303     1223 
Proposal for  Modified  Programme for 
Agricultural  Development  on  Gambela  Plain 
Addis Ababa May,  1978 Proposed   Pror Anme 
4445 
NTATIO 
SRARY 
4àgricultural  Development.  in the Gantela Floin 
OF WA 
RE  R 
TEN 
ICE 
Contents 
1.     INTRODUCT ION 
2.  REVIEW  OF  PROFOSED 
DEVELOPMENT   IN  THE    G..MbEL.    PLAIN 
Façes 
1 
2 
3. 
STRATEGY   FOR   DEVELOPMENT 
4        THE   LWERO  PROJECT 
4.1    The  Project area 
4.2   Data  Status 
4.3    Water  Resources 
4e4    Topography,  Soils & .gricultur ai Potential 4.5    The  Possible  Development 
4.6   Access  Road 
4.7   Hunan  Resources  and  Settlenent 4Sects 
4.8    Community  Services 
4.9    Initial Development  of  âainiei griculture 4.10  The gricultural Trials -.ren 
5.    THE   EPID  PR0JECT 
6.    PROPOSED   IMPLEMENT.TION 
DEVELOPMENT   IN  THE   G.MBEL..  PL.:IN 
7.  PROPOSED  STUDY  PROGR..MME  FOR 
IN  G.MBEL..  PL..IN 
RECONN..ISS.NCE   SURVEY 
8.    PROPOSED   STUDY   PR0GR..MME   FOR       LWERO   PROJECT 
9.  TERMS  OF  REF ERENCE  ND  CO3T  ESTIM.TEFOR  RECONN.ISS.NCE 
STUDY   IN  THE   G.MBEL..  PL.. IN 
9.1   Terms  of Reference 
9.2   Cost  Estimates 
10.    TERMS   OF   REFERENCE   &  CCG.   o1 il... 
Ja     TUDIES OF 
THE   LWERO  PROJECT 
10.1    Preliminary Study 
10 
11 
11 
12 
13 
14 
16 
17 
l8 
19 
21 
21 
22 
22 
22 
10.2    Feasibility 8tudy 
10.3  Gosts  of Preliminary  and easibility Studies 
25 
27 2 
Contents 
Pages 
11.    TBRMS   OF   REFERENCE       ND   COST   ESTIMiTE  FOR   CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION  ND    M..NAGEME  NT     OF   Re.INFED   DEVELOPMENT   IN 
.LWERO 
12.    PPROXIM..TE  COST   OF   REVISED   PROGRAMME   OF   WORK 
13       JUST IFICAT ION FOR   PROPOSED   CHANGE    IN   PROGR.MME   \ND EMPH..SIS 
I..BLES 
1.    lwero Project  -  Time  Phasing of Rainfed  Development and Expenditure 
Investment  Expenditure 
EPID  Project 
3.    Oper ating Expenditure      EPID   Project 
Initial Staffing  and  Farm  Equipment  -  Triul Farm 
5. 
Phasing  of  Investment During Initial Stages  of Revis ed Programme 
Iigures 
1.    Proposed  Impl ementation Progr amne for igricultur al Development  on the Gambela Plain 
2e 
Location of the Proposed lwero Project 
3.    lwero Project and Location of Reconnaiseance Study rea6 
Proposed Study   Progr amme   for  the Reconnaissance Survey  in the Gambela  Plain 
5.     Proposed Study  Progr amme for  the lwero Project Propo8ed Progr amne 
for 
dgricultural Development in the Gambela Plain 
l. 
INTRODðCT ION 
on thc Gambela Project provided 
a  development plan for a 
The  TaMS 
Feasibility Report 
rainfed agricultural 
project in the Itan8 
area on  the left bank of the Baro   River. 
The report 
indicated a 
favourable  economic  and  £inancial return on the project and  ViaDi. 
therefcre sought  funds  for 
its implementation. 
ollowing an  approach  to 
the  EEC. 1t was 
decided that 
further 
study of the I.aMS   proposal  was Development  Fund  (EDF)  would 
consider funding  the project,  and 
necessary before the European 
V..D.      invited EUROCONSULT   to carry 
out the study required . 
The  EUROCONSULT    Report 
of October  1977 
analysed the existing 
data on  the Itang gricultural 
Development Project,;  and  presented 
a   proSr amme oi further 
investigations needed for its impl ementa 
tion.    In addition they 
ne ar Pepeo   as being representative of the  large 
identi fied a  pilot project area oi 540 
hectares  (gross) 
part oÍ the  Itang  area . 
detailed programme  of 
activities for 
early  implement ation o£  this pilot 
scheme  was  also presented with 
estimates  of cost  and 
economic  iustificat ion. 
In  Dec ember 1977  H..LCROW-ULG  LTD  were  commissioned  by  F..0  to assist and  advise  VD.à  On: 
(i)   the potential of  the 
river basins; 
(1i) (iii) 
(iv) 
development priorities; 
an  indicative agricultural  development  progr amme; inítial  formul ation of  l arge-scale financial  and technícal  support projects;  and 
(v) 
orzanízation and 
administration. 
TAMS  gricultural 
Gambela  Proj ect. 
Development    Group. November  1976 
Feasibility Report  -  The 
2    EUROCONSULT   Gamtela gricultural Development  Project.      rnhen October  1977. The   HALCROW -ULG  6signment 
start ed  in January,  1978  and  1n 
ebrunry  the 
consultantA  firat 
expressed their 
reservationg  to 
VAD         bout  the 
pro posed  progra mme   for  Impl ement ation of  agricul 
tural  development 
on  the .Ambela   platn. 
Specifically, they 
questi oned  the  length  of time 
re quíred to start the  Itang Project 
and   vhether that wna   in  f rct the   best  pro 
ject to proceed ith 
initín lly 
H.   LCROk -ULe  have   now 
completed  the ranking of  50   irrigatí on 
those  iderti fi ed   in  preví 
ous reporta  and 
those 
which  they  heve been  able  to 
projects including 
i denti fy in the  tíme 
1vailable,  and 
heve pr epared  an 
i ndicative development  progr 
emme  for  irrigated 
ngrículture  in  the  valleys. 
REVIEW  OF  PROFOSED  DEVELOPME  NT  OF  GaMBELA  PLi.IN 
In  a Di scussion Paper  presented  on  8 
May   HLCROW-ULG   dre 
ttention to   2 possible  projcct  on   the lwero 
river  and  reported 
L5      foll ows: 
The  .l wero Project was   identified as  a  possible project  by the  Consultant s    during  the  current F..0/TCP  VAD..    Pro ject, nfter   neríal  reconnaiss ance,  a   field visit to Gambela  and 
.bobo     and  a  study  of  the  aerial photography  and  two   pre 
Víouc  reports  on  the  Gambela  Plain. 
EUROCONSULT,    in  their 
report  dated  October  1977  drew  attention to  the  possibility of   more  favour able conditions  for  irrigated agriculture  on 
the  lwero -Baro watershed  and  elsewhere  in  the  tilwero  Basin, compered  with  conditions  in  the  proposed  Itang Project  area . 
The  project  1dentifi ed   in  the 
lwero basin would  comprise 
10,000  ha  of   perenníelly  irrigatcd  land . 
The  irrigation 
supply  would   be   grAvity   fed via  1  inain  canal  from  a  long 
low    eer th enbankment    da      wichh  vould  Lmpound   a  shallow  re 
6ervo1r on   the .lwero   Kiver      One   mnjor  advantage  of  this project when    compared with   the  It ng  Project  la  that  pumped 
drainage would  be   unnecesulir7.    The  topography,  micro-relief and degree  of   buoh   cover vould  rlso  make   the  lvero project 5u1table for   rainfed  developaent  in  the  short-term,  provided 
LherC   werE  10     011  linitation.5. 1his preliminary  ranking 
it in  the third position  in  the  overali  1ist of 
-       3   -
preliminary  rank ing  of  this  project  would  appear  to   pl ice 
is bnsed  on  certain  assumptions 
rankings " 
which  should  be  verified  by 
Hovever,  the Consultants  iei that  ven if cert-in oi  the 
Ieconnaissance of  the  area. 
Ianking  factors  were 
still result  in  the 
proiect  being,  vory  highly   ranked.  espe 
over -r :tec, compnsition  of  this  woUld 
cielly when  compered  with  Itang. 
ALCROW -ULG further  report: 
Bero-Gilo-..kobo.    In   vie    of  the  very  high  Dreliminary  rank - ing  oi  the lwero Projcet compared  to  the  lo; ranking  oí the Itang   Project, the  lctter hac   not  been  included  in the Indi cative Developmert  Progr arae  at this  stage .     Instead,  a   re conneissance  study  of  the  Gambela  Plain is proposed,  with 
ment.     This wouli be     follo:. ed  by   pre-feasibility  end  feasi bility studies  of  the  first  selected project,   ith  impl ement  a - tion of  the  irrigation pOject shortiy after  that,  possibly commencing  in   ye ar 
-1though  the  ientificetion    of the  .ivero Project  is subject to verification of  sone  of  the  factors  considered  in the 
r ankina, the  Consultants  ieei  that it  is certainly  a  far  more pronising  irrigation  proj act  th an  that  propo sed in the  Itsng 2rea.    It  seems  likely  therefore  that developnent  in the Itang  area would  be  prcceded  by   development  in  the l1wero 
2nlor     other  ere28,   21d   probably  even  then  only  be  considerec in  the  very  long  term.    The   proposed  Pepeo  Pilot Project  does therefore  not  seen  to  be   justified at  this  stage,  in view  of its limited relevance  to  areas  outside  the  Itang  area.    It hes  therefore  been  excluded  from   the  Development  Progr amme, and  it is  assumed  that  funds  carmarked  for  Pepeo  could  be 
re-alloceted  to  the  proposed  reconnaissance  study  and   sub GEquent  activitiec,* 
the  objective  of  identiiying  the priority  arees  for 
develop 3,    SIRAI  EGY   FOR    DEVELOPME  NT 
HALCRON -ULG 
of  the  Gambela  a  suggested  Plain was strategy  for 
During  the  review  of  the 
Discussion  Paper   prcpar ed  by 
di scussed  as   follows: 
the  agricultural  development 
Empoldering  on   the  flood 
could  not  be   extended  without 
plain of  the  river  should  not  and 
controlling  the  major  rivers; 
Construction  of  large  storage  dams   on  the  Baro  and  Gilo  would 
probably  not  be   justified in  the  absence  of 
development,  and   this  would  be 
likely  to  delay  the  develop 
demand   for  power 
ment  of  irrigated agriculture 
on  the  plain. 
Control  of  the  smaller  rivers  such  as  the Alwero  and  Ubela vould enable  gravity  irrigation  and  drainage  schemes  to   pro 
ceed  while  the  large rivers were  being  studied  and  the  demand for  power  increased .     iork  on  these  rivers  should  therefore have   a  higher  priority .     Impl emontation  of  these  schemes  would 
also provide  experience  on  a   small  scale  of  the  most   appro priate  methods  of  dealing with  the  problems  likely  to  be  met when   development  takes  place  on   a  much    l arger  scale on  the Baro. 
In  order  to  accelerate  agricvltural  development  in the   Gambel  a Plain, and   in  view  of  the  high  ranking  pr eliminary assessment of  the .lvero Project  (subject  to  site visits in  June  1978), it is now considered  that  a preliminary  study  of  this  proj ect should be  put  in  uatc  ar the  first priority.   Á reconnaissance study  on   the smeller  rivers  should  al so be  carried out,  simul taneously  with  the .1ero  study, to identify other  possible projectu  for    carly consLderation  in the  long-term development plan. 
h   progr amme   for inp} cme      atlon of  irrigated agriculture in di screte phase0 on   the Gnbera 'ain s    thercforo  proposed  as outlined 1n  F1gure  l, turti. vich     preliminary  study   of  the 
luero    Project,  and    a  reconna1 6sancu 6urvey  of  other  nreas  to 5 
2 
ident ify  other  priority projects  for  development .     If the  Alwero Project  proves  to  be  economically  and   financially   attr active it could be    imp lemented  while  the  long-term  major  developments  on 
the   B aro were  being   investigated. 
-n   outline  of  the  Alwero  Pro ject  follows . 
THE   LWERO  PROJECT 
4.1      The   Ftoiect  Area 
The  alwero  river  drains  a   catchment  area  of  2,600  km 
betveen  the  Baro  and  the  Gilo  rivers.     Al1 three rivers  flow 
into the  Gambela  Plain  where  they  overflow their  banks  and  form swamps- Belo  the  425  m contour  80%  of  the plain is  subject  to 
£100ding 
Over   10,000  ha  of  the  proposed  Alwero  project  area  to  be investígated  are  above  the  425  m contour  and  are  not  subject 
to flooding.     It  also appears,  from  a  study of  the  l/250,000 
scele mepping    that  there  are  a  further  10,000 ha  of  land  beloW the  L 25   m  contour  which  are  also  not  subject  to  flooding. 
The  project  ares   is shown   or. the  location map   of  the  Gambela Plain  at  Figure  Le       It  is  also  shown  at Figure  3  at  a  scale of 
1/250 000  with  contour  intervals  of  25   m.       This  figure  also  shows the  areas  on   the  Ubela  and  Gilo  which  should  be  studied  dur ing 
the  reconraissance  survey . 
4.2    Deta  Status 
The      l wero  Project y.s  idcntified after  aerial  reconnaissance; a   field vísít  to   Gambele,     0obo  and  Itang;  and  a   study  of  maps, aerial  photography  and   previous  reports  on   the  Gambela  Plain 
prepared  by  T.-MS    and  EUROCONSULT. 6 
Data   on climatic,  rainfall,  river  flows,  and   evaporation were extracted  from  these   renort    and   uaed to  egtimate  probable  water availability .    Data on  soils  in  the  proposed project area were 
comp letely  lacking,  never theless the  overall  view  of  VaDa  1s 
that  the  area  is  certainly  wor thy of  investigation  for  the  early implement ation of  a  medium-sized  irrigation  project 
..lthough  EUROCONSULT   considered  that "Lack  óf basic data makes   the  southern  rivers unsuitable  for  early  development,  so that  this will  only  be   possible  along  the  Baro" ,  VaDa   feels 
that  development  in  these  areas  cannot  be  delayed  for  this 
reason  alonee     This opinion is reinforced in  a   United Nations iWater    Resources Pl anning   paper     which  states that it is self evident that planning  and  developing water  resources  cannot,  in all instances,  be  delayed  for  a  long period of observation and 
record  accumulation.    On   the  other  hand  the hazards  of  aver development  and  faulty  designs  ere  equally  evident'.   The  s ame paper  also  states ,   on  the subject of  estimating runoff,  "Estimates can  never  be  employed  as  fu11  substitutes for  records of  stream 
£low.      However, in some  instances where  there is an  immediate need  for  e  project, accur ate, well  founded  and  reliable  esti mates  may   be  acceptable." 
The lack  of basic  data on  the  southern rivers is the  reason for  EUROCONSULTs   statement  (para  4.2  page  40)   that i"it  is im possible  to  aceurately indicate how  much   land  can  be ultimately irrigated with  water     rom  these  riversi'     However  in their next sentence  they  stat   that   The  most  likely figure is about  100,000 ha,  thus gíving  2 preliminary  estimate of  the  water  resources of  the  southern rivers. 
iManual of Standards  and  Criteria for  Planning Water  Resource Proiects'",  Water  Kesources  Serie3  Paper  No    26.     UN    Economic Comnission  for 3ia and  the  rar  East, 196lyo -
7 
VAD.    considers  that  by  working  within this estimate  and  by using   modern hydrological  technigues,  reliable estimates  of  the water  resources  of  the  southern  rivers can  be  made  by   correlatzo 
and analogy   with, and   inf er ence from,   the  data  available  for  the Baro  River  and  other  catchments.    ndequate  safety margine  would have  to  be  adopted  and  assumptions  sensitivity tested. 
4.3    Water  Resources 
..1though  there  are   no flow  data  for  the  alwero  river , 
EUROCONSULT'S   rough  estimate  of  the  mean  annual 
runoff  based on 
analogy  with  data  for  the  Baro  River  was  520  million  m     per  year . 
3 
This estimate  is  given  nt  Table  4  page  21   of  their main  report; EUROC ONSULT    state that  the   pat tern of  flow  for  the rivers listed in the Table will  be  similar  to that of  the Baro.    They  al so   con sider  that  the  total  flow  of  about  21.000  million myear entering the   plain, if fully  controlled would  be  sufficient to  irrigate 
at lest 600,000  ha  of  land. 
On   the  basis  of  the   above, the  estímated runoff  from  the lwer o catchment  Would  be  sufficient  to  irrigate about  15, 000  ha 
if the  river  were  fully  controlled. 
SSuming that the  pattern of  flow  in  the  lwero is  similar to thet  in  the  Baro  and  on  the  basis  of  the  estimates of  me an 
2nnual  runoff given by  EUROCONSULT 
the  me an  monthly  flows  in 
the  .lwero have  been  estimated  for  the  5%   probability dry  ye ar i.e. the  dry  climatíc  year  with  a  1  in  20  year return period, 
Proiect  water  requirements  for  an  area of  10,000 hectares  net heve  been calculated  for  a  perennial  crop,  and  an  approximate forecast  of  behavior  of  a  shallow reservoir  on  the lwero  for the  5  dry clímatic yeer  has  been  prepared. 
The  indications  from  this  forecnst  are  that  a   water   conser 
Vancy  area 
of  some 
80  kn   with  cbout  3    n of  live  storage will 
probably  meet  all  project  demAnds   for  an  area  of  10.000  ha  in 
a  5%   dry  climatic year. 
Evaporetion  losses  from  the  water 
conservancy   would be high  in  the b7%     dry   year, but  the  evaporation wntwld  bt  taking   place in   on    aren  where   the  water would  command irtignhble  land.     The  conservancy   iould   al  so provide  a  measure 
of  lood  control  for   areas  downetream  which  may   later be  utillsed fnt    Ta infed cultivation or  grazing. 
It  is ther efore considered  that  an  embankment  dam  on  the Alwerc  could provide  a water  conservancy  for  perennial  irrigatlOn of  about  10,000  to  15,000 ha, and  a  study  of  this possibility 1s 
recommended. 
Topography, Soils & iagricul tural Fotential 
In  considering the  future  demarcation of  the  Itang project area, EUROCONSULT   reported that 
"although  attention is  .fo cussed  on  the  development  of  the recent  flood  plain at present,  it may   well  prove  more   eco nomic  to  give  priority to  the  higher -lying former  basin  nrens that have  a   better  topogr aphy.      I    so,  the  vast,  alnost  un interrupted area of  this land  type  situated north  and   south of  the Alwero-Baro   water shed would  justify serious  consi deration, partieulerly  for  irrigated   cropping." 
all the  indications  are  that   most  of  the  proposed  ..lwern project  area   is  above  normal  flood   level, that  the  relief  i gently  sloping  to  undulating  in  places  and   thit  it  Is  mainly open grass covered  savanah  with  scattered  trecs.    Topographi - cally  the   area  appears suit:ble  for   irrigntion. 
The   land  probably falls into  *hat  EUKOCONStLT   clie lflet as  the  old  flood  plain.    No   information  is    v 11lble n   he soils in the proiect are: but  the   indic 1tions  1te tht ther vary   from  clay, to sandy  clay lors  and   ny  in   scme   plces  he sandy. 
..lthough the clinatic conditions  r    the   prject 
favour able for  the cultivation  of   nany    crop:.  the    sts sparsely inhabited,  nd there   i    rety litt le cro totisn 
at  present. 
Rainfal1  (approxinstely  90C    m    tut img  the     l rainy  senson  is  sufficient  to  nllow  rninfed  croppi ng. 
In  addition 
the  topogr aphy   ís favourable for   grnvi ty irrigat fon and  grav1ty dr ainage 
EUROCONSULT   Consider   suítablc cropg for  the  Ganbela  area would include  maize,  sorghum,  ríce,  sugar -canc, cotton,  pulsct root   crops (caesava  and  sveet    potatoes), vegetables  (onions, tomat oen. and    chillies), pasture  legunes  and  other  fodder  crop, nnd fruit  trees  11ke   cítrus, cashew  nuts  and  bananns.    Kennf, 
nnd  cobc nccia might  reasonably  be  ndded  to  this 1ist. 
The  noet   profitable crops  and   crop  combinntions  appear  to  be 
Sug   r -cne   ríce  and  cotton/maíze  or   sorghum/ soya  beans,  though there rema1ns  the   probl em   of  identifying  3  market  for  large qusnt1tíes  of  ríce. 
The potent í al  of  the  2ren  for  livcstock  productíon  is  nt present unexplo1ted  becnusc  of  tse-tsc    ly, though  it ie  believed 
to  be  nbundant  ín  game.     Lívestock   Droduction  míght  be  practised under         m1xed croppin2   system    n sma11holdinge,  whereby  crop 
residues of  ríce,  cotton,   s0yn bc2n0   And     sug ar used   se  feed. 
-cane  could be 
The 
conservatíon 
of wld1i
fe 
i
s  an 
i
npor t ant   mntter, and  it 
wOuld 
be 
decided  2t  nn
enrly  st
afe
ín th
e 
dcvelopment  planning 
Which 
re
9s  sheuld  bc 
allocrte 
fo
r 
this
purpogc. 
Pish productíon  uould  "pper  to  be   cttractíve in  the  water 
on6erVADry 
.1theuzt  the Geelopnents  n     the  plain cannot  be  predictod yet  ,      pportunit 1c  ezíut  both  for  eet.tlencnt  nnd  large  scale 
mechanical   f  rm1nz 
The  'llo1ng devclopmento  are   poss1 bilitics: 
kaln-dependent i,  /e]J    5    rrignt cd  onllholder    crop 
production, 
The  s     11older:  re Jikely  to  concentrate on 
Lhe  pr oductionn i 
uch       cotton,    nG   p06ibly fugr -CDe  or   veget ables.. 
fi cr   Logether  w!th HOme   cAoh  cropping, 10 
Large-scale,  mechanized  estate-type  farming.    Commercial  crops Tike  sugar -cane or  cotton would  seem  to  be  most  suitable for this  farming  system:  food  crops  such  ag   rice  or  maize  mign. 
also  be    includ ed  in  the  cropping  progr amme,  ii pries  e attractive. 
The  cropping  intensity under  rainfed conditions could  be estimated  at  about  757.,   because  of  the unreliable rainfall patterlo Eor   the irrigation areas,  where  double  cropping will be  practised CIOPping  intensities ranging  from  l60  to  180%  could be  as sumed . 
4.5    The   Possible Development 
-n embankment  dam  on  the  alwero, in the  proximity of  the site indicated on Figure  3,  would  store its flood waters  for 
use  in providing gravity irrigation.   The  gross  arable  area 
which  could be  commanded  by  the  shallow reservoir or  water   con servancy,  assuming  an  urnlimited  supply  of   water,  is about  30,000 to   40, 000  hectares.   Most   oÍ this possible area of  command   i3 
not  cubject to  £looding  and  could  be  dr ained  by  gravity . 
Ihe weter  cOnservancy  of  about  30  km       would be  formed  by 
an   earthen  dam   approximately  6  km   long  and  an  average height 
of  2bout  6 m.     The  live  stor age capacity oí  the  conservancy 
2t  fu11   supply  level  would  be  about  250  million cubic  metres. 
The   £lood  absorption capacity  of  the  conservancy  would  be 
80  Ini11ion  cubíc  metres  for  a   £lood rise of  one   metre.    The  dam would  be  provided with  a  fixed  crest over spill weir  about  50  m 
long, and   pe ak  discharge  over  the  weir  at high  flood  level 
ould be   about  75   m/aec.   i   further  small   suPpl ementary 
relief discharge  would  be   provideu by   a  gated  sluice below 
dead  storage  level. 
Irrigation water  would  be  couy?yed  to  the  fields  via  twO main  canals  on  the left bark,   here  about  20,000  ha  of  land  would 
be   within  command   (Figure  3). 
Li  is not  proposed  to  develop 
the ríght  bank  area  at  present   c.s w:ter  avaiiability may   limit such  development.     The  mrin cannls   wOuld  feed  secondary  and tertinry cannls to provide   gr ivity irrigation  to a gross  irrigable nree of   somne    10,000  to  15,000  ha.     Project  watcr   requir ements 
would  be   based  on  the  demands   of the   10%       (1  in  l0 yenr  return period)  dry  climntic  year 
The  Hlwero  River  would   servo  as  a  mnin    d  ain  and  other 
natur al   drainage  lines vould  be   developed  as   required  for  maln drain2ge.         system of  seondary  and  tertiary drains  would 
provide  gravity  dr ainage from   the  fields  to  the  river  and  creekS o Excavated  materials  from  the  canals  and  drains would  be  shaped where  necessary  to  provide  fnrm  access  ronds  to  the  fields. 
4.6    .ccess road 
ny   development  in  the .lvero  area will require an   all weather  road connection between  the project site and  the national highway  system.    The  road  connection  between   G ambela and  Gog  will, 
thercfore, be of vital  importance  to  development  activities  south of   Gr.mbel a.     L-n   all-weather  access  road  to  the    lwero  Pro  ject  area will h-ve  to  be  constructed  from  the Gambela-bobo road,  and  the suggested  alignment  ie  shown  at Figure  3.    The  length of  this 
Io2d  will  be  approximately  40  km.     The  length of  the  Gambela 
..bob  road  is approximately  44  km,  and construction of  this is due  to  commence  in  early  1979.  Finance for  the  total of  84  km would  be provided  entirely by  the Ethiopian Government. 
4.7    Human  Resources  and  Settlement ispects 
The pro iect would  accommodate  both   settl ement  schemes  and state  f arms  in  a  proportion  to be  determined  after further 
6tudies.     Full development  of  the  project would  require hundreds of  famní] ieg  to  be  settled  in  an  area that is virtually  uninha bitted  at  present.    Preliminnry  indicntions  are  thnt the manpower 
requírement6 could  not  be met  by  the  human  reources avail able  in the  imnedi ate vícínity of  the  project,  but that they  could  be from  elsewhere within the  Gambela  Plain. 12 
In  devising  settlement  schemes,   Drcference would  be    g2ve 
to  the  people  1iving nearest  the  project  aren,  vho   wculd  be regarded  as  the  first  'claímants!  of  the  lands  to  be  occupied 
by   the project.       80ciological  study   would  be  r equired t' 
assess  the  probable  impact  of  the  pro iect on   the  local  population; with  special  regard  for   inter -tribal relations. 
4.8     Community   Services 
Devel opment  of  the lwero project area would  entai1  rapid popul ation grOwth  due  to  the  influx of settlers and  manpower 
for  state  farms  and  project  implementation workse     Consequently, community  services  for  the  popul at ion wil1  be  necessary . 
lthough services  such  as  health care and  education would not  be  the direct responsibility of  the project management,   the success  of  the project- and  its attrectiveness for  prospective settlers -   will, to  a  large  extent,  depend  on  the quantity  and 
quality of  the public  services  provided  in the  area. 
fully equipped  and  staffed  heal th  centre vould  therefore be  required for health care in the ..lwero  area.    -.s the project developed,  the population could   gro    to  an  extent that would justify upgrading  the  heal th  centre  to  a  small hospital with quelified   staff, operating  independently  from  the  Gambela hospital . 
The main  education provision would  be  to  have  sufficient elementary  and  secondary  schools  for  the  childr en of  settler families. 
lthough required  for  funding  and  budgeting  purposes, investments  and  operationel  expenditure  involved  in the provision  of   heal th and educational  facilities should  not  be included  in the  project  evaluction, as  these  should  be  regarded as  normal   requir ements for  puople  anywhere  in  Ethiopia. 16 
5. 
THE    EPID PROJECT 
The   development  of  the   G anbela Plain  will, to  a   l arge  exLene depend  on  the  outCOme  of  the  reconnaissance  studies  and   investi cations, the  results  of  which  may   not  be   for thcoming  for  a  year 
Or   tSO . 
develpment1l support  be  provided  to accommodate  the   short-term needs  of     nuak      gricultur alists and  Nuer   pastoralists. 
EPID   should  undertake  a   progr amne  to  provide comprehensive agricultural  training  in  Gambela  ..Wraja.    About  30     nu ak  students heve   already  completed  their  trainíng at  the Holeta Training Centre  and  are  awaiting  assignment.    Some  of  the major  activities +hat  should  be  undertaken  by   tie programme  ere: 
supply  of  agricultural  inputs  (seeds,  insecticides,  pesticides tools   tractor  services); 
improvement  of  on-farm  grain  stoz age and  introduction of  fish irying 
provision of veterinary supplies  and  assignment  of  vaccinetor 
te ams; 
establishment of  an  animal   heal th progr amme  aimed  at placing at least one trained man  in each village; 
iprovement of marketing concions within the area; 
launching  a  population and  livestock census  in the  iwr a ia which  will forn  the  basis  ior fur ther  planning. 
The  programme  should initin!1y be  undertaken for  a  period of 
In  the   me antime, it is  a   matter  of  necessity  that  modest 
five years at an  estimated cost of 3irr l.9 mi11ions. cost are in Tables  2  nd 3. 
Details of 17 
6.        PROPOSED    IMPLEME  NT..TION   PROGR.AMME        OR        GR   ICULTUR..L    DEVELOPME NT IN     G..MBC L:I  PLAIN 
nased   is  indicated  in  the bar  chart  of  Tigure 
The  programme  for  development  in  the Gnmbeln  Plain  now    pro 
notes  bricily describe  the nctivitics shon un   thís  bar  charto The   first  step would  be  to  commission  and  carry  out  1 
Dreliminary  study  oi  the  ..lvero  ?ro iect,  leniing  to  selection 
of n    oren or inmedinte  rainfcd devclopment  nnd  crop  trials : 
cnd   preliminary   designs   nd  cost  estimates  for  the  irrigation project.        reconnaissance  study  of  the  Ganbela  Plain  should  be carried  out  ConcurTently   sith  the  preliminary  study  of  the lwero Project, paying  particul r    aitention to  the  Ubela  and  Gilo  rivers 
l.   The  following 
with  the  object  of  identifying  further  projects  for 
with the  Itang  And   .lwerc    rojects. 
comparison 
Following  the  selection of  an   nrea  for  rainfed  development on   the  .lwero Project,  the  situation would  be  reviewed  by  V.D.. 
an     the  $inancing  agency.       decision  zould then  be  taken  to proceed  and   designs  and   tender  iccuments  could  be   prepared  for immediate  implementation  of  tie  development. 
Upon  completion of  the Preliminary Report  on  the  ...lwero Project  and  the  Master  Plan  Report  resulting irom  the   recon naissance  study,  these would  be  reviered by  VD..  and  the 
iirancing  agency. 
decision would  then  be   taken  on   the   long 
term  ¿evelopment  plan  for  the Gambela  Plain.    This might  comnence with    full   feasibi lity study  of the lwero ?roject,   which 
7ould   provide for  conver sion  of  the  rainfed  crea  to  irrigated 
2griculture. 
The  financing  agency  would  then  be  requested  to  appraise 
the eesibility Report  with  a  v    w to finencing  the  irrigation project.    Should  the project be  considered   invourably, the selected consultants woul!  be   instructed to  proceed  with  the 
2riditional  surveys  nnd   site investigatione necessary  lor the Þroiuction of  designs  and  tender  documents  Lor  the irrigation projcct.    fter tendering  and  contract formalities were  concludo! 18 
od following  a  mobilisation  Lerioi.  construct i on   would   commence ° similar   procedure  woul: be   folloved  for   the  gecond  priority 
project  and  so  on   tO the  major   projecte on the  Baro,   Upper   Gilo and   possibly  the  kobo. 
With  regard  to the  rainfed  levelopment  in lwero,  as  so0n 
2ccess   Could be  provided  to  the  pro iect  ar ea  an   airstrip woUld be built,    Buildings  and   services  such  as  water  supply,   dr ai  nage and   electricity would  be   comMenced   at   the  3 ame   time  as  the  bush 
clearing  and  farm  access  roads.    Buildings  and  services would  be required for  project  management, State    arms and  Settlement 
uthorities ,  agricultural  trials and  extension  services. 
Buildings  would  also  be  roguired  for  community  services such   as  health  clinics, schools,  post  offices,  police  stations, shops,  banks , places of v/Orship  ete.   nn! would  be  constructed in each  settlement  area or  state inra at an  early stage in the construction  programme.     These  woul: later  £orm  a  major  part 
of   the infrastructure required ír the  irri gntion project. 
The  State rarms  and  Settlcment ..uthcrities would  move   in 
25    soon as  construction  was    ndvnncod suifici.ently  to  allow  them to   co mmence effective  farming  operati.ons.    agricultural trials Woulc start  on   e   site  selected     thiu the  rainfed  area  and  1ater 
when   the  irrigation  schere  was   suffi.ciently  advanced  trials 
Woul     be   cont inued uner  irigatiOn. 
Shortly  nfter  this   it 
woul  be  possible to unlert..ike  ful1  scale tri als on  the  proiect 
area 
7.     PROPOSED   STUDY   PRCGK.MM!,   rGR   R:COWI!.ISS..NCE   SURVEY   IN  THE G.MBEL.   PL..IN 
The  proposed  study 
pr 
We Fo the  rcCoDnniegance  survev 
1n   the  Gombela   Pl ain i6 
iniced nL   1.ure 
4. 
It  envisag,es 
11el    nctiyítíeg  taking, 
plnCe  Curlng  the  nXt
ry season, 
Commencing   with  that  of 
1973/79,  reulting,  ln
the  identi£icn. 
tion  of  pro iects  ond   the   preparat 1on  of  D   o0LIine  long-t erm development  plan  for  the Gambeln  Plnin.. mobilisation  of  consultants,  who   would  prefer 
19 
The  progr amme wOulC  commonce  in sau gugt  of 
this year 
with 
nbly also  be 
the 
nnointed  for  the  parallel Project. 
During  the  dry  season Sultants  WOUld carry out  a 
preliminary  study  of  the    l wero 
commencing  November   1978, the   cOn general  reconnaisSance  in the pla1n, 
using 
uncontrolled  mosaics  prepared from  existing   aerial 
photo-
Rraphy  as 
base maps. 
The  survey would  include  a   preliminary 
soil  survey,  water 
resources  and 
agricul tural  appraisals at 
reconnaisance Ievel,  and the logical  equi pment. 
installation of  some 
hydro-meteoro 
The  consultants report would 
be  completed  in iugust  l980 
and  would  include  recommendatins  for priority 
developments   1 n 
the Gambela Plain,   wi thin the    r amework  of  a   long-term develop 
ment  plan. 
PROPOSED   STUDY  PROGR.MME  F OR  LWERO  PROJECT 
The   proposed study  programme 
or the ilero Project is 
maximum  £ield 
activities 
indicated at Figure 5. 
over  the next three dry  seasons , 
and  ending üith that of  1980/81, 
It envisages    commencing  with  that of  1973/ 79 
resulting in complete designs 
and  tender  documents  for  a   rainied  scheme the irrigation project in mid-1981 o 
in mid-1979  and  for 
The   progr amme wOuld  commence  in LAUEust  oi 
this year with 
and  contractors  £or  aeria1 
Gambela Plain, which  would  cover  the areas 
the mobilisation of consultants 
Photography,  ground  control )  and 
mappi ng of  1300 sq.  km  in the 
.lwero  and  Ubela Project 
During  the  dry  seasOn Sultants would carry out  a 
commencing   NoVember, l9/8  the  con 
prelimin Ary study of  the    lwero 
Ptoject,  includíng  a   reconnaíssAnce 
soil Survey, together   wi th 
a  Water  resources  and agricultural 
appraisal. 
Towards  the  end 
Of the field  study period  the  consultants WOuld  identify  an  area, wi thin 
the proposed 
20 
irrigation project,  for  the 
i mmediate 
develop-
ment  of then be ings 
prepared for the  bush-clenring,  farm  acc and  other   infIrastructure required for the  r 
rainfed agriculture. 
Designs  and  tender ess roads,  bul 1d-
documents  would 
ainfed  scheme  and 
agricul tural trials area. 
Prepar ation of 
the consultants! 
rODOSed  irrigation project 
which  time  tenders would  have  been received for 
would  be completed  by  the beginning 
Preliminary Report  on  the 
f July l979,  by 
he 
construction of 
the rainfed development  and 
agricultural 
4fter  a   review of the Report 
by  VADA, 
and the 
financ 
trials area. 
a    firm decision could  be  taken on 
implementation of 
ing agency, 
the  ful1  feasi 
bility study  for  the 
the rainfed project and  also  on  implementation of 
irrigation project. 
The  feasibility study wOuld  be 
carried out  in the  1979/1980 
second  stage of aerial 
photography 
dry  season 
and  WOuld  incl 
ude  a 
Sround  control and  mapping,  at 
of  detailed  designs  and  tender 
scales  regquired  for  the production 
documents. 
The Feasibility Report 
would be  completed  by 
the beginning 
of  2  months  is then allowed 
és  further  period of  2   months  is allowed  for  arranging 
for  review by  VDA,  and  the  financing 
of Àugust  1980,  and  a   period 
agency " 
finance  for  a 
detailed site 
inestigation contract, 
further site 
SUrveys ,  preparatíon of 
detailed  designs and  tender  documents project. 
Thi: 
:ould.befo1lowed  by 'tendering  and  implementation of the 
The  programme 
allows very little slack on activity  dur ations 
and   will require very close 
liaison between VlD,  the  financing 
-8ency  and  the consultants,  who   should Study   progr amme    and should maintain  an for  this  time . 
be  appointed  for  the  full office in addis    baba 21 
TSRMS OF 
IN   THS GAMBELA  PLIN 
RFERENCE  AND   COST    ESTIMATE     OR    A  RECONNAISSANCE   STUDY 
1 
9,1 
Terms   of  Reference 
The  object of  the  study is to  identify priority developments 
:ts 
.   he Gambela Plain worthy  of  early consideration for  inclusion 
in s  long-term  development  plan   for  the  area. 
The  study  area  is 
indicated in    igure 3. 
Sugges ted  terms  of refer ence  for  the 
Teconnaiss2nce  studys  ior  execution  by  selected  consultant s , are: 
(i) 
(ii) 
Prepare unccntrolled  photo  mosaics,  £rom  existing 1/60,000 scale photograpy,  at  a   scale  of  1/30,000  to  cover  the stuiy  area. 
Collect  and  study  existing data relevant to  the  land  and Water  resources of the    lwero ,     Chiru, Ubela  and Gilo river basins ,   including  the  mo saics in  ( i)  above. 
(iii)   C2rry out  a 
pre-reconnaissance  soil survey of  the  study 
areao 
The  survey 
should  be  based  on 
initial interpretation 
of the 1/60,000 aeria1 
select sample areas  in which  field  obs ervationg should 
photography  and  1/30,000 mosaics to 
provide  a  key  for 
air-photo interpretation of 
the entire 
2re2  LLt  least 12  sample areas 
With  an observation density of  l 
of 500 ha  shoul   be selected 
pit or boring per  25 ha, 
WIth  subsequent 
soil mapping at a 
I1ake  a   preliminary assessment , 
at 
scale of 1/120,000. reconnaissance level of 
(iv) 
Ubela  and 
Gilo rier 
basins ,  based on  the available data and 
Cne  Water 
rescurces of 
the Alwero, 
correlation, 
Lnterence and analogy with 
data for ajacent  catchment s 
(v)    Lake  an  assesSment at cultur al   potential  of 
reconnaissance level of the agri. the  study area. 
to  be provided 
(vi) 
Ineta11 rain  8auges 
and river 
stage  gauges, 
by      Government,   in 
suitable 
locations 
within the study  area. 
AIrange   tor s ampling 
and testing 
of   water  samples from 
each  river    in order to 
determine 
chemical 
characteristics. (VI1)   1dentify   proiects within    he  et  .ly   aren   fo    lncluaLon tne  long-term   development  plan  for t he Gambcn  Plaln. 
The 
priority  prejects  should  be   twent ified  ln  ufflcent detnll to  ennble  indic ative  cost   cstimates  to  be  prepared. 
Vil1)  Prepare  indicative  cost cstimats for  the   ldentí fied  projects end. using   suitable input /outuut data, estimate  the npproX1" 
mate  benefit/cost  ratio  for  each  project. 
(ix)    Frepare  an   outline   lons -tcrm development  plan  ror      e G  ambela   Plain, recommendin,  priorities for    develo pment . 
(x)   Prepare  a   Reconnaiss ance Renort  on  the  above   activit1es 9.2     Cost  Estimates 
The  estimated  cost, for  budgetary  purposes  only,  of  the 
Reconnaissance   S tudy  described  in  9.1  above,  is Birr  l.4 
millions . 
This  would  include  consultants!  staif charges,  travel  and   accom modation  costs,  local personnel  costs,  some  allowance  for   heli copter charter and  the purchase  of  vehicles  and  other  equipment which  would   bec ome  the  property  of  V.D..  on  compl etion of  the study. 
10.      TERMS   OF   REFERENCE   & COST   ESTIMATES  FOR   STUDIES   or  THE 
LWERO  PROJECT 
10.1    Preliminary Study 
The  object  of  the  preliminary  study  of   the lwero  Pro ject is to  determine  its  wor thiness  for  further  study  and  to  define 
the physical limits of  the  project.   The   study  would  include  an assessment  of  existing data  and  preliminary  field surveys  in sufficient detail  to  justify further   inves tment in  the  proiect. The  proposed  terms  of   refer ence for  the  preliminary  study,  to be carried out by  selected consultants,  are: 
(i)   Prepare   uncontroll ed photo -MO 3aics of  & scele of  1/30.000 from  existing 1/60,000  scale  phT':ography,  coverins  the lwero and  Ubela  project orecs . Total 
Project  168 
100 
EPID 
165 333 33  366 
99  199 20  219 
Year       Project 
Expenditure              68           66      134 13   147 
2 
o00)      (Birr 
Investment 
2:  TABLE 
bicycles & 
Husbandry                Crop Transport 
vehicles vehicles  Transport 
Husbandry                  Aminal 
(10%)         Contingencies                 Investments                    Total 
Sub-total L00 000     ss 000 324,940324.940                           1213        410 121.081  1.334,491 
71   500 
22   000 
640     54   L)   190 71500    19C 22   000 1 
3 
46   205 4  s00 71   500 11.000     5.500      32,494 |357.434 46   00    400 71   500 11.000     5,500      32,494 357,434 
4 
0perting              xSaditure                6rohsL 
68   640 23    100 71500    1,100  22.000   4,6,200     4,400  71,500     11,000     5,500  238,590324.940                   32,494, 262,449357,4344 
68,640     22.100     23,600     550 22,000  46   200 4,400  23,600     11,000    5,500 
23,599 
(Brr) 
Vehicles         bicycles 
-çentg of 
(recoverable) 
Vehicles amme 
Maintenance               Maintenance (10)      Veterinary                  .ssistante     Maintenance 
of 
of 
Progr 
Total        Operating                Expenditure 
T..BLS          3 
Extension gents 
inputs 
Introductory Training              Programnes 
Husbandry                Crop 
Gsistant        ( 5)   Extension 
and and 
.nimal          Husbandry and 
Sub-total 
Contingencies                     (10%) 
for Operation          Operation 
Credit 
Operation          for jupplics 
Credit 
(20) nn   coNSTRUCT ION 
Totl 1,370    6,900   1,800    ,000 3,000    1,912 
20,65 366 1,690    4,00 
7,122 
357 
mne Progr 
Revi0ec 
5 
322 6,075       357 
42,096/ 
7,479 6,754 
13,390 
machinery l.61 k4,562 
1.46  3,107 transpott 
Year Project 
1,800    2,000  645 4,766 
357 160   9,728       1.33 3,210 
2.,000       2,000   9445 2,695 219 357 240    8,456       1.21  1,776 
2nd 
iarr 
3 
l47 262 
ori Project. l,000 
5 
TALE 
Project 
of Development             Stages 
Initinl (Birr        000) 
ricultural 
During 
Investnent Gambe1a 
1 
670 3,2.75       3,000 700 1,625 
stuiy   investig2tion fcasibility 
7,354 
2,325 
1.10  735 
1.00 
escalation 
o 
Phasin 
site 
tendering   ..1ero         Reinied             Developnent 
..sTZcultual                    îrils      area 
ud 
Reconn:issance                          stidy 
ne 
stuay and survey 
Prelininary         design 
.cCeSS            ro2 Det.ilei 
Fital 
c:pitl        experditure 
Operstin,                costs Comnunity                   services 
period 
Birr 
ID 
EP 
approximately                     and Developent 
anounting Rainfed 
duties      lwero 
EPID        rosr      Ile 
cost 
ior Total 
investment              Inflation              factor 
Cost       escalatiori 
custon Farn, 
L..1loance    Including             Trial the 
over 
Eor 
1/ ll.  TERMS   0F   RENERENCE        N)  COST   ESTIM.TES  FOR    CONSTRUCT ION 
DUFCRVIS ION     ND      M..N. GEMENT   0F  R..INEED   DEVELOPMENT   IN    LhN OPOted  thnt the   aupervi oion  of  construction oi  ti1e 
T21nec  development   nh    cron tri nls  ares  yould  be  cartied  O 
by    thìe consultants  for  the  fensibility  study"    However  it is 
Telt  thnt  terms  of  reierence  for  this work  chould  bo   prepas follo  ing  the  prelininary  cudy of .lvero Project vhen  2 clente. P2Cture of  the  requir enents tould be  available.   The  cost of SUperviion is likely to  be 2bout  8  -  10%   of  the constructon 
Cote    and an  allowance  for   thig has  been  made  in the  cOst  Or tic  rninfed  developnent  piven  in  section 12. 
OLil larly,  the  preparation  of  terma  of  re£erece  for  the téchnical  and  manaperial  supDort  consult ancy  should  await  the results  of  the  preliminary  study .      However  the  cost of  a    four year  programme  is likely  to be  of  the order of  Birr  2.2 million, accuning  a  team comprising the  follo/ing personnel: 
âenio 
-griculturalist/Farm Mannger 
ngronomist/Entomologist 
--gricultural1  Mechanical  5upervisor 
12.    -FPRO}IM TE cosT  OF   PROGR..MME   OF   GORK 
Construction of the first irrigation project,  ascuned  to De   the .lero Project,  is  programmed  to  comnence  at about  the LLiddle of year  5.    The  approximate  cost of  the  £irst  6   years 
of the programme  is Birr 42.1  million,  borken  down  under  the 
£ollo:/ing  hcAdings . 
i.   Reconnaissance  Study  in Gambela Plain 
ooB5  nated 
ii3riel 
S 
ii. 
lwero  Proj ect 
Preliminary Study  and  Feasibility Study Detailed  Surveys  and  Site  Investigàtion Final Designs  and Tender  Documents 
..ccesG  Road   to Project kainfed  Development 
--gricultural Trials ..rea EPID  Projcct 
Community  Scrvíces Total  for  Prosramme 
1,370 
6,900-  6 
1,200 
2,000 
5,000 
20,658 
1,912 
2,056 00 
t2,096 TES FOR 
CONSTRUCT ION 
1l.   TERMS  OF 
28 
REVERENCE  N) COST  ESTIM. 
SUPERVIS ION  .ND  M..N, .GEMENr    0 
R,.INEED 
DEVEL0PMENT  IN 
LNERO 
It is proposed that the 
aupervísion of 
congtruction of the 
rnin ed development ani  cron 
trialg are "vould  be carried out 
However it is 
by  the 
consultants for the  fersibilíty  study . 
reíorence  for 
tiig worlk   should bo 
prepared 
felt that  terms  of 
follo  ing. the  preliminary  etudy  oi Picture of  the  requirenents  wÌ uld bo Supervision is likely to  be  nbout  3 
Jero Project hen 2  clearer 
ovail eble. 
The cost of 
-   10%   of  the  congtruction 
COrte,  and an   allowance  for  thig  hag  been  nnde  in  the  cost ot tic rninfed  developnent  riven  in  section  12. 
Sinilarly, the  prepar ation of  termo  of  relercnce  for  the technic 1l  nnt:  marof crirl support  consult ancy   should await  the 
results oí  the  pceliminary   study. 
However  the  cost of  a   four 
year  proçrnme  i3  likely  to  be  of  the  order of 3irr  2.2  million, 
ascuiinz  a  teai co:ri3ins: te follo:ing  persTnnel: 
âeior  ..criculturalist/F arn Mannger 
--Grononist/Entonolo;ist 
.-gricu1 tural Mechenical  Supervisor 
12.      PPROXIM.TE  CCST   OF    PROGR..MME   0F   JORK 
Construction   o    the fírst irrigation project,  2ssumed  to 
be  the ...lvero   Proj ect, is  prozr amned  to  comnence  at  about  the 
middle  of  year  5.     The  approximate  cost   o   the first  5  years 
of  the   progr amme  is Birr  42.1  million,  borken  down  under  the 
£ollozing  he Adings e 
i.  Reconnaissance  Study  in  G ambela Plaín 
ii.  lwero Project 
008nate¢ ggst 
i973   prices) 
1,370 
4? 
Detaíled  Surveys  and  Site  Investigàtion Final  Designs  and  Tender  Documents 
..cces6  Road  to  Pro ject kainfed  Development 
--ricultural Trials ..rea 
EPID   Project Coamunity  Scrvice9 
Preliminary  Study 
and  Feasibility Study 
6,900,! 
Total  lor  Pros,ran:e 
1,800) 
2,000 
5,000 
20,658 
1,912 
2,056 400 
42,096 Proposed  Programme 
for 
gricultural  Development  in  the  Gambela Plain 
Addis  Ababa 
May,  1978 irrigation    Large 
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Summery

Summary: Agricultural Development on Gambela Plain

Summary: Proposal for Agricultural Development on Gambela Plain

Document: Proposal for Modified Programme for Agricultural Development on Gambela Plain

Location: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Date: May 1978

1. Introduction

The proposal outlines a revised strategy for agricultural development on the Gambela Plain, shifting focus from the Itang Project to the newly identified Alvero Project. This change is based on recommendations from consultants (HALCROM-ULG) who found the Alvero Project more promising for early implementation.

2. Key Projects

Alvero Project

Location: Alvero River basin between Baro and Gilo rivers
Area: 10,000-15,000 hectares potentially irrigable
Features:
- Gravity-fed irrigation system via embankment dam
- No pumped drainage required
- Gentle topography suitable for irrigation
- Open grass-covered savannah with scattered trees
Water Resources: Estimated mean annual runoff of 520 million m³
Potential Crops: Sugar-cane, rice, cotton, maize, sorghum, soybeans, vegetables, fruit trees

EPID Project

A short-term support program for local agriculturalists and pastoralists, including:

Agricultural training
Supply of inputs (seeds, tools, etc.)
Veterinary services
Market improvements
Population and livestock census

3. Development Strategy

The proposed strategy focuses on:

Controlling smaller rivers (Alvero, Ubela) first rather than large dams on Baro/Gilo
Implementing gravity irrigation and drainage schemes
Phased development approach
Concurrent rainfed and irrigated agriculture development

4. Implementation Programme

Phase	Activities	Timeline
1. Studies	Reconnaissance survey, preliminary study of Alvero Project	1978-1979
2. Rainfed Development	Bush clearing, farm access roads, agricultural trials	1979-1981
3. Irrigation Development	Dam construction, canal systems, drainage	From 1981

5. Cost Estimates

The approximate cost for the first 6 years of the programme is Birr 42.1 million (1978 prices), including:

Studies: Birr 8.3 million
Access road: Birr 5.0 million
Rainfed development: Birr 20.7 million
EPID Project: Birr 2.1 million

6. Justification for Change

The shift to the Alvero Project is justified by:

Faster implementation timeline compared to Itang Project
More favorable topography and drainage conditions
Lower initial costs (no need for pumped drainage)
Ability to proceed without waiting for power demand to justify large dams
Potential to gain experience for larger future developments

7. Supporting Infrastructure

The proposal includes development of:

All-weather access roads (84 km total)
Community services (health centers, schools)
Settlement areas for hundreds of families
Agricultural trial areas