PROJECT ETH/88/013
WELKITE-DARGE MEDIUM-SCALE IRRIGATION PROJECT
AGRICULTURE
1EVIEW OF CROPS & CROPPING PATTERN
ADDIS ABABA
APRIL 1991TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Acknowledgement
Summary
1-
1.
Introduction
1
Section I
3
2.      Over-View on the Previous Project Documents
3
Project Report Preparation
3
3.      Proposed Components for Further Study Inputs
4
3.1 General
4
**               3.2 Resources Inventory
4
3.3 Agriculture
6
3.4 Social Study
7
3.5 Soils
7
4.      Land Utilization Options -
8
4.1 Introduction
8
4.2 Background Information
9
4.3 Options
12
4.3.1 Option A
13
4.3.2
"
B
14
4.3.3
"
C
14
4.3.4
"
0
15
4.3.5 Recommendation
16-2-
Section II
Proposed Cropping Systems
5.1 Background to Crop Selection
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2     Objectives
5.1.3     Specific Objectives
5.2 Existing Cropping
5.3 Livestock
5.4 Research Base
5.5 Soils and Climate Potential & Limitations
5.6 Some Negative Impacts on Irrigation Development 5.7    Agronomic Criteria
5.8    Crop Compatibility
5.9 Proposed Crops
6. Summary of Agronomic Characteristics for Proposed Crops
6.1 Soybeans
6.2 Haricotbeans 6.3 Potatoes
6.4 Onions
6.5 Groundnuts 6.6 Pepper
-
17
17
18
18
19
21
21
21
21
22
22
23
24
24
25
26
26
27
28-3-
>.    Farming Systems
7.1    Cropping Pattern
7.2    Cropping Combination
7.3    Crop Rotation Scheme
7.3.1 Benefits
7.3.2 Rotation Scheme in the Project
7.4    Cropping Calendar
3.      Yield Estimate
8.1    General
8.2    Yield Estimate From Various Sources
8.3    Projected Yield
8.4    Expected Yield Under Rainfed Conditons
9.      Agricultural Operation
9.1    For Large Scale Commercial Farm(s)
9.2            For Small Holder Private fArms 0.      The Need           For Establishing a Pilot Scheme
1.        Climatic  Tables
2.     Annexes
12.1      Reference
12.2      ClimateJables
12.3      Cropping Calender figure
Pages
29
29
30
30
30
31
34
35
35
35
37
38
40
40
40
40
y
12.4
yj
Crop - sater Requirement Tables
13.5      Crop water Requirement
•Acknowledgement
I like to extend my sincere gratitude to Ato Mekuria Taffesse, Chief Engineer and National Project Coordinataif' 
untiring effort and valuable contributions made the timely completion of this report possible. My thanks also goes to Mr.S.Thirugnanesambanthar,
• ■•/ whose
SIDDE. Team Leader, ETH. FAO/UNDP 88/013, whose encouragement and personal envolvement is reflected in this report preparation.
My compliment goes also to Ato Kinfe Mamo Agronomist, for his envaluable advice and participation in the formulation ofL, and the write
up of the report. Ato Samson Haile Selassie, whose resourcefulness to effectivly utilize the computer facilities for preparing tables and
figures vital for the report compilation and his eagerness to accommodate
all other pertinent issues I had toward^ the preparation of this report,
deserves my profound appreciation.
I would like to record my indebtedness to all the staff in the Secretariate, especially to W/ro Elisabeth Damena, who was always ready to help in typing and willing to look after all other administrative issues 
that concern* me; to W/t Buznesh Debela secretary in the Project Office,
who always met my request for stationery and other writing materials; to
the WRDA Librarians who provided me with a make-shift office accommodation in the libarary.
This report would have not been
possible    without    wyt
Mohammed   who   patiently   and   deligently   typed   the   manuscript   to present form, and I am profoundly grateful for that.
Last but not l;'st, I like to express my appreciation to all the young engineers and staff in the first; floor of WRDA, whose smiling faces 
Kedija give it the
and cordial greetings created a very conducive working climate and made me no more a stranger.General
Sumnary & Recommendations
The major portions of time spent in preparing this review report depended largely on desk studies and short field trips. Two reconnaissance field trips were made to the project area to assess first-hand, the existing agricultural situations. In additoon,
another brief but useful visit was made to the Zeway Horticultural Enterprise to acquire information on flowers growing and other horticultural crops and their cropping pattern, which may be applic able to the project area's conditions. These trips, though of short
durations 
.       , have however helped to provide additonal
data to inhance the already available data-base. During these trips 
relevant government officials, regional agricultural officers, experts 
on various disciplines, as well as some farmers, were met during which
time useful exchangesof ideas have transpired.
This report is made up of two sections. Section I is entirely 
devoted to the elaboration of additional inputs to uplift the over-all
document status to an all-inclusive and a comprehensibly studied
project and,Section II is an effort put in to the re-assessmentof
the agricultural development aspect. In effect the preparation taken
to re-appraise the agricultural sector is tantamount to producing an
entirely new approach to cropping systems comparable to a fully fledged
feasibility study document.
Section I
Resources Inventory
During the course of this  project review certain unattended and yet very  crucial topics,which must have been considered initially  as  an integal part of the study compenent.were recognized.
••/••-2-
In the considered opinion, and without the risk of overstepping his 
mandate, the Consultant finds it his duty and obligation to bring
these omissions to the attention of the concerned officials of
WRDA. This does not imply however, that this flaw in the report has 
not been already recognized by WRDA ' that stepps are not being contemplated to correct the deficiencies.
— At any rate, it is recommended that studies on the following add
itional issues, whose study components have been treated in-sufficient detail in the main report, be carried out before the final present
ation of the Project Document.
Topics to be studied and included in the W.Kulite Project Document
are:-
-    forestry
-    watershed management
-    grazing lands
-    animal resources
-    agriculture
-    social study
Land Utilization Options
At present it is envisated to adopt two different types of land exploitation in the W.Kulite and W.Darge Project^ areas i.e., the
small holder private settler farms and the large scale commercial farme(s).
The following 4 options are dicussed and some advantages and dis advantages on those options have been indicated.
Option A -       joint development of the small holder private farmers with the large scale commercial farmer(s)on each of the two projects,
Option B -       the entire farming system of the two project areas be alloted to large scale commercial farmer(s) only,-3-
Option C - the entire farming system of the two project areas be left to the small holder private farmers only,
Option D - either W.Kulite or W.Darge be exclussively utilized
by either the small holder private farmers and the other by large scale commercial farmer(s) as a separate development option.
Recommendation: Both optionJA and 0 have been considered, but option D happens to be most meritorious.
Section II
Proposed Crops & Agricultural Programmes Salient Featuresof the Project area
Soils:-
*1 "Almost all soils are very clayey textured with good structure and sufficient porosity up to 40/50 cm depth-~—Have adequate amount of organic matter content (3 - 5% in the top soil and 2 -3% in the subsoil)and a high base saturation (general > 80%) and are therefore chemically fertile/
Existing Farming Population in the project area:-
family head 520
total population 2600
*2proposed land allocation per headfl»5ha.
Net total irrigable area
1116ha.
Total   annual   rainfall   (9   years   average   of   4   stations)   1194.72   mm. Annual mean temperature 17.95°C extrapstated from Wolisso.
■' Major existing crops under rainfed conditions
Maize Sorghum
Teff
chickneas 
nou^
haricotbean
pepper
sesame vegetables.
S ^N0t ? gg:lt 6i
n
U
a
O thi?r COTsi1ujtn °e’elOpment in “elk'te k“Hte Project Area-4-
Crop Selection:-
In spite of some unomodifiable, topographic, soil or agronomic 
constraints a wide range of crops have been suggested in the document
of the "The Land Evaluation For Irrigation Development in Welkite - Kul it Project Area" ^selection of only 6 crops have been made however, on the
basis of their agronomic adaptability, marketing opportunities, logi stical consideration and production economics such as land utilization.
The crops selected are:-
Wet Season
Dry Season
Crop
Small holder
Priv. farms
Large Scale
Commer. farm(s)
Small holder
Priv. farms
Large scale Commer. farm(s)
Area (ha)
%
Area
X
Area
X
Area
X
Soybean Haricotbean GroirdTUt
Putatoe
Onion
Pepper
60
100
100
-
-
-
5.38
8.96
8.96
-
•
300
200
356
-
-
-
26.88
17.92
31.90
-
-
-
-
-
-
55
75
70
-
-
-
4.93
6.72
6.27
-
-
-
250
250
180
-
-
-
22.40
22.40
16.13
TOTAL
260
23.30
850
76.16
200
17.92
680
60.93
The cropping density is 178.8 X
Yield Projections
Although accurate yield data from the project area are hard to come by, on the basis of the rudimentary data acquired from the region and by extrapolated data obtained elsewhere.it has been possible to make yield estimate both for the small holder and large scale commerical farms. There is a relatively faster rate of growth for the large
scale commercial farm(s) where the anticipated ultimate yield will be attained in year 5 of project implementation and for the small holder farmer it may take about 8 years to teach at the same yield level as that of the large scale commercial farmes.-5-
shment of a Pilot scheme
The agricultural potential for the W.Kulite Project area is generally considered good. To bring it to yet a higher productive area all
the supporting agricultural
must work in unison. Highly
organized well motivated extension service on one side, research
oriented backup on the other.will agriculturally.
up-lift the regionIntroduction
This report is devided into two sections. Section I deals with
the present project status and makes inventories of the study components. Recommendations are made on additional study inputs to upgrading the
project document.
As   the   plan   of   project   implementation   for   the   project   is   based on   small   and   large   scale   commercial   farming   system,   alternative   appro aches for the coordination of the work programme have been proposed.
Section II is entirely devoted to the reviewing of the existing documents on the agricultural sector. The studies of this project were prepared initially by the Water Resources Development Authority (WRDA) in 1986 and finalized by the Ethiopian Valleys Development Studies Authority (EVDSA) in 1989 with the financial and technical assistance from UNDP and FAO respectively. The final designing of the project is being carried out by WRDA.
However, to complete its study WRDA was required to bring in additonal expertise for additional inputs. In pursuit of that aspiration
an agronomist was required to review the cropping aspect of the study.
Needless to say, this agricultural appraisal has endeavoured to prepare this report by including more important inputs hoping to improve the scope of the study document over and above the terms of contract service entered between WRDA and the ionsultant. The nature of work envolved in the agricultural sector is to determine the types 
of crops and cropping pattern and other related requirements. Potentially profitable crops have been selected on the basis of the Land Evaluation For Irrigation Development In Welkite-Project Area Project n
ETH/88/013. Although the crops proposed are potentially adaptable to the area and also are high-yielders, only an estimation of the actual yield-build-up has been indicated based on available data.-2-
As these proposed crops have limited long-standing data on their performance under large scale irrigation schemes, it was found necessary to
determine their adaptability and cultural requirements by committing them to a field trial scheme. A recommendation has been made therefore, for establishing as soon as possible, a pilot project within the project area.SECTION I
2 overview on the Previous Project Documents
- Project Report Preparation
When the study programme for Welkite-Kulite was embarked upon the major effort then was to make the irrigation oriented study programme workable at the exclusion of some of the most crucial study components, i.e. the integrated development aspect of the whole watered system.
Another flaw in the project study that could be cited is the degree of completeness on some topical (sectoral) projects. For example, a soil survey (project FA0/ETH/82/008) completed on 1600 ha. just within a span of 4 days serves to illustrate the
point.
Out of necessity therefore, WRDA has to request a land evaluation expert (Project ETH/88/013) to carry out further a more consolidated soil study for the project area. This last
land evaluation study may have taken the soil study process further a-field, but it still lacks some refinement which is characteristic to a feasibility level studied project.
Similar traits are also found in the agricultural sector.
There are some serious reservations on the detailed character ization and defin/ition on parameters used both by project ETH/82/008 and Project ETH/88/013 to proposed crops.For instance .while some of the crops selected are crops 
that could be grown under rainfed conditions other unsuitable
crops are designated for irrigation. Yet again, to re-appraise
the study in this sector an agronomist was put in place for that
task.
Because the socio-economic study input was in the same predicament, the obvious natural step has been taken for an add itional socio-economic evaluation.
It is hoped that the reiteration of these remaks will not
be construed as tyng prejudicial against the excellent work already carried out. It is merely an attempt to put the whole issue in
its proper perspective so that, if possible at all, a reconsider
ation is made for the inclusion of these ignored study components in the project study documents. This could have been avoided any way had all the different desciplines been assembled in a consortium during the initial planning stage.
3. Proposed Components for Further STudy Inputs
3.1       General
To bring the W.Kulite Project study to a conclusive and all- embracing study document the following additional study inputs are suggested.
3.2    Resources Inventory
One of the first steps towards the preparation for develop ment of a river basin is to make inventory of its resources for
an integrated plan in mind. An integrated development of a valley must therefore be considered as a homogenious system of study corresponding to rainfed agriculture, irrigated agriculture, stock 
raising (animal resources) forestry, watershed management, fisheries if possible, wildlife if any and grazing land.- 5 -
Scope of study includes:-
A.  Forestry
Prolonged neglect of the non-agricultural land of the surounding area in the project zone has already re sulted and may continue to result the accelaration of
soil erosion, rapid siltation of the water storage
reservoir to be constructed and scarcity of constructing material (as experience gained elsewhere indicates) and fuel wood and fodder. It is therefore, suggested that
the study component under this item include:-
-  problem of meeting growing wood requirement,
-  protecting watershed and range lands,
-  protecting and rehabilitating of the forest on
the hilly catchment areas which could inturn
have a crucial bearing on the amount of sediment ation entering the reservoir.
B.  Watershed Management including
-  ecology,
-  erosion,
-  practice of shifting agriculture,
-  overgrazing,
-  social habitation,
-  impact to down-stream users.
C.  Grazing Land
with particular emphasis on inhancing the rehabilit ating and protecting the grazing resources which
may be severely degraded through years of over-use.
D.  Animal Resources
In the project area livestock has become, an integral' part of livelihood for nearly all the fanning popul ation.
Furthermore, the strategy of irrigation development for W.Kulite is envisaged to include two groups of users - the small holder farmers, using animal traction as a mode of production and the second group, largescale commercial farmer(s) using totally mechanized method of production. This recommendation addresses the small holder who will now more than ever, requires the service of his oxen. It is therefore incumbent
upon this review to take stock of the situation.
It is therefore recommended that the study includes, among other things, evaluation of the various reso urces and other potential factors for animal production within and around the project zone.
Equal attention should also be paid to the wildlife and their habitat.
The dam that is going to be constructed could be
a potential source of fish development for the project area. This aspect of the study should be looked into.
3.3    Agriculture
Production of major food crops such as maize, sorghum, teff, noug, chickpeas, etc can be increased substantially if application
of existing knowledge in the form of coordinated rainfed and irrigated agricultural development plan for the region as a whole is initiated. The following outline of study components are suggested
- Agricultural system, within which
. crop type and varieties,
. cropping pattern and rotation,
. husbandry and productivity,
. mixed livestock/crop production,
. farm management,
are included
- intensification of plant protection scheme
. utilization of hybrid crop production,
. plant protection -insects 
-diseases -weeds
rigor for intensifying
-  birds
-  mamaIs-7-
. Agricultural extension
Establishment of research
Agricultural technology
-  farm mechanization /animal draught,
-  drainage/water supplies/soil conservation,
-  farm transport
-  farm power/crop handling/storage/on-farm processing.
. Crop introduction
-  food crops
-  fibre crops
-  industrial crops
-  fruits & vegetables
3.4    Social Study
Social study aspect includes:-
quality of labour and its availability,
possible impact of the project on the local population, essential social-oriented measures for first stage development,
-
means of maximizing local participation,
recruiting of small holder farmers,
community planning especially under the envisaged irrigation programme on:-
. education,
. health,
. location of villages and
other community centres,
. organization of existing rainfed agriculture vis-a-vis proposed irrigated agriculture.
3.5    Soils
In the docunent of the Land evaluation for Irrigation Development in Welkit-Kulite Project Area the observation density of 6 pits and 3 augerings for a total J
of 2300 ha. puts one into serious reservations as to the detailed characterization and definition of the soil survey. The maps presented are so raw that it becomes nessary at times to fill in by- 9-
inference the missing charaterization. Normally, the required observation density  is  one per 50 ha., which makes  the present study  deficit by  some 37 observations  for the claimed 2305 ha. observed.
Land Utilization Options
4.1 Introduction
For ease of presentation, this part of item 4 covers both
Welkite - Kulite and Welkite - Darge Projects as both havesimilar
setup and almost identical development programmes.
At present it is envisaged to adopt two different types of exploitationsof the land in the W.Kulite and W.Darge Proejct areas; i.e., the small holder (private) farms and the large scale commercial farm(s). The small holder farmers are basically those
who are the existing rainfed farmers to be reorganized under
irrigated agriculture. These farmers are going to use mainly 
animal traction for their agricultural programme. The large scale commercial farmer(s) would, on the other hand, employ full fledged mechanized farming systems. Now the question is how best to incorporate or organize these totally different group^! of users 
without hampering the economic vaibility of the two projects.
This reality will be more apparent when one realises the
fact that cropping opportunities vary according to the management adopted. One must not underestimate the problems inherent into the organization of small holder (private) farmers into a cohisive
and manageble entity. For one thing, unlike the large scale commercial farmer(s) their readiness to accept the highly disci
plined and strictly programmed irrigation efficiency is open to
debate.
This problem would be further compounded by the fragmented nature of the individually, alloted. lands of .5 ha. whether the holdingthus devided is sufficent /notjs again any body's conjecture. Its 
the cumbersome nature of coaching y^tich-4s instore forextension agents that must be recognized when dealing with these private farmers.
Their acceptance of the production patterns envisaged under a restricted irrigation system completely alien to their traditional methods is unpredicatable.
4.2 Background     information
In order to thoroughly grasp the multiplicity of the work envoived in the incorporation of these small holder private
farmers withjn the large scale commercial farmer(s) if may be appropriate to indicate some of the ingridient elements to be
faced during the practical application of the settling process.
In the following table(Table 1) a scheme showing the number of prospective settler population and their land holding as compared with largescale commercial farmer(s) for the two project areas, is presented.
In another table (Table 2), an attempt is made to portray the scale of livestock population that would exist or may have already existed on the irrigable land in the two project areas.
The prospective settler farmers interview are bent for a private ownership system of farming where each farmer would be individually responsible for his share of the land. If this can
not be accommodated within administrative policy, then one has to revert to the unpleasant job of reorganizing them into production units not exceeding 50 families. Identified parts of the irrigated areas should then become the responsibility of a particular produc tion unit, whose members are to retain and share the profits from sales of produce grown in their area.
Grazing areas, preferably outside the irrigable land, have to be provided for their livestock population.Limits on the number and type of livestock each family head is allowed to keep have to
be imposed, if averted.
. livestock population exploision is to be
•*/••-10 -
Although it Is not absolutely necessary, additional land, which will be communially farmed by the small holder farmers be put aside on the periphery of the irrigable land to grow crops 
such as maize and sorghum under rainfed inorder to cater for the food requirements. It is anticipated that each family head would
be suffciently provided with cash from the proceed he would get by selling his cash crops anyway, to enable him buy the food crops he would require-
Table 1 Land Utilization Pattern
Farming
Population
Land
Distribution (ha)
Project area
Family Head
Total farm
population
Net irrigable
area(ha)
Total for grell
holder farmers
Total for
Comer.
fanrer(s)
Welkit - Kulite
Welkit - Darge
520
793
2600
3965
1116
1380
260
5^ ^00(^16)
856
1000
Total
1313
0000
2496
640
1856
Earlier in this discussion more have been said about the livestock population and the role they play in generating additional income to the farming commu
nity in and amend the two projects. The following table (Table 2 ) is prepared to indicate the magnitude of the livestock population^present--        • '
At this point in time, it is appropriate to reiterate that a study input in the livestock sector for a more realistic appraisal of the situation is most vital.
According to recent surveys conducted, the following livestock population has been recorded (Table 2).Livestock Population
fable 2.
Type
Total head
Total Livestock unit
W.Kulite
W.Darge
W.Kulite
W.Darpe
Cows
Oxen
Bull calwes
Heifers
Calves
Goats
Donkeys
1410
830
550
450
450
366
105
900
523
450
600
450
270
40
1128
664
440
360
360
36.6
84
720
418
360
480
360
27
32
T 0 T A L....
4161
3233
3072.6
2397
V * 0 Ta £ jf £ about' c#i* n e> 4 ke Ip b ^4 lAJ f r
’^m' C /<Vef*ZcG^ p o uz Io -/( o^ fj 4c br
^ori &-( pse< rant Jut rLw Id <be u^orfted. **4 <> J t/a *(? of
a^d. \^l^4
4-t* e.^ bar A<ey // oi>- of -t£f ftf/fc ***
s* m *** c • 
oe4.3 Options
If reasonable targets particularly in projected yield levels 
are to be achieved the two projects will need timely execution of
all farm operations and precise water control. The need for good
Integrated management places certain constraints, especially when
considering all the enterwind issues, on management options appro-
priat to the proposed development.
In practice, there is at present no organization with the
responsibility and necessary resources to undertake the development
of high value cash cropping under intensive irrigation. At present
RRC, after several years of assistance, is pulling out all together
from the area and the settlers are on their own. On the other hand,
the MOA is normally organized to assist such a development only 
when it becomes a legal entity at the stage of a fully fledged
producer co-operative with joint ownership and management of the
production resources, and the farmers have a very strong antipathy 
for that.
Basically, four possible options considered feasible for the
management systems of the two irrigation projects are presented
hereunder:-
Option A - Joint development of private small holder
farmers and large scale commercial farmer(s)
at each project area.
Option B - All large scale commercal famer(s) on both
project areas.
Option C - All small holder private fanners on both
project areas.
Option D - Separate and indtpendant development of small holder private farmer and large scale commer cial farmer(s) at either project areas.
As cropping opportunities do not vary according to management considerations these options will be separetly discussed.
•«/..-13 -
4.3.1      Option A
Advantages:-
-    small holder private farmers will have an
oportunity to learn at close range different
farm practices and techniques.
-    remain in their present area avoiding the inconvenience of dislocation.
-    they could be cutgrower producers and sell close at doorsteps, their produce to the large-scale commercial farmers.
-    may have opportunities for hiring tractors in
groups for the initial land preparation.
-   surplus members of the farming community may have oportunity of employement in the large-scale commercial farmer(s) during slack times.
Disadvantages
-    complicates plant protection programmes.
-    risk of cattle trespassing into large scale commercial farms cropped areas.
-    wasting land resources by trying to establish social infrastructers for two separate land users.
-    laxity of desciplines in social activities.
-    duplication of efforts in setting up of training, education, health service and ' other human amenities.
-    over burdens the water management aspect of the P.C.C.
-    creats undue strain or the extension agents in the assistances and training services aspect.4.3.2      Option B
Advantages
-     economic viability of the projects will be in safe hands.
-     uniform development and strict adherence to water usage and soil protection will be assured.
-     facilitates monitoring of planned programmes.
-     introduce agricultural technology and nethod of production in the area.
-     creats high job oportunity.
-     encourages the establishments of different social infrastructures, like villges, shops, trading centres, etc.
Disadvantages
4.3.3 Option C
-    creats animosities between .the already existing
farmers who have been denied the use of the irrigable areas and the new corners of the large scale comercial fanrer(s).
-    contravenes the government's policy of resettl-
ment.
-    farmers at large will loose confidence in the
government as regards future settlement
prog r ames under irrigation.
-    will have tendency in weakening the rainfed agricul tural development.
Advantages
-    it is only a social proposition where it may 
relive population pressure and change the life
style of the fortunate few.
-   may influence the accelaration of food habit of
the surrounding population.
-   may have a widly distributed weal th among the farming community.
-   may influence the creation of cottage industries and other interrelated social activities.- /y-
Disadvantages:;
-    it is no longer an economic proposition.
-    the presence of tsetse fly would place at
risk agricultural systems dependent on animal cultivation.
-    will demand a highly organized extension services .
-    the infrastructure of the irrigation system would be at risk of disruption.
-    creat social injustice.
-    the clay soils of thftwo project areas are
very difficult to work with during wet season using animal draught.
-    long term project viability will be ijpredicatable.
4.3.4 Option D
Advantages
-    creats a sense of well being and confidence.
as well as cohision among the farmers community.
-    the initiation and execution of different farm
operations can be easily effected through a
single and elected body executive board.
-    separate development would assist in quickly identifying flaws in management rendering quick remedy to the problem.
-    management would be simplified.
-    economic development and progress could be precisely prtd -
-    the service ability and /or the mantainances of irrigation structures would be facilitated.
-    village organization and other community centres could be planned and executed precisely.
-    areas for livestock and livestock husbandry will be effectively managed and systemitized.
-    duplication of management, skilljjrnanpower and other efforts will be minimized.- H-Jk
Disadvantages
-   farmers training will be centralized
resulting in creating an efficient management skills among the farming communities.
-   centralized demonistration centres could
be established within easy reach where
all the farmers may have a chance to
obsorve the many facets of crop husbandry
techniques.
-   the size of the small holder farmers.Land holfing will improve substantially i.e. upto
1.05ha. or 84 ha instead of the .5ha allotment,
if either W.Darge or W.Kulite is assigned in
its entrirely for their exclusive utilization.
-  moving these farmers from their present dwelling places to either W.Kulite or W.Darge project area may cause serious but temporary problems.
-   increases area for their increased livestock population.
Reconroendation:
Both option A and D have been considered, but option D is prefered.SECTION II
proposed Cropping Systems
5.1     Background to crop selection
5.1.1       Introduction:-
This report is presented in accordance with the contract of service agreement of the 11th of February,
1991 for providing consultancy service on the agronomic aspect of the Welkite-Kulite Projects’ currently under
A
review by the Authority for the purpose of,among other
things, to:-
-    study all the reports available pertaining to
the agronomy.
-    prepare reports in respect to the work carried
out on the projects.
-    visit project areas and contact relevent organiz
ations to obtain necessary data pertaining to the
work assignment.
As required by the agreement, this report outlines 
the basis on which the principal agricultural project com
ponents are to be formulated.
The report on crop selection and cropping is pre
pared on the basis of the data found in:-
-Welkite-Kulite Irrigation Project Feasibility Study 
of FAO/UNDP assisted project ETH/82/088.
- Land Evaluation for Irrigation Development in Welkite- Kulite report of FAO/UNDP assisted project ETH/88/013,
and - surveys conducted to the project area...
Inlight of new revelation in the soil survey report
(ETH/'/013), suggestions and proposals have been made on crop selection and cropping pattern as well as on approaches to the overall agricultural development pattern, in cropselection, from a relatively extended list of 48 crops, only 6 have
been considered.
5.1.2. objectives:-
The recommendation on crop selection for Welkit-Kulite Project is not in any way contravening the Government's policy 
in relation to increased food production and rqw materials
but rather complements it. The concept of selecting the particular crops it is hcped, is to encourage incentives for the
increased production of the other food crops produced under rain-
fed conditions thus^resulting in the accelaration of the comprehansive agricultural development programme in the area by mutually supportive effors.
Agriculture under rainfed conditions for cereal production
is so well developed in thfregion. To again bring in these same
crops to be cultivated under irrigaiton even during the dry 
period, is found to be economically unjustifiable, although agro- nomically feasible.
5.1^.. specific objectives:-
Crops under irrigaiton development were preferred due
to:-
-    crops selected are high value cash crops,
-     the growing of these crops under irrigation farming throughout the year was found feasible,
-    the total water requirement for these candidate
crops will not be met under the existing rainfed conditions,
-    an opportunity of a contineous supply of moisture (irrigation) throughout an extended period has been found favourable for double cropping,
-    the land utilization capacity will be made to
increase through wet and dry seasons cropping system.
•. / •.r
5.2 Existing Cropping
Cropping in Welkite-Kulite Valley is not limited by lack of moisture. The region is suitable for many of the crops grown in
the "Woinadega" regions of Ethiopia.
Some of the major crops widely grown in and around the project area are listed in the following Table 3 .
Crops grown in the project area under rainfed conditions. Table 3
Crops
Sowing date
Harvesting date
Maize
Sorghum
Teff
Chick peas
Haricotbeans
Sesame
Noug
Pepper
Potatoe
April / May
Sept /Oct.
II
II
II
II
July
September
June
July
June
June
Nov. or May 
(irrigation)
December
Jan / Feb.
October
November
October
December
Feb. or Sept.
Although accurate yield records are hard to come by, it has been possible however, to acquire some raw data from the area as tabulated in th following Tables 4 and 5. According to report received durina the survey,Athe factorfthat contributed to low yield,is the farmers reluctence to follow advice of the extenssion agents in the use of fertilizer application.Crop grown in Teddele & Harole Settlement Villages for the year 1981 / 82 E.C.
Table 4
Crop
Cultivated Planned(ha)
Cultivated
Actual(ha)
Yield / ha.
Maize
Sorghum
Teff
Haricot Bean
Pepper
Chickpea
Sesame
Ntug
Wheat
Vegetables
Beans
1221.00
478.70
861.00
210.00
138.00
447.00
34.00
73.50
10.00
4.00
-
1093.00
473.50
774.00
253.00
56.50
445.50
42.50
40.00
5.00
4.00
9.00
16
16
9
7
5
5
3
3
10
50
9
T o T a 1...
3477.2
3196.00
-
Crops grown under Irrigation within Taddele and Harole Settlement Villages for the year 1981/82 E.C.
Table 5
Crop
Planned
(ha)
Actual
(ha)
Yield/ha
quentals
Tomato
Onion
Potato*.
Green Pepper
Cabbage
Beet root
Papaya
8.50
6.20
3.50
6.70
2.05
0.35
0.75
6.17
2.82
2.62
1.47
0.68
0.43
0.75
73
64
51
37
76
•
-
Total
28.05
14.94
-5 3 Livestock
The    farming    population    are    sedentary    and    their    livelihood^ next    to    crop    farming,    comes    from    livestock    keeping.    In    addition, the income from the crops is dependent on farming by oxen.
5.4    Research base
No known research or trials work on agronomic aspects have
been carried out in the project area. The nearest trials under
rainfed conditions^')' from Welkite-Kulite Project area,is situated
near Woliso Town at a place called Goro. In spite„all attempts, no
data could be secured from this station.
5.5    Soils, Climatic Potential and Limitations
The soils of the Welkite-Kulite Project area are considered
"favourable" for a wide range of crops under rainfed and under
irrigation conditions. Temperature and humidities will not constrian
. well irrigated and well husbanded crops. However, this agreeableness for crop growing
is subject to further results to be gotten from pilot scheme trials 
in the future. Factors, like variation in yield levels between
early ard late plantings, soils, assumptions adapted in the selection
of the crops, crop husbandry and other unquantifiable factors may influence the future crop production under irrigation. A pilot
project would determine the most appropriate crops and cropping pattern for the area.
5-6 Some Negative Impacts on Irrigation Development
Some of the constraints mentioned hereunder are those which will have someAindirect influencfpn the future agricultural development pattern under irrigation.
- lack of long-standing data on experience under large- scale irrigation schemes for the selected crops,-     absence of a pilot or a research station within
the project proximity,
-     the presence of trypanosmiasis,
-     chances of farmers acceptanceo^^oduction patterns completely alien to their traditional methods 
of farming,
-     the type and frigile nature of the soils,
-     lack of studies in the resources inventory
important for an integrated development programme, 5.7     Agronomic Criteria
Consideration made to the:
-     suitability of the crops to be grown under
irrigated conditions,
-     ease of their cultural adoptability to either mechanized or animal tractior operation,
-     availability to suitable crop varieties and
the adequate supply of planting material,
-     existing knowledge and experience within the
project area about the crops under consideration,
-     handling, storage and perishability characteristics 
of the produce,
-     level of management required for successful growing of the crops in conjunction with the existing management and technical skills available.
-     suitability of the crops to leave behind much crop residues thus maintaining a high level of soil
fertility and soil amelioration.
5.8 Crop compatibility
According to their climatic adaptability, some 25 hihgly suitable crops have been recommended for the project area by the last survey on "Land Evaluaiton for Irrigation Development" project ETH/88/013. However, after assessing their compatibility,only 6 crops have been proposed (see table). The crops l<nd them selves to agreeable sequence of relay cropping. Their compatibility 
to be incorporated with or in sequence to each other is of consider able importance when aiming for optimum and steady yields over many years and the minimization of diseases and pest incidence within
the crops. Th* other assets with these crops are their soil amelioration and soil fertility build up characteristics.
Nonetheless, optimum sowing dates, irrigation water applica tion, band use pattern and care to the fragile soil, until determined through prolonged trials, the crops have to be treated with some degree of flexibility.
The remaining crops listed in the land evaluation report have been precluded here for reasons that they are either:
-     not fit for irrigaiton (teff) or, have parameter less defined which ought to be tried on a pilot scheme inorder to determine their adaptability and cultural practice, or
-     can be grown more cheaply under rainfed conditions.
5.9    Proposed Crops
Many different crops were initially considered as adaptable in the project area. But for resons given earlior most of them are discarded and only 6 have been proposed. These crops and their soil requirement as indicated by the Land Evaluation Report, are presented in Table 7 .
For Wet Season
For dry Season
Say bean
Haricotbeans
Ground nuts
Potato
Onion
Pepper
•. /..The Proposed crops and their soil requirement
—- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Crop
Proposed
Net available land
with moderate to
marginaly suitable
for irrigaiton(ha)276O
Recomnended land
utilization
Small holder
settlement from
Large scale
ctnmercial fanner(s)
$2 -grf
Wet seasen
Dry season
Wet season
Dry season
Soybeans Groundnuts
Harisotbeans Potatoe
Onion
Pepper
*
*
♦
*
*
*
*
4
4
*
*
4
4
Nid* Land class which is not suitable under the current infrastructural
and socio-economic conditions but may be considered in the future with the changed conditions.
6. Summary of Agronomic Characteristics for the Proposed Crops.
6.1 Soybeans - Glycin mar
>
.
Soybean is a good provider of vegatable oil and proton. It
is also an important organic matter and nitrogen replinisher.
Further more, it is a useful precedent crop, which in this proposal
is to be followed by potato in the rotation scheme.
The crop is aranged to be grown during the wet season and will occupy a total of 360 ha. (32.25%) dfv<ded into 6{>/<and 300ha
for small holder private and large scale commercial farms respectively. With proper management and adequate water supply yield increase, up to 3.5 tonnes /ha. is estimated.Basically a yield up to 8.2 tonnes/ha is 
the potential for the crop.So far Coker 240 and Clark 63K have been the cultivars
utilized in the country. Which ere also reccmended in this
cropping programe. The crop can be grow on a wide range of soils
except very sandy ones.
Seeding rate is 55 kg/ha.
Soybean is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen which meets
its requirement for high yields. However, a liberal dose of DAP is
required for its productive growth. A number of factors, like, water
availability, fertilization and row spacing, affect its yield. Under
rainfed condition and with an optimum cultural practices, yields up
to 1.5 to 2.5 ton/ha. can be attained, but under irrigaiton yields
up to 2.5 to 3.5 ton/ha. have been recorded with improved varieties.
6.2    Haricotbean - Phaseolus Vulgaries
Like soybean, this crop is highly useful for soil-nitrogen
build-up and for the betterment of the physical soil condition.
This crop has been grown in the project area as an important
food and cash generating crop.
Although this practice in the country has yet to develope on
a larger scale, in other countries the crop is also grown as green
beans and for dry seed.
Optimum mean daily temperatures range between 15°C and 20°C.
The total land allotment for the crop as shown in Table 6, is 450 ha. (40.3%) divided into 100 ha. (8.96%) and 350ha (31.36%) for small holder private farm plots and large scale commercial farm plots 
, respectively. The crop is to be grown in the wet season and followed by onion in the dry growing season (see Table 9) in the 4 year rotation programme.
The provisionally recommended variety is Mexican 142.Potatoes -Solanim tuberosun
In nutritive value and palatability, potatoe is better than
most cereals.
Potatoes, sometimes called European, Irish, English or Solanum pototoes, to distinguish them from sweet potatoes. In other parts 
of African countries, like Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, etc, and to some extent in Ethiopia, they are important subsistence crops.
Temperature, more than anything else affect the yield of the crop, and optimum daily temperature of 18°C to 20°C is required
during most of the growing period.
It is preferred to grow potatoe on ridges under irrigaiton.
The total area-designation for the crop is 305 ha. (27.32%), divided into 55ha.(4.92%) for small holder private farmer and 250ha (22.40%) for large scale commercial farms as indicated in Tabled- In the
Rotation system it is going to be grown in the dry season and after soybeans, see table 0.
6.4 Onion - Al linn cepa
This very important bulb crop in the Ethiopian diei; is believed to have originated in the Near East.
The optimum range of altitude for onion production is between 700 and 2200 m.a.s.l. and the optimium growing temperature lies b/n
15°C and 20<>C .
The crop is strongly influenced by day-length temperature and the varieties are accordingly classified as long, intermediate or
short day. Only short day variety are adapted in Ethiopian condition, that is to say, a day length of approximately 12 hours.
For the project area, a total of 350 ha (29.12%) is assigned to be divided into 75ha (6.75%) and 25 ha (22.40%) for small holder Private farm plots and large scale commercial farm plot respectively and i$ envisaged to be produced in the dry season. It is to be Preceded by haricot beans in the rotation system.The traditional anion of Ethiopia is the red shallot, which
is well adapted for growing by small farmers under rainfed condition but unsuitable for large scale irrigated production.
It is recommended therefore that Mermiru white, mermiru - brown, Adama Red or any other better variety available be adopted for the proposed project area.
The following 3 different onion production methods are considered*.
- Growing onion by direct seedign,
"
" from seeding transplant,
or -
"
" shallot onions.
Direct seeding
is becoming more popular and the whole produc
tion process can be Mechanized, but saline soils should be avoided. Growing onion from seedling transplant is a highly labour -intensive operation.
6.5 Groundnut - Arachis hypogaea
Groundnut is a valuable food crop as well as an important source of vegetable oil. It contains 40 - 50% of oil, about 30% of albumin and upto 18% carbohydrates. The oil is also processed for
s«ap making, lubricant, cosmetics, etc.
. butter is also
made from the seeds. The cake is a very useful feed for cattle.
It has also an added advantage, in that it is one of the
best compatible crops to be incorparated in crop-rotation system.
Although the crop is best adapted to well-drained, leWe, friable medium textured soil, it has got a rating of as oncof
"highly suitable crops" in the "Land Evaluation Report", there is also some reason to belive that this crop would indeed be grown successully by-and-by provided the incorporation of a libral amount of plant material is turned in the soil and the cultural practies recommended are adhered to . Also a green manure crop in the rotation system would accelarate the improvement of the physical condition of the soil. In south India ground-nut has been grown sucessfully in a black cotton soil.*M
In the rotation system, groundnut is to be followed by pepper (Table (?)• It is projectd to be grown during the wet season.
The total land coverage for the crop is 300ha. (26.88%)
divided into small holder farmer plot and large scale commercial farmer farm of 100 ha.(8.96) and 200 ha.(17.92%) respectively,
refer to Table9 •
The recommedned variety is shulamit and Manipitter or any other reliable variety that may have been released in the last few
years.
6.6    Pepper - Capsicin fructecens
Pepper also called red pepper, is one of the most important and earliest -known spice crops. in Ethiopia. It is consumed either in green form or as dry hot and red powdered form. It is an indispensable ingridient in practically every Ethiopian dish. It is grown extensively under rainfed conditons on a wide variety of agro-
climatic zones. ... . "'I
**“
... It takes about 30 days for seedling development and another 150 days for the crop to be ready for harvest after transplanting.
This crop is in high demand by the Ethiopian spice and Oil Extraction corporation. The corporation extracts the red colour to impart pungency and colour to foods which makes it one of the most lucrative enterprise for the corporation in its export market.
Pepper thrives in climates with growing season temperature in the range of 18°C to 27°C during the day and 15 to 18°C during the wight.
The varieties available currently are the Mareko Fana and Bako local.Seeds are sown in nursery beds for which temperatures in the range of 20 to 24°C are considered optimum for germination. Seedlings
o t 10 to 20 cm height are transplanted in the field after 25 to 35 days
Under the W.Kulite Project the scheme of developing this crop will be 250 ha. (22.40%). It will be further devided into small
holder private farm and large scale commercial farms with a share of 70 ha. (6.27%) and 180 ha. (16.121) respectively.
In the crop rotation it is preceded by Ground nut.
Farming Systems
7.1  Cropping Pattern
The areas to be cultivated to the different crops is indicated in Table <).
As stated earlier, the region around and within the project area, is suitable for many of the crops grown in a "Woinadega Zone" (1500 - 2000 m.a.s.l.) of Ethiopia. Most of the crops proposed in this farming systems under irrigation have also been grown under rainfed conditions in the W.Kulite Proejct area for decades.
Out of the net irrigable area of 1116 ha. in the project area, 260 ha. of .5ha. per family head distribution, will be taken up by the small holder private settlers and 856 ha. would be left to the large scale commercial farmer(s).h green manuring programme of some 240 ha. has been proposed
t he cropping pattern for soil amelioration purpose. It has been
1,1
ma e
t d that a leguminous plant, in this case preferably crotalaria
lich develops a high propertion of root systems, and,yield as much as 400 - 500 qt./ha. of green matter. To obtain steady increased yields, plant require considerable amount of nutritive boi-mass. Crops under irrigation in particular, within incorporation of organic fertilizer (straw, legumes, green manures or other plant residues) have better advantage in much greater yield gains than thos grown under rainfed where these types of operations are limited.
The following advantages inherent in most of the proposed leguminous crops are recognized in that they are:-
good food supplies and excellent sources of vegetable oils fit for human consumption,
important in soil fertility build-up and soil amelioration,
-     good sources of oil meal cakes animal feeds,
- potentially high value cash crops,
. for mixing in
good preceders in the envisaged rotation system.
7.*!, Croppiruj Co<v>fc»i wiicn
On the basis of their benifits to be had in relay cropping
the following twining programme in the rotation scheme is proposed: Soybeans - Potatoes
Groundnuts- Pepper
Haricotbeans- Onions
7-3 Crop Rotation Scheme
7.-3.1     Benefits
In crop production, whether under rainfed or irrigated condition, crop rotaiton programme is an integral part of the scheme.Crop rotation may be defined as a system of growing different kinds of crops in recurrent succession on the same
land. A good rotation that provides for maintainance or improvement soil productivity usually includes a legume crop
to promote fixation of nitrogen as well as the improvement of
the soil physical characteristics by way of added plant residues (humus).
The salient features on the benefits of crop rotations in
a farming system can be summarized in the following manner:-
-    The supply of organic matter in the soil is mantained
and increased,
-    The supply of nitrogen in this case through the legumineous crops is increased,
-    Soil nutrients are utilized more effectively,
-    Erosion losses are reduced,
-    Weeds, diseases and insects are better controlled,
-    Labour is more uniformly distributed, .
- A Hazards are reduced.
7-J-2 Rotation Scheme in the Project
All the wet season crops (soybeans, haricotbeans and ground nuts) are planned to precede the dry season crops (potatoes, pepper and onion) so as to raise the fertility and improve the physical characteristics of the soil.
The green manure crop planned in the rotaiton system will augment the supply of the orqanic matter and further improve the Physical soil condition.
The rotation system is planned in a 4 years sequential planting as is shown in table %.Crop I”4’110" Table $
Scheme
1
2
3
4
It. %
1
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
Soy.
Pot.
Gvn't.
Pep.
Hb.
On.
-
Gr.ma.
2
Grn't.
Pep
Hb.
On.
-
Gr.ma.
Soy.
Pot.
3
Hb.
On.
-
Gr.ma.
Soy.
Pot
Grn't
Pep.
4
-
Gr.ma.
Soy.
Pot.
Grn't
Pep
Hb.
On.
Key:- Soy. = Soybeans
Pot. = Potatoes
Grn't = Groundnuts
Pep.
= Pepper
Hb.
= Haricotbeans
On.
= Onions
t
Gr.ma.    = Greenmanure
the plot layout in the small holdernah9nirtor farminq system under the different crops,        holder ranges between 60 ha. to TOO ha. However, the entire 260 ha. or
'<™s mld be maintained as a unit. On the large scale coercul Tar.(s
these biots are 200 - ISO ha. units which could be left as ..ne e,ble units for
tractor operations,
9Attribution of Crop Rotation Pattern
for
Ihe small Holder i Coimercial Farms (Project size 1116 ha.)
Wet Season
Dry Season
Crop
Small
Hal.Fam
Ccnnr.
Fam
•
Crop
Small
Hal.Fam
Comr.
Fam
-— --------- ' Soybeans
Groundnut Haricotbean
60
100
100
300
200
350
Potatoe
Pepper
Onion
Green manure
crop
55
70
75
60*
250
180
250
180*
Total
260
856
260
855
I
1116
l
1115
C repp 
ft-*')
* The Green Manure crop's hectarage is excluded from the C.I.
summation.
The major operations of crop husbandry by the small holder farmer would envolved animal traction, although this method has been recommended
th Land Evaluation Report* gradually be replaced by tractor power. The large scale commercialized farm(s) will be fully mechanized.
The crop growing period is devided into wet and dry seasons. The season covers the month of April/May through September/October while
The dry season last from November to April. It is envisaged that 100% of
net irr igable area would be utilized during the wet season and soybeans, 7a   lcatbeans and groundnut . will be grown. During the dry season irrigation
rat d °f                     area Wil1 be Under Potatoes’ Onions and PePPer. These highly
c   crops have been moved to this season inorder to maximize their productive
ex
TtlS croPP'n9 density as indicated in table JF will be 178.8% d(1 'ng the green manure crop (21.5%).Plot Layout in the Rotation System
(in respect to wet season growing Period)
Table |O
1
2
3
Pit.
NO.
S.Holder
Farm
Commer.
Farm
S.Holder
Farm
Commer.
Farm
S.Holder
Farm
Commer.
Farm
1
60
300
100
200
100
350
2
100
200
100
350
60
300
- - - - - - 3- - - -
“TOO—
350
60
300
“TOO
200
7.4 Cropping Calendar
Two distinct cropping seasons are considered for the year round cultivation. The period between ealry May to late October is the
relatively moist season when suplementary irrigation may be required only in the event of dry spells. The dry period is from early December to the end of April during which time regular irrigation would be the only means of water supply to the crops (see Figure ).
The optimum dates of sowing /planting for the different crops suggested should be treated with some degree of flexibility until they
are verified by trials in the
proposed pilot  project.
The green manure crop       is included in    the calendar         for      reasons expressed earlier and it is a                60 days crop.    As soon as it       reaches some
knee h'9h *t *iU be ploughed
under while it    is lush green        and       this is
the permanent feature in the rotation cycle.
th      The    range    of    temperatures    and    rainfall    as    well    the    optimum    of e se have been included in the figure to facil . quick referencef
1.1 General
Normally, yeild projections are dependent upon climate and soils conditions. In this case the climate of the project area is considered
most ideal for the crops proposed but equal confidence can not be expressed on the soils, if one considers the Land Evaluation Report,
Project ETH/88/013. Nevertheless with careful soil management and
cultural practeces it is feasible to realize the projecWyields.
For accurate determination of yields, long standing data on large scale operation under irrigation for the crops are not available. The better
of the options, is therefore,to collect and colla tiall available data
on the crops grown elsewhere under different conditions and circumstances for extrapolation purposos. The following data are prepared on
available information either experimental or actual, on yield variables which influenced the yield projection.
8.2 Yield Estimate from Various Sources
Yield Estimate Presented by Project ETH/82/008
Crop                    1                   2                                       4                5
Potatoes 100 125 150 175 200
Pepper 100 125 150 175 200
Yields From Baro-Akobo Basin Study
Haricotbeans                 15                 17                   18                  19                20
Soybeans                       15                 17                   18                 19                20
Potatoes                      107               116                123                129              134
Onions                         107               116                123               129              134
Groundnuts                  20                 23                  26                  28                30
Estimate from the Pre-feasibility Study on Birr Project
Haricotbeans                10               15                    20                 25                25
Soybeans'                     10               12                    15                 20                25
Groundnuts                  10               12                    15                 20                25
Pepper 10 12 14 18 20
u4. From data secured from the project area (av.yield).
Haricotbeans 
5.74 q
t/ha
Pepper
7.00
Onion
21.10
*
Potatoes 
34.90
"
I
5. National yield Average Estimate
Hariotbeans Groundnuts Soybeans Potatoes.
Onions 
Pepper
9.24 qt/ha
5.46      “
3.49 "
100-150 "
60 "
8-12 "
6. Data from Handbook on Crop Production in Ethiopia.
Crop
Under research
On demons.farm
Nat.av
Groundnuts Haricotbeans
Pepper
Onions
Potatoes
40-50
20-30
34
600 •'
280-300
35
20 - 30
26
300-350
150-200
4-5
8-9
-
-
0/
7. Harticultural Development Corporation
Onion
Potatoes
Pepper
200-250qt/ha
250 "
35 MThe yield tai Id-up forecast which is presenW
tabie/J    has    t«    parts,    based    on    the    f,™ing      s,stMS       „ ls  a relatively faster rate of grwth fw the Iarge
W here the ant.opated ultimate yie!d ,HI be
'e
g
of    project    implementation.    0»    the    small    hoIder       fJnis      pl„t!       „„    t|le other hand, the projected yield level Mnld Jttajne() g
of     project     implementation.     Year     1     is     the     nf
is the year of proje■ct im. ple.mentation.
Yield Estimate
II
Crops
Yearly Yield build-up in qt/ha
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A. for the small
Holder Farms
Haricotbeans
Soybeans
Groundnuts
Potatoes
Onions
Pepper
8
10
• 14
60
80
7
10
12
16
80
100
10
12
14
18
100
125
12
14
16
20
125
150
15
16
18
23
150
250
.’8
20
22
27
175
250
22
25
30
32
200
300
26
30
35
35
250
250
30
B- for large scale cannercial farms
Haricptbeans
Soybeans
Groundnuts
Potatoes
Onions
Pepper
10
15
18
125
150
10
15
20
20
140
200
12
20
25
25
170
250
15
25
30
30
200
300
20
30
35
35
250
350
30*
It  is anticipated that, the raise In WeWs wlll rejlw
is management and cultural practices are improved ,ith experience
w  acceleration of better yields «,<, ils0 be
tria is and research a carried out within the project area. In the
final analysis, it has been assumed that certain basic conditions 
will be assured to attain the projected yields. ' ’
• Conditions such as, the required levels of inputs would k made available early enough to ensure their timely utilization, that sufficient technical management will
be maintained, especiall within the small holder farmers undertaking 8.4 Expected Yield under Rainfed Conditions
Although this part of the comment is irrelevant to the already formulated cropping pattern, it is nevertheless presented to satisfy somebody's curiosity as to the yield level to be acquired if potatoes, pepper and onion were to be grown under rainfed conditons.
Enough has been said on the soils of W.Kulite Project that only 
mention will be made here that
' • 
the
soils workability during the uncontrolable ran season makes readily accessability to the fields by amimals and their implements in particular for cultivation and for other crop husbandary activities
thus, negetively affecting the productive capacity of the crops in Question.
Onother factor to consider is the physical damage caused to the Plicate flowers of the pepper and to some extent to the onion
cr °Ps which at times may result in the total loss of these crops.
difficult
A
Incidence of plant diseases especially on pepper and potatoe constrain the growing of this crop in the wet season with high
yield expectation.Ttie following yield data under rainfed conditions are presented fo r c* irison-
r"
Sources
Crops
Potatoe
Pepper
Onion
Data from Project area
National yield average
Hand Book of crop production
in Ethiopia
Total average
34 Kg/ha 100-150 "
7Kg/ha
8-12 “
150-200 "
26 "
21 Kg/ha
60 11
300-350 "
111.3      "
14.3 "
135.3 "
When these yields  are super imposed on the yield estimate proposed for these same crops  under irrigation and during the dry  season cropping the following would be noticed.
Table 13 .
Crops
Estimate inder rain fed conditions
Estimate drier Irrigation conditions
Expected yield loss in 1
Potatoes
Pepper
Onion
111.3
14.3
135.3
250
30
350
54.481
52.341'
61.351
Agronomically these crops could be grown under a rainfed condition and exPect moderate yield provided that the time and intensity of the
ra infall is precisely monitored and determined and if a well coordinated and a highly efficient extention service is introduced in the area.9 Agricultural Operation
For Large Scale Commercial Farm($)
Material (Qty)
Crop
Machinery
(Qty)
uiAJur
(M/D)
Seeds
(Kg/ha)
Fertilizer
(Kg)
Urea
Dap
Pesticide
(Lts)
Potatoe
Groundnut
Soybean
Onion
Haricotbean
Pepper
/5"
it
ll
i5
10
loOo
W
(a O'
7-5'
6o
ChU
700
/Ss
-ir 6>
315
%
7&
/OO
/ o <?
2,00
l 0 o
zoO
Zo
3
3
I0
3
2. For Small holder Private farms (a*<nia (JysJew j
Potatoe
Groundnut
Soybean
Onion
Haricotbean
Pepper
13
3 3
2 1
S'
tQl
7,000
50>
lo
ID
1-0 o
<&v
i rp
/OO
1oo
1^0
0O
2-00
zo
3
3
2<?
3
7 S'
3^
10- The Need For Establishing a Pilot Scheme
The agricultural potential for the W.Kulite Project area is generally considered good. To bring it to yet higher crop producing area in the region all available means have to be employed to veryfy some specific variables in some of the potentially productive crops. Some questions, especially in the agronomic field, have to be studied.The need of setting up a pllot and/or a research statjon wlthln
the project area becomes therefore urgent. The most important results 
of these applied research could be made available to the farmer even
before the irrigation implementation stage is reached.
In order to ensure the widest possible choice of types of fanning, it is suggested to include in the trial process rainfed as well as irrigated crops and if needs be, even pasture trials. In the prograde steps could
be taken to try out mannual, oxen and mechanical methods or the suitable combinations of these.
Within a total of about 15 - 20 ha. area a pilot scheme could be included in the study programme.
Following is a summary of the agronomic aspects proposed to be included in the study programme.
The main objective of the trial is to determine:-
-     the suitability of the different crops,
-      date of planting,
-      by introduction new varieties their
adoptability,
-
plant specing,
-
inter-planting,
-
soil fertility build up through the
application,manure, fertilizer and compost,
-      the affar - effect of legumes,
-     weed control method,
-      pest "
*,
-      harvesting and storages,
-      fertilizer triats.
In addition, Livestock and if required, fish production aspect would the most important feature in the course of the trial.Last, but notleast, the forestry aspect of this neglected resource would be looked Into by way of determining the existing varieties and appraise on its rate of survival, growing vigor, the susceptibility to human and animal destruction, fire, insert, disease, etc.
To reiterate, it is strongly recommended to establish this pilot/ research station without waiting for the actual project-implementation period. The worthiness of this time factor is that some useful data
and information on the crops tried would emerge that would further assist in the formulation of the agricultural development pattern in crop production, thus saving very valuable time.
Tentative listing of crops that should be given immediate attention.
Rainfed Crops
Cowpeas, beans, soybeans, sweet potatoes, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed, nigerseed, lentils, chickpeas, tomatoes, garlic, carrot, onion radish, maize, sorghum, teff, sisal,
Irrigated Crops
Soybeans, groundnuts, haricotbeans, potatoes, pepper, onions, citrus, tomatoe, garlic, carrot, cabbages, radish, tobacco, olive trees,
grape, sesame, mango, papaya, banana, peav, etc.
- Climatic Tables
Rainfall data processing has been made possible by making use of the 9 year record (1975 - 83) tabulated in the previous Irrigation
Project document ETH/82/008,.
To arrive at near - accurate rainfall regime, all the data of the 4 stations have been avaraged for the total 9 years and extrapoled for the project use.-I s
ANNEXES:-
1 .       References
. Land Evaluation for Irrigation Development in
W.Kulite Project Area.
. land Evaluation for Irrigation Development in
W.Darge Project Area.
. ETH/82/008 W.Kulite & W.Darge Feasibility Study.
.     ETH/82/008 W.Kulite & W.Darge Soil Study.
. Yield REsponse to water FAO Irrigation And Drainage Paper No. 24.
. Tropical Agriculture.
. Hand Book of Agriculture
Indian Council of Agricultural REsearch.
. Crop Production.
Delorit & Ahlgren
. Agriculture in the Tropics C.C. Webster
P.N. Wilson
2.    Climatic Tables.
3.    Cropping Calendar.
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< Figures in brocket ore optimum water and temperature requirements.kU(j I,
rnppDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDnnnnn'' \ Climate file : woliao ’ Climate Station : Woliso^alga/AmBya/Weildti?
r•
ETO
(mm/day)
Rainfall
(mm/month)
Eff. Rain (mm/month)
==4
3
1            January-
?          February March April
?          May
June
3            July
3            August
?           September 3            October
3            November 3            December
y)DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
4.6
5.2
5.4
23.2
28.4
77.4
5.0
4.8
3.6
2.8
2.9
3.6
5.0
5.1
4.8
69.7 105.6 156.9
256.0
263.5
176.7
64.1
17.6
6.7
17.4 21.3 58.1 52.3 79.2
117.7 192.0 197.6 132.5
48.1 13.2
5.0
3
3
o
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
JDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
3 YEAR Total
3
3 Effective Rainfall: 75 %
1602.0 
1245.7 
934.3 mm
3
3
3
WDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDY
ZDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD?
3                    Reference Evapotranspiration ETo according Modified Penman 
3
^====== =======—========= =========:====== = = ===========:=================:==:==.;
3 Project
:        Welkite D/KIP
3 Latitude          :   8 North. Lat. 
Climate Station Altitude
:     Woliso 
: 1600 meter
3
3
CDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD-t 3 Month              Temp.         Humidity       Wind3peed        Sunshine         Radiation          ETo-Penman
3
xC                 %                    km/day              hours             mm/day              mm/day          V -
CDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD-.
3 January               17.0              47                   112
3 February          19.2              43                   121
3 March                 19.4              45                   121
8.6
7.9
7.6
3 April
3 May
3 June
3 July
3 August
19.5 52 112
19.2 57 121
17.6 71 78
16.5 84 69
16.2 84 69
6.6
7.0
5.0
4.1
4.3
4.6
4.5
4.5
3.9
3.4
4.63 Q 5.22 3 5.38 3 4.97 o 4.84
3.59
-n G
2.8
3.3
3.6
3 September 16.8 76 86
3 October             17.5               53                   138
3 November 17.7 43 130
5 December 17.9 49 130
5.0                  4.1
7.8
4.5
9.2 4.2
9.2 4.1
2.76             3
2.90             3
3.55             3
4.95             3
5.13             3
4.82             3
3DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDIY! 3               YEAR               17.9               59               107               6.7               4.2               1602               5 WDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDy
Xl’XZX/A/X/A/jL/X/ZZL/XZ.
SOYBEAN
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUlJDUDLJDUL
Crop
Crowth Stage
Crop file
: soybea
n
u
Init
Devel
Mid 
Late
Total
*
)DDDDr iDDDDDnnnnn nnnnn innnnnnnDr
lyUUL'UUL'UL/L .
UL'L'JJUDUUlJL'lJVlJLy 'uVUDDDDbU1JDDDDD4
1
innnnrmri >
Length Stage
[days ]
20
35
60
25
140
c
Crop Coefficient [coeff.J Rooting Depth Depletion level
Yield-response F.[coeff.]
0.45
->
1.05
0.45
c
[meter ]
[fract.]
3
0.30
->
1.00
1.00
3
0.50
->
0.60
0.90
3
0.40
0.00
1.00
0.40
0.85
3
^ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddy
)DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI)DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD?
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
Jlimate File : woliso 
;rop 
: SOYBEAN
Climate Station: Woliso 
Planting date : 20 May 
3
3
3
[)DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
lonth
Dec
* Stage
Coeff
ETcrop
ETcrop
Eff.Rain
IRReq.
IRReq.
3
0
DDDDD
DDD
DDDDDD
DD
Kc DDDDD
mm/day DDDDDDD
mm/dec
DDDDDDDD
mm/dec
DDDDDDDD
D                       D                               DDDDDDD4
mm/day
DDDDDDDD
mm/dec
DDDDDDDD
3
DDD
May
3
init
0.45
2.02
20.2
30.7
0.00
0.0
3
Jun
1
init
0.45
1.80
18.0
34.3
0.00
0.0
3
Jun
2
deve
0.54
1.92
19.2
38.2
0.00
0.0
3
Jun
3
deve
0.71
2.34
23.4
46.8
0.00
0.0
3
Jul
1
deve
0.88
2.61
26.1
57.4
0.00
0.0
3
Jul
2
de/mi
1.01
2.68
26.8
67.0
0.00
0.0
3
Jul
3
mid
1.05
2.88
28.8
66.6
0.00
0.0
3
Aug
1
mid
1.05
3.00
30.0
67.6
0.00
0.0
3
Aug
2
mid
1.05
3.05
30.5
67.9
0.00
0.0
3
Aug
3
mid
1.05
3.27
32.7
60.0
0.00
0.0
3
Sep
1
mid
1.05
3.50
35.0
52.1
0.00
0.0
3
Sep
2
mi/lt
0.99
3.51
35.1
44.2
0.00
0.0
3
Sep
3
late
0.81
3.25
32.5
34.8
0.00
0.0
3
Oct           1          late           0.57          2.59
25.9              24.1                  0.19
1.9               3
DDDD
TOTAL
DD
DDDDD
DDDDD
DDDDDDD
DDDDDDD 384.3 
DDDDDDD 691.5 
DDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDD
1.9 
DD 3
'           D     D              D              D                    D                    D                    D                       D                       D     DDDDDDDM
'DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDY
ec - Decade (10 day)nnT)D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.
'Crop data :                                   GROUNDNUT              Crop file : grondnut
Growth          Stage
r^ppDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDL
Ini t            Devel            Mid 
Late
‘Length Stage
Crop Coefficient [coeff.] Rooting Depth Depletion level [fract.J Yield-response F.[coeff.]
[days ] [meter ]
JULJUL'l/L
25
/ZXtZZ"zZ>nnnnnn      ZLZZ> nnnnnnnr
, Z7Z>2zzZL'Z>1 OUXLfJJLfUUUL
35                 45
25
Total
130
0.55 -> 1.00 0.55
0.30 -> 0.80 0.80
0.45 -> 0.45 0.50
0.40 0.60 0.80 0.40
0.70
v ppDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDL
WDPDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
Climate File : woliso 
Crop 
: GROUNDNUT 
Climate Station: Woliso Planting date : 1 June
ODDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Month      Dec       Stage        Coeff       ETcrop             ETcrop          Eff.Rain            IRReq.
IRReq.
Kc        mm/day           mm/dec         mm/dec             mm/day               mm/dec
odddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
Jun
1
init
0.55
2.20
22.0
34.3
0.00
0.0
Jun
2
init
0.55
1.97
19.7
38.2
0.00
0.0
Jun
3
in/de
0.58
1.93
19.3
46.8
0.00
0.0
Jul
1
deve
0.68
2.02
20.2
57.4
0.00
0.0
Jul
2
deve
0.81
2.15
21.5
67.0
0.00
0.0
Jul
3
deve
0.94
2.56
25.6
66.6
0.00
0.0
Aug
1
mid
1.00
2.85
28.5
67.6
0.00
0.0
Aug
2
mid
1.00
2.90
29.0
Aug
67.9
0.00
mid
0.0
3
1.00
3.12
Sep
31.2
60.0
0.00
•—o
1
mid
0.0
1.00
3.33
33.3
Sep
52.1
mi/lt
0.00
0.96
0.0
3.39
Sep
3
late
33.9
44.2
0.00
0.82
0.0
Oct           1          late           0.64         2.91
3.29
32.9
34.8
0.00
0.0
29.1               24.1
0.50
DDDD
TOTAL 
DDD
DDDDD
DDDDD
DDDDDD
'D           D                       D              D                 D                    D                       D
DDDDDDD
346.3 
DDDDDDDD
660.9 
DDDDDDDDD
DDDDDD 5 0
5.0
DDDDDnT'iDDDDD^ppDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD?
g owth Stage
r
Init Devel Mid Late Total
3
^ DDDPPPPDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
rLennfngt ith S h Sttaagege Crop Coefficient
[days ]                   15                25                30                 20                90                         3
Rooting Depth Depletion level Yield-response F.
[coeff.]
[meter ]
[fract.]
[coeff.]
0.45            ->               1.15             0.60
0.30            ->                  1.00             1.00
0.60            ->                  0.60             0.80
0.40            0.60               0.80             0.60               0.80
3
3
3
3
3
jppPPDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDPDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDY
vpppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp?
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
Climate File : woliso 
Srop 
: PULSES
Climate Station: Woliso 
Planting date : 1 June
3
3
3
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
Month
Dec
Stage
Coeff
ETcrop
ETcrop
Eff.Rain
IRReq.
IRReq.
3
DDDDDD
DDD
DDDDD
DDDD
Kc DDDDD
mm/day
DDDDDD
mm/dec
DDDDDDDD
mm/dec DDDDDDDDD
mm/day DDDDDPDDD
mm/dec
DDDDDDDDD
3 DD
DDDDDDD4
Jun
1
init
0.45
1.80
18.0
34.3
0.00
0.0
3
Jun
2
in/de
0.52
1.87
18.7
38.2
0.00
0.0
3
Jun
3
deve
0.73
2.42
24.2
46.8
0.00
0.0
3
Jul
1
deve
1.01
3.00
30.0
57.4
0.00
0.0
3
Jul
2
mid
1.15
3.06
30.6
67.0
0.00
0.0
3
Jul
3
mid
1.15
3.15
31.5
66.6
0.00
0.0
3
Aug
1
mid
1.15
3.28
32.8
67.6
0.00
0.0
3
Aug
2
late
1.01
2.94
29.4
67.9
0.00
0.0
3
PD                    D              D              D                 D
Aug DDDD
3
DDD
late
DDDDD
0.74
DPDDD
2.30 DDDDDD
23.0
DDDDDDDD
60.0 DDDDPDDDD
D                      D                      D     DPDDDP4
0.00 PDDDDDDD
0.0
DDDDDPDD
3
PD
TOTAL 
238.1 
505.8 
0.0 
3
PDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDPDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDYCrop data
growth Stage
Length Stage
Crop Coefficient [coeff.]
POTATO
Init winnnnnn
Crop file
Devel innnnnnri
potato
Mid               Late            Total
DDnnnnnnnnn
3
====4
3
Rooting Depth Depletion level
Yield-response F.[coeff.]
[days ]
[meter       ] [fract.]
25                 30                 45                 30               130
0.55 -> 1.10 0.70 3
3
0.30             ->                   0.60              0.60                                             3
0.25             ->                   0.30              0.50                                             3
0.45               0.80              0.80              0.30              1.10                        3
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDY
^PDDDPDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD?
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
Climate File : woliso Crop 
: POTATO
Climate Station: Woliso Planting date : 1 December
3
3
3
)'DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
Month      Dec       Stage        Coeff       ETcrop            ETcrop           Eff.Rain            IRReq.
IRReq.           3
Kc        mm/day           mm/dec           mm/dec            mm/day               mm/dec          3
)DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
Dec           1          init           0.55         2.71
27.1
2.6                 2.45
24.5                3
Dec
2
init
0.55
2.65
26.5
1.7
2.48
24.8
3
Dec
3
in/de
0.60
2.83
28.3
3.1
2.53
25.3
3
Jan
1
deve
0.73
3.44
34.4
4.4
3.00
30.0
3
Jan
2
deve
0.92
4.24
42.4
5.8
3.66
36.6
3
Jan
3
de/mi
1.05
5.09
50.9
6.2
4.46
44.6
3
Feb
1
mid
1.10
5.53
55.3
6.0
4.93
49.3
3
Feb
2
mid
1.10
5.74
57.4
6.1
5.13
51.3
Feb
3
3
mid
1.10
5.80
58.0
10.5
4.75
47.5
Mar
3
1
mid
1.10
5.86
58.6
15.6
4.30
43.0
Mar
2
late
3
1.03
5.56
55.6
20.4
3.52
Mar
3
late
35.2
3
0.90
4.72
47.2
19.4
2.78
27.8
3
39.2                17.7                 2.14
DDDD
T0TAL
DDD
DDDDDD
DDDDDD
Apr           1          late           0.77         3.92
DD
DDDDDD
D
DDDDDDDD
580.9 
DDDDDDDDD 119.4 
DDDDDDDD
D
DDDDDDDDD
461.5 
21.4                3
DDDDDDD4
DDD 3
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDYdDDDDDodddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd?
data !
growth Stage
PEPPERS
Crop file : peppers Init Devel Mid
Late Total
J
J 
^nDoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
, ength Stage
[days ]
35
45
50
20
150
J
CCrroooo Coefficient [coeff.J 0.75
->
1.00
0.05
3
Rooting DeDth
[meter ]
0.25
->
0.80
0.00
3
Depletion level
[fract.]
0.20
->
0.30
0.50
3
Yield-response F.
[coef f.1
1.40
0.60
1.00
0.60
1 .10
3
oDDDD
ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddy
OPDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD^ Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements 
Zlimate File : wo1 iso Zrop
: PEPPERS
Climate Station: Woliso Planting date : 1 December
3
3
3
nDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
1on th      Dec        Stage         Coef f       ETcrop              ET crop           Ef f.Rain             IRReq.
IRReq.            3
Kc         mm/day             mm/dec          mm/dec              mm/day                 mm/dec            3
~)DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
Dec
1
init
0.75
3.69
36.9
2.6
3.43
34.3
3
Dec
2
ini t
0.75
3.62
36.2
1.7
3.45
34.5
J
Dec
3
init
0.75
3.57
35.7
3.1
3.26
32.6
3
J an
1
in /de
0.76
3.59
35.9
4.4
3.14
31.4
J
Jan
2
deve
0.81
3.73
37.3
5.8
3.15
31.5
3
J an
3
deve
0.06
4.16
41.6
6.2
3.53
35.3
3
Feb
1
deve
0.92
4.60
46.0
6.0
4.01
40.1
3
Feb
2
deve
0.97
5.00
50.8
6.1
4.47
44.7
Feb
3
mid
3
1.00
5.27
52.7
10.5
Mar
4.22
42.2
1
mid
3
1.00
5.33
53.3
15.6
3.77
Mar
2
37.7
mid
1.00
3
5.38
53.8
20.4
Mar
3.34
3
mid
33.4
1.00
5.24
3
52.4
19.4
3.31
33.1
Apr
1
mid
1.00
3
5.11
51.1
Apr
17.7
2
1 ate
3.33
33.3
0.96
3
4.78
47.8
16.4
Apr
3.14
3
31.4
late
0.89
4.37
3
43.7
19.7
2.40
24.0
3
'WDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
I U I AL
675.1                 155.6
519.5                 3
^'ODDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDYGrowth Stage
Ini t              Devel              Mid
Late             Total
^dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd.
Length Stage
Ldays
J
15
25
70
40
150
Crop Coefficient
[coeff.]
0.70
->
0.95
0.75
Rooting Depth
[meter J
0.20
->
0.50
0.50
Depletion level
[fract.]
0.20
->
0.30
0.60
Yield-response F.
[coeff.]
0.45              0.80                  0.80                0.30                1.10
^DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDR
VDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDi
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
Climate File : woliso Crop 
: ONION(dry)
Climate Station: Woliso Planting date : 1 December
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD1
Month
!
Dec * Stage Coeff
Kc
ETcrop
mm/day
ETcrop 
mm/dec
Eff.Rain 
mm/dec
IRReq. 
mm/day
IRJ
mm/
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD1
t Dec
1
ini t
0.70
3.45
34.5
2.6
3.19
31.
I Dec
2
in/de
0.73
3.49
34.9
1.7
3.33
33.
? Dec
3
deve
0.80
3.81
38.1
3. 1
3.50
35.
J Jan
1
deve
0.90
4.22
42.2
4.4
3.78
37.
? Jan
2
mid
0.95
4.40
44.0
5.8
3.82
38.
? Jan
3
mid
0.95
4.59
45.9
6.2
3.96
39.
? Feb
1
mid
0.95
4.77
47.7
6.0
4.17
41 .
3 Feb
2
mid
0.95
4.96
49.6
6.1
4.35
43.
? Feb
3
mid
0.95
5.01
50.1
10.5
3.96
39.
? Mar
1
mid
0.95
5.06
50.6
15.6
3.50
35.
? Mar
2
mid
0.95
5.11
51.1
20.4
3.08
30.
? Mar
3
late
0.92
4.85
48.5
19.4
2.91
29.
J Apr
1
late
0.88
4.47
44.7
17.7
2.69
26.
3 Apr
2
late
0.83
4.10
41.0
16.4
2.46
3 Apr
3
24.
late
0.78
3.82
38.2
19.7
1.84
18.
^DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDL
? TOTAL
661.0 
155.6 
505.
^DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI.
* Dec - Decade (10 day)^prDPDDDDDDDDDDDDriDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD0
3 Crop data
~
■'
CROTALARIA Crop file : crotalr '3
3
r^ GnnnnD rowth SDDtaDgeDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD(rD) DDIni Dtnnnz     Devel           Mid               Late r\       r>
jDDDDDD.
UWDDVDl
3
3
3
3
3
3
Length Stage
[days ]                    10                15
15
10
Total 50
Crop Coefficient
Rooting Depth Depletion level Yield-response F.
[coeff. ]
[meter ]
[fract.]
[coeff.]
1.00            ->                  1.00             1.00
0.20            ->                  0.60             0.60
0.45            ->                  0.45             0.60
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 
4
3
3 3 3 3 3 3
qDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDY
Z[)[)DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDPDDPDDDDDDDr>DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD?
3
Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
3 Climate File : woliso 3 Crop 
3
CDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDM
: CROTALARIA
Climate Station: Woliso Planting date : 1 December
3 Month             Dec * Stage       Coeff Kc
ETcrop 
mm/day 
ETcrop 
mm/dec
Eff.Rain 
mm/dec
•VWDWL-
innnnoDDni DnnnDDnnn L/jb'L'L/Jyl
IRReq. mm/day
DDDDDDDDDL
IRReq. 
mm/dec
WDDDDDDD
3    Dec          1          init
1.00         4.92                 49.2
3    Dec           2         deve          1.00         4.82                 48.2
2.6 4.66
1.7 4.65
3    Dec           3       de/mi          1.00         4.76                 47.6                  3.1                 4.45
? Jan 1 mid 1.00 4.69
? Jan 2 late 1.00 4.63
46.9 4.4 4.25
46.3 5.8 4.05
46.6
46.5
44.5
42.5
40.5
3
3
3
3
3
3
:DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4
? TOTAL
238.2                 17.5 
220.7                  3
>DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD£<Y ★ Dec - Decade (10 day)weT STATION
JT
CROPPING PATTERN
Climatic Station :
Area              Plant. Harvest
ETCrop         E fRain         S ?E f f .     X 1 d . Red..
7                              dates
.
32               20       5 ( 10 10
27                   1 6 110 10
41                   16               19
Woliso ___ Vs*f \
384.3            575.6          loo       • 0 1
MM               MM
346.3 545.1 100
238.1 407.8 100
'V 0       >
.....’J...
rY STATION : KULIT
CROPPING PATTERN Climatic   Station :              Woliso
p
Area
7.
Plant. Harvest dates
ETCrop
MM
ETRain MM
S.Eff. 7.
Y1d.Red. 7.
ATO
27
1 12
10      4
5B0.9
141.1
100
0
PERS
22
1 12
15
675.1
155.6
100
0
□N(dry)
29
1 12
15
661.0
182.0
100
0
JTALARI A
22
1 12
20      1
238.2
22.2
100
0

Summery

Welkite-Darge Irrigation Project Summary

Welkite-Darge Medium-Scale Irrigation Project

Agriculture: Review of Crops & Cropping Pattern (April 1991)

Project Overview

The report evaluates agricultural development aspects for the Welkite-Darge irrigation project in Ethiopia, focusing on crop selection, cropping patterns, and land utilization options.

Key Sections

Section I: Project status review and recommendations for additional study components
Section II: Detailed agricultural appraisal including crop selection and farming systems

Main Findings

Land Utilization Options

Four options were considered for land exploitation:

Option	Description	Recommendation
A	Joint development of small holder farmers with large scale commercial farmers	Considered
B	Entire area allocated to large scale commercial farmers only	Not recommended
C	Entire area allocated to small holder private farmers only	Not recommended
D	Separate development (one project area for small holders, one for commercial)	Recommended

Proposed Crops

Six main crops were selected based on agronomic adaptability, market opportunities, and production economics:

Season	Crops
Wet Season	Soybeans, Haricotbeans, Groundnuts
Dry Season	Potatoes, Onions, Pepper

Project Area Details

Net irrigable area: 1,116 ha
Existing population: 520 family heads (2,600 total)
Soil type: Very clayey textured with good structure (3-5% organic matter in topsoil)
Climate: Annual rainfall 1,194.72 mm (9-year average), mean temperature 17.95°C

Key Recommendations

Establish a pilot scheme to test crop adaptability and cultural requirements
Implement Option D for land utilization (separate development areas)
Include additional study components (forestry, watershed management, grazing lands, etc.)
Develop a 4-year crop rotation system to maintain soil fertility

Yield Projections

The report provides detailed yield estimates for both small holder farms and large scale commercial farms, with commercial farms expected to reach optimal yields in 5 years compared to 8 years for small holders.

Conclusion

The Welkite-Darge irrigation project has strong agricultural potential, particularly for high-value cash crops. Successful implementation will require careful management of land utilization options, crop selection, and soil fertility maintenance through rotation systems. The establishment of a pilot scheme is strongly recommended to validate assumptions before full project implementation.