pff
PROVISIONAL MILITARY GOVERNMENT OF SOCIALIST ETHIOPIA
VALLEYS AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
v/ . y
GAMBELA AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
MAIN REPORT
OCTOBER 1977rr KiiNM Mil 1'I ARY <-OVFWNT OF SOCIALIST ETHIOPIA 'illrvc Asri < til t tir.il Development Authority
r.AMBELA AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
MAIN REPORT October 1977
Code 5.11.010
EUROCONSULT Arnhem, the NetherlandsThis report is financed by the EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
from a grant of the EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT FUND
and is presented by EUROCONSULT
for the consideration of the
PROVISIONAL MILITARY GOVERNMENT OF SOCIALIST ETHIOPIA
The report does not necessarily 
reflect either the opinion of
the Government or that of the Commission of the European
CommunitiesThe report on the Gambela Agricultural Development Project
consists of:
Summary
Main Report
with Annexes;
A - Monthly summaries of hydrometeorological data
B - Soils
C - Engineering works
D - Agricultural research
E - Economic and financial aspects
Append i ces:
1 - Hydraulic calculations of drainage and irrigation systems
1] - Drawings - civil engineering works
Although the summary can be rend inde pendently from the Main Report, all
sta’einents and data presented refer to
Ik results laid down in the Main Report, 
with niapj- , annexe? and appendices. There
fore . or ;y » |h Main Report ought to be
r<>arod a* tin i »p< f t on Consultants’
1 i nd ng* with r. ; id I • l lit C.iihIh I i /.y i » pm< nt I'r < • j ♦ i .Currency cjjii i va lent
All calculations in thin report - unless .stated otherwise* - have been based on price and wage levels as prevailing in the second quarter of
1977 and have been expressed in units of Ethiopian Birr, taken to equal US $ 0.48 (or: US $ 1 = Birr 2.08).
Weights and measures
I kilogram (kg)
I quintal (q t) 1 metric (on (MT) I square metre (m^) I cubi c metre (m^) I hectare (ha)
I kilometre (k.m)
2.205 pounds fibs) 100 kilograms fkg) 2,204.6 pounds (lbs)
1.19599 square yards (sq) 1.3079 cubic yards feu)
2.4711 acres (ac) 0.62 mile fmi)
AIDB AMC CSO EP ID GDP GPV IAR TRR MOA MPP NBE NPV NWRC TAMS VADA
Abbreviat ions
Agricultural and Industrie' 
Agricultural Marketing Corpora:! Central Statistical Office
Ext ension and Project 1......................... Gross Domestic Product
Gross Production Value
Institute of Agricultural Resear?” Internal Rate of Return
Mini stry of Agr i u 11 ' Minimum Package Programme National Bank of Ethiopia
Net Production Value
-ptnen- Bar.k
National Water Re >ur -s Tippetts - Abbe 11 - M C ar Vai Keys Agr i
tnm . . '
* - .* Tew ■ ' <
• i
aw r a i a wot eda
division or i province
dis t r let within hi awr »| iCONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1 Background
2 Scope of work
3 Presentation
4 Acknowledgements
CHAPTER I - THE NATIONAL SETTING: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA
1 Structure of the economy 
2 Recent economic performance
3 Development objectives and policies in Ethiopia
. e
CHAPTER 2 - THr GAMBELA PLAIN: PERSPECTIVES FOR LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT 
1 Introduct ion 
2 Definition of area under study 
3 General discussion of resources and conditions
3.1 Population
3.2 Land resources
3.3 Rainfall
3.6 Water resources
Storage possibilities and hydropower resources 3.C Tbc market for agricultural products
• . " Accessibi1itv
3.f Ecology and wildlife
' • 
perspectives
Development alternatives
Development stages
Short-terr development
keromended studies and investigations for aevelopment
2
2
5
5
6
7
I| | ) ||
13
13
14
16
I?
24
m 36 37
38
38
40 44
long-term
CHAP" LI
1!IDENTIFIED FOR Mr,'n IN TH! GAMBELA PLAIN
agricultural develop-
- ane ,jMior of existing data A’<. desu-refitior
lopuX? ••ph>
Hyur< -meteorojo^
t,hf . anc < apdbi ] if \
;'
Sri f leiuc-nf
' ' and
Pr°duct Jon
bevt j
1 t ot |t(
46
46
46
66
69
52
53
56
5C'Framework for a development plan: identification of poten tials and constraints
3.1 Land and water resources
3.2 Agricultural potential
3.3 Human resources and settlement aspects 3.4 Organizational aspects
3.5 Supporting agricultural services
3.6 Public services
3.7 Access road
The project area
4.1 Considerations for future demarcation
Pago
56
56
62
r 6
66
6 7
6?
69
79
70
4.2 Assumptions underlying the e'-onnmi'- evaluation 7r.
A programme for further investigations 5.1 Topography
5.2 Hydro-meteorology
5.3 Soils and land classification
5.4 Water control
5.5 Crops and livestock production
5.6 Roads
-
7
7 2
-
- i
5.7 Organization of crop production
7^
5.8 Settlement aspects
7’
5.9 State farms
7 a
5.10 Other organizational ssp^cts
7?
5.11 Supporting agricultural servi~ps
a
5.12 Public services
5.13 Economic aspects
5.14 Indicative time schedule for • Economic evaluation
6.1 Introduct ion
6.2 Cost estimates pilot project
6.) Programme of further investigations 6.4 Imp I emen t.i t ion of a project in rhe
bene fits
8
• • r-
:;
tnd
*
3
6.4.1 
I nt roduc t ion
6.4.2 
Model and phasing of jeve
6.4.3 
Project cont a
6.5 Project benetits
6.6 The internal rate ot return CHAPTER 4
PUOJKCT P(M M3UCULIMM.
WITHIN THE IT AM AREA
Site selev t lon
triter La tor aite aeleccian technical juetiri atun tor
' Topographical rerereiue*Engineering works
2.1 Size and general layout
2.2 Access road
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 Alternatives
2.2.3 Alignment of the access roa
2.2.4 Construction
2.3 Airstrip
2.4 Flood protection
2.5 Irrigation criteria
2.5.1 Irrigation water requirement
2.5.2 Irrigation cyclus
2.5.3 Irrigation methods
2.6 Drainage criteria
2.7 Layout of the irrigation and drainage
2.7.1 Design criteria
2.7.2 Irrigation system
2.7.3 Drainage system
2.7.4 Maintenance of the irrigation
2.8 Land levelling and bush clearing
2.9 Road system within the pilot project
2.10 Construction
2.11 Houses and farm buildings
Cost estimates for engineering works
3.1 Access road
3.2 Airstrip
3.3 Flood protection
3.4 Irrigation system
3.5 Drainage system
3.6 Clearing and land levelling
3.7 Project roads
3.8 Houses and buildings
3.9 Operation and maintenance costs
Programme of agricultural investigations and experiments
4.1 General
4.2 Crop production
4.3 Livestock
4.4 Fish production
4.5 Forestry
4.6 Work programme
4.7 Areas needed on the pilot project
system
and drainage system
>05 >05 >05 >05 >06
>0/
>07 >07
108
>08
108
109
109
109
109
1 10 1 10
110
1 10 III
111
III 1 12
112
1 12 1 12
112
113
113
1 13 1 14
115
115
115
115
115
116
116
117
117vii
5 Requirements and cost estimates of the agricultural programmes 117
5.1 Machinery, equipment and materials
5.2 Transport and communications
5.3 Staffing and personnel
5.3.1 Management
5.3.2 Staff and labour
5.3.3 Costs of management, staff and personnel
5.4 Training 
5.5 Public services
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Education 
5.5.3 Health services
5.5.4 Social activities
5.5.5 Costs of public service facilities
5.5.6 Technical assistance
6 Phasing of the works: time schedule for the pilot project
7 Summarized cost estimates
8 The future of the pilot project within the Itang agricultural
development project
CHAPTER 5 - RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
ADDENDUM - ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT OF RAIN-DEPENDENT
Page
117
118
119
119
119
120
120
121
121
121
122
122
122
123
123
124
124
126
133
FOOD PRODUCTION IN THE ITANG AREA
1 36A
ANNEX A - SUMMARY OF HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL DATA
137
ANNEX B - SOILS OF THE PEPEO PILOT PROJECT 
145
1 Methodology 
2 Physiography 
3 Soils
ANNEX C - CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF THE ACCESS ROAD FROM GAMBELA
145
145
147
TO THE PILOT PROJECT AND OF THE TWO PUMPING STATIONS 159
ANNEX D - AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
1 Introduction 2 Water control
169
169
170
2.1 
Field surface-drainage
experiments
171
2.1.1 Furrow length 
171
2.1.2 Furrow depth 
172
2.1.3 Furrow spacing 
172
2.1.4 Cultivation methods
172
-2.2 Irrigation experiments
Ijj
2.2.1 
Irrigation methods
|
?3
2.2.2 
Border width 
l) 3
2.2.3 
Irrigation interva
s
|) 3
2.2.4 
Water balance
2.2.5 
Soil surface movements
3 Tillage
4 Crops, varieties and period op 
4.1 Crops to be tested 
4.2 Spacings
4.3 Interplanting 5 Soil fertility 
5.1 Manure
5.2 Compost
5.3 Fertilizer
. 
• d of planting
. 
5.4 After-effect of leguminous crops 6 Weed control
7 Pest control
7.1 Preventive biological control 7.2 Selective insecticides
8 Harvesting
8.1 Maize and sorghum
8.2 Rice
175
1?6
'76
177
'77
178
178
179
179
180
181
182
182
183
184
184
8.3
Beans and cowpeas
184
8.4
Cassave
184
8.5
Fodder crops
184
8.6
Jute and kenaf
184
9 Practical farming 
10 Labour and machinery requirements
11 Cost and benefit accounting 
12 Estimated costs of farm machinery, equipment and 
materials
185
185
186
186
13 Estimated annual costs and benefits of
14 Livestock and fish production 
14.1 General
crop production 
187
14.2 Estimated budgets for the livestock and fish production tin if
r
14.2.1
14.2.2
Livestock production Fisheries
15 Forestry
15.1 Genera 1
15.2 Layout preliminary
15.3 Nursery
15.4 Labour and machine APPENDIX
experiments
re quirements
iM n'/r7’ EQUIPMENt and materials
L 1 l|f’r pr'njff;T
187
187
188
189
190
190
191 191 191
192Page
ANNEX E - ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS LIST OF TABLES
Table I
- Size of upper basins, foothill areas and flooded 
areas
- Mean monthly rainfall at stations in the upper basins
and in the Gambela plain 
3 - Flow of the Baro river at Gambela
- Flow from the upper basins
5 - Main hydrological characteristics of the Baro and
Pibor rivers in the Gambela plain 
6 - Main characteristics of possible storage sites
7 - Potential of some hydropower project sites
8 - Estimates of corrected area, yield and production for
major crops in the South Western Region 
9 - Estimated production and domestic consumption of sugar 35
10 - Projected domestic demand of sugar
12
17
18
21
23
28
29
33
35
11 - Rainfall per rainy day - Gambela plain 
49
12 - Short-period rainfall maxima - Gambela plain 
50
13 - Climatic data applicable to the Itang area
51
14 - Suitability rating of physiographic units for
rainfed and irrigated cropping 
60
15 - Evaluation of limitations in the physiographic units
for rainfed and irrigated cropping 
61
16 - Indicative agro-economic data for a preliminary
evaluation of the development potential of the Itang 
project
17 - Summarized cost estimate - Pepeo pilot project
18 - Investment expenditure - Itang Project
19 - Annual operating expenditure and Net Production Value
° 65
83
96
- Itang Project
9’
20 - Housing and farm building requirements for the pilot
project
21 - Estimates of professional mJ mm-pn-Lsskma! staff
and labour required
22 - Personnel costs per category
23 - Investment expenditure - Pepeo pilot project
25
24 - Operating expenditure - Pepeo pilot project
’.2 5
Itang project* accelerated time phasing of develop ments and expenditures m the tirst phaseTable
A. 1
A.2
- Runoff of Baro river at Gambela
- Rainfall at Aiea. Tefiri, Bedele, Bure, Chora and Demi Dolo
„ i, TtanE. Jikao, Yahu and Yudbo
A.3
- Rainfall at Cecha, Itang,
a
B. 1 - Classification of soils in the Pepeo project
B.2
B.3
- Analytical results (soil samples from Pepeo pilot project, Gambela)
- pF data of soil samples from Pepeo pilot project (Gambela)
'38
’39
Urj
’50
’57
’58
C. 1 - Purchase prices (delivery at Addis Ababa) of heavy equipment needed to construct the access road
(47 km) and the pilot project
C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5
C.6
C.7
C.8
E. 1
- Investment costs of heavy equipment for the con struction of the access road
- Purchase prices of light equipment and materials
- Fuel costs for the access road
- Personnel costs for the access road
- Summarized construction costs of access road
- Construction cost of the pumping station for irri gation of pilot project
- Construction costs of the pumping station for drainage of pilot project
159
160
161
162
162
162
163
Gross Domestic Product by sector at current factor
E.2
E.3
E.4
E.5
cost
“ Production of major food crops
Major export values, volumes and unit values Origin, growth and expenditure of GDP
199
200
201
202
Expenditure on Gross Domestic market prices
Product
at
current
E.6
E.7
Balance of payment estimates
' G°Ver”mt •
203
204
205
E.8 - Cost E.9 - Cost
data
E. 10 ~ Cost
‘mates further investigations, topography collectionUrther investigati°ns, hydrological
ma te further investigations, soil survey
206
207
208xi
Table E.ll - Itang Project - time phasing of investments
E.12 - Cost/benefit analysis at 1977 economic prices
- Itang Project
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1/S1 - General map of Ethiopia - location of the project
area
2/S2 - Location of the Gambela plain 
Page
209
210
4
9
3 - Frequencies of monthly discharges at Gambela 19
4 - Effect of storage on reservoir outflow 26
5 - A possible first stage of long-term development 42
6/S3 - Location of the Itang area
7/S4 - Layout and pumping stations Pepeo pilot project
47
101
8 - Physiography and soils Pepeo pilot project 103 9/S5 - Integrated time schedule Gambela Agricultural
Development
10 - Integrated time schedule for accelerated
implementation of Gambela Agricultural Development
A.1 - Rating curve of the NWRC gauge in Gambela
A.2 - Water levels of gauges in Gambela, Itang and
Jikao 
C.l - Construction schedule road Gambelo-Pepeo pilot project
C.2 - Construction schedule Pepeo pilot project LIST OF MAPS
131
136 C
141
143
165
167
Map 1 - Physiographic map Itang project
2 - Suggested road alignment Gambela-project site
3 - Existing drainage system Itang area
4 - Topographical map Pepeo pilot project
5 - Layout Pepeo pilot project
6 - Typical cross-sectionsxii
appendix
x . Hydraulic calculations irrigation and drarnage
Tables C1-C5 ' Irrigation
Tables Dl-08 - Wainage
. „in, works (with explanatory notes)
APPENDIX
II - Civil engineering
1 8 S““°” ' Drawing I ' W "
2 - Pumping station 3 culverts
4 - Division box
Irrigation
Drainage
5 - Main division box - Parshall flume
6 - Check structures - drop structures
7 - Prefabricated steel elements for buildings
8 - House - senior staff
9 - House - professional staff
10 - House - non-professional staff
11 - House - labourer
12 - Office + laboratory
13 - Workshop + store
14 - Equipment shed
15 - Produce shed
16 - Guesthouse
17 - Power station
18 - Diagram electric and water systemINTRODUCTION
1 BACKGROUND
In the early seventies the Ethiopian Government, through the Planning and Programming Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, authorized prefeasibility studies (Phase I) for four areas identified 
earlier by an Interministerial Committee.
In June 1974, the Agency for International Development of the United States Department of State provided the funds for these studios, which were undertaken by Tippet ts-Abbett-McC.arthy-Stratton (TAMS) of New York City. The prefeasibility report covering the four areas, which 
was submitted in August 1974, contained favourable preliminary economic and financial analyses. On the basis of this report the Government of
Ethiopia decided to have Phase II studies carried out for two of the
identified development areas: the Upper Didesa River Valley and the Gambela area (also known as the Southwest Development Study). US/AID also finnanced these studies, which were again undertaken by TAMS. Field work for the Gambela project was carried out between March and May 1975 and a prefeasibility report Phase II was submitted in the latter half
of 1975.
On the basis of this second TAMS report the Provisional Military Govern ment of Socialist Ethiopia decided to proceed with the implementation 
of an agricultural development project involving 30,800 gross ha of
land in Illubabor Administrative Region, Gambela District, on the left
bank of the Baro river. The development plan would consist of a combi nation of settlement projects, to be run by Peasant Associations, and 
State farms, to be run by the Government.
Implementation of this plan would require the review and completion of existing studies and information on the proposed area and the formula
tion of a programme for the preparation of a final design and subse
quent implementation. Furthermore, a programme for the implementation of a pilot project would have to be prepared. Finally, a programme for
data collection and works on behalf of the long-term development of the Gambela area would have to be drawn up.
The implementation of these studies, following a decision of the Com mission of the European Communities, was made possible by a grant from the European Development Fund. The Government of Ethiopia, through the Valleys Agricultural Development Auhtority, Ministry of Agriculture, invited EUROCONSULT, Arnhem, the Netherlands, to carry out the study required.
SCOPE OF STUDY
u
vol ern
ie present study aims at the intended development in the South Ethiopia against the background of the national de-
mo i>o 1CY* The Gambela plain offers vast resources for develop-
unrk\f a tempt is made to identify these resources within the frame work of the national potential.2
„ i in nlain. the Itang agricultural d Within Gambe .d(?ntifiecl as a priority arPn. 
project area has alrea ;^^nb:rS?^ionB
pro GCt
j area and prenp *l,p pr
needed 
for
the
envisaged development scheme.
FFifnanelllly, a v. . pi pilxv. ot project ,r«t
find aa represent ative for the larger part of the programme of activities for this pilot scheme has the basis of which it can he implemented soon.
i.plementat^ >>
£♦»
Hrea. . 'n(h been workPfl
c » on
For .evernt etegee of (he Gambeln project cost estimste, , 
been gives, providing . b.eir for sn eronomtc just if ,c.t i„„ ot «. 
iect, as it will proceed towards implementation. 
3 PRESENTATION
Fl’ROOONStT T mobilized a team of eleven experts - all from the Netherlands - in April 1977. Field work in the area was carried out
during five weeks in April and May, followed by home office work duri* t b< Flume* months of ’°"7.
►
A draft report or. the if herewith aubautted
three sub-studies as envisaged in the contract
for consideration by the Government of Ethiopia. 
renF-, st? of f Main Report and 5 Annexes, v’ ' ’
- - r
e-------- t------
'
‘-
ton? fx? o: a lam Report and 5 Annexes, which contain more detail* 
•r hr. F' data anc reports. In a separate Summary Volume the major fnd. ng? of thr Study have been laid down.
ACIW. EDCWERTS
►upper?
kebret
ar.< .< ^puty General Manager Ato Mer
wishes to acknowledge the valuable guidance and nng the study from the General Manager Dr. 
Makotm*
i<~u 1 ( urfi ■
r^
A(<
i < ♦ boti
< •< wB«rt Authority and from b.t.'t’ Makonnen, who assisted 
at AZdit Ababa and in Itang.
Tim aervun rendered by staff of the xamaimi lx legate lr Add . f Ahaha a 1 so
slui Sable of the Vzilleys various VADA staff nefibe” the EUROCONSULT team in
Commission of the Eurcp* greatly facilitated the tea?
pjolju ! .A>4
.J. . 4II4U I O' . f
Sja* . - a . * 1 uuu 4 aj«
urr <wr>ore p
,<M n*« A^®iniatfU^V dcknowledges the help *** 
u rc<5« , during* \°
1 r °f ^ambeld Awraja, and - * 
{ulWJ J a!
iauap
«. tr aM. a> ■ aaka^A
;
fe
r '* ,iealn * ? team's stay in the f
a[
Q
ir r>OrUlt?b ln
*if for ‘barge of the
rr
lw< 11 f le sfud
 and uur^i^ ^ * y team with t
I □!
• 
1
F--*.
wax
<,Kf agenc ie> suppl
*a»Lc:a devc1opawriH Pr
' ‘ let rd
cGENERAL MAP OF ETHIUhia LOCATION OF THE PROJECT AREA5
CHAPTER I
THE NATIONAL SETTING: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA
I STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
Ethiopia has been classified by the United Nations as one of
the 25 least developed countries in the world. The estimated per capita income amourts to US $ 95. The total population is estimated at 27.9 million, the annual growth rate being approximately 2.57.
Agriculture is the main economic sector, contributing some 507 of the GPV and providing a livelihood for 857 to 907 of the population. Some 800,000 km^ of Ethiopia’s total land area of 1.2 million km2 is agricultural land, although only 140,000 km^ is actually under crops. Productivity in agriculture is very low, mainly because of the tradi
tional methods of cultivation and the small farm size, i.e. generally 
less than 1 hectare. It is estimated that in a ’normal’ year Ethiopia produces some 4.5 million metric tons of cereals, of which teff, maize, barley, sorghum and wheat are the most important ones. During recent years the production of pulses has increased considerably: in 1975/76 
it amounted to 5 million metric tons. Other important crops are coffee, oilseed (sesame), sugar and cotton. Ethiopia’s economy is predominantly a subsistence economy: only some 207 of the total agricultural produc tion is marketed.
Ethiopia has a vast livestock herd. The present livestock popu lation is estimated at 27 million cattle, 24 million sheep, 18 million goats, 7 million horses and I million camels. Traditionally, cattle are looked upon as a show of wealth and a source of prestige rather than a source of cash income, reason why this sector contributes relatively little to the national output (see Annex E: Tables E.l and E.2).
Agricultural products are also the main contributors .90 to Ethiopia’s exports which amounted to Birr 540 million in 1975'76. Coffee, hides and skins, oilseeds and pulses are the main expert products (see Annex E: Table E.3).
The manufacturing industries are still of limited importance in 
Ethiopia, accounting for only 5.67 of the GDP in 19^5 O So far, indus trialization has concentrated on the prod cti • 
food, beverages, tobacco, textiles, ’either and s-ocs
n~ m -r c?'
Io date, the mining sector has made a ver . sma 1 ’ -outr ib>*r io*' 
to the GDP and although some prospecting for mir^ri’. s i' been d ' , 
there are very few indications that exploitable sources will be found 
soon.
Ethiopia’s extremely rugged terrain is i serious obstacle an adequate internal transportation md communic it ions svstem and sequently to the country's economic development. Vhe ma'oritv of
to 
con-
f arms
is situated at long distance from even modest feeder roads. The p
rimarv Ch.road network connects Addis Abab and with other provincial capi some 24,000 km, of which only 8,bU
Ethiopia has two rail y Massawa (Red Sea) - Asmara an g In addition, there is an extensi
f ields) .
6
, m with Asmara, with the port Of -
road network Consi' sab
are all_weather roads). 
°f
- Addis A,’lbawabavs- "D Ajibout ddisi A (790 km baba-D)jiabout nd i (790 km) ,na Eritrea Province (306 km) d
domesti.c aviation system
(45 ai _
r
2
RECENT ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
During the pertod 
• j \Qf.q/7O-\97'i/7^ the annual growth
£t d
the economy amounted to 3.4%, in 
, 
1975/76 it rose again to some 2.72, meaning that, s n e the
d to o.,z
c - _ n.
rate of
and ip 
popula-
tion is increasing 6 years.
at an estimated 2.52 per year, the growth in p
-------- . 
er
, .
capita incomes must have been low or oven negative during the last
Among the more obvious reasons responsible for this less sitis- factory rate of economic growth are the drought of 1972 1975 which dis* rupted agricultural production, the inadequate rate of investment from
both domestic and foreign sources and the former land tenure systems.
During the period 1972-1975 Ethiopia suffered from a serious drought which affected the yields of the highland farmers in 1972 and 1973, and in 1974 and 1975 spread to the south and southeast, the re
sult being national food deficits. Although rainfall improved in 1975, 
the country still felt the aftermath of the drought, mainly finding expression in shortages of seeds and work animals. The 1975/76 season showed a slight recovery and total production of cereals increased from approximately 4.1 million metric tons in 1974/75 to 4.7 million in 1975/76.
One of the greatest obstacles to the economic growth in Ethiopia during recent years, apart from the drought, has been the failure of
domestic investment to reach a sufficiently high level to support an increased rate of growth. During the period 1968/1969-1973/74, the average domestic savings rate amounted to only about 11.52-12.52. In U/u/zoand 1975/76 the domestic savings rate even dropped to 72 and 82, respectively. Furthermore, the inflow of foreign private and public
’’ alth°“B" d
" "8 >•« years °
ri
and*E.6). “ ' S Increased substantially (see Annex E: Tables E-5
Efi ' <
’^fortunately, a favourable not continue: from 1974/75 onwards been stagnating as a consequent of pr.es Qnnex E: Tabk. E 3)
. . 
trend in income from t
exports did
balance has been negative, 
ejgn exchange reserves. lloWPV( r
.
w lir
| |, ]ed , 
the total value of exports has stagnating volumes rather than ,9? 4/l975 and 1975/1976 the trade
'10a
compensated for by -- -
’ as
part of whjrh
an extra infln, 
of non-fa< tor services (</. 
was for drought relief)
 drain on the country’s f°r before, this loss has bee
foreign aid (a lar^rS
rise i n e
zpenditure by d i
i°"^ EtllioPian
intelAfrican organizations in Addis Ababa). The overall foreign exchange re
serve position is, therefore, still relatively favourable (Annex F:
Table E. 6).
During the period up to 1973/74 the Central Government’s finan
cial resource position has improved considerably, so that the flow of
economic and social services could be expanded. Since then, the new
Government has substantially stepped up its development programme
(Annex E: Table E.7).
3 DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES IN ETHIOPIA
Although the ’’Declaration of Socialism” issued on December 20,
1974, by the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC) promised 
the establishment of a ’’new social and economic order”, a coherent set
of objectives and policies, brought together in a long-term Development
Plan, is not yet available.
The new Government’s economic and social goals and policies, 
including those concerning the development of the Gambela plain, have
therefore been derived from discussions with members of the Planning 
Commission and a large number of Government officials.
Although the Government is faced with many short-term problems, 
for example a possible decline in agricultural production as a result
of land reform, Consultants have, in their approach, emphasized long
term development priorities. This is in accordance with the Government’s
intensions to develop the Gambela plain, which out of necessity has to 
be a long-term project.
Among the many long-term development issues with which Ethiopia
is being confronted, the development of the agricultural sector is, ac
cording to Consultants, of prime importance; moreover, it is Consultants’
firm belief, based on present-day knowledge, that the development poten
tials of the Gambela plain will predominantly lie in the field of agri
culture. Furthermore, the Ethiopian economy will, for a long time to 
come, be dependent on agriculture.
The main development objectives of the Government can be sum
marized as follows:
to promote a radical redistribution of resources and incomes in favour of the rural poor;
to raise the production and incomes of small farmers over a large part of the country in order to meet the basic needs of the people;
- to become self-sufficient in food production;
- to achieve self-reliance.
With respect to the development of the Gambela plain, the
Government has the following additional objectives:
to achieve a regional balance in the national development effort;
to achieve self-sufficiency in food production in the South-Western 
Region of Ethiopia, which up till now has been a net-importer of food.
Ch. IJ M ?
LOCATION OF THE 6AMBELA PLAIN
i
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
ROAD
RIVER
SWAMP
LAND SUBJECT TO INUNDATION
BOUNDARY/SUB-BOUNDARY OF CATCHMENT AREA DAMSITE
'//////. GAMBELA PLAIN11
THE GAMBELA PLAIN:
CHAPTER 2
PERSPECTIVES I'OR LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT
I INTRODUCTION
Long-term perspectives are indispensable for a proper evalua- tion of alternatives for medium and short-term development. These inter mediate developments should fit in with the long term p an an s ou preferably constitute logical steps towards the realization of the en visaged ultimate development.
The Gambela plain is not lacking in basic physical resources such as arable land and water. In the foreseeable future the development potential will therefore not so much be determined by the size of these natural resources as by the conditions which hamper beneficial use of
them and the fact whether or not these limiting factors can be elimi
nated .
In Section 3 of this Chapter a general discussion of resources and conditions is presented. The data and studies available do not en
able a description in every detail, much being left to the interpreta
tion of the Consultant. Section 4 gives an outline of possible develop ment alternatives, with a definition of long-term development perspec tives. Here too, detailed studies and sufficient basic data to fully 
support the recommended development pattern are lacking. For that reason a programme for data collection and further studies has been included 
at the end of the chapter.
2 DEFINITION OF AREA UNDER STUDY
The Southwestern part
three large rivers, the Bare,
smaller streams. These rivers
2
ly 55,000 km (see Table I),
overflow and form swamps.
The plain is known as west by the Pibor, in the
by the 425-m contour. The Baro river. The Pibor, Akobo 
of the Ethiopian plateau is drained by the Cilo and the Akobo, and a number of
’ which drain a total area of approximate flow into a flat plain where they tend to
with the Sudan, the gross
is subject to flooding.
i nd i ('a t ed i n 1 able I
the Gambela plain. It south by the Akobo and in 625-m contour m the north 
and Lower Baro . ‘ area is bout 1,000,000 ha .
I he size ot sub areas
is bounded in the the east and north 
runs close to the J Iso form the border line
•a of which 800,000 ba tn the plain has also been
wat ei resources : to t ike measures
Lopment plan a sometimes be to ensure their
in the upper
Ch12
Table I - Size of upper basins, (in km^)
foothill areas and flooded
areas
i-----------
J A. Upper basins
i----------------------------------------------
! Baro_Eiy£E_kasin
i
“
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
I Birbir river, upstream of confluence with Geba river
I Geba river, at confluence with Birbir river
Baro river, upstream of confluence with Birbir river Birbir river, at confluence with Baro river
i Baro river, at TAMS damsite ! Baro river, at Gambela
i
i
6,700 6,400 4,800
14,200
1 20,400
21,400
Gilo_river_basin
Godare river, at confluence with Gilo river
i
i
i
Gilo river, upstream of confluence
with 
Godare
river
i
I ,700
J
Gilo river, at Agenga
i
i
i
4,900
9,500
Akobo river basin
Akobo river, south of approx. 7°3O' in Ethiopia Alwero river basin
Alwero river, upstream of confluence with Chiru river Chiru river, at confluence with Alwero river
Alwero river, at Akobo Other basins
1 T’l
Jikao river in Ethiopia, at confluence with Baro river Basins on the northern bank of the Baro river between Gambela and Jukao
—mL£El£jL_£f_up2e£_basin_areas
Baro river basin Gilo river bas^n Ako bo river basin Alwero river basin Other basins Total
2
km Z
21,400
—
41
9,500 18 14,000 27
2,600
5
E
-
i ands
4,600 9
—
52, 100 100 liic p j a in
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i i i i i i i
14,000
1,800 I 800 i
2,600 I
I
I
I
2,400 I
2,200 I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I
I
I
3,900 I
(I.
213
Table 1 (cont'd)
lC. Land subject to inundation 1
i
Location
[Not permanen
------ i i
!
flooded
t ^| Swamp ]
i
i
Total j
7’!
1i
_____ 1—_. 1 
—j------------ -1-------- 4- H
1
[ Northern bank of the Baro river
! Between the Baro and Alwero rivers |
150 1,560 3,200 1 ,940
50] 1 1
1 
1 
;
1
200 1 2.5 | 1
2,000 | 24.5 [
'
..
I Between the Alwero and Gilo rivers | J Between the Gilo and Akobo rivers
; 200; i
i
'3,400 ; 1
42 ;
560 ; [2,500 [ 31
i
1 Total
;
6,850
_ _j
; 1,250 [8,100 i _i J
j ioo ;
J
Source: maps, scale 1:250,000, of 1973
3 GENERAL DISCUSSION OF RESOURCES AND CONDITIONS 3. 1 Population
Gambela Awraja, of which the Gambela plain roughly forms the western half, has an estimated population of 125,000. No population census has been taken in this part of Ethiopia for the past 20 years,
in which period, moreover, thousands of refugees from the Sudan have settled in the district.
According to estimates supplied by the Administrator’s office in Gambela the two major tribes to be found in the awraja, the Anuaks and the Nuers, number 60,000 and 44,000 respectively, whereas about
10,000 people belong to other tribes such as the Masongos, the Longes and the Komos. The remainder of the population consists of people ori ginating from Ethiopia’s highlands who are now mostly concentrated in small towns and woreda capitals and small scattered groups.
The highest^popularion density in the Gambela plain is found 
on the higher grounds, i — 
have access to drinking water, such 
At those places there is hardly any 
agriculture or animal husbandry.
1 he Gambela plain comprises the western part of the Jor-Gok and 
* which are free from annual flooding and which
as the levees along the rivers,
space left for
the woredas of Itang woredas.
the expansion of
the Anuaks and Nuers form the
t *■ o t- d/4 
trated in settlements along river banks and a
j•
: •.-» <-» ---- s t groups of inhabitants
*- *-1__ _______
large
.
Akobo and J ikao and In the plain, too,
concen-
which are free from flooding. The Anuaks the southern half of the plain,
- -....... .. ..s
— at a few upland places,
are mainly to be found in 
north, predominantly on th
pulation data for these border ar entire awraja, it may safely be a
while most of
e right Bank of the
....... att'as are even
the Nuers live further Baro river. Although po— more scanty than for the
habited by i...............
"".rre lKU' S°’000
and 20,000 Nuers, among them quite a
assumed that the Gambela plain i
concentrate i
m areas not tar from the Sudanese border.
Of .these about 25,000 a tew former refugees, who 
is in- are Anuaks
tend to14
Most Anuaks are sedentary farmers, who live in pe lages alone thTFhrrs. They cultivate smal 1 plots of ]and anerif
1
not exceeding 0.5 ha per family, on which they grow tw cron^'^k '
o
maize and sorghum. Their diet is supplemented by fish a^d
some cattle and poultry.
.
a y^ ke •
The Anuak economy is mainly based on subsistence; a small a grain is marketed or bartered.
The Nuers are pastoralists who belong to the tran }
tribes. They depend on cattle herds for their livelihood S tion crow some crops, which are of even less importanc the Anuaks. Purinc the rainy months they leave for the in the dry season they stay in cattle camps not far fp Sore cattle arc marketed in Garobela.
e t s car, the relationship between 
ir
.. _2 f
___ / A' v,e ^aks the Nuers are always enri-^o u-
cTK "e:K€ :he-’ of:er are on the defensive. ° 108 °n ^ak ter.
oner.tec r
•.-;X’- --
-"‘ertribal wars; from time S S.\S:7ftireS V£t?’ ;:ometiraes without casJaTti
the Anuaks and N
Up
to
there „U,rs ---- les. 
e
c
>' c . <
re 5t cf
■'sn 
s: ia««
:h« a-ea •’. \\•-P"' ^GSe COnnections were br^’
'J-:-, r » '
1 ln the Pr°cess of 'Unf roken off
* Ui . . v - -j r c
” ok < 7^ s
:'-'--l\a^re than six
. months a year the8 Up'.Wlth the
:h<
•' saet
;s _ :n! "“tsice world since there ar ^r3Ja is vir’
- ’kward f the Camh i
v au
or
n ° all~weathe
r
^,7^’ although Srin .^ich lies in 
Plain
border.
”"rr river between Gamh tGhearmainbey sleaasaon nd tJheikaro on tbe
'~^ ^^^lopnLent
£
Af
• * ttW t
, OCT -r. ■ ’
-S fi &
S£
n>*i>er present
it
20° 5 increase
P°pulat ion of the
tu a bout 90,000 in
plain
• • r tiou t
' t -15 t ’
Ur r , <
^r^a^ °n of
arati
1 ha of land for cul'
'/ r£
1
=?r-,. ./ oucside
ror
neans work for 4-5 peopl^
w °'^d be
° -lctle over
the plain, the area
lfcited, therefore,
30,000 by 2025.
t-;
-1^, _IS
Sudan. The grcatcat part of this depression lies in the Sudan, wher
it extend?: further in westerly and northerly direction. The plain j > traversed by three ma i n r ivers: the Baro in the North, the Akobo - and its extension the Pibor - in the South, and the Gilo in the middle.
The general westerly and north-westerly course of all the rivers is probably geologically controlled indicating tilting. This is also the
reason why a largo part of the surface water accumulates in the farthest north-western part of the plain. The overflow of that area feeds the
Sobat river in the Sudan.
In the East the plain is bordered by an area which is virtually flat and which height varies from 550 m in the East to 425 m in the West. This probably old erosion surface dates back to an old depositional
stage of the river mentioned above. A new drainage system has developed there which carries off locally accumulated rain water. West of the
425-m contour an almost featureless floodplain, the Gambela plain, has developed, at an eva luat ion rang ing from 425 m in the East to approx. 405 m near the Sudanese border. The plain extends some 130 km in east westerly and 90 km in north-southerly direction. The overall fall in elevation is estimated at 15 cm per km in westerly direction.
The plain has inland deltaic characteristics whereby during the dry season surface water movement is confined to the main stream chan nels, and during the rainy season the water is discharged via numerous channels and banks into the basins between the main channels. Hi>h water levels downstream in the Sudan may also back up water. At the on set of the dry season the surface water is slowly drained off, leaving numerous large and small marshes and channels filled with water which" partly evaporates again.
Although at first sight the plain seems physio^ranhica’’v — geneous and rather featureless, a detailed inspect--'- reveals h--e-v complex pattern of relatively high .and low areas, wif-
lhese small differences in local elevations are also ohse - a-' - '’-"hZ vegetation pattern which closely follows the flocdino 'st--'
marshy grass vegetation is abundantly found in the low-s-'a-ea ' ’ - - Ch are almost permanently inundated, while seasonal — . - -
Periodically flooded areas. Tree with gralJ vC‘/
feeds the
--eek-
'
'
'
m
Soils
Tlle soil Pattern is largely tluen.es the moisture regime ind th ore likely to occur between 
those in the basins, c
These dit let cnees will vertically they outd
1 he v-1 i iUtl i i k " ,dke ir I i k. t s n, lt lhe luoiituioril loilllv wh . .
.
soil s
p* ob ib I v prove to
i n' •
»
HS
1 tv
i nJ
t he
mluel i
111 pi oh.ih | v be
topography, wn>.:h in-
• fexcural differences channels ind 
e tine st sediments totally, ilrhongh
-’,,ed va the irea will be vertLsolic dependent on
Ch. '
materials16
, Freely drained soils on levees may have a larger ii- the clay content. _ Under the prevailing climatic conditions
lite and kaolinite comp.^ carbonate is to be expected; under natural an accumulation ° “ of saii i
conditions, no 
to is
believe that tut p 
n zation was found. There is every reason i i suitability of the soils for agriculture
tent a
.
moderate to good.
Limiting-factors
Under present natural conditions there are four major constr •
to a full realization of the soil potentials: flooding, poor dra’ lnts
an inadequate water supply and a low workability of soils na t-ln^8e’
ly clay soils.
The first three are the result of the prevailing hydrological and topographical conditions. They can be modified but this may prove difficult and expensive, especially in large areas with a complex micro rcesorelief. The low workability of the soils is a permanent condition, although one which could be relatively easily remedied with a proper management.
3.3 Rainfall
ity_and_nattern
In Table 2 a review is given of the mean monthly rainfall at all stations in the Gambela plain and of the upper basins draining 
into the plain.
The annual rainfall in the plain varies from about 800 mm in the West to about 990 mm in the East. Under the influence of the nearby mountains, stations such as Gambela and Pokwo record higher amounls:
1,300 mm/vear and 1,000 mm/year, respectively.
About 85a of the rain falls in the wet season from April through October. The standard deviations of the monthly rainfall com puted for Gambela, the only station with a long period of registration, reveal a considerable variability. Daily records of Gambela and Pokwo also show that a large part of the rain falls in heavy showers.
Implications for agricultural d e v e 1 opm ent
’ p r lcular-
The average rainfall crops without irrigation, but without irrigation, yields wi at ions.
in the plain is sufficient to grow some only one harvest a year will be possible. 
11 be low and subject to large yearly vari
w it hout
Because of tlx heavy showers, irrip.at ion, will lx high.
dr a i nag/' roqu j remenI s , with or
t liTable 2 - Mean monthly rainfall at stations in the upper basins and in the Ganbela plain
Rainfall in nxn
‘
Station
[------------- --------------,------------ -------------- ,------------- ,---------- -j-------------,--------------j-------------,------------- s----------T--------------- ,------------------- { Period of registration**
------------------------- U----------- U------------ --------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------------j.------------ ------------+------------ |------------- +-------------------- j------------------------------------------------------- UPPER BASINS
Jan. { Febr. | March * April } May {June {July {Aug. {Sept. JOct. {Nov.
' Dec. J Total
j 8 : 46
t
[ Aden Tefiri
j bedele
{ Bure
{ Chora
; Deabi Dollo
[ Gecha
J Gore
j Yabu
} Yudbo
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
1
i
{ Ako bo
1 Hang
J Gaaibe 1 a
{ Standard deviation
• Gaabela
i
1
i
{ Jikao
J Nasaerc)
j Fokwu
} 29 } 49 } 24 5
j 64 { 66 { 348
130 {
i
42
i
22
1,643 ! 1973-1976
} 46 { 40
i«
i '5
: 'o
: 35
! 28
} 40
1 10 { 63 { 160
49 { 87 i 96 52 } 90 j 101
84 i 72 { 178
49 83 { 138
44 ; 86 { 58
161
274
193
238
264
243
295 { 201 343 233
274 ! 323 331 348
163 ' 175 178 202
390 J 342 292 298
174 128 174 172
216 ; 268 285 240
297 279 3.5 301
{ 10
i
29
{ 99
1 37 t
265
228 ] 222
313 260
261 273
346 236
203 } 22
144 } 56
95 I 55
1
76 16
185 51
159 82
"I 24
29
11
23
33
4
46
34
65
0
2,076
1,359
2,026
1,190
1,898
2,029
1,655
1,721
1973-1976
1907-1911, 1975-1977
1973-1977
I973-I976b)
1957-1961
1908-1936
1973-1977
1973-1976
97
C / M B E LAP LAIN
l
i1
!o
8
12
1
0
2
2
0
11
1
19
0
38
29
7
13
26
82
105
84
53
79
36
43
139
103
154
66
126
124
106
118
84
186
66
91
139
145
143
199
243
93
191
140
184
178
126
244
89
197
176
192
135
133
177
88
147
128
160
70
98
105
58
95
47
118
19
8
54
43
6
6
41
3
0
11
15
0
1
6
909
856
1 ,315
280
943
812
1,036
1913-1937, 1948-1952
1973
1905-1975
11
3
2
13
1973-1975
1922-1937, 1948-1952
1956-1961, 1967-1976
a) The period of registration includes periods with incomplete records.
b) If the year 19/6 is excluded, the mean annual taiiifdll is about 1,350 mu.
c) Nasser is located just across the border in the Sudan.
Sources; I) The Nile basin, Volume VIj publiration of the Ministry of Public Works. Cairo.
2) Civil Aviation Administration, Addis Ababa
3) National Water Resources Coassission. Addis Ababa
4) Records at Pokwo station
*j) YAMS reporty
18
i
u
 Watri resources
riow from thcupperbasins
The drainage areas of the major rivers and their main tribute
Tie? have been summed up in Table I.
Of the rainfall stations in the mountains all but one have
n
verv short period of registration. The stations are located tn the Bnr()
basin. Since rainfall in mountain areas depends strongly on exposure
rain-earrvinp winds and altitude the stations are representative of
small areas enlv. The available records show that the amount of rain
fall varies from about 1.600 to 2.000 mm/ycar. As in the plain, about
s's' of thif rain fall- in the period April through October. Rainfall
if. Icff intense than in (he plain, however.
[lov data record covering over 60 years is available for the Bare rivet at Cambria. i.e. (be point where the river enters the plain. The date iavc beer auiRmarized below.
Table r1ou of the Bare river at Gambela
r‘
Monr 1
Mean f1ou ----------------------------------------- , I
1C6 r
1
 -
it sec i mm
1
ti
i
St andard deviation
3 m
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
Januarv
1 <^brufl \
96
-i
r
’ 6 3
1 1
6 7
i
i
; 8 ;
i
59
7 1
i
i
Apt . '
'9.
i
M/n
76
9 
1
i
- 36
80
55
70
107
193
338
i
163
20 1
i
• lun<
6?9
i
52 
;
i
i
Augu>(
Sept » Ort obe» Nov<m’x-r (Mu <•«!>< r To La .
Mrai ! i ov pc f r '
.92' - 2#
r
. >4'
790 96 1
. 128 306 159
89 I 120 |
1 37
92 i 37 ; 20 ;
!___________ ;
409 602
_ ___ <________ i ttrtm yield)
602
6 52 6 58 268 I 30
I ,966
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
A Uou ( <□ < t4w
P*f f err
uno! f o/
li t h<
rtowiif- 1 1 * fit:
'/
dUWIUy f 1 < .iiJ . . !
4
• 04111. (
• Mil. .
* i nd the rainfall pat tern:
t t.t period May through November .
< r r enuunt, within its banks
> i r h ♦ I t»w i nr n r tie Haro
J eat
ideli I 4 * a
• uM i< .u> 11. i ii( h will be
mi >ii <>>
14 11 I xfiw I i f jM
<|UaUl > I \
f
tl
J 1 Vf 1
a ‘ '.ambclcf alt
J h 1 III Cl
be ut»Ul
ex< u-dc£
1 hi
*L J
f . . JW; Wli j pl t>Ub j | ,
1 LJUlpU ( cfl
du I iiQ the dry t»e as oil • 1 I «u L»< < > I r a. I ed fl oiv
n ordai
r he
(hat . er(a l n Sunt h 1 >
Tlu leiull it bhuWll 111
dib» har>e!> Fig. 3 •FREQUENCIES OF MONTHLY DISCHARGES AT &AM6ELA
F-v ’KAT Me UftftFHlY
•*’’**X » Ui i =Acee£*£>
■4* <
“<• HAMV.
*A» .M
Hu 5'> I
No flow data are available for the Gilo, flowing info I he Gambela plain. However, a rough annual runoff ran bn made on the basis of the est those basins. The estimates are shown below. For
t hr mean annual runoff of the Bare at Gambela is
Table 4 - Flow from rhe upper basins
A kobo and other rivers e s t imat e of the mean imated rainfall in comparison’s sake given as well.
7“
i
i
i
i
Drainage area |
i
Estimated mean annual
Estimated mean
Rivers
i
a f entrance
I
i
ann ual runoff
i
i
po in t into 
i
ra i n fa I 1 
i _ 
i
i
i
plain (km)
i
i
( mm)
J
i
mm 6 3 10 m
.i
i
i
Baro river G i 1 o river
7
1
1
I
21,400
__ J______
i i i i i i i i i
!
1 ,800
$r,r ; 12,390
1 9,500
Akobo river 1
14,000
1 , 500 400 3.300 1 ,200 ; 200 2,300
Al were river
1
1
1
1 
1
1 
1 .
1
1 2,600
200 520
Others Iota 1
The pattern of
4,600
52,100
1
1
I 1 
1 L
1,200
I ,200
t he flow wiI I no doubt
be similar
nr-p 1
I
1 
1 
L
to that
As can be seen from the Table, the total qua: ing the plain from the upper basin is about 2 , »;i: m: ' : i *n m
7
ful 1 y con t r<» I Ied , r h 600,000 ha of land.
rj o n
I
i
_
; 20,930
e Jar .
‘ -w enter- year . I:
rii• • qua I i t y undoubtedly be true into the plain.
is quantity will be sufficient to irrigate
of the Baro water is exre’len^ and of the water quality o! the other
tne cme r ’ e r 4 : I
' »
'■* Hg
little is known about the
t here
season. i - i »*d
art i nd i< at ions Accordi ng
1 ’ ht recent
that this load t o Ioc i ! peep Ie the
years as a resul the Gambela plain
sed imen t
1 s richer
1 a 1
..••-.
• - . However, 7ie*et
edlmenr
u p s tream.
H i hr uiigh
C
r he
- •- I •. i * He <ar •
" ea ied *1 . ~ 1 7 *
Ki a m- t i jn
1” "the Nile
1 hara
plain are d i s. ussed . t ion which has b 
'•able reveals
* In the flat he ad . S nu 
Basin', ’ * I vine ! [ s of the Karo md On che basis or
e
^»ne available s mc
e
, pun l she. i Pibur rive
this J i sc uss
1 ib 1 c i
some interesting • r
Hydro- i
informa-
The
L
L HUnd 4 I I U > .* (I <»
b. Im the IMO u t h ,
cd 11
UcU V v
e ivv 
ie i i|. o I h j |
h« Not th he i
■» the '>uu t n
SUuCul
•;t uaici
> L 4 -
. ‘i .
I he
ia.>
J CH tn
• n ’ hr sma I 1 - Che
□Wb c hat t he ina i n
l i i 1 auu the Pibur up I Hl ter
m >50, the ‘s ii tie Gambel • ^n Hid the
been Compiled. i ag Hid tnc \dui i
c h .22
Vivero branches ojc do^etrea., together carry aboutj.600 »illioo ^“C^U-and its branches
m /year. This means I----------------- -- ceive a considerable part of the losses oi and probably also of the Gilo.
d. When water levels in the Pibor are high as in the Baro, the water flows back into the
the Baro and the Pibor
a result of large floodB Akobo and Gilo.
e. The above points indicate that the western part of the Gambela piain is a low-lying area, which is probably deeply flooded in the wot season. The available information indicates, however, that the area is not permanently flooded.
f. All drainwater from the Gambela plain and adjacent areas in the Sudan finally returns into the Sobat. At the river’s mouth near
3
Malakal in the Sudan the annual flow is about 13,500 million m /yea .
r
The flow entering the plain is about 21,000 million m^/ycar (virtual ly no flow originates in the Sudan). This means that about 7,500 million m^/year is lost. It is known that most of the water which escapes towards the Machar marshes does not return to the Sobat. It follows that at least 2,700 million m^/year is lost in the Sudan, although 3,500 million m^/year is a more likely figure. In Ethiopia,
J
losses would thus amount to approx. 4,000 million m /ycar. Of this amount, about 1,500 million m-^/year will be lost in the permanent swamps by evapotranspiration, which means that the loss in the area of 7,000 km^ which is not permanently flooded will only be about
2,500 million m^/year. If permanently flooded, an area of 7,000 km^ could cause losses of about 8,500 million nv per year. The fact that the loss is probably only 2,500 million nP indicates that the area
is not flooded for long periods each year and not very deep.
g. To eliminate spilling upstream of the Adura head the flow should be cut to 800 m /sec at Gambela. The flow at Gambela should be cut to about 350 m^/sec to eliminate all spill between Gambela and the Baro tail. Since the flow of the Baro at Gambela on average is about 400 m^/sec, this will be impossible in most years.
Little is known about the frequency of flooding. Information provided in "The Nile Basin”, Volume VIII, indicates that the losses along the Baro vary strongly from year to year. In one year out of seven the loss is only about half the average loss, while once in 40 years
the loss is negligible.
Since a considerable part of the losses occurs in the form of overbank flow and seeing the topography of the area, the conclusion seems justified that large floods will lead to widespread, but relative' ly undeep inundation.
Lin}iting_factors
In their natural rather than a resource. low flow is
state the rivers on the plain are a scourge They cause widespread flooding and their
too small
to 
arc o irrigate a, significant part of the plain.
Large and extensive engineering worksTill^be1 re^uiJed
rivorc
rivers into a useful irrigation source.
c i • 
• . ~
------ — ~ *■
-*-i- ^d tO tUtD the
Ch.Table 5 - Main hydrological characteristics of the Baro and Pibor rivers in the Cambela plain
J.a)
m /sec
i ^b)
■! 3 m/ /sec
1
• Mean annual i Mean annual
i flow I
: 106 m3 :
1 1
losses
I05 m3
i
i Slope of
i river
co/km
Remark?
-•
i
i
i
A. Baro river
Baro at Gambela
Baro at Itang
Inflow from north bank between
Gambela and Adura head
Baro upstream of Adura head
Flow to Adura
Inflow from Jikao river
Outflow through Khor Machar
c)
-
n.r.
i
i
i c)
i ! i.ioo
i
*
i* n.r
i
1
i
i
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1
i : 12,890
i
* 
i
1
t
1
1
1
1
i
i
i
i
■
i
:
i
i
Most losses occur towards the South.
2,000
•
i
i
600 } 800
400d)
n.r
350e)
n.r.
i
n.r.
600e)
400 ; 11,290 !
i.ioo :
i
i
» 
i
i
I
500 ;
Losses include the outflow through
the Khor Machar, Virtually all the
•
2,690
occur towards the Machar marshes Sudan
- •
!
Flow
Baro
from Adura
downstream at Adura tail
Flow at Baro tail site
Adura at head
Inflow from Mokwai (2)
Adura at tail
Pibor river
Pibor upstream of Akobo tail
Inflow from the Akobo
Pibor upstream of the Gilo tail
Inflow from the Gilo
Pibor upstream of the Mokway (3)
tail
350
-
600
600
300
1,100
Losses
i
i i I
occur on both sides of the riverj
i
i
• l
i
-
-
-
-
-
I
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
•
1
1I
750 1; 2,330 I
10,300 p 9,200 }J
i
•
1,100 k
losses
in the
CM
1.300 1 100
. 2,300 J'
i
i
i
i
i
1.040 L
The Mokway (2) is a branch of the lower Alwero.
1
1 370 1 gain = 90
1,500 /
1,200
1,700
Part of the mean annual flow may
be spilled Akobo water. When water levels in the Pibor are high, the
water flows back into the lower Akobo.
i
•
•
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
•
i
i
I
i
i
•
i
Losses occur on both banks* but probably*
mainly on the Ethiopian bank. When water levels in the Pibor are
high, the water flows back into the
i
i
Inflow from the Mokway (3)
•
i
i
Pibor at mouth
•
I
i
i
i
n.r. = not relevant
■ not available
a) If Qj is exceeded, water starts to flow over the banks.
b) Virtually all the flow in excess of Q spills over the banks.
2
c) Overbank flow at Gambela is probably negligible* 
decade discharge in 61 years has been 1,600 o /sec, the maximum monthly discharge
3
n
?■
about I,450 m^/sec.
d) Flow into the Adura starts as soon as the flow ir the Baro at this point reaches 400 n /s
3
ec.
M
e) Outflow through the Khor Machar starts as soon as the flow in the Baro at this point r
eaches 350 » /scc. At a flow in the Baro of 600 n /sec,
3
3
the outflow towards the Khor Machar does not increase any further.e t he
Lypc and extern oi r
w
.
rurted and t he
quantity offlowLli.il may !><• diverted in l.thiopia
. In the absence of
specific agreements, liowcver, one Jiad best r;txk to minimum natural low flow should not b- depleted for upstream countries. The minimum natural low flow is quantity. Itl the case of the Baro river the minimum probability of non-ezccedance, or 23 tn /.icr, may be
natural Jow flow.
Without regulation, the quantity of flow to be diverted for irrigation would be small; a quantity of 5 nP/sec would already hrin about a risk of water shortage every 10 years or so.
Downstream interest in Lhc regulation of the waters tlowirv, through the plain could be an important source of benefits to Ethiopia
in the case of storage works being built, because such works are likely 
to be beneficial to Sudan and Egypt. The desirability of regulating the Baro in Ethiopia by means of storage dams has in fact been expressed 
in previous studies of the Nile basin.
3.5 Storage possibilities and hydropower resources
For large-scale year-round irrigation and flood control storage reservoirs are essential. For this reason the storage possibilities in 
the upper basins have been studied on the basis of the 1:250,000 maps with 100-m contours in the mountains and 50—m contours in the foothills lhc geological situat ion of the area secns to be favourable for dam con struct ion.
the principle that diversion works in not a well defined flow with a regarded as
YA
t he
On the
voir sites can
gards the cost
dams are concerned. city may a 1 so be high,
basis of the maps mention’d above be identified, however, whiLe the estimate may be high, moreover, espe ------ The margin of error as regards
only t.'.e larger margin of error
moreover, especialIv as far regards the reservoir
reser-
as re- as low capa-
c
error in reservoir capacity does not
reservoir outputs such as firm flow,
duetion. In Fig. 4 the relationship i.
puts. For large storages the output curves flatten
, especially for shalloiowrs,rbut eservoirs, but a high necessarily imply aimhiplgh y earrhiorghin 
usable average flow and flood re-
is given between storage and out-
----- ---- ------------- i, which means that
in output'.'3"^ St°rage '^responds with a relatively minor change
v.,uitabl0«».« Mill undoubtedly
Cvpograpliy 
.
. 
lal ’lv h> ll"-’
:K
characteristics ot the
“'•“iy 
Bine is in.,de to Fig. 
location ot the sites.
•" chis baHn. Th4 5cner.l
sites studied are
L ^; v^L^ai ?ni*-
part Le vel ec-
Ch nsotS = Net storage at the site in 10 m
CA = Catchment area of the site in 10 km
6 3 3
QF = Firm flow in m /sec
3
QA = Average flow through the turbines for a capacity factor of 0.6 in m^/sec
Fo = Level to which the maximum monthly flow at the site can be cut (in m^/sec), if the main purpose is flood control. The maximum
monthly flow at the site is about 68.5 CA m /se^.
Fl = Level to which the maximum monthly flow at the site can be cut (in m^/sec), if the main purpose is firm flow ’production’.
Example
T/kldS_si te , hi^p;h warer~ j^eve 1 = 600, low water level - 560
CA = 20.4.
Natural low flow at the
site = 20 m /sec.
3
Maximum monthly flow at the site = 68.5 x 20.4 Tail water level = 490.
Average net head = 600 - 490 - 0.33 (600 -
S = 4,530 -> S/CA = 222.
560M>
1,400 rn^/sec.
95.
enter curves
with 
S/CA
=
QF/CA = 13.2
QA/CA = 18.5
Fo/CA =31.0
Fl/CA = 44.0
->
-►
-►
->
Firm energy at load = 8 x Average power at plant = 8 x Average energy at load = 290
Installed capacity = 290/0.6 Increase in low flow = 270 - Reduction in maximum monthly Remarks
222.
m3/sec .
m^/sec.
m^/sec .
m-Vsec.
95 x 270 X 8,760 x 0.9 kWh/year = 1,600 GWh 'year
95 x 380 kW
x 8,760 x 0.9 kWh/year
20
f1ow = 1 ,400 - - 900
= 290 MW = 2,3?o 'Wh
= 480
= 250 nr sec. = 500 m ' sec.
The curves can be used if the flow at the site
tional to the flow at Gambela. If the ratio is
between the catchment area at the site and the
Gambela, the curves can be used as they are. <
be used should be the true CA times a factor* 
a higher or lower runoff per km- over the basin 
concerned is proper- equal to the ratio catchment area at
Otherwise, the CA to this factor reflecting 
of the
runoff per km- of the Bare at Gambela.
I'he curves were computed on the basis of Gambela, exclusive of the data pertaining of 1911-1914. The reliability of the data doubtful anyway.
site than the
the monthly flow data
at
Co the unusually drv 
season
covering this period
isTable 6 - Main characteristics of possible storage sites
1
| Drainage areas
High water level*'
low water level
Dam height
Crest height
Rase length
Net storage
Increase in low flow
Decrease in maximum monthly flow
Installed capacity )
Firm energy at load
Average energy at load
r ------------------,
Unit
m
m
m
m
m
IO6 a?
nP/nec
m-J/ sec
MW
GWh/year
GWh/yenr
years
lO^/Birr
106/Birr
!06/Birr
Birr/kWh
Birr/ha/year
;
| Birr/ha/year
TAMS
s ite
20,600
580
550
90
2,300
1 ,000
2,900
205
450
400
1 , 100
2,000
5
420
380
800
0.040
200
0
Bonga
site
----------------- --r-
Gambela Gilo
site
upstream--------- •
19,000 21,000 7,300
------------------------------ r
Gilo
downstream •
9,300
720 490 500 475
650 470 470 4 50
200 50 90 35
1 ,200 1 ,300 600
1 ,000
200 400 100 100
3,300 1 ,000 3,500
1,900
210 100
80 80
400 300 150 1 50
0
800 175
100 -
i
d
G
Construction time
Dam cost41'
Power facilities cosr
Total cost )
Power cost, if all costs are
allocated to power )
2,600 300 450 3,800 800 480
644
640 100 100
580
200 130
-i
-
3
35 !
-
1 ,220 300 230 35
0.032 0.037
0.047
-
oo
Irrigation cost, if all dam costs
are allocated to irrigation^)
Irrigation cost, if total annual
cost minus power value is
allocated to power®)
300 100 125 50
i
11
00
1 50
-
a) The high water level indicated is roughly the optimum HWL based on a sub-optimization study.
b) Assuming that priority is given to increasing the low flow.
c) Assuming a 60Z capacity factor.
d) Including an annual interest during construction 
e) Annual costs were assumed to be 1OZ of the cost.
3
f) Assuming that each 1 m /sec increase in low flow were assumed to be I0Z of the investment.
of 8Z. Power facilities include transmission to 
is capable of irrigating 1,000 ha. Annual costs
Addis Ababa. of the dam
g) The power value was assumed to be 0.04 Birr/kWh, which is the estimated production cost of a large thermal plant operating at 60Z of its capacity. Annual costs are assumed to be I0Z of the investment.
Notes
- All project data are based on the assumption that the project is the first to be built in its basin.
“ Power and irrigation costs are irrespective of the fact that power and irrigation benefits will grow over the years to their maximum.
— K i.T"e a 
th. Table ttavo 
rounded.a.
29
To the data given in Table 6, the following can be added: The construction and operation of a large dam in the
either at the TAMS site or the Bonga site (the sites are a
will be a costly affair. If no power benefits are allocated to t dam, the cost of irrigation water supply and flood control will very high. At present, the demand for power in Addis Ababa^^^ ^
^i ,
b
100 MW.
It will take 25 years or more before project capacities of
400
or 800 MW can be added to the grid.
b. The TAMS and Bonga sites have a more or less equal capability for flow regulation. In view of the power costs involved the Bongo site appears preferable, however. This site also seems to suit further development in the basin better.
c. A smaller dam near Gambela would involve fairly high costs of irri gation water supply, even if no power facilities are included in the project. As the quantity of power generated by the project can prob ably be readily consumed in Addis Ababa by 1995, it will be possible to allocate part of the dam cost to power. In that case the cost of irrigation water supply could decrease to zero.
d. If the Bonga and Gambela dams are operated in tandem, the flood re
3
duction (500 m /sec) will be insufficient to completely eliminate
the need for diking below Itang. The low flow increase in that case will be about 250 m^/sec. Since further storage possibilities in the Baro basin are likely to be small, full control of the Baro river will not be possible.
e. Owing to the lack of basic hydrological data for the Gilo basin, the data relating to the projects in the Gilo basin are more uncertain than those for the projects in the Baro basin.
f. There were found several other possibilities for economical hydro power projects of the diversion type in the Baro basin. The most promising ones and their approximate potential are mentioned below. These projects cannot make a signif icant contribution to the regula tion of the flow of the Baro at its entrance point into the plain.
Table 7 - Potential of some hydropower project sites
1
Site i
ii
Catchment i
l
Head 1
i
i
Average
area
Installed capacity (60^
energy
capacitv factors)
I
(knT)
1
(m)
i
(GWh/year)1 i
i
i
(MW)
!
Rirbir 1 
Sor
i 6,700
275 ! 1 ,700
Geba i i
i 1,875 450 900
6,400 
1
1
170 i 1
1 , 1 00 1
________
360
I SO
225 
;
Ch. 2
—According to demograph c
data pullished by the Central Static
can be elated at
deal Office the 1976 popu atl°" a grain consumption of 160 kg, totaI
3,995,000 people. With a petJP^ cereal consumption woul
roughly 30,000 metric tons
63 g,000 metric tons, of
fee Sported.
Unnal assumptions of future demand to the
Application of the na iren)ents by the year 2000 can be Region learns that total grai h
the regl0nal production
estimated at 1,170,000 me
will have to be increased Y
a production of 1.5 metric tons/ha, will be required in the Region.
560 ,000 metric tons. On the basis of additional 370,000 hectare
The recently published Crop Production Survey 1975/1976 
lhe recently H
c pt
- lement) contains estimates which present
t
(Hinistr, of ‘f‘“ “ “te li tWs Survey, total grain production ‘„'°975/ I in the South Western Kegion (comprising the provinces of
Uta and K.ff.) is estimated at 769,000 metric tons (see Table g 
on the next page for further details) with an estimated total population of the two provinces of 2,166,000, the above figures would warrant the conclusion that the amount of cereals available per head of the popula tion in the Region would be more than twice as high as the national average, namely 350 kg as against 160 kg, on the basis of which one would expect the Region to be a large net exporter of food. An increase of 2.57 per year for the population of Illababor and Kaffa would result in a*total of 3,965,000 in the year 2000. If these figures are correct,
it follows that even the present acreage under grains and the present vield per hectare would be sufficient to feed the population of the Region.
It will be clear that a thorough urgently needed.
Il2£J!!2rket_for_cotton
review of the above data is
Although reliable statistics on the recent production of cotton are lacking, it can safely be assumed that total production amounts to 30,000-32,000 metric tons p.a.. In recent years, exports of cotton lint have increased substantially, amounting to 5,000 and 2,600 tons in 1973 and 1974, respectively. Imports of cotton lint have been decreasing steadily since 1968/69. In 1976 only 95 tons were imported. Imports of synthetic fibres has remained stagnant at a level of about 2,000 tons since 1970/71.33
Table 8 - Estimates of corrected area, yield and production crops in the South Western Region 
J
_______________________
Corrected
i production
Crop
area
yield
i_.
L.
i
i
thousand ! hectares
qt/ha
-L.
i
.l.
_i----------
i
i
i
i
_i---------
(1)
i
.L_.
I
i
(2)
i
(3)
I
Teff
I
I
I
I
196.2
8.3
Barley
1 1.2
4.3
I
Wheat
I
1 1.6
I
I
I
I
I
I
4.9
thousand quintals
(4)
1,622.8 47.0
56.6
Maize
242.3
17.3
Sorghum
Millet
.!
•I
i
1 14.2
33.2
I
I
I
10.7
I
16.9
I
Horse beans
7.0
I
I
7.2
Chick peas
i
i
4.0
1 .9
Haricot beans
Field peas
Lentils
| Flax
1
| Neug
i
[ Sesame
' Others
1___________
| Total cropland '
i
i
i
i
i
i
1 .8 8.9
2.2
3.0
0. 1 ! 3.8
0.3
3.4
-
2.0
636.2
____ __________
i
i
I
i
i
i
i
.. i..
1
i
i
____ I____
8.3 1
12.1
1 1
1 _ 1
1 1
1 1
"i !
50. 1
7.4
3.8
26.8
0.5
2 7 ' 1 41 .0
-
2.4
12.3
4.7
J
7,827.1 
1
(
_i__________________ i
Source: Crop Production Survey (MOA) , 1975/76.
The tot«il present domestic lint requirement can, therefore, be estimated at some 28,000 to 29,000 tons, which is equivalent to about 1 kg per head of the population per annum.
The: Awa.sh Valley is the main centre of cotton growing in Ethiopia, producing about 80% of all lint grown in the country. All cotton in the Walley is grown under irrigation. The other main areas of production are at Tessenai (irrigation) and Setit Humera (rainfed)
m the Norther n Region.
Cotto n better than the price of locnl imports of i’mt
grown in Ethiopia is of good quality, generally even manufacturing industries require. However, as the
cotton has in the past tended towards import parity and have been subject to duties and taxation, producers
Ch. 2t
34
Hltle i«onu- -
s
n thin lint on the world niarkn t0 substitute higher-,^.
xX’ua,ity w '. h
produce
’" 7s future prooth of I is poi
b C ca|,ita
( tb" r« „t, >"P°
ei'aFtUiU.?'
-“poslibld to properly forecast futJ
„ has
, therefore, co serv
n atl
3
Ethiopi ’ it i-• demand for '•«' been assumed that
in t he cou annual per c
level, 
bc
consumption in the foreseeable f h implies that Ethiopia's
future will rem production o. c
51.000 tcnS.b\ott0n production. 
th
yill
have
2Q00 if the
sufficient in co articularly m ®
planned extenS1C
produce
o tons by 1980, w1}^
'"* o 
3fe ’^ tic needs up to 1984/85. J
, ncreased to at least
wants to remain self co tton-growing areas and
Awash Valley, are expected to be sufficient to cover
jg83 decisions on ex_
there£ore>
thc
tension oftt coneptto 
counl1j-
- roducing areas will h 
prQVe possible
bstantially increase
1
Teld'per hectare in existing areas.
On thc basis of preliminary information the conclusion seems justified that the Gambela plain can contribute to the supply of the necessary domestic requirements, reason why this crop has been in cluded in the crop experimentation programme of the Pilot Project.
It can safely be assumed that all cotton to be produced in the Gambela plain up to 1992/93 (preliminary estimate: some 6,000 tons of lint can either be absorbed by the local market or exported. The
long-terr growth in world cotton consumption has been estimated by the IBRI at 2.67 p.a. By 1990, sufficient information will be available
tc decide on possible extensions in the Gambela Region.
The t_for_sugar
am startre a studv^^th^l0111 tUEe 1 nternaLlona 1 > Sugar Consultants,
lot domstit
formation received th*v h 
° f Ethi°Pia" •««••• production export purposes. According to in-
of mjor „„ sugar'ideto.,/'" consI<ler<!‘1 five sites for the installs* 
’■■'M toot of L .r“:ry^“St'
e
w ‘ • • suited for such devel™™ cef.titc re£ioM] development
”ith . capacity of these, Gambela was thought to be
However, in the absence of any well'
b 'o,tr for early aevelopment P an’, Gambe 1 a has not been recommended by f tf>r) in( Judfcdn 1 ‘ Present study, however, sJuga n therrecommended cropping research for
•ur. i,a p
foJ iowing Hi ktbiopiii35
Table 9 - Estimated production and domestic consumptionsugar
j--------------------- i
i
Production ]
, [ Domestic
Year
1968/69
!
“1----------
_____ L_
66,200 |
consumption | i
72,900 :
1969/70
97,100 
1
88,300
1970/71
109,400 
]
93,500 
|
1971/72
u6,600 
;
91,700
1972/73
131,800 
|
100,400
1973/76
120,600 !
110,000 |
1974/75
128,600
104,200 
;
1975/76
123,300 
j
103,500 
|
Source: Booker Agriculture International Ltd.: Sugar Industry development in Ethiopia (1977).
Total per capita consumption in 1977 has been estimated at slightly over 4 kg p.a.
The above figures indicate that from 1970 onwards Ethiopia has been a modest exporter of sugar.
Most basic data required to make reliable projections with regard to the future demand for sugar in Ethiopia are lacking. Under
the circumstances, it has been assumed that the average annual growth of the domestic market during the period 1963-1972, which amounted to about 6.5Z, will continue in years to come say up to 1 935. In that year, domestic sugar demand is expected to reach 223,000 tons, or 6 kg per head of the population (See Table 10).
Table 10 Projected domestic demand of sugar
1
i
i
i
Year
i
At 6.5* per]
ii
- -1i
i
annum growth ]
1976/77
i
i
i
i
118,100
1977/78
i
i
129,700
1978/79
1979/80
i
i
143,200
1980/81
i
i
152,500
1981/82
1982/83
1983/84
i
i 172.900 i
i 184,200
162.400
i
198-4/85
1985/86
i
i
i
i
i
i
196,100
208.900
222,500
Source: Booker Agriculture International Ltd.: ugar ndustrv development in Ethiopia
I 1977 ) .
Ch. 236
Application of the same rate of growth beyond that dale -
although it Fhould be borne in mind that projections beyond 1985 ;)lc
bound to be characterized by increasing error - gives a total consum
tion of 5-0.000 tons by the year 2000. The corresponding per capita '' consumption would amount to roughly 10 kg per year.
In order to cover the short-term increase in domestic con
sumption. production capacity of the existing factories will be in creased (Wonji-Shoa and Mclabara) to 162,000 tons by 1980/81.
It is expected that the increase in demand in the period 
1«81-1987 will be covered by a 75.000-ton sugar factory at Fineboa
which will become operational in 1981 and will be in full operation 
bv 1086/87. 1 0,1
Consultants recommend that a study be carried out on the possi bility of establishing the next 75.000-ton sugar complex in the Gambela plain. The building of this would have to be commissioned in 1986/87 
and production should be into full swing by 1991/92.
Assuming a per capita consumption in the South Western Region equal to tin national average roughly 60Z or 45,000 tons of the
5.000 tons of sugax to be produced annually in Gambela by 1991, would be consumer in the Region (provinces of Illubabor, Kaffa and Wollega, estimated population in °90: 5.7 million). The remainder could easily 
1
b< taken up by the rest of the country. Marginal quantities could be exported.
The market for rice
Further studies or. the size of the local market will have to be
• seeau t< i nd icat e t hat 1 oca 1 rtu. ' nij.lgible. Since 1970, total annual imports
hav< amountw *• rougi \ .500 tons.
jf..« ». . ’ < at b< staled that only cash crops with a
.ft v. ,u< shot .d b< considered for cultivation in t h« Gamut plain, since the costs of transporting pro-
• *.< region u. . b< relatively high, even under improve a< • etxt. bi 1 11 y conditions.
/v < CSb lb . . » ’. V
o! tin cuuutrv
w
! ■' '.aiBb«.,. i.u. t < overland connections with the heart
t i ack about zBt n northerly direction via Detnbi Dolo and Gian . . Whirl join* kout< 5;
4 duu o' about l9( kx li. aaaierly direction via Gore and Mttu, which joint koutt
'Jl.it t 1 <44. k it ( uUlll i < c a u 11 a I . < 1 *. i i unant ! 14l.
w.t. Gambr. ci by futant of 11 aiiapor t .
a sma i1 f eiry, un-
llul ill} I hi I .liny n .JL> nt but I. t I a< 1 t
fill bo IL < 4j|Hii I utl it t I i csiiu: n l a t lui ui
l.. !
brell i dl 1 led
1 1 Ui de. 1 bl Ullb
OU ( r event 1 v had been
cither
of the I WoTliere is no < finner, t i on between Gambp I a and the* project ',re'' south of t ho Ram river. Tho only possible overlnnd ronnrcHon in from GambpJa Io ft.Ang, about 65 km downstream on the north bank of the faro, and by canoe across fho Raro,
The track GamheI a-ftang is in a deplorable state, and becomes virtually impassable with the onset- of the first rains.
GamboI a has an airstrip with regular flights to Addis Ababa, hut the strip is in a poor condition. Smaller airstrips exist at
Pokwo and ftang, but those can only be used by small planes and under fair wheat her conditions.
If the Raro is in flood, the river is navigable and Gambela ran ho rearherl from the White Nijp-system, even by commercial traffic. In far t, some’ dorados ago Gambe14 »jsed to have more or less regular shipping services with the downstream areas as far as Khartoum.
Il will hr clear by now that the present means of access to the area arc i nsuf f ir jr»nt o support development on any reasonable scale.
1.8 i
.in-1 w11 j i i * -
Thus far, the ecosystem in the Gambell pl i n has hard:? been affected by man. Natural conditions, in pirtiu' i* hydro ?gy, st:
play a predominant role.
The hydro 1 og ic.i I •: ituation a II st Ages of ! Ioodi ng, from no I stage hi-; its »wn vegrtat io 
i ,*r*d by o*;.*:
:h animal ip«c i«s • i
:r
t•■- <n • ■
habitat , depending on vegetation, hydrology md -li!to>*. sine*? the variety in vegetation and hydrological c ond i z i :r» in the p’. i:n is so large, a large variety of animal ,pe;:es •an be f.mnd. :r s iescrio— 
r
t ion of the va r i ous spec i es ref erm
of the Gamhe I i Awraja" bv Dr. Tewelde Berhun.
Animats in the plain migrate with 
- •
migration pattern has
"It seems that the
whole plain is involved in that any agricultural devel anima I migrat ion.
When viewed with the
-
also been des-ribed 
mam animal movements
these movements. opmen t in the p i i n
The wa bv
X’V
: <
. • $e r han 
aa’ -n e ST, : nd rhe r a is thus
- a
:i.r ne no doubt
* :
ar
tura I deve io Since the m<» have to be 1 Nor t h-Sou t ii Even though with seasona majority or i parts of the
an ima1 1 -i
Che focus »r
:!i ■'
1 Vernen t I s East'West, are
»pment w i I I restr 1 c the • inge
J i r e i c ion 111 )r d e r to I e. the r i nd i ngs or rhe preaent sc
1 St Lid l e > . L L Seems t ha 1 the m l m.i Is Li Heavier l.
»ng al ong the East'West 1I rect
i i
W • 3e
ittent: • IJ
IH’V -
■ u if t
■u «nd aar r >
tit J .
t He d 1 t He
irupj udV "lave 4a ’West souc hern
t g r . li ne in a t ‘ -»
’ll "He
le Hl i.Bal Bov efi»en t i . 
ij L
_ O
ovesieiM nan i a
he< <ed
t Me
p L i in •
the
•lor t.iefn
De ve t upawti t I he id w i sv v n v» i ■> auiukiLj Ukvn ml
he
be
au Juuch
'Iwhc V «j
i t
i•
*L U 1 I tc hu huhaviour3S
Dr. Tewolde Berhan warns against actions which might endanget the rare Nile Lechwe living in the Ju a swa p
"Though the swamp system is probably extensive eno gh not to be dij^ turbed by fertilizers and biodegradable herbicides and pesticides>
non-biodegradable herbicides and pesticides could atnage it and ad_ versely affect the Nile Lechwe. It is, in fact, to be recommended 
that only biodegradable herbicides and pesticides be used .
When considered from the agricultural development point of view, there are several problems of an ecological nature which could become serious. The main problems are: animal predation, particular] by elephants, buffaloes and hippopotami, and damage to grain crops birds such as the quelea and the weaver.
LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES
. 1 Development alternatives
Four development alternatives could be envisaged for the Gambela plain
NO-development
has not
For several reasons, the idea not to develop the plain at all been considered by Consultants:
- It would require a comparison of investments in the plain and else where in Ethiopia, which clearly is beyond the scope of the present study;
- Consultants know from experience that the large-scale agricultural
development of an area is often faced with problems as enormous as
in the Gambela plain, since the easiest and economically most attrac tive possibilities for use are usually already out.
- Development in the Gambela plain will take place whether there is a plan cr not: the choice is not between development or no development, but between planned development or uncontrolled development.
Consultants would like to point out here that rejection of the 7 '“development alternative does not necessarily mean that the whole
uld be developed: large areas may still be selected for non- development. Moreover, most of the area that will be earmarked for development will remain undeveloped for a long time.
f or the
r
number cf w; 11, 
• 'atilt by re'-r '-ever, be lo
al ^ady an important source of livelihood
poss^le t0 increase the quality and
IntenJ f i "azpensive means; the benefits per ha
few pfcujJt
*•< • 11 erne nt
w.
M.s.equfenti., , i grazing would require relatively
Ch. 239
Intensified grazing may serve to be the only suiU' c development in areas unsuited for agricultural development ot for which agricultural development has been planned at a a e
type ot in ureas
date.
(3) Rainfed_agriculture
Although rainfall in the plain is in p rinciple sufficient to 
grow some crops without irrigation, rainfed ag alternative for areas subject to flooding for
- The annual production will be low and highly variable.
- The costs will be relatively high because of the need fot drainage and diking.
riculture is an unsuitable
the following reasons:
.
.
- Because of the above two factors rainfed agriculture will probably 
be less economic than irrigated agriculture, with yields which are several times higher than those obtainable by means of rainfed agri culture at, at most, twice the cosL.
- Drainage tends to increase the peak flows and the water levels in 
the rivers to which is drained. Diking leads to a reduction in the
area available for storage of flood flows and consequently to an increase in peak flows and water levels outside the diked-in areas.
If applied on a large scale, diking and drainage without upstream storage will, therefore, have significant adverse effects for areas situated outside the diked-in areas in Ethiopia and downstream.
Nevertheless, rainfed agriculture is likely to become important in areas subject to flooding if such areas lie inside an irrigation area
and are unsuitable for irrigation, and in transitional situations.
In the higher areas not subject to flooding, which occur on the fringes
of the plain, rainfed agriculture may often prove the best alternative. These areas occupy only a relatively minor part of the plain, however.
(4)
Irrigated agriculture is the only type of development which uses the resources of the area, land and water, to the full. Irrigated agri
culture is economically more attractive than rainfed agriculture. In the greater part of the plain as has been explained above. Since rainfed agriculture is not likely to become a development alternative for large parts of the plain, irrigated agriculture is the only development alter native able to support a large number of migrants.
Two types of irrigated agriculture are possible: supplemental wet season irrigation, which does not require storage, and year-round irrigation, which does require storage if implemented in areas larcer than 5,000 ha.
Supplemental wet season irrigation will cost about as much as year-round irrigation, but will produce only about half the yields Moreover, if supplemental irrigation is to be pursued on a large scale
it will cause significant adverse effects outside the diked-in areas
in Ethiopia and farther downstream, Supplemental wet season irrigation is therefore not to be recommended as a long-term development altcr-
S
Ch, 2fc
ZiO
Uicc-scale year
it .."-round irrigated agriculture, 
ipated agriculture", requires the construction
hencefc— 
or th t ~
frircJ to as "irrigj
ibiliues. f toror economically feasible storage
.
c
— a of
storage dams. The poss
<rc limited. so (
that the total area eventually to be irrigated"
Hout ’5O.(W ha, in size
••.............. '
T "' rc“!ni»f area could bc
r-dcvelepment or intensified grazing. no:
w.
•>, l,0 [or
Irrigated agricultural development, which as stated 
inplics the construction of storage dams, is the only form f °
ultural development which may also benefit downstream ri • aRli-
th.- irrigation water will consist of stored flood waters an?"* * Rt,ll
e . 
s
■u flew and the flood reduction brought about by the rr> ‘J-
c
decrease flood damage and water losses downstream. rcserv°its win ’
In sum, it can be argued that the type of development to b> Cirec at in the part of the plain subject to flooding is irrigated''
uiture. It is the only type of development which will make full 3gri' the available resources and which can support a large number of nf Se °f
55
Rainfed agriculture is suitable for the higher-lying areas ^ '
•.he fringe of the plain, for areas within an irrigation area which 7 
•jnsuited for irrigation and for areas in a transitional situation evi ■ stages
In the final stage of development an area of about 350,000 ha may be irrigated throughout the year in the Gambol a plain.
nn turh
tc
* ’’’
about
areas which are However, the part
■ 000 t .tbb ti<rc- are urgent reasons to do otherwise, the
storage dams in the Baro basin could ulti-
f sufficient water for the irrigation of
\. f use Baro water should be situated along the Baro.
and between the Earc 170,000 ha fsee
t cf the plain located on the north bank of the Baro 
at.
anc th( i.\wero-Mokway(s) only measures about
e ,, swamps not included. This means that at some
future cate irrig,atiun cf the foothills along the Baro or on the south 
bank of the Alwcrc may have to be considered. At this stage, it suffices
to bear in mine that »nt design of the early stages should enable, or
better still, facilitate the implementation of the final stage.
bc< aubt < f th< <>f basif hydr< logical data pertaining to
'■
:'
nd t In 1 ac k of suit able
maps for part of the i.ea, .t it impossible to accurately indicate hov 
much land can be ultimately irrigated with water from these rivers-
The most likely figure is about plair. measures about
ha. T|,t non-swamp area in the ha. Subl ra< t ion of the area to be irrigated
with Earo water leaves t,<»«, .(/gj ha at t>< t en t i a 1 1 y irrigable for the Southern rivers. This area it Jut tiled south of the Alwtro. In view o!
the irrigation potential available, a large part of this died must
• 1 ‘ -
• • • '
ir. t he soulL anu wet t • ! th, 
good idea t u reserve a • uiwpat i <‘I ‘ 1 t ..i hlin jiiig<>ii».h development
'wildlife, grazing). !hit would imply i ilui , |lt ii, 1|<M >MII
»•! »,u
il<**•-« /— 7-
A I
Hoiiilwrn rivern Iihvp to Bp nituated near the entrance points of the rivers into the plain. A( flu's time if is unnecessary to make a del 1 i I i vr recoiiimenda t i on as regards this point.
Lack of basic data make
the southern rivers
unsuitable for
early As a Baro, 
development, so that this will only be possible along the Baro.
result of the construction of storage dams and 
Lhe flooding situation in the plain is
likely 
diking along the to change. How it
will change is difficult to tell. On the one hand there is the effect
of diking, which tends to increase the frequency, depth and duration 
of flooding, and on the other hand tin* reduction in flood peaks caused by the storage reservoirs will probably result in a decreasing fre
quency, depth and duration of flooding. Consultants expect that the maximum water levels along the Baro between the diked-in areas will slightly increase, while the depth, frequency and duration of flooding 
in the areas outside the dikes in the western and southern parts of
the plain will decrease a little. The average water losses will prob
ably decrease in Ethiopia as well as in downstream countries.
First stage
As has been explained earlier, long-term irrigation dev< cment should start in the plain along the Biro. Year-round irrigative n t.nis
area requires storage. The evaluation of storage possibilities ~*?sented in Subsection 3.5 revealed that construction of 1 dim i? tne 3 
site is l he only suitable .liternative for early developmer:. T> ; dam
will enable irrigation of about 100,000 ha and reduce the maximum monthly flow at Gambol a by 100 mVsec. An appreciable but marker ible quantity of power - to be transmitted mainly to Addis Ababa - mav be generated at a damsite powerhouse with an installed capacitv of about
?
Out of the 170,000 of the Baro and between the
ha which can be irrigated Baro and Alwer >, 
on the norm
selected as a first phase*)
100,000
ha has zbe
area shown in Fig. 5 on the
• lhe most favourable area
next page.
pr oao1y is
Dank
* he
The flood reduction t insufficient co eliminate overbank flow bank m the Baro river will be necessary the Alwero are known to be lower chan in to the Alwero), so that diking 
the flood levels in the Alwero. 
towards the Alwero may become possible.
to be effectuated by so that
Now the the Bare
on the south bank As a consequence.
- le -amber La lam i diking n tie south 
high * a t e r levels La
over ban* fh .Hevea
w
the Bar • 
_ 1 1 Lower
■jrav lev drainage
X
Fhe possibil itlvi tol
dam would not
to
■ h i pi v I Liwina< y . ,llt
1 1i i ga l l on l n he promising
1 “ s 1 *“ He vd •>
L he roothi
I
’ -
11 ea
ilea, near me
’ uneven and ston
ev
< h .62
Because of the topographical situation the construction of a
'0-kir ionp canal frotr the dair. to the potential irrigation area would 
bi ar. extremely costly affair. Irrigation water will have to be provided 
>■ the bare near the irrigation area, therefore. To this end, two alter
natives may be considered:
a. The construction of low weirs with gates downstream of the Adura
bifurcation Ir. tne Adura and Baro (see Fig. 5). The weirs would
eac tc a sufficient rise in the water level of the Baro and Adura
to mart gt. .t\ irrigation possible. To reduce the number of gates
and th< c.k< height a floodway could be created in the direction 
ol the Aiwere.
b. Fumpmj froc tn< bare and Aduro into hi gher 1 y ing irrigation canals.
-
ity for the pumps could be supplied by the Gambela dam.
11 this a.ternat.ve .s chosen it will not be possible to fully 
Jti.izc the -ncreast ir. low flow, unless low ungated weirs will be built at the tan* place as indicated under (a).
The first alternative probably requires a higher initial in" vehement, but ma) prove tc be cheaper on the basis of annual cost,
the choice of gravity irrigation has some unmistakable advantages over pumping
h reservoir creates by the barrages can serve as a reregulating pone. Gonllictt between hydropower generation (during the first and
- II 6L“Bef' ““ \
'*•- thu. be minimired.
water which n^y have to be diverted southwards
in the future ..an be diverted by gravity.
Ch.By (iprrnting i In* barrages in wh n way that mor* wit*r will pa
I hrough I h* Ad urn in th* w* t s*ason , it will b* poss i b1 * to r *d u I Iip losspR towardfl th* Machar marsh*, in tho Sudan without this l r volving any fostj for Ethiopia.
Navigation will b* poflRibl* throughout th* y*ar.
I hr* pro j*< t
I,000 
m iI Iion Birr
, 
out 1 in*d o f whi'h
a project
3
above may reqjiro an investment about JOG mi 1 I ion wi J I be taken
of
up
a br i t
by lb*
power far i 1 i t i *s.
St nd i <?« for
of this s i z* will fca>* 
v & years.
The evaluation of result', n*go t a t i <ms w i *• p - ’ *- * j a
r
7 ■
least f i nanriers and 
downs! ream countries, and th* d*sign and prs^irs’ may lake another j years, while rhe ■ns-’’
and dikes will take at Hast '* years.
7
• . -
r7
-
tender do<~ m*nt> dam, parrage s
(For an
— ^®gra~®d tn* sc~edi
of all project works, start until some result, of the pilot ran be completed around 1995 phase irrigation area of Development of the entire
rate of 10,000 ha/y» i r the GambeI a plain such a
<s?cr<» c Fig. 9/95;. 
Con > i d* r i ng p r j o —. ire
" a - • :e a t id ie av 11 j > bIe. the dam i, w«’ is
r id y it ’ h* 
r
.it th* r.ir i i •i* 10,000-20.060 r i '
.irr.i may r i . . I y ” a> i •. high by tr- in i ;
rate will b** *vm mor* 
"’m*
? —
>
? deve
- *7—----------
i-d
/■■».!•
- j .
* ' i * j
1
I
fC 1 : 'J
si nre t he rr
10.000 ha)
an be sett
100.000-h.i reduced by
pr<>< edurc will development ol
irr
W1I lg.lt
settler, tab out 5 t/ vc to he migrant,. In fa r , rh«» I probably determine rh.- time
ion ar
icn s ind r
« p •* **d 
r .* q»i x r *d ” * , r 11 . * r •; r’ x j r * d
HSX .
7^
;:
i «* ■p ' he 'U "5 e
t hr 11 •:«• ot me
But • z *n t .n»rn , t ie ?•*' '
hr r.|
t o t a I
Thr number of
i zed farming, 
nd 1t wouI ! be
J of 100,000 ha
unrealiit
• u i 1 be j e»- t rd f
M-d . - < i
epee :
: rui -
the year ? have been
•»f C imbe I .i
v.ir lous act ivit ie, 
i
no t t hr
The Lid. .1
i ii
t hr I IB fgrjtrd
: • 
: m<-
•-•wp
;r 1 r— tc
111 I I d« ve I npmrnt
above wi1 flows w i1 reduvrd . countries
! I If
semis | ii i
also benet
he come higher
* ’ i **U t ’ on* I ml i t d »wns t r earn
Ullt
this i on< 1 us ion i s
may be found willing
1e slaves
and water 1. saes . confirmed b/
he '
-i r : n e r
■st? t-tun « ■i ’ xd . 
he
F
lQ
pav part _»r
t he □r o • ••
11
After the rirst plain will &« completed 
3 t sever
□ r the 1 i r g e — *3 
i
me n t
further stor age
Ln the baro
>t already been done irrigation areas or a other rivers. A third Ue:» simultaneously
f
s t ar t
appr ’ache.-j are OU Id De
hydropower purpot»e->.
•u 1 J r>« 
’»ad a < i. l n 
po 33LhllLtV
wou j he r u
•n^ . lur-u,
K 7 ea3e t n
c
’le leve.jpiaent >ur *ue loth t Td>e
le
I e e »p-
» l.ia i u >
>.I
i
4.3
Short-term development
Consultants do not think it advisable to move from the de
^°nS
. 
-------------~U»-
t-r» bho PTlViqPOPrl 1
U
OoU scheme. ^^'“"Xe’perieneu “ ”
scheme is needed in which to g 
y Short-term development of another somewhat biggGr
- of
i on and drainage and to get
irr gati
migrants,
a „ accurate idea of actua be uneconomical, since with diesel pumps and a reason, it is recommende small as possible: a prJ be sufficient. An irrig 
construction cost. Such a project tends to
irri8atton
and drainage pu» „
pi 8
— - - — -
access w£U bave t0 be built. For th£s
size q£ this second project as
y 
involving 5,000 ha of irrigation should of ^hat gize would not lead to too
. £ a reduction in natural low
a ht
-
The Itang project described in the next chapter may be just JI the kind of short-term development model on a larger scale which is
needed.
4.4 Recommended studies and investigations for long-term development P£2l££lZ££lated_studies
Studies for the first stage of the large-scale development, involving the construction of a storage dam with power house and the irrigation of 100,000 ha, should start soon if such a project is to provide its first benefits by 1995. Feasibility studies of a complex project of this size will be costly, so that a reconnaissance study 
is recommended, firstly to limit the scope and size of the feasibility studies and secondly to determine whether or not such a first stage is feasible.
More precisely
should be:
- the selection
of
the
- the selection
of
the
- determination
of
the
gation area;
- the preparation of a
- the identification of all
defined, the aims of the reconnaissance study
damsite;
irrigation area;
size of the dam, the power house and the irri“*
- the 4t-»z4,C
the economic merits of the project;
realistic construction schedule;
sll costs and benefits and an indication of
,,
,
~£
---- r - ~ j 9
u
the indication of all other non-economic factors which may affect project decisions;
determination of the scope and cost of further studies.
Slnce at P stnt only very limited data are available a con
re
st erable quantity of field work would be required to enable the r . t “V "oun^ exclusions. Such a reconnaissance study is estl
"' bit on 
tributton to be made by local experts and agencies.
a' T yearS- The C°BL Wil1 also dePend the C°n'
Ch. 245
It would take some time as well as some consultation with tie Government to elaborate the terms of reference and the cost of the reconnaissance study recommended above.
General_inyestigations_and_studi.es
In order to enable the evaluation of long series of rainfall, runoff and water level data, the following construction activities
are recommended in order of priority:
- one or two rainfall stations in the Gilo river basin;
- one discharge measuring station in the Gilo river near its entrance
into the plain;
- two additional discharge measuring stations in the Baro basin, which in view of access possibilities had best be located in the Birbir
and Baro river, respectively, upstream of their confluence;
- one or two rainfall stations and a discharge measuring station in 
the Akobo river basin.
Installation of a number of water level recorders and discharge measuring stations in the interior of the plain in fact also has a high priority, but on the basis of the topographical data now available it
is not possible to indicate their locations. Moreover, most suitable locations are still virtually inaccessible at present.
It is also recommended to periodically check the long-term development perspectives against the background of new data which may have become available or changed internal and external conditions.
Ch. 246
CHAPTER 3
HANG : AN AREAjnCTTJFIED^
DEVELOPMENT IN THE GAMBELA_PLA1N
1 REVIEW ANP EVALUATION OF EXISTING DATA
1.I Area demarcation
Considering the accessibi1itv of the area, it would seem to be advisable that project development should start in the eastern part
nd be extended westwards. The area between Gambela and the 425-m contour] inc approximatcly 45 km of Gambela lies at the foot of the
Is; most likely it is strongly rolling and heavily overgrown and hence, 'css suitable for large-scale agricultural development.
Lowcr-lving and more level land is found west of the 425-m line. It includes an area of some 30,800 hectares selected by 
'or agricultural purposes. This area is bounded in the north by 
thi bar'' river and in the south by the Alwero river; its eastern 
id ary fellows the 425-m contour line, and the western boundary is
< line running southwest from the Baro river. The northern 
■ n- <. • ♦<rr b^ ndaries follow from the natural conditions, the western is felt tc be more or less arbitrary. The southern boundary,
. ^rt.clc from a technical point of view, may prove impracti- *. :r ary agricultural development plan envisaged for the
.er should be given high priority. Any measures rests.<♦ flooding must be based on the conf i gura t i on of
^rr.r.agt basins. Project boundaries should, therefore, coincide jr. boundaries. A boundary running right across a drainage
in t amount tc ignoring future land improvement requirements and may lead tc an increase in the cost involved.
Topography
Aerla. photography of the J tang
'• 60,000 <the
area on a scale
t< Consultants, have served as units.
;? eflSt<rn P*rr of the TAMS study area) .............................. .................... __
of approximate was available*
a basis for the
to ^rflP*i£ proved useful for interpretation and -..e ident i f i < a t j on of the physiographic
J urt l.ermor* , . < loured t
plain on rs i < J ;
have mainly served a.. Hie plain in Chapter ?
maps of t |lt. 
|, j
w o £. 
, he Cambela
'
u ‘" "-d. available to Consultants. These y-H'round material for , discussion about<; <; o oh
LOCATION OF THE ITAN6 AREA
k 
\——..-1
/.9
j , 3 Hydro-meteorology
Rainfall
Rainfall data are needed to assess the drainage and irrigat
requirements, and yield potentials in rainfed conditions.
There are no rainfall stations in the project area. Because the
rainfall pattern in the plain is fairly homogeneous, the records o 
stations in the neighbourhood of the project area could be use
Table 2 in Subsection 3.3 of Chapter 2 summarizes all available
rainfall data of the plain. The data show that rainfall decreases in 
east-west direction from about 1,300 mm at Gambela to about 1, mm
at Pokwo and 800 mm at Nasser (Sudan). In southern direction the rain 
also appears to decrease; at Akobo the average rainfall is about 900 mm
In view of its location just east of Pokwo, an average rain 
fall of about 1,000 mm in the east and of about 950 mm in the west of
the Itang area would seem to be likely.
The decrease in average rainfall is rather caused by a lesser number of rainy days than by a lower intensity of the rain showers as can be noted from Table 11.
Table 11 - Rainfall per rainy day - Gambela plain
j Station’ Average rainfall [Number of days per year [Rain per rainy day | 
1
1
-L
| with rainfall > 1 mm
(imn/year)
1
(mn)
Gambela|
1,315
i
i
97
! 3.6
Pokwo |
1 ,036
i
i
i
i
82
[ 12.6
Akobo |
909
70
Nasser [
13.0
812
[
65
12.5
Approximately 85% of the annual rain falls in the wet season 
from May through October. The monthly standard deviations for Gambela
shown in Table 2 point to a great variation. The risk of no rain at
all or little rainfall in the period November through April is con
siderable. It is probably even greater and will persist over a longer
period in the Itang area.
lor drainage studies the maximum rainfall within a short period 
is important; Table 12 shows the maxima for Gambela.
The records for Pokwo cover too short a period m
frequency „„,lysia tor thi, stati( n „
,
lo the rokuo .lata. the results will he about th, sa,e as these’fer' Gambela, as the maximum daily rainfall varies slightly tl.n
Plain. It is therefore felt that the Cambell r . . f
e
saielv used for th- Itang project. 
m
Pintail maxima can be
L"
Ch. 150
Gambela area Table 12 - Short-period rainfall maxima
i Length of I Rainfall with a probability of exceedance of once j„
"I
i
i
i
i
i
i— i
i i i i i i i i
period i- (davs) !
i
5 years
1
2
3
5
2 years 84
°5
106 136
i '
3 years i
----
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
90
1 10
116
154
T
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
100
126
139
173
Other climatic_dala
Gambela is the nearest station at which other climatic data
are measured. The records cover too short a period, however, and are
often incomplete and sometimes unreliable. But since the climate in 
the plain is fairlv homogeneous, the Gambela data will also more or
less hold true for the Itang area (see Table 13).
Piche evaporation data have been collected at the Sudan consu late at Gambela. These data are of little use since they show hardly 
any relation with the actual evaporation from open water or crops. Evaporation should, therefore, be estimated by means of the Penman formula on the basis of climatic data such as temperature, wind speed, sunshine duration and relative humidity. Wind speeds and sunshine du ration measured at Gambela were unreliable or insufficient for use in 
the Penman formula. For the computation of the Penman evaporation, the sunshine duration data of Malakal in the Sudan, which lies in the same
:limatic zone, have teen used. These data are also given in Table 13.
Wind speeds have been tentatively estimated at 0 to 2 m/sec during the
dry season and at 2 tc 4 m/sec in the wet season,
evaporation computed on the basis of these data is also shown in Table 3.
logy of the Earo river has been discussed in Subsec- -hapter 2. k.thout upstream storage about 5 m^/sec may be
diverted fron the river . r. the dry season. Diversion of even this small
/<. £ the risk of insufficient water or lack of water in about one out of ten years.
or the design cf the- Itang project, also the high and the low > ir. the Earc river near the project area must be known. 
" ater TT bfcen
tJe drv drdiv inc ’
nd LT '
at Itang since 1976 and at Jikao -'‘•spite the short period involved, the records of Itang 
y useful, because 1976 was a year with very high dis"
T tta£°n
‘''''
r c'Ordt
,rt, 'er B
wi
l9?/< flG°dfc sl,w
discharges in water level
, ‘"W .......... ‘><-ds 1,100 m<
"at tie T 31 
6l, °Wf * 'T ,eVe)
. " 1.100 m /sec spills over th. banks upstream
".is indicates
and near Ir-
lx, ts>s
f
X ;L'
€ J aI !,,
e J tang gauge wab about fj.34 m.
,tie i"web' f,ow
................................... 17 -’/<•••« "• ■*".
(h. iTatie 13 - Climatic data applicable to the Itang area
1
Temperature at Gambela*
l_ - —__i
Bright
sunshine
1
[ Relative humidity
| Estimated
i
"l
Penman
-I
1 at Maiaka 1 [_------------------ i
at Gambela
| wind velocity | evaporation
[ mean daily mean daily | maximum minimum (
XX at
at
1 at Gambela i
i i i
(°C)
-J
(°c)
;
—1—
(Z)
| 08.00 hrs 1 12.00 hrs ; (z) 1 (Z)
-L
(Eo) | at Gambela i
i
i
i
(m/sec)
i
(mm/day)
January
f ebruary Ma r c h Apr i 1
Me y
June Ju i y
Augus t
36.8 j 18.2 83 55 27
L_ 1 1
1 2.2
37.6
19.7
82
50
26 1 2.7
38.5 ! 21.3 73 49 29
36.8 33.6 31.8 30.7 
; 30.8 
; 22.0 70 61 36 21.4 ; 60 74 39
1
1
1
1
; 20.7 
| 45 79 57
3.0
3.2
2.0
I .5 1.2 1 .0
n— ----- ------- n 6.6
i /7 .oS 8.5
1 
| 7.8 5.6 4.6
; 20.4 39 83
1 20.3 ; 4 5
85
60
62
i
1
4.1
4.3
Sep ( embe r 31.7 
OcLube r ! 33.4 
; 20. i
; 50 78
1
1
1 0.7
i
i
i 19.6 60 72
November
34.6 
| 18.9 
|
;
ii
i
;
79
89
66
59
68
57
52
4 2
l 1
1
1
1
1
1 .0 i 1
I .2
i •. i
bee ember 1 35.8 
i8.3 
14
1 >5 .%J
6. 1
1 
;
41
i
2.0
Annua 1
i
i
» 
1
1
i
I
.1____ __
f-------------------------- 1
dVeldge 1 34 . 3 1 20.1 
i
i
__ 1- - - . J__ -___ __ ___ _____ ______
6 5
4 1
1 .8 • Q Q 1
L_ _ _____ l
The absolute maximum rarely exceeds 45*\ j lie absolute minimum is above 10°C.
The ^uriihine duration at Gatubela is estimated at 90.' ot that at Malakal.52
By measuring the water slope, the water levels at d0Wnst
jocations can be estimated. If this is done at a distance of
eu kilometres from the Itang gauge, one such measurement will J a
ficient, if the distance is wider, at least two measurements win !Uf'
needed, namely one during the wet season and one during the drv Season
on
Insufficient data the water levels along
were available to estimate the effect of the Baro river.
Vater_gualitv
During the 1977 dry season, a water sample from the
was taken which revealed an electric conductivity of 0 12 h river sodium absorbtion ratio of 0.14 and a pH of 7.5, Water' • , Os'cni> a
perties can be classified as being of excellent quality for -
he G Pr
- °'
purposes. There is no reason to suspect a lesser aualitv J T5lgati°n 
of the year or to fear a deterioration of the quality in able future. 
times
' ln t*le foresee*
No data are available about the sediment content of the water
but it would not seem to be so high that special measures are needed ’
to make the water suitable for irrigation.
Groundwater
No data are available about the occurrence and the quality of groundwater resources.
Soil and land capability
TAMS has carried out a broad reconnaissance soil survey, using an uncontrolled air-photo mosaic, scale 1 : 60.000, as a base map.
The resulting scil map in the TAMS report shows that the field data for
the air-photc interpretation work was based on a number of widely spaced, incomplete crcss-sections. The paucity in ground observations has most likely beer, caused by the very poor accessibility of the area, a severe problem, also experienced by Consultants.
Consequently, TAMS had to rely on the air-photo interpretation in which topographic and vegetation features provide the key for estab lishing scil boundaries. The field information supplies the basis for correlation between soils and discernible features on the aerial photo graphs.
The TAMS map suggests that a strong correlation exists between soils
at the scil series level and vegetation.
The photo interpretation was, therefore, mainly based on the vegetation pattern; Consultants have (Leched the surmized correlation and could only establish a direct link between elevation and vegetation. For tni reason Consultants Lave hesitated to attach much significance to the
soil series boundaries as established and the resulting areal extent
for the recognized soil series which were calculated from the emboun e units on the map. The selection of a pilot project area in which the
main soil units as given by TAMS should be represented was thus jeopflr di zed.
ch. 353
Ln order to close the gap in essential information Consu tan s have attempted to make a new air-photo interpretation in which not
soils were mapped but areas in which a set of specific conditions cou 
be embounded with some degree of accuracy. The physiographic map ( P
a
no 1) is the result of this effort.
TAMS’ investigations had revealed that the soils as recognized and de, scribed do not varywidely in characteristics and the limitation soil
is a relatively uniform factor throughout the area. Limitations such 
as ’flooding’ and ’topography’ appeared to vary considerably and to be
of relatively higher importance to development purposes.
TAMS has given little attention to this aspect, probably since irrigated agriculture was not given high priority at that stage of the investiga
tions.
The physiographic map as compiled allows to make a qualitative assess ment of recognized physiographic units as regards their suitability for either rainfed or irrigated agriculture.
The land capability established by TAMS has been purely based on soil characteristics and does not take into account the external
factors flooding and topography, which have been found to be the severest constraints on agricultural development, particularly on irri gation .
According to the land capability classification by TAMS almost the whole of the 30,000-ha Itang area belongs to Class 2. Consultants agree that most of the land could be raised to the class-2 level if all external limitations such as flooding, topography and drainage, were re moved but this is expected to be prohibitive in terms of costs.
The emphasis put on the factor soil has deviated the attention from the relatively more important issue, namely the economic feasibility of developing the land up to its potential capacity (class 2). Consultants main aim has been to rectify this apparent shortcoming but they were restricted in doing so by the lack of data of resources which could not be supplemented within the study period.
Agriculture and livestock production
The present situation is well described in
limited number of farmers are cropping small areas
the
TAMS
report. A
the Baro river. These levees are not flooded.
on 
the
levees along 
lent physical structure and are fertile. Maize
quite often followed by sorghum when the floods recede.
The
soils
have
an excel— 
is the main crop; it is
paration is done with the planting stick. No inputs are lelds are reasonable and the production oer holcb’ne is
meet the farmer’s family needs, with little to snare on
Some soil pre used .
Hut have to be bought. Fish, which is abundant in the Baro river
sufficient necessit ies
,e
the mam source of proteins.
I* xl uns i on services or credit. f * ' i I i t i » ■ ..
‘; nt iH ................. plain. Xecentlv, some peasant assoc iations'haCl b " picture gtven bv TAMS about present livesto-k nr I r
river.
to 
t orms
1 • ' , initiated
to be realistic. Livestock production is Xu taet^e WUld Nuer tribesmen. 
‘** ^£d by transhumant Ch.'XX
ft
5A
Area «ith
vast areas of fertile soils, fa
supply °£ water £rom
Mt"’"’" SiU ‘nett natural coniitiona tor livoat^
hl’"4”'"
1
 feu exact data
r
.... are W ot the actual nuri>«. of
prevailing diseases. It is,
"°wev. p actual ^^rg^fed survey be made of the cattle pop^
»>-'?■ ‘^estea that • ^tial
thereto*®’ 'diseaSes and tne8r.^ areas in Che plain, 
te
fatten. 
development programme for the plain, TAMS
working out the c dieted itself to pla &
r\l2s vho vilf only maxze an blg l cambela Research Sta
r
settlement of farmers from the sorghum. Considering the results
g,
such as cotton, upland rice, pufSe
-^XucTeVsfZ: provided that the flooding and «* soW'
Soil preparation in the heavy soils may prove difficult and 
ploughing with oxen may not be very successful. Soil tillage practices
will be one of the first subjects to be investigated on the proposed 
pilot scheme, therefore.
Apart from rainfed cropping, irrigated agriculture may be con
sidered. The topography in fairly large areas of the plain may cause the
implementation of an irrigation system to be so expensive as to make
irrigated agriculture economically less attractive. But on the other
hand, the introduction of irrigation will reduce the risk of crop fail
ures; higher inputs can then be applied, resulting in higher yields.
A wider range of crops can be cultivated and cropping will also be pos
sible during the dry season which will boast crop production enormous
ly.
Or. the basis of studies in other areas in Ethiopia, it is gener al Iv assumed that livestock production will not be feasible in the plain. But, considering the favourable conditions and the many potentials as also indicated by TAMS, opportunities for livestock production may be even mere favourable than for crop production which calls for rather high investments in flood protection and drainage works, and possibly 
irrigation system. Of course, first diseases have to be brought under control, and production has to be improved. Improved cattle raising, disease control and the feasibility of different types of livestock 
production will be subjects of study on the
pilot scheme.
1.6
Settlement
Upon completion, the J tang project will
settlement projects in Ethiopia, even if a cons area were occupied by state farms. These- farms ’ power and hence will have to recruit labourers.
ih. 155
The TAMS Btiidy ABflumea a farm size under rainfed conditions of
3 hn per aettler’a family. Thio would Allow to accommodate more than 7,000 familina on the project. The Settlement Authority favours sett e ment projects based on a 2-ha farm size (for irrigation schemes). On the other hand, the Government wants to establish a number of state farms in the Ttang project. It can be safely assumed, therefore, that ultimately thousands of families will have to be accommodated.
Experiments gained so far in Ethiopia, and quite extensively quoted in the TAMS study, have shown that even on the more successful settlement schemes not more than 100, or at the most 200 families, have been settled in any one year. Most of the schemes are situated m areas which are less remote and have a better accessibi 1 ity than Itang.
In this light it is difficult to imagine an operation as envisaged in 
the TAMS report involving the settlement of 7,200 families in three years’ time. Even with a minimum of supporting measures on the part of the project management this would be too ambitious a target under Ethiopian conditions, and considering the natural and infrastructural conditions as they are and will be in the Gambela plain . As will be stated later (Subsection 3.3), potential settlers will have to come primarily from the Anuak groups in the Gambela area. In view of the present agricultural practices among these groups and the small num bers of vocationally trained people within the tribe, quite a techno logical gap* will have to be bridged before thousands of Anuak families can take part in an agricultural development project which is based on modern technology and practices. In other words, the settlement opera tion would require careful programming, experienced leadership and in creased extension activities. It is doubtful that this can be achieved within a short period and on a scale which will allow the settlement
of more than 2,000 families in one year.
2 DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES
I he Gambela pLain, of which the Itang project
part, lies in the Baro-Akobo river basin, one of rhe r the development of which the Valleys Agricultural Deve has been established.
forms a small iver valley3, for lopment Athority
1’he main objective of agriculture in the valleys in 
tion as a contribution towards
pia.
The Itang project area is virtual cultural development is an objective, whi settling farmers’ families from elsewhere them with cultivable land.
the VADA is rhe development of irr order to me r ease food and ma
the socio-economic develooment of
igared produc- Echio—
lv uninhabited, and its agri-
ch can only be achieved by re
in Che country and providing
The purpose of the
lation pressure in the Ethiopian highlands.
Population growth in the rural areas ot the ru.-hlml
t- or a magnitude requiring the resett ement oj J ■ “ ■ ,
proiect could not be to alleviate the popu-
s.
1
C°
•—- settlers wouLd po^ io!^^
lh. 3problems for a long period to come, provided that sufficient iarj(| 
be found and prepared for them each year nt all. In th context
|
t )0
ltang project could make only a very modest contribution to solVe t] problem of relative overpopulation in the ng) an s.
Beside the main objective of developing land and water re
Beside the main in the Baro-Akobo river accessibility of the area in 
So ..
valley, the project will serve to enhance th uiva in general, which will allow both the agrj
cultural and non- more modern ways
i-agricultvral population to familiarize themselves w‘
; of living through the improved physical and instit ^h
u
t ional
infrastructure.
FRAMEWORK FOR A DEVELOPMENT PLAN: IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL
AND CONSTRAINTS
3.1 Land and water resources
For a clear description of the resources of the ltang Project
area, the landscape has been divided into physiographic units as shown 
on Map 1. The topographic base of this map is of arbitrary value since
it hac to be taken from single photographs. Particularly for the south
ern part, distortion of scale has occurred. The map shows roughly the
distribution and the approximate extent of units in which a particular
set of conditions such as topography, vegetation, flooding and probably 
soils determine its agricultural development potentials. Because of
rhe paucity in data and the inaccuracies noted in the information sup-
:c-d, Consultants had to take this recourse in order to be able to 
se.ect a site for the Pilot project. Within the limitations caused by 
t! c scarcity in data, the finally selected site can be regarded as
recscnac.y representative of the ltang area as a whole. This is also 
revealed by its position on the map.
The landscape analysis has been based on an air-photo cover of
sca.e :6C,000, on information collected during the field period, on 
that supplied oy the TAMS report and on experience gained in other
parts ' f the tropics with similar physiographic conditions. The vege
tation pattern was used as the main key. Vegetation appeared to be
• re.ated to moisture conditions which in turn are related to topography.
The photoscale proved too small to detect slight differences
jS
in eleva-
tion which have been surmized from changes in vegetation and drainage patterns.
Tiit lands'ape has been divided into two main units, viz.
I - the recent flood plain and
II - the old flood plain. I. The recent flood pain
This pl aiii 1ocation, relat ive likely important di
hat been subdivided height di f f ereiv et, f f erenceb in boils.
into four subunits, based on mesore 1 it*f , drainage pattern57
f. I The recent flood plain proper
This subunit is characterized by a strong to moderate mesore lief caused by numerous ridges, creeks, remnants of old river beds
and local basins. These components are distributed in an irregular
pattern due to the frequent spills of floodwater from the Baro when 
in peak flood. Depending upon local elevation, inundation in the wet season varies from severe to moderate. During the dry season patches
of marshes and water-filled creeks remain permanently inundated as ex ternal drainage is lacking. Because of the prolonged wet conditions
the natural vegetation consists predominantly of grasses and trees
are almost totally absent. This condition occurs in approximately
5-km wide belts along the Baro river, indicated as Baro system on 
the map, and along the Alwero braided stream, indicated as Alwero system. The aerial photographs suggest that the mesorelief is less
strong in the Alwero system than in the Baro system.
This subunit is largest in size and although the strong meso relief points to adverse conditions for irrigation and drainage, the
greater part of the selected pilot project has been sited in this sub
unit in order to study which agricultural systems under which condi
tions are economically most feasible for the predominant land type in the Itang area.
1.2 Areas with a gently sloping to flat topography
These areas do not show a creek-ridge pattern as found in Lhe flood plain proper. The mesorelief is weak. M-^st of the land 
borders Che old flood plain and presumably it is at a higher elevation than subunit I. I. The absence of the creek-ridge pattern indicates that
the areas are not subject to flash-flooding but rather to sheetflood
ing. External drainage is not confined to channels. The vegetation consists predominantly of grasses. Topographically, these areas are more suited to irrigation than subunit 1.1, but they are smaller and scattered, except in the Alwero basin where large cancels of this land are found.
1.3 Levees
A narrow belt, approximately 500 m wide along the Baro river
tormed by the coarse materials brought down bv the Baro. is approximately 3 m above subunit I. 1 and it is flooded Baro reaches maximum discharge capacitv. Because o^ the ditions in terms of locality, soils, drainage and flood 
unit is used almost to capacitv for the population living on these levees.
Its position only if the favourable
risk
growing of annuaI The unit plays no role
, this
plays no role
con- sub* the
development planning for rhe area. farming is contemplated.
1.4 interior valleys
unless
intensificac ion
crops by in future of existing
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Gt62
Old flood plain
- Because of the relatively high situation of this land unit, only 
slight or no cost at all will be involved in flood protection.
- Gravity drainage may be possible.
...
- The workability of the soil is low and mechanic.nl equipment will be
needed to improve soil aeration.
- The larger-sized subareas make a more compact layout possible and 
operation of the irrigation system will be easier here than in the re
cent flood plain.
- Since the area is not subject to flooding, the mesorelief is not ex
pected to be very strong and the cost of land levelling will probably 
be lower than in the recent flood plain.
- The investment in infrastructural works will be lower than in the re cent flood plain because of the more compact layout, the lower volume of earth to be removed and the smaller number of structures required. Some cost will be involved in bush clearing in this unit.
- Probably a longer main canal will be required and the irrigation water will have to be pumped up to a higher level than in the recent flood plain.
It lias tentatively been estimated that about 707 of the old flood plain could be used for i rr igat cd agricul ture. About 807 of the land may prove suitable for rainfed cropping.
3.2 Agricultural potential
At present cropping in the Gambela plain is only practised on the levees along the rivers. The areas outside these levees are for
the greater part flooded each year during the rainy season which renders these areas unsuitable for crop production. In the dry season, pastora
lists roam around the area to graze their cattle.
The climatic conditions are favourable for the cultivation of Tsanv crops. Irrigation is possible, but flooding, topography, drainage
and workability of the soils may form constraints. Little is known about the physical conditions in the plain (topography and soils),
abou’ the availability of water for irrigation, about the marketing opportunities of the crop produce or about the settlement policies of
the Government. It is, therefore, in this phase of the project impossible
tc predict accurately how agricultural development will proceed in 
the coming 30 to 40 years. Only when topography, soils and hydrology 
. e a.n ave been studied in detail, and economic appraisals and experiments on a pilot scheme have been undertaken will it be possible to formulate an integrated development programme. At present, only some broad indications about the development potentials can be made.
low r ?n^
fl
fall /UrinP
and drl; P
oi irrigated crop production.
‘"•"son it. sufficient to rrop’,lnp- provided that adequate flood protection
Ch. 363
The crops that may bo grown in the area arc: maize, sorghum, rice, sugar-cane, cotton, pulses, root crops (cassava and sweet potatoes) , vegetables (onions, tomatoes, chillies), pasture legumes and other fodder crops, and fruit trees like citrus, cashew nuts and bananas.
Livestock production may be improved considerably and may offer better prospects than crop production, in view of the heavy investments needed to improve the latter. Tn areas less suitable for flood protec
tion extensive livestock production as practised at the moment could 
be greatly improved. In the flood-protected and /or irrigated areas, livestock production could be intensified. Fallow land with its re
growth on residual moisture, especially in the irrigated areas, could 
of course very well be used for controlled grazing.
Crop residues, such as leguminous hays and byproducts like rice polishings and bran, cotton seed or cottonseed cakes and sugar-cane
tops could serve as supplementary feed for livestock.
If the plain is to be developed for crop production, most of the forest and of the scattered trees will have to be removed. Since
the people, who will, finally inhabit the area, will need wood for con struction and cooking purposes, certain areas will have to be set aside for afforestation.
Fish production would also seem to be possible in the area.
Commercial fish production in ponds, which are intensively managed (fertilizers, crop residues, dung, weed cuttings) may yield 2.5 to 5 
tons of fresh fish per hectare per year.
The conservation of wildlife is an urgent matter, and it should be decided at an early stage in the development planning which areas
are to be earmarked for this purpose.
As mentioned above, the developments in the predicted yet. The experiments on the pilot scheme, tailed socio-economic studies, will have to provide
plain cannot be combined with de- the answers.
The following developments are foreseen:
Rain-dependent as well as irrigated smallholders' crop lhe smallholders are likely to concentrate on the produ crops together with cash crops such as cotton, and poss cane or vegetables.
Large-scale, mechanized estate-wise farming. Commercial sugar-cane or cotton would seem to he most suitable for system: food crops such as rice or maize might also be the cropping programme, if prices are attractive.
crops like this farming 
inc Iuded
in
Ch. }66
3.3
^pi-tlpmpnt aspects
Human resourcesjnd^et--------------------
. k„fh settlement schemes and .
stq
The project would 
i after further studies. Full ?
ned
de
farms in a proportion to be
thousands of families to be
velopment of the project wouid r stiled in an area that is un 
vestigations have indicated 
be met by the human.reS°U^“
the project. In devising 
present. Preliminary in manpower requirements could not
, le in the immediate vicinity of
en)ent schemes, preference should be 8iven Droject area: the Anuak farmers con-
to the people living neare Raro r£
ve r. They should be regarded 
centrated in 
as the first claiman Intertribal relations a eP
a
lands t0 be occupied by the project,
present would render settlement
problematic. if not bazard_
of other tribes on ie scbemes. Prospective settlers should, there-
the *»«>k tribe living in the Cmbela plain at
a g'J'r distance fro. Itang, or fro. s.aller trtbea which have a long. 
standing record of friendly relations with the Anuak.
Settlement of Nuer tribesmen south of the Baro river side by side
with schemes that accommodate Anuaks, should not be indicated until
the risks involved have been studied thoroughly. Moreover, for the
Nuer transhumant pastoralists, sedentation in a crop production scheme
would mean a drastic change in their way of living, and this would entail
specific settlement efforts on the part of the project management.
Large-scale settlement of ’highlanders’ in the Itang project
would not be without risks, considering the necessity of their adaptation 
to an entirely different climate, to diseases such as malaria, and to 
other crop production practices and patterns than they are used tn. Tn 
this case, too, thorough investigations would be essential before
embarking on such settlement operations.
3.4 Organizational aspects
The agricultural development of the river valleys has been en trusted to the .alley Agricultural Development Authority. At a certain otage of de/elopmrpt of a particular valley, project implementation is
l^agc to be delegated to a semi-autonomous executing agency, such as the one established for the Awash Valley. It may be expected, there- Q 3t' 3 ter th6 initial phase in which the area will be opened up
nl
em Wtter devel°Praent wks established, further project im-
DeveloZnr"/? r entrusted to a Baro-Akobo Valley Agricultural Development Agency (BAVADA) to be established by VADA.
As the Itang project is planned to be a mixture of settlement
schemes and state farm enterprises, BAVADA will have to cooperate close
ly with twoparastatal organs, the Settlement Authority and the State
Farm Development Authority. A tripartite working agreement between the
three executing agencies is likely and desirable, and may even take the
form of a joint project management for all aspects that are of common 
interest.
Ch. 3Both the State Farm Development Authority and the Settlement
Authority have been established only recently and have yet to build up 
trained and experienced leadership for schemes that arc situated at a
vide distance from Addis Ababa and must operate with a large measure of
initiative and inventiveness.
The formulation of executive agencies in the remote lowlands of
the Baro-Akobo Valley is, therefore, expected to take time. This, added 
to the complexity of the settlement operation as outlined in the pre
vious subsection, may slow down project implementation.
Beside the organizational aspects of the project proper, there
are the institutional aspects of farmers’ organization and the relation
ship with the administrative structure at the awraja and woreda levels.
The Government has set up Revolutionary Administrative and 
Development Committees at the national, regional and local level, which 
next to their other tasks have to coordinate the rural development acti
vities undertaken by the various ministries and government agencies.
The main link between the rural population and the woreda committee would 
seem to be the representation of the peasant associations in the woreda
commit tee.
It is likely that the settlers in the Ttang project will estab lish peasant associations which will be represented in the Itang woreda administrative and development committee.
The scope of the development activities to be started in the Gambela plain will necessitate involvement of the Gambela Awraja Revolu tionary Administrative and Development Committee in the project im plementation. For the time being, VADA should establish a relation with this committee to ensure maximum local participation in the development efforts -
3.5 Supporting agricultural services
As mentioned previously, there are good prospects for agricul-
tural
able,
production; the agricultural potentials in the plain are favour- provided that technical and organizational constraints are solved.
Once this has been achieved and the socio-economic feasibility of the development of the plan has been proved, the actual development of crop production and farming systems will in itself be no easy task. It will
call for considerable efforts on the part of the farmers and they should 
be fully supported by the agricultural extension workers.
The problems involved in crop and livestock production should be investigated on the pilot scheme. The farmers should be informed 
about the results of the research by the officers and agents of the extension service, who should also advise them on all matters of ernn and livestock production.
P
Ch. 368
A market organization should be built up to ensure
tural inputs. The selling0 handled by this organizati
with strategically located market Ce timely delivery of the necessary agri 3es surplus crop produce should also be
c
, , k,«o readv access to credit sources at » 
The farmers shou plements and livestock.
s
hort-term money needs for ag j ^'
rc
r nf livestock production, which eventually may b Improvement of lnMtocp 
be
X be „
a
important aspect >n th ev 1°^« 
P essential, in oJe£ t
Jeep posted on th. latest developments rn cattle rarsing and r„ dis.
ease control and treatments, the services shou be able to fall back
on
research institutes in these particular fields.
Finally, a continuous supply of improved seed will be needed 
to achieve the highest possible production. The seed may be produced on the pilot scheme in later years, when its research task can be some what reduced after the initial investigations into cropping methods
that are most suitable for the plain have been finished.
3.6 Public services
Development of large areas south of the Baro river will entail rapid population growth due to the influx of settlers and manpower for state farms and project implementation works. Consequently, public ser vices for the population have to be expanded at a faster rate than with out tre intended development. Although services such as health care and education are net the direct responsibility of the project management, the success c: tee project - and its attractiveness for prospective
sett.ers -
to a large extent, depend on the quantity and quality
of the put.ee services rendered in the area. This means that cooperation 
— scries oas a.ready to be established in the planning 
= pib-ic services will be provided commensurate with the phasing cf project implementation.
■ the
centre
-ealth 
As far fcrr&er ref
—e c-rf. c/
J-S concerned, resumption of the activities £t ^ang by opening a full-fledged heal
provide an operational base f°r .
the ' grad 
P^^im’s'. m .
^‘e-::Ver:/£
the
will be further develop^,
ing the hea'*r
at mg develop, be ccnsi
independecrlv'fr^ ber.t, mer.ins
derec. Alcho.g' v r •
r --; to an extent as to justify l,P
hc£pital with qualified staff, °P i k * * hospital. At a certain stage 0
’
en re
- south of the river may have
cf health car that cne of t rant available f m planning for
e facilities h-c*k nati
-c
he targets r
^nal level for the developmen 
E WCr’Ked out so far, it is understo
to Laie one health « “
»■
-
£tcr// &°C1£tion- This could be an elemen
369
The main educational provision will be to have sufficient ele mentary schools for the children of settler families. Educational
planning for the period 1978-1988 would seem to indicate that by the end of that period 95% of all school-age children should be able to attend day schools. Educational facilities in the project area should, therefore, be provided on the basis of compulsary education for all children of elementary school age (for the time being estimated at
13 to 15% of the total population in any rural area). This means as suming at least one teacher for every 50 pupils - a minimum of three class rooms and as many teachers for every 1,000 of the population. This should be regarded as a minimum, because school children will be spread over six grades and hence will not be taught in neat groups of fifty by one teacher in one class room.
Assuming further that one in three of all elementary school leavers pro ceeds to junor secondary school (two years’ duration, grades 7-8), sec ondary school facilities will have to be provided at the rate of 1/3 
of those for the elementary level.
Investments and operational expenditure involved in the provi sion of health and educational facilities should not be included in 
project budgets, as these should be regarded as normal provisions for people anywhere in Ethiopia. Cost of public health services, however, could be charged to the project, insofar as they concern prevention and eradication of diseases directly related to project development, such 
as malaria and bilharzia control measures.
Drinking water facilities will have to be provided as an essen tial public service; without a safe drinking water supply no settlement can be contemplated. The farther away a settlement scheme will be from the river or any irrigation channel, the more pressing the need for having alternative drinking water sources will be. Initally, drinking water facilities would have to be financed from project funds, but at
a later stage such expenses should be recovered from settlers through drinking water charges.
Beside the above-mentioned facilities, there should be provi sions such as police stations and postal services in the developing areas. These again will call for timely coordination with the ministries concerned on the initiative of the project management.
3.7 Access road
road tern. fore bel a and road live the
Any development in the Itang area would connection between the project site and th The road connection between Metu-Gore and 
, be of vital importance to the development
. Upon completion of this section, road bu i the project site could be initiated. The ap 
will be 6 7 km. Il will tun several kiloniet r, if possible with its alignment following Baro system and the rivers more southward.
require an all-weather
e national highway sys- Gambela Town will, there-
actLvicies west of Gam bling between Gambela proximate length of the res south of the Haro 
the watershed between
Ch. 370
x
^->ela-project road will be of class A standard as rural roads in Ethiopia.
• rere detailed description of the construction of this toad civen in Chapter 4.
THE PROJECT AREA
Considerations for future demarcation
In view of the statements made in Subsection 1.1 it would se
e
to be advisable to revise the alignment of the southern and western 
boundaries of the Itang project area. This revision should be based 
the following considerations:
a) game movement in the Gambela plain is from west to east and vice
versa; the game is mainly concentrated in the areas south of the
Baro drainage system;
b) the infrastructural works planned for the Itang area should not jeo
pardize development in adjacent areas in the Gambela plain at a later
stage and should as far as possible form part of a ’grand design’ for
the whole Gambela plain;
c) although the attention is focussed on the development of the recent
flood plain at present, it may well prove more economic to give
priority to the higher-lying former basin areas that have a better
topography. If so, the vast, almost uninterrupted area of this land 
type situated north and south of the Alwero-Baro watershed would 
justify serious consideration, particularly for irrigated cropping;
d) the extent of the target area for development of an Itang project should be flexible in order that the requirements mentioned under
a, b and c above could be met.
Keeping these considerations in mind Consultants would suggest that the area for future investigations be embounded by the 425^m con tour line in the east and by the Baro river in the north. The southern boundary should be flexible but coincide with the southern boundary of unit II.1 and unit I.2/11.1 as shown on the physiographic map (Map no !)• The exact location of this boundary can only be ascertained through fur ther survey work. The alignment of the western boundary will depend on the target size of the Itang project area to be developed in the future.
Although the exact size cf the future Itang project area cannot be defin.ec for the time being, for the purpose of the required project evaluation certai’ ats.-pticns. had to be made as regards the area
is lukel* tc ce developed ir. later phases. With a view to this
etcncmcc e '-.-at.
~ ar tave made the following assumptions.
*r
frr
a demarcated by TAMS, an area
.’dered for development, leaving out the
•
z" * 
retent f.cod c-a.' area
j■*.
c the Alwero system and the levees al° ^
r
n
Ch. 571
b) This 20,000-ha area is expected to be roughly equally divided be tween the physiographic units ’recent flood plain’ (Baro) and o flood plain relicts’ (see Subsection 3.1).
c) It has been assumed that of the 10,000-ha gross area in the recent
flood plain not more than 50% can be developed for rainfed cropping or 40% for irrigated agriculture, because of the intricate pattern 
of gullies, the pronounced mesorelief and the strong microrel le f.
d) For the 10,000-ha gross area within the ’old flood plain relicts
the ratio of arability is higher as this area is much less inter
sected. It has been assumed that 80% of the old plain is suitable
for rainfed agriculture, or up to 70% for irrigated agriculture.
e) The natural low flow of the Baro river does not allow to extract
more than 5 m^/sec of water from this river without serious adverse effects on downstream users. Consequently, not more than 5,000 ha
can be irrigated within the gross area of 20,000 ha.
f) Furthermore, it is expected that - due to the topographical condi
tions - irrigation in the recent flood plain will be more costly 
than on the old flood plain relicts.
The 5,000-ha area to be irrigated is, therefore, supposed to be
situated in the old flood plain, leaving there 3,000 ha for rainfed cultivation. In the recent flood plain 5,000 ha is expected to be
suitable for crop production under rainfed conditions. Thus, in 
total 13,000 ha out of the 20,000-ha gross area would be the basis
for the economic evaluation at the present stage.
g) In the irrigated area, state farms will be developed which will
cover 3,000 ha in total, leaving 10,000 ha net for settlement, of
which 2,000 ha for irrigated agriculture and 8,000 ha for rainfed 
cropping.
h) The farm size has been assumed to be 3 ha under rainfed conditions
and 2 ha in the irrigated areas. The evaluation model has, there
fore, been based on the settlement of 3,700 farmers with their
families (1,000 on irrigated schemes and 2,700 in rainfed areas).
i) Settlement will be spread over a seven-year period, whereby the
annual number of settlers’ families to be accommodated on the schemes will increase from 200 in the first year to 750 in later years.
It is emphasized Chat the above assumptions have been formulated for the purpose of the economic evaluation only. The ’development
model’ for the Itang area thus arrived at may have to be revised as
a result of the further investigations as outlined in the following section.
5 A PROGRAMME FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS
5.I Topography
As part of the further inves t iga t ions in the Itang area, first a topographical survey should be undertaken, the main parts of the
vey programme would be:
" aerial photography, scale I
30,000 ha, followed by ground angulation and preparation of mosa ics;
20,000. of an control, main I : 5,000 seal
itea of approximately traversing, aerial tri-
e semi-controlled photo-
Ch. I72
, Eluding intensification of the network
- topographical field^’ velling, spot-levelling of 30,000 ha f
nf main traverses, main l
le
gt o25-m intervals);
or
contour line mapping (con ^ld maps on scale 1 : 5,000 showing
- mapping work; P P*”
elevations and contour
re lincS at 0.25-m intervals.
that the fieldwork can only be carried out during 
Considering 
hotography, ground control and main travers-
e
tHe dryia ha°"'to undertaken during the first dry season, the re-
in g woul°.
ha e
' JT (triangulation and preparation of photomosaics)
lated office v 
during the fol
wet - g
seas
on and the remainder of the fieldwork lncluding the mapping work, all these ac-
tivitL" would then take a period of U years. The following personnel would be needed for the survey:
expatriate experts
23 manmonths
qualified topographers
ca leulators/draughtsmen 
local labour
bush clearing crews
54
10
360
450
The field crews would be accommodated in temporary camps; fur thermore, they would need equipment (on a rental basis) and transpor tation. A cost estimate for this survey is found in Annex E, Table E.8
5.2 Hydro-metecrology
Climate
The available climatic data are adequate for the implementation of a project as foreseen in the Itang area. All climate-dependent de
sign criteria will, however, be established conservatively to account
for any uncertainty caused by the fact that the data were collected 
outside the Itang area. Less conservative design criteria may be used 
if data for the project area proper are available. To this end, a well-
equipped metec station like the one available at Gambela should be established in the pilot project area.
Records of existing meteo stations proved incomplete or unreliable Measures should be taken to improve the operation of these stations.
i-verc . • f
The available feasibility study on mates in such a study of the lack of data a
tho < ff c( t of d i k ing
hydrological data <ould serve as a basis for □
the project. The design criteria and cost esti- would, however, have to be conservative because
bout high water levels downstream of Hang and on t h< water levels of tin- I’aro river.
Io eliminate these uncertainties at
ng rueasure-fc arc recommended.
~ Installation of a staff gauge al a local ana Jikao.
J east pa r t 1 y , I lie
ion ha 1 i wa y between
o1 Iovr I I ang
Ch. *73
- Racing of the gauges at Itang and Jikao and of the new gauge; rating 
at high discharges is most urgent.
- Levelling on both banks between Gambela and the Adura head.
- Preparation of cross-sections of the river and its banks at 5”km
intervals between Gambela and the Adura head.
- A field survey during the highest river stage to observe flooding 
in the Itang area.
Furthermore, it is recommended to fix the gauge at Itang on the newly constructed landing about 20 m downstream of the present
site, which is easily damaged. It may be worth considering to install another one at the Adura head. The data of this gauge will be of great value in studies of long-term development projects.
Water_ciuali ty
Some sediment samples will have to be taken during the period of flooding.
For the hydrological studies mentioned above the following personnel will be needed:
expatriate experts
5 manmonths
topographical surveyors 5
15 local labourers during 10 weeks
37J
2 drivers, for car and boat 5
r»
r?
r?
Furthermore, the crews will need a car and
a boat, and sample analysis
and computer use will have to be accounted for in the budget. A cost estimate for hydrological surveys is given in Annex E, Table E.9.
It is recommended that a preliminary assessment should be made
of the occurrence of groundwater in the Itang area, its quality, and 
the cost of its use for irrigation or drinking water supply should be
evaluated.
A geohydro logical expert will need two months to complete such investi gations; one month will have to spent in the field.
5.3 Soils and land classification
In view of the poor inaccessibility of the area, as much use as possible should be made of aerial photography, in order that the
costly ground observations could be restricted to carefully selected sample areas. Because of the heterogeneous meso topography, particular ly of the recent flood pl lin, the largest land unit in the area, photo graphy should be of good quilitv, and at i s< ilc of at least I : 20 000 
In order to gain an impress ion ot the situation during flooding, the area should be flown twice, nametv at the end of the drv season and during the period of peak-LLooding.
Ch. 3Before the fieldW^k?S
uw • - - ;n
w
v
• started, an air-photo analysis hicb field observations should prSt.b°
made to select t- . ’"
,uv ” • „in
o
f the entire area.
»«T'C r" Werrrt’"C
- •nf the entire area. ° i<l
v
e
the keys for the air-photo
out on the I ■■ 20.000 photo .. rould be ca5 * f the same scale should be made
r
o
. for which purpose sc
The soil
surVC?
photo-mosaics be 1 • 50’00° for tbe
seal c
' scale could o 
, ”bole area;
vi i
used s0 that the compl
’
a. va....i.l.a..bl ...e..... - 7 ra“be',‘?athe rhito 
lv. ....
papatttteerrnn of soil v—
Sth might prevail
unit could be shown clearly.
unit --
The field observations in 
. ) • 10,000. using enia t-
Nc
citable photograph* o 
predominant physiographie
•„ the sample areas could best be made
raphy as a topo base.
base map of the area is available,
an<J topography and the need
In view of for reliable it is
topographic inforinfmor almation o. topes srur veyvey si.
cnesed that a topo “
• he close relation bet _f irrigation is to be introduced,
made. ln order to facilitate
.U. nnorlv acc
t in the poorly t.z*
1 s survey and topo survey
- ble arGa, it would seem adviseable
logistic supper'
to have the sci
carried out simultaneously. will require a soil
It is estL'inamistont ed hsthaatnd the22 soimlasnmurveonty hs of local labour.
sc ient
st during S - cr.ir.te ‘or
' or.trc. cr
€ SC1
survey is given in Annex E, Table I. 10.
following
fespec
- \\ooc prc.~
- .rrigat-or-
7 . ooc pre tec post- •- t or. r -gher
feasibility study of the Itang project the water 'ontfc! have to be covered:
~"cte^tior;
riot will entail
tail the construction of
embankments, area east0
yi-g
the pre _ t ' w. 11 -r<£ nature, dra tfcct.cr Beas.res sue! at the a.
nave tc oe
’. s tc
r
lands. Punoff water from the
-r.rercepted and drained off through exist- the fc£ro river. The study of flood pro-
O-
‘ area_will, therefore, cover subjects
ar.c ' • r .ss-sect ion
i of the dikes around the
areas tc u* 
ttu eE^arjxer. struct.or.. Fu c.^.ef auc roect
e®pc .derec, T anc r •
.r '-•ieny.re ,
the quali
r ty the subsoil which will carry
SC Quality with a view to dike con' L ‘e ro»bination of flood protection 
-
n esr
' -^ted.
.£ 'uncernfed, there are al
re
ady fairly
ette < ar, only be proper
r . , ly drained by^P“evels.
* ’ • <- ■ ' - ’ -Ct ' • t .t onset < ? r .e Fc.r.h nay
c fcuor’ peri<x. The -«■ cre.na^t tystet ». try: chC r c» t . nt c c
’and as compared to the rive^tur-al
• t be possible to resort to ef
■•.r»i,er ttudie6 needed lot a he bdbt-d on the results of to
r
e
.c . -
P<*( » } . ’Lt < apar i ’ y 
■' r v> . • t my drainage < haunt I -
...................... ,h.
e 'al. ef. , based Oh t he
d rainap‘ f a< •
■r
( h-75
lor irrigation of the Jtang area there are two main alternatives:
by gravity via a rather Jong supply canal, taking water from the Baro 
river at an upstream point to ensure a sufficiently high level at the
poin o en rance into the project, or by pumping water from the Baro 
an conveying 1 irectly to the polders of the project. Further studies
ase on opograpnc and soils data will be needed to select the appro-
pria e irriga ion a ternative, the alignment of canals and the capacity 
of the pumping stations, if needed.
On the basis of these considerations, t’ne main duties of the
m< 7™erS ° 6 mU tldlsciPlinary study team dealing with water control
will be:
- to assist in the demarcation of the area and the selection of alter
natives ;
- to collect information about the availability of construction mate
ria s and to estimate the construction, maintenance and operation 
costs;
to prepare the layout for the irrigation, drainage, flood control
and infrastructural works;
- to prepare standard designs.
For the above investigations, the services of a civil engineer
rh^m° -u irri8ati°n engineer will be needed for four months; both of
them will have to spend one month in the field. They cannot start their
work until the topographical surveys have been completed.
5.5 Crops and livestock production
As mentioned previously, crop production is only practised on the levees along the Baro river. Large-scale developments in the flood 
plains will call for high investments. In order to justify such invest
ments, research on crop and livestock production should be carried out
on a pilot scheme.
During the initial 3 or 4 years, trials on drainage and irriga tion, crops, crop varieties, cropping methods, use of inputs and mecha nization should be conducted, directed to small-scale farming as well
as large-scale commercial crop production.
Livestock improvement through zoocechnical measures (selective breeding, culling of unproductive animals, etc.) should be pursued,
and disease control measures are to be studied as well. Considering 
the many diseases from which cattle in the plain are reported to be suffering, a survey should be made to inventory the prevailing diseases more thoroughly. At the same time the oppor tun i t ies for natural grazing could be surveyed in more detail, and the potentials for cattle raising 
det ermined.
When atter ' to 4 years the trials have led to conclusions about the best cropping methods and patterns, the results would have to be tested on a practical scale. A small number of farmers should then be settled on t Ik pilot -heme, who are to trv out the selected
3
VJ76
, • ci nek product ion. under the . 
.
farminp. systems.
At the same lime, the bigbJj
'-0
el the pilot
chanired farming systems
P1flnnp_ Kr nrnctiscd on the state farms
to he prac
t cst cd on
Tr
the piic't
t he c
^P product ion fi<'ltls-
F .be.r. wrrj.. MtobliFli ,|1C
will be ini t ia*rd in
< onst ui. 11on and roofing purpose
A more detai
.
...iled description of the
■ "’"'■I kt
have also been planned <• in tbe field of forostrr°r most suitable species proposed programme for t)
pilei srhewe ir I
.e Road5
presented in Annex f>.
v ot the planning and construction of the road network in the .... . t sres. road survey will have to be undertaken which is to
i ru 1 ud< :
. nvr : t .v.;-lions into t hr bearing capacity of the soils;
•" rtc the availablity of local construction materials,
; r; •? : .
s<
(
o! • -< <•'
' t- ■
.
sand and gravel;
; : f for the crusher plant;
?ra*or\ tests to determine the quality of the subsoil and 
• i on ma t er i a 1 s ;
. • * i» - ’ p ament of the roads ;
• . ir'. led cost estimate.
For r. ; s v ex reqi . ? < c
{ ■ .j ! i»< ' . < c.
the studies, the services of a road engineer period of $ weeks, of which 6 weeks are to be
• . I
. ■ «< f Vpf f. ( •
Im cet c-re . iik v< vt ,
< I of
w.. 1 <- •
t iM 4 <• iit 1 1
' t • Ofht
J <• q.. . r cEhx n» e , -* .rr.
1 er Tint MFU'
c rof
fafealit tu* t lu kt <
i ol.
bt growr. and the scale of production vil- ing£ of the topographical and pedological sur
Ti,t ■ top trials on the pilot scheme, by the
•••« Pliability of irrigation faci 1 itieS
<c agriculture compared with that of rain
. ‘ Cl' ™ ™i
{
between the se
pi mOU.i ch flu
1 ! he
1 <JO|
. « ft- . otBporu-nt I • o? Uetht- het
pl< t ’ l*v b
t tfcL
i i.< opofi J dpi. .
C-4
tI
>Ull
Ub-teU 1 I g; ,
c F’r i« ul curt which w«>u I
: i. I t
i t i t. <! i.li
1 a mi itdh
P
*II
un. ( t
‘! <* t ♦ r
1• 1b Wm
i.d v<
f pi v-dui e on a I a i g 
L«
l
C * t 4 1.1 J< ■ I
pj udui
»l.i
June .
Popart u.n
Muieovei , < ht ol i uud and cab 
P retlU^- of
to a 1e ..cP* ln._;
u »l.uh; 1 •*■‘778
- cost estimates foi 8 component.
tor orS»«Md°" an,i "anaee“ent °f the
e) Formulation of ^commends
- recruitment of non-Anu 
„jqtions on:
£n fche Rang project>
pro ject exceed the number Of ld t]
manpower requirements o Ganibela plain;
Pr °sPe<
• -c- l
3 nd
m ent
■ lb(
tive Anuak settlers 1 
- forformmalaizliaztaion tion ofof land b 
-
use on the settlement schemes.
To carry out
needed:
- a cultural anthropologist for the asp 
for individual and collect ,
these studies, the following experts would be
, aspects mentioned under
-
r’oj’oSegisJ’orTs'ul™™’™'™”"
fot
settlement
r a) and fe) aspects
c Ind e>. who at the s-e ti.e staid coordinate the studies i„ sector (estimated time needed: three months),
- an expert for the organization and management aspects under c and d (estimated time needed: 2 months).
These experts could start their work even before basic decisions on the project as mentioned in the previous section have been made.
Such decisions should, however, be regarded to be provisional until the studies described above have been completed. By then it will be pos sible to adjust the extent and phasing of the project settlement compo nent to the findings of the sociological studies.
The provisional time schedule for these studies could be as fellows:
cultural anthropologist
sociologist/settlement planner organization and management expert 5.9 State farms
Months
0 12 3
+++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++H
ript pm'nI^ hTr?°
e
determined by the number, size and type of state farms to be establi* 
Wer [e<^u^reinents for the state farm component w^L | 
g
be
•bed.
fro
:
adj^e,,t
sub" . 
section. Assuming that at leaLT^ manpower can be found nearbv implementation capacity of the St
the pr6V1°^
Soni® t'le state parmS '
Wl11 1,376 tO b6 013 ^tV
. o
the f
 req“ire ?he
regard to the establishment of ■ 3t& FarmS DcveJoP'nent Author1
wit" T’liis
lyj: 8 elements (for each state farm s g
- management and staff requirements-
study will cover the followirw
farn,s in the Itang l>r° J
- organizational structure
wt
j,’
- physical requirements: buildi l,lU‘rnal at|d external reJa
marketing opportunities f ,,
(
ti, ‘d pmi-iit ;
t|,e Proposed crops;
379
- cost and benefit analysis;
- phasing of implementation.
On the basis of these farm development in the Itang
findings a definitive area can be prepared.
schedule for
state
For the analysis as proposed above the services of an orgamza
tion and management specialist and an economist would be required for
one month.
5.10 Other organizational aspects
The organizational aspects of both settlement schemes and state
farm development are certainly prominent features of the set up of the
Itang project. They do not cover the entire organizational requirements
for project management. Especially in the initial stage, when the
Settlement Authority and the State Farm Development Authority are not
yet 1 in control’of the sites assigned to them, project management has
an important role to play. A phased schedule of all project implemen
tation activities must be made and the most appropriate forms of pro
ject management for the subsequent development stages should be de
signed. Prominent elements in this analysis will be:
- review of the implementation capacity of the Valleys Agricultural De velopment Authority, resulting in the formulation of the organization
al and managerial requirements for additional responsibilities in the
Baro-Akobo valley;
- analysis of the feasibility of setting up a separate agency for the
Baro-Akobo valley’s agricultural development (with terms of reference);
- formulation of terms of reference, staff requirements and an organi
zation schedule for project management with the emphasis on its rela tionships with:
. the Settlement Authority;
. the State Farm Development Authority;
. ministries concerned with the provision of supporting services;
. Gambela Awraja Revolutionary Administrative and Development Committee-
. Itang Woreda Revolutionary Administrative and Development Committee;
. Itang Woreda Peasant Associations.
The study of the above-mentioned organizational aspects could be done by an organization and management specialist in one month preferably upon completion of the studies described in Subsections 5 R and 5.9.
5. I I Supporting agricultural services
As stated in Subsection '.5, well-organized supporting services are indispensable large-scale agricultural development is undertaken^* 
111 the Itang area.
bach of the services, including the research station, the extension services, a marketing organization, etc., should be integrated as^ as possible in the existing national institutions, such as the I* 
*
Agricultural Research (LAR) , the Extension and ProjecC Implementation* Ch. 380
native and Peasant Association, tb Department (EPID)» tbe C0°PefflPnt Bank (AIDS), the AgriculturalG ^iP
tural and Industrial Develop « Fisheries Resource De(’ "’M >
Corporation (AHC) and the Animals
Authority.
j .hnnlH be made of the organization,
A further stu y 
ly of the interrelationship of « Each service could °p^e
f services within the project eSpecial
’ and „
e
> Ject area_
developm
ent of the project coull be !tilon, On
plis?>ed mSe
m
ac com~
pusneamo 
gamzation, which would have oveia
effectively if all the services were combined i^
overall responsibility for all r-
r
x
development. If so, the relationship between the project servic the national organizations should be clearly defined.
For a review of the institutional aspects of agricultural services needed in the project, an institutional expert should take
part in the feasibility study during 2 months.
5.12 Public services
The investigations into this aspect will concentrate on a quan tification of the requirements of the project as it develops in terms
of health care and educational facilities, drinking water supply and telecommunication services. These requirements have been described in Subsection 3.6.
Development targets and standards in these sectors - as far as they 
exist on national and regional planning levels - have to be identified 
and to be applied to project population expansion. In the absence of
such data these requirements have to be quantified on the basis of in ternational standards for comparable areas and service levels.
Manpower requirements and cost estimates have to be formulated for each public service sector, taking into account the implementation phasing 
of the project.
’ °ne Or a !Pects 0;~
es and
It is estimated that a social service planner would need six weeks to complete the study.
5.13 Economic aspects
to be
tS “d """ le’els »f »■“> cas!'
result, of the •sriculurS°wsL”lI
“ be stu<iied
pilot project are known. Maize Rn H pr°8ramlne t0 be carried ° n and sugar will be included in the I 8um’ S0Y beans, rice, cotto 
a
beans and cotton would seem t- *perunents- Of these crops maize’hut on the longer run, sugar and r' m°St attractive economically* 
detailed market information 
future cropping systems. These ° nGeded for the selection 0 n3tio11' al and regional production and Sy6tems would have to be based on crops, on export prospects coneun'ption projections and for s
? lgl,t also Prove profitable. cllC
3 Ch-The feasibility study of the future Itang project would be con eluded by an economic and a financial analysis of the project.
It is estimated that for the study of the economic aspects the services of an agro-economist and of a project economist would be needed for a period of two months, half of which would be spent in the field.
5.14 Indicative time schedule for further investigations
As further investigations in the context of a feasibility study of the Itang project will be related to the results of trials and re
search in the Pepeo pilot project, the timing of such investigations should be dependent on the time schedule as foreseen for the pilot pro ject. As will be discussed in the next chapter, the pilot project can
not be constructed until the access road has been built.
As soon as construction of the pilot project has been completed, the agricultural research programme can start; this will last five years
in first instance, including testing on practical scale and settlement trials as from the third year.
The programme of further investigations for the Itang project is to be scheduled in such a way that use can be made of the results
of the agricultural research programme. Prior to the Itang feasibility study, a topographical survey, including aerial photography, of a
30,000-ha area need to be undertaken. This survey which will cover two dry seasons with several months of office work in between, has been scheduled in project years 4 and 5.
At the end of year 6 sufficient agricultural research information will be available to undertake the feasibility study of the Itang project. The timing of the further investigations is shown in the integrated time schedule (see Fig. 9/S5).82
6 6.1
economic evaluation Introduction
In the present stuay,
been used as a criterion in as
h av the internal rate of return (IRR) has
the viability of the Itang p j_
ro
- tion 4.2. Since only
£n Sub sec
ect under the assumptions as
feeen made s0 far> Consultants
general and preliminary 
in 
6 
i o an assessment of
calrulat ons t
the
have felt they should limi
. y. This means that at the
econom
value of the project to t e
the value of the project to the
present stage they have no individual farmers. Consequen ly,
based their calculations
.
on 
economic ^12Sl<^°;S t r
haS been valued at market rates, unskilled 
agricultural labour has been assumed to have zero opportunity cost.
The cost of further studies and investigations (see Sub-seetion 
b.3) has been fully allocated to the project. All project costs have been increased by 102 for contingencies. As a general ru e, the costs involved in the Pepeo pilot project (see Sub section 6.4) have not been allocated to the Itang project, because the pilot project s findings
will be of importance not only for the Itang project, but for the Gaabela plain in general. Exceptions have been made for the access road (Gaebela-Itang) and the airstrip; these have been allocated sole- lv to the Itang project. Furthermore, 507 of the cost of technical assistance to the pilot project has been allocated to the Itang pro ject.
The residual value of the assets at the end of
Itang project (taken at thirty years) has been estimated at Birr 55 
million.
Cost estimates pilot project
The total pilot project cost, broken down in investment expen- re operating expenditure, can be summarized as follows (see
e 17, and for further details Table E.ll in Annex E):
thetiielifeliof fe the01 c
Ch. 383
Table 17 " Summarized cost estimate - Pepeo pilot
project
i
i
i
i
i
Expenditure items
I________________________________________________________________________________________________
i investments
flood protection
irrigation facilities
drainage system
land clearing and levelling
access road Gambela - project site
other roads
J airstrip
; houses, offices, farm and other buildings | agricultural equipment and machinery
I transport and communications [ Total
----------------------- 1
Cos I
(1,000 Birr) 1 ------------------------ 1
276
564
637
390
4,522
243 i
500
6,690
892
215 I
____ _______ i
14,929
______
i
i
I
I
| Operating expenditure (for a five-year period) i
works, supplies, etc.
project management and staff transport of personnel
farm costs
Total (gross)
less: income from sales of produce I Total (net)
ii
i
i
Total pilot project costs i
I
I
2,514 6,280
260
924
—
i
9,978
254
9,7 24
I
24,653 ! ==------- ii
-------
6.3 Programme of further investigations
social
in S a)
the
The programme of further investigations to assess the technical a It nd ang ecaonom rea and ic fteheascibiosltitsy invol of an vead grairceulstumuraml dearivezeld opmbeleownt .project
b)
Aerial photography, scale 1 ; 20,000, of a 30,000-ha area, i
aerial triangulation and composition of semi-controlled photomosai on scale 1 : 5,000 (these activities are to be tendered):
cost estimated at
Topographical surveys during two dry seasons (see Sub-section 5.1), in a 30,000-ha area Contingencies for a) and b)
lot al for a) and b)
Birr
II
II
including ------- .cs
75,000
1 ’021,250
103,750
Bif r 1,200,00084
c) Hydrological surveys (sec geohydrological surveys
1 d) Soil survey of a undertaken in the same P surveys (see Sub-section
e) Water control:
one irrigation engineer each for 4 months (see
Brought forward B£rr c (qec Sub-section 5.2), including
II
the topographical
and one civil engineer, Sub-section 5.4)
It
I55 .O0q 125 >00o
l4 °.000
f) Agricultural research programme, production, practical testing and 
(see Sub-section 5.S and Chapter g) Roads:
including livestock settlement trials
4)
one road engineer, 2 months (see Sub—section 5^6) Birr
h) Settlement aspects (see Sub-section 5.8)
one cultural anthropologist, 2 months
one rural sociologist, 3 months
one organization and management expert, 2 months
i) State farm aspects (see Sub-section 5.9)
one organization and management expert and one economist, each for 1 month 
j) Other organizational aspects (see Sub-section 5.10) organization and management expert, 1 month 
k) Institutional aspects (see Sub-section 5.11)
one expert for 2 months
1) Public services rsee Sub-section 5.12) one social service planner for 6 weeks
(included in
PUot Project)
35,000
”
”
”
”
"
II
ii
Economic aspects one agricultural each for 2 months
( see Sub-section 5.13)
economist and one project economi s t ,
ii
35,000 52.500
35,000
35 ,000
17.500
35,000
26,000
70,000
a-m Total cost of surveys agricultural research 
and investigations (excludi prog ranine)
expenses (d-m) and reports
ng
Trave] fa-m) and field Preparation of maps Contingencies ^e-m> Tot.l „„ of featibility
Birr
it
1 ,961,000 200,0°° 100,000
89,0°°
Note: The cost of tht ,
■ e aer is] t
.
sultants have been n Id !SPn,ates for the
deluded m Anntx E_ 
"lay prove much higher Si " a reliable estimate!
B ^eys mentioned sub a) to 
8
■' r- ’ f-9 and E. |0.
r*on dr
M64
•
85
Im^emenLation of a project, in the Itang area: costs and bene-
6.4.1 Introduction
indicated in Section 5, further surveys and investigations
wi e nee e to collect data for a proper evaluation of the develop
ment po en la s an constraints in the Gambela plain in general and the
Itang project area in particular.
The Terms of Reference for the present study require Consultants to estimate the costs and benefits of agricultural development on a
larger scale near Itang at this early stage. The tentative calculations based on experience gained elsewhere and the scanty data available on the area itself are presented in this sub-section.
6.4.2 Model_and_phasing_of_development
As at this stage little information is available about the proj ect area, the economic evaluation could only be made on the basis of a development model. The set of assumptions underlying this model has been discussed in Sub-section 4.2 and can be summarized as follows:
- gross development area
- net development area
- area to be irrigated
- area under rain-dependent crops
- area intended for state farms (irrigated)
- area intended for settlement schemes
(2,000 ha irrigated and 8,000 ha rainfed)
- farm size under rainfed conditions
- farm size under irrigation
Development of state farm area in 4 schemes in 7 years.
The phasing of such a project after in year 7 could be as follows:
20,000 ha.
13,000 ha.
5,000 ha,
3,000 ha,
3,000 ha,
10,000 ha.
3 ha,
ha.
years, and of settlement a construction period
start i np
Project vear i
J-----------------------------------------
1 8 1 9 1
i° •i
10 i
'1 ! 1
T
1
~l is;
State farms, irri-
gated (ha)
Settlement schemes, irrigated area (ha) Settlement schemes,
1
1
—H- —+ i
j
| - j
_ 
1 1 I 1 
1 1
------
1
1 
1
1 500 ;
1 500 | 
i
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
i 7 00 1
I .000] i ,ooo{
ra in-dependent area (ha)| bOO ‘ 900[1 of farmers (small
1
1
1
,200 11 -------- i_ 
i i i
700; o00 | i
_ 1 
1 
1
1
. 500 [1 .200 ;i.
1 
200 i' * » 400 !
_ 11
•1
11
1
1
1
1
—H
holders)
igated area
»>t tunnels (.small
•“’Ider s)
' 1'1 in 'dependent aiea
-ii i
i i
1
1
nr-i
1 1 1
5oo ; 1
1 350 j 350
1
1
i
i
| ’00 | 100 {
i 300
1H
I ik).
” l>v set t Led 
farmer s
400 | 1 1
♦ 00 i 1
a 00
1
1
1
1 400 i :
------- _ 1 
| 200 | 100 |
L J 400 1 500 [ 7 50 j 7 50
u -------- L.
1
1
1 500 1 ’oo i S.i
1 >00 186
6.u.3 V roj cct _ co st^ s
L
Flood protection works
have wi 11
11 cm
If yearround crop production is to be practised the area wiu to be cmpoldcred. It has been assumed that the following dikes have to be constructed:
One dike, length Birr 34/m
One dike, length Birr 25/m
One dike, length Bi rr 17.5/m
36 km. crest height
30 km. crest height
36 km. crest height
3 m, at 2 m, at 1.5m, at
Total
Cost
(in Birr, rounded)
I,220,000
750,000
630,000
2,600,000
Th< dikes will be built in 3 years’ time during the project years 8- I I The annual maintenance costs have been estimated at 3Z of the investment costs.
Lane clearing
Around the project area, a 500-m wide strip of land will have ,fared for the purpose of Tse-Tse fly control, involving an area
total. Within the project area, the forest on the old ts must be ■ leared, and the shrubs and the natural grass
vegetation u t ht flood plains will have to be removed. The costs in volved arc estimated as follows:
3.000 ha 'Jse-'lse fly control area
orcsttc area for irrigated agriculture 3,000 n< fort sled area for rainfed agriculture
j, 000 ha in the fl cod plains
Total
band c.earing will bt carried out during the 1rrigation y
Birr 1,500,000 
"
5,000,000
"
1,500,000
"
2,500,000
Birr 10,500,000 project years
b bfen
It hat been planned that the Of trnpabk land wi i ] |n pulllpt d )r(J1|
.
irrigation water for the
11 t he Baro j j ver and conveyed , * 11 kin. IIm pump inp station w i H
i i In
' anaJ W),1‘ “ longtl, (Jf abouI ‘ ludt A punpt Wi I II a I oLal < --
< i i y <»f B m f/ll( . .
'
t hrough
i ton. t he main < ana 1 , t btiondary and tertiary
’
J r i )gat ion wat i i WJ|| be t i cinbl’*’1‘J’ J < ana 1 s to i Im fields. JI le < obt b u f *Thn1 ru 1 ver I qwM I *’',Ve
....
,
based on the data for the pilot project.
e C) r t,r‘ Armco type and the other structures such
as division boxes, drops and checks will he made out of reinforced concre c. i ncc ( ss structures will be needed than in the research 
! e 55 on P1 ot P °iect, the costs of the structures have been es
r
twated at 70% of those for the pilot project.
costs of the irrigation system will be as follows: Item
Pumping station
Main canal, 10 km at Birr I20/m Structures for main canal
Secondary and tertiary irrigation system,
5,000 ha at Structures,
5,000 ha at Total
Birr 1,250/ha
secondary and tertiary system Birr |,150/ha
Cost
<in Birr, rounded)
I ,300,000
I , 200,000 
150,000
6,200,000
5,750,000
I ^,600,000
The pumping station and the main canal will be built in two years during the project years 9-1 i. The lifetime f the pumps has
been estimated at 20 years and that of the engines at 10 years. The irrigation system will be built during the years 11-15- The annual operation and maintenance costs have been estimated at 3T of the in vestment costs for the canals and at 1^’ fur e pumping station.
Drainage system
Throughout the project ir*i, c’ •
<•-. rr.giti n water ind
rainwater will have to be removed. Natural drainage courses will be used as much as possible.
Three pumping st it ions equipped * i r : «u r pumps each will be needed to remove the excess water i r ch.- po'der.
The costs of the drainage
lor the pilot project . In the rai n-dupend ent t • »s ,
system ? been 
vised on the ’ 't .a 1 . s s cana Is sill
be needed. The per-hectare costs have, therefore, been estimated at
70% of
and at
those on the pilot project
80% for areas in the flood 
for areas on the
plain. Likewise,
he needed, and the costs involved have been estimated at
old basin relicts Less culverts will
of those
on the pilot project for areas on the old basin relicts ind at S3I to areas in the flood plain. The costs ot culverts in the drainage canal in the irrigation areas have been included in the costs of structures in the irligation system.
I he total costs ot the drainage system will be as follows:
Ch. 188
11 em
Three pumping stations at Birr 1,650,000 each 
hrainago canals:
irrigated areas, 1,000 ha at Birr -bO/ha
1( n/t,n
rain-dependent area: , 1OA/I %
• ol u d baj i s•in i •re,l.icitnon s, hi at Birr 180/haua ui
. flood plain, 1,000 ha at Birr 210/ha
Culverts, rain-dcpcndenl areas;
- Old basin relicts, 1,000 ha at Birr 375/ha t lood plains. 1,000 ha at Birr 450/ha
Tot al
The three pumping stations will be built in the
‘ .nd 
respectively. The pumps will have to be
.'d vests
and the engines every 10 years. The canals and 
I
I
I ’12 5,000
•-, 250,ooo 11 ’ 2 1 5,000
project years replaced every culverts will
be implemented in the project years 7-15.
The annual operation and 
tv intcnanee costs let the pumping st a
have been estimated at 10Z of the investment costs tie-a and at 3X lor the drainage system.
1 and_ 1 eve 11 j ng
The f ‘elds will have to be levelled to ensure effective irriga- rage. It is estimated that per hectare about 600 of
e.-’t-
be
. .'4
~ 'vc? or. the irrigated fields and about 400 per beet-
-depender.: areas. The costs involved have been estimated
■■ - ■ - Total
5..W ha at Birr 1,200/ha dr: areas. 8.000 ha at Birr 900/ha
= Birr
_ »i
6,000,000
7.200,000
The land le\t iBp _ efz.x r t &t _ ?r. of t he years i.
-ing vi 'Ik j
! 7”" ^ irrigat •
er
Birr I 3,200,000
aKen simultaneously with the
drainage systems in the project
*c s \
.c
-- S ’• c
' f*”" •’ r r ■ c
'
• '’ Project area wil I consist /
11
• 
3
• •- C r.t’u/r. ->r of
r
....___ J____f sec°n<__laJry rra*rnd tiatreyrtiary pli^ * 
nd crop produce throughout
r-
r-7. C-t
* ct
■
r
- ,t
r r.l
been
road
.J to t”C
- deus?
H<- r a*j
t sc of the acet ss roa fO>|d r *■ ’ ’ . pilot project. I
1
t t -o^ ”
r *rtiary pre
L > areai.
t 'n pilot project ; 1 J at
• • re, been est. 
’rrife .ted area, and
I b<
389
- main road, 20 km at Birr 90/m
- irrigated areas, 5,000 ha at Birr 700/ha
- rain-dependent areas, 8,000 ha at Birr 500/ha
Total
The main road will be constructed in two years during the proj ect years 7-9, and the secondary and tertiary roads in the project
years 7-14. The annual maintenance costs have been estimated at 2.57 of the investment costs.
Project management
Implementation of the Itang project could start in project year 7, with clearing, land levelling and construction of drainage
works in the rainfed areas on the old basin reliefs. The construction should be headed by a project manager, who is to be assisted by several senior staff and office staff. As from project year 8, the settlement schemes and state farms could be implemented. From that time onwards, agencies such as the State Farm Development Authority and the Settle ment Authority will most likely be responsible for the management of the respective project components, the latter mainly working through the peasant associations.
During a five-year period covering the major construction activities and the start of the production phase, the project manage ment would consist of a project manager assisted by two assistant managers and a limited office staff. They would have a coordinating task and supervise the construction work of the project. Housing and office space would have to be provided, as well ns transport a t ion facilities.
Birr 1 ,800,000 
” 3,500,000
” 4,000,000
Birr 9,300,000
After five years, the management of
^r.^ject could be re
duced to one general manager and one assiemt — cor. and the office staff will be further limited.
The investment, replacement and annual costs (in Birr) involved in project management have been estimated as follows:
!
i
_
----------r
i
i
i
i i i i i i
j Investment and replacement [
Annual costs
Project
year
:i
I
I
i____ i
i i i
!■ -----1-
I
houses and 
of f ice
i
ii
j vehicles i
i
1 ~ ~
1
J total i
_i________ ! s vises
! and 
[ off ice
1
! vehicles 1
1 
,L_
i
i i i i i i i
i
i
i i
i
I.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
_J
245,000 | 61,200 i 306,200
-
1
1
1
1
i
i
20.000
- ! 1.200
-
1
1
1
1
! 12,000 ; 20,000 ; i.?oo ; 12,000 20,000
| 12,000
- [ 40,b00 ; 40,r>oo ; 12,000 ; 'o.ooo
- j oOO f00 ; io.ooo ! 13,000
- ; ooo | t>00 , t0,000 i 15,000
1 20.000
— _ L L _. L . L
; io,noo
10,000 ; 10,000 !
13,000
I salaries
and 
i allow-
[ 50,000
[ 50,000
; 50,000
50,000 
; 5o,eoo 
i 30,000 
I 30,000 
; 30,000
Ch. 390
Settlement --------
preparations for the settlement
In project year 7, ?gt be made. It has been assumed 
tion to be started in year 8,
a settlement office will b
tlement of farmers in the
The office will be marine y . ted by junior settlement officers, transportation will have o 
The investments to be mated at Birr 232,500 for housing and for vehicles.
The annual costs wi
and maintenance of the cars
guide and to coordinate tbe project during a period of seven
o Per ^
a
that s et^
sen
ior settlement officer and f
office staff. Aeeo,^^
[ d.
v de
project year 7, have been L office, and at Birr 60
include: salaries Birr 45,000'; opGratl- 20 ,000; and maintenance of the buiid-
estv.
60, 0
00
ain gs
Birr 12,000.
will concern salaries and vehicles in L|„. ;
The annua ,ua l costs wi
ect years 7-13,
, and buildings in tbe project years 8 13.
Management state farms
For the 3,000-ha state farms, a highly mechanized centrally managed system is envisaged. At full development the following person-
ne 1 will be emp 1 oyed *. Category
Number
Manager 1
Salary plus allowances
per year (Birr)
14,000
Total salary costs (Birr)
14,000
Professional staff
10
7,000
70,000
Non-professional staff
120
5,000
600,000
Labour (skilled and unskilled)
50
2,100
105,000
Tot al
The following full operation:
Type of vehicle
5 landrovers
2 personnel cars !0 motor bycicles
50 bycicles Total
789,000
vehicles will be needed
Costs (Birr)
100,000 
25,000
12,000
15,000 
152,000
when the project is in
391
The annual operating and maintenance costs have been estimate t 30% of investment costs.
The following houses, buildings and provisions will be needed 
on
the state farm:
Number Floorage Costs (Birr)
Total costs (Birr)
Housing for:
- management
1
1 50
750 112,500
professional staff
10
70
750 525,000
- non-professional staff
120
50
700 4,200,000
- labour
50
12
500 300,000
Office
Workshop
1
1 50
650 97,500
1
400
550 220,000
Equipment shed
2
200
500 200,000
Produce shed
2
200
600 240,000
Guesthouse
Electricity and drinking water
1
150
750 1 12,000
supply
Radio-set
180,000
20,000
Total
The airstrip on the pilot project can be used for aerial spray ing. Training of personnel will also be conducted on the pilot project.
The investment, replacement and annual costs (Birr^ involved in the management of the state farms are shown below:
6,207,000
i _____ i
ings
Investment costs
[
Annual costs
Project |
houses
year
ii
ii
1
1 houses 1 | salaries !
1
i
i
and 
build-
’vehi- | jcles
1 total |
and vehi
build- | cles
and
allow- ]
total
------------ J
4 i 4 i ',25,000 ]l
i
i
i
i
11 ; 1,700,000
i ings i
,725,000|
i
i
antes [
i
i
T
s.ooo;
i
100,000 I
12 1 1,700,000 '(25,000 ] 1 ,725,000) 85,000]
13 1 1,700,000 ]50,000 |1 ,750,000] 170,000!
lb.ooo;
300,000 j
32,000 ]
500,000;
14
15-35
i 1,107,000 '(52,000 11 1 , 159,000] 260,000i
I
i
_
50,000 |
789,000 ;
'(38,000 1 38,000] 310,000i
50,000 |
789,000 ]
108,000
-*01 ,000
702,000
1 ,099,000
1 , 1 -*9,000
The
maintenanc
e
costs
of
rhe
houses
and 
building
s
have
been 
taken 
at
of
the
inve
stment
costs.
The
litetime
of
the
b
uildings
has been estimated at 30 years.
Ch. 35/
I .< I • ||H I UH <» *• I 7 1 ' 1
,l
.•
" ",
,
, | ' X‘ ' ' ,...1wilb"i/hw""lH"' A""b. «"PP" '
r
(
f</l)-/wlhZ
z’'
_
........ ................................................................ ..........
lit t il IIHI'I'
III
Ml
I In
will
II..........I.. .l.|......... I........... _
)/n „
1""
wlH
//It
/
■ •.
'
.
hrt .11 I II* rtl 1
rtl f rt will
• t»v i I
( bl)l „„ t b"
Z,«h. < -
-o 700 b”. <n
h |V«I/.
' 1 hi.
I 'ill l *t I l ||h I I III
hrt Mhi1 ISO Iwi
.......,h((n Ii^ii
niiv(i( |(|
p-r i" '<<>
'>Z‘o'-
I III
hv
I III
t hit till | till
will !.<■
0/
•»«».. z<'r
<
. I.................. ..I I A Ml....... I -III- will be .................. ..... le-l.
''' - !*,*<„
* i ‘Illi
.. .......................... .. ... I«""”
l, ‘’ ""I"1 ’:
K IlHII /Igo
(ill'')
Coni h 
(Blrr/m^;
lll.lll IV c |
/o
750
r \ 1 < n» i. • 11 .»! 1 ii r| h
50
700
r \ 1 i ll' i till agent H and
> 1 c 1 1 i 4 1 ' 1 M1 1
26
500
l ” i b« tdilv hinge# id development, the area handled by one ex-
.v<ni will Ih i.iirly mn/i 11, and ihe number of agenta to he em- x< * in i hi.*- pri iod will be much larger than in later years. The cost
‘
f 1,1 1 t-mpi'i ary agents has been assumed to be half of those p<•• *",m< nt extension agents.
‘
<'Trc ’
1 n ■ ' i u( en.inec of the houses has been set at 5% of the
lht lifetime of the buildings at more than 30 years.
extension officers should have a landrover-type of disposal. A few light personnel cars would be re-
• < extension agents should each be provided with a bycicle.
k replaced every four years, the bycicles every
-.rtenance cost has been estimated at 30£ of the investment
;
c above
rr f
r the ext ’
^sumptions U ^veth* stm• ent, replacement and 
j
•on service have been calculated.
JThe project population will nave to be provided with public
services such as education, medical facilities and a social centre. To 
this end, schools, dressing stations ->rt ?-------------------------------- ‘ ty -ent^es have been projected in each village.
It is expected that ultimately absun 1.1 families will live on the state farms and about 1,900 families m the settlement schemes. Villages of about 200 families have been planned. Hence, public service facilities for 21 villages will be needed. Per village, the following investments will have to be made.
I tern
1 school with equipment and furniture
1 dressing station with equipment and furniture 1 social hall with equipment and furniture
I water well with motor pump Latrines
Total
Cost (Birr)
35,000
20,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
100,000
The annual recurrent costs per village have been estimated a^
follows.
Ch. 394
Item Operation r Salaries
and maintenance of buildings and allowances for 3 teacher
Educational supplies
Salaries and allowances Medical supplies
Total
for medical staff (dresser and midwife)
5 .000
15 ,000
5 ,000
5,000
40,000
1 , 1
’
The investment and annual recurrent costs (in Birr) are to be distributed as follows.
1
L_
1 
1 
. L--
1 
1 state
Annual costs
1
1
J Project
i year
i
i
i_ __
!
i > cc t_e
[ farms
i
i
Investments
[ settle- ] ment
j schemes _j___
‘ total
i
i
Ji_________
1 1
1 L..
| settle
farms | ment
' schemes L
i
I 40,000
1 
1 1 
1
L
8
; 100,000 | 100,000
1
1
1
total j 1
1
1 1
40,000 j
9
1 ‘
Ic
i
1 0,000 | 200,000 1
1
1
1 120,000 1 120 000 i
1
,
i
; 200,000 | 200,000
1 200,000
1 200,000 |
;
i!
i
12
, 300,000 ; 300,000 1
1 50,000 ; aoo.ooo ; 450,000 1 40 000 | 640 000
SC . ooc 0,000 | 450,000
1
1 40,000 | 480,000 1 520 000 |
! 320,000
1
1 320,000 |
,
:
i3
1
J1 -/
,
,
1 680 000 |
t
t
11
! 400,000 1 400,000 40,000 | 800,000 840,000 |
'
r
■ _ 
* J
1 
I
,
| 
I
_
t
1 ~ 1 1 40,000 | 800,000 840,000 |
1
----- - -1_________
• - * ' - ’ • ' ’ the public services arc constructed at the
<• z5 1 : ’ ■ '
1 ' • L, but operated at the expense of the Government.
Cred > fund
need credit to be able to finance their annual
of fartr supplies. No farm budgets have been made.
hfl « >ee« Assumed that the annual credit needed by the settlers will
for rtin-dependent farming arid Birr |>000/ha f prov.taont have been made for medi — - total amount of credit needed per year Project Rain-dependent farming
* £‘qut- "
'‘
' 0£t£
in this study, i.
e. Birr 400/ha
'
year ar ea <ha>
' redi t Hi i r r ,
irrigated farming- Jlj c—term and long-term credit. The
has been estimated as folloWS'
Irri Farming Total credit
b
660
1 , 500
-'40,000
9
gated credi t area (Birr; Hiri )
-
2 , 700
000,060
10
1,080,000
1 1
4,200
5,400
1>080,000
1 2
1 3
6 , GOO
160,000
-
-
-
-
(Bi rr)
240,000
000,000
1,080,000
1,680,000
H,000
,640,000
700
14-35
’.300,000
1 ,400
- ,000
700,000 2,800,000
1 .400,000 4,040,000
’,000 J100 5,200,000
395
Technical assistance
Many years of study, research and preparation will be needed
before large scale development can et- ' < r this period technical assistance"™ w
th * Garabela Plaln- During
with crop production and animal hush a pr°Vlded and m,Jch experience
project. At the moment it cannoAr ?
7
g31ned °n Che Pll°C
3 Whether tcrhnical a5Slst"
ance will also be required durin/thA* '
quently, the cost of such aid ha! !or 'ar^"^ale development and const
evaluation.
'* not been considered in the economic
Summarized project costs
The project costs as discussed in this sub-section have been
summarized; Table 18 lists the investment expenditure and Table 19 shows the operating expenditure.
The phasing of the investment expenditure has been given in Table E.11 (Annex E).
6.5
Project benefits
As mentioned in Chapter 3, Subsection 3.2 the Net Production
Values per ha for a number of cropping systems have been roughly esti mated. The results were as follows:
NPV ha in Birx rainfed cropping system
1. maize
2. rice
rainfed, with drainage and flood protection:
3. maize
4. cotton/maize
irrigated, with drainage and flood protection:
5. 5. cotton/maize/soya bean
6. rice
7. 7. sugar-cane (on estates^
8 . sugar-cane (by out growers^
1’iider rainfed conditions, a cropping system with maize as a
600
670
food crop and cotton as a cash crop is the most profitable one, pro vided the area is flood-protected and well drained.
If irrigation is practised, sugar-cane is economically the most P “titable crop, but the topographicaI conditions in the Eastern plain'
r
near Hang do not allow che development ot the large compact area needed tot a sugar-cane plantacton. Perhaps more to the West the tope graphy Iluv be round to be more favourable tn this connection. For the
Ch. 396
1
. . itang Project
Table 18 - Investment expend 
jEstimated
I
i area involved/
I
I
] number required/ ,
Total (’>000 Birr)
Flood
ction vorks
{length 
; 102,000 metres
ii
+
i
i
i
Land clearing
Irrigation facilities
main canal and appurtenant structures
secondary and tertiary canals irrigation and drainage struc tures in secondary and terti-
ary canals pumping station
16,000 hectares j
2,600
>0,500
1 
i
1
j 10,000 metres |
1 1
1,350
5,000 hectares j
1 1
6,200
!
j
i 5,000 hectares ]
5,750
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
l
!
i
i
1,300
14,600
Drainage system
canals
culverts pumping stations
i
i
i
1
I 13,000 hectares 1 1 2,890 I 8,000 hectares i 3,375
i
i Land levelling
i
| irrigation area
1 1,215
1 
i
•r i
rainied area
i3
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
I 5,000 hectares
! 4,950 1 ■
1
1
1 6,000
Roads
main road 
block and unit roads
Houses, oil icts and bui icings projett management
state farms
sett 1 erne nt extension services public services
Iranbport rquipmrnt
1 8,000 hectares i 7,200
20,000 metres ’3,000 hectares
13,200
9,300
Stu . < : an
... n) Hl.
1 . . I 1 1 • J < - I
Credit fund
Cunt J nprih j<t, about 10“ lot al i nvr si nit-ni t
,
10,I?4 901
?, l' °
5,200
/>y
60
3 Ch.Table 19 - Annual operating expenditure and Net Production Value - Itang Project (1,000 Birr)
i
i
i
i“
: iMaintenance
Project years
T
i
I
4
of flood protection |
1
8
4-_______ L
1
i
9 1
—
i
i
i
i >5 ’ >6
J
!
(
i
i
17
! 18 ; 18 > 20 ! 21
i
! Maintenance
works ( 3Z p. a. ) 2)
i
i
i
i
of irrigation and
•
i
ii
i
1
_ 11
1
1
1
_ 11
1
'0 !
__L
1
1
1
■0 I
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
i
1 * 1
''
1:
1
11
!
:
1
drainage facilities (3Z p.a.)
i
• Maintenance and operation of
i
i pumpxng stations (10Z p-a.) 2)
i
i
i Road maintenance (2.5Z p.a.)2)
i
I
1
I
1
I
1
1
1•
10
1
25 1 2 3 104
i
l
!
_ i
i
54 ;
1
•
1
1
1
1
1
111
11
1
1
1
18
52 1 78 [ 97
82 1 82 ; 82
- i 65
1
I 506
i
i
625
230
55
1,149
485
586
625
230
55
1,149
435
____ 9
—>
1
11
1
i
•
«
i
*
i
i
Project Management
State farms
70 j 82
III
III
III
III
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
1
1
_ 1
1
1
1 108
104 | 213 321 | 423 1 639
€5 j 77 77 1
1
77 177
3,158
------->
i
l
i
1
12,612 13,965
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
______ 1
1 
1 
1 
1 
111
111
111
1
111
111
111
111
111
1
!
i Set clement
i
i
i Extension services
Public services
111
i Total operating expenditure
i
t
i
i------------------------------------------------------- i
•
! Ktc Production Value
I
i
i
i
i
i
3,128
11,154
11
111
111
111
111
I
III
III
III
lit
14,977;15,568 |l 5,860| --------------» |
-;
1 
III
1±L
1
I) Including salaries, transport and maintenance and operation of houses, buildings and offices.
2) Of total investment
3) On farm costs have been accounted for in the calculation of the Net Production Value (see Sub-section 3.2). 4; It has been assumed that the public services will be constructed at the expense of the project, but operated
at the expense of the Government.
——-----
00
-■J
0098
. that in the first year of development
It has been assumed -
ultimate NPV and that thi
an area the NPV will be about
y carSt
of s
ultimate will be reached after a i - project is given below- A review of the benefits ot u i
farming
— ------------- j
_ ——— __
—
1 1
1 1
1 1
Irrigat cd farming 
|
Rainfed
J Proj ec t[--------- — h---------------------------- -
| year i
i
i
i
1 0 1
i i i
8 1
i area in ha
i total Nrv |
1 in thousand!area in ha i Birr
1 total NPV 1
1 i in thousandi 1
i Birr
i ___ ___ i
i
Total for 1 pr °jeet in '
thousand Birr
_____
1
1
10 ' — 11
12
1,200
T _ 1 600
1,500 1 2,700
4,200 1,200 i 5,400
201
1 1
541
1 1
1,044
1 ’ 1
1,726
1 1
2,410 ;
201 ;
541
1,044
1,726
3,610
13 1 2,400 1 *- 1 4,000
2,664
4,792
6,600
8,000
3,175 
4,046 1 1
4,482
|
5,839 
|
8,838
15 I
16
5,000
5,000
6,672 | 8,000
7,772 ] 8,000
i
11,154
4,840 i 5,093
5,269 i 5,360 5,360
i
12,612
17 1 5,000
8,872
8,000
13,965
18 ; 1 0
14,977
1 1
5,000
5,000
5,000
9,708 i
8,000
10,208 j
8,000
15,568
! 20-35 ;
10,500 ;
8,000
15,860 
1
6.6 The internal rate of return
Based on the assumptions as regards total costs and benefits discussed in tue previous subsections, the project cash flows have been ia.cuiGt.ee. .nest cash flows are presented in Table E. 12 in Annex E.
In the calculation, the internal rate of return (IRR) has been applied as a criterion in assessing the value of the project to the
national economy.
Caiculated
Itang area - under to 8.57 'see column
over a 35-year period, the IRR of a project in the
’-ye assumptions as outlined in this report - amounts cash flow 1‘, Table E.12).
Crop prices are extremely difficult t „ r fore, substantially influence the •
t here'
It has i to a that
been assumed that net\rod°f the decrease in sales prices or an i°n Vd]'Je! could dro
case, the IRR would be 6 '7 < w
b 20% duC
P y 
. i
orecast and may, evaluation,
m production costs. 111
<see column ’cash flow 2’, Table EJ2)-
If it is assiiim
d 
th.H
Birr
6.7 7
25 million are Lu 
be
bor
(see column ’cash
f1
ow 5
,„.;l
project,
.iiiioiinl i ug 1 “
the IRR wou J‘I b<?
> hib j L f . | 2) ,
Ch. 199
At this stage of the investigations attempted to evaluate possible secondary and project on the national economy.
Consultants have indirect effects
noL of the
Ch. 3100
CHAPTER 4
FOR agricultural development
PEPEO: A PILOT PROJE£T_1—----------- ---
1
1 . 1
a)
b)
c)
SITE SELECTION Criteria for site selection
In selecting 
ccerriiate nariave ha peveen been considered.
w—--------------
Conditions should be representative of those prevmling ln as
an area as possible in the Itang aiea.
In order to make irrigated agriculture possible, the site should 
be located in the vicinity of the Baro river, the only source of
water in the area.
The area should lie at a reasonable distance from the existing road network.
the site for the pilot project, the following ,* i ,•
1.2 Technical justification for site selection
The selection of the site has been based on Consultants’ study cf the physiography of the area and the soil data supplied by TAMS’ in vestigations substantiated by Consultants’ own observations.
The project, approximately 500 ha in extent, is located near the village of Pepeo lying south to southwest of Itang, at a distance cf 5O t< ,500 tr. from the southern bank of the Baro river. Its loca
r
tion is shown on Map 1.
The fulfilment cf criterion TAMS study of the natural resources
a) posed some problems since the
mainly concerned soil conditions
and nc other factors influencing the agricultural potential topography and flooding.
Since, as out .ned in CL. 3, Subsection 3.1, topography and flooding appear to be rue main limiting and most variable factors in the Itang area, physiography re’hrr than soil type has been considered in meeL;
, such as
mg criterion a;. lip.. •
.< pliy; .ograpi.y of Lhc. 
pJ]ot pro erl
j j s presented in
The study has reve. K-d that the two physiographic units: ’the recent flood plain and th- ',;d Lati„ rc]i
, b « P
t e"tensive in the
Itang area and thus „ad to be represented in the Pilot project area.
land marginallyPsuiJabl^fo^-jrii maining 152 is moderately suital &
C °ntain approximately 85^°fre- raJnfed agriculture. >
feasibil li.. &
the
ping 'see lable 14, Ch. J, Ids ‘ 7 LOtl‘ irH«aLtd and rainfT
reZ it would I... ,
„ -• gllowto study the econgg g
— ?n ll,e do,l,]nant
un ..
m •< Appropriate topography for ° P?B6lble to select an area wl
ba
but consultants fe/) this L P ^’u)ar]
ar
- be an unrealistic approach.
y irrigated agriculturelayout and pumping stations of the pepeo pilot PROJECT
SCALE APPROXIMATE I <7.500
(TAHtb
pullum
__X
BLOCK FEEDER
UNIT FEEDEQ
BLOCK OQAIN
UNIT OQAIN
SWAMPY AQEA
PLOT BOUNDARY
irrigation pumping station
• PEPEO VILLAGE
drainage pumping stationI
!
PMYSlOODAPMr WLS1105
! .3 Topographical references
U
v ed th6 toP°graphical survey of the Pcpeo 
pilot proj
een based on the zero level of the Itang river
gauge plus metres. Easting and northing have been based on a local system. Jhe enchmarks were made out of concrete with nails as refer-
ence
poin s. e ata o the spot levelling are shown on Map 4.
2 ENGINEERING WORKS
2. 1 Size and general layout
One of the objectives of the pilot project is to gain a proper
i n s i ght__into—the_posjj bilJ tXes for rainfed and irr igated croppin g in 
LL
the^future Itang project area. About 100 ha will be needecT for experi
ments on irrigated agriculture, 140 ha for those on rainfed cropping 
and 40 ha for the compound, airstrip and offices.
Because of the integrated pattern of gullies and the presence
of marshes, the arable land is made up of isolated patches: a 540-ha
gross area will be needed to be able to make a layout, adapted to the
prevailing natural conditions (see Map 5).
A dike has been planned around the pilot project to prevent it
from being flooded.
Irrigation water will be pumped from the Baro river and con
veyed to the pilot project by gravity. Excess rain and irrigation water
will be removed by pumping in the southern part of the pilot project.
2.2 Access road
2.2.1 General
Development of the pilot project will not be possible unless
a proper connection is provided between the project site and the nation
al road network. The improvement of the Gambela-Gore-Metu road will be
decisive for the initiation of the development activities in the Gambela
plain, because otherwise transport of heavy equipment and other supplies
needed for the construction of an access road to the pilot project and 
for the implementation and running of the pilot project will be impos
sible.
The access road from Gambela to the project area should be of
a ll-weather standard.
2.2.2 Alternatives
Theoretically, there are several alternatives for the align ment of the access road between Gambela and the (pilot) project site
Ch. 4106
Consultants have cons
- on the right (North)
. improvement of
. a road through river;
. a road through river;
idered the following possibilities: bank of the Rare river:
the
the
the
existing track Gambela-Itang along the leVc lowland area adjacent to the levee along th^ hilly area at a distance of 5 to 10 km
fro,1i th
e
on the left (South) bank of the Bare river:
. a road along the levee;
. a road through the lowland area adjacent to the levee;
. a road through the higher-lying grounds (mainly old basin relict- \
at a distance of to 9 km from the river.
The main criterion for the future access road is that it should provide a reliable all-weather connection, allowing transportation of
heavy equipment, from the national road system via Gambela.
Construction of a road along the levees or through the lowland area adjacent to the levees along the river would seriously affect the
already marginal existence of the farmers living in the area. Hence two alternatives were left, namely the hilly area on the right (North) bank or the higher-lying grounds on the left (South) bank of the Baro 
river. When comparing these alternatives it has been found that the
distance from Gambela to the project via the hilly area in the North 
is 20-25 km longer, road construction in this area would be consider
ably mere expensive as special measures against erosion hazards would 
be required, and a bridge near Itang would have to be constructed. These considerations have led to the conclusion that the most suitable loca tion for the alignment of the access road from Gambela to the (pilot)
project site would be the higher-lying area on the left bank at a
distance of --9 km from the river. During a reconnaissance survey of
the area it was found that the terrain conditions allow a less costly construction and that the alignment can for the greater part be planned on the watershed so that only a limited number of structures (culverts, bridges, etc.) will be required.
2.2.3 ^lign®e£t_of_the_access road
The alignment of the access road has been tentatively established on the basis of the findings of the reconnaissance survey and by inter pretation of existing aerial photographs.
On the left bank of the Earo river opposite Gambela the road will be connected to the Gambela-Gore-Metu road. It will follow the track to Gog over a distance of some 9 km southward, turn off in western direction and then fellow the watershed between the Baro river and the southern rivers until it reaches the site of the pilot project (see
Map 2). Hie total length of the road will be 97 km
It
definitive
has been estimated that five culvert alignment of the road and the actual
6 will be needed. 1 be
number of culverts
Ch. z»107
u
ired will be established 
i eVell B determinations of t ions every hundred metres.
in
during a field survey, consisting of
tie longitudinal profile and of cross-sec-
2.2.4
Construction
As indicated in the
structed as a Class A road
Roads in Ethiopia:
- width 9 metres to outside edge of shoulders;
consultancy contract the road will be con according to the Basic Standards for Rural
- pavement 15 cm of compacted selected gravel or crusher run, 6 metres wide (see Map 6, Cross-sections).
The pavement will be constructed by:
- applying a 1 5-cm layer of crushed stone, size 5-12 cm;
- rolling a 5-cm hard-core layer of crushed stone, size 2-3 cm in the
first layer;
- rolling a 2-cm layer of split, size 2-5 mm in the previous layers.
In lower-lying area, the cunette will first be provided with a 20-cm layer of compacted sand. The cost estimate has been based on the above standards.
Construction work will start at the southern river crossing near Gambela where a basic camp will be established including accommo dation for project personnel, storage for materials and fuel, a work shop, etc. The cost estimate includes a ferry for heavy traffic. 
The road will be completed in two years. All works except for part of the pavement of the section on high ground will be completed 
in the first year so that an all-weather road will in fact be available
at the end of that year. Construction in two years’ time is recommended because it will reduce the investment in equipment by about 2 million Birr, while it will not interfere with the aim of having an all-weather connection with the pilot project site at the end of the first year.
2.3 Airstrip
A year-round, speedy connection with the pilot project is of vital importance. Therefore, an all-weather airstrip, with a length of about 1,000 m, running parallel with the prevailing wind direction, 
bas been planned. It will be situated on the north-eastern side of the pilot project near the planned road to Gambela (see Map 2).
The pavement of the strip will consist of a 15-cm compacted layer of split (5-10 mm) and loam. The mixture will consist of 2/3 split an d 1/3 loam.
•4 F1ood protect ion
A dike has to be constructed around the project to prevent it from being flooded. The estimated maximum water level at Pepeo is 4.75 m The crest level of the embankment will be 105.25 m, the top width 
*•50 m, and the side slopes I :
Ch. +108
2.5 2.5.1
Irrigation criteria
ter requirement Irrigation's---------------- of the irrigation water re_
r Her in the calcuia
pt that
 U is related to a
r
quirement is the co 
tion of water from
c e«X°er=P is
Th - X consumptive use of wa ’water and the transpiration 
other words, the evapota-
plants, calculation 
consumptlve use requirement
The irrigation water req sumptive use requirement, tak g be irrigated, the cropping irrigation efficiency, the
val.
“Xma.) • T»e relationship varies per
nuirement can be derived from the con-
account the size of the
to
the cropp n
i g pattern, the overall
rain a
f ll and the irrigation inter-
The basis for
Eo of 8.5 mm/da
• r calculation has been the highest calculated
March (see Subsection 1.3 of Ch. 3).
y in t e mo^ irement has been assumed to equal the
The average consumpti calculated Eo. ^r hermore,^ gation efficiency o «, have been assume . n 
cropping intensity, an overall irri-
effective rainfall in March
ensure adequate water control, only irri- suggested tor the time being. Consequent-
H. p°4i"s"«in\.ke 12 hours a day. It necessary,, e.g. in case ot pre-
tl
irhgetion! the n-ber ot pumping hours may be rncreased.
On the basis of the above assumptions, the pumping capacity for the irrigation of an area of 100 ha has been calculated at
325 1/sec.
2.5.2 
tion_cycles
Recent flood plain
The difference between field capacity and wilting point in 
the loamy and clay soils varies from 20% to approximately 5% (see Annex B, Table B.3). Considering the strong vertical and horizontal
result of levelling, an overall available moisture content o I J,, has been assumed. Of the available water, about 75% or 7.5 vol.%
55 
h : “c^io*' 
available* Assuming an average effective rooting depth
«si”
igation interval
ted will
be
 40 
8.5
 . cm mm). The minimum irr:< 5 calendar days.109
Old basin relicts
be not b^ween wilting point and field capacity is expected to not more than W, on the average (see Annex B, Table B.3), of which 6 volwill be readily available. At an effective rooting 
depth of almost U./5 m, the amount of readily available water has been 
calcU^^ J* * 
ex
val will, therefore, also be 45
2.5.3 Ir r i £21 ionjne thods
*5 cm (45 mm). The minimum irrigation inter g.5 = 5 calendar days.
Consultants propose to apply surface irrigation; in flat areas
furrow and border irrigation and in more sloping areas furrow irriga
tion and border strip irrigation. If border strip irrigation is used, 
preferably fodder crops should be grown. For rice growing, levelled 
borders should be used.
2.6 Drainage criteria
The pumping capacity can be derived from the drainage factor, which represents the volume of water per hectare that must be drained off to ensure adequate cropping.
Because of the susceptibility to waterlogging of some crops, 
e.g. cotton, the water must be drained off within two days. The drain
age factor has been based on the rainfall in 2 x 24 hrs with a return 
period of three years, a storage of 30 mm in the field and an extra
storage of 25,000 m^ in the marshes and gullies, which works out at
4.5 mm for 540 ha. The excess water has to be removed by pumping in 
two days.
The two-day rainfall with a return period of three years is 110 mm (see Subsection 1.3 of Ch. 3). The total storage is 34.5 mm. 
Thus in two days 75.5 mm, or 38 mm a day have to be removed by pumping. The drainage factor is then 4.4 1/sec/ha.
The total area is 540 ha, so the pumping capacity has to be 540 x 4.4 
- 2.4 m^/sec.
2.7 2.7.1
Layout of the irrigation and drainage system
5£sign_criteria
The general layout has been based on a system of irrigated and 
rainfed agriculture. Provisions for animal husbandry and fishery experi me nts have been planned as well. The layout is flexible and can be easily adjusted to the experiments to be conducted.
The design criteria for the irrigation and drainage canals lave been given in Appendix 1 .
Ch. 4110
2.7.2 lrrigation_svstcm
Wa ter will be pumped project, where it will
will serve thc units A — 
be divided 
mro river and conveyed to the from the ‘ia tw0 branch canals, onc of
pi 1 ot
which
pnc thc un[ts n and F
and B. t’le tcrtiary canal, which wily 
(sec Map 5)
. Thc units will bc served by a
secondary canal or di- '"' 
0
d /'.Ph t f<rom- the branch canal. r0_ 
cl
draw water from a
tation within the i
is proposed.
d bv a Tarshall flume in the branch
Discharges will be ’"^V'"ablc Parshall flumes will be install^, 
canals and where ncccssari, 
. .
. ,nd border irrigation, an inlet pipe
ln case of border strip ‘ .g applied syphons will be needed, 
will be used: if furrow irripa
f water from the main canal into the two branch The diversion of vatey ble structure: division boxes are
canals can be effected by <. a
^enosed to convey the water tr canals and subsequcntlv into th v. ter will be drained off M3 irrigation canal.
crosses ? c* -are canal or a road.
brancb canals into the _ secondary
. canals. Excess irrigation
structure at the end of each
have been planned in places where an irrigation canal
“ r rea '-ar be adequately drained either by dug drains or via r. r. pc '■•.anneis. The excess of water in the fields can be
• < c ■ .. . tert inry drain, either into a secondary drain or direct system. The gully system will be adapted in such a way
• ’ . < u. trr can 1 e removed by drainage pumps. t > v f used at crossings with a road.
t ion_and_dra inage_sys t em
... ... ., y.z ;
r
. ... ( . .. ,/'r/.yy£es after the Mins is a prerequisite
r '■'■'yearly Cleared to remove vegetation and 
•< ■■ ■ , 
r rr
-"n water and adequate drainage. The
. 
rr.r
J
“ •' -d be cleared by hand and the main
z>
belcrt • ..ru • ru< t Im of fbe fields is started, bush clearing wl11
1 ' • -' ' ■
1 iv area includes about 90 ha o
rtt ‘ per hectare which have a diameter ranging fr
- - le freer as post ible should D
removed t< provide borut Ehade.
BIIll
s
j n view of the strong microrelief, land levelling will ’ie ne' 
t0 ensure an even water distribution and to avoid isolated depres ° ry rhat may hamper drainage.
9 ions tn.
The area win have to .
movement will be required, and ,,k 
s
, and Sl<bsoiled; in places earth-
levelled twice by a landplane Fnrth 7 tbe land will have to be
which can be undertaken as part of H vation. 
lcveIlin? m/17 trove necessary 10 yearly or seasonal soil cuJti-
Based on a detailed topographical survnv r
that in the land levelling operaHr 7 ? * MrnPIc jrc'’ it is estimated 
to be moved per hectare. 
2.9 Road system within the pHot project
>nS 'nbo"t 1 >ono of earth will have
In a pilot project, all units or fields must bo readily access ible. A dense road system has, therefore, been planned for the project. Along the dike, a circular road will be constructed with a length of
about 9,300 m, from which secondary and tertiary roads will branch off
to each of the units. The total length of these block and unit roads
will be 24,000 and 9,100 m, respectively.
Typical cross-sections of the different types of reads are
given in Map 6. In order to keep the cost lew, miterials found alongside the road will be used for construction (see Subsection 2.10). These
roads will not be passable during and shortly after heavy rain showers.
2.10 Construction
In the old basin relicts, the soil tends to swell after being wetted, and structures will have to be founded by means of a sand layer
of at least 50 cm. The thickness of the layer should be based on the
field height after rainfall when soil ^welling is at its maximum.
For the construction of the embankment, roads and canals, clay from the flood plain, possibly mixed with sard, can be used. The clay 
has to be moist to dry and each layer of 2 cm should be compacted. 2.11 Houses and farm buildings
Two compunds have compound on the high-lying sane.
part of the project.
, 
?n the allot project, the main -\ 5 <?e other one in the western
. md a auesthcuse have been planned, ? ££lces’ ycrkb ep’’j’t >r t">e management, start and labour when 
and housing will be Provlded. ; ^eR completed and the agricultural the major engineering works cave
trials start .
Each compound w 1 houses will be connected wit 1 tion system. The energy the p^we
. . provided with a water supply system. All
.' ^equate sewerage and water purities-
„.icer plan’s is to be supplied112
2
by diesel aggregates. Per family, an average area of about 3Q0-4qq ~ is to be reserved for the growing of vegetables and fruit trees.
Based on a spacious set-up of the compound, the total area needed per family is 1,200-1,500 m , including space for roads, p^ sendees facilities (water supply, sewage system, etc.), recreatiOnal facilities (sports' grounds, a social a , e c. • is estimated that- initially about 30 ha will have to be reserved for the compounds incl \ service buildings (office, workshop, sheds, etc.), school, dispensary, shops and the like.
3 COST ESTIMATES FOR ENGINEERING WORKS
The costs "»»«»• 
j rhp following subsections involved in 
the implementation of the Fepeo puu h J
°
oje
t
include those of labo’
t
and of transport of equipment and material to the project site, 
hvdraulic calculations for the irrigation and drainage system are given in Appendix >. Drawings of the structures in the irrigation and drainage system and of the houses and farm buildings are given in Appendix 2.
3.1 Access road
Details about the equipment, fuel, materials and personnel needed to construct the access road are given in Annex. C, Tables C.1-C.6. The total construction cost of the access road, which will be 47 km
long, amount to Birr 4.5 million.
3.2 Airstrip
The building of the airstrip has been budgeted at Birr
3.3 Flood protection
500,000.
will 3.4 lows.
The flood protection dike, which will have a length of cost Birr 29.70/m, or Birr 276,000 in total.
Irrigation system
The costs of the irrigation system have been estimated as
9,300 m,113
Birr (rounded)
punipi- &
n
station 
(capacity 350 
1/sec)
225,000 
Main canal, 800 m at Birr 63.50/m' 51>000 
prrigation system, 139 m canals/ha at Birr 1,250/ha 125,000 
46 culverts
at
]9 
division boxes
Birr
at Birr
1,800 
2,000 
83,000 
38,000 
]9 check structures at Birr 1,350 26,000
5 drop structures at Birr 1,200 6,000 
Irrigation structures in tertiary canals 10,000
Details about the pumping station are given in Annex C,
Table C.7. The main canal will be built in fill; it will have a capacity 
of 350 1/sec. Its crest height will be the same as that of the flood 
protection dike. A road has been planned along the canal.
The culverts will be of the Armco type. The division boxes and 
the check and drop structures will be made of reinforced concrete.
3.5 Drainage system
The costs of the drainage system have been estimated as shown below.
Birr (rounded)
Pumping station (capacity 2.4 m /sec)
3
Drainage canals:
irrigated section (100 ha) 139 m/ha at Birr 260/ha rainfed section (140 ha) 130 m/ha at Birr 260/ha
42 culverts at Birr 1,800
Details about the pumping station are given in Annex C, Table C.8. The culverts will be of the Armco type.
3*6 Clearing and land levelling
The costs of clearing and levelling of the fields have been e stimated at Birr 1,625/ha. Land levelling will involve movement of about 1,000 m of earth per hectare. The total cost for the 240-ha pilot P °ject will be Birr 390,000.
498,000
26,000
37,000
76,000
3
r
Project roads
The cost of the roads within the project area have been estimated 
as Allows:
Ch. 4Circular road - 9,300 n at Birr 6.20/m' 
Block roads - 24,000 n at Birr 6.20/m' 
Unit roads - 9,100 tn at Birr 3.90/m’
Total
Houses and buildings
The houses and buildings planned for the pilot project and t-i construction costs involved have been given in Table 20.
“ Housing and farm building requirements for the pilot project —
I ten
8 houses for senior staff
25 houses f or professional staff
Floorage j Cost/m [ Total cost ' 
f
I
1 (Birr) | 
J- i
- o l (Birr)
h o u s e s for
8:
f or
non-professional staff
1abourers
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
150
-1 
| 
I 750
1 1
900,000 j
70 i 750 ! 1,312,000 j
50 700 1,750,000 j
12
fluesthouse 150 750
500 1 1
/ ton;/, exes of offices and t o r i e s
labora-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
175
i
j
480,000 ; i 112,500 | 
650 
1 workf hop/store
I equipment shed
produ'( shec and racks
Threec-np/dryinp floor
4 field storet ^detachable)
Llrtritity and drinking water supply
!
; i
250 550
175 500
175 600
300 1 00
25 100
i| 227,500 | 137,500 | 87,500 1
105,000 1
30,000
10,000
180,000
lot-/ and equipment
Hard furj.ii ur <
'Jented tamp, 6 tuontHe p] uf rent
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
200,000
200,000
250,0°°
I
I
I
I
I
I
turr , cost t of
ttr.
drivers,
of
medi t jne s,
i i < in
frill
I
I
I
I
'(10,00''
i
i
i
i
i115
3-9
„
Operation and maintenance costs
The annual operation and mu'm-,
mai ntfenance costs for the engineering u 
nil nt-
investment costs, viz. 
- flood protection works
- pumping station
- irrigation and drainage system
- roads and airstrip
- houses and buildings
calculated as a percentage of the Percentage
3
10
3
2.5
5
4 PROGRAMME OF AGRICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS 4.j General
As many factors which will influence crop and livestock produc tion in the Gambela plain are still unknown, it is recommended that a research programme on a practical scale should be set up before anv 
large-scale development is initiated. The main objectives of the pilot
project will be to select promising crops and to develop suitable farming practices for the Gambela plain at large urder rainfed and irrigated conditions, for both smallholders and estate-wise farming.
Development of the plain without livestock production is hardly conceivable. Moreover, the prospects for fish production are good, and there will always be a need for wood. These features will, therefore, 
also be given attention on the pilot project.
4 • 2 Crop production
The following priority ranking is proposed for the agricultural Programme.
Experimentation and field tests on rainfed and irrigated tarming (in cluding pastures and fodder crops). Trials on choice of strops and varieties, and on irrigation and drainage wi^l be given rirst priority Experiments on farming practices and farming svstems, on inputs and °n storage of the produce will be conducted in subsequent years.
* Testing on a practical scale of farming svstems suitable for labour- intensive smallholdings and of svstems for mechanized, high-input es tate-wise crop production.
' Establishment of extension services co improve present farming on the le vees along the rivers and to support the future settlers community
lhe purpose ot the livestock and 
I pasture management investiga-
1
improving their traditional pra
I ie ‘s
w ill be to assist lhe farmers i
lu
t
and to assess the possibilities
? t ranching as well as or intens
Ch. 41Ih
| I n.I » n 1 1 I ♦ I ntpi t m
Th.
i. «•.< i m
ht • •-«< ' nj non i t *’ '
T f.i *5 i ni VI t v r
i rV t C
!
„ „,vrP fvnr o< '
dr«rrvr cprt i f i f utrc. fnddrt t rnpr .
r e « i nr .
T np ond 1 i vn «f ,.t
nt trnt inn■
r top
pr or
hr
I nn ;
• •, r’V' .
i 11 end
■ *-r end
r» n ft • . pjtrp • 1 1 r>€ ■
rr
er n ! prnHur 1
r m nt ivr mrA«iirr«
10-40 herd of lor
r»a(du*« „*<
• and r^*nttn|
a I cattle Hwmld
** h' r.i<M 1*T
herd H
•f*d
I* h* ol ittignble Ami dtAinuhlr |an^
« owd H*
• r! nridr lot inx’ri! IraI inp. intn
r’
<• •hmild « Mud led in ( onpFT Ml lop with m i>f IW" r Inpmrnt AulhrrilV.
k
• hm (hoi *m« I. OB •nlrrpl IM <«mI4 Jftll. for < k« <onv*f»u>e of >'y-prw
WlihT oUirFvitr (innol hr W* vtlrthlr f i oh protein*
♦
•<
need ul 1 in* **« p*‘ rwa>
i *v 1
kel«f *** <
^bodr h0 ri** bdinjt. »n *r**
C/lf ui* tnH drains, * -one d«r<M • fit*"
,<r^’...................
! 1 h*
4.*
Work pr
♦-
«
•-
4. 1 Ar*4i no^d.td
Trnvirl^d rh^r
* 4 Ff 4V|j | lh
1 n«i r
**" F
F r ’* 7*
"|fui
•V*
n* pr^pci
r *d
irt M
t^wwn •
»n.»
br
n*ed« f
t
-r
• -w*r
**< «r
r 1 *h< r
I <*•!• t
'*•< •
I ud
I
i
Mj. *» i Hr r
>•» 1 1
• »mI
e «f l*ii f «
A
**•I IK
A ! s 11
’i
8
Ct op product ion 1 i vcr t ock 
1lshot ios Forestrv
To t a 1
16,000
»
i
i 101.000 
I 25.000 
! 16.000
query —4-----
j 144,000
Pro joet vent
16
! 189,000 
25,000 
I 6,000 
query
-------------------
210,000 I
1
216,000 | 
25,000
16,000 query
j
257,000 I
2 '’.()()()
16 .000 Huory
36,000
1 2 57 ,Of)o
5. 2 Transport and commonications
It • <rtimated that the following vehicles will be
landrover?
ip.ht personnel carriers r.ht motorbikes
Li \i e •
I s r rvlr c car ont.nprn i<?
Oosts_(B£rr)
100,000
2 5,000
6,000
3,000 
25,000
16,000
17 5,000
< ’n r< . . rnc.< set will be needed for ready contact with 
• • . * ’ members will have to travel regu 1 ar 1 y to Addis
•
•
' . ' 'Tf w; t I t hr aut her i t i es .
f<**
s in Birr) i
nvolved in transpo
rt and commu-
’
• ot t t
<•! estimated as follows:
Project years
5
6
r
I2
1
1
1
1
8
el . < . < t
75,”00
25.000
1
1
1
1
1
-
’■adic bet
. ' .O'l*
A i r t r a v < lota!
5.00* ■.09” ; A ,000 ; i.ooo
H-'.,00' H ,00(
79 ,00(1
i___
i
• 3,000
1
1 3,000 j.
1
1 1, ooo 1
1 1 i< J r> t,
ot t t
oper at j iq <
» <*r< nt t / . owl •
obt t ,
I l < c. i t year Birr
. 00'
cbt imat ed at 307 o t h< investment
6I7|8
J ,000
<•0,000
611,000
60.00C
( h-I 19
5.3
5.3 •1
fltill proje<
Staff i ng and personnel Management
As in the early stas-ee r be the overall responsible .
5t will have t o bt anno inr.j u 
• pi'"n development VAD/ w ' th‘ man> V* nt of 11 
7 MDA. For the rar
:
field® within the projer t?
forestry, fiaheriea,
could be assigned.......................... . pilot ,
\
- ';\
?
'
Good management is rtTxc. rc •' r- prerequisites for a successful
operation of the pilot project be relatively small, experience,'
* ^Ithcugr
p’anned pior project will
,
.
’i?’’r.?;r:oH’r"’
*e“
quired
if optimum results are to b» obtain.^ .. ’o .ainen qg soon is possio’e. It is proposed that experts specialized in the f owing f
should be included in * ' -a'l? nent {
- farm management, land developmm*,
- agronomy, irrigated and rair roj
- irrigated and drainage eng. i neer 1 "g;
- mechanical engineerir
electricity etc.);
- animal and fish production.
In add i t ion ;p i a I i st ; n o* * 
mo logy, c iv i 1 engineer i nr., s'
fisheries, forestry, v ••
the project to advise n ;re
It may we I 1 be th.it n< ’ ■ * :
- •-
.
C ro-
. - • •. -n “ —
- - » : * • *oc •* * .
.
. ..
experts familiar witl tl
project are read i ly av.i 11 able n ’ •
such cases expat riate st .1: f shou t • ■ ■ r ass i st in t hr mana
years.
5.3.2 Staff and labe<
* 
:
. . .. . t
:o
• \t:
The
in Table 21
numbe r s t s t a 11 nemhe ri tnd ! tv.ufer-. '•e ra red ire * . yen
Table 21 - Est mates required
prutes3 Lona And u>n~pcote mm Lana ■» 1 > ad aht
—----------- 1-------------- —————— Start
o
r
~~
n
Project
year
4
i
i protest na i 1 ' |.ui H ■ r s»s»a . una j
-4---------------
i'
aDour
25
Tata 1
5
-i
5
15
H)
40
b
20
<0
□0
1 20
7
50
40
a
so
i 55
1 i 5
x
I ud In, im.iu.»,<<•,lManager** t ’
T’rof es a t ona I Ma!!
Son“[r of (Ml on A 1 •» f A f f f
Labour
i rtf
<»<|t
Ah t h< area vt11
<•ttAI?
• »« • >«>»•<»•
♦♦»•••
average
salaries h A v < ’ <
rn |n< t < utt-Z v t »
Mil i»
a 11ovanr< *.
5 • 7 r a i n i n£
Large-scale farming in a t c m t < t •.
be initiated in t tic I tang area, r ecu.r c t * j .• • c ' and personnel tailored to develcp? < •.»
In particular for the development of t' < ' . t •• c motivated personnel will be needed. Adec;..rtc tu. therefore, be available on the proj< t
a considerable portion of their time t. t?. 1T . ,
•, t < t •» t ••
■t<• management teem m. »122
Assuming an average family size of 5 persons, the project lation would total 850 persons. The 7 to 13-year group is supp0Scd
to comprise the primary school pupils. This category is estimated to represent about 15Z of the project population, which means a Potential school population of about 130 pupils, for which a school with 3 room manned by 3 teachers will be required. A playground should also be provided. The school building will also be used for the education of adults and for training courses, etc.
5.5.3 U£alth_services
At least one dressing station, manned with a dresser and a nu (midwife) will be required for the permanent and temporary staff and ° labour of the project. The station should also be charged with the prevention and eradication of malaria.
Popu-
S
5.5.4 Social activities
The school accomodation could also be used for social activi ties. In the long run a separate building will have to be provided for school events, indoor recreational activities, meetings, etc. Besides, accommodation will be required for outdoor sports, meetings, etc.
5.5.5 Costs_of_public_service_facilities
The costs of the facilities required have been estimated below.
Birr
one school with equipment and furniture 35,000 
one dressing station including equipment 20,000 
one social hall, including equipment and furniture 20,000 
other public service facilities 15,000 20 houses, shops, etc. 400,000
Total
490,000
The investments in the public service facil
ities could be phased
as follows:
Birr
———
project year 3:
4:
150,000
5:
100,000
6:
90,000
7:
80,000
70,000
Ch. *Normally, the costs of these «« 
•
r agencies concerned (Ministries
F ‘enional Administration, etc.) Theref ealtb or Education; Police; Re ! teachers, and recurrent expenditure^’ Sala“CS Eor medical staff
arC bornc b>’ the Covern-
holies have not been included in the supP
project.
5 5.6 Technical_assistance
^ dlCal and educational ^he °petating costs of the pilot
. As mentioned in Subsection 5.4, expatriate staff may be employed CO assist the management of the pilot project in the development acti- vities and in implementation of the research programme.
It is suggested that the following expatriate personnel should be recruited:
Project manager
. 5 yGarg
Workshop manager 3 yearg
Agronomist
- 5 years
Irrigation expert
-2
years
Animal husbandry/fishery expert
-I
year
Miscellaneous experts
-I
a
ye r
The total cost of the technical assistance has tentatively been 
estimated at Birr 3.8 million.
6 PHASING OF THE WORKS: TIME SCHEDULE FOR THE PILOT PROJECT
Assuming that in 1978 (project year 1) construction of an all- weather road between Gore and Gambela will be finished and the prepara tions for building a road between Gambela and the project site can be completed, actual construction of the access road could start in 1979 (project year 2). The time schedule for the pilot project would then 
be as follows.
Project
. ... Planned activities
-- ------ -----------------
1 preparation of access road construction (establishment of alignment)
2 construction of all-weather access road
3 
finishing of access road up to class A standard; construction of engineering works on pilot project site; preparation of 40 ha of rainfed land
first rainfed trials;
.
development of a further 45 ha of rainfed Land and 30 ha of irrigated land
5 continuation cf rainfed trials, start of irrigation trials
start of livestock, fishery and forestry programmes;
.
implementation of 55 ha of rainfed land and 40 ha of irri gated land (all rainfed land developed)124
Project year
Planned activities
6 continuation of rainfed and irrigation trials;
continuation of livestock, fishery and forestry programme implementation of last 30 ha of irrigated land
7 continuation of all trial programmes;
start of practical testing with first settlers and testing of larger production fields
8 continuation of all trial and practical testing programmes
Detailed time schedules for the construction phases have been 
given in Figures C. 1 and C.2 (Annex C), a condensed time schedule for
the pilot project as a whole has been indicated in the integrated time
schedule (Fig. 9/S5 at the end of the main report).
7 SUMMARIZED COST ESTIMATES
The costs of the pilot project as discussed above, have been 
summarized in Table 23 for investment expenditure and in Table ?/, for
the operating expenditure.
8 THE FUTURE OF THE PILOT PROJECT WITHIN THE 1TANG AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
When after some years the investigations on the pilot project will have resulted in firm recommendations on crop and livestock pro duction systems for the settlement and large-scale enterprises, the objective of the pilot project will change. Of course, there will always be a need for research (improvement of farming techniques, testing of new crops and varieties, and of new inputs, etc.), but Lt
is expected that a smaller area will be needed for these activities
than in the first five years.
The areas that were used to try out the smallholders' farming systems could be turned over to the farmers and could be included m
a neighbouring settlement scheme. The areas that served for the testing of farm equipment on a practical scale could well be used for the pro duction of improved seed for the farmers in the plain.
There will be a need for extension officers, farm managers, skilled operators and technicians, and for technical and administrative project personnel in many years to come. The established training f "
a
cilities can thus be kept for their original purpose.
Ultimately, the pilot project with its office workshops, etc. might serve as a centre from which the the Itang agricultural development project could be gu
Ch. 6125
23 ” Investment expenditure - fablc
2 
■a-
—
Project year
345678
Total
^^j^rotection works
^T^ation facilities
canal9
structures
; pumping station
Drainage system
, canals
. culverts
pumping station
fund levelling
Roads
. Gambela - project site
. project road network
Air strij)
Houses, offices and buildings
. agricultural programme
. public services
Agricultural equipment and machinery
Transport and communications Total investments
-
276 -
---
-
-
- 88 50 38
49 65 49 - - 225 - - -
- « 20 21 22
23 25 28 - - -
*■ 498 -
---
65 120 155 50 - -
- 3,532 990
120 123 - - - -
• 500 - - - - -
- - 2,900 1,600 1,000 700
150 100 90 80 70
- - - 244 324 286 38 - — 100 80 29 3 3
3,532 5,044 3,193 1,814 1,232 1 1 1 3
276
176
163
225
63
76
498
390
4,522
243
500
6,200
490
892
215
14,929
Tabel 24 - Operating expenditure - Pepeo pilot project (1,000 Birr)
Project year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
supplies, etc.
• “aintenance of irrigation and
■ main?38® £aciUtie8 (3X P- ->
a
Z MCe and operation of
1
__
. mainie
8 8t8tionB (,0X p ai) 1
-
-
-
-
works (ax" °
f fl0od
)
 P °
r
tection
1
-
-
’ "S <H z'
ee
E£ 2Jec m
o P!.rand air 1
-
-
I
-
-
-
88
-
L £aa
L ement cost
• tech
‘•^ical assistance
1 Peraonnel J
-
-
-
•
ersonnel
-
-
-
1
40
9
128
153
237
500
30
36
7
72
9
132
238
. 381 1,000
50
144
12
72
9
132
292
536
1 ,000
60
230
14
72
9
132
331
663
800
60
257
14
72
9
132
335
663
500
60
257
-
-
88
1,134
2,033
2,343
2,338
2,042
-
-
-
12
35
63
72
72
88
1,122
1,998
2,280
2,266
1,970
______
tot ®l investment.126
CHAPTER 5
RECOMMENDATIONS
Development of the Cumbola plain will in the fiist place be a
matter of further studies on broad issues, the completion of which will
take some vears. Subsequently, plans and programmes will have to be
worked out.
Development of the Itang area will, to a large extent, depend 
on the outcome of the further investigations as discussed in this
report. The most important ones are those to be carried out on the
proposed pilot project. The actual implementation of any Itang project
could, therefore, hardly be initiated before potentials of and con
straints on agricultural development in the area have been further
defined. It may be safely assumed that the developments will not com
mence before seven or eight years after decisions on the present report
have been made tsee the integrated time schedule in Fig. 9/S5, at the
enc of this Chapter).
This need not imply that in the meantime the rural population 
o: Cambcla Awraja will not be rendered any developmental support. If
t-'.c course of action for the longer term, as suggested in this report
s adopted, certainly a modest development effort on the short term
could be made by improving the supporting services to Anuak agri-
cu.turists ar.d \uer pastoralists.
These tribes form the majority of the Awraja’s population,
'.eir soctc-economic situation has come into focus as a result of the
:.flo> ci refugees from. Southern Sudan in the sixties and early seventies,
s umm; t . userids of refugees rightly included also many local
. »■ . .• situation was and is not very different from that of
t e.r r .• sr.cr am. ng tiie refugee population.
• ••'. t . L.iman carried out a study for the Institute of
Agri cm r.rst. ir. 1972. The IAR published Ellman’s report under
t t tit.t Ar. y .
.tural and socio-economic survey of South Sudan
refugee i-eti.erirts anc surrounding areas in Gambela Awraja’ (April *72). *ur.g up r..t Gambe:a Immediate Action Programme (GIAP) for refugees,
lished in May 1977 her ’Socio-economic survey Awr; wit the support of the Relief and Rehabili-
•mt.se. ’ . B tn the reports contain valuable observations and
sugg.es i.s •- - re Rented et ar. ear.;, cate.
. thorough fieldwork, which could be imple-
.'.e r» mme-nda t ions of Ellman, endorsed by Klinteberg, focus ot. the f< .lowing measures.
Ch. *>127
husbandry
!_ crop.
directed to improScien^o^crop^'” ?"
5 training P 8
ro ramme
would have to be undertaken by EPW S^V'TThd step up placement of extension ’
department should
nnt-q in Cnmbnln A. • a ^ut 30 Anuak 
100 a&ents an<l assistant extension r :ja- U is 3 fa“unate circumstance that
3 ni-re who will rn^i8 ar<! bci-n8 trained at the Holeta training 
06 ’t-hic v 
course t s year and may be assigned to Gambela especially for
T Gte the aS3istant extension agent training
work in Anuak territory.
'• 2 A.rrVi"J° -?
r
cides, p sticides, tools, tractor services), to be built up at
a pace correspon ing with the development of the agent network.
1>3 A programme aimed at reducing food shortages by improving on-
arm.grain storage, guarding and fencing of fields, introduction of fish drying.
The success of such measures again will depend on the avail ability of an intensified and active extension service.
2. Animal husbandry
2.1 Provision of veterinary supplies along with the assignment of vaccinator teams to the area, patterned after the annual move ment of Nuer pastoralists between their upland villages and the riverside cattle camps.
2.2 Introduction of (other) livestock., such as goats, geese and poultry, especially in Anuak territories.
2.3 An animal health training programme, aimed at placing at least one trained man in each village.
3. Other measures
3.1 Improvement of marketing conditions within the area to ensure
a more efficient distribution or crop produce and livestock surpluses. One of the measures could be to improve river trans port by canoe.
3.2 Drinking water resources development: test-drilling and digging of wells or boreholes in higher-lying areas away rrom the rivers in order to increase the habitable part o. t..e awra_,a.
e SUPP!y °f ^icultural inputs (seeds, insecti
37 n « 
,•
-3 Starting a work-oriented, tunvtiona. -
.
B
in the villages as a preparatory
.,,
n .
3-4 Conducting a Potion a - - which will form the ba=»i> L<
3.5 Gradual improvement of Abobo and Gog.
fHTv'rioojl adult education programme
4.
measure for later development, i ivestock census in the awraja
planning.
the roads between Gambela and Jikao,
Ch. 51?8
Kavly imp lament aHpn
The implementation of
..e of the above programme could "' 0Sl '1iU nnnraisal by this department Of
be entrusted to EHD, after
a
the various components
Through Er ID, othevr m t acted about t...
the programme.
bodget
It is suggc taken for a period of est imates:
C0UC 8
-
and then’ via
;'iliCy during the next dry senHOn.
agencies abou
ld be con-
•
minis111*' •nfrastructural components of
sted that initially the programme five years on the basis of the
Investments
should be following
under
budget
(Birr)
Recurrent expenses (period: 5 years)
(Birr)
Crop husbandry
1.1 Agricultural
gramme:
20 assistant
5 extension
transportat ion
drive vehicles
operation and maintenance of vehic 1 es
20 bi cycles
operation and maintenance of bicycles
.2 Credit for purchase of agri- t.ural inputs (recoverable
f ron f armers) 2 Anxmai husbandry
extension pro
extension agents
agents
: 5 four-wheel
150,000
2,500
2
mat.on programme:
.0 veterinary assistants
supplies
r_) an spot tat i on 5 vehicles
150,000
operation and maintenance of
vehixlet
2./ lntrodu<tory programme live stock <ma inly through credit)
y.3 Training programme
lot al lor < top and animal
husbandiy
302,500
312,000
105,000
325,000
5,000
100,000
210,000
20,000
325,000
50,000
25,000
1,477,000129
Total: investments
recurrent, expenses
Birr
392.590 
Added for contingencies
”
1,477,000
”
20,500
Grand total early implementation 
programme
Birr
1,300,000
No budget estimates have Epp
under 'other measures' as the necesserT/ !°
to Consultants.
Connection_with_later_develo ment
“ basic data were not available
r the j
items motioned 
E
The programmes as outlined above win in nn development at a later stage on the ba-i/2 r
, 7 jeopardize
as yet. On the contrary, early imnle-J^r p s^dies to be perform
opment programmes will create a f avourabl/aL^ iT"'
under which the rural population CiH be
changes. This in itself will motivate people’to^articipat^ In'the
t ®5“.deve
? - C°"dltlOnS
development. Hence, further development -.ill be facilitated “oreover the extension personnel will be able to gain practical exp^ience on the spot which will be an asset for the iirplenentacicn of’other sc^e- m the future.GAM BELA AGRICULTURAL UEVtLOPMtW133
Refepexes
. Rooker Agriculture International Ltd.:
Sugar industry development in Ethiopia
April 1977.
2 Central Statistical Office, Addis Ababa:
Major crops and crop seasons in eleven provinces
July 1970.
3.
Results of the National Sample Survey, Second Round. Volume I - The demography of Ethiopia,
Volume II “ Tables of demographic data, 07 province, (part 2)
Volume III " Livestock and poultry, Volume IV - Indebtedness,
Volume V - Land area and utilisation.
January 1974. January 1974.
June 197L. August 1974.
ruary 1975.
4. -
Statistical Abstract 1975.
5. Ellman, Anthony 0.
An agricultural and socio-economic survey of Scutr. Sucan refugee settlements and surrounding areas in Ganbel '
Institute of Agricultural Research, April
6. Ethiopian Road Authority:
Economic feasibility study for the construction of me Jcre- Gambela Road.
June 1972.
Rural Roads Study - Techni
r Province, sub
mitted by Engineering Services Department, Crown \genta, London, June 1976.
The Gore-Gambela Road - preliminary report. December 1976.
Gambela Immediate Action Program* Final report.
15 January 1977.
‘0.
H eyboer, A.
y prep ited t
Ethiopian Government mJ the \ssiciu .hi
ni ^“ concerning the \ngar~Gucin settlement project nis11 1ive Region-
20 August 19/0.
the agreement between tne
"SoliJarite et Devel.'ppe-
in idol eg a Ad-
d134
11. Institute of Agricultural Research,
Gambela Experiment Station.
Progress Report for the period April 1973 to March 1976. December 1975.
12. Klinteberg, Marianne.
Socio-economic survey report of Gambela Awraja.
May 1977.
13. Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, Amsterdam. Ethiopie. Amsterdam, 1971 (Landendocumentatie no. 140).
14. Mesfin Wolde-Mariam:
An atlas of Ethiopia.
1970.
15. -
An introductiory geography of Ethiopia. 1972.
16. Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa: Agricultural sample survey 1974/75.
July 1975.
17.
-
Crop production survey 1975/76.
April 1976.
18.
-
(Extension and Project Implementation Department).
The agricultural minimum package program
Phase II, 1977/78 - 1979/80
Project proposal
December 1976 (EPID publication no 37).
19. Ministry of Finance, Addis Ababa:
Customs Tariff 1976.
20. Ministry of Mines/Omo River Project, Addis Ababa:
Preliminary report on the geology and geochemistry of parts of: Sidamo, Gemu Gofa and Kef a Provinces (report no 1, October 1973) Gemu Gofa, Kefa and Ilubabor Provinces (report no 2, February 197 Joint Ethiopia-Canada Geological and Geochemical Reconnaissance Survey in Southwest Ethiopia.
21. National Bank of Ethiopia: Eleventh annual report 1974/75.
22. -
Quarterly Bulletin, New Series March 1977.135
ional Water Resources Commission, Addis Ababa.
23-
noview and assessment of hydrometers • ^sources in Ethiopia (volumes T and May >975’
,.
knowledge of water
Neg
arit Gazeta
(1974-1976):
34th
year,
no
Agricultural.Income Tax Assessment Regulations
34th
year,
no
a r cu
8 i ltural products surtax regulations
34th
year,
no
35th
year,
no
26 Public Ownership of Rural Lands Proclamat ion
11 Labour Proclamation
35th
year,
no
15 Peasant Associations Organization and Consolida
tion Proclamation
35th year, no 19
35th
35th
year,
year,
no 20
no
21
Rural Land Use Fee and Agricultural Activities Income Tax Proclamation
Settlement Authority Establishment Proclamation
Agricultural Development Corporation Establish ment
Regulations: - Upper Awash Valley
- Middle Awash Valley
- Rift Valley
35th year, no 29 
Labour (Amendment) Proclamation
35th year, no 30
Rural Projects Agency Establishment Proclamation
25. Storm van Leeuwen, Tjaarda P.
Working paper on the industral investment conditions in Ethiopia
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
30 July 1976.
26. TAMS Agricultural Development Group.
Feasibility Report Gambela Project, Phase II, Southwest Development November 1975.
27. Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher,
Preliminary ecological study
Annex to prefeasibility report (TAMS Agricultural Development) Phase I - Southwest Development
September 1974.
28. -
The ecology of Gambela Awraja, August 1977.
29 - Ti
ppett> Alan R
Peoples of Southwest Ethiopia*
1970.
Ollendorf, Edward.
Ethiopians; an introduction Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 1973.
to country and people; 3rd ed.136
31 • World Bank:
Appraisal of the grain storage and marketing project. April 28, 1976.
32. -
Ethiopia and the World Bank. June 1976.136—A
ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT op datm ----------------
The time schedule for the Gambela Agricultural Development
project in F^ ’j
8
• een b^sed on the assumption that a project
J such magnitude as envisaged for the Itang area cannot be undertaken until its technical and economic feasibility have been established.
This implies that imp ementation of the project could only start when 
the PeP ° P
e
ilot ProJect has produced results which would be part of
the feasibility study to be completed in 1983. Production in the Itang 
re a could then not be set going before 1985.
In view of the urgent need for food crop production in Ethiopia,
VADA have requested consultants to investigate the possibilities of
accelerated development. Conditional for such an accelerated imple
mentation would be that the Ethiopian Government would undertake to 
improve the Gore-Gambela road up to all-weather standard and to con
struct an all-weather road between Gambela and the project site in 1978.
If this condition is fulfilled, the phasing of development could be
adopted as shown in Fig. 10. In preparing this schedule the following 
was considered:
a) on the old basin relicts in or adjacent to the Itang area there are flood-free areas which are too high and too far away from the river to be potential irrigation areas;
b) these flood-free areas could be developed for rainfed food crop production without drainage improvement at a cost of less than Birr 2,000 per ha. At an 8% discount rate, the annual costs of
capital recovery, operation and maintenance would be less than 
Birr 250 per ha per year. With proper extension and credit facil ities, a yield of 1,500 kg/ha/year could be obtained after some
years. The net production value would then be Birr 500/ha/year. Thus, rainfed agriculture without drainage improvement appears to be economically attractive;
c ) on the basis of topographical and soil surveys it will be possible to identify at an early date those areas on the old basin relics that
are unlikely to be selected for irrigation.
since rainfed agriculture without drainage improvement requires a small investment and appears to be economically attractive, there is no need to wait with the development of this project component unt il a proper feasibility study of the Itang project has been made.
ln
: The accelerated schedule as shown in Fig. 10 is the most opti
;2tlC Possible. It implies that the Gore-Gambela road will be improved the access road constructed with the available equipment because
C ^ui
pment cannQt be on the site
before the end of 1978. Contracts
topographical and soil surveys have to be prepared and signed 
ly 1978. Consultancy services would be required for the selection136- B
of the rainfed area, for investigations into the requirements in terms
of management, settlement and extension services, and for the preparatio of plans, including the required equipment, for the reclamation of
selected areas.
Consultants would like to emphasize that the accelerated devel opment should be planned and prepared thoroughly, as a failure of the venture would mean that food would have to be imported into the area to support the settlers, thus defeating the Government’s aim to enhance
food crop production. If development is indeed accelerated according 
to the schedule presented, the first food crop surpluses, namely of
those farmers who settled in the area first, can be expected in 1982.
In Consultants’ opinion, use of the services of Anuak assistant extension agents as suggested in Chapter 5 of their report would be mandatory in order to familiarize the Anuak farmers with the accelerated food crop production in the area with which they will be confronted without much preparation.
Table 25 on the next page shows the schedule of expenditures in the first years of an accelerated implementation of the Itang project.
n
'<!O I N*
PLAIN
ITAN6 PB03ECT
//Y TE&QA TED T/ME SCHEDUL
PUO3ECT YFADS
f~ •6EN&LAL INVESTIGATIONS
/ • PREPARATIONS FOR STUDIES
/ • RECONNAISSANCE STUOY
I • FEASIBILITY STUDIES
I • REVIEW. INTERNATIONAL CONSULTATION, I DESIGN, FINANCING, TENDERING
I •CONSTRUCTION (DAM. BARRAGES, DIKES) L -SETTLEMENT
p FIRST PHASE (ACCELERATED)
• GORE - GAMBELA AND ALL-WEATHER
ACCESS ROAD
• TOPOGRAPHIC ANO SOIL SURVEYS
• SELECTION ANO DESIGN OF QAINFEO AREAS
• CLEARING AND ROADS
• SETTLEMENT AND PRODUCTION
SECOHD PHASE
• FEASIBILITY STUDY
• REVIEW OF STUDY RESULTS, FINANCING
• CONSTRUCTION:
- FLOOO PROTECTION, MAIN ROAD
- IRRIGATION SYSTEM
MAIN CANAL, PUMPING 5TATI0N SECONDARY ANO TERTIARY SYSTEM
- DRAINAGE SYSTEM
- LAND CLEARING, FARM RDAOS
- LANO LEVELLING
• IMPLEMENTATION
- STATE FARMS I
paoDU
CTlON
PEPEO PILOT PROJECT
L - SETTLEMENT I
p . CONSTRUCTION :
- UPGRADING ACCESS ROAD TO
CLASS A STANDARD
- OTHER ENGINEERING WORKS
I • AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME L • PRACTICAL SCALE TESTING
NOTE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS SCHEDULE IS -
OtlLY POSSIBLE IF THE
REQUIREMENTS AS STATED IN THE ADDENDUM AQE MET11 ang project. Accelerated time phasing of developments And expenditures in the first phase (1,000 Rirr)
Project year
1
1
1
1
ii
i
1
)
i
1
ii
i•
i
1i
1
4
ii
1 5 1
it
. - ------------------------ - --------------------------
i
i
i
i
i
i
i 6 ;
i
7
i
i
i
i
» total >
i i
ii
!developed minted area (ha)
'investment expenditure (preliminary)
i~ All-vel hr: access road
’npographic nnd soil surveys and selection 1 and desicn of rainfed areas
i- Implement at ion
. . 1 earinc
. farm roads
houses, offices, buildings and transport
i
1 1
| (|07R) jI
i i
ii
1 mo ; 200 j WO
i
i
i
i
i
i ! 300 !
i i i i
300 ; 300 ; i,5oo ;
i
i
[ 1,000 1
1
[ 1,200 ; 4oo [
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
•
i I
1f
i i i i i 1
i
ii ii i
i i i i i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
1 1
1 1
1 1
; 3,000 ; 1 1
1 1
; 1,600 • 1
1 1
I c :
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 50 | 100 I 1 50 | iso ;
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 50 | 1 1
1 1
1 1
I 200 |
ioo ; 150 | 150
i
i
i
i
1 1
1 1
11
1
150 ; 1 50 750 ■
150 j 150 750 [ T no
• manigement. settle-
1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
went and extension services
100 ; 50 1 50 | 100 [ 50 550 ; > > r
» z Z
. contingencies 400 200 | 100 ; 50 ! 50
] 4,600 | 900 | 400 | 400 1 400 ; 450 [ 400 | 7’550 ;
50 ; 50 900 [
- Total
Operating expenditure (preliminary) Total expenditure
1 1
1 1
1 1
20 | 30 • 60
1 20 J 150 1 470 ;
I 1 90 i
More then half of the total investment will
| 4,600 | 920 1 430 [ 460 j 490 ; 570 -4; 550 j 3,020 j serve all phases of the I tang proj ect.
-.ssistance for the construction of the road with the available equipment.
It has been assumed that development will start along the access road; the farm roads will be connected to this road.
-9f I<37
ANNEX a
SUMMARY
In this Annex the
available in publicati
have been summarised 
hydr°-mete
»°uX-* “hich
nation has been provided f th® Jefeorre tnchee T. i^AT ° MSr t rheeTpor ™S r t eport
^ich are not yet
n
the of f0otnoZ"CeSSary’ an
Ann. A138
A ’1 ’ Runoff of Baro river at Carabela
Year
Jan.
Feb. Mar.
Apr.
May 
June July 
Aur.
Sep.
n
cti
’90S
250a
1906 
m
170a
160a
200a
210
613
1,434
2,013
2,313
’ ,07 |
—
233
174
107
419
1,036
2,192
2,265
3,270e
2,200a
9 10
>907 
211
168
152
292
243
769
1,576
1,318
2,067
?73e
1908 
|75
1909 
273
103
105
122
242
985
1 .957
3,066
3,108
1,730
1 ,727
’ .240
137
193
504
837
1,683
2,393
2,797
3,480
1910 
324
2.202
236
242
242
959
774
’911 
399
658
1,210
2,014
246
2,423
3,179
259
201
459
965
1,087
2,697
2,803
2,909
1 ,725
’ .039
’912 
434
276
207
184
237
749
l,952e
2,492e
2,346
1 ,026
954
'913 
217
153
l40e
176e
439
750a
1,366
2,164
2,230
RP2
522
•914 
|
5r
Rr
oa
12r
IO2r
605
1,310
1,954
2,888
1915 
214
2,495
’916 
294
163
137
117
372
ROr
1,339
1,023
168
1,613
106
2,016
123r
300
948
1,429
2,957
2,012
2,341
•917 
517
271
187
213
317
1,068
3,204
2,065
2,961
3,360
3^297
1,191
1918 
234
134
279
286
598
1,319
2,554
2,838
’919 
250a
170a
160a
200a
578e
2,728
1 ,557
3,475
2,763
3,300
1,392
3,101
1 ^448
1920 
218
661
175
141
’921 
251
73r
598
1,329
2,514
140
108
2.689
125r
479
2,571
1,155
1,648
2,286
’922 
139
92r
66r
2,862
62r
2!5r
3,145
1,192
2,116
3,074
1,901
1923 
194
141
’924 
261
295
477
816
1 ,483
2,443
3,350
3,143
3,107
2,203
1 ,21?
725
675
180
183
297
440
1,069
1 ,789
2,864
3,132
1,763
’925 
268
162
157
’ ,023
211
478
1926 
268
1,377
2,103
175
214
225
2,513
635
1,050
1 ,634
2,712
3,094
1,531
3,045
80?
1927 
257
162
199
1928 
U5
173
235
87
915
1,911
2,460
2,118
2,413
900
99
299
714
1,520
2,650
3,430
1 ,673
2,740
451
’929 
233
195
148
406
1,100
2,270
2,350
1,800
2,930
3,390
2,690
774
755
1930 
393
250
206
278
1931 
187
329
94
1,010
1,510
1,880
71
86
234
2,340
1932 
160
982
1 ,760
2,190
2,910
1,230
572
85
62
1 10
561
1,150
2,100
1 ,790
594
1933 
188
123
154
2,610
168
410
3,370
2,120
563
1934 
215
781
1 ,880
2,320
132
102
210
3,150
346
965
2,270
2,410
896
3,140
3,170
1 ,710
755
1935 
277
187
188
227
626
1936 
300
1,570
2,310
3,130
3,010
300
1 ,880
149
207
579
1 ,430
669
193/
217
164
2,000
130
2,610
121
3,130
1 ,680
539
956
1 ,720
2,490
603
1938 
203
2,240
123
166
1 ,540
121
936
311
1 ,470
2,170
2,430
3,180
1939 
264
183
3,020
205
276
845
673
1 ,660
2,170
2,960
2,920
1 ,890
877
1940 
233
185
93
122
220
1941 
250*
1 ,100a
1,900a
2,600a
2,900a
1,900a
800a
170a
1 60c
200a
4 50a
1,610
2,170
2,490
3,250
2,440
982
1942 
271
185
259
1 18
539
1,380
2,260
3,020
3,310
1 ,380
516
1943 
202
121
1 16
133
257
693
1,590
2,210
2,770
1 ,920
630
1944 
204
123
128
138
741
1,350
1 ,690
2,520
2,580
1 ,220
403
1945 
162
102
80
92
462
916
1,780
2,730
3,260
2,320
1 ,090
13,500
1946 
307
174
H5
132
316
R62
1 ,830
3.340
3,630
2,340
964
506
511
14,521
1947 
295
196
156
292
3 78
1 ,040
2,190
2,750
3,250
1 ,830
752
13,687
1948 
297
245
227
162
378
1 .410
2,140
2,660
3,570
2,990
1 ,090
15,700
io** 
258
169
166
248
300
872
2,270
2,750
3,380
2,180
714
14,012‘
1950 
4-
219
183
314
566
1,170
2,250
2,870
3,790
1,520
637
556
531
705
413
14.373
11,458a
1951 
236
170a
160*
102
28!
839
1 ,160
2,630
2,150
2,350
888
•952 
280
195
172
172
439
970
2,080
3,080
2,450
2,370
596
492
360
13,164
707
10.775
1953 
210
104
143
122
327
706
1,540
2,700
2,150
1,550
1954 
201
79
! 12
143
229
954
1 ,480
1 ,820
2,740
2,250
493
834
10,836
14,758
1955 
266
188
88
283
399
1 ,260
2,150
2,660
3,470
2,520
16,690
1956 
376
2 34
299
404
753
1 ,940
2,170
2,270
2,880
3,800
1 ,000
516
335
640
564
410
13,282
1957 
34 1
20)
415
503
475
1,300
2,300
2,960
2,730
1 ,030
6 1 7
1958 
226
151
74
1 16
250
1,010
1,770
2,530
3,350
2,610
766
1959 
254
129
146
109
606
888
1,300
2,030
3,150
2,710
1 ,000
1968 
277
217
106
55
246
84 7
1,528
2,690
2,274
1,354
551
1969 
28)
199
272
184
299
795
794
1 ,488
1,924
753
237
400
4 30
349
79
362
13,253
12,752
10,494
7,405
12,806
4'0 
211
1 13
143
107
295
1 ,070
1 ,872
2,493
3,270
2,1 19
75’
!9 
24
l 22
97
81
227
505
1,593
2.024
2,384
1 ,884
960
•
2/2
2 50
146
85
165
271
737
1 ,639
2,000
1 ,964
928
67
c
>J
1 12
567
948
1 .886
2,997
3,084
1 ,596
655
1 3<
ILL
136
see
1 ,oeo
1 ,556
2,676
3,300
1 ,975
426
312
334
291
389
423
10,544
9,196
12,0*9
. a -
l 78
1 ? *•
1 17
1 ' 7
376
1,123
1 , 747
1 ,896
3,050
2,039
840
77.6”
“Steer
W
163
156
69
I9(
437
1,110
1 ,890
2,560
2.935
1,971
786
g< andard
,ev ar icn
79
106
19/
333
399
4 54
455
614
245
• computed by tneane of ar. extrapolated ratine curve
in the etaer.ee of a gauge record for the period
,•
t • nr.*-"* in the abaence of e complete gauge record for the period
wa<<r
Kola*
- 1905-1927 data have beer, obtained by applying the rating curve for the period 1928-1959 to decade of «* The forwoia of the rating curve ia :
,£
Q • 100 (G - 8.77) ’‘* , where 0 ia the discharge and 6 ie the gauge height-
- 1928-1959 data have bear, taker. 1i ou. "The Hile baain", Volume IV
- 968-1973 data have beer, obtained by applying the rating curve for the 1963 flood acaeon
.nd <1.. !»»' <">'
water leva) data The formula of the rating curve i» ;
|n ( J 36 
vU|Ve
IP
1974 arul 1975 data have been aupplied by the National Water Kceourcea Council. They are baaed on the
data in the Table ere not elweye identical to thoee given in the corresponding labia in the iAMb
A
AU“I
Nutt Cunputtfd on the basis oi daily data supplied by the Valleys Agricultural Development AuthorityTable A.) - Rainfall at Gecha. Itang. Jikao. Yahu and Yudbo
Unit : =1
Year
T--------- V
1 Jan. Feb.
T — I Mar. i
! Apr . ! May ' _ _ _ '
' June ! July
i Aug. i
1
1
Sep.
' l
Oct. ! Nov.
i
'n 1
i Dec . i Total
|_------ -T-
i
Gecha
1958
1957 1 . i
T
i
I
1 120 62 30
1i
l
I
1I i “i
1
i
t
i
i
I
l
•
•
i
i
i
! 259
i
i
i
1 227
11
l1 1• 1 208 1
i
i
i
i
! 84
i
i
i
i
i
i
! 25 !
! s 1
»1 i
~l -
1 239 287 : 258 ; 150 63 1 27 ;
jasa ! *2 41 71 i 88 : 129 ! 183 1 280 ! 231 ; 28i ; 426 57
: 25 : 84 ; 52 ; io? ! 246 1
i ~i
-i -i
i 45 i j
i
1 °b0
1961
i
i
Mean
I tang
1973
FTT:
i”i
151
! 88 i
1 343 ! 340 1 248 1 294
11
1
{
84 72 1 178 1 238
•
1
!d
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11 11 11
11
1 ! 2 16 1
1
1
i
i
1!268 1
1 1 1
! 394 1
1 2 1 5 1 124 0 ! 86 i
i
i
i
i
i
i i i i i i
1,915 i i
i
2,306 i i
1 1 285 1
1 1 1
1 ! 240 ! 1
11
185 i1 51
i
1 i 46 i 1 1,898
i
i
1!
1
1
0
0
; los ! 11
103 1 84 1 199 1 126
1
1
1
1
11
11 11 ' m1
1 1 33 l 11
11 11
i
98
8
i 0
856 1 1 1
Jikao
] 071
11 11 11 1
1o1 i 0
1
11
1
1
•
1
1
1
i
i
ii
i
11
11
11
11
11
0
; 7i i 181 86 1 220
l,„
1 ,571
113
n
i
!
1 ! 3 ! 0 1 11 60 1 120 1 76 ! 151 187 91 1 24
0
1975
r— Td'
o: i
9 10 1
! 107 i
i
77 i hi
1
201 1
;
1 188 1
192 i i
i
i
0
14
4
i
1„1
i
147
11
0i
1,043 ; i
1,070 ; ------------- 1
Mean
1I I1 1I 1
1
1
3
—1 1-------7--- —1i1-----7-9-- 1bi
91 11 191 1 197 1 147 1' 95
—i i i -----1--6-- —111-- 11------0-----
I Yahu
1973 1974
1
1
1
1
1
1-
i
i
i
i
i
i -i
i
i
i
i
i
126
i i i i i
1
1
1
11 11 11
11
287 1 232
236
1
1
1
424
i
i
331 1 139 i
44
11 11 11
10
943
! i i i i
i 44 i 1 1 1 67 1 22 1 352 1 294 268 298 1 348 ; 71
106 i 114',, i
124
i
1975 1 42 1 50
73 1 107 1 219 249 1 270
1
216
300 i i
10
i! 17 i 223
1976 ! 69 93 ! 123
1
I 44 i
r >
1 1 14 1 136 ; 114
1 c ’ 1977 i 5 i
i
i
i
i -i
i
1
! 12 i
-1
20
-
i
i
i-
i
i— i
i
1,799
1,690 i 1
1
1
--------------1
Mean
1 1
1
■1 1 1“
t------------♦ 40 !
11
i
1 81 i
i -i i
i
1- 1
i
i
i
f
-i----------- !-----------------L
44
-- i----------- i 86
i
1 58 1 243 I 228
i
i
1
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
1
222 1
1
261 1
! 273 ! i
i i
i
i
111
' 24 i
i
!
i
i
Yudbo
1973
-
1
i
i
i
i
i
i0
1
1
65 ; i
i
1974 1 0
1 36
! 163 ' 287
i - i1
1
1
1
1
310 1
1
1 1-
238 1 339
1!
i 190 1 1
83 1 i 20 i 0 !
1-1
1975
i 64 i 6 1 101 1 296 1 404
307
295 11
105 ! 52
1,655 ■ 11
1 1
1
1 1 1
1
1
I
>
3
1976 1 20 1 24
t—
—i-----------
i
i
70
! 32 1
1 212 1
1-------
1 226 1 236 1
1
- I 381
318 i
i
i 223 J 104 i
i
1 , c 15
—+--------- »—
i
4-----------
1; 0;
•
1 1
-4------------ -----
1
----------- 1
1 260 1 346
97 i
1 29 1 oil
1 1
,721 /
>
i
i Mean
•
- = So data
Sote: computed on
. ' 10 1 29
i
37 i
i 99 1
! 265 I
! 313 i
1
1
236 ! i
•
the basis
. of daily data supplied by the Vaileys Agricultural Development:
Author city-
1406AU6E HEIGHT IK m
SOURCES
HATIOTUU. WATER RESOURCES COUNCH- (NWRC}
FOR DISCHARGES > «OO m‘/sco
EUaOCONSULT: FOR DISCHARGES < *00 —‘/s«-L OH THE
basis of Discharge measurements made bt the n •* r IN THE LOW FU3W PERIOD OF MAQCN - MAY <*77JlKAO At KO \\av\o
I 1 !*i
-hj 4 :us
ANNEX R
I
r
methodology
The soil survey consisted of u
id. A total of 22 au&er borine / °bservations basna th e soil at each location was car* ^
f th °f I m was c^3™*300 "* 
tu
re, structure (as far as possib ) cn 
le 7 deSCribed as SegartT 
serva
ble CaCO concretions. Notes ’ « °^, wetness, mottling and^b 
t .lt ion and topography were made. in .chara«eristics such 
3
t in between the grid points. T
ing of 7 so I pits at represent!
o f the undisturbed soil horizons of h, .
digP
} > *il prot
caUons- Complex descrim
3 total of 35 soil samples was taken f, ° were m^a
,0 additional undisturbed samples the pj tC anal7 ^. while for
SU
s
lyses were carried out at the Royai TropicarinsJit^ ™^; 7 ana“
6
The field soil information was plotted onto an enlarged aerial photograph, approximate scale 1:5,000. The photographic image of the terrain, together with the data obtained by means of the topographical survey also carried out by Consultants, were used for the establishment of soil boundaries by means of interpolation between check-points. Ab rupt soil boundaries which are strongly related to topography of vege tation could be drawn with reasonable accuracy, the deviation being up to 25 m in both directions. Inferred boundaries which indicate transi tions of soil types are accurate within a distance of 100 m in both directions. The resulting soil map has been reduced to a scale of
'• 10,000 for publication purposes (see Fig. 8 k i physiography
The area selected contains '.‘estription of these units has been S «e detailed soil and 
"’ieet area could be divided into s eWes the physiographieai
*'eos information on their .««
xt *nded key to the mapping units.
f ipodplain remuauts
of'recent flo«dpl»“- k>m>u th. .Unt
s. These ate rtn™ » ® ci ttve area< .
ist i„ is
2U_basin_fS3.S_tal . MSt, “i* S’llioW* ”
1
J
^«Wel, „ areas sit«« » 
n
slopes, ht plates
 the
w
. h intar-
c
r . escarpments'. 10 .pprosinst1
i„ slope. Elevation » W
w t ^,‘^e
Ann. 5166
level and the areas are only inundated during periods of exception ally high floods or during the peak of the flooding season. T|)c
radial - drainage is moderately rapid. Vegetation mainly consists
of open forest, which at places changes into tree savannah. The com- mon soil is a very darkly coloured, moderately clacking, deep clay, the characteristics of which are discussed in detail under "Soils".
(ii) Old levee_£JJ.iUj£2
There are no topographical or vegetational indications which could help to trace the old levee on aerial photographs or on the ground. 
It could only be located by soil borings, a fact which supports a previously made statement in Chapter 3, Subsection 1.2 that soil
type is not directly related to vegetation or topography. This rem nant of an old levee situated in the old basin has all the external characteristics of the old basin proper but for the soils, which are
of a loamy sand to sandy clay loam texture. A detailed description has been given in the section on soils.
II. The recent floodplains
In the pilot project this unit could be subdivided into:
(i) ridges
(II) basins and interconnecting channels
(i i i) ho11ows.
(i)
The ridges in the recent floodplain are relatively high-lying areas, approximately located at 2.5 to 1.5 m above local zero level. They are liable to flooding in the wet season, the flooding depth ranging from 0.5 to I m. The mesotopography is rather pronounced, with many small individual ridges separated by natural furrow-like depressions. Vegetation mainly consists of grasses with a specific tree. The ridges are built up from layered sediments probably overlying a basal
clay. The textural variation has been used for a further subdivision of the scil types found on the ridges. External drainage is rapid to slow, depending on local elevation and slope characteriseics.
Cl baslns_and_interconnecting_channels_(J84 5_ha)
x
These areas, located at a height of approximately 1.5 to 0.5 m above local zero level, are in the wet season inundated for prolonged per iods. At places, floodwater may rise to a height of over 2 metres. Vegetation consists of grasses. This summit is typical basin-struc tured , witi. very gentle slopes, but still has moderate mesorelief probably resulting from sheet erosion. External drainage is slow, since mu<i. water is received from the surrounding ridge areas. 
In the dry season the areas are completely drained-off. The soils have developed mainly in the basal Hay and consequently are heavy' textured throughout.
Ann. B147
(i ii) Ij2ll°wsj29.6_h^
These areas are situated iGSs ..
tfhich places them at almost' . Ilan 0.5 m a[
Bar0 river. They consist
" °'5 ■ above j
because of their low pOsiH Jlr. Their size i / °"’
1Sola
ted p!' IT|
o f 1 Same height as h zero lcvel>
sr
->»»■ arc
atc 1Gq
wt t0
th c bott°m of the ,
the basi" which,
season. During the wet sea, C°ntrolled by th/
dated tbroiJ
. ghout the
£er 2 metres. Most 0‘ !
£ l».d.et.t” ‘ "m," „f tfe dry
season, but because of the af lned'off ex/rna / / • /f
hollows drainage is not comni emetlti°ned isolate/ during the dr?
operation only ln the
a "d residual uaterT^ by
The
of these hollows become srnaller hP ° °nged dry season the areas dominantly consists of reeds. ref°re- The vegetation pre- tions birdlife during the dry season ; the Perraanent wet condi-
 soils are clayey throughout. |> L T’7 c^centrated here, throughout the year, so that an acr/T 7 '"et conditions prevail could take place, which i turn u/? 3tl0n of or?anic matter
e
soils. 
n
tUrn led t° the development of mucky
At this point Consultants would 1iv ►
a s described for the pilot project recent floodplain in the whole So "
are
ok
nm\ m obse7e that conditions
’‘t’
£»
stage of the data collection the informal/ ere"?re’ already at this Jy of the pilot project may be USX XS ‘th
potential of the complete floodplain. This tofomtIon SSS™
been nsed as a basis for the conclusions laid dom £. a™..’ 3 L section 3.1 of the Main Report. 
“ ’* 3’ S 0
3 SOILS
(i) General
All soils in the area have been formed in alluvial deposits
which, as far as the recent floodplain is concerned, originate from
the present Baro river, while those in the old basin are probably attri-
u table to the presence of a former large stream - presumably a proto-
aro river - running further to the south.
The mineralogical analyses of the sand fractions given in the
. S report indicate more or less a common derivation of all soils, i.e. mainly metamorphic rock. The stronger mica component found in the most ^ cent Baro levees points to a slightly different parent material, 
‘he major soil differences relate to texture - a depositional feature - " moisture conditions, a topographical induced feature, which has
d
J T ^dox and gley features to occur at varying depth -d -tensity. // Ume ^cumulations may occur below a depth.or la '"ong to
d
feat
still • 
ur
8 /eSe c°ntent ab°ve CJ" esre lndicative of a weakly 
Jevelop
ed leaching process which 
•
The «, 1S ln immature stage. 
w hich°St devel°Ped soils are
h> contrary to the generallv blat
soils in tiie old basin
Mj-k to darkcrev coloured deposits.
Ann. 3U8
have a reddish brown colour indicating aeration and oxydation of iron compounds. The climate is probably inducive to leaching, therefore, but the generally heavy texture, the high bulk density and the low permea bility tend to retard this process in most soils. The redox features
are weakly expressed in the old floodplain and weak mottling occurs generally below a depth of 50 cm. In the recent floodplain soils vary 
in texture, depth of redox features and presence of gley. All these characteristics are related to the position of the soil in the land
scape. The floodplain sediments seem to consist of a thick clay deposit found throughout the profile in the most low-lying positions, over
which more loamy layers have been deposited of the type found in soils
in ridge position. At places where this layer is thinner than one metre
a textural change from losses into clay can be observed; where it is thicker than one metre the full profile is of medium texture (e.g. in 
the East of the area). In the extreme West, more intensive layering can 
be observed, probably because of the nearness of an area where the Baro frequently spills floodwater over its southern bank, causing the depo sition of layers with strongly varying textures. In this area the aver
age profile shows a medium-heavy-medium texture, i.e. a clay layer sandwiched between two loamy layers.
Finally, in the very low-lying areas with permanently wet con ditions a muck layer has developed on the basal clay. The depth at which mottling occurs is largely dependent on the site elevation. Complete gleying is only found in the hollows. The basins show strong redox mottles almost up to the surface, whereas mottling in ridge position usually starts at a depth of 20 cm or more.
In sum it can be said that genetically all soils were found to be very young, relatively weakly leached. The soils in the old basin, although developed in deposits of a geologically earlier period, do 
not seem to differ strongly from those of the recent floodplain. Clay formation is somewhat stronger in the old basin, but the higher clay content could be a depositional feature, not due to pedogenesis. The stronger montmoril lonitic character of the clays in the old floodplain may be a relict from the time when the old basin was still in its ori ginal position and consequently need not be the result of present cli matic or environmental conditions.
( i i ) Classification
J'
^ &clfl CS-tiOn °f S°ils outlined in Table B. I is in accord-
ance with the U.S. Soil Taxonomy (1976).
The clay soils of the old basin were initially classified by TAMS as
.belonging to the Mollisols, because of the fact that the width of cracks developing in them djd not surpass the critical value. However, in the
c
except iona J 1 y long dry season Consultants
J
r
stayed in the area they 
found that
still had a
they class.
* • ' ’
-------- j
group of the Pellusterts, since the cracks do not than 150 consecutive days. The local name
ma intained.
the Usterts ----------------
the cracks which measured over 3 cm
o width of over J cm at a depth of 50 cm. sified these soils as Vertisols, belonging to 
''because of the ustic moisture regime) ar.d
in width at the surface For this reason lU the suborder of nd the great soil
remain open for more
of Fekedi series has been
Ann . Bof
1° rder Ot is Ust if Invents, on climatic grounds, "il Sr°UP
soi
f evee» Itang series, have been placed Entisols and in the suborder of the Fluvents. The
5
'is of the recent fl°°dplain have also been placed in the
& All s°1t:isols, since their only diagnostic feature is an ochric
j th them can be placed in the suborder < ~ _____________________
e
on* °all saturated with water at some period of the
of the Aquents,
th8? are*thin 50 CTn from the surface and chroma ^ ies
tt wl jurther been subdivided into tgrheea gr t greaoups t groups of the of
_..j year and values of 2 or
l eSS' uent
fl
s aB
f 1 cion °£ thHon content decrease irregularly with depth; the Phtn 
the Tropaquents. All these soils, with the proba __ soils, with the probable
, phino mucky clays, belong to the Fluvaquents, s sincir.ce c
e!iCePr2anic c35 hlv
 belongs to the group of the Tropaquents, because
; the Phino 
° clay P5° tess than 0.7. However, <--
b
>2 
it® « ieS
15 and . hahass ' ‘
, since it is a mucky phase of the
fhin °/ ter not to set be bett tensively
to °ccU
only been observed on a small scale so far, it may it apart as a new series until surveys prove it
in the Gambela plain.
far, it may
Soils of the recent floodplain have been subdivided into series and phases of series on the basis of wetness and texture features. All soils showing mottling at a depth below 25 cm were classed as belong ing to the PePeo series, whereas those with mottles already occurring within a depth of 25 cm were given the name of Phino series, a nanp introduced by TAMS, but for which no definition has been provided. The Phino series generally also has finer textures than the Peneo series.
For a differentiation layers, with the exception of as follows:
into types the textures of the various the top layer of 10 cm, were classified
heavy clay 
clay and silty clay clay loam, silt loam, 
:
:
loam ).
silty clay loam, sandy clay loam)
This textural subdivision resulted 
very heavy-textured heavy-textured medium-textured
in the following types:
p epeo sand
Pe Pe 0
’’epeo
Pe Pe 0
^oam °n clay:
°ain
clay interlayed
light-textured throughout. Probably the same soil as the India series recognized by TAMS. The name could be maintained, if the soil proves to occur extensively 
in the Gambela plain. Part of it may be long to the suborder of Psanments (U.S. Soil Taxonomy, 1976), but they are pre dominantly Fluvents. For practical reasons, the name "Pepeo sand” will be used for the pilot area.
: medium-textured throughout. 
: medium-textured on heavv-textured.
: medium-textured with a heavy-textured layer in between.
Ann. B150
Likewise, the Phino series whose textures generally surpass the classification '’medium” has been subdivided into:
Phino clay
: heavy-textured throughout (silty clay and clay)
Phino heavy clay: very heavy-textured throughout
Phino mucky
clay: very heavy-textured throughout with a top layer of muck (organic matter rich clay).
Table B.1 - Classification of soils in the Pepeo project
Mapping unit
Local series 1 1 Order
i Suborder
! i
Great Croup |
Fcdeki clay 
Itang loam
Pepeo sand 
Pepeo loam
i Fedeki
1 Vertisols i Usterts i
i
i
i
i Itang 1 Entisols i Fluvents i
1
i
Pepeo
-
i
i
i
i
i Aquents ! i Psamments?i i i
i Aquents
Pellusterts
Ust ifluvent s Fluvaquents Ustipsamments? Fluvaquents
i
i
i
i
I
i
I
i
i i i i
Pepeo loam on ■
clay 
Pepeo loam, clay inter layered
Phino clay
Phino mucky clayl
]
1
-
i i i i i i
ii 1
iii
i
i
I
i
I
i
i
i
i
i
i
-
i
i
i
i
i
i
I
i
i
i-i
i
i
i
Phino
—
i-i
i
i
i
i - i Fluvaquents or
i
i
i
i
i
Tropaquents
i i i i i i i I
i i i i I I i i
(iii) Uetailed_soil_descript ions
The following descriptions pertain to soils from the representa tive profile pits shown on the soil map. Analytical data for the samples collected in these pits are given in Tables B.2 and B.3. The textures mentioned in the profile descriptions have been based on the analytical data. Textures judged in the field and used for the establishment of
soil boundaries are sometimes slightly coarser than those determined by laboratory analysis. However, such discrepancies are normal for the soils found in the area.
Pit : D
Physiography: remnant of old basin
Soil: Fekedi series
Topography: relatively high-lying, slightly below highest local level Macrorelief: flat
Mesorelief: distinct
Microrelief: weak, caused by light gilgai
Vegetation: mainly grasses with a few scattered trees Weather conditions: after first rains, onset of wet season
Ann. B151
<iZ°n 1io --
r
Depth in cm
Description
o- 12 1OYR2.5/1 very dark
A1
c °arse angular bln cracks abunri
cky ’ kard and massive, large
1 01"65’ abundant roots> abruPt
l ° black clay’ dry’
smooth’boundary to
12- 24
Bl-’
subancnil^ B^eyish brown clay, dry, coarse
cracks V °5ky’ very hard and massive, 
large
r hrown mottles, abundant pores,
GW aint
me roots, clear smooth boundary to
24- 50
B ' -2
1OYR3/2 very dark greyish brown clay, dry, very coarse angular blocky, very hard and massive, 
ew amt mottles, small cracks, few pores, very few fine roots, gradual smooth boundary to
B 2.1
50- 80
10YR3/1.5 very dark grey clay, dry, very coarse
angular blocky, very hard and massive, small
cracks, very few pores, very few fine roots, gradual smooth boundary to
B 2.2
80-115+
2.5Y4/2 dark greyish brown clay, dry, very coarse angular blocky, very hard and massive, very few faint brown mottles, no roots, no cracks, no pores.
Note : Pores are caused by
 decomposition of old roots, along whose
channels mottling 
occurs.
p it; G
Soil: Fedeki series
Physiography: remnant of old basin
Topography: relatively high-lying, slightly below highest local flood level
Macrorelief: flat
Mesorelief: none
Microrelief: weak
Vegetation: dense tree savannah, approximately -b trees/ha Heather conditions: after first rains, onset of wet season.
horizon A. 1
Depth in cm 0- 10
9
B I
10- 45
Description
10YR 5H very dark grey to black clay, wet, 
strong subangular blocky, slightly sticky, slight
ly plastic, large cracks (<• 3 cm) many pores, 
many fine roots, distinct smooth boundary to
HKR3/1 verv dark grey clay, dry, strong coarse
. kinrkv verv hard and massive, large cracks, rouu.
dual smooth boundary to
, nvR, 5/’ dark grey to very dark grey clay, dry. rung medium angular blocky, very hard and mas-
stl b
 ,.
sive, s1prm .-arn-accks-L than previous horizon, no
pores, no roots.
Ann. BPit: E 
Physiography: remnant of old basin
152
Soil: I tang loam
Topography: relatively high-lying, slightly below highest local flood level
Macrorelief: flat
Mesorelief; none-ternite hills present
Microrelief: strong-gi1gai
Vegetation: tree savannah
Weather conditions: after first rains, onset of wet season.
Horizon hepth in cm
Description
A 1
0- 22
7.5YR3/2 dark brown sandy clay loam, wet, weak subangular blocky, slightly sticky, abundant
fine roots, distinctly over
B 1
22- 61
7.5YR3/2 dark brown sandy clay loam, wet, moder
ate subangular blocky, some iron accumulation at 55 cm, distinctly over
E 2. 1
61-110
5YR4/4 reddish brown sandy clay, moist, moder ate subangular blocky, friable, few roots, distinctly over
E 2.2
110-135*
5YR3/4 dark reddish brown gravelly clay, moder ately subangular blocky, friable, very few
roots.
Fit: E
P!vsiography: recent floodplain
Soil: Pepeo loam
Topography: relatively high-lying, in ridge position, flooded during wet season
Macrorelief: : flat
Mesorelief: moderate
Microrelief : weak
Vegetation: grasses
Weather conditions: after first rains, onset of wet season
Ann-151
A1 1.1
Depth in cm
0- 7
7- 26
IO ™V3 . ""•My, .1 p dont b"«°, 
1OYR2/2 v m °ttles
Dcscr>ption -----------
clay l0an,, ‘ cl7;
° Otl boundary
wet, coarse roots, abun- to
W ro°ts,
-w cracks, sticky, distinct large
1.2 B
27- 55
,0 W3 brown"t d^T b°Undary t0
o
2
55-125+
boundary to ’’ mottles. gradual smooth
10YR3.5/3 dark hr •
sticky, very few C^a'y’ wet, coarse prismatic
(brown). 
P es’ man7 distinct mottles
Note: por ;--e-s-- a are closely i 1_
is confined to root channel*• „ s. u.ed ,
Pit: F
physiography: recent floodplain Topography: ridge position, slightly hieher
during wet season Macrorelief: flat
Mesorelief: distinct Microrelief: weak
t0 the decomposition of roots; mottling
.
Soil: Pepeo day
.
° " n surro'-:'-di~gs, flooded
Vegetation:
grasses
Weather
conditions: after first rains, onset of wet seas
Horizon Depth in cm
A1
0- 21 21- 53
Description
1OYR3/I.5 very dark, grey silty clav, wet, angular blocky, slightly sticky, abundant abundant roots, distinct boundary to
strong pores,
7.5YR3/2 dark brown clay, wet, prismatic, 
ly sticky, many cracks, abundant pores, 
roots, distinct irregular boundary to
IOYR3/2 very dark greyish brown clay, wet, pris matic, very sticky, tew cracks, few small pores, few roots, many distinct fine brown mottles, gradual smooth boundary to
IOYR3/2 very dark greyish brown clav, wet, weak prismatic, sticky small pores, many distinct
small mottles.
siight few
B 1.2 53- 84
B2
84-135+
Ann. aPit: A
Physiography: recent floodplain
156
Soil: Phi no clay (on loam)
Topography: basin position, severely flooded during wet season Macrorclief: flat
Mesorelief : distinct
Microrelief: weak
Vegetation: grasses
Weather conditions: after first rains, onset of wet season
Horizon A 1
B 1
Depth in cm 0- io
19- 78
Descriptions
I0YR2/1 black clay loam, wet, subangular blocky, slightly plastic, abundant pores, many fine
roots, gradual smooth boundary to
10YR3/1 very dark grey silty clay, wet, angular
blocky to prismatic, plastic, few cracks, many 
weak mottles, few pores, few roots, gradual
B 2
smooth boundary to
10YR4/4 dark yellowish brown clay, angular
blocky, slightly sticky, few pores, faint mot-
tl ing
Note: at 90-100 a
layer of more sandy material occurs.
Pit: C
Soil: Phino clay
Phyt lography: recent floodplain
Topography: basin position, severely flooded during wet season Macrore lief:
Mesorelief: distinct
Mi<rorc lief : none
Vegetation: grasses
Weather conditions: after first rains, onset of wet season
Horizon Depth ir. cir /. 1 0-20
g I
20- 90
Descript ions
7.5YR2/O black silty clay, wet, strong angular blocky, slightly sticky, abundant pores and 
roots, very few faint mottles, abrupt smooth boundary t <
’ OYP /I very dark grey ( I iy, wet , coarse pris. 
in..-tic, sticky, few cracks, many pores dec reas i ng 
witl dept) , many small roots, many di 11 use mot
!
< • , gradual .smooth boundary to
90-120”
10Y1 :/? very dark greyish brown clay, wet , str
yri smatic, sticky, many d i f f use t ine mot ties, 
f ew bina J J por c t
Ann . B155
(i v)
•i fertility
Soil—"
An assessment of soil fertility ic i
1 characteristics. Since for the soil^r °n b°’h cben,ical and XslC 1 component is so much different f *S [ound in the area the
h
y i^
S aSpects have been discussed separately 
comP°ne"t,
tl>e C
•_ l aspects
a
3 ci^l^-^-------------------------
The pH of all the soils studied inrro-,- - • .
= towards a leaching process and a do'zn’./l" Wlth depth’ which
P oillt rofileS leaching is hampered in the 1 reraoval of bases. In 
Stability of the heae/cl ,
l°W ^accumulation of bases is indica^ A-? 1 Sly bi8h exchangeable sodium content o/uj t" rZor'-t-^f’t"'
"hon exchange capacity. In s„ h layers sligh?,, alkaHn.^o^tions
of
F) * The re"
c
r e likely to occur. In their present condition all soils are free
from harmful salts however which is also confirmed bv the low very 
; ow electric conductivity values and a base saturation under iCQZ.
conclusion seems justified, therefore, that the alkaline conditions
uentioned are the result of former pedogenetic processes under differ-
ent climatic conditions which may have led to salinization and alkali— 
nization. The present alkalinity would in that case be residual, the
salts having been leached out.
Be that as may, although the Baro river carries excellent water fc irrigation purposes the alkalinity of the subsoils should be care: watched and permeability and drainage should be i-roreved, wherever possible.
All samples were qualitatively tested for free lime using 0C1. 5o vesence was found, so that the free line content in all samples is judged to be less than 1 %. , Al 1 soils are amply supplied with calc: and magnesium. In the Fedeki series the Ca Mg ratio is unbalanced
ever, the exchangeable Mg being too high in relation to the excha: Ca. This has an unfavourable effect on the permeability of the he and may also be the cause of the development of montmorillonite a dominant clay mineral. This clay mineral has strongly
tLes causing the soil to crack when dry; its dominanc' an unfavourable effect on moisture characteristics, s Water absorbing capacity leaves little water for plan
.T
••o
The cation exchange capacities are r.ui-e.a-e.? *y in clay soils: a reflection of the clay 
the soils in absolute terms is good to medera-e.y strong imbalance between the exchangeable S. and :
igh, particular- The K-status of
ccgood, , but ' here is a
able Ca and Mg, ^tcmhiang. tching
so that K may become
he combined deficient, a fact which
exchange need s
Tt
soils are well to extremely wel — — x 
p articul arly the Fedeki series under forest show exceptionally 
supplied with available
phosphorus.
lion has played a role leaching by keeping it
Total nitrogen
in 
in
is
forest and the high values. It may we!- minimizing the loss or
the organic cycle.
Irang loam under 211 be that the vegeta-
phosphorus through
^°°dPlain soils'
. Those values
Ann. Bas for the Itang loam they are low probably as a result of texture
Ibc N-status of all soils is such that N-f or t i 1 i zat ion will be nor* , ary at 1ow 1cvcls only.
Summarizing : all soils are chemically of a good to excellent qualit lor a wide variety of crops, capable of producing high yields at ini t * low levels of fertilization. Factors which should be given attention arc: the slight alkalinity in lower subsoils of heavy clays, the ba
lance in exchange cat ions !
such * ns the Ca/Mg - ratio in the Fedeki clay 
and the relatively low exchangeable K in haallnge soialsbl. c K in all soils. The exceptionally high amount of available phosphate in the Fedeki clay might
to trace element dcficiences.
b. Physical aspects
All soils, except for the Itang loam and Tepeo sand which were not analyzed, arc characterized by a dominant occurrence of fine silt
(20-2 micron'' and clay (less than 2 micron) in the texture. Soils in low-lying positions in the recent floodplain contain on average 50%
v lay. whereas those in a ridge position contain 25-35%, unless a heavy- textured clay layer is found within the loamy ones. The old basin soils contain up to 65X clay.
Topsoils are less clayey; this may be due to outwash through sheet erosion. 'There is no evidence of clay illuviation in the profiles. The variation in texture with depth is mainly a depositional feature, how- cver. which may mask any effect of clay leaching in the texture analyses
c ■ ' gl silt and clay components cause in general strong compaction t’.-c soils, inducing low infiltration rates and a low permeability.
’r.‘ i'tratior. tests could not be carried out in the field because of
t onset of the rainy season at the end of the fieldwork. However, in
's; lion. r.tes could be qualitatively observed during the pF deter-
r • ions . the laboratory and they proved to be extremely low. Al-
give rise
r’om nance of montmorillonite in the clay fraction would add
•<
•; f . t r. i on because of the development of cracks following pro-
or.rt cr .ng
. under irrigated conditions cracking would probably occur
ow<’ rate. The low infiltration rate and low permeability 
u
 r-
rre
. • 
\
• * he natural drainage conditions. The presence of
> ■round old root channels may indicate that air and water
■ .ave ..
. ss throng! such passage ways. Improvement of structure
anc' fern. drainage should receive high priority in reclamation ef ‘cfs sc t . • th, infiltration is improved and proper root development v i. . be ensured.
tion tc
recent floodf .a -n
TLt unfavourablt moist
- roj growth. ’Lt trut
urc situation
is another serious limita
clay soils in both the old basin and the
I »a v t
l n the topsoils approximately 10 to
..................-> 15% aval 1 -
even much lower
a b 11
< st t
ht- rt
shou
nv 1 st ure- • wL i 11 n t
he subsoil this percentage is 
Tai It i . '
, an av a. aL’<
• !r. t Lt
> , _,my 
t h< s i si t tuuaaItiioonn iis ssomewhat better.
r (l
< on!ent <•( ov.T ?0?" ()'7 <. .in bine expbeec ted. It
t Ik. pf nnuisu r cd a t
6 . ? w.is d i I I i < ‘« I t t o de-
ext remt slow infiltartion rate
and the hetero-
term- nt pent . t
ind i cat ivt
c n< r t . zed be ' uUbt of
o1 t Lt r . t on1y• 1
d Lag sample?-, • f lb, however ,
h.K t lit obt .1 i ned va I ties art without doubt a serious limitationt- co r- oo mi
•"
• 
O
o
• 
o
• a.
O
O
oo
.
oo
c*
N
q r»i m>
« A sfi »*)
»-
OO
r O f-
*1 /*» (A
« J 0
f— 0s m
'O <0
0 0_ 0_ C
- • •
»
O
it (A A v)
*- r- T- a-
lA
" 2A
" A © »-
*■•-
A A A Si
AAoAA
OS
t— n <*) fu
aaa
•c o -s
N fl N
O fi «
«CCCA
00
0,0
□oooc
□oos
f“ «r r- c
a >o a -
r- a o a
1W3
H!? V & & I?
?:>?
O
» -3
a
i-m
5 -r «
N A O' A u M N CM
AVA
***
ru V ?> N
N N M -H 'A158
in water availability probably mainly due to the strong water-absorbing capacity of the montmorillonite in the clay fraction.
Since the strong mesarelief necessitates considerable levelling prior
to crop growth, it is to be expected that the infiltration rates due
to the strong vertical textural variation after levelling will have
changed considerably. It is, therefore, strongly recommended to carry 
out such tests again after levelling.
In addition to the limitations presented by a low infiltration rate, bad internal drainage and low water availability there is the low workability of the clay soils. They are difficult to handle, since
they are extremely hard when dry, and very sticky and plastic when wet. The moisture content at which tilling must be carried out is therefore
of crucial importance and since the moisture range is expected to be narrow, the energy requirements will be high.
The physical conditions of most soils, therefore, set a limit to the realization of the potential found in the chemical fertility.
Proper management procedures and an appropriate choice of crops should become important items of study in the pilot project in order to find 
the most economically viable means to tap the available soil resources. Table B.3 - pF data of soil samples from Pepeo pilot project (Gambela)
1---------- 1
1
1
1 Orig 1
1
1
! Pit i
i
1 Pit i
i i
' “1 T 1 1 1 1
i
i
1 
l
content in volume
;in 
i | Soil i 1 
i
i
i
i
i
i-j-
Depth 
in cm
1 Bulk ;
1 density I
Moisture
r
1
percentage | i
i 1 gm/cm3 Ii initial
i
i
r
i
| pF 0.0 1
i
I 56.4
r
| 2.0 I
L
1 
| available | | moisture L
i
G | Fedeki | 7
1 1.245 36.8
| 44.4
| 30.1
i clay 1
19 1 1.611 |
25.7 I 46.5
B I Pepco | 15 ! 1.165 | 33.2 59.0
] 143.7
! 45 4
| 41 .7
i loam i
i
i | 15 I 1.469 '
i
35
1 1-514 ! 1 
I
33.8 ] 48.4
34.1 I 47.0
.
i 42.0
| 32.4
| 29.6
I 43.3
I 39.9
1 Pit F | Pepeo 20 I 0.772 29.4 | 70.9
1
1 1 clay 
; 49.6
| 26.2
1
i | 27 1 0.969 | 30.1 ! 68.5
I 56.9
I 33.4
1
i
i
i
i
32
1 0.758 I
1 1
23.9 I 71.0
| 42.7
1 Pit C 1 Phino 15 0.918 ! 30.4 68.3 I
1
46. 1 I 52.1 1
] 1 26.9 I 31 4
14.3 ] 2.0
13.0
; i2.4
3.4
1 1
23.4
| 23.5
15.8
1 1
1 clay i
[
i
35 1 1 1
1.407 ;
38.9 58.9
.
] 50.9 1
! 14.7 1.2
:
Ann. B
r
i -o i
1 o159
annex c
^^JCTION_COST£OFTH access „
E
project
I!
1 Number | Type of equipment
______ I_______
I
Table C.l - Purchase prices Moi •
needed to construct the^ Addis Ababa) of hea
h access road (47 km) anj ecl»ipment
Unit price
(Birr)
8
i
i
i
i
------- 1
1
1
1
Total costs (Birr)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Bulldozer, 150 p
!
1
spare
I Wheel
H
P arts 257
r 11 
4*
spare
loader, 1.75 Parts 207
1 
1 
1
---- 1
,440,000 ] 360,000 j
1
3
3
6
6-ton
spare
vibrator rolled Parts 107
180,000
135,000
95,000
1
1
1
1 1 > 540,000 J
108,000 j -— 
1
--------------1 1
1 
1
soo.ooo j
1 1
648,000
Excavator, I ra3
spare parts 20Z
Crusher, 15 m3/hr spare parts 107
Trucks, 15 ton (tippers)
spare parts 207
1
1
1
1
230,000
269,000
1
1
1
1
1
1
95,000 ] 9,500 ;
-----------1
1
1
1
1
690,000 ] 138,000 | 
—
807,000 ] 80,700 |
104,000
828,000
1
3
Hydraulic hammer
spare
parts 207,
1 648,000 j
129,600 | —
50,000 [ 10,000 ;
—
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Motor
spare
grader 135 parts 207
HP
108,000
50,000
150,000
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
888,000
778.000
60.000
1
1
1
450,000
90,000 ;
1 540,000
*)
1 wheel S" U "eeded load fl erusher
2 wheel loe^rs'Le'SedV0’'*^ belling of the vibrator. ” “iscellaneous activities
c-rushers,
-J among which
Ann. C160
Ann.
Table C.2 - Investment costs of heavy equipment for the construction of the access road
1 1
1 . . 1 [ Lifetime j
Type of equipment ’ in hours (~
Investment costs
per unit
1
First year
i
I
I
u
Second year
1
| i
j (years) ' i
i
i
i
total
(Birr)*
| per year | (Birr)
[(rounded)
i
■i I
Number
needed
i
I
i
i
i
i
i
Investment
costs
(Birr)
i
1
1
1
1
1
i
i
i
i
I
i
I
1L_
Bulldozer. 150 HP Wheel loader
; 6,ooo (4) | 225,000 | 56,250
8
1
1
1
i
i 450,000
i i i
1
1
1
1
1
Number needed** [
i
L_
1 1 56,000 |
1
1
Investment j
costs 1
(Birr)
i
1
1
1.75 m ; 6,ooo (4) ' 162,000 | 40,500
4
Vibrating roller,
!
i
1
1
I
i
i
i
i
I
162,000 1
12 1
1
6 ton ] 4,500 (3) ; 104,000 [ 35,000 ; i
| Excavator. 1 m
i
Crusher
i
| Truck, 15 ton
3
1 6,000 (4) ; 276,000 ; 69,000
1 6,000 (4) | 295,900 1 74,000
35,000 207,000
1
1
1
1
i
1 3 1
1 3 !
i
i
i
222,000
i
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
3
1
!
i
81,000
!
35,000 j
i i i
1
(tippers)
; 6,ooo (4) | 129,600 | 32,400 6 1
194,000 1
222,000 | 1
1
130,000 ]
| Hydraulic hammer i
| Motor grader. 135 HP
1
1 
| Total i
| 4,500 (3) | 60,000 20,000
1
i
i
i
i
1
11
i
i
1
11
i
i
[ 6,000 (4) | 180,000 | 45,000 3
i
i
ii
i
i
i
20,000
135,000
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20,000 ; i
1 1 '
1 1 1
i
45,000 )
1
1
1
i
1
1
i 1,425,000
-1----------------------- __ i______________ L
. L_
1 589,000 |
-1
including spare parts
Some of this equipment may not be needed throughout the second year.161
u
8ht
jmPjnent and materials
I
—I—
Type
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Compactor
i
i
i
Water pumps Fuel tanks,
I Fuel tank,
I
I Fuel tanks,
(4-6")
20,000 1
10,000 1, on truck 3,000 1, on trailer
Water tank,
10,000 1,
Water tanks, 3,000 1, Mobile workshop
on truck trailer
on
I Mobile servicing unit
I
II
on
trailer
I
I
I
I
; I
I
I
Generator set, 50 KVA Welding set
Tractors + trailers
Personnel vehicles, land rovers
spare Armco
i
i
Armco
parts
pipes, nestable pipe arch 
0 3.33 x 2.16, 300 m pipes, 0 0.90 m, 250 m
1
i
i
i
i
i
l
il
j
i
i
i
i
i
i
I
i
I
Cement, 70 ton at Birr 200/ton, Gambela Ferry
Transportation costs, Addis Ababa-project, 100 ton at Birr 150/ton
Camping accommodation Tools
Contingencies
Birr
25,000 
35,000 
25,000
60,000
7,000
60,000
7,000 
85,000 
25,000
22,000
5,000
50,000 
125,000
60,000
250,000
45,000
14,000
25,000
15,000
100,000
10,000
30,000
i Total
e: Light equipment has been allocated entirely to the road, although m °st of this equipment will also be used tor the construct nm of
the pHot project. This has been done because the total amount involved in light equipment is low.
Ann. C— *T 5 > i — £ .r> r 1 1 to
*"uj” X " - o
~r : 3 'x
- 7 ; -H T--;
o o 3’ 0 0 3 X 0
- "? “ - 2f
c cj c 3 *o 3 ••^ to '* O (T 1
3 — c 1 1
H
to
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i c-
z 7 — *- < t 1 *- c x «1 1r z?11 — i" *t 1 1 *
— I 1•
r- 3 i th * c
tv b < 5T -1 CT)
c o' *- * 3 3
- c n. — ff
to o r* I r-» u> r*
•i ►*> to to r* to <— ‘ft to Q 3 ft) n •—■ 1
3 3 ft) r* X C ft) 1
x r » r? ~
x- c: *r to 0 ‘ < 1 1
to 1
<1
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6.
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>-> 3- < Z to — — CL 1
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q -< n o th • 3 1
3330 1
?t z * 3 3 3
n di
1 In
1
f
H- zr •■*> | n
T) 3 ft* T) M« — ri 1
3 n to rr 7> 1 1
1n 1• 1 £■'
u-
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5 rr a.
0 »- . 7 7 C 1 1 Ln
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to 1 1 fi 1
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CD (ft 3 1
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— 1 o 3 1 1
<D 1 cl cr 1 ■^1 1 to 1 qn | 1 n 1 Cl -{ 1 3 1 n
1 1
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1 71 1
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0 X 0 O Ln X N) 1 _____ 1 ft)
1 ft" 1 'ft 1
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1 cn
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3 C _____ 1 & i — -I
3r-r
1 1*
1 IO
— 1 1 1
LH Ln
UJ O
Lk) I
T 1 ft)
21 O ——
4> — O X — 1 3* 0 1 'ft
1 O3 1 X
Ln NJ X> O O X> 1 3 — 1 O O O 0 0 J> X 1 3 -• 1 r
O O O 0 0 0 0 1 (ft 3 1 0 1 X 1 to
1
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— — NJ NJ — ^J NJ O 1
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1 — —: 1 LJ NJ — NJ 1 r—t «—• O 1
NJ X X — £> iji 1 C rr r? I
c — • . <? >
x -
.«« 3? o c 
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\c 1 ” 1 -, 1 to. 1 0
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NJ
a> O O
Ln X -O O X> NJ
L.
•
i i i i i i i i i
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i
i o3 1 1
1 i Ca L) CnT 1 zn 1
I (D 1
32 (2 C
1
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LH O NJ O O O "J O 1 (ft 1
CD 3 to 1
1 — 0 — 1
1
J
1
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oOO
oO
O O OO OO OO
O O OO OO OO
11
11
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-------------- ---
w
—. NJ O> CT — LD X '-J 1 — 3 to 1
11
1
1 O O* 1
■* 1 r»- rr rr 1
l
(
ts5
O Lft LJ <zl NJ — to NJ
- oo o| ooo
o o o1 1 1 1 1 1 1
NJ
OX
LJ
J> O O LJ O oOO
O O OO OO
0 0 1 CD — 1
* X■
w WWW 1 1
— — NJ 1
in
i a- 3 i
i
i
’I
1n1 Io1 l31
CL 1 •1 1
O O O O O O 0 0 1 'Ji 1
1
U'
O O O i -i 1
i j>
— bJ
UJ 1 1 1
1
1
NJ
•„CX— 1c 1
I •□' — O i »- 1
« w . . - 1 to 1
1X1
o'
1 g 11
1
1
1
1
I
1X i-
1o 1o 1
u C X — ‘Jl U1 \J X 1 X 1 CD 1
r*- 1 to 1
Z' O </■’ NJ c O NJ O O <-n C 1 3 l 3 1
ooooo ;CCOOO O1 3 I 1
l
1 1 Z-^ .3Q 1
1
1
1
7T O 1
X to 1
ooaoa
1 . _1
1 1„ -----------------------------
>00000 O 1 J.
l1
1 I .1
1oO o Ll O
I
Ln 1O J-
1
1
0/ 1 1>63
c>7 - Construction Cost
pilot project f tlG
l ’“”1’1"8 St,ti0n irrigate ot
l Unjt Price! Total costs
^ing (all rates mclusive of
^forced concrete, 70 m3
;1 inding/mass concrete/concrete tiles
[
(Birr)
transport and
labour
)
)
,lockwork masonry/stone pitching, 42 ra3 ' structural steel, 2,860 kg
galvanized roofing incl. fixings, 64 hardwood, 0.67 m
1 1 650 400
1
miscellaneous (doors, gauze, etc.) sub-total
Pumps and engines
1
i
1
i i i i i i i i
1
w0
od for floating barrier, 2 3
m
2.65
30
880
600
45,500
16,800
7,580
1,920
600 i 1,200
5,000 i-_________
78,600
i
3
i
|
2 pumps (0. 175 m /sec each - static head : 2 gearboxes
2 diesel engines*
pipes (including fixtures) 0 400 mm, 1ength16 m’
spare parts
fuel tank, 2,000 1
transportation Europe-Itang, 8 ton i sub-total
1
i otal building + pumps 1 Contingencies I0Z
i^rand total
*) T
i n); 26 500
7,950
1
53,000
1
15,900 i
13,250
1
26,500
1
1
720
i
i
i
i
ii
i
11,500
1
10,000
3,200
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
'L'O 5.600
1------------------- ! 125,700
! 204,300
20,700
i-------------------- * 225,000
b ,ePumps are more expensive than the engines because they haw
6 manufacturetl in accordance with specifications, while the engines Produced in series.
to166
Tabic C.8 - Construction costs of the pumping station for drainage of
pilot project
i---------------------------------------------------------------------------- y--------- ------ -- -----
i
i
Total costs! (Birr)
“
J Building (all rates including transport
3
| reinforced concrete, 120 m‘
j mass concrete ■» tiles * masonry J stone pitching -*■ blinding, 66 m^
1 structural steel, 6,500 kg
1 Unit price ] (Birr)
1____ _______ and workshop)
J 650 i
i
i
! 600 1
' 1
T
ii
| 
1
2.65
‘i galvanized roofing, 110 m {miscellaneous (doors, gauze, etc.)
sub-total
Pumps and engines
----------------- 3 ,
3 sets of pumps (0.800 m /sec - 6.5m static head)
gearboxes
Q die sc engine?
2
] 30 i
i ii
1 1
'
78,000 ! ii 1
18.600 I
17,225 1 i
3,300 1 1|
I 10,000 
i
j 126,930 j i
i i i
1
1 1
r
i
i
i
|
i i i i
i
35,000 8,500
105,000 
I
25,500 
1
1
| 25,000 i
ii
I
i
75,000 
1
i
i
yipes including, f ixtures) 0 600 mm, 1 ength 7 5 m’
'i spare parts
. tanks of 5.000 1 each transportation Europe-1 tang, 25 ton sub"totai
'lot. buiding 4 pumps Contingencies 10/
81,000 
i
i i
| | i i'
1 ,080 3,250
7 00
15,000
1
1
6,500
i
>—---
17,500
I------------------------ '
325,500 •
____
-------
I
'
I
452.630
i
|!
45,570 
j
1'
____________
j
-1
1
—
498.000 
|
___________________ ______
Ann. (n do
&
o. 0 ID dJ Q.
I
4 J nJ fl
1
< 0
0 < 0 0! id
j
3 0 IJJ
I
0 0)
z
0
K
0
3
k
FIG. C.lCONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE PEPEO PILOT PRO3ECT
K.. I . j/t t_AJ
LMOuHAuL
UkAlhAGt Mfcu( iuk.1
/ ikklGAl.UH AML)169
annex D
iN
troduction
great >
The agricultural potentials of the provided a solution is found for a numk /
Cambela plain are considered ----------------------
i and social constraints, it wiii . Der of technical, organi-
13 en accomplish what mav event °”ever’ be a f°ng and diffi- “^ocess to .
cul
sect essr .
-scale
.cful large-scale development
■7wiiy the e-s-t-a--bl--i-s-hm- , ent of a’pilor p“eftlon! have t0 be studied.
develonm "r. “ll’.bc feasible. Prior to a
IhlS
-
a3SSPP
ecc t:s7eofrop 'crop and and livelisvetocstk ock production 
rimentai « tactical scale- ;
^etested on a pr on acatpr icaalcsticcaalle;scia-le, i.e Wlth some settlers Qr for large_ P
.
scale mechanized farming.
-ment ntaall scaslcea, laend , theand mosttfheeasiblmost
XtiLr'T'*' “
feasible ree i? ? d.°ut on an ez~
? Sults of this research can
JAs fish production seems to show promise, this aspect should 
a
lso be studied.
»
Conversion of large areas in the plain into agricultural land 
or grazing areas will lead to a reduction in wood supplies. Affore
station on a commercial basis may be necessary, therefore. In the pilot scheme experiments on this subject should be carried out.
In order to ensure the widest possible choice of types of farming,
it is suggested to include rainfed as well as irrigated crop and pasture
trials in the research programme and to try out manual and mechanical methods or suitable combinations of the two.
After three years of experiments, more detailed studies and planning, a decision can then be made on the lines to be taken with 
regard to large-scale development as well as on the research objectives which are still valid and the new tasks which should be set for the
pilot scheme, such as demonstration, training and seed supply.
The testing on a practical scale could be started at this time
with the settlement of a limited number of farmers on the pilot scheme, while the mechanized farming methods should be tried out on large pro- auction fields.
Duplication of experiments should be avoided. Experience gained ^ research stations elsewhere in Ethiopia should be taken into coo
peration. Practices which are obviously advantageous and which are CcePted without discussion need not be tested all ever again. A summary 
lustration will do. If conditions are different or practices are not
n 
a oasi e r
s lor extension work.
T.
ra Uf ed In the rirsL Vear the
W hn C°ndlti°ns. In the second ear
a d11
c * accepted, duplication is recowended. ^pUcacion^y " essary to demonstrate the value of certain practices u.
.
will bo on experiments trials under irrigated
also be serve as
unde r condit ions
[n natural pastures
with p_started. Pasture trials wi finding, with and without legumes, afferent regimes of drainage an
Ann . D170
. following is a review of the aspects which will be e ria s and the size of the areas involved.
studied in
Rainfed 
ha
Irrigated
Total
ha ha
Drainage methods
irrigation methods
Tillage
10
9
Choice of crops, varieties,
10
20
18
periods of planting
Soil fertility
3
6
9
5
Weed control
3
5
D£
Harvest
5
5
8
10
Total trials
30
Settlers
50
80
40
15
Large-scale testing
55
15
15
Livestock and fish production
30
45
Forestry
16
61
10
4
14
Total pilot scheme
140
100
240
The following schem
e shows
the implementation of the
pilot
scheme over the years.
•
Project
n
Total area in ha
-----------
------------------
year
rainfed
irrigated
total
3
40
-
40
4
45
30
75
5
55
40
95
6
-
30
30
Totals
140
100
240
2 WATER CONTROL
The degree of water control decided upon will markedly affect
the cost of development and may be a decisive factor in the eventual
choice between crop production development or livestock production 
development. If crop production is chosen, it will further affect the
choice of crops and the yield level which may be expected:
Crop production without flood protection and drainage will only re quire clearing; allowing only maize or sorghum, or rice with low
yields.
Crop production with f1ood sible to widen the range of and consequently to achieve
protection and drainage will make it pos- crops, to raise the level of many inputs higher yields. The drainage criteria
Ann. 1)
i
i
1 o 
CM
o>171
to
be based on the rc pon
S se
1,3 ce^iVe-S7W StaeeS‘ The dePths of VaVi0US cro s during their
5 °%nt perl0JS are viable. All u (c^.Watcr table during dif-
P
£ ,wstrate " i^died-
^cri^nts in i ulnati°ns of) factors
" W'Uch the effects can be
St •nation criteria have to be worked
' Afferent months and under prevailing by means of crop growth in dlt nt of water to be applied e “ S011 and rooting conditions the
a ®°^joS the method of irrigation 
i^a?y da7s can determined.
B eSl
Q f surface irrigation is mainly a 6 develoP >
ed
which in the
c3S ^rh of run and the minimum sIodp
findinS the maximum
len !lly, che speed °f wetting should be V he letSt Sarth movement-
FL nt for the dimensions of the furrow n ’1 'ni he able to handle.
will d
?and°fu™se
because iL is a deter_
o£ he^y ridges and urrows, provided that the flow of water in a furrow
n run into a deep collector drain, which follows the course of existing gullies but improves their water disposal capacity. Makeshift low-cost water control methods should be tried out on the pilot scheme.
I I Field surface-drainage experiments
The objective of these experiments is to determine the most suitable field drainage methods under the given topographical, soil and climatic conditions.
2.1.1 Fur row_length
inlets and the area one man
proved by the construction
The optimum furrow length excess rain and irrigation water,
should allow the timely drainage cf Experiments will be carried out with 
a fixed furrow depth (see
The following combinations proposed:
2.1.2) and spacing 
but with a variable slope
of
Slo^e 0.5%o
1. 5Zo
furrow length and slope are Furrow_leneth
40 m
80 m
120 m
100 m
200 m
300 m
furrow depth : 0.10 m G furrow spacing: 0.90 ni
: cotton/maize
al a rea needed : 2.5 ha
Ann. D172
2.1.2 Furrowedegth
To establish the optimum furrow depth, trials with a depth of
10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 cm are proposed.
Fixed 
furrow
length 
: 100 m
Fixed 
furrow
spacing:
1.20 m
Slope
:
o.5Zo
Cro P
: cotton/maize
Total area needed : 0.8 ha.
2.1.3 Furrow spacing
Furrow spacing can also affect yields. It is proposed to perform experiments with a furrow spacing of 0.60 m, 0.80 m, 1.00 m,
1.20 m and 1.50 m.
Fixed furrow length 100 m
Fixed furrow depth
Slope
Crop
Total area needed
0.20 m
O.57o0 cotton/maize
0.5 ha
2.1.4 Cultivation methods
Different methods of improving internal drainage of the soil will be compared. In all cases, the upper soil layer will be disced, harrowed and ridged.
The following methods are proposed:
- no cultivation
- ripping
- deep ploughing
- deep ploughing and ripping.
Ripping should be carried out perpendicularly to the direction of ploughing.
Fixed furrow length : 100 m
Fixed furrow spacing: 0.90 m
Fixed furrow depth : 0.20 m
Slope
Crop 
: 0.5 Zo
: cotton/maize
Area needed for each experiment 0.5 ha
Total area needed 
2.2 Irrigation experiments
2 ha
The objective of these experiments is to establish a simple and economical irrigation system. In particular, attention should be paid 
to the amount of earth which needs to be moved for the construction of the irrigation system, because earthmovement is very costly and may well
Ann. D173
prove to be the decisive factor in deciding whether irrigation is fea sible or not.
2.2.1 l££igation_methods
Because of differences in roughness of the surface and the variable size and direction of the slopes, different irrigation methods
have to be used. In addition to furrow irrigation and irrigation within borders, border strip irrigation may be applied if the slope is more
than 2Zo and less than 307o. The border widths range between 5 and 10 m. The length of the border depends on the slope.
Crops
Total area needed 
2.2.2 Border width
fodder crops 4 ha
The length of the borders is determined by drainage criteria; their width depends on operational possibilities in terms of manpower and equipment, and costs and benefits. It is proposed to perform ex periments with a border-width of 50, 100, 150 and 200 m.
Furrow length 
: 100 m
Furrow depth 
:
Furrow spacing 
:
Slope
Crops
Total area needed:
0.20 m
0.90 m
0.5 %o cotton/maize 5 ha
This experiment can be incorporated into large-scale field trials. In the case of rice, the same experiments can be carried out in levelled fields, for which another 5 ha are needed.
2.2.3 IlEiS £io _il}tervals
an
The irrigation interval is influenced by the layout of an irri gation scheme. It is proposed to experiment with irrigation intervals of 5, 10, 15 and 20 days.
The calculated interval for both physiographic units, recent floodplain and old basins, was 5 days, based on moisture availabilities in present conditions. These may change considerably with levelling, however.
Furrow length 100 m
Furrow depth :
Furrow spacing
Slope
Crop
Total area needed:
0.20 m
0.90 m
0.57.O cotton/maize 4 ha
Ann. D'••t • T bo I •
Th< o|l » fhr f j i rn< A nn<
V» of
» • pn i n i n» i ghf
jn nd r»n! f I OV
of
»
inf' vnf r»f i! ! i p •» I i on wn! r t I I VWprf Af i r»n
VI9
dr a i n ap < rd i r ’ <
•md opr»n vn1 orv of the fl
Id ♦ f > n1
r
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» • r**< r • •
Tr-'*' ’ fw
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vh i♦ h » Vn»»wn I .
m
♦ V
*n< i dr* al
v i f I Fi variable
• t-i lent
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thin
p • F <
infIwrn-r or
I hr < on* I f ii< I i on mr1 hod »
ntv
90
*
• • • » »it <• r a
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inn* i nd
/* Fi
or. h.w’,r
i '”indnl r 1,0,1 Id
V»»r *
• • • < »»n» <»•
I hi ntiphot!I
rd
A d '• p I II of I hr yrnr ,
nr
•••♦ *
r
I" »
•»n• ‘ anl v i
dt"
1 h< rum
rr
' •»
br equipped with a mnic 
»■«.•»*<•* and wr*'4ly durinp
.i*rrvrd, mrarurntrnt will
» rpr f>
1 1 f ♦ i 9 c I 1 I •
• <m Wh 1 • 1 r «
ui dm i np aoil Infoi ma (Ion In
pl I’pti in •■drd
pl'MIgll I ng , hrtl loving.
1 np 1 1. 1 li'
< fl Hl i ) f i 1 • r ) ,
a«
r
• ♦ F 14
Th'
'II g i Is • li i »! 4»«>prt v« «
1•
• • « . i • r- 1 1 S • "Hl 1
a nd <11 a 1 nag' . • 1 1 1 4g'
ai lapo i1 hi i a Apr• 1
y and ( he • «>•( ♦ >f
*< r.
and t hr . I opp 1
. Ipi.
ri . .oil ml, in
K) *■ > laci
1 »»Mgl ••
Mb* . »
I «t 4 Mu
m 4 *• «*
»«.*-•»£! <o175
|oofi<*ninp, with frat tor drawn implement.*:
. harrow; harrow and ridger;
. plough and harrow or ridg*r;
. dorp ripprr and harrow or ridg*r furrows or
r
with rippor grove*);
area needed: approximately 6x2 ha;
. rotavating and puddling of ri'-e field*; ar<*a n<*<d<’d: approximately 2 x ha.
ridge* coinciding
Man hour* and trar tor-hour* have ro b« d°>JJi nod *nd :os*.
< a I ru 1 nt i on* made
A». noon i* th* moat a»ii^ahl«» mnrheda
will hr applied throughout rhe pi Inf projer-
4 ( HOPS, VARIF I IKS AND PERIODS )F PU IT! K
a® ’'■■°d *hey
thei» experiment* n tn h* p rop*. rhe varittie* ind -a*
»*~nn* ’ ip
nr p
F
The nb j «•' t i vr o f
«ui t ai)i I 11 y of d i f I . rent under rainfed ind irrig,ir.«<| ndi ion«
rht period* in which the nri me Tope • tn be letermined iy thi pre iiIing '‘infill per tern. Zem ie
• |. me l Ln i • • i • 11 ’ ■ hum id rondit
ntri ind harvextinK ire hindered by heavy rain*. *>f rielm n well ae machinery requirement* it ia more imp ■ to know the tver ige
t*» irgn r gr-ywn and
Ml. '
for lowing ind ‘Top growth
mail mom multi Different different growing p»-i t h| 1
letermined >n tin baili "t
4
• r '»p y a r *. er . a • « ' »r
never(
or de i
eent i
he t e it i net t- h i i r v t
then the exar* ietee <• r ope ind different then* pari »d * tn *>• > liwti:* end cifiif » try
t«’ Kiln «* Mpe r i t*n< e with
lint t I»•* (>< hi r hii« w <»t
1 n add lilt Hl t<» r h i 1
Ii
I® iitfi and :»« *» • « field work da /
III II.
ih'»uld be nuid e , 1< > thet rhe feeu
■Pi > '
let a. Mat
n *e
»n, Jr ». uagr
tfld"her and •. mt naer- an h>« kOC er >r« : <ad .11
ite.v
i re-
I erne t ww.tr h*« i 1 tr i Fhe tv t i I 1
* led aver 4 1 mg per i »d »f ’ . .m>
irrI
1 HI wi
art b«r h a
t he *|« »f
4C »V4L .
able r >r u 11 i v t1 I Hl , 14 HlU MV »(
t haa a 11» Peg i and axt and
the gr< >W l ng |)«? i i >d ill
it t er they have ■»» tppifej
fc>wv'-<ti Pe s ; at cd
pur tu l 1 l 1) I d'>ub 1 w i opg1 • ‘>4 i adUi Kti r h« t liov H x* . >mj>er Mt tL»n
A tali u Utah <t i
i im 11 urn Mu» tv
opt and J 4 ‘ • 41 • a tt Ck«u 1 Pe x*wn
al l. : t ar enL
tiul indu r n» r t >»a k «taer Li
Decentei Growth tub i ‘ peel i j 1 et «tu u be owkmg the *uiu ii r 4. l > l 4 letui
* Laid and |U4. .
p r I a) will
i 4g !»U ipt uaMx mjw! a* Li*r- >Utklg
ihlgw
l
all 4 . mD . 44l I . Hi* Xay
JUl
lUfWlhtfl
«MdlLi»4l
ig 4IUl ual. . tg »
HI t all 1 CUM<
1 ■ -Ua
1*. «&»L <ld HUlul
he . L ad
i r 4«, i • i
telXHUg .uikJllUUi
UHkI 7b
u-'
viops t e be tested
H is proposed to test the following crops: crops
maize. sorghum. millet. upland rice;
- cowpeas. beans, groundnuts. soxn beans, pigeon peas: “ cot ton. Lenaf. jute;
cassavc. sweet potatoes (for leaves and tubers);
tobacco ion lighter soils), citrus trees, cashew nuts, bananas; stvjnsanthes. desmod;urn, Thi1ippcsara. Clitoria. Lcucacna glauea and other local or imported pasture legumes;
- Panicum. nap ier .
I varieties should be sown in one replication, approximately * hr third week of Max-. hi no and lu 1 v, depending on rainfall.
hhl
_ * LLl* crops
- • erghun.. w . . « t :
11 er.: < a s s a v i .
All varieties should be sown in the middle of October, November and December.
• • k * ’ f ’ L:
! row 15 . nj • rops and . ■ • • on<
]\ and -i G t ob< r.
•.■•.
()n< t ! <.« • t s<
should be screened once more
under a nd J i
var it ties Th< crops
in May, June
.■
a»• i
.if i i ( u 1 t ura 1
V .• X t h< . 1 < .
n». <
?i< .t
-1 •
<<
’ -' ret t
'■
j I . C b< <•<
s< ’
I ui. ! <4 •
inf
c one'. . I . on 
t
. serve ruH
pt '>p . < or. t lit pi lot
In rmort recommended to in order to establish 
t - it:! t h< pi eva i 1 i ng 
-! !
ft s
■ provide
t I it
to <lit-hit
and which at
with 1resh
the same fruits.
l, , > Spa< h
£ t
The
1 < . . OW -
1'0 Spat . ng t
hIc
peSf ed :
a...........t , : • 1 p huh r... 1 1t
t
;
4* 1 1 sc cC <■ oi ton
. t p Ulut t
boWI on I id 
. Il u pci 1 t i t-d u> < r. 1 *
. < • KO • n apart , dbout 3 seeds
, 1 <» 
pe I
til 1 
hi 1 
1 S
1 .
i. r . on the t 1 de of
Pc j variety: .
rowi o!
|H 1 b . M t III fupt
. b , d 1 c <> <•() ll>- , /. i e p I ) < d I e !■
j.*t
Pt 1 Vai it l > '« 1 OWt 1 ] t \ 1 I » to 1 * I iit-t , hesniod l ulh .
til
sown d i f ci f
I 1 J wt , • 1 II.
1 > 11 about ? 0 1 It <1 1 bi d b<>u 1 
lull
i II 1 hot II dp
able
di ( .
‘ li , died b •» u - » •• 1 < pl 1. d ( Ct i t k >u I. ll i ! i » 1 1 ) »'H 1 1 l!) t b bl
hit
u I
I c Iiu I
} c 1 o I i c H
J llWl fl
In . n J « 
< li <ip<i i t .. I » i,
b t Vll b pt 1
•• I i • p I I I ci I177
- Panicum
Plot si
- Napier, Leucaena
ze 1.60 z 25
- cassave, sweet potatoes Per variety: 2 rows
- Citrus and other fruit trees
Per
- Tobacco
Per
vari cty:
variety:
: broadcast on weed-fre^ soil at a rat^ of 5 kg/ha or sown as rice.
m, area 40 m^.
) plant cuttings or nursery seedlings ) on 80-cm ridges, 50 cm apart,
of 15m, area 40 m^.
: planted at 6 x 6 m.
: on ridges 80 cm apart, about 50 cm the ridge.
6 rows of 25 m, area 80 m^, 4
replicates.
For the time being no fertilizer should be used a: planting.
In case of nutritional problems, 20 kg N/ha may be applied as a placed top-dressing to non-legumes six weeks after sowing. 'lew legumes must be sown and treated with specific Rhizobiuri inoculants.
Once good varieties have been four select the best ones.
i be b ' to
4.3 Interplanting
In the case of large-scale farmii
r
' ’
crop on a field at a time. Small farmer
several crops together on the same pic . o: land, e.g. ramred ma :e or sorghum on ridges, with rice in the furrow, tollowed by a second maize or sorghum crop, or cassava plat
od with 9
r • ■ ■
interplanted with cowpeas. This practice will yield a green crop -
produce seed before the main crop takes c. ' t
Small-scale farmers also plant cowpeas on the sides ot me bunds wnen growing irrigated rice during the rains, followed by onions or -tier vegetables during the dry season. These se ondarv crops asua.l • st
very little extra and may mean a substantial boost of rhe net earning capacity or the food supply of the farmer.
Interplaneing should not be carried out at tne cost of good crop hygiene and Che preventive control of pests, especia ly those with alternate host plants like Heliothis, white fly and nematodes
5 SOIL FERTILITY
As tar as can be judged at this stage, the fertility of rhe soils in the Gambeta plain is reasonable, bur resting nevertheless re mains necessary t< t md <at whether the sot fertility lan 3e improved, 
Che wet season
and if 9 
needed for sustained yields.
1
■ -
. 
i are
Attempts shuul ne made to get cne nignest effect of those tertilLzeis oi mauuu- . i^ely to bv in snore supply in the foreseeable future No naximum yields shc>». id be imsuud under experimental, con trolled conditions whi n mnoi be rei.iced m the field.
Ann178
The amounts needed are partly determined by the efficiency of the applications. Early, large-scale tests are needed. The different
levels of water control - zero, flood control, drainage and irrigation lead to such different yield potentials that separate fertilizer trials
are required for each set of conditions. Furthermore, the mineral re quirements of graminaceous crops, legumes and cotton are also different enough to justify separate trials for each main type. The application 
of fertilizer and a proper timing call for suitable machinery, which 
can be tested nt the same time.
Such a wide range of fertilizer trials makes it possible to apply a good deal of extrapolation. Consequently, a few years of
testing suffice to adjust the fertilization practices for the first
round of the development of farming practices.
The build-up of soil fertility may become more economic, if in the course of one cycle the most responsive crops are given priority. For instance, N may be mainly given to cereals, P to legumes and maize, K to tuber crops, manure and compost to vegetables or fodder rotation crops.
Farm testing should start as soon as possible; the basic fertil izer trials should be continued in order to collect information on accumulative and other long-term fertilizer effects.
Frequent evaluations of the costs and benefits resulting from the use of fertilizers are necessary, especially because of the present high costs of fertilizers.
The following soil fertility trials are proposed:
5.I Manure
A comparison will be made between the effects of applying 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 tons of moist manure per hectare, or 0, 50, 100,
200 and 400 g/hill, 80 x 25 cm, and between these rates and broadcasting 5 tons/ha.
Minimum plot size : 10 x 25 m (1/40 ha) Number of treatments : 6
Number of replications: 4
Indicator crop 
5.2 Compcs t
: maize or sorghum.
A comparison will be made between the effects of applying the same amounts of moist compost, consisting of a mixture of stalks, old grass and 507 manure (2/3 stalks, l/3manure).
Mini mum plot siz< Number of treatments Number of replications
< rop
10 x 25 m (1/40 ha) 6
4
maize or sorghum.
Ann. D179
5-3 four
3°
Fertilizer
A comparison will be
0) fl 15, N 30, N 30 +p 20,
N levels 0, 15, 30 ana /.c , between the effects of applying
15, 30 and 45 kg/ha ____________ vu « rnwuci-a
aInd % between a moderate level of n d additional phosphate (20 kg/ha) and phosphate pl
. - ' —Hiuspnace plus potassium Slx treatments:
-- indue be
minimum plot size
: 10 x 25
Number of replications: 4
Indicator crops
: - ma£ze
g^O/ha). This means six treat""'-ts:
N 30 + P 20 + K 30 and N 45. m (1/40 ha)
or sor---ghum -- ouwn sown in May, followed by d ?ra sown in October;
rice sown in May, followed by rice sown ifi October;
cowpeas sown 
sorghum sown
in May, followed in October.
by maize or
The manure or compost is applied at the bottom of the plant
hole. Subsequently, the hole is half filled, the finally the plant hole is filled completely. The for the same or adjusted treatments for at least ably for 6 years.
5.4 After effect of leguminous crops
seed is sown and substances are used 3 years and prefer-
I he objective of these experiments is to compare the after
effect on late wet-season of maize or sorghum
- early wet-season beans, soya beans, cowpeas, groundnuts, rainfed
rice, and maize or sorghum;
Minimum plot size : 10 x 25 m (1/40 ha)
Number of treatments : 6
Number of replications: 4.
and the after-effect on the following early wet-season maize or sorghum of
- late wet-season soya beans, pigeon peas, millet, sunflower, fallow, and maize or sorghum.
These crops do not receive fertilizer or manure.
Minimum plot size Number of treatments : 6 Number of replications: 4.
10 x 25 m (1/40 ha)
As soon as reasonable levels of organic or anorganic manure have been established, they will be used throughout the pilot scheme and adjusted whenever necessary.
Ann. D180
6 WEED CONTROL
Unless weeds arc kept under control as soon as clearing begins they may become a serious problem. Competition of weeds for nitrogen and water will for instance have a considerable effect on crop seedlings
If weeds arc not controlled, competition for light and space will occur
as we 11.
Neglected weed control may easily ruin a scheme. Early wood control synchronized with land clearing should keep weeds down to a level at which they can be kept in check throughout the year. Preven
tive weed control should be an important criterion for the choice of
land clearing and tillage implements. In most years, fallow periods
can be used for a thorough weed clearing campaign.
The following weed control contrast trials arc proposed to determine' suitable combinations of preventive weed control and manual or mechanized weeding
1. Summer crop not weeded after flowering.
2. Area not weeded after clearing
3. Late tillage just before sowing.
•4. Broadcast manure and fertilizer.
5. Gappy stand not filled in.
6. Delayed weeding weeks 3-7 and weeks 5-9.
r< ' Continued weeding of the preceding crop suppresses perennial
weeds and prevents annual weeds from multiplying at the expense of
the following crop. All crops are kept weed-free irrespective of
benefits to the standing crop.
Contrast 1 - up to 1 ha maize or sorghum is allowed to become weedy after flowering. The after-effect on weeding and yields is mcasured.
ri 2^ All cleared land must be cultivated and cropped early in the
wit season, with intensive weeding to kill the perennial grasses and 
f prevent annual weeds from establishing themselves. This is essen tial]} ; matter of good planning.
Contrast 2 - up to 1 ha of cleared land is loft uncropped and al lowed to become weedy. The after-effect on weeding and yields is measured.
r< Deep cultivation during the early dry season or early wet
"season. to be fc. lowed some two weeks later by a shallow, second culti vation or by rieging by hand. In the case of large farms, a tractor
drawn harrov or ridger is used. By this old method weeds are induced to emerge wo;, before sowing. Rapid, simple whole-sale removal follows to get rid of th< fierct early flushes.
Contra; t < - U| t< I ha if left to g.«t weedy till ' late cult!
vat ion just befoii sowing..
Ann. D131
Rapid, uniform estahn i
JjS) most weed growth lateV
, .7 -n later on t\ • 
”'-ablishment of
r •a c^ose cwrop c '-tuP caanopy s noi mothers
oa^’ .
well-draining seedbed and 7 rc<'uires a clean,
, not too
rowtn the a
li
nW th by tPheP a-ppl catiion catOion f Lof', g°Wthe plant holes or plant deep Panting of good 8ecdil nr
Sclective stim.n
--ive stimulation of early crop 
. or '
C< T8t or 3^edlings,
f-e—— rtilize-r at the bottom
the even, close,
, not too
up t0 ’
Contrast A - manure or fertili ha under maize or sorghum. Contrast 5 - up to j ha .
izer are
broadcasted on an area
is not
normal
filled in; the gaps do not.11 weeding.
stands of different crops ' r^ceive permanent attention during
re 6)6) Weeding by hand or tractor ,
e just visible, about one wee^erT-aS 77’ th\plant
Lpeataeted d aaftfetrer2-2-3 3 wweeeks eks, ,as soon as th 
ar
*'• has t0 be rE"
tops or the crop closes over clean H
wSl Peiei 1 A ded S1, a3,nd 7 „ 3 and ooV7 w ceeks after sowing. land- Ihls means that the land is
Contrast 6 up to 1 ha under different crops is weeded after 3 and 7 weeks only and up to another hectare 5 and 9 weeks after sowing.
As preventive and curative weed control as well as the neglect
o f control have accumulative effects, the plots chosen for the con
trasts 1-6 have to receive the same treatment for a period of at least
three years. Labour use and yields will be measured.
All other plots and fields will be weeded properly. As soon as effective methods of preventive and curative weed control have been 
found, they will be used throughout the scheme and adjusted whenever necessary. Weed control observations should be made on areas of 1 ha.
If other methods fail, chemical weed control is to be introduced.
7 PEST CONTROL
The objective of these experiments is to determine suitable combinations of preventive biological and chemical control or insect
pests, rodents and birds.
Stem borers may be expected in maize, sorghum, rice and sugar cane, while different bollworms may occur in cotton. Other insect pests may occur as well and reach levels which require immediate control.
Seed-eating birds and rodents may also have to be centre.led.
Preventive control practices snouia oe ,
r
should be tried out and the most
k’eeklv sampling and scoring
5“!“* 
°? pests in every major
E ieW
.
ft.\U 1 «UU «»««'■> .U. be «-bb
P actice from the beginning.
a nd be related to crop, variety and growing i ace the causes.
be readily available mowing conditions, in order to
r
Ann. 0IP?
• » » ! hrf
f f In * » nt < r I "Hf - I • t n
If•
if i' I rvf I r of infr«tftfion« are he- i np
nfi|fn| mnneiif rr max hr# nme nrvrftftftty 
r fWUpftV rd nr I rj t n | Standard and
i irnnrd i ftf r ft nd r ft e r of r r I | nfi #
• ni numhirr of ffi-nimml max hr
mp* 1 etr f e>el f f’t different Vrt I f »
!’*
»»d i|»1 1 nr r V» ! e*m»
f n1nf rd
. df a i nrd ,
nf i f f i p at rd
’ I mj I e im t ho
d r of
• t nr ape pr nf
•e
wi
R • i i n I -) <
PfftWn meth
od* nf
i nf i-pr at rd
pref
hr-- <w ft\*ft i 1 ftb 11 prr rnw nl » A f f r»
r» e-vrnt
dot ? n| f h< 
VI bi
fontro1
ava t i
t h<
! hi
f <>ni ii < an ’ •
i « < e j fn*< ' ’«>< 11 win I n 11 - hm»i» a
• i ’ * of pr <•■»• ■mf i vi hi * i op I
’ . r t and
■! i > of fftifnrM in<rrft«jnp f man- lai and environmental
-nf t • 1 Therefore , t hry had
■onftol in the initial atagea.
. • ' * fi« 1d ob«rrvation of t h< fhr prrwfh -f < rnpl (needling.
< p«
owe • i nj ftrw' f m i t i nj . alternate hoaf plant*
vale*
v t ♦ t» w IT- ; < • t ad- « c - rn- < and ma ’ . nf
« i d<-r rd
lit#/ V X (
<H aving. •uircRuivr juvenile
i • r r ’ .'i f rd f < ’ hr p a r a 1 1 r 1
damage br» oomf* not jerabjr and
i he pf i n< l pA 1 f a< t or •
nrr
ntftuhr t * and f hr if Hlo 1 «>n \ ftf & d • » wild will hr totaled and
prrdrt(<‘f’, paraaHr* and peat
ftu ( ) »mi > help r i» ( ftb 1 i ah an i< •» I n« I ud i ng envlhMi"
vifh I if f Jr riah of at lau
ar rf (•» 1 : i v»
b« < 4iai
<■ a *.o f he I i ot hi »n •*;. j,t
r
,n
;()() 1 of wnter/f . ,
'' ol
o( < ll ' '
rn
tT
° of
hrnn, > .*> ^9
I VP I of spiny, pi nV
''’""b« of
I • ’ 1 of aphids, oi<i*r,
r'■
"»”on; ij Vf of ThiM,„ o, w
I r*4 bollworm. v^in^rs. v ’ nVbngs
r
OT 1.2 kg r,f ThiMan in )W 1/ha;
1 SO*. -Ai*4 f 7» ) 1 nf ®ntor H ’
tnn
tnP 'n oi °f
’7v«’nyj 700
- a -«
fOP1 T . r4an< ♦ b<) ^7, f 'v .
of 1 ' < qtaiV 1/r*rr in r *
Field obner /it -
o) . if they ar. ^d. ,v
.ho.il'’ Provide all mf —•
Trials arc* not rss^., quantify and datod.
' * f - i *«
• * / h .1 ,
. yr. »r ;n ' f ’
* 10 pr a - *.
h-n * ffr
'*10
■J »* i >r =» • •> •>•*
8
HARVEST INC
The objective f t
Able stages and method’ types of farms.
Sm.nl I holder like edible leaves and .’ . > often use machine . --
per ma nd ay and p. r is staggered over ible, a rapid harv» t i
7 J*W* ; 4 as well. They if* • machine-hour
long, *1t «
-:
• ifn«
M’f <
4*'
,r
Crops like sorghum, ind maize can be h.irv-;^d capacity of bulk field i
should be calculated, transportation as well i
i e. when enough residua to the time the %«• id 
Sugar-cane md And very good harves' in>- r «Sult, the wh le ser I •-
Tractor
•oi 1
nr im:
10
w•
pensive, and poi Problem of keeping 
>rd «r in such a r emote
Slblv nut aven et iwmi
nap lea tmi wr »n 
ire<l WiCIUHil ti»*
Labour efficient* Performance of the *cai * 
11 ud1 ••
^bouId cover all ^rveet teams, d
1 aspe< ( 9 jr
<’id lnr<jnjv<
A great deal of ’ *«Uem of he etfeel* **
t
* firman e liesuits al
r
Itus aura 4 auraio^ <ji
11 3« MjBhM
*ly a* lima by projett186
1 1 COST AND BENEFIT ACCOUNTING
As soon as a start is made with preparations for the Pilot Scheme, all inputs, produce, qualitative results and gross returns should be registered accurately.
These data are required to support research into input perfor
mance and proper costing under practical farming conditions. Once these
data have been collected, chocked and summarized, they have to be trans
lated into further actions and the results have to be made known. They 
can be of great value for the efficient management of manpower and 
machinery.
The costs and benefits of the pilot farming activities will
serve as the basis for the feasibility study on the type and rate of
development of the whole Gambela plain.
12 ESTIMATED COSTS OF FARM MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
The agricultural machinery, equipment and materials required 
for the research programme and the trials to be performed on a commer
cial scale as outlined in the foregoing subsections, are given in de
tail in Appendix D.1. The costs of this machinery and these materials
are:
Constant 1977 
(Birr)
Equipment
Tractors, combines, various implements, spraying equipment, etc.
Fencing, etc.
Cleaning and bagging equipment and materials
438,600 75,000
19,200
Small tools
22,000
Miscellaneous materials and equipment needed 
for the trials
17,000
Metecrclogica1 and hydrological instruments
and materials
5,900
Contingencies (rounded;
66,300
644,000
It should be borne in mind preliminary one.
Total
that the list of equipment is only
Ann. 1113
ESTIMAlED annual costs AN? Bwh
d- CROP PRODUCTION
On the basis of >he annual- faming costs and benefit?,^’ ci Scheme are estir ated at Birr 9QQ ,n<j The total fanning costs and benefi
; s follows:
ts
hive been estimated
Project
year
Ha
Farming
costs
(Birr)
36,000 
103,000
189,000
216,000
216,000
Gross
produce
value
4
5
6
7
8
40
115
210
240
240
(Birr) 12,000 34,500
63,000
72,000 
72,000
14 LIVESTOCK AND FISH PRODUCTION
14.1 General
The Pilot Scheme offers the opportunity to study important aspects of livestock and fish production.
As far as livestock production is concerned attention should be paid to:
- feeding aspects: natural grazing, crop residues, by-products of
agro-processing;
- breeding aspects: reproduction, milk and meat production;
- sanitary aspects: diseases, preventive and curative measures and control of parasites.
A herd of 30-40 head of local cattle would suffice for the preliminary experiments. An area of about 15 ha of irrigable and drainable land and an area of about 50 ha of rainfed natural pasture should be made available.
The prospects of fish production in ponds within the Gambela Plain are bright. It should be an attractive enterprise, the additional advantage being that by-products of agro-processing, which otherwise might not find a ready market, and crop residues could be converted into valuable fish proteins.
It is suggested that a fish production unit be established on a n area which is at most I ha in size.
Ann. D188
14.2 Estimated budgets for the livestock and fish production unit
14.2.1 Livestock production
Investments
Cost, constant 1977 
_(Birr)
Area Buildings
: 15 ha of irrigable and
drainable
land
50 ha of natural past
ures
office
query I)
cattle shed,
150 m2 at Birr 500
75,000
implements shed/store,
50 m^ at Birr 500
25,000
cattle dip, corral, crush
8,000
manure storage
4,500
watering troughs, feeding troughs
4,500
fencing, barbed wire, 3 strands,
6 km
30,000
Sub-total
147,000
Equipment
tractor, trailer, mower, slasher, etc.
weighing bridge small equipment
Livestock Contingen cies
: 40 head of cattle at Birr 400 : about 10^
Total investments
The investments will be used as follows:
Project year 5 Birr 120,000 
2) query
3,000 
7,000
10,000
16,000
17,000
33,000
190,000
"
"6
"
50,000
if
fl 7
”
20,000
1) The costs for these items
have been
includ
ed in the investments
for farm buildings in Table 20 of the Main Report.
2) These items have been included in the agricultural machinery, see Appendix D.1.
Ann. 0189
Ogeration_an^jnain_tenan^
gquipnient, spare Parts
301
Fertilizers, drugs, ’ °f the
SGe p
.
Maintenance of buildi* 
price
Contingencies, 1Q^ structures at 5Z
8S and
3,000
11,000
8,000
3,000
25,000
The costs of personnel, includi
indicated in Chapter 4, Sub-sectionT a °c Salaries and wages, are
.c•
.
J’3 of the Main Report
The costs of irrigation have not be •
The operation costs should be taken " lncluded in the operation costs.
5 onwards.
14.2.2 Fisheries Investments
nto account as from project year
„.
Costs, constant 1977 
t
_________ £Birr)_
Area
1 ha of irrigable and drainable land
Construction :
fish ponds
fencing of fish ponds
25,000
7,000
Buildings
:
sheds and drying structures
8,000
office (included in Chapter 4, Sub-
section 3.8 on farm buildings, in 
the Main Report)
query
40,000
Equipment
: machines and vehicles (included in 
the costs of agricultural machinery,
Appendix D.1)
query
nets
4,000
small equipment
4,000
8,000
Eish popula tion
: fingerlings
Contingencies : about 10%
Total investments
4,500
5,500
10,000
58,000
Ann. DI 90
investments will Project
n
H
bo used as follows:
Birr 20,000
Birr 20,000
Birr 18,000
Operation and maintcnanco
Machines and vehicles (included in the costs of agricultural machinery, Appendix 0.I) Pumps, spare parts at 30% of the purchase price Fertilizers, feed, drugs, etc.
Maintenance of ponds and structures, about 5% Restocking
Contingencies, about 10%
query 2,500 
8,000 
2,000
I ,500 
I ,500
16,000
The costs of personnel, including costs of salaries and wages, have
been included in Chapter 4, Sub-section 5.3, of the Main Report.
The costs of irrigation water have not been included in the operation costs. The operation costs should be taken into account as from project year 5 onwards.
1 5 FORESTRY
15.1 General
The Gambela plain is not heavily forested and when the plain will eventually be developed for agricultural or grazing purposes, many of the trees will have to be felled. This may lead to a shortage of wood, unless an afforestation programme is started soon. Since little is known as yet about the species suitable for the area or about their growing potential, it is suggested that a forestry research programme be launched in the pilot project. Afforestation on a commercial basis can then be started at the same time as the large-scale development of the plain.
The species with the most favourable survival rate will be selected.
The experiments should be continued for ten years in order to gain an insight into the growing potentials.
During this period the survival rate, growing vigour (length, diameter), the susceptibility to insects, diseases, etc. will have to be determined at regular intervals. Measures will have to be taken to pre vent illegal felling, to keep cattle out of bounds and to prevent fires
from spreading to experimental plots.
At the end of the first rotation period, i.e. after ten years,
an evaluation of the results will be made on the basis of which the
choice of the species will be reconsidered. Some promising species which showed a favourable survival rate in the first two years, may have to be replaced by others with better growth potentials or a lower susceptibili ty to insects and diseases. Consequently, the second rotation is likely 
to produce higher yields.
Ann. I)I'n
Layout pr f f erencef| in\ ^Protected - drained, and 
'^Ungmhed in tin-
' not very great, prcl
i
lm nary tr
conditions were not found to
Lt under thG condltlons of these three ‘n? czPfirimentB will be carried 
-eliminory experiments intended tQfi.
°f water control. For the
P comparatively short time at low ’ "T Rcncr''’1 information in 
double rows will suffice.
It is suggested that speci of ,
* ,,n^nE of some species in
mcalyptus, Acacia, Balanites, A/adir^i. ,oll?wln» »enera b,! tested: more, several varieties of Bamboo should he t -T '‘
r
3 n<1 Cmelin!1' F,lll,f>r“
used f° many purposes.
ried out’ as bamboo can be
The commended ’
following planting
and soil cultivation treatments
are re-
- direct sowing,
- planting in a small bole (0.40 x 0.40 x 0.40 m),
- planting in a large hole (0.60 c 0.60 x 0.60 m)’
- ripping of the soil to a depth of about 0.50 m,
- ploughing with a heavy disc plough to about 0.30 m,
- planting of the trees on ridges.
The experiments will be carried out, with three replications,
in a randomized block. The planting distances will be 1 m in the row
and 4 m between the rows. For experiments with regard to the three levels of water control a total of about 10 ha will be needed.
15.3 Nursery
The nursery in which the experimental trees are raised can at
a later stage be used to produce young trees for the actual afforesta tion programme. Because of the dry climate, irrigation will be necessary. The seedlings will be produced in small bottomless plastic containers. Prior tp transplanting, the roots which have grown out of the container into the soil need to be cut off with a spade. The seedlings will be transported as balled plants.
'5.4 Labour and machine requirements
„
. . 
, iicinns revealed that only part-time labour
amount to a few hours during sh° ‘ ®
rP
bour‘hnve been included in the
The costs of mac''!ne7.' d in chapter 4. Sub-section 5.3, of c °sts presented in Appendix 0.1 and
th e Main Report.
Ann. Dappendix d. i
AGRICULTURA1 MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
NEEDED FOR THE PILOT PROJECT
i
ii
i
i
) her
i
i i i i
Description
i Suggested [ I type or I
i
i
| alterna- | tive
i
Uni t pr i ce (Birr)
i
t
| Total | 1 (Birr) | 
_______ i____________________________________________ I i Crawler tractor. 7^ HE
Wheel tractors, 75 HP. with safety frame and shade
3 i Sets of cage wheels
Roac grader
lusw-dutv terrace blades with scoop attachments
Automatic .and leveller
..andp .an<
! ’'lough
oughs. w furrow, coulters Disc harrows
Kntavato’
Mud r< 1 . i
* . c. < - . t . < • < t i.arrows 1 - •
i
i
1 
I
_L
1
1
.i
1
1 1
1 1
I MF 185 
1 1 1 1
; psd lgp ;
i
i
1 query |
| 28,000
t t
I 84,000 |
400 ; i,2oo i
I
I
query | I
| 2,500 | 5,000
Eversman
; 8,800
i
i
| 8,800
329 Rome
i
i
t
i
] query
| 18,000 ! 18,000
Ransome 1 3,200 I 6,400
Ransome 1 
5,700
; 11,400
HR 33-80
1
1
1
1 1 4,700 1 1
1 2,800 | i2,ooo ;
4,700
MF 16 
>4.000
; s< • * <■! •
i u 1 ’ 1 i t Whit
'• ; Set; «>! !
. ■ a* t at 1 < i .dgert Z<! •' ' '
i s< • • : . ? ;\at or*
MF 15? ) | )!
l-.msonu ) j )1 )1
1 1
1 9,000 ;
1
1 
1
27,000
1
1
I ' ’ I . . izt
n< » broad< as! <r
. M. i r I k H < ’•• di:’ p’fuller, 4.5 t ons
i i k<’' ary move i
< iiopper
*. . a r.i . . •. < 1 > 1 ar i
1 1 Gonih. nt
! . < t < ouv er : . </i. eq i. . plhen f
Mu j 7 < 1 it UC
1 Groundnut tt i g> < 1 : l.dKtJ -VI lid I OVt 1
l J i i age. barves i i • i
Conveyor
A i A~whrt 1 I » I't i I»F I I ... 1 <1 t , 5 1 (HI, , , with has } .It l b
. i 1 (i 1) 1 1 I u . Ills, 1 11. '
1 i aiiF |>< >i I lit
3 In (.I: * . T ( litM 1 1 eiilt tiuvi Im I I! i I J 1 ■! till llUi 1 t t 1 • • 1 I lq 1 lie 1 1 1 iq u-i I j. 1
MF 1 1 MF l«» Ml 180 Ml 37 Ml
Ml
1
1
2,500 ; 2,500
9,000 ; 0,000
2,9oo ; 2,000
2.900 | 2,000
i,ooo ;
1,000 ;
80,000 |
80,000 ;
1
16,000 I
16,000 |
•• 1 OVb 1 1 i 1 1 i s t on< 1 100
26,000 ;
1
1
26,000 |
1
1
.., 900;
1
1
- ,900;
15,000 |
1
15,000 |
5,900 ;
s,900 !
6 . J»0 j
1 J,600 1
Ml
4 ,9(H) * 9,8" i 1 1 , mOI i i J , 6 OO i
I
u i u( ci! unde i I hi ii k i.
•I. . . S, . |
I mu
it|•jI193
APPENDIX D.l (cont'd)
--------
r
i
i
Suggested 
Num- | 
i
ber i
type or
Uni t
r
i
i
i
Descri pt ion
Total
!
4I
alterna
tive
price
(Birr)
i ] <Birr)
ii
r---------
'
i
Post-hole digger
2,000
2,0< 0 
I Compressor, PTO-driven I Premixing tank (complete)
1 ,000 500
I
I
I
Pre-pressurized sprayers with 2-row
lance and compressor valves 200
! i.ooo 500 
1
1
; 3.000
I
600
too
CT.
! 75.000
I
300
I Bascule
I
I Fencing poles, hardwood, 330 x 12 
I
I barbed with spanners and staples
I
I Dumpy level
I
I 2.5 m plastic syphons, internal t
I
I 1.5 inch, flexible polythene
I
1,500
1
!
I 1.500
8
!
2.-90
Miscellaneous equipment i—
2
' ! Spring-balance-type scales, 0-20 II
ar.d
2 
I 1000
I
I
I
I
I
I I
0-100 kg
Butchers arms with
Seed-mixing drum
Metal plot numbers
reinforcement rod,
weights
I-1000 on 50 x 1 cm
1000 II
Round
3000 11 White
3
1 3
I
I Bales I
I Books I
I
pegs, hardwood, white, 12 linen labels, nvlon plant of paper bags, I, 3 and 5 for daily registration of
I Monthly reviews for labour and macn •
I
i
I
2I I
I Optical square
I 50-m metal measuring t ipes
Snake bite outfits
Miscellaneous small tools
i— 
! (Cut lashes ! iClay spades
!
Shove Is
! Axes
i
i Pick axes
i
i Hoe s
i
i Rakes
i
i Hay forks
i
i Wheel barrows
i
i Store hand-barrows
i
i Crop produce . teaiiw i s
i Bagging equipment *• bags i
i i i i i i i i i
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
>
i
i
App. 0.1196
APPENDIX D.l (cont’d)
i1
i Num- I
! ber | 
!!
—
1 Meteorological equipment
Description
i
| Suggested | j type or
] alterna- [ [ tive
i !
-i-
1
1
1
i1
Unit
price
;
(Birr) | i
i
Total | (Birr) j
i i
i
i
-
.. .
i i i Hygrometer
; i i Maximum/minimum thermometer
i ! Dry/wet bulb thermometer
)1
1 1
)
1 1 1
) 1 1
1 
i
1,200 [
i
i i i i
1,200 [
i!
1 1 1 
1 1 
1 1
1 1
Stephenson screen
Sunshine recorder
)
j Cambel1-
1
1,500 j
i
}
11
1 1
1 1
Automatic syphon rainfall meter
1 1
with spare parts
2 !
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
Rain gauges
Class-A evaporation pan
Anemometer
) Stokes
i
i
i
i
I
I
i
i
i
I
i
i
i
I
i
i
i
ii
1 ,500 |
ii
i
i ,500;
1 ,500 |
250 1
500 ;
500 ]
500;
700 |
700 |
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
Contingencies
i
i
i
i
66,300 |
1 -1.
Total
J
i
ii
i
ii
J.
1644,000 |195
ANNEX E ““"-^HIWCULISPECTS
Economic_crop prices
In analyzing and proiectino 
ma de between the price to be used Lr ’ 3 dlstlnction should be financial return to farmers and th •" estin,atlon of the Private o£ the national economic benefVofT^ t0
wrket prices ought to be applied in ?he"SJ”“' 10 the present study, uhich is neceL“l'
...
evaluation
T‘’
. P""*'
economic prices have been used for the various crops.
Cotton
It has been assumed that 50Z of the production will be exported and 50% will be used for domestic consumption. This is why the economic price has been set at the average of the import parity and export
parity price.
Long-term World Bank price projections indicate a world market price for cotton lint (middling 11/6 inch staple) of US $ 0.67 per lb 
c.i.f. Liverpool, at 1977 constant prices. This is equal to Birr 3,064 per metric ton of lint. The farm-gate price for cotton lint can then be calculated as follows:
k euebsariiy ot a general, preliminary nature,
Birr/metric ton
transportation costs Itang-Assab
150
clearance expenses Assab
30
freight Assab-Liverpool
196
insurance
14
exchange commission
18
brokerage commission
36
444
Birr, 3,064 minus Birr 444 = Birr 2,620.
The farm-gate price at Itang for seed cotton has been arrived at as follows:
0.34 metric ton of lint at Birr per metric ton of seed cotton
0.64 metric ton of seed at Birr per metric ton
less: cost of ginning and baling export parity <'“”ded
2,620 80
5iEE/metric^ton 890.80
50.00
940.80 50.00
890.80 891.00
Ann. E196
The import parity price for need cotton can be calculated an 
fol lows:
world sea
insurance port
market
price
freight charges
transportation costs Assnb-Addis Ababa 70
less: transportation Itang-Addis Ababa
Birr/metric ton 3,064 
196 
14 
30 
3,374
80
total
3,294
rounded off:
3,300
0.34 x Birr 3,300 per metric ton -
1,120
The average import and export parity prices amount to Birr
1,005. For the purpose of the present study an economic price of
Birr 1,000 per metric ton of seed cotton will be used.
Maize
Production in the area i9 assumed to substitute imports. There
fore, the import parity price has been used which is composed as follows: Birr/metric Lon
price sea
f.o.b. Gulf freight
ports
Gulf-Assab 
235 
52 
pert charges, handling and transportation costs to centre of South Western Region 130
total
rounded ofl
World Bank long-term price projection.
417
420
An economic price of Birr 420 per metric ton has been used.
.try .ittle information is available on the present market for soya in Ethiopia. It has been assumed that the total production will
b< used for domestic consumption. The economic price, estimated along timilar lines at in thi case of maize, has been set nt Birr 410 per
metric ton.
Ann. E197
Sugar
ft has been assumed that the total sugar product ion of ’ »' 
.la plnin will be consumed within Ethiopia: 50% in )O”’# 1
*.rn Region and 50Z in the Addis Ababa area. Therefore, an f ||owo* 
.
^ cn^tLi tution price has been applied which has been calculates a mnrpet aub^ World Bank expects that in the long term, the wor <
ifl stabilize at US $ 0.141 per lb in 1976 constant pricer $ 310.80 per metric ton).
(° The farm-gale price has been calculated in
world market price (f.o.b. European ports) sea freight European ports - Assab (bulk) port charges, handling and transportation costs Assab - South Western Region
n
w
following manner: the
farm-gate price (for South
world market price
sea freight European porta port charges, handling and Assab-Addis Ababa
Western Region)
- Assab (bulk; transportation
coots
economic price for the Addis Ababa area The average of the above two prices:
130
828
646
52 70
768
828 4- 768 2
= Birr 798, rounded off to
800
Factory costs have been estimated at Birr Therefore, an economic price of Birr 700 has been
Rice
100 per metric used.
ton.
It has been assumed that Ethiopia will eventually become an exporter of rice: 507. of the total Cambela production would be exported and 50% would be consumed in the Addis Ababa region. The economic price of rice has been arrived at as follows.
Ann. E00
Tsble F ? - Production of major food crops (in thousands of quintals)
i
Chnnge in pat t nnt
Pi aval vpst ondinr. Julv 7 Vthjopian final vest
------------------------------
1076/75 1075/76
|06R L
1076/77 °
|060’>
1075/76
|06R
1076/77
1060
'ima 11 holder lams: Total
—
65.R65 52,557
Cere®1r
Irf f
Bar 1 • v
Ma i rr
When t
Svr ph urn
Millet
I’m 1 M !
Her ar b»*anr
TO,750 66,671
!
— -----
; 10.157
II.P/o
; 6.06P 5.M-P
IV 106
! S.R77 4.R7?
, 6.662 R.016
1 ,653 1, 1 1 ?
; 5,of'?
1 ---------- : 2,^4
5,035
1 ----------
7.666
I
ll
i
IS
17
16
-R
17
-17
24
RQ
-II
—
1
Ch nt pra ♦ Harrieot brane I lr1d pra?
; i.w
46*1
: i.o?i
323
i
i
•
I
i
i
-27
-33
MF 600
’ ,vnt i 1 r 600 675 1
1 
! o<hr^<_top’ VI ex
4J2
1,315 t1
i -23
1 -15 I
1
?«. 27Q
Nrup 236 752
Memo: a«rrag< Stale i amr
Get cn ’. ?
Io! »
( orn
Wheat
Serf Iron
!ru 1 ttj vngriab.er.
pc1— F<»r
It* t f Vepe(ablet Beane
5 t%; 5^,606
t
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
50
216
i
1 0.4 I
i
i
i n.A.
I «...
1
i 1
I 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 11 1
1
I
n . r r.. a .
n. a . r.. a n . a
'37.5 1*7. 1 I 3.2 i p.p;
26.6
31
!
1 
1
1
; -so r,J)
• 
1 30»
1
4 36.0 : 325.33)
24 7.2 o. 5
12.oD I2.o
1 n.A. : ...^ i 1 n.A. 1 -25’> i n.n. 1 -95’)
1 n.A. i
i i
r.. a .
r . a
r.. a
r. a
.5 : i37.) ! n.a.
*4.5
12.0
1 12.F 1 n.A.
: 36
1 
1 
1 «
1
1 54
7.5J
))
n.« I 3)
! 1H
(Subiota.
r. a
(6_2< •>
504 J
i
n. a .
1 <J»)
Ot he J 1 oof. < 1 ope
r.. a
4.1
n .
Poppa i
c. a
2.9
!
n.a.
Sun!.owei
r. a
1 .6
n . a
indurttxa. aiw cxpori
* rspj
r.. a
?jo ?
n «
Cof f •«
1 -A
26. J
}( .9
* 
n.a
)
(XMIOI
1. A
4® • ‘
5®9 !
n a
24
S i aa '.
i. .a
'04 .
n a
To ba < a
r. a
n a
S^.Ul . 4 t HiiUtirx o!
iwM aim! utuaaini
fam
piuvidrf t. 1 HSU
Mai*
I Of pl.*du.
)
lor iutv«y» and »t Al r
I A I 4 ! al U rial 4 an pl.c. 1 inn*
1 ! lu uMUldi «. ru; ! i. 1
i lt. lain
' f bu! t>- . out
alate
,
! al l* rial4* Xn- . ..dr h* i a—. l n
■ ,<‘ ■ !»• . I • t i . a i. Stair <!.:lah Scaia > ar»» in
bfea . 1 h« . AC I data . ». «4*1< ab*—. ••..<*<>’ 1«Ai ofu .4 ultra!
...deH-tU** ’«-*H ‘ Wl“-~ ; a. at*. I .! da.r
vi inu'.icu* • f : alk Mata Fai»»-<Ml , t Ma or export values, volumes and unit values
(in millions of Birr, thousands of metric tons, and Birr per kilogram, respectively)
--------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ 1--------------------r-------------------------------------------------------------
Changes in per cent
i
i
•
•
i
1---- T
~--------- T
1
Fiacal year ending July 7
Lt i . op .mi final year
! 1971/72
! 1964
i
! 1972/73
! 1973/74 1 1974/75 ! 1975/76 1 1972/73 
1973/74 J
1974/75
1975/76
i
1966
i
i
196#
------------------
1 1965 [ 1966 ;
-4------------------------ 4--------------------- 4_.
1967 ‘ 1963
.ot 1 *»
V a . Ut
Vt> 1 UBM
1
1
1
1
1
ii
1
I
ui value
Hitit ■ ui.d afc i na
V tit
vt i MBM
Ui. .
Vi< 1UI
U. . uizt la.
V •> lit
Wi l Mttil
Ml. 1 I l«l|
iu J at a
Wti l UI
vol uat<
UHit t a 1ui
Ut hi i i Apt ! 1 a »ti*d t t ap» It*
164.7
77.8
2.12
MJ.O
1 2 6
2.1/
3B.U
n . /
0.5 la
25 6
0. >42
( 65 V
1965
200 . 3
8 1.6
! 166. 1
1967 i
i
i
! 1 1 7 . s
1
1
•
! b 1 . 7 1 49.0
2.45 i 2.69
l
2.40
•
•
1
!
i
i
i
i
29 7.7
7 7.1
• . 8b
■» ■» 1 '17
; ,e' 10 ; ->>
-21
i5s
57
/
58.4 ; I?.?
1
i•
I -i J . 7
1;
•
-1 3
1
1
1
i
i
i
6» . 9
lb. 1
4 . 10
58.2
118
4.94
90. /
8.0 : /.i
4 . e>5 : s. ?7
•
i
1 
1 1 1
-3b
-28 ' -32
1
15
-S
20
- o
i
: >' I
i
:
ii
i
•
1
89. 1
/8.o
15.4
42.1
j "
* : -1 1
So
—2 *1
I lb. 2 101.9
0. 501 0.8/ $
o1
•
-60 •
-47
0.8 15 !
1 1
1
1
’ 1 5 2.8 08 
29 ;
1
I
t
j
1
1
1
1
1
4 1.1
111.2
O. >86
80 /
1 lb 1
14 1.8 1 • 12.1
Io9
-37 
;
1
1
1
I
-28
8o. .
-'9 ‘ _ >» 
i -2 3
0.80/ 1 0 . o 5 4 i O.ol I
1|
|
1
1
i os ;
-19
1
16/ . 5
598 8
158.9 j lid >
.9
1 »
Io
41
bl
•
89 j
i
i
- :
-30
1
1 ut al r.apul I
1 )
i, 
1
1
I
1
. *•' ul.i. 1.
J2M 1 a 5/ 2
4/0 2
5 19. 1
H!
-20 ;
1'
Mult < . 1 ! t i I Kpv'l
15V 7
256 . V 1 4 1'/
JSH r 1 1..
1
-------- L __
o8 [ -17
-33
d . i iii» . . . i . a* . -1 - >,
I) Value*. rxiludiu^ uuu
' •.i
» *' 1141 Bank -»i Ethiopia
ici h HuIJec ml
1 J202
Table E.4 - Origin, growth and expenditure of GDP (in per cent)
1 1
Fiscal year ending July 7 
Ethiopian fiscal year 1
Origin/share
Annual growth rates
1969’) 1961/62
1975’) 1967/68
1969/70-73/74^
1962-19662)
1974/75 1967
; 1975/76 i 1968
1 (in current prices)
GDP at factor cost
Agricultural sector
Other commodity sectors, of which manufacturing
handicrafts, etc.
building and construction
Distribution services
wholesale and retail trade transport and communications
100.0
55.6
14.9
4.2 4.6 5.1
12.9
100.0 48.5
16.0
5.8
4.9
4.3
15.4
(in constant prices)
0.1 2.7 1
-1.9
3.2 1
1
-3.0 ' ^777 1
-1.0 1
-5.7 
ii
3.1 
1
8.2 10.1
4.8 5.3
3.4 1.6
—
3.3
4.1
0.1
6.7
5.8
8.1
6.1
6.8
4.4 7.6 Id
1.5 
-T76
-0.8 -1.9 -0.2 -0.7
0.5
6.9
12.0
2.7
2.0
2.1
—-
i
Other services, of which: 10.6
public administration and defense
ownership of dwellings educational services
1
5.3
3.8
'■9
20.1
7.0
3.6
2.8
i
! Memorandum: non-agricultural GDP 1
1.7 ! 5.0 1 5.7 !
1 12.0
2.8 2.0 2.3
i
•
ii
| GDP at market prices
i
i Gross domestic expenditure
‘ private consumption
| government consumption
| gross fixed investment
ii
i Net exports
exports of goods and services J imports of goods and services i
| Domestic savings
!
t
100.0 100.0
J 101.2 102.5
78.8 | 78.9
10.0 | 13.5
(in current prices )
6.4 5.3
5.8 7.3
-0-5 J 9.4
6.3 1 7.4
12.4 ii
10.4 -11.6 
i
1 11.2
10.2 0.2
-2.5 12.5
-15.0
7.6
n.a.
15.7
6.1
9.6 
3.8 24.6
5.6
n.a. -17.5
33.6
| -46.3
6.9 14.0
2.5 n.a.
11.3
-2.3
28.8
Source: Macro Planning Department, Central Planning Commission Office
1) Average of percentage distributions for 1968/69-1969/70 and for 1974/75—1975/76 2) Compound annual growth in the five-year period (base year: 1968/69 ■ EFY 1961)
Ann. EAnn.
Table E.5 - Expenditure on Gross Domestic Product at current market -----------------------------------------------------------------
1 prices (in millions of Birr'
Fiscal year ending July 7------------------------- ; 1968/69 1969/70 | 1970/7. T '
"--------- ---------------------,-------/
---- 1 
1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ■___
Ethiopian fiscal year
! 1961 ! 196? | iqo 1 971/72 
I
I
“ 
•i 1 J
| 1972/73 !
_ !_ ’
I
•
IQ1A9/.64 •|
JI
|
I
—r
i
--------------,
1973/74------ I 1974/75 ' !
__________________I
J965
Gross Domestic expenditure
4,150.6 I 4,474.3 ' 4,798.1 3,195.5 ! 3,518.4 3,782.5
411.3 443.4 1 461.2
1966 
! 1967 
i
i
1975/76i) [ I 1968
------------ ------------------------- ,
Private consumption
Government consumption
Gross fixed investment
Net exports of goods and services^ |
l A 378.6
543.8
1
512.5
-87.1
-13.7
3 J
554 .4 i
-87.7 1 —----------
! A>83O.8 | 3,719.9 
507.8 
603. 1
-8 7 l
Exports of goods and services^ i Imports of goods and services'5'
i GDP at current market prices
399.6 490.2
±,903.5
3,796.6
537.6 
569.3 jO 1 .7
-486.7 1 -503.9 [ “555.9 ' “577.8
468.2 ' 490.7
i
4,063.5 j 4,460.6
i
j 4,710.4
i
! 4,743.7
ii Memorandum items:
i
i
i
Domestic savings^)
653.6 “551.9
A 005.2
671.0
-47.0
4,958.2
i
i
i
i
i
I
i
i
I
i
i
I
i
l
l
i
i
I
i
I
i
i
I
I
i
i
•
i
i
I
4,243.8 585.8
54 9.0
J 72.6
827.8
“655.2
1.551.2
721.6
-36.4 5,514.8
5,716.7 4,406.9
730. | 579.7
'192.2
683.1 
“875.3
A 524.5
387.5
-29.8
5,494.7
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
6,137.5 4, 71 I .0
832.4
594 . | “95.0
760. |
“855. |
i A_O£2^_5
i
i
i
i
i
456.7 498.8 1
466.7
1
516.0
1
Net factor income from abroad GDP at current market prices
i -25.6 -19.9 -19.4 -29.1
4,037.9 j 4,440.7
4,691.0 | 4,714.6
Source: Macro Planning Department, Central Planning Commision Office
1) Provisional (1974/75 nearly final)
2) Calculated as a residual; includes changes in stocks
3) Excludes factor income; latest balance of payments revisions not necessarily reflected
4) Since calculated as CDP less private and government consumption, excludes changes in stocks
i
499. i
“2.9 6 »039.o
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I•
Io
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~ “ io /o204
Table E.6 Balance of payment estimates (in millions of Birr)
Fiscal year ending July 7
Ethiopian fiscal year’!
1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1964 1965 1966
L-----------------
• 1974/75
1967
1975/762)
19682)
A. Trade balance
-144.5
-261.7
Exports (f.o.b.)
coffee
non-cof fee
non-monetary gold
3
Imports (c.i.f.) \ of which
freight and insurance
B. Net services
Travel (net)
Other transportation (net)
; Investment income (net)
Government, n.i.e.(net)
j Other services (net)
ii
| C. Goods and services (A*B)
324.7
(164.7)
(159.2)
(0.8)
-469.2
(-74.8)
20.7
3.7
39.9
-31.6
27.5
-18.8 
21.6 85.6 458.1 599.4
(200.3) (166.1) (256.9) (437.7)
(0.9) (0.6) -436.5 -513.8 (-69.8) (-82.1)
30.2 65.9 8.1 4.9
40.2 41.5
-150.3
539. 1
(297.7)
(241.4)
(-)'
-689.4
(-113.5)
89.6
—f) 7
-49.8
Q
-38.5
i
i
-123.8 1
j
J D. Transfer payments (net)
Private (net)
Public (net)
• E. Current account balance (C+D)
1
| F. Non-monetary long-term capital (net)
i
Private (net)
1 direct investment (net)
i
1 32.9 1
3.2 I
29.7 1 ,
|1
i -90.9
i
i;
1
1
39.4 48.6
-7.7 9.4
51.8 151.5
45.4 82.8
———
16.6 34.3 28.8 48.5 97,2 234.3
89.8 1 28.6 I
long-term loans (net)
Public (net)
Central Government (net) ,.
other public sector (net)
I (18.2) I
(10.4)
61.2 | i
(41.7)
(19.5)
i -1.1 ;
i
-13.4 '
(43.6) (62,6)
.
83.3 119.5 ■ 142.1 40.8 64.2 40.8
476.2
(H7.5)
(358.7)
(-)
-737.9
(-117.7)
13.3
3.8
37.9
-35.1
42.5
-35.8
- 248.4
92.5
31 0
61.5
-155 9
2.7
3.1
-60 7
104 7
43.9
60.8
[ 122 7
1 7 A.
i
ii
(-2,8)
(1.6)
(40.4)
(0.4)
41.5 55.3 101.3
(39.8) (47.0)
(2.7)
(8.3)
(91.6)
(9.7)
(24.2)
(-6.6)
1 ins i
(111.4)
(-6.3)
[ G. Basic balance (E*F)
i
i
' R. Short-term private capital (net)
| I. Net errors and omissions
i
1 J. Overall balance (G*H*I)
180.5 353 8 1 13 8
—
——
i
.
-
1 AA 7
-19.8 -53.8 18.1
—
i
32.7 -36.9 9.5 193.4 263. 1 13.8
—i
-52.7
K. Net monetary movements
5)
ii
|
1 31.9 1
-33 8
17.4 !
i
-193.4
-263.1
-13.8
.
80.2 -80.2
National Bank (net) Commercial banks (net) ' Adjustment: exchange losses (net) '
Source: National Bank of Ethiopia
i
'
2.6 -15.0
' -5.0
--------—
-154.3
-29.5
-9.6
—
-165. 1 -98.0
-88.5 74.7
...
—
-21.0 ; -59.2
i
••• 1
1) Data other than trace and public sector capital are for the year ending June 30.
2) Preliminary estimates.
3) Adjusted d a te.
4) Long-term borrowing and repayments by banks reflected in non-monetary capital rather than monetary movements.
5) Increase in net assets denoted by minu6 sign.
6) Excluded from the balance of payments although reflected in monetary statistics.
Ann. F* ll
be 7
!! 2 _.5 ..:.!™Z.“L .
c e .2^!‘.!overn"ent finance-1970/71-1976/77
T
205
T
i
i
T“~
I
1
Fiscal year ending July 7 
Ethiopian fiscal year Total revenues'^
.L.
1972/73
1965
1973/74 | 1974/75
1966
| 1967
T----------------- Preliminary 
Actual 1975/76 
1968
(in millions of Birr)
Total expenditures
2)
773.9 1,107.5
3
Current expenditures Capital expenditures
Current account surplus
or deficit (-)
Overall surplus or
deficit (-)
External financing, net
loans and credits Repayments
Internal financing, net
Banking system
Non-banking system
Other
Memorandum: external grants^
Total revenues as per cent
of GDP
Total expenditure as per
cent of GDP
Current
Capital
External grants ^ as
per cent of GDP Overall deficit as per cent
of total expenditures External financing as per
cent of total expenditures excluding external grants including external grants
Banking system finance as per cent of broad money 
1970/71 1963
466.0
517.0
405.5
111.5
60.5
-51.0 39.8 60.7
-21.0 11.2
1.0
12.0
-1.8
(93.4)
1971/72
1964
494.7
560.3
434.4
125.9
60.3
-65.6
41.7
60.0
-18.3
23.9
7.3
12.3
4.3
(92.9)
556.8 618.9 606.6 663.8 476.7 529.5
129.9 134.3
80.1 89.4
-49.8 -44.9
39.8 47.0
57.7 62.9
-17.9 -15.9
10.0 -2.1 -13.8 22.8
8.1 -7.3
15.7 -17.6 (91.7) (97.9)
711.4
936.9
731.3
205.6
-19.9
-225.5
805.1
257.4
-76.2
-333.6
91.6 III.4 107.6 129.0 -16.0 -17.6 133.9 222.2
152.4 185.1
0.5 11.5
-19.0 25.6
(96.1) (100.5)
i
Budget 1976/77 
1969
844.9
1,352.0
927.1
424.9
-82.2
-507.1
166.5
186.5
-20.0 340.6 (93.8)
(in per cent)
■
2)
4)
9.9
11.0
8.6
2.4
2.0
9.9
7.7
25.7
neg.
10.4
11.8
9.2
2.6
2.0
11.7
7.4
24.0
1.2
II.I
12.1
9.5
2.6
1.8
8.2
6.6
21.7
-1.7
11.1 12.9 12.8
12.0 17.0 18.3
9.5 13.2 14.1
2.5 3.8 4.2
1.8 1.7 1.7 
— "" 6.8 24.1 30.1
7.1 9.8 10.1
21.8 20.0
1
1
_________________________________
Source: Ministry of Finance
1) Domestic revenues only; excludes receipts from external grants
2) Excludes expenditures financed by external grants
3) Imputed values only; amounts on cash basis are unknown
! 2.1 
__________
1 l3-2
19.1
13.0
37.5 12.3 19.2 27.05)
4)
External grants have been added to external loans and credits (net) in the numerator and total expenditures in the denominator
5) As of broad money at the end of December 1976
Ann. E20b
Table E.8 - Cost estimate further investigations, topography (see Chapter 3, Sub-section 5.1)
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i i i i i
i i
i
i i-
Activities
1 . Aerial photography, at a scale of
1:20.000. of approximately 30,000 ha (on the basis of internationa1ly re
cognised standards and specifica tions >
Timo required 1 (manmonths) [
Budget
(Birr)
i
i
I
i
i
i
i t
2. Ground control for the rectification of aerial photographs and main traversing:
- expatriate experts, each A months i topographical surveyor
15 local labourers bush-clearing crews
i
i
i
ii
75,000 1 
i i i i i
i i i i
8
4 60
200
140,000 ; 3,000
4,500 [ 15,000 [
3. Ac ria'
triangulation
Preparation of 1:5,000 semi-con- trolied photo—mosaics
5. intensification of network of main t reverses
i )inc 1uded 
6.
i expatriate expert
or; labourers
Main ievc in; abt 250 km) topographical surveyor
-Of .■ . labourers
ii
i
1
i
i
) under
>
1
5 25
5 25
7. SPC ’ :< v‘ -ng of a 30,000-ha ontour mapping (contour
area
1 i nes
i i
87,500 ] 1,875 ]
i
3,750 ; 1,875 |
i i i
at 0.2 5-n . ’ r <rva1s)
exp. ’ r .. t< expert
9 topographjcaj surveyors 5t lot.. 1 .abourer*
bus! < car i nj < rews
8. Mapp.nj • preparation of field sea . t : S , 9 Of , with
0.25 ti < on tour *
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
5 45 
250 
250
maps, < Jevations and
1 expa L r. u t < & xpt r t
2 ^<^l<uj a tors/ draught siue i .
| |
i i i i
i i i
87,500 ! 33,750 |
18,750
18,750 1|
Rent ing
< x Birr
Camping
Rentj ng
of tars: in total abt 100 months . . 50G
t cju j pint nt and J j vj ng expenses < 1 t opogr apn}« <j J equi pmc n t
Cunt ingtn< ic t
1 1 1 
1
87,500 ! 7,500 I
1 1 1
250,000 | 200,000 I
60,000 1 103,750 |
Tut a J
5 1 10
1 1 1 11 1
1
1 1 1 1 11 1 1
1,200,000 | 1
Ann. t207
Table L.9 Cost estimate further investigations, hydrological data collection (see Chapter 3, Sub -section 5.2)
1. The staff gauge between Itang and Jikao should be installed by personnel of the N.W.R.C. They would also have to rate the gauges at Itang and Jikao and the new gauge in between these two.
! 2. Levelling of the banks and making of [ would require:
i i i
cross-sections of the river
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
] Manmonths Birr
i
i
’
I
i
1 expert, expatriate
21
43,750
| 
2 topographic surveyors
1 
5
3,750
’
15 local labourers
I driver each for car and boat
1 
371
2,700
3
500
i
i
i
i
i
] renting of car, boat and instruments i
i
• 3. Hydrological observations: I 1 expert, 4 weeks in the field, J 6 weeks for reporting
j analysis of samples ’ computer cost
i
i
i
j i Contingencies
i
i
Total
_____________________________________________________
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I 1 1 I 1 J I 1 1 l 1 1 I I I
] 10,000 1
1
1
43,750 2,000 5,000
1 
! Ill ,450 
i
3,550
I
1
120,000 
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
j.
Ann . E208
Table E.10 - Cost estimate further investigations, soil survey (see Chapter 3, Sub-section 5.3) based on: availability of aerial photography on scale 1:20,000 total area to be
covered 30,000 ha*)
1------------------------------------------- ii
Activities
Time required
Cost estimate '
(Birr)
1. Expert services (senior soil scientist)
10 days
i
ii i
i i ii | t
a) initial photo analysis, preparation of photo-analytical map, selection of sample areas (office work)
b) fieldwork in 6 sample areas of 500 ha each:
soil observation density: 1 observation per 10 ha
(500 x 200 m) « 50 observations per sample area, 
to be carried out in 5 mandays + 2 days for working out the data « 7 days per sample area (x 6)
time needed for shifting of camps: 2 days per sample area
field days, net
unavoidable delays, 25Z +
contacts in Addis Ababa
total time needed in Ethiopia
c) reporting and supervision of mapping (office)
42 days
12 days
54 days
14 days
10 days
or:
total time needed by soil scientist
or:
* 2. Labour requirements
camp personnel: 2 Den during 70 days labourers (digging of pits and augerings):
5 men during 70 days driver/mechanic for Landrover
i
| 3. Additional cost
rent of car anc of camping equipment
78 days
3 manmonths
40 days
1 1 8 days
5 manmonths 87,500 1
1
140 days 350 days
70 days
1
700 1 ,050
350
!
[
| 5,000 i
i
preparation of aerial photo-mosaic, scale 1 : 20,000 (design engineer)
enlargements of aerial photographs to scale 1 : 10,000 (for samp.e areas)
laboratory analysis: 100 samples (Birr 200 each)
4,500
i i 1
1
i.ooo : i
1 A. Contingencies
i
Total cost estimate soil survey Itang project
-t ar. area of 20,000 na is to be covered, the total cost will Birr 15,000 lower.
12 days
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1
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]_________________
20,000
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4,900 ;
125,000*) I
Ann. E—
Table E.H - Itang Project - time phasing of investments^ l.OOOJii")
T
I
I
“1 ~~ I
Total
---------r
u1
7
12
2,600 10,500
I ,350 6,200
325
650
975
800
300
325
Flood protection works Land clearing
Irrigation facilities
. main canal
. secondary and tertiary canals
. irrigation and drain age structures
. pumping stations Drainage system
. canals
. culverts
. pumping stations Land levelling 
, irrigation area
. rainfed area
Roads
. main road
. block and unit roads
Houses, offices and buildings
. project management I . state farms
I ~ I
I I I
“ II
I , 100
350
600
550
650
570
540
1,300 i i
i
!
4
-»
I
I
I ,400 I l
1,300 { i
-i i
i ii i i
2,890 3,375 4,950
6,000
7,200
1,800
7,500
245 6,207 
233 I ,389 2,100
160
340
220
450
-
-
i
I
i
•
1
810 ! i i
i
Il,080 S ; !
i
I,350 {1,080 i
i 1 I
rj
o
kO
540 ' I i
i 450}
900 ! 450}
300 J 450 ! 600 « 750 • 1,440
I
700
i
II
I
I
1
•
i i
. settlement
. extension services
. public services
- ! i
-i i i
_ i i
ii
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• 600}
i i i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
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245}
• _ 
233 ! 296 !
I I
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• 
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i“ !l,700 
• -
215 ! 204 ! 290 J 204 I ! 14 i
66 i
1-
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-
100 ! i
200 ! i
200 5
300 1 i
450 !
i
4 50 • 400 • 
i■
i Transport equipment 901 i
87} i
.131 132
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Studies and surveys
1 ,000 750
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Credit fund
2,350
5,200
i
1 Contingencies
-
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— I
I
I
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I
37 ' 42 i I
4 “ I
I I
41 !
i 152 !
600
1 20 5 i i i i i
— 
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II
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7,960
100
i
3
i Total investment expend i ture'i88,000 ! 660 I 1,100
60 ! I
___ I
80 ! I I
I
304 !
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240
413
9 160 ; i
860 ! i i
288
j
360 < 569 !
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i
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ii
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830 !
3,380 1 4,640 ! 6,250 } 8,070 !l5,570 ! I 6,420 ! I 8,360 ■ 9,600 ji, I 20
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1.
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< an, Proj«'
___ --~~T
p*0*n o«t
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1
____________ _ 510
—— •
1
1
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197 7 econo*** P
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1 Caih flow - J
Net produc tion value
I
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|
i Project
I VOAT
1
1
I
r-
I____________ —
I
ftang project
________ T
I
I
I
I inveitoent 1 expendi
ture
Operating expend i t ure
I Total expen
3it«»rp;)
3.
I
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I
I
I
»
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
•
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
P
Q
10 I 1 12
13
14
15
16
17
18 |O 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
33
34
35
I . 4 90 son
l.
I.
740 600 S60 7 20 
1.210 1,060 2,640
3,080 
3,130 
3,160 
3,160
3,160
3.160 
3,160
3.160 
3,160
3,160 
3,160
3,160 
3,160
3,160
3,160
3,160
3,160 
3,160
3,160
3,160
3,160
3,160
000
000
800
500
5.130
/..no
1,810 3.510 2,180 1.970
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
- 3,530
- 5J3O
- 4,970
- 4,910
- 4,340
- 6,000
- 6,350
- 6,373
- 7,958
- 15,396
- 15,492
- 16,323
- 5,600 
2,670
6.323 7,903 8.724 
9,196 
9,223 
3.723 
3,923 
3,928 
9,423
9.423 
9,428
9.423 
9,428 
9,428 
9,023 
3,023
8.423
9.323
9,428 
64,428
IRR: 4.9Z
______ _ _________________ . rs (caS
e U allocated to Rang Project. 
i
i
i
•
i
i
LRR: 8.5Z
I
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f
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•
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;5
1
1
1
1
1
•
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
•
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
•
1
•
1
1
I: Assump
tion
!____________________________________________________________ Uang Project.
2:
3:
4:
1) Taking into account
it
calculation of the Net Production Value
□
9
T
2)
3)
4)
Excluding on-farm costs
the residual value of assets
which have been accounte °
and technical assistance only (se
Cost of access road, airstrip
AU pepeo project
costs (see Table 23).

Summery

Summary: Gambela Agricultural Development Project

Gambela Agricultural Development Project - Summary

1. Introduction

The report outlines the Gambela Agricultural Development Project in Ethiopia, initiated by the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia and funded by the European Development Fund. The study, conducted by EUROCONSULT, focuses on the development of the Gambela plain, emphasizing irrigation, flood control, and agricultural potential.

2. Key Objectives

Develop irrigated agriculture to boost food and animal production.
Address flooding and drainage issues in the Gambela plain.
Explore settlement opportunities for farmers from highland regions.
Assess long-term economic viability and ecological impacts.

3. Project Area Overview

Gambela Plain

Location: Southwestern Ethiopia, bordered by the Baro, Gilo, and Akobo rivers.
Size: ~1,000,000 ha, with 800,000 ha subject to flooding.
Population: ~50,000, primarily Anuaks (sedentary farmers) and Nuer (pastoralists).
Climate: Annual rainfall of 800–1,300 mm, with 85% occurring April–October.

Itang Project Area

Focus: 30,800 ha identified for agricultural development.
Challenges: Flooding, poor drainage, and low soil workability.
Potential: Suitable for crops like maize, sorghum, cotton, rice, and sugar cane.

4. Development Phases

Pilot Project (Pepeo)

Size: 540 ha.
Purpose: Test irrigation, drainage, crop varieties, and farming methods.
Cost: ~24.7 million Birr (investment and operating costs over 5 years).

Short-Term Development

Expand to 5,000 ha after pilot success.
Focus on mechanized farming and migrant settlement.

Long-Term Development

Target: 100,000 ha irrigated agriculture.
Requires construction of storage dams (e.g., Gambela Dam) for year-round irrigation.
Estimated completion by 2010–2025.

5. Economic Evaluation

Component	Cost (Birr)
Pilot Project	24.7 million
Feasibility Studies	2.35 million
Itang Project (20,000 ha)	~55 million (estimated)

Internal Rate of Return (IRR): Projected to be economically viable, contingent on successful implementation and crop yields.

6. Recommendations

Proceed with pilot project to gather critical data.
Conduct detailed topographic, hydrological, and soil surveys.
Prioritize flood protection and irrigation infrastructure.
Coordinate with downstream countries (Sudan, Egypt) on water use.
Integrate wildlife conservation into development plans.

7. Appendices

The report includes annexes with technical details on hydrology, soils, engineering works, and economic analyses, as well as maps and diagrams for project planning.