FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
WOLKAYITE IRRIGATION FEASIBILITY AND DETAIL DESIGN PROJECT
■*|» MV?
VOLUME V AGRICULTURE
PART II: AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION
JULY 2009
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P.O. Box 2561, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel. 251-11-6614501/6631890 FA: 251-11-661537 E-mail: w.w d.s.e@telecom.net.et 'A
A
----------------- —--------
AzFINAL FEASIBILITY REPORT
Wolkayite Irrigation Feasibility & Detail Design Project
Agricultural Mechanization
D    Project Executive Summary
2)    Main Report
3) Vol. I Survey and Investigations
•  Part I
•  Part II
Soil Survey
Land Suitability Evaluation
.    Part III
Annexure to Soil Survey
•     Part IV
Geological and Geotechnical Investigations
4)   Vol. II Water Resources
•     Part I       Hydrology
•     Part II      Hydrogeology
5)
6)
7)
8)
Vol. Ill Head Works & Feeder Canal
Part I
Part II
Report Drawings
Vol. IVA Irrigation & Drainage Network
•  Part I
•  Part II
Report Drawings
9)
Vol. IVB Canal Structures
•     Part I      Report
•     Part II     Drawings
Vol. V Agriculture
•     Part I         Agronomy and Agriculture Planning
•     Part III     Agriculture Marketing
•     Part IV Livestock
Vol. VI Environment and Socio-Economy 
•     Part I
•  Part II
•     Partlll
•  Part IV
Socio-Economy
Environmental Impact Assessment Organization and Management Financial and Economic Analysis
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
Vol. VII Natural Resources
•     Part I       Forestry
•     Part II      Energy
Vol. VIII Infrastructure Development
•     Part I
. Part II
•     Part III
Public Health Settlement Planning Physical Infrastructure
Vol. IX Cost Estimate
Vol. X Fishery Study
Vol. XI Watershed Management Study
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................,V
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General Practice................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Use of Improved Farm Machinery......................................................................................1
1.3 Objective of the study....................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Scope of the study.............................................................................................................. 2
2. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY............................................................................................ 3
3. PERVIOUS AND CURRENT USE OF FARM MACHINERY IN THE AREA.............................. 3
3.1 Farm machinery.................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Humera State Farm............................................................................................................. 4
3.2.2 Semi mechanized operations at the farm..................................................................... 5
3.2.3    Major Mechanization problems observed in Humera State Farms..............................7
3.3.      Present status of use of farm machinery in the area.............................................. 9
3.4 Farmers in the Irrigation Command area.........................................................................10
3.5. The role of Government, farmer's co-operatives and union to introduce
IMPROVED FARM MACHINERY........................................................................................................................ 11
3.6. Small Scale Irrigation practices and use of farm machinery..................................... 11
3.7 Hiwot Mechanization..........................................................................................................12
3.8. Existing private Commercial Farms................................................................................ 15
4. CRITERIA, SELECTION AND OPERATING COST OF FARM MACHINARIES FOR THE WOLKAYITE PROJECT AREA...................................................................................................... 20
4.1. Scope.................................................................................................................................. 20
4.2. Identification of Machinery type and Determination of requirement......................... 20
4.3. Crop production operations through machinery.........................................................21
4.4 Farm machinery requirement............................................................................................21
4.4.1 Method of approach...................................................................................................... 21
4.5 Crops and cropping area...................................................................................................25
4.6 Machinery Operational Cost............................................................................................ 30
4.6.1 Fixed costs include........................................................................................................ 30
4.6.2 Vanable costs include................................................................................................... 30
4.6.3 Depreciation.................................................................................................................. 30
4.6.4 Repair cost.................................................................................................................... 31
4.6.5 Labor Cost.....................................................................................................................31
4.6.6 Fuel cost........................................................................................................................31
4.6.7 Lubricant........................................................................................................................ 32
4.6.8 Overhead and other costs (Interest, Insurance and shelter)........................................ 32
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5.  WORKSHOP AND MAINTENANCE--------------------- -------------------- -------- ------ ---------- ----- 34
5.1 WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES.......................................................................-...................................... 34
5.2 Farm workshop task....................... .. .............................................. -............-...................... — 34
5.2.1     Maintenance.......................... —............................................................................... 34
5.2.2    Activities of the workshop......................................................................................... 34
5.2.3    The workshop plan................................................................ -................... ....... ...... 35
5.3   Methods used to determine workshop load and manpower.............. —........... .. .......... 36
5.4 Work Norm................................................................................................ .. ............. -...................37
5.5   Required farm workshop Equipments.................. ............. ........................... ...................... 39
6.  CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS--------------- ----------------- ------- -..................... 40
6.1 Conclusions................................................................................................................................. 40
6.2 Recommendations.....................................................................................................................  41
APPENDICES_____ ________________________________________________________   43
Appendix 1. Summary of CWR & NIR for Wolkaytte Irrigation Development on a 100
ha Comiaand Area...............................................................................................................   44
Appendix 2. Proposed crop rotation scheme during the rainy and dry seasons .... 45 Appendix 3. Proposed crop calendar, cropping pattern and percent cropping
intensity during the rainy season..................................................... .. ......... ................................ 46
Appendix 4. Proposed crop calendar, cropping pattern and percent cropping
intensity during the dry season.................................................................................................... 47
Appendix 5. Proposed crop calendar and percent cropping intensity for
sugarcane during both the rainy and dry SEASONS................................................................ 48
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Detail giving efficiencies and availability of machinery............. _.............................. ........... 23
Table 4. 2 Information showing v/idth of cut and speeds...................... „.............................. ........ ........ 24
Table 4.3 Detail showing expected life of Farm Machinery and Others...................... ... ............... .....25
Table 4.4 Information giving detail of Vehicles and Heavy................................ ............... _...... ........... 25
Table 4.5 Summary on the Proposed Percent of CCA and the Area under Different Crops ... 26
Table 4.6 Machinery Requirement of the area______ _____ ______________ _ ________ _______29
Table 4.7 Detail giving Investment cost for machinery................... ................. ......... ...........................29
Table 5.1 Machinery Operation Cost/ha for each proposed crop  ............................................... ...... 33
Table 5.2 Total offices area of the assumed workshop for one unit arm (6,000ha)________ ____ 36
Table 5.3 workshop repair norias.................. .... ....................... ................. ................................. .......... 37
Table 5.4 Information on Assumed man-hours required for unit repair and service work of
MACHINERY..................................................................................................................................... .................................... ................. ........ 38
Table 5.5 Information giving various aspects of repairs.................................................... ........ ..........38
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ibility & Detail Design Projec
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ural Mechanizat
ion
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
In  the   modem
era   of  scientific 
develop
me
nt
and
availab
le
technol
ogy,
use  of  F
arm
Machinery  has 
become  the  only 
system
in
the
dev
eloped
co
untries 
and
increasing
the
same with faster speed in the developing countries. Tractors  and other machinery  have been found very  helpful not only  in carrying out land preparation efficiently  in shorter time but also for planting/Sowing in line with proper spacing, tillage operation, use of fertilizers, spraying and dusting pesticides, harvesting, threshing, winnowing and transporting the produce for processing, storage, marketing etc. Investors, who have large area of cultivation, inevitably  need adequate Farm Machinery. They  can also hire to surrounding peasants  for selected farm activities  especially  harvesting. The importance of use of farm machineries  lies  in efficient land preparation in shorter time. Thus  use of farm machineries  contributes  to more efficient use of land resources  to generate higher and higher income.
In the Northern and other Part of Ethiopia, oxen are the main power used for land preparation. The traditional plough (Maresha) is  used to till the land. This  age-old local plough is not properly turns or pulverizes the soil. Lack of adequate draught power leads to delayed and improper seedbed preparation and overall inefficient farm operations. All operations  from sowing, tillage up to harvesting, etc  done manually, where as  threshing is  done by  oxen. This  leads  to time consuming on one hand and inefficiency  on the other.
Considering the usefulness  of the farm machinery  i.e. tractors  and other farm equipments  for efficient and timely  farm operations  this  study  has  been carried out to assess the following:
•     Past and present status of use of farm machineries;
•     Future requirement for irrigated intensive agriculture in the project areas;
•     Role of investors, farmers, extension workers in proper use;
•     Role of the government, Self Help groups, NGO (s);
•     Expertise needed in this field for operation and maintenance of farm machineries; Cost effectiveness and economic perspective.
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The scope of the study  included assessment of present status  and availability  of farm machinery  both with investors  and farmers  in Wolkayite area., their efficiency  and utilization hours  per day  per month, per year and idle period of no work, operations  that are being carried out, uses  for other purposes, facility  of tractor operators  and training, repairing facility  of garages  to farm machinery  and availability  of technicians, perception of investors  and farmers  about the work  for farming and other activities  and use of farm machinery, availability  of credit facility, availability  of spare parts, diesel, engine oil and other necessities, estimation of future requirement based on discussion with farmers, investors, dealers  and experts  on farm machinery  and incentives  if any  from the Government in terms  of reduction in interest rate on credit and increasing duration of returning period of the loan.
The methodology  comprised of collection and review of information from past studies conducted on farm mechanization in the area, and other similar documents  / reports available on farm mechanization. It also included field surveys  and discussion with various stakeholders.
Major findings are:
•    Presently in Wolkayite area, land preparation is done by oxen driven plough
(Maresha), prior to rainy season. Since the land at that time is very hard, the
seedbed preparation is not done properly.
•    Sowing of crops is done manually by broadcasting method.
•    Intercultural and all other operations including dusting and spraying and all other operations including dusting and spraying are also done manually.
•      Presently,  there  are  a  number  of  investors,  Enterprises  like  Hiwot  mechanization, private  commercial  farms  etc.  who  are  having  a  number  of  tractors  and  farm
implements.   Hiwot   mechanization   enterprise   in   Humera   itself   is   having   66
tractors and 240 different farm implements.
•     The  Investors,  Enterprise,  etc.  rent  tractors  and  farm  implements  to  the  farmer  for various  farm  operations.  The  rate  of  hiring  has  been  noted  around  300-350  Birr per hour.
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•    The investors and enterprise are not in a position to meet the full demand of the farmers at a proper time particularly, for land preparation and sowing purpose.
•  To meet the requirement of land preparation, sowing, intercultural and other operation, the requirement of farm machinery  for proposed irrigation has  been estimated taking certain assumptions  like output of a machine, efficiency, effective work time per day, etc. The requirement of tractors has been worked out to 156 for irrigated cropped area of 27,039 ha to be covered under different crops. Beside tractors, a number of farm implements have been also proposed. These included ploughs  (156) disc  harrows  (21) slashers  (10), ridger (20), cultivators (25), fertilize spreader (22), row planter (20), threshers (20), combine harvester (10), subsoiler (10) etc. In case of change in irrigated cropped area of 27,039 ha during subsequent studies, the requirement farm machineries  be proportionately adjusted.
•    A cost estimate of 96,850,000 Birr has been made for investments on farm
machinery and vehicles.
;
•    The cost for farm operation has been worked out to be 215 Birr/hour.
•    Proper arrangement for repair and maintenance of farm machinery should be ensured. Accordingly workshop equipped with about 79 line items has been proposed with the estimated cost of 19,000.000 Birr. Cost estimate of proposed skilled /trained and experienced manpower including administrative cost is 
4,732,000 Birr.
Following recommendations have been made
•    It is expected that commissioning of the irrigation project would take around 8-10 years, there would be considerable changes. The study should be reviewed in accordance to the technologies available and any other changes.
•    Need and extent of tractors and related farm machinery has been assessed in this study. However, there are a number of Investors and Enterprises who are also having a number of tractors and farm implements which may be used by the farmers. However government may help and encourage both sides. Government can also establish a machinery hiring unit to be used and keep the hiring charges modest.
•  Farmers  need to  be  facilitated with  credit  for hiring of tractors for  timely and appropriate farm operations.
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•  Investors  need  to  be  encouraged  by  the  government  to  develop  a  good  farm mechanization  system  for  their  own  work  and  rent  to  the  farmers.  They  have  to be supported
o   To   provide   help   in   procurement   of   tractors   and   farm   implements   from abroad on easy terms of excise, import license etc.
o To get spare parts of agricultural machinery easily.
o  To  provide  facilities  for  modernizing  /  starting  the  workshop.  It  would  be  of a  great  help  if  they  are  provided  required  loan  on  easy  terms  and  land  to establish the workshop.
o  In  the  beginning  farmers  may  be  provided  some  subsidy  for  hiring  of  the farm  machinery,  later  on  farmers  would  be  self  dependent  on  economic front when irrigated agricultural attains potential yield.
•       Agricultural   extension   service   support   should   be   provided   to   farmers   to introduce     improved     agricultural     production     technology,     including     land preparation,  adequately  line  sowing  and  adopt  timely  and  proper  fertilizer  and pesticides applications.
•       Research   on   farm   machinery   may   be   initiated   on   different   aspects   of maintenance of machinery and taking up appropriate farm operations.
•     Training  courses  on  maintenance  of  machinery  servicing  and  farm  operations may  be  taken  up  by  the  government  for  training  of  technicians,  operators  and farmers.
•      Proper  monitoring  and  evaluation  system  has  to  be  developed  by  the  related departments  to  examine  constraints  and  to  take  up  remedy  measures  as  per the merit
•    Quarterly and yearly conference of related government offices, investors, technicians, experts, farmers etc. for keeping transparency and planning future vision must be organized.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Practice
In the Northern and other Part of Ethiopia, oxen are the main power used for land preparation. The traditional plough (Maresha) is  used to till the land This  age-old local plough is not properly turns or pulverizes the soil
Usually primary opening of the fields is done during the dry months of March to June. It has been noted that late season ploughing requires high draught power, which is usually difficult to meet, by  oxen having limited availability  of dry  season feeds. Moreover, as sowing/planting season approaches, quick  preparation of land is  needed to accomplish the planting activity  for proper crop growth and yield. Lack  of adequate draught power leads  to delayed and improper seedbed preparation and overall inefficient farm operations. All operations  from sowing, tillage up to harvesting, etc  done manually, where as  threshing is  done by  oxen. This  leads  to time consuming on one hand and inefficiency on the other.
1.2 Use of Improved Farm Machinery
In the modem era of scientific  development and available technology, use of Farm Machinery  has  become the only  system in the developed countries  and increasing the same with faster speed in the developing countries. Tractors  and other machinery  have been found very  helpful not only  in carrying out land preparation efficiently  in shorter time but also for planting/Sowing in line with proper spacing, tillage operation, use of fertilizers, spraying and dusting pesticides, harvesting, threshing, winnowing and transporting the produce for processing, storage, marketing etc. Investors, who have large area of cultivation, inevitably  need adequate Farm Machinery. They  can also hire to surrounding peasants for selected farm activities especially harvesting.
1.3 Objective of the study
Considering the usefulness  of the farm machinery  i.e. tractors  and other farm equipments  for efficient and timely  farm operations  there is  a need to study  the requirement, cost effectiveness, past and present status and future requirement when
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the command area is  going to have irrigated intensive agriculture. It would need proper preparation of land for timely  and line sowing, efficient tillage in the standing crop, more use of fertilizers  and pesticides, harvesting, threshing, winnowing mechanically  and there after transportation of produce for storing, marketing etc. The need of such machine may  have to be considered for investors  and farmers, their hiring charge, and prices  for purchase, credit facility  and repair services  etc. The study  will found out as  to what would be the role of investors, farmers, extension workers  for their proper use and what facilities  would have to be provided by  the government, Self Help groups, NGO (s) and what expertise would be needed in this  field for operation and maintenance of farm tractors and their equipments besides judging their economic perspective.
1.4 Scope of the study
The scope of the study includes:
•    Assessment of present'status and availability of farm machinery both with investors and farmers in Wolkayite area.
•    Their efficiency and utilization hours per day per month, per year and idle period of no work
•    Operations that are being carried out
•    Uses for other purposes
•    Facility of tractor operators and training
•    Repairing facility of garages to farm machinery and availability of technicians.
•    Perception of investors and farmers about the work for farming and other activities and use of farm machinery.
•    Availability of credit facility.
•    Availability of spare parts, diesel, engine oil and other necessities.
•     Estimation of future requirement based on discussion with farmers, investors, dealers and experts on farm machinery.
•     Incentives if any from the Government in terms of reduction in interest rate on credit and increasing duration of returning period of the loan.
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2. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
Assessment of pervious studies:
Agricultural Mechanization
•    Collection of information from past studies conducted on farm mechanization in the
area
•    Other similar documents I reports available on farm mechanization.
Field Survey
•    Prior to field survey questionnaires were prepared to fill in discussion with ,
Farmers, Investors, subject matter specialists at regional, zone, woreda level, researchers on mechanization & irrigation crop-production, Extension workers, machinery dealers.
•    Repairing garages, technicians, and tractor operators.
Future Requirement of Mechanization
Irrigation water is a precious resource and its efficient utilization needs to be planned to make the farming profitable and sustainable. After the introduction of irrigation in the
area, there will be a need for land leveling or easing of slope where farm machinery 
would be helpful. Moreover, the cropping intensity would be increased which help in
increasing agricultural production many folds. Thus 2-3 times farm machinery operation, operators, technicians and repairing workshops would be required. All these
requirements will be estimated based on established known norms.
3.      PERVIOUS AND CURRENT USE OF FARM MACHINERY IN THE AREA
3.1     Farm machinery
Recent information of farm machinery  is  not available. However, the study  conducted by TAMS Agricultural group (1973) have brought out certain information in respect of farm tractors  and machinery  being used in the surrounding region and woreda whose brief account is given in succeeding paragraphs:
i)      Tractors:   information   obtained   from   the   NW   project   areas   and   from   the   provincial agricultural   office   at   Asmara   by   TAMS   (1973)   indicated   that   the   tractors   are   being shared by others. There were over 15 makes of tractors having 40-75 HP in the area.
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ii)   Implements:
a)   Disc plough: Nearly 90 percent farmers use one- way disc plough
b)   Drills: There were limited drills for planting sorghum, sesame and cotton
c)    Harvesting Equipments: Harvesting equipments are of two types: the first is self propelled  combiners  used  for  harvesting  grains  like  sorghum  and  the  second type are the small sesame binders which cut and tie the sesame in bundles for threshing at the later stage. These did not prove successful due to a number of problems.
d)     Trailers:-  They  were  being  used  primarily  for  hauling  water  and  transporting crops  from  farm  to  storage  and  market.  Other  uses  included  transporting laborers, food and other supplies from village/ town to farm.
e)    Other farm Equipments:- Other farm machinery included Lester planters, chisels cultivators,  tandem  disc  harrows.  They  were  tried  at  that  time,  but  were  not found  practical  and  workable.  Besides  the  above  listed,  dusters  and  sprayers were  also  reported.  However,  there  use  was  limited  because  of  limited  use  of pesticides.
3.2     Humera State Farm
3.2.1 Farming at the state farm
In the past commercial farming was  carried out around Humera by  the state owned "Gojam-Gonder" Agricultural Development Enterprise under rain fed condition. Reports From North West Agricultural Development Corporation indicated that the Maximum cultivated area was 42,965 ha which was mainly covered by sesame and sorghum. The Farm was  divided into sub unit Farms, which has  got its  own workshop, agricultural professional operators, Technicians  and others. To develop the area quite a large number of tractor$, Combine harvesters  and implements  were imported. The tractors and combine harvesters  were imported mainly, from Yugoslavia, Russia and the then East German Democratic  Republic  on the basis  of bilateral agreements. The Implements were imported from various countries.
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Table 3.1 Different agricultural machinery available in the state farm in 1981/82
Type of agricultural Machines
Make
Qty.
Horse
Power
Remark
T ractors
I MT 578,579 MTZ
80,82 ZT 303,300
300
78-100
East European
Make
Combine harvesters
Zmay 141,
E-512
14
100
Yogoslovakia GDR
Ploughs
250
-
Mostly 4 bottom
Disc harrows
98
Single gangue
Planters
52
-
Four rows
Trailers
IFA and Beylarus
112
-
4- 6 tons
In  spite  of  the  huge  investment  injected  to  the  farm  the  production  per  hectare  was low.
Table 3. 2 Statement showing yield In Q/ha of sesame and sorghum (main crops) of the farm
No
Type of crop
Production year
1985
1986
1
Sesame
3Q/hr
4Q/ha
2
Sorghum
8Q/ha
9Q/ha
The Researches and some studies at site showed that if proper agricultural techniques were used it could get much more yield than that was being obtained.
3.2.2 Semi mechanized operations at the farm
The farm it self was  semi-mechanized and most of the farm operations  like primary tillage, harrowing, planting and transporting were done by  machinery, where as harvesting of sesame crop was done by labour due to shattering effect. Harvesting of sorghum, by combine harvester, was tried, but was not found successful due to lodging problems. Combine did threshing of sorghum. Reports  delivered by  state farm in different time showed that there was a shortage of daily labourers during weeding and harvesting time. The Machinery operation practiced in Humera State Farm.
i) Primary Tillage:- Primary tillage is comprised of sub soiling and sloughing operations. Sub Soiling that  is deep sloughing was done to up root tree, root remains and break existing hard pans to facilitate water and air movement as well as root development.
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This  operation was  omitted in Humera state farm due to lack  of high-powered tractors and shortage of time. Sloughing was  done for sorghum using disc  plows  and ZT300, 303 MTZ  80, 82 and IMT 578 and 579 Tractors  and it was  the most important operation in crop production and the following problems were observed on the Farm:
a)    too many dead /back furrows and micro- undulations;
b)    Uneven plowing depth in the field and at head lands;
c)    un ploughed spots; and
d)    too many ridges through out the field.
ii) Secondary Tillage
Disc  harrowing and levelling are considered as  secondary  tillage operations. Clods  left after ploughing is  broken down by  one or more harrowing operations  to create the desired seedbed for subsequent sowing or planting. For planting sesame the farm had been using minimum tillage using one way  or single gangue disc  harrows  Disc  harrows were used for sorghum when the land was  ploughed and the Farm also used minimum tillage for sorghum.
Uneven  ploughing  and  discing  operations  result,  in  an  undesirable  seedbed  not  suitable for proper seed germination.
lii) Planting and Fertilizer application
Planting in rows  provide favourable condition for seed germination and plants  growth. On the farm Lester planters  and seed drills  were available, but not used properly. They used spreaders like RDMD and others for broad casting fertilizer and seed together.
iv)  Intercultural operations
These refer to those tillage operations, which are performed after planting. This operation is  intended to weed control, pulverization of the soil to retain moisture, improve aeration, incorporating fertilizers  and providing plant support. Chisel duck  foot and other cultivators  were allocated for the farm but since planting was  done by  broad casting method, this operation was not practiced.
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v)     Harvesting
Harvesting operation for agricultural production system is  considered to be the final stage of crop husbandry, but even though 14 Combine harvesters  were available on the farm, crops  were cut and collected by  hand and shelled or threshed on stationary position by  combine harvester. Because of labour shortage crop were not harvested timely and more over it made the production cost very high.
vi)   Transportation
Tractor drawn IF A and Belarus Trailers were used for transporting grain from the field to the storage area, labourers  and water, food and other supplies  from the town to farm area and within the farm itself.
3.2.3 Major Mechanization problems observed in Humera State Farms
i)    Machinery  selection  problem.  Even  though  the  farm  itself  was  established  without feasibility study, there had been a problem in machinery selection.
Selection of machinery was normally based on the test results. The testing and selection of agricultural machinery  could have been considered, type of soil, climatic  and topographic  conditions, type of crops  grown, power requirement, initial cost of operation, ease for operation, quick  change of unit, manoeuvrability, comfort, reliability, maintainability of the machine etc.
Some  of  the  equipments  especially  the  power  units,  were  not  selected  properly,  as  a result the economic and technical performance was very much below the normal level.
ii)   Low  Machinery  availability;  The  degree  of  mechanization  varies  with  type  of  crop production  system.  According  to  the  report  from  the  state  farm  in  1985  the  degree  of mechanized   operation   on   Humera   state   farm   with   regard   to   seed   bed   preparation, planting,   fertilizer   application,   cultivation,   weed   and   pest   control   and   harvesting   was estimated  to  be  less than  680/0.  Tractor  availability on  the  average  was estimated  to be about  49%.  The  low  level  of  availability  was  a  prime  indicator  of  basic  mechanization problems in Humera state farm.
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iii)     There   was   no   mechanization   plan   A   Farming   systems-program   needed   to   be researched  in  anticipation  of  developing  methods  of  crop  management  and  land  use, which  will  be  efficient,  economic  and  sustained  production  of  crops  on  the  farms.  Once a  farming  system  is  developed  for  each  crop  production  system,  it  would  be  simple  to know  the  mechanization  requirement  and  level  accordingly.  Then  a  mechanization  plan could easily be prepared.
iv)    Improper   operation   and   handling   of   machinery   The   available   equipment   on   the farm   must   be   handled   well   and   properly   operated!   exploited   to   attain   its   economic service life.
Mechanization cost is  largely  influenced and determined by  the intensity  of equipment usage. The different agricultural operations  must be performed in accordance to the agro- technical parameters  required to each operation. State farm research done on mechanization Indicates  most of the farm machineries  were mishandled and became out of use within short period of time.
v)    Lack  of  trained  manpower:  When  the  farm  was  established,  there  were  no  well trained   technicians   and   operators   as   a   result   improper   operation   and   exploitation   of agricultural equipment are observed in the farm
vi)      Equipment    Maintenance    problems:    The    effective    maintenance    of    agricultural machinery  and  equipment  is  necessary  so  as  to  perfect  substantial  capital  investment made   by   the   farms,   to   ensure   &   promote   machinery   availability   and   minimize   the disruption  to  production  when  break  down  occurs.  It  includes  servicing;  repair,  remove and    replacement,    modification,    inspection,    calibration,    over    haul    and    condition verification.  Maintenance  has  a  direct  bearing  on  the  readily  availability  of  equipment  for timely   farming   operations.   Low   availability   (49%)   indicates   the   over   all   status   of agricultural  equipments  which  was  not  in  satisfactory  condition.  This  resulted  in  loss  of production.
vii)   Equipment maintenance system problem
Maintenance concept has  been evolved from the deployment and distribution pattern of the equipment. To strengthen the maintenance action, it is  envisaged to adopt three level maintenance systems consisting of periodic checks of equipment.
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Beside agronomical problems, all the mechanization problems indicated resulted in:
a)    low production of crop per ha; and
b)    High cost of production and finally the farm was forced to be abundant.
3.3. Present status of use of farm machinery in the area
Area coverage of the zone with different crops
a)  Sesame = Covers about 70%
b)  Sorghum = Covers about 24%
c)   Others = 6%
The average crop yield per hectare for the zone is indicated below.
a)    Sesame = 8.5 Qt/ha
b)   Sorghum = 17Qt/ha
c)    Finger millet= 12-15 Qt/ha
In the major portion of the Western zone, farmers  are planting sesame which is  a cash crop. The present market price of sesame is a bout 1100-1200 Birr/Qt. As a result of the high price their living standard is  changing dramatically  and there is  a shift from using drought animal to tractors  and other farm machineries. During the field study  and assessment survey, discussion has  been made with Tigray  western Zone Administration Offices, agricultural department heads, Wolkayite agricultural agents  and farmers  those who are living in the irrigation Command area. Most of the farmers  perform mixed farming systems.
Sources of Farm Machineries
There are two sources from which farmers can get machinery rental services
a) Private investor
There are about 420-441 privates investors in the zone who are involving in agricultural, especially on sesames production. These investors came to the area with different agricultural machineries and mostly they don't use the full capacities of their tractors 
.They rent at a rate of 300-350 Birr/hour to the farmers.
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b)  Hiwot  mechanization  a  big  agricultural  Commercial  company  also  rents  service  to  the farmers in the zone at slightly lesser price than private investors.
3.4 Farmers in the Irrigation Command area.
The Wolkayite Irrigation Project is  found in Wolkayite Woreda of the western Tigray zone. The arable area of the woreda is  108,000 hector of which 78,000 hector is covered with crops, there are 19 Kebeles  in the woreda out of which nine are found in the irrigation command area.
The number of housed found in the woreda
Total household = 24,354
Male = 18,442
Female = 5,912
The average land holding of each fanner is greater 2.5 hectors. The Wolkayite woreda is divided into two climatic  zones, the mid high land and the lowland. In both climatic zones, Fanners  practicing mixed fanning. Farmers  in the high land grow crops  like Teff, Noug, Chick pea etc and those who are living in the low land of the area grow sesame, and sorghum.
Nearly  all of the farmers  uses  ox  with local plough Maresha for agricultural operation; even though there is  an interest for farm machinery  hiring by  the low land farmers, they don't have opportunity  to get the farm machinery  because of poor Infrastructure especially  road Compare to other woreda of the zone production per hectare of each crop is relatively higher.
Table 3. 3 Productivity of crops in Wolkayite
No
Type of Crop
Yield/ha in Quintal
1
Sesame
4.5
2
Sorghum
19
3
Finger millet
17
4
Teff
11
5
Cotton
9-14
6
Noug
5.5
7
Chick pea
9.8
8
Maize
24
Keble found in the Irrigation Command area
There  are  9  (nine)  Kebele  in  the  Irrigation  Command  area  which  is  located  in  the  low land of the woreda. These are indicated below with their house hold families.
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Table 3. 4 list of Kebeles in the project area
No
Name of Kebele
Total house hold
Male
Female
1
Tsebiry
961
667
294
2
Laylay Mai-Humer
1243
1193
50
3
Mai-Geba
1435
1085
350
4
Delesa-Kokah
406
305
101
5
Machah
796
546
250
6
Shekala
2313
1728
590
7
Kalifa
668
474
194
8
Rilembah
1778
1208
570
9
Mai-Timkahat
906
839
67
As low land farmers most of the 9 (nine) Kebele farmers produce sesame and sorghum.
3.5. The role of Government, farmer's co-operatives and union to introduce improved farm machinery.
The woreda agriculture department is trying to introduce proper extension system to the farmers but, there is a constraint of communication like road telephone etc. There are 17 primary CO-operatives and one union, which to fertilizer chemical and other inputs on
credit bases. These Co-operatives and union can play a major role in supplying
improved farm machinery to the fanners.
Due to poor infrastructure in the woreda the introduction of improved farm machinery 
like threshers, ploughs, Trailer and other is limited compare to other Woredas of the
zone.
3.6. Small Scale Irrigation practices and use of farm machinery.
403  house  hold  families  are  using  irrigation  and  cultivate  273  hectares  of  land.  About  12 are  female  households.  The  major  crops  grown  are:  Banana,  Onion,  Mango,  Tomato, Guava, Cabbage, etc
To  lift  the  water  from  the  river  diesel  pump  with  horse  power  ranging  from  3.8  hp-10  hp are  used  by  the  farmers  .They  also  use  gravity  and  treadle  pumps  for  diversion  and  to irrigate  their  farms.  Furrow  irrigation  is  extensively  used  in  the  area  with  two  irrigation cycles.
i)  First cycle
ii) Second cycle
- September - March
- March
- June
In the Irrigation area vegetables are also used for Intercropping between fruits.
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produced in irrigation area.
5  Distance  between  rows  and
plants  of  selected  fruits  and  vegetable
No
Types of crop
Distance
between row
Distance
between plants
1
2
3
4
5
Banana
Papaya
Mango* Avocado
Tomato
Onion
3mx3m
3mx3m
5mx5m
0.9m -1.0m
0.5m - 0.6m
3m x 3m
3m x 3m
5m x 5m
10 cm
10 cm
Table 3. 6 Area and number of pump in the project Kebeles
No
Kebeles
Area      under irrigation-ha
No.of diesel
pump
No of treadles
pumps
No. of
drip. Irr.
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
8
9
Macha
LayLay Humer
Kulitha
Plembah
Sherela h Mai- Timkahat Deesa Kokah
Mai-Geba
Tsebiry
8.5
19.8
2.9
3.8
13.21
2.4
2.0
2.7
43.6
4
17
15
2
3
6
1
17
60
8
8
1
1
9
2
5
25
8
1
5
1
1
-
-
1
8
5
Farm  operation  for  irrigation  like  ploughing,  harrowing,  levelling,  furrow  opening  is  done by oxen drawn plough and planting is done manually.
The  Major  problem  of  farmers  using  irrigation  is  shortage  of  supply  of  diesel  pumps  and the diesel fuel.
3.7 Hiwot Mechanization
i) Farming area.
Hiwot Mechanization is  one of the Commercial Farms  in the Humera area, which also undertakes  rainfed crop production at present. The enterprise has  started crop production in 1993 on 15,000 ha of land, which is divided into three sub unit farms:
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1. Maie kadra farm
a.    Banatu farm
b.    Kobabo farm
Maie Kadra farm was transferred to the settlers in 2005 and the enterprise was left with
Banatu and Kobabo farms that develop 7,000 ha and 2,500 ha respectively.
ii)    Mechanization extent:
The  office  of  the  Enterprise  is  in  Humera  town  and  organizes  activities,  gives  effective support and logistics for the farms.
The farms  undertake Semi- mechanized farm operations. Most of the farm operations are done with machinery. Out of this  80% (7500 ha) of the farm is  covered with cotton and the rest 20% (1900 ha) with sorghum and sesame.
iii)    Workshop and allied facilities:
Each farm has  its  own small workshop, Technical section, mechanization, technicians, operators  and other staff. There is  a central workshop under Construction in Humera town. The workshop was  planned to give maintenance services  with modest charge for other Governmental, non governmental and investor's machinery.
The Enterprise has  got a cotton processing plant located at Dansha. Its  annual processing capacity  is  30,000 tons  per year, but it processes  only  8,000 tons  per year. To use its  full capacity  the enterprise planned to increase its  productivity  per ha and there is  promotional initiative to the farmers  and investors  to produce more cotton. For this  they  have been supplying a good variety  of cotton seed and there is  an extension agent who involves in promotion work to assist the farmers to produce cotton.
iv)   Rental Services
Hiwot mechanization also gives  machinery  rental services  for investors  and Farmers  at rate of 300- 350 Birr/hr depending on the distance from the Centre. The type of farm machinery  available in the enterprise is  given in table 2.4. Major workshop equipment and detail of technicians and operators are given in table 2.5 and 2.6 respectively.
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Table 3. 7 Detail showing Types of farm machinery available in the enterprise
No.
Machinery type and model
Quantity
Remarks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Tractor MF 290 Model
Tractor Ford & 610 Model Tractor Baylarus Model 920
Nardi planters
Nardi disc harrow
MF disc harrow
MF Planters
Ridger
Trailers single & two axle
Water tankers
Chopper
Row planter
Disc plow MF
Leveler
Rotary cultivator
44
21
1
40
76
39
28
1
28
17
2
5
2
1
1
80-85 Horse power 80-85 Horse power
mounted type
Total
306
Table 3. 8 Information indicating detail of Major work shop equipments
S.N
Machinery and model
Quantity
Remarks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mobile air composer
Mobile welding machine
Electric generators
Injector tester
Battery charger
Torque wrench
Individual tool box
2
3
2
1
1
1
Unknown
This workshop
equipment
has been
found very
useful
Table 3. 9 Detail indicating number of Technicians and operators in the workshop
S.N
Particulars
Qty .(No.)
Remarks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Work shop head
Mechanic
Welders
Electricians
Tyre man
Generator operators
Tools keepers
Tractor operators
2
7
3
2
3
7
2
21
Serve as clerk at the workshop
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v) Farming Practices in Hiwot Mechanization
Agricultural Mechanization
a) Minimum tillage:_The farm uses minimum tillage as such there is no plowing at all.
b) Planting : Row planters are used for cotton planting. Sesame and sorghum are
broadcasted by spreader and covered by disc harrows.
c)   Cultivation  and  weeding:-  Ridgers  are  used  to  cultivate  cotton  but  not  possible  to cover  all  the  planted  area.  Most  of  the  cultivation  and  weeding  are  manually  done. Planes  are  used  to  spray  pesticides;  Harvesting  is  more  or  less  labour  intensive.  The yield of crops is found to be at low level. So far the average yields of sorghum, sesame and  cotton  are  15,  3.43  and  10-12  Q/ha  respectively.  Most  of  the  mechanization  and maintenance  problems  except  a  few  indicated  under  Humera  state  farm  also  exist  in Hiwot  mechanization.  It  has  been  noted  that  shortage  of  labour,  pest  problems  and  lack of  adequate  machinery  maintenance  and  trained  manpower  are  the  major  constraints of the Enterprise.
3.8. Existing private Commercial Farms
Study  done by  NEDECO shows  that 202 agricultural project investors  were registered by  the Regional Investment Bureau during the period of 1993/94-1995/96. The total land holdings  of these projects  are estimated to cover 108,000 ha. Theses  projects  are known to undertake production of sorghum, sesame and cotton in the western low lands under rainfed condition, using semi mechanized farming practice. Until 1996, these commercial farmers had created jobs for 1,488 permanent and 186,000 casual labours.
Kafta-Humera woreda 2005/2006 reports  indicate that 441 Investors  have been Registered and their farm area holding ranges  from 30 ha to 2000 ha. Their Major farm area (more than 800/0) is  covered with sesame and 20% with Sorghum. Most of the investors  i.e. 80% of the investors  have Farm Machinery  from one tractor to the highest figure of 15 tractors  where as  the 20% of the investors  especially, those who have less than 30 ha Farm Land rent farm machinery  from other investors  and Hiwot Mechanization Enterprise.
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According to the interview given by  the woreda agricultural and rural development dept, it was  noted that dividing the farms  in blocks  in 100 ha is  going on and there is  a plan that every investor should have 100 ha or more than that.
Major Farm Operation done by the Investors
i)    Minimum   tillage.  Most  of  the  investors  have  limited  types   of  farm  machinery   as detailed below.
•    Tractor IMP 165,185,290 IMT 578,579 etc. having 70-85 Horse Power.
•     Disc harrow equipped with spreader type planter
•    Tractor drawn trailers mostly single axle
•    Few PTO driven thresher for sorghum threshing.
Because of unknown reason ploughing is  not practiced in the area by  Commercial farms including the Investors. Minimum tillage is  the common popular farm operation; Tractor with trailed type single gange or one way disc harrow is used to pulverize the soil.
To practice minimum tillage, they  wait until the soil get optimum moisture. It is  very difficult to perform minimum tillage during the dry  season because the disc  cannot penetrate into the soil and when the soil gets  more than optimum moisture tractors  can't go easily  through the farm This  is  the character of Vertisols  and this  limited the time of operation to only  less  than 30 days. Minimum tillage operations  start in June and stay  up to the beginning of July. The Major crops  grown by  investors  are sesame and sorghum by using minimum tillage. One tractor can perform 3 ha in one hour for minimum tillage.
ii)   Harrowing  Operation  -  For  harrowing  investors  use  tractor  with  single  gange  (one way) harrows equipped with spreader type planter. It has two purposes.
•    for spreading the seed; and
•    for covering the seed
For  every  crop  they  use  disc  harrow  for  harrowing  as  well  as  for  planting.  Fertilizer  is randomly used, Investor mostly produce organic type of crops.
iii)  Intercultural operations.
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Weeding is labour intensive and no machinery is used for this work.
iv)      Pesticide  application  -  Pesticide  application  is  done  by  motorized  or  manual sprayers.
v)    Harvesting - Harvesting is done by labour, and threshing of sorghum is done by threshers driven by PTO.
vi)   Transport - Produce transporting is done by tractors or donkey drawn trailers.
Major Mechanization Problems Observed on Investors Farm
i)  Machinery  Utilization  -  The  cost  of  operating  Farm  machinery  varies  from  farm  to farm  and  place  to  place.  Factors  influencing  costs,  a  part  from  the  size  and  type  of machine, including the number of days worked annually, the type of work performed the care the tractor received etc. One of the most important factors influencing cost per hour is the amount of use. Low hourly costs are achieved on some farms by using machinery nearly every day of the year and doing all kinds of work with them. But Investors use their tractors less than three months a year that is during, planting and harvesting time; these two operations can't take more than three months. If irrigation is introduced, there will be a possibility to use their farm machinery through out the year.
ii) Skilled manpower Problems
To utilize the machinery properly there must be well-trained technicians and operators. Some investors  have small workshop but there is  no well trained professional technicians. They only have a few technicians and those who have got the Knowledge through experience.
iii) Shortage of maintenance facilities
The effective maintenance facilities  for agricultural machinery  is  necessary  in the surrounding area for investors that don't have their own workshops, there are five small farm machinery workshops at Maie kadra and two small vehicle workshops in Humera town. The workshops are not equipped with necessary tools and equipments and they
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don't have well trained manpower. Mostly  the workshops  in Maie kadra are occupied with technician from Sudan and they  don't have basic  knowledge of maintenance. They gain the knowledge through experience. The minimum manpower in one workshop is  4 and the maximum is 8.
These workshops  perform small modification partial engine over hauling, welding and parts  replacement. They  couldn't satisfy  the maintenance demand for reconditioning and heavy maintenance.
iv) Shortage of spare parts
To ensure prolonged equipment life and there by  to increase equipment availability, there must be reliable spare parts  and consumable items  suppliers  in the area. There are few spare part shops  in maie kadra and Rise Engineering representative in Humera
town.
:
The spare part shops  in maie kadra mostly  imports  used parts  and others  from the Sudan illegally  and their price is  relatively  cheaper than Rise Engineering. The parts imported from the Sudan by  spare part shop are not genuine. Spare parts  suppliers complain that buying spare parts  from Addis  Ababa is  expensive as  compared to those parts  imported from Sudan. To avoid the problem there must be reliable spare part supplies.
ii)  Agro-lndustry
Before  two  year  the  number  of  agricultural  product  processing  plant  has  been  only  three. In the year 2007 the number of agro-processing plants has been doubled.
There are sesame grading plants  with a big capacity  owned by  private sesame exports and the one which is  owned by  the union is  completed and ready  for functioning. There
are  greater  than  five  small  capacity  sesame  grading  plants  with  a  capacity  of  300-  350
quintals per day owned by the exporters.
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The cotton Ginnery  (plant) belongs  to Hiwot mechanization is  located at Densha. Its annual processing capacity  is  30,000 ton but, due to the scarcity  of cotton it processes only 8,000 tons per annum. All the sesame grading plants are located in Humera town
Table 3.10 List of sesame grading plants and others
NO
Type of plant
Owner
1
Sesame grading plant
Guna
2
Sesame grading plant
Ali Abido
3
Sesame grading plant
Yitiberak
4
Sesame grading plant
Union
5
Sesame grading plant
Matama
6
Sesame grading plant
Hiwot Mechanization
All   the   processing   plant   are   utilized   only   for   three   months   and   when   the   irrigation projects are implemented there will be an opportunity to use there idle capacity.
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4. CRITERIA, SELECTION AND OPERATING COST OF FARM MACHINARIES FOR THE WOLKAYITE PROJECT AREA
4.1. Scope
In this section the following aspects are analyzed:
i)  Identify  the  types  of  machinery  &  determine  their  requirement  for  different  agricultural operations   that   would   be   developed   by   farmers,   investors   and   other   under   Humera irrigation   Project.   The   operations   would   include   Primary   and   secondary   tillage,   row planting, fertilizer & pesticides application, harvesting and transportation of products;
ii) Analyses the cost of machinery foe each operation i.e.;
iii) Identify need of maintenance & facilities for agricultural machinery;
v) Determine manpower requirement for maintaining & operating agricultural machinery;
vi)  show  the  role  of  Government,  NGOs,  investors,  farmers,  extension  workers  with regard to Mechanization in Humera Irrigation project;
4.2. Identification of Machinery type and Determination of requirement
i)  This  part  of  the  report  is  prepared  to  determine  the  machinery  requirement  for  the whole irrigation project area.
ii)   Previous  geographical,  soil  climate  condition  were  studied  thoroughly  and  are  taken into consideration to the farms for the selection of Implements.
iii)   Mechanized  activity  on  peasant  farms  focused  on  Major  and  vital  operations.  This include field clearing, plowing, discing, ridging, threshing and in put transport.
iv)   Mechanization  aspects  to  determine  the  machinery  requirements  of  the  project  are based   on   the   cultural   practices   and   operational   calendar   of   different   types   of   crop production.    In    addition    to    this    agro    technical    recommendations    based    on    soil classification were envisaged for machinery selection.
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4.3. Crop production operations through machinery
Profitable crop production depends on proper machinery selection and application of appropriate cultural practices. Optimum yield achievement is  the over all goal to maximize profit or score the best cost benefit ratio. Therefore, depending on the nature of the soils agro technical requirement of crops alternatives of machinery combination should be strictly analyzed through research trials. Types of mechanization activities are categorized into four main groups.
1)  Pre planting operations
2)  Post planting operations
3)  Harvesting Operations
4)  Post harvesting Operations
Based on the'-above categories and soil types of the project area important operations are recommended for different types of crops suggested to be grown in the project area. Main crop proposed in the area are, Maize, rice, Pulses, sesame, cottons, vegetables, fodder crops, sugarcane etc. in different seasons. For cultivating them a sequence of operations is to be adopted.
4.4  Farm machinery requirement
4.4.1 Method of approach
Recommendations  on farm machinery  requirements  should have been based on intensive field test results. However, in the absence of dependable information evaluation of actual field operation reports backed with some theoretical consideration may suffice could work out more or less close to the actual results.
Basis for Estimation
I. Productivities or out put of a machine
The following formula is used to calculate the out put or productivity of the machine out put (hr) = O.36BxVxZT (ha/hr)
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Where
B = Width of cut (m)
II. Efficiency
V = Speed (M/sec)
ZT = Labour efficiency (%) 0.36 = Coefficient
= Heavy duty operation 65% = Light duty operation 70% = Harvesting operation 55%
Concerning   efficiency,   the   calculation   is   carried   out   on   the   basis   of   state   farm experience and research finding in Ethiopia.
III. Effective working hours per day
Three   alternatives   are   taken   into   consideration   depending   on   the   type   of   machine operation.
a.   Eight hours shift per day
b.   Twelve hours shift per day
c.   Sixteen hours shift per day
IV) Availability
It is  assumed that when new machines  are used and proper management is  practiced the availability  improves. Hence, during calculation of machinery  requirement for practical purposes  availability  is  assumed to be 80% for agricultural machinery. This  is based on joint field research results  of EMI (Ethiopian Management Institute) and MSFD (Ministry of State Farm Development).
V)  Efficiency and availabilities
Efficiencies and availability of different agricultural machinery are indicated in the table 4.1.
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Table 4. 1 Detail giving efficiencies and availability of machinery.
No
Machine
Efficiency
availability
Remark
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Slashers
Subsoilers
One way plow
Chisel plow
Conventional plows
Disc harrows
Spike tooth harrows
Land planner
Ridgers
Planters (Row)
Seed dree
Cultivators
Ditchers
T ractors
Harvesters
Trailers
70
65
65
65
65
70
70
70
70
65
65
65
70
70
55
70
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
90
VI. Number of tractors Required
To determine the number of tractors required the following formula is used.
N=
............A.......... Wx C x D xsh
Where A = Total area to be covered
N = Numbers of tractors 
W = Output or productivity 
C = Calendar days
D = Availability
SH = Shift hours.
VII. ASSUMPTIONS
To determine the output or productivity  of a machine the following width of cut and speed are assumed and are shown in Table 4.2, expected life span of Machinery  and implement are shown in table 4.3 - 4.4 respectively.
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Table 4, 2 Information showing width of cut and speeds
No
Machine type
Width of cut
(m)
Recommended speed
(m/sec)
1
Disc plow: 4 bottom
5 bottom
6 bottom
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.94
1.94
1.94
2
Mold board plow: 2 bottom
3 bottom
4 bottom
0.75
1.12
1.50
1.70
1.70
1.70
3
Cultivators; power harrow Time  cultivator
Tooth harrow
1.50
1.50
1.50
2.22
2.22
222
4
Fertilizer application
1.50
1.94
5
Planter
1.50
1.94
6
Sprayer
1.50
1.94
7
Combine
1.50
1.39
8
Trailed thresher
9
Trailer: Tractor trailer
Tractor trailer
5T
6T
4.17
4.17
10
Ridger
3.20
1.94
11
Seed drill
3.20
1.94
12
Ditches: Small
Large
Rotary
Rotary 
Crawler
1.30
1.35
1.80
2.10
2.10
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
13
Leveler
4.00
1.11
14
Trailed water
tank
1800 It
5.56
15
Groundnut digger
2.00
1.11
16
Slasher :Drum mower
Chain mower
Binder
Binder
3.00
1.82
3.00
1.82
17
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
Disc harrow
3.20
1.94
18
Land clearing
4.17m
0.52
19
Rakinq
2.50
1.1
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Table 4. 3 Detail showing expected life of Farm Machinery and Others
No
Type of Machine
Annual working
(Motor hrs)
Expected life Span
(motor hrs)
1
Plough
250 ha
2500
2
Disc harrow
400 ha
4000
3
Planter
250 ha
2500
4
Cultivator
250 ha
2500
5
Combine harvester
300 ha
3000
Table 4.4 Information giving detail of Vehicles and Heavy
Machines working hr/km per year
No
Types of Machine
Km to be covered/year
Km    to    be    covered    in    fife Service
1
Vehicles
30,000kms
300,000 km
2
Heavy duty machine
1,400 motor hr
14,000 motor hr
4.5 Crops and cropping area
The cropping area for Wolkayite irrigation project is  270397 ha. The type of crops  and area under each in both rainy  and dry  season is  given in appendix  A. The machinery and implements  requirement is  based on the types  of crops  and soil types  of the command area
There  will  be  three  seasons  and  two  operations  of  cropping  pattern  with  and  without sugar cane.
The farm operations  would be needed to be done in more than 45966 ha annually  in both two seasons. The cropping will be year round with cropping intensity  of around 170%. The machinery requirement and investment cost are given in table 4.5 and 4.6Wotkayite Irrigation Feasibility & Detail Design Project
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Table 4. 5 Summary on the Proposed Percent of CCA and the Area under Different Crops
Wet season
Dry season
Wet & Dry season
Total
Crop Types
CCA (%)
CCA (ha)
CCA (%)
CCA (ha)
CCA (%)
CCA (ha)
CCA (%)
CCA (ha)
Cereals
38
5511.56
27
3916.10
65
9427.66
Sorghum
15
2175.62
10
1450.41
25
3626.03
Finger millet
10
1450.41
10
1450.41
20
2900.82
Teff
5
725.21
-
-
5
725.21
Wheat
2
290.08
-
-
2
290.08
Barley
3
435.12
-
-
3
435.12
Rice
3
435.12
3
435.12
6
870.24
Maize
-
-
4
580.16
4
580.16
Oil seeds
20
2900.83
16
2320.65
36
5221.48
Sesame
15
2175.62
12
1740.49
27
3916.11
Noug
5
725.21
4
580.16
9
1305.37
Pulses
4
580.16
14
2030.56
18
2610.72
Chickpea
-
U
580.16
4
580.16
Soybean
2
290.08
3
435.12
5
725.20
Cowpea
-
-
3
435.12
3
435.12
Fababean
2
290.08
-
-
2
290.08
Fieldpea
-
2
290.08
2
290.08
Lentil
-
-
2
290.08
2
290.08
Commercial
5
725.21
-
-
20
2900.87
25
3626.08
Cotton
5
725.21
-
»»
5
725.21
Sugarcane
-
-
-
-
20
2900.87
20
2.900.87
Vegetable
5
725.21
5
725.21
10
1450.42
Fruit
4
580.16
4
580.16
8
1160.32
Fodder
4
580.16
4
580.16
8
1160.32
Total
80
11,603.29
70
10,152.84
20
2,900.87
170
27039ha
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Crops         April           May            June                 July Aug.                 Sep.            Oct            Nov.                 Dec. Jan.                 Feb.            March
Fieldpea 22*
Lentil
29“
17°
29*
2%
2%
Cowpea
21“
3%
X
Vegetable
Fruits
Fodder
Sugarcane
^J0“ ‘TAP
5%
30“            ‘TAP             1*
31’*1tt
30“       TAP ?
4%
5%
20%
—JL ‘tap l"
m—£
10"
3
Note :■ Percent values indicate cropping intensity
'TAP = Turn Around Period
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Table 4. 6 Machinery Requirement of the area
No
Types of Farm Machinery
Requirement in no
1
Tractor 90-140hp
156
2
Plows
156
3
Disc harrows
21
4
Slasher
10
5
Ridger
20
6
Cultivator
25
7
Fertilizer spreader
22
8
Trailer 5T-7T
40
9
Row planter
20
10
Sprayers
17
11
Threshers
20
12
Combine harvester
10
13
Water tanker
15
14
Subsoiler
10
15
Vehicles
20
16
Levelers
10
Table 4. 7 Detail giving Investment cost for machinery
No
Types of Machineries
Total
Required
Average           Unit price/Birr
Total         price Birr
1
Tractor 90-140hp
156
300.000
46,8000.000
2
Plows
156
70,000
10.920,000
3
Disc harrows
21
110,000
2.310,000
4
Slashers
10
80.000
800,000
5
Ridgers
20
60,000
1.200.000
6
Cultivators
25
80,000
2,000.000
7
Fertilizer Spreader
22
85.000
1.870.000
8
Trailer 5T-7T
40
110,000
4.400.000
9
Row planters
20
120,000
2.400.000
10
Sprayers
17
200.000
3.400.000.
11
T reshers
20
70.000
1,400.000
12
Combiner harvesters
10
800.000
13
Water tankers
8.000.000
15
70.000
14
Sub Soiler
1050.000
10
80.000
800.000
15
Vehicles
20
400.000
16
Levelers
8,000.000
10
150,000
1.500.000
96.850.000
• To develop the 27039 (170%) ha under irrigation, a minimum of Birr 96,850,000 investment on Farm machinery and vehicles are required. In case of change in
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irrigated  cropped  area  of  27,039  ha  during  subsequent  studies,  the  requirement farm machineries be proportionately adjusted.
4.6  Machinery Operational Cost
Machinery costs are divided into two categories, fixed cost and variable cost.
4.6.1  Fixed costs include
•   Depreciation
•   Interest
•   Tax
•   Insurance
•   Shelter
For practical purposes only depreciations are taken into consideration.
4.6.2  Variable costs include
•   Fuel
. Oil
•   Labour
•   Repair and maintenance
4.6.3  Depreciation
It is  the largest cost of farm machinery  and measures  the amount by  which the value of a machine decreases  with the passage of time whether used or not. The value decreases  because the parts  of a machine wear out and cannot perform as  effectively as expected. Straight line method is used in depreciation estimation.
During calculation of depreciation the total operating hour per year is considered.
Depreciation = New cost - salvage value. (Formula 5) Total service hr.
usually salvage value is 10% of the new cost.
Depreciation cost of Tractors = (210,000 -21,000) Birr 10,000 hours
= 18.9 Birr/Hr
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4.6.4
Repair
cost
The   cost   of
repairing
is 
an
importa
nt
aspect
as 
it
may 
deter
mine
the
point
of
replacement  of
a  mach
ine.
This 
cost  is 
the
expendi
ture
on
parts
and
labour
for
installi
ng
replacement parts  after a part failure and reconditioning renewable parts  as  a result of wear and tear. The anticipated annual cost of repair for any  one machine is  highly uncertain. However, it is  generalized and calculated on the formula of ASAE (Association of Society  of Agricultural Engineers) for 1OOOhr of use per year and 10,000hr (10 years  of life) use per hour repair charge = 0.16638’ list price of the machine.
Repair cost = 0.16638*210,000Birr*8.75(Exchange rate)
10,000 hours
=30.57 Birr/hr
4.6.5 Labor Cost
The operators labour cost is the rate in Birr/hr. Multiplied by the hour of use for the machine. For every operation the cost of labour is shown below
L = Monthly Operator Salary
No. Days/month x Shift hr
Where L = Labour cost
L = 1200Birr
24*12Hrs
= 4.16Birr/Hr
4.6.6 Fuel cost
The fuel and oil consumption for an hour is  calculated on the basis  of specific  fuel consumptions. That is  the amount of fuel consumed per horsepower an hour which is equal to 157gm/hp./hr.This  specific  fuel consumption multiplied by  the horsepower will give the hourly fuel consumption in Kg.
The hourly consumption multiplied by the rate of fuel cost Birr/lt will give the total cost of fuel.
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- Fuel consumption for different Tractors
Tractor 50 HP- 9.33 It/hr
TractorlOO HP- 18.60lt/hr
Tractor 110 HP- 20.50 It/hr
Tractor 140 HP- 20.60 It/hr
Tractor 160HP- 30.20lt/hr
Tractor 180 HP- 33.60 It/hr
combine harvester (120-135Hp) -20.50 It/hr
Fuel cost per hour = 21.7lt /hr *5.00 Birr/lt
=108.50 Birr/Hr
4.6.7 Lubricant
Lubricant consumption is 3% of the total fuel consumption.
Lubricant cost = 0.03*108.50 Birr/Hr
= 3.255 Birr/Hr
4.6.8 Overhead and other costs (Interest, Insurance and shelter)
is 30% of (variable + Fixed cost)
= 0.30(18.9+30.57+4.16+108.50+3.255) Birr/hr
= 49.614Birr/hr
Therefore, the total tractor operating cost without profit margin per hour = (18.9+30.57+4.16+108.5+3.255+49.614)Birr/hr
= 214.999 Birr/hr
Agricultural Mechanization
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Table 5.1 Machinery Operation Cost/ha for each proposed crop
No
Type of crop
Field
clearing
Birr/ha
Plowing
Birr/ha
Hurrowing
two time
Birr/ha
Sowing (planting
birr/hr)
Cultivation
Operation
Birr/ha
Spraying or
dusting two
times Birr/ha
Harveting
Birr/ha
Transporting
Birr/ha
1
Maize
163.26
389.70
214.45
168.80
149.50
110.48
266.67
161.25
2
Sorghum
163.26
389.70
214.45
168.80
149.50
110.48
266.67
161.25
3
Cotton
163.26
389.70
214.45
168.80
149.50
110.48
266.67
161.25
4
Rice
163.26
389.70
214.45
336.00
-
11048
266.67
161.25
5
Vegetables
163.26
389.70
214.45
(Ridging)168.80
”         149.50
110.48
266.67
161.25
6
Sugar can
163.26
389.70
214.45
(Ridging)168.81
149.50
110.48
266.67
483.69
7
Noug
163.26
389.70
214.45
-
-
82.25
8
Sesame
163.26
389.70
214.45
-
110.48
-
82.25
9
Fruits
163.26
389.70
214.45
(Ridging)337.60
110.48
200.00
10
Soybean
163.26
389.70
214.45
168.80
110.48
266.67
82.00
11
Cowpea
163.26
389.70
214.45
168.80
110.48
266.67
82.00
12
Chickpea
163.26
389.70
214.45
168.80
110.48
266.67
82.00
13
faba bean
163 26
389.70
214.45
168.80
110.48
266.67
82.00
14
Field pea
163.26
389.70
214 45
168.80
110.48
266.67
82.00
15
lentil
163.26
389.70
214.45
168.80
110.48
82.00
16
Fodder
163.26
389.70
214.45
-
110.48
w
246.00
17
Fingermillet
163.26
389.70
214.45
-
110.48
82.00
18
Teff
163.26
389.70
214.45
110 48
82.00
19
Wheat
-
389.70
214.45
336.00
110 48
420.00
161.25
20
Barely
-
389.70
214.45
336.00
110.48
300.00
161.25
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5. WORKSHOP AND MAINTE
NAN
CE
5.1 workshop objectives
The    workshop    should    be    designe
d    for
repairing
tractors,   agricultur
al    implements 
vehicles.   In   general   the   workshop
is 
responsible
for   maintenance
activities   and
reconditioning  parts  and  component
items.
Component
items  which  are
removed  from
the  machine  on  a  periodic  basis  or  due  to  predictable  causes  of  failure  including engine, gearbox, radiator, Starter, dynamo, injection ump water pump hydraulic units etc...
Fast  moving  items  deal  with  replacing  or  changing  of  parts  such  as  filters  elements bearing bushings belts chains bolts nuts bulbs fuses etc...
5.2 Farm workshop task
5.2.1  Maintenance
In  addition  to  the  above-  specified  works  the  workshop  has  to  carry  out  the  following activities,
The   maintenance   operation   could   be   broadly   divided   into   planned   and   unplanned depending up on the incidence of break down.
An efficient planned maintenance system lengthens  the life of machinery. That means, postponing replacement which saves  foreign exchange that could be used for other purposes. Unplanned maintenance is  maintenance that can occur when the machine is on operation.
5.2.2  Activities of the workshop
i.     Daily maintenance
Daily inspection should be carried out by the operators in the unit farms or in pool as the case may be under the supervision of the deployment section.
ii.     Periodic maintenance
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iii.     This  type  of  service  or  repair  is  planned  or  scheduled  it  could  be  programmed at time when machines are not operating or during slug seasons, minimizes
break down.
iv.      Therefore,   periodic   maintenance   will   be   carried   out   by   the   maintenance, section   in   accordance   with   the   periodic   maintenance   chart   supplied   by   the manufacturers.
v.     Break down (Accidental) Repair
vi.      This  type  of  repair  can  not  be  programmed  it  is  simply  carried  out  to  correct accidental  failures  or  problems  occurring  due  to  lack  of  proper  handling,  or  poor maintenance,   subjecting   the   machine   to   extra   heavy   duty   work,   defects   of materials  etc.  These  failures,  which  occur  unpredictably  during  the  regular  use  of the machines, require prompt repairs.
5.2.3  The workshop plan
The workshop has  to be planned and built in accordance with local conditions  and for the magnitude of servicing required. The workshop territory  should be fenced separately.
In  the  assumed  area  of  the  workshop passages and motor  roads  should  be  designed in such a way that stuffiest allowance is made for traffic flows and provision of access
Every  unit  farm  (6,000ha)  should  have  it  own  workshop,  the  workshop  which  should  be established must have at least the following section.
A.   Light vehicles and tractors repair section
B.   Welding section
C.   Electric repair section
D.   Component repair room
E.   Spare part store
F.   Tools room
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Table 5. 2 Total offices area of the assumed workshop for one unit arm (6,000ha)
No
Repair section
Length
m
Width m
Area m2
Total area for 4 unit
farms m2
1
Light vehicle for repair section
15
13
195
1950
2
Tractor repair section
20
13
260
2600
3
Component repair section
10
13
130
1300
4
Electric repair section
10
13
130
1300
5
Tyre repair
10
13
130
1300
6
Spare part store
10
13
130
1300
7
Office (3
12
13
156
1560
8
Tools room
4
13
52
520
1183m2
11830m2
The construction cost at present per unit area of m2 is  approximately  Birr 600 and to build a unit farm work  shop and other related office needs  an investment of 1183m2x1000Birr = 1,183,000 Birr and for the whole project area 1,183,000 x 4 = needs 4,732,000 Birr investment.
5,3  Methods used to determine workshop load and manpower
The   workshop   is   assumed   to   be   designed   to   repair   and   maintenance   of   tractors, combines, vehicles and agricultural machines.
Over hauling capital repairs, minor repairs  and major services  are the main repair works expected in the workshop. Basically  planned maintenance should be performed by  type of machines according to manufacture recommendation.
The recommendation of maintenance schedule or service life of machinery  depends  on the type of machine and make. However based on the work  efficiency  of an agricultural machine in our condition and state farm work  experience service life of the machines  is considered to be 10 years  and suggested maintenance cycle is  designed by  its assumed generated working hrs covered "ha" and "km" as stated in table 5.1
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Table 5. 3 workshop repair norms
Capital
No
Type of machine
Unit
Over
hauling
Minor repair
Major service
1
Tractors
Motor hrs
10,000
1000
500
2
Heavy duty machine
ii
14,000
1,400
600
3
Combine harvesters
Ha
3,000
300
150
4
Vehicle
Km
30.000
3,000
10,000
Depending on the above stated maintenance cycle the frequency of repair and
maintenance work expected to be under taken by the workshop has been calculated.
5.4 Work Norm
In order to accomplish repair and maintenance activities of identified quantities of farm
machine in accordance with a planned program, qualified technicians are needed.
Annual productivity  of any  technician hr/person or annual working days  per person should be considered excluding annual leave public  holidays  and Weekends. The number of daily  working hrs  is  8 with over all efficiency  of 65% i.e. on the basis  or state farm experience.
Therefore,   for   determination   of   annual   working   hrs/person   the   following   formula   has been used.
AN = (AD- AW-AH-AL) Dw- DsK = hrs
AN - Annual working hrs of a person /year
AD - Number of days is a year (365)
AW- Number of week end,(52)
AH - Holiday is a year (9)
AL - Annual leave of a person (20)
Dw - Working hrs/day (65% efficiency 5.2 hrs)
Ds - No working shift days (1)
K - Correcting factor of absents of a person from work in a Year due to various reasons, such as sickness, accident or personal cases etc (0.90)
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AN - (365-52-9-20) 5.2 x 1 x 0.90 = 1329.12 hr/ person.
Table 5.4 Information on Assumed man-hours required for unit repair and service
work of machinery
No
Type of machine
Capital over
Major
Major
Minor
Hauling repair
repair
repair
repair
hrs/unit
(hrs/unit)
(hrs/unit)
(hrs/unit)
1
Tractors
340
-
235
36
2
Combine harvester
500
-
260
26
3
Vehicles Implements (plough
320
40
10
4
disc harrow planter
40
2
Total calculated and assumed required man-hour per annum and workshop personnel need to accomplish the expected workload is  determined as  shown in table 6.4 for the whole project.
Table 5. 5 Information giving various aspects of repairs
No
Activities
Expected
no Of
repairs
Annual
Required 40m-
hour
Annual working
hrs per
employee
Required man
power
1
Capital overhauling repair
98
33,320
1329.12
26
2
Major repair
200
14,019
1329.12
11
3
Minor repair
2055
73,980
1329.12
56
4
Major service
100
235,000
1329.12
177
356,319
270
As  it  has  been  shown  above,  annual  required  man  hours  for  the  expected  repair  and maintenance is assumed to be 356,319 hrs and annual working/
Person,  with  65%  working  efficiency  per  day  is  1329.12  there  total  no  of  man  power need to perform the expected work should be 270 i.e.
= 356,319
1329.12
The technical service personnel should have the qualification and must have practical
experience  in  repairing  and  servicing  agro-  machinery  for  each  unit  farm  of  at  least  27
qualified technicians are required to perform the maintenance job.
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The manpower should include from the bottom junior level up to seniors. The assumed basic  average salary  is  1800 Birr in Humera. The total monthly  salary  of the technician can exceed 270x 1800 = 324,000 Birr with 10% contingency - Birr 356,400
5.5  Required farm workshop Equipments
To accomplish the task  the work  should be equipped with all the necessary  equipments. To equip the workshops  nearly  about 78 line items  which cost approximately  19,000,000 Birr is needed.
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusions
From the study made in the area, the following conclusions have been drawn.
.   Presently   in   Wolkayite   area,   land   preparation   is   done   by   oxen   driven   plough (Maresha),  prior  to  rainy  season.  Since  the  land  at  that  time  is  very  hard,  the seedbed preparation is not done properly.
•    Sowing of crops is done manually by broadcasting method.
•     Intercultural  and  all  other  operations  including  dusting  and  spraying  and  all  other operations including dusting and spraying are also done manually.
•     Presently,  there  are  a  number  of  investors,  Enterprises  like  Hiwot  mechanization, private  commercial  farms  etc.  who  are  having  a  number  of  tractors  and  farm implements.  Hiwot  mechanization  enterprise  itself  is  having  66  tractors  and  240 different farm implements.
•     The  Investors,  Enterprise,  etc.  rent  tractors  and  farm implements to the farmer for various  farm  operations.  The  rate  of  hiring  has  been  noted  around  300-350  Birr per hour.
•     The investors and enterprise are not in a position to meet the full demand of the farmers at a proper time particularly, for land preparation and sowing purpose.
•      To  meet  the  requirement  of  land  preparation,  sowing,  intercultural  and  other operation,  the  requirement  of  farm  machinery  for  proposed  irrigation  has  been estimated   taking   certain   assumptions   like   output   of   a   machine,   efficiency, effective work time per day, etc. The requirement of tractors has been worked out to  156  for  irrigated  agriculture  of  24,657  ha  to  be  covered  under  different  crops. Beside  tractors,  a  number  of  farm  implements  have  been  also  proposed.  These included  ploughs  (156)  disc  harrows  (21)  slashers  (10),  ridger  (20),  cultivators (25),  fertilize  spreader  (22),  row  planter  (20),  threshers  (20),  combine  harvester (10), subsoiler (10) etc.
. A cost estimate of 96.850,000 Birr has been made for investments on farm machinery and vehicles.
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•    The cost for farm operation has been worked out to be 215 Birr/hour.
•      Proper  arrangement  for  repair  and  maintenance  of  farm  machinery  should  be ensured.   Accordingly   workshop   equipped   with   about   79   line   items   has   been proposed   with   the   estimated   cost   of   19,000,000   Birr.   Skilled   /trained   and experienced  manpower  were  proposed  including  administrative  cost  of  4,732,000 Birr. An investment on workshop for maintenance is recommended
6.2 Recommendations
•     It  is  expected  that  commissioning  of  the  irrigation  project  would  take  around  8-10 years,  there  would  be  considerable  changes.  The  study  should  be  reviewed  in accordance to the technologies available and any other changes.
•      Need  and  extent  of  tractors  and  related  farm  machinery  has  been  assessed  in this  study.  However,  there  are  a  number  of  Investors  and  Enterprises  who  are also having a  number  of  tractors  and  farm implements which may be used by the farmers.  However  government  may  help  and  encourage  both  sides.  Government can also establish a machinery hiring unit to be used and keep the hiring charges modest.
•      Farmers  have  to  be  facilitated  with  credit  for  hiring  of  tractors  for  timely  and appropriate farm operations.
•      Investors  have  to  be  encouraged  by  the  government  to  develop  a  good  farm mechanization  system  for  their  own  work  and  rent  to  the  farmers.  They  have  to be supported
o To provide help in procurement of tractors and farm implements from abroad on easy terms of excise, import license etc.
o To get spare parts of agricultural machinery easily.
o To provide facilities for modernizing / starting the workshop. It would be of a great help if they are provided required loan on easy terms and land to establish the workshop.
o In the beginning farmers may be provided some subsidy for hiring of the farm machinery, later on farmers would be self dependent on economic
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front when irrigated agricultural attains potential yield.
•    Agricultural extension service support should be provided to farmers to
introduce improved agricultural production technology, including land
preparation, adequately line sowing and adopt timely and proper fertilizer and pesticides applications.
•    Research on farm machinery may be initiated on different aspects of
maintenance of machinery and taking up appropriate farm operations.
•     Training  courses  on  maintenance  of  machinery  servicing  and  farm  operations may be taken up by the government for training of technicians, operators and farmers.
•    Proper monitoring and evaluation system has to be developed by the related departments to examine constraints and to take up remedy measures as per
the merit
•      Quarterly   and   yearly   conference   of   related   government   offices,   investors, technicians,   experts,   farmers   etc.   for   keeping   transparency   and   planning future vision must be organized.
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.<• • ■»
APPENDICES
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Appendix  1.  Summary  of  CWR  &  NIR  for  Wolkayite  Irrigation  Development  on  a  100  ha  Command Area
Rainy season
Crops
CCA
(%) CWR (mm)
NIR in
000’m3
CCA
(%)
Dry season
CWR
(mm)
NIR in OOO'm1
Rainy & Dry seasons 
CCA
___ CWR (mm) NIR in 000'm’
CCA
(%|
Total
CWR (mm)
NIR in
000’m’
Sorghum                      15              92.40        14.02             10      391.18        44.44
25       483.58       58.46
Finger millet
10
0.00
0.20
10
327.94
37.88
20
327.94
38.08
Teff
5
21.18
1.08
-
-
-
5
21.18
1.08
Wheat
2
0.00
0.00
-
-
-
2
0.00
0.00
Barley
3
0.00
0.00
-
-
-
3
0.00
0.00
Rice
3
0.00
0.00
3
361.77
12.38
6
361.77
12.38
Maize
-
-
4
462.32
21.03
4
462.32
21.03
Sesame
15
27.57
4.32
12
329.26
45.89
27
356.83
50.21
Noug
5
27.57
1.44
4
586 20
25.86
9
613.77
27.30
Soybean
2
27.57
0.85
3
414.40
14.17
5
441.97
15.02
Fababean
2
0.00
0.08
-
-
-
2
0.00
0.08
Chickpea
-
-
-
4
387.66
17.65
4
387.66
17.65
Field pea
-
-
-
2
451.94
10.13
2
451.94
10.13
Lentil
-
-
2
503.39
11.12
2
503.39
11.12
Cowpea
-
-
-
3
351.46
12.27
3
351.46
12.27
Cotton
5
97.68
8.42
-
-
-
5
97.68
8.42
Vegetable
5
685.44
37.42
5
-
-
10
685.44
37.42
Fruit
4
988.78
40.74
4
-
-
8
988.78
40.74
Fodder
4
677 17
29.57
4
-
-
8
677.17
29.57
Total
80
2645.36
138.14
70
4567.52
252.82
150
7212.88
390.96
Sugarcane
-
-
-
20
844 40
180.92
20
844.40
180.92
Grand total
80
2645.36
138.14
70
4567.52
252.82
20
844.40
180.92
170
8057.28
571.88
Total volum
e of water
required for 24
,657 ha command
area (In millio
nm
4
141.01
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Appendix 2. Proposed crop rotation scheme during the rainy and dry seasons
s.  No Rainy season
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Sorghum -------------------------------------- ► Finger millet ----------------------------------► Teff
Dry season
Cowpea
Fallow
■* Lentil
Wheat Barley Rice - Sesamek
>          Field pea ♦          Noug
>          Chickpea Fallow
Noug ------------------------------------------- > Soybean
Fababean
Cotton>
Fallowk
Fallow-------------------------------—- ---------► Fallow>
Soybean Sorghum Maize Fallow Sesame Rice
Finger millet
Vegetable crops (continuous production all round the year) Fruit crops (continuous production all round the year) Fodder crops (continuous production all round the year) Sugarcane (planted crop) all round the year
45
•z ■
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Soason
Crop.
•/•ago of        Sowing CCA              dato
Harvosting        Crop
dato
period
Pre-sowing Irrigation (mm)
Cut off date
for last
irrigation Remarks
I. Rainy Season                  Sorghum              15                   2nd April         7” Oct.              188 ---------------------- —          17” Sep.
24” May        22nd Sep.          122 ..........................
24” May 15” Oct. 145 -------------—  26” Sep.
7” July 14” Nov 130-----------------------—  26” Oct.
17” Sep.
Finger millet         10 Teff                       5
Wheat                  2
Barley                  3
Rice                     3
Sesame                15
Noug                    5
Soybean               2
7 th June         15” Oct.
130---------------------- —          26” Sep.
7” June 15” Oct 130 ------------
12th May 27” Sep. 138 ------------
26” Sep. 7”Sep.
7 th June         2nd Nov.             148           - - -         —           16” Oct.
7 th June         5” Oct.
120 ----------------------
7 th June         2nd Nov.            148----------------------
16” Oct.
16” Oct.
7* June          4” Nov.              150           ------------ ~            16” Oct.
Local vaneties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Local varieties Improved varieties
Improved varieties
Local varieties
7 th June
5” Oct.
120
----------------------— 
16” Oct.
Improved varieties
Fababean             2
7” June
29” Oct.
144
9” Oct.
Improved varieties
Cotton                  5
24” April
27” Oct.
187
------------ — 
7 th Oct.
Local varieties
24” April
21“ Sep.
150
------------ — 
7* Oct.
Improved varieties
Vegetables 5
Fruits 4
Fodder 4
1*1 June         30” Sep.            102---------------------- —           10” Sep.
l“Nov.           30” April
161 --------------------- —           10” April
Continuous production all round the year
11” May
1 11 June         30” Sep.
l“Nov.            30” April
102 --------------------- —  10” Sep.
161 --------------------- —  10” April
Months of May     & October are            turn
around periods
Months of May     & October are            turn
around periods
Sub total
80
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Appendix 4. Proposed crop calendar, cropping pattern and percent cropping intensity during the dry season
Season
Crop
%age
CCA
of Sowing date
Harvesting date
Crop period
Pre-sowing irrigation (mm)
II. Dry Season                     Sorghum               10                  19” Dec.           20” April             122            50
Fingermillet            10 Maize                    4 Rice                       3 Sesame                 12 Noug                     4 Chickpea               4
Fieldpea                2
Lentil                     2
Soybean                3
Cowpea                 3
20” Oct.             14” March          145            50
13” Dec.           24” April             132            50
20” Oct             7” March            138            50
20” Oct             17” Feb.            120            50
Cut off date for last irrigation
1” April 23,d Feb. 4 th April 16” Feb
29” Oct
26” April             148            50
11” Nov.            19” March         128            50
29" Nov.           22nd April           144            50
29” Dec.            17” May             139            50
29” Nov.           29” March          120            50
21* Nov.            8” March            107            50
1 s1 June            30” Sep.            102
29” Jan. 6 ,h April 28” Feb. 2 nd April 28” April 9” March
Vegetables 5
Fruits 4
1" Nov
30” April             161
Continuous production all round the year
17” Feb
10” Sep.
10” April
11” May
Remarks
Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties Improved varieties
Months of May & October are turn around periods
Fodder
4
1* June
30” Sep.
102
10” Sep.
Months of May &
1* Nov.
30” April
161
10” April
October  are  turn  around
periods
Sub total
70
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Appendix 5. Proposed crop calendar and percent cropping intensity for sugarcane during both the rainy and
dry seasons
•1
Harvesting
Pre-
Cut off
sowing
date for
%age of
Sowing
Crop
irrigation (mm)
last
Season
Crop
CCA
date
date
period
irrigation
Remarks
III. Rainy & Dry Season
Sugarcane
20
10th Dec.
30"’ Nov.
365
50
I^Oct.
All year round
Sub total
20
NB.
1)  Cut off number of days for last irrigation is 20 days before harvest. Pre-sowing irrigation is 50mm for direct seeding.
2)   Rainy season 80%
3)  Dry season 70%
4)   Perennial sugarcane plantation 20%
Therefore, the total cropping and/or irrigation intensity is 170%.
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/Date Due
TITLE AUTHOR
CALL NO.
EDITION
VOLUME
CAcc. NO.

Summery

Summary: Wolkayite Irrigation Feasibility Report - Agricultural Mechanization

Wolkayite Irrigation Feasibility Report - Agricultural Mechanization

Project: Wolkayite Irrigation Feasibility and Detail Design Project

Volume: V - Agriculture (Part II: Agricultural Mechanization)

Date: July 2009

Prepared by: Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise in association with Intercontinental Consultants & Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.

Executive Summary

The report assesses the current status and future requirements of agricultural mechanization for the Wolkayite Irrigation Project in Ethiopia. Key findings include:

Current farming relies heavily on oxen-drawn ploughs (Maresha) with inefficient seedbed preparation
Limited mechanization exists through private investors and enterprises like Hiwot Mechanization
Proposed mechanization for 27,039 ha irrigated area requires:
- 156 tractors (90-140 HP)
- Various implements (ploughs, harrows, planters, etc.)
- Total investment: ~96.85 million Birr
Operating cost estimated at 215 Birr/hour
Workshop and maintenance facilities required (estimated cost: 19 million Birr)

Current Status

Aspect	Details
Primary Power Source	Oxen (Maresha plough)
Major Crops	Sesame (70%), Sorghum (24%), Others (6%)
Existing Mechanization	Private investors (420-441) and Hiwot Mechanization (66 tractors)
Hiring Rates	300-350 Birr/hour

Proposed Mechanization

Equipment	Quantity	Estimated Cost (Birr)
Tractors (90-140 HP)	156	46,800,000
Ploughs	156	10,920,000
Disc Harrows	21	2,310,000
Combine Harvesters	10	8,000,000
Total		96,850,000

Recommendations

Review mechanization plan before project implementation (8-10 years)
Establish government-supported machinery hiring units
Provide credit facilities for farmers
Support investors with procurement and maintenance
Enhance extension services and training programs
Develop research programs for farm machinery
Establish regular monitoring and evaluation systems

Appendices Highlights

Cropping pattern with 170% intensity (80% rainy season, 70% dry season, 20% sugarcane)
Detailed crop calendars for different seasons
Water requirements for different crops