AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT II <p,. REPORT ON DRAINAGE AND SALINITY STUDY JANUARY 1982 Sir William Halorow & PartnersAMTBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT II REPORT ON DRAINAGE AND SALINITY STUDY JANUARY 1982 Sir William Halcrow & PartnersPART A MELKA SADI FARM SOIL SALINITY STUDY AND OUTLINE DRAINAGE DESIGNFigures and tables in text Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. J Fiff. 4 Location of study area Detail of observation well Detail of AU* observation well Soil Map - Melka Sadi Fann PAGE NO 1 10 12 / 15 Table 1 Water table depths and water analysis results for 6 wells at Malka Sadi Farm. 2 Depth and E.C. of ground water at AXP observation wells and deep bores. 5 Water table levels and salinities from selected sites at different dates. A. Results of Hydraulic conductivity and Infiltration tests. 5 Analysis of Awash River Water 5 6 9 22 26i AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT II MELKA SADI FARM SOIL SALINITY STUDY AND OUTLINE DRAINAGE DESIGN Contents PAGE NO I. SOIL SALINITY STUDY 1. 2. S 1 ITTTTTia TV Background and Previous Studies 2 2 3. Geology and Hydrogeology 4 4. Climate 11 5. Field Studies and Methods 15 6. Soils of the Study Area 16 7. Hydraulic Conductivity 21 8. Water Quality 25 9. Salinity Hazard 27 10. Alkali Hazard 27 11. Reclamation of Saline Soils 11 I I I 1 1Maps. (See Separate Folder) Map No. 1 Contour map of the ground water levels 2 Contour map of the ground water salinity. 3 Contour map of the impervious layer(s) 4 Location of field test sites and observation wells 5 Farm layout and saline areas.PAGE NO II OUTLINE DRAINAGE DESIGN 1. Introduction 32 2. Drainage Requirements 32 5. Drainable Excess 33 4. Drain Spacing Equations 34 5. Data from Field Observations 35 6. Field Drain Design 36 7. Interceptor Drains 38 8. Block Drains 38 9. Collector Drain Design 38 10. Biasing of Construction 39 11. Leaching Trials 40 12. Quantities 40 Bills of Quantities Figure 5 In-field Drainage Requirements Figure 6 Drain Construction Phasing Figure 7 Drains SD1, SD2 - Long sections Theu'n SD2 - cross sections Figure 8 Longitudinal Sections of Drains TD1, TD 2, TD 5, TD 4, TD 5.ANNEX 1 ANNEX 2 ANNEX 3 ANNEX 4 Observation Well Records Soil Profile Descriptions Results of Soil Chemical Analysis Variation in rainfall amountsFIGURE I I 1Soil Salinity Study 1. SUMMARY The field studies for this report were carried out between March and September, 1981. Forty-one sites were examined and tested f or^ inf ilitration into the topsoil, penneability both above and below the water table. Depth to impemeable layers was determined by auger bore to 5 metres depth at 48 sites. The 5m bores were described and water levels and salinities recorded. At 19 sites, 2m deep pits were dug, described and sampled for full chemical analysis. The outline d-mirv^ design for the Melka Sadi Fann area 1b based on the finding, of the above field studies and discusses the need for djrrLjfield drainage design criteria, hydrulic conductivity values, choice of field drainage system and recommendations for a darvinage system, leaching and drainage trials. 2. Background and •previous studies The Melka Sadi study area occupies some 4,200ha. of the Middle Awash valley floor see Figure 1. l,328ha. are occupied by the Melka Sadi Farm, previously MAESCO Farm, now under State Fanns Management. The remainder of the study area 2,870ha. is presently under development for cotton production, by the Amibara Irrigation Project II. Irrigation water is supplied by gravity canal from a weir on the Awash River. The principal crop at the Melka Sadi Farm is Banana, grown on the flat in small irrigation basins. Since cultivation was started in 1971 annrozdmately of the area has been abandoned due to salinity and rising water tables. On the remainder of the faun almost every plot is showing sign of poor growth With resultant lose of yield. 2Some 46ha. of the abandoned areas has been planted with grass (sp?) and lucerne for fooder production with varying results 0 The existing drainage system, which mirrors the irrigation layout was designed to deal with rainfall, excess irrigation water, spillage, seepage and ground water control• The system originally discharged into the Awash river through a flap- gate. The depth of the field drain system is about 1.2m and the main drain is about 1.5m deep. The Main Drain is now connected to the Amibara Project primary drain which is 1.86m deep at the point of junction. See Map 5. Previous studies of the area in 1969 and 1971 by Italconsult included soil and land classification mapping at 1:20.00 scale and 1 iml ted infiltration and permeability measunnents The irrigation suitability 0 classification showed the Melka Sadi Farm to be of Class I suitability and the area North of the present Farm to be Class II. e In 1969 number of observation walls were Ina tai 1 ad, unfortunately some were blocked or destroyed and records lost. In mid 1980, the Amibara Project provided a 2km. grid of observation wells through out the Melka Sadi area* These have been checked monthly since August 1980 both for water level and salinity (E.C.). A geological study by FAO in 1973 included a section on the ground water levels at Melka Sadi. In 1980 the Water Management Advisor of AIP carried out an investigation in to the water/salinity problems at Melka Sadi Fazm. It was found that a minimum of 60cm of water per year was applied in excess of Banana crop needs leaching requirement and irrigation losses and this 60cm plus was a major contributing factor to the rise in the water tables. 35* Geology and Hydrogeology 3>1. Geology:- The Middle Awash Valley lies in the Ethiopian rift of Terteary age extending North East towards the Red Sea. The Floor of the t Valley is built up from recent allvuiall/colluvial deposits from the Awash river and outwash from the escarpment. Underlying sediments consist of nearly horizontal beds of basalts, pumice, tuffs, gravel, sands, silts and clays ,the latter are often saline. These beds are exposed in the Arba river gourge and on the escarpment south of Melka Sadi Village. Wt th in the study area there are several features of volcanic origin. An example is the small Aseda hill where the bedding is turned through 90° exposing the silt and clay beds, which still contain small amounts of soluble salts. Volcanic activity in the valley at present is 1 i mi ted to fumeroles and hot springs. The present, fault controlled Awash river course was established in Plio - pleistocene times; previously the river flowed in the Alledegh graben to the south of itB present course. The new course of the Awash was periodically blocked by lava flows or outwash from the escarpment creating temporary lacustrine conditions. The Valley floor was then some 50m below its present level. 5.2. hydrology ?- There are two separate aquifer systems tn the study area. One is the deep, confined aquifers of the basalt - tuff - lava - gravel sequence which occurs at depths between 50 and 70 mts. These confined aquifers have alkaline water, PH 8 - 9, with a high bicarbonate content and temperature in the range 55° - 40° and the E.C. is usually between 1000 - 2000 micromhoe. The well drilled at the Project H.Q. tapped a confined aquifer at 60m and the static water level rose to within 11 mts. of the ground level. 4The other system is the shallow aquifers of the recent alluvium/ colluvium which have a variable salinity, according to location and depth. Where comparatively non-saline water is entering the aquifer the salinity of that aquifer is low and the water level is usually close to the surface, 1*3 mts below ground level, i.e. at AIP 3 where the rater level fluctuates between 3.0 and 1.8m in response to the irrigation water applications and the salinity is less than 10p0 micromho3. These aquifers are perched over soil horizons of low permeability. The very high salinities which occure at shal low depth in the Ahanrinnart areas in the njnlty of AIP 10, Pll, BRH 6 and DRH 24, are the result of the applied irrigation water joining up with an existing shallow saline water table causing an upward movement of soluble salts leading to the formation of a salt erust on the 3oil surface. Table 1 • Water table depth and Water analysis results from 6 observation wells in the Melka Sadi Farm Well No. AIP Depth to Water table EC nnnhos / cm PH Na Ca Mg B CO 3 SAB. i I 1 2 3 6 8 10 2.80 1.25 1.37 . 3.40 1.45 2.55 6.3 8.7 1326 16.0 17.3 4.0 79.3 68.6; 1.0 8.5 73.2 56.1 21.4 0.9 341.6 2.1c 1.0 8.3 207.4 38.5 5.8 3.8 475.8 8.2 2.7 8.3 425.0 11.2 2.4 1.7 73.2 29.8 0.63 8.4 117.3 15.2 3.4 0.6 268.4 2.0E 5.6 6.7 595.0 136.31 99 43.6 36.6 7.61 I I Chemical analysis of six waters from observation wells are given in Table No. 1. At Pll the water table rose 5 metres in 9 years to within 1.8 metres of the surface. The salinity of the ground rater at Pll is 37.2 mmhos while the salinity of the rater in the observation well is 10.0 mnhos. Table 2 shown the depths and E.C. of the .ground raters at AIP observation wells and at open bores.Table 2 Depth and E.C of ground water at observation wells. (mmhos) open 5m bores and adjoining * Site ATP 1 U ALP 2 B g ALP 3 B ALP 4 u ALP 6 U ALP 7 u ATP 8 B ALP1O A AIP12 C ALP1J C ALP14 C ALP22 C Pll A DRH 20 P DRE 21 B E.C. open bore water 21.6 2.2 2.2 12.4 7.0 - 0.67 11.2 12.7 - 7.8 - 57.2 22.5 60.1 40.1 20.2 14.4 15.8 2.6 7.2 2.2 1.21 Depth m. 2.89 1.50 2.66 2.75 5.72 - 1.62 2.50 4.75 - 3.50 - 2.7 5.17 2.99 - E.C. obs. well water 4.3 0.98 0.97 8.6 2.8 10.0 0.69 4.0 4.8 11.2 2.2 4.6 9.6 Depth m. 5.00 1.50 1.97 5.00 3.51 6.00 1.88 2.60 5.14 7.97 7.00 9.51 2.09 £ DRH 22 A DRH 25 A DRH 24 A DRH 25 A DRH 26 A DRE 27 A DRH 28 B 3.71 Key to crop at site 1.22 2.14 U Uncultivated 2.18 C Cotton 2.52 B Banana 2.89 Bs Banana - saline 5 DRH 2° a DRH 50 A 2.54 ■0 Pasture 5.00 A Abandoned plot. 2.86 DRH 51 A 56.0 5.10 DRH 52 A 28.4 5-58 DRH 55 A DRH 54 B DRH 55 B 3.8 6.2 5.61 3.45 4.0 2.14 DRH 5s 6 B 11.2 1.30 6 ............ /2L S’T OV*Z 09*1 V9’0 Ol’S ZL'T «*z 9T*£ £fr*T Qz'i oe*T oL’o LO’T Z’Z Z*T fiZ’8 S s frS HHd B S kS HHd d ZS HHd S*Z S TS HHd £6-1 H 6V HHd 6£*0 Ea SV HHd zfo S LV HHd zl/o V 9^ HHd OZ’V V HHd 99*0 n tV HHd 09*2 H Vfr HHd Z6‘0 S2.-9 a HHd ff Zfr HHd LO’I a HHd 68*0 O’T a OV HHd 59*0 0*9 a Gi HHd 9Z*Z 9*VT V Gi HHd K*T 9’2 S a Li HHdWhere the water levels are deeper, 5 — 15 meters below ground level, the sal ini ties are high or very high. The recharge of these deep aquifers is partly derived from irrigation water but it probably also includes seepage from the very deep confined saline aquifers passing up through the salt rich clay/silt beds of low permeability. Another source of recharge water in the past was the seasonal flood from the River Awash which left behind shallow pools of evaporating and therefor sal ine water some of which entered the aquifer in the course of time. This flooding is prevented since the building of the East and West DykeB. Some water is entering the aquifer from the river, particularly of times of high flows. Observation wells AIP 5, PPI, AU? 11 sho^/ed a rise on the water table following the prolonged high flows of August and September 1901. Deep auger bores on the Melka Sadi Farm HQ area revealed very saline waters, which are slightly confined and associated with weathering calcareous tuffs and clays which may be charged from the high ground around Unda Evu hill or from springs associated with the local vents and lava cones. (A similar situation has been detected around the Anibara and Ambash Volcanics.) The sites ’./ith these very high salinities are DRH 20, DRH 21, DRH 25, DRH 25, DRH 52 and DRH 56. The E.C, of DRH 21 was 60.0 millimohs at 4 metres, and the v/ater level rose 1.0 metre after 6 hours. The present ground v/ater levels are shown on Map No. 1 and the salinity values on Map No. 2. The depth to impermeable or very slowly permeable horizons is shown in Map No. 5» The ground water contour map produced by Curry in 1971 from a small number of observation wells showed the Melka Sadi and Amibara areas as two separate drainage basins. The Do fan volcanices having restricted the valley between the two basins. The Melka Sadi basin Is oho’.m as draining toirards the river from a water table mound to the south oast of the study area which originated from riverTable 3 Water levels and salinities (E.C. mmhos) of ground Melka Sadi Farm - selected dates observation wellB Well Pll w/l> E.C. Well AIP 1 w/lm E.C. Well AIP 6 w/lm E.C. 30/7/70 6.92 - 26/6/80 3.40 - 12/7/80 5.25 - 3/ 1/71 6.45 - 4/12/80 3.50 6.3 4/12/80 3.93 2.2 31/5/71 6.33 - 25/5/01 3.00 7.2^ 28/5/81 3.45 2.4 7/ 1/72 6.17 - 4/H/81 2.56 6.0 5/H/81 3.22 2.6 1/ 2/73 5.70 - 24/11/73 5.29 - Well AIP 2 Well AIP 8 10/6/74 4.41 - 7/6/80 2.60 - 12/7/80 2.40 - 19/6/75 2.21 . - 4/12/80 1.55 0.90 4/12/80 2.14 0.60 7/ 6/76 2.10 - 25/5/80 0.59 0.95 26/5/81 2.18 0.66 7/ 1/79 1.95 - 4/11/81 0.92 1.00 5/11/81 2.15 0.62 4/12/80 2.17 9.6 1.47 9.0^ - 25/5/81 Well AIP 3 Well AIP 10 5/11/81 1.05 9.9 12/7/80 4/12/80 25/5/01 5/H/81 2.15 - 12/7/80 2.60 - 3.12 1.0 7/12/80 3.05 5.o 2.23 0.9 25/5/81 2.64 3.6^ 1.76 0.94 5/H/81 2.58 3.6 Note 1/ Ground v/atcr level in open bore was 2.70m and E C. 37.2 ZJ Ground water level in open bore was 2.69m and E C. 21.6 y Ground water level in open bore was 2.66m and E C. 11.2FIGURE italconsult OBSERVATION WELL No. PH 10seepage at the start of the upper plain. But it was suspected that, two water systems, both under pressure were being read as representing one system. Since this study was made the ground water levels have risen conderably, especially within the Melka Sadi Pa-rm area. See Map No. 1. Curry also noted a relation ship between high river flows and rises at some of the observation wells. 3.2.1. Observation wells:- There are 20 AZP observation wells in the Melka Sadi area on 2x2 km. gird and four of the earlier wells are still in operation* Seven of these 24 wells are in the Melka Sadi Farm. liecords for the earlier wells are available for the years 1970 - 1979 water levels only. The ALP observation wells have records of monthly readings from Mid 1980 to date, both for water levels and sal inity (E.C.). The earlier wells are now recorded monthly also. Water table levels and salinities from the Melka Sadi Farm area for selected dates are shown in Table 3 aJid ^11 records are shown in Annex 1. Figure 2 and 3 show the construction details of both types of observation well. A further 3 observation wells are planned for the farm area and are to be installed as soon as possible. 4. Climate The climate of the study area is semi-desert with a bi animal rainfall pattern. Bain fall amounts at Melka Warer Research Station range between 658mm and 300mm per year with an annual mean of 550mm, approximately half of which falls in July and August with another lesser peak during February - April (l6 years of records available). There are two rainfall station at Melka Sadi but records are incomplete with many years missing. However from the data available it is clear that there are considerable variation in rainfall amounts over the area from site to site and from year to year, see Annex 4. (Variation in local rainfall amounts.) 11FIGURE 3 AIP OBSERVATION WELL 12Temperatures range between a mean maximum of 37°C in June and a mean minimum of 12.8°C on December. The annual variation in mean monthly temperature is about 8°C only. Evaporation figures, E-Pen, in August to 252mm in June. 196mm. 5. Field Studies:- 5.1. Methods and Equipment range from a monthly mean of 170mm The average mean evaporation is Fifty-five sites were examind in the Melka Sadi area, forty one of these sites were within the Melka Sadi Fann Area of l,330ha giving 1 site per 32 ha. As each of the sites the following tests and tbservations were made. I. Infiltration rate at the soil surface using 3 sets of double rings and a 10cm. head of water. Each tests was run for a least 8 hours and values expressed in mm/hr. H. Hydraulic condactivity (pemeability) measurement wH.hin the dry soil profiles at 3 depths below the surface using the "pour in method". These tests were run for a least 6 hours and results expressed in metres/day. III. Hydraulic conductivity measurements within the soil profile below the water table using the "pump out method" values expressed in metres/day. IV. At each site a 5 metre deep auger bor9 was made and the soil profile described, water levels and salinities recorded. V. At 19 of the sites 2m deep soil pits were dug, described and sampled for laboratory analysis. 13Equipment used in the study included:— 1. 4 wheel drive vehicle 1. 2 wheel water trailer (see note below) 3. Sets double infiltration rings 4- Graduated Plastic 45 litre Jerrycans will taps 4. Modified petrol engine carburettors and Plastic pipes 1. 10cm Edelman auger heads 2. ljcm "Jarret” auger heads 2. 10cm Jarret type auger heads (local manufacture) 2. Edelman 6 cm augers 20. 1 metre lengths of •J" galvanised pipe 1. Portable E.C. meter. The 4 wheel drive vehicle and water trailer was replaced in June by a 1 ton Mercedes truck fitted with a 1000 litre tank. Apart from a few tlmee . during heavy rain this proved ideal for the work. The field studies were carried out by the soil salinity specialist, will part time assistance of the Drainage Engineer} and a team of 3 labourers. Soil pits were dug by sub-contract labour. 5.2. Field work programme The soil salinity specialist arrived on site on 11th February 1981. Digging of soil pits started on March 8th and sampling of the oit- has completed by 27th March and the samples Bent to Addis Ababa for analysis at the Holetta Soils laboratory of the Institute of Agricultural Hesearch. Levelling of the observation wells carried out by Project survey staff in February and March 1981. Field testing of infiltration and permeability started on May 18th and was concluded at the end of the September when field work was started on the Amibara Extension area. The delay in starting the field studies was due to transport problems and to lack of equipment. 14I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Figure 4 Recent A\uviums 156 Soils of the study area (see figure 4) Three soil groups were found in the Melia south east of the area are the saline alluviall/colluvial soils area. In the of the escarpeient foot with variable tex lures usually medium to t 6.1. coarse, with weathering tuffs and clays in the deep sub-soils. The second soil group is the normally nnn-nal ina, medium and fine textured al luvium with stratified and l aminated profiles on which the greater part of the Melka Sadi Farm is established. The third group, and the most wide spread in the Melka Sadi area are the fine textured vertisols of variable depth overlying stratified often coarse textured alluviuals. The vertisols vary in depth from a few centimetres to more than J metres deep in the North of the area. This soil group is limited to the North and Western portion of the Melka Sadi Faro. All three soil groups are readily identified in the field by colour, texture, surface appearance and some times by the natural vegetation. Al nng side the Awash river there is narrow strip of recent, coarse textured alluvium, but very little of this within the proposed irrigation area. Soil profile description are show in Annex 2 and results of soil analysis in Annex 3. The levels ofsoil salinity in the presently cultivated land at the Ifelka Sadi Farm are generally lower than shown by Italconsult, this is due to leaching by the applied irrigation water over time. Hoover the salinity levels in the abandoned areas are now higher than 3hown in the Italconsult reports e It would appear that leaching of soluble salts in the.early stages of development were successful, but later the existing saline water tables rose and eventually met with the infiltrating irrigation water 16and saturated the soil profiles above the water table resulting in the upward movement of soluble salts which was accelerated once the area was abondoned. Rainfall being insufficient to leach out the . salts. These abandoned area have a damp surface crumb or crust (Hygroscopic) overlying a deflocculated layer which is of very low permeability up to 25cm thick. This layer prevents the entry of rainfall which together with spillage and runoff forms evaporation pans which have become progressively more saline. A si mi Tat situation can be seen alongside many canals where seepage through the bank is causing the road to be come damp with salts and after rain to surface layers deflocculate and the road becomes impassible to vehicles. Abandoned areas are shown on Map 5* together with other areas affected by salinity/high water tables. 6.2. Previous Mapping The soil map produced by Italconsult in 1969 was found to be accurate as far as soil units mapped and general arrangement of the different horizons are described. But the present saline area are now far more widespread as mapped, (Soil unit 10 - Saline and Alkaline soils). The report does not report on the water levels and salinities of the ground water apart for a comment that soil unit 10 often had a fluctuating water table below it. The frequent alteration for grain size of soil unit 6; soils on recent alluviom, was also noted in the report. This was found to be correct, big variation in grain size (textures) were found in bores only 1 - 2m apart Unit 6 is the most wide spread soil unit at the 0 Melka Sadi Farm o * 17Average E.C. values Sat. Ex. for the Melka Sadi area are shwon below:- E.C . xlO^ m.mhos/cm. Range Topsoils 2.24 6.0 - 0.98 Upper subsoils 2.94 8.5 - 0.72 Subsoils 5.12 8.1 - 0.16 Deep sub-soils 5.22 9.5 - 0.68 (>150 cm deep) High E.C. values were found on the top soils of the abandoned area (Field Tests) i.e. at DRH 2 where the E.C. of the top soil was 22.0 m.mhos/cm at J - 10cm deepth. High E.C. values were also found in the weathering tuffs and clays (5m deep bores) at one site as high as 60 rnmhos, see table 2. 6.J.2. Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (E.S.P.) A high concentration of Exchangeable Sodium causes break down of soil structure, which reduces permeability, aeration and workability. The amount of exchangeable sodium present is expressed as E.S.P. which is determined from the extracted cations less soluble oations to give the sodium absorbtion ratio (S.A.H.). SAP = Na Exchangeable and E.S.P. + 100 (-0.0125 + 0.01475 SAP) 1+ (-0.0126 + 0.01475 SO) v S P figure of 15 or lesB is conBiiered to the limit' for a non-alkallne soil. But higher E.S.P. values can be tolerated if the soil is a fine textured vertisol as in the - lo-rth of the Melka Sadi Area. High exchangeable Bodium can also have an effect on plant growth and some authorities quote 186.3 Results of Soil Analysis (see Annex 3) 6.3.1. Electrical Conductivity Values (E.C.) Measurement of the E.C. of a soil/water mixture gives a good 1nd1 nation of the total amount of ionized salts present in the soil. The amount of salts that come in to solution in dependant on the soil water ratio. E.C. measurement is best carried out with moisture contents as in the field. As this testing routine is difficult to carry out the best alternative is on an.Saturated extract. The accepted interpretaion of E.C. values of the Sat. Ex. of a soil are as follows:- E.C. Sat. Ex. 0-2 m.m hos/cm 2-4 " " " 4-8 " « n 8 - 16 " " " 16 nun Crop reaction effect almost negligeable yields of senstive crops may be reduced. Yields of many crops may be reduced. Only a tolerant crop will give reasonable yields Only a few very tolerant crops will give reasonable yields. The banana plant i3 of low salt tolerance and reduction of yields may occur if theE.C. is >1<0 m.mhos/cm Sat. Ex. Field electrical conductivity values were determined on a 1:1 Soil/water mixture which due to the dilution of the soluble salts will give a different conductivity to that of a saturation extract. A general guide for comparuing 1:1 soil water E.C. with Sat. Ex. is to multiply the 1:1 results by 2.2a By checking the E.C. of infltration sites before and after the test an indication of the leaching affect could be obtained. Results below show that the E.C. of the 1:1 soil/water miYture in the top 25cm. of the soil profile was reduced after 8hrs. E.C. 1:1 (0 - 25cm) E.C. after infiltration (0 - 25) Site DRH 6 DRH 23 DRH 21 ALP 10 DRH 24 DRH 5 10.2 6.8 6.5 5.1 5.7 1.6 2.1 0.46 6.6 5.6 8.7 5.2 DRH 7 19 8.4 5.5b, figure of 3 mill —ahtHto!entg exchangeable sodium per 100g. soil as the upper 11ni t. of a nnn«^lkaJ ins 3oil. E.S.P. values for Melka Sadi Area are given below. E.S.P. values of non-ealine non-alkaline soils. (E.C.^4.0 m.mhos and ESP<15) ESP Topsoils Upper Bub-soils Subsoils Deep sub-soils ( 150 cm deep) ESP values for saline - alkaline aoils. 2.76 4.36 4.36 4.68 E.C. (E.C.- 4.0 m.mhos and ESP^15 ) . ESP Topsoils 7.13 Upper sub-soils 12.70 Sub-soils 24.20 Deep sub-soils 38.65 (^150 cm deep) The high ESP values in the deep sub-6oils are generally associated with weathering tuffs and clays, as are the high E.C. values mentioned above. 6.J.3. PH Values (Sat. Ex.) The average PH values for all samples was 7,55 with the range between 7.15 and 9.6. A PH value greater than 8.5 is generally regraded as indicating an E.S.P.>15- high ESP values. S'oliole Anions 9.5 values coincided with the Only traces of S04 were present in half the 3amp es, 20 ithe remander, high, often very high values of S04 were obtained indicating the present of gypsum (CaS04), an important factor in the presenOeof high sodium levels. In many cases high levels of S04 were pre sent., in the samples with a high exchangeable sodium. 7. Eydraulic Conductivity (Permeability) and Infiltration Tests 7.1. Pour in Tests Pour in tests, following the USBT method, were carried and in soil profiles above the water table, usually at 3 depths, 0 - 60cm, 60 - 120cm and 120 - 180 cm below the ground surface. Each tests section was 60cm deep and 5cm radius giving a wetted area of 1963 sq.cm. VJhen swelling days (vertisols) or loose sands were encountered a filler of gravel or volcanic ash was placed in the hole prior to the test* This ywb kue- T/u Tests were run for a minimum of 6 hours to ensure that the surrounding soil envelope was saturated. Water used in the test was taken from an adjacent canal of from the main canal Ad thin the farm area. Results are expressed on metres/day. 7.2. Pump cut Tests Pump out tests, following the ’’Auger hole method” of Houghoudt et.al,, were made of the soil profiles below the water table. OA-dng to the laminated variable textures of many profiles Ari.de variations in results were obtained from site to site, some sites having very high values indeed, where slightly confined Abater were found in coarse textured aquifers0 Results were expressed in metres/day. 7.3. Infiltration tests Infiltration tests using 3 sets of double rings per site and water depth of 10cm were run of a minimum of 8 hours. At many by sites the rings were set in my hand but at others it was necessary to use a hydrulic jack and the weight of the '21 oiTable 4 Results of Hydraulic Conductivity and Infiltration Tests n K" - Hydraulic conductivity m/day POUR IN TEST Infiltration th (Average of th /day e 3 rin^s) Site 0—60cm 60-120 120-180 DEH 1 0.048 0.041 - 0.34 DRH 2 0.059 0.063 0.116 — DRH 3 O.O9;O.12 0.134 - . DRH 4 - 0.120 0.016 0.63 DRE 6 0.096 0.09e 0.50 0.13 DRH 7 0.033 0.15 - 0.14 DRH 20 0.03 0.09 0.25 0.73 LRE 21 0.190 0.197 0.102 O.31 DRH 22 0.180 0.156 O.I44 0.72 DRH 23 0.40 0.103 - -0.42 DRH 24 0.10 0.096 0.028 0.6l DRH 25 0.194 0.21 0.43 0.50 DRH 26 0.10 0.078 0.07 0.78 DRH 27 0.11 0.11 0.122 0.64 DRH 28 0.085 0.031 0.0337 0.60 DRH 2° 0.054 0.09 0.108 0.54 DRH 30 0.231 0.154 0.083 0.76 DRH 31 0.09 0.081 0.12 0.30 DRH 32 0.11 0.17 0.036 0.43 DRH 33 0.0024 0.0072 0.0024 0.10 DRH 34 0.018 0.067 0.04 0.35 DRH 35 0.09 0.137 0.3217 o.57 DRH 36 0.041 0.065 0.039 0.71 DRH 37 0.0156 0.014 0.072 0.08 DRH 38 0.06 0.114 0.072 0.48 DRH 39 0.019 - - 0.53 22DEH 40 0.103 - - 0.53 DEH 41 0.054 0.08 - 0.69 DRH 42 0.067 - - 0.96 DEH 44 0.109 0.06 0.09 1.71 DEH 45 0.194 0.103 - 1.86 DEH 46 - 0.0296 0.06 - DEH 47 0.102 0.118 - 1.18 DEH 48 0.062 0.02 0.052 0.69 DRH 49 - 0.061 0.063 0.61 DEH 50 0.045 0.0346 - 0.33 DRH 51 0.216,0.212 - - 0.50 DEH 52 0.120 0.083 - 0.53 DRH 53 0.033 0.130 .0.072 1.75 Pll 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.04 POMP OPT TEST DRH 1 Depth m. 2.52 "k" M/day 2.37 0.34 DRH 2 2.23 O.884 - DRH 4 3.41 0.969 0.63 DRH 20 4.05 0.0379 0.43 DRH 20 4.89 0.0326 - DRH 21 3.79 0.9915 0.31 DRH 23 1.78 0.198 0.42 DRH 23 I.83 0.154 - DRH 24 2.32 4.30 0.61 DRH 24 2.36 1.46 - DRH 25 2.58 4.43 0.50 DRH 28 3.00 0.4 0.60 DRH 30 3.03 1.62 0.76 DRH 32 3.70 2.23 0.43 DRH 32 4.10 1.35 - DRH 33 3.75 0.874 0.10 DRH 34 7.31 0.171 o.35 DRH 34 7.52 0.924 - DRH 35 2.35 5.0 0.57 DRH 37 1.73 0.857 0.03 23vehicle to drive the rings into the soil. On the finer, textured soils with a strong deep cracking patterns initial wetting of the soil was prolonged to allow the clay to swell sufficiently to hold water in the rings • 7.4. Results of ardrulic conductivity and infiltration tests Results are shown in Table No. 4 are discussed in the drainage Design Section. 8. Water Quality The quality of irrigation water is dependant on the total salt content, the nature of the salts particularly sodium, and the , ., percentage of sodium to the other metalic cations and of Calcium and Magnesum to Bicarbonates. Total salt content is related to the electrical conductivity (E.C.) usually around .28 m.mhos at Melka Sadi Farm equivalent to l60 ppm salts. Sodium percentage is the percentage of sodium cations in the total cations expressed in milli-equivalents per litre. (Residual Sodium Bicarbonate is carbonate CO plus bicarbonate HCO_. us the Calcium plus Magnesium all in Mec/1. Qnv vo ‘ The water from the Awash river varies is quad i,ty through the year during periods of low flows there is usually an increase in disolvod salts and thus a lowering in quality. The USDA guide for water quality shows the Awash water to be of that is low sodium - low salinity hazard but during low flows the quality quality may drop to C S , low sodium hazard, medium salinity hazard. Q1 Sodium percentages are leso the 6.7^ upper limit fcr 1st quality water and residual sodium bicarbonate is normally less than 1.25Meq/l the upper limit for 1st quality water. However it must be stated that -rater of first quality contains soluble salts in appreciable quantities. A -.-rater containing 200 ppm. of disolvod salts a concentration related to an 3.C. of 0.J5 nimhos, will add 2000kg. of salt to each hectare per year when the water is applied at the rate of lm per year. Results of river Awash water analysis are shown in Table 5* 25TABDS 5 Anr.lyrtc of Aw? ch River Wyler Location of Somple Data Sampled EC x !06 rll me/litre SAR Co 1 Da K tco5 Cl Boron ppm Rea. JhCOj Mg co 3 S0 4 Melka Sr.<Ji Diversion Weir 31/12/70 5/1/ 71 13/1/71 24/1/71 6/2/71 19/2/71 270 280 520 334 329 316 e.l 7.7 8.0 8.5 7.7 7.8 1.33 1.36 1.20 1.12 1.25 1.24 1.33 1.28 0.56 0.24 0.15 0.25 1.40 0.65 1.45 1.65 1.61 1.70 0.19 0.10 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.17 2.90 3.30 1.70 0.40 3.00 2.85 nil nil 0.88 nil nil nil 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.43 0.45 0.41 nil nil 0.01 0.01 nil 0.01 nil 0.1 nil nil nil nil 1.21 0.56 1.57 2.00 1.92 1.96 0.24 4 0.76 0.82 0.00 1.6 1.369. Alkali Hazard Irrigation water with a high concentration of both carbonate and bi-carbonate usually precipitates insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonates in the soil thus the relative proportion of sodium in the soil water is increased. Some of the sodium will be absorbed on to the soil colloids which affects the physical structure of the soil, reducing the permeability and a high level of sodium in x the soil is toxic to plants. 10. In the Hydropedological report, SWHP 1975|’two waters were selected on the basis of highest SAR values, (that for Melka Sadi having a SAR of 2.0.) and the expected SAR of the drainage water calculated using various values for the leaching requirement. The results obtained indicated that there will not be an alkali hazard unless the amount of water percolating below the rootzone is reduced to less than 5% of the applied water, tp-ki ng the critical Level of the SAR of the drainage water as 15. Deep percolation losses are expected to be in the range 15 - 20% thus the problem of excessive quantities of exchangeable sodium on the soil colloid complex ia not expected. Salinity Hazard Irrigation waters contain dissolved salts and these must be removed or reduced in the rooting zone before building up to a level hamfull to the crop. Each crop having,its own level of tolerance. The i$ problem is complicated if there^a shallow saline water table oresent. During the irrigation season each water application moves down into the soil carrying dissolved salts, and some salts from the soil also, under the influence of gravity. When irrigation steps there is an upward reverse movement of water and dissolved salts towards the soil surfaoe, if there is a shallow water table the upward capillary flow is maintained from the water table, also containing dissolved salts. Leading to increasing amounts of salts deposited at or near the surface of the soil. This is generally refered to as Secondary Salinisation. 27If there is a large volume of water passing through the soil and the v/ater table can be keept at a level by drainage then there is little risk of build up of salt in the soil profile. But irrigation water is usually 1 imj tert and the adopted drainage system will be dictated partly by cost, by the amount of land lost to drains, especially a si/rface system, and the soils physical condition. A comproimise has to be arrived at which will allow the water teble to be controlled at an acceptable depth and the dissolved salt content of the soil water keept below the tolerance limit of the crop. In order to ensure the removal of the dissolved salts from the soil profile into the drainage system a proportion of the irrigation water must move through the soil to the drains, this proportion is refered to as the 1 patching requirement and usually expressed as a percentage of the whole applied irrigation water together with any effective rainfall amounts. The leaching requirement is determined by the following equation Leaching requirement = ECiw ECdw Where ECiw is the E.C. of the irrigation water ECdw is the E.C. of the water below the root jeone f is the leaching efficiency. Leaching efficiency is dependant on an uniform movement of water through the soil profile. The medium to light textured soils of the Melka Sadi farm are expected to have a leaching efficiency around 0.6, while the fine textured cracking clays ’.dll have a lower value, around 0.4 due to the concentration of water in the cracks causing an uneven water distribution in the eoil profile. With a water supply EC of C.23 nnnhos and an EC^ of 4.0 mmhos iv end an efficency factor of 0.6, the leaching requirement ’.dll be EC = ^EC = 0 ^8 1 4*0 X 0.6 = 11.66^ of the applied water The calculated water requirement for Banana at Melka Sadi fam is 10cm applied every fifteen days and allows for a leaching re mn* rement of 10'/..-i The fine textured aoils having a lower leaching efficiency factor of 0,4 the leaching requirement will be:- T 1 oV 17-5* This high requirement on the fine textured soils is the same as the calculated field percolation losses, assuming an irrigation efficiency of 65%. By growing a more salt tolerant crop, ie. cotton, the SC^W can be raised to 12.0 mmhos. giving a LR^ of:- 5.8% IJhich is far less than the calculated field percolation losses of 17.5%. 2911- Reclamation of saline soils Permanent reclamation of saline — alkaline soils require four essential steps and the attainment of four basic conditions: 1. Lowering of the water table 2. Satisfactory infiltration and permeability 3. Removal of excess salts by leaching 4. Careful soil/water management thereafter Lowering the water table by means of a sub surface drainage system combined with open field drains in the early stages of leaching is the system reconmended for drainage trials at Melka Sadi Farm. The minimum water table depth required is dependant on the crop and the irrigation syston being used. For Melka Sadi Farm, irrigated Banana in a 15 day cycle throughout the year and with 10 cm applied each 15 day, the minimum water table depth below ground level needed is 1.8m. The infiltration and permeability rates recorded are satisfactory and at present reduction of the permeability during and after leaching is not expected. However, it should be watched for during the leaching drainage trials. Removal of excess salts requires large amounts of water to be applied at the initial stages. The present water distribution system at Melka Sadi Farm is considered able to supply this water in addition to normal irrigation needs. Careful management of the leached land is required to maintain a satisfactory salt balance, to ensure that there is no over watering to overload the drainage system and raise up the water table level and to avoid leaching out of plant nutrients, while at the same time provide sufficient water for crop growth. The characteristics of the Banana plant related to the problems of salinity and drainage are given below. - root system The vertical rooting of the Banana plant is between 65 and 75 cm. The roots of a vegetatively propogated plant are adventitious roots and upwards of 400 are produced by each plant, spreading laterally to 4.5 metres. The majority of these roots are found in the top 75-65 cm of the soil profile forming a dense mat. - pH and salinity (soluble salts) Banana will tolerate a wide range of soil reaction, pH 4.5-8.0. Outside the range of 6.0-7.2 some problems of nutrient absorption can be expected. The average pH at the Melka-Sadi Farm is 7.0. 50Soluble salts in excess of 500 ppm are toxic to the Banana plant. This level is £ to an E.C. value of 0.78 mmhos/cm. The E.C. of the irrigation supply is normally in the range 0.2-0.3 mmhos which is * 190 ppm. The difference between the E.C. of the irrigation supply and the toxic level is therefore small and it is vital to keep the soluble salt content below the 500 ppm level, particularly in the top 60-75 cm of the soil profile. • water requirements The ideal would be 2.5 cm of rainfall per week throughout the year, equivalent to 1.3 m per annum. This would ensure an uniform growth which is important if high yields are to be obtained. The proposed water application is 10 cm every 15 days, which is equivalent to 2.43 metres per annum and allows for a 10Z leaching requirement, assuming a 65Z irrigation efficiency. 31Drainage Design 1. INTRODUCTION The existing drainage system of the Melka Sadi area has proved inadequate, and the rapid implementation of a drainage programme is now required to lower the water table and reverse the soil sal inity build-up by leaching. Whereas a high water table does not necessarily prevent the area from being productive (since shallow-rooted crops can generally be grown), a continued increase in salinity does inevitably lead to severe restrictions on the land use. Based on the field studies described in Part 1 of this report, a system of drainage and its cost together with a suggested phAAing of the construction is outlined below. 2 Drainage Requirements GBie present main crop in the Melka Sadi area is banana, which is a moderately deep rooted plant with roots extending down to about 1.2m. Of the other crops likely to be grown, the deep-rooted ones, alfalfa, cotton, maize and sorghum, have roots extending to about 1.8m. So as not to prealude the growing of these crops, drainage design has been considered on the basis of lowering the water table to a depth of 1.8m where possible. However where the permeable soil layer is shallow and drain spacing to obtain a water table at this depth would be very close, design has been based on drawing the water table down to 1.5m depth. The area so affected comprises some 25% of the irrigated area. 52After each application of irrigation water, the water table rises within the soil to a level dependant on the amount of deep percolation and the porosity of the soil. The acceptable limit for this rise has been set at 0.5m thus the minimum depth to the water table is 1.5m (1.2m in areas of shallow permeable soil). In order to remove the salts in the soil within the rooting zone, sufficient water haB to be applied at the surface such that deep percolation is adequate for this leaching requirement. The minumum amounts for leaching on clay and medium textured soils have been determined to be 1 C% and 7% of field application respectively. Since losses to deep percolation for furrow and basin irrigation (as practised at Amibara) are estimated to be 2C% and 25% of field application respectively, the leaching requirements are more than satisfied. 3 Drainable Excess The drainable excess within the area (other than rainfall runoff) comprises seepage losses from the canals, percolation losses from the fields and surface runoff' a -y , —- --------------- The peak gross field application is 100mm every 15 days for bananas. This represents 70% of the diverted water into the area, some 20% having been lost by seepage from distribution channels, 10% by spillage onto banks and evaporation. The seepage losses are (100 x 2O)/7O = 28.5nnn per irrigation. In-field losses to deep percolation amount to 25% of the irrigation application for basin irrigation, and for an application of 100mm some 25mm per irrigation is to be drained. ., 351 CO (J tt) &V/ec Arr-J^Z^ . 6?^y*1 . MW /r £&<*) Surface runoff losses are 10% of field application, or 1Qnm per irrigation. Drain Spacing Equations Hie various method a of calculating drain spacing from details of the soils characteristics fall into two main categories - steady-state and non steady-state. Since the time interval between each irrigation application is large, the method chosen for the calculations is the non steady-state type by Glover Dumm^ where the water table is assumed to reach the highest permitted level immediately after irrigation, dropping to the lowest level immediately preceding the subsequent irrigation. The formula is:- Z -- L = V(^r-) * flnTl-16 1 where L = drain spacing (m) K = hydraulic conductivity of the soil (m/day) d-= modified value of the depth from the drain water level to the impervious layer from Hooghoudt (m) yA s soil porosity (expressed as a decimal) ho = maximum height of water table above drain water level (m) h. = desired height of water table above drain water level after time t days (m) 1 ami d = D 1 + 8D Ln D irL u / where D = actual depth from drain water level to the impervious layer (m) u = wetted perimeter of the drain (open drains) (m) or u = 1Tr where r o Q is effective radius (pipe tiraina) (m) Refer LLHI Publication No 16 Drainage Principles and Applications 54Data from Field Observations The measured values of hydraulic conductivity (k) of the soils essentially split the area into five parts as shown on figure 5. For the purposes of the drain spacing calculations, K values of 0.4, 0-8, 1.85 and 2.5 have been used (the 1.8 and 1.9 areas being taken together with average K of 1.85). The depth (D) from designed drain water level to the impervious layer is calculated from the difference between observed permeable soil depth and required drain depth. Contours of depth to the relatively impermeable layer are plotted on figure 5 . Although not directly measured, the porosity (^x) can be deduced from the hydraulic conductivity of the soil from the general relationship according to the USER • Since sand layers form part of the soil mafla where greater values of hydraulic conductivity have been observed, porosity of these soils has been takan to be less than that indi naled by the USER and the rate of increase of porosity with hydrant i n conductivity has conservatively been estimated at hat f that given. The values used are listed below: K (m/day) /* (USER) (used, in calculations) /* 0.4 0.08 0.08 0.8 0.12 0.10 1.85 0.16 0.12 2.5 0.18 0.14 USER - Drainage Manual. Figure 2-5 "Curve showing general relationship between specific yield and hydraulic conductivity”. 356 Field Dra-ir Desigi The in-field drainage requirement has been shown to be 25mm for each irrigation application. For this depth of recharge to the water table, field, drain spacings for each value of K were found to be most significantly affected by the depth of permeable soil for a given water table - (and hence drain -) depth. From the large range of spacings and depths possible, a compromise was decided upon for each area of hydraulic con ductivity with a total of 0 different types of drains being required. These are listed in the table over, and the areas to which the type numbers refer are shown on figure 5. The northern area (9) listed on this figure as’Not drainable at present lies below the 759*75 contour as shown on figure 6 and was found to be too low relative to the expected level of water (from irrigation losses) in the Primary Drain as it exists. Deepening and widening of this drain from the Melka Sadi area for some considerable distance would be necessary before it would be possible to adequately drain this area (9) 1FIELD DRAIN DETAILS Hydraulic Conductivity (m/day) D d Depth to Impervious Layer (m) Depth to water table Design Min (m) (m) Drain Spacing (m) For Open Drains For Pipe Drains Depth to Bed Side invert . width slope (m) (m) (m) Uj Pipej) 5 Gravel Diam£ Surround (m)£ £ (m) + Type 0.4 c-6 0.4 0.8 0.8 1.85 1.85 1.85 - 2.5 2.5 l.t.* 2.5 g.e.*2.5 l.t. 5.0 g.e. 5.0 l.t. 5.0 5.0 to 4-0 g.e. 4.0 l.t. 2.5 g.e. 2.5 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.5 20 55 55 45 50 75 90 50 50 2.0 Nil 1.5:1 2.5 Nil 2.0 Nil 2.5 Nil 1.5:1 1.5:1 1.5:1 2.5 0.5 1.5:1 2.5 0.5 1.5:1 2.5 0.5 1.5:1 2.0 0.5 1.5:1 2.5 0.5 1.5:1 0.1 i-1 0.175 0.12-2- 0.175 0.1 i-5 0.175 0.12.2 0.175 0.152-2/0.25 0.152.2i'0.25 O.152VO.25 o.15‘ *”'0.25 0.15^-2^0.25 5 4 8 7 2 5 1 6 2 *l.t. leBS than g.e. greater than or equal to + Refer also to Figure 5- total of 0.001 m^/s for a typical 10 ha field, which would normally be drained by percolation to the in-field drains, particularly where these are closely spaced. However, for the wider spaced drains, interceptor drains constructed parallel to the canals at about 50® from the canal centre line might be necessary, especially in areas of steeper ground slope where the depth to the impervious layer is not great. The eastern area of Phase 1 adjacent to drain SD2 as shown on figure 5 is, by inspection, an area where problems may occur. It is recommended that the water table be monitored in a number of areas after the construction drains in Phase 1 and action taken as necessary should interceptor drains be found to be required. 8 Block Drains Block drains are required to convey percolation and run off losses away from the fields. It has been assumed that the irrigation losses by surface runoff of 10mm per irrigation are drain Ad in 24 hours at an average rate of 0.4mm/hr, and for a typical 10 ha block this would amount to some 12 l/s. Total block draln capacity for 10 ha would be about 16 l/s, and an adequate design would be drain depth 2.0m or 2.Jm to suit in-field drains, bed width 0.5m and minimum bed slope 0*00015- The depth of flow for this design would be of the order of 0.2m as for the in-field drains. 9 Collector brain Design The overall losses each 15 days are field application losses of 59mm and conveyance losses of 28.5mm, and for the irrigated area of approximately 1000 ha (excluding the northern area), amount to some 0.5 mV * Drain SB1 has been designed for a flow of 0.4 mV® anh drain SD2 for 0.1 m^/® at the lower ends. Outflow from the area is limited by the capacity of the Prima-ry pre-in, and it has been calculated that the depth of flow in this 7 Interceptor Drains Conveyance losses have been shown to be some 28.5™ per irrigation at a field application rate of 100mm. each 15 days . It has been calculated that this would amount to a 8 drain is 0.58® a rate of 0-5 m5/8. It has been assumed that no significant backing up effects occur as a result of drainage 56of areas downstream of the Melka Sadi area. This depth of flow effectively limits the drainable area to land lying above the 759.75 contour. Since the ground slope through whinh the Primary Drain flows is small, considerable enlarging of the H-rpin for a distance of several kilometres would be necessary before affecting the drain water level, and it is not considered that this would be cost effective at this time. It is recommended that alterations to the Primary Drain be carried out as part of the normal maintenance programme. Figures 7 and 8 show the longitudinal sections of the collector drains for the area and typical cross sections of drain SD2. 10 Phasing of Construction The area has been split into five phases for construction of the drainage system as shown on figure 6. Each uhase represents approximately one fifth of the work involved in construction, and is ordered such that the relative cost per hectare of construction increases from phase 1 to phase 5*as shown below:— Phase Area to be Drained Relative Cost per hectare Notes 1 2 3 4 5 210 ha 219 ha 252 ha 192 ha 145 ha 100 102 101 112 118 Not including non-saline area it it ii ii n n ii it lucerne area ii pasture area * except Phase 5 where a large area of widely spaced drains are required, this slightly reducing the relative cost per ha. 5911 Leaching Trials During each phase of construction, an area of high or moderately high salinity (abandoned areas) is included on which, particularly in earlier phases, leaching trials can be performed. The results of these trials may affect the design or implementation of the remainder of drains for the area, and it is for this reason that the main inclusion of the saline areas is towards the end of implementation of the system, as shown below: Phase Area of Saline Soil (ha) Total Area (ha) Notes 1 60 210 For leaching trials on soils of K 0.8 and 2.5 2 9 219 For leaching trial on soil of K 0.4 as mainly included in Phases 4 and 5 3 4 5 50 137 82 252 192 145 < Ma-in inclusion of drainage < of saline areas TOTALS 338 1018 12 Quantities The quantities, tabled for each phase of construction, include all major items of work required to implement the system, and are included over. Since the longitudinal and cross sectional details of all existing drains other than drain SD2 and the Primary ^rain were not available, a reduction has been made for the existing excavation within the proposed revised design cross section for drains SD1 and TD1 to TD5 based on the known drain details. No existing drain has been assumed along the line of block drain. 40AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT BILLS OF QUANTITIES MET.KA SADI DRAINAGE PHASE 1 I tea Description Unit Quantity Rata Amount 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Construct Type 1 drain (90m c/c, 2. nominal depth) in fields of area of 50.90 ha Construct Type 2 drains (50m c/c, 2.3m nominal depth) in fields of area of 59*21 ha Construct Type 3 drain (75m c/c, 2.3m nominal depth) in fields of area of 40.85 ha Construct Type 7 drains (35m c/c, 2.0m nominal depth) in fields of area of 60.46 ha Construct Type 6 drains (45m c/c, 2o5m nominal depth) in fields of area of 9*97 ha Excavate drain SDI (cut to spoil) from km 0+000 (at Primary Drain) to km 2+500 Excavate drain SD2 (cut to spoil) from km 5+215 (at Primary Drain) to km 3+900 Excavate drain TD2 (cut to spoil) from km 0+000 to km 2+000 Excavate Block Drains (cut to spoilt 2.3m nominal depth, side slopes 1.5h:1v, bed width 0.5m Construct Culvert C1 Construct Culvert C2 Construct Culvert C5 Construct Culvert C4 Construct Temporary Drop structure on Drain SD2 Construct Culverts on Block Drain for access requirements (Provisional) lin m 4700 lin m 11800 lin m 5700 lin m 16900 lin m 2200 22500 m 5 1800 15000 No No No No No 46500 1 1 1 1 1 No 49 9 9 I I I I I I I AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT MELKA SADI DRAINAGE PHASE 2 I tea 2.1 Unit Quantity Aaount 2.2 2.3 2.4 Construct Type 4 drains (35m Description Construct Type 1 drains (90m /c, 2.3m nominal depth) in fields of area 11.3 ha. Construct Type 2 drains (50mC/c, 2.3m nominal depth) in fields of area 42.95 ha. c Construct Type 3 drains (75m /c,2.3m nominal depth) in fields of area 84.7 ha. c lin m 1400 lin m 8600 lin m 11900 /c, lin m 2.5 2.3m nominal depth) in fields of area 8,8 ha Construct Type 7 drains (35m /c, 2.0 nominal depth) in fields of area 52.1 ha 2400 lin m 14600 I 1 I 2.6 C Construct Type 8 drains (45m /c, 2.3 nominal depth) in fields of area 47.9 ha lin m Excavate drain SD1 (cut to spoil) from km 2 + 500 to km 3 + 400 Excavate drain TD1 (cut to spoil) from km 0 + 000 to km 2 4- 800 I 1 1 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 Excavate drain TD3 (cut to spoil) from km 0 + 000 to km 1 + 500 Construct Culvert C5 No 10500 5100 20250 11250 1 I I 1 I I iAMTBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT MEIJCA SADI DRAINAGE PHASE 3 Itea Description Unit Quantity Rate Aaount 3.1 lin m 9400 5.2 Construct Type 1 drains (9Qn c/c, 2.3m nominal depth) in fields of area 78.64m ha Construct Type 2 drains (50m c/c, 2.3m nominal depth) in field of area 60.50 ha Construct Type 3 drains (75 c/c, lin m 13700 3.3 3.4 3.5 3-6 3.7 3.8 3-9 3.10 3.11 5.12 5.13 m 2.3m nominal depth) in fields of area 96.20 ha Construct Type 4 drains (35m c/c, 2.3m nominal depth) in fields of area 22.4 ha Construct Type 6 drains (30m c/c, 2.0m nominal depth) in fields of area 36.45 ha Excavate drain SD1 (cut to spoil) from km 3+900 to km 8+000 Excavate drain TD4 (cut to spoil) from km 0+000 to km 1+900 Excavate drain TD5 (cut to spoil) from km 0+000 to km 2+050 Excavate Block Brains (cut to spoil 2.3m nominal depth, side slopes 1.5h:1v, bed width 0.5m Construct Culvert C6 Construct Culvert C7 Construct Culvert C8 Construct Culverts on Block Drains for access requirements (Provisional) lin m 13500 • • lin m 6300 - lin m m5 12400 28300 14250 15400 5 m No No No 34500 1 1 1 • No 3 i i *► 8 tE I■ AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT MELKA SADI DRAINAGE PHASE 4 Ites Description Unit Quantity Rite Abo an t 4.1 4.2 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Construct Type 4 drain (35m c/c, 2<3m nominal depth) in fields of area 119.6 ha Construct Type 6 -drains (30m c/c, 2.0m nominal depth) in fields of area 72.38 ha Excavate drain SD2 (cut to spoil) from km 3+900 to km 1+400 Excavate drain TD1 (cut to spoil) from km 2+800 to km 4+050 Excavate drain TD4 (cut to spoil) from km 1+900 to km 2+200 Excavate Block Drains (cut to spoil 2.3m nominal depth, side slopes 1.5h:1v, bed width 0.5m Excavate Block Drains (cut to spoil 2.0m nominal depth, side slopes 1.5h:1v, bed. width 0.5m Construct culverts on Block Drains for access requirements (Provisions Allow for lowering of invert level of Bridge lin m 53500 lin m m5 24600 15000 9400 2250 m5 20900 ) No Lump 13300 4 Sum • (i • 1 __AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT MELKA SADI DRAINAGE PHASE 5 Itea Description Unit Quantity Rata Aaount 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 c Construct Type 4 drains (35m /c, 2.3m nominal depth) in fields of area 82.40 ha c Construct Type 5 drains (20m /c, 2.0m nominal depth) in fields of area/63.45 ha Excavate Block Drains (cut to spoil) 2.3m nominal depth, side slopes 1.5h:1v, bed with 0.5m Excavate Block Drains (cut to spoil) 2.0m nominal depth, side slopes 1.5h:1v, bed width 0.5ra Construct culverts on Block Drains for access requirements (Provisional) lin tn 23100 lin m m3 m3 No 31750 35400 • 8400 5 - IFIGURE 5 Sir William Holcrow ft Partner*. DRAIN DRAIN DEPTH SPACING 2.3 90 23 50 2.3 75 2.3 35 2.0 20 2.0 30 2.0 35 2.3 45 drainable at presentI ft I ■ R ft R I W WJUtFIGURE Sir William Holcrow ft Partners AWASH HI* Temporary Drop Structure on Droin SD2 Constructed under Phoee I GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA AWASH VALLEY DEVELOPMENTAGENCY LEGEND E«i*ting Main and Collector Drain* Other Eii*tlng Drain* $ Block Droin* a* Required 9 Cl Cdvert under Road Bridge AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT II DRAIN CONSTRUCTION PHASING iFIGURE 7 o« Sir Willorm Halcrow B Partners. DRAIN SDI-LONGITUDINAL SECTION DRAIN SD2-LONGITUDINAL SECTION SIDE SLOPES I5h:lv, BED WIDTH O5m -----------------------------1--- OU WAGE Km? mm GROUNO 8 LEVEL ? DESIGN W*TR*» LEVEL FOR ? IRRIGATION < LOSS ONLY r £ 2 J m K- V T c REVISED ? BED LEVEL 9 * ♦ «0 K « m K EXISTING FFL OGJ. 742 50 T EXISTING DRAIN SECTION EXISTING FFL IEVISEO REVISED FFL OGL 739 79 EXISTING DRAIN SECTION ------ REVISED DRAIN SECTION GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA AWASH VALLEY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY AMIBARA IRRIGATION PROJECT n DRAWS SDI.SD2-L0NG SECTIONS DRAINS SD2-CROSS SECTIONS -------- REVISED DRAIN SECTION Km 1*400 DRAIN SD2 - CROSS SECTIONS 73764 Km 3 t900FIGURE 8 Sir Williom Holcrow a Portners. DDRRAAIINN TTDD..44 DRAIN TD.I. 774455 774444 a<?o uu __cc 5o mm --774433 uu dd 774422 Cc oo 88 --774411 774400 773399 738 Width 0-5m SSiiddee ssllooppeess 11--55 hh :: IIvv bb ww 00 55mm slopes Chomoge Km Ground level Waler level for irrigation loss only Bed level NOTE: For loconon of these droms see figure 2 Depth io be 2 42m constant Side slopes I 5 h Iv bw0■5m GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA AWASH VALLEY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY AMI0ARA IRRIGATION PROJECT [[ LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS OF DRAINS T.D.I, TD2, T.D3,T.D4, ft TD-5. Choinoge Krn 9 Choinoge Km mANNEX I Observation Well RecordsMELKA SADI WELLS OBSERVATION WELL RECORDS EC MILLIMHOS AT 25 °C 1 1 1 26.8.80 DEPTH EC 12.9.80 DEPTH EC 25.9.80 DEPTH EC 13.10.80 DEPTH EC 1 1 1 3.7 5.0 3.8 5.0 3.8 5.0 3.5 5.6 2 1 2.8 .58 2.8 .63 2.75 .60 1.5 .74 3 1 3.25 .78 2.7 .84 2.35 .88 2.6 1.0 4 1 - - - - - - 4.1 10.0 5 1 7.2 2.3 7.3 2.3 7.35 2.3 7.3 2.4 6 1 3.55 2.3 3.6 2.2 3.7 2.0 3.8 2.2 7 1 7.02 >10 7.8 >10 7.85 >10 7.1 >10 8 1 2.5 .56 2.7 .56 2.7 .54 2.45 .56 9 1 10.55 >10 10.5 >10 10.45 >10 10.5 >10 10 | 2.9 4.4 2.9 4.0 2.9 4.5 3.0 5.0 11 1 9.75 2.2 9.6 2.2 9.85 2.3 9.9 2.2 12 [ - - - - - - 5.6 5.6 13 1 8.15 4.4 8.25 5.9 8.3 6.0 8.3 6.0 14 | 4.2 2.0 4.3 2.0 4.25 2.1 4.4 2.2 15 I 8.1 .99 8.1 .99 8.2 .94 8.45 1.0 16 I 9.1 4.2 9.65 4.5 9.85 4.5 9.8 17 I 7.25 4.5 1.6 7.25 1.8 7.25 2.0 18 | 7.15 2.0 6.35 3.0 6.35 3.0 6.4 3.0 19 | 9.28 9.45 >10 3.2 9.45 >10 9.45 >10 20 | 10.4 7.1 9.45 >10 10.4 7.3 10.4 7.4 10.33 8.8 21 1 11.0 7.6 11.0 7.8 11.2 8.7 22 | 10.0 11.7 3.6 >10 10.0 3.9 10.0 3.6 C5 | - 9.9 4.0 - - - - PIO I — - 9.3 - .50 - - - PH 1 - - 10.7 - >10 - - - . PPI 1 - - 2.3 9.0 - - - - 11.4 1.2I 30.10.80 16.11.80 4.12.80 DEPTH 1.1.81 DEPTH 1 1 DEPTH 1 EC DEPTH EC EC EC 1 1 1 I 3.48 1 1 6.0 3.65 6.0 3.5 6.3 3.25 6.3 1 2 1 1.72 .78 1.50 1.0 1.55 .90 1.68 1.0 1 3 1 2.26 1.0 2.90 1.0 3.21 1.0 2.82 1.0 1 4 1 4.1 >10 4.15 10 3.85 9.7 3.84 9.6 1 5 1 7.33 2.4 7.45 2.5 7.45 2.6 7.44 2.6 1 6 1 3.97 2.2 3.93 2.2 3.89 2.5 3.85 2.7 1 7 1 6.95 >10 6.90 >10 6.75 >10 6.6 >10 1 8 I 2.05 .62 1.95 .60 2.14 .60 1.9 .63 I 9 1 10.56 >10 10.56 >10 10.52 >10 10.44 >10 1 10 1 3.16 5.6 3.12 5.7 3.05 5.0 3.0 5.6 1 11 1 9.85 2.2 9.88 2.6 9.88 2.4 9.80 2.4 I 12 I 5.45 5.2 5.38 5.0 5.27 5.0 5.2 5.4 1 13 I 8.24 6.8 8.25 7.0 8.24 7.1 8.14 7.8 | 14 1 4.3 2.3 4.30 2.4 4.25 2.2 4.2 2.3 I 15 I 8.05 1.0 8.05 1.0 8.04 1.0 8.01 1.0 1 16 I 9.8 4.6 9.80 4.2 9.80 4.6 9.77 4.6 1 17 I 7.13 2.2 7.10 2.4 7.08 2.3 7.02 2.5 1 18 I 9.26 3.1 6.28 3.1 6.25 3.0 6.2 3.2 I 19 1 9.38 >10 9.45 >10 9.48 >10 9.57 >10 I 20 I 10.3 9.2 10.3 9.5 10.27 9.8 10.23 9.8 1 21 I 11.75 9.2 11.8 9.4 11.71 9.4 11.72 9.5 1 22 I 9.85 4.1 9.85 4.4 9.8 4.4 9.78 4.6 ! C5 I 9.25 .6 9.3 .61 9.3 .60 9.32 .62 I PIO 1 10.74 >10 10.78 >10 10.74 >10 10.96 >10 Pll I 2.24 9.7 2.25 9.8 2.17 9.6 2.06 10 PPI I 11.35 1 1 1.2 11.37 1.4 11.38 1.2 | 1 11 I 21.1.81 1 DEPTH 1 r EC 11.2.81 DEPTH EC 6.3.81 DEPTH EC 25.3.81 DEPTH EC 1 I 3.39 2 1 1.65 6.1 .92 3.32 1.45 5.9 0.92 3.36 1.69 6.0 1.0 3.48 2.32 6.0 1.0 3 I 2.76 4 I 3.80 1.0 9.2 2.00 3.79 0.90 9.4 1.63 3.65 0.88 9.6 2.08 3.6 0.90 9.6 5 1 7.44 6 [ 3.59 2.5 2.6 7.4 3.43 2.6 2.5 7.38 3.25 2.6 2.4 7.37 3.35 2.6 2.2 7 I 6.41 8 1 1.81 >10 .64 6.38 1.97 >10 0.80 6.29 1.50 >10 0.66 6.22 1.85 >10 0.70 9 1 10.36 10 I 3.02 >10 5.5 10.32 2.9 >10 4.4 10.25 2.75 >10 4.4 10.19 2.69 >10 4.2 11 1 9.80 12 1 5.21 ' 2.5 5.2 9.72 5.18 2.4 5.3 9.96 5.10 2.5 5.3 9.63 5.23 2.5 5.3 13 1 8.09 14 1 4.2 7.5 2.2 7.98 4.14 7.5 2.2 7.95 4.13 8.4 2.2 7.93 4.13 8.3 2.2 15 1 8.06 16 I 9.76 .96 4.7 8.16 9.74 .98 4.6 7.94 9.80 1.0 4.8 7.94 9.63 1.0 4.6 17 1 6.98 18 1 6.13 2.7 3.0 6.93 6.15 2.7 3.1 * 6.85 6.00 2.8 2.4 6.82 5.98 3.0 1.8 19 1 9.58 20 I 10.13 >10 9.7 9.54 10.08 >10 9.7 9.51 10.03 >10 10.0 9.44 10.00 >10 9.9 21 1 11.69 22 C5 1 9.75 I 9.29 9.0 4.6 11.67 9.89 9.1 4.5 11.51 9.67 9.0 4.2 11.69 9.68 9.6 4.8 PIO 1 10.59 .50 >10 9.28 10.53 0.60 >10 9.27 10.48 0.62 >10 9.23 10.46 0.60 >10 PH PPI 1 2.17 1 11.41 1 1 9.7 1.2 2.20 11.40 9.4 1.2 1.89 11.37 9.7 1.3 1.94 11.33 9.6 1.1a -4«-4a-4«-4^M*-i*"4»-4'-«•—I N N N U ■-<■-< Dm Dm Ok 1 I 21.4.81 I DEPTH 1 7.5.81 DEPTH 28.5.81 DEPTH 16.6.81 DEPTH 1 1 EC EC EC EC 1 1 1 1 1 3.50 1 2.85 5.80 1.20 3.43 2.87 5.7 1.0 3.00 0.59 4.30 0.95 3.00 1.38 0.91 8.0 5.00 I 1 1 3.39 1 3.64 0.95 9.40 3.13 3.69 0.97 8.70 1.84 3.82 0.86 8.20 1.64 3.72 0.81 I I I 7.14 1 3.38 2.60 2.4 7.0 3.47 2.6 2.6 6.98 3.45 2.5 2.4 6.95 2.4 3.46 6.22 | 2.30 I 1 6.28 1 2.14 >10 0.63 6.32 2.56 >10 0.65 6.38 2.59 >10 0.69 2.30 0.64 >10 1 | 1 10.05 1 2.67 >10 4.0 10.09 2.72 >10 3.90 9.99 2.64 >10 3.60 9.96 2.66 >10 1 3.50 I 1 9.62 1 5.47 2.50 5.4 9.47 5.57 2.40 5.0 9.49 5.67 2.30 4.9 9.40 1 7.96 1 4.11 8.60 2.20 7.93 4.03 8.4 2.00 8.05 4.05 8.2 2.0 5.59 7.90 4.60 2.0 2.40 I | 4.04 7.90 8.40 I I 1 7.95 I 9.57 1.00 4.80 8.97 9.60 0.88 4.60 7.84 9.56 0.88 4.20 9.64 4.20 0.80 I | I 6.82 1 5.96 3.0 1.8 6.79 2.90 6.75 - 2.9 - 6.72 DESTROYED - 2.80 I 1 I 9.28 I 9.85 >10 >10 9.17 9.82 >10 9.80 9.00 9.77 >10 9.20 8.93 9.72 >10 | 8.2 | I 11.65 I 9.58 8.90 4.60 11.62 9.59 8.70 4.4 11.60 9.56 8.20 4.20 11.58 9.65 7.8 5.0 | | 1 9.15 I 10.42 0.61 >10 9.10 10.35 0.61 >10 9.06 10.34 0.67 >10 9.00 10.30 2.10 0.68 I >10 | I 1.97 1 11.18 1 1 9.40 1.20 2.09 11.17 9.40 1.20 2.09 11.18 9.0 1.20 8.40 11.16 | 1.20 | 1 1I 2.9.81 24.9.81 4.11.81 I I DEPTH EC DEPTH EC DEPTH EC I 1 2 1 1 2.87 1 2.40 6.0 0.98 2.75 2.82 5.4 1.0 2.56 0.92 6.0 1.0 3 11 2.50 4 I1 3.23 5 11 6.31 0.85 9.3 2.81 3.12 0.88 9.2 1.76 3.09 0.94 9.4 6 11 3.44 2.6 2.9 5.90 3.31 2.6 2.8 5.86 3.22 2.6 2.6 7 11 6.0 8 11 2.35 >10 0.66 6.20 2.21 >10 0.62 6.27 2.15 >10 Q.62 9 1 10 | 11 1 9.81 2.6 >10 4.0 9.73 2.62 >10 4.0 9.58 2.58 >10 3.6 12 | 9.14 5.22 2.5 5.2 8.92 5.27 2.5 5.20 8.95 5.08 2.5 5.00 13 I 14 I 15 1 7.62 3.85 >10 2.2 7.36 3.84 >10 2.3 7.00 3.75 >10 2.3 7.72 16 I 17 I 9.25 6.43 1.0 4.9 7.80 9.10 0.86 4.8 7.70 8.95 0.85 4.80 18 | 3.4 - 6.43 - 3.5 - 6.35 — 19 I 20 | 21 1 8.42 9.46 >10 >10 8.25 9.35 >10 9.6 8.08 9.20 3.4 >10 >10 11.58 9.35 9.0 4.5 flooded 9.31 flooded 22 I C5 I 8.80 10.10 .750 >10 8.60 9.97 4.6 0.76 flooded 8.27 PIO I PH 1 1.83 >10 >10 9.75 1.85 0.76 >10 10.0 1.79 PPI I 1 1 9.83 9.9 1.1ANNEX H Soil Profile Descriptions Pits/BoreB Nos. DRH 1 - DEH 54PROFILE NO: 1 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE «) Profile Nuaber: DRH 1 c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW a) Location: AIP 10 b) Date of Description: 24.3.81 d) * Altitude: 741.5 m f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) M icrotopography: Minor flood channels to 50 cm deep B) Slope: IX locally 2-3X h) Vetetation/Land Use: Calotropis procera and Acacia sp II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 2.39 m 26.3.81 • ) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 45 cm wet below 100 cm g) Human Influence: Abandoned plantation, Salty patches, damp III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Drainage: Moderate - slow at 25-58 cn d) Evidence of Erosion: Slight gully and severe sheet f) Surface .Grave 1/Stones Rock Outcrops: Nil Deep cracking clay vertisol over stratified silts, 10YR 5/3 surface clay loan 0-25 cd, abrupt change to 10 YR 2.5/2 silty clay with strong prismatic structure to 100 cm, structure decreasing with depth overlying 10YR 3/2 massive silts and silt loans with faint fine platy structure and Loamy sand lenses. 7.SYR 5/6 mottles below L30 cm few white soft CaCOj concretions throughout the profile below 25 cm. Strong reaction to HCL throughout profile. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cn I I 0 - 5 I 10YR 5/3 sil, dry, weak very fine and fine subangular blocky and fine crumb. Frequent live and I dead root, medium and fine. Very few pores, common very fine vertical crack and small ternite I tubes and fraas. I I Clear smooth boundary to:- I 5 - 25/27 I 10YR 5/4 Cl dry slightly hard weak medium subangular blocky with few fine pores and root I channels. Few fine and common live roots. IX fine while soft concretions CaC03. I Abrupt wavy boundary to:- I 25/27 - 45 I 10YR 5/4 Sic, dry very hard coarse and very course prisnatic, interior of prisms hard and I slightly moist few pores or root channels. Vertical cracks between prisms up to 6 an wide and 1 15 cm apart, within prisms traces of very faint laminations, occasional fine dead roots. I I Merging into:- I 45 - 58 I Above but less well developed structure and slight increase in internal moisture. I I Clear smooth boundary to:- I 58 - 100 I 10YR 3/2 SiCL moist firm strong course and medium subangular blocky, no pores, occasional root I channels, large, and few fine Live roots, 2-3X soft white powdery concretions, mainly in root I channels. I | Merging boundary to:- I 100 - 130 I 10YR 3/1.5 Sil wet non-aticky slightly plaatic, massive, very few fine roots, occasional very | fine pores and fine root channels, no white concretions. I I Merging into:-IV Ftonts RKSOtlPttOK (COXT I WORD) Oeptb no - cm < 160 I IQYX 3/1.5 Sil maaaive wwt non-sticky blocky and platy, occasional fine root and tew 7*5YR 5/6 I mettle in rcs?t channels. I IK' - I Mergiu.$ boundarv Vet- I 2QG l 10YX 3/1 Sil, moist firm wcslevate medium subaugular blocky and occasional platy structure occasional fine live root, fe* Sampled Hoa IVK 1/1 t tine root channel* with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle 0-23 cm * 1/2 25 - 58 cm * 1/3 38 - 100 cm * 1/4 100 - 150 cm H 1/5 130-200 Mapped aa 6. Recent alluvium cm - stratified textures D. Auger I Sore I I XX) - 240 I 10YR 3.3/2 Sil. wet non-sticky probably laminated. I 240 - 290 I 10YR 3.5/2 Sil, merging into fsl, wet, running out of auger. I I Groundwater IcycI 218 cm below surface. I EC of groundwater 11.2 mi hot x 103 2.8.81 I EC of water AIP 10 oba well 3.5 aaa hoa x 10^ I Water level 266 cm I I I) Italconsult - Rome 1969PROFILE NO! 2 I INFORMATION ON Till SITE a) Profile Number! DRII 2 c) Author of Description! DRII ♦ TV e) Location: A1P 8 b) Date of Deecriptioni 24,3.81 d) Altitude: 760.50 ■ f) Land form! i) Physiogrsphic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: ?let ill) Microtopography: Irrigation Furrows K> Slope: IX h) Vegetatlon/Land Use: Danana Plantation II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium b) Drainage: Moderate c) Water Tabla: 136 cm below surface d) Evidence of Erosion! None e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 130 wet at 136 f) Surface Cravel/Stonee g) Human Influence: Cleared from Acacia woodland 1972 III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Rock Outcrops: Nil Deep uniform 10YR 3/2 weakly structured profile with slightly stronger structure below 75 cm. Water table at 136 cm below surface, moderately well drained above, common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle below 75 co. Reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I 0 - 27 I 10YR Sil moist friable, massive breaks to weak fine and medium subangular blocky, abundant I grass roots, few fine pores, less friable with depth. I Gradual boundary to:- I 27 - 74 I 10YR 3/2 Sil, moist friable and single grain few fine and medium roots, massive becoming wet I non-sticky non-plastic with depth. I 74 - 136 I 7.5YR 3/2 Sicl moist friable weak to moderate structure, fine and medium subangular blocky few I fine roots and pores, no vertical cracking, slight clay skins, cowon 7.5YR 5/6 mottles in old I root channels, increase of moisture to wet at 130, water at 136 and 5X fine white powdery I concretions at 90—95 cm depth together with many fine roots. I Sampled DRR 2/1 0 - 27 cm I I Mapped as 3, vertisols on recent alluvium I Auger Bore I 136 - 252 I 7.5YR 3/2 Sil/Si/fsl wet non-sticky. I 252 - 320 I Sicl moist. I 320 - 330 I fsl moist. I 330 - 400 I SiCL 10YR 3/2 SiC less moist, firm. I 400 - 500 I SiCL-Sic moist, extremely firm I I " 2/2 27 - 74 cm I " 2/3 74 - 130 cmIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm I I 500 - 600 | 10YR 3.5/3 ♦ Il SiC moist firm. 600 - 650 I Above with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle end finer 9 650 few shell fragment!!, occasional hard fine I manganese concretion. I I Groundwater cable 1.62 n - at AIP 8 1.88 m I EC of groundwater 0.675 x 103 I EC of AIP 8 0.65 x 103PROFILE NO: 3 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 3 c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TV e) Location: AIP 3 g) SLope: IX II C ENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium e) Water Table: 1.33 m below surface on 6.3.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 45 then moist to 130 then wet g> Human Influence: Cleared from Acacia woodland dry canal 30 m away III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 24.3.81 d) Altitude: 743,5 ni f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Irrigation Furrows h) Vegetation/Land Ose: Banana Plantation b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: None f) Surface Gravel/Stonea Rock Outcrops: None Deep uniform 10YR 3/2 profile, massive structure below 45 cm strong 10YR 5/6 mottle 45-75 cm depth, no visable concretions or salts. Moderate reaction to HCL throughout profile. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0-45 I I 10YR 3/2 SiL, dry slightly hard to hard moderate fine and medium subangular blocky, abundant I grass roots and common banana roots, slight increase in structure to 30 cm then becomes moist, I friable. I I Clear boundary to:- I 45 - 75 I 10YR 3/3 SiL-L, moist, friable, massive, many fine pores and roots. 20Z faint, very fine 7.5YR | 5/6 mottle in pores and root channels. I I Clear but wavy boundary to:- I 75 - 100 100 - 145 I 10YR 3/2 moist firm co friable, breaks to weak fine and medium subangular blocky, with faint I laminations - platy structure? many fine roots occasional medium root. < IX fine white powdery I concretions. I I Merging into:- I | 10YR 3/4 SiL, moist, friable then wet non-sticky massive, breaks to weak fine and medium | subangular blocky and medium platy, few old root channels, occasional 10YR 4/6 mottle and | abundant dark stainings. I I Sampled DRH 3/1 0-45 cm | " 3/2 45 - 75 cm I " 3/3 75 - 100 cm | " 3/4 100 - 145 cm I Mapped as 6 soils on recent alluvium, stratified texturesIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm | I Auger Bore I I 145 - 520 | Silt loams and bands of sand and loamy sand, wet slightly sticky, non-plastic I 520 - 530 | 10YR 3/2 SiC-€ moist extremely firm. I I Groundwater level 197 cm 20.5.81 I EC of groundwater 0.72 mm hoe x 103 I Ohs well level 220 cm and EC 850 no hoe x 103PROFILE RO: 4 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 4 b) Date of Description: 24.3.81 c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW d) Altitude: 745.50 e) Location: AIP 1 f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Slightly uneven g) Slope: 1Z h) Vegetation/Land Use: Partly cleared from Acacia woodland II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 3.06 m 6.3.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 100, moist below g) Human Influence: Partly cleared and levelled edge of Banana Plantation III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stonea Rock Outcrops: Nil Deep stratified medium and light textures with a prismatic SiCL horizon at 20-70 cm roots throughout profile, visable concretions or salts in band around pit at 100 cm. Weak reaction to HCL 0.70 cm, then strong reaction 70-200. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0-20 I 10YR 3/2 SiL-L dry slightly hard, weak and moderate fine and medium subangular blocky with fine I and medium crumb between peds. Common frasa, fine and medium common live roots, irregular I vertical cracks. I I Clear but irregular boundary to:- I 20 - 70 I 10YR SiCL-SiC, dry hard, strong medium and coarse and very course prismatic breaking co fine I subangular blocky and crumb. Common fine and medium live roots. Shell fragments. I I Merging boundary co:- I 70 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 I 10YR 4/3 with 9ome patches of 5/3 SiCL-SiL, dry hard moderate medium and coarse subangular and I angular blocky becoming moist and friable. Faint laminations. Vertical cracks at 10-15 cm I intervals 0.5-1.0 cm wide. I I Clear smooth boundary to:- I I 10YR 3/3 SiL, moist massive fraible, irregular patches and lenses of sandy loam, loamy sand up I to 5 cm thick. White, salts in band on side of pit at 100 cm up to 5 cm wide in places. Few I fine dark stainings. I | Clear boundary to:- I I 7.5YR 3/2 and 4/2 SiL, moist friable, massive, few very fine pores, fine roots and root | channels with 5/6 mottles. Sampled Nos DRH 4/1 0-20 cm ii 4/2 20 - 70 cm ii 4/3 70 - 100 cm ii 4/4 100 - 150 cm ii 4/5 150 - 200 cmIV PIO FILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cn Auger Bore I I 200 - 365 365 - 450 I Silt loams , occasional band of fine sand, wet non-aticky slight dark ataininga. I Silt loan, compact, wet slightly sticky. 450 - 500 I Silty clay loam, wet slightly sticky. I 500 - 550 I 10YR 3.5/2 moist, silty clay, firm, cotmion 7.SYR 5/6 and N5/- mottles. I I Mapped as 6. Soils on recent alluvium stratified textures. I I Groundwater level 289 cm 28.5.81 I EC groundwater 21.6 mm hos x 103 I EC AIP 1 water 4.2 mm hos x 103PROFILE BO: 5 I INFORMATION OI HI SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 5 c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW e) Location: AIP 2 g) Slope: 1Z b) Date of Description: 24.3.81 d) Altitede: 744 m f) Land fora: i) Physiographic Position: Plood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Plat iii) Microtopography: Slightly uneven h) Vegetation/Land Use: Banana Plantation II GENERAL INFORMATION OK THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvion c) Water Table: 1.39 ■ 6.3.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 143 cm thi g) Hunan Influence: Cleared fron Acacia sc III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Drainage: Moderate/ve11 drained d) Evidence of Eroeion: Nil wet f) Surface Cravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: Nil Deep uniformly massive profile, SiL - L overlying laninated and stratified sands and silts. No visible salts. Moderate reaction to HCL throughout profile. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I 0-30 I 10YR 3/3 SiL - L moist friable, massive, slight cracks on drying surface. Infillings of 4/3 - I 5/3 material in narr ow vertical pattern, few fine pores and roots, nerging into:- 30 - 50 I 10 YR 2/2, SiL, noist massi ve, few fine pores and roots, friable, merging into: 50 - 140 I Mixed 10YR 3/1 and 2/2 SiL, moist, 10YR 3/1 material is weak fine and medium subangular blocky | with clay skims on peds, 10YR 3/1 is massive, few fine pores and roots, abrupt wavy boundary I to:- I 140-143/45 I 10YR 3/1 and 7.5 4/3 Is and si, single grain - abrupt boundary to: — 143/45-189 I 10YR 4/3 - 5/3 and 7.5YR 3/2 - 3/4 laminated silts, loamy sands and sands, wet non-sticky, few | fine pores, occasional medium root. At 189 - water when digging pit. 190 - 230 I As above, wet slightly sticky. I 230 - 310 I 10 YR 3/3 moist SiCL, firm. I 310 - 390 I 10YR 3/2.5 moist SiC, very firm. I 390 - 410 I 10YR 3/3 moist SiCL, firm. I 410 I Band of fine sand. I 410 - 470 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC - C, very firm, abundant 7.5YR 5/6 and N6/- mottle, few very fine white | powdery concretions. I 470 - 500 I 10YR 3/3 wet, fol, running from auger. I I Perched watertable at 150 cm.IV PROFILI DWCRIPTIOW (COWTUTOID) Depth ca | Sampled: DRH 5/1 0 - 30 cm DRH 5/2 30 - 50 co DRH 5/3 50 - 143 cm DRH 5/4 143 - 189 cm I Happed as 3 vertisols on recent alluviua I 1 Ground water table 150 cm 19.8.81 I EC ground water 2.2 mm hoe cm I Water level AIP 2 obs well 153 ca I EC 0.98 x 103 I IPROFILE WO: 6 I INFORMATION OH THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 6 c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW e) Location: Packing Shed (N) g) Slope: IX b) Dace of Description: 24.3.81 d) Altitude: 743 m f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Smooth bare surface h) Vegetation/Land Use: No vegetation II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 140 cm e) Moisture Conditions: Moist, wet at 140 cm b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Slight sheet wash f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: Nil g) Human Influence: Abandoned Banana plantation, due to salinity III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Soil surface has patches of damp salt crumb, massive medium textured profile with band of reaction to HCL throughout profile. and Takyr with occasional slight white effluense. Deep strong structured SiC at 60 - 90 cm. Visable salts. Strong IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0 - 5 5-20 20 - 60 60 - 90 90 - 115 115 - 143 Auger Bore 143 - 230 230 - 370 370 - ? I I 10YR 3/2 SiL - L, moist friable, weak fine and medium sub-angular blocky and fine crumb. Few I fine pores, occasional very fine root. 5X fine white powdery concretions, merging smooth I boundary to:- I I 10YR 3/1 SiL, moist, very firm massive, few fine pores and root channels, breaks to coarse and I medium angular blocky, merging inco:- 1 I 10YR 3/2 SiL moist, friable, massive, occasional fire pore and root channels. 1Z fine white I powdery concretions. Abrupt boundary to:- 1 I 10YR 2.5/2 SiC moist, firm, fire and medium 9trong angular blocky, few many fine roots. 1Z I fine white powdery concretions. Abrupt boundary to:- I 10YR 3/2 SiL moist, friable, massive, very weak subangular blocky when broken, few dark stains. I As above wet, non-sticky I I 8 143 water | 10YR 3/2 moist SiL, firm I 10YR 3/2 wet, SiCL, slightly sticky | Running fine sand, j falling from auger. 1 Sampled: DRH 6/1 0 - 20 cm I ”6/2 20 - 60 cm 1 " 6/3 60 - 115 cm I " 6/4 115 - 143 cmIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm I Mapped as 6 soils on recent alluvium - acratified textures I I Groundwater level 178 25.5.81 I I EC groundwater 16.4 mm hos x 10JPROFILE BO: 7 I INFORMATION OR THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 7 c) Author of Description: DRH * TW e) Location: AIP 6 g) Slope: IX - 3X II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 305 cm 28.3.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Dry in top 12 ca Chen moist g) Hunan Influence: III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TIE PROFILE Stratified deep profile, SiLa with band of strong Smooth sealed surface with fine polygonal cracks. b) Date of Description: 25.3.81 d) Altitude: 744.0 m f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Slightly undulating shallow water ways h) Vegetation/Land Use: Common Acacia sp, Calotropis procera and Cadaba rotundifolia b) Drainage: Moderate - Well drained d) Evidence of Erosion: Sheet and gully erosion f) Surface Gravel/Stonas Very occasional round stone Rock Outcrops: on surface structured SiCL - SiC at 50 - 80 cm. Visable salts. Strong reaction to HCL throughout profile. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I 0-12 | 2.5YR 6/2 SiL - L dry, slightly hard, strong fine and medium angular blockly, few fine pores I and roots, weak vertical cracking clear boundary to:- 12-40 | 10YR 3/2 SiL - SiCL moist, very firm becoming firm, strong fine and medium subaugular blocky, I many fine pores and root channels, few medium roots. I I merging sloping boundary to:- I 40-50 I 10YR 3/2 and 3/3 SiCL moist friable, moderate medium subangular blocky, few fine pores and root I channels with slight 7.5YR 5/6 mottle, occasional medium root. Few fine powdery white | concretions, patches of darker staining. I I clear but irregular boundary to:- I 50-60 I 10YR 2/2 SiC - SiCL moist, very firm, strong fine and medium subaugular blocky, many fine | cracks. Many fine roots and root channels with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. Occasional soft white | concretions. Darker staininga abrupt boundary to:- I 80-93 I 10YR 6/4 SiL moist, massive, breaks to weak very fine platy, many very fine roots and root | channels. I 93 - 106 I 2.5YR 6/2 and 5/2 fls moist. I | Abrupt boundary to. I 106 - 132 I 10YR 5/4 SiL moist, massive, friable and few firm, moderate subangular blocky with 7.SYR 4/2 I mottle in peds. Occasional fine while powdery concretion. | Clear boundary to:-II IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm 132 - 145 I I I I 10 YR 4/2 and 7.SYR 4/2 SiL taoist, massive, breaks to weak fine and medium subangular blocky* 145 - 165 165 - 193 I Abrupt boundary to:- I I 7.5YR 6/4 - 7/4 - 5/4 SiL - SiCL moist, massive, few pores or root channels. 10X very fine I white concretion. Abrupt boundary. I I 5Y 6/3 SiL moist massive, firm weak very fine platy. Occasional fine pores and root channel I with faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. 21 CaS04? fibres. I Sampled Nos. DRH 7/1 it ii ti 0 - 40 cm 7/2 40 - 80 cm 7/3 80 - 132 cm 7/4 132 - 165 cm Auger Bore 193 - 230 ii 7/5 165 - 193 cm I I Mapped as 10. Saline and Alkaline soils on recent alluvium. I I As 165 - 193 but increasing hardness and many soft CaCOj connections. I medium fragments of weathered tuff. I I g 230 Too hard to auger. I I Ground water level at AIP 6. 372 cm I EC of water 2.8 mm hos x 10^ 19.8.81. Occasional fine and B B B B fe B BPIO FI LB NO: 8 I INFORMATION ON TBB SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 8 c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW e) Location: AIP 13 g) Slope: 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 7.65 6.3.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Dry throughout g) Hunan Influence: Recently cleared wee grazing III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 25.3.81 d) Altitude: 738.50 f) Landfora: l) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Plat iii) Microtopography: Uneven surface due to clearing h) Vegetation/Land Use: Was Acacia thorn scrub b) Drainage: Poor to 140 then noderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stonea Rock Outcrops: Nil Deep well developed vertisol of uniform fine texture and colour; 10YR 3/1 , overlying Silt and SI at 140 co. No visable salts. Soft dry granular self mulch surface. Weak reaction to HCL 0 - 140 cm, then strong reaction 140 - 200 cn. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cn 0-90 I 10YR 3/1 Sic - C dry very hard coarse prismatic below then surface mulch, peda have very few I pores or root channels, clay skins and alicken 9ides. Absorbs water rapidly and slumps. I Common dead roots in cracks. I I merging into:- I 90 - 140 Auger Bore I 10YR 3/1 Sic - C as above but with a less well developed prisimatic structure. 220 - 250 I 10YR 6/3 - 6/4 moist, SiL, friable probably platy, occasional 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and fine white 1 powdery CaCOj concretions. I 250 - 290 I 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 moist, SiC, very firm, probably prismatic structure, auger polish on peda, few I fine white powdery CaCOj concretions. I 290 - 335 I 10YR 5/4 Sich and SiL moist, very firm probably platy, auger flour. 335 - 355 I 10YR 3/2 moist, SiC - C, just moist - to moist extremely firm - dry very hard prismatic I structure, with some very fine augular blocky, clay skins and auger polish. 355 - 415 I 10YR 5/3 SiL and fSL dry, slightly hard, platy structure, few fine soft CaCOj concretions. C 415 I Black and white fine sand. I 415 - 500 I As 355 - 415. I 90 - .140 I Occasional medium root. Absorbs water rapidly and slumps. I Merging boundary to:-IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth ca I 140 - 200 I 10YR 5/3 end 3/1 SiL dry aassive. Many fine roots, pores and root channels. I I Abrupt boundary to:- I 200 - 220 I 10 YR. 5/3 and 5/4 dry aassive - breaks to single gr Si - SiL, few pores or root channels few I darker atainings. I I Sampled Nos DRH N 8/1 0 - 40 ca 1 8/2 40 - 90 ca 1 n 8/3 90 - 140 ca 1 8/4 140 - 200 caPROFILE BO: 9 I INFORMATION OB THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 9 c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW e) Location: AIP 4 g) Slope: 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 3.35 m 6.3.81 • ) Moisture Conditions: Moiat to 15 cm then dry, f) vet @ 160 as b) Date of Description: 25.3.81 d) Altitude: 741.50 f) Land fo ns: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Sarronnding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Uoeveo surface due to clearing b) Vegetation/Land Dae: Was acacia thorn scrub b) Drainage: Poor to 65 cm then moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: None I) Influence: Cleared III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep well developed prismatic Sic with soft soil mulch surface overlying stratified silts and sands at 65 cm. Visable salts. Very weak reaction to HCL 0-65 an, strong reaction 65 - 200 <3. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I 0 - 15 I 10YR 3/1 SiCL - SiC moist friable, moderate to strong coarse and medium subangular blocky, I frequent medium roots, occasional fine pore and root channel (moist from recent rain). I I Abrupt irregular boundary to:- 1 15 - 65 I 10YR 5/3 SiC moisc very firm moderate to strong coarse and medium prismatic and subangular I blocky, vertical cracking, width of cracks increasing with depth also becoming dry very hard | with 5Z while powdery concretcons in old root chanela. I 1 Abrupt sloping boundary to:- I 65 - 80 I 10YR 5/3 (main colour) Fine platy sandy loams and silts, common med roots, few while powdery I concretions. I I Clear boundary to:- I 80 - 160 I 10YR 5/3. SiL dry massive prob platy with infillings of 10YR 3/1 C - SiC dry very hard fine and I medium angular blocky. 15X fine white powdery concretions, common 7.5YR 5/6 mottles, I occasional pocket of fine sand I I Clear boundary to:-* I 160 - 200 I Above but wet non-slicky and lest C - Sic infillings. (vet from rain?) I Auger Bore I 200 - 250 I 8.75 YR 3/2 SiCL moist, very friable, platy structure, abundant 75YR 5/6 and 4/2 mottle ? 220 | cm band of fine sand. 250 - 270 I 8.75 3/3 wet SiCL, non sticky, co moon 7.57YR 5/6 and dark mottle, occasional fine rootIV PROFILS DESCRIPTION (CORTI ITO RD) Depth cm 270 - 285 285 - 300 300 - 370 370 - 400 400 - 460 460 - 500 I I I Above but moist and firm and few fine white powdery CaCOg concretions. I 10YR 3/2 noise SiC - C, very firm, faint fine 7.5YR 5/6 mottles in old fine root channels, I darker stainings. I I 10YR 3/2 laoiat SiC, very firm, becoming wet slightly sticky, prismatic and few fine augular I blocky, I I 10YR 3/2 SiC - C woist very firm. I 10YR 3/1.5 C moist extremely fir®, prismatic, auger polish, dark stainings and faint 7.5YR 5/6 I mottle. EC 1:5 Extract 2.25 x 10*. I I 8.75YR 4/3 SiCL, firm, dark stainings and 7.75YR 5/6 mottle. EC 1:5 Extract 1.8 x 10J I Groundwater level AIP 4 275 cm . EC water 12.4 nun hos x 10^ Sample No DRH 9/1 0 - 65 ii 9/2 65 80 it 9/3 80 - 160 ii 9/4 160 - 200 I Mapped as 3. Vertisols on recent alluvium IPIO FI UK WO: 10 I 11TOIMATIOW ON THE SITE «) Profile Number: DRH 10 c) Author of Description: DRH * TV e) Location: AIP 7 g) Slope: 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 6.0 n e) Moisture Conditions: Dry, noist below 170 cd g) Hunan Influence: Cleared froe Acacia Thom scrub III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 25.3.81 d) Altitude: 740.50 ■ f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Undulating iii) Microtopography: Gilgai like hollows h) Vegetation/Land Use: Acacia thorn scrub b) Drainage: Poor noderate below 70 cd d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stonee Rock Ontcropa: None Well developed vertisol with gilgai surface feature overlying stratified silts at 70 cm. Dry, loose, self mulching surface. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth c« I 0 - 40 I 10YR 3/1 SiCL dry very hard strong medium and coarse prismatic, frequent vertical cracks to 1 | cn wide common medium roots, occasional very fine pores and roots. I I Merging into:- I 40 - 70 I 10YR 3/2 SiCL - SiC dry very hard strong medium angular blocky, clay skins and slickenslides I occasional medium and large root, few fine roots and pores. I I Clear wavy boundary to:- I 70 - 107 I 10YR 4/3 Sil dry very hard massive braks to subangular blocky, with infillings of above. Few I white powdery concretions. I I Abrupt wavy boundary to:- I 107 - 112 | 10YR 3/1 SiC dry hard strong very fine, fine and medium angular blocky "loose”, few fine roots I I Abrupt boundary to:- I 112 - 180 I 10YR 5/3 Sil dry hard massive (platy?) with infillings of above, moist below 170. Few fine I white powdery concretions. I I Clesr boundary to:- I 180 - 200 I 10YR 5/4 Si moist massive with laminations of fs very few pores, occasional dark stainage. DRH 10/1 0 - 70 CD ii 10/2 70 - 107 CD ii 10/3 112 - 180 CD ii 10/4 180 - 200 cm Happed as 3. Vertisols on recenc alluvium- «IPROFILE HO: 11 I INFOLMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 11 c) Author of Deecription: DRH * TW e) Location: AIP 14 g) Slope: IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Colluvium/AUuvium c) Water Table: 3.83 m 6.3.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 40 cm net below 350 g) Human Influence: Grazing now arable III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep stratified silt loams and sands of recent river Visable salts. Pit located near to old river course b) Date of Deecriptioa: 26.3.81 d) Altitude: 743.50 f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Occasional shallow water way previously h) Vegetation/Land Use: Newly cleared and levelled b) Drainage: Moderate to 115 cm d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Crave1/Stones Rock Outcrops: None colluvium overlying a prismatic vertisol at 115 cm. or flood channel shown on contour map. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I 0-15 I 7.5YR 5/2 SiL moist firm massive breaks to weak fine and medium subanguler blocky and crumb. I Few roots or pores. I 15 - 40 I Merging into:- I I 10YR 3/2 SiL moist massive, slightly harder than above Few fine roots, occasional soft powdery I white concretion. I I Abrupt boundary to:- I 40 - 110 I 10YR 5/3 SiL, dry platy and bands of 10YR 3/1 C - Sic, strong fine and medium angular blocky, I "loose". Many fine cracks, and pores, occaaional root. IX fine while concretions. I I Abrupt bondary to:- I 110 - 115 I 2.5Y 6/2 Si dry loose powder, many fine roots. I I Abrupt but wavy bondary to:- I 115 - 200 | 10YR 4/2 SiC - C dry, very hard coarse prismatic 10 x 3 cm, prisms juat moist inside. Common | fine roots between pores. Structure becoming coarser with depth and colour tending to 10YR 4/3 I and slight increase in moisture. Occasional 7.5YR 5/6 mottle in root channels below 160 cm. I Darker fine grained and fine angular blocky material in larger cracks, appears to have moved | down from original surface. I Sampled DRH 11/ 1 0 - 40 c m H 11/2 40 - no cm ii 11/3 115 - 150 cm ii 11/4 150 - 200 cm | Mapped as 6. Soils on recent eluvium, stratified texturesIV PIO FILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm | I Auger Bore I 200 - 230 I 10YR 3/2 moist, SiCL, friable, probably platy structure. 1 230 - 240 I 10YR 2.5/3 moist SiC, very firm prismatic structure, common light and dark mottles. 240 - 260 1 10YR 3.5/3 moist SiCL, very friable, comon 10YR 4/4 mottle and few fine white powdery 1 concretions. i1 260 - 370 1 10YH 4/3 moist SiC, very firm, massive, faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and common dark stainings. 370 - 390 I 10YR 3.5/3 moist SiC - C, very firm, compacted, many fine hard CaC03 concretions, increase in 1 moisture with depth. Ii 390 - 400 I 10YR 4/3 moist SiC - C, firm abundant hard CaC03 concretions. 400 - 410 1 10YR 4/3 and 5/6 clay, moist extremely firm, compacted. Common hard CaC03 concretions. 410 - 415 1 10 YR 5/3 moist clay, extremely firm, comon faint 75YR 5/6 mottles and occasional fine CaC03 I concretion, less moist than above. i 415 - 430 1 10YBL 5/3 moist clay, becoming wet, non-sticky, faint grey mottle and few soft CaC03 1 concretions. 11 430 - 500 1 10YR 5/3 and 5/4 and 75YR 4/3 wet, non-sticky, clay. 25X gritty CaC03 concretioos, less firm I than above. 1 1 Groundwater level 450 cm I EC groundwater 7.8 mm ha x 10^ I Water level AIP 14 358 cm and EC 2.2 unn hos x 10^PIOFI LB NO: 12 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE • ) Profile Number: DRH 12 c) Author of Description: DRH + 1W e) Location: AIP 12 b) Date of Description: 26.3.81 d) Altitude: 739.50 f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: ~lo'«J "asi” ii) Surrounding Country : Very slight depression iii) Microtopography: Slightly uneven surface E) Slope: IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium/colluvium c) Water Table: 4.80 6.3.81 a) Moisture Conditione: Dry to 150 the moist below 420 cm h) Vegetation/Land Dee: Recently cleared not yet levelled b) Drainage: Imperfect - Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stonea Rock Outcropa: None «) Human Influence: Acacia wood and now cleared III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE PROFILE Deep, well developed vertisol in flood basin overlying stratified silts and sandy loans at 150 co. No visable salts. Dry, loose, granular surface. 17 PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0-15 I 10YR 4/2 SiC - SiCL dry hard strong coarse and medium subangular blocky and crumb between peds I Common fine roots, fine pores. Faint fine 10YR 5/6 mottle in root channels. I I Abrupt irregular boundary to:- I 15 - 150 I 10YR 3/2 clay dry very hard coarse and very coarse prismatic, strong vertical cracks, I decreasing with depth. At 100 cm just moist within peds. Very few pores or root channel*. I Common fine roots between peds. Clay skins and slicken slides. Absorbs water readily, and I slumps. I I Merging boundary to:- I 150 - 170 I 10YR 3/2 clay, moist very firm, strong fine and medium angular blocky clay mixed with 10YR 5/3 I massive silts, platy, few pores or root channels occasional fine root. Few 7.5YR 5/6 mottles I in old root channels. At 154 and 168 cm bonds of 10YR 3/2 day as above about 1.5 cm thick | "loose" strong very fine angular blocky. I | Clear boundary to:- I 170 - 200 | 10YR 5/3 and 5/4 silts moist platy and laminated few pores or root channels, occasional fine I root patches and infillings of the angular blocky clay from above. DRH 12/1 0 - 50 cm n 12/2 50 - 100 cm ii 12/3 100 - 150 cm ii 12/4 150 - 200 cm Mapped as 3. Vertisols on recent alluvium | Groundwater level 475 cm I EC water 12.7 mm hos x 103 I Water level AIP 12 465 cm I EC AIP 12 water 5.2 mm hos x 103PROFILE WO: 13 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 13 b) Date of Deacription: 26.3.81 c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TH d) Altitude: 738.50 e) Location: AIP 16 f) Landfora: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Basin ii) Surrounding Country: Slight depression iii) Microtopography: Cilgai like eracks dry aurface aulch, loose g) Slope: 1Z h) Vegetation/Land (Jan: II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium b) Drainage: Imperfectly drained c) Water Table: 9.33 25.3.81 d) E vidence of Erosion: Nil e) Moisture Conditiona: Dry f) Surface Gravel/Stooea Rock Outcrops: None g) Hunan Influence: Partly cleared Acacia Thorn scrub III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep well developed vertisol on fine textured basin clay, visable salts. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cn I I 0 — 70 I Dry variable aurface mulch of granular and crumb. I I 10YR C 3/2 SiCL - Sic dry very hard becoming extremely hard coarse prismatic, very few pores or I root chanela. Medium and fine roots between ped, clay skin and slickenslides. IX increasing I to 10Z with depth, fume while powdery concretions merginging into:- 70 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 C - Sic leas strongly developed structure than above and less vertical cracking. IS I fine white powdery concretions. Clay skins and slidenalides. I Sampled DRH 13/1 0-50 cm 1 1 1 11 13/2 50 - 100 cm 13/3 100 - 150 cm 13/4 150 - 200 cm I Mapped as 4. Non- -calcaoeoua vertisols on recent alluvium. IPROFILE l»: 14 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 14 c) Author of Description: DRH * TV e) Location: ATP 5 b) Date of Description: 26.3.Bl d) Altitude: 739.50 f) Landform: i) ii) Physiographic Position: Flood Basin Smrroundiug Country: Slightly Uneven g) Slope: IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 7.07 m e) Moisture Conditions: Dry g) Human Influence: Partly cleared scrub III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Hi] l Microtopography: Granular Mulch h) Vegetation/Land Use: Partly cleaned scrub b) Drainage: Imperfectly drained d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Grave1/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Well developed vertisol over deep stratified silts and sands no viaable salts. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth 0 - I 10 dry slightly fine cracks, 10 - 80 I I 10YR 4/2 Sic I "loose" many I I 10YR 4/3 Sic hard, coarse strong medium and fine subangular blocky and fine crumb, fine and medium roots, few fine pores. Clear wavy boundary to:- - C dry very I mottle in root channels. I slickenslides. At 30 to hard coarse prismatic few fine pores and roots. Vertical cracks 15/20 cm apart 1 cm wide. Clay 50 cm rare shell fragment and fine white powdery I Common 7.5YR 5/6 skins sad concretion. I Abrupt boundary to:- I 80 - 200 (Mixed, around 10YR 5/3 Silt-Silt loams and fine sands, very fine and fine laminations massive I fine pores and old root channels with 7.5YR 5/6 mottles, and 7.5YR 3.5/2 Sic dry fine and | medium angular blocky with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle in few old root channels. I I I I I I I bedding irregular around pit. Occasional fine whi( Sample Nos 14/1 0 - 40 14/2 40 - 80 14/3 80 - 140 14/4 140 - 200 powdery concretions, Black straining cm cm cm cm I Mapped as 1. Soils on very recent alluvium. IPROFILE NO: 15 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 15 c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TW e) Location: AIP 11 g) Slope: < 12 II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL •) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Tabla: 9.33 m 25.3.81 a) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 100 cm then dry g) Hunan Influence: Cleared, was Acacia Thon scrub III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TSE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 26.3.81 d) Altitude: 739.00 ■ f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Basin ii) Surrounding Country: Slight Undulations iii) Microtopography: Uneven, dry loose h) Vegetation/Land Use: Recently Cleared b) Drainage: Imperfectly drained d) Evidence of Eroaion: Nil f) Surface Cravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Well developed vertisol overlying nixed interbedded silts at 100 cm. Silts underlain by buried vertisol at 135 cm. Visable salts on subsoil. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth ca 0 - 10/15 i I 10YR 2.5/2 SiCL, moist very friable many fine medium and fine roots, few pores, dries to fine I and medium augular blocky. I 10/15-100 I Wavy boundary to:- I I 10YR 3/2 SiC, moist firm becoming dryhard and dry very hard with depth. Strong coarse and | medium prismatic with vertical cracking, occasional large root, clay skins and slickenslides. I Few white soft concretions. I I Clear but wavy boundary to:- I 100 - 135 I Interbedded 10YR 5/3 2.5Y 7/2 Dry silts with 7.5YR 5/6 mottles in old root chanels and 7.5YR I 4/2 SiC - SiCL, fine and medium augular blocky, dry and very hard. I Abrupt but irregular boundary to:- 135 - 200 I 10YR 3/1 - 2 - 3, moist extremely firm strong prismatic 1 dark staining. i1 1 Sampled No DRH 15/1 0-50 1-22 white powdery concretion!. (moist SiC, clay skint, stickenslides following rain). Much 1 1 1 15/2 50 - 100 15/3 100 - 135 15/4 135 - 200 I Happed as 2. Undulating, soils on recent alluvium.FRO FI LI NO: 16 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 16 b) Dat e of Deacriptioo: 27.3.81 c) Author of Description: DRH + TW d) Alti tude: e) Location: AIP 22 f) Lan dfora: i) Physiographic Position: Flood plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flood plain/footslope iii) Microtopography: Slightly undulating occasional shallow water ways g) Slope: 1Z - 2Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Collivium/Alluvium c) Water Table: 9.38 25.3.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Hoist to 120 Chen dry g) Human Influence: Cleared thorn scrub III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE A deep well developed vertisol with traces of pit buried gully 83 cm deep filled with h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Cleared and Levelled b) Drainage: Imperfectly drained d) Evidence of Erosion: Slight sheet and gully f) Surface Gravel/Stonaa Rock Outcrops: None of laminated deposits in subsoil, silts over sand and coarse sand. visable salts. On west side IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I 0 - 25 I Dry, sealed soft surface. I | 10YR 5/3 SiCL moist firm-moist friable, massive breaks to coarse and medium subaugular blocky I and single grains. Common fine and medium roots. Few pores or root channels. I Clear boundary to:- 1 25 - 75 I 10YR 3/1.5 SiC moist extremely firm strong coarse and medium prismatic and coarse augular I blocky, frequent vertical cracking 2-3 mm wide. Common medium roots, few fine roots, few fine I and medium pores and old root channels. Clay skins and stickenslides merging boundary to:- 75 - 120 I 7.5YR 3.5/2 SiC moist extremely firm, strong coarse and medium augular blocky and prismatic, | traces of platy structure. Common fine roots, few pores or old root channels, frequent very I fine white concretions on ped faces. I I Merging boundary to:- I’ 120 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 SiC - SiCL dry extremely hard coarse and medium subaugular blocky and augutor blocky, I few pores and roots, occasional shell fragment, and dark staining few fine white concretions. I Auger Bore I 200 - 250 I As above I 250 - 285 I 10YR 3/2 and 3/3 SiC dry very hard, auger flour, occasional fine augular blocky chip few shell I fragments. I 285 - 310 I 10YR 4.5/3 dry, SiCL, hard, co«on fine white powdery CaCOj concretions. 310 - 320 I 10YR 3/2 dry SiC, extremely hard, prismatic and fine augular blocky. IIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm | I 320 - 350 | 10 YR 3/2 moist SiC, extremely firn, prismatic co—on shell fragments. 350 - 360 | 10YR 3/3 dry SiC, ext ready hard, compact, abundant powdery CaC03 concretions I 360 - 400 I 6.75YR 3/3 £SC moist extremely firm, very compact, fev CaC03 concretions. 1 Too hard to auger deeper. I Sampled. DRH 16/1 0-25 cm ii 16/2 25-75 cm H 16/3 75 - 120 cm ii 16/4 120 - 200 cm I Mapped as 5. Hydromorphic vertisolsPROFILE WO: 17 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 17 c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ TV e) Location: AIP 18 b) Dace of Description: 27.3.81 d) Altitude: 741.50 f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat, occasional gully iii) Microtopography: Uneven in places due gullies to buried g) Slope: < IX h) Vegetatiou/Lend Use: Recently levelled, not yet cultivaced II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium b) Drainage: Imperfectly drained c) Water Table: 5.68 m 25.3.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 15 cm then dry d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: None g) Human Influence: Was Thorn scrub III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Well developed vertisol with a massive, stratified ? subsoil below 90 co visable salts. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I 10/15 I Dry sealed platy surface, soft. I I 7.5YR 3.5/2 SiCL moist firm moderate coarse subaugular blocky, vertical cracks. Many medium I and fine roots, few pores. I I Clear but irregular boundary to:- I 10/15 - 90 I 10YR 3/1.5 SiC-C dry extremly hard coarse and medium subaugular blocky and augular blocky, I tending to prismatic. Clay skins, frequent vertical cracking up to 3 mm wide. Common medium I and fine roots occasional fine white concretions. I. I Merging boundary to:- I 90 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 SiC-SiCL dry extremely hard massive, occasional vertical crack, breaks to strong I coarse, medium and fine subaugular blocky, traces of fine platy structure. Occasional medium I and fine root. Clay skins and slickenslides. Occasional darker stainings on ped faces. lOn aide of pit, 10 cms below surface a 2-3 cm thick convex band of almost pure silt. Sampled Nos DRH 17/1 0-50 ii 17/2 50 - 100 ii 17/3 100 - 150 ii 17/4 150 - 200 I Happed as 5. Hydromorphic vertisols. I IPIDF1LE BO- IB I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 18 c) Author of Description: DRH ♦ IV «) Location: AIP 21 g) Slope: IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Hater Table: 11.39 a 25.3.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 110 ca g) Human Influence: Cleared from thorn scrub III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 27.3.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Basin ii) Sarmunding Country: Almost Flat iii) Microtopography: Uneven, recently cleared b) Vegeta tian/Land Um: Was Thom scrub b) Drainage: Imperfectly drained d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface GraveL/Stoues Rock Outcrops: None Veil developed vertisol overlying stratified silts and sands at 110 ca, visable salts. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth ca I Dry-self mulching surface, soft, fine polygonal cracks. I 0 - 15/25 I 10YR 3/1.5 Clay, noist very friable weak subaugular blocky, frequent medium and fine roots, I clay skins. I I Irregular boundary to:- I 15/25-110 I 10 YR 3/2 Clay, taoist extremely hard stroag sub augular and augular blocky, massive appearsnee I with frequent vertical cracks to 5 ca wide, clay skins and slickenslides. I I Abrupt boundary to:- I 110 - 200 I 10YR 5/3 SiC end Sh, dry massive, fine and medium platy, few pores and root channels with 7.5Y1 I 5/6 and 4/4 mottles. Common fine white powdery concretions in old root chanoela and pores. I 180 - 183 Baud of fine and very fine angular blocky clay. Strong structure "loose". I Sampled Nos DRH 18/1 0-50 I " 18/2 50 - 110 I “ 18/3 110 - 150 I M 18/4 150 - 200 I I Mapped as 3. Vertisols on recent alluviumPROFILE ><O: 19 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE *) Profile Number: DRH 19 c) Author of Description: DRH * TV e) Location: AIP 9 g) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 9.89 m 25.3.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 70 cm then dry g) Human Influence: Partly cleared III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep strongly structured vertisol - visable salts. b) Date of Description: 27.3.81 d) Altitude: 739.75 f) Land form: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Slightly undulating iii) Microtopography: Partly cleared uneven h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Common Cadaba rotundifolia b) Drainage: Imperfectly drained d) Evidence of Erosion: None f) Surface Gravel/Stoaea Rock Outcrops: None IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION I | Dry, fins, loose soft mulching surface. I 0 - 15/20 I 10YR 3/2 SiCL, moist firm, moderate to strong coarse and medium subaugular blocky, frequent I vertical cracking, few fiae pores and old root channels, common fine and medium roots. I Irregular boundary to:- I 15/20 - 70 I 10YR 3/2 Clay, dry extremely hard, 9trong coarse and medium prismatic, frequent vertical I cracks, few roots between peds, very few pores, roots or root channels inaide peds. I I Merging into:- I 70 - 90 I Mixed 10YR 5/3 ♦ 6/4 SiLs and 10YR 3/2 day. SiLs, dry massive, weak fine and medium platy with I many fine pores and old root chanela. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottles in old root channels. I 90 - 130 I 10YR 3/2 clay dry hard strong fine and very fine augular blocky and fine and medium subaugular | blocky few fine poree and old root channels, alight 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I | Clear boundary to:- I 130 - 200 | 10YR 3/1.5 SiC dry very hard, fine and medium subaugular blocky and fine and very fine augular | blocky. Many fine old root channels filled with fine white powdery concretions. I Sampled Nos DRH 19/1 0 - 70 1 19/2 70 - 90 1 19/3 90 - 130 1 19/4 130 - 200 I I Mapped as 3. Vertisols on recent alluvium. IPROFILE 10: 20 Date: 1.6.81 AUGER BORE Irrigated natural pasture. Dry firm surface, mat of roots and stolons. Less than 1Z slope. Strong reaction to HCL throughout profile. Depth cm | 0 - 5 | 10YR 5/2, SiCL, dry slightly hard, strong coarse and medium subangular blocky. Abundant fine I and medium roots, few fine pores, common fine and medium root channels with strong 7.5TR 5/6 | mottle. I I Clear boundary to:- 5 - 75 I 10YR 3/2 SiC, moist firm becoming very firm, strong prismatic? structure. Conmoa medium I roots. Increase in moist with depth-auger smear merging into:- I 75 - 155 I 10YR 5/6 SiL's and Eels, moist friable, probably platy structure. I I Abrupt change to:- I 155 - 185 I 10YR 3/2 Sic, moist extremely firm, probably prismatic structure. I I Merging into:- I 185 - 195 I 10YR 3/2 and 3/3 SiCL, moist firm, occasional dark staining, moisture increase from above I merging into:- I 195 - 220 I 10YR 3/2 and 3/3 SiC, moist firm, less moist chan above. Very compact. I Clear boundary to:- 220 - 250 I 2.5Y 4/2 SiCL, abundant firms CaC03 concretions moist, firm. I 250 - 300 | 10YR 5/3 SiCL, increase in CaCOn concretions and moisture. I 300 - 360 I 10YR 4/3 SiCL, increase in moisture, few CaCOj concretions. Comoq faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottles, I few dark stainings. I 360 - 450 I 10YR 4/3, 4/4 and 5/3, 5/4, 5/6 SiC and SiCL, moist extremely firm, less moist than above. I Abundant fine CaC03 concretions. Possibly laminated. 450 - 505 I 10YR 5/3 SiCL-SiC, moist firm, common fine and very fine soft CaC03 concretions. Water I entering sides of bore. I I Water table next day, 3.17 m below ground level. 3 I EC of groundwater 22.5 x 10 .PROFILI NO: 21 Date: 2.6.81 AUGER BORE On edge of Banana plot, which are not thriving. Surface, aoft coarae salt cruab, damp patches. Depth ca I I 0 - 30 | 10YR 3/3, moist, friable SiCL. Few pores or roots, common fine while powdery concretions. I I Merging into:** I 30 - 80 | 10YR 3/3 moist SiL, few pores or roots, occasional fine white powdery concretion. I I Clear change to:- I 80 - 120 I 10YR 3/3 and 5/3 SiCL. Laminated, few pores or roots, occasional dark staining. I 120 * 350 | 10YR 3/3, 5/3 sad some 5/6 SiCL and SiL, probably laninated, increasing moisture. I 350 - 400 I Above becoming wet aon-sticky then wet sticky at 400 cn>. I 400 - 420 I Above but very firm with frequent dark staiaings. I Water table next day 2.99 a below ground level. 3 I EC of groundwater 60.0 x 10 . IPIO FI LI NO: 22 Dace: 3.6.81 AUGER BORE Abandoned plancation, dead and dying populus app. Common acacia. Dry loose powdery surface. Occasional crack and voids. < IX slope. Depth ce | 0 - 30 1 10YR 5/3 SiCL dry slightly hard and hard sCroog, fine medium and coarse subaugular-blocky, I many fine and medium cracks, coanon fine pores and rooca. Occasional fine white specklings. I I Clear change to:- I 30 - 70 | 10YR 3/2 and soma 5/3 SiCL, moist firm, few pores, c own on fine roots and root channels with I 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. Occasional fine white specklings. Increase in moisture and less clay with I depth. I I Merging inco:- I 70 - 200 | 10YR 3/2 - 4/2 SiL moist friable, probably laminated. Cowson 7.5YR 5/6 mottles in old root I channels. Occasional fine white specklings. Increase in moisture and sand with depth. I I Merging into:- I 200 - 280 I 10YR 8/2 SiCL-CL, taoist firm, massive? I I Clear change to:- I 280 - 380 I 10YR 3/2 SiCL moist firm, auger smear massive? increase in moisture and clay with depth. I Occasional fragments of shell and few white specklings. No mottle (Buried vertisol?). 380 - 440 I 10 YR 3/2 SiC-C, moist firm - wet non sticky. Common CaS04 crystals I? 380-410. 440 - 460 I 10YR 3/2 SiCL. Wet non-sticky, less firm than above. I Water cable next day 3.71 m below ground level. I EC of groundwater 40.2m hos/cm. IPROFILE NO: 23 Dace: 30.6.81 AUGER BORE Abandoned plancation, wet, salty patches, few tamarix and salt grass. Local surface, dry, dusty salt crumb. Depth cm I 0 - 20 I 7.5YR 3.5/2, moist SiCL, friable, few fine roots, compacted from 0-3 cm common fine, soft I white powdery concretions. I 20 - 40 | 10YR 3.5/3 moist SiCL, friable, probably massive, occasional fine root. I 40 - 90 I 10YR 4/3 wet non sticky SiCL, less clay than above. I 90 - 110 I 10YR 3.5/2 wet slightly sticky SiL. I 110 - 130 | 10YR 3.5/2 wet slightly sticky fSL. Common dark mottles. I 130 - 160 I 10YR 3.5/2 wet slightly sticky SiL. I 160 - 220 I 10YR 3.5/2 met sticky SiL becoming SiCL. 220 - 290 | 10YR 3/3 moist SiCL, firm, co mon I 10YR 4/4 mottle and dark stainings I 290 - 370 I 10YR 3/3 moist SiC, very firm, co mon I 10YR 4/3 mottle and occasional fine hard CaC03 concretion. Hard to auger. 370 - 400 | 10YR 4/3, moist SiCL firm. I 400 - 410 I 10YR 4/3 moist SiC extremely firm. Too hard to auger deeper. I Ground water level, 1.22 m next day. I EC 20.2 ass hos cm.IAUGER BORE Abandoned plantation. Calotropis procera. Dry aalt crumb surface with-p_at'2lf&R“’<rF*damp salt, few accacia, Nearbye bananas have very irregular growth. PIOFILE NO: 24 Date: 30.6.81 occasional Depth cm I 0 - 3 | 10YR 5/3 dry, SiCL, loose, very friable single grain and fine crumb. 3 - 10 | 10YR 3.5/3 aoist, SiCL, very friable, abundant fine white crystalls at 3-5 ca. 10 - 30 I 10YR 4/3 aoist SiCL, very coapact, sodic like, very friable.when augered. Common fine white I powdery concretions. I 35 - 50 I 10YR 3/2 aoist, SiCL-SiC, very friable, abundant fine white powdery concretions. I 50 - 110 I 10YR 3.5/2 aoist, SiCL, friable, increase in moisture with depth. I 110 - 135 I 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 aoist SiC, very firm. I 135 - 170 | 10YR 3.5/2 and 4/3 wet, SiL, non-sticky. I 170 - 200 I 10YR 4/3 wet SiL and SiCL, slightly sticky, platy structure. I 200 - 250 | 10YR 4/3 aoist SiCL, firm. I 250 - 300 | 10YR 4/3 and 5/3 wet, SiL, fSL, fS, slightly sticky. Laminated. 300 ♦ | Too fluid to auger. I I Groundwater table 2.14 tn next day. I EC 14.4 tan ho a/cm. IPROFILE RO: 25 Dace: 30.6.81 AUGER BORE Abandoned plantation. Dry surface with clay skin and polygonal cracking 5-7 cm centres. 40Z cover of Tribulua terrestris and Launea cornuta. Depth ca I 0 - 5 I 10YR 5/3 dry, SiL, loose, single grain and aoderate fine and medium subaugular blocky, comon I fine dead roots and fine pores. I 5 - 35 I 10YR 5/3 dry, SiL, slightly hard, aoderate mediua subaugular blocky. Common dead fine and I mediua roots. I 35 - 70 | 10YR 4/3 and 5/3 moist SiL, very friable, platy structure, few dead roots, auger flour. I 70 - 90 I 10YR 7/2 and 6/4 moist SiL and Si and 10YR 2.5/2 moist SiCL, platy structure. SiCL is very I fine augular blocky. Cowon dark mottles. I 90 - 120 1 10YR 3.5/2 moist SiCL, very friable, auger flour co™on 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. Common dead roots. I 120 - 150 I 10YR 3,5/2 moist SiC, very firm, auger smear occasional very fine white CaCOj concretion. I Common light and dark aottles. I 150 - 210 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 vet, SiCL, non-sticky. Common faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 210 - 230 I 10YR 3.5/3 moist, SiCL, very firm, auger polish. I 230 - 350 I 10YR 4/3 wet SiCL, non sticky, with a gritty feel, conmon CaCOj concretions. 350 - 360 | 5Y 6/2 wet, clay loam, common CaCOj concretions, weathered cuff like material. I Groundwater level 2.18 m next day. I EC 15.8 rms hos/cm. IPROFILE KO: 26 Date: 12.6.81 AUGER BO IE Abandoned Plantation. Dry loose surface soft, salt crumb. Common AbutiIon sp. Depth cm | 0 - 30 | 10YR 4-5/2 dry, SiCL, slightly hard, strong to moderate fine medium and coarse subaugular I blocky. Many roots, live and cooson fine pores. I 30 - 45 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiCL, friable, auger flour. I 45 - 60 | 10YR 4/2 dry SiCL, hard weak-moderate fin* and medium subaugular blocky, few pores or roots. I 60 - 80 | 10YR 5/3 and 5/4 moist, SiL, friable, some 7.5YR 5/6 mottle, few pores or roots. I 80 - 105 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiCL, firm, signs of earlier prismatic structure? I 105 - 150 | 10YR 4/2 moist, SiL. friable, probably massive. Slight 7.5YR 5/6 mottle, rev fine pores. I 150 - 185 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/5 moist, fSL, very friable. I 185 - 240 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiCL, firm. Few fine crystalls, possibly CaSO/,. 240 - 350 | 10YR 3/2 moist, SiC-C firm. I 350 - 415 I 10YR 3/2 moist, clay, firm, few hard CaCO? concretions. I I Water entering bore at 350 and rising to 273 cm below ground surface after 5| hours. I Groundwater level 2.52 m next day. I EC 2.6 os hos/cm. IPROFILE NO: 27 Date: 15.6.81 AUGER BORE Abandoned Plantation. Dry loose surface occasional partly infilled cracks. Occasional Accacia and Calotropia procera. Depth cm I 0 - 35 I 10YR 5/3 dry, SiCL, slightly hard, moderate fine and medium subangular blocky. Many grass I roots and few pores. I 35 - 55 I 10YR 5/3 and 5/4 dry, SiL, weak platy structure occasional root. I 55 - 75 I 10YR 5/3 and 5/4 dry, £SL, single grain. 75 - 140 I 10YR 5/3 and 5/4 moist SiL and 10YR 4/3 SiCL laminated. Occasional 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 140 - 200 I 10YR 4/2 SiCL and SiL moist, laminated. I 200 - 230 I 10YR 4/2 moist fSL, single grain. I 230 - 250 I 7.5YR 4/4, 10YR 5/3, 4/3 and 4/4 SiL and SiCL moist friable laminated. Common 7.5YR 5/6 I mottle and light grey mottle. I 250 - 350 | 10YR 3/2 wet SiC, non-sticky, probably prismatic structure. 350 - 410 | 10YR 5/3 wet SiL and fS, non-sticky, laminated. I 410 - 500 I 10YR 5/3 wet fSL and SiL, slightly sticky, laminated. I 1st water st 250, 2nd water at 350 cm. I Groundwater level 2.89 m next day. I EC 7.2 mm hos/cm.■ ■ II II ■ B ■ B B B B B I B B B B B BPROFILE MO: 28 Date: 16.6.81 AOGER BORE Banana Plantation. Variable growth. Moist surface, slightly uneven with few cracks. Depth cm I I 0 - 70 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiCL, firm probably prismatic. Many roots. I 70 - 125 | 10YR 5/3 - 5/4 and 4/3 moist SiL, laminated, few pores and roots. Few 7.5YK 5/6 mottle, I friable. I 125 - 290 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC, firm probably prismatic few pores or roots. I 290 - 300 I 10YR 5/4, 5/5 and 4/3 wet, fSL, non-sticky. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 300 - 450 I 10YR 3/2 wet SiC-C, non-sticky. Compact and hard to auger, few white CaC03 concretions in I old root channela/pores. I 450 - 500 I 10YR 3/3 wet SiL, slightly sticky, soft, falling out of auger. Few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and dark I atainings. Few white CaC03 concretions. I I Groundwater level next day, 2.54 m. | EC 2.2 ssd hos/ca.PROFILE NO: 29 Date: 17.6.81 AUGER BORE Abandoned Plantation. Dry Loose surface, self mulching, cracks filled with granular material. Occasional (Populus sp sucker growth, Ricinus Communis and Calotropis Common Abutilon sp. Depth cm I I 0 - 60 | 10YR 3/2 dry SiCL, hard, strong coarse and medium subangular blocky, few pores, many roots. I (Probably prismatic) I 60 - 260 I 10YR 5/3, 5/4 and 4/4 moist SiL friable platy, common pores, occasional tree root. Few 7.5TR I 5/6 mottles. I 260 - 300 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC, very firm very fine angular blocky and 10YR 5/4 moist SiL very friable I Laminated. Occasional fine powdery CaC03 concretion. I 300 - 380 | 10YR 4.5/3 moist SiL, friable, platy. I 380 - 420 | 10YR 2/2 moist SiCL and 10YR 4/2 SiL laminated. I 420 - 500 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiC friable. Increase in moisture with depth. (No water)PROFILE NO: 30 Dace: 18.6.81 AUCEI BORE Abandoned Plantation. Nearbye Awash riverine forest. Occaaional young Acacia ap. Dry, powdery traapled surface with annual weeds. Depth ca I 0 - 40 I 10YR 4/2 dry, SiCL, hard, strong fine and oediua subangular blocky, many fine roots and I pores. I 40 - 60 | Above but aoist and friable. I 60 - HO I 10YR 4/2 and 4/4 aoist SiCL and fSL, platy occasional 7.5YR 5/6 Bottle in old root channel. I 110 - 300 | 10YR 5/5 - 5/4 - 5/3 Boist SiL’s, very friable platy, frequent 7.SYR 5/6 Bottle. I 300 - 350 I 10YR 4/3 wet SiL non-sticky. I 350 - 460 I 10YR 4/3 wet fSL non-sticky.PIOFILE BO: 31 Date: 19.6.81 AUGER BORE Abandoned Plantation. Occasional Acacia ap and Calotropia procera. Conanon dead Portulaca sp and annual grasses - Dry slightly uneven sealed, hard surface. Plat, slightly elevated area. Depth cm I I 0 - 30 | 10YR 5/3 dry, SiCL, hard, strong very coarse and medium subangular blocky, few pores, many I dead fine roots, comon fine white powdery CaCOj concretions. Absorbs water rapidly and I slumps. (10YR 4/3.5 when moist) (Sampled). I 30 - 60 I 10YR 4/3 SiL, and fSL dry, few pores and roots, laminated. I 60 - 120 | Above but moist, comon 7.SYR 5/6 mottle. I 120 - 250 | 10YR 5/4 SiL and fSL, moist, friable, laminated. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 250 - 340 | 10YR 4/3 SiL and SiCL moist, firm, auger flour. Common 7.SYR 5/6 mottle. I 340 - 400 | 10YR 3.5/4 moist SiCL, very firm, increasing moisture with depth. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 400 - 530 | 7.SYR 4/2 moist, SiCL, very firm. Common 7.5YR 5/6 and N6/- mottle. I 530 - 585 I 7.5YR 3.5/2 moist SiCL, becoming wet non-aticky and plastic at 560, water at 580 cd I (Sampled). I I EC 0 ~ 30 cm 3.2 x 103 3 1 EC groundwater, 36.0 x 10 . IPROFILE NO: 32 Date: 22.6.81 AUGER BORE Abandoned Plantation. Occasional young Acacia sp, annual grasses and comon Launea Cornuta. Dry, loose, powdery surface, granular top soil. Close to secondary canal. Depth cb | I 0 - 20 I 10YR 5/2 dry, SiL, slightly hard, fine and medium granular over strong to medium fine I subangular blocky, few pores many live and dead roots. I 20 - 40 I 10YR 4/3 moist, SiCL, auger flour, few dark stainings, few fine roots. I 40 - 55 | 10YR 5/3 and 6/3 moist SiL, friable laminated. I 55 - 150 I 10YR 4/3 and 5/6 moist, SiL, friable, laminated with bands of fal. I 150 - 180 | 5Y 6/2 and 10YR 4/3 moist, SiL, very friable, auger flour, laminated. 180 - 215 I 10YR 5/4 and 4/3 moist, fsl and Is single grain. 215 - 250 | 10YR 4/3 and 5/4 wet, SiCL, wet non-sticky, becoming moist firm. 250 - 360 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiL and fsl, laminated. 360 - 440 I 10YR 4/3, wet SiCL, wet non-sticky becoming wet slightly sticky. 440 - 500 10YR 7/2 wet, SiCL, wet slightly sticky, becoming moist firm, then very firm at 490 cm, water I rose to 360 cm after 6 hours. I I Groundwater level 358 cm next day. 3 I EC groundwater, 28.4 x 10 .PROFILE NO: 33 Date: 23.6.81 AUGER BORE Abandoned nursery - shade trees. Occasional young Acacia sp AbutiIon spp and dead annual grasses. Dry t hard, compact dusty surface, with occasional gilgai like cracks. Depth cm I I 0 - 35 | 10YR 5/3 dry, (4/3 moist) SiCL, hard strong, coarse, medium and fine subaagular blocky, I frequent fine pores and common dead fine roots. Absorbs water rapidly and slumps. I 35 - 60 I 10YR 3-5/3 moist, SiCL-SiL very friable auger flour, few fine CaCOj powdery concretions. I Fragment of burnt clay pottery. 60 - 120 | 10YR 4/8.5 moist, SiCL, very friable, few fine CaCOj powdery concretions. 120 - 180 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiC, very firm, auger smear, few dark staininga, conson CaCOj concretions. 180 - 270 I 10YR 5/3 moist SiCL, very friable, auger flour, decreasing CaCO} concretions with depth. 270 - 310 | 10YR 4/5 moist si, very friable, single grain. 310 - 360 I Above but wet non-sticky. 360 - 380 I 10YR 4/3 moist SiC, firm, few CaCO} concretions. I 380 - 450 | 10YR wet, SiCL, wet non-sticky, becoming moist firm, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and hard fine CaCOj I concretions. I 450 - 500 | 7.5YR 5/6 moist SiC, very firm. I EC groundwater 8.8 x 10\PROFILE NO: 34 Dace: 24.6.81 AUGER BORE Banana Plantation, good growth. Coamo n Launea cornuta and Cyperus bulbosus and annual grata *PP> Dry slightly uneven surface, cotsaon fine cracks. Depth ca I I 0 - 50 I 10YR 3/2 aoist, SiC firm, weak prismatic occasional vertical crack, pores and fine root. I 50 - 60 I Above but only just aoist, auger flour. I 60 - 70 I 10YR 3/3 aoist, SiCL, friable, auger flour. I 70 - 120 I 10YR 4/3 aoist, SiL, very friable, auger flour. I 120 - 180 | 10YR 3/2 soist. SiCL, firm becoaing very firn. 180 - 250 | 10YR 3.5/3 aoist, SiCL, very firm. I 250 - 320 I 10YR 5/3, 4/3, 4/4 noist, SiL, very friable laainated. Band of sand at 310 ca. 320 - 370 I 10YR 3.5/3 aoist, SiCL and SiL, friable, laainated. 370 - 400 I 10YR 3/2 wet, SiCL, wet non-sticky becoaing moist friable. 400 - 420 I 10YR 5/3 aoist SiL, friable becoaing wet non-sticky. 420 - 500 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 SiL and fsl wet non-sticky. I I EC groundwater 6.2 x 10^. IPROFILE NO: 35 Date: 2.7.81 AUGER BORE Banana Plantation, Good growth. Abundant Annual grass spp. Dry slightly uneven, firn dusty surface. Depth cm I I 0 - 30 | 10YR 5/3 SiCL slightly hard, moderate medium subangular blocky, many fine medium and fine I roots. I 30 - 110 I 10YR 4/3 and 5/3 moist, SiL, friable, laminated many live roots, cowon 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 110 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 moist, SiCL, frisble, common line roots and many 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. W 200 - 300 I 10YR 3/2 wet, SiL, non-sticky, laminated few dark staininga and 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 300 - 490 I 10YR 3/3 wet, fsl and SiL, slightly sticky, laminated. I 490 - 500 I 10YR 3/3 wet, fsCL, sticky auger smear. I EC groundwater 4.0 x 10^.PROFILE HO: 36 Date: 6.7.81 AUGER BORE Banana Plantation. Poor irregular growth. Abundant Launea Cornuta. Dmap, salty surface with cracks to 3 ca wide. Depth cm | I 0 - 7 1 10YR 3.5/2 dry SiCL, hard to just wist very firm, strong coarse and medium prismatic, few | pores, cowon fine line roots. I 7 - 20 I 10YR 2.5/2 ooiat, SiCL, fir®, compacted few pores or roots. I 20 - 50 I 7.5YR 3/2 moist, SiC, friable, auger flour few roots. I 50 - 110 I 7.5YR 3/2 aoist SiC, firm, auger smear. I 110 - 280 | 10YR 4/2, 4/3, 5/3 and 5/6 wist SiL and si laminated, friable, below 150 wet non-sticky. 280 - 410 I 10YR 3/4 wet, el, non-sticky, massive. 410 - 480 I 10YR 3/2 SiC/C wist very firm, clay skins, shell fragments, faint fine 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. 480 - 500 | 10YR 5/3 ♦ 4/3 wist SiCL, firm, probably massive, few old root channels with some 7.5YR 5/6 I mottle inside. I EC of groundwater 11.2 x 10\PROFILE WO: 37 Dace AUGER BORE Banana Plantation. Good growth. Abundant Laurea co route <nd comoo Euphorbia heterophy1la. uneven surface, damp in pices recently irrigated. 9.7.81 Slightly Depth cm I 0 - 30 I 10YR 2.5/2 moist. SiCL very friable, common fine line roots, few pores. 30 - 100 I 10YR 2.5/2 moist, SiCL, fins, few banana roots, few 10YR 4/2 mottle. 100 - 140 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiCL, friable, few banana roots, few 10YR 4/2 mottle. I 140 - 190 | 10YR 3/3 and 4/3 wet, SiCL, non-sticky. I 190 - 290 I 10YR 4/2 and 5/4 wet, SiL, non-sticky. I 290 - 310 I 10YR 3/1 moist SiC, firm. I 310 - 350 I 10YR 3/3 moist, SiCL, firm. I 350 - 400 I 10YR SiCL-SiL moist firm becoming wet non-sticky. I 400 - 450 I 10YR 4/3 wet fsl, non-sticky. I I EC groundwater 2.6 x 10^.PROFILE NO: 38 Date: 10.7.81 ADGER BORE Abandoned Banana Plantation. Few young Acaccia ap. Common Cadaba rotundifolia. Patchy annual grass growth, good in places. Dry sealed hard surface with patches of damp salt, soft. Depth cb I I 0 - 1 | 10YR 2/2 moist SiCL, firn, coapacc, sodic, few roots, old fine root channels filled with fine I powdery CaCOg. 1 - 35 I 10YR 3/3 moist, SiCL, friable, structure less, absorbs water rapidly, few roots and fine I white powdery concretions. I 35 - 90 | 10YR 5/3 and 4/3 moist SiL very friable, platy structure, faint few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. 1 90 - 140 | 10YR 4/3 aoist SiL, firn, Common 7.5YR 5/6 aottle. I 140 - 210 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 woist SiL, friable, platy structure, few pores no roots. Narrow bands of I darker sandy loan. I 210 - 250 | 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 noist SiL, friable, platy structure. 250 - 300 | Above but wet non-sticky. I 300 - 340 | 10YR 3/2 wet SiCL, non-sticky, becoming aoist firm, few pores. Cowman 10YR 3/4 and 2/1 I eottle. I 340 - 500 I 10YR 4/3 4/4 and 5/6 wet. SiL non-sticky, laminated cocnon 10YR 2/1 mottle. Occasional I narrow band of silt. I I EC groundwater 14.1 x 10\PROFILE BO: 40 D ate: 15 .7.81 AUGER BORE Banana Planation 3rd/4th year, variable growth, generally good. Wet surface, following rain and an earlier irrigation. Earthwarm caste. Depth cm | I 0 - 40 I 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 moist, SiCL, firm moderate medium and fine subangular blocky, comon roots, I pores and few earthworms, 2-3 cm long. 40 - 120 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiL, friable, occasional root, 7.5YR 5/6 and 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 120 - 230 I 230 - 240 I 240 - 420 I 10YR 3.5/3 wet SiL, non-sticky. 10YR 2.5/2 moist SiC, firm, dark staining in 10YR 3/3 SiL and fsl wet slightly sticky and wet 420 - 490 | 10YR2.5/2 moist SiC-C with 3/3 infillings firm becoming very firm, I some fine angular blocky, auger polish, clay skins. (Buried vertisol?). EC of groundwater 8 150 cm, 1.0 x 10 . old root channels. non-sticky, platy structure. prismatic structure with 3PROFILE NO: 41 Date: 16.7.81 AUG El BORE Mature Banana Plantation. Good growth. Few weeds, banana leaf trash. Wet surface following rain and irrigation, sealed surface in places. Depth ca | I 0 - 30 | 7.5YR 3/2 noiat SiCL, friable, few pores, occasional root. • I 30 - 70 | 10YR 3/3 moist SiL, friable, small sand lenses. I 70 - 100 | 10YR 2.5/2 SiC-C moist firm, auger polish. I 100 - 130 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiL, very friable few pores, many 7.5YR 5/6 and 10TB 2/1 mottle. I 130 - 195 I 10YR 4/3 wet. SiL slightly sticky. I 195 - 200 | 10YR 2.5/2 moist SiCL, firm few 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 200 - 350 | 10YR 3.5/3 moist SiL becoming wet non-sticky, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. 350 - 360 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiCL-SiC firm, few 10YR 2/1 mottle. 360 - 500 I 10YR 4/2 and 3/3 wet SiL, slightly sticky, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottles. I Groundwater rose to 107 ca. I EC of groundwater 7.4 x 10\PROFILE NO: 42 Date: AUGER BORE Banana Plantation - Mature good growth. Damp firn surface. Few patchy grass. Depth cm | I 0 - 20 I 10YR 4/3 moist SiCL, friable, many fine live roots, earthworms. • I 20 - 35 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiL, very friable. I 35 - 115 I 10YR 4/3 and 5/3 moist SiL, friable becoming wet non-sticky. I 115 - 300 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiCL, firm few 7.SYR 5/6 and 2/- mottle. I 300 - 390 I 10YR 4/3 wet SiL, slightly sticky, laminated. I 390 - 420 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC, firm, for 10YR 2/1 mottle. 420 - 500 I 10YR 4/3 and 5/3 wet SiL, slightly sticky, laminated, coimon 7.SYR 5/6 mottle. I I 1st Groundwater level, 100 cm. I EC groundwater 4.25 x 10 . I I 2nd Groundwater level, 170 cm. I EC 6.75 x 103. 3PROFILE NO: 43 Date: AUGER BORE Banana Planation - Good growth. Wet surface after rain, coomion earthwarm casts. Depth cm I 0 - 60 | 10YR 2.5/2 moist, SiC firm, plastic, many banana roots, few pores, clay skins. 60 - 95 | 10YR 2.5/2 moiat SiCL, friable common fine pores and old root channels end faint fine 7.5YR I 5/6 mottle. I 95 - 110 | 10YR 3/2 wet SiCL-SiL, slightly sticky. 110 -140 | 10YR 3/2 moist, SiCL, firm, coamon faint fine 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. 140 - 240 | 10YR 3/2 SiCL, moist firm becoming very firm, massive? few pores and old root channels, few I CaC03 concretions, comon 10YR 2/1 and N6/-. 240 - 260 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiC, very firm with above mottle. I 260 - 275 1 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 C-SiC just moist, extremely firm to hard. Compact, few pores or old root I channels, (Buried vertisol?). Coamon 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 275 - 290 I 10YR 4/3 and 3/2 moist SiCL, very firm, few 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 290 - 320 I 10YR 4/3 and 3/2 moist, SiC, very firm, rare 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 320 - 360 | 10YR 4/3 moist SiL, very firm, rare 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 360 - 410 | 10YR 3/2 SiC-C moist firm. Occasional soft white powdery CaC03 concretion and 10YR 2/1 I staining. I 410 - 490 | 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 SiC and SiCL. Laminated, coasson 10YR 2/1 mottle. 1 490 - 510 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiC-C, very firm, cowon 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and some very fine angular blocky I peds. I I EC groundwater, 60 cm, 0.92 x 10\norxiz Data: AD on BOU Small area cleared from Acacia scrub, surface, vet after rain and slightly compacted. cornu ta. Near Maio Canal. Depth ca | I 0 - 20 I 10TR 3/3 vet CL, non-st icky, many fine live roots. I 20 - 40 I 10YR 3/3 moist CL, friable many fine live root. I 40 - 200 | 7.5TB 3/2 moist SiCL, friable, increasing moisture with depth, auger polish. I 200 - 225 I 10 YR 6/2 and 3/1 moist fine sand. I 225 - 310 I 10YR 4/3 and 3/3 SiL-SiCL moist friable. I 310 - 320 I Above but vet slightly stieky. I 320 - 350 | 10YR 2/1 vet coarse sand. I 350 - 400 I Above by inference. I I 1st Croundvater 180-200 cm. I EC 2.6 x 103. I 2nd Croundvater at 325 cm, level constant after 24 hrs. I EC 0.66 x 103.PROFILE WO: 45 Date: AUGER BORE Abandoned Plancation. Dead and dying Populua sp, Abutilon app patchy annual grass growth. Surface wet after rain, slightly uneven, weak polygenal cracking to 7 ca. Depth cm I | 0 - 30 | 10YR 3/3 | 30 - 70 | 10YR 3/3 | 70 - 120 | 10YR 3/3 | 120 - 140 | 10YR 4/3 | and 4/3 moist, SiCL, very friable, occasional fine root, pore and old root channel, and 4/3, just moist, SiCL, friable, few live roots and fine pores. moist SiCL, firn, auger polish, and 3/3 moist SiL, very friable, platy structure. 140 - 220 | 10YR 4/3 220 - 350 | 10YR 4/3 and 3/3 wet, SiCL, non-sticky. and 3/3 moist, Si C-C, very fir m. 350 - 450 | 10YR 3/2 | moist SiC-C, extremely firn, few small hard CaC03 concretions, many 10YR 2/1 mottle 450 - 500 1 10YR 4/3 moist SiC, very firn, few CaCOj concretions and 10YR 2/1 mottle. I Groundwater level 143 cm at end of day. I EC groundwater, 4.2 x 10\PROFILE NO: 46 Date: 24.7.81 AUGER BORE Abandoned Banana Plantation. Patches of annual grasses and Abutilion spp. Surface wet after rain, salty patches and bare patches of weak polygenal cracking 5-7 cm. Depth cm | I 0 - 35 I 10YR 3/2 moist, SiCL, very friable, moderate fine, medium and coarse subangular blocky, I common fine live roots, many fine and medium pores. I 35 - 70 I 10YR 4/3 just moist, SiCL, firm, auger flour. I 70 - 95 | 10YR 3/2.6 mosit, SiCL, friable, auger flour. I 95 - 130 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 moist, SiL, friable, platy structure, auger flour. I 130 - 210 | 10YR 4/4 and 5/3 moist, SiL, very friable, platy structure, narrow bands of fine sand. I 210 - 290 I 10YR 3/2 and 4/3, moist, SiCL, firm. Common 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 290 - 320 I 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 moist SiC-C, very firm, few fine CaCOj concretions, becoming wet non-sticky I at 310. I 320 - 400 I 10YR 3/2 moist C extremely firm, few fine CaC03 concreteions, becoming wet non-sticky. 400 - 500 I 7.5YR 4/4 and 10YR 4/4 moist SiC-SiCL, extremely firm. Many CaC03 concretions; 10YR 2/1 and I N6/- mottle. I EC groundwater, 316 cm, 0.72 x 10^.PROFILE NO: 47 Date: 29.7.81 AUGER BORE Banana Plantation, let year. Abundant Cyperus bulboaua Damp, sealed, slightly uneven surface. Depth cm I 0 - 40 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiC, firm - very firm, weak prismatic structure, few fine pores and fine line 1 roots. 40 - 70| 10YR 4/3 moist, SiL, very friable, few fine pores and fine line roots, auger flour. I1 70 - 80 | 10YR 6/1 moist, fsl and Si, very friable, platy structure. 1 80 - 120 | 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 SiL and SiCL, moist very friable. 11 120 - 175 | 7.SYR 4/3 moist, SiCL, friable, few 10YR 2/1 mottle. 1 175 - 200 I 10YR 4/3 and 3/3 as above. I 200 - 300 | As above but vet non-sticky. I 300 - 370 I 10YR 4/4 moist, SiCL, firm, fev 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 370 - 430 | 10YR 4/4 wet, fsl, non-sticky. I 430 - 500 | 10YR 3/2 and 4/3 moist SiC-C, firm, coimon LOYR 2/1 and 5/3 mottle. I EC of groundwater, 252 cm, 0.325 x 10\PROFILE HO: 48 Date: 30.7.81 AUGER BORE Banana Plantation, lat year. Irregular growth and wind damage. Abundant Cyperua bulbosua Depth cm I I 0 - 70 | 10YR 3/2 moist SiC-C, friable becoming firm. Strong coarse and medium prismatic. Hany fine I cracks, and pores. Common live roots. I 70 - 170 | 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 moist SiL, firm, platy structure, few 10YR 2/1 and 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 170 - 185 I 10YR 3.5/2 moist, SiCL, very firm, compact, many 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 185 - 470 I 7.5YR 3.5/2 wet SiL, non-sticky, platy structure, cotmaon 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 470 - 500 | 10YR 3/2.5 moist, SiL-SiCL, firm, common 10YR 2/1 and 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I I EC groundwater at 172 cm 0.79 x 10 . I 3PROFILE NO: 49 Date: 31.7.81 AUGER BORE Recently cleared from Acacia thorn scrub, roughly levelled. Damp, soft surface, sealed, few vertisol like cracks. Depth cm | I 0 - 20 | 10YR 2.5/2 SiCL, moist friable to firm, 1 20 - 40 | 10YR 4/2 dry, SiC, extremely hard, strong coarse and medium subangular blocky. I 40 - 50 | 10YR 4/2 - 4/3 dry, SiCL, very hard strong coarse and medium subangular blocky. I 50 - 60 I 10YR 5/3 moist SiL, very friable, auger flour. I 60 - 90 I 10YR 5/3 moist fsl-fs very friable single grain and fine crumb, auger flour. I 90 - 120 I 10YR 5/4 moist, SiL, auger flour. I 120 - 200 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 moist, SiL, very friable, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 200 - 230 | 10YR 4/2 and 4/3 moist SiCL, firm, few 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 230 - 280 | 10YR 3/2 moist, SiCL, very firm - wet noo-sticky, few 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 280 - 300 | 10YR 4/2 and 4/3 moist, SiCL, firm. I 300 - 350 I Above but wet, slightly sticky. I 350 - 435 I 10YR 3/2 and 3/1 moist, SiC-C, extremely firm, clay skins, many 10YR 2/1 mottle, some fine I angular blocky peds. I 3 435 I Auger shaft broken, hole abandoned. I I EC of groundwater, 280 cm, 1.975 x 10 . 3PROFILE NO: 50 Date: 4.8.81 AUGER BORE Acacia scrub, few Cadaba rotundifolia. Dry loose, soft, surface. Gelgai Like depressions. Depth cm I I 0 - 45 I 10YR 2.5/2 moist SiC, friable, few pores, vertical cracks widening with depth to 1 en. 45 - 120 | 10YR 3/2.5 just moist SiC, firm, strong coarse and medium prismatic. Absorbs water rapidly I and slumps. I 120 - 130 | 10YR 4/3 moist, SiL, friable, platy structure - single grains aid fine crumb. 130 - 200 I 10YR 5/3 moist, fsl, friable, platy single grain. I 200 - 230 I Above but fsl. I 230 - 350 | 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 moist SiL, friable. I 350 - 410 | 10YR 4/2 just moist SiCL, very firm. 410 - 440 | 10YR 3/2 just moist SiC-C extremely firm, prismatic structure, clay skins, and very fine and I fine angular blocky peds, few old root channels filled with white powdery CaCOj I concreteions. I I Too hard for auger below 440. I I No groundwater encountered. ■PROFILE RO: 51 Date: 10.8.81 AUGER BORE Banana Plantation, generally good growth. Uneven, damp surface. Firm with cracka to 2 cm wide in places. Abundant annual grass, common Ricinus communis. Depth cm | I 0-20 18.75/3/2 moist, SiC, friable, few fine line roots, pores and fine cracks. I 20 - 80 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC-C, firm, probably prismatic structurre, clay skins, few live roots. I 80 - 100 I 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 moist SiCL, firm, occasional root. I 100 - 190 | As above but wet non-sticky, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. 190 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC-C, firm, possibly prismatic structure, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. 200 - 300 | 10YR 3/3 and 7.5YR 4/4 wet SiCL and SiL non-sticky, probably platy structure. 3 300 I Auger handle broken off. I I EC of groundwater 2.5 x 10 . 3PROFILE NO: 52 Date: 11.8.81 AUCER BORE Banana Plantation, Mature, good growth. Damp soft surface, recently irrigated. Abundant Launej_ curnuta, Comon Euphorbia hetrophylla and Abutilon sp. Depth ca I I 0 - 45 I 8.75YR 3/3 moist, SiCL, friable many live roots. 45 - 140 I 10YR 3/3 and 4/4 SiCL, very friable, few pores and roots. Coeeaon 7.5YR 5/6 Bottle. I 140 - 300 I 8.75YR 3/2 wet, SiCL, SiL and fal, non-sticky, laminated, very soft, falling from auger. I 300 - 390 I 10YR 3/2 moist, SiC-C, very firn few faint 10YR 2/1 mottle. I 390 - 500 | 10YR 3/3 wet, SiL and SiCL, non-sticky, laminated. Common 10YR 4/4 mottle. I I EC of groundwater 8.25 x 10 . I 3PROFILE NO: 53 Data: 14.8.81 AUGER BORE Banana Plantation. Generally good growth, few patches of poor growth. Wet, soft surface, uneven. Abundant Cyperus bulboaus. Common Euphorbia hetrophytta. Depth cm | 0 - 80 I 8.75 3/2 moist SiC, friable, becoming wet non-sticky. Common live roots, few pores, chin I shell fragments. I 80 - 130 | 10YR 3/2 moist, SiC, firm, few very fine CaC03 concretions. I 130 - 210 I 10YR 5/3 and 4/4, moist, SiL, very friable, platy structure, few pores and 7.5YR 5/6 and 10YR I 2/1 mottle. I 210 - 260 | 10YR 4/2 wet, fa, non-sticky, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. 260 - 300 1 7.5YR 3.5/2 wet SiCL, slightly sticky. Common 7.5YR 5/6, 10YR 2/1 and H6/- mottle. I 300 - 320 | 10YR 5/3 and 4/4 wet, SiL, non-sticky platy structure. I 320 - 440 | 10YR 3/2 moist clay, extremely firm and compact. 440 - 500| 7.5YR 3.5/2 wet, SiCL, slightly sticky. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. Large N6/- mottles and I smell of H2S at 480 cm. I EC of groundwater 1.2 x 10 . I 3PROFILI NO: 54 Date: 20.8.81 AGGER BORE Banana Plantation, patchy growth, locally poor. Damp, firn uneven surface. Abundant Cyperus bulbosus and launea comuta. Depth cm I I 0 - 70 I 10YR 3/3 moist heavy SiL, friable, common live roots, few 7.5YR 5/6 mottles in pores and old I root channels. I 70 - 140 I 10YR 3/3 and 4/3 moiat SiCL, friable, common 7.5YR 5/6 noetic. I 140 - 190 I As above but SiL. I 190 - 280 I 8.75 3/3 wet, SiL, non-sticky. I 280 - 400 I 10YR 3/2 moist SiC-C very fire, becoming extremely fire at 400 cm. Common 7.5YR 5/6 and I 10/YR 2/1 nottle. I EC of groundwater, 2.2 x 10^.ANNEX III Results of Soil Chemi aal! AnalysisINSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH . I IO LETTA -QI EH KT - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION ANALYTICAL DATA RECORD SHEET PROJECT: AMI BARA IRRIGATION 2 MAY 1981 SHEET I 1 1 1 1 1 1 Solubl | 1 | 1 Lab 1 1 Field 1 No 1 1 1 1 1 I pll of | meq/I e Catio Saturat ns ed of Ext ract I Solub Imeq/i le Anions of Saturated Extra ct | | I Depth 1 c» | Saturated 1 Extract 1 1 EC | nnhui/cm 1 of 1 | Saturated 1 Extract 1 I SAK 1 Ho 1 1 T~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 Na Ik 1 ca I 1 1 £ T~ 1 Sum 1 ci V 1 so4 1 1 CO3 1 HCO3 1 Sum | 1 I 1 1------------ 1 6427/81 1 1 11 1 T” 1 1 1 1 I DHH-1 1/1 I 0-25 “T 1 7.60 1 2.15 T“ 1 10.87 1 1 1 2.25 1 42.90 1 1 1 1r ' 1 1 1 T 1 “I 1 n r 1--------- ------- 1 1 I 6428/81 1 AIP 10 1/2 1 25-58 1 7.85 I 6. 20 1 69.57 1 2.61 1 145.70 1 6429/8) 1 AlF 10 1/3 I 58-100 1 7.95 1 6430/81 1 AIP 10 1/4 1 100-150 1 9.15 1 6431/81 1 AIP 10 1/5 1 150-200 1 9.60 1 6432/8) 1 DRH-2 2/1 I 0-27 1 7.35 1 6433/81 I AIP 8 2/2 1 27-74 1 7.30 1 6434/8) I AIP 8 2/3 I 74-130 1 7.45 1 6435/8) I DRH-3 3/1 1 0-45 1 7.75 1 6436/81 1 AIP 3 3/2 1 45-75 1 7.90 1 6437/81 1 AIP 3 3/3 1 75-100 1 7.75 1 6438/81 1 AIP 3 3/4 1 100-145 1 7.70 1 8.50 1 6.20 1 150.01 1 0.81 1 36.85 I 113.05 1 0.33 1 . 10.45 I 5.40 1 86.96 I 0.61 1 1.55 1 3.80 1 3.15 1 3.90 1 3.06 1 1.04 1 0.85 1 0.16 1 15.22 1 0.97 | 51.15 1 23.91 1 0.23 1 71.50 1 23.91 1 0.31 1 53.90 1 6.52 1 0.61 1 11.50 I 8.70 1 0.10 I 4.95 1 8.70 I 0.28 | 3.30 1 6.52 I 0.28 I 6.60 7.33 1 63.35 1 10.00 1 24.00 1 Trace 1 7.301 41.30 1 24.75 1 242.63 1 128.00 1 21.60 1 Trace 1 3.40 | 153.0 | 11.00 1 198.73 1 162.50 1 67.47 1 Trace 1 3.30 I 233.27 1 26.58 1 150.41 1 55.00 1 91.20 1 Trace 1 4.50 I 150.70 I 2.75 1 91.87 1 46.00 1 27.20 1 3.10 1 3.10 | 79.40 | 10.00 1 77.24 1 53.50 1 5.60 1 Trace 1 4.00 1 63.10 | 19.25 1 114.89 1 65.50 1 5.60 1 Trace 1 4.201 75.30 | 18.33 1 96.45 1 59.00 I 6.00 1 Trace 1 2.60 | 67.00 | 7.33 1 25.96 1 2.00 1 1.60 1 Trace I 6.80 | 10.40 | 3.67 1 17.42 1 6.50 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 6.40 | 12.90 | 4.58 1 16.86 1 3.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 6.60 | 9.60 | I 6439/81 1 DR II-4 4/1 I 0-20 1 7.25 1 2.10 1 6.52 1 1.28 I - 37.40 | 6440/61 I AIP 1 4/2 I 20-70 I 7.25 1 7.30 1 15.22 1 2.74 | 122.50 I 6441/81 1 AIP 1 4/3 I 70-100 1 7.15 1 7.50 1 28.26 1 2.53 1 170.00 1 6442/8) 1 AIP 1 4/4 I 100-150 1 7.25 1 6443/81 1 AIP 1 4/5 I 150-200 I 7.40 | 6444/81 1 DRH-5 5/1 I 0-30 1 7.70 | 6445/81 1 AIP 2 5/2 I 30-50 1 7.60 1 8.10 1 6-70 1 5.80 1 2.15 1 56.52 1 2.53 | 162.00 I 86.96 1 1.131 65.00 1 23.91 1 53.91 1 75.00 1 13.04 1 2.531 26.40 I 6466/81 1 AIP 2 5/3 I 50-140 1 7.65 1 1.30 1 4.35 1 0.281 10.45 I 6447/81 1 AIP 2 5/4 I 143-189 1 7.70 1 0.77 I 2.17 1 0.331 6.05 | 6448/81 1 DWI-6 6/1 1 1 0-20 1 7.30 1 1.50 1 165.22 1 5.63 | 345.00 I 6449/81 I DRH-6 6/2 1 I 20-60 1 7.25 1 8.50 1 50.00 1 1.151 102.50 1 6450/81 I DRH-6 6/3 1 1 60-115 I 7.45 1 6451/81 I DRH-6 6/4 |I 115-143 1 7.40 1 6452/81 I DRH-7 7/1 1l 0-40 1 7.50 1 6453/81 1 AIP 6 7/2 1 40-80 1 7.80 1 6454/81 1 AIP 6 7/3 1 80-130 1 8.25 1 6455/81 1 AIP 6 7/4 1 130-165 1 8.90 1 6456/81 I AIP 6 7/5 1 165-193 1 9.30 I 6457/81 1 DRH-8 8/1 I 0-40 I 7.30 1 5.40 1 6.60 1 6.00 1 36.96 1 0.74 | 50.00 1 60.87 1 1.00 1 50.00 1 50.00 1 2.25 I 50.00 I 8.50 1 167.40 1 3.12| 46.75 I 7.40 1 171.75 1 2.56 I 24.75 4.58 1 17.98 1 5.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 5.501 10.50 | 9.17 1 54.37 I 19.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 1.801 20.80 I 38.50 1 178.96 I 200.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 3.0 I 203.00 I 37.58 1 238.37 1 257.50 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 2.40 I 259.90 | 33.92 1 254.97 1 255.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 2.701 257.70 I 19.25 1 172.34 I 102.00 1 17.60 1 Trace 1 1.801 121.40 | 39.42 I 192.24 1 125.00 1 3.60 1 Trace 1 8.50 I 137.10 | 8.25 1 50.22 1 26.50 1 1.20 1 Trace 1 6.00 1 33.70 | 2.75 1 17.83 1 11.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 3.60 I 14.60 I 1.83 I 10.38 1 2.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 2.901 4.90 1 79.75 1 595.60 1 490.00 I 30.00 1 Trace 1 2.401 522.40 | 38.50 1 192.15 1 152.50 1 32.00 1 Trace 1 1.701 186.20 I 25.67 1 113.37 1 79.50 1 25.20 1 Trace 1 1.201 105.90 1 22.50 1 139.37 1 124.00 1 232.80 1 Trace 1 1.70| 148.50 | 12.83 1 115.08 1 99.00 1 4.80 1 Trace 1 1.801 104.80 | 16.50 1 233.77 I 165.00 1 52.80 1 Trace 1 1.80 1 219.60 | 5.50 I 204.56 1 52.50 I 76.40 1 Trace 1 4.40 | 133.30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6.20 1 5.50 1 163.05 1 1.87 | 17.60 1 145.66 1 1.721 11.55 I 1 .80 1 17.39 1 0.331 13.75 5.50 I 188.02 1 61.50 1 68.20 I Trace 1 12.60 1 142.30 | 5.50 I 164.43 1 57.00 1 70.29 I Trace 1 16.501 143.79 I 5.50 I 36.97 I 7.00 1 2.00 1 Trace 1 2.20| 11.20 | | 1 1 I 6458/81 1 AIP 13 8/2 1 40-90 1 7.50 1 2.50 1 10.87 1 0.231 12.65 3.67 1 27.42 1 10.50 1 4.40 1 Trace 1 1.20 | 16.10 1 1 1 6459/81 1 AIP 13 8/3 I 90-140 1 7.40 1 2.25 1 8.70 1 0.28 | 15.40 3.67 I 28.05 1 17.00 1 7.70 1 Trace 1 1.00 I 25.70 | 1 I 6460/81 1 AIP 13 8/4 | 140-200 1 7.50 1 2.30 1 13.04 1 0.33 I 26.95 7.33 I 47.65 1 27.50 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 1.701 29.20 | 1 1 646J/81 1 DRJI-9 9/1 1 0-65 1 7.45 1 1.40 | 8.70 1 0.201 8.25 2.75 1 19.90 1 Trace 1 Trace I Trace 1 2.201 2.20 1 1 I 6462/8) 1 AIP 4 9/2 1 65-80 1 7.55 1 2.30 | 10.87 1 0.74 I 26.95 6.42 1 44.98 1 22.00 1 3.20 1 Trace I 14.50 | 39.70 I 1 I 6463/81 1 AIP 4 9/3 1 80-160 1 7.50 1 2.90 | 10.87 1 1.18 1 44.00 7.33 I 63.38 1 34.50 I 6.00 1 Trace 1 1 . 30 I 41.80 1 1 1 6464/81 1 AIP 4 9/4 1 160-200 1 7.45 1 3.50 I 28.26 1 1.721 69.85 17.42 I 117.25 I 64.00 I 12.80 1 Trace 1 0.90 1 7.70 I 1 I 6465/81 1 DfiH-10 10/1 1 0-70 I 7.60 1 I .10 1 8.70 1 0.38 | 12.65. 3.67 1 25.40 I 3.00 I Trace 1 Trace 1 0.301 3.30 I 1 1 6466/81 I AIP 7 10/2 | 70-107 1 7.55 I 0.80 1 13.04 1 0.20 | 12.10 3.67 1 29.01 I 8.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 0.20 I 10.20 1 1 I 6467/81 1 AIP 7 10/3 1 107-180 1 7.55 | 1.80 1 2.17 1 0.46 I 29.70 7.33 1 39.66 1 12.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 1.10I 13.10 | 1 | 6468/81 I AIP 7 10/4 | 180-200 I 7.20 1 9.50 1 17.39 1 l.iol 58.30 20.17 1 96.96 I 26.10 I 5.60 1 Trace I 18.501 50.20 | 1 I 6469/81 I DKH-11 . 11/1 1 0-40 1 7.80 | 0.70 1 2.17 1 1.51 1 87.45 23.83 1 114.96 1 20.00 I Ttace 1 Trace 1 4.301 24.30 1 1•-4 o E v? >< e w 5 5 o >h < 5 I t 3 § 2 5 al 2 tn -J s J I s < 0 J < U H 5ABHSHEET J 1-----------1---------- 1---------1------------------------------------- 1 I Exchangeable Cations aeq/100 ga> Soil 1 1 Lab I No I I Field 1 No 1 1 Depth 1 c» 1 1 1 Na 1 11 1 K 1 1 1 Ca 1 11 1 Mg 1 11 11 1 | 6427/81 1 1 DRH-1 l/l 1 I 0-25 1 1 2.57 T" I 4.05 1 I 82.06 1 1 7.09 95.77 I 1 I 6428/81 1 AlP 10 1/2 I 25-58 1 7.70 I 3.46 I 82.69 I 9.98 | 6429/81 1 AIP 10 1/3 1 58-100 1 29.67 I 2.02 I 80.54 I 9.36 1 6430/81 1 AIP 10 1/4 1 100-150 I 40.98 I 1.69 I 57.23 1 7.86 1 6431/81 1 AIP 10 1/5 I 150-200 | 40.98 I 2.25 I 49.98 I 8.23 I 6432/81 I DRH-2 2/1 I 0-27 1 3.57 1 2.71 | 88.88 I 9.28 1 6433/81 1 AIP a 2/2 I 27-74 I 4.05 I 1.10 1 57.33 I 17.94 1 6434/81 1 AIP 8 2/3 I 74-130 I 4.61 I 1.3! 1 77.81 I 15.49 1 6435/81 1 DRH-3 3/1 I 0-45 1 2.70 I 4.99 1 53.55 1 11.99 1 6436/81 1 AIP 3 3/2 1 45-75 1 4.79 I 2.94 I 91.77 1 25.93 1 6437/81 1 AIP 3 3/3 1 75-100 I 3.22 1 2.00 I 81.17 1 7.35 1 6438/81 1 AIP 3 3/4 J 100-145 I 2.61 1 1.41 I 87.62 1 8.14 I 6439/81 I DRH-4 4/1 I 0-20 1 2.13 1 4.69 I 54.71 1 10.15 I 6440/81 1 AIP 1 4/2 1 20-70 1 2.74 1 3.53 I 86.63 1 12.25 I 6441/81 1 AIP 1 4/3 I 70-100 I 4.57 1 2.69 I 89.62 1 12.95 I 6442/81 1 AIP 1 4/4 1 100-150 I 7.40 1 2.66 1 89.25 I 11.64 I 6443/81 1 AIP I 4/5 I 150-200 1 13.44 I 2.38 I 89.30 1 12.16 | 6444/81 I drh-5 5/1 1 0-30 I 3.92 I 28.26 I 84.32 1 14.18 1 6445/81 I AIP 2 5/2 1 30-50 1 3.74 1 5.40 1 95.60 1 11.20 I 6446/81 1 AIP 2 5/3 | 50-140 1 3.00 I 2.00 1 89.15 1 8.31 I 6447/81 1 AIP 2 5/4 I 143-189 1 2.44 I 1.82 1 75.65 1 6.13 I 6448/81 I DRH-6 6/1 1 0-20 1 14.75 I 4.25 1 124.48 1 15.66 I 6449/81 1 DRH-6 6/2 ’ 1 20-60 1 7.70 1 1.64 1 110.15 1 13.56 I 6450/81 1 DRH-6 6/3 1 60-115 I 7.40 1 1.61 1 97.23 1 16.54 1 6451/81 1 DKH-6 6/4 I 115-143 1 9.61 1 1.36 I 80.01 1 14.00 1 6452/81 I DRH-7 7/1 | 0-40 I 10.58 I 4.92 1 105.83 I 8.40 1 6453/81 1 AIP 6 7/2 | 40-80 1 32.69 1 3.89 I 85.94 1 8.79 1 6454/81 1 AIP 6 7/3 I 80-130 1 34.71 1 3.34 1 93.84 1 4.52 1 6455/81 I AIP 6 7/4 I 130-165 1 63.42 I 3.26 | 82.88 1 9.56 1 6456/81 1 AIP 6 7/5 I 165-193 1 52.37 1 7.50 I 76.37 1 5.69 I 6457/81 1 DRH-8 8/1 | 0-40 1 5.06 1 3.30 1 71.15 1 9.30 1 6458/81 | AIP 13 8/2 I 40-90 1 3.91 1 3.02 1 59.00 1 9.30 1 6459/81 1 AIP 13 8/3 I 90-140 1. 3.37 1 3.22 1 76.12 1 9.56 1 6460/31 1 AIP 13 8/4 I 140-200 1 3.03 1 2.30 1 96.77 I 7.88 1 6461/81 I drh-9 9/1 1 1 0-65 I 1.96 1 3.89 I 66.05 I 6.46 1 6462/81 1 AIP 4 9/2 I I 65-80 1 2.29 1 3.18 1 99.83 1 5.61 1 6463/81 1 AIP 4 9/3 1 I 80-160 1 2.09 1 3.26 1 93.33 1 4.13 1 6464/31 1 AIP 4 9/4 I I 160-200 I 3.98 1 2.94 1 75.61 1 4.78 1 6465/81 I DRH-10 10/1 I 0-70 1 1.89 1 4.09 1 72.80 1 6.85 1 6466/81 1 AIP 7 10/2 1 1 70-107 1 1.96 1 3.22 1 97.03 1 5.94 | 6467/81 1 AIP 7 10/3 1 107-180 I 2.02 I 2.86 I 113.35 1 6.07 1 6468/81 1 AIP 7 10/4 | 1 180-200 1 3.10 1 2.58 1 107.99 I 6.85 1 6469/81 I DRH-11 11/1 1 0-40 1 1.69 1 3.06 1 89.76 1 4.39 T I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Illi 1 CEC I Base 1 1 1 aeq/lOOg 1 sat X 1 ESP 1 1 1 I Hiscellaneoua 11 11 I 1 I 1 Sun 1 103.83 | | 121.59 1 1 107.78 | 1 1 2.68 I Analysis Required are: 1 7.42 | I 1. Electrical Conductivity of I 24.40 1 saturated extract. 101.44 | | 101.44 | 1 80.42 | I 99.22 | 1 73.23 I 1 125.23 1 1 93.74 I 1 99.78 | 1 71.68 | I 105.15 1 1 109.83 I 1 110.95 1 117.28 I 130.68 I I I 115.94 | 1 102.46 I 1 86.04 1 1 159.14 | 1 133.05 | 1 122.78 I 1 104.98 1 1 129.78 I I 131.31 I- 1 136.41 I 1 159.12 I 141.93 I I I 88.81 I 1 76.03 1 1 92.27 I 1 109.98 I 1 1 38.02 1 1 I 40.40 I 1 2. pH of saturated extract. I 3.41 1 1 1 5.04 | 1 3. Composition of soluble I 4.65 1 salts within saturated 1 3.69 1 extract. 1 3.82 1 I 3.44 1 4. Exchangeable bases. I 2.62 1 1 2.97 1 1 2.61 1 I 4.16 1 1 6.67 1 1 11.46 1 I 3.00 1 1 3.23 1 1 2.93 1 1 2.84 1 1 9.27 1 1 5.78 1 1 6.03 1 1 9.15 1 I 10.00 1 I 24.90 1 1 25.45 1 1 39.86 1 I 36.90 1 1 5.70 1 1 5.14 1 78.36 I 111.11 1 I 1 1 2.06 102.81 1 1 87.31 I 1 85.63 1 108.15 1 1 1 2.21 1 1 1.81 124.30 I 1 120.52 1 1 98.90 1 1 1 3.65 1 1 2.76 1 1 2.50 1 1 1 2.03 1 1 4.56 1 1 1 1 1.63 1 1 2.57 1 1 1.71 1 lll< 5a6HSHEET 4 1 Exchangeable Cation* neq/100 gm S T I T I 1 Lab 1 No 1 i------------------- 1 1 Field 1 bn 1 1 Depth I I---------------- I-------- I------ 1 meq/IOOg | sat X cm I Na 1 r~ 1 2.97 1 ESP 1 | n------------------- 1 3.08 1 Mi seel1aneoua 1 1 1 AlP 1 4 1 nr 11/2 | 40-110 1 K 1 1 1 2.78 1 Ca 1 1 1 86.32 1 Mr 1 T" 1 4.39 1 1 6470/61 I 6471/81 1 Air 14 11/3 1 115-150 1 6472/81 1 Air 14 11/4 1 150-200 1 6473/81 1 DRH -12 12/1 1 0-50 1 6474/81 1 AIP 12 12/2 | 50-100 1 6475/81 1 Al P 12 12/3 I 100-150 1 6476/81 1 Air 1 2 12/4 | 150-200 1 6477/81 1 DRH--13 13/1 I 0-50 1 6478/81 1 Air 1 6 13/2 1 50-100 I H------------------------------------------------------------ I Analysis Required are: 1 7.62 1 2.03 I 100.34 1 6.33 1 15.64 1 3.34 1 95.15 1 7.49 1 3.17 1 3.34 1 105.06 1 6.20 1 6.55 1 1. Electrical Conductivity 1 2.29 1 2.36 1 2.42 1 113.09 1 6.20 1 5.97 1 2.69 1 saturated extract. 1 1.85 | 2. pH of saturated extract. 1 0.99 1 106.46 1 7.49 1 2.43 1 0.8? 1 98.94 1 7.88 1 1.08 1 1.35 1 2.01 1 2.21 1 1 3. Composition of soluble 1 3.61 1 3.38 1 6479/81 I Air 16 13/3 I 100-150 1 68.21 1 8.66 1 82.24 I 13.82 1 6480/61 1 Air 16 13/4 | 150-200 1 6481/81 1 DRH -14 14/1 | 0-40 1 6482/81 1 Air 5 14/2 1 40-80 1 6483/81 1 Air 5 14/3 1 80-140 1 6484/61 1 Air 5 14/4 | 140-200 1 6465/81 1 DRH -15 15/1 1 0-50 1 64Sb/81 1 Air 11 15/2 | 50-100 1 6487/81 1 Air 11 15/3 I 100-135 1 6488/81 1 A1P 11 15/4 | 135-200 1 6469/81 1 DRH -16 16/1 | 0-25 1 6490/81 1 AIP 22 16/2 1 25-75 1 6491/81 1 AIP 22 16/31 75-120 1 6492/81 1 AIP 22 16/4 | 120-200 1 6493/81 1 DRH--17 17/1 | 0-50 1 4.04 1 9.23 1 0.94 1 2.24 1 78.24 1 13.70 1 2.54 1 83.90 1 11.89 Sum | I 1 96.46 I 116.32 | 262.16 | 117.77 1 124.00 I 1)7.30 I 110.12 | | 81.56 | 100.77 1 98.22 1 107.56 I | | T“ | | I I I | | | I | 1 4.57 1 45.39 1 11.89 62.79 1 1 1 1.69 1 4.37 1 49.34 1 12.79 68.19 I | 1 2.09 1 2.09 1 2.22 1 8.43 1 4.79 1 0.88 1 1 .01 1 1.08 1 5.93 1 2.42 1 2.26 1 4.57 1 1.32 I salts within saturated 1 1.32 1 extract. 1 4.11 1 1 8.58 1 4. Exchangeable bases. 1 1.50 1 I 2.48 1 1 58.91 1 9.56 1 66.68 1 9.17 1 33.64 1 14.08 72.98 I 1 80.20 I | 1 2.86 1 2.6) 1 1 56.51 1 1 1 3.14 1 78.80 1 14.73 105.10 I | 1 2.14 1 2.58 1 4.88 1 68.2) 1 9.30 91.37 1 1 1 76.88 1 10.59 1 83.51 1 8.53 1 3.06 1 95.37 1 9.69 1 2.50 1 92.57 1 10.21 90.93 1 97.93 I 109.20 I 111.21 1 1 117.50 I I I I I 1 6494/8) 124.19 1 1 1 6495/6) 1 AIP 11 17/2 | 50-100 1 Air 18 17/3 I 100-150 1 6496/81 I AIP 18 17/4 | 150-200 1 6497/81 1 DRH--18 18/1 | 0-50 1 6498/81 1 AIP 21 18/2 | 50-110 1 6499/81 1 AIP 2) 18/3 | 110-150 1 6500/81 1 AIP 21 18/4 | 150-200 1 6501/81 1 DRH- ■19 19/1 1 0-70 1 11.12 1 2.30 1 91.93 1 12.15 1 3.10 1 4.05 1 107.61 1 9.43 1 5.46 1 4.25 1 111.05 1 10.34 1 7.4) 1 4.88 1 104.04 1 13.05 1 7.28 1 4.88 1 102.26 1 14.34 1 1.89 1 3.34 1 60.82 1 10.85 1 3.24 1 2.54 1 61.20 1 12.40 1 2.63 1 1.95 1 83.39 1 10.21 131.10 I 129.38 I 128.76 1 76.90 I 79.38 I I I I I I 1 4.07 1 1 8.02 1 1 5.24 1 1 0.96 1 1 1 .03 1 1 0.99 1 1 5.33 1 1 9.46 1 1 2.50 1 1 4.16 1 1 5.72 1 1 5.65 1 1 2.46 1 I 4.08 1 98.18 I 1 1 2.68 1 1 3.51 1 1.87 1 79.43 1 10.59 95.40 I | 1 2.29 1 2.98 1 55.21 1 10.47 1 6502/8) 1 AIP 70.95 1 1 1 3.68 1 1 3.23 1 9 19/2 I 70-90 1 2.16 1 2.21 1 67.96 1 6.92 81.25 1 1 I 2.66 1 6503/61 1 AIP 9 19/3 I 90-130 1 1 2.36 1 2.22 1 77.78 1 9.56 91.92 1 | 1 2.57 1 6504/81 1 AIP 9 19/4 1 1 130-200 1 4.72 1 2.52 1 100.48 1 13.3) 121.03 1 1 1 3.90 1ANNEX IV Localised Variation in BainfallLocalised Variation in Rainfall Meteorological Stations in the Project Area Class 1 Melka Warer Research Station, rainfall records since 1965. Class III Amibara, Settlement Authority, rainfall records, with some gaps, notably in 1970 and 1972, since 1965. The rainfall recording apparatus is either missing at Ambash, MSFD, or is not read at MAESCO. The civil Aviation Authority is to establish a class I station at Amibara sometime in the future. Distribution of Rainfall within the Project Area Visual observations and a comparison of the available rainfall data for the two weather stations operating in the area, clearly show a very uneven distribution of rainfall. Observations by the Engineers and the author have indicated that very large differences in precipitation occur often during the same rainstorm, with heavy rainfall in Melka Warer village and little or no rainfall at the Project Operation Control Centre, or vice versa. An p*amination of the records confirms this prognosis. Comparison of the Rainfall Data Confining the comparison to the months of June, July, August and September i.e. the wetter months and also during the growing period of the cotton crop, the distance between the two rain gauges is approximately 6 km. June July August Sept. 4 month Total Difference 1973 MW 13.7 139.4 149.2 34.2 336.3 Am 8.8 117.7 185.4 43.7 255 6 1974 MW 53.8 151.1 28.8 72.8 306.5 Am DO. / 129.5 0.7 12.2 181.1 1975 MW 57.0 186.0 169.0 57.4 469.4 Am 44.1 51.6 179.7 49.1 19.3 125.4 144.9 1976 Incomplete records - no comparison possible 1977 MW 24.8 134.8 89.2 12.0 260.8 Am 13.3 110.8 67.3 28.0 219.4 1978 MW 6.8 99.3 98.8 29.8 234.7 Am 15.4 73.2 98.0 10.0 196.6 41.4 38.1Thus between June-September 1975 Melka Warer RS received 44Z more rainfall than the corresponding figure for the Amibara Settlement Area, for the same period in 1974, Melka Warer received 692 more rain. If we examine the daily rainfall records, Comparison of Daily Rainfall Records July 1980 a similar picture emerges. tiiin Day MW Amibara SA 1 1.2 2 3.2 4.5 3 6.6 7 4.8 8 3.6 9 4.6 6.0 10 16.0 8.0 11 2.4 12 1.5 13 0.8 14 5.0 17 12.0 18 8.0 19 20 7.2 4.0 22 4.2 25 5.2 1.0 26 5.0 27 1.8 28 1.5 79.2 37.9 Rainy days 17 7 41.3 difference Melka Warer RS had over double the amount of rainfall in July of that of Che Settlement Area.PART B AMTRAP A APPA SOIL SALINITY STUDYAmibara Area Contents PAGE NO 1. SUMMARY 2. BACKGROUND 3. GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY 4. SOILS OF THE AMIBARA AREA 5. INFILTRATION AND PERMEABILITY TEST RESULTS 6. DRAINAGE Tables in Text III.l Amibara Area, AIP Observation Well Records 111.2 Depth to Supermeable - Slowly Permeable Layers 111.3 Ground Water Levels, E.C. of Waters and Recent Changes in Water Level Annexes Annex 1 AIP Observation Well Records, August 1980 - November 1981 Annex 2 Soil Profile Descriptions, Pits and 5m Bores Map 6 Location of Test Sites, Depth to Ground Waters, E.C. of Ground Water, Depth to Impermeable Layer and Soil E.C. Values. 1 1 5 7 7MELKA SADI AND AMI BARA AREAS SOIL SALINITY/DRAINAGE STUDY SUMMARY During the soil salinity study at Melka Sadi farm it was agreed that the study should be extended to include the remainder of the Melka Sadi area and the whole of the Amrbara area. The field work to be started at the end of the Melka Sadi farm study. The field work to include a minimtim of 30 soil permeability and infiltration tests, together with 5m deep bore sites approximately 2 Km apart over the whole area. The methods and equipment used were the same as for the Melka Sadi farm study. Field work was started on 29th September 1981 and completed by 9th December 1981. sampled for chemical analysis. BACKGROUND 28 soil pits were described and The Amibara area was also covered by the I taiconsul t studies of 1969 and 1971. In 1980 Amibara irrigation project installed a network of 27 observation wells, which have been in operation since late 1980. The area covers some 7250 ha of which 3056 have been under irrigation for some years, 1200 ha have been developed by the project and a further 3000 ha are under development. The early development was along the south bank of the Awash with irrigation water supplied by diesel pumps to a number of separate farms, 1800 ha of this area is now supplied by gravity from the Melka Sadi Headworks. The principal crop is cotton. Some irrigated pasture is grown on the settlement area. There are also small areas of banana citrus and tomato. 9 The Institute of Agriculture Research maintains a research farm of 300 ha which is also supplied by gravity from the Melka Sadi Headworks. Previous studies of the area were made in 1969 and 1971 by Italconsult and a Hydro-pedological study in 1975 by Hunting Technical Services. GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY 3.1 Geology The description of the Melka Sadi area in Section I applies to the Amibara area also. A feature of the Amibara area are the low volcanic hills and cones at Amibara and Ambash, which together with other minor extrusions indicate the line of a fault running N.Nor th east from Dofan. 1Table III.l AMIBARA AREA OBSERVATION WELLS DEPTH TO WATER, METRES AND SALINITY (E.C.) NOV 1981 Site No. Depth m E.C. x 10 3 32 6.03 7.7 33 8.53 1.7 34 8.71 0.9 35 9.27 9.2 36 7.46 3.5 37 8.21 2.1 38 4.36 1.4 39 1.96 2.0 41 7.00 3.0 42 12.46 > 10.0 44 8.44 >10.0 45 2.81 1.3 46 14.71 > 10.0 47 13.78 > 10.0 48 6.15 1.6 49 6.79 > 10.0 50 11.78 6.3 51 • 13.65 28.0 52 53 54 55 57 P9 P2 PP5 12.89 13.00 15.48 5.92 14.68 8.93 8.24 8.36 > 10.0 6.6 3.9 1.8 8.7 3.5 2.2 3.5 (June 1981) • 2Table III.2 Depth to impermeable or very slowly permeable layer and depth of ground water at each site Depth to impermeable layer 0-2m. Site DRH 59 77 2-3m. DRH 57 60 66 71 72 73 75 76 78 79 3-4m. DRH 55 58 61 63 68 . 69 70 74 81 82 84 85 4-5m. DRH 56 64 67 80 > 5.0 DRH 62 65 83 86 1.8 1.6 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.9 4.3 4.0 4.8 4.2 GWL m. > 5.0 > 5.1 3.6 > 13.0 12.9 2.5 > 5.0 2.1 > 5.0 > 5.0 13.0 > 11.0 Z of Area 6.25 31.25 5.1 7.8 > 5.0 > 5.0 > 5.5 > 3.5 8.9 6.8 1.5 2.7 > 3.8 > 3.1 5.9 8.5 > 5.0 15.48 > 5.0 14.71 > 5.0 11.8 5.9 37.5 12.5 12.5 100 Z 3Table III.3 Sice Depth to lupenaeahle Layer or very slowly peraeable layer - Croundvater levels and EC* ac Occober-Novenber 1981 DIE No. AU No. Depth < 2 c CWL-b EC C Water 1 x 103 laaarks 59 - 1.6 > 5.0 - Close to main drain and primary canal 77 38 nr 1.6 > 5.0 - AU 38 GUL 4.36, EC 1.4, roae 1.2s May-Novenber 1981 57 45 60 47 66 52 71 - 72 P2 nr 73 - 75 32 76 51 76 53 79 56 55 36 56 - 61 43 63 - 66 - 69 P9 70 49 74 39 61 34 82 - 84 - Depth 2-3 b 2.50 2.10 > 13.0 1.96 2.2 13.0 2.00 2.15 12.89 14.8 2.50 36.0 2.20 > 5.0 - 2.80 2.80 2.60 2.70 2.10 1.2 6.03 7.7 15.65 21.0 13.0 6.6 2.50 > 11.0 Depth 3-4 n 3.50 3.30 > 5.0 3.25 > 5.0 3.30 > 5.5 - 3.00 3.90 3.50 3.15 3.00 3.20 > 3.8 7.84 3.5 - - - 3.52 16.4 6.93 8.7 6.79 40.0 1.85 13.2 2.75 0.86 - 3.10 > 3.10 - SSL rote free 3.61 to 1.66 following irrigation and September 1981 G-L rose 30 cn in past year Owl rose 20 = in 15 nonths Near Aaibara voLanics - Saline area EC top soil 1:1 30.0 mhos P2 GUL 8.26n, EC 3.5 mhos GUL in bore 2.4a, roae to 2.1 after 6 hr* WL was 3.25 March 1981. Irrigated Pasture Trial. GSL roae 1.16b in May and fell again and rose 50 = Septenber-Novenber 1981 GUL roae In in 15 souths. No records available. GUL rose 1.5b in 15 Broths Close to secondary drain AU 43 Dry bore in rock Terxd.Ce neat at 4.0c Bear Asibara vo lanics GUL rose 3.2b June—Nuvender, 1981, high river floods? EC fell fron > 10-8.7 GUL rose 1.67b May-Sovesb«r 1981 following irrigation. Near Asibaxa volcanics E.C.AU 392.0 GSL rose 2n following irrigation June- Sep tender 1981. Saline area nearby (EC topsoil > 40.0 rrhos.) GUL AU 34 8.71 and EC 0.88. Level rose 65 = in 14 non ths. Too hard to auger below 3.8s. 99 99 99 99 ”3 E5 55 3.90 5.92 2.0 GUL rose 1.8a Msy-Sovesjer 1981 (Eigh river level* ♦ irrigation). Dench 4-5 n 56 44 4.30 8.46 38.4 GUI fluctuates slightly with irrigatiro. U - 4.00 > 5.0 - 67 54 4.8C 15.48 3.9 GSL ruse 30 gx is 15 meth*. ec - 4.20 > 5.1 Sear volcanic oct crop. 62 48 De=h> 5.0 c > 5.0 i4.n 18.C GS. rose 40 = in paar year 65 82 5u > 5.0 5.10 5.0 11.78 6.3 GUL rises and falls through 60 = following irrigation Sc 3 5.C 9.27 9.2 GSL rose 30 = in past year S/A 8.53 £.20 4.36 1.70 2.1 1.4 3.G >1C.C GEL roae 1 * in 13 aoeras “Scoee’ az 12.5c vtsn crilled. G«L row 1.5c is 15 ocarhi 7- 00 12.46 GGL flatmates is response to irrigation. CSC. rose Is following irrigatixa: Marzh-fcwe-ber 1981 SSL row 54cb is 15 orr:-t. 6.15 8- 24 6.36 :i.u SSL row 23cx is past year. 2C row 63= Jet- Scwscaz. Eigh river flows? fcr September =c Sovasocr 1981 only. 3.8 = east cf project bcmcary SSL row 17 = October 80 - Sovemer cl cue to ciscca^xe of 4North of the deyeloped area is a series of warm springs in the valley floor wh-ich form the Bilen swamp* The water is alkali with an EC of + 1-0 mmhos and probably enters the aquifer on the Alledeghi plain* 3*2 Hydrology As at Melka Sadi there are two major aquifers in the area. The deeper aquifer is saline and shows a slow but general rise in level since observations were started in August 1980- The recharge of this aquifer is supplied in part by infiltration upwards from the underlying confined aquifers originating from the Alledeghi plain. The Awash river, especially at times of high flow also contributes to this aquifer. A third possible contribution is the very saline ground water associated with the volanic cones and features, as at Amibara and Ambash, which is found within 2.5 m of the surface at DRH 71, 1 Km north west of Amibara hill. The deep aquifer is now also receiving some water from the relatively shallow, normally non-saline, aquifer which has developed since the introduction of irrigation and this will continue to cause the aquifer to rise since the natural drainage towards the Bilen swamp is extremely slow. The second, shallow, aquifer is generally of low salinity and is confined to or near the presently irrigated areas, and this shallow aquifer is showing a gradual rise in level. But at some sites it is extremely saline, presumably where the naturally saline ground water was already close to the surface, as at Amibara and Ambash. The depth of the ground water (Nov-Dec 81) and the salinity of the water (E.C.) are shown in Table III.l. The shallow aquifer and the deep aquifer are separated by a variable thickness of very slowly permeable or possibly impermeable clays and silty clays. The depth at which such a layer or series of layers was found while making 5 m deep bores is shown in Table III. 2 together with the depth of the ground water. Table III.3 shows the salinity of the ground water on the rise/fall of the water level. together with comments SOILS OF THE AMIBARA AREA The Italconsult 1=20,000 of 1969 shows the soils of The earlier irrigation development is on soil units recent alluvium" and "recent alluvium with frequent the area 3 and 6, in detail, ’’vertisols on . . J , size". ------------------------ vertisols", and soil unit 6. , ---- -»------ alterations in grain :.,5* ““ ls “inly ’» -it 5, "HydromorphicTable III.4 Rates of Soil Infiltration tm/hour and Permeability m/day Permeability Rates/Depth - *Pourin"method l "Pumpout"met hod and Site No. Infiltration Rate 0-60cm 60-120cm 120-180cm 180-140cm Depth m 55 17.3 0.079 0.152 0.123 0.160 -■ 56 13.0 0.168 0.225 0.88 0.156 - 57 20.7 0.108 0.124 0.018 0.041 0.26 2.75m 58 3.4 0.047 0.052 0.012 0.043 - 59 - 0.032 0.014 - - - 60 24.6 0.130 0.021 - - - 61 22.3 0.072 0.050 0.022 - - 62 17.6 0.168 0.191 0.186 0.1 - 63 23.6 0.3422 0.217 0.206 - - 66 11.0 0.041 0.105 0.127 0.033 - 67 20.7 0.040 0.01 0.004 0.067 - 68 22.7 0.139 0.222 0.190 0.098 - 69 17.0 0.167 0.098 0.098 0.296 - 70 26.0 0.097 0.039 0.039 0.081 - 71 22.7 0.163 0.028 0.036 0.108 0.22 3.63 72 21.7 0.117 0.058 0.136 0.021 - 73 23.7 0.118 0.098 0.135 0.102 0.60 2.51 74 11.7 0.204 0.194 0.218 0.166 4.26 2.26 75 14.7 0.216 0.120 0.190 0.570 - 76 15.0 0.061 0.041 0.207 0.012 - 77 17.4 0.20 0.141 0.197 0.118 - < i [ i 78 24.0 0.181 0.144 0.190 0.195 - 79 14.0 0.028 0.206 0.128 0.058 - 80 19.4 0.232 0.244 0.196 0.181 - t 81 16.0 0.100 0.060 0.201 — 2.78 2.52 i 0.614 2.69 82 12.4 0.037 0.220 0.004 0.008 - 83 13.0 0.205 0.217 0.294 0.168 • 84 - 0.128 0.025 0.151 0.180 - 85 - 0.291 0.301 0.116 0.217 - ♦ 6A feature of all the vertisols is the presence of stratified silts, silt loams and fine sandy loams in the deep subsoil. The thickness of the vertisol varying from 50 cm to 3 metres. Soil unit 4 Non- calcereous vertisols on recent alluvium" become calcareous following irrigation, i.e. as at DRH 73, due to the calcium carbonate content of the Awash river water. Another feature of the vertisols is the very compact B horizon with a strong prismatic structure, the peds up to 50 cm high and 25 cm across, almost devoid of fine cracks, pores or root channels- These soils were confined to soil unit 5 "Hydromerphic vertisols and generally occurred in a strip about l~l-5 km wide adjacent to the primary canal. Uneven and stunted growth with premature ripening of the cotton was a good indicator of these soil conditions, as at DRH 81, 82, 84, 89, 91 and 92. Some of the soil unit 6 sites were very saline, i.e. as at DRH 74, with damp saline patches on the soil surface. Otherwise the soils were found to be generally non-saline - slightly saline. EC range 1.0 - 3.0 1:1. Extract - 2.0 - 6.0 mmhos saturated extract. INFILTRATION AND PERMEABILITY TEST RESULTS Results of the infiltration and permeability tests, both "pour-in" and "pump-out" are shown in Table III-4. The methods used are the same as for the Melka Sadi Farm Study. Water used in the tests was taken from the primary canal. When testing the vertisols it was necessary to pack the bores with a filter of volcanic ash or clean gravel to prevent the walls of the bore collapsing. Also when starting the infiltration tests it was necessary to wet the top soil and allow some swelling to occur prior to starting the test, otherwise a large amount of water was lost down cracks. Permeability tests were run for at least 6 hours and infiltration tests were run for 8 hours. The results obtained were much as expected. The recent alluvial soils (soil unit 6) had satisfactory infiltration rates and permeability rates. The vertisols had rather low permeability rates, especially in the lower part of the profile 60—180 cm, 0.012 m/day being the lowest recorded, at DRH 58 which also had the lowest infiltration rate; 3.4 nm/hr. DRAINAGE The present need for sub surface drainage in the Amibara area is limited to those parts of the earlier development area which have shallow often saline ground waters. These areas are generally located around the volcanic features of Amibara and Ambash, see Map 6. To determine the extent and continuity of these shallow ground waters it will be necessary to carry out a semi-detailed study to determinethe depth of the present water table, the salinity and general character of the subsoil. Auger bores located at 70 m intervals, 1 site per 50 ha, in the first instance should be a sufficient density of observation. As a guide all these areas with a water table less than 2.5 meters now require to be mapped in order that a drainage layout can be designed. The salinity of the ground water at some sites is already very high and as there has been a slow but gradual rise in the ground water level which can only be accelerated by further irrigation development. To ensure that there is an early warning of rising ground waters throughout the area and to provide a means of estimating probable drainage needs in the future, the number of observation wells should be increased so as to have one observation well located halfway between each of the existing observation wells, at present 26 in number. These new wells should be installed to the depth of the first water table, which may be far less deep than indicated by the observation well, also the salinities are often higher, as was shown at the Melka Sadi Farm. 8annex I Observation Well Records August 1980 - November 1981AMI3ARA WELLS OBSERVATION WELL RECORDS EC MILLIMHOS AT 23’C 1 1 27.8.80 1 DEPTH EC 1 1 31 1 23.9.80 DEPTH EC 14.10.80 31.10.80 1 1 32 1 - - - - DEPTH EC DEPTH EC 1 1 1 2.78 5.3 4.2 6.1 1 33 I 9.5 1.4 9.5 1.4 9.4 1.4 9.41 1.2 1 34 | - - 6.4 - 9.35 2.6 9.36 3.0 1 35 | 8.7 6.0 9.45 6.2 9.6 7.3 9.63 8.4 1 36 I 8.95 4.3 8.8 4.25 8.62 4.9 8.55 4.8 1 37 | 9.75 1.8 9.75 1.8 9.7 2.0 9.72 1.9 38 | 5.2 1.0 4.9 1.2 4.58 1.3 4.72 1.4 1 1 39 1 1.6 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.4 1.9 2.4 40 | - - - - - - • -1 1 41 1 8.5 3.0 42 I 13.0 >10 13.0 >10 12.89 >10 12.9 >10 1 8.25 3.0 8.0 3.0 7.85 3.0 1 43 I - - - - - - 44 | 8.0 >10 9.0 >10 8.95 >10 3.92 >10 I I 45 1 3.1 1.2 46 | - - - 47 I 14.0 7.0 14.05 6.6 14.1 3.8 14.12 9.6 I 2.3 1.0 3.1 1.2 2.82 1.4 ! - 15.1 >10 15.1 >10 1 48 | 6.45 1.6 49 I 8.0 7.4 50 1 - - 51 1 14.25 >10 14.5 >10 14.55 >10 14.53 >10 1 6.4 1.6 6.3 1.6 6.28 1.3 1 7.3 5.7 7.73 >10 7.87 >10 1 - * 12.45 5.4 12.13 5.4 I 52 I - - - - 53 I 13.95 4.0 14.0 5.2 12.9 6.0 13.92 6.3 1 13.08 9.4 13.11 >10 | 54 | - — - 55 1 56 I - 57 | - - - - - - • - - 15.77 3.6 15.75 3.8 1 7.5 1.2 6.86 1.3 I - 19.9 2.0 14.83 2.0 1 1 P9 1 — — P2 1 1 * 11.68 >10 11.7 >10 1 9.0 3.2 1 ! ZSW1. M Ilf1 I 17.11. 80 I DEPTH EC 11 1 5.12.80 DEPTH EC 2.1.81 DEPTH EC 22.1.81 DEPTH 31 32 1 - I 2.93 5.0 3.91 4.4 4.29 4.3 4.44 ----------- 1 1 EC 1 1 ----------- 1 1 1 4.4 1 33 j 9.48 1.4 9.49 1.4 9.5 1.4 9.5 1.4 1 34 I 9.33 35 I 9.62 36 j 8.42 37 1 9.75 2.0 9.74 2.0 9.69 2.0 9.72 2.0 1 3.3 8.0 4.8 9.34 9.62 8.32 3.3 8.5 4.8 9.32 9.6 8.28 3.4 8.8 4.4 9.25 9.53 8.25 3.6 9.2 1 4.4 1 38 I 4.55 1.4 4.73 1.5 4.97 1.4 5.15 1.6 40 41 42 43 44 39 j 2.54 2.3 2.76 2.4 3.23 2.2 3.22 2.3 11 1 “ I 7.87 3.0 7.85 3.0 7.85 3.0 7.93 | 2.87 >10 12.83 >10 12.8 >10 12.73 1 - I 8.88 >10 8.75 >10 8.68 >10 8.61 >10 1 3.0 I V . J* 1 >10 1 45 1 2 61 1.3 2.90 1.4 3.38 1.2 3 • 68 1.3 1 46 1 15.13 >10 15.11 >10 15.1 >10 15.11 47 48 1 14.07 >10 14.07 >10 14.08 >10 14.06 >10 1 V . M 1 >10 . * 1 49 i 7.97 >10 7.94 >10 8.06 >10 8.17 >10 1 | 6.38 2.0 6.38 1.9 6.44 2.4 6.46 1.6 50 j 11.92 5.2 11.98 5.3 11.98 5.3 12.01 5.4 I 52 i 13.12 >10 13.09 >10 13.10 >10 13.08 >10 1 51 I 14.48 >10 14.48 >10 14.43 >10 14.43 >10 1 53 I 13.81 6.3 13.66 6.3 13.68 6.2 13.61 6.4 1 54 j 15.70 3.8 15.71 3.8 15.7 4.0 15.69 3.7 1 55 j 6.77 1.4 6.65 1.3 6.74 1.4 6.96 1.5 I 56 57 P9 P2 1 - I 14.9 I 2.3 14.88 3.2 14.85 2.6 14.76 2.5 I I 11.67 >10 11.70 >10 11.82 >10 11.94 >10 1 I 9.02 1 3.2 9.02 3.3 9.0 3.6 8.95 5.6 I 11 10.2.81 I DEPTH EC 1 4.3.81 DEPTH EC 26.3.81 DEPTH EC 20.4.81 DEPTH 1 EC 1 1 31 1 1 - __ — 32 1 3.52 4.5 3.25 4.6 3.98 4.6 5.00 4.71 33 1 9.46 1.2 9.48 1.4 9.44 1.4 9.45 1.40 34 1 9.20 3.4 9.26 3.6 9.24 3.4 9.24 3.80 35 1 9.49 8.4 9.53 9.2 9.49 8.9 9.49 9.30 36 1 8.25 4.2 8.3 4.4 8.37 4.4 8.44 4.20 n i | | 37 I 9.55 2.0 9.49 2.0 9.57 2.0 9.63 2.00 I 38 1 5.23 1.5 5.37 1.6 5.42 1.6 5.51 1.50 I 39 1 3.26 2.2 3.34 2.2 3.39 2.3 3.38 2.20 I 40 1 - - - - - - - 41 1 7.90 3.1 7.94 2.9 7.99 3.0 8.05 2.90 42 1 12.76 >10 12.73 >10 12.72 >10 12.67 1 | >10 1 43 1 - - - - - - - 1 44 1 8.54 >10 8.53 >10 8.5 >10 8.61 >10 I 45 1 3.85 1.2 4.01 1.3 4.12 1.2 4.18 1.20 | 46 1 15.07 >10 15.03 >10 15.03 >10 15.03 >10 I 47 I 14.02 >10 13.97 >10 13.98 >10 13.92 48 1 6.34 1.4 6.34 1.9 6.32 1.8 6.32 49 1 8.22 >10 8.38 >10 8.45 >10 8.55 50 1 12.04 5.4 12.12 5.6 12.24 5.4 12.16 5.60 51 I 14.40 >10 14.25 >10 14.28 >10 14.23 52 1 13.05 >10 13.00 >10 13.03 >10 12.98 53 1 13.33 6.1 13.38 6.4 13.29 6.1 13.33 6.40 54 1 15.65 3.8 15.63 3.8 15.62 4.0 15.58 3.80 55 I 7.08 1.6 7.22 1.6 7.39 1.6 7.53 1.70 56 1 - - - 57 I 14.68 2.6 - impaasable P9 1 11.97 >10 12.08 >10 12.12 >10 12.18 -— 14.7 3.0 impassable P2 I 8.89 3.7 8.6 3.8 8.88 3.8 8.80 3.60 >10 | 1.8 | >10 | | >10 | >10 | | | 1 >10 |I DEPTH EC DEPTH EC DEPTH EC DEPTH ECI----------------------------------------------- 1 I 22.9.81 5.11.81 I DEPTH EC DEPTH EC I IANNEX II Soil Profile Beacriptions Pits/Boree Noa. 55 - 98PROFILE WO: 55 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 55 b) Date of Description: 29.9.81 c) Author of Description: DRH d) Altitude: 735.75 a e) Location: AIP 36 f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Plood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Cleared and levelled g) Slope: < IX h) Vegetation/Land Use: Nil cleaned for irrigation II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 7.46 on 5.11.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 5 m g) Human Influence: Recently cleared was grazing III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: Nil Deep stratified profile with wide changes in texture. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. Strong coarse prismatic structure in the top 45 cm. Few fine surface cracks. Loose dry dusty surface. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I 0 - 35/45 I 10YR 4/3 Dry, silty clay loam, hard, strong coarse prismatic structure 10-25 cm wide and 30-45 I high. Abundanc fine roots in the cracks, few pores or roots in the peds. Clear irregular I boundary to:- I I Vertical cracking pattern. I I merging boundary to:- I 35/45 - 75 I 10YR 4/3 Dry silty clay, very hard strong coarse and mediuum subangular and angular blocky with I traces of platy structure, few roots between peds, few pores. Strong vertical and horizontal I cracking pattern. I I Clear but wavy boundary to:- I 75 - 155 I 10YR 5/3 and 6/3 Dry, silt loan and silty clay loan, slightly hard, stratified withh minor I layers of strong fine angular blocky silt clay. Co«on 7.5YR 5/6 mottle, occasional vertical I crack co depth. I I Abrupt boundary to:- I 155 - 205 1 10YR 5/3 to 6/3 Dry slighty hard and loose fine sand loam and loamy fine sand, laminated and I stratified. I Auger Bore I 205 - 210 | As above. I 210 - 350 I 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 Dry, silty clay loan and silt loam, hard and very hard, auger flour few hard | CaC03 concretions. 350 - 360 I 10YR 3/2 Dry silt clay, very hard, strong fine angular blocky. *IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth eta 360 - 390 I A. 210 - 350. I 390 - 430 I 10YR 5/3 Dry, ailt loam and fine sandy loam, hard to slightly hard, laminated I 430 - 500 I 10YR 5/3 Dry, silt loam, hard, laminated, few faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottles. I I I I I EC of soil at 480 cm 1:1 0.87 mm ho* EC of groundwater 3.50 mm hoe, depth 7.46 m Sampled Nos DRH 55/1 /2 /3 /4 0-45 45 - 75 75 - 155 155 - 205 cm IPROFILE HO: 56 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 56 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 44 g) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 8.44 e) Moisture Conditions: Dry, just moist 400 - 430 cm g) Hunan Influence: Recently cleared from Accicis scrub III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 1.12.81 d) Altitude: 732.25 m f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Levelled for irrigation h) Vegetation/Land Use: b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Grave1/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Deep, stratified profile with wide range of textures. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. Few visable salts. Dry, loose, dusty surface, no cracks. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I 0 - 45 I 10YR 5/3 Dry fine sandy loam, hard to slightly hard, massive structure, very few pores, coonon I I fine roots, occasional fine vertical crack. I Clear boundary to:- I 45 - 125 I 10YR 5/3 Dry silt loam and fine sand loam and 10YR 5/2 silt clay loam, slightly hard to hard I fine and medium platy, occasional fine root, few pores. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle, few white I soft powdery concretions of CaC03. Dark stainings on partings. I Merging into:- I 125 - 200 | 10YR 5/3 Dry silt loam and silt clay loam, slightly hard to hard massive looking with traces of I platy structure. Breaks co prismatic and subangular blocky. Many 7.5YR 5/6 mottles and dark | stainings on ped faces. Very few pores, and discontinuous narrow bands of 10YR 3/2 dry clay - I silt clay, fine and medium angular blocky, loose. I Auger Bore I 30.9.81 200 - 400 I 10YR 5/3 Dry silt loam hard, traces of platy structure, common old root channels with 7 5YR 5/6 | and black mottle. I 400 - 430 I 10YR 5/3 Just moist silt loam and fine sandy loam, very firm, massive? few fine pores and old | root channels with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 430 - 470 I 10YR 5/4 Dry silt clay loam, very hard massive, few fine pores and root channels, few black | stainings. I 470 - 500 I 10YR 4/2 Dry silt clay, extremely hard, strong fine and medium subangular blocky common fine | pores and old root channels with white powdery CaC03 inside. Common black stainings.IV PIO FILE DESC1IPT10I (COFTUTOED) Depth cs I I I EC groundwater 36.4 nn hoc and depth 8.44 n I EC soil (? 500 cn 1:1 1.20 ns hos/cn I I Sanpled DRH 56/1 0-50 I ” 56/2 50 - 100 I M 56/3 100 - 150 I " 56/4 150 - 200PROFILE 90: 57 I INFORMATION OR THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 56 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 45 g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 1.98 1.10.81 e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 90, moist to 160, then wet b) Date of Description: 1,12.81 d) Altitude: 730.25 a f) Landform: i) physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Levelled and ridged for irrigation h) Vegetacion/Land Use: b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stonea Rock Outcrops: None g) Human Influence: III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep stratified profile medium to fine textures, wet below 160 c® following irrigation. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth 0 - I I I 8.75YR 4/3 moist silt clay loam, friable to | structure, coson fine and medium roots and I I merging into:- I firm, strong coarse and medium subangular blocky fine pores, few lighter mottle? patches 25 - 50 I 10YR 3/3, 4/3 and 4/4 moist silt clay Loam, firm, massive, few pores, cocssoa medium roots. I I merging into:- I 50 - 150 I Above, friable with many 7.5YR 5/6 mottle in common pores and old root channels. C»n fine I roots. Few irregular bands and pockets of fine aogular blocky silt clay I I Clear but wavy boundary to:- I 150 - 200 Au get Bore I LOYR 3/2 moist, then wet at 160 silt clay, non-sticky becoming slightly sticky. Prismatic I structure with clay skins and slickenslides. Few pores. I | 1.10.81 200 - 230 | As above. 230 - 250 250 - 320 320 - 490 I | 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 wet silt clay loam, wet non-sticky, few fine 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and dark | stainings. I | 10YR wet silt clay, hard to auger, coaaon black staining'. I | 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 wet silt clay loam, alight ly sticky, faint dark stainings. 490 - 500 I Black and grey wet sand, falling from auger non-sticky. I IIV PROFILE DESCXIPTIOI (COMTIWUEJ) Depth cb I I I EC groundwater 2.2 sb boa at 1.98 cb I EC soil at 500 cb 1:1 0.54 d ho* cb I I Saapled DRfi 57/1 0-50 I I " 57/2 50 - 100 * 57/3 100 - 150 " 57/4 150 - 200PIOFILE 10: 58 I INFORMATION OR THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 58 c) Aathor of Description: DRH e) Location: IPI D.60 b) Date of Description: 2.12.81 d) Altitude: 731.50 a f) Landfore: i) ii) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain Surrounding Country: Flat g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION OR THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: > 5.0 m e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 200 then dry g) Hunan Influence: III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE iii) Microtopography: Levelled for (cotton) h) Vegetation/Land Dae: irrigation b) Drainage: Moderate/Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Grave1/Stoues Hock Outcrops: None Deep fine textured vertisol over stratified silts and silt clay loans. Dry self milch surface with gilgai features. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth o I I 0 - 30/40 I 10YR 3/2 Dry fine sandy clay, very hard, strong coarse and aediun prismatic, very dense cowpact | peds with rare fine root or pore. Comsoa roots in cracks between peds. Clay skins. Clear bat I irregular boundary. I 30/40-160 I 10YR 3/2 noist clay, fins to very firm. Massive looking, dries to coarse and aediuu | wb-angular blocky. Freqent vertical cracks with rare root. Clay skins and sLickanstides. | Abrupt but wavy boundary to:- I 160 - 200 I 10YR 5/3 noist silt loam and silt clay loan. Very firn, laminated few pores, nany very fine | old root channels with common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and fine powdery CaC03. Auger Bore I 200 - 250 I As above but dry sad 10YR 5/2.5. I 250 - 330 I 10YR 5/2 dry silt loan, hard, few fine pores and old root channels. Occasional black | speckling. I 330 - 460 I 10YR 5/2 Dry silt clay loan, hard as above. I 02.10.81 460 - 500 I 10YR 5.5/3 Dry silt loan, slightly hard, auger flour, few fine old root channels filled with | powdery CaCOj. I I Dry hole, close to secondary drain. I | EC soil at 500 ca 1:1 0.34 oa hot cn I I Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm | I Sampled DRH 58/1 I " 58/2 I " 58/3 " 58/4 0-40 40 - 100 100 - 160 160 - 200 I 1 II ii rPIOFILE HO: 59 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 59 c) Author of Deecriptioo: DRH e) Location: Cloee to SD04 g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: > 5a e) Moisture Conditions: Hoist except 65-180 dry g) Hunan Influence: III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 9.10.81 d) Altitude: f) Landfora: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Cattle corridor in cotton fields h) Vegetation/Land Use: Grazing b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Grave1/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Deep fine textured vertisol overlying medium textured stratified profile. Poached uneven surface with gilgai features. Dry, self mulch. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I 0 - 25 I 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay Loan, firm strong coarse and mediua subangular blocky. Pew fine | pores, old root channels snd fine roots. I 25 - 65 I 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay, very firm strong coarse prismatic, occasional live fine root, few | pores. I 65 - 180 I 10 YR 2.5/3 Dry silt clay - clay, very hard, prismatic, rare pore, occaaional dead root and fine | powdery CaCOj concretions. I 180 - 280 I 10YR 2.5/3 juat moist clay, extremely firm prismatic, clay skins, few pores or old root | channels. I 280 - 300 I As above but moist and very firm. I 300 - 330 I 10YR 5/3 moist silt loam and silt clay loam, 330 - 380 | 10YR 4/2 moist silt clay loam, clay skins. 380 - 400 I 10YR 4/2 and 4/3 moiat silt clay loam, auger | CaC03 infillings. I friable. Laminated - faint fine 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. flour, many old root channel, with whit, povderv 400 - 420 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/2 moist silt clay loan, fins laminated. Few small stones - strong reaction to I HCL. I 420 - 440 I 1OYR 4/3 moist, silt clay loan, firm, compact, few pores or root channels. 440 - 500 I 10YR 4/3 moist, sill clay, very firm, more moisture chan above. Common soft white CaCOn I concrecious. I Weak reaction co HCL 0-300 cm then strong to 500 cmIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm I I EC soil 0 300 cm 1:1 2.6 I EC soil 0 500 cm 1:1 4.4 on hos/cm nsa hos/cmPROFILE NO: 60 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: ORB 60 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 47 b) Date of Description: 2.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Laudform: i) physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Levelled for Irrigation g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: > 5m e) Moisture Conditions: Dry g) Human Influence: III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE h) Vegatation/Land Use: b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Grave1/Stonea Rock Outcrops: None Deep fine textured vertisol over stratified medium textures. Weak rection to HCL to 380 cm then strong. Fragments of limestone? at 450 cm. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0-60 60-80/90 80/90-210 Auger Bore 210 - 280 200 - 360 360 - 380 380 - 400 400 - 410 410 - ^70 I 10YR 3.5/2 dry silty clay loam, very hard, strong coarse and medium prismatic structure. I Common roots in cracks, few in peds. Strong vertical cracking, less developed horizontal I cracking. Clay skins and alickenalides below 35 cm. I | Clear but wavy boundary to:- I 1 10YR dry silty clay loam, hard, laminated structure, infillings of above. Common roots, pores | and 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I | 10YR 3/2 Clay, dry, extremely hard. Strong coarse and medium prismatic structure, breaks to | medium and coarse subangular blocky, rare pores. Strong vertical cracking. Clay skins. | Absorbs water slowly. Occasional pockets of silt. I I I | As above. I | 10YR 5/3 dry Silty clay and Silt loam, hard, laminated and platy, few pores and old root | channels. | 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 dry, very hard, massive, few fine pores, occasional white powdering | concretions. | 10YR 5/3 dry silt loam, weak fine platy structure, few porea and root channels. j 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 dry, very hard aa 360 - 380 cm. | 10YR 5/2 dry silty clay loam and silt warm, hard - very hard massive few large pores and rooc | channels. Few fine white CaC03 concretiona.IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm | I 470 - 500 I 10YR 6/3 dry ailty clay loam and silt loam, very hard massive, common fine porea and root I channels, few dark mottlea and fine white CaC03 concretions. I I Very alight reaction to HCL 0 - 380 cm, strong reaction 380 - 500 cm. I I At 450 cm fragment of hard white lime rich atone. Sampled Nob DRH 60/1 0-60 ■i 60/2 60-90 n 60/3 90 - 150 ii 60/4 150 - 200PROFILE NO: 61 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 61 c> Author of Description: DRH • ) Location: AIP 43 b) Date of Description: 1.12. d) Altitude: f) Landform: .81 i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai feature* conaon vide crack* 8) Slope: < IX h) Vegetation/Land Use: Grazing II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium b) Drainage: Moderate c) Water Table: > 5 n d) Evidence of Eroaion: Nil • ) Moisture Conditions: Dry f) Surface Gravel/Stonea • Rock Outcrops: None s) Human Influence: III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep vertisol with strata of surface. Strong reaction to silt loan* of irregular thickness and extent. Weak gilgai like features on HCL throughout. Possible buried top soils at 70 cm and 170 ca. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cs 0-60 I I 10YR 3.5/2 I occasional I horizontal I I Abrupt but dry silt clay loam, very hard, acron root in ped. Very few pores. Clay cracks. Prisms extend from 0-60. wavy boundary g coarse prismatic structure, few roots, skins. Strong vertical cracking and lesser 60 - 70 I 10YR 5/3 dry Hit 1o«b, h.rd, aediu. and fine platy .tructure with few vertical crack.. comoo I pores, few roots, infilling. of above in pipes and cracks. I Abrupt but wavy and irregular around pit. I 70 - 85 I 10YR 3/2 dry silt clay, extremely hard, strong medium prismatic, occasional medium root, few I fine pores, clay skcinlay s anakdinslsicankednal sliicdkeea nmsleidregisnmg ebrouginng darbouy nto.dary to 85 - 95 | Above but containa some silt loam as at 60-70 cm I I Clean boundary to:- 95 - 120 I I 10YR 5/3 dry silt loam and silt c lay I 120 - 170 | Clear but wavy boundary to:- I I 10YR dry silt clay/clay and 10YR | angular blocky clay in irregular I | Clean but wavy boundary to:- I 5/3 <* ‘ layers and pockets. iocerbedd'd Pl*ty, with .o« 10YR 3/2 fin. 170 - 200 | 10YR 3/1 dry clay, extremeley hard weak prismatic structure breaks to itrnno .a; I blocky. Clay akin, and slickenalidea. I I C ° $trOn» Bedlum -"RularIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cn Auger Bore 200 - 260 260 - 325 325 - 375 375 - 395 395 - 500 I I I I I As above. I 10 YR 3/2 and 5/3 silt clay loan and silt loan, dry. layers of fine angular blocky silt clay and I platy silt loan. Few white powdery CaC03> I I 10YR 3/2 Clay, dry, very hard, strong prisnatic structure, clay skins. I I 10YR 4/2 silt clay loam, dry, hard, massive, few medium pores. I I 10YR 5/3 silt and silt loam, dry slightly hard, platy structure, cosnon fine pores and root I channels with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. Sanpled DRH 61/1 0-60 it 61/2 60 - 120 it 61/3 120 - 170 it 61/4 170 - 200PROFILE HO: 62 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Nuaber: DRH 62 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 46 g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 14.71 n e) Moisture Conditions: Dry 8> Hunan Influence: III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 1.12.SI d) Altitude: f) Landfora: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Sarroanding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Very slight dunes of wind blown fine crush and grains h) Vegetation/Land Use: Crazing b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Deep stratified profile with very irregular bedding. Stroog reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION cn 15 I I I 10YR 5/3 dry clay loan, slightly hard, noderate fine, ncdiun and coarse subangular blocky 35 35 - 65 65 - 100 I structure, few roots and pores, slight vertical fine cracking pattern. I Clear boundary to:- I I 10YR 5/3 dry silt clay lose, hard, naasive, co mi on fine pores and roots. I I Clear boundary to:- I | 10YR 5/3 dry, silt lose, fine sandy loan and fine sand, slightly hard and loose. Fine and I median platy, few pores, occasional root. I | Clear but irregular bouudary:- 10YR 5/2 dry fine sand, loose, falling from pit face. 100 - 180 I 10YR 5/3 and 6/3 dry silt loan and 7.5YR 4/2 silt clay loan, I aoderate medium platy. Sone fine and medium angular blocky I and 5YR 5/6 aottle. Many root channels and pores in SiCL. weak prismatic structure and io email pockets. Strong 7.5YR 5/6 Auger Bore 180 - 215 As above. 215 - 275 275 - 330 330 - 390 390 - 450 10 YR 5/2 and 10YR 4/1 dry, fine sandy Loan and fine sand, aingle grain. 10 YR 5/3.5 dry silt 5/3.5 dry 10 YR silt 5/3.5 dry 10YR silt loan, elightly hard, platy structure few pores, root channels, loam and fine sandy loam, platy. loam, and silt clay loan, platy.IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm 450 - 470 470 - 500 I 10YR 4/3 dry si.lt clay loam - silt clay, very hard massive, I few pores. I 10YR 5/3.5 dry sill loam and fine sandy loan, platy. I I Sampled DRH 62/1 I " 62/2 0-35 35 - 65 I " 62/3 100 - 180 I i IPROFILE NO: 63 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 63 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: 1 km NW AIP 46 8) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium e) Water Table: > 5.5 ■ e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 100 then moist, wet at 480 b) Date of Description: 1.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Smooth, sealed h) Vegetation/Land Use: Grazing b) Drainage: Poor in upper layers then good d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: None I) Human Influence: III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep stratified profile, throughout profile. strongly structured upper subsoil, dry Loose dusty surface. Strong rection to HCL IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0-35 35 - 55 55 - 85 85 - 105 I 10YR 5/3 dry fine sandy loam, slightly hard, moderate fine and medium subangular blocky, | comnone fine roots and fine pores. I I Clean boundary to:- | 10YR 4/2 and 7.5YR 5/2 silt clay/clay, dry, hard, strong fine and medium angular blocky I structure, common 7.5YR 5/6 and black mottle. Common roots between peds. I Clean wavy boundary:- I | 10YR 5/3 dry silt loam, hard to very hard, massive with vertical cracks, giving weak prismatic I appearance, few roots, pores, root channels. Common 7.5YR 5/6 and black mottle. I | Clean boundary to:- I 10YR 4/2 dry silt clay extremely hard, atroog Cine and medium angulor blocky in fin. and medium | prisms. Co«n vertical cracking. Common 7.5YR 4/6 and black mottle. I I Clear wavy boundary:- 105 - 200 I I 10YR 5/3 dry silt loam and fine sandy loam, hard massive, | root channels. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. “ few fine vertical cracks, pores and I .... Pockets and thin irregular leases of the fine angular * blocky silt clay above. I I Sampled DRH 63/1 0-35 I I 63/2 35 - 55 h 63/3 55 - 85 I I u 63/4* 85 - 105 ii 63/5 105 - 200IV PROFILE Depth cm Auger Bore 200 - 280 280 - 310 310 - 330 330 - 420 420 - 480 480 - 530 530 - 550 DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) I I 10YR 5/2.5 moist fine sandy loam and silt loam, very friable, moderate fine and very fine I platy. Common fine pores and root channels with 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I I 10YR 4/2 and 5/2 moist fine sandy loam and loamy fine land, very friable. Termite nest frass I and living termites organic matter. I I 10YR 5/3 and 5/2 moist silt loam, very friable, strong fine and very fine platy. Few pores or I root channels. I I 7.5YR 3/2 moist silt clay loam, very friable, massive, termite frass. I I 10YR 4/3 - 4/4 moist, silt loam Above but wet non-sticky. - loam, very friable massive few pores , roots. I or root channels. Coasson 7.5YR Sampled DRH 63/1 0-35 I 10YR 5/2 and 6/3 wet fine sandy loan and loamy sand. Traces of fine platy structure, few pores 5/6 mottle. One live medium root. •I 63/2 35 - 55 I I II 63/3 55 - 85 • 1 63/4 85 - 105 II 63/5 105 - 200PIO FILE BO: (A I INFORMATION OH THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 64 c) Author of Description: ORB b) Date of Description: 1.12.81 d) Altitude: e) Location: 1 km NNW AIP 44 f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Smooth g) Slope: < 12 II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: > 5 m e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 110, then taoist wet at 300 cm g) Human Influence: III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Grazing b) Drainage: Good d) Evidence of Erosion: None f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcropa: Nil Deep, generally coarse textured, stratified profile with narrow bands of fine angular blocky clay. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I 0 - 17 I 10YR 5/3 dry fine sandy loam, dry loose to slightly hard, moderate fine and medium subangular | blocky. Common fine pores and roots. I | Clean boundary to:- I 17 - 35 I 10 YR 5/3 .ad 4/2 dry fine .andy 1q««, .ilt lo.« and day, looae and hard. La.inaCed io u_era | and small pockets, few fine pores and fine white powdery CaC0 . 3 | Clean but wavy boundary to:- I 35 - 50 I 10YR 6/2 and 5/2 dry fine sand, loose, single grain, occasional fine root. | Clean but irregular boundary:- I 7 50 - 140 I 10YR 5/3 dry lilt Ion .nd Cine ..ndy lo„, .nd d.y, ladn.r.d. Stron, platy aDd fin. annular I blocky. Irregular and discontinuous bedding. Common fine powdery CaC0 . 3 | Clear boundary to:- I 140 - 195 I 10YR 5/3 dry fine sandy loam, hard, massive, traces of platy structure, few pores or root | channels. Few fine white powdery CaC0 . 3 I Auger Bore I 195 - 230 I 10YR 5/2 .nd 5/3 ju.t wi.t, .ilt .nd .lit loa., friable, platy, lev pore. and J.5YR 5/6 | mottle. 230 - 300 I a.WB */2 -oi.t, .ilt loa. .nd loa.y fine ..nd, very friable, le.in.t.d, few pore, end 7.5Y* | 5/6 mo ttle. I 300 - 330 I 8.75YR 4/3 wet, silt loam, non-aticky. breaks to single grain, no roots.IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm 330 - 350 350 - 390 390 - 410 410 - 420 420 - 500 I I I 8.75YR 4/3 wet fine sandy loan, non-sticky. I 8.75YR 4/3 wet ailt loam and ailt clay loam, non-sticky. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and CaCOj I concretions. I I 8.75YR 3/2 wet. Silt clay loam, non-aticky. I 10YR 3/2 moiat ailt clay, strong fine angulor blocky structure, friable. I I As above but weak structure and few 10YR 6/6 mottle. Sampled DRH 64/1 0-35 ii 64/2 35 - 60 ii 64/3 60 - 140 ii 64/4 140 - 195PROFILE RO: 65 I INFORMATION OR THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 65 b) Date of Description: 17.10.81 c) Author of Description: DRH d) Altitude: e) Location: 1 kn W of AIP 41 f) Land fora: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Smooth g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 4.85 m e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 390 then wet h) Vegetation/Land Ose: Gazing close to vilage b) Drainage: Good d) Evidence of Erosion: Slight sheet wash f) Surface Cravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: None R) Human Influence: Heavily animals trampled by grazing and san III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep stratified profile with many alterations in texture. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm Auger Bore 0-25 25 - 90 90 - 180 180 - 200 200 - 280 280 - 310 310 - 370 370 - 390 390 - 450 450 - 480 480 - 510 I I I 10YR 5.5/3 dry, loam, slightly hard, weak fine and medium subangular blocky, few pores and dead | fine roots. Common very fine white powdery CaCOp I | 10YR 5/3 dry, silt Loam, slightly hard. Auger flour. I I 10YR 6/3 dry silt loam and fine sandy loam, slightly hard. Faint traces of platy structure. I Auger flour. I I 10YR 6/3 dry silt and silt Loam, hard, very fine and fine platy structure, few pores. Few I 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and black strainings on laminations. I 10YR 5/2 and 6/3 dry silt and silt loam, hard, massive, few pores and root channels. Co am on I 7.5YR 5/6, black mottle. Few blue/black concretions. I | 10YR 5/2 end 6/3 dry, silt loam and silt clay loam, hard, weak medium and coarse platy. | Abundant black and blue/black mottle. Few root channels. I | 10YR 5/2 dry fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand and silt, slightly hard, laminated. I | 8.75YR dry silt clay Loam, very hard, Laminated. Common faint 7.5YR 5/6 and black mottle I | 8.75YR 4/3 wet silt Loam, non-sticky, probably laminated. Coanon 7.5YR 5/6 and black mottle. | 8.75YR 4/3 and 10YR 5/2. Silt clay loam and silt loam, wet non-sticky, massive, few 7.5YR 5/6 I mott le. I | 10YR 3/3 wet silt loam, non-sticky, pockets of water. Common black mottle.PROFILE WO: 66 I INFORMATION OR THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 66 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 52 g) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION OR THE SOIL a) Parant Material: Alluvium c) Vater Table: 12.89 n e) Moisture Conditions: Dry g) Hunan Influence: Cleared from Acacia wood land for cotton III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE PROFILE Deep vertisol with band of silt loam 100 - 120 cm. b) Date of Description: 2.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Plood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Plat iii) Microtopography: Slight Gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Dense Cyperus rotundas b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Grcvel/Stouea Rock Outcrops: None Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0 - 10/15 I I I 10 YR 5/2 dry silt clay loam, very hard r --------------------------- | few pores or root channels, comon line roots. I I Clear boundary to:- I to extremely hard, strong coarse and medium prismatic, roots. Strong vertical cracking pattern. Clay skins 10/15-100 100 - 120 120 - 190 Auger Bore I 10YR 4/2 dry lilt loam, extremely hard, strong coarse and medium prismatic, breaks to angular I blocky. Few pores or root channels. Occasional root and while CaC03 concretion in root I channel. Clay skins and s likenslides. Irregular boundary to:- I I Above with pockets of 10YR 5/3 silt. Abrupt, wavy boundary to:- I 10YR 3/2 Sillel.y/cl.y dry, .xtreaely hard, .trong co.r.e rod Bediu. pri.Bacic fburi.d I ~rf.e.7), Cl.y .kin. .nd .lick.n.Hd... infixing. of strong fin. I pores, root channels. No roots. Strong vertical cracking pattern. I few ** ‘ 190 - 300 300 - 450 I As above. I | 10YR 5/3 dry. loa ® and aandy loam, hard, fine and medium platy, | channels. Few 7.SYR 5/6 mottles in root channels. 450 - 500 I 10YR 5/3 and 5/6 dry, fine sandy loam, loose, single grain. few pore and rootPROFILE NO: 67 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Nuaber: DRH 67 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 54 g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 15.48 a a) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 5n g) Hunan Influence: Cleared froa Acacia Woodland III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 2.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Landfora: i) Phyaiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopograpby: Uneven, gilgi feature h) Vegetation/Land One: Levelled for Cotton b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stonee Rock Outcrops: None Deep well developed vertiaol over stratified coarse aaterial. Strong reaction to HCL throughout profile. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth ca I 0 - 50 I 10YR 4/2 and 3/2 dry clay loaa and silt clay loan, extremely hard, very coarse pristaic | (25 x 25 a 50 high). Very coarse vertical cracks; l-5ca. Few roots, occasional root in ped. I Clayskins. Rare root channel with grey mottle. On brekaing priaaa, traces of platy structure. I Clear but wavy boundary. I 50 - 100 I 10YR 4/2 dry, siltclay/clay strong coarse and medium prismatic, very coapact peds, rare pore I clay skins, slickenslidee. Both vertical and horizontal cracking. I merging into:* I 100 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 dry clay, extremely hard, massive breaks to weak coarse prismatic, very compact rare I pore or root channel. Clay skins. Few powdery CaC03 concretions in root channels. Occasional | snail pocket of silt. Sone angular blocky, loose, silt clay in cracks. Auger Bore I 200 - 220 I As above. I 220 - 270 I 10YR 5/3 dry, loaay fine sand, loose, single grain. Few faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and powderv I CaC0 . 3 ’ P I 270 - 330 I 10 YR 5/3 dry, fine sandy loan and silt loan, slightly hard and hard, platy structure few fainr | 7.5YR 5/6 mottle and powdery CaC0 . 3 * I 330 - 360 1 Aa 220 -270. 360 - 480 I As above with narrow bands of silt loam. I 480 - 510 I 10YR 4/2 and 6/3 dry, sill day loan, hard, massive. Common fine pores, faint 7.5YR 5/6 mottle.IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth c« I I I Sampled DRH 67/1 0 -- 50 67/2 50 ■- 100 67/3 100 -- 150 67/4 150 ■- 200PROFILE RO: 68 I INFORMATION OR THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 68 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: 1.5 km S of AIP 45 g) Slope: < LX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 3.52 b) Data of Description: 2.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Smooth, no cracks. Firm h) Vegetatioa/Land Use: Grazing b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Slight sheet wash «) Moisture Conditions: Dry to wet at 2 b then moist, 2.4 m f) Surface Grave1/Stonea Rock Outcrops: None g) Human Influence: Overgrazed trampled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep stratified profile. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth Auger 0 - cm Bore 70 I I I I ] 10YR 5/2.5 dry, Loam, slightly hard, weak to moderate coarse, medium and fine subaagular I blocky, few fine pores. Common dead fine roots. Coarse sand infillings between peds. 70 - 130 | 10YR 3/2 and 4/2 silt clay/clay, just moist, very friable, strong angular blocky and massive 130 - 150 150 - 170 170 - 200 200 - 240 240 - 300 300 - 380 380 - 400 400 - 480 | few fine roots, clay skins. I | As above but dry. I | 8.75YR 4/2 dry, sandy loam, slightly hard, massive. I | 8.75YR 4/2 dry, silt loam, slightly hard, platy. I | as above, moist and very friable. I | 10YR 3/3 wet, silt clay loam, non-sticky, few 3/1 mottle. I | 8.75YR 3/2 wet, silt clay loam, non-sticky. I | 8.75YR 3/2 wet, sand, non-sticky. I | 8.75YR 3/2 wet, silt clay loam, slightly sticky. 480 - 500 | 10YR 3/2 -oi.t, silt cl.y/cl.y, extremely firm. Few 3/1 mottle end bln./bl.ek .Lining,.PROFILE WO: 69 1 INFORMATION OR THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 69 b) Date of Description: 1.1 2.81 c) Author of Description: DRH d) Altitude: e) Location: P9 f) Land fora: i) Physiographic Position : Flood Plain/River levee ii) Surrounding Country: Slight undulating iii) Microtopography: Gilg i Features g) Slope: < 12 h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium b) Drainage: Poor to 70 cm then moderate c) Water Table: 8.93 m d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil e) Moisture Conditions: Moist f) Surface GraveL/Stones Rock Outcrops: None g) Human Influence: Irrigated Cotton III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Shallow, fine textured prismatic, well developed vertisol over stratified sands and silts. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I 0 - 65 I 10YR 3/2 moist, silt clay-clay, strong coarse and medium - I then few. Clay skins and slickenslides, clear but wavy boundary:-’ °° r°Ot" C°P 4° C*’ 65 - 100 | 10YR 5/3 moist silt loam and 4/3, 6/3 fine sand, massive verv fri-hl. v I pockets and lenses. Rare fine root. I I Clear boundary to:- I 100 - 130 I 10YR 5/3 .oi.t .ilt loa. .nd 5/1 - 6/1 fine „„dy lo„ la in te<J, v„y fri,ble .. 130 - 200 I 10 YR 5/3 .oi.t .ilt loa., very friable, la.in.t.d, few fine ,.ndy parting.. Auger Bore I 200 - 220 I As above. ’ liable. Fine sand m small u• I 220 - 230 I 10YR 3/2 .oi.t, 230 - 235 I 10YR 3/2 .oi.t. 5 5/3 ”Oi't’ “lt l°‘° <nd .ilt clay-clay, .ilt clay-clay, friable, fir., .trong fine angular end .ub.ngul.r blocky. few pore., faint fine 7>JYR 5/6 .ottU 235 * 250 |«”le : I 250 - 390 I 10YR 4/4 .oi.t, 390 - 450 I 10YR 3.5/2 .ilt | angular blocky. I .ilt elay lo«, clay-.ilt clay loa., moi.t £i °* ’"dy .oi.t very 1O *“1 V*ry fri*bU- L..in.t.d, co—on 7.5YR 5/6 friable, l„in.t«d, co—on fin. pore.. 'P ly friable, probably prismatic cl w prismatic. Clay .kins, some fine 450 - 500 I 10YR 3.5/2 .oi.t, sandy clay I0..-I0.., friable, prob.bly pri.n.tic, cUy ,ki„,. IIV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth ca I I I Stapled DRH 69/1 0-65 | 1 " 69/2 65-130 " 69/3 130 - 200 IPROFILE NO: 70 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Nunber: DRH 70 b) Date of Description: 1.12.81 c) Author of Description: DRH d) Altitude: e) Location: AIP 49 f) Landfora: i) Pbyaiograpbic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Cilgei - well developed g) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 6.79 n e) Moisture Conditions: Moist g) Hunan Influence: Irrigated Cotton III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE h) Vegetation/Land Oae: Cotton • b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Eroeion: Nil f) Surfnce Cravel/Stonee lock Outcrops: None Deep well developed vertisol over stratified silts and sands. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth ca I I 0 - 50 I 10YR 3/2 aoist, silt clay-clay, firn, strone coarse .na —.a; I slickeoslides, co mon fine roots, few in peds, few pores prisaatic. Clay skins and I aerging into:- I 50 - 110 I As above but aoderate structure. Clear but wavy boundary to:- 110 - 150 I 10 YR 3.5/2 aoist, silt clay - silt clay loan, extreaelv fi™ I .iib.ngular bl ocky, few root., per... Cl.y .kin,. pj £•„ l^b“‘k" ”' “ diU M?u I Clear boundary to:- I 150 - 200 I 8.75YR aoi.t, .ilt low and fine ..nd lo.m, la.in.ted few ... . I 7.5YR 5/6 aoetle. meted, few pore., root chennel. with .trong I Auger Bore I I 200 - 280 I As above. I 280 - 350 I 10YR 6/3 .ox.t, fine ..ndy lo„ .nd l.o.y fi„ sand, very frilbl< 350 - 410 I 10YR 3/2 noise, clay, very fins, prismatic, clay skins few r «r O 410 - 440 I 10YR 4.5/4 noise, silt loan, friable, laminated. Few 7.5YR 5/4 no n Cc 440 - 490 I 7.5YR 3/2 aoist, silt clay loan, firn, aasaive. 490 - 500 I 7.5YR 3/2 and 5YR 4.5/4 weathered volcanic ash, few fine white CaC03 y sains, rev root channels with 4/2 mottle. , .IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm I Sampled DRH 70/1 0-50 H 70/2 50 - no it 70/3 no - 150 it 70/4 150 - 200PROFILE NO: 71 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE *) Profile Number: DRH 71 c) Author of Description: DRH •) Location: 2 km N of AIP 39 g) Slope: < 1Z II GENELAL INFOLMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 1.5 m (see note below) e) Moisture Conditions: 0-90 cn Dry then m b) Date of Description: 26.10.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Smooth, no cracks b) Vegeta tion/Land Dae: Cotton iat • wet at 250 cm b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Eroeion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stouea Rock Outcrop*: None g) Human Influence: Cattle corridor in Cot III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE P1OFILE Deep fine textured profile over stratified silts and sands Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE Depth cm 0-25 DESCRIPTION 10YR 5/2 (10YR 4.5/2 wet) silt clay loam, hard, moderate fine and conon fine pores, few dead fine roots. medium subangular blocky, 25 - 90 10YR 3/2 dry, silt clay, very hard moderate to strong, subangular occasional fine white powdery CaCOj. blocky, rare pores, 90 - 180 180 - 215 215 - 250 250 - 310 8.75YR 3/2 silt el.y, moist, fir. moderate .ediu. priswtie. Co.p.ct r.re pore and fine root. I 10YR I with I | 10YR I 4/4 3/2 lo *-- fi~- *>"• - — ch„nel. 3/2 moist silt clay, firm, massive, n.rrow b.nd. of 10YR 5/3 .in. Ab orb, . 9lowly. I As above I but wet, slightly sticky. 310 - 390 I 10YR 5/3 and 4/3 silt loan and silt clay 390 - 430 430 - 470 470 - 500 I I As above I wet slightly sticky. but | 8.75YR 5/3 wet, fine sandy loam and silt loam, wet non-aticky, laminated. Loam, non-sticky, laminated. Clay‘ CXCre“ely fir°‘ ab’°rb' W<ter 9lOWly‘ SCr°"‘ very faint I | Groundwater at 250 cm rose 1 m in 6 hrs.PROFILE NO: 72 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 72 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: Near P2 g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 8.24 a e) Noiature Conditions: Moist g) Human Influence: Research Plot III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Well developed vertisol over straeified silts and clays. 140 an. 140-300 slight and 300-500 strong. b) Date of Description: 5.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: River Levee ii) Surrounding Country: Slightly uneven iii) Microtopography: Gilgai features b) Vegetation/Land Dae: Pasture trials b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Slight reaction to HCL 0-90 cm, then 9trong to IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cs 0-20/30 20/30-50 50 - 190 Auger Bore 190 - 220 220 - 280 280 - 300 JOO - 500 I 10YR 3.5/2 just moist (3/2 moist) silt clay loam, very firm strong coarse prismatic with soi | aubangular blocky, rare root between peds, no pores, rare root channel. Clay skins. | Wavy boundary to:- I | 10YR 3/2 just moist, silt clay loam, very firm, strong coarse angular blocky and prismatic. I rare root, no pores in peds. Abrupt wavy boundary I | 10R 2.5/2 just moist silt clay, extremely firm, strong coarse prismatic, old surface? Clay | skins and slickensides, very rare root. No pores in peds. Absorbs water slowly. I I | I As above. I 10YR 3/2 just moist clay, extremely firm prismatic, clay skins, few pores. | slowly. I I 10YR 4/3 moist, silt loam - sill clay loam, friable, massive, few pores and | 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I | 10YR 6/3 moist, silt loam and fine sandy loam, friable, laminated, very few | channels. | Sampled DRH 72/1 0-30 Absorbs water root channels with pores and root | I * 72/2 30 - 100 " 72/3 100 - 190PROFILE NO: 73 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 73 c) Author of Description: DRH c) Location: 2 km N of AIP 38 g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Tabla: 1.75 m a) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 25 cm theo wet to 300 theo moist to 500 g) Hunan Influence: Irrigated Pasture III BRIEP DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 1.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Landfora: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Smooth h) Vegetation/Land One: Pasture (sown) b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Eroaion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stonea Rock Outcrops: None Weakly developed vertisol over stratified silts and clays. Slight reaction to HCL 0-45 cm then strong throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION I I 0-25/30 I 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay loam, very friable. Strong coarse and medium prismatic, few roots I clay skins. Interior of ped dense and compact. * ’ I I Clear irregular boundary to:- I 25/30-75 I 10YR 4/4 and 10YR 3/2 silt loam < | and medium angular blocky. Few i and silt clay roots. Common 7 *vo loam, wet non-sticky. Massive and strong fine 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. • I 75 - 155 and fine sandy loam, non-sticky, laminated, rare root, few 155 - 175 Auger Bore 175 - 210 210 - 240 240 - 280 I Clear but wavy boundary to:- I 1 10YR 4/4 and 4/3 wet, silt loam | pores. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I I Abrupt but wavy boundary to:- I I 10YR 3/2 wet, clay, slightly sticky prismatic, I I Water at 1.75 m. I I I | As above. I | 8.75YR 3/2 and 4/2 moist silt clay loam, firm. | Absorbs water slowly. I | As above but wet, slightly sticky. I clay skins and slickensides. Laminated. Common fine pores and 3/1 mottle 280 - 360 I 10YR 2.5/2 moist clay, fir, compact, clay skin, 3/1 mottle.IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth ca 360 - 470 1 10YR 5/3, 5/4 and 4/3 noiat ailt loaa, fira, aaoaive, few porea and root channela with fine 1 white powdery CaCOj. 1 470 - 480 1 10YR 3/2 noiat clay, very fire, coapact, rare porea, clay akin, black ataininga. Abaorba water I alowly. 11 480 - 500 I Ao 360 - 470 above. 1 1 Sampled DRH 73/1 0-30 1 I M 73/2 30 - 100 " 73/3 100 - 175PROFILE HO: 74 I INFORMATION OH THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 74 c) Author of Description: DRH a) Location: AIP 39 R) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL •) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 1.85 s •) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 50 cm then moist to 50 cm wet at 50 g) Human Influence: III BRIEP DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE Deep fine textured vertisol over stratified silts b) Date of Description: 1.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Uneven - Cilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Mil f) Surface Grave1/Stones Rock Outcrops: Hone and clays. Strong rection to HCL throughout profile. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I 0-25/30 I 10YR 4.5/3 dry silt clay loan, hard strong very coarse prismatic. Conason fine roots, some in | peds. Few pores and root channels, clear but wavy boundary to:- I 25/30-50 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 moist silt clay loam, friable, weak to moderate fine and medium subangular | blocky. Common fine roots, few pores. I | Clear boundary to:- I 50 - 100 | As above but wet non-sticky I I merging into: - I 100 - 175 I 10YR 4/4 wet silt clay, slightly sticky. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 175 - 200 I 10YR 3/2 wet clay, non-sticky, strong coarse prismatic. Clay skins and slickensides white | deposit on sides of pit. I Auger Bore I 200 - 210 I As above. 210 -270 | 8.75YR 4/4 and * 3/2 wet silt clay loam, alightly sticky, massive. 270 -315 I 8.75YR 3/3, 4/3 and 5/4 wet silt loam and fine sandy loam, non-aticky I 315 -385 I 10YR 3/2 moist 385 -410 I 7.57YR 4/3 and I silt clay, very firm, prismatic clay skint. 3/2 silt loam moist, friable, massive. 410 - 500 I 10YR 3/1 and 2.5/2 moist, clay, very firm, prismatic, clay skina. Few white powdery CaC0 . 3PROFILE 75 I INFORMATION ON IBB SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 75 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: Al? 32 g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluviun c) Water Table: 6.03 ■ e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 120 then moist, wet at 450 cn g) Hunan Influence: Research Plot III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 5.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Landfore: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ix) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Slightly uneven h) Vegetation/Land Use: Pasture trial b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Deep, fine textured profile over stratified silts and clays. Slight reaction to HCL 0-30 cm, then strong IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION I I 0-25 25 -120 I 10YR 5/3.5 dry, clay loan, hard, strong medium and coarse subangular blocky. Common vertical I cracks at 5-7 cm spacing. Abundant dead grass roots, comoQ pores and root channels, insect I frass. Clear but slightly wavy boundary to:- 10YR 5/3.5 dry. «ilt clay loam, slightly hard massive, r---------------------------------------- i subangular blocky. Common roots, few pores. Occasional 7.5YR 5/Vi«le«d Abrupt boundary to:- 120 - 190 1 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay, e 1 Common medium roots. I| ~ely fir,. .troog MdiuB pri,MciC( and fine sandy Loam.- Very friable, lasdnated, few loam, very friable, laminated, few porea. cr<ck» -------------- black stainings. and slickensides 190 - 220 220 - 280 280 - 340 340 - 450 450 - 480 480 - 500 1 As above. II I 8.75YR 4/3 moist silt loam 11 1 8.75YR 3/3 moist silt clay pores. I 8.75YR 3/3 moist silt loam,, very friable, laminated. 1 | I1 Above but wet non-sticky. I 8.75YR 3/3 moist silt loam . very fri.bl., 1 I Sampled DRH 75/1 0 - 25 t „, r00c. 1 " 75/2 25 - 65 1 " 75/3 65 - 120 1 " 75/4 120 -190PROFILE RO: 76 I INFORMATIOR ON THE SITE ■) Profile Numbar: DRH 76 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 51 g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 13.65 b) Date of Description: 2.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Land form: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Strong gilgai h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Cleared for Cotton Moisture Conditions: Dry e) 8> Human Influence: Cleared to 210 cn then ssoist from Acacia woodland b) Drainage: Poor Evidence of Erosion: Nil d) f) Surface GraveI/Stones Rock Outcrops: None III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep strongly developed vertisol over stratified silts clay and sands. Strong reaction to HCL throughout profile. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0-70/80 I I I LOYR 3/2 dry clay, strong medium and coarse prismatic, extremely hard. Common roots, few in 70/80-160 160 • - 200 200 • - 210 210 ■ - 260 260 - - 410 410 - - 460 460 - 500 | peds. Occasional pore and root channel. Clay skins and slickensides. Trace of platy I structure in peds. I I Merging irregular boundary to:- I I LOYR 5/3 dry silt loam, fine sandy loam and loamy fine sand, slightly hard, laminated with | narrow discontinuous bands of 10YR 3/2 clay, fine angular blocky I | Clear boundary to:- I I 10YR 3/2 dry silt clay, hard, and LOYR 5/3 dry silt slightly hard. Laminated. Occasional | vertical crack. Few N5/- mottle. I | As above. I | As above but moist and very friable. I | 10YR 3/2 Kilt clay. extre.ely firm, strong pri.natic, clay skin, ,„d slickensides. Absorbs | water rapidly and slumps. I I 10YR 5/3 moist silt loam, friable, laminated. I | 8.75YR 4/2 moist, silt clay loam, very friable, nassive. Occaaional coarse angular blockv | Common pores, root channels with white powdery CaCOj. I 1 Sampled DRH 76/1 0 - 70 '• 76/2 70 - 160 " 76/3 160 - 200 7*I t- .. . r .. i kJ ki !PROFILE WO: 77 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 77 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: 0.5 kn S of AIP 38 g) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THESOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Tabla: > 5.0 m b) Date of Description: 10.10.81 d) Altitude: f) Landfora: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Pasture, irrigated a) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 250 cm then dry b) Drainage: Poor d) Evideace of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stonea Rock Outcrops: None s) Human Influence: III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Shallow vertisol over stratified silts and clay. Reaction to HCL, 0-100 slight, 100-500 strong. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm Auger Bore 0 - 15 I I I I I 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay loan, strong fine aediun and coarse subangular blocky, firn. Clay | skins, few live and dead fine roots. I 15 - 90 I 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay, firn, strong course and medium prismatic, clay akina slickensides few I pores, dead and live fine roots. I 90 - 120 I 10YR 5/3 just aoist fine sandy loan and silt loan, friable. Strong fine and aediun subangular I blocky. Common fine pores, root channels and 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I 120 - 160 I 10YR 5/3 moist silt clay loam, extremely firm, massive, compact, few root channels with black I stainings. 160 - 250 250 - 300 I | 8.75YR 3/2 moist silt clay loam, very firm, massive, few very fine roots. I | 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 dry silt clay loan, very hard, massive, rare pores and root channels. 300 - 320 I 10YR 3/2 dry clay, extremely hard, massive, absorbs water slowly rare pores or root channels. 320 - 500 | LOYR 5/3 and 6/4 dry silt loam and fine sandy loam, hard becoming firn. Laminated faint few I 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. Few pores and root channels. II i t (•PROFILE RO: 78 I INFORMATION ON IB I SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 78 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 53 g) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Vater Table: 13.00 m e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 270 s) Human Influence: Partly cleared cotton III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep stratified silts and sands. Slight reaction b) Date of Description: 2.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Land fora: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Plat iii) Microtopography: Gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Grazing cm then moist for irrigated b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: None HCL 0-30 cm then 9trong below to 500 cm to IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION I I 0 - 25 25 I 8.75YR 4/2 dry clay loam, hard, strong fine, medium I pores and fine roots. Regular fine vertical cracks 30 I 10YR 5/2 dry, fine sandy loam, hard, laminated, few and coarse subangular blocky. Comon fine merging into:- fine dead roots. but wavy boundary to:- 30 I I Abrupt I 70 I 8.75YR I clay. I I Abrupt loam, hard laminated with chin bands of fine angular blocky boundary to:- I 70 - 100 I 10YR 3/2 dry silt clay, very hard. I 10YR 5/3 silt. Laminated. Coonon I I Abrupt boundary to:- I Strong fine and medium angular blocky with thin bands of fine roots. 100 - 200 I 1°” | fine and medium angular blocky clay. 5/ ]V' d i1 lo ," £i“ ?*°dT lo“’ h"d‘ with <i.cootinuou. narrow band, of arrow Bands of Bore Auger 200 - 260 260 - 330 330 - 450 I | Occasional vertical crack extending from the surface to 200 cm. II I | As above. I | 10Y» J/2 aoiat clay, vary fina, acrong pri.natic and fin. | few black staimngs. • I | 10YR 5/3 -oi.t lilt loam and fin. a.ndy lo.., friable, ia.inated. R.r. por. and root channel . oguUr block F pew Xlae CaC03 andI IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED) Depth cm | 450 - 500 | 8.75YR 4/5 moist, silt clay loam, firm, meiife, Few fine angular blocky clay. Absorbs water I slowly. I I Sampled DRH 78/1 0-70 | " 78/2 70 - 140 | " 78/3 140 - 200 IPROFILE BO: 79 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 79 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 56 (near) l) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: > 5 a e) Moisture Conditions: Dry, moist below 300 cm g) Human Influence: Partly cleared and levelled for cotton III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Very stroogly dveloped vertisol over stratified silts and clay. 300-350 cm. Strong reaction 70-300 cm and 350-500 cm. b) Date of Description: 2.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Land form: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Very uneven. Strong gilgoii features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Grazing - Fuel wood b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Grave1/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Weak reaction to HCL 0-70 cm and IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth 0 - 70 10YR 3/2 dry clay, extremely hard, strong coarse and I medium angular blocky. Clay skins and slickensides, medium prismatic, breaks to coarse and 70 - I white CaCOj powder and shell fragments. Abrupt boundary to:- I 90 I 10YR 3/2 .nd 5/3 dry .ilt cl.y .nd .ill lo.n U.in.ted Few roots in cracks, rare in peds. Rare I Common fine roots. I 90 - 180 10YR 5/3 dry silt loam and fine sandy loam, sli strong fine angular blocky, laminated. Comon ’ with some infilling* from above. ghtly hard and 10YR 3/2 fine roots.90-120 cm. dry silt clay, hard I Clear but irregular boundary to:- I 180 - 200 | 10YR 3/2 dry silt clay-clay, very hard, strong fine I prismatic appearance. Rare root, common fine CaCOj | 7.SYR 5/6 mottle. (Buried surface?)* I and medium angular powder on peda and blocky with weak black stainings. Few Auger Bore I 200 - 300 I As above, becoming just moist. I 300 - 500 | 10YR 5/3 moist, silt loam, vary friable, massive, occasional root, few | Sampled DRH 79/1 0-70 I " 79/2 70 - 180 pores and root channels | " 79/3 180 - 210PIOFILI NO: 80 I INFORMATION ON THZ SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 80 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: 1 km ME AIP 33 g) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: > 5 m e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 35 cd then moist g) Human Influence: Overgrazed and trampled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 13.11.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Smooth, sealed no cracks h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Graxing b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Slight sheet wash f) Surface Gravel/Stones Occasional lava blocks to Rock Outcrops: 20 cm Deep stratified silt clay loan over silt loam and saad. volcanic outcrop/cone. Strong rection to HCL throughout. Nearbye IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I Auger Bore I I 0 - 35 I 8.75YR 5/3 dry clay loam, alightly hard, moderate fine, medium and coarse subangular blocky. | Few porea, occasional fine dead root. I 35 - 120 I 10YR 5/3 moist silt clay loam, firm, auger flour, rare pore and fine dead root. 120 - 210 I 10YR 4/3 moist silt clay loam, firm, strong fine and medium subangular blocky. Coamon fine 1 pores, rare dead root. I 210 - 420 I 10yr 5/4 moist silt loam and fine sandy loam, laminated. Few pores and root channels with | 7.57YR 5/6 mottle. I 420 - 500 I 10YR 3/2 moist, silt clay, firm, probably prismatic with some fine angular blocky.to to to to to to to u lo n n a to to to to to toPROFILE NO: 81 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 81 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: Alp 34 g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluviua c) Water Table: 2.75 ■ e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 80 cn, uoist to 95 then wet g) Huaan Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 30.11.81 d) Altitude: f) Landfora: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton, poor growth b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Eroaion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Deep well developed vertisol over stratified sands and clays. Strong reaction to HCL throughout, Cotton crop, very variable growth, early ripening in aany parts of field. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth ca 0-25/30 I I I 10YR 3/2 dry silt clay and 10YR 5/2 - 5/3 dry silt I moderate subangular blocky and loose single grain. | Abrupt but wavy boundary to:- clay warn. Fill material, Coewon roots. •trong to 25/30-80 I 10YR 3/2 dry, clay, extremely hard, strong coarse and I between peds, no roots in peds common roots in cracks very coarse , clayskina. prismacic. Wide cracks 80 - 95 95 - 170 170 - 190 190 - 210 Auger Bore 210 - 260 260 - 300 I Abrupt boundary to:- I | 10YR 3/2 just moist, clay strong, fine angulor, blocky, very firm. Clay skins, rare root I | Abrupt boundry to:- I I 10YR 3.5/3 wet, sandy loam, massive, non-aticky. Occasional large dead root. I I Abrupt wavy boundary to:- I 10YR 3/2 and 3/3 wet, silt clay loaa, scroog fine angulor blocky and massive, non-aticky. I I Clear boundary to:- I I 10YR 3/2 wet, sandy loam, non-aticky, massive, few pores. i I As above. I I 10YR 3/2 wee, .lit clay, .trong pri.a.tic, clay .kin., .lightly .tickyCE3T3W. ICDSnXCKD) Sit* " -“Hi 7’T ~ xCxrr^ but noist, absorbs water slowly. K'3 and i/4 moist sil t loam and loamy fine sand, laminated DRfi 81/1 0-30 »< 81/2 30 - 95 •• 81/3 95 - 15 0 H 81/4 150 - 200 •1 iPROFILE NO: 82 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 82 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: b) Date of Description: 30.11.81 d) Altitude: f) Landfora: i) Physiographic Position: Flood plain-close to escorpoent ii) Surrounding Country: iii) Microtopography: g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium/colluvium c) Water Table: > 3.8 m e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 190 then taoist g) Hunan Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Very deep well developed vertisol with stratified fine textured horizons 0-300 cm very strong 300-380 ca. Cotton, very poor stunted growth. h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton h) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stones Occa sional rock fragment and Rock Outcrops: outw ash gravel to depth. Strong rection to HCL IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth ca 0-90 90 - 190 Auger Bore 190 - 220 220 - 320 320 - 360 360 - 380 I 10YR 5/3 dry clay loam, strong coarse prismatic, very hard. Few roots in cracks, rare in peds I Fine sandy coatings on peds. Absorbs water rapidly. I Clear but wavy boundary to:- I I 10YR 3/2 dry silt clay, missive, with frequent vertical cracks extending from above Rare I roots, clay skins, slickenslides. Very desue and compact. 1-2Z soft CaC03 concretions. I As above.' I I 8.75YR 4/2 moist, silt clay, very firm, massive few pores, rare fine root. I 10YR 3/2 just «i.C, cl.y, extre.ely fir., ....iv. r.r. pore, co«n h.rd fine and «diu. c.c0, ! concretions. I ''*vv3 I 8.75YR 5/2 ju.t win, fine s.ndy cl.y, very fir., ....ive, rare pore. Abund.nt h.rd C.C0-, I concretions to 2.5 cm diameter. I I Too hard to Auger. I I Sampled DRH 83/1 0-60 3 380 - e | " 83/2 60-120 " 83/3 120 - 190PROFILB MO: 83 I INFORMATION OR THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 83 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 50 b) Date of Deacription: 18.11.81 d) Altitude: f) Landfore: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Slightly uneven iii) Microtopography: Low wind blown ridgea s) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL •) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 11.78 n h) Vegetation/Land Oae: Grazing b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil • ) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 180 cm then moist f) Surface Gravel/Stonei Rock Outcrops: 5 None 8) Human Influence: Overgrazed and trampled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep highly stratified profile with wide texture range and strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE Depth cm DESCRIPTION Auger Bore 0 - 30 1 1 1 1 I 10YR 5/3 dry sandy c clay loan, slightly hard, noderate fine and | Comon dead roots, ffew pores. 11 medium subangular blocky 30 - 70 1 10YR 3.5/2 dry to me iat strong fine and medium angular and subangular blocky, hard-firm Few I fine roots. Clay sb ;ina. 11 70 - 180 I 10YR 5/3 moist silt 1 loan and sandy clay loan, friable to firm. Laminated, rare pore and root 180 - 215 | 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay, firm, strong fine angular blocky, few l1 pores , rare root 215 - 310 I 10YR 5/3 moist silt 11 pores. 310 - 385 | 10YR 5/3 moist silt 11 385 - 420 I 8.75YR taoist loamy 1 11 420 - 470 1 Above but silt loam and sandy loan. 470 - 510 510 - 570 I1 I Above but clay loam 11 I 8.75YR 4/3 moist, s: 11 570 - 600 I 10YR 3/2 moist eilt and silt clay loan. lit clay loam, friable, massive clay strong fine angular blocky and 10YR 4/3 eilt clay loan laminated I Few very fine crystals of CaS0 . 4 I y °a“’ la«^ated.PRO PILE NO: 84 I INFORMATION OR THE SITE a) Profile Numbsr: DRH 84 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 31 (near) b) Date of Description: 30.11.81 d) Altitude: f) i) ii) Laudform: Physiographic Position: Flood Plain Surrounding Country: Slightly uneven g) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium/colluvium c) Water Table: > 3.10 m s) Moisture Conditions: Dry g) Human Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai feature b) Vegetation/Land Uae: Cotton b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Grave1/Stones Occasional fragment of Rock Outcrops: lava Deep vertisol over stratified silt clay and silt loam. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. Cotton, very variable growth. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth 0 - 22 I I I 10YR 4/2 dry silt clay loam, extremely hard, strong coarse prismatic, few roots in cracks. No I pores. I I Clear but wavy boundary to:- I 22 110 I I 10 YR fine I 110 - 130 10 YR I 4/3 just moist - dry extremely hard, strong coarse and medium subangular blocky Rare roots, few pores, clay skins, slickensides. Abrupt but irregular boundary to:-’ 5/3 dry silt loam and LOYR 3/2 dry clay laminated, bands discontinuous around pit. 130 - 190 Bore Auger 190 - 230 I I Abrupt but wavy boundary to:- ! Xn'lm 5/6 ^t‘leU I I I | As above. I I 8.75YR 5/2 dry, silt clay loan, extremely hard. I CaC0 . 3 -gular blocky 310 230 310 - Massive, rare pore, common very fine powdery | Too hard to I | Sampled DRH I I auger. 84/1 0-50 84/2 50 - 130 84/3 130 - 190I I I I I I I I f r i r i i i i ! PROFILE SO: 85 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 85 c) Author of Description: DRH a) Location: AIP 55 B ) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 5.92 m e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 130 then moist, wet at 520 g) Hunan Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 1.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Firm, few cracks h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton b) Drainage: Moderate d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Grave1/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Generally coarse textured stratified profile with fine textured horirons, throughout. Cotton moderate growth. Strong reactions to HCL IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth 0 - and medium subangular blocky. 50 - I I I 10YR 5/3 clay sandy loam, slightly hard, weak to moderate fine Abundant fine and medium roots. Abrupt irregular boundary to:- 80 10YR 5/3 dry. «Ut very herd, ^derate platy. Few porea, rooca, co-on 7.SYR 5/6 motel. I Abrupt irregular boundary to:- I 80 - 130 I 10YR 3/2 ju.t noise ailt clay - clay, vary fir., atroog ««.« pri.matie. rare root 130 - 200 Auger Bore 200 - 390 390 - 470 | ped. Common 7.5YR 5/6 mottle. I I Clean but wavy boundary to:- I | 10YR 5/3 moist fine sandy loam, massive, few pores, rare root. Few 7.5YR 5/6 mottle I I | As above but with ailt loam, laminated. I | 10YR 3/2 moist, clay strong fine angular blocky and prismatic. inside 470 - 500 I 10YR 4/3 and 4/4 I 500 - 540 I 8.75YR 4/3 moist I I Sampled DRH 85/1 moist silty clay loam, friable, massive. silt Loam and fine sandy loam, massive, becoming wet non-sticky 0-50 | " 85/2 50 - 100 | •' 85/3 100 - 130 I | '• 85/4 130 - 200 IPROFILE NO: 86 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Kimber: DRH 86 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 35 g) Slope: < IX II C ENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 9.27 a) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 75 then moist g) Hunan Influence: Partly cleared and roughly levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE Deep, weak vertisol over silts and fine sands b) Date of Description: 30.11.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Hierotopography: Slight Cilgai Feature h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Patches of Abutilou sp b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gram1/Stones lock Outcrops: None Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0-30/35 I I I 10YR 5/3 dry, clay loau, slightly I blocky. Coonon fine dead roots. hard, moderate to strong coarse and wdius subangular I I Abrupt but wavy boundary I 30/35-65 I 10YR 3/2 dry silt clay, extremely hard, strong coarse prismatic. Few roots, root channels and 65-75/78 I black trainings. Occasional medium root in crack. I | clean boundary to:- I I 10W 3/2 dry clay, very herd, .cron, fine end —diu. engul.r blocky, rare root, co-on fioe I CaCOj. I | Clear but irregular boundary to:- I 75/78-190 Auger Bore 190 - 500 | 10 YR 5/3 just -oiet, | 5/6 mottle. Trace of platy structure. eilt lo-_ very fir., weeive, few pore, end root channel.. Co—on 2 5YR I >I I I 10YR 5/3 moist silt loams and fine sandy loams laminated. I | Sanplad DRH 86/1 I I I I .............. ‘ ti ii ii 86/2 86/3 86/4 0-30 30 - 60 60 - 120 120 - 1901 I IPROFILE NO: 07 I INFORMATION OR THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 87 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 37 g) Slope: < IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 8.21 e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 120 cm, then moist b) Date of Description: 30.11.01 d) Altitude: f) Lend fora: i) physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Dea: Cotton b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Eroaiou: Nil f) Surface Grave1/Stones Rock Outcrops: None 0) Human Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE PROFILE Deep fine textured profile over laminated silts and fine sands. Weathered lava at 250-300 cm. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm I I 0 - 30 I 10YR 3.5/2 dry silt clay loan, very hard strong fine, medium, and coarse subangulor blocky. I Abundant fine and medium roots merging into:- I 30 - 80 I 10Y1 3/2 dry. Hit cl.y, extremely hard, strong co.r.e, «diu. .nd co.r.e .ubangul.r block, I Cossaon roots, decreasing with depth. Clay skins. | Merging into:- I 7 80 - 120 I LOYR 3/2 dry clay, very h.rd -a.iv. with few vertical crack., rare pore., root channel and | root. I I Merging into:- I 120 - 170 170 - 190 | Above but 10YR 2.5/2 and just moist, firm to very firm. | Above, but less firm. I Auger Bore I I 190 - 250 | As above. 250 - 300 I 10 YR 4/4 moist clay wit h fragme nts of weathered lava. 300 - 500 10YR 5/3 and 6/3 moist silt loam a and sandy loams, laminated, very friable Sampled DRH 87/1 0 - 30 " 87/2 30 - 80 " 87/3 80 - 130 " 87/4 130 - 190pion lx w: 88 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 88 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: 1 km N AIP 37 g) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 9.27 e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to >00 cm, dry to 250 then taoist g) Human Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 30.11.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Plat iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Dae: Cotton b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Deep fine textured poorly developed vertisol over stratified silts and sands. Strong reaction to HCL Ch roughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0-45 1 10YR 3/2 wet, silt clay loam, weak subangular blocky, non-sticky. Cowon fine roots. I Merging into:- 11 45 - 100 1 10YR 3/2 moist, silt clay, strong coarse and medium subangular blocky verv firm ('ll* v; 1 Coo.cn root.. f.v pot.., r.t. po.d.r, LcO . 3 a 1 I Abrupt irregular boundary to:- 100 - 185 1 I 10YR 5/3 dry silt loam and fine sandy loam, hard, laminated. Few I chattels with 75YR 5/6 mottle and white powdery CaCOj. » r r< r^ot, few root Auger Bore 185 - 280 280 - 300 300 - 430 430 - 490 490 - 500 I I As shows, moist at 250 cm. I I 10YR 5/2 moist silt clay loam, strong fine angular blocky, firm. | 10YR 5/3 moist silt loam sod fin. sandy loam, laminated, few pore, and I 7.5YR 5/0 mottle. I root chanela and faint | 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay. firm, moderate subangular - prismatic rare I staining*. I I 10YR 5/3 moist silt clay loam. I I Samp lad DRH 88/1 0-45 • pore, c< n dark | '• 88/2 45 - 100 j " 88/3 100 - 185PROFILE NO: 89 I INFORMATION OR TEE SITE a) Profile Fhrnber: DRH 89 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: 1 Km E of AIP 41 g) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION OH THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluviun c) Water Table: > 2.10 e) Moisture Conditions: Dry g) Hunan Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 30.11.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Strong gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton - Poor growth b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Gravcl/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Deep well developed vertisol over stratified silt loan and fine sandy loam, throughout. Stroag reaction to 8CL IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION 0-120 I 10YR 3/2 dry clay, extremely hard, strong very coarse prismatic. Rare aediua root to 60 cn I Rare pore and fine root in peda. I Clear but irregular boundary I 2-5 ca wide vertical cracks. Very dense and coopsct soil’ 120 - 180 I 10YR 3/2 dry tilt clay, strong coarse subangol.r blocky, clay skins and slickensides Moist I inside feds. Rare root and pore. Few fine powdery CaC03. I Clear but wavy boundary to:- I 180 ~ 210 |'«™ie/3’ a°d 6/3 dry fiU l° "’ "iaat€d- C0~n £ine al l" 0 | Clear boundary to:- I 2)0 - I Fine sandy loam. root channel, and 7.SYR 5/6 I | Sampled D RH 89/1 0 - 50 | " 89/2 50 - 100 I " 89/3 100 - 180 | " 89/4 180 - 210PROFILE SO: 90 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 90 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 42 g) Slope: < 12 II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 12.46 e) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 120 cm then dry • E) Human Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 30.11.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Serronnding Cornutry: Flat iii) Microtopography: Weak gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton good growth b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Mil f) Surface Gravel/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Deep, poorly developed vertisol over silt loam. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0-50 1 10YR 3/3 moist silt clay, probably fill material 1 drying-prismatic structure evident). Comoo live roots. Pew ^orZt -ubaa*ular blocky. (On I Merging into:- i1 . 50 - 120 1 10YR 3/2 moist clay, strong coarse and medium subaneular I very firm becoming extremely firm at 100 cm. Strong horizontal* 1 »d den.e .oil. I Merging into: - j ( ln, roo„ to M SCr0°* i •kiha and slickensides, cccU.g pattan>. V.ry co-pLt 120 - 160 1 10YR 3/2 dn clay, v.ry h.rd. .eroog coar„ ,ubaopllar blocky> 1 Merging wavy boundary:- Ii 160 - 200 I 10YR 5/3 dry silt loam, hard, massive - weak laminaria. a 1 7.15YX 5/6 mottle. 1 I Sampled DRH 90/1 0 - 50 1-in.ttoua, few pore, and root channel, with I " 90/2 50-120 1 " 90/3 120 - 160 I " 90/4 160-200PROFILE NO: 91 t I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Nimber: DRH 91 b) Date of Description: 30.11.81 c) Author of Description: DRH d) Altitude: e) Location: 0.5 km E of AIP 42 f) Landform: i) ii) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Stro ng gilgai feature g) Slope: < 1Z h) Vegetation/Land One: Cotton - stunted growth II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL ■ ) Parent Material: ALluvium b) Drainage: Poor c) Water Table: > 5 m d) Evidence of Eroeiou: Nil • ) Moisture Conditions: Moist to 110 cm, dry to f) Surface Gravel/Stonee 210 then moist Rock Outcrops: None I) Human Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPILE Deep poorly developed vertisol over stratified silts and sands. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 100 100 - 210 Auger Bore 210 - 370 370 - 380 380 - 500 I I I I Peds moist inside. I Above, but just moist. Merging into:- I I 10YR 3/2 moist clay strong fine and medium angular blocky I Clay skins snd slickensides. Strong horizontal cracking. | boundary to:- 10YR 3/2 dry cl.y, moderate £ioe, nedinn and COar.e aub.ngular block. 7 cotnon roots, few pores. and subangular blocky, rare root. Decreasig moisture abrupt wavy I 10YR 5/3 and 6/3 dry silt loan and fine I channels with 75YR 5/6 mottle and white I sandy loam, laminated, powdery CaC0 . co tin on fine pores and root 3 | As above. I I 10YR 6/1 and 7/1 moist very fine sand. I I 10YR 5/2 dry. Hit cl.y lo«. lnin.ted few 7.5YI 5/6 nettle in root ch.nn.L I Sampled DRH 91/1 0-50 | | | ” 91/2 50 - 110 " 91/3 110 - 160 " 91/4 160 - 210PROFILE SO: 92 I INFORMATION OS THE SITE a) Profile Nunber: DRH 92 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: PP5 g) Slope: > IX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON TBE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluviua c) Water Table: 8.36 e) Moisture Conditions: Hoist to 150 then dry g) Hunan Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE PROFILE Deep well developed vertisol over stratified silt losn. b) Dace of Description: 30.11.81 d) Altitude: f) Landforn: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Cxmntry: Flat iii) Microtopography: Strong surface cracking h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton. Variable, generally poor growth b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Cravel/Stonas Rock Outcrops: None Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cn 0-25 25-60 60 - 150 I I 10YR 3.5/2 woisC silt clay strong coarse and aediun prisaatic. | few pores. I I Merging into:- I A. ibov« but aodcr.t* .true cur., I.., root., cl..r but wavy bouod.ry to 1 I Cl *y’ ,,,d * n,“l*r *Od root., d.y 150 - 190 I Abrupt boundary to:- I I 10YR 5/3 dry, lilt loan, slightly bard. I not tie. I | Sampled DRH 92/1 0 - 50 Luio.t.d. Fw porta aod root cb.on.l. with 7.5YM i/t. | " 92/2 50 - 100 | " 92/3 100 - 150 | " 92/4 150 - 200PROFILE NO: 93 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 93 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 41 g) Slope: < 1Z II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluviua c) Water Table: 7.0 a e) Moisture Conditions: Dry to 30 cm then moist g) Human Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 2.12.SI d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood Plain ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: Slight gilgai features h) Vegetation/Land Use: Cotton - good growth b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Cravel/Stoneo Rock Outcrops: None Deep well developed vertisol with narrow bands of fine sand in subsoil. Strong reaction to HCL th rougliout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0-30/35 1 10 YR 3/3 dry. fine a.ady cl.y loam, strong coarse prisMtic, common root5 _ , | in peds. 1 1 Irregular boundary to:- 11 I 10YR 3/2 moist clay, strong coarse prismatic, feu roota, rare pore, and root in ped a. Clav r re , and rooc 30/35 - 70/80 | skins and slickensides. Absorbs water slowly. 1 I Irregular boundary to:- 7 70/80-130 | 10YR 5/3 -nd 4/4 moist silt clay loam, massive rare pore, and root, compact, breaks to I subangular - clay skins, very firm - extremely firm, clear but wavy boundar^ Co: - 130 - 200 | 10YR 5/3 moist silt clay loam, fins, massive, with trace of platy structure. Lenses of lovn I 3/2 strong fine angular blocky clay with cosaon white powdery Ca C05 and 7 5YR 5/6 morrl ° * Y | Irregular bands of fine sand 2-10 cm thick around pit. 3 1 | Sampled DRH 93/1 0 - 70 • / mottle. | '• 93/2 70 - 130 " 93/3 130 - 200PROFILE NO: 94 I INFORMATION ON THE SITE a) Profile Number: DRH 94 c) Author of Description: DRH e) Location: AIP 38 g) Slope: < LX II GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SOIL a) Parent Material: Alluvium c) Water Table: 4.36 ■ e) Moi a tare Conditions: Moist to 155 then wet. Dry at 190 g) Human Influence: Levelled III BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE b) Date of Description: 5.12.81 d) Altitude: f) Landform: i) Physiographic Position: Flood ii) Surrounding Country: Flat iii) Microtopography: b) Vegetation/Lend Dae: Cotton b) Drainage: Poor d) Evidence of Erosion: Nil f) Surface Grave1/Stones Rock Outcrops: None Deep fine textured profile with silt loan horixou. Strong reaction to HCL throughout. IV PROFILE DESCRIPTION Depth cm 0-60 I 10YR 3/2 moist silt clay, moderate coarse and medium 7.SYR 5/6 mottle. Clay 9kins and slickensides. Few subangular blocky, pores. 60 - 135 Abrupt boundary to:- 10YR 4/2 and 4/3 moist silt loam and silt clay lOaa structure. Increasing moisture to 100 cm. ’ friable, massive, 135 -155 i i Clean boundary to:- i I firm. Common roots and traces of weak platy I 10YR 3/2 noise cl.y, noder.c. fin. .n.ul.r blocky. White powder on sides of pic Abrupt boundary to:- 155 - 190 190 - 195 i 10YR 4/2 and 4/4 wet silt clay loam, loam in small pockets and laminations As above but dry. I Sampled DRH 94/1 0-60 I " 94/2 60 - 135 I " 94/3 135 - 155 " 94/4 155 - 195 ■asaive non-sticky, rare pore and . Leas wet with depth. root and 10YR 5/3 ail cPART C MELKA SADI AREA State Farms I & II, Soil and DrainageMelka Sadi Area (State Farms I and II) Contents 1. SUMMARY 2. SOILS 3. DRAINAGE Maps Map No.l Map No.2 Map No.3 Map No.4 Annex 1 Ground Water Levels E.C. Values of the Ground Water Depth to Impervious Layer Location of Sites and AIP Observation Wells Results of Soil Chemical AnalysisMELKA SADI AREA (STATE FARMS I AND II) 1. SUMMARY The Melka Sadi area covers some 4,240 ha of which 1,328 ha are occupied by the Melka Sadi Farm and 600 ha by newly developed irrigated cotton. The remaining 2,310 ha are to be developed for irrigated cotton. The total area (2,310+600) 2,910 ha forming Melka Sadi State Farms I and II. At the start of the Melka Sadi Farm study it investigate the whole of the Melka Sadi area the farm was studied in less detail. was decided to but the area outside 2. SOILS The majority of the Melka Sadi State Farms unit 3. "Vertisols on recent alluvium". *. i I s located on soil TTheh se vertisols are often deep, up to 3 metres and have low permeability infiltration values. There is a small area of units "Soils on very recent alluvium”. About half the area of State Farm II is soil unit 3, north and west of the farm. There are small areas of saline soils corner, between the primary canal The southern portion is and 1 and 2. located in the mainly unit 6. saline areas production. The majority E.C. Sat. Ex will require careful of the soil profiles , unit 10, in the south east and the secondary canal SD2. These leaching before being brought into in unit 3, vertisols, are non-saline <4.0 mmhos, one horizon only, 180-200 cm at DRH 10; AIP7 was saline with an E.C. Sat. Ex. of 9.5 mmhos. The soils in unit 6 have slightly saline soils, usually in small scattered patches, easily recognised by the damp surface salt in most cases. There is a general reduction in salinity northwards and westwards. 3. DRAINAGE In soil units 6 and 10 the infiltration and permeability rates are satisfactory, and as the ground water table is relativJ a » v most Of the area with the exception of the area close to He!L°sldi Farm, no immediate problems are expected following irrieation above area close to the farm, alongside SD2,should be provided wUh drainage system for cropping season 1983, as the water tahlZ • 7.2 mmhos and will rise once the surrounding area is fullv^v 1 (1982),and then extend the drainage northwards in step with th^°P rise in water levels. On soil unit 3, vertisol*; rh P water levels are deep and the water is saline or’very Palis'1 results are satisfactory for cotton while permeability ra « r ll^rat1lon \ Che a Deep ripping, cultivation and the cotton roots will help improve tj!esituation. Drainage to control the water table will be required eventually, dependant on the rate of rise, which has varied from 0.5 m to 1.2m since August 1980. As the area is to be developed for planting by March 1983 a closer pattern of observation wells is required, these should be sited between the existing AIP wells and extend down to the present water table. Once the whole area has been irrigated for 2 or 3 seasons the expected rate of rise can then be estimated with some accuracy to obtain the probable date by which drainage will be needed. In the small area between AIP4 and the Western Dyke the water table is high and also saline, this area will need to be provided with a drainage system, installed together with the irrigation system. Ground water levels, salinity of ground water, depth to impervious or slowly pervious layers and observation well sites are shown in Maps Nos. 1-4.ANNEX I Results of Soil Chemical AnalysisINSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH . I IO LETT A -Gtl ENET - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION ANALYTICAL DATA RECORD SHEET PROJECT: AMI BARA IRRIGATION 2 MAY 1981 SHEET I r i i 1 Lab 1 lit. 1 1 1 1 1 1 Field 1 Nu 1 1 1 1 1 I Depth 1 c. 1 1 1 1 I pH of I Saturated 1 Extract 1 1 ~F 1 7.60 1 1 EC 1 nmhos/cm 1 1 of 1 1 Soluble Cat ions 1 meq/1 Saturated 1 i----------;---------- I Soluble Anions of I "eq/l Saturated Extract I 1 Saturated 1 1 1 I Extract 1 1 Na |K 1 1 1 1 of Extract Ca 18 1----------- 1-------- “T“ 1---------- I Suit 1 1 Cl 1 i 1 10.00 1 SO4 1 I 1 COj 1 I 6427/81 ~T“ 7 I DRII-I 1/1 1 0-25 1 2.15 1 1 1 10.87 | 1 2.25 1 42.90. 7.33 T“ 1 63.35 1 1 24.00 1 1 Trace 1 1----------1 1 IICO3 | Sum 1 1 1 r 1 7.301 41.30 | 6428/81 1 Air 10 1/2 1 25-58 1 7.85 1 6429/81 1 A1P 10 1/3 | 58-100 1 7.95 1 64)0/81 I A1P 10 1/4 1 100-150 1 9.15 I 64)1/81 1 A1P 10 1/5 I 150-200 1 9.60 I 6432/81 1 DFH-2 2/1 1 0-27 1 7.35 I 6433/81 1 A1P 8 2/2 I 27-74 1 7.30 | 6434/81 1 ATP 8 2/3 I 74-130 1 7.45 I 6435/81 I DRH-3 3/1 I 0-45 1 7.75 1 6436/81 1 AIP 3 3/2 1 45-75 1 7.90 I 64 37/81 1 AIP 3 3/3 I 75-100 1 7.75 1 6438/81 1 AIP 3 3/4 I 100-145 1 7.70 1 6439/81 I DRII-4 4/1 | 0-20 1 7.25 | 6440/81 1 AIP J 4/2 I 20-70 1 7.25 I 6441/81 1 AIP 1 4/3 I 70-100 1 7.15 1 6442/81 1 AIP 1 4/4 I 100-150 1 7.25 I 6443/81 1 AIP 1 4/5 1 150-200 1 7.40 I 6444/81 I DRII-5 5/1 1 0-30 1 7.70 1 6445/81 1 AIP 2 5/2 1 30-50 1 7.60 1 6446/81 1 AIP 2 5/3 I 50-140 1 7.65 | 6447/81 I AIP 2 5/4 1 143-189 1 7.70 1 6448/81 I DRH-6 6/1 I 0-20 1 7.30 1 6449/81 | DRH-6 6/2 I 20-60 1 7.25 1 6450/81 1 DRH-6 6/3 I 60-1)5 1 7.45 I 6.20 1 69.57 | 2.61 1 145.70 I 8.50 1 150.01 1 0.81 | 36.85 I 6.20 1 113.05 1 0.33 1 10.45 1 5.40 1 3.80 1 86.96 I 0.61 1 1.55 1 15.22 I 0.97 | 51.15 1 3.15 1 3.90 1 3.06 1 1.04 1 23.91 1 0.23 1 71.50 1 23.91 1 0.31 | 53.90 1 6.52 I 0.61 I 11.50 1 8.701 0.10 1 4.95 I 0.85 1 8.701 0.28 I 3.30 1 0.16 1 6.52 1 0.28 I 6.60 I 2.10 1 6.52 I 1.28 | 37.40 I 7.30 1 15.22 1 2.74 | 122.50 1 7.50 1 8.10 1 6-70 1 5.80 1 2.15 1 1.30 1 0.77 1 1.50 1 8.50 1 5.40 1 28.261 2.53 1 170.00 1 56.52 1 2.53 I 162.00 1 86.961 1.13 1 65.00 1 23.91 1 53.91 1 75.00 1 13.04 | 2.53 1 26.40 1 4.35 1 0.28 I 10.45 1 2.17 I 0.33 1 6.05 1 165.22 I 5.63 I 345.00 1 50.00 | 1.15 1 102.50 1 36.96 1 0.74 I 50.00 I 6451/81 I DRH-6 6/4 I 115-143 I 7.40 1 6.60 1 60.87 | 1.00 I 50.00 1 6452/81 1 DRII-7 7/1 I 0-40 1 7.50 1 6.00 1 50.00 I 2.25 1 50.00 I 6453/81 1 AIP 6 7/2 | 40-80 I 7.80 1 8.50 I 167.40 | 3.12 1 46.75 1 6454/81 I AIP 6 7/3 1 I 80-130 1 8.25 I 7.40 1 171.75 1 2.56 I 24.75 24.75 1 242.63 1 128.00 1 21.60 1 Trace 1 3.401153.0 11.00 I 198.73 1 162.50 1 67.47 1 Trace 1 3.30 | 233.27 26.58 1 150.41 1 55.00 1 91.20 1 Trace 1 4.501150.70 2.75 1 91.87 1 46.00 1 27.20 I 3.10 1 3.101 79.40 10.00 I 77.24 1 53.50 1 5.60 1 Trace 1 4.00 1 63.10 19.25 1 114.89 1 65.50 1 5.60 1 Trace 1 4.20| 75.30 18.33 1 96.45 1 59.00 1 6.00 1 Trace 1 2.60 | 67.00 7.33 1 25.96 1 2.00 1 1.60 1 Trace 1 6.801 10.40 3.67 1 17.42 1 6.50 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 6.401 12.90 4.58 I 16.86 1 3.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 6.60 | 9.60 4.58 1 17.98 1 5.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 5.501 10.50 9.17 1 54.37 1 19.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 1.80 | 20.80 38.50 1 178.96 I 200.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 3.0 I : 203.00 37.58 1 238.37 1 257.50 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 7.40 1 259.90 33.92 1 254.97 1 255.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 7.70 1 257.70 19.25 1 172.34 1 102.00 1 17.60 1 Trace 1 1.80 I 121.40 39.42 1 192.24 1 125.00 1 3.60 1 Trace 1 8.501 137.10 8.25 1 50.22 1 26.50 1 1.20 1 Trace I 6.00 I 33.70 2.75 1 17.83 1 11.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 3.60 1 14.60 1.83 1 10.38 I 2.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 7.90 1 4.90 79.75 1 595.60 I 490.00 1 30.00 1 Trace 1 7.40 1 522.40 38.50 1 192.15 1 152.50 1 32.00 1 Trace 1 1.70 1 186.20 25.67 1 113.37 1 79.50 1 25.20 1 Trace 1 1.701 105.90 22.50 1 139.37 1 124.00 1 232.80 1 Trace 1 1.70 I 148.50 12.83 1 115.08 1 99.00 1 4.80 1 Trace 1 1.80 1 104.80 16.50 1 733.77 1 165.00 1 52.80 1 Trace 1 1.80| 219.60 5.50 I 204.56 1 52.50 1 76.40 1 Trace 1 4.40 1 133.30 1 6455/81 1 AIP 6 7/4 I 1 J3O-165 1 8.90 I 6.20 1 163.05 1 1.87 | 17.60 5.50 I 186.02 1 61.50 1 68.20 1 Trace 1 12.60 | 142.30 I 6456/81 1 AIP 6 7/5 1 1 165-193 1 9.30 1 5.50 1 145.66 I 1.72 | 11.55 5.50 1 164.43 1 57.00 1 70.29 1 Trace 1 16.501 >43.79 I 6457/81 1 DRII-8 8/1 1 0-40 1 7.30 1 1.80 1 17.39 1 0.33 1 13.75 5.50 1 36.97 1 7.00 1 2.00 1 Trace 1 7.70 1 11.20 1 6458/81 1AIP 13 8/7 1 40-90 1 7.50 1 2.50 1 10.87 | 0.23 1 12.65 3.67 1 27.42 1 10.50 I 4.40 1 Trace 1 1.70 1 16.10 1 6459/81 1 AIP 13 8/3 1 90-140 I 7.40 1 2.25 1 8.701 0.28 | 15.40 3.67 1 28.05 1 17.00 1 7.70 1 Trace 1 1.00 1 25.70 I 6460/81 1 AIP 13 8/4 | 140-200 1 7.50 1 2.30 1 13.04 1 0.33 1 26.95 7.33 1 47.65 1 27.50 1 Trace I Trace 1 i.70| 29.20 I 6461/81 I DRH-9 9/1 1 0-65 1 7.45 I 1.40 1 8.70| 0.20 | 8.25 1 b^62/8l 1 AIP 4 9/2 1 65-80 1 7.55 1 6463/81 1 AIP 4 9/3 1 80-160 1 7.50 1 2.30 1 10.87 I 0.74 | 26.95 f 2.90 I 6464/81 1 AIP 4 9/4 | 160-200 1 7.45 1 3.50 1 6465/8) I DRII-10 10/1 | 0-70 I( 7.60 1 1.10 I 6466/81 1 AIP 7 10/2 1 70-107 I1 7.55 I 0.80 I 10.87 | 1.18 1 44.00 I 28.26 | 1.72 1 69.85 1 8.701 0.38 I 12.65 1 13.04 | 0.20 | 12.10 1 6467/8) 1 AIP 7 10/3 1 107-180 1 7.55 1 6468/8) 1 AIP 7 10/4 I 180-200 I 7.20 1 6469/81 1 DRH-11 11/1 1 0-40 I 7.80 1 1.80 1 9.50 1 0.70 1 2.171 0.46 1 29.70 1 17.391 1.10 1 58.30 1 2.171 1.51 1 87.45 2.75 1 19.90 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 7.70 1 2.20 6.42 1 44.98 1 22.00 1 3.20 I Trace 1 14.501 39.70 7.33 1 63.38 1 34.50 I 6.00 1 Trace 1 1.30 1 41.80 17.42 I 117.25 I 64.00 1 12.80 I Trace 1 0.90 | 7.70 3.67 1 25.40 I 3.00 I Trace 1 Trace 1 0.30| 3.30 3.67 1 29.01 I 8.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 0.701 10.20 7.33 1 39.66 1 12.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 1.101 13.10 20.17 1 96.96 1 76.10 1 5.60 1 Trace 1 1B.50I 50.20 23.83 1 114.96 1 20.00 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 4.30 1 24.30INSTITUTE OF AGH I CULTURAL RESEARCH, HOLKTTA-GUENET - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION ANALYTICAL DATA RECORD SUEET I--------- I I I Lab I No I I______ I 1------ I--------- 1 1 r~ —1------------ 1 Field 1 No 1 1 r 1 1 1 Depth 1 cm 1 1 1 11/2 1 40-110 1 I pH of I Saturac I Extract 1 1 1 EC | mmhos/cm ed | of 1 Saturated 1 Extract 1 I I Soluble Cations of I •eq/l Saturated Extract I___________ I Soluble Anions of PROJECT: AMIBARA IRRIGATION 2 HAY 1981 SHEET 2 I meq/1 Saturated Extract Na |K | Ca 1-------------- R 1 Sum I 6470/81 1 AIP 14 1 1 Cl 1-------- “I------- 1-------- so4 1 co 3 | HCOi 1 Sum 11 1 7.70 I 6471/81 I 6472/81 I 6473/81 I 6474/81 I 6475/81 I 6476/81 I 6477/81 I 6478/81 I 6479/81 I 6480/81 I 6481/81 I 6482/81 I 6483/81 I 6484/81 I 6485/81 I 6486/81 I 6487/81 | 6488/81 I 6489/81 I 6490/81 I 6491/81 I 6492/81 I 6493/81 I 6494/81 I 6495/81 I 6496/81 I 6497/81 I 6498/81 I 6499/81 I 6500/81 I 6501/81 I 6502/81 I 6503/81 I 6504/81 1 AIP 14 11/3 | 115-150 1 1.85 1 AIP 14 11/4 1 150-200 I 7.80 1 DRH-12 12/1 I 0-50 1 7.60 1 AIP 12 12/2 I 50-100 1 7.65 1 AIP 12 12/3 1 100-150 1 7.65 1 AIP 12 12/4 | 150-200 1 7.75 1 DRH-13 13/1 1 0-50 1 7.55 1 AIP 16 13/2 1 50-100 1 7.45 1 AIP 16 13/3 1 100-150 1 7.50 1 AIP 16 13/4 I 150-200 1 7.50 1 DRH-14 14/1 1 0-40 1 7.20 1 AIP 5 14/2 I 40-80 1 7.50 1 AIP 5 14/3 I 80-140 1 7.50 1 AIP 5 14/4 | 140-200 1 7.50 1 DRJI-I 5 15/1 | 0-50 1 7.60 1 AIP 11 15/2 I 50-100 1 7.95 1 AIP 11 15/3 1 100-135 1 7.65 1 AIP 11 15/4 I 135-200 1 7.60 1 DRJI-I 6 16/1 | 0-25 1 7.45 1 AIP 22 16/2 I 25-75 1 7.70 1 AIP 22 16/3 1 25-120 1 7.85 1 AIP 22 16/4 I 120-200 I 7.75 1 DRH-17 17/1 | 0-50 1 7.80 1 AIP 18 17/2 | 50-100 1 7.55 1 AIP 18 17/3 I 100-150 1 7.45 I AIP 18 17/4 I 150-200 1 7.60 1 DRH-18 ia/i I 0-50 1 7.60 1 AIP 21 18/2 | 50-110 1 7.65 1 AIP 21 18/3 I 110-150 1 7.90 1 AIP 21 18/4 I 150-200 1 7.95 1 DR1I-19 19/1 1 0-70 1 7.20 1 AIP 9 19/2 1 70-90 1 7.55 1 AIP 9 19/3 1 90-130 1 7.55 1 AIP 9 19/4 1 130-200 1 7.80 1 0.78 1 1.36 1 3.70 1 1.50 1 0.87 1 0.60 1 0.64 1 2.05 1 2.60 1 2.60 1 3.40 1 1.26 1 0.98 1 1.20 1 0.66 1 2.35 1 3.10 1 1.50 1 1.75 1 2.50 1 0.90 1 0.93 I 2.60 1 0.98 1 2.80 1 3.20 1 3.80 1 1.50 4.35 I 0.36 I 29.15 6.52 I 2.48 | 60.50 32.61 I 0.41 | 2.20 4.35 I 0.28 | 12.65 4.35 I 0.36 | 16.50 6.52 I 1.08 | 33.00 4.35 I 1.00 | 42.35 6.52 | 0.46 | 34.10 4.35 I 0.54 | 30.00 17.39 I 0.44 | 14.85 41.31 I 0.79 | 37.40 26.09 1 0.23 1 16.50 6.52 I 0.54 | 29.70 8.70 I 0.31 I 23.10 6.52 I 0.18 | 15.95 23.91 1 0.36 | 29.15 17.39 I 0.15 | 10.45 17.39 I 0.23 | 14.30 19.57 1 0.26 | 16.50 45.65 I 2.23 | 69.30 1----------------- 8.25 1 42.11 17.42 1 86.92 1.83 1 37.05 2.75 1 20.03 2.75 1 23.96 2.00 6.00 40.00 4.00 Trace Trace I Trace 1 3.60| 5.60 Trace I Trace 1 2.00 | 8.00 Trace 1 Trace 1 1.40| 41.40 Trace 1 Trace 1 3.60 I 7.60 Trace 1 Trace 1 2.7O| 2.70 T------------- "I----- r 8.25 1 48.85 Trace Trace I Trace I 4.00| 4.00 12.83 1 60.53 Trace Trace I Trace 1 1.801 1.80 8.25 1 49.33 2.00 23.76 | Trace 1 2.40 1 28.16 29.33 1 64.22 1 1.00 28.80 1 Trace ) 1.50 ( 31.30 10.87 | 0.18 | 10.45 1 0.85 1 6.64 1 0.53 1 1.04 1 0.72 | 0.76 1 0.79 23.91 I 0.26 | 24.30 36.96 | 0.31 1 19.80 10.87 I 0.28 | 11.00 23.91 1 1.00 I 35.75 28.26 I 1.66 | 43.45 30.44 I 1.56 | 39.05 8.70 I 0.33 | 14.30 13.04 | 0.20 1 13.20 15.22 1 0.18 | 13.75 10.87 I 0.23 1 18.70 13.04 | 0.28 I 13.20 26.09 |- 0.33 | 21.45 34.78 | 0.33 | 22.55 21.74 1 0.28 1 21.45 3.67 1 36.35 1 2.00 36.00 1 Trace 1 1-20 ( 38.20 9.17 1 86.67 1 4.70 35.20 1 Trace 1 2.201 42.10 4.58 1 47.40 1 2.20 36.80 1 Trace 1 2.50 I 41.50 19.25 1 56.01 I 1.70 1 7.67 1 Trace 1 11.50 | 20.87 6.42 1 38.53 1 2.30 1 3.20 1 Trace 1 1.40 | 6.90 4.58 1 27.23 1.50 1 Trace I Trace 1 2.801 4.30 8.25 1 65.67 1 2.90 1 58.46 1 Trace 1 1.00 I 61.36 2.75 1 30.74 1 5.30 1 26.40 1 Trace 1 1.10 I 32.80 3.67 1 35.59 1 7.50 1 4.80 1 Trace 1 1.901 14.20 3.67 1 40.00 1 3.10 1 7.20 I Trace 1 2.401 12.80 13.83 1 130.01 1 14.10 1 24.80 1 Trace 1 3.80 1 42.70 1.83 1 23.33 1 3.60 1 Trace I Trace 1 2.4O| 9.00 5.50 1 53.87 I 11.10 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 3.00 I 14.10 4.58 1 61.65 I 26.20 1 5.20 1 Trace 1 2.701 34.10 1.83 1 23.98 1 10.30 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 3.201 13.50 6.42 1 91.06 1 11.80 1 30.80 1 Trace 1 2.00| 4.60 9.17 I 82.54 I 38.70 1 26.80 I Trace 1 1.501 67.00 9.17 1 80.22 I 34.40 1 24.80 1 Trace 1 1.101 60.30 2.75 I 26.08 1 3.90 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 1.501 5.40 2.75 1 29.19 I 2.20 1 Trace I Trace 1 1.60| 3.80 2.75 1 47.30 I 2.90 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 2.301 5.20 3.67 1 33.47 1 1.90 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 3.201 5.10 2.75 1 29.27 1 2.40 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 1.701 4.10 4.58 1 52.45 1 3.30 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 1.70 | 5.00 6.42 I 64.08 1 6.70 1 Trace 1 Trace 1 l.70| 8.40 4.58 1 70.07 I 1.00 1 Trace I Trace 1 3.001 4.00SHEET 3 1 I I I I I Lab I No I________ I | 6^27/Bl | 6428/81 | 6429/81 | 6430/81 I 64)1/81 | 64)2/81 | 64)3/81 | 6436/81 | 64)5/81 I 6436/81 | 64)7/81 I 6438/81 | 6439/81 | 6440/81 | 6441/81 | 6442/81 | 644 3/81 | 6444/81 | 6445/81 | 6446/81 | 6447/81 | 6448/81 | 6449/81 I 6450/81 I 6451/81 | 6452/81 I 6453/81 | 6454/81 | 6455/81 I 6456/81 | 6457/81 | 6458/81 | 6459/81 | 6460/81 | 6461/81 | 6462/81 | 6463/81 | 6464/81 I 6465/81 | 6466/81 | 6467/81 | 6468/81 | 6469/81 I Exchangeable Cations ■eq/100 g« Soil 1 Field 11 Depth 1 No | T” I DRH-I 11 cm 1 --------- 1 II I ESP I Miscellaneous II J_____ !_________ I I I CEC I 1 meq/IOOg | sat X Na 1 1 K 1 1 1 Ca 1 “I 1 Hg 1 I Sum I I l/l 1 1 | 0-25 2.57 1 I 4.05 T | 82.06 1 | 7.09 1 AIP 10 1/2 1 25-58 | Al? 10 1/3 | 58-100 | AlP 10 1/4 1 100-150 | AIP 10 1/5 | 150-200 I DRJI-2 2/1 | 0-27 I At? 8 2/2 1 27-74 I AIP 8 2/3 | 74-130 1 DRH-J 3/1 I 0-45 I AIP 3 3/2 1 45-75 I 95.77 I 103.83 I 121.59 j AIP 6 7/3 1 80-130 34.71 I 3.34 1 93.84 I 4.57 7.70 I 3.46 I 82.69 | 9.98 29.67 I 2.02 I 80.54 | 9.36 40.98 | 1.69 1 57.23 | 7.86 I 40.98 | 2.25 I 49.98 | 8.23 1 3.57 I 2.71 | 88.88 I 9.28 I 4.05 I 1.10 1 57.33 | 17.94 4.61 I 1.31 I 77.81 I 15.49 1 2.70 I 4.99 | 53.55 | 11.99 4.79 | 2.94 I 91.77 | 25.93 1 2.61 I 1.41 | 87.62 I 8.14 1 2.13 | 4.69 I 54.71 I 10.15 2.74 I 3.53 | 86.63 1 12.25 I 4.57 I 2.69 I 89.62 1 12.95 i 7.40 I 2.66 I 89.25 I 11.64 13.44 I 2.38 | 89.30 I 12.16 3.92 I 28.26 I 84.32 I 14.18 3.74 I 5.40 1 95.60 I 11.20 3.00 | 2.00 I 89.15 | 8.31 2.44 I 1.82 I 75.65 I 6.13 14.75 | 4.25 I 124.48 I 15.66 7.70 1 1.64 I 110.15 I 13.56 7.40 I 1.61 I 97.23 I 16.54 9.61 | 1.36 | 80.01 | 14.00 10.58 | 4.92 I 105.83 | 8.40 32.69 1 3.89 I 85.94 | 8.79 63.42 1 3.26 | 82.88 1 9.56 52.37 I 7.50 I 76.37 I 5.69 5.06 1 3.30 1 71.15 I 9.30 3.91 1 3.02 1 59.80 I 9. JO 3.37 1 3.22 I 76.12 1 9.56 3.03 I 2.30 I 96.77 I 7.88 1.96 1 3.89 I 66.05 I 6.46 2.29 1 3.18 1 99.81 1 5.81 2.09 1 1.26 I 93.33 | 4.13 3.78 1 2.9* I 75.61 | 4.78 1.89 I 4.09 I 72.80 1 6.85 1 .96 1 3.22 1 97.OJ I 5.94 2.02 I 2.86 1 113.35 | 6.07 3.10 1 2.58 1 107.99 | 6.85 1.69 1 1.06 I 89.76 1 *.J9 I I I I 107.78 I I 101.44 I I AIP 3 3/3 I 75-100 I 3.22 | 2.00 I 81.17 I 7.35 I AIP 3 3/4 | 100-145 | DRII-4 4/1 I 0-20 1 AIP 1 4/2 | 20-70 I AIP 1 4/3 I 70-100 I AIP I 4/4 | 100-150 1 AIP 1 4/5 | 150-200 | DRH-5 5/1 I 0-30 1 AIP 2 5/2 1| 30-50 | AIP 2 5/3 I| 50-140 | AIP 2 5/4 | | 143-189 | Mil-6 6/1 1| 0-20 1 DR JI-6 6/2 1I 20-60 | DRH-6 6/3 1 I 60-115 1 drii-6 6/4 1 1 115-143 | DRH-7 7/1 1| 0-40 I AIP 6 7/2 1I 40-80 I AIP 6 7/4 1 130-165 1 AIP 6 7/5 1 165-193 I DRH-8 6/1 1 0-40 | AIP 13 8/2 1 40-90 | AIP 13 8/3 1 90-140 I AIP 13 8/4 1 140-200 I drji-9 9/1 1 0-65 1 AIP 4 9/2 1 65-80 1 AIP 4 3/3 1 80-160 | AIP 4 9/4 1 160-200 | DRII-IO 10/1 1 0-70 1 AIP 7 10/2 1 70-107 1 AIP 7 10/3 1 107 180 I AIP 7 10/4 | 180-200 I DPJI-I1 1 l/l 1 0-40 I 101.44 I 80.42 I 99.22 I 73.23 I 125.23 I 9).74 I 99.78 I 71.68 I 105.15 I 109.83 I 110.95 I 117.28 I 130.68 I 115.94 I 102.46 I 86.04 I 159.14 I 133.05 I 122.78 I 104.98 I 129.78 I 131.31 | 136.41 I 159.12 I 141.9) I 88.81 I 76.03 | 92.27 I 109.98 I 78.36 I 111.11 I 102.81 I I 87.31 65.63 I 108.15 I 124.30 I 120.52 98.90 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 2.68 I 7.42 I AnalI.ysisE Rleecqturiicral ed C arone:ductivity of 24.40 1 saturated extract. 38.02 1 40.40 I 2. pH of saturated extract. 3.41 | 5.04 I 3. Composition of soluble 4.65 1 salts within saturated 3.69 1 extract. 3.82 | 3.44 | 4. Exchangeable bases. 2.62 I 2.97 1 2.61 1 4.16 1 6.67 1 11.46 1 3.00 1 3.23 1 2.9) 1 2.84 1 9.27 1 5.78 1 6.03 1 9.15 1 10.00 1 24.90 1 25.45 1 39.86 1 36.90 1 5.70 1 5.14 1 3.65 1 2.76 1 2.50 1 1 2.06 1 I 2.03 1 I 4.56 1 | 2.21 1 1 1.81 1 | 1.6) 1 I 2.57 1 I 1.71 1 1 l I l I l l l l I l I I l l l I I I I I I I I I l I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I f. ! 5 aciiSHEET 4 I Exchangeable Cations meq/lUO 1 Lab 1 Hu 1 i---------------- 1 Field 1 No 1 1 Depth 1 cm 1 T" 1 Sun 1 1 1 1 1 6470/81 I 1 AH’ 14 1--------- I Na 1 1 K 1 “1--------- 1--------- 1 CEC | Batt I neq/)00g | sac I 1 1 ESP 1 Ca 1 1 MP. 1 ~T 11/2 | 40-110 1 1 6471/8) 1 AIP 14 11/3 | 115-150 1 6472/8) 1 AlP 14 11/4 I 150-200 1 6473/81 1 DRII-12 12/1 | 0-50 1 6474/81 1 AIP 12 12/2 | 50-100 1 6475/BI 1 AIP 12 12/3 I 100-150 I 6476/fil 1 AIP 12 12/4 | 150-200 1 6477/8) 1 DRII-13 13/1 I 0-50 1 6478/81 1 AIP 16 13/2 | 50-100 1 6479/81 1 AIP 16 13/3 I 100-150 1 6480/81 1 AIP 16 13/4 I 150-200 1 6481/81 1 DRII-14 14/1 | 0-40 1 6482/81 1 AIP 5 14/2 | 40-80 1 6483/8) 1 AIP 5 14/3 | 80-140 1 6484/8) 1 AIP 5 14/4 | 140-200 1 6485/81 1 DRII-15 15/1 I 0-50 1 6486/81 1 AIP 11 15/2 I 50-100 1 6487/81 1 AIP 1 1 15/3 I 100-135 1 6488/81 1 AIP 1 1 15/4 | 135-200 1 6469/81 1 DRH-16 16/1 | 0-25 1 6490/81 L AIP 22 16/2 | 25-75 1 6491/8) 1 AIP 2? 16/3 | 75-120 1 6492/81 1 AIP 22 16/4 | 120-200 1 6493/81 1 DRH-17 17/1 1 0-50 1 6494/81 1 AIP 18 17/2 | 50-100 1 6495/8) 1 AIP 18 17/3 | 100-150 1 6496/81 1 AIP 18 17/4 | 150-200 1 6497/81 1 DRII-18 18/1 | 0-50 1 6498/8) 1 AIP 21 18/2 | 50-110 1 6499/8) 1 AIP 21 18/3 | 1)0-150 1 6500/81 1 AIP 2) 18/4 | 150-200 1 6501/81 1 DRH-19 19/1 1 0-70 1 6502/81 1 AIP 9 19/2 I 70-90 1 6503/81 1 AIP 9 19/3 I 90-130 r 1 2.97 1 1 1 1 1 2.78 T I 1 I Hi ace 11aneous 1 1 T" 1 86.32 1------------- 1 4.39 T“ 1 96.46 1 7.62 1 2.03 1 100.34 1 6.33 1 15.64 1 3.34 1 95.12 1 7.49 1 3.17 1 3.34 1 105.06 1 6.20 1 2.29 1 2.42 1 113.09 1 6.20 1 2.36 1 0.99 1 106.46 1 7.49 1 2.43 1 0.87 1 98.94 1 7.88 1 1.08 1 3.61 1 68.21 1 8.66 1 1.35 1 3.38 1 82.24 1 13.82 1 4.04 1 2.24 1 78.24 1 13.70 1 9.23 1 2.54 1 83.90 1 11.89 1 0.94 1 4.57 1 45.39 1 11.89 1 1.69 1 4.37 1 49.34 1 12.79 1 2.09 1 2.42 1 58.91 1 9.56 1 2.09 1 2.26 1 66.68 1 9.17 1 2.22 1 4.57 1 33.64 1 14.08 1 8.43 1 3.14 1 78.80 1 14.73 1 4.79 1 2.14 1 68.21 1 9.30 1 0.88 1 2.58 1 76.88 1 10.59 1 1.01 1 4.88 1 83.51 1 8.53 1 1.08 1 3.06 1 95.37 1 9.69 1 5.93 1 2.50 1 92.57 1 10.21 1 11.12 1 2.30 1 91.93 1 12.15 1 3.10 1 4.05 1 107.61 1 9.43 1 5.46 1 4.25 1111.05 1 10.34 1 7.41 1 4.88 1 104.04 1 13.05 1 7.28 1 4.88 1 102.26 1 14.34 1 1.89 1 3.34 1 60.82 1 10.85 1 3.24 1 2.54 1 61.20 1 12.40 1 2.63 1 1 .95 1 83.39 1 10.21 1 3.51 1 1.87 1 79.43 1 >0.59 1 2.29 1 2.98 1 55.21 1 10.47 1 2.16 1 2.21 1 67.96 1 8.92 1 2.36 1 2.22 1 77.78 1 9.56 1 1 1 n 1 3.08 T“ | Analysis Required are: 1 116.32 1 1 1 262.16 1 1 1 117.77 1 1 1 124.00 1 1 1 117.30 1 1 1 110.12 1 1 1 81.56 1 1 1 100.77 1 1 1 98.22 1 1 1 107.56 1 1 1 6.55 1 1. Electrical Conductivity 1 5.97 1 saturated extract. 1 2.69 1 1 1.85 1 2. pH of saturated extract. 1 2.01 1 1 2.21 1 3. Composition of soluble 1 1.32 1 salts within saturated 1 1.32 1 extract. 1 4.11 1 1 8.58 14. Exchangeable bases. 1 1 .50 1 1 6504/81 1 1 AIP 1 9 19/4 | 130-200 1 1 4.72 1 1 2.52 1 1 100.48 1 1 13.31 1 1 62.79 1 1 1 68.19 1 1 1 72.98 1 1 1 80.20 1 1 1 54.51 1 1 1 105.10 1 1 1 91.37 1 1 1 90.93 1 1 1 97.93 1 1 1 109.20 1 1 1 111.21 1 1 1 117.50 1 1 1 124.19 1 • 1 1 131.10 1 1 1 129.38 1 1 1 126.76 1 1 1 76.90 1 1 1 79.38 1 1 1 98.18 1 1 1 95.40 1 1 1 70.95 1 1 1 81.25 1 1 1 91.92 1 1 1 121 .03 1 1 1 2.48 1 1 2.86 1 1 2.61 1 1 4.07 1 | 8.02 1 1 5.24 1 1 0.96 1 1 1 .03 1 1 0.99 1 1 5.33 1 1 9.46 1 1 2.50 1 1 4.16 1 1 5.72 1 1 5.65 1 1 2.46 1 1 4.08 1 1 2.68 1 1 3.68 1 1 3.23 1 1 2.66 1 1 2.57 1 1 3.90 1 5ABIIBibliography Brady H C. t Currey D.T. F.A.O. F.A.O. Foraky S.A. The nature and properties of soils 8th Ed. New Tourk 1974* Informal technical report No. 14 UlH)P/FAO/ETH/72/CO6, May 1973. Irrigation and Drainage papers Nob. 1, 9 and- 16. Guidelines for soil descriptions. ATP site investigations report. Bruxelles 1975. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement. Drainage Principles and Applications Vols I - IV, Wageningen 1974. The Auger hole method, Wageningen 1971.Italconsult RESERVED Morton B.A. Sir William Halcrow and Partners. United States Dept* of the Interior '.,’ilson 2 J! Melka Sadi - Amibara proposed Irrigation Project* Feasibility study, parts I and II, Vol. I - IV Rome 1969• Melka Sadi - Amibara Irrigation Project. Additional soil studies Borne 1971. A field guide to Ethiopian Minerals rocks and fossils. Addis Ababa University press 1978. Angelele and Bolhamo Feasibility study report London. October, 1975. Amibara Irrigation Project. Etydropedological studies London October, 1975. Bureau of Reclamation Manual Vol. V part 2. 1953. Engineering Hydrology 2nd Ed London 1974.
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