Summary of Gambela Agricultural Development Project

cO538 
PROVIS ION.L  MILITARY   GOVERNME  NT OF   SOCIALIST  ETHIOPI.. 
GAMBEL..  .GRICULTUK.L 
DEVELOPMENT    PROJECT 
Phase  I      Projects 
UM                 MINISTRy       LIBR, AND RY   . 
WAIER   RRo 
SERVICE 
VALLEYS   GRICULTURL   DEVELOPME NT  AUTHORITY 
ipril,  1978 
Addis     baba ViLLEYS  GRICULTUR.L  DEVELOPMENT  AUTHOR ITY 
G..MBELi. 1GR ICULTUR.L  DEViELOPMENT  PR0JECT 
Contents 
Page 
INTRODUCT ION 
1.    THE   SCOFE  ND  IMPORTANCE   OF   THE   PR0JECT THE   FROJECT  RE.. 
3.     THE   PROJECT 
1 
Programme  of Work  for  Further Investigations 
B. 
.  Ccess Road 
Co 
Pepeo Pilot Project 
D. 
Early  Implementation Programme 
7 12 
14 
20 
NNEZES 
-NNEX  C-1   :      Rainfall  per Rainy  Day  -   Gambela  Pl ain 
NNEX  C-2:  Short-pericd rainfall maxima  -   Gambela Arec 
NNEX  C-3  : 
LLNNEX  I-1  : 
NNEX  I-?  : NNEX   I-3  : 
L0NNEZ  I-4  : 
-NNEX  R-l: 
iNNEZ  K-2   : NNEX    R-3  : 
Climatic Data &pplicable to  the Itang rea 
Cost Estimates Further Investigations , Topogr aphy 
Cost Estimates Further Investigations Hydrological  Data Collection and Water Control  Studies 
Cost Estimates Further  Investigations, Soil  Survey  based  on vailability of ierial  Photogr aphy on  Scale  1:20, 000 total area to  be  covered  30,000 ha. Miscellaneous  Expenses 
Équípment Requirenent & Cost Investinent Cost of  Heavy  Equipment & Veniclee  for  the Construction of the ccese Road 
Purchase  Price  of  Light  Equipment 
&  Toole 2 
Contents 
¿NNEX   P-1  :     Investment  of  Irrigation System 
.NNEX  P-2  :  Investment Cost of Drainage System 
ANNEX   P-3  : 
NNER       -4: 
NNEX  P-5  : 
LNNEI  P-6  : 
Investment Costs  of Projcct Road  Network Housing  and  Farm  Building Requir enents Investment Cost of the àgricultural Programme Investment Cost  of    Transport  and  Communication 
.NNEX  P-7:  Cost of Public Services  Investment s 
-NNEX  P-8  : 
NNEX  P-9  : 
NNEX  P-10: 
NNEX  P-1l: 
NNIX  P-12: 
Investment Expenditure  -  Pepeo  Pilot Project Estimates of Professional  and  Non-Professional Staff  and  Labour  Required 
Personnel  Costs  per  Category 
Operating Cost of gricultural Programme Operating Expenditure  -  Pepeo  Pilot Project 
¿NNEA  E-1  :      Early Implementation  Progr amme 
LNNEA  F-1  :  Summary  of  Financ ing Plan for  Phase  I  Projects I NTRODUCTION 
In the early seventies,  the Government  through  the Planning  and  Programming  Department  of  the Ministry of 
A gr iculture and  Settlement authorized  the carrying out 
of  prefeasibility studies  in  four  areas  iden ti fied 
earlier by  an  Interministerial Committee. 
The  funds  were  provided by  the Agency  for International Development  of  the United   Sta tes Departmen t of State and Tippets  -   Abbet-McCarthy-Stratton (TAMS)  were  commissioned  to undertake the studies in June  1974.    The  prefeasibility study which  was  submitted   in August  1974  revealed favourable pre liminary economic  and financial indicators which  induced the Government  to proceed with further studies in two  of the identified development areas.   On  the basis of this decision the  second  phase of the studies was  carried out in the 
Upper  Dedesa  River Valley and  the Gambela  Plain and  the report submitted in the second half of 1975.  The  funds 
were  aga in provided by  US/AID  and  the studies carried 
out  byy    TAMS. 
Within the general  framework of the recommendtions contained in the second  TAMS   report the Provisional Military Governme nt of Socialist Ethiopia decided to preceed with the implement ation of a  30, 900  ha  agricul tural development project in Illubabor Administrative Region,  Gambela  District, in an  area situated on the left bank of Baro River. 
The  implementation of this plan required the review and updating  of  existing studies as  well as  the formulation of programne  for  the preparation of a final design.   This  was made   possible  through the provision of a  grant by  the European  Development  Fund  and  studies for  the implemen tation of the first phase of the proj ect were  finalized in October 
1977  by   EUROCONSULT, Arnhem  of the Netherlands. 2 
1.    THE   SCOPE  AND   IMPORTANCE  OF  THE   PROJECT 
1.1    Among  the  many  development issues that Ethiopia is confronted with,  the development  of the agr icultur al sector is by far the most significant one.   The Government,  realising the dependence  of the national economy  on  the agricultural sector has set the follewing as its main  development objectives: 
to promote  the radical redistribution of resources and  incomes  in favour  of the rural poor; 
to raise the production and incomes of small farmers  over  a  large part of the country in 
order to meet the basic needs of the people; 
to become  self-sufficient in food  production; 
to achieve self-reliance. 
1.2   With respect to the development of the Gambela Plain, the Government  has the following specific objectives: 
to achieve a  regional balance in the national development effort; 
to enable the south-western region become   self sufficient in food  production. 
1.3   In order to ensure the attainment of the above objectives,  the Government  has  introduced several referms  in line with the philosophy of "Ethiopian 
Socialish" among  which  the  following are the major ones: 
the nationalization of rural lands ; 
the establishment Peasant  Associations, Service CAoperatives,  Producers'  Cooperatives; 
.       n%,4 3 
the establishment of  a  Settlement Authority and a  State Farms  Author ity; 
the creation and  extension of service  render ing (agricultural credit, inputs,  marketing,  etc.) agencies. 
1.4   The  Gambela  Plain is endowed with basic physical resources  such as arable land and  watero    Its future development,  therefore, is not so much  a question of the availability of basic resources 
as it is the minimizing or elimination of the Constraints that hamper their beneficial use. 
The  two  principal features of the  Phase I   Project (Pepeo Pilot Project and  Early Implementation Programme) would  cnntribute positive answers  to these serious problems as   well. as complying with the general order of priorities envisaged in the Government's  development planning. 
1.5   The  main objective of the Pepeo Pilot Project is 
to develop on  a  practical scale suitable farming (crop,   1livestock, forestry,  fisheries)  practices for the Gambela Plain under rainfed and irrigated 
conditions, for  sma1lholders aa well  as for commercial  farming,    The  eXperiénces gained from the Pilot Project wil1,  in the final stage of development,  serve.350,000 ha.  which  is estimated to be  the potentially irrigable area in the Gambela  Plain.   Moreover,  the  infrastructure(acress road,  construction,   etc.) of  the  Pilot Project will also benefit the main project. 16  Pending the  implementation of future  settlement schemes, a  short-term extension service  programme (Early Implementation Programme)   wil1  be  initiated in order to create favourable conditions under which  the rural population will be more receptive for  future changes. 
2.     THE   PROJECT  AREA 
2.1 The  southwestern part of  the Ethiopian plateau is drained by  the rivers Baro,  Gilo  and Akobo  and  a  number  of  smaller 
streams     These,  rivers,  which  drain a  total area  of approximately 55,000  km, flow  into a flat plain where, they tend to overfloW  and form  Swamps      The  plain 
known  as  Gambela Plain is bounded in the West  by the Pibor,  in the south by the Akobo  and  in the east and north by  425-m contour.   The  425-m contour in the north runs close to the Baro river.   The   Pibor, Akobo  and LOwer  Baro also form  the border 1ine with the Sudan. 
2.2  The   Pepeo Pilot Project which  covers  an  area of approxi mately  500 ha  is located near  the village of Pepeo  on  the southern bank of Baro river at a  distance of 800  km. south west of Addis  baba. 
2.3 Rainfall data gathered from  five metro stations near the Pilot Project area indicate that the  mean  annual rainfall ranges  from  812  mm.  to  1, 315  m.M.   approximately  85%  of the annual rains occur in the wet  season from May   through October .      The  mean  daily maximum  temperature varies  from a  low  of  30.7°c  in June  to a hish of  38.5°c in March. 5 
The  annual  average   is 34.3°C.    The  mean  da[ily  minimum temperature  ranges from  18.2°C in January to  22.0°c in April  and  the  annual  average is  20.1  C.    Since 
the available climatic data are  incomplete and un reliable, it is intended  to establish a   wel1  equipped station in  the pilot project area.   Further  investiga tions on hydrology ,   topography,  soils and  land   classi fication will also be carried out prior to implementa tion of  the  pilot project.   Climatic data for  the Gambela  area are given in Annex C-1,  C-2  and C-3 
2.4   A  623  km.  all-weather road connects  the  town  Gore  in the Ilubabr Administrative Region with  the capital Addis  Ababa .      Further west,  the  750  km.  Gore 
Gambela road is under contruction by the Rural Roads  Agency(RRA)   and its completion is expected before the start of the  19 78  wet  season .       An  aCcess road  of  about  47  kmo      ill have  to be constructed in order  to connect the project area with the national road  network.    Any delay in the ccnstruction of this road will reflect in a  correspcrding postponement 
of  implementation of  the pilot project. 
2.5   The  four-times  weekly Addis Ababa      Gambela  air service via Jimma  and  Gore has  resumed regular operations after some  interruption. 
2.6   River transport,  although not sufficiently exploited, offers a  cheap means  of seasonal  communication especially   be tween the  towns  of Gambela  and Jikao. The  Baro River  supplied an important trade link 
with  the Sud an but these   connections were  broken off in 1956  when  Gambela  was  returned to Ethiopia. 2.7   The  population of Gambela  Awraja  which is estimated at  125,000 people is inhabited by  60,000 Anuaks  and 44,000  Neurs  among  which  quite a  few  are refugees. The  remainder of the population is composed  of 
other tribes such  as Masongas,  Longes  and  Komos 
with a  small  number  of people originating from 
the highlands mostly concentrated in tOwns  and woreda capitals.   The  anuaks  who  are sedentary subsistance farmers earn their livilyhood cultivating small plots of land usually not exceeding 0.5  ha. 
per family  on  hich they grow  two  crops per year (maize  and  sorghum).  Their diet  is supplemented 
by fish and  they keep  some cattle.   The  pastoria list Nuers depend on their cattle for their livli hood  shifting from  their highland villages to cattle camps near the river in the dry season.   Some  of their cattle are marketed in Gambela . 
3.   THE   PROJECT 
3.1   The  project forms  the beginning of the Region's Ågricultural Programme  which  is aimed at develop ment of both irrigated and rainfed food  and cash crops,  improvement of animals and fish production, forestry development,  provision of extension and Social services and agricultural access road  con struction. 
3.2   Specifically, the Project would  over five years conduct practical research on crop and  livestock production and marketing and would provide farm 
inputs, infrastructure and  substantial extension -
7 
and   technical services.   It would  help develop  a framewOrk  for  a  future small  holder and   commer ical develcpment  pr ogr amme   to susta in  longterm  growth of  the  agr icultural sectora 
3.3    The   Preject  wOuld   involve   investme nts of  about Birr  38  million,  of    which  67%  would  be  for  the Pepeo   Pilot Project ,  22%   for  the  access  road including equipment  and   cons truction, 6%   for topography,   soil and  hydrological  investigations and  4%   for   extens ion  service.   The   project involves E.D.F.  assistance of  approxima tely 
Birr 28   million and  VADA   has  submitted budget request  to the  Government for the balance of the  programme  of  which  the access road is the major  component. 
3.4    The  detailed features of  the Project are as follOWs: 
Ae      Programme   of    work   for Further Investigations 
Topography 
As   part of  the further investigations in 
the  Itang  area,  first  a topographical  survey should  be  undertakene  The  main parts of the Sr vey  prgramme  would  be: 
aerial  photography,  scale 1:20,000 of an area  oF approxima tely 30,000  ha,  followed  by  ground Control,  main  traversí1g,  aerial  triangul ation and preparation of  1:5,000 scale   semi-con trolled photomosaics; topogr aphical  fiel£work, including intesification of  the network  of nain  traver ses, main   levelling, spotlevelling of  30,000 ha.  for  contour  line mapping  (contour  line at 
0.25  m  interval s): 
mapping   work     prepar at ion of field maps  on  scale l:5,000 showing  elevations  and  contour  lines at 0.25  m intervals. 
Cost  estimates  for   topogr aphy investigations are  given  in ANNEX    I-1 
Hydro-neterology 
C1imate 
The  avail able climatic data are adequate  for  the  impl ementa tion of  a   pro ject  as  foreseen  in the  Itang  areao    £11   climate dependent  design  criter ia will,  however ,  be  established conservatively to  account  for  any  uncertainity cause  by  the fact  that the data were collected outside the  Itang  ar ea. 
Less  conservative design criteria may  be  used if data  for 
the project  area  proper  are  available.    To  this end,  a    well equipped  mneteo  station 1ike  the  one  available at Gambela should be  estabiished in the  pilot project area. 
Records  o£  existing meteo  stations proved  incomplete  or unreliable.    Measures  should be  taken to  improve  the  oper ation of  these stations . 
Hydrology 
The  avaílable hydrological  data  could  serve  as  a   basis  for a  feasibility  study  on  the project.   The  design criteria and cost  estimates  in  guch  a   study  would,  however,  have  to  be conservatíve  because  of  the  lack  of  data  about  high  water levels  downstream  of  Itang  and  the  effect of  diking  on  the Water  levels  of  the  Baro  rivero 
To el1iminate  these uncertainities at least partly,  the io1lowing  measures  are  recommended. -   Installation of  a   stafí  gauge  at  a   location halfway  between Itang  and  Jikao . 
Rating of  the gauze  at  Itang  and  Jikao  and of  the  new 
gau ge;  rating at high  discharges  is most urgent. 
-   Levelling on both banks  between Gambela  and  the Adura 
head. 
Preparation of cross-sections  o£  the river  and its banks 
at  5km.  intervals between Gambela  and  the Ádura  head. 
-   Àfield survey  during the highest river  stage  to  observe 
£looding in the  Itang area. 
Furthermore, it is recommended  to  fix the  gauge  at Itang on the  newly  constructed landing  about  2Om.   downstream of  the present site, which  is easily  damagedo      It may  be  worth  con sidering to install another  one  at the Adura head .      The  data of  this gauge   will be  of  great value  in studies of  long-term development projects. 
Some   sediment  samples will have  to  be  taken during the period of  £looding " 
Groundwater 
It is recomnended  that  a  preliminary assessment  shouli be 
made  of the occurrence of groundwater  in the   It ang   area, its quality,  and  the  cost  of  its use  for  irrigation or  drinking Water  supply  should  be   evaluated 
4 geohydrological  expert will  need  two  months to complete such  investigations;  one  month  will  have  to  spent  in  the  field. 
Water  Control 
In   the feasibility study  of  the  Itang   project, the  following aspects  of  water  control  have  to  be  covered. 
-   £lood protection; dr ai.nage; 
-   irríigation. 10 
Flood  protection will  entail the  construction of   embankmant s, if possible on  higher-lying 1 ands .    Runoff  water  rom the area east of  the  project   vill have  to  be    int ercepted and drained off through  existing natural  drain channel6  to  the Baro  river .     The  study  of  flood  protection measures  for  the Itang area will,  therefore,  cover  subjects  such  as  the  align ment  and  the crosssection of  the dikes  around  the  area  to 
be  empoldered,  the quality of  the  subsoil  which  will carry the  emb ankment  and  criteria for  soil qual ity wi th  a  view to  dike construction.   Furthermore,  a  possible combination oi flood  protection dikes  and  roads  must  be  investigated. 
s     Íar  as drainage is concerned,  there are already fairly firn indications that the  Itang area can only  be  properly drained  by  pumping  in viaw  of  the altítude of the land  as compared  to  the river levels.   Only  at the onset of  the 
rains may   it be  possible to resort to  natur al  dr ainage for a   short period.   The  further  studies  needed  for  a  proper design  of  the  dr ainage  system will  be  based  on  the  results of   topogr aphical survey  and  take  into account  existing dreinage   channels as  regards  their runoff  and   storage capa city e    The   cap acity of  the  pumping  station will  have  to  be 
establi shed, based  on  the  drainage  factors  applicable  to the project site. 
For  irrigtion of  the  Itang  area  there  are  two  main   àlter natives:  by   gravity via  a  rather  long  supply  canal,  taking Water  from  the  Baro  river  at  an  up   stre am   point  to  en8ure a  sufficiently hígh  levels  at  the  point  of  entrance  into the  project,  or  by   pumping  water  from  the  Baro  and   convey 
ing  it dírectly  to  the  polders  of  the  project . 
Further 
studies  based  on   topographic  and  soils data  wil1  be  needed to  select  the  appropriate  irrigation alternative,  the alignment  of   canals and  the  capacity  of  the  pumping  stations, if needed. 11 
On   the  basis  of  these  considerntions,  the  main  dutics   o    the members of  the   multi-« isciplinary  study  team  dealing vitn  weter control  wi11 be: 
to  assist  in  the   demarcation of  the  area  and  the  solection oi alternatives; 
-  to  collect  information  about  the  availability  of   construc tion   materials And   to  estimate  the  construction,  meintennnCe end  operation costs; 
- to   prep are the  layout  for  the  irrigation,  drainage, flood control  and    infrastructur al works; 
-   to prepare  standard designs . 
For  the  sbove  investigations,  the  services of  a  civil engineer and oí  an   irrigation engineer will  be  needed  for  four  nonths; 
both  of  them  will  have  to  spend  one  month  in the  Eield.    They CEnnot  start their work  until the  topogr aphical surveys  have been  completed.    Cost  estimates  for  hydrological  data  collec tion and  water  control  studies are  given in  4NNEX I-2 
Soils  and Land  Classification 
In   view of  the  poor  inaccessibility of  the  area, aerial  photo 2raphy  has   to be  used  as  much   as  possible  to  cut  doWn   costly ¿round  observetions  could  be  restricted  to  carefully  selected 
S ample areas.    Because  of  the  heterogeneous  me sotopography, particularily of  the  recent  flood  plain,  the  largest  land unit  in  the  arial  photogr aphy  should  be  of  good    quality, and 2t  e   scale  of  at  least  l:20.000. 
The  soil  suvey  could  be  carried out  on  the   l:20, 000  photo Ecale,  for  which  purpose   photo -mo salsco of  the  same  scale should  be  nade  avaíl able.    The  publication scale  could   b 1:50,000  for  the  whole  area;  for  the  sample  areas  the photo sc2le  chould  be  ueed  so  that  the  complex  pattern of  solid which  níght  prevail  in  the  predominant  phy siographic unik could  be   6hown  clcarly. 1.2 
The  field observations  in  sample  areas  could best be  nade  at scale l:10,000 using enlarged  photography  as  a   topo  base. 
No     suit able photogr aphic base  map   of  the  area  is avail able . 
In vieiw  of the close relation between soils  and topogr aphy ani the need  for  reliable  topogr aphic  information if irrigation is 
to be  introduced,  it is  proposed  that  a  topo  survey  should  be made.     In order  to  facilitate logistic support in the  poorly accessible  area it would  seem  advisable  to  have  the  soils survey  and  topo  survey  carried out  simultaneously. 
It  is estimated that the  soil survey  will require a soil scientist duríng  5  months  and  22  manmonths  of  local  labour. 
s    COst  estimate  for  the  soil  survey  is  given  in  ANNEX    I-3 
c.ccese  Road 
The  development  of  agriculture  in  the  Itang area  and  the  esta blishment  of  Pepeo  Pilot Project is  dependent  on  the   const ruction on  an  al1-weather  connection between  tÉhe   project  cite and  the  national  road  system.    The  construction of  the  ncce33 road  from   G ambela Town   to  project site requires  prior  conpie 
tion of  the  major  highway  linking  Metu  to  Gambela  towns 
Tho 
major  purpose  of  the  proposed  road  is to  provide  access  to 
an  area  so  far  difficult to  reach  and completely  inaccessib:: 
during  the  wet  season, 
but  with  considerable potential or 
agricultural  development. 
So   far  alignment  ground  survey  work    has not  been undertaken but  a   reconnaissance  survey  hag  indicated that  the  most  suit able  alignnent  would  be  along  the  higher -lying area  on  the left  bank  of   Baro River  at  a   distance  of 4- 9  km.   from  the ríver .      The  acces8  road will  be  connected  to   Gore -Gambela 
road  at  Gambela  and  will  follow  the  track  to  Gop   over 
a 
distance  of  some  9   km.   8OuthWard, turn off  in vestern  direc tion  and then  follow  the  watershed  between  the  Baro  River and  rívers  Gouth  of it until it reaches  the  project site. 
Preliminary  estimates indicate  that  only   five culverte be  required. 
may 13 
The  access  ro ad  wil1  be  constructed  as  a  class À road  (Type R.50)  according  to the basic  standards  for rural roads  in Ethiopia.    It  wil1 be  6 meters  wide  with  1m.  shoulders  and surfaced with  crushed  gravel.    The  road  will  be  completed  in. 
one  year o 
The estimated  construction  co st of  the  access  road  is about 4.4 million Birr  as  shown  belov: -
Investment cost of  heavy  equipment & vehicles 
as  per  ANNEX   R-2 
Cost  of 1ight equipment allocated entirely to the roads  (cs  amount  involved in low)ANNEX  R-3 
Total 
Operating Cost 
Salaries & related expenses 
Contractual  services 
Construction materials  &  supplies 
Cemp   materials,  tools  &   miscell aneous supplies Eguioment  and  Vehicles  spare parts 
Fuei  &   lubricants Miscell aneous charges 
Total 
Gr and  Total 
1,149, 000 
468,000 
2,617, 000 
900,000 
235,00 
365,000 
160,000 
250,000 
850.000 
40,000 
2, 800,000 
4.417,000 
It  is  proposed  that  the  road will  be  built  by  the Rural  Roads 
--gency. 
Construction of  the  road  would  take  oneyear  after 
acquiring  the  neceGsary  construction  equipment . 
The  above 
esti Imates are  in  line with  those  given  by  the   Rur al Roads t-gency. 
f6  local  contractors  are  not  available  and  the possibi!c' of  hiring road  equipment  i  very  slim,  it will  be  neccesnr to  import   ali requircü construction cquipment.    This  may   npear ns   inflating the  cost of  the  road  construction but  the  e,uip" ment    could be  used  for  the  construction of  the  pilot roject as  wel1  as  for  ensuing  farn  developments .     Thus  the   ! 
costs  involved  nre: 
Equipment  cost  ANNEX      R-1 Operating  Cost  excl.  deprociation 
Total 
5,265, 800 2,800,000 
Birr  3,065  200 
Pepeo    Pilot Project 
The  proposed pilot project  o£  approximately  500  hectares  is located  near  the village of  pepeo  lying  south  to  south -west 
oi Itang,  at  a   distance  of  500  to  1,500  meters  from  the southern bank  of  the  Baro river . 
The   main   obj ective of  the project is  to  identify factors hich iniluence  crop  and  livestock production  and  to  develop eitaie 
i arming  practices  for  the  Gambela  plain,  both  for  small  hoider: and   commercial  operation. 
Ihe  agricu lturai  progr amne  will  involve  experiments  and  iieli teste  o7.     crops (including pasture  and  fodder  crops)   as  wel!  .5 On      inputs, storage  and  irrigation and  dr£inage  systems  for labour  intensive  and  mechanized  operations . 
The  livestock  programme  will  embrace  ieeding,  breeding  and 
sanítatíon aspects  and .ill assess  tiie  possibilitie3 
i:    r    nch 
ing  and  intensive cnttle  raieing, under  mixed  t.ype   (craa-ive stock)  of  farming. 
l.   fish  production  unit  wil1  be  eetablished  in order  to   con Cuct  practícal  experiment s on  fish  species,   by -product  coner sion  into  £ish  protíents, and  wi1l  as8esa  the  possibilities 
f    producing  fish  under  prevailing conditionsa 15 
The  forestry  progr amme will identify  the  species  of  trecs that nre suit sble for  the  G ambeln area with  a view  to  satisfying 
the  demand  for  wood   for  cociking  and   for  construction purposes . 
It vil1  alse  recommend  types  of  treee which  will  serve  as sheiter belt. 
Successful  large-scale farming ii the Gambela  area will , to  a Iarge extent,  depend  upon  the  availability of well  treinzd technical  and  supervisory  per sonnel.   The  project will  have adequate facilities  for  tr aining, machine  operators in the handling,  edjustment  and  maintenance of   di£f er ent types  of 
in 2chinery.   Labourers vill be  trained in the use of eifective  teo.s  anc  cificient working  methods. 
Pubiic  ser"ices  such  as  education,   health, and  social  services will  be proviçed  ior  project personnel  as  well  as  for  the DOpultion living aroun: the project. 
The propose  project Orks and  facilities  compri se the  iollowing: 
-     looi protection  -   4   dike will  be  constructed  around  the 
project  to prevent it from  being  flooded. 
On  the basis of 
2n   estinated naximum  water  level  of  475m.  at  Pepeo,  the crest  level  of  the  emb ankment  will  be  l5.25mo ,   the  tot wicth  1.51n.   and  the  side  slopes  1  to  1.5m.    The   leng th o 
the  dyke  wi1l  be  9,300  m. 
Irrigtion system  -  The  irrigation system  to  be  adopted  wi11 be   based  orn   the criteria  oi consunptive  use,  i.e.  the   evapc ration  cí Hater  from  the  soil,  pl ants,  free  water   and treng.. portation  from  crops.   The   punping  capacity  tor  an  area   o 100  hectares  has  been  calculated at  325  1it/second.   Thig has  been  based  on  the  nighest  evapotranspiration of .5 im/ day  in  the nonth  of  March.     Other   assumptions are  a    l0O cropping  intensity,  60%   1rrigatlon efficiency  and   the  nbsenco of  effectíve raínfall in March.     The minimum  irriçation intervil  wil1  be   5  calendar  days. 16 
Drainage system     Excess water wil1  be   r emoved by   punpin The  pumping capacity  for  a  total  aren of  540 hectarcs  wil: be   2.4m /second.   The  area will  be  drained  ei ther  by    du; drains or  by  natural  drainage  channels  and  wil1  requir construction of  forty  t wo  culverts. 
Land  levelling and  bush clearing  -  Bush  clearing wili   b undertaken over  an   area of  90   hectares.   There are  ppro:* mately  75   trees to  the hectare with   diameter s ranging  Lror 10  to  50  cm.     Land  levelling wi11  be  carried out  to  encurc uniform water  distribution and  to  avoid  isolated de;ressior: : thet may   hamper  drainage.    The  area wil1  also  be  ploughed and  subsoiled.   On  the basis  of  a   detailed topographic 
9urvey     f a  sample  area, it  is estimated that approximately 
1,000m5  of  earth Will  lia 
to  be  moved  per  hectareo 
Road  network within the project -   A circular road   o  aha 9,300 m.   wil1  be  constructed  Erom  which  secondary  and 
tertiary roads will  branch  of£  to  each  of  the units. block  and  unit roads will have  a  length of  24,000  and 
The 
9.100  m.   respectively.   These roads  are not  intended  to serve  during  or  shortly  after heavy  rains. 
Construction  -    In  some  of  the  areas,  the soil tends  to  swell when it gets vet  and  sand  structures  of  not  less  50  cm. thickness will  have  to  be  built.   For  the construction of the  embankrent,  roads  and  canals,  clay  from  the  flood  plain mixed  with  sand  and   c ompacted at  ecch  20  cn.  layer  wil1  be usei. 
Houses  and  buildinge     The  nain  compound will  be  located on  the  hígh-lying  sendy   soils and  the  second  one  in  the 
western períp:ary  of  the  project. 
There will  be offices, 
WOrkshops, eheds,  a  gueet-house  and  housing will  be   pro vided  for  nanazernent,  staff  nnd  labour.    Each  compoun! wil1 be  connected  to  e    6ewer age and  Water  purfication syatem. Energy  for  power  and  nter plnt6 will  be   suppli  d by    dioge agzregateS. 17 
Machinery   and  Equipment  -  The  necessary machinery  and  equip 
ment  including transport and  communications  equipment  will  be provided under  the  igricultur al Frogrammes. 
Public  Services  -  It is estimated that  170 femilies  out o. which  tenty are non-project staff (teachere,  nedical  personnei 
police etc.) will live on  the  proj ect.   Health,  education  ard comnunity  services will be  provided not only  to  the project population but also to anuaks  and  Nuers  living around  the project. 
Cost Estimates 
Ihe investnent expenditure for  the  above  works  and  facilities including physical  and  price contingencies over  a   five -year period is  Birr 12,530 million.   Details of  investment expenditures  are given  in  NNEA  P-1  through  NNEX   P-8. 
Ihe  working  capital requirements  include salaries and  wages, trensport  and  farn costs  and  add  up   to 3irr 12,839  million over 
the  five  year  per:.od.  Details of manpower  requir ement and  operating 
expenditure  are  given  in NNEX   P-l  through  NNEX   P-12. 
Rocurrent 
expenditure  for  social  services  (salarics of  medical  and  training personn.el, medical  and  educational  aupplies  etc.) have  not  been 
wOrked  out  in detail  but tentative  est imates suggest  they will be in  the  neighbourhood  of Birr 100,000  during  the  five -year períod. 
Ihere  hnve  been  sone unavoidable delays  in the  impl ementation of Phese  I  projects  and  as  the original  etis  did  not  make   provi sions  Eor   price  cscal ntion, inflntion factora  of  l.34, 1.47, 1.6, 1.79  end 197 have  becn  used  in computing costs of hccesg  Rond. Purther  Invectigations  and  Pepco  Pilot Proj ect  for  the  years  1980 
through   1984. 
ínancinz, 
It ís  eXpected  that the Europe:n  Development  Pund  will  provide finance  for  Further  Investigntions,  Pepeo  Pilot Project  and Early  Implementation  ProgrAmme   amounting  approximately  Birr 
29   níllione   The   balance of  Bírr  9  aillion which  io the  cost  of rOnd equipment   nnd   nccess  road  construction is expected  to  be DTOTided by   the  Ethiopian  Gover nment.    The  financing  plan of 
Phase  I Projects  is  given  in  ANNEX   F-l. 
Orgenization  and   Management 
The responsibility for  the   overall  gup ervi sion and   manag ement  of Phase    I projects will rest with  the Valleys sgricultura1  Develop ment  -.uthority while  the  inpl ementation of  the day  to  day  activitics 
ill  Se  delegated  to  the  appropriate Government  |gencieSo    To    thia end     &ssurances  have  been obtained  from  the Extension  and Project Implementation Department  and  the Institute of ågricultural Research 
o  the Ministry of kgriculture and  Settlement to  devise  a   progr aeme of work   designed  to  meet  the specific objectives of  the Pepeo  Pilot Froject  and  the Early  Implementation  Progr amme .     However, experience in the  probiems o( coordinating the work  of  several  agencies   in volved  in the  impl ementation of  single projects  shows  that it  will 
be necessary  to  assign an  individual  as   full -time project manager ii the project is to  be  successfully  implemented.    On   thc £nrm level,  the  Pepeo Pilot Project provides  for  technical  assistnnce consisting of  a   project  manager, a   vorkshop   manager,  an      Cronomi :t Cn   irrigation engineer 3 an  animal  husbandry  cxpert   cr. other  nin cellaneous experts  who 7ill serve  a   totl of thirteen  a2n -yenrs. The  Rural  Roads igency has  expresse    willingnes   to  undert nke   tho construction of  the ccess Road  provided  the  fur.de   for   equi pment and  construction are  made  availaDle.    The  mapping   nn    Geogr aphy Institute has  sent experts  to  the project area  to  'eterminc the possibility of conducting  topogr aphic surveys  by   lecal  mnanpover and  replies  are being  arzaited. 
Benef{ts  andi  Justi£ication 
It is difficult to determine  at this  stigc  the identi fi :ble profits  and viable financial potentialities  of   the Phs    ! projects by  themselves.    However,   it is evi'ert         he 
justify'possible  future  appro sches to   locol ntutr-tl Iinance  agencies  for   lons-tr  borrcin;, itt-l assistance is to  be    considered rs     p9ssibletee 19 
Preliminary conputations  indícate that the Itang  Project, for  which Phase  I  Projects have  been initiated and  which will  have  an  irrigated nren  o£   5,000 ha  and rainíed aren of  8.000  ha, will yicld  an   inter anL rate of return of  8.5%%   over  a  period of thirty £ive  year s. 20 
Early  Implementation  Programne 
1.    The  development  of  the  Gambela  Plain vil1,  to  a   large  extent depend  on  the  outcome  further  studies  and   investigatione ,  the results of  which  may   not  be   forthcoming  before  sevenl  year s. In   the meantime,  it is a  matter  of  necessity that modest developmental  sUpport   be provided to accomo date the  short tern needs  o£  anuak  agriculturists  and  Nuer  pastoralists. 
The  Esrly  Impiementation  Programme, which  will  be   under taker by    EFID     ill provide  a  compr ehensive agricultural training 
progrs inme   in Genbela s.wraja.    ibout  30     nuak   students have already  completed their training at the Holeta Training Centre end   are  awaiting  assignment.    Some  of  the major  activities 
to  be  undertaken  by  the   progr amme   are: 
-  supply of  agricultur al  inputs  (seeds,  insecticides, pesticides,  tools,  tractor services) ; 
improvement  of on-farm  gr ain storage  and introduction of  fish  drying; 
-  provision of veterinary supplies  and  assignment of vaccinator  teams ; 
estab1ishment  of  an  animal   heal th  progr amme   aimed  at placing atleast one  trained man  in each village; 
-  improvement  of marketing conditions within the area; 
-   l2unching  a  populating  and  livestock  census  in the 
2 raja which  will form  the  basis  for  further  planning. 
2.     The  progreme  wi11   initially be  undertaken  for  a  period  of y2ve   years  and  cost  is  estimated  at  Birr  1,800,000o ANNEX    C-1 
Rainfall   per   Rainy   Day 
Gambela  Plain 
Station 
Gambela Fokwo 
kobo Nasser 
+verage  rainfa11 (mm/y ear) 
1,315 1,036 
909 812 
Number   of  days  per  year 
with  rainfall 
97 
82 
70 65 
l     mm 
Rain  per  rainy  day 
( mm) 
13.6 
12.6 
13.0 
12.5 
-NNEX  C-2 
Short-period  Rainf all Maxima       Gambela  area 
Length  of period 
ceys) 
1 2 2 5 
Rainfall with  a  probability of  exceedance of once  in 
2  years 
3   years 
5   years 
84 
95 
106 
90 
110 
116 
136 
154 
100 
126 
139 
173 CVcation beln      Gin     t   ma/day)            ( 
kenman     (Eo) 
velocity              alnd   Gnmbcla Bstimatc 
6.6 7.8 3.5 7.8 5.6 4.6     4.3 4.4 4.9 5.3 6.1 
5.8 
(n/c)  2.2 ?.7 2.0 3.2 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.2 2.0 
1.8 
t 
l0°C. 
hrs     12.00 
above akal, 
Ang 
humidity               Relntive (%) Ganbela             nt 
08.00         hre 
27  26  29  36  39    57   60  62  57  52  42  34               43 
is 
minimum   at that 
of 
absolute 
Mal 
(%)     55    50  9    61  74      79 
83     85     78    72  66    59           68 
lakal        Ma     1t 
BrizhL      Sunshíne 
(%)     33    32    73    70     60  45     39 
45     50  60  79      89               65 
90% 
at 
The 
estimated 
daily        n  me 
45. 
exceeds  is 
(OC) Temper            iturg    Gcmbelo 
aily      inan 
2Ximun 
mininum 
18.2 19.7 21.3 22.0  21.4 20.7 20.4 20.3 20.1 19.6 18.9 18.3      20.1 
Gambela 
-NNEX 
(Cc)  36.8 37.6 
Month 
ieUru1y   -pril 
36.8 
33.5   33.6 31.8 30.7 30.8 31.7 
33.4 September 
34.6 35.8     34.3 
rarely 
at maxímum    duration 
ebsolute    sunehíne 
.ugust June July 
October 
November         December 
snnua1      age     aver 
May 
The 
The 
** ANNEX   I-1 :   Coct   Estimte Turther   Invectigations, Topography 
AeCtivitieo 
Time  required 
(Manmonths) 
1. 
erial photography, at  a   scale  o£ 
approximately 
30    000  ha 
(on  the  baais 
1:20,000 
internationally recogni~ed stnndards and  specifications) 
.Cround control for  the rectilication of aerial  photoIraphs  and main  traversing: 2 expatriate  experts,  each  4  months 
1 topographical  Surveyor 
15    local  labourers 
bush-clearing  crews 
3. ..erial  triangulation 
Rreparation  of  l:5,000  semi-controlled shoto-nosaics 
5              Intensification of  netVOrk  of  main traverses 
expatriate  expert 
5  l0cal  labourers 
6.    liain  levelling  (abt  250  km) 
1 topographical  surveyor 
5 l0cl labourers 
i  Spot   levelling  of  a   30,000  ha  area  for Cntour  line  maping  (contor  lines  at 
60 200 
5 
25 
5 25 
Budget (3irr) 
75,000| 
143,000 
3,000 
k4,500 
15,000 
include under 
87,500 1,375 
3.750 l,375 
C.25m. 
intervals) 
50 local  lebourers 
beh-clearing  creWs 
expatriate  expert topographical  surveyors 
$Cale 
3.25  m. 
iappingi 
pr reparation of   iield maps, 
45 250  250 
I  expatriate  expert 
2:5,000,  with  elevations  and 
contour 
2 calculators/draughtsmen 
5 
ienting,  2,500)          o£ 1 Dirr 
car 
$7,500 33,753  13,75C  18,750 
37    3 
7,5: 
nging     equipmnent    and 
o: 
in total  about  100  months 
ingencies        "rice  Total(1977)         e3calation  since  1977 
topogr aphical  equipment 
living   expenges 
. 
Total  (1979) 
5 ANNEX  I-2 
Gost  Estimate  Further 
Data  Collection  and 
Investigations, 
Water  Control  Studies 
Hy 
drological 
nersonnel  of  the  N.W.R.C. 
nt         staff gaue betWeen  Itang  and  Jikao  should  be 
Ttang  and    Jikao and 
They  WOuld   also  have  to  rate the  gauge 
installed by 
the  newi 
g1uge  in between  these  two. 
2 
.oll ing  o£   the  banks  and 
ould r aquire . 
making  of  cross -sections of  thc river 
15   local  labourers                                                                   5 
1  expert,  expatriate 
?  topogr aphic surveyors 
Manmonths 
2 
1 driver  each  for  car  and bot Renting  of  car,  boat  and  instruments ydrological  observations: 
l.  expert,  4  weeks  in the  field 6 
-nalysis  of   s weeks        amples £or reporting Conputer   cost 
Cortingencies 
Ground  water  studies 
2 Experts,expatriates 
5.     i2ter Control 
I 
1 Civil      Irrígation     Engineer,  expatriate 
3 7% 
5 2% 
2 
Total 
(1977) Engineer,  expatriate 
-   Price  escalation  since  1977 Total  (1979) 
Birr 
43,750 3,750 2, 700 
10,000    500 
43,750 
2.,000 
5,000 
111,,53 
G,553 
35,300 
140,000 295,0C0 
62.00G 357,000 
ATION SE 
'ARY  AND      MINIS; 
BRA 
pyiCE NNEX I-3 
Cost   Estimate Further  Investigations,   oil fyrvey based  on     vail ability of ierial Photogrephy 
Seale   l:20,000 total area to be covere.  30,50Oh:. 
1,  )i:itial 
EXpert 
.ctivitiea cervices (senior  soil  scientist) 
Time   Required/ Cost  Eetimat (Manmonths)              (31rr) 
thcto-avalyticAl mapP,    selcction 
hoto analysis,  preparation 
of 
of sampie 
areas  (c££ice work) 
10  day s 
. 
ei aors 
in  6 
pci:  soil 
s ample areas of  500  ha. observation density: 
1  o5scrvation 
per  l0 
ha  (500x20Om) 
50 cservations 
he carried out in  3 
per  sample  area,  to 
for working  out the  data  +   7   days 
mandays  +   2   dayS 
per  sample 
area (x6) 
tine  needed  for  shiiting of  camps: 
2  days  per  sample  area 
iield  day s, net 
unavoidabie  delays,  25% 
contr2cts  in Addis  Ababa 
tctal  time  needed  in Ethiopia 
c) reporting  and  supervision of  mapping (office) 
total  time  needed  by  Soil  scientist 
abur  requir ements 
amp  Personnel  :  2 men  during  70   days 12bourers  (digging of pits  and augerings) : 
Jriver/ 
5 ner  uring  70 
mechanic  £or  landrover 
days 
..åditiorel   coet 
rent  of   Car  and  of   camping  equipment e  2ration  of    aerial   photo-mo s aic, 
GCale   1:20,000  (design   engineer ) enlargements 
42  days 
12  days 54  days 14  days 10  days 73  days 
3   manmonths 
40  days 118  dajs 
5  manmonths 
140  days 350 days 
70   days 12  days 
abOr atory    analysis:   100   samples   (3.200 
each) 
Gontingencies 
Total   Coct     eetimate   soil  survey   Itang Project       Ldd            (1977) 
cale 1:10, ,000 of (£or   aerial  8 ample     pho tographs             Areas)    to 
Total  (1979) 
price    escalation   since  1977 
700 
i,c53 59 
5,000 4,503 
l,000 
20,000 
4,900 
15,000  26,000 1.51,000 ANNEX        I.            Misccllaneous  Dxpens es 
Preparation ot  maps  & reports Travel  and Field expenses 
Total    (1977) 
dd price  escalation since  1977 Total      1979) 
80,000 
100,000 
180,000 
38,000 
218,000 .NNEX  R-1    : 
Equípment   Kequlrement  & Cost 
Type of 
Equi pment 
Quantity 
Tota    Prlc 
itho 
Tractor l 
80-20OHP                                                  3 
Jor 
140-150HP                                                   2 
looder -    1}  cy.   Cap. 
2 
.r 
20-135HP                                                   3 
Grader -   1 
1r Vibrator 6-3 tons 
8-10 tons                                           2 
15  TPH 
î: cks 
tessor, 
cap. 
2 
14 
350CFM   &  a11   accessories                  1 
-rete Mixer 
2 
xctor  Set  l5  -    20  kw                                                             2 
ng  set 
1 
tr Truck   10,000 lit                                    1 Iruck  l0,000 lit. 
Von   (enclosed) 
1 
-.lt Workshop                                                                                    1 
ier  Truck  10  tons 
1 
se  Unit                                                                                                    1 
1 
3 
.usport Vehicles,  L.R. 
heavy   Tools   site 
Vey  eouipment   set 
be     5 Tons 
r  Pump   (60  GPM) 
Iractor  20  HP  (44) &  2  trailers 
Cormunicatíon 
ctor 
Equ ipnent Bas Kobíle 
tIAÍler 
2, 
tank  20 ),000  lit 
G0   trailer  3, 
,000-3,000  1ít 
3 
1 
1 
2 
1 
3 
,000   1 it cap. 
part 
with  duty 
650,000 
300,000 
190,000 
330,000 
120,000 
140,000 
550,000 
8440,000 
70,000 
50,000 
60,000 
25,000 
70,000 
80,000 
85,000 
150,000 
102,000 
30,000 
70,000 
30,000 
50,000 
245,000 
20,000 
15,000 
25,000 
10,000 
14, 000 
200,000 
30,000 
16,000 
12,000 
lo,579, 000 
686,350 
5,265,850 
61,473 
59,000 
50,00 
59,009 
21,00O 
52,000 
59,000 
63,000 
51,000 
75,000 
10,000 
24,000 
22,000 
38,000 
83,00 
17,300 
"13,0C0 
21,000 
6,900 
9,700 
138,000 
30,000 
lú,000 
12,000 
3,832,000 
573,000 
:,395,000 Investment                   Tota1 187,000 
86,000 
54,000 
95,000     46,000    54,000     158.000      242,000      16,000    18,000    20,000    34,000     23,000    16,000      11,000    56,000    33,000 
000     1,149, 
TICeded 
Number                                      2 2      2      3 
2     14   1 
2     7 
1 
UniL 
Bizr 
62,500     43,000     27,250     31,750    23,000    37,000     79,000    17,300    16,000     18,400     19,600    34,400    23,4400      l6,000    5,600   8,000  32,900 
Tota]      Birr 
er 
tment  Inves  250,000  173,000  109,000  127,000  69,000  81,000  316,000  70,000  80,000  92,000  98,000  172,000  117,000  30,000  000  28  40,000  230,000 
15% approximate 
Lifetime yearS 
in 
4     4     3     3 
5     5     5     5     5     5     5     5      7 
spareparts nC1rest             t thOus.i 
HP 
HP 
l80 I40 
Equipmcnt                  Type        of      Tractor              8 
Vibrator              T  6    T 
Tractor loader          Wheel 
Mobile           Workshop 
Vehicle             Transport 
tractor 
Vibrator 
Motor          Grader 
trucks         Dunp Truck        Water 
truck        Courier Tractor            igri. 
Crewler 
er 
Crawl 
Roller Crusher Roller 
Fuel       Truck 
Van      Parts 
T 
5 
Bed Flat 
and 
lude inc 
Cot3 
bed 
Low 
Total 
. 
I. 
2 
3. 
5.     6. 
7.      8.    13.  14. 15. 16. 17. 
19. 21. 22. 27 .NNEX   R-3   :   Purch:nse  Price  of  Lis,ht 
Equipment  && 
Toolc 
tems 
per 
10 
12 
18 
20 
23 
24 
25 
26 
28 
29 
Type of Equipment 
Compressor 
Concrete  Mixer 
Generator  Sct 
Weldin:  Set 
Grease unit 
Water  pump 
Heavy  tool  sets 
Licht tooi  sets 
Survey  equipment  set 
Racio  communication equipnent 
Fuel  tank 
Iuel  trailer 
Water  tank  on  traíier 
Quantity 
2 
3 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
Total 
15%  for  spare parts 
Granc Total 
Say 
Totl  Pric 
70,000 
50,000 
50,000 
25,00G 
30,000 
30,G00 
20,000 
15,000 
25,000 
24,000O 
30,00o 
16,000 
12,030 
;C7,0O $1,050 
463,00 ANNEX   P-1        Investment  of Irrigation System 
Pumping  station  (capacity  350   1/sec) 
Main  canal,  800  m at  Birr  63.5/m' 
Irrigation system,   139  m canals/ha at B.1,250/ha 46  culverts at Birr  1,800 
19  division boxes  at  Birr  2.000 
19   check  structures at Birr  1,350 
5  drop structures at Birr 1,200 Irrigation structures in terriary canals 
Total  (1977  estimate) add  price escalation 
Total 
Birr  (rounded) 
225,000 
51,000 
125,00 
83,000 
26,30c 
6, 000 
10,000 
-564,000 
=2== 
309,000 863,000 
=: 
ANNEX  P-2  Inves tment Cost of  Drainage System 
Pumping   station (capacity  2.4m°/sec) Drainage  canals: 
Birr (rounded) 498.000 
Irrigated  section(100 ha)   139m/ha at B.260/ha rainfed section(140   ha.) 130m/ha  at B.260/ha 
42  culverts at Birr  1, 800 Total  (1977 estimate) add price escalation 
Total 
26,000 
37,000 
76,000 
637,0. 
128,000 765,000 ANNEX  P-3 
Investment  Costs  of  Project Road  Network Birr  (rounded) 
Circular road -  9,300  m at Birr  6.20/m Block roads -   24,00Om  at Birr 6.20/m! Unit  roads  -   9,1OOm  at Birr  3.90/m'" 
Total  (1977  estima te) add  price escalation Total 
58,000 
149,000 
36,000 
243,000 
===:==: 
99,000 ==2900_ 
ANNEX   P-4 
Housing  and Farm Building Requirements 
Item 
Flograge 
m 
Cost/m 2 (Birr) 
8   houses for  senior staff                 80                  750 
25   houses for  professional 
staff 
50  houses for non-profes sional staff 
80  houses  for labourers 
1  guesthouse 
2  complexes  of offices 
and  laboratories 
1  workshop-store 
1  equipment  shed 
1  produce  shed  and racks Threshing/drying floor 
4  field stores(derachable) Electricity and drinking 
70 
50 
12 
150 
175 
250 
175 
175 
300 
750 
400 
250 
750 
25 
650 
550 
250 
600 
100 
100 
water  supply 
Tools  and  equipment 
Hard  furniture 
Tented camp,  6  months  plus rent of  cars,  COsts  of 
drivers,  medicines, etc. Miscellaneous  items 
Total  (1977  estimate) add price escalation 
Total 
Total  Cost (Birr ) 
480,000 
1,312,000 
1,000, 000 
240,000 
112,500 
227,500 
"37,5CO 43,75O 
105,C00 
30,G00 
10,000 
180,000 
200,000 
100,000 
250,000 
218,000 
4,646,250 
1,615,000 S,261,250 A NNEX  P-5       Inves tment Cost  of  the Agricultural  Proqramme Year 
Farm  machinery,  tools etc. Livestock 
Fisheries 
Forestry 
Total  (1977  estimate) add  price escalation Total 
1981 244,000 
1982 
184,000 
120,000 
20,000 
query 
1983 
216,000} 
1984 
244,000      324,000 
115,000      201,000 
359,000      525,000 
50,000 20,000 20,000 18, 000 
query qerv 
286,000|33,000 
226,000|37,000 
512,00o 75,000 
ANNEX   P-6 
Investment  Cost  of  Transport and  Communication 
Year 
1981 
1982 
Vehicles 
Radio  set 
Air  travel 
Total  (1977) 
add  price escalation Total 
75,000 
75,000 
20,000 
5,000 
5,000 
100,000 
80, 00O 
1983 
25,000 
4,000 
29,000 
1984 
3,000 
3,000 
47,000 
50,000 
147,000130, 000   52,000 
23,000             600 3,600 
==#======='===: Total 
55  85   120 155 
Eirr 35.000 
20-000 
2000 
15.30C 490.30   285,000       775.00         ===== 
Staff 
Non-Professional  Labour 
=1=: 
25     40   50      80 
= 
furniture 
Investments 
Non-Professional 
furni.ture           equipment 
and 
and     Labour          Required 
and Professional     Staff 
20 
40   50 
Services 
equipmen              t 
ing 
facilities 1977 
and 
Public 
of 
Cost 
includ 
equipment 
including      since 
etc. 
station  te) 
of 
Estimates 
Professional* 
ezcluding                 expatriate: 
service       escalation 
estima 
10 15   20 25 
with    hall, shops 
P-7     ANNEX 
school                           price 
dressing   public 
social houses, 
(1977 
ANNEX             P-9 
one one one 
0ther 
Total 
Year       1981  1982  1983 1984 
20 
add 37 1324 
1983 1982 
257 255  332 
94   115 732  604  351 
6823 
147:  335 12533 
62    89                   36                    90 
138      75 
920| 143|  512  52 
219 1873| 
irr    1,50 
81  105                 31                  251                              1247 146      525      130   2538 
==:=E=:==== 
1921 
138 
118 72     331         27             732  176  181                    1758  147      359        147 
4089 
370 
31 
faci11t1es              LrIiti 
station          -ping 
system           Drairage 
87     170 
netWOrk             road       Proscct and      offices           HouscS, 
ntatíon           purping            -
2928 201                           3814 
services             puhlic          -
-sructuro 
Land       ing     levell 
vertts         -Cu 
tural       2gricul build1ngs      amme        progr 
Aqricultural                     equip     machínery                 ment       and 
ts 
tmen COmmunicatíons 
Transport                and inves 
Total Total 
1984| 70,000| 
196,000    490,000            175,00o   000     700,      250,00o 430,500 663,000|18                16,500   1413,925              643,      110| 425     959,440_l1306,110|3230, 
168,000| 
Category 
1983 70,000  140,000    200,000 126,000 536,000 423440 Year 1982 42,000 105,000   150,000 84,000 381,000 236,220      617,220 
per 
Costs Personnel 
1981 14,000 70,000  100,000 52,500 L236        500         111}       155 
=2655 
Category 
P-10      NNEX         A 
Management staff 
Professional       staff       sional     semi      Labour, 
Total(rounded                 te)    estima           1977 
Non-profes unskilled 
and      skilled 
escalation              since         1977) price        add 
Total 1984 216,000       25,000 
16,000 
query 
257,000 263,000    520,000 ===#===: 
Programme 
Agricultural 
Year 
1983 189,000  25,000  16,000  query 
1982 103,000        25,000     16,000 
==k=000 
143,000 
230, 
query 
68,000 
1r12,000 
of 
Cost Operating 
P-11     ANNEX 
1981 36,000 production              Crop 
12,000 
Livestock          Fisheries (1977        Total   estimate) escalation 
Forestry 
price       add 
Total 61,870  44446,          160 
Total 
61,650 999,860 
1,785,220 3.?31,l60         500     5,027,    350,700     1,204,190 
790     4,347,          13,168,1      19,00". 
12,9ú 
27,580 
141,840 17,730 256,100 
128,880 16,110 232,700 
116,640 14,580 210,600 
58,800 13,230 135,220 
652,070 
110     1,306, 
1,321,870 
118,200      506,290 
72,000 790     4,275, 
Pepeo          Pilot       Project 
1984 
21,480 
522,680 
1983 
expenditure                Operating 
Birr) ( 
Year 1982 
11,340 
1,470 
385,560 
224,910 
959,440  1,600,260  107,400  411,700  4,000,650  63,000 3,937,650 
617,220  280  1,448,  81,000  233,280  3,118,500  35,000 3,083,500 
348,390  657,090  4l4,  100 52,920 1,536,130  12,000 1,574,130 
1981 
1980 
240     115,      1) 
240     115, 
115,      240 
P-12     .NNEX 
etc.   sUPpiles,          k5, 
irrí   of  intenance            drainage         cnd    1) tion     ties(3%p.2.)               cili    pumping           oî  peration           1)  (10%p.a.)            tetions   flood 1) 
road 
kChnicl            2s5istance            5port       o Personnel 
SL   total     investment 
and   ance     inten 
orks    totectiOn 
nain       end     peration houses           ensnce          0 
of 
p.2.)      L57 
ect    m2n2gement Dcl     per    sOnTel 
uper     ating      Cost 
einten p.a.)    B ence 
of 
ance 
er. 
int 
builiings 5i.p.E.) 
nd 
Costs Kecurrent  Expenses  ars) 
ye 5 (Birr) (period 
312,000        105,000 
325,000 5,000 
l00,000 210,000        20,000 325,000 
50,00 
25,000   000     1,477,     302.500         1,477,000           20,500 1,300,000 
(EPID) 
Programme cnentatiOn 
Lnvestments (Birr) 
150,000 2,500 
150,00 
302,500 
agents -wheel 
livestock 
of 
linpi Early 
: E-1 
extension            6gricultural  four maintenance                  and     Operation  of   maintenance 
£armers)               from        (recoverable 
extension 
1Iansportation                         vehicles              :5 maintenance 
of 
veterinary                 10   assistants 
(iaainly           through            credit) 
inputs          al   agricultur   amne        : purchase 
implementation 
recurrent               expenses 
i.dded         ior    contingencies 
Husbandry             Crop     1. 
agents          extension              5 
5 
Transportation                  vehicles           drive 
: 
programme 
progr 
Total:         investments progr        amme   and    animal          husbandry arly 
assistant 
aMme         : progr 20 
1.1 
for 
vehicles           of bicycles            20 
& Operation             bicycles 
-.nimal          Husbandry 
and 
crop 
Introductory 
total 
progr        amme Gcand 
e 
VEccination 
Credit 1.2 
Operation Supplies   vehicles 
2o3     Tr   aining Total 
for 
NNEX       1. 
2.1 
Lo Total 
2,180,          000 
000     5,734, 2,800,           000 
12,533,000        12,986,310 302,5O0     1,497,500  38,033,310 
(Birr)         : Projects 
I 
Pha9e 
P<an        for Financing                 £ of   Summary             -1 
Gover          nment 
000     5,734, 2,300,           000 
8,534,000 
E.   D.   F. 
2,180,          000 
12,533,000         12,986,310 302,500    1,497,500  29,499,310 
amne 
Investigations                   rther                 Expenses 
Operating                Expenditure        Progr 
Project            peo     Pilot 
Implementation 
-Recurrent                Expenses 
Road       cess 
Mechinery                 ..        ating Oper 
-
Investment 
Investment 
F ANNEX 
Total 
-
rly RESERVEI

Summery

1. Introduction

The Gambela Agricultural Development Project, initiated by the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia in 1978, aims to develop agricultural resources in the Gambela Plain. The project focuses on irrigation, drainage, flood protection, and infrastructure development to enhance food production and regional self-sufficiency.

Key objectives include:

Promoting equitable resource distribution.
Increasing agricultural productivity for small farmers.
Achieving food self-sufficiency.
Balancing regional development.

2. Project Area

The Gambela Plain, located in southwestern Ethiopia, is characterized by flat terrain prone to flooding. The Pepeo Pilot Project, covering 500 hectares, is situated near the Baro River. Key features of the area include:

Climate: Mean annual rainfall ranges from 812 mm to 1,315 mm, with 85% occurring between May and October. Temperatures vary from 18.2°C to 38.5°C.
Population: Approximately 125,000 people, primarily Anuaks (sedentary farmers) and Nuers (pastoralists).
Infrastructure: Limited road access, with a 47 km all-weather access road planned to connect the project to the national network.

3. Project Components

3.1 Further Investigations

Detailed studies to support project implementation:

Topography: Aerial photography and ground surveys to map 30,000 hectares.
Hydrology: Installation of gauges and data collection to assess water levels and flooding risks.
Soil Survey: Analysis of soil types and land classification using aerial photography.

Estimated cost: Birr 2.1 million (funded by the European Development Fund).

3.2 Access Road

A 47 km all-weather road to connect the project area to the national network:

Class A road, 6 meters wide with gravel surface.
Estimated construction cost: Birr 4.4 million (funded by the Ethiopian Government).

3.3 Pepeo Pilot Project

A 500-hectare pilot project to test farming practices under rainfed and irrigated conditions:

Infrastructure: Flood protection dikes, irrigation and drainage systems, land leveling, and road networks.
Programs: Crop and livestock research, fisheries, forestry, and training for farmers and technicians.
Estimated cost: Birr 25.5 million (Birr 12.5 million for investments and Birr 12.9 million for operating expenses, funded by the European Development Fund).

3.4 Early Implementation Programme

A 5-year initiative to support local farmers and pastoralists:

Extension services, veterinary programs, and credit for agricultural inputs.
Estimated cost: Birr 1.8 million (funded by the European Development Fund).

4. Financial Summary

Component	European Development Fund (Birr)	Ethiopian Government (Birr)	Total (Birr)
Further Investigations	2,100,000	-	2,100,000
Access Road	-	8,534,000	8,534,000
Pepeo Pilot Project	25,519,310	-	25,519,310
Early Implementation Programme	1,800,000	-	1,800,000
Total	29,419,310	8,534,000	37,953,310

5. Expected Outcomes

Development of sustainable farming practices for the Gambela Plain.
Improved infrastructure to support agricultural activities.
Enhanced food production and self-sufficiency in the region.
Training and capacity building for local farmers and technicians.

Note: The project is expected to yield an internal rate of return of 8.5% over 35 years for the larger Itang Project, which will include 5,000 hectares of irrigated land and 8,000 hectares of rainfed land.