5.27
2.5
5.20
8.95
5.08
2.5
5.00
13 I
14 I
15 1
7.62
3.85
>10
2.2
7.36
3.84
>10
2.3
7.00
3.75
>10
2.3
7.72
16 I
17 I
9.25
6.43
1.0
4.9
7.80
9.10
0.86
4.8
7.70
8.95
0.85
4.80
18 |
3.4
-
6.43
-
3.5
-
6.35
—
19 I
20 |
21 1
8.42
9.46
>10
>10
8.25
9.35
>10
9.6
8.08
9.20
3.4
>10
>10
11.58
9.35
9.0
4.5
flooded
9.31
flooded
22 I
C5 I
8.80
10.10
.750
>10
8.60
9.97
4.6
0.76
flooded
8.27
PIO I
PH 1
1.83
>10
>10
9.75
1.85
0.76
>10
10.0
1.79
PPI I
1
1
9.83
9.9
1.1I
I k
k
k
k
k
to to to to to to to to
■
a
la
i
iANNEX H
Soil Profile Descriptions Pits/BoreB Nos. DRH 1 - DEH 54II I k
k
k
■
■
a
i
aPROFILE NO: 1
I        INFORMATION ON THE SITE
«)      Profile Nuaber: DRH 1
c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW
a)      Location: AIP 10
b)     Date of Description: 24.3.81
d) *  Altitude: 741.5 m
f)     Landform:
i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)        Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) M
icrotopography: Minor flood channels
to 50 cm
deep
B)     Slope: IX locally 2-3X
h)
Vetetation/Land Use: Calotropis procera
and
Acacia sp
II     GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)     Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Water Table: 2.39 m 26.3.81
• )     Moisture Conditions: Dry to 45 cm
wet below 100 cm g)     Human Influence: Abandoned plantation, Salty
patches, damp
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b)     Drainage: Moderate - slow at 25-58 cn
d)
Evidence of Erosion: Slight gully and severe sheet
f)     Surface .Grave 1/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                            Nil
Deep cracking clay vertisol over stratified silts, 10YR 5/3 surface clay loan 0-25 cd, abrupt change to
10 YR 2.5/2 silty clay with strong prismatic structure to 100 cm, structure decreasing with depth overlying 10YR 3/2 massive silts and silt loans with faint fine platy structure and Loamy sand lenses. 7.SYR 5/6 mottles below L30 cm few white soft CaCOj concretions throughout the profile below 25 cm. Strong reaction to HCL throughout profile.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cn I
I
0 -          5 I 10YR 5/3 sil, dry, weak very fine and fine subangular blocky and fine crumb. Frequent live and
I                    dead root, medium and fine. Very few pores, common very fine vertical crack and small ternite
I tubes and fraas.
I
I Clear smooth boundary to:-
I
5 - 25/27 I 10YR 5/4 Cl dry slightly hard weak medium subangular blocky with few fine pores and root
I channels. Few fine and common live roots. IX fine while soft concretions CaC03.
I Abrupt wavy boundary to:-
I
25/27 - 45 I 10YR 5/4 Sic, dry very hard coarse and very course prisnatic, interior of prisms hard and
I slightly moist few pores or root channels. Vertical cracks between prisms up to 6 an wide and
1 15 cm apart, within prisms traces of very faint laminations, occasional fine dead roots.
I
I Merging into:-
I
45 -        58 I Above but less well developed structure and slight increase in internal moisture.
I
I Clear smooth boundary to:-
I
58 - 100 I 10YR 3/2 SiCL moist firm strong course and medium subangular blocky, no pores, occasional root
I     channels,     large,     and     few     fine     Live     roots,     2-3X     soft     white     powdery     concretions,     mainly     in     root I channels.
I
| Merging boundary to:-
I
100 - 130 I 10YR 3/1.5 Sil wet non-aticky slightly plaatic, massive, very few fine roots, occasional very | fine pores and fine root channels, no white concretions.
I
I Merging into:-IV Ftonts RKSOtlPttOK (COXT I WORD)
Oeptb
no -
cm <
160 I IQYX 3/1.5 Sil maaaive wwt non-sticky blocky and platy, occasional fine root and tew 7*5YR 5/6 I mettle in rcs?t channels.
I
IK' -
I Mergiu.$ boundarv Vet-
I
2QG l 10YX 3/1 Sil, moist firm wcslevate medium subaugular blocky and occasional platy structure
occasional fine live root, fe*
Sampled Hoa IVK 1/1 
t tine root channel* with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle
0-23             cm
*      1/2 25 - 58
cm
*  1/3  38 - 100 cm
*  1/4 100 - 150 cm
H 1/5 130-200
Mapped aa 6. Recent alluvium
cm
- stratified textures D.
Auger
I
Sore I
I
XX) - 240 I 10YR 3.3/2 Sil. wet non-sticky probably laminated.
I
240 -
290 I 10YR 3.5/2 Sil, merging into fsl, wet, running out of auger.
I
I Groundwater IcycI 218 cm below surface. I EC of groundwater 11.2 mi hot x 103 2.8.81
I EC of water AIP 10 oba well 3.5 aaa hoa x 10^
I Water level 266 cm
I
I I) Italconsult - Rome 1969PROFILE NO! 2
I INFORMATION ON Till SITE
a) Profile Number! DRII 2
c) Author of Description! DRII ♦ TV
e) Location: A1P 8
b) Date of Deecriptioni 24,3.81
d)        Altitude: 760.50 ■
f) Land form!
i) Physiogrsphic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: ?let
ill) Microtopography: Irrigation Furrows
K> Slope: IX
h) Vegetatlon/Land Use: Danana Plantation
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
b) Drainage: Moderate
c)     Water Tabla: 136 cm below surface
d) Evidence of Erosion! None
e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 130 wet at 136 f) Surface Cravel/Stonee
g) Human Influence: Cleared from Acacia
woodland 1972
III      BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Rock Outcrops:                          Nil
Deep uniform 10YR 3/2 weakly structured profile with slightly stronger structure below 75 cm. Water table at 136 cm below surface, moderately well drained above, common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle below 75 co. Reaction to
HCL throughout.
IV    PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
0 -       27 I 10YR Sil moist friable, massive breaks to weak fine and medium subangular blocky, abundant
I grass roots, few fine pores, less friable with depth.
I Gradual boundary to:-
I
27 -       74 I 10YR 3/2 Sil, moist friable and single grain few fine and medium roots, massive becoming wet
I non-sticky non-plastic with depth.
I
74 - 136 I 7.5YR 3/2 Sicl moist friable weak to moderate structure, fine and medium subangular blocky few I fine roots and pores, no vertical cracking, slight clay skins, cowon 7.5YR 5/6 mottles in old
I root channels, increase of moisture to wet at 130, water at 136 and 5X fine white powdery I concretions at 90—95 cm depth together with many fine roots.
I Sampled      DRR 2/1   0     -     27 cm
I
I Mapped as 3, vertisols on recent alluvium
I
Auger Bore I
136 - 252 I 7.5YR 3/2 Sil/Si/fsl wet non-sticky.
I
252 - 320 I Sicl moist.
I
320 - 330 I fsl moist.
I
330 - 400 I SiCL 10YR 3/2 SiC less moist, firm.
I
400 - 500 I SiCL-Sic moist, extremely firm
I
"
2/2  27 
-     74 cm
I
"
2/3  74 
-   130 cm
IIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cm I
I
500 - 600 | 10YR 3.5/3 ♦ Il SiC moist firm.
600 - 650 I Above with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle end finer 9 650 few shell fragment!!, occasional hard fine I manganese concretion.
I
I                    Groundwater cable 1.62 n - at AIP 8 1.88 m I                    EC of groundwater 0.675 x 103
I EC of AIP 8 0.65 x 103PROFILE NO: 3
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 3
c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TV
e) Location: AIP 3
g) SLope: IX
II     C ENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)     Parent Material: Alluvium
e)     Water Table: 1.33 m below surface on 6.3.81
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to  45  then moist to
130   then wet
g> Human Influence: Cleared               from Acacia woodland
dry canal 30 m away
III      BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 24.3.81
d) Altitude: 743,5 ni
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Irrigation Furrows
h) Vegetation/Land Ose: Banana Plantation
b) Drainage: Moderate
d) Evidence of Erosion: None
f) Surface Gravel/Stonea
Rock Outcrops:
None
Deep uniform 10YR 3/2 profile, massive structure below 45 cm strong 10YR 5/6 mottle 45-75 cm depth, no visable concretions or salts. Moderate reaction to HCL throughout profile.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0-45
I
I   10YR 3/2 SiL, dry slightly hard to hard moderate fine and medium subangular blocky, abundant I grass roots and common banana roots, slight increase in structure to 30 cm then becomes moist,
I friable.
I
I Clear boundary to:-
I
45 -        75    I     10YR     3/3     SiL-L,     moist,     friable,     massive,     many     fine     pores     and     roots.     20Z     faint,     very     fine     7.5YR | 5/6 mottle in pores and root channels.
I
I Clear but wavy boundary to:-
I
75 - 100
100 - 145
I 10YR 3/2 moist firm co friable, breaks to weak fine and medium subangular blocky, with faint
I     laminations     -     platy     structure?     many     fine     roots     occasional     medium     root.     <     IX     fine     white     powdery I concretions.
I
I Merging into:-
I
| 10YR 3/4 SiL, moist, friable then wet non-sticky massive, breaks to weak fine and medium | subangular blocky and medium platy, few old root channels, occasional 10YR 4/6 mottle and | abundant dark stainings.
I
I Sampled DRH        3/1  0-45              cm
|
"
3/2 
45   -
75 cm
I
"
3/3 
75   -
100 cm
|
"
3/4 
100   -
145 cm
I Mapped as 6 soils on recent alluvium, stratified texturesIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cm |
I
Auger Bore I
I
145 - 520            | Silt loams and bands of sand and loamy sand, wet slightly sticky, non-plastic
I
520 - 530            | 10YR 3/2 SiC-€ moist extremely firm.
I
I Groundwater level 197 cm 20.5.81
I EC of groundwater 0.72 mm hoe x 103
I Ohs well level 220 cm and EC 850 no hoe x 103PROFILE RO: 4
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 4
b)
Date of Description: 24.3.81
c)     Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW
d)
Altitude: 745.50
e) Location: AIP 1
f)
Landform:
i)
Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)
Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)
Microtopography: Slightly uneven
g)     Slope: 1Z
h)
Vegetation/Land Use: Partly cleared from Acacia
woodland
II     GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)     Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: 3.06 m 6.3.81
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 100, moist below
g) Human Influence: Partly cleared and levelled
edge of Banana Plantation
III     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b) Drainage: Moderate
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Gravel/Stonea
Rock Outcrops:                            Nil
Deep stratified medium and light textures with a prismatic SiCL horizon at 20-70 cm roots throughout profile, visable concretions or salts in band around pit at 100 cm. Weak reaction to HCL 0.70 cm, then
strong reaction 70-200.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0-20
I     10YR     3/2     SiL-L     dry     slightly     hard,     weak     and     moderate     fine     and     medium     subangular     blocky     with     fine I and medium crumb between peds. Common frasa, fine and medium common live roots, irregular
I vertical cracks.
I
I Clear but irregular boundary to:-
I
20 -        70     I     10YR     SiCL-SiC,     dry     hard,     strong     medium     and     coarse     and     very     course     prismatic     breaking     co     fine I subangular blocky and crumb. Common fine and medium live roots. Shell fragments.
I
I Merging boundary co:-
I
70 - 100
I 10YR 4/3 with 9ome patches of 5/3 SiCL-SiL, dry hard moderate medium and coarse subangular and I angular blocky becoming moist and friable. Faint laminations. Vertical cracks at 10-15 cm
I intervals 0.5-1.0 cm wide.
I
I Clear smooth boundary to:-
I
100 - 150
I 10YR 3/3 SiL, moist massive fraible, irregular patches and lenses of sandy loam, loamy sand up I to 5 cm thick. White, salts in band on side of pit at 100 cm up to 5 cm wide in places. Few
I fine dark stainings.
I
150 - 200
| Clear boundary to:-
I
I     7.5YR     3/2     and     4/2     SiL,     moist     friable,     massive,     few     very     fine     pores,     fine     roots     and     root | channels with 5/6 mottles.
Sampled Nos DRH       4/1
0-20   cm
ii           4/2                  20 - 70  cm
ii          4/3                70 - 100   cm
ii          4/4              100 - 150  cm
ii          4/5              150 - 200  cmIV PIO FILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cn
Auger Bore
I
I
200 - 365
365 - 450
I Silt loams , occasional band of fine sand, wet non-aticky slight dark ataininga. I Silt loan, compact, wet slightly sticky.
450 - 500
I Silty clay loam, wet slightly sticky.
I
500 - 550
I 10YR 3.5/2 moist, silty clay, firm, cotmion 7.SYR 5/6 and N5/- mottles.
I
I Mapped as 6. Soils on recent alluvium stratified textures.
I
I Groundwater level 289 cm 28.5.81
I EC groundwater 21.6 mm hos x 103
I EC AIP 1 water 4.2 mm hos x 103PROFILE BO: 5
I INFORMATION OI HI SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 5
c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW
e) Location: AIP 2
g) Slope: 1Z
b)       Date of Description: 24.3.81
d) Altitede: 744 m
f) Land fora:
i)            Physiographic Position: Plood Plain
ii)          Surrounding Country: Plat
iii)         Microtopography: Slightly uneven h) Vegetation/Land Use: Banana Plantation
II GENERAL INFORMATION OK THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvion
c)      Water Table: 1.39 ■ 6.3.81
e)      Moisture Conditions: Moist to 143 cm thi
g)     Hunan Influence: Cleared fron Acacia sc
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b)      Drainage: Moderate/ve11 drained
d)     Evidence of Eroeion: Nil
wet               f)     Surface Cravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                         Nil
Deep      uniformly      massive      profile,      SiL      -      L      overlying      laninated      and      stratified      sands      and      silts.      No      visible salts. Moderate reaction to HCL throughout profile.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
0-30              I 10YR 3/3 SiL -         L moist      friable, massive, slight cracks on drying surface. Infillings
I
of       4/3 -
I 5/3 material in narr
ow
vertical pattern, few fine pores
and roots, nerging into:-
30    - 50 
I 10 YR 2/2, SiL,
noist massi
ve, few fine pores and roots,
friable, merging into:
50    - 140 
I Mixed 10YR 3/1 
and 2/2 
SiL, moist, 10YR 3/1 material is
weak fine and medium subangular
blocky
| with clay skims on peds, 10YR 3/1 is massive, few fine pores and roots, abrupt wavy boundary
I to:-
I
140-143/45 I 10YR 3/1 and 7.5 4/3 Is and si, single grain - abrupt boundary to: —
143/45-189    I    10YR    4/3    -    5/3    and    7.5YR    3/2    -    3/4    laminated    silts,    loamy    sands    and    sands,    wet    non-sticky,    few | fine pores, occasional medium root. At 189 - water when digging pit.
190 - 230 I As above, wet slightly sticky.
I
230 - 310 I 10 YR 3/3 moist SiCL, firm.
I
310 - 390 I 10YR 3/2.5 moist SiC, very firm.
I
390 - 410 I 10YR 3/3 moist SiCL, firm.
410                   I Band of fine sand.
I
I
410    -    470    I    10YR    3/2    moist    SiC    -    C,    very    firm,    abundant    7.5YR    5/6    and    N6/-    mottle,    few    very    fine    white | powdery concretions.
I
470 - 500 I 10YR 3/3 wet, fol, running from auger.
I
I Perched watertable at 150 cm.IV PROFILI DWCRIPTIOW (COWTUTOID) Depth ca |
Sampled:
DRH
5/1
0 -
30   cm
DRH
5/2
30     -
50    co
DRH
5/3
50      -
143   cm
DRH
5/4
143      -
189   cm
I Happed as 3 vertisols on recent alluviua
I
1 Ground water table 150 cm 19.8.81 I EC ground water 2.2 mm hoe cm I Water level AIP 2 obs well 153 ca I EC 0.98 x 103
I
IPROFILE WO: 6
I INFORMATION OH THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 6
c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW
e) Location: Packing Shed (N)
g) Slope: IX
b) Dace of Description: 24.3.81
d) Altitude: 743 m
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Microtopography: Smooth bare surface h) Vegetation/Land Use: No vegetation
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)                Parent Material:   Alluvium
c)      Water Table: 140            cm
e) Moisture Conditions: Moist, wet at 140 cm
b)      Drainage: Moderate
d) Evidence of Erosion: Slight sheet wash
f)     Surface               Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops:                             Nil
g)
Human Influence: Abandoned Banana  plantation,
due to salinity
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Soil surface has patches of damp salt crumb, massive medium textured profile with band of
reaction to HCL throughout profile.
and Takyr with occasional slight white effluense. Deep strong structured SiC at 60 - 90 cm. Visable salts. Strong
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
I
0 - 5
I 10YR 3/2 SiL - L, moist friable, weak fine and medium sub-angular blocky and fine crumb. Few I fine pores, occasional very fine root. 5X fine white powdery concretions, merging smooth
I boundary to:-
I
5-20
20 - 60
60 - 90
90 - 115
115 - 143
Auger Bore
143 - 230
230 - 370
370 - ?
I     10YR     3/1     SiL,     moist,     very     firm     massive,     few     fine     pores     and     root     channels,     breaks     to     coarse     and I medium angular blocky, merging inco:-
1
I      10YR      3/2      SiL      moist,      friable,      massive,      occasional      fire      pore      and      root      channels.      1Z      fine      white I powdery concretions. Abrupt boundary to:-
1
I     10YR     2.5/2     SiC     moist,     firm,     fire     and     medium     9trong     angular     blocky,     few     many     fine     roots.     1Z I fine white powdery concretions. Abrupt boundary to:-
I 10YR 3/2 SiL moist, friable, massive, very weak subangular blocky when broken, few dark stains. I As above wet, non-sticky
I
I 8 143 water
| 10YR 3/2 moist SiL, firm
I 10YR 3/2 wet, SiCL, slightly sticky
| Running fine sand,
j
falling         from auger.
1 Sampled:           DRH 6/1            0 -            20 cm
I
”6/2
20 -             60 cm
1 
"
6/3
60 -
115 cm
I
"
6/4
115      -
143 cmIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cm
I   Mapped as 6 soils on recent alluvium - acratified textures
I
I Groundwater level 178 25.5.81
I
I EC groundwater 16.4 mm hos x 10JPROFILE BO: 7
I       INFORMATION OR THE SITE
a)      Profile Number: DRH 7
c) Author of Description: DRH * TW
e) Location: AIP 6
g) Slope: IX - 3X
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: 305 cm 28.3.81
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry in top 12 ca Chen
moist
g) Hunan Influence:
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TIE PROFILE
Stratified     deep     profile,     SiLa     with     band     of     strong Smooth sealed surface with fine polygonal cracks.
b) Date of Description: 25.3.81
d) Altitude: 744.0 m
f) Landform:
i)           Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)          Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)         Microtopography: Slightly undulating shallow
water ways
h) Vegetation/Land Use: Common Acacia sp, Calotropis
procera and Cadaba
rotundifolia
b) Drainage: Moderate - Well drained
d) Evidence of Erosion: Sheet and gully erosion
f) Surface Gravel/Stonas Very occasional round stone Rock Outcrops:                          on surface
structured SiCL - SiC at 50 - 80 cm. Visable salts. Strong reaction to HCL throughout profile.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
0-12 
| 2.5YR 6/2 SiL - L dry, slightly hard, strong fine and medium angular blockly, few fine pores
I and roots, weak vertical cracking clear boundary to:-
12-40 
| 10YR 3/2 SiL - SiCL moist, very firm becoming firm, strong fine and medium subaugular blocky,
I many fine pores and root channels, few medium roots.
I
I merging sloping boundary to:-
I
40-50 I 10YR 3/2 and 3/3 SiCL moist friable, moderate medium subangular blocky, few fine pores and root I channels with slight 7.5YR 5/6 mottle, occasional medium root. Few fine powdery white
| concretions, patches of darker staining.
I
I clear but irregular boundary to:-
I
50-60 I 10YR 2/2 SiC - SiCL moist, very firm, strong fine and medium subaugular blocky, many fine | cracks. Many fine roots and root channels with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. Occasional soft white | concretions. Darker staininga abrupt boundary to:-
I
80-93     I     10YR     6/4     SiL     moist,     massive,     breaks     to     weak     very     fine     platy,     many     very     fine     roots     and     root | channels.
I
93 - 106 I 2.5YR 6/2 and 5/2 fls moist.
I
| Abrupt boundary to.
I
106 - 132 I 10YR 5/4 SiL moist, massive, friable and few firm, moderate subangular blocky with 7.SYR 4/2 I mottle in peds. Occasional fine while powdery concretion.
| Clear boundary to:-II
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cm
132 - 145
I
I
I 10 YR 4/2 and 7.SYR 4/2 SiL taoist, massive, breaks to weak fine and medium subangular blocky*
I
I Abrupt boundary to:-
I
145 - 165
165 - 193
I 7.5YR
6/4     -     7/4     -     5/4     SiL     -     SiCL     moist,     massive,     few     pores     or     root     channels.     10X     very     fine
I white concretion. Abrupt boundary.
I
I     5Y     6/3     SiL     moist     massive,     firm     weak     very     fine     platy.     Occasional     fine     pores     and     root     channel I with faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. 21 CaS04? fibres.
I
Sampled Nos.              DRH     7/1
0 -             40 cm
it
7/2
40 -
80 cm
ii
7/3
80 -
132 cm
ti
7/4
132      -
165 cm
ii
7/5
165      -
193 cm
B
I
I Mapped as 10. Saline and Alkaline soils on recent alluvium.
Auger Bore
193 - 230
I
I     As     165     -     193     but     increasing     hardness     and     many     soft     CaCOj     connections. I medium fragments of weathered tuff.
Occasional fine and
I
I g 230 Too hard to auger.
I
I Ground water level at AIP 6. 372 cm
I EC of water 2.8 mm hos x 10^ 19.8.81.
B
B
B
fe
B
BPIO FI LB NO: 8
I INFORMATION ON TBB SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 8
c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW
e) Location: AIP 13
g)      Slope: 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)     Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Water Table: 7.65             6.3.81
e)      Moisture Conditions: Dry throughout
g) Hunan Influence: Recently cleared wee grazing
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE PROFILE
b)      Date of Description: 25.3.81
d)      Altitude: 738.50
f)       Landfora:
l) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)          Surrounding Country: Plat
iii)         Microtopography: Uneven surface due to clearing h)      Vegetation/Land Use: Was Acacia thorn scrub
b) Drainage: Poor to 140 then noderate
d)     Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)      Surface Gravel/Stonea
Rock Outcrops:                          Nil
Deep well developed vertisol of uniform fine texture and colour; 10YR 3/1 , overlying Silt and SI at 140 co. No visable salts. Soft dry granular self mulch surface. Weak reaction to HCL 0 - 140 cm, then strong
reaction 140 - 200 cn.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cn
0-90
I       10YR    3/1    Sic    -    C    dry    very    hard    coarse    prismatic    below    then    surface    mulch,    peda    have    very    few I pores or root channels, clay skins and alicken 9ides. Absorbs water rapidly and slumps.
I Common dead roots in cracks.
I
I merging into:-
I
90 -  140
Auger Bore
I 10YR 3/1 Sic - C as above but with a less well developed prisimatic structure.
220 -  250     I 10YR 6/3 - 6/4 moist, SiL, friable probably platy, occasional 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and fine white 1 powdery CaCOj concretions.
I
250 -  290     I     10YR     3/2     and     4/3     moist,     SiC,     very     firm,     probably     prismatic     structure,     auger     polish     on     peda,     few I fine white powdery CaCOj concretions.
I
290 -  335
I 10YR 5/4 Sich and SiL moist, very firm probably platy, auger flour.
335 -  355     I    10YR    3/2    moist,    SiC    -    C,    just    moist    -    to    moist    extremely    firm    -    dry    very    hard    prismatic I structure, with some very fine augular blocky, clay skins and auger polish.
355 -  415     I 10YR 5/3 SiL and fSL dry, slightly hard, platy structure, few fine soft CaCOj concretions.
C 415
I Black and white fine sand.
I
415 -  500     I As 355 - 415.
I
90 - .140
I Occasional medium root. Absorbs water rapidly and slumps.
I Merging boundary to:-IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth ca
I
140 - 200
I 10YR 5/3 end 3/1 SiL dry aassive. Many fine roots, pores and root channels.
I
I Abrupt boundary to:-
I
200 - 220
I    10    YR.    5/3 
and    5/4 
dry 
aassive
-
breaks    to    single    gr    Si    -    SiL,    few    pores    or    root    channels    few
I darker atainings.
I
I Sampled Nos
DRH
N
8/1
0
-
40 ca
1
8/2
40
-
90 ca
1
n
8/3
90
-
140 ca
1
8/4
140
-
200 caPROFILE BO: 9
I INFORMATION OB THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 9
c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW
e) Location: AIP 4
g) Slope: 1Z
II     GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c)    Water Table: 3.35 m 6.3.81
• ) Moisture Conditions: Moiat to 15 cm then dry, f)
vet @ 160 as
b)      Date of Description: 25.3.81
d) Altitude: 741.50
f)       Land fo ns:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)          Sarronnding Country: Flat
iii)         Microtopography: Uoeveo surface due to clearing b)       Vegetation/Land Dae: Was acacia thorn scrub
b) Drainage: Poor to 65 cm then moderate
d) Evidence of Erosion: None
I)
Influence: Cleared
III      BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep well developed prismatic Sic with soft soil mulch surface overlying stratified silts and sands at 65 cm. Visable salts. Very weak reaction to HCL 0-65 an, strong reaction 65 - 200 <3.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
0 - 15 I 10YR 3/1 SiCL - SiC moist friable, moderate to strong coarse and medium subangular blocky,
I frequent medium roots, occasional fine pore and root channel (moist from recent rain).
I
I
Abrupt irregular boundary to:-
1
15 -
65 I 10YR 5/3 SiC
moisc very firm moderate to strong coarse and medium prismatic and subangular
I     blocky,     vertical     cracking,     width     of     cracks     increasing     with     depth     also     becoming     dry     very     hard | with 5Z while powdery concretcons in old root chanela.
I
1 Abrupt sloping boundary to:-
I
65 -       80 I 10YR 5/3 (main colour) Fine platy sandy loams and silts, common med roots, few while powdery
I concretions.
I
I Clear boundary to:-
I
80 - 160 I 10YR 5/3. SiL dry massive prob platy with infillings of 10YR 3/1 C - SiC dry very hard fine and I medium angular blocky. 15X fine white powdery concretions, common 7.5YR 5/6 mottles,
I occasional pocket of fine sand
I
I Clear boundary to:-*
I
160 - 200 I Above but wet non-slicky and lest C - Sic infillings. (vet from rain?)
I
Auger Bore I
200 - 250 I 8.75 YR 3/2 SiCL moist, very friable, platy structure, abundant 75YR 5/6 and 4/2 mottle ? 220 | cm band of fine sand.
250 - 270 I 8.75 3/3 wet SiCL, non sticky, co moon 7.57YR 5/6 and dark mottle, occasional fine rootIV PROFILS DESCRIPTION (CORTI ITO RD)
Depth cm
270    - 285
285    - 300
300    - 370
370    - 400
400    - 460
460    - 500
I
I
I Above but moist and firm and few fine white powdery CaCOg concretions.
I     10YR     3/2     noise     SiC     -     C,     very     firm,     faint     fine     7.5YR     5/6     mottles     in     old     fine     root     channels, I darker stainings.
I
I     10YR     3/2     laoiat     SiC,     very     firm,     becoming     wet     slightly     sticky,     prismatic     and     few     fine     augular I blocky,
I
I 10YR 3/2 SiC - C woist very firm.
I      10YR      3/1.5      C      moist      extremely      fir®,      prismatic,      auger      polish,      dark      stainings      and      faint      7.5YR      5/6 I mottle. EC 1:5 Extract 2.25 x 10*.
I
I 8.75YR 4/3 SiCL, firm, dark stainings and 7.75YR 5/6 mottle. EC 1:5 Extract 1.8 x 10J
I Groundwater level AIP 4 275 cm
.
EC water 12.4 nun
hos x 10^
Sample No 
DRH
9/1
0
-
65
ii
9/2
65
80
it
9/3
80
- 160
ii
9/4
160
- 200
I Mapped as 3. Vertisols on recent alluvium
IPIO FI UK WO: 10
I 11TOIMATIOW ON THE SITE
«) Profile Number: DRH 10
c) Author of Description: DRH * TV
e) Location: AIP 7
g)     Slope: 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Water Table: 6.0 n
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry, noist below 170 cd
g)    Hunan Influence: Cleared froe Acacia Thom
scrub
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 25.3.81
d)      Altitude: 740.50 ■
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii)           Surrounding Country: Undulating iii)          Microtopography: Gilgai like hollows h)     Vegetation/Land Use: Acacia thorn scrub
b) Drainage: Poor noderate below 70 cd
d)     Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)     Surface Gravel/Stonee
Rock Ontcropa:                            None
Well       developed       vertisol       with       gilgai       surface       feature       overlying       stratified       silts       at       70       cm.       Dry,       loose,       self mulching surface.
IV     PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth c« I
0 -        40 I 10YR 3/1 SiCL dry very hard strong medium and coarse prismatic, frequent vertical cracks to 1
| cn wide common medium roots, occasional very fine pores and roots.
I
I Merging into:-
I
40 -        70 I 10YR 3/2 SiCL - SiC dry very hard strong medium angular blocky, clay skins and slickenslides
I occasional medium and large root, few fine roots and pores.
I
I Clear wavy boundary to:-
I
70     -     107     I     10YR     4/3     Sil     dry     very     hard     massive     braks     to     subangular     blocky,     with     infillings     of     above.     Few I white powdery concretions.
I
I Abrupt wavy boundary to:-
I
107 - 112           | 10YR 3/1 SiC dry hard strong very fine, fine and medium angular blocky "loose”, few fine roots
I
I Abrupt boundary to:-
I
112     -     180     I     10YR     5/3     Sil     dry     hard     massive     (platy?)     with     infillings     of     above,     moist     below     170.     Few     fine I white powdery concretions.
I
I Clesr boundary to:-
I
180 - 200 I 10YR 5/4 Si moist massive with laminations of fs very few pores, occasional dark stainage.
DRH      10/1          0        -        70   CD
ii                   10/2        70       -      107    CD
ii                   10/3      112        - 180         CD
ii                   10/4      180        - 200         cm
Happed as       3.      Vertisols         on recenc alluvium-
«IPROFILE HO: 11
I INFOLMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 11
c) Author of Deecription: DRH * TW
e) Location: AIP 14
g) Slope: IX
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Colluvium/AUuvium
c)     Water Table: 3.83 m 6.3.81
e)     Moisture Conditions: Moist to 40 cm net below
350
g)     Human Influence: Grazing now arable
III     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep stratified silt loams and sands of recent river Visable salts. Pit located near to  old river course
b) Date of Deecriptioa: 26.3.81
d) Altitude: 743.50
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)          Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Occasional shallow water way
previously
h)        Vegetation/Land Use: Newly cleared and levelled
b) Drainage: Moderate to 115 cm
d)     Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Crave1/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                          None
colluvium      overlying      a      prismatic      vertisol      at      115      cm. or flood channel shown on contour map.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
I
0-15
I    7.5YR    5/2    SiL    moist    firm    massive    breaks    to    weak    fine    and    medium    subanguler    blocky    and    crumb. I Few roots or pores.
I
I Merging  into:-
I
15 - 40
I     10YR     3/2     SiL     moist     massive,
slightly 
harder
than
above
Few
fine
roots,
occasional
soft
powdery
I white concretion.
I
I Abrupt boundary to:-
I
40 - 110
I    10YR    5/3    SiL,    dry    platy    and    bands    of    10YR    3/1    C    -    Sic,    strong    fine    and    medium    angular    blocky, I "loose". Many fine cracks, and pores, occaaional root. IX fine while concretions.
I
I Abrupt bondary to:-
I
110 - 115
I 2.5Y 6/2 Si dry loose powder, many fine roots.
I
I Abrupt but wavy bondary to:-
I
115 - 200
| 10YR 4/2 SiC - C dry, very hard coarse prismatic 10 x 3 cm, prisms juat moist inside. Common | fine roots between pores. Structure becoming coarser with depth and colour tending to 10YR 4/3 I and slight increase in moisture. Occasional 7.5YR 5/6 mottle in root channels below 160 cm.
I Darker fine grained and fine angular blocky material in larger cracks, appears to have moved
| down from original surface.
I
Sampled DRH 11/
1
0
-
40 c
m
H
11/2
40
-
no
cm
ii
11/3
115
-
150
cm
ii
11/4
150
-
200
cm
| Mapped as 6. Soils on recent eluvium, stratified texturesIV PIO FILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cm |
I
Auger Bore I
200 - 230            I      10YR      3/2      moist,      SiCL,      friable,      probably      platy      structure.
1
230 - 240            I 10YR 2.5/3 moist SiC, very firm prismatic structure, common light and dark mottles.
240 - 260            1     10YR     3.5/3     moist     SiCL,     very     friable,     comon     10YR     4/4     mottle     and     few     fine     white     powdery 1 concretions.
i1
260 - 370
1 10YH 4/3 moist SiC, very firm, massive, faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and common dark stainings.
370 - 390            I     10YR     3.5/3     moist     SiC     -     C,     very     firm,     compacted,     many     fine     hard     CaC03     concretions,     increase     in 1 moisture with depth.
Ii
390 - 400            I 10YR 4/3 moist SiC - C, firm abundant hard CaC03 concretions.
400 - 410            1 10YR 4/3 and 5/6 clay, moist extremely firm, compacted. Common hard CaC03 concretions.
410 - 415            1     10     YR     5/3     moist     clay,     extremely     firm,     comon     faint     75YR     5/6     mottles     and     occasional     fine     CaC03
I concretion, less moist than above.
i
415 - 430
1     10YBL     5/3     moist     clay,     becoming     wet,     non-sticky,     faint     grey     mottle     and     few     soft     CaC03
1 concretions.
11
430 - 500
1     10YR     5/3     and     5/4     and     75YR     4/3     wet,     non-sticky,     clay.     25X     gritty     CaC03     concretioos,
less
firm
I than above.
1
1     Groundwater     level     450     cm
I EC groundwater 7.8 mm ha x 10^
I Water level AIP 14 358 cm and EC 2.2 unn hos x 10^PIOFI LB NO: 12
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
• )     Profile Number: DRH 12
c) Author of Description: DRH + 1W
e)     Location: AIP 12
b)     Date of Description:               26.3.81
d)     Altitude: 739.50
f)      Landform:
i)          Physiographic Position: ~lo'«J "asi”
ii)                Surrounding Country : Very slight depression iii) Microtopography: Slightly uneven surface
E)     Slope: IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)     Parent Material: Alluvium/colluvium
c)     Water Table: 4.80             6.3.81
a)     Moisture Conditione: Dry to 150 the moist
below 420 cm
h)     Vegetation/Land Dee:            Recently 
cleared      not      yet
levelled
b)                  Drainage: Imperfect -  Moderate d)     Evidence of Erosion:              Nil
f)                 Surface Gravel/Stonea
Rock Outcropa:                         None
«)
Human Influence: Acacia wood and now cleared
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE PROFILE
Deep, well developed vertisol in flood basin overlying stratified silts and sandy loans at 150 co. No visable salts. Dry, loose, granular surface.
17 PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0-15
I   10YR    4/2    SiC    -   SiCL    dry   hard   strong   coarse   and   medium   subangular   blocky   and   crumb   between   peds I Common fine roots, fine pores. Faint fine 10YR 5/6 mottle in root channels.
I
I Abrupt irregular boundary to:-
I
15 - 150
I 10YR 3/2 clay dry very hard coarse and very coarse prismatic, strong vertical cracks,
I     decreasing     with     depth.     At     100     cm     just     moist     within     peds.     Very     few     pores     or     root     channel*. I     Common     fine     roots     between     peds.     Clay     skins     and     slicken     slides.     Absorbs     water     readily,     and I slumps.
I
I Merging boundary to:-
I
150 - 170
I 10YR 3/2 clay, moist very firm, strong fine and medium angular blocky clay mixed with 10YR 5/3 I massive silts, platy, few pores or root channels occasional fine root. Few 7.5YR 5/6 mottles
I in old root channels. At 154 and 168 cm bonds of 10YR 3/2 day as above about 1.5 cm thick | "loose" strong very fine angular blocky.
I
| Clear boundary to:-
I
170 - 200
|     10YR     5/3     and     5/4     silts     moist     platy     and     laminated     few     pores     or     root     channels,     occasional     fine I root patches and infillings of the angular blocky clay from above.
DRH     12/1        0 -       50 cm
n         12/2     50  - 100 cm
ii                  12/3   100   - 150 cm
ii                  12/4   150   - 200 cm
Mapped as     3.      Vertisols on recent alluvium
| Groundwater level 475 cm
I EC water 12.7 mm hos x 103
I Water level AIP 12 465 cm
I EC AIP 12 water 5.2 mm hos x 103■
B
b
B
B
B
B
B
k
k
B
B
BPROFILE WO: 13
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 13
c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TH
e) Location: AIP 16
g) Slope: 1Z
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)     Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Water Table: 9.33                25.3.81
e)      Moisture Conditiona: Dry
g)     Hunan Influence: Partly cleared Acacia Thorn
scrub
III     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep well developed vertisol on fine textured basin clay, visable salts.
b)       Date of Deacription: 26.3.81
d)       Altitude: 738.50
f)       Landfora:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Basin
ii)          Surrounding Country: Slight depression
iii) Microtopography: Cilgai like eracks dry aurface
aulch, loose
h) Vegetation/Land (Jan:
b)     Drainage: Imperfectly drained
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Gravel/Stooea
Rock Outcrops:                          None
IV    PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cn I
I
0 —    70 I Dry variable aurface mulch of granular and crumb.
I
I                    10YR C 3/2 SiCL - Sic dry very hard becoming extremely hard coarse prismatic, very few pores or I root chanela. Medium and fine roots between ped, clay skin and slickenslides. IX increasing
I to 10Z with depth, fume while powdery concretions merginging into:-
70 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 C - Sic leas strongly developed structure than above and less vertical cracking. IS I fine white powdery concretions. Clay skins and slidenalides.
I Sampled DRH        13/1
0-50   cm
1
1
1
11
13/2             50 - 100  cm
13/3           100 - 150   cm
13/4           150 - 200  cm
I Mapped as 4. Non- -calcaoeoua vertisols on recent alluvium.
Ii
i
»
j.qePROFILE l»: 14
I      INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a)     Profile Number: DRH 14
c) Author of Description: DRH * TV
e)     Location: ATP 5
b) Date of Description: 26.3.Bl
d)     Altitude: 739.50
f)      Landform:
i)
ii)
Physiographic Position: Flood   Basin
Smrroundiug Country: Slightly Uneven
g) Slope: IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)     Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Water Table: 7.07 m
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry
g) Human Influence: Partly cleared scrub
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Hi]  l Microtopography: Granular Mulch h) Vegetation/Land Use: Partly cleaned scrub
b)    Drainage: Imperfectly drained
d)     Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)     Surface Grave1/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                         None
Well developed vertisol over deep stratified silts and sands no viaable salts.
IV    PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth
0 -        10
10 -       80
I
I
I 10YR 4/2 Sic
I "loose" many
I
I 10YR 4/3 Sic
dry  slightly
fine cracks,
hard,     coarse     strong     medium     and     fine     subangular     blocky     and     fine     crumb, fine and medium roots, few fine pores. Clear wavy boundary to:-
- C dry very
I mottle in root channels.
I slickenslides. At 30 to
I
I Abrupt boundary to:-
I
hard coarse prismatic few fine pores and roots. Vertical cracks 15/20 cm apart 1 cm wide. Clay
50 cm rare shell fragment and fine white powdery
Common 7.5YR 5/6
skins sad
concretion.
80 -     200
(Mixed, around 10YR 5/3 Silt-Silt loams and fine sands, very fine and fine
laminations massive
I    fine    pores    and    old    root    channels    with    7.5YR    5/6    mottles,    and    7.5YR    3.5/2    Sic    dry    fine    and
| medium angular blocky with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle in few old root channels.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
bedding irregular around
pit. Occasional
fine  whi(
Sample Nos 14/1          0 -     40
14/2        40 -    80
14/3       80 -   140
14/4     140 -   200
powdery concretions, Black straining
cm
cm
cm
cm
I Mapped as 1. Soils on very recent alluvium.
Ij
a:
!
I
I
I
I
a
a
a
a
a
a
IPROFILE NO: 15
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 15
c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW
e) Location: AIP 11
g) Slope: < 12
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
•)      Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Water Tabla: 9.33 m 25.3.81
a)      Moisture Conditions: Moist to 100 cm then dry
g) Hunan Influence: Cleared, was Acacia Thon
scrub
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TSE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 26.3.81
d) Altitude: 739.00 ■
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Basin
ii)          Surrounding Country: Slight Undulations iii)         Microtopography: Uneven, dry loose
h) Vegetation/Land Use: Recently Cleared
b)      Drainage: Imperfectly drained
d)      Evidence of Eroaion: Nil
f)     Surface Cravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                          None
Well      developed      vertisol      overlying      nixed      interbedded      silts      at      100      cm.      Silts      underlain      by      buried      vertisol      at 135 cm. Visable salts on subsoil.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth ca
0 - 10/15
10/15-100
100 - 135
i
I    10YR    2.5/2    SiCL,    moist    very    friable    many    fine    medium    and    fine    roots,    few    pores,    dries    to    fine I and medium augular blocky.
I
I   Wavy   boundary   to:-
I
I 10YR 3/2 SiC, moist firm becoming dryhard and dry very hard with depth. Strong coarse and
| medium prismatic with vertical cracking, occasional large root, clay skins and slickenslides.
I Few white soft concretions.
I
I Clear but wavy boundary to:-
I
I    Interbedded    10YR    5/3    2.5Y    7/2    Dry    silts    with    7.5YR    5/6    mottles    in    old    root    chanels    and    7.5YR I 4/2 SiC - SiCL, fine and medium augular blocky, dry and very hard.
I Abrupt but irregular boundary to:-
135 - 200
I 10YR 3/1 - 2 - 3, moist extremely firm strong prismatic
1     dark     staining.
i1
1 Sampled No DRH 15/1  0-50
1-22 white powdery concretion!. (moist
SiC, clay  skint, stickenslides
following rain).
Much
1
1
1
15/2 50 - 100
15/3 100 - 135
15/4 135 - 200
I Happed as 2. Undulating, soils on recent alluvium.I
i
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
I
1
ft
ftFRO FI LI NO: 16
I      INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 16
b) Dat
e of Deacriptioo: 27.3.81
c) Author of Description: DRH + TW
d) Alti
tude:
e) Location: AIP 22
f) Lan
dfora:
i)
Physiographic Position: Flood plain
ii)
Surrounding Country: Flood plain/footslope
iii)
Microtopography: Slightly undulating occasional
shallow water ways
g) Slope: 1Z - 2Z
II     GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Collivium/Alluvium
c)      Water Table: 9.38             25.3.81
e)      Moisture Conditions: Hoist to 120 Chen dry
g)     Human Influence: Cleared thorn scrub
III       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE
A deep well developed vertisol with traces
of pit buried gully 83 cm deep filled with
h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Cleared and Levelled
b)     Drainage: Imperfectly drained
d) Evidence of Erosion: Slight sheet and gully
f)      Surface Gravel/Stonaa
Rock Outcrops:                         None
of       laminated       deposits       in       subsoil, silts over sand and coarse sand.
visable salts.
On west side
IV      PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
0 -       25 I Dry, sealed soft surface.
I
|     10YR     5/3     SiCL     moist     firm-moist     friable,     massive     breaks     to     coarse     and     medium     subaugular     blocky I and single grains. Common fine and medium roots. Few pores or root channels.
I Clear boundary to:-
1
25 -       75 I 10YR 3/1.5 SiC moist extremely firm strong coarse and medium prismatic and coarse augular
I     blocky,     frequent     vertical     cracking     2-3     mm     wide.     Common     medium     roots,     few     fine     roots,     few     fine I and medium pores and old root channels. Clay skins and stickenslides merging boundary to:-
75 - 120 I 7.5YR 3.5/2 SiC moist extremely firm, strong coarse and medium augular blocky and prismatic, | traces of platy structure. Common fine roots, few pores or old root channels, frequent very
I fine white concretions on ped faces.
I
I Merging boundary to:-
I’
120 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 SiC - SiCL dry extremely hard coarse and medium subaugular blocky and augutor blocky, I few pores and roots, occasional shell fragment, and dark staining few fine white concretions.
I
Auger Bore I
200 - 250 I As above
I
250 - 285 I 10YR 3/2 and 3/3 SiC dry very hard, auger flour, occasional fine augular blocky chip few shell
I fragments.
I
285 - 310 I 10YR 4.5/3 dry, SiCL, hard, co«on fine white powdery CaCOj concretions. 310 - 320 I 10YR 3/2 dry SiC, extremely hard, prismatic and fine augular blocky.
IIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cm |
I
320 - 350 | 10 YR 3/2 moist SiC, extremely firn, prismatic co—on shell fragments.
350 - 360 | 10YR 3/3 dry SiC, ext ready hard, compact, abundant powdery CaC03 concretions I
360 - 400 I 6.75YR 3/3 £SC moist extremely firm, very compact, fev CaC03 concretions.
1 Too hard to auger deeper.
I
Sampled. DRH
ii
16/1
0-25  cm
H
16/2
25-75  cm
16/3
75 - 120  cm
ii
16/4
120 - 200   cm
I Mapped as 5. Hydromorphic vertisolsPROFILE WO: 17
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a)      Profile Number: DRH 17
c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TV
e)      Location: AIP 18
b)      Dace of Description: 27.3.81
d)      Altitude: 741.50
f)      Landform:
i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)
Surrounding Country: Flat, occasional   gully
iii) Microtopography: Uneven in places due
gullies
to buried
g)      Slope: < IX
h)
Vegetatiou/Lend Use: Recently levelled,
not yet
cultivaced
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
b)
Drainage: Imperfectly drained
c)     Water Table: 5.68 m              25.3.81
e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 15 cm then dry
d)      Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)     Surface Gravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                          None
g)
Human Influence: Was         Thorn scrub
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Well developed vertisol with
a massive, stratified ? subsoil below 90 co visable salts.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
10/15  I Dry sealed platy surface, soft.
I
I
7.5YR 3.5/2 SiCL moist firm moderate coarse subaugular blocky, vertical cracks. Many medium
I and fine roots, few pores.
I
I Clear but irregular boundary to:-
I
10/15 - 90 I 10YR 3/1.5 SiC-C dry extremly hard coarse and medium subaugular blocky and augular blocky,
I     tending     to     prismatic.     Clay     skins,     frequent     vertical     cracking     up     to     3     mm     wide.     Common     medium I and fine roots occasional fine white concretions.
I.
I Merging boundary to:-
I
90 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 SiC-SiCL dry extremely hard massive, occasional vertical crack, breaks to strong
I      coarse,      medium      and     fine      subaugular      blocky,      traces      of      fine      platy      structure.      Occasional      medium I and fine root. Clay skins and slickenslides. Occasional darker stainings on ped faces.
lOn aide of pit, 10 cms below surface a 2-3 cm thick convex band of almost pure silt.
Sampled Nos DRH        17/1
0-50
ii
17/2
50 - 100
ii
17/3
100 - 150
ii
17/4
150 - 200
I Happed as 5. Hydromorphic vertisols.
I
IPIDF1LE BO- IB
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a)     Profile Number: DRH 18
c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ IV
«)     Location: AIP 21
g) Slope: IX
II     GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c)    Hater Table: 11.39 a 25.3.81
e)     Moisture Conditions: Moist to 110 ca
g)     Human Influence: Cleared from thorn scrub III      BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b)      Date of Description: 27.3.81
d)     Altitude:
f)      Landform:
i)           Physiographic Position: Flood Basin
ii)          Sarmunding Country: Almost Flat
iii)         Microtopography: Uneven, recently cleared b) Vegeta tian/Land Um: Was Thom scrub
b)
Drainage: Imperfectly
drained
d)
Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)
Surface GraveL/Stoues
Rock Outcrops:
None
Veil developed vertisol overlying stratified silts and sands at 110 ca, visable salts.
IV    PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth ca
I Dry-self mulching surface, soft, fine polygonal cracks.
I
0 - 15/25
15/25-110
110 - 200
I     10YR     3/1.5     Clay,     noist     very     friable     weak     subaugular     blocky,     frequent     medium     and     fine     roots,
I clay skins.
I
I Irregular boundary to:-
I
I    10    YR    3/2    Clay,    taoist    extremely    hard    stroag    sub    augular    and    augular    blocky,    massive    appearsnee
I with frequent vertical cracks to 5 ca wide, clay skins and slickenslides.
I
I Abrupt boundary to:-
I
I    10YR    5/3    SiC    end    Sh,    dry    massive,    fine    and    medium    platy,    few    pores    and    root    channels    with    7.5Y1 I 5/6 and 4/4 mottles. Common fine white powdery concretions in old root chanoela and pores.
I 180 - 183 Baud of fine and very fine angular blocky clay. Strong structure "loose".
I Sampled Nos DRH
18/1 
0-50
I
"
18/2 
50 -  110
I
“ 
18/3 
110 -  150
I
M
18/4 
150 -  200
I
I Mapped as 3. Vertisols on recent alluviumPROFILE ><O: 19
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
*) Profile Number: DRH 19
c) Author of Description: DRH * TV
e) Location: AIP 9
g) Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: 9.89 m 25.3.81
e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 70 cm then dry
g) Human Influence: Partly cleared
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep strongly structured vertisol - visable salts.
b) Date of Description: 27.3.81
d)      Altitude: 739.75
f)       Land form:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)          Surrounding Country: Slightly undulating iii)         Microtopography: Partly cleared uneven
h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Common Cadaba rotundifolia
b) Drainage: Imperfectly drained
d) Evidence of Erosion: None
f) Surface Gravel/Stoaea
Rock Outcrops:                          None
IV    PROFILE DESCRIPTION
I
| Dry, fins, loose soft mulching surface.
I
0 - 15/20 I 10YR 3/2 SiCL, moist firm, moderate to strong coarse and medium subaugular blocky, frequent
I vertical cracking, few fiae pores and old root channels, common fine and medium roots.
I Irregular boundary to:-
I
15/20 - 70 I 10YR 3/2 Clay, dry extremely hard, 9trong coarse and medium prismatic, frequent vertical
I cracks, few roots between peds, very few pores, roots or root channels inaide peds.
I
I Merging into:-
I
70 -       90 I Mixed 10YR 5/3 ♦ 6/4 SiLs and 10YR 3/2 day. SiLs, dry massive, weak fine and medium platy with
I many fine pores and old root chanela. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottles in old root channels.
I
90    -    130    I    10YR    3/2    clay    dry    hard    strong    fine    and    very    fine    augular    blocky    and    fine    and    medium    subaugular | blocky few fine poree and old root channels, alight 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
| Clear boundary to:-
I
130 - 200 | 10YR 3/1.5 SiC dry very hard, fine and medium subaugular blocky and fine and very fine augular | blocky. Many fine old root channels filled with fine white powdery concretions.
I Sampled Nos DRH      19/1         0 -       70
1
19/2
70 - 90
1
19/3
90 - 130
1
19/4
130 - 200
I
I Mapped as 3. Vertisols on recent alluvium.
IPROFILE 10: 20
Date: 1.6.81
AUGER BORE
Irrigated natural pasture. Dry firm surface, mat of roots and stolons. Less than 1Z slope. Strong reaction to HCL throughout profile.
Depth cm |
0 -         5 | 10YR 5/2, SiCL, dry slightly hard, strong coarse and medium subangular blocky. Abundant fine
I    and    medium    roots,    few    fine    pores,    common    fine    and    medium    root    channels    with    strong    7.5TR    5/6 | mottle.
I
I Clear boundary to:-
5 -       75 I 10YR 3/2 SiC, moist firm becoming very firm, strong prismatic? structure. Conmoa medium I roots. Increase in moist with depth-auger smear merging into:-
I
75 - 155 I 10YR 5/6 SiL's and Eels, moist friable, probably platy structure.
I
I Abrupt change to:-
I
155 - 185 I 10YR 3/2 Sic, moist extremely firm, probably prismatic structure.
I
I Merging into:-
I
185 - 195 I 10YR 3/2 and 3/3 SiCL, moist firm, occasional dark staining, moisture increase from above
I merging into:-
I
195 - 220 I 10YR 3/2 and 3/3 SiC, moist firm, less moist chan above. Very compact.
I Clear boundary to:-
220 - 250 I 2.5Y 4/2 SiCL, abundant firms CaC03 concretions moist, firm.
I
250 - 300 | 10YR 5/3 SiCL, increase in CaCOn concretions and moisture.
I
300 - 360 I 10YR 4/3 SiCL, increase in moisture, few CaCOj concretions. Comoq faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottles, I few dark stainings.
I
360 - 450 I 10YR 4/3, 4/4 and 5/3, 5/4, 5/6 SiC and SiCL, moist extremely firm, less moist than above.
I Abundant fine CaC03 concretions. Possibly laminated.
450 - 505 I 10YR 5/3 SiCL-SiC, moist firm, common fine and very fine soft CaC03 concretions. Water I entering sides of bore.
I
I Water table next day, 3.17 m below ground level.
3
I EC of groundwater 22.5 x 10 .■
■
II
a
a
I
<
I
a
I
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
aPROFILI NO: 21
Date: 2.6.81
AUGER BORE
On edge of Banana plot, which are not thriving. Surface, aoft coarae salt cruab, damp patches.
Depth ca I
I
0 -       30 | 10YR 3/3, moist, friable SiCL. Few pores or roots, common fine while powdery concretions.
I
I Merging into:**
I
30 -       80 | 10YR 3/3 moist SiL, few pores or roots, occasional fine white powdery concretion.
I
I Clear change to:-
I
80    -    120    I    10YR    3/3    and    5/3    SiCL.    Laminated,    few    pores    or    roots,    occasional    dark    staining.
I
120 * 350 | 10YR 3/3, 5/3 sad some 5/6 SiCL and SiL, probably laninated, increasing moisture.
I
350 - 400 I Above becoming wet aon-sticky then wet sticky at 400 cn>.
I
400 - 420 I Above but very firm with frequent dark staiaings.
I Water table next day 2.99 a below ground level.
3
I EC of groundwater 60.0 x 10 .
IPIO FI LI NO: 22
Dace: 3.6.81
AUGER BORE
Abandoned plancation, dead and dying populus app. Common acacia. Dry loose powdery surface. Occasional crack and voids. < IX slope.
Depth ce |
0 -       30 1 10YR 5/3 SiCL dry slightly hard and hard sCroog, fine medium and coarse subaugular-blocky,
I many fine and medium cracks, coanon fine pores and rooca. Occasional fine white specklings.
I
I Clear change to:-
I
30 -       70 | 10YR 3/2 and soma 5/3 SiCL, moist firm, few pores, c own on fine roots and root channels with
I     7.5YR     5/6     mottle.     Occasional     fine     white     specklings.     Increase     in     moisture     and     less     clay     with I depth.
I
I Merging inco:-
I
70 - 200 | 10YR 3/2 - 4/2 SiL moist friable, probably laminated. Cowson 7.5YR 5/6 mottles in old root I channels. Occasional fine white specklings. Increase in moisture and sand with depth.
I
I Merging into:-
I
200 - 280 I 10YR 8/2 SiCL-CL, taoist firm, massive?
I
I Clear change to:-
I
280 - 380 I 10YR 3/2 SiCL moist firm, auger smear massive? increase in moisture and clay with depth.
I Occasional fragments of shell and few white specklings. No mottle (Buried vertisol?).
380 - 440 I 10 YR 3/2 SiC-C, moist firm - wet non sticky. Common CaS04 crystals I? 380-410. 440 - 460 I 10YR 3/2 SiCL. Wet non-sticky, less firm than above.
I Water cable next day 3.71 m below ground level.
I EC of groundwater 40.2m hos/cm.
IPROFILE NO: 23
Dace: 30.6.81
AUGER BORE
Abandoned   plancation,   wet,   salty   patches,   few   tamarix   and   salt   grass.   Local   surface,   dry,   dusty   salt crumb.
Depth cm I
0 -     20 I 7.5YR 3.5/2, moist SiCL, friable, few fine roots, compacted from 0-3 cm common fine, soft I white powdery concretions.
I
20 - 40 | 10YR 3.5/3 moist SiCL, friable, probably massive, occasional fine root.
I
40 -     90 I 10YR 4/3 wet non sticky SiCL, less clay than above.
I
90 - 110 I 10YR 3.5/2 wet slightly sticky SiL.
I
110 - 130 | 10YR 3.5/2 wet slightly sticky fSL. Common dark mottles.
I
130 - 160 I 10YR 3.5/2 wet slightly sticky SiL.
I
160 - 220 I 10YR 3.5/2 met sticky SiL becoming SiCL.
220 - 290 | 10YR 3/3 moist SiCL, firm, co mon
I 10YR 4/4 mottle and dark stainings
I
290 - 370 I 10YR 3/3 moist SiC, very firm, co mon
I 10YR 4/3 mottle and occasional fine hard CaC03 concretion. Hard to auger.
370 - 400 | 10YR 4/3, moist SiCL firm.
I
400 - 410 I 10YR 4/3 moist SiC extremely firm. Too hard to auger deeper.
I Ground water level, 1.22 m next day.
I EC 20.2 ass hos cm.IAUGER BORE
Abandoned plantation.
Calotropis procera.
Dry  aalt  crumb  surface  with-p_at'2lf&R“’<rF*damp  salt,  few  accacia, Nearbye bananas have very irregular growth.
PIOFILE NO: 24
Date: 30.6.81
occasional
Depth cm I
0      -   3 | 10YR           5/3 dry, SiCL, loose, very friable single       grain and fine crumb.
3     - 10 | 10YR           3.5/3 aoist, SiCL, very friable, abundant     fine white crystalls at 3-5               ca.
10      - 30 I 10YR         4/3 aoist SiCL, very coapact, sodic like,         very friable.when augered.          Common   fine white I powdery concretions.
I
35 -     50 I 10YR 3/2 aoist, SiCL-SiC, very friable, abundant fine white powdery concretions.
I
50 - 110 I 10YR 3.5/2 aoist, SiCL, friable, increase in moisture with depth.
I
110 - 135 I 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 aoist SiC, very firm.
I
135 - 170 | 10YR 3.5/2 and 4/3 wet, SiL, non-sticky.
I
170 - 200 I 10YR 4/3 wet SiL and SiCL, slightly sticky, platy structure.
I
200 - 250 | 10YR 4/3 aoist SiCL, firm.
I
250 - 300 | 10YR 4/3 and 5/3 wet, SiL, fSL, fS, slightly sticky. Laminated. 300 ♦          | Too fluid to auger.
I
I Groundwater table 2.14 tn next day.
I EC 14.4 tan ho a/cm.
I1
k
k
I
I
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
kPROFILE RO: 25
Dace: 30.6.81
AUGER BORE
Abandoned   plantation.   Dry   surface   with   clay   skin   and   polygonal   cracking   5-7   cm   centres.   40Z   cover   of Tribulua terrestris and Launea cornuta.
Depth ca I
0 -       5 I 10YR 5/3 dry, SiL, loose, single grain and aoderate fine and medium subaugular blocky, comon
I fine dead roots and fine pores.
I
5 -     35 I 10YR 5/3 dry, SiL, slightly hard, aoderate mediua subaugular blocky. Common dead fine and
I mediua roots.
I
35 -     70 | 10YR 4/3 and 5/3 moist SiL, very friable, platy structure, few dead roots, auger flour.
I
70 -     90 I 10YR 7/2 and 6/4 moist SiL and Si and 10YR 2.5/2 moist SiCL, platy structure. SiCL is very
I fine augular blocky. Cowon dark mottles.
I
90  -  120  1  10YR  3.5/2  moist  SiCL,  very  friable,  auger  flour  co™on  7.5YR  5/6  mottle.  Common  dead  roots.
I
120 - 150 I 10YR 3,5/2 moist SiC, very firm, auger smear occasional very fine white CaCOj concretion.
I Common light and dark aottles.
I
150 - 210 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 vet, SiCL, non-sticky. Common faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
210 - 230 I 10YR 3.5/3 moist, SiCL, very firm, auger polish.
I
230 - 350 I 10YR 4/3 wet SiCL, non sticky, with a gritty feel, conmon CaCOj concretions. 350 - 360 | 5Y 6/2 wet, clay loam, common CaCOj concretions, weathered cuff like material.
I Groundwater level 2.18 m next day.
I EC 15.8 rms hos/cm.
I♦PROFILE KO: 26
Date: 12.6.81
AUGER BO IE
Abandoned Plantation. Dry loose surface soft, salt crumb. Common AbutiIon sp.
Depth cm |
0 -     30 | 10YR 4-5/2 dry, SiCL, slightly hard, strong to moderate fine medium and coarse subaugular
I blocky. Many roots, live and cooson fine pores.
I
30 - 45 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiCL, friable, auger flour.
I
45 -     60 | 10YR 4/2 dry SiCL, hard weak-moderate fin* and medium subaugular blocky, few pores or roots.
I
60 -     80 | 10YR 5/3 and 5/4 moist, SiL, friable, some 7.5YR 5/6 mottle, few pores or roots.
I
80 - 105 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiCL, firm, signs of earlier prismatic structure?
I
105 - 150 | 10YR 4/2 moist, SiL. friable, probably massive. Slight 7.5YR 5/6 mottle, rev fine pores.
I
150 - 185 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/5 moist, fSL, very friable.
I
185 - 240 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiCL, firm. Few fine crystalls, possibly CaSO/,.
240 - 350 | 10YR 3/2 moist, SiC-C firm.
I
350 - 415 I 10YR 3/2 moist, clay, firm, few hard CaCO? concretions.
I
I Water entering bore at 350 and rising to 273 cm below ground surface after 5| hours. I Groundwater level 2.52 m next day.
I EC 2.6 os hos/cm.
IN
II
■
II
IIPROFILE NO: 27
Date: 15.6.81
AUGER BORE
Abandoned     Plantation.     Dry     loose     surface     occasional     partly     infilled     cracks.     Occasional     Accacia     and Calotropia procera.
Depth cm I
0 -      35 I 10YR 5/3 dry, SiCL, slightly hard, moderate fine and medium subangular blocky. Many grass
I roots and few pores.
I
35 -      55 I 10YR 5/3 and 5/4 dry, SiL, weak platy structure occasional root.
I
55 - 75 I 10YR 5/3 and 5/4 dry, £SL, single grain.
75   -   140   I   10YR   5/3   and   5/4   moist   SiL   and   10YR   4/3   SiCL   laminated.   Occasional   7.5YR   5/6   mottle.
I
140 - 200 I 10YR 4/2 SiCL and SiL moist, laminated.
I
200 - 230 I 10YR 4/2 moist fSL, single grain.
I
230   -   250   I   7.5YR   4/4,   10YR   5/3,   4/3   and   4/4   SiL   and   SiCL   moist   friable   laminated.   Common   7.5YR   5/6 I mottle and light grey mottle.
I
250 - 350 | 10YR 3/2 wet SiC, non-sticky, probably prismatic structure. 350 - 410 | 10YR 5/3 wet SiL and fS, non-sticky, laminated.
I
410 - 500 I 10YR 5/3 wet fSL and SiL, slightly sticky, laminated.
I 1st water st 250, 2nd water at 350 cm.
I Groundwater level 2.89 m next day.
I EC 7.2 mm hos/cm.■
■
II II
■
B
■
B
B
B
B
B
I B
B
B
B
B
BPROFILE MO: 28 Date: 16.6.81
AOGER BORE
Banana Plantation. Variable growth. Moist surface, slightly uneven with few cracks.
Depth cm I
I
0 -     70 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiCL, firm probably prismatic. Many roots.
I
70 - 125 | 10YR 5/3 - 5/4 and 4/3 moist SiL, laminated, few pores and roots. Few 7.5YK 5/6 mottle,
I friable.
I
125 - 290 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC, firm probably prismatic few pores or roots.
I
290 - 300 I 10YR 5/4, 5/5 and 4/3 wet, fSL, non-sticky. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
300 - 450 I 10YR 3/2 wet SiC-C, non-sticky. Compact and hard to auger, few white CaC03 concretions in I old root channela/pores.
I
450 - 500 I 10YR 3/3 wet SiL, slightly sticky, soft, falling out of auger. Few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and dark I atainings. Few white CaC03 concretions.
I
I Groundwater level next day, 2.54 m.
| EC 2.2 ssd hos/ca.PROFILE NO: 29 Date: 17.6.81
AUGER BORE
Abandoned Plantation. Dry Loose surface, self mulching, cracks filled with granular material. Occasional (Populus sp sucker growth, Ricinus Communis and Calotropis Common Abutilon sp.
Depth cm I
I
0 -      60 | 10YR 3/2 dry SiCL, hard, strong coarse and medium subangular blocky, few pores, many roots. I (Probably prismatic)
I
60 - 260 I 10YR 5/3, 5/4 and 4/4 moist SiL friable platy, common pores, occasional tree root. Few 7.5TR I 5/6 mottles.
I
260 - 300 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC, very firm very fine angular blocky and 10YR 5/4 moist SiL very friable I Laminated. Occasional fine powdery CaC03 concretion.
I
300 - 380 | 10YR 4.5/3 moist SiL, friable, platy.
I
380 - 420 | 10YR 2/2 moist SiCL and 10YR 4/2 SiL laminated.
I
420 - 500 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiC friable. Increase in moisture with depth.
(No water)k
k
k
k
k
■
■
l I
IPROFILE NO: 30
Dace: 18.6.81
AUCEI BORE
Abandoned Plantation. Nearbye Awash riverine forest. Occaaional young Acacia ap. Dry, powdery traapled surface with annual weeds.
Depth ca I
0 -      40 I 10YR 4/2 dry, SiCL, hard, strong fine and oediua subangular blocky, many fine roots and
I pores.
I
40 -      60 | Above but aoist and friable.
I
60   -   HO   I   10YR   4/2   and   4/4   aoist   SiCL   and   fSL,   platy   occasional   7.5YR   5/6   Bottle   in   old   root   channel.
I
110 - 300 | 10YR 5/5 - 5/4 - 5/3 Boist SiL’s, very friable platy, frequent 7.SYR 5/6 Bottle.
I
300 - 350 I 10YR 4/3 wet SiL non-sticky.
I
350 - 460 I 10YR 4/3 wet fSL non-sticky.■
■
II
R
R
R
RPIOFILE BO: 31
Date: 19.6.81
AUGER BORE
Abandoned    Plantation.    Occasional    Acacia    ap    and    Calotropia    procera.    Conanon    dead    Portulaca    sp    and    annual grasses - Dry slightly uneven sealed, hard surface. Plat, slightly elevated area.
Depth cm I
I
0 -      30 | 10YR 5/3 dry, SiCL, hard, strong very coarse and medium subangular blocky, few pores, many
I dead fine roots, comon fine white powdery CaCOj concretions. Absorbs water rapidly and
I slumps. (10YR 4/3.5 when moist) (Sampled).
I
30 -      60 I 10YR 4/3 SiL, and fSL dry, few pores and roots, laminated.
I
60 - 120 | Above but moist, comon 7.SYR 5/6 mottle.
I
120 - 250 | 10YR 5/4 SiL and fSL, moist, friable, laminated. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
250 - 340 | 10YR 4/3 SiL and SiCL moist, firm, auger flour. Common 7.SYR 5/6 mottle.
I
340  - 400  |  10YR 3.5/4  moist SiCL, very  firm, increasing  moisture with depth. Common 7.5YR 5/6  mottle.
I
400 - 530 | 7.SYR 4/2 moist, SiCL, very firm. Common 7.5YR 5/6 and N6/- mottle.
I
530 - 585 I 7.5YR 3.5/2 moist SiCL, becoming wet non-aticky and plastic at 560, water at 580 cd
I (Sampled).
I
I EC 0 ~ 30 cm 3.2 x 103
3
1 EC groundwater, 36.0 x 10 .
III
«
II
II
a
a
u
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
■V't* "T"*PROFILE NO: 32
Date:
22.6.81
AUGER BORE
Abandoned  Plantation.  Occasional  young  Acacia  sp,  annual  grasses  and  comon
Launea  Cornuta.
Dry,
loose, powdery surface, granular top soil. Close to secondary canal.
Depth cb |
I
0 - 20 I 10YR 5/2 dry, SiL, slightly hard, fine and medium granular over strong to medium fine I subangular blocky, few pores many live and dead roots.
I
20 -     40 I 10YR 4/3 moist, SiCL, auger flour, few dark stainings, few fine roots.
I
40 - 55 | 10YR 5/3 and 6/3 moist SiL, friable laminated.
I
55 - 150 I 10YR 4/3 and 5/6 moist, SiL, friable, laminated with bands of fal.
I
150 - 180 | 5Y 6/2 and 10YR 4/3 moist, SiL, very friable, auger flour, laminated.
180 -     215 I                10YR 5/4 and 4/3 moist, fsl and Is single grain.
215 -     250 | 10YR 4/3               and 5/4 wet, SiCL, wet non-sticky, becoming moist firm. 250 -     360 | 10YR 4/3        moist SiL and fsl, laminated.
360 -     440 I               10YR 4/3, wet SiCL, wet non-sticky becoming wet slightly sticky.
440 -     500  10YR 7/2 
wet, SiCL, wet slightly sticky, becoming moist firm, then very firm at 490 cm, water
I rose to 360 cm after 6 hours.
I
I Groundwater level 358 cm next day.
3
I EC groundwater, 28.4 x 10 .PROFILE NO: 33
Dat
e: 23.6.81
AUGER BORE
Abandoned  nursery  -  shade  trees.  Occasional  young  Acacia  sp   AbutiIon  spp  and  dead
t
annual
grasses.
Dry
hard, compact dusty surface, with occasional gilgai like cracks.
Depth cm I
I
0 -     35 | 10YR 5/3 dry, (4/3 moist) SiCL, hard strong, coarse, medium and fine subaagular blocky,
I frequent fine pores and common dead fine roots. Absorbs water rapidly and slumps.
I
35 -     60 I 10YR 3-5/3 moist, SiCL-SiL very friable auger flour, few fine CaCOj powdery concretions.
I Fragment of burnt clay pottery.
60 - 120 | 10YR 4/8.5 moist, SiCL, very friable, few fine CaCOj powdery concretions.
120 - 180 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiC, very firm, auger smear, few dark staininga, conson CaCOj concretions.
180 - 270 I 10YR 5/3 moist SiCL, very friable, auger flour, decreasing CaCO} concretions with depth.
270 - 310 | 10YR 4/5 moist si, very friable, single grain.
310 - 360 I Above but wet non-sticky.
360 - 380 I 10YR 4/3 moist SiC, firm, few CaCO} concretions.
I
380  -  450  |  10YR  wet,  SiCL,  wet  non-sticky,  becoming  moist  firm,  few  7.5YR  5/6  mottle  and  hard  fine  CaCOj I concretions.
I
450 - 500 | 7.5YR 5/6 moist SiC, very firm.
I EC groundwater 8.8 x 10\1PROFILE NO: 34
Dace: 24.6.81
AUGER BORE
Banana  Plantation,  good  growth.  Coamo  n
Launea  cornuta  and  Cyperus  bulbosus  and  annual  grata  *PP>  Dry
slightly uneven surface, cotsaon fine cracks.
Depth ca I
0 -     50 I 10YR 3/2 aoist, SiC firm, weak prismatic occasional vertical crack, pores and fine root.
I
50 -     60 I Above but only just aoist, auger flour.
I
60 -     70 I 10YR 3/3 aoist, SiCL, friable, auger flour.
I
70 - 120 I 10YR 4/3 aoist, SiL, very friable, auger flour.
I
120 - 180 | 10YR 3/2 soist. SiCL, firm becoaing very firn.
180 - 250 | 10YR 3.5/3 aoist, SiCL, very firm.
I
250 - 320 I 10YR 5/3, 4/3, 4/4 noist, SiL, very friable laainated. Band of sand at 310 ca. 320 - 370 I 10YR 3.5/3 aoist, SiCL and SiL, friable, laainated.
370 - 400 I 10YR 3/2 wet, SiCL, wet non-sticky becoaing moist friable. 400 - 420 I 10YR 5/3 aoist SiL, friable becoaing wet non-sticky.
420 - 500 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 SiL and fsl wet non-sticky.
I
I EC groundwater 6.2 x 10^.
I
IPROFILE NO: 35
Date: 2.7.81
AUGER BORE
Banana Plantation, Good growth. Abundant Annual grass spp. Dry slightly uneven, firn dusty surface.
Depth cm I
I
0 -     30 | 10YR 5/3 SiCL slightly hard, moderate medium subangular blocky, many fine medium and fine
I roots.
I
30 - 110 I 10YR 4/3 and 5/3 moist, SiL, friable, laminated many live roots, cowon 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
110 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 moist, SiCL, frisble, common line roots and many 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
W
200 - 300 I 10YR 3/2 wet, SiL, non-sticky, laminated few dark staininga and 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
300 - 490 I 10YR 3/3 wet, fsl and SiL, slightly sticky, laminated.
I
490 - 500 I 10YR 3/3 wet, fsCL, sticky auger smear.
I EC groundwater 4.0 x 10^.PROFILE HO: 36
Date: 6.
7.81
AUGER BORE
Banana   Plantation.   Poor   irregular   growth.   Abundant   Launea   Cornuta.   Dmap,   salty   surface
with
cracks
to
3 ca wide.
Depth cm |
0 -       7 1 10YR 3.5/2 dry SiCL, hard to just wist very firm, strong coarse and medium prismatic, few
| pores, cowon fine line roots.
I
7 -     20 I 10YR 2.5/2 ooiat, SiCL, fir®, compacted few pores or roots.
I
20 -     50 I 7.5YR 3/2 moist, SiC, friable, auger flour few roots.
I
50 - 110 I 7.5YR 3/2 aoist SiC, firm, auger smear.
I
110 - 280 | 10YR 4/2, 4/3, 5/3 and 5/6 wist SiL and si laminated, friable, below 150 wet non-sticky.
280 - 410 I 10YR 3/4 wet, el, non-sticky, massive.
410 - 480 I 10YR 3/2 SiC/C wist very firm, clay skins, shell fragments, faint fine 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
480  -  500  |  10YR  5/3  ♦  4/3  wist  SiCL,  firm,  probably  massive,  few  old  root  channels  with  some  7.5YR  5/6 I mottle inside.
I EC of groundwater 11.2 x 10\
Ift
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
a
aPROFILE WO: 37
Dace
AUGER BORE
Banana   Plantation.   Good   growth.   Abundant   Laurea   co   route   <nd   comoo    Euphorbia   heterophy1la. uneven surface, damp in pices recently irrigated.
9.7.81
Slightly
Depth cm I
0 -      30 I 10YR 2.5/2 moist. SiCL very friable, common fine line roots, few pores.
30 - 100 I 10YR 2.5/2 moist, SiCL, fins, few banana roots, few 10YR 4/2 mottle.
100  - 140  I 10YR 3/2  moist SiCL, friable, few banana  roots, few 10YR 4/2  mottle.
I
140 - 190 | 10YR 3/3 and 4/3 wet, SiCL, non-sticky.
I
190 - 290 I 10YR 4/2 and 5/4 wet, SiL, non-sticky.
I
290 - 310 I 10YR 3/1 moist SiC, firm.
I
310 - 350 I 10YR 3/3 moist, SiCL, firm.
I
350 - 400 I 10YR SiCL-SiL moist firm becoming wet non-sticky.
I
400 - 450 I 10YR 4/3 wet fsl, non-sticky.
I
I EC groundwater 2.6 x 10^.1PROFILE NO: 38 Date: 10.7.81
ADGER BORE
Abandoned Banana Plantation. Few young Acaccia ap. Common Cadaba rotundifolia. Patchy annual grass growth, good in places. Dry sealed hard surface with patches of damp salt, soft.
Depth cb I
I
0 -        1 | 10YR 2/2 moist SiCL, firn, coapacc, sodic, few roots, old fine root channels filled with fine I powdery CaCOg.
1 -      35 I 10YR 3/3 moist, SiCL, friable, structure less, absorbs water rapidly, few roots and fine I white powdery concretions.
I
35 -      90 | 10YR 5/3 and 4/3 moist SiL very friable, platy structure, faint few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
1
90 - 140 | 10YR 4/3 aoist SiL, firn, Common 7.5YR 5/6 aottle.
I
140 - 210 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 woist SiL, friable, platy structure, few pores no roots. Narrow bands of I darker sandy loan.
I
210 - 250 | 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 noist SiL, friable, platy structure.
250 - 300 | Above but wet non-sticky.
I
300 - 340 | 10YR 3/2 wet SiCL, non-sticky, becoming aoist firm, few pores. Cowman 10YR 3/4 and 2/1 I eottle.
I
340 - 500 I 10YR 4/3 4/4 and 5/6 wet. SiL non-sticky, laminated cocnon 10YR 2/1 mottle. Occasional I narrow band of silt.
I
I EC groundwater 14.1 x 10\I
I I k
I I k
k
k
k
k
I k
k
B
B
■
B
BPROFILE BO: 40
Dat
e: 15.
7.81
AUGER BORE
Banana   Planation   3rd/4th   year,   variable   growth,   generally   good.   Wet   surface,   following 
rain
and
an
earlier irrigation. Earthwarm caste.
Depth cm |
I
0 - 40 I 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 moist, SiCL, firm moderate medium and fine subangular blocky, comon roots,
I pores and few earthworms, 2-3 cm long.
40 - 120 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiL, friable, occasional root, 7.5YR 5/6 and 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
120 -     230 I               10YR         3.5/3           wet SiL, non-sticky.
230 -     240 I               10YR         2.5/2           moist         SiC, firm, dark staining in            old             root channels.
240 -     420 I               10YR         3/3 SiL and                  fsl wet slightly sticky and              wet             non-sticky, platy structure. 420 -      490 | 10YR      2.5/2           moist         SiC-C with 3/3 infillings firm becoming very firm,     prismatic structure with
I some fine angular blocky, auger polish, clay skins. (Buried vertisol?).
3
EC of groundwater 8 150 cm, 1.0 x 10 .I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0
j
I
! I I
t
tPROFILE NO: 41
Date: 16
.7.81
AUG El BORE
Mature   Banana   Plantation.   Good   growth.   Few   weeds,   banana   leaf  trash.   Wet   surface
following   rain
and
irrigation, sealed surface in places.
Depth ca |
I
0 -     30 | 7.5YR 3/2 noiat SiCL, friable, few pores, occasional root.
•I
30 - 70 | 10YR 3/3 moist SiL, friable, small sand lenses.
I
70 - 100 | 10YR 2.5/2 SiC-C moist firm, auger polish.
I
100  -  130  |  10YR  4/3  moist  SiL,  very  friable  few  pores,  many  7.5YR  5/6  and  10TB  2/1  mottle.
I
130 - 195 I 10YR 4/3 wet. SiL slightly sticky.
I
195 - 200 | 10YR 2.5/2 moist SiCL, firm few 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
200 - 350 | 10YR 3.5/3 moist SiL becoming wet non-sticky, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. 350 - 360 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiCL-SiC firm, few 10YR 2/1 mottle.
360 - 500 I 10YR 4/2 and 3/3 wet SiL, slightly sticky, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottles.
I Groundwater rose to 107 ca.
I EC of groundwater 7.4 x 10\PROFILE NO: 42 Date:
AUGER BORE
Banana Plantation - Mature good growth. Damp firn surface. Few patchy grass.
Depth cm |
I
0 -     20 I 10YR 4/3 moist SiCL, friable, many fine live roots, earthworms.
•I
20 - 35 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiL, very friable.
I
35 - 115 I 10YR 4/3 and 5/3 moist SiL, friable becoming wet non-sticky.
I
115 - 300 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiCL, firm few 7.SYR 5/6 and 2/- mottle.
I
300 - 390 I 10YR 4/3 wet SiL, slightly sticky, laminated.
I
390 - 420 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC, firm, for 10YR 2/1 mottle.
420 - 500 I 10YR 4/3 and 5/3 wet SiL, slightly sticky, laminated, coimon 7.SYR 5/6 mottle.
I
I 1st Groundwater level, 100 cm. I EC groundwater 4.25 x 10 .
I
I 2nd Groundwater level, 170 cm.
I EC 6.75 x 103.
3k
■
II
k
k
k
k
k
k
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
IPROFILE NO: 43 Date:
AUGER BORE
Banana Planation - Good growth. Wet surface after rain, coomion earthwarm casts.
Depth cm I
0 - 60 | 10YR 2.5/2 moist, SiC firm, plastic, many banana roots, few pores, clay skins.
60 - 95 | 10YR 2.5/2 moiat SiCL, friable common fine pores and old root channels end faint fine 7.5YR I 5/6 mottle.
I
95 - 110 | 10YR 3/2 wet SiCL-SiL, slightly sticky.
110 -140 | 10YR 3/2 moist, SiCL, firm, coamon faint fine 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
140 - 240 | 10YR 3/2 SiCL, moist firm becoming very firm, massive? few pores and old root channels, few I CaC03 concretions, comon 10YR 2/1 and N6/-.
240 - 260 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiC, very firm with above mottle.
I
260 - 275 1 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 C-SiC just moist, extremely firm to hard. Compact, few pores or old root I channels, (Buried vertisol?). Coamon 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
275 - 290 I 10YR 4/3 and 3/2 moist SiCL, very firm, few 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
290 - 320 I 10YR 4/3 and 3/2 moist, SiC, very firm, rare 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
320 - 360 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiL, very firm, rare 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
360 - 410 | 10YR 3/2 SiC-C moist firm. Occasional soft white powdery CaC03 concretion and 10YR 2/1 I staining.
I
410 - 490 | 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 SiC and SiCL. Laminated, coasson 10YR 2/1 mottle.
1
490 - 510 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiC-C, very firm, cowon 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and some very fine angular blocky I peds.
I
I EC groundwater, 60 cm, 0.92 x 10\norxiz
Data:
AD on BOU
Small    area    cleared    from    Acacia    scrub,    surface,    vet    after    rain    and    slightly    compacted. cornu ta. Near Maio Canal.
Depth ca |
I
0 -      20 I 10TR 3/3 vet CL, non-st icky, many fine live roots.
I
20 -      40 I 10YR 3/3 moist CL, friable many fine live root.
I
40  - 200  |  7.5TB 3/2  moist SiCL, friable, increasing  moisture with depth, auger polish.
I
200 - 225 I 10 YR 6/2 and 3/1 moist fine sand.
I
225 - 310 I 10YR 4/3 and 3/3 SiL-SiCL moist friable.
I
310 - 320 I Above but vet slightly stieky.
I
320 - 350 | 10YR 2/1 vet coarse sand.
I
350 - 400 I Above by inference.
I
I 1st Croundvater 180-200 cm.
I EC 2.6 x 103.
I 2nd Croundvater at 325 cm, level constant after 24 hrs.
I EC 0.66 x 103.r.-HK-'PROFILE WO: 45
Dat
e:
AUGER BORE
Abandoned   Plancation.   Dead   and   dying   Populua   sp,   Abutilon   app   patchy   annual   grass
growth.
Surface
wet
after rain, slightly uneven, weak polygenal cracking to 7 ca.
Depth cm I
|
0 -      30 | 10YR 3/3
|
30 - 70 | 10YR 3/3
|
70 - 120 | 10YR 3/3
|
120 - 140 | 10YR 4/3
|
and    4/3    moist,    SiCL,    very    friable,    occasional    fine    root,    pore    and    old    root    channel, and 4/3, just moist, SiCL, friable, few live roots and fine pores.
moist    SiCL,    firn,    auger    polish,
and 3/3 moist SiL, very friable, platy structure.
140 - 220 | 10YR 4/3       and 3/3 wet, SiCL, non-sticky. 220 - 350 | 10YR 4/3        and 3/3 moist, SiC-C, very firm.
350 - 450 | 10YR 3/2
|
moist   SiC-C,   extremely   firn,   few   small   hard   CaC03   concretions,   many   10YR   2/1   mottle
450 - 500 1 10YR 4/3 moist SiC, very firn, few CaCOj concretions and 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I Groundwater level 143 cm at end of day.
I EC groundwater, 4.2 x 10\PROFILE NO: 46 Date: 24.7.81
AUGER BORE
Abandoned Banana Plantation. Patches of annual grasses and Abutilion spp. Surface wet after rain, salty patches and bare patches of weak polygenal cracking 5-7 cm.
Depth cm |
I
0 -      35 I 10YR 3/2 moist, SiCL, very friable, moderate fine, medium and coarse subangular blocky,
I common fine live roots, many fine and medium pores.
I
35 -      70 I 10YR 4/3 just moist, SiCL, firm, auger flour.
I
70 -      95 | 10YR 3/2.6 mosit, SiCL, friable, auger flour.
I
95 - 130 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 moist, SiL, friable, platy structure, auger flour.
I
130 - 210 | 10YR 4/4 and 5/3 moist, SiL, very friable, platy structure, narrow bands of fine sand.
I
210 - 290 I 10YR 3/2 and 4/3, moist, SiCL, firm. Common 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
290 - 320 I 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 moist SiC-C, very firm, few fine CaCOj concretions, becoming wet non-sticky
I at 310.
I
320 - 400 I 10YR 3/2 moist C extremely firm, few fine CaC03 concreteions, becoming wet non-sticky.
400 - 500 I 7.5YR 4/4 and 10YR 4/4 moist SiC-SiCL, extremely firm. Many CaC03 concretions; 10YR 2/1 and I N6/- mottle.
I EC groundwater, 316 cm, 0.72 x 10^.PROFILE NO: 47 Date: 29.7.81
AUGER BORE
Banana Plantation, let year. Abundant Cyperus bulboaua Damp, sealed, slightly uneven surface.
Depth cm I
0 -      40 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiC, firm - very firm, weak prismatic structure, few fine pores and fine line 1 roots.
40 -      70| 10YR 4/3 moist, SiL, very friable, few fine pores and fine line roots, auger flour.
I1
70 -      80 | 10YR 6/1 moist, fsl and Si, very friable, platy structure.
1
80  -  120 
|  10YR 4/3  and 4/4  SiL and SiCL, moist very  friable.
11
120 - 175 | 7.SYR 4/3 moist, SiCL, friable, few 10YR 2/1 mottle.
1
175 - 200 I 10YR 4/3 and 3/3 as above.
I
200 - 300 | As above but vet non-sticky.
I
300 - 370 I 10YR 4/4 moist, SiCL, firm, fev 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
370 - 430 | 10YR 4/4 wet, fsl, non-sticky.
I
430 - 500 | 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 moist SiC-C, firm, coimon LOYR 2/1 and 5/3 mottle.
I EC of groundwater, 252 cm, 0.325 x 10\II
II
II
II
II
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
kPROFILE HO: 48 Date: 30.7.81
AUGER BORE
Banana Plantation, lat year. Irregular growth and wind damage. Abundant Cyperua bulbosua
Depth cm I
I
0 -      70 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiC-C, friable becoming firm. Strong coarse and medium prismatic. Hany fine I cracks, and pores. Common live roots.
I
70 - 170 | 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 moist SiL, firm, platy structure, few 10YR 2/1 and 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
170 - 185 I 10YR 3.5/2 moist, SiCL, very firm, compact, many 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
185 - 470 I 7.5YR 3.5/2 wet SiL, non-sticky, platy structure, cotmaon 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
470 - 500 | 10YR 3/2.5 moist, SiL-SiCL, firm, common 10YR 2/1 and 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
I EC groundwater at 172 cm 0.79 x 10 .
I
3PROFILE NO: 49
Dat
e: 31.7.81
AUGER BORE
Recently   cleared   from   Acacia   thorn   scrub,   roughly   levelled.   Damp,   soft   surface,   sealed,
few
vertisol
like cracks.
Depth cm |
I
0 -     20 | 10YR 2.5/2 SiCL, moist friable to firm,
1
20 -     40 | 10YR 4/2 dry, SiC, extremely hard, strong coarse and medium subangular blocky.
I
40 -     50 | 10YR 4/2 - 4/3 dry, SiCL, very hard strong coarse and medium subangular blocky.
I
50 -     60 I 10YR 5/3 moist SiL, very friable, auger flour.
I
60 -     90 I 10YR 5/3 moist fsl-fs very friable single grain and fine crumb, auger flour.
I
90 - 120 I 10YR 5/4 moist, SiL, auger flour.
I
120 - 200 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 moist, SiL, very friable, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
200 - 230 | 10YR 4/2 and 4/3 moist SiCL, firm, few 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
230 - 280 | 10YR 3/2 moist, SiCL, very firm - wet noo-sticky, few 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
280 - 300 | 10YR 4/2 and 4/3 moist, SiCL, firm.
I
300 - 350 I Above but wet, slightly sticky.
I
350 - 435 I 10YR 3/2 and 3/1 moist, SiC-C, extremely firm, clay skins, many 10YR 2/1 mottle, some fine I angular blocky peds.
I
3 435 I Auger shaft broken, hole abandoned.
I
3
I EC of groundwater, 280 cm, 1.975 x 10 .PROFILE NO: 50
Date: 4.8.81
AUGER BORE
Acacia scrub, few Cadaba rotundifolia. Dry loose, soft, surface. Gelgai Like depressions.
Depth cm I
I
0 - 45 I 10YR 2.5/2 moist SiC, friable, few pores, vertical cracks widening with depth to 1 en.
45 - 120 | 10YR 3/2.5 just moist SiC, firm, strong coarse and medium prismatic. Absorbs water rapidly I and slumps.
I
120 - 130 | 10YR 4/3 moist, SiL, friable, platy structure - single grains aid fine crumb.
130 - 200 I 10YR 5/3 moist, fsl, friable, platy single grain.
I
200 - 230 I Above but fsl.
I
230 - 350 | 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 moist SiL, friable.
I
350 - 410 | 10YR 4/2 just moist SiCL, very firm.
410 - 440 | 10YR 3/2 just moist SiC-C extremely firm, prismatic structure, clay skins, and very fine and I fine angular blocky peds, few old root channels filled with white powdery CaCOj
I concreteions.
I
I Too hard for auger below 440.
I
I No groundwater encountered.
■PROFILE RO: 51 Date: 10.8.81
AUGER BORE
Banana   Plantation,   generally   good   growth.   Uneven,   damp   surface.   Firm   with   cracka   to 
2   cm   wide   in
places. Abundant annual grass, common Ricinus communis.
Depth cm |
I
0-20 18.75/3/2 moist, SiC, friable, few fine line roots, pores and fine cracks.
I
20 -      80 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC-C, firm, probably prismatic structurre, clay skins, few live roots.
I
80 - 100 I 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 moist SiCL, firm, occasional root.
I
100 - 190 | As above but wet non-sticky, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
190 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC-C, firm, possibly prismatic structure, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. 200 - 300 | 10YR 3/3 and 7.5YR 4/4 wet SiCL and SiL non-sticky, probably platy structure. 3 300 I Auger handle broken off.
I
3
I EC of groundwater 2.5 x 10 .I
i
I
I
I
IPROFILE NO: 52 Date: 11.8.81
AUCER BORE
Banana    Plantation,    Mature,    good    growth.    Damp    soft    surface,    recently    irrigated.    Abundant
Launej_
curnuta, Comon Euphorbia hetrophylla and Abutilon sp.
Depth ca I
I
0 -      45 I 8.75YR 3/3 moist, SiCL, friable many live roots.
45 - 140 I 10YR 3/3 and 4/4 SiCL, very friable, few pores and roots. Coeeaon 7.5YR 5/6 Bottle.
I
140  - 300  I 8.75YR 3/2  wet, SiCL, SiL and fal, non-sticky, laminated, very  soft, falling  from auger.
I
300 - 390 I 10YR 3/2 moist, SiC-C, very firn few faint 10YR 2/1 mottle.
I
390 - 500 | 10YR 3/3 wet, SiL and SiCL, non-sticky, laminated. Common 10YR 4/4 mottle.
I
I EC of groundwater 8.25 x 10 .
I
3PROFILE NO: 53 Data: 14.8.81
AUGER BORE
Banana Plantation. Generally good growth, few patches of poor growth. Wet, soft surface, uneven. Abundant Cyperus bulboaus. Common Euphorbia hetrophytta.
Depth cm |
0 -      80 I 8.75 3/2 moist SiC, friable, becoming wet non-sticky. Common live roots, few pores, chin
I shell fragments.
I
80 - 130 | 10YR 3/2 moist, SiC, firm, few very fine CaC03 concretions.
I
130 - 210 I 10YR 5/3 and 4/4, moist, SiL, very friable, platy structure, few pores and 7.5YR 5/6 and 10YR I 2/1 mottle.
I
210 - 260 | 10YR 4/2 wet, fa, non-sticky, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
260 - 300 1 7.5YR 3.5/2 wet SiCL, slightly sticky. Common 7.5YR 5/6, 10YR 2/1 and H6/- mottle.
I
300 - 320 | 10YR 5/3 and 4/4 wet, SiL, non-sticky platy structure.
I
320 - 440 | 10YR 3/2 moist clay, extremely firm and compact.
440 - 500| 7.5YR 3.5/2 wet, SiCL, slightly sticky. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. Large N6/- mottles and I smell of H2S at 480 cm.
3
I EC of groundwater 1.2 x 10 .
IIPROFILI NO: 54
Date: 20.8.81
AGGER BORE
Banana    Plantation,    patchy    growth,    locally    poor.    Damp,    firn    uneven    surface.    Abundant    Cyperus    bulbosus and launea comuta.
Depth cm I
I
0 -      70 I 10YR 3/3 moist heavy SiL, friable, common live roots, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottles in pores and old
I root channels.
I
70 - 140 I 10YR 3/3 and 4/3 moiat SiCL, friable, common 7.5YR 5/6 noetic.
I
140 - 190 I As above but SiL.
I
190 - 280 I 8.75 3/3 wet, SiL, non-sticky.
I
280   -   400   I   10YR   3/2   moist   SiC-C   very   fire,   becoming   extremely   fire  at   400   cm.   Common   7.5YR   5/6   and I 10/YR 2/1 nottle.
I EC of groundwater, 2.2 x 10^.ANNEX III
Results of Soil Chemi aal! AnalysisINSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH . I IO LETTA -QI EH KT - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION ANALYTICAL DATA RECORD SHEET
PROJECT: AMI BARA IRRIGATION 2 MAY 1981
SHEET I
1
1
1
1 Field
1 No
1
1
1
1
1
I Depth
1 c»
1
1
1
1
1
1
| Saturated
1 Extract
1
1
“T
1 7.60
1
1
1 of
| Saturated
1  Extract
1
T”
1 2.15
1 EC
1
1
1
1 Na
1
T“
1  10.87
1
Soluble
Cations
of
I Soluble Anions of
|
|
1
1
I pll of
| nnhui/cm
|
meq/I
Saturated
Ext ract
Imeq/i Saturated Extract
|
|
1 Lab
1 Ho
1
1
1-------------
1 6427/81
I DHH-1     1/1     I     0-25
11
Ik                 1 ca
11
11
1 2.25 1 42.90
£
T~
1 Sum
1
T           1                “I
1
T~
1 ci
1
V
1 so4
1
1
1 CO3
1
I 6428/81         1 AIP 10    1/2     1  25-58       1 7.85               I 6. 20                1 69.57     1 2.61 1        145.70
7.33      1  63.35     1 10.00       1  24.00     1 Trace      1    7.301        41.30 1                         1
r '       n         r          1----------------- 1
I11
1 HCO3 1 Sum |
111
I SAK                1
I 1
1
1 6429/8) 1 AlF 10 1/3 I 58-100 1 7.95
1 6430/81 1 AIP 10 1/4 1 100-150 1 9.15
1 6431/81 1 AIP 10 1/5 1 150-200 1 9.60
1 6432/8) 1 DRH-2 2/1 I 0-27 1 7.35
1 6433/81        I AIP 8       2/2     1  27-74       1 7.30
1 6434/8)        I AIP 8       2/3     I 74-130        1 7.45
1 6435/8)        I DRH-3     3/1     1    0-45       1 7.75
1 6436/81        1 AIP 3      3/2     1 45-75         1 7.90
1 6437/81 1 AIP 3 3/3 1 75-100 1 7.75
1 6438/81 1 AIP 3 3/4 1 100-145 1 7.70
1 8.50
1 6.20
1 150.01 1 0.81 1 36.85
I 113.05 1 0.33 1 . 10.45
I 5.40                 1 86.96     I 0.61 1             1.55
1 3.80
1 3.15
1 3.90
1 3.06
1 1.04
1 0.85
1 0.16
1  15.22   1    0.97 |       51.15
1  23.91   1    0.23 1      71.50
1 23.91     1    0.31 1      53.90
1 6.52 1 0.61 1 11.50
I 8.70 1 0.10 I 4.95
1 8.70 I 0.28 | 3.30
1 6.52 I 0.28 I 6.60
24.75 1 242.63 1 128.00 1 21.60 1 Trace 1 3.40 | 153.0 |
11.00 1 198.73 1 162.50 1 67.47 1 Trace 1 3.30 I 233.27 1
26.58 1 150.41 1 55.00 1 91.20 1 Trace 1 4.50 I 150.70 I
2.75      1  91.87     1  46.00     1  27.20     1  3.10       1     3.10 |         79.40 | 10.00       1  77.24     1 53.50       1    5.60     1 Trace      1    4.00 1        63.10 | 19.25       1 114.89     1 65.50       1    5.60     1 Trace      1    4.201         75.30 |
18.33       1 96.45      1 59.00      I 6.00          1 Trace      1 2.60 |
67.00 |
I 6439/81         1 DR II-4   4/1     I 0-20            1 7.25               1 2.10                1     6.52   1     1.28 I     - 37.40
| 6440/61         I AIP 1       4/2     I 20-70          I 7.25
1 7.30
1  15.22   1     2.74 |     122.50
I 6441/81         1 AIP 1     4/3     I 70-100        1 7.15               1 7.50                1 28.26     1     2.53 1    170.00
1 6442/8)         1 AIP 1      4/4     I 100-150      1 7.25
1 6443/81        1 AIP 1      4/5     I 150-200      I 7.40
| 6444/81         1 DRH-5    5/1     I 0-30            1 7.70
| 6445/81 1 AIP 2 5/2 I 30-50 1 7.60
1 8.10
1 6-70
1 5.80
1 2.15
1 56.52     1     2.53 |     162.00
I 86.96      1     1.131       65.00
1 23.91     1 53.91 1        75.00
1 13.04     1     2.531       26.40
I 6466/81 1 AIP 2 5/3 I 50-140 1 7.65 1 1.30 1 4.35 1 0.281 10.45
I 6447/81 1 AIP 2 5/4 I 143-189 1 7.70 1 0.77 I 2.17 1 0.331 6.05
7.33      1 25.96       1 2.00         1 1.60         1 Trace      I 6.80 |              10.40 | 3.67      1  17.42     1    6.50     1 Trace      1 Trace      1     6.40 |         12.90 | 4.58      1 16.86       1     3.00     1 Trace      1 Trace      1 6.60 |               9.60 | 4.58      1 17.98       1    5.00     1 Trace      1 Trace      1    5.501         10.50 | 9.17      1 54.37       I 19.00        1 Trace      1 Trace      1 1.801             20.80 I
38.50 1 178.96 I 200.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 3.0 I 203.00 I 37.58 1 238.37 1 257.50 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 2.40 I 259.90 | 33.92 1 254.97 1 255.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 2.701 257.70 I 19.25 1 172.34 I 102.00 1 17.60 1 Trace 1 1.801 121.40 | 39.42 I 192.24 1 125.00 1 3.60 1 Trace 1 8.50 I 137.10 |
8.25      1  50.22     1 26.50       1 1.20         1 Trace      1 6.00 1            33.70 | 2.75      1  17.83     1 11.00       1 Trace      1 Trace      1     3.60 I         14.60 I
79.75 1 595.60 1 490.00 I 30.00 1 Trace 1 2.401 522.40 |
38.50 1 192.15 1 152.50 1 32.00 1 Trace 1 1.701 186.20 I
1.83      I 10.38        1 2.00         1 Trace      1 Trace      1    2.901          4.90 1                         1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
| 6448/81         1 DWI-6     6/1 1  1 0-20           1 7.30
1 1.50
1 165.22   1     5.63 |     345.00
I 6449/81         I DRH-6     6/2 1  I 20-60          1 7.25                1 8.50                1 50.00     1     1.151     102.50
1 6450/81 I DRH-6 6/3 1 1 60-115 I 7.45
1 6451/81       I DRH-6     6/4     |I 115-143      1 7.40
1 6452/81       I DRH-7     7/1     1l 0-40            1 7.50
1 6453/81        1 AIP 6      7/2 1       40-80       1 7.80
1 6454/81 1 AIP 6 7/3 1 80-130 1 8.25
1 6455/81 1 AIP 6 7/4 1 130-165 1 8.90
1 6456/81 I AIP 6 7/5 1 165-193 1 9.30
I 6457/81 1 DRH-8 8/1 I 0-40 I 7.30
25.67       1 113.37     1 79.50       1  25.20     1 Trace      1 1.201          105.90 1                         1
1
1
1 5.40
1 6.60
1 6.00
1 36.96 1 0.74 | 50.00
1 60.87     1 1.00 1          50.00
1 50.00     1     2.25 I       50.00
I 8.50 1 167.40 1 3.12| 46.75
I 7.40 1 171.75 1 2.56 I 24.75
22.50 1 139.37 1 124.00 1 232.80 1 Trace 1 1.70| 148.50 |
12.83 1 115.08 1 99.00 1 4.80 1 Trace 1 1.801 104.80 |
16.50 1 233.77 I 165.00 1 52.80 1 Trace 1 1.80 1 219.60 |
5.50      I 204.56      1 52.50       I 76.40        1 Trace       1    4.40 |       133.30 1                      1
1
1
1
1 6.20
1 5.50
1 163.05 1 1.87 | 17.60
1 145.66 1 1.721 11.55
I 1 .80                1 17.39     1    0.331       13.75
5.50 I 188.02 1 61.50 1 68.20 I Trace 1 12.60 1 142.30 |
5.50 I 164.43 1 57.00 1 70.29 I Trace 1 16.501 143.79 I
5.50 I 36.97 I 7.00 1 2.00 1 Trace 1 2.20| 11.20 |
|
1
1
I 6458/81         1 AIP 13    8/2 1        40-90       1 7.50                1 2.50                1  10.87   1     0.231       12.65
3.67      1 27.42       1  10.50     1    4.40     1 Trace      1 1.20 |            16.10 1                      1
1 6459/81        1 AIP 13    8/3 I         90-140     1 7.40
1 2.25
1    8.70   1 0.28 |           15.40
I 6460/81         1 AIP 13    8/4     |  140-200     1 7.50                1 2.30                1  13.04   1    0.33 I       26.95
3.67 I 28.05 1 17.00 1 7.70 1 Trace 1 1.00 I 25.70 |
7.33 I 47.65 1 27.50 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 1.701 29.20 |
1
1
1 646J/81        1 DRJI-9   9/1     1     0-65       1 7.45
1 1.40
I 6462/8) 1 AIP 4 9/2 1 65-80 1 7.55 1 2.30
I 6463/81 1 AIP 4 9/3 1 80-160 1 7.50 1 2.90
1 6464/81        1 AIP 4      9/4     1 160-200    1 7.45
1 3.50
| 8.70 1 0.201 8.25
| 10.87 1 0.74 I 26.95
| 10.87 1 1.18 1 44.00
I 28.26 1 1.721 69.85
2.75      1  19.90     1 Trace       1 Trace      I Trace       1 2.201              2.20 1                       1
6.42       1  44.98     1 22.00       1     3.20     1 Trace      I 14.50 |            39.70 I
7.33      I 63.38        1 34.50       I 6.00          1 Trace      1     1 . 30 I      41.80 1                       1
1
I 6465/81         1 DfiH-10  10/1 1       0-70       I 7.60                 1 I .10                1    8.70   1    0.38 |        12.65.
17.42       I 117.25      I 64.00        I 12.80        1 Trace       1    0.90 1           7.70 I 3.67       1 25.40       I 3.00          I Trace       1 Trace      1    0.301            3.30 I
1
1
1 6466/81        I AIP 7       10/2 |      70-107     1 7.55
I 0.80                 1  13.04   1 0.20 |           12.10
3.67       1  29.01     I 8.00          1 Trace       1 Trace      1    0.20 I         10.20 1                       1
I 6467/81         1 AIP 7      10/3 1   107-180     1 7.55                | 1.80                 1    2.17   1    0.46 I        29.70
| 6468/81 I AIP 7 10/4 | 180-200 I 7.20
I 6469/81 I DKH-11 . 11/1 1 0-40 1 7.80
1 9.50
| 0.70
1 17.39     1 l.iol
58.30
1     2.17   1     1.51 1      87.45
7.33 1 39.66 1 12.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 1.10I 13.10 | 20.17 1 96.96 I 26.10 I 5.60 1 Trace I 18.501 50.20 | 23.83 1 114.96 1 20.00 I Ttace 1 Trace 1 4.301 24.30 1
1
1
1•-4
o
E
v? ><
e
w
5
5
o
>h
<
5 I
t 3 § 2 5
al
2
tn -J s
J
I
s
<
0
J
<
U
H
5ABHSHEET J
1-----------1---------- 1---------1------------------------------------- 1
I Exchangeable Cations aeq/100 ga> Soil
1
1 Lab
I No
I
I Field
1 No
1
1 Depth
1 c»
1
1
1 Na 1
11
1K
1
1
1 Ca
1
11
1 Mg
1
1
| 6427/81
1
1 DRH-1 l/l
1
I 0-25
1
1 2.57
T"
I 4.05
1
I 82.06
1
1 7.09
I 6428/81        1 AlP 10    1/2     I 25-58          1  7.70       I 3.46          I 82.69        I 9.98 | 6429/81        1 AIP 10    1/3     1 58-100       1 29.67       I 2.02          I 80.54        I 9.36 1 6430/81        1 AIP 10    1/4     1 100-150     I 40.98        I 1.69          I 57.23        1    7.86
1 6431/81       1 AIP 10    1/5     I 150-200      | 40.98        I 2.25          I 49.98        I 8.23
I 6432/81        I DRH-2     2/1     I 0-27            1 3.57         1  2.71       | 88.88        I 9.28
1 6433/81       1 AIP a      2/2     I 27-74          I 4.05          I 1.10          1 57.33       I 17.94
1 6434/81       1 AIP 8      2/3     I 74-130        I 4.61          I 1.3!           1  77.81     I 15.49 1 6435/81       1 DRH-3    3/1     I 0-45            1 2.70         I 4.99          1 53.55       1   11.99 1 6436/81       1 AIP 3      3/2     1 45-75         1 4.79         I 2.94          I 91.77        1 25.93 1 6437/81       1 AIP 3      3/3     1  75-100     I 3.22          1 2.00         I 81.17        1    7.35
1 6438/81       1 AIP 3      3/4      J 100-145     I 2.61          1  1.41       I 87.62        1    8.14
I 6439/81        I DRH-4     4/1     I 0-20            1 2.13         1 4.69         I 54.71        1   10.15
I 6440/81        1 AIP 1     4/2     1  20-70       1  2.74       1 3.53         I 86.63        1 12.25
I 6441/81        1 AIP 1     4/3     I 70-100        I 4.57          1  2.69       I 89.62        1 12.95
I 6442/81        1 AIP 1     4/4      1 100-150     I 7.40          1 2.66         1  89.25     I 11.64
I 6443/81        1 AIP I       4/5      I 150-200     1 13.44       I 2.38          I 89.30        1 12.16
| 6444/81        I drh-5      5/1     1    0-30       I 3.92          I 28.26        I 84.32        1 14.18
1 6445/81       I AIP 2       5/2     1 30-50         1 3.74         1 5.40         1 95.60       1 11.20
I 6446/81        1 AIP 2      5/3     | 50-140        1  3.00       I 2.00          1 89.15       1    8.31
I 6447/81        1 AIP 2      5/4     I 143-189      1 2.44         I 1.82          1 75.65       1    6.13 I 6448/81        I DRH-6     6/1     1 0-20           1 14.75       I 4.25          1 124.48     1 15.66 I 6449/81        1 DRH-6    6/2 ’   1 20-60         1 7.70         1  1.64       1 110.15     1 13.56 I 6450/81        1 DRH-6    6/3     1 60-115       I 7.40          1 1.61         1 97.23       1  16.54
1 6451/81       1 DKH-6    6/4     I 115-143      1 9.61         1   1.36       I 80.01        1  14.00
1 6452/81       I DRH-7     7/1     |     0-40        I 10.58        I 4.92          1 105.83     I 8.40
1 6453/81       1 AIP 6      7/2     | 40-80          1 32.69       1 3.89         I 85.94        1    8.79
1 6454/81       1 AIP 6      7/3     I 80-130        1 34.71       1 3.34         1  93.84     1    4.52
1 6455/81       I AIP 6       7/4     I 130-165      1 63.42       I 3.26          | 82.88        1    9.56
1 6456/81       1 AIP 6      7/5     I 165-193      1 52.37       1 7.50         I 76.37        1    5.69
I 6457/81        1 DRH-8    8/1     |     0-40        1 5.06         1 3.30         1 71.15       1    9.30
1 6458/81       | AIP 13     8/2     I 40-90          1 3.91         1   3.02       1 59.00       1    9.30
1 6459/81       1 AIP 13    8/3     I 90-140        1. 3.37        1 3.22         1 76.12       1    9.56
1 6460/31       1 AIP 13    8/4     I 140-200      1 3.03         1  2.30       1 96.77       I 7.88
1 6461/81       I drh-9      9/1 1  1    0-65        I 1.96          1 3.89         I 66.05        I 6.46 1 6462/81       1 AIP 4     9/2 I   I 65-80          1 2.29         1 3.18         1 99.83       1    5.61
1 6463/81       1 AIP 4     9/3 1   I 80-160        1 2.09         1 3.26         1 93.33       1    4.13
1 6464/31        1 AIP 4     9/4 I    I 160-200      I 3.98           1  2.94       1 75.61       1    4.78
1 6465/81       I DRH-10   10/1 I        0-70       1 1.89          1 4.09         1 72.80       1    6.85
1 6466/81        1 AIP 7      10/2 1 1 70-107       1 1.96         1   3.22       1 97.03       1    5.94
| 6467/81        1 AIP 7      10/3 1    107-180     I 2.02          I 2.86          I 113.35      1     6.07 1 6468/81        1 AIP 7      10/4 | 1 180-200     1 3.10         1   2.58       1 107.99     I 6.85 1 6469/81        I DRH-11   11/1 1        0-40       1 1.69         1 3.06         1 89.76       1    4.39
T
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Illi
1 CEC I Base 1
1                 1 aeq/lOOg 1 sat X
1 ESP
1 1
1
I Hiscellaneoua
11 11
I 1
I
1 Sun
1
11
11
95.77 I                        1
103.83 |
121.59 1
|
1
1    2.68 I     Analysis Required are:
1     7.42 |   I 1. Electrical Conductivity of I 24.40 1                saturated extract.
107.78 |                        1
101.44 |
|
101.44 |                        1
80.42 |
I
99.22 | 1
73.23 I 1
1   38.02 1  1
I 40.40 I 1 2. pH of saturated extract.
I 3.41 1       1
1    5.04 |   1 3. Composition of soluble I 4.65          1         salts within saturated 1     3.69     1      extract.
125.23 1
1                   1     3.82     1
93.74 I 1
99.78 | 1
71.68 |
105.15 1
I
I 3.44 1 4. Exchangeable bases.
I 2.62          1
1     2.97     1
1                   1 2.61         1
109.83 I 1
110.95 1
117.28 I
130.68 I
I
I
115.94 | 1
102.46 I 1
I 4.16          1
1    6.67     1
1 11.46       1
I 3.00          1
1     3.23     1
1    2.93     1
86.04     1
1                   1     2.84     1
159.14     |                    1
133.05 |                         1
122.78 I                         1
1     9.27     1
1     5.78     1
1     6.03     1
104.98 1
129.78 I
1                   1     9.15     1
I
131.31 I- 1
136.41 I 1
159.12 I
141.93 I
I
I
88.81 I                         1
I 10.00        1
I 24.90        1
1 25.45       1
1   39.86     1
I 36.90        1
1     5.70     1
76.03 1
1                   1     5.14     1
92.27 I 1
109.98 I 1
78.36 I
111.11 1
102.81 1
I
1 1 2.06
1     3.65     1
1     2.76     1
1     2.50     1
1
1                   1     2.03     1
87.31 I                         1
85.63 1
108.15 1
1 1 2.21
1 1 1.81
124.30 I                         1
1 4.56 1
1 1
1 1.63 1
120.52 1
98.90 1
1 1 2.57 1
1 1 1.71 1
lll<
5a6HSHEET 4
1 Lab
1 No
1
i 1-----------------
1 Field
1 bn
1
1 Depth
1
cm
1
1 Exchangeable Cation* neq/100 gm S
I I---------------- I-------- I------
T
I
I Na
1
1 meq/IOOg | sat X
1K
1
1 6470/61
1
1 AlP 1 4
1 Ca
1
1 Mr
1
nr
11/2 | 40-110
Sum |
I
|
|
1 ESP
1
|
T
I
1 Mi seel1aneoua
1
I
r~
1 2.97
I 6471/81          1 Air    14    11/3 1    115-150 1 6472/81         1 Air    14    11/4 1    150-200
1 6473/81         1 DRH-12     12/1 1       0-50
1 6474/81         1 AIP   12     12/2 |     50-100
1 6475/81         1 Al P  12     12/3 I    100-150
1 6476/81         1 Air    1 2    12/4 |    150-200
1 6477/81         1 DRH--13      13/1 I       0-50
1 6478/81         1 Air    1 6   13/2 1     50-100
1 6479/81         I Air     16     13/3 I    100-150
1 6480/61         1 Air    16     13/4 |    150-200
1 6481/81         1 DRH-14      14/1 |       0-40
1 6482/81         1 Air    5      14/2 1     40-80
1 6483/81         1 Air    5      14/3 1     80-140
1 6484/61         1 Air    5       14/4 |    140-200
1 6465/81         1 DRH-15     15/1 1       0-50
1 64Sb/81        1 Air    11     15/2 |     50-100
1 6487/81         1 Air    11     15/3 I    100-135
1 6488/81         1 A1P  11     15/4 |    135-200
1 6469/81         1 DRH-16      16/1 |       0-25
1 6490/81         1 AIP   22    16/2 1     25-75
1 6491/81         1 AIP   22     16/31     75-120
1 6492/81         1 AIP   22     16/4 |    120-200
1 6493/81         1 DRH--17     17/1 |       0-50
1 6494/8)          1 AIP   11     17/2 |     50-100
1 6495/6)          1 Air    18     17/3 I    100-150
1 6496/81         I AIP    18     17/4 |    150-200
1 6497/81         1 DRH--18     18/1 |       0-50
1 6498/81         1 AIP   21     18/2 |     50-110
1 6499/81         1 AIP   2)      18/3 |    110-150
1 6500/81         1 AIP   21     18/4 |    150-200
1 6501/81         1 DRH-■19   19/1 1       0-70
1 6502/8)          1 AIP   9        19/2 I     70-90
1 6503/61         1 AIP   9       19/3 I     90-130
1 6504/81         1 AIP   9      19/4 1    130-200
1
1 2.78
1
1 86.32
T"
1 4.39
96.46 I
1 T“
|
1 7.62 1 2.03 I 100.34 1 6.33 1 15.64 1 3.34 1 95.15 1 7.49
1   3.17        1   3.34        1 105.06      1 6.20
1 2.29          1   2.42        1 113.09      1 6.20
1 2.36          1 0.99          1 106.46      1     7.49
1   2.43        1 0.8?          1 98.94        1     7.88
1 1.08 1 3.61 1 68.21 1 8.66 1 1.35 1 3.38 1 82.24 I 13.82
1 4.04          1  2.24        1  78.24      1 13.70
1 9.23          1  2.54        1 83.90        1   11.89
1 0.94          1 4.57          1 45.39        1 11.89
1   1.69        1 4.37          1  49.34      1 12.79 1 2.09          1 2.42          1 58.91        1     9.56 1 2.09          1 2.26          1 66.68        1     9.17 1 2.22          1 4.57          1   33.64      1   14.08 1 8.43          1   3.14        1   78.80      1 14.73 1 4.79          1 2.14          1 68.2)         1     9.30 1 0.88          1 2.58          1 76.88        1 10.59 1 1 .01         1 4.88          1 83.51        1     8.53 1 1.08          1   3.06        1 95.37        1     9.69 1 5.93          1   2.50        1 92.57        1 10.21 1 11.12        1  2.30        1 91.93        1   12.15 1   3.10        1 4.05          1 107.61      1     9.43 1   5.46        1 4.25          1 111.05      1   10.34
1   7.4)         1 4.88          1 104.04      1   13.05
1 7.28          1 4.88          1 102.26      1   14.34
1   1.89        1  3.34        1 60.82        1 10.85
1  3.24        1  2.54        1 61.20        1   12.40 1   2.63        1   1.95        1 83.39        1 10.21 1 3.51          1   1.87        1   79.43      1   10.59 1   2.29        1  2.98        1 55.21        1   10.47 1 2.16          1 2.21          1  67.96      1     6.92 1   2.36        1 2.22          1   77.78      1     9.56 1 4.72          1 2.52          1 100.48      1   13.3)
n-----------------
1     3.08
H------------------------------------------------------ I Analysis Required are:
116.32 |
262.16 |
117.77 1
124.00 I
1)7.30 I
110.12 | |
81.56 |
100.77 1
98.22 1
107.56 I
62.79 1
68.19 I
|
I
I
1     6.55     1 1. Electrical Conductivity
1     5.97
saturated extract.
I
|
|
|
I
|
1     2.69      1
1     1.85     | 2. pH of saturated extract.
1 2.01          1
1 2.21          1 3. Composition of soluble 1     1.32      I          salts within saturated
1     1.32     1         extract.
1     4.11      1
1 8.58 1 4. Exchangeable bases.
1                    1     1.50     1
|
72.98 I                          1
80.20 I
56.51      1
105.10 I
91.37 1
90.93 1
97.93 I
109.20 I
111.21 1 1
117.50 I
124.19 1
131.10 I
129.38 I
128.76 1
76.90 I
79.38 I
|
I 2.48           1
1 2.86          1
1 2.6)           1
1                    1     4.07      1
|
1 8.02          1
1                    1     5.24      1
I
I
I
I
1     0.96      1
1     1 .03     1
1     0.99      1
1     5.33      1
1     9.46      1
1                    1     2.50     1
I
I
I
I
I
98.18 I                          1
95.40 I
70.95 1
81.25 1
91.92 1
121.03 1
|
1     4.16      1
1     5.72      1
1     5.65      1
1     2.46      1
I 4.08           1
1 2.68          1
1     3.68      1
1                    1     3.23     1
1
|
I 2.66           1
1 2.57 1
1                    1     3.90     1ANNEX IV
Localised Variation in Bainfallk
k
I
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
■
■
*
k
1Localised Variation in Rainfall
Meteorological Stations in the Project Area
Class 1
Melka Warer Research Station, rainfall records since 1965.
Class III
Amibara, Settlement Authority, rainfall records, with some gaps, 
notably in 1970 and 1972, since 1965.
The rainfall recording apparatus is either missing at Ambash, MSFD, 
or is not read at MAESCO. The civil Aviation Authority is to establish 
a class I station at Amibara sometime in the future.
Distribution of Rainfall within the Project Area
Visual observations and a comparison of the available rainfall data
for the two weather stations operating in the area, clearly show a
very uneven distribution of rainfall.
Observations by the Engineers and the author have indicated that very 
large differences in precipitation occur often during the same rainstorm, with heavy rainfall in Melka Warer village and little or no rainfall at
the Project Operation Control Centre, or vice versa. An p*amination of
the records confirms this prognosis.
Comparison of the Rainfall Data
Confining the comparison to the months of June, July, August and September i.e. the wetter months and also during the growing period of the cotton crop, the distance between the two rain gauges is approximately 6 km.
June July August Sept. 4 month
Total
Difference
1973     MW          13.7       139.4            149.2             34.2           336.3 Am             8.8      117.7           185.4             43.7           255 6
1974     MW          53.8       151.1              28.8             72.8           306.5
Am
DO. /         129.5
0.7             12.2           181.1
1975     MW          57.0       186.0            169.0             57.4           469.4 Am           44.1         51.6            179.7             49.1
19.3
125.4
144.9
1976
Incomplete  records -     no comparison possible
1977     MW          24.8       134.8              89.2             12.0           260.8 Am           13.3       110.8              67.3             28.0           219.4
1978     MW            6.8         99.3              98.8             29.8           234.7 Am           15.4         73.2              98.0             10.0           196.6
41.4
38.1Thus between June-September 1975 Melka Warer RS received 44Z more rainfall than the corresponding figure for the Amibara Settlement Area, for the
same period in 1974, Melka Warer received 692 more rain.
If we examine the daily rainfall records, Comparison of Daily Rainfall Records July 1980
a similar picture emerges.
tiiin
Day
MW
Amibara SA
1
1.2
2
3.2
4.5
3
6.6
7
4.8
8
3.6
9
4.6
6.0
10
16.0
8.0
11
2.4
12
1.5
13
0.8
14
5.0
17
12.0
18
8.0
19
20
7.2
4.0
22
4.2
25
5.2
1.0
26
5.0
27
1.8
28
1.5
79.2
37.9
Rainy days
17
7 
41.3 difference
Melka    Warer    RS    had    over    double    the    amount    of    rainfall    in    July    of    that    of    Che Settlement Area.PART B
AMTRAP A APPA
SOIL SALINITY STUDYAmibara Area
Contents
PAGE NO
1.       SUMMARY
2.        BACKGROUND
3.        GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY
4.        SOILS OF THE  AMIBARA AREA
5.        INFILTRATION AND PERMEABILITY TEST RESULTS
6.       DRAINAGE 
Tables in Text
III.l          Amibara Area, AIP Observation Well Records
111.2       Depth to Supermeable - Slowly Permeable Layers
111.3       Ground Water Levels, E.C. of Waters and Recent
Changes in Water Level
Annexes
Annex 1 AIP Observation Well Records, August 1980 - November 1981 Annex 2 Soil Profile Descriptions, Pits and 5m Bores
Map 6 Location of Test Sites, Depth to Ground Waters,
E.C. of Ground Water, Depth to Impermeable Layer and Soil E.C. Values.
1
1
5
7
7I
f
f
?
1
I
i
i
fMELKA SADI AND AMI BARA AREAS SOIL SALINITY/DRAINAGE STUDY
SUMMARY
During the soil salinity study at Melka Sadi farm it was agreed that
the study should be extended to include the remainder of the Melka Sadi area and the whole of the Amrbara area. The field work to be started at the end of the Melka Sadi farm study. The field work to include a minimtim of 30 soil permeability and infiltration tests, together with 5m deep bore sites approximately 2 Km apart over the whole area. The methods and equipment used were the same as for the Melka Sadi farm study. Field work was started on 29th September 1981 
and completed by 9th December 1981. sampled for chemical analysis.
BACKGROUND
28 soil pits were described and
The Amibara area was also  covered  by  the I taiconsul t studies of 1969 and  1971.  In  1980  Amibara irrigation  project installed  a network  of 27 observation wells, which have been in operation since late 1980.
The area covers some 7250 ha of which 3056 have been under irrigation for some years, 1200 ha have been developed by the project and a further 3000 ha are under development.
The early development was along the south bank of the Awash with irrigation water supplied by diesel pumps to a number of separate farms, 1800 ha of this area is now supplied by gravity from the Melka Sadi
Headworks.
The principal crop is cotton. Some irrigated pasture is grown on the settlement area. There are also small areas of banana  citrus and tomato.
9
The      Institute     of      Agriculture     Research     maintains     a     research     farm     of     300     ha which is also supplied by gravity from the Melka Sadi Headworks.
Previous     studies     of     the     area     were     made     in     1969     and     1971     by     Italconsult and a Hydro-pedological study in 1975 by Hunting Technical Services.
GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY
3.1 Geology
The description of the Melka Sadi area in Section I applies to the Amibara area also. A feature of the Amibara area are the low volcanic hills and cones at Amibara and Ambash, which together with other minor extrusions indicate the line of a fault running N.Nor th east from Dofan.
1Table III.l
AMIBARA AREA OBSERVATION WELLS DEPTH TO WATER, METRES AND SALINITY (E.C.) NOV 1981
Site No.
Depth m
E.C. x 10
3
32
6.03
7.7
33
8.53
1.7
34
8.71
0.9
35
9.27
9.2
36
7.46
3.5
37
8.21
2.1
38
4.36
1.4
39
1.96
2.0
41
7.00
3.0
42
12.46
> 10.0
44
8.44
>10.0
45
2.81
1.3
46
14.71
> 10.0
47
13.78
> 10.0
48
6.15
1.6
49
6.79
> 10.0
50
11.78
6.3
51
•
13.65
28.0
52
53
54
55 57 P9 P2 PP5
12.89
13.00
15.48
5.92
14.68 8.93 8.24 8.36
> 10.0
6.6
3.9
1.8 8.7 3.5 2.2
3.5 (June 1981)
•
2Table III.2
Depth     to     impermeable     or     very     slowly     permeable layer and depth of ground water at each site
Depth to impermeable layer
 0-2m. Site DRH 59
77
2-3m. DRH 57
60
66
71
72
73
75
76
78
79
3-4m. DRH 55
58
61
63
68
. 69
70
74
81
82
84
85
4-5m. DRH 56
64 67 80
> 5.0 DRH 62
65 83 86
1.8 1.6 2.5
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.8
2.8
2.6 2.7 2.5
3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.9
4.3 4.0 4.8
4.2
GWL m.
>     5.0
>     5.1
3.6
>   13.0 12.9
2.5 >      5.0
2.1
>      5.0
>      5.0
13.0
>   11.0
Z of Area 6.25
31.25
5.1
7.8
>      5.0
>      5.0
>      5.5
>      3.5
8.9
6.8
1.5
2.7
>      3.8
>      3.1
5.9 8.5
>      5.0 15.48
>      5.0 14.71
>      5.0
11.8
5.9
37.5
12.5
12.5 100 Z
3Table III.3
Sice
Depth to lupenaeahle Layer or very slowly peraeable layer - Croundvater levels and EC* ac Occober-Novenber 1981
DIE
No.
AU
No.
Depth < 2 c CWL-b EC C Water
1 x 103
laaarks
59
-
1.6
>
5.0
-
Close to main drain and primary canal
77
38 nr
1.6
>
5.0
-
AU 38 GUL 4.36, EC 1.4, roae 1.2s May-Novenber 1981
57          45
60         47
66          52
71            - 72         P2 nr 73            - 75          32
76         51
76         53
79          56
55          36 56             - 61         43 63            - 66            - 69         P9 70          49 74          39 61          34 82            -
84            -
Depth 2-3 b
2.50
1.96             2.2
2.10             > 13.0                13.0
2.00
2.15
12.89 14.8
2.50           36.0
2.20             >     5.0
-
2.80
2.80
2.60
2.10             1.2
6.03            7.7
15.65         21.0
2.70                   13.0               6.6
2.50            > 11.0
Depth 3-4 n
-
3.50
7.84             3.5
3.30              > 5.0
3.25              > 5.0
3.30              > 5.5
-
-
-
3.00
3.90
3.50
3.15
3.00
3.52 16.4
6.93 8.7
6.79           40.0
1.85           13.2
2.75            0.86
3.20             > 3.8
-
SSL rote free 3.61 to 1.66 following irrigation and September 1981
G-L rose 30 cn in past year
Owl rose 20 = in 15 nonths
Near Aaibara voLanics - Saline area EC top soil 1:1 30.0 mhos
P2 GUL 8.26n, EC 3.5 mhos
GUL in bore 2.4a, roae to 2.1 after 6 hr*
WL was 3.25 March 1981. Irrigated Pasture Trial.
GSL roae 1.16b in May and fell again and rose 50 = Septenber-Novenber 1981
GUL roae In in 15 souths.
No records available.
GUL rose 1.5b in 15 Broths
Close to secondary drain
AU 43 Dry bore in rock
Terxd.Ce neat at 4.0c
Bear Asibara vo lanics
GUL rose 3.2b June—Nuvender, 1981, high river floods? EC fell fron > 10-8.7 GUL rose 1.67b May-Sovesb«r 1981 following irrigation. Near Asibaxa volcanics
E.C.AU 392.0 GSL rose 2n following irrigation June- Sep tender 1981. Saline area nearby (EC topsoil > 40.0 rrhos.)
GUL AU 34 8.71 and EC 0.88. Level rose 65 = in 14 non ths. Too hard to auger below 3.8s.
3.10             > 3.10                 -                                      99              99          99           99                  ”3
E5
55
3.90
5.92
2.0
GUL rose 1.8a Msy-Sovesjer 1981 (Eigh river level* ♦ irrigation).
Dench 4-5 n
56
44
4.30
8.46
38.4
GUI fluctuates slightly with irrigatiro.
U
-
4.00
> 5.0
-
67
54
4.8C
15.48
3.9
GSL ruse 30 gx is 15 meth*.
ec
-
4.20
> 5.1
Sear volcanic oct crop.
De=h> 5.0 c
62
48
> 5.0
i4.n
18.C
GS. rose 40 = in paar year
65
82
> 5.0
5u
5.10
5.0
11.78
6.3
GUL rises and falls through 60 = following irrigation
Sc
3 5.C
9.27
9.2
GSL rose 30 = in past year
S/A
8.53
1.70
2.1
1.4
3.G
>1C.C
GEL roae 1 * in 13 aoeras
£.20
4.36
“Scoee’ az 12.5c vtsn crilled. G«L row 1.5c is 15 ocarhi
GGL flatmates is response to irrigation.
7- 00
CSC. rose Is following irrigatixa: Marzh-fcwe-ber 1981
12.46
SSL row 54cb is 15 orr:-t.
6.15
8- 24
6.36
:i.u
SSL row 23cx is past year.
2C row 63= Jet- Scwscaz. Eigh river flows?
fcr September =c Sovasocr 1981 only.
3.8    =    east    cf    project    bcmcary    SSL    row    17    =    October    80    -    Sovemer    cl cue to ciscca^xe of
4North of the deyeloped area is a series of warm springs in the valley floor wh-ich form the Bilen swamp* The water is alkali with an EC of
+ 1-0 mmhos and probably enters the aquifer on the Alledeghi plain*
3*2 Hydrology
As at Melka Sadi there are two major aquifers in the area. The deeper aquifer is saline and shows a slow but general rise in level since observations were started in August 1980- The recharge of this aquifer
is supplied in part by infiltration upwards from the underlying 
confined aquifers originating from the Alledeghi plain. The Awash river, especially at times of high flow also contributes to this
aquifer. A third possible contribution is the very saline ground 
water associated with the volanic cones and features, as at Amibara and Ambash, which is found within 2.5 m of the surface at DRH 71,
1 Km north west of Amibara hill.
The deep aquifer is now also receiving some water from the relatively shallow, normally non-saline, aquifer which has developed since the introduction of irrigation and this will continue to cause the aquifer
to rise since the natural drainage towards the Bilen swamp is extremely slow.
The second, shallow, aquifer is generally of low salinity and is confined to or near the presently irrigated areas, and this shallow aquifer is showing a gradual rise in level. But at some sites it is extremely 
saline, presumably where the naturally saline ground water was already close to the surface, as at Amibara and Ambash.
The depth of the ground water (Nov-Dec 81) and the salinity of the water (E.C.) are shown in Table III.l.
The shallow aquifer and the deep aquifer are separated by a variable thickness of very slowly permeable or possibly impermeable clays
and silty clays. The depth at which such a layer or series of layers
was found while making 5 m deep bores is shown in Table III. 2 together with the depth of the ground water.
Table     III.3     shows     the     salinity     of     the     ground     water on the rise/fall of the water level.
together        with comments
SOILS OF THE AMIBARA AREA
The Italconsult 1=20,000  of 1969  shows the soils of The earlier irrigation  development is on  soil units
recent      alluvium"      and      "recent      alluvium      with 
frequent
the area
3  and  6, 
in detail, 
’’vertisols on
. . J              , size". ------------------------ vertisols", and soil unit 6.
, 
---- -»------ alterations in grain
:.,5* 
““ ls “inly ’» -it 5, "HydromorphicTable III.4
Rates of Soil Infiltration tm/hour and Permeability
m/day
Permeability Rates/Depth - *Pourin"method
l
"Pumpout"met hod 
and
Site No.
Infiltration
Rate
0-60cm
60-120cm
120-180cm
180-140cm
Depth m
55
17.3
0.079
0.152
0.123
0.160
-■
56
13.0
0.168
0.225
0.88
0.156
-
57
20.7
0.108
0.124
0.018
0.041
0.26
2.75m
58
3.4
0.047
0.052
0.012
0.043
-
59
-
0.032
0.014
-
-
-
60
24.6
0.130
0.021
-
-
-
61
22.3
0.072
0.050
0.022
-
-
62
17.6
0.168
0.191
0.186
0.1
-
63
23.6
0.3422
0.217
0.206
-
-
66
11.0
0.041
0.105
0.127
0.033
-
67
20.7
0.040
0.01
0.004
0.067
-
68
22.7
0.139
0.222
0.190
0.098
-
69
17.0
0.167
0.098
0.098
0.296
-
70
26.0
0.097
0.039
0.039
0.081
-
71
22.7
0.163
0.028
0.036
0.108
0.22
3.63
72
21.7
0.117
0.058
0.136
0.021
-
73
23.7
0.118
0.098
0.135
0.102
0.60
2.51
74
11.7
0.204
0.194
0.218
0.166
4.26
2.26
75
14.7
0.216
0.120
0.190
0.570
-
76
15.0
0.061
0.041
0.207
0.012
-
77
17.4
0.20
0.141
0.197
0.118
-
<
i
[
i
78
24.0
0.181
0.144
0.190
0.195
-
79
14.0
0.028
0.206
0.128
0.058
-
80
19.4
0.232
0.244
0.196
0.181
-
t
81
16.0
0.100
0.060
0.201
—
2.78
2.52
i
0.614         2.69
82
12.4
0.037
0.220
0.004
0.008
-
83
13.0
0.205
0.217
0.294
0.168
•
84
-
0.128
0.025
0.151
0.180
-
85
-
0.291
0.301
0.116
0.217
-
♦
6A feature of all the vertisols is the presence of stratified silts, 
silt loams and fine sandy loams in the deep subsoil. The thickness
of the vertisol varying from 50 cm to 3 metres. Soil unit 4 Non- calcereous vertisols on recent alluvium" become calcareous following irrigation, i.e. as at DRH 73, due to the calcium carbonate content
of the Awash river water.
Another feature of the vertisols is the very compact B horizon with 
a strong prismatic structure, the peds up to 50 cm high and 25 cm across, almost devoid of fine cracks, pores or root channels- These
soils were confined to soil unit 5 "Hydromerphic vertisols and 
generally occurred in a strip about l~l-5 km wide adjacent to the primary canal. Uneven and stunted growth with premature ripening of the cotton was a good indicator of these soil conditions, as at DRH 81, 82, 84, 
89, 91 and 92.
Some of the soil unit 6 sites were very saline, i.e. as at DRH 74, with damp saline patches on the soil surface. Otherwise the soils were found to be generally non-saline - slightly saline. EC range 1.0 - 3.0 1:1. Extract - 2.0 - 6.0 mmhos saturated extract.
INFILTRATION AND PERMEABILITY TEST RESULTS
Results of the infiltration and permeability tests, both "pour-in" and 
"pump-out" are shown in Table III-4.
The methods used are the same as for the Melka Sadi Farm Study. Water used in the tests was taken from the primary canal.
When testing the vertisols it was necessary to pack the bores with a filter of volcanic ash or clean gravel to prevent the walls of the bore collapsing. Also when starting the infiltration tests it was necessary 
to wet the top soil and allow some swelling to occur prior to starting the test, otherwise a large amount of water was lost down cracks. Permeability tests were run for at least 6 hours and infiltration tests were run for 8 hours.
The results obtained were much as expected. The recent alluvial soils (soil unit 6) had satisfactory infiltration rates and permeability rates. The vertisols had rather low permeability rates, especially in the lower part of the profile 60—180 cm, 0.012 m/day being the lowest recorded, at DRH 58 which also had the lowest infiltration rate; 3.4 nm/hr.
DRAINAGE
The present need for sub surface drainage in the Amibara area is limited to those parts of the earlier development area which have shallow often saline ground waters. These areas are generally located around the volcanic features of Amibara and Ambash, see Map 6.
To determine the extent and continuity of these shallow ground waters it will be necessary to carry out a semi-detailed study to determinethe depth of the present water table, the salinity and general
character of the subsoil. Auger bores located at 70 m intervals, 
1 site per 50 ha, in the first instance should be a sufficient
density of observation. As a guide all these areas with a water
table less than 2.5 meters now require to be mapped in order that
a drainage layout can be designed.
The salinity of the ground water at some sites is already very high 
and as there has been a slow but gradual rise in the ground water
level which can only be accelerated by further irrigation development. To ensure that there is an early warning of rising ground waters throughout the area and to provide a means of estimating probable drainage needs in the future, the number of observation wells should 
be increased so as to have one observation well located halfway between each of the existing observation wells, at present 26 in number. These new wells should be installed to the depth of the first water table, 
which may be far less deep than indicated by the observation well, also the salinities are often higher, as was shown at the Melka Sadi Farm.
8annex I
Observation Well Records
August 1980 - November 1981AMI3ARA WELLS
OBSERVATION WELL RECORDS EC MILLIMHOS AT 23’C
1
1 27.8.80
1 DEPTH     EC 1
1 31 1
23.9.80 DEPTH    EC
14.10.80
31.10.80 
1
1
32 1  -
-
-
-
DEPTH       EC          DEPTH       EC           1
1
1
2.78       5.3              4.2          6.1          1
33 I    9.5         1.4
9.5         1.4               9.4          1.4              9.41        1.2          1
34 |  -
-
6.4         -
9.35       2.6                9.36       3.0          1
35 |
8.7
6.0
9.45
6.2
9.6
7.3
9.63
8.4
1
36 I
8.95
4.3
8.8
4.25
8.62
4.9
8.55
4.8
1
37 |
9.75
1.8
9.75
1.8
9.7
2.0
9.72
1.9
38 |
1
5.2
1.0
4.9
1.2
4.58
1.3
4.72
1.4
1
39 1
1.6
2.3
1.9
2.3
2.1
2.4
1.9
2.4
40 |  -
-
-
-
-
-
•
-1
1
41 1    8.5         3.0
42 I  13.0         >10          13.0          >10            12.89       >10           12.9          >10         1
8.25       3.0               8.0          3.0              7.85        3.0          1
43 I  -
-
-
-
-
-
44 |    8.0         >10             9.0         >10              8.95       >10             3.92        >10          I
I
45 1    3.1         1.2
46 |  -
-
-
47 I  14.0         7.0            14.05        6.6            14.1          3.8             14.12        9.6           I
2.3 1.0 3.1 1.2 2.82 1.4 !
-                15.1          >10           15.1          >10         1
48 | 6.45 1.6
49 I 8.0 7.4
50 1  -
-
51 1  14.25       >10          14.5          >10            14.55        >10           14.53        >10         1
6.4         1.6               6.3          1.6              6.28        1.3          1
7.3         5.7                7.73       >10             7.87        >10         1
- * 12.45 5.4 12.13 5.4 I
52 I  -
-
-
-
53 I  13.95       4.0            14.0          5.2            12.9          6.0             13.92        6.3          1
13.08       9.4             13.11        >10          |
54 |  -               —             - 55 1
56 I -
57 | -
-
-
-
-
-
•
-
-
15.77 3.6 15.75 3.8 1
7.5          1.2              6.86        1.3           I
-                19.9          2.0             14.83        2.0          1
1
P9 1  —            — P2 1
1
*
11.68        >10           11.7          >10         1
9.0           3.2          1 !
ZSW1. M Ilf1
I 17.11.    80
I DEPTH      EC 11
1
5.12.80 DEPTH      EC
2.1.81 DEPTH      EC
22.1.81 DEPTH
31
32
1 -
I 2.93 5.0 3.91 4.4 4.29 4.3 4.44
----------- 1 1 
EC       1
1 
----------- 1
1 1
4.4  1
33  j 9.48
1.4                9.49        1.4                9.5          1.4               9.5           1.4        1
34 I 9.33 35 I 9.62 36 j 8.42
37  1   9.75          2.0                9.74        2.0                9.69        2.0               9.72         2.0 1
3.3
8.0
4.8
9.34
9.62
8.32
3.3
8.5
4.8
9.32 9.6 8.28
3.4
8.8
4.4
9.25
9.53
8.25
3.6
9.2        1 4.4        1
38  I 4.55             1.4                4.73        1.5                4.97        1.4               5.15         1.6
40
41
42
43
44
39  j 2.54             2.3                2.76        2.4                3.23        2.2               3.22         2.3        11
1 “
I 7.87             3.0                7.85        3.0                7.85        3.0               7.93 |    2.87         >10             12.83        >10             12.8          >10             12.73
1 -
I 8.88 >10 8.75 >10 8.68 >10 8.61 >10 1
3.0 I
V . J*   1 >10
1
45  1 2 61            1.3                2.90        1.4                3.38        1.2               3 • 68      1.3        1
46  1 15.13         >10             15.11        >10             15.1          >10             15.11
47
48
1 14.07         >10             14.07        >10             14.08        >10             14.06
>10      1
V . M   1 >10 
. * 1
49  i 7.97            >10               7.94        >10               8.06        >10              8.17         >10 1
|    6.38          2.0
6.38        1.9                6.44        2.4               6.46
1.6
50  j 11.92           5.2              11.98        5.3               11.98        5.3              12.01        5.4 I
52  i 13.12          >10             13.09        >10             13.10        >10             13.08        >10 1
51  I 14.48          >10             14.48        >10             14.43        >10             14.43        >10 1
53  I 13.81           6.3              13.66        6.3              13.68        6.2              13.61        6.4        1
54  j 15.70           3.8              15.71        3.8              15.7          4.0              15.69        3.7        1
55  j 6.77             1.4                6.65        1.3                 6.74        1.4               6.96         1.5 I
56
57
P9 
P2
1 -
I 14.9
I
2.3
14.88
3.2
14.85
2.6
14.76
2.5 I
I 11.67
>10
11.70
>10
11.82
>10
11.94
>10 1
I 9.02
1
3.2
9.02
3.3
9.0
3.6
8.95
5.6 I
11 10.2.81 I DEPTH
1
1
EC
4.3.81
DEPTH
EC
26.3.81
DEPTH
EC
20.4.81
DEPTH
EC
1
1
1
31
1 -
__
—
n
i
32
1   3.52
4.5
3.25
4.6
3.98
4.6
5.00
4.71 
|
33
1 9.46
1.2
9.48
1.4
9.44
1.4
9.45
1.40
34
1   9.20
3.4
9.26
3.6
9.24
3.4
9.24
3.80
35
1 9.49
8.4
9.53
9.2
9.49
8.9
9.49
9.30
36
1   8.25
4.2
8.3
4.4
8.37
4.4
8.44
4.20 
|
37
I 9.55
2.0
9.49
2.0
9.57
2.0
9.63
2.00 
I
38
1 5.23
1.5
5.37
1.6
5.42
1.6
5.51
1.50 
I
39
1   3.26
2.2
3.34
2.2
3.39
2.3
3.38
2.20 
I
40
1 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
41
1  7.90
3.1
7.94
2.9
7.99
3.0
8.05
2.90 
|
42
1 12.76
>10
12.73
>10
12.72
>10
12.67
>10 1
43
1 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
44
1 8.54
>10
8.53
>10
8.5
>10
8.61
>10 
I
45
1 3.85
1.2
4.01
1.3
4.12
1.2
4.18
1.20 |
46
1 15.07
>10
15.03
>10
15.03
>10
15.03
>10 
I
47
I 14.02
>10
13.97
>10
13.98
>10
13.92
>10 |
48
1   6.34
1.4
6.34
1.9
6.32
1.8
6.32
1.8 |
49
1 8.22
>10
8.38
>10
8.45
>10
50
1 12.04
5.4
8.55
12.12
>10 |
5.6
12.24
5.4
51
I 14.40
>10
14.25
12.16
>10
5.60 
|
14.28
1 13.05
>10
>10
52
13.00
>10
14.23
>10 |
13.03
>10
53
1 13.33
6.1
13.38
12.98
6.4
>10 |
13.29
3.8
6.1
54
1 15.65
15.63
13.33
3.8
6.40 
|
15.62
4.0
55
I 7.08
1.6
7.22
15.58
1.6
3.80 
|
7.39
1.6
56
1 -
-
-
-
-
—
7.53
1.70
57
I 14.68
2.6
impaasab
le
1
14.7
P9
1 11.97
>10
12.08
3.0
>10
impassable
12.12
P2
I 8.89
3.7
8.6
>10
3.8
12.18
8.88
>10 |
3.8
8.80
3.60I DEPTH       EC              DEPTH EC                  DEPTH EC                  DEPTH ECI 22.9.81 
I-----------------------------------------------1
5.11.81 
I DEPTH EC                 DEPTH EC
I
Ir
i|
i
i
i
i
i
i1
IANNEX II
Soil Profile Beacriptions
Pits/Boree Noa. 55 - 98r
I
il
II
IIPROFILE WO: 55
I      INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 55
b)
Date of Description: 29.9.81
c) Author of Description: DRH
d)
Altitude: 735.75 a
e)     Location: AIP 36
f)
Landform:
i)
Physiographic Position: Plood Plain
ii)
Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)
Microtopography: Cleared and levelled
g)     Slope: < IX
h)
Vegetation/Land Use: Nil cleaned for irrigation
II     GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: 7.46 on 5.11.81
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 5 m
g) Human Influence: Recently cleared was grazing III      BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b) Drainage: Moderate
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)    Surface Gravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                         Nil
Deep stratified profile with wide changes in texture. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. Strong coarse prismatic structure in the top 45 cm. Few fine surface cracks. Loose dry dusty surface.
IV    PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
0 - 35/45 I 10YR 4/3 Dry, silty clay loam, hard, strong coarse prismatic structure 10-25 cm wide and 30-45 I high. Abundanc fine roots in the cracks, few pores or roots in the peds. Clear irregular
I boundary to:-
I
I Vertical cracking pattern.
I
I merging boundary to:-
I
35/45 - 75 I 10YR 4/3 Dry silty clay, very hard strong coarse and mediuum subangular and angular blocky with I traces of platy structure, few roots between peds, few pores. Strong vertical and horizontal
I cracking pattern.
I
I Clear but wavy boundary to:-
I
75 - 155 I 10YR 5/3 and 6/3 Dry, silt loan and silty clay loan, slightly hard, stratified withh minor
I layers of strong fine angular blocky silt clay. Co«on 7.5YR 5/6 mottle, occasional vertical I crack co depth.
I
I Abrupt boundary to:-
I
155 - 205 1 10YR 5/3 to 6/3 Dry slighty hard and loose fine sand loam and loamy fine sand, laminated and I stratified.
I
Auger Bore I
205 - 210 | As above.
I
210 - 350 I 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 Dry, silty clay loan and silt loam, hard and very hard, auger flour few hard | CaC03 concretions.
350 - 360 I 10YR 3/2 Dry silt clay, very hard, strong fine angular blocky.
*IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth eta
360 - 390
I   A.   210   -
350.
I
390 - 430
I 10YR 5/3 Dry,
ailt
loam
and
fine
sandy 
loam,
hard
to 
slightly 
hard,
laminated
I
430 - 500           I 10YR 5/3 Dry,
silt loam, hard, laminated, few faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottles.
I
I
I
I
I
EC of soil at 480 cm 1:1 0.87 mm ho*
EC of groundwater 3.50 mm hoe, depth 7.46 m
Sampled Nos DRH 55/1
/2
/3
/4
0-45
45 - 75
75 - 155
155 - 205
cm
IPROFILE HO: 56
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 56
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 44
g) Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: 8.44
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry, just moist
400 - 430 cm
g)      Hunan Influence: Recently cleared from Accicis
scrub
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 1.12.81
d) Altitude: 732.25 m
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Levelled for irrigation
h) Vegetation/Land Use:
b) Drainage: Moderate
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Grave1/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                             None
Deep, stratified profile with wide range of textures. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. Few visable salts. Dry, loose, dusty surface, no cracks.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
0 -       45 I 10YR 5/3 Dry fine sandy loam, hard to slightly hard, massive structure, very few pores, coonon I fine roots, occasional fine vertical crack.
I
I Clear boundary to:-
I
45 - 125 I 10YR 5/3 Dry silt loam and fine sand loam and 10YR 5/2 silt clay loam, slightly hard to hard
I fine and medium platy, occasional fine root, few pores. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle, few white I soft powdery concretions of CaC03. Dark stainings on partings.
I Merging into:-
I
125 - 200 | 10YR 5/3 Dry silt loam and silt clay loam, slightly hard to hard massive looking with traces of
I platy structure. Breaks co prismatic and subangular blocky. Many 7.5YR 5/6 mottles and dark | stainings on ped faces. Very few pores, and discontinuous narrow bands of 10YR 3/2 dry clay - I silt clay, fine and medium angular blocky, loose.
I
Auger Bore I
30.9.81
200    -    400    I    10YR    5/3    Dry    silt    loam    hard,    traces    of    platy    structure,    common    old    root    channels    with    7    5YR    5/6 | and black mottle.
I
400 - 430 I 10YR 5/3 Just moist silt loam and fine sandy loam, very firm, massive? few fine pores and old | root channels with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
430 - 470 I 10YR 5/4 Dry silt clay loam, very hard massive, few fine pores and root channels, few black
| stainings.
I
470 - 500 I 10YR 4/2 Dry silt clay, extremely hard, strong fine and medium subangular blocky common fine | pores and old root channels with white powdery CaC03 inside. Common black stainings.IV PIO FILE DESC1IPT10I (COFTUTOED) Depth cs            I
I
I EC groundwater 36.4 nn hoc and depth 8.44 n I EC soil (? 500 cn 1:1 1.20 ns hos/cn
I
I Sanpled DRH       56/1            0-50
I
” 
56/2
50 - 100
I
M
56/3
100 - 150
I
"
56/4
150 - 200PROFILE 90: 57
I INFORMATION OR THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 56
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 45
g) Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
c)      Water Table: 1.98 1.10.81
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 90, moist to 160,
then wet
b) Date of Description: 1,12.81
d) Altitude: 730.25 a
f) Landform:
i)             physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Levelled and ridged for
irrigation
h)      Vegetacion/Land Use:
b)      Drainage: Moderate
d)      Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)      Surface Gravel/Stonea
Rock Outcrops:                             None
g)
Human Influence:
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep       stratified       profile       medium       to       fine       textures,       wet       below       160       c®       following       irrigation.       Strong       reaction       to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth
0 -
I
I
I
8.75YR     4/3     moist     silt     clay     loam,     friable     to
| structure, coson fine and medium roots and
I
I merging into:-
firm, strong  coarse and medium subangular blocky
fine pores, few lighter mottle? patches
I
25 -
50 I 10YR 3/3, 4/3  and 4/4  moist silt clay  Loam, firm, massive, few pores, cocssoa medium roots.
I
I merging into:-
I
50 -      150     I      Above,     friable     with     many     7.5YR      5/6     mottle     in     common     pores     and     old     root     channels.     C»n     fine I roots. Few irregular bands and pockets of fine aogular blocky silt clay
I
150 -      200
I Clear but wavy boundary to:-
I
I LOYR 3/2 moist, then wet at 160 silt clay, non-sticky becoming slightly sticky. Prismatic I structure with clay skins and slickenslides. Few pores.
I
Au get
Bore
| 1.10.81
200 -      230     | As above.
I
230 -      250
250 -      320
320 -     490
| 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 wet silt clay loam, wet non-sticky, few fine 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and dark
| stainings.
I
| 10YR wet silt clay, hard to auger, coaaon black staining'.
I
| 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 wet silt clay loam, alight ly sticky, faint dark stainings.
490 -      500     I Black and grey wet sand, falling from auger non-sticky.
I
IIV PROFILE DESCXIPTIOI (COMTIWUEJ)
Depth cb
I
I
I
EC    groundwater    2.2    sb     boa    at    1.98    cb
I EC soil at 500  cb 1:1  0.54  d ho*  cb
I
I    Saapled DRfi         57/1 0-50
I
I
"         57/2      50   - 100
*         57/3    100   - 150
"         57/4    150   - 200PIOFILE 10: 58
I INFORMATION OR THE SITE
a)     Profile Number: DRH 58
c)     Aathor of Description: DRH
e)      Location: IPI D.60
b) Date of Description: 2.12.81
d) Altitude: 731.50 a
f) Landfore:
i)
ii)
Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
Surrounding Country: Flat
g) Slope: < IX
II     GENERAL INFORMATION OR THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Water Table: > 5.0 m
e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to  200  then dry
g) Hunan Influence:
III      BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE
iii)          Microtopography: Levelled for
(cotton)
h)      Vegetation/Land Dae:
irrigation
b) Drainage: Moderate/Poor
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Grave1/Stoues
Hock Outcrops:                             None
Deep       fine       textured       vertisol       over       stratified       silts       and       silt       clay       loans.       Dry       self       milch       surface       with       gilgai features.
IV    PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth o I
I
0     -     30/40     I     10YR     3/2     Dry     fine     sandy     clay,     very     hard,     strong     coarse     and     aediun     prismatic,     very     dense     cowpact |      peds      with      rare      fine      root      or      pore.      Comsoa      roots      in      cracks      between      peds.      Clay      skins.      Clear      bat I irregular boundary.
I
30/40-160      I      10YR      3/2      noist      clay,      fins      to      very      firm.      Massive      looking,      dries      to      coarse      and      aediuu
| wb-angular blocky. Freqent vertical cracks with rare root. Clay skins and sLickanstides.
| Abrupt but wavy boundary to:-
I
160     -     200     I     10YR     5/3     noist     silt     loam     and     silt     clay     loan.     Very     firn,     laminated     few     pores,     nany     very     fine | old root channels with common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and fine powdery CaC03.
Auger Bore I
200 - 250 I As above but dry sad 10YR 5/2.5.
I
250     -     330     I     10YR     5/2     dry     silt     loan,     hard,     few     fine     pores     and     old     root     channels.     Occasional     black | speckling.
I
330 - 460 I 10YR 5/2 Dry silt clay loan, hard as above.
I
02.10.81
460      -      500      I      10YR      5.5/3      Dry      silt      loan,      slightly      hard,      auger      flour,      few      fine      old      root      channels      filled      with | powdery CaCOj.
I
I Dry hole, close to secondary drain.
I
| EC soil at 500 ca 1:1 0.34 oa hot cn
I
I Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm |
I Sampled
DRH 58/1
I
"     58/2
I
"     58/3
"     58/4
0-40
40 - 100
100 - 160
160 - 200
I
1
II
ii
rPIOFILE HO: 59
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 59
c) Author of Deecriptioo: DRH
e) Location: Cloee to SD04
g) Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: > 5a
e) Moisture Conditions: Hoist except 65-180 dry
g)      Hunan Influence:
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b)    Date of Description: 9.10.81
d)    Altitude:
f)     Landfora:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Cattle corridor in cotton
fields
h) Vegetation/Land Use: Grazing
b) Drainage: Poor
d)     Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Grave1/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                            None
Deep       fine       textured       vertisol       overlying       medium       textured       stratified       profile.       Poached       uneven       surface       with gilgai features. Dry, self mulch.
IV     PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
0 -       25 I 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay Loan, firm strong coarse and mediua subangular blocky. Pew fine
| pores, old root channels snd fine roots.
I
25 -       65 I 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay, very firm strong coarse prismatic, occasional live fine root, few
| pores.
I
65     -     180     I     10     YR     2.5/3     Dry     silt     clay     -     clay,     very     hard,     prismatic,     rare     pore,     occaaional     dead     root     and     fine | powdery CaCOj concretions.
I
180     -     280     I     10YR     2.5/3     juat     moist     clay,     extremely     firm     prismatic,     clay     skins,     few     pores     or     old     root | channels.
I
280 - 300 I As above but moist and very firm.
I
300 -         330 I 10YR   5/3  moist silt loam and silt clay loam, 330 -         380 | 10YR   4/2  moist silt clay loam, clay skins. 380 -         400 I 10YR   4/2  and 4/3 moiat silt clay loam, auger
| CaC03 infillings.
I
friable. Laminated - faint fine 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
flour, many old root channel, with whit, povderv
400     -     420     I     10YR     4/3     and     4/2     moist     silt     clay     loan,     fins     laminated.     Few     small     stones     -     strong     reaction     to I HCL.
I
420 - 440 I 1OYR 4/3 moist, silt clay loan, firm, compact, few pores or root channels.
440     -     500     I     10YR     4/3     moist,     sill     clay,     very     firm,     more     moisture     chan    above.     Common     soft     white    CaCOn I concrecious.
I
Weak reaction co HCL 0-300 cm then strong to 500 cmIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm I
I    EC   soil   0    300    cm   1:1    2.6 I EC soil 0 500 cm 1:1 4.4
on      hos/cm nsa hos/cmPROFILE NO: 60
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: ORB 60
c) Author of Description: DRH
e)     Location: AIP 47
b) Date of Description: 2.12.81
d)     Altitude:
f)       Laudform:
i)
physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)
Microtopography: Levelled for Irrigation
g) Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: > 5m
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry
g) Human Influence:
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
h) Vegatation/Land Use:
b) Drainage: Poor
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)      Surface Grave1/Stonea
Rock Outcrops:                             None
Deep fine textured vertisol over stratified medium textures. Weak rection to HCL to 380 cm then strong. Fragments of limestone? at 450 cm.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0-60
60-80/90
80/90-210
Auger Bore
210 - 280
200 - 360
360 - 380
380 - 400
400 - 410
410 - ^70
I 10YR 3.5/2 dry silty clay loam, very hard, strong coarse and medium prismatic structure.
I Common roots in cracks, few in peds. Strong vertical cracking, less developed horizontal
I cracking. Clay skins and alickenalides below 35 cm.
I
| Clear but wavy boundary to:-
I
1      10YR      dry      silty      clay      loam,      hard,      laminated      structure,      infillings      of      above.      Common      roots,      pores | and 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
| 10YR 3/2 Clay, dry, extremely hard. Strong coarse and medium prismatic structure, breaks to
| medium and coarse subangular blocky, rare pores. Strong vertical cracking. Clay skins.
| Absorbs water slowly. Occasional pockets of silt.
I
I
I
| As above.
I
|     10YR     5/3     dry     Silty     clay     and     Silt     loam,     hard,     laminated     and     platy,     few     pores     and     old     root
| channels.
|      10YR      4/4      and      4/3      dry,      very      hard,      massive,      few      fine      pores,      occasional     white     powdering
| concretions.
| 10YR 5/3 dry silt loam, weak fine platy structure, few porea and root channels.
j 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 dry, very hard aa 360 - 380 cm.
|     10YR     5/2     dry     silty     clay     loam     and     silt     warm,     hard     -     very     hard     massive     few     large     pores     and     rooc | channels. Few fine white CaC03 concretiona.IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cm |
I
470 - 500 I 10YR 6/3 dry ailty clay loam and silt loam, very hard massive, common fine porea and root I channels, few dark mottlea and fine white CaC03 concretions.
I
I Very alight reaction to HCL 0 - 380 cm, strong reaction 380 - 500 cm.
I
I At 450 cm fragment of hard white lime rich atone.
Sampled Nob DRH 60/1
0-60
■i
60/2
60-90
n
60/3
90 - 150
ii
60/4
150 - 200PROFILE NO: 61
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a)      Profile Number: DRH 61
c>     Author of Description: DRH
• )      Location: AIP 43
b) Date of Description: 1.12.
d)     Altitude:
f)     Landform:
.81
i)
Physiographic Position:   Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai feature* conaon vide
crack*
8)      Slope: < IX
h)
Vegetation/Land Use:
Grazing
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
b)
Drainage: Moderate
c)      Water Table: > 5 n
d)
Evidence of Eroaion:
Nil
• )     Moisture Conditions: Dry
f)
Surface Gravel/Stonea
•
Rock Outcrops:
None
s)      Human Influence:
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep vertisol with strata of
surface. Strong reaction to
silt loan* of irregular thickness and extent. Weak gilgai like features on HCL throughout. Possible buried top soils at 70 cm and 170 ca.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cs
0-60
I
I 10YR 3.5/2
I occasional
I horizontal
I
I Abrupt but
dry silt clay loam, very hard, acron
root in ped. Very few pores. Clay
cracks. Prisms extend from 0-60.
wavy boundary
g coarse prismatic structure, few roots, skins. Strong vertical cracking and lesser
60 -        70
I      10YR      5/3      dry      Hit      1o«b,      h.rd,      aediu.      and      fine      platy      .tructure      with      few      vertical      crack..      comoo I pores, few roots, infilling. of above in pipes and cracks.
I Abrupt but wavy and irregular around pit.
I
70 -      85
I      10YR      3/2      dry      silt      clay,      extremely      hard,      strong      medium
prismatic,
occasional
medium
root,
few
I fine pores, clay skcinlay   s anakdinslsicankednal sliicdkeea nmsleidregisnmg ebrouginng darbouy nto.dary to
85 - 95
| Above but containa some silt loam as at 60-70 cm
I
I Clean boundary to:-
95 - 120
I
I 10YR 5/3 dry silt loam and silt c
lay
I
120 - 170
| Clear but wavy boundary to:-
I
I 10YR dry silt clay/clay and 10YR
| angular blocky clay in irregular
I
| Clean but wavy boundary to:-
I
5/3 <* 
‘
layers and pockets.
iocerbedd'd Pl*ty, with .o« 10YR 3/2 fin.
170 - 200
| 10YR 3/1 dry clay, extremeley hard weak prismatic structure breaks to itrnno .a; I blocky. Clay akin, and slickenalidea.
I I
C ° $trOn» Bedlum -"RularIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cn
Auger Bore
200 - 260
260 - 325
325 - 375
375 - 395
395 - 500
I
I
I
I
I As above.
I     10     YR     3/2     and     5/3     silt     clay     loan     and     silt     loan,     dry.     layers     of     fine     angular     blocky     silt     clay     and I platy silt loan. Few white powdery CaC03>
I
I 10YR 3/2 Clay, dry, very hard, strong prisnatic structure, clay skins.
I
I 10YR 4/2 silt clay loam, dry, hard, massive, few medium pores.
I
I     10YR     5/3     silt     and     silt     loam,     dry     slightly     hard,     platy     structure,     cosnon     fine     pores     and     root I channels with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
Sanpled DRH
61/1
0-60
it
61/2
60 - 120
it
61/3
120 - 170
it
61/4
170 - 200PROFILE HO: 62
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Nuaber: DRH 62
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 46
g) Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
c)      Water Table: 14.71 n
e)      Moisture Conditions: Dry
8>     Hunan Influence:
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 1.12.SI
d) Altitude:
f) Landfora:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Sarroanding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Very slight dunes of wind blown
fine crush and grains
h) Vegetation/Land Use: Crazing
b)     Drainage: Moderate
d)     Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)     Surface Gravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                             None
Deep stratified profile with very irregular bedding. Stroog reaction to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
cn
15
I
I
I
10YR      5/3      dry      clay      loan,      slightly      hard,      noderate      fine,      ncdiun      and      coarse      subangular      blocky
35
35 -
65
65 -      100
I structure, few roots and pores, slight vertical fine cracking pattern.
I Clear boundary to:-
I
I 10YR 5/3 dry silt clay lose, hard, naasive, co mi on fine pores and roots.
I
I Clear boundary to:-
I
|     10YR      5/3      dry,     silt     lose,     fine     sandy      loan     and     fine     sand,     slightly     hard     and     loose.     Fine     and I median platy, few pores, occasional root.
I
| Clear but irregular bouudary:-
10YR 5/2 dry fine sand, loose, falling from pit face.
100 -      180     I 10YR 5/3 and 6/3 dry silt loan and 7.5YR 4/2 silt clay loan,
I aoderate medium platy. Sone fine and medium angular blocky I and 5YR 5/6 aottle. Many root channels and pores in SiCL.
weak prismatic structure and
io email pockets. Strong 7.5YR 5/6
Auger
Bore
180 -      215        As above.
215 -      275
275 -      330
330 -      390
390 -     450
10 YR 5/2 and 10YR 4/1 dry, fine sandy Loan and fine sand,
aingle grain.
10 YR 5/3.5      dry    silt
5/3.5      dry
10 YR
silt
5/3.5      dry
10YR
silt
loan,        elightly        hard,        platy        structure        few        pores,        root        channels, loam and fine sandy loam, platy.
loam, and silt clay loan, platy.IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cm
450 - 470
470 - 500
I 10YR 4/3  dry  si.lt clay  loam - silt clay, very  hard massive,
I
few
pores.
I 10YR 5/3.5 dry sill loam and fine sandy loan, platy.
I
I Sampled DRH 62/1
I"
0-35
62/2     35 - 65
I
"
62/3 
100 - 180
I
i
IPROFILE NO: 63
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 63
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: 1 km NW AIP 46
8)      Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
e)     Water Table: > 5.5 ■
e)      Moisture Conditions: Dry to 100 then moist,
wet at 480
b)      Date of Description: 1.12.81
d)      Altitude:
f)       Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)         Microtopography: Smooth, sealed h)      Vegetation/Land Use: Grazing
b) Drainage: Poor in upper layers then good
d)      Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)      Surface Gravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                            None
I)
Human Influence:
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep stratified profile,
throughout profile.
strongly structured upper
subsoil, dry Loose dusty surface.
Strong rection to HCL
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0-35
35 - 55
55 - 85
85 - 105
I     10YR     5/3     dry     fine     sandy     loam,     slightly     hard,     moderate     fine     and     medium     subangular     blocky,
| comnone fine roots and fine pores.
I
I Clean boundary to:-
|     10YR     4/2     and     7.5YR     5/2     silt     clay/clay,     dry,     hard,     strong     fine     and     medium     angular     blocky
I structure, common 7.5YR 5/6 and black mottle. Common roots between peds.
I Clean wavy boundary:-
I
|     10YR     5/3     dry     silt     loam,     hard     to     very     hard,     massive     with     vertical     cracks,     giving     weak     prismatic I appearance, few roots, pores, root channels. Common 7.5YR 5/6 and black mottle.
I
| Clean boundary to:-
I     10YR     4/2     dry     silt     clay     extremely     hard,     atroog     Cine     and     medium     angulor     blocky     in     fin.     and     medium | prisms. Co«n vertical cracking. Common 7.5YR 4/6 and black mottle.
I
I Clear wavy boundary:-
105 - 200
I
I 10YR 5/3  dry  silt loam and fine sandy  loam, hard massive,
| root channels. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. “ 
few fine vertical cracks, pores and
I
....
Pockets and thin irregular leases of the fine angular
*
blocky silt clay above.
I
I Sampled DRH 63/1 0-35
I
I
63/2       35 - 55
h 63/3 55 - 85
I
I
u
63/4*
85 - 105
ii
63/5
105 - 200IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cm
Auger Bore
200 - 280
280 - 310
310 - 330
330 - 420
420 - 480
480 - 530
530 - 550
I
I 10YR 5/2.5 moist fine sandy loam and silt loam, very friable, moderate fine and very fine I platy. Common fine pores and root channels with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
I 10YR 4/2 and 5/2 moist fine sandy loam and loamy fine land, very friable. Termite nest frass I and living termites organic matter.
I
I 10YR 5/3 and 5/2 moist silt loam, very friable, strong fine and very fine platy. Few pores or
I root channels.
I
I     7.5YR     3/2     moist     silt     clay     loam,   very friable, massive, termite frass.
I
I 10YR 4/3 - 4/4 moist, silt loam
Above but wet non-sticky.
- loam, very friable massive
few pores ,        roots.
I or root channels. Coasson 7.5YR
Sampled       DRH 63/1
0-35
I 10YR    5/2    and    6/3    wet    fine    sandy   loan      and      loamy      sand.      Traces      of      fine      platy      structure,
few pores
5/6 mottle. One live medium root.
•I
63/2
35 - 55
I
I
II
63/3
55 - 85
• 1
63/4
85 - 105
II
63/5
105 - 200PIO FILE BO: (A
I
INFORMATION OH THE SITE
a)
Profile Number: DRH 64
b)
Date of Description: 1.12.81
c)
Author of Description: ORB
d)
Altitude:
e)
Location: 1 km NNW AIP 44
f)
Landform:
g)     Slope: < 12
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)     Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: > 5 m
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 110, then taoist
wet at 300 cm
g)     Human Influence:
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE
i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Microtopography: Smooth
h)       Vegetation/Land Dae: Grazing
b)       Drainage: Good
d) Evidence of Erosion: None
f) Surface Gravel/Stones
Rock Outcropa:                             Nil
Deep,       generally       coarse       textured,       stratified       profile       with       narrow       bands       of       fine       angular       blocky       clay.       Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV     PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
0 -       17 I 10YR 5/3 dry fine sandy loam, dry loose to slightly hard, moderate fine and medium subangular | blocky. Common fine pores and roots.
I
| Clean boundary to:-
I
17 -        35 I 10 YR 5/3 .ad 4/2 dry fine .andy 1q««, .ilt lo.« and day, looae and hard. La.inaCed io u_era | and small pockets, few fine pores and fine white powdery CaC0 .
3
| Clean but wavy boundary to:-
I
35 - 50 I 10YR 6/2 and 5/2 dry fine sand, loose, single grain, occasional fine root.
| Clean but irregular boundary:-
I
7
50      -      140      I      10YR      5/3      dry      lilt      Ion      .nd      Cine      ..ndy      lo„,      .nd         d.y,      ladn.r.d.      Stron,      platy      aDd         fin.      annular I blocky. Irregular and discontinuous bedding. Common fine powdery CaC0 .
3
| Clear boundary to:-
I
140     -     195     I     10YR     5/3     dry     fine     sandy     loam,     hard,     massive,     traces     of     platy     structure,     few     pores     or     root | channels. Few fine white powdery CaC0 .
3
I
Auger Bore I
195     -     230     I     10YR     5/2     .nd     5/3     ju.t     wi.t,     .ilt     .nd     .lit     loa.,     friable,     platy,     lev     pore.     and     J.5YR     5/6
| mottle.
230      -      300      I      a.WB      */2      -oi.t,      .ilt      loa.      .nd      loa.y      fine      ..nd,      very      friable,      le.in.t.d,      few      pore,      end      7.5Y* | 5/6 mo ttle.
I
300 - 330 I 8.75YR 4/3 wet, silt loam, non-aticky. breaks to single grain, no roots.IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION            (CONTINUED)
Depth cm
330 - 350
350 - 390
390    -    410
410 - 420
420 - 500
I
I
I
8.75YR 4/3 wet fine sandy loan, non-sticky.
I     8.75YR     4/3     wet     ailt     loam     and     ailt     clay     loam,     non-sticky.     Common     7.5YR     5/6     mottle     and     CaCOj I concretions.
I
I 8.75YR 3/2 wet. Silt clay loam, non-aticky.
I 10YR 3/2 moiat ailt clay, strong fine angulor blocky structure, friable.
I
I As above but weak structure and few 10YR 6/6 mottle.
Sampled DRH 64/1
0-35
ii         64/2          35 -        60
ii         64/3          60 - 140
ii         64/4               140 - 195PROFILE RO: 65
I INFORMATION OR THE SITE
a)    Profile Number: DRH 65
c) Author of Description: DRH
e)     Location: 1 kn W of AIP 41
g)     Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Water Table: 4.85 m
e)     Moisture Conditions: Dry to 390 then wet
b)     Date of Description: 17.10.81
d)     Altitude:
f)     Land fora:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Microtopography: Smooth
h) Vegetation/Land Ose: Gazing close to vilage
b) Drainage: Good
d) Evidence of Erosion: Slight sheet wash
f)     Surface Cravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                             None
R) Human Influence: Heavily
animals
trampled by  grazing
and san
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep stratified profile with many alterations in
texture.           Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
Auger Bore
0-25
25 - 90
90 - 180
180 - 200
200 - 280
280 - 310
310 - 370
370 - 390
390 - 450
450 - 480
480 - 510
I
I
I
10YR     5.5/3     dry,     loam,     slightly     hard,     weak     fine     and     medium     subangular     blocky,     few     pores     and     dead
| fine roots. Common very fine white powdery CaCOp
I
| 10YR 5/3 dry, silt Loam, slightly hard. Auger flour.
I
I     10YR      6/3      dry      silt     loam     and     fine     sandy      loam,     slightly     hard.     Faint     traces     of     platy     structure.
I Auger flour.
I
I     10YR     6/3     dry     silt     and     silt     Loam,     hard,     very     fine     and     fine     platy     structure,     few     pores.     Few
I 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and black strainings on laminations.
I    10YR    5/2    and    6/3    dry    silt    and    silt    loam,    hard,    massive,    few    pores    and    root    channels.    Co    am    on I 7.5YR 5/6, black mottle. Few blue/black concretions.
I
|     10YR     5/2     end     6/3     dry,     silt     loam     and     silt     clay     loam,     hard,     weak     medium     and     coarse     platy.
| Abundant black and blue/black mottle. Few root channels.
I
| 10YR 5/2 dry fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand and silt, slightly hard, laminated.
I
|     8.75YR     dry     silt     clay     Loam,     very     hard,     Laminated.     Common     faint     7.5YR     5/6     and     black     mottle
I
| 8.75YR 4/3 wet silt Loam, non-sticky, probably laminated. Coanon 7.5YR 5/6 and black mottle.
|     8.75YR     4/3     and     10YR     5/2.     Silt     clay     loam     and     silt     loam,     wet     non-sticky,     massive,     few     7.5YR     5/6 I mott le.
I
| 10YR 3/3 wet silt loam, non-sticky, pockets of water. Common black mottle.PROFILE WO: 66
I INFORMATION OR THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 66
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 52
g) Slope: < 1Z
II     GENERAL INFORMATION OR THE SOIL
a) Parant Material: Alluvium
c) Vater Table: 12.89 n
e)      Moisture Conditions: Dry
g)    Hunan Influence: Cleared from Acacia wood land
for cotton
III     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE PROFILE Deep vertisol with band of silt loam 100 - 120 cm.
b) Date of Description: 2.12.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landform:
i)           Physiographic Position: Plood Plain
ii)          Surrounding Country: Plat
iii)         Microtopography: Slight Gilgai features
h) Vegetation/Land Use: Dense Cyperus rotundas
b) Drainage: Poor
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)     Surface Grcvel/Stouea
Rock Outcrops:                         None
Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV   PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0 - 10/15
I
I
I 10 YR 5/2 dry silt clay loam, very hard r --------------------------- | few pores or root channels, comon line roots.
I
I    Clear    boundary    to:-
I
to extremely hard, strong coarse and medium prismatic, roots. Strong vertical cracking pattern. Clay skins
10/15-100
100 - 120
120 - 190
Auger Bore
I 10YR 4/2 dry lilt loam, extremely hard, strong coarse and medium prismatic, breaks to angular I blocky. Few pores or root channels. Occasional root and while CaC03 concretion in root
I channel. Clay skins and s likenslides. Irregular boundary to:-
I
I Above with pockets of 10YR 5/3 silt. Abrupt, wavy boundary to:-
I 10YR 3/2 Sillel.y/cl.y dry, .xtreaely hard, .trong co.r.e rod Bediu. pri.Bacic fburi.d I ~rf.e.7), Cl.y .kin. .nd .lick.n.Hd... infixing. of strong fin.
I pores, root channels. No roots. Strong vertical cracking pattern.
I
few
** ‘
190 - 300
300 - 450
I As above.
I
| 10YR 5/3 dry.
loa ® and aandy loam, hard, fine and medium platy,
| channels. Few 7.SYR 5/6 mottles in root channels.
450 - 500 I 10YR 5/3 and 5/6 dry, fine sandy loam, loose, single grain.
few pore and rooti
I
k
II
■
k
I k
k
k
k
k
t k
k
fe fe k
■
■
■
fePROFILE NO: 67
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Nuaber: DRH 67
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 54
g) Slope: < IX
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
c)      Water Table: 15.48 a
a)      Moisture Conditions: Dry to 5n
g)      Hunan Influence: Cleared froa Acacia Woodland III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 2.12.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landfora:
i)            Phyaiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Microtopograpby: Uneven, gilgi feature h)         Vegetation/Land One: Levelled for Cotton
b)     Drainage: Poor
d)      Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)      Surface Gravel/Stonee
Rock Outcrops:                             None
Deep well developed vertiaol over stratified coarse aaterial. Strong reaction to HCL throughout profile.
IV     PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth ca I
0 - 50 I 10YR 4/2 and 3/2 dry clay loaa and silt clay loan, extremely hard, very coarse pristaic
| (25 x 25 a 50 high). Very coarse vertical cracks; l-5ca. Few roots, occasional root in ped.
I Clayskins. Rare root channel with grey mottle. On brekaing priaaa, traces of platy structure. I Clear but wavy boundary.
I
50 - 100 I 10YR 4/2 dry, siltclay/clay strong coarse and medium prismatic, very coapact peds, rare pore
I clay skins, slickenslidee. Both vertical and horizontal cracking.
’
I merging into:*
I
100 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 dry clay, extremely hard, massive breaks to weak coarse prismatic, very compact rare
I pore or root channel. Clay skins. Few powdery CaC0  concretions in root channels. Occasional
3
| snail pocket of silt. Sone angular blocky, loose, silt clay in cracks.
Auger Bore I
200 - 220 I As above.
I
220 - 270 I 10YR 5/3 dry, loaay fine sand, loose, single grain. Few faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and powderv
I CaC0 .
3
P
I
270 - 330 I 10 YR 5/3 dry, fine sandy loan and silt loan, slightly hard and hard, platy structure few fainr
| 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and powdery CaC0 .
3
*
I
330 - 360 1 Aa 220 -270.
360 - 480 I As above with narrow bands of silt loam.
I
480 - 510 I 10YR 4/2 and 6/3 dry, sill day loan, hard, massive. Common fine pores, faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth c«           I
I
I Sampled DRH      67/1            0 -- 50
67/2         50 ■- 100
67/3        100 -- 150
67/4       150 ■- 200PROFILE RO: 68
I INFORMATION OR THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 68
b)       Data of Description: 2.12.81
c) Author of Description: DRH
d)       Altitude:
e) Location: 1.5 km S of AIP 45
f)        Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flo
od Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Microtopography: Smooth,
no cracks. Firm
g) Slope: < LX
h) Vegetatioa/Land Use: Grazing
II     GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
b) Drainage: Moderate
c) Water Table: 3.52
d)      Evidence of Erosion:
Slight sheet wash
«)
Moisture Conditions: Dry to   2 b then moist,
f) Surface Grave1/Stonea
wet at   2.4 m
Rock Outcrops:
None
g)     Human Influence: Overgrazed               trampled
III       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep stratified profile. Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV     PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
Auger Bore I
I
0 -
70    ]     10YR     5/2.5     dry,     Loam,     slightly     hard,     weak     to     moderate     coarse,     medium     and     fine     subaagular I blocky, few fine pores. Common dead fine roots. Coarse sand infillings between peds.
70 -     130     |      10YR      3/2      and      4/2      silt      clay/clay,      just      moist,      very      friable,      strong      angular      blocky      and      massive
130 -     150
150 -      170
170 -     200
200 -      240
240 -      300
300 -      380
380 -     400
400 -      480
| few fine roots, clay skins.
I
| As above but dry.
I
| 8.75YR 4/2 dry, sandy loam, slightly hard, massive.
I
| 8.75YR 4/2 dry, silt loam, slightly hard, platy.
I
| as above, moist and very friable.
I
| 10YR 3/3 wet, silt clay loam, non-sticky, few 3/1 mottle.
I
| 8.75YR 3/2 wet, silt clay loam, non-sticky.
I
| 8.75YR 3/2 wet, sand, non-sticky.
I
| 8.75YR 3/2 wet, silt clay loam, slightly sticky.
480 -      500     | 10YR 3/2 -oi.t, silt cl.y/cl.y, extremely firm. Few 3/1 mottle end bln./bl.ek .Lining,.t
I
I
I
I
I
I
i k
k
l
to
to
■
to
to
NPROFILE WO: 69
1 INFORMATION OR THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 69
b)          Date of Description: 1.1
2.81
c) Author of Description: DRH
d) Altitude:
e) Location: P9
f) Land fora:
i)            Physiographic Position
: Flood Plain/River levee
ii)           Surrounding Country:
Slight undulating
iii)          Microtopography: Gilg
i Features
g) Slope: < 12
h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)     Parent Material: Alluvium
b) Drainage: Poor to 70 cm then
moderate
c)     Water Table: 8.93 m
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
e)      Moisture Conditions: Moist
f) Surface GraveL/Stones
Rock Outcrops:
None
g)     Human Influence: Irrigated Cotton
III       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Shallow, fine textured prismatic, well developed vertisol over stratified sands and silts.
IV  PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
0 - 65 I 10YR 3/2 moist, silt clay-clay, strong coarse and medium
-
I
then few. Clay skins and slickenslides, clear but wavy boundary:-’ °° r°Ot" C°P 4° C*’
65 - 100 | 10YR 5/3 moist silt loam and 4/3, 6/3 fine sand, massive verv fri-hl. v 
I pockets and lenses. Rare fine root.
I
I Clear boundary to:-
I
100 - 130 I 10YR 5/3 .oi.t .ilt loa. .nd 5/1 - 6/1 fine „„dy lo„ la in te<J, v„y fri,ble
..
130 - 200 I 10 YR 5/3 .oi.t .ilt loa., very friable, la.in.t.d, few fine ,.ndy parting..
Auger Bore I
200 - 220 I As above.
’
liable. Fine sand m small
u•
I
220 -         230 I 10YR 3/2 .oi.t,
230 -         235 I  10YR 3/2 .oi.t.
5 5/3 ”Oi't’ “lt l°‘° <nd
.ilt clay-clay,
.ilt clay-clay,
friable,
fir., .trong fine angular end .ub.ngul.r blocky.
few pore., faint fine 7>JYR 5/6             .ottU
235 *           250
|«”le :
I
250 - 390 I 10YR 4/4 .oi.t,
390 - 450 I 10YR 3.5/2 .ilt
| angular blocky.
I
.ilt elay lo«,
clay-.ilt clay loa., moi.t
£i °* ’"dy
.oi.t very 
1O *“1 V*ry fri*bU- L..in.t.d, co—on      7.5YR 5/6
friable, l„in.t«d, co—on fin. pore..
'P
ly
friable, probably prismatic cl w
prismatic. Clay .kins, some fine
450 - 500 I 10YR 3.5/2 .oi.t, sandy clay I0..-I0.., friable, prob.bly pri.n.tic, cUy ,ki„,.
IIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth ca I
I
I Stapled DRH 69/1 
0-65
|
1 
"     69/2              65-130 "     69/3 130 - 200
IPROFILE NO: 70
I
INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a)
Profile Nunber: DRH 70
b)
Date of Description: 1.12.81
c)
Author of Description: DRH
d)
Altitude:
e)
Location: AIP 49
f)
Landfora:
i)
Pbyaiograpbic Position: Flood Plain
ii)
Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Cilgei - well developed
g) Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: 6.79 n
e) Moisture Conditions: Moist
g) Hunan Influence: Irrigated Cotton
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
h)     Vegetation/Land Oae: Cotton
•
b)     Drainage: Poor
d)     Evidence of Eroeion: Nil
f)     Surfnce Cravel/Stonee
lock Outcrops:                          None
Deep well developed vertisol over stratified silts and sands. Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth ca I
I
0 - 50 I 10YR 3/2 aoist, silt clay-clay, firn, strone coarse .na —.a;
I
slickeoslides, co mon fine roots, few in peds, few pores
prisaatic. Clay skins and
I aerging into:-
I
50 - 110 I As above but aoderate structure. Clear but wavy boundary to:-
110 - 150 I 10 YR 3.5/2 aoist, silt clay - silt clay loan, extreaelv fi™
I .iib.ngular bl
ocky, few root., per... Cl.y .kin,. pj £•„      l^b“‘k" ”'    “
diU
M?u
I Clear boundary to:-
I
150 - 200 I 8.75YR aoi.t, .ilt low and fine ..nd lo.m, la.in.ted few ... .
I 7.5YR 5/6 aoetle.
meted, few pore., root chennel. with .trong
I
Auger Bore I
I
200 - 280 I As above.
I
280 - 350 I 10YR 6/3 .ox.t, fine ..ndy lo„ .nd l.o.y fi„ sand, very frilbl<
350 - 410 I 10YR 3/2 noise, clay, very fins, prismatic, clay skins few r  «r
O
410 - 440 I 10YR 4.5/4 noise, silt loan, friable, laminated. Few 7.5YR 5/4 no n
Cc
440 - 490 I 7.5YR 3/2 aoist, silt clay loan, firn, aasaive.
490 - 500 I 7.5YR 3/2 and 5YR 4.5/4 weathered volcanic ash, few fine white CaC03
y sains, rev root channels with 4/2 mottle.
,
.IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm I
Sampled DRH 70/1
0-50
H
70/2
50 - no
it
70/3
no - 150
it
70/4
150 - 200PROFILE NO: 71
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
*) Profile Number: DRH 71
c) Author of Description: DRH
•) Location: 2 km N of AIP 39
g) Slope: < 1Z
II GENELAL INFOLMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c)    Water Table: 1.5 m (see note below)
e)     Moisture Conditions: 0-90 cn Dry then m
b)      Date of Description: 26.10.81
d)       Altitude:
f)        Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Smooth, no cracks
b) Vegeta tion/Land Dae: Cotton
iat
•
wet at 250 cm
b)     Drainage: Poor
d) Evidence of Eroeion: Nil
f)      Surface Gravel/Stouea
Rock Outcrop*:
None
g)     Human Influence: Cattle corridor in Cot
III   BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE P1OFILE
Deep fine textured profile over stratified silts and sands
Strong reaction
to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE
Depth cm
0-25
DESCRIPTION
10YR     5/2     (10YR     4.5/2     wet)     silt     clay     loam,     hard,     moderate     fine     and conon fine pores, few dead fine roots.
medium subangular blocky,
25 -       90        10YR      3/2      dry,      silt      clay,      very      hard      moderate      to      strong,      subangular occasional fine white powdery CaCOj.
blocky, rare pores,
90 - 180
180 -      215
215 -      250
250 -      310
8.75YR 3/2 silt el.y, moist, fir. moderate .ediu. priswtie. Co.p.ct r.re pore and fine root.
I 10YR
I with
I
| 10YR
I
4/4
3/2
lo *-- fi~- *>"• - — ch„nel.
3/2
moist silt clay, firm, massive,
n.rrow b.nd. of 10YR 5/3 .in. Ab orb,
.
9lowly.
I As above
I
but
wet, slightly sticky.
310 -
390     I 10YR 5/3      and   4/3 silt loan and silt clay
390 -      430
430 -      470
470 -      500
I
I As above
I
wet slightly sticky.
but
| 8.75YR 5/3 wet, fine sandy loam and silt
loam, wet non-aticky, laminated.
Loam, non-sticky, laminated.
Clay‘ CXCre“ely fir°‘ ab’°rb' W<ter 9lOWly‘ SCr°"‘
very faint
I
| Groundwater at 250 cm rose 1 m in 6 hrs.PROFILE NO: 72
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 72
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: Near P2
g) Slope: < IX
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Water Table: 8.24 a
e) Noiature Conditions: Moist
g) Human Influence: Research Plot
III      BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Well developed vertisol over straeified silts and clays.
140 an. 140-300 slight and 300-500 strong.
b) Date of Description: 5.12.81
d)    Altitude:
f)     Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: River Levee ii)           Surrounding Country: Slightly uneven iii)          Microtopography: Gilgai features
b) Vegetation/Land Dae: Pasture trials
b) Drainage: Poor
d)     Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Gravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                             None
Slight reaction to HCL 0-90 cm, then 9trong to
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cs
0-20/30
20/30-50
50 - 190
Auger Bore
190 - 220
220 - 280
280 - 300
JOO - 500
I      10YR      3.5/2      just     moist     (3/2      moist)     silt     clay     loam,     very     firm     strong      coarse     prismatic     with     soi | aubangular blocky, rare root between peds, no pores, rare root channel. Clay skins.
| Wavy boundary to:-
I
|      10YR      3/2      just      moist,      silt      clay      loam,      very      firm,      strong      coarse      angular      blocky      and      prismatic. I rare root, no pores in peds. Abrupt wavy boundary
I
|      10R      2.5/2      just      moist      silt      clay,      extremely      firm,      strong      coarse      prismatic,      old      surface?      Clay | skins and slickensides, very rare root. No pores in peds. Absorbs water slowly.
I
I
|
I
As   above.
I      10YR      3/2      just      moist      clay,      extremely      firm      prismatic,      clay      skins,      few      pores.
| slowly.
I
I     10YR     4/3     moist,     silt     loam     -     sill     clay     loam,     friable,     massive,     few     pores     and | 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
| 10YR 6/3  moist, silt loam and fine sandy  loam, friable, laminated, very  few
| channels.
| Sampled DRH 72/1              0-30
Absorbs water
root channels with
pores and root
|
I
*  72/2  30 - 100
"     72/3 100 - 190PROFILE NO: 73
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 73
c) Author of Description: DRH
c) Location: 2 km N of AIP 38
g) Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Tabla: 1.75 m
a) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 25 cm theo wet
to 300 theo moist to 500
g) Hunan Influence: Irrigated Pasture
III BRIEP DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 1.12.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landfora:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Microtopography: Smooth h) Vegetation/Land One: Pasture (sown)
b) Drainage: Poor
d) Evidence of Eroaion: Nil
f) Surface Gravel/Stonea
Rock Outcrops:                             None
Weakly      developed      vertisol      over      stratified      silts      and      clays.      Slight      reaction      to      HCL      0-45      cm      then      strong throughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
I
I
0-25/30
I
10YR      3/2      moist      silt      clay      loam,      very      friable.      Strong      coarse      and      medium      prismatic,      few      roots
I clay skins. Interior of ped dense and compact.
* 
’
I
I Clear irregular boundary to:-
I
25/30-75
I 10YR 4/4 and 10YR 3/2 silt loam <
| and medium angular blocky. Few i
and silt clay 
roots. Common 7 *vo
loam,       wet
non-sticky.
Massive
and
strong 
fine
7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
•
I
75 - 155
and fine sandy
loam, non-sticky, laminated, rare root, few
155 - 175
Auger Bore
175   - 210
210   - 240
240   - 280
I Clear but wavy boundary to:-
I
1 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 wet, silt loam
| pores. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
I Abrupt but wavy boundary to:-
I
I 10YR 3/2 wet, clay, slightly sticky prismatic,
I
I Water at 1.75 m.
I
I
I
| As above.
I
| 8.75YR 3/2 and 4/2 moist silt clay loam, firm.
| Absorbs water slowly.
I
| As above but wet, slightly sticky.
I
clay skins and slickensides.
Laminated. Common fine pores and 3/1 mottle
280 - 360 I 10YR 2.5/2 moist clay, fir, compact, clay skin, 3/1 mottle.IV     PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth ca
360 - 470            1     10YR     5/3,     5/4     and     4/3     noiat     ailt     loaa,     fira,     aaoaive,     few     porea     and     root     channela     with     fine
1 white powdery CaCOj.
1
470 - 480            1      10YR      3/2      noiat      clay,      very      fire,      coapact,      rare      porea,      clay      akin,      black      ataininga.      Abaorba      water I alowly.
11
480 - 500
I Ao 360 - 470 above.
1
1 Sampled DRH 73/1 
0-30
1 
I
M 73/2  30 - 100
"     73/3 100 - 175PROFILE HO: 74
I INFORMATION OH THE SITE
a)      Profile Number: DRH 74
c) Author of Description: DRH
a)      Location: AIP 39
R)     Slope: < 1Z
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
•)       Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Water Table: 1.85 s
•)      Moisture Conditions: Dry to 50 cm then moist
to 50 cm wet at 50
g)      Human Influence:
III BRIEP DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE
Deep fine        textured vertisol over stratified silts
b)      Date of Description: 1.12.81
d)      Altitude:
f)      Landform:
i)           Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)         Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Uneven - Cilgai features
h)      Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton
b)      Drainage: Poor
d)      Evidence of Erosion: Mil
f)      Surface Grave1/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                             Hone
and clays.             Strong rection to HCL throughout profile.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
0-25/30      I      10YR      4.5/3      dry      silt      clay      loan,      hard      strong      very      coarse      prismatic.      Conason      fine      roots,      some      in | peds. Few pores and root channels, clear but wavy boundary to:-
I
25/30-50     I     10YR     4/3     and     4/4     moist     silt     clay     loam,     friable,     weak     to     moderate     fine     and     medium     subangular | blocky. Common fine roots, few pores.
I
| Clear boundary to:-
I
50 - 100 | As above but wet non-sticky
I
I merging into: -
I
100 - 175 I 10YR 4/4 wet silt clay, slightly sticky. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
175      -      200      I      10YR      3/2      wet      clay,      non-sticky,      strong      coarse      prismatic.      Clay      skins      and      slickensides      white
| deposit on sides of pit.
I
Auger Bore I
200 - 210 I As above.
210       -270   | 8.75YR    4/4 and
*
3/2 wet silt clay loam, alightly sticky, massive.
270       -315   I 8.75YR    3/3, 4/3 and 5/4 wet silt loam and fine sandy loam,
non-aticky
I
315       -385   I 10YR 3/2 moist
385  -410  I 7.57YR 4/3 and
I
silt clay, very firm, prismatic clay skint. 3/2 silt loam moist, friable, massive.
410 - 500 I 10YR 3/1 and 2.5/2 moist, clay, very firm, prismatic, clay skina. Few white powdery CaC0 .
3IV
De
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cn I
I Stapled DRB
74/1 0-50
36
I
I
"
"
74/2 
74/3 
50  - 100 100  - 175
I
I
"
74/4 
175  - 200
47PROFILE 75
I INFORMATION ON IBB SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 75
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: Al? 32
g) Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluviun
c) Water Table: 6.03 ■
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 120 then moist,
wet at 450 cn
g) Hunan Influence: Research Plot
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 5.12.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landfore:
i)           Physiographic           Position:           Flood           Plain
ix) Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Slightly uneven h) Vegetation/Land Use: Pasture trial
b) Drainage: Moderate
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Gravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                             None
Deep, fine textured profile over stratified silts and clays. Slight reaction to HCL 0-30 cm, then strong
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
I
I
0-25
25  -120
I 10YR 5/3.5 dry, clay loan, hard, strong medium and coarse subangular blocky. Common vertical I cracks at 5-7 cm spacing. Abundant dead grass roots, comoQ pores and root channels, insect
I frass.
Clear but slightly wavy boundary to:-
10YR 5/3.5 dry. «ilt clay loam, slightly hard massive, r---------------------------------------- i subangular blocky. Common roots, few pores. Occasional 7.5YR 5/Vi«le«d
Abrupt boundary to:-
120 - 190 1 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay, e
1 Common medium roots.
I|
~ely fir,. .troog MdiuB pri,MciC(
and fine sandy Loam.- Very friable, lasdnated, few
loam, very friable, laminated, few porea.
cr<ck»
-------------- black stainings.
and slickensides
190 - 220
220 - 280
280 - 340
340 - 450
450 - 480
480 - 500
1 As above.
II
I 8.75YR 4/3  moist silt loam
11
1 8.75YR 3/3 moist silt clay
pores.
I
8.75YR
3/3 
moist
silt    loam,, very friable, laminated.
1
|
I1
Above
but
wet
non-sticky.
I
8.75YR
3/3 
moist
silt    loam
. very fri.bl.,
1
I Sampled DRH 75/1  0  - 25
t „, r00c.
1 
"       75/2     25    - 65
1 
"
75/3 
65    - 120
1 
"
75/4 
120    -190PROFILE RO: 76
I INFORMATIOR ON THE SITE
■) Profile Numbar: DRH 76
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 51
g) Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
c)      Water Table: 13.65
b) Date of Description: 2.12.81
d) Altitude:
f) Land form:
i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Microtopography: Strong gilgai
h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Cleared for Cotton
Moisture Conditions: Dry
e)
8> Human Influence: Cleared
to 210 cn then ssoist
from Acacia woodland
b)      Drainage: Poor
Evidence of Erosion: Nil
d)
f)       Surface GraveI/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                             None
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep       strongly       developed       vertisol       over       stratified       silts       clay       and       sands.       Strong       reaction       to       HCL       throughout profile.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0-70/80
I
I
I
LOYR     3/2     dry     clay,     strong     medium     and     coarse     prismatic,     extremely     hard.     Common     roots,     few     in
70/80-160
160 • - 200
200 •  - 210
210 ■ - 260
260 -  - 410
410 -  - 460
460 - 500
| peds. Occasional pore and root channel. Clay skins and slickensides. Trace of platy
I structure in peds.
I
I Merging irregular boundary to:-
I
I     LOYR     5/3     dry     silt     loam,     fine     sandy     loam     and     loamy     fine     sand,     slightly     hard,     laminated     with
| narrow discontinuous bands of 10YR 3/2 clay, fine angular blocky
I
| Clear boundary to:-
I
I      10YR      3/2      dry      silt      clay,      hard,      and      LOYR      5/3      dry      silt      slightly      hard.      Laminated.      Occasional
| vertical crack. Few N5/- mottle.
I
| As above.
I
| As above but moist and very friable.
I
|       10YR        3/2        Kilt       clay.       extre.ely       firm,       strong       pri.natic,       clay       skin,       ,„d           slickensides.       Absorbs | water rapidly and slumps.
I
I 10YR 5/3 moist silt loam, friable, laminated.
I
|       8.75YR       4/2       moist,       silt       clay       loam,       very       friable,       nassive.       Occaaional       coarse       angular       blockv
| Common pores, root channels with white powdery CaCOj.
I
1 Sampled DRH 76/1              0 -        70
'• 76/2 70 - 160
" 76/3 160 - 200
7*I
t- .. . r
..
i
kJ
ki
!PROFILE WO: 77
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 77
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: 0.5 kn S of AIP 38
g) Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THESOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
c)      Water Tabla: > 5.0 m
b) Date of Description: 10.10.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landfora:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai features
h) Vegetation/Land Use: Pasture, irrigated
a)      Moisture Conditions: Moist
to 250 cm then dry
b)      Drainage: Poor
d)      Evideace of Erosion: Nil
f)     Surface Gravel/Stonea
Rock Outcrops:                             None
s)
Human Influence:
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Shallow vertisol over stratified
silts and clay.
Reaction to HCL, 0-100 slight, 100-500 strong.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth   cm
Auger Bore
0 -     15
I
I
I
I
I
10YR      3/2      moist      silt      clay      loan,      strong      fine      aediun      and      coarse      subangular      blocky,      firn.      Clay
| skins, few live and dead fine roots.
I
15 -     90     I      10YR      3/2      moist      silt      clay,      firn,      strong      course      and      medium      prismatic,      clay      akina      slickensides      few I pores, dead and live fine roots.
I
90 -   120     I      10YR      5/3      just      aoist      fine      sandy      loan      and      silt      loan,      friable.      Strong      fine      and      aediun      subangular I blocky. Common fine pores, root channels and 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
120 -   160     I      10YR      5/3      moist      silt      clay      loam,      extremely      firm,      massive,      compact,      few      root      channels      with      black
160 - 250
250 - 300
I stainings.
I
| 8.75YR 3/2 moist silt clay loam, very firm, massive, few very fine roots.
I
| 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 dry silt clay loan, very hard, massive, rare pores and root channels.
300 -   320    I      10YR      3/2      dry      clay,      extremely     hard,      massive,     absorbs     water     slowly     rare     pores      or     root     channels.
320 - 500
|     LOYR     5/3     and     6/4     dry     silt     loam     and     fine     sandy     loam,     hard     becoming     firn.     Laminated     faint     few I 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. Few pores and root channels.
II
i
t
(•PROFILE RO: 78
I INFORMATION ON IB I SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 78
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 53
g) Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Vater Table: 13.00 m
e)      Moisture Conditions: Dry to 270
s)      Human Influence: Partly cleared
cotton
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep stratified silts and sands. Slight reaction
b) Date of Description: 2.12.81
d)        Altitude:
f)        Land fora:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii)           Surrounding Country: Plat
iii)          Microtopography: Gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Grazing
cm then moist
for irrigated
b)     Drainage: Poor
d)      Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)      Surface Gravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                             None
HCL 0-30 cm       then 9trong below to 500 cm
to
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
I
I
0 -
25
25
I 8.75YR 4/2 dry clay loam, hard, strong fine, medium I pores and fine roots. Regular fine vertical cracks
30    I 10YR 5/2 dry, fine sandy loam, hard, laminated, few
and coarse subangular blocky. Comon fine
merging into:-
fine dead roots.
but wavy boundary to:-
30
I
I Abrupt
I
70 I 8.75YR
I clay.
I
I Abrupt
loam, hard laminated with chin bands of fine angular blocky
boundary to:-
I
70 - 100 I 10YR 3/2  dry  silt clay, very  hard.
I 10YR 5/3 silt. Laminated. Coonon
I
I Abrupt boundary to:-
I
Strong fine and medium angular blocky with thin bands of
fine roots.
100 -      200
I 1°” 
| fine and medium angular blocky clay.
5/
]V'
d    i1   lo
," £i“ ?*°dT lo“’ h"d‘
with <i.cootinuou. narrow band, of
arrow Bands of
Bore
Auger
200 - 260
260 - 330
330 - 450
I
| Occasional vertical crack extending from the surface to 200 cm.
II
I
| As above.
I
|       10Y»       J/2       aoiat       clay,       vary       fina,       acrong       pri.natic       and       fin.
| few black staimngs.
•
I
| 10YR 5/3 -oi.t lilt loam and fin. a.ndy lo.., friable, ia.inated. R.r. por. and root channel
. oguUr          block
F
pew Xlae CaC03 andI
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
Depth cm |
450 - 500           | 8.75YR 4/5 moist, silt clay loam, firm, meiife, Few fine angular blocky clay. Absorbs water I slowly.
I
I   Sampled  DRH 78/1                  0-70
|
"
78/2 
70 - 140
|
"
78/3 
140 - 200
IPROFILE BO: 79
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 79
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 56 (near)
l) Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: > 5 a
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry, moist below 300 cm
g) Human Influence: Partly cleared and levelled
for cotton
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Very stroogly dveloped vertisol over stratified silts and clay. 300-350 cm. Strong reaction 70-300 cm and 350-500 cm.
b) Date of Description: 2.12.81
d) Altitude:
f) Land form:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Very uneven. Strong gilgoii
features
h) Vegetation/Land Use: Grazing - Fuel wood
b) Drainage: Poor
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Grave1/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                              None
Weak reaction to HCL 0-70 cm and
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth
0 -
70        10YR     3/2     dry     clay,     extremely     hard,     strong     coarse     and
I medium       angular       blocky.       Clay       skins       and       slickensides,   medium prismatic, breaks to coarse and
70 -
I white CaCOj powder and shell fragments.
Abrupt boundary to:-
I
90 I 10YR 3/2  .nd 5/3  dry  .ilt cl.y  .nd .ill lo.n U.in.ted
Few roots in cracks, rare in peds. Rare
I Common fine roots.
I
90 -     180        10YR     5/3     dry     silt     loam     and     fine     sandy     loam,     sli strong fine angular blocky, laminated. Comon
’  with some infilling* from above.
ghtly  hard and 10YR 3/2
fine roots.90-120 cm.
dry    silt clay, hard
I Clear but irregular boundary to:-
I
180 -      200     |     10YR     3/2     dry     silt     clay-clay,     very     hard,     strong     fine I      prismatic      appearance.      Rare      root,      common      fine      CaCOj | 7.SYR 5/6 mottle. (Buried surface?)*
I
and medium angular
powder on peda and
blocky with weak
black stainings. Few
Auger
Bore
I
200 - 300 I As above, becoming just moist.
I
300 -      500
|      10YR      5/3      moist,      silt      loam,      vary      friable,      massive,      occasional      root,      few | Sampled DRH 79/1               0-70
I                      " 79/2 70 - 180
pores and root channels
|
" 79/3 180 - 210PIOFILI NO: 80
I INFORMATION ON THZ SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 80
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: 1 km ME AIP 33
g) Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: > 5 m
e)      Moisture Conditions: Dry to 35 cd then moist g)     Human Influence: Overgrazed and trampled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 13.11.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Smooth, sealed no cracks
h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Graxing
b) Drainage: Moderate
d) Evidence of Erosion: Slight sheet wash
f)      Surface Gravel/Stones Occasional lava blocks to Rock Outcrops:                             20 cm
Deep stratified silt clay  loan over silt loam and saad.
volcanic outcrop/cone.
Strong rection to HCL
throughout.             Nearbye
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
Auger Bore I
I
0 -       35 I 8.75YR 5/3 dry clay loam, alightly hard, moderate fine, medium and coarse subangular blocky. | Few porea, occasional fine dead root.
I
35 - 120 I 10YR 5/3 moist silt clay loam, firm, auger flour, rare pore and fine dead root.
120 - 210 I 10YR 4/3 moist silt clay loam, firm, strong fine and medium subangular blocky. Coamon fine 1 pores, rare dead root.
I
210 - 420 I 10yr 5/4 moist silt loam and fine sandy loam, laminated. Few pores and root channels with
| 7.57YR 5/6 mottle.
I
420 - 500 I 10YR 3/2 moist, silt clay, firm, probably prismatic with some fine angular blocky.to
to
to
to
to
to
to
u
lo
n
n
a
to
to
to
to
to
toPROFILE NO: 81
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 81
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: Alp 34
g) Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluviua
c) Water Table: 2.75 ■
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 80 cn, uoist to
95 then wet
g) Huaan Influence: Levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 30.11.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landfora:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Microtopography: Gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton, poor growth
b) Drainage: Poor
d) Evidence of Eroaion: Nil
f) Surface Gravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                              None
Deep       well       developed       vertisol       over       stratified       sands       and       clays.       Strong       reaction       to       HCL       throughout,
Cotton
crop, very variable growth, early ripening in aany parts of field.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth ca
0-25/30
I
I
I
10YR    3/2    dry    silt    clay    and    10YR    5/2    -    5/3    dry    silt
I      moderate      subangular      blocky      and      loose      single      grain. | Abrupt but wavy boundary to:-
clay warn. Fill material,
Coewon roots.
•trong to
25/30-80
I     10YR     3/2     dry,     clay,     extremely     hard,     strong     coarse     and I between peds, no roots in peds common roots in cracks
very coarse
, clayskina.
prismacic.             Wide cracks
80 - 95
95 - 170
170 - 190
190  - 210
Auger Bore
210 - 260
260 - 300
I Abrupt boundary to:-
I
| 10YR 3/2  just moist, clay  strong, fine angulor, blocky, very  firm. Clay  skins, rare root
I
| Abrupt boundry to:-
I
I 10YR 3.5/3 wet, sandy loam, massive, non-aticky. Occasional large dead root.
I
I Abrupt wavy boundary to:-
I 10YR 3/2  and 3/3  wet, silt clay  loaa, scroog  fine angulor blocky  and massive, non-aticky.
I
I Clear boundary to:-
I
I 10YR 3/2 wet, sandy loam, non-aticky, massive, few pores.
i
I As above.
I
I 10YR 3/2 wee, .lit clay, .trong pri.a.tic, clay .kin., .lightly .tickyCE3T3W. ICDSnXCKD)
Sit* " -“Hi
7’T ~
xCxrr^ but noist, absorbs water slowly.
K'3 and
i/4 moist sil
t loam
and loamy fine sand, laminated
DRfi
81/1
0-30
»<
81/2
30 -
95
••
81/3
95 - 15
0
H
81/4
150 
- 200
•1
iPROFILE NO: 82
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 82
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location:
b)        Date of Description: 30.11.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landfora:
i) Physiographic Position: Flood plain-close to
escorpoent
ii)           Surrounding Country:
iii)          Microtopography:
g) Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium/colluvium
c) Water Table: > 3.8 m
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 190 then taoist
g) Hunan Influence: Levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Very deep well developed vertisol with stratified fine textured horizons 0-300 cm very strong 300-380 ca. Cotton, very poor stunted growth.
h)        Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton
h)      Drainage: Poor
d)      Evidence of Erosion:                  Nil
f)       Surface Gravel/Stones                  Occa
sional rock fragment and
Rock Outcrops:                             outw
ash gravel
to depth.
Strong rection to HCL
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth ca
0-90
90 - 190
Auger Bore
190 - 220
220 - 320
320 - 360
360 - 380
I     10YR     5/3     dry     clay     loam,     strong     coarse     prismatic,     very     hard.     Few     roots     in     cracks,     rare     in     peds I Fine sandy coatings on peds. Absorbs water rapidly.
I Clear but wavy boundary to:-
I
I      10YR      3/2      dry      silt      clay,      missive,      with      frequent      vertical      cracks      extending      from      above      Rare
I roots, clay skins, slickenslides. Very desue and compact. 1-2Z soft CaC03 concretions.
I As above.'
I
I 8.75YR 4/2 moist, silt clay, very firm, massive few pores, rare fine root.
I       10YR       3/2       just       «i.C,       cl.y,       extre.ely       fir.,       ....iv.       r.r.       pore,       co«n       h.rd       fine       and           «diu.       c.c0,
! concretions.
I
''*vv3
I      8.75YR      5/2      ju.t      win,      fine      s.ndy      cl.y,      very      fir.,      ....ive,      rare      pore.      Abund.nt      h.rd      C.C0-,
I concretions to 2.5 cm diameter.
I
I Too hard to Auger.
I
I Sampled DRH 83/1  0-60
3
380 -
e
|
" 83/2  60-120
"     83/3 120 - 190PROFILB MO: 83
I INFORMATION OR THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 83
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 50
b) Date of Deacription: 18.11.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landfore:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Slightly uneven iii)          Microtopography: Low wind blown ridgea
s)      Slope: < IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
•)       Parent Material: Alluvium
c)      Water Table: 11.78 n
h)
Vegetation/Land Oae: Grazing
b)      Drainage: Moderate
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
• )     Moisture Conditions: Dry to 180
cm then moist
f) Surface Gravel/Stonei
Rock Outcrops:
5
None
8)      Human Influence: Overgrazed and                 trampled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep highly stratified profile with wide texture range and strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE
Depth cm
DESCRIPTION
Auger
Bore
0 -     30
1
1
1
1
I
10YR   5/3   dry   sandy   c
clay       loan,       slightly       hard,       noderate       fine       and
| Comon dead roots, ffew pores.
11
medium    subangular blocky
30 - 70 1  10YR 3.5/2  dry  to  me iat strong  fine and medium angular and subangular blocky, hard-firm Few
I     fine     roots.     Clay     sb ;ina.
11
70 -
180
I 10YR 5/3 moist silt
1
loan and sandy clay loan, friable to firm.
Laminated, rare pore and
root
180 -
215
| 10YR 3/2 moist silt
clay, firm, strong fine angular blocky, few
l1
pores , rare root
215 -
310
I 10YR 5/3 moist silt
11
pores.
310 -   385     | 10YR 5/3 moist silt
11
385 -   420     I   8.75YR   taoist   loamy   1
11
420 - 470 1  Above but silt loam and sandy loan.
470 - 510
510 - 570
I1
I Above but clay loam
11
I 8.75YR 4/3 moist, s:
11
570 -   600     I 10YR 3/2 moist eilt
and silt clay loan.
lit clay loam, friable, massive
clay strong fine angular blocky and 10YR 4/3 eilt clay loan laminated
I Few very fine crystals of CaS0 .
4
I
y °a“’ la«^ated.PRO PILE NO: 84
I INFORMATION OR THE SITE
a) Profile Numbsr: DRH 84
c)      Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 31 (near)
b) Date of Description: 30.11.81
d)      Altitude:
f)
i)
ii)
Laudform:
Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
Surrounding Country: Slightly uneven
g) Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium/colluvium
c) Water Table: > 3.10 m
s) Moisture Conditions: Dry
g) Human Influence: Levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai feature
b) Vegetation/Land Uae: Cotton
b) Drainage: Poor
d)      Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Grave1/Stones Occasional fragment of
Rock Outcrops:                              lava
Deep       vertisol       over       stratified       silt       clay       and       silt       loam.       Strong       reaction       to       HCL       throughout.       Cotton,       very variable growth.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth
0 -
22
I
I
I 10YR 4/2 dry silt clay loam, extremely hard, strong coarse prismatic, few roots in cracks. No
I pores.
I
I Clear but wavy boundary to:-
I
22        110
I
I
10 YR
fine
I
110 - 130 10 YR
I
4/3      just      moist      -      dry      extremely      hard,      strong      coarse      and      medium      subangular      blocky      Rare roots, few pores, clay skins, slickensides. Abrupt but irregular boundary to:-’
5/3 dry silt loam and LOYR 3/2 dry clay laminated, bands discontinuous around pit.
130 -      190
Bore
Auger
190 -      230
I
I Abrupt but wavy boundary to:-
! Xn'lm 5/6 ^t‘leU
I
I
I
| As above.
I
I 8.75YR 5/2 dry, silt clay loan, extremely hard.
I CaC0 .
3
-gular blocky
310
230
310 -
Massive, rare pore, common very fine powdery
| Too hard to
I
| Sampled DRH
I
I
auger.
84/1         0-50
84/2       50 - 130
84/3 130 - 190I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
f
r
i r
i i i i
!
PROFILE SO: 85
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 85
c) Author of Description: DRH
a) Location: AIP 55
B ) Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c) Water Table: 5.92 m
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 130 then moist,
wet at 520
g) Hunan Influence: Levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 1.12.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landform:
i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Firm, few cracks
h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton
b) Drainage: Moderate
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)       Surface Grave1/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                              None
Generally        coarse        textured        stratified        profile        with        fine        textured        horirons, throughout. Cotton moderate growth.
Strong reactions to HCL
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth
0 -
and medium subangular blocky.
50 -
I
I
I 10YR     5/3     clay     sandy     loam,     slightly     hard,     weak     to     moderate     fine Abundant fine and medium roots.
Abrupt irregular boundary to:-
80        10YR 5/3 dry. «Ut very herd, ^derate platy. Few porea, rooca, co-on 7.SYR 5/6 motel. I Abrupt irregular boundary to:-
I
80 -      130     I      10YR      3/2      ju.t      noise      ailt      clay      -      clay,      vary      fir.,      atroog      ««.«      pri.matie.      rare      root
130 -      200
Auger
Bore
200 - 390
390 - 470
| ped. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.
I
I Clean but wavy boundary to:-
I
| 10YR 5/3 moist fine sandy loam, massive, few pores, rare root. Few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle
I
I
| As above but with ailt loam, laminated.
I
| 10YR 3/2 moist, clay strong fine angular blocky and prismatic.
inside
470 - 500 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4
I
500 -      540
I 8.75YR 4/3 moist
I
I Sampled DRH 85/1
moist silty clay loam, friable, massive.
silt Loam and fine sandy loam, massive, becoming wet non-sticky
0-50
|
"
85/2
50 - 100
|
•'
85/3
100 - 130
I
|
'•
85/4
130 - 200
IPROFILE NO: 86
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Kimber: DRH 86
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 35
g) Slope: < IX
II C ENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
c)      Water Table: 9.27
a) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 75 then moist
g) Hunan Influence: Partly cleared and roughly
levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep, weak vertisol over silts and fine sands
b) Date of Description: 30.11.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Hierotopography: Slight Cilgai Feature
h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Patches of Abutilou sp
b)     Drainage: Poor
d)     Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Gram1/Stones
lock Outcrops:                               None
Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm 0-30/35
I
I
I 10YR 5/3 dry, clay loau, slightly
I blocky. Coonon fine dead roots.
hard, moderate to strong coarse and wdius subangular
I
I Abrupt but wavy boundary
I
30/35-65
I 10YR 3/2 dry silt clay, extremely
hard, strong coarse prismatic. Few roots, root channels and
65-75/78
I black trainings. Occasional medium root in crack.
I
| clean boundary to:-
I
I 10W  3/2  dry  clay, very  herd, .cron, fine end —diu. engul.r blocky, rare root, co-on fioe
I CaCOj.
I
| Clear but irregular boundary to:-
I
75/78-190
Auger Bore
190 - 500
|     10     YR     5/3     just     -oiet, | 5/6 mottle. Trace of platy structure.
eilt
lo-_ 
very 
fir.,
weeive,
few
pore,
end
root
channel..
Co—on     2     5YR
I
>I
I
I 10YR 5/3 moist silt loams and fine sandy loams laminated.
I
| Sanplad DRH 86/1
I
I
I
I
.............. ‘
ti
ii
ii
86/2
86/3
86/4
0-30
30 -      60
60 - 120
120 - 1901
I
IPROFILE NO: 07
I INFORMATION OR THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 87
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 37
g)      Slope: < IX
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
c)     Water Table: 8.21
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 120 cm, then moist
b) Date of Description: 30.11.01
d) Altitude:
f) Lend fora:
i)            physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai features
h)      Vegetation/Land Dea: Cotton
b)      Drainage: Poor
d)      Evidence of Eroaiou: Nil
f)     Surface Grave1/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                             None
0)
Human Influence: Levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE
Deep      fine      textured      profile      over      laminated      silts      and      fine      sands.      Weathered      lava      at      250-300      cm.      Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm I
I
0 -       30 I 10YR 3.5/2 dry silt clay loan, very hard strong fine, medium, and coarse subangulor blocky. I Abundant fine and medium roots merging into:-
I
30 -       80 I 10Y1 3/2 dry. Hit cl.y, extremely hard, strong co.r.e, «diu. .nd co.r.e .ubangul.r block, I Cossaon roots, decreasing with depth. Clay skins.
|     Merging     into:-
I
7
80     -     120     I     LOYR     3/2     dry     clay,     very     h.rd     -a.iv.     with     few     vertical     crack.,     rare     pore.,     root     channel     and | root.
I
I Merging into:-
I
120 - 170 170   -   190
| Above but 10YR 2.5/2 and just moist, firm to very firm.
| Above, but less firm.
I
Auger Bore
I
I
190 - 250
| As above.
250 - 300
I 10 YR 4/4 moist clay wit
h fragme
nts of weathered lava.
300 - 500
10YR 5/3 and 6/3 moist
silt loam
a and sandy loams, laminated, very friable
Sampled DRH 87/1 
0 -
30
"    87/2 
30 -
80
" 87/3  80 - 130
"    87/4 130 - 190pion lx w: 88
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 88
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: 1 km N AIP 37
g) Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
c)      Water Table: 9.27
e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to >00 cm, dry to
250 then taoist
g)     Human Influence: Levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b)       Date of Description: 30.11.81
d)       Altitude:
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Plat
iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai features
h)        Vegetation/Land Dae: Cotton
b) Drainage: Poor
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Gravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                             None
Deep fine textured poorly developed vertisol over stratified silts and sands. Strong reaction to HCL
Ch roughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0-45
1      10YR      3/2      wet,
silt
clay 
loam,
weak
subangular
blocky,
non-sticky.      Cowon      fine      roots.
I
Merging into:-
11
45 - 100
1
10YR 3/2 moist, silt clay, strong coarse and medium subangular blocky verv firm
('ll*  v;
1
Coo.cn root.. f.v pot.., r.t. po.d.r, LcO .
3
a
1
I
Abrupt irregular boundary to:-
100 - 185
1
I
10YR 5/3 dry silt loam and fine sandy loam, hard, laminated. Few
I
chattels with 75YR 5/6 mottle and white powdery CaCOj.
» r r< r^ot, few root
Auger Bore
185 - 280
280 - 300
300 - 430
430 - 490
490 - 500
I
I As shows, moist at 250 cm.
I
I 10YR 5/2 moist silt clay loam, strong fine angular blocky, firm.
|     10YR     5/3     moist     silt     loam     sod     fin.     sandy     loam,     laminated,     few     pore,     and I 7.5YR 5/0 mottle.
I
root chanela            and faint
|      10YR      3/2      moist      silt      clay.      firm,      moderate      subangular      -      prismatic      rare
I staining*.
I
I 10YR 5/3 moist silt clay loam.
I
I Samp lad DRH 88/1  0-45
•
pore, c<              n dark
|
'• 88/2 45 - 100
j                      " 88/3 100 - 185r
i
I
I
I
ii
i
•i t;PROFILE NO: 89
I INFORMATION OR TEE SITE
a) Profile Fhrnber: DRH 89
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: 1 Km E of AIP 41
g) Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION OH THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluviun
c)     Water Table: > 2.10
e)     Moisture Conditions: Dry
g) Hunan Influence: Levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b) Date of Description: 30.11.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Microtopography: Strong gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton - Poor growth
b) Drainage: Poor
d)     Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)     Surface Gravcl/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                             None
Deep well developed vertisol over stratified silt loan and fine sandy  loam,
throughout.
Stroag reaction to 8CL
IV    PROFILE DESCRIPTION
0-120 I 10YR 3/2 dry clay, extremely hard, strong very coarse prismatic. Rare aediua root to 60 cn
I Rare pore and fine root in peda.
2-5 ca wide vertical cracks. Very dense and coopsct soil’
I Clear but irregular boundary
I
120      -      180      I      10YR      3/2      dry      tilt      clay,
strong      coarse      subangol.r      blocky,      clay      skins      and      slickensides      Moist
I inside feds. Rare root and pore. Few fine powdery CaC03. I Clear but wavy boundary to:-
I
180 ~ 210 |'«™ie/3’ a°d 6/3 dry fiU l° "’ "iaat€d- C0~n £ine
al
root channel, and 7.SYR 5/6
l" 0
| Clear boundary to:-
I
2)0 -
I Fine san
dy loam.
I
| Sampled
DRH
89/1 
0   -  50
|
"
89/2 
50   - 100
I
"
89/3 
100   - 180
|
"
89/4 
180   - 210IPROFILE SO: 90
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 90
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 42
g) Slope: < 12
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)      Parent Material: Alluvium
c)      Water Table: 12.46
e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 120 cm then dry
•
b) Date of Description: 30.11.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Serronnding Cornutry: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai features
h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton good growth
b)      Drainage: Poor
d)      Evidence of Erosion: Mil
f)     Surface Gravel/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                              None
E)
Human Influence: Levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
Deep, poorly developed vertisol over silt loam. Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0-50         1 10YR 3/3 moist silt clay, probably fill material
1 drying-prismatic structure evident). Comoo live roots. Pew ^orZt -ubaa*ular blocky. (On
I Merging into:-
i1
.
50 - 120
1 10YR 3/2 moist clay, strong coarse and medium subaneular
I very firm becoming extremely firm at 100 cm. Strong horizontal* 
1 »d den.e .oil.
I Merging into: -
j
( ln, roo„ to M
SCr0°* 
i
•kiha and slickensides,
cccU.g pattan>. V.ry co-pLt
120 - 160          1 10YR 3/2 dn clay, v.ry h.rd. .eroog coar„ ,ubaopllar blocky>
1 Merging wavy boundary:-
Ii
160 - 200 I 10YR 5/3 dry silt loam, hard, massive - weak laminaria. a
1 7.15YX 5/6 mottle.
1
I Sampled DRH        90/1          0 -    50
1-in.ttoua, few pore, and root channel, with
I
"
90/2 
50-120
1 
"
90/3 
120 - 160
I
"
90/4 
160-200I
I
I
4
IPROFILE NO: 91
t
I
INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a)
Profile Nimber: DRH 91
b)
Date of Description: 30.11.81
c)
Author of Description: DRH
d)
Altitude:
e)
Location: 0.5 km E of AIP 42
f)
Landform:
i)
Physiographic Position
: Flood Plain
ii)
Surrounding Country:
Flat
iii)
Microtopography: Stro
ng gilgai feature
g)      Slope: < 1Z
h)
Vegetation/Land One:
Cotton - stunted growth
II      GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
■ )    Parent Material: ALluvium
b)
Drainage: Poor
c)     Water Table: > 5 m
d)
Evidence of Eroeiou:
Nil
• )     Moisture Conditions: Moist to 110 cm, dry to
f)
Surface Gravel/Stonee
210 then moist
Rock Outcrops:
None
I)      Human Influence: Levelled
III    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPILE
Deep poorly developed vertisol over stratified silts and sands. Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0 -     35
I
I
I
I Peds moist inside. 7 cotnon roots,
10YR     3/2     dry     cl.y,     moderate     £ioe,     nedinn     and     COar.e     aub.ngular     block.
few pores.
35 - 45 I Above, but just moist. Merging into:-
I
45 -
100
I    10YR    3/2    moist    clay    strong    fine    and    me
I       Clay       skins
snd
slickensides.
Strong 
dium    angular horizontal
cr
blocky
acking.
| boundary to:-
and subangular blocky, rare root. Decreasig moisture abrupt wavy
100 -
210
I    10YR    5/3    and    6/3    dry    silt    loan    and    fine
I    channels    with    75YR    5/6    mottle    and    white
sandy        loam,
laminated,
powdery CaC03.
co tin on fine pores and root
I
Auger  Bore
210 -   370    | As above.
I
370 -   380
I 10YR 6/1 and 7/1 moist very fine sand.
I
380 -   500    I 10YR 5/2 dry. Hit cl.y lo«. lnin.ted few 7.5YI 5/6 nettle in root ch.nn.L I Sampled DRH     91/1   0-50
|
|
|
”      91/2        50 -  110
"      91/3      110 -  160
"      91/4      160 -  210i
i
t
f<
i
i
iPROFILE SO: 92
I  INFORMATION  OS  THE  SITE
a) Profile Nunber: DRH 92
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: PP5
g) Slope: > IX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON TBE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluviua
c) Water Table: 8.36
e) Moisture Conditions: Hoist to 150 then dry 
g) Hunan Influence: Levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE PROFILE Deep well developed vertisol over stratified silt losn.
b) Dace of Description: 30.11.81
d) Altitude:
f) Landforn:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Cxmntry: Flat
iii) Microtopography: Strong surface cracking
h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton. Variable, generally
poor growth
b) Drainage: Poor
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)
Surface Cravel/Stonas
Rock Outcrops: None
Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cn
0-25
25-60
60 - 150
I
I     10YR     3.5/2     woisC     silt     clay     strong     coarse     and     aediun     prisaatic. | few pores.
I
I Merging into:-
I A. ibov« but aodcr.t* .true cur., I.., root., cl..r but wavy bouod.ry to
1 
I
Cl *y’
,,,d
* n,“l*r *Od
root., d.y
150 - 190
I Abrupt boundary to:-
I
I 10YR 5/3  dry, lilt loan, slightly  bard.
I not tie.
I
| Sampled DRH        92/1       0  -   50
Luio.t.d. Fw porta aod root cb.on.l. with 7.5YM i/t.
|
"        92/2     50  - 100
|
"
92/3 
100 
- 150
|
"
92/4 
150 
-  200:|
\
7
J '
I
I
iPROFILE NO: 93
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 93
c) Author of Description: DRH
e) Location: AIP 41
g) Slope: < 1Z
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a)     Parent Material: Alluviua
c) Water Table: 7.0 a
e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 30 cm then moist
g) Human Influence: Levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
b)        Date of Description: 2.12.SI
d)        Altitude:
f) Landform:
i)            Physiographic Position: Flood Plain
ii)           Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Microtopography: Slight gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton - good growth
b) Drainage: Poor
d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f) Surface Cravel/Stoneo
Rock Outcrops:                             None
Deep well developed vertisol with narrow bands of fine sand in subsoil. Strong reaction to HCL
th rougliout.
IV    PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0-30/35 1 10 YR 3/3 dry. fine a.ady cl.y loam, strong coarse prisMtic, common root5 _  ,
| in peds.
1
1 Irregular boundary to:-
11
r re
, and rooc
30/35 - 70/80
I     10YR     3/2     moist     clay,     strong     coarse     prismatic,     feu     roota,     rare     pore,     and     root     in     ped
a.     Clav
| skins and slickensides. Absorbs water slowly.
7
1
I Irregular boundary to:-
70/80-130        |     10YR     5/3     -nd     4/4     moist     silt     clay     loam,     massive     rare     pore,     and     root,     compact,     breaks     to
I subangular - clay skins, very firm - extremely firm, clear but wavy boundar^ Co: -
130 - 200 | 10YR 5/3  moist silt clay  loam, fins, massive, with trace of platy  structure. Lenses of lovn
Y
I    3/2    strong    fine    angular    blocky    clay    with    cosaon    white    powdery    Ca    C05       and    7    5YR    5/6    morrl    ° *
| Irregular bands of fine sand 2-10 cm thick around pit. 3 
1
| Sampled DRH 93/1           0 - 70
•             / mottle.
|
'• 93/2 70 - 130
" 93/3 130 - 200f
r
)■
u
I i t
»
I ! I
ti
•iPROFILE NO: 94
I INFORMATION ON THE SITE
a) Profile Number: DRH 94
c)     Author of Description: DRH
e)     Location: AIP 38
b) Date of Description: 5.12.81
d)      Altitude:
f)
Landform:
g) Slope: < LX
II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL
a) Parent Material: Alluvium
c)    Water    Table:    4.36    ■
e) Moi a tare Conditions: Moist to 155 then wet.
Dry at 190
g) Human Influence: Levelled
III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE
i)             Physiographic Position: Flood
ii) Surrounding Country: Flat
iii)          Microtopography:
b) Vegetation/Lend Dae: Cotton
b) Drainage: Poor
d)     Evidence of Erosion: Nil
f)      Surface Grave1/Stones
Rock Outcrops:                              None
Deep fine textured profile with silt loan horixou. Strong reaction to HCL throughout.
IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Depth cm
0-60
60 - 135
I
ii
i
10YR     3/2     moist     silt     clay,     moderate 7.SYR 5/6 mottle. Clay 9kins and slickensides. Few
coarse
and     me
dium
subangular pores.
blocky,
firm.
Common r
oots and
Abrupt boundary to:-
10YR     4/2     and     4/3     moist     silt
loam
and
silt
clay 
structure. Increasing moisture to 100 cm.
l Oaa
’
friable, massive,
t
races of
weak
platy
Clean boundary to:-
135 -155
I
I
10YR      3/2      noise      cl.y,      noder.c.
fin.
.n.ul.
r
blocky.
Wh
ite      powder
on      sides
of
pic
Abrupt boundary to:-
155 - 190
190 - 195
i 10YR    4/2    and    4/4    wet    silt    clay    loam, loam in small pockets and laminations
As above but dry.
I Sampled DRH 94/1             0-60
I                      " 94/2 60 - 135
I                      " 94/3 135 - 155
"     94/4 155 - 195
■asaive non-sticky, rare pore and
. Leas wet with depth.
root and 10YR 5/3 ail
cv
I* •
i
4
i. ?•
■I
JPART C
MELKA SADI AREA
State Farms I & II, Soil and DrainageI
I
f
1Melka Sadi Area
(State Farms I and II)
Contents
1.  SUMMARY
2.       SOILS
3.  DRAINAGE
Maps
Map No.l
Map No.2
Map No.3
Map No.4
Annex 1
Ground Water Levels
E.C. Values of the Ground Water
Depth to Impervious Layer
Location     of     Sites     and     AIP     Observation Wells
Results of Soil Chemical AnalysisMELKA SADI AREA (STATE FARMS I AND II)
1.        SUMMARY
The Melka Sadi area covers some 4,240 ha of which 1,328 ha are occupied by the Melka Sadi Farm and 600 ha by newly developed irrigated cotton. The remaining 2,310 ha are to be developed for irrigated cotton. The total area (2,310+600) 2,910 ha
forming Melka Sadi State Farms I and II.
At the start of the Melka Sadi Farm study  it investigate the whole of the Melka Sadi area the farm was studied in less detail.
was decided to but the area outside
2.       SOILS
The    majority    of    the    Melka    Sadi    State    Farms unit      3.      "Vertisols      on      recent      alluvium". 
*. i I  s located on soil The Th se vertisols are
often  deep,  up  to  3  metres and  have low permeability infiltration  values.  There is a small area of units "Soils on very recent alluvium”.
About half the area of State Farm II is soil unit 3, 
north and west of the farm.
There are small areas of saline soils corner, between the primary canal
The southern portion is
and 
1 and 2.
located      in      the mainly unit 6.
saline areas production.
The majority E.C. Sat. Ex
will require careful
of the soil profiles
, unit 10, in the south east
and the secondary canal SD2. These
leaching before being brought into
in unit 3, vertisols, are non-saline
was saline with an E.C. Sat. Ex. of 9.5 mmhos.
The soils in  unit 6  have slightly  saline soils,  usually  in  small scattered  patches,  easily  recognised  by  the damp  surface salt in most cases.  There is a general reduction  in  salinity  northwards and westwards.
3.       DRAINAGE
In soil units 6 and 10 the infiltration and permeability rates are satisfactory, and as the ground water table is relativJ  a
<4.0    mmhos,    one    horizon    only,    180-200    cm    at    DRH    10;    AIP7 
»
v
most Of the area with the exception of the area close to He!L°sldi Farm, no immediate problems are expected following irrieation above area close to the farm, alongside SD2,should be provided wUh drainage system for cropping season 1983, as the water tahlZ • 
7.2 mmhos and will rise once the surrounding area is fullv^v 1 (1982),and then extend the drainage northwards in step with th^°P rise in water levels. On soil unit 3, vertisol*; rh P
water levels are deep and the water is saline or’very Palis'1 results are satisfactory for cotton while permeability ra « r
\
Che
a    ll^ rat1 lon
Deep ripping, cultivation and the cotton roots will help improve tj!esituation. Drainage to control the water table will be required eventually, dependant on the rate of rise, which has varied from
0.5 m to 1.2m since August 1980. As the area is to be developed 
for planting by March 1983 a closer pattern of observation wells
is required, these should be sited between the existing AIP wells
and extend down to the present water table. Once the whole area has been irrigated for 2 or 3 seasons the expected rate of rise can then 
be estimated with some accuracy to obtain the probable date by which drainage will be needed.
In the small area between AIP4 and the Western Dyke the water table is high and also saline, this area will need to be provided with a drainage system, installed together with the irrigation system.
Ground water levels, salinity of ground water, depth to impervious or slowly pervious layers and observation well sites are shown in Maps Nos. 1-4.ANNEX I
Results of Soil Chemical AnalysisINSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH . I IO LETT A -Gtl ENET - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION
ANALYTICAL DATA RECORD SHEET
PROJECT: AMI BARA IRRIGATION 2 MAY 1981
SHEET I
r
i
i
1 Lab 1 lit. 1
1
1
1
1
1 Field
1 Nu
1
1
1
1
1
I Depth
1 c.
1
1
1
1
I pH of
I Saturated
1 Extract
1
1
~F
1 7.60
1
1 EC
1 nmhos/cm
1  1 of
1
1 Soluble Cat ions
1 meq/1 Saturated
1
1   Saturated    1              1            1
I Extract
1
1 Na |K 1
111
of
Extract
Ca 18
i----------;----------
I Soluble Anions of
I "eq/l Saturated Extract
I
1
I 6427/81
~T“                          7
I DRII-I     1/1     1    0-25
“T“              1 1
1----------
I Suit
1
1----------- 1---------
1 2.15
1  10.87 |
1
2.25 1    42.90.
7.33
T“
1 63.35
1 Cl
1
i
1 10.00
1 SO4
1
I
1 COj
1
1 24.00
1
1 Trace
1  1----------1
1 IICO3    | Sum
1           1
1r
1     7.301      41.30
| 6428/81 1 Air 10 1/2 1 25-58 1 7.85
1 6429/81 1 A1P 10 1/3 | 58-100 1 7.95
1 64)0/81 I A1P 10 1/4 1 100-150 1 9.15
I 6.20 1 69.57 | 2.61 1 145.70
I 8.50 1 150.01 1 0.81 | 36.85
I 6.20 1 113.05 1 0.33 1 10.45
I 64)1/81 1 A1P 10 1/5 I 150-200 1 9.60 1 5.40 1 86.96 I 0.61 1 1.55
I 6432/81 1 DFH-2 2/1 1 0-27 1 7.35 1 3.80 1 15.22 I 0.97 | 51.15
I 6433/81 1 A1P 8 2/2 I 27-74 1 7.30 1 3.15 1 23.91 1 0.23 1 71.50
| 6434/81         1 ATP 8     2/3    I 74-130        1 7.45
1 3.90               1 23.91 1           0.31 |     53.90
I 6435/81         I DRH-3     3/1        I 0-45         1 7.75                 1 3.06               1     6.52 I          0.61 I     11.50
1 6436/81 1 AIP 3 3/2 1 45-75 1 7.90
I 64 37/81 1 AIP 3 3/3 I 75-100 1 7.75
1 6438/81 1 AIP 3 3/4 I 100-145 1 7.70
1 6439/81 I DRII-4 4/1 | 0-20 1 7.25
| 6440/81 1 AIP J 4/2 I 20-70 1 7.25
1 1.04
1    8.701         0.10 1       4.95
I 0.85 1 8.701 0.28 I 3.30
1 0.16 1 6.52 1 0.28 I 6.60
I 2.10 1 6.52 I 1.28 | 37.40
I 7.30 1 15.22 1 2.74 | 122.50
I 6441/81         1 AIP 1      4/3     I 70-100        1 7.15                 1 7.50               1 28.261           2.53 1   170.00
1 6442/81        1 AIP 1      4/4     I 100-150      1 7.25
1 8.10               1 56.52 1           2.53 I   162.00
I 6443/81 1 AIP 1 4/5 1 150-200 1 7.40 1 6-70 1 86.961 1.13 1 65.00
I 6444/81 I DRII-5 5/1 1 0-30 1 7.70 1 5.80 1 23.91 1 53.91 1 75.00
1 6445/81        1 AIP 2     5/2     1 30-50         1 7.60
1 6446/81        1 AIP 2     5/3    I 50-140        1 7.65
| 6447/81          I AIP 2     5/4     1 143-189     1 7.70
1 6448/81 I DRH-6 6/1 I 0-20 1 7.30
1 2.15 1 13.04 | 2.53 1 26.40
1 1.30 1 4.35 1 0.28 I 10.45
1 0.77
1     2.17 I         0.33 1       6.05
1 6449/81 | DRH-6 6/2 I 20-60 1 7.25
1 6450/81 1 DRH-6 6/3 I 60-1)5 1 7.45
1 1.50 1 165.22 I 5.63 I 345.00
1 8.50 1 50.00 | 1.15 1 102.50
1 5.40 1 36.96 1 0.74 I 50.00
I 6451/81        I DRH-6     6/4      I 115-143     I 7.40                 1 6.60                1 60.87 |            1.00 I     50.00
1 6452/81       1 DRII-7     7/1     I 0-40            1 7.50
1 6.00
I 6453/81         1 AIP 6     7/2     | 40-80          I 7.80                 1 8.50
1 50.00 I 2.25 1 50.00
I 167.40 | 3.12 1 46.75
1 6454/81          I AIP 6      7/3 1 I 80-130        1 8.25
I 7.40                 1 171.75 1         2.56 I     24.75
24.75      1 242.63     1 128.00     1 21.60       1 Trace      1     3.401153.0
11.00      I 198.73      1 162.50     1  67.47     1 Trace      1     3.30 | 233.27
26.58      1 150.41     1 55.00       1 91.20      1 Trace      1    4.501150.70
2.75      1 91.87       1 46.00       1 27.20       I 3.10          1     3.101      79.40 10.00      I 77.24        1 53.50       1    5.60     1 Trace      1    4.00 1     63.10 19.25      1 114.89     1 65.50       1    5.60     1 Trace      1    4.20|       75.30
18.33      1 96.45       1 59.00       1 6.00         1 Trace      1 2.60 |          67.00
7.33      1 25.96       1 2.00         1 1.60         1 Trace      1 6.801          10.40
3.67      1 17.42       1    6.50     1 Trace      1 Trace      1    6.401      12.90
4.58      I 16.86        1     3.00     1 Trace      1 Trace      1 6.60 |            9.60 4.58      1 17.98       1    5.00     1 Trace      1 Trace      1    5.501      10.50 9.17      1 54.37       1 19.00       1 Trace      1 Trace      1 1.80 |          20.80
38.50 1 178.96 I 200.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 3.0 I : 203.00 37.58 1 238.37 1 257.50 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 7.40 1 259.90 33.92 1 254.97 1 255.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 7.70 1 257.70 19.25 1 172.34 1 102.00 1 17.60 1 Trace 1 1.80 I 121.40 39.42 1 192.24 1 125.00 1 3.60 1 Trace 1 8.501 137.10
8.25      1 50.22       1 26.50       1 1.20         1 Trace      I 6.00 I           33.70 2.75      1 17.83       1 11.00       1 Trace      1 Trace       1     3.60 1     14.60 1.83      1 10.38       I 2.00          1 Trace      1 Trace       1     7.90 1       4.90
79.75 1 595.60 I 490.00 1 30.00 1 Trace 1 7.40 1 522.40 38.50 1 192.15 1 152.50 1 32.00 1 Trace 1 1.70 1 186.20 25.67 1 113.37 1 79.50 1 25.20 1 Trace 1 1.701 105.90 22.50 1 139.37 1 124.00 1 232.80 1 Trace 1 1.70 I 148.50 12.83 1 115.08 1 99.00 1 4.80 1 Trace 1 1.80 1 104.80
16.50 1 733.77 1 165.00 1 52.80 1 Trace 1 1.80| 219.60
5.50      I 204.56      1 52.50       1 76.40       1 Trace       1    4.40 1    133.30
1 6455/81
1 AIP 6
7/4 I
1 J3O-165
1 8.90
I 6.20
1 163.05 1
1.87 |
17.60
5.50
I 186.02
1 61.50
1 68.20
1 Trace
1 12.60 |
142.30
I 6456/81
1 AIP 6
7/5 1
1 165-193
1 9.30
1 5.50
1 145.66 I
1.72 |
11.55
5.50
1 164.43
1 57.00
1 70.29
1 Trace
1 16.501
>43.79
I 6457/81
1 DRII-8
8/1 1
0-40
1 7.30
1 1.80
1 17.39 1
0.33 1
13.75
5.50
1 36.97
1    7.00
1 2.00
1 Trace
1     7.70 1
11.20
1 6458/81
1AIP 13
8/7 1
40-90
1 7.50
1 2.50
1 10.87 |
0.23 1
12.65
3.67
1 27.42
1 10.50
I 4.40
1 Trace
1     1.70 1
16.10
1 6459/81
1 AIP 13
8/3 1
90-140
I 7.40
1 2.25
1     8.701
0.28 |
15.40
3.67
1 28.05
1 17.00
1     7.70
1 Trace
1 1.00 1
25.70
I 6460/81
1 AIP 13
8/4
|
140-200
1 7.50
1 2.30
1 13.04 1
0.33 1
26.95
7.33
1 47.65
1 27.50
1 Trace
I Trace
1     i.70|
29.20
I 6461/81 I DRH-9 9/1 1 0-65 1 7.45
1 b^62/8l 1 AIP 4 9/2 1 65-80 1 7.55
1 6463/81 1 AIP 4 9/3 1 80-160 1 7.50
I 1.40                 1     8.70|           0.20 |       8.25
1 2.30
f 2.90
I 6464/81         1 AIP 4      9/4     |   160-200     1 7.45                1 3.50
1 6465/8)          I DRII-10   10/1 |
0-70 I( 7.60
1 1.10
1 10.87 I 0.74 | 26.95
I 10.87 | 1.18 1 44.00
I 28.26 | 1.72 1 69.85
1 8.701 0.38 I 12.65
I 6466/81         1 AIP 7      10/2 1         70-107 I1 7.55                I 0.80                 1 13.04 |             0.20 |     12.10
1 6467/8) 1 AIP 7 10/3 1 107-180 1 7.55
1 6468/8) 1 AIP 7 10/4 I 180-200 I 7.20
1 6469/81 1 DRH-11 11/1 1 0-40 I 7.80
1 1.80
1 9.50
1 0.70
1 2.171 0.46 1 29.70
1 17.391 1.10 1 58.30
1 2.171 1.51 1 87.45
2.75       1 19.90       1 Trace       1 Trace       1 Trace       1     7.70 1        2.20
6.42       1 44.98       1 22.00       1     3.20     I Trace        1 14.501         39.70
7.33      1 63.38       1 34.50       I 6.00          1 Trace       1     1.30 1     41.80
17.42 I 117.25 I 64.00 1 12.80 I Trace 1 0.90 | 7.70 3.67 1 25.40 I 3.00 I Trace 1 Trace 1 0.30| 3.30 3.67 1 29.01 I 8.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 0.701 10.20
7.33       1 39.66       1 12.00       1 Trace       1 Trace       1     1.101      13.10
20.17        1 96.96       1 76.10       1     5.60     1 Trace       1 1B.50I         50.20
23.83       1 114.96     1 20.00        1 Trace       1 Trace       1    4.30 1      24.30INSTITUTE OF AGH I CULTURAL RESEARCH, HOLKTTA-GUENET - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION ANALYTICAL DATA RECORD SUEET
I--------- I
I
I Lab
I No
I
I______
1------
I---------
1
r~
1
Cl
I
1 Field
1 No
1
1
r
1
1
1 Depth
1 cm
1
1
1
11/2 1 40-110
1
I pH of
I Saturac
I Extract
1
1
1
—1------------
1 EC
| mmhos/cm
ed | of
1 Saturated
1 Extract
1
I
I Soluble Cations of
I •eq/l Saturated Extract
I__________
I Soluble Anions of
PROJECT: AMIBARA IRRIGATION 2 HAY 1981
SHEET 2
I
meq/1 Saturated Extract
Na |K
| Ca
1--------------- R                1 Sum
1
1-------- “I------- 1-------- so4         1 co 3   | HCOi 1 Sum
11
I    6470/81       1 AIP 14
1 7.70
I    6471/81
I    6472/81
I    6473/81
I    6474/81
I    6475/81
I    6476/81
I    6477/81
I 6478/81
I    6479/81
I    6480/81
I 6481/81
I 6482/81
I   6483/81
I   6484/81
I 6485/81
I   6486/81
I    6487/81
|    6488/81
I    6489/81
I 6490/81
I 6491/81
I 6492/81
I 6493/81
I 6494/81
I 6495/81
I 6496/81
I 6497/81
I 6498/81
I 6499/81
I 6500/81
I 6501/81
I    6502/81
I 6503/81
I 6504/81
1 AIP 14 11/3 | 115-150 1 1.85 1 AIP 14 11/4 1 150-200 I 7.80
1 DRH-12     12/1 I       0-50        1 7.60
1 AIP 12       12/2 I     50-100     1 7.65
1 AIP 12       12/3 1   100-150     1 7.65
1 AIP 12        12/4 |   150-200     1 7.75
1 DRH-13     13/1 1       0-50        1 7.55
1 AIP 16      13/2 1     50-100      1 7.45
1 AIP 16       13/3 1   100-150     1 7.50
1 AIP 16        13/4 I   150-200      1 7.50
1 DRH-14     14/1 1       0-40        1 7.20
1 AIP 5          14/2 I     40-80        1 7.50
1 AIP 5          14/3 I     80-140      1 7.50
1 AIP 5          14/4 |   140-200      1 7.50
1 DRJI-I 5     15/1 |       0-50        1 7.60
1 AIP 11        15/2 I     50-100      1 7.95
1 AIP 11 15/3 1 100-135 1 7.65 1 AIP 11 15/4 I 135-200 1 7.60
1 DRJI-I 6      16/1 |       0-25        1 7.45
1 AIP 22        16/2 I     25-75        1 7.70
1 AIP 22       16/3 1      25-120     1 7.85
1 AIP 22 16/4 I 120-200 I 7.75 1 DRH-17 17/1 | 0-50 1 7.80 1 AIP 18 17/2 | 50-100 1 7.55
1 AIP 18        17/3 I    100-150     1 7.45
I AIP 18         17/4 I   150-200     1 7.60
1 DRH-18        ia/i I       0-50        1 7.60
1 AIP 21     18/2 |        50-110      1 7.65
1 AIP 21      18/3 I      110-150      1 7.90
1 AIP 21     18/4 I      150-200      1 7.95
1 DR1I-19   19/1 1         0-70        1 7.20
1 AIP 9       19/2 1       70-90        1 7.55
1 AIP 9        19/3 1       90-130      1 7.55
1 AIP 9        19/4 1     130-200      1 7.80
1 0.78
1 1.36
1 3.70
1 1.50
1 0.87
1 0.60
1 0.64
1 2.05
1 2.60
1 2.60
1 3.40
1 1.26
1 0.98
1 1.20
1 0.66
1 2.35
1 3.10
1 1.50
1 1.75
1 2.50
1 0.90
1 0.93
I 2.60
1 0.98
1 2.80
1 3.20
1 3.80
1 1.50
4.35 I          0.36 I      29.15
6.52 I          2.48 |      60.50
32.61 I          0.41 |        2.20
4.35 I          0.28 |      12.65
4.35 I          0.36 |      16.50
6.52 I          1.08 |      33.00
4.35 I          1.00 |      42.35
6.52 |          0.46 |      34.10
4.35 I          0.54 |      30.00
17.39 I          0.44 |      14.85
41.31 I           0.79 |      37.40
26.09 1         0.23 1      16.50
6.52 I          0.54 |      29.70
8.70 I          0.31 I      23.10
6.52 I          0.18 |      15.95
23.91 1 0.36 | 29.15
17.39 I 0.15 | 10.45
17.39 I 0.23 | 14.30
19.57 1 0.26 | 16.50
45.65 I 2.23 | 69.30
10.87 | 0.18 | 10.45
23.91 I 0.26 | 24.30
36.96 | 0.31 1 19.80
10.87 I 0.28 | 11.00
23.91 1 1.00 I 35.75
28.26 I 1.66 | 43.45
30.44 I 1.56 | 39.05
8.70 I           0.33 |      14.30
13.04 | 0.20 1 13.20
15.22 1 0.18 | 13.75
10.87 I 0.23 1 18.70
13.04 |        0.28 I         13.20
26.09 |-        0.33 |         21.45
34.78 |        0.33 |         22.55
21.74 1 0.28 1 21.45
1------------------ 8.25         1 42.11
17.42 1 86.92 1.83 1 37.05 2.75 1 20.03 2.75 1 23.96
2.00
6.00
40.00
4.00
Trace
Trace I Trace 1 3.60| 5.60
Trace     I Trace         1 2.00 |              8.00
Trace     1 Trace        1     1.40|        41.40
Trace     1 Trace        1     3.60 I          7.60
Trace     1 Trace        1     2.7O|          2.70
T-------------- "I----- r
8.25
1 48.85
Trace
Trace
I Trace
I 4.00|
4.00
12.83
1 60.53
Trace
Trace
I Trace
1 1.801
1.80
8.25
1 49.33
2.00
23.76
| Trace
1     2.40 1
28.16
29.33
1 64.22
1 1.00
28.80
1 Trace
)      1.50 (
31.30
3.67
1 36.35
1 2.00
36.00
1 Trace
1 1-20 (
38.20
9.17
1 86.67
1    4.70
35.20
1 Trace
1 2.201
42.10
4.58
1 47.40
1 2.20
36.80
1 Trace
1     2.50 I
41.50
19.25
1 56.01
I 1.70
1     7.67
1 Trace
1 11.50 |
20.87
6.42
1 38.53
1     2.30
1     3.20
1 Trace
1     1.40 |
6.90
4.58
1 27.23
1.50
1 Trace
I Trace
1 2.801
4.30
8.25
1 65.67
1     2.90
1 58.46
1 Trace
1     1.00 I
61.36
2.75
1 30.74
1     5.30
1 26.40
1 Trace
1     1.10 I
32.80
3.67
1 35.59
1     7.50
1    4.80
1 Trace
1     1.901
14.20
3.67
1 40.00
1     3.10
1     7.20
I Trace
1     2.401
12.80
13.83
1 130.01
1 14.10
1 24.80
1 Trace
1     3.80 1
42.70
1.83
1 23.33
1     3.60
1 Trace
I Trace
1     2.4O|
9.00
5.50
1 53.87
I 11.10
1 Trace
1 Trace
1     3.00 I
14.10
4.58
1 61.65
I 26.20
1     5.20
1 Trace
1     2.701
34.10
1.83
1 23.98
1 10.30
1 Trace
1 Trace
1     3.201
13.50
6.42
1 91.06
1 11.80
1 30.80
1 Trace
1 2.00|
4.60
9.17
I 82.54
I 38.70
1 26.80
I Trace
1     1.501
67.00
9.17
1 80.22
I 34.40
1 24.80
1 Trace
1 1.101
60.30
2.75
I 26.08
1     3.90
1 Trace
1 Trace
1     1.501
5.40
1 0.85
1 6.64
1 0.53
1 1.04
1 0.72
| 0.76
1 0.79
2.75
1 29.19
I 2.20
1 Trace
I Trace
1 1.60|
3.80
2.75
1 47.30
I 2.90
1 Trace
1 Trace
1     2.301
5.20
3.67
1 33.47
1     1.90
1 Trace
1 Trace
1     3.201
5.10
2.75
1 29.27
1     2.40
1 Trace
1 Trace
1     1.701
4.10
4.58
1 52.45
1     3.30
1 Trace
1 Trace
1     1.70 |
5.00
6.42
I 64.08
1     6.70
1 Trace
1 Trace
1     l.70|
8.40
4.58
1 70.07
I 1.00
1 Trace
I Trace
1     3.001
4.00SHEET 3
1I
I
I
I
I Lab
I No
I________
I
|   6^27/Bl
|  6428/81
|   6429/81
|  6430/81
I   64)1/81
|   64)2/81
|   64)3/81
|  6436/81
|   64)5/81
I   6436/81
|   64)7/81
I  6438/81
|  6439/81
|  6440/81
|   6441/81
|  6442/81
| 644 3/81
|  6444/81
|  6445/81
|   6446/81
|   6447/81
|  6448/81
|  6449/81
I   6450/81
I  6451/81
|  6452/81
I   6453/81
|   6454/81
|  6455/81
I  6456/81
|   6457/81
|   6458/81
|  6459/81
|  6460/81
|   6461/81
|  6462/81
|   6463/81
|   6464/81
I   6465/81
|   6466/81
|   6467/81
|   6468/81
| 6469/81
I Exchangeable Cations ■eq/100 g« Soil
I CEC I
1 meq/IOOg | sat
I
I
“I
1 Hg 1
1
| 7.09
X
I ESP         I Miscellaneous
I
I
1 Field               11 Depth
Na
1 1K 1
1
1 Ca
1
I
I
1 No
|
T”
I DRH-I
11 cm
1
---------- 1
l/l 1
1
| 0-25
2.57
1
I 4.05
T
| 82.06
1 AIP 10    1/2     1  25-58
| Al? 10     1/3         | 58-100
| AlP 10     1/4      1 100-150
| AIP 10     1/5       | 150-200
I DRJI-2    2/1     |     0-27
I At? 8       2/2     1  27-74
I AIP 8       2/3     |    74-130
1 DRH-J    3/1     I 0-45
I AIP 3       3/2     1 45-75
I AIP 3       3/3         I 75-100
I AIP 3       3/4       | 100-145
| DRII-4     4/1     I 0-20
1 AIP 1      4/2     |   20-70
I AIP 1       4/3     I 70-100
I AIP I        4/4        | 100-150
1 AIP 1      4/5        | 150-200
| DRH-5     5/1     I 0-30
1 AIP 2         5/2 1|   30-50
| AIP 2           5/3 I|   50-140
| AIP 2           5/4 |  | 143-189
| Mil-6           6/1 1| 0-20
1 DR JI-6     6/2 1I 20-60
| DRH-6        6/3 1   I 60-115
1 drii-6         6/4 1 1 115-143
| DRH-7     7/1     1|     0-40
I AIP 6          7/2 1I 40-80
j AIP 6          7/3 1      80-130
I AIP 6       7/4     1  130-165
1 AIP 6      7/5     1  165-193
I DRH-8        6/1 1       0-40
| AIP 13        8/2 1     40-90
| AIP 13        8/3 1     90-140
I AIP 13     8/4     1  140-200
I drji-9      9/1     1     0-65
1 AIP 4         9/2 1     65-80
1 AIP 4         3/3 1     80-160
| AIP 4          9/4 1   160-200
| DRII-IO     10/1 1       0-70
1 AIP 7       10/2 1     70-107
1 AIP 7       10/3 1    107 180
I AIP 7         10/4 |    180-200
I DPJI-I1      1 l/l 1       0-40
7.70      I 3.46          I 82.69        |     9.98 29.67       I 2.02          I 80.54        |     9.36 40.98        |   1.69       1 57.23       |      7.86
I 40.98        | 2.25          I 49.98        |     8.23
1  3.57       I 2.71          | 88.88        I 9.28
I 4.05          I 1.10          1  57.33     |   17.94
4.61       I 1.31          I 77.81        I 15.49 1 2.70         I 4.99          | 53.55        |   11.99
4.79       |   2.94       I 91.77        |   25.93 I 3.22          | 2.00          I 81.17        I 7.35
1 2.61         I 1.41          | 87.62        I 8.14
1  2.13       | 4.69          I 54.71        I 10.15
2.74       I 3.53          | 86.63        1 12.25
I 4.57          I 2.69          I 89.62        1   12.95
i 7.40          I 2.66          I 89.25        I 11.64
13.44       I 2.38          | 89.30        I 12.16
3.92       I 28.26        I 84.32        I 14.18
3.74       I 5.40          1 95.60       I 11.20
3.00      | 2.00          I 89.15        |     8.31
2.44       I 1.82          I 75.65        I 6.13 14.75       | 4.25          I 124.48      I 15.66
7.70       1   1.64       I 110.15      I 13.56 7.40      I 1.61          I 97.23        I 16.54
9.61       |   1.36       | 80.01        |    14.00
10.58       | 4.92          I 105.83      |      8.40
32.69       1 3.89         I 85.94        |     8.79
34.71       I 3.34          1  93.84      I 4.57 63.42       1   3.26       | 82.88        1    9.56 52.37        I 7.50          I 76.37        I 5.69
5.06       1 3.30         1 71.15       I 9.30 3.91       1   3.02       1  59.80     I 9. JO 3.37       1 3.22         I 76.12        1    9.56 3.03       I 2.30          I 96.77        I 7.88 1.96       1   3.89       I 66.05        I 6.46 2.29       1  3.18       1 99.81       1     5.81
2.09       1 1.26          I 93.33        |     4.13
3.78       1 2.9*          I 75.61        |      4.78
1.89       I 4.09          I 72.80        1     6.85
1 .96      1 3.22         1 97.OJ       I 5.94
2.02       I 2.86           1 113.35     |      6.07 3.10       1 2.58          1 107.99      |     6.85 1.69       1 1.06          I 89.76         1    *.J9
I Sum
I     95.77 I   103.83 I   121.59
I 107.78 I
I 101.44 I
I
I
I
I
I   101.44 I     80.42
I     99.22
I     73.23
I   125.23
I      9).74
I     99.78
I     71.68
I   105.15
I   109.83
I   110.95
I   117.28
I   130.68
I   115.94
I   102.46 I     86.04 I   159.14
I   133.05
I   122.78
I   104.98
I   129.78 I   131.31 |   136.41 I   159.12 I   I 18481.8.91) I     76.03
|     92.27
I   109.98
I   I11718..1316
I   102.81 I   I 8675. .3613
I    108.15
I   124.30
I 120 9.582.90
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I
J________ !_______________
2.68 I Analysis Required are:
7.42 I     I.     Electrical Conductivity of 24.40 1           saturated extract.
38.02 1
40.40 I  2.     pH of saturated extract. 3.41 |
5.04 I    3.    Composition of soluble 4.65 1            salts within saturated 3.69 1            extract.
3.82 |
3.44 | 4.     Exchangeable bases. 2.62 I
2.97 1
2.61     1
4.16    1
6.67    1
11.46    1
3.00    1
3.23    1
2.9)     1
2.84    1
9.27    1
5.78    1
6.03    1
9.15    1
10.00    1
24.90    1
25.45    1
39.86    1
36.90    1
5.70    1
5.14    1
3.65    1
2.76    1
2.50    1
1 2.06         1
I 2.03          1
I 4.56    1
| 2.21          1
1 1.81         1
| 1.6)    1
I 2.57  1
I 1.71  1
1
l
I
l
I
l
l
l
l
I
l
I
I
l
l
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1 6473/81         1 DRII -12      12/1 |       0-50
1 6474/81         1 AIP   12     12/2 |     50-100
1 6475/BI          1 AIP   12     12/3 I    100-150
I 6476/fil           1 AIP   12     12/4 |     150-200
1 6477/8)          1 DRII -13     13/1 I       0-50
1 6478/81         1 AIP   16     13/2 |     50-100
1 6479/81         1 AIP   16     13/3 I    100-150
1 6480/81         1 AIP   16     13/4 I     150-200
1 6481/81         1 DRII -14      14/1 |       0-40
1 6482/81         1 AIP   5        14/2 |     40-80
1 6483/8)          1 AIP   5       14/3 |     80-140
1 6484/8)          1 AIP   5       14/4 |     140-200
1 6485/81         1 DRII -15      15/1 I       0-50
1 6486/81         1 AIP  11      15/2 I      50-100
1 6487/81         1 AIP 1 1      15/3 I    100-135
1 6488/81         1 AIP 1 1      15/4 |     135-200
1 6469/81         1 DRH -16     16/1 |       0-25
1 6490/81         L AIP   22     16/2 |     25-75
1 6491/8)          1 AIP   2?     16/3 |     75-120
1 6492/81         1 AIP   22     16/4 |     120-200
1 6493/81         1 DRH-17     17/1 1       0-50
1 6494/81         1 AIP   18     17/2 |     50-100
1 6495/8)          1 AIP   18     17/3 |     100-150
1 6496/81         1 AIP   18      17/4 |     150-200
1 6497/81         1 DRII- 18     18/1 |       0-50
1 6498/8)          1 AIP  21      18/2 |     50-110
1 6499/8)          1 AIP   21     18/3 |     1)0-150
1 6500/81         1 AIP   2)      18/4 |     150-200
1 6501/81          1 DRH-19     19/1 1       0-70
1 6502/81         1 AIP   9        19/2 I     70-90
1 6503/81         1 AIP   9        19/3 I     90-130
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1 7.62 1 2.03 1 100.34 1 6.33 1 15.64 1 3.34 1 95.12 1 7.49
1 3.17           1 3.34          1 105.06      1 6.20
1 2.29          1   2.42        1 113.09       1 6.20
1   2.36        1 0.99          1 106.46      1     7.49
1 2.43           1 0.87          1 98.94        1     7.88
1 1.08           1 3.61          1 68.21         1 8.66 1 1.35           1 3.38          1 82.24        1 13.82
1 4.04           1 2.24          1 78.24         1 13.70
1 9.23           1 2.54          1 83.90        1 11.89
1 0.94           1 4.57          1 45.39         1 11.89
1 1.69           1 4.37          1 49.34         1   12.79 1 2.09           1 2.42          1 58.91         1     9.56 1 2.09           1 2.26           1 66.68         1     9.17 1 2.22           1 4.57          1 33.64         1 14.08 1 8.43          1   3.14        1 78.80        1 14.73 1 4.79           1 2.14          1 68.21         1     9.30 1 0.88           1 2.58          1 76.88         1 10.59 1 1.01           1 4.88           1 83.51        1     8.53 1 1.08           1 3.06           1 95.37         1     9.69 1 5.93           1   2.50        1 92.57         1 10.21 1 11.12         1 2.30           1 91.93        1 12.15 1   3.10        1 4.05          1 107.61       1     9.43 1 5.46           1 4.25           1111.05        1   10.34
1 7.41           1 4.88           1 104.04       1 13.05
1 7.28           1 4.88           1 102.26      1   14.34
1 1.89           1 3.34           1 60.82         1 10.85
1 3.24           1 2.54           1 61.20         1   12.40 1 2.63           1 1 .95          1 83.39         1 10.21 1 3.51           1 1.87           1 79.43         1   >0.59 1   2.29         1 2.98           1 55.21        1   10.47 1 2.16           1 2.21           1 67.96         1     8.92 1 2.36           1 2.22           1 77.78         1     9.56
1
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| Analysis Required are:
1 116.32       1
1 262.16      1
1 117.77       1
1 124.00      1
1 117.30      1
1 110.12      1
1 81.56        1
1 100.77      1
1 98.22         1
1 107.56       1
1 62.79         1
1 68.19        1
1 72.98         1
1 80.20        1
1 54.51         1
1 105.10       1
1 91.37         1
1 90.93        1
1 97.93         1
1 109.20      1
1 111.21       1
1 117.50      1
1                    1     6.55      1 1.      Electrical Conductivity 1                     1     5.97      1          saturated extract.
1                     1     2.69      1
1                    1     1.85      1 2.      pH of saturated extract. 1                     1 2.01           1
1                     1 2.21           1 3.      Composition of soluble 1                     1     1.32      1          salts within saturated 1                     1     1.32      1          extract.
1                    1     4.11      1
1                     1     8.58      14.       Exchangeable bases. 1                     1     1 .50     1
1                     1     2.48      1
1                     1 2.86          1
1                     1 2.61          1
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1                     1     0.99      1
1                     1     5.33      1
1                     1     9.46      1
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1 131.10 1
1 129.38 1
1 1 4.16 1
1 1 5.72 1
1 126.76
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1 76.90         1
1 79.38        1
1 98.18         1
1 95.40        1
1 70.95 1
1 81.25 1
1                    1     2.46      1
1                     1     4.08      1
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1                     1     3.68      1
1                     1     3.23      1
1                     1 2.66          1
1 6504/81
1
1 AIP
1
9 19/4 | 130-200
1
1 4.72
1
1 2.52
1
1 100.48
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1 91.92
1 13.31
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1 121 .03      1
1                     1     3.90      1
5ABIIBibliography
Brady H C.
t
Currey D.T. F.A.O.
F.A.O. Foraky S.A.
International
The nature and properties of soils
8th Ed. New Tourk 1974*
Informal technical report No. 14 
UlH)P/FAO/ETH/72/CO6, May 1973.
Irrigation and Drainage papers
Nob. 1, 9 and- 16.
Guidelines for soil descriptions.
ATP site investigations report.
Bruxelles 1975.
Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement.
Drainage       Principles       and       Applications Vols I - IV, Wageningen 1974.
The Auger hole method, Wageningen 1971.Italconsult
RESERVED
Morton B.A.
Sir William Halcrow and Partners.
United States Dept* of the Interior
'.,’ilson 2 J!
Melka Sadi - Amibara proposed Irrigation Project* Feasibility 
study, parts I and II, Vol. I - IV
Rome 1969•
Melka Sadi - Amibara Irrigation
Project.       Additional       soil       studies Borne 1971.
A field guide to Ethiopian Minerals rocks and fossils. Addis Ababa University press 1978.
Angelele and Bolhamo Feasibility study report London. October, 1975.
Amibara Irrigation Project. Etydropedological studies London October, 1975.
Bureau of Reclamation
Manual Vol. V part 2.             1953.
Engineering   Hydrology   2nd   Ed London 1974.

< <

Summery

1. Project Overview

Location: Melka Sadi Farm, Middle Awash valley, Ethiopia

Area: 4,200 hectares (1,328ha Melka Sadi Farm + 2,670ha under development)

Primary Crop: Banana (with some cotton and fodder production)

Report Date: January 1982

Prepared by: Sir William Halcrow & Partners

2. Key Findings

Soil Salinity Issues

Approximately 3/8 of the area abandoned due to salinity and rising water tables
Salinity levels higher in abandoned areas than previous studies indicated
Banana plants show reduced yields with EC >1.0 mmhos/cm
Average EC values:
- Topsoils: 2.24 mmhos/cm
- Upper subsoils: 2.94 mmhos/cm
- Subsoils: 3.12 mmhos/cm
- Deep subsoils: 3.22 mmhos/cm

Water Table Problems

Water tables have risen considerably since previous studies
At some locations (e.g., FI1), water table rose 5 meters in 9 years
Excess irrigation (minimum 60cm/year above crop needs) major contributing factor

3. Drainage Design Recommendations

Key Requirements

Lower water table to 1.8m depth (1.5m where permeable soil layer is shallow)
Limit water table rise after irrigation to 0.3m
Implement leaching requirements: 10% for clay soils, 7% for medium-textured soils

Drainage System Components

Component	Description
Field Drains	8 different types based on hydraulic conductivity and soil depth
Interceptor Drains	Parallel to canals in areas with steeper slopes
Block Drains	To convey percolation and runoff losses
Collector Drains	Designed for flows of 0.4-0.5 m³/s

Implementation Phasing

Phase	Area (ha)	Saline Area (ha)	Relative Cost/ha
1	210	60	100
2	219	9	102
3	252	50	101
4	192	137	112
5	145	82	118

4. Soil Characteristics

Three main soil groups identified:

Saline alluvial/colluvial soils (southeast area)
Non-saline, medium and fine textured alluvium (most of Melka Sadi Farm)
Fine textured vertisols (north and western portions)

5. Water Quality

Awash River water quality generally good (C₁S₁ to C₂S₁ classification), but adds approximately 2000kg of salt per hectare annually.

6. Reclamation Recommendations

Lower water table through drainage system
Improve infiltration and permeability
Remove excess salts by leaching
Implement careful soil/water management