CONTENTS List of Figures..................................................................................................................................... xiv List of Tables................................................................................. ........... .................................. xv Abbreviations and Conversion Factors............................................................................................... xxi Transliteration. <..................................................................................................................• xxii PART I--AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 1 Soils in the Blue Nile Basin.......................................................................................................... 2 General.................................................................................................................................... 2 Grumusols............................................................................................................................... 2 Latosols.................................... -............................................................................................. 3 Minor Soils.............................................................................................................................. 3 Climate in the Blue Nile Basin..................................................................................................... 4 General.................................................................................................................................... 4 Effect upon Habitation............................................................................................................ 4 Effect upon Plant Growth........................................................................................................ 5 Effect upon Livestock.............................................................................................................. 7 Weights arid Measures............................................................................................................................ 8 General..................................................................................................................................... 8 Sample Survey Data............................................................................................................................ 8 Agricultural Economy of Ethiopia................................................................................................. 12 General............................................................................................................................................. 12 Farming Techniques................................................................................................................. 13 Sample Survey Data...... ................................................................................................................... 15 Observation on Sample Results........................................................................................................ 17 Land Use............................................................................................................................. 17 Efficiency of Farm Production.................................................................................................... 18 Labor Requirements............................................................................................................ 18 Livestock................................................................................................................................... 29 Farm Capital.................................................................. ..................................................... 29 Markets and Transportation........................................................................................................ 29 Land Tenure and Tenancy........................................................................................................... 30 Family Living....................................................................................................................... 31 Irrigation...................................................................................................................................... 31 Crop Production.................................................................................................................................. 32 General........................................................................................................................................... 32 Grains............................................................................................................................................. 33 Pulses............................................................................................................................................. 35 Oilseeds.......................................................................................................................................... 37 Stimulants...................................................................................................................................... 38 Spices, Medicinal Plants, and Essential Oils................................................................................. 40 Fibers.............................................................................................................................................. 41 Vegetables..................................................................................................................................... 42 Fruit, Berries, and Nuts.................................................................................................................. 43 Other Crops................................................................................................................................... 45 Potential Crops................................................................................................................................ 45 Irrigation Development............................................................................................................................. 4? iCONTENTS- “Continued General Existing Irrigation............................................................. .. Hydro-mechanical Mills................................................. ................ Farm and Terminal Storage Facilities Future Situation............................................ •*•••*•••• Marketing and Processing of Crops Marketing........... Processing Livestock Production General Systems of Management Mixed Farming Pastoral Types of Livestock Present Situation Cattle Sheep Goats Horses Donkeys Camels Swine Poultry and Mules Aznmal Diseases.................................................................................. .............................. Marketing and Processing of Livestock and Livestock Products• • General Domestic Marketing Livestock Products.............................................................................................................. Hide and Skins Tanned Leather Milk and Dairy Products .... Poultry and Poultry Products Honey and Beeswax Civet General.. ................................................................................................ Coffee • Pulses...................................................................... Oilseeds................................................................... Khat.................................................................... Fruita and Vegetables................................................ Export of Livestock and Livestock Products . • • • ii •••••••• • • •CONTENTS- -Continued General. Live Animals Swine Poultry.........................................................................................................................’. *** Q2 Hides and Skins Other Livestock Products Other Agricultural Exports Opportunities to Improve Agricultural Trade General Suggestions Agricultural Credit ’ * * ............................. 5 g 35 85 85 88 General................................................................................................................................................... 88 Development Bank of Ethiopia Small Agricultural Loans General Agricultural Loans 88 88 89 Coffee Loans..................................................................................................................................... 89 Agricultural Development Board State Bank of Ethiopia 91 91 Ethiopian Grain Corporation.................................................................................................................. 92 General Economy of Ethiopia 93 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 93 General Population Natural Resources Income..................................................................................................................................... 95 Principal Economic Activities 93 96 ............................................. Industry..................................................... ’................................................... Agriculture ............................................. 96 96 Mining’ ’ ’ Food Processing.............................. • Textiles and Wearing Apparel ••••••;’ Forestry Products Chemical and Related Items.. .,....................... • • ....................................... Trade and Services............................................... .......................................... Tourism................................................................ Land Tenure and Land Taxation GSysenetermals7 of7 T77axa77ti7on ........................................................... 777777............................................................ 99 105 107 107 108 109 111 112 Regions Where the Land has been Measure. • • • The Traditional System• • • ’’’Anuses or Families Regions Where Taxes were Based upon Regions Paying a Fifced Tax........................................... ? he Tithe77777777..................................................................... The Land Tax System‘ *....................................................................................... Health and Education Taxes.................................................. The Reforms............................................................................ 112 112 112 113 113 113 The Blue Nile Basin . . 113 114 116 118 121CONTENTS- -Continued National Tax System...................................................................................................................... Pa^e 123 General....................,................................................................................................................ 123 Income Taxes...................................... -................................................................................... 123 Excise Taxes....................................................................................................................................... 124 Transaction Taxes............................................................................................................................... 128 Licenses.............................................................................................................................................. 128 Stamp Duties....................................................................................................................................... 129 Customs Duties................................................................................ .. ................................. . . 129 Import Duties................................................................................................................................. 129 Export Duties................................................................................................................................. 131 Land Utilization and Population Studies of the Blue Nile Basin........................................ ........... 133 Land Utilization........................................................................................................... ............. 133 Predominantly Cultivated Cropland.................................................................................... 133 Predominantly Cultivated Terraced Cropland..................................................................... 133 Partially Cultivated Cropland.............................................................................................. 134 Partially Cultivated Terraced Cropland.......................................................................................... 134 Partially Cultivated Wooded Cropland.......................................................................................... 134 Unimproved Pastureland............................................................................................... .... . 134 Swamp............................................................................................................................................ 134 Closed Forest.................................................................................................................................. 134 Highland Open Forest..................................................................................................................... 134 Wooded Savanna or Deciduous Open Forest........................................................................ 135 Grassland Savanna...........................................................................................................................135 Bamboo........................................................................................................................................... 135 Bamboo and Wooded Savanna....................................................................................................... 135 Montane Scrub................................................................................................................................ 135 Towns and Villages........................................................................................................................ 135 Population......................................................................................................................... .. . . . 137 Forestry in Ethiopia.......................................................................................................................... 140 General....................................................................................................................................... Classification.............................................................................................................................. Lowland Forest..................................................................................................................... Highland Forest.................................................................................................................... Exports and Imports of Forest Products..................................................................... ................ Forestry Potential in the Blue Nile Basin................................................................................... General.................................................................................................................................. Commercial Prospects.......................................................................................................... Forest Utilization........................................................................................................................ Afforestation............................................................................................................................... Ethnography and Ecology of the Blue Nile Basin.................................................. .. ....................... General........................................................................................................................................ Ecology.............. .. ................................................. ............................ .. ..................................... Ethnography...................... .. .............................;.*.*'**............................................................. Semito-Cushitic Groups................................................ .. ......................................... . • • • • Cushitic Groups..................................................................................................................... Nilotic and Sudanese Lowland Groups..................................... ........................................... iv 140 143 143 144 144 145 145 145 145 146 148 148 148 148 148 150 151CONTENTS - -Continued Page Mutual Aid and Labor Cooperation Iqub................................................................................................... 152 Ider, Burial Society Jigi...................................................................................................................................... 152 Emmet-Wor or Cooperative Migrant Weavers Association153 152 152 Conclusions and Recommendations Ethnic Division of Labor and Recruitment Markets and New Crops........................................................................* W \ Attitudes toward Day and Night.*.".*.*.*.*"* Health and Medical Problems....................................................................................................... 155 Introduction General Demographic Information155 Population Vital Statistics’’’’ 155 . . ... General Health and Medical Conditions ^2 153 153 155 155 156 Health Distribution of Diseases and Medical Resources Growth and Development.......................................................................................... • • • ^8 Nutritional Status................................................................................................................ J,® Parasitic Diseases Bilharziasis Malaria Venereal Diseases Leprosy............................................................................................................................... J ^2 Trachoma Smallpox, Typhus, and Relapsing Fever............................................................................ Yellow Fever Zoonoses Health and Medical Problems in the Blue Nile Basin References transportation Systems and Facilities General s an d Highways 165 tghway Program . .................................................................................................................. W ... Resent Situation Planned Situation..................... ‘‘ ‘‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 167 169 169 169171 171 173 Railroads . Airlines...*................................................................................. ............................................... Ports i’el'eco1011 Sy?tem......................................................................................... . nil ^unication and Postal Services in the Blue Nile Basin, Te lecommunications ................................................................................................................. 179 180 180 vCONTENTS- -Continued Telephone and Telegraph-.................................................................................................... jqq Radio-telecommunication Services...................................................................................... 182 Postal Service in the Blue Nile Basin.................................................................... .................... 182 PART II--PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Basic Assumptions General Agricultural Conditions before Project Development Agricultural Conditions after Project Development Irrigation Season Nonirrigation Season Prices Exports Livestock Noncrop Income Firewood Summary Sheet Prospective Project Operation Private Capital Enterprise Concessions Cooperatives Government Development Page 185 185 165 186 186 190 194 195 196 197 197 198 198 198 199 199 199 Economic Analysis of Blue Nile Basin Projects ............................................................................... 204 Identification and Measurement of Benefits 204 Interest Land Capital Cost during Irrigation Benefits Power Benefits Annual Project Benefits Lags Identification and Measurement of Costs Construction Construction Development Operation, Maintenance, and Replacement Annual Project Cost 204 208 209 209 210 210 210 210 211 211 211 Comparison of Benefits and Costs 211 Benefit-Cost Analysis............................................................................................................... Cost Allocation; ........................................................ 211 212 LAKE TANA SUB-BASIN Area Climate ... soils.............. .................................... Agricultural Conditions' before Proj ............................................................................... ..................... ect Deveiopment’ " .*i i* 213 213 216 216 viCONTENTS--Continued Present Farming. Agricultural Conditions after Project Development Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Irrigation Season Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Nonirrigation Season Prices Summary Sheets................................................................................. ’ ’ Economic Analysis........................................................................... Page 216 217 217 218 218 219 219 Benefits Costs........................................................................................................................... 219 Benefit-Cost Analysis 219 Megech Gravity Project Area..................................................................................................................... ................... 220 Soils. ....................................................................................................................................... 220 Agriculture.............................................................................................................................. 220 Economic Analysis................................................................................... ............................. 220 Benefits Costs Benefit-Cost Analysis Ribb River Project Area.................................................................................................................................. 223 Soils.................................................................................................................................. 223 Agriculture Summary Sheet Economic Analysis 220 220 222 223 223 Benefits................................................................................................................................ 223 Costs Benefit-Cost Analysis. Gumara River Project \ 225 223 226 226 £ r< a ...................................................... 996 : .................................................................................................................................... 226 Agriculture ............................................ Economic Analysis...................................................................... Benefits... c °sts ............................................ he 9,fi Benefit-Cost Analysis.............................................................. * * *. / ^ . * *.. *..... • 228 * Megech Pumping Project Area Soils.......................... Agriculture Economic Analysis Benefits ......................................................................... ............................ *•............... 231 ......................................................................... ........................... •........ . Benefit-Cost Analysis......................................................... 232 - st Megech Pumping Project * * 229 229 229 229 229 229 229 aCONTENTS--Continued Area................................................ 777 77777777 • •........ 7 • • • Agricultural Conditions.............................................. * ‘ ’ ...................................................’ Economic Analysis Benefits............................... ............................................. Costs...................................................................................... Benefit-Cost Analysis Northeast Tana Pumping Project Area Soils■ •........................................................................................................................................ Agricultural Conditions............................................................................................................... Economic Analysis...................................................................................................................... Benefits Costs Benefit-Cost Analysis UPPER BELES PROJECT, BELES SUB-BASIN Area .................................................................................................................................................. Climate............................................................................................................................................... Soils Soils .................................................. Agricultural Conditions before Project Development Agricultural Conditions after Project Development Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Irrigation Season Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Nonirrigation Season Prices Summary Sheet............................................................................................................................ Economic Analysis Benefits Costs..................................................................................................................................... Benefit-Cost Analysis Co6t Allocation Benefit-Cost Analysis for Irrigation and Power.................................................... ...................... DEBRE MARKOS SUB-BASIN ......................................... Climate.. ....................................... soils............ .7777.................................................................... ........................ Agricultural Conditions before’ Project Development " ” ” i i i NnnSCnt popping Pattern.................... Noncrop Income... Population and Land Tenure ........................................................................................ • A ~ai c°nt,i,i0“ *,,er Projec* • • ’ • •" ■ AnHcSt'd C JoppSI PricesPP g attern during the Nonirrigation Season “>» legation Season......................................... Summary SheetsCONTENTS- -Continued Pag Economic Analysis........................................................................................................................... 252 Benefits....................................................................................................................................... 252 Costs............................................................................................................................................ 252 Upper Birr Project............................................................................................................................ 254 Area............................................................................................................................................. 254 Soils*2o4 Agricultural Conditions before Project Development................................................................. 254 Present Cropping Pattern....................................................................................................... 254 Present Income....................................................................................................................... 254 Population.............................................................................................................................. 254 Agricultural Conditions after Project Development................................................................... 255 Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Irrigation Season................................................... 255 Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Nonirrigation Season............................................ 255 Prices...................................................................................................................................... 255 Summary Sheet...................................................................................................................... 255 Economic Analysis...................................................................................................................... 256 Benefits.................................................................................................................................. 256 Costs....................................................................................................................................... 256 Benefit-Cost Analysis............................................................................................................ 257 3ebohila Project............................................................................................................................... 258 Area............................................................................................................................................. 258 Soils............................................................................................................................................. 258 Agricultural Conditions before Project Development................................................................. 258 Present Cropping Pattern........................................................................................................ 258 Present Income..................................................................................................................... 258 Population............................................................................................................................... 258 Agricultural Conditions after Project Development.................................................................... 259 Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Irrigation Season.................................................... 259 Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Nonirrigation Season....................................... Prices................. .. . . ................................ ...................... ............................................... 259 Summary Sheet. *W\ *................................ 259 Economic Analysis ............................................................. ................................................ 260 Benefits.................. .......................................................................................................... 260 Costs............ ....................................................... • • • • Benefit-Cost Analysis^ ‘‘ ........................... . 25q ........... 261 ^er Birr Project........................................................................................................................... 262 Area... ... 262 Soils.. ............................................................................................................................... .. 262 AgriCuitu ’ a 1 .... ...................................................................................................................... onditions before Project Development ....................................................... r p °Dulatio^ °Pping Pattern and Inc\ome........................................................................................ ..................... ........ ............................................................... .. ......................,............... ..CONTENTS--Continued Agricultural Conditions after Project Development Anticipated Cropping Pattern during Anticipated Cropping Pattern during Prices........................................................... Summary Sheet, Economic Analysis the Irrigation Season the Nonirrigation Season* * Benefits Costs................................................................................................................................. . . Benefit-Cost Analysis............................................................................................................... UPPER GUDER PROJECT--GUDER SUB-BASIN Area Climate Soils Agricultural Conditions before Project Development Present Noncrop Income Population and Land Tenure Cropping Pattern Agricultural Conditions after Project Development Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Irrigation Season Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Nonirrigation Season Prices Summary Sheet Economic Analysis...................................................................................................................... Benefits Costs Benefit-Cost Analysis FINCHAA SUB-BASIN Area Climate Soils . .................................................................................................................................................... Agricultural Conditions before Project Development Agricultural Conditions after Project Development Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Irrigation Season Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Nonirrigation Season Prices................................................................................................................................................ Summary Sheets................................................................................ ............. .. ............................. Economic Analysis Benefits Costs*.*.*.*.’.* /. J. * '......................................................... . * . * Benefit-Cost Cost Allocation Finchaa Project Analysis xCONTENTS- -Continued Area Agriculture Economic Analysis Benefits Costs Benefit-Cost Analysis............................................................................................................... Cost Benefit-Cost Analysis of Irrigation and Power kmarti-Neshe Project, Allocation Area...........................................................................................................’ Agriculture•.................................................................................................................................... Economic Analysis Benefits Costs Benefit-Cost Analysis Cost Allocation Benefit-Cost Analysis of Irrigation and Power DIDDESSA SUB-BASIN Page 278 278 278 278 278 279 280 284 285 285 285 285 286 287 288 rjo-Diddessa Project 292 Area................................................................................................................................................ 292 Climate .......................................................................................................................................... 292 Soils Agricultural Conditions before Project Development 292 292 Agricultural Conditions after Project Development 293 Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Irrigation Season Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Nonirrigation Season 293 ^ rices............................................................................................................................................ 294 Economic Analysis* Benefits.......................................................................... ’.......................................................... 296 BCos enetsf........................ it-Cost Analysi..s......................... ........................................................... ..•••• ,,«•••••••• * 2^ 294 294 296 Cost Allocation* ’ ‘ Benefit-Cost Analysis of Irrigation and o ibana Project Area ........................................................ Climate..........................................................................* ......................... ................... Soils.................••••••••«•••••• * * * Agricultural Conditions before Pro] Development.. Agricultural Conditions after Project DeveLop Development 301 301 301 301 302 PricesPated Cro ?P g Patterns......................................................................................................... 302 in Summary Sheet . ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ - • 302 Ec °nomic Anal ysis .............................................................................................................................. xiCONTENTS- -Continued Benefits•.............................................................................................................................. Costs.................................................................................................................................... Benefit-Cost Analysis Cost Allocation • ................................................................................................................. Benefit-Cost Analysis of Irrigation and Power Angar Project Area Climate Soils Agricultural Conditions before Project Development Agricultural Conditions after Project Development................................................................. * Summary Sheet Economic Analysis Benefits Costs Benefit-Cost Analysis Cost Allocation Benefit-Cost Analysis of Irrigation and Power DABUS PROJECT--DABUS SUB-BASIN Area.................................................................. ................................................................................ Climate Soil6 ......................................................................................................................... Agricultural Conditions before Project Development Present Farming Agricultural Conditions after Project Development Anticipated Cropping Patterns during the Irrigation Season Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Nonirrigation Season Prices Summary Sheet Economic Analysis...................................................................... ...................................................... Benefits................................................................................................ ........................................ Costs’ * ’ * ’ ’ * * ’ * ’ * * ’ e ’..................................................................................................... Benefit-Cost Analysis DINDIR-RAHAD SUB-BASIN Area ............................................ Climate’ ’ ’...........................................................................................................’ * Soils’ ’ ’ ’ * ’ ‘ ‘ * ‘ Agricultural Conditions before Project Development gricultural Conditions after Project Development Anticipated Cropping Pattern during the Irrigation Season in a ern during the Nonirrigation Season........................................................ ’ Prices**^ C PP £ ^ ^ ro Summary Sheets ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ * * ’ ’ ’ * ‘ ‘ xiiCONTENTS - -Continued Economic Analysis.......................................................................................................................... Benefits Costs............................................................................................................................ Benefit-Cost Analysis Cost Allocation............................................................................................................................ )indir Project Area Agriculture................................................................................................................................... Economic Analysis..................................................................................................................... Benefits Costs Benefit-Cost Analysis Cost Allocation Benefit-Cost Analysis of Irrigation and Power Jalegu River Project Area Agriculture Economic Analysis Benefits Costs....................................................................................................................................... Benefit-Cost Analysis............................................................................................................ tahad River Project Area Agriculture’ * . * * ’ " * * , * *.................................................................................................... Economic Analysis........................................... • Benefits Costs............................ ...................................... *................................................................. Benefit-Cost Analysis xiii b-C'-r-C'- 00 00 co 00 M co o o w to co <© co co co c— co co CO CO CO 00 CD CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 00 CO CO CO COCOCO COCOCO CO COCOCO COCOCO cocococo co cococo cococococo co cococo cococo co cococo cococoNumber Frontispiece- list of figures Title -Blue Nile River Basin, Plan of Development Irrigation and Power Projects................................................... Sag? inside fj’ont cover VI-1 Vl-2 VI-3 VI-4 VI-5 VI-6 VI-7 VI-8 VI-9 VI-10 VI-11 VI-12 VI-13 VI-14 VI-15 VI-16 VI-17 VI-18 Climate Zones Based upon Elevation (7.0-BN-7) Cereal Distribution (Empire Subject Map No. 2) Legume Distribution (Empire Subject Map No. 19) Oil Seeds Distribution (Empire Subject Map No. 25) Stimulant Plants Distribution (Empire Subject Map No. 36) Spice Distribution (Empire Subject Map No. 35).................................. Fiber Distribution (Empire Subject Map No. 11) Distribution of Fruits, Honey, Sugar Cane (Empire Subject Map No. 13)............................. ............................................... Typical subsistence farms in Gojjam Province, showing irrigation systems................................................................... National Grain Storage Plan (7. O-ET-5)................................................ Land Utilization--Blue Nile Basin (7.2-BN-l) ’ Rural Population Density and Distribution (4. O-BN-29) * * ’ Original Forest Area, Ethiopia (7. O-ET-3)’ Present Forest Area, Ethiopia (7. O-ET-4)..................................... . Highway Map of Ethiopia........................................................* * * . Proposed Ultimate Highway System (2. O-ET-2) Telephone Lines Existing as of December 31, 1959 Organization Chart--Departmental and Project Organizations (4.0-BN-223) ................................................. follow 8 follow 8 follows follows follow 6 follow 8 follows f0ll0W6 32 4 32 32 32 32 32 32 .......... 49 55 .......... 136 .......... 138 ........... 141 ........... 142 ........... 170 ....................................................... follows 176 181 202 xivHumber VI-1 VI-2 VI-3 VI-4 VI-5 VI-6 VI-7 VI-8 VI-9 vi-io VI-11 VI-12 VI-13 VI-14 VI-15 VI-16 VI-17 VT-18 VI-19 VI-20 VI-21 VI-22 VI-23 VI-24 VI-2 5 VI-26 VI-27 VI-28 VI-29 VI-30 VI-31 VI-32 VI-33 VI-34 VI-35 VI-36 VI-37 ^1-38 VT-39 ^1-40 ^41 ^’42 LIST OF TABLES Title Climatic Zones of Ethiopia and Selected Climatic Data ....................................................... 4 Blue Nile Basin Projects by Climatic Zones.......................................................................... 5 Weights and Measures Used in Central Ethiopia................................................................... 8 Equivalent Crop Weights in Kilograms, Gojjam Province, 1961 .................................................................................................................... 10 Land Utilization in the Sululta-Chancho Area, Page Muger Sub-basin, Shewa Province, 1960................................................................ follows 18 Land Utilization in the Lekkemt-Sire Area, Diddessa Sub-basin, Wellegga Province, 1960 ....................................................... follows 18 Land Utilization in the Ambo Area, Guder Sub-basin, Shewa Province, 1960 .............................................................................................. follows 18 Land Utilization in the Bure-Jiga Area, Debre Markos Sub-basin, Gojjam Province, 1961................................................................................ follows 18 Planting Dates .................................................................................................................. follows 18 Harvesting Dates............................................................................................................... follows18 Number of Cultural Operations........................................................................................ follows18 Size of Field and Yield.................................................................................................................. 19 Animal Units per Farm................................................................................................................. 20 Value of Farm Equipment and Tools per Farm...................................................................... 20 Travel Hours to Market, One Way............................................................................................... 21 Market Attendance........................................................................................................................ 21 Rental Share to Landowner Ownei' v. Tenancy Operation.............................................. Years of Ownership of Land................................................ Years of Tenancy on Land................................................... Size of Family...................................................................... Number of Children per Family........................................... Farm and Home Expenses per Family................................. Outside Income per Family.................................................. Number of Fast Days Celebrated per Year . . . Number of Holidays Celebrated per Year............................ Holidays and Fast Days Celebrated per Year, Bure-Jiga Area.................................................................. Grain Storage Facilities Planned for Ethiopia, Phases I and II................................................................... Estimated Savings in Grain Handling Costs........................................... Major Commercial Food Processing Plants in Ethiopia................................................................................................ Summary of Ethiopian Imports and Exports.......................................... Ethiopian Agricultural Exports in Detail................................................ Ethiopian Agricultural Imports in Detail................................................ Composition and Value of Ethiopia's Import Trade for the Years 1955 and 1960 ............................................................... Coffee Exports from Ethiopia................................................................. offee Exports by Country of Destination for the Period September 1959 to September 1960 ........................................ f Exports of Pulses by Country of Destination tor the Period September 1959 to September 1960 .... * seed, Oilcake, and Edible Oil Exports by Country estination for the Period September 1959 to September I960 .................................................................................... h?* oS Khat by Country of Destination for the Period 1958 to 1960 ....................................................................... °? Fruits and Vegetables by Country of w v September i960 .................................................................................... ion for the Period September 1959 to ExnJ?riOd 1956 Coi Livestock and Livestock Products by °* livestock and Livestock Products for i960 ............................................................... tn 1 September 1960 ................................................................................. XV destination for the Period Septembei' 1959 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 26 27 27 28 53 54 58 70 71 72 72 74 76 78 follows 78 . ... 79 80 81 follows 82Number LIST OF TABLES’-Continued Title VI-43 VI-44 VI-45 VI-46 VI-47 VI-48 VI-49 VI-50 VT-51 VI-52 VI-53 VI-54 VI-55 VI-56 VI-57 VI-58 Government Charges and Tariffs Agricultural Loans Summary Development Bank of Ethiopia Distribution of Credit by the Agricultural Development Board, March-August 1960 Estimated 1961 Population by Cities 1961 Population Estimates--Ethiopia Estimated Age Structure in Ethiopia Compared with Data for Some Other Countries Land-use Areas--FAO Estimate Land-use Areas--Aerial Survey Estimate . .............................................. Employment Totals, Manufacturing Industry, All Ethiopia--1961*............................................................................... Estimated Investment During a 20-year Period Forecast Trend in Export of Certain Agricultural Products................................................................................................ . Summary of Industry in the 13 Provinces (Year Ended September 10, 1961) .................................................................. Summary of Industry in Eritrea (Year Ended September 10, 1961) Index of Economic Trend of Industrial Production Investment in Manufacturing Industry by Years 87 90 91 93 94 94 95 95 97 98 98 100 follows 100 101 102 Number of Industrial Projects To Be Constructed-- 1963-1967 102 VI-59 VI-60 VI-61 VI-62 VI-6 3 VI-6 4 VI-65 VI-66 VI-6 7 VI-68 VI-69 VI-70 VI-71 Industrial Projects To Be Put into Operation--1963-1967 1967 Production Goal for Selected Industrial Products . . Scheduled Mineral Production by Years --1963-1967 .... Forecast Gross Value of Mineral Production Forecast Trend in Exports by Sectors Forecast Trend in Export of Industrial Products Annual Rates of Land Taxation in Areas of Measured Land, 1944 Annual Rates of Land Taxation in Unmeasured Gebbar Areas, 1944- Annual Rates of Land Taxation in Gebbar Areas, 1951 .. Annual Rates of Land Taxation in Rist Areas, 1951 Annual Rates of Land Taxation in Rist Areas, 1944 Rates of Education and Health Taxation in Areas of Measured Land Rates of Education and Health Taxation in Areas of Traditional Landholding 103 103 104 104 110 111 115 115 115 116 116 117 117 VI-72 VI-73 VI-74 VI-75 VI-76 VI-77 VI-78 VI-79 VI-80 VI-81 VI-82 Rates of Education and Health Taxation on Unmeasured Gebbar Areas Rates of Education and Health Taxation in Rist Areas . . Present Land Taxes and Estimates of Possible Future Taxes......................................... ................................................ Taxation Rates, Schedule A Taxation Rates, Schedule B .................................................................... Taxation Rates, Schedule C .................................................................... Class of Goods, and Ad Valoreur Tariff Rates Export Tariffs Budgetary Revenue Actuals, 1954/55 to 1961 /62 ................................. Land Utilization on Blue Nile Basin Project Areas Land Utilization Categories in the Blue Nile Basin 117 118 119 125 ......... 126 ......... 127 130 ......... 131 • •; ■; 132 follows 136 .......... 139 VI-83 VI-84 VI-85 VI-86 Population Density Categories in the Blue Nile Basin . . . Population Density on Blue Nile Basin Project Area . . . . Destination and Value of Wood and Wood Products Exported from Ethiopia, 1959-1960 Origin and Value of Wood and Wood Products Imported into Ethiopia, 1959-1960 139 follows 144 follows 144Number VI-87 VI-88 VI-89 VI-90 VI-91 VI-92 VI-93 VI-94 VI-95 VI-96 VI-9 7 VI-98 VI-99 VI-100 VI-101 VI-102 VI-103 VI-104 VI-105 VI-106 VI-107 VI-108 VI-109 VI-110 VI-1U VI-112 VI-113 VI-U4 VI-U5 VI-116 Vl-117 VI-U8 Vl-lig VI-120 VI-121 Vl-122 Vl-123 VI-124 Vl-125 ^-126 VI-127 LIST OF TABLES--Continued Title Type, Area, and Exploration of Forest Reserve, Ethiopia............................................................................................ Estimated Cost for Establishing Forest Plantings .... Holy Days Observed Each Month...................................................... Health and Medical Resources ........................................................... Distribution of Total Patients Diagnosed at Gondar Hospital and Gondar and Dembia Polyclinics, 1958 . . Ethiopian Parasitological Survey, 1958 ............................................. Total Number of Patients Examined and/or Treated in 1959 Incidence of Syphilis by Age Groups, April 1957 to August 1959 Average Prevalence of Leprosy per 1,000 Population . Results of Tuberculin Tests (1 T. U.) in Gondar Area, October 1960 to March 1961 Distribution of Trachoma in the Three Lower Grades of Various Primary Schools, Health and Medical Resources Road Network in the Blue Nile Roads under Construction or April to July 1959 . . . of the Blue Nile Basin Basin, Excluding Reconstruction Contract Imperial Projects Highway and Betterment Projects Authority Program Projects Program Third Highway Railway Transportation Statistics, 1952-1961 Air Transport Statistics, 1955-1961 Existing Postal Services, Blue Nile River Basin Present Crop Yields in Kilograms per Hectare at Selected Blue Nile Basin Areas Crop Yields Reported by Commercial and Experimental Agricultural Enterprises, Ethiopia Crop Yields Projected by Ethiopian Experts.................................................. Average Elevation of Irrigation Project Areas.............................................. Projected Irrigated Crop Yields as Influenced by Elevation Projected Nonirrigated Crop Yields as Influenced by Elevation; . .;.......................................................................................... Average Central Market Wholesale Prices for 1956-1960 . Truck Rates to Addis Ababa Prices Paid in London for Selected Commodities, 1961 . . . Family Living Expenditures Daily Caloric Consumption per Capita, Ethiopia Caloric Content of Crops Weather Data, Bahir Dar*.............................................................................. Weather Data, Gondar Wholesale Prices at Addis Ababa and in the Lake Tana Projects Areas Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by e Gross Crop Income Method--Megech Gravity Project ummary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents-- Page 146 147 149 156 157 159 160 161 162 163 164 166 172 173 174 175 176 177 183 186 follows 186 ......... 188 189 191 192 193 194 196 204 206 207 214 215 218 221 follows 222 224 follows 226 227 follows 228 follows 220 Megech Gravity Project 'gnmary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Sn ross Crop Income Method--Ribb River Project mmary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents--Ribb River Project ............................................................................................... thp ^ '^ 11 g * Gross Crop Income Method--Gumara River Project mary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents -- S Uniara River Project the'r1^ Farrn Income for Estimating Benefits by ross Crop Income Method--West Megech p umpmg Project xvii Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by Number LIST OF TABLES--Continued Title VT-128 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents--West Megech Pumping Project ............. VI-129 Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--East Megech Pumping Project................................................................................... VI-130 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents-- East Megech Pumping Project VI-131 Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Northeast Tana Pumping Project................................................................................. . VI-132 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents-- Northeast Tana Pumping Project VI-133 Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Upper Beles Project VI-134 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents-- Upper Beles Project............................................................................ VI-135 Summary of Specific and Joint Costs ........................................................ VI-136 Summary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose Upper Beles Irrigation Project............................................................ VI-137 Summary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose Upper Beles Power Project................................................................. VI-138 Cost Allocation by Alternative Justifiable Expenditure Method--Upper Beles Project VI-139 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents - - Irrigation Purpose, Upper Beles Project.............................................. VI-140 Summary’ of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents-- Power Purpose, Upper Beles Project.................................................. VI-141 Weather Data, Dangila................................................................................ VI-142 Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Upper Birr Project . . VI-143 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents-- Upper Birr Project .............................................................................. VI-144 Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Debohila Project . . . VI-145 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents -- Debohila Project............................................................................... VI-146 Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Lower Birr Project. VI-147 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents-- Lower Birr Project............................................................................ VI-148 Weather Data, Ambo Agricultural School, Agere Hiywet, 1954-1961 ...................................................................... VI-149 Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Upper Guder Project VI-150 Summary of Costs and Annual Co6t Equivalents - - Upper Guder Project VI-151 Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Finchaa Project . . . . VI-152 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents - - Finchaa Project VI-153 Summary of Specific and Joint Costs . ’ * ’. ’ .. *’ * *.. . .. VI-154 Summary of Costs of am Alternative Single-Purpose Finchaa Irrigation Project VI-155 Summary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose Finchaa Power Project VI-156 Cost Allocation by Alternative Justifiable Expenditure Method--Finchaa Project VI-157 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, Irrigation Purpose--Finchaa Project ............ 230 | follows 232 ........... 233 follows 234 ! ............ 236 follows 240 241 242 243 243 .............. 244 245 246 248 . follows 256 .............. 257 . follows 260 261 . follows 264 265 267 . follows 272 273 , . follows 278 279 280 281 281 282 283 xviiiNumber VI-158 VI-159 VI-160 VI-161 VI-162 VI’163 VI-164 VI-165 VI-166 VI-167 LIST OF TABLES--Continued Title Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, Power Purpose--Finchaa Project ................................................... Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Amarti-Neshe Project Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents - - Amarti-Neshe Project .................................................................... Summary of Specific and Joint Costs................................................ Summary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose Amarti-Neshe Irrigation Project..................................................... Summary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose Amarti-Neshe Power Project.......................................................... Cost Allocation by Alternative Justifiable Expenditure Method--Amarti-Neshe Project...................................................... Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, Irrigation Purpose--Amarti-Neshe Project...................................... Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, Power Purpose--Amarti-Neshe Project........................................... Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Arjo-Diddessa Project follows 284 follows 294 VI-168 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents -- Arjo-Diddessa Project..................................................................... VI-169 Summary of Specific and Joint Costs................................................... VI-170 Summary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose Arjo-Diddessa Irrigation Project..................................................... VI-171 Summary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose Arjo-Diddessa Power Project.......................................................... VI-172 Cost Allocation by Alternative Justifiable Expenditure Method--Arjo-Diddessa Project...................................................... VI-173 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, Irrigation Purpose--Arjo-Diddessa Project ..................................... VI-174 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, Power Purpose--Arjo-Diddessa Project........................................... VT-175 Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Dabana Project Vl-176 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents-- Dabana Project................................................................................. VI-177 Summary of Specific and Joint Costs ................................................... vl-l 78 Summary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose Dabana Irrigation Project................................................................. U-17 9 Summary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose Dabana Power Project ..................................................................... ; 180 Cost Allocation by Alternative Justifiable Expenditure rr 1P1 Method--Dabana Project.................................................................... 81 Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, /I-1A9 Irrigation Purpose--Dabana Project........................................................ Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, /I-lft? Power Purpose--Dabana Project ................................................................. Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by q the G °ss Crop Income Method--Angar Project r summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents -- z M85 <^ngar Pr°Ject................................................................................................ /I-18f |um^ary of Specific and Joint Costs .......................................................... Ummary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose '1-187 q ngar Irrigation Project............................................................................. w.mary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose '1‘188 r‘+Ar Power Project....................................................... •........... ;............... ost Allocation by Alternative Justifiable Expenditure ^‘189 ~Method--Angar Project.......................................................................... nummary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, irrigation Purpose--Angar Project .................................................... xix Page .......... 283 286 287 287 288 289 290 290 295 296 297 297 298 ............ 299 ............ 299 follows 302 304 305 305 306 307 308 308 follows 312 313 314 314 ............. 315 ............. 316 ............. 317Number VI-190 VI-191 VI-192 VI-193 VI-194 VI-195 VI-196 VI-197 VI-198 VI-199 VI-200 VI-201 VI-202 VI-203 VI-204 VI-205 LIST OF TABLES--Continued Title Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, Power Purpose--Angar Project .. ..................................... .................... Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Dabus Project ................................. Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents - - Dabus Project Weather Data, Galabat, Sudan Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Dindir Project Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents - - Dindir Project Summary of Specific and Joint Costs..................................................... Summary of Cost of an Alternative Single-Purpose Dindir Irrigation Project Summary of Costs of an Alternative Single-Purpose Dindir Power Project........................................................................... Cost Allocation by Alternative Justifiable Expenditure Method--Dindir Project Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, Irrigation Purpose--Dindir Project....................................................... Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents, Power Purpose--Dindir Project............................................................ Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Galegu River Project Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents -- Galegu River Project.......................................................................... Summary of Farm Income for Estimating Benefits by the Gross Crop Income Method--Rahad River Project Summary of Costs and Annual Cost Equivalents -- Rahad River Project ............ 318 follows 320 ............ 322 ........... 324 follows 328 ........... 330 331 ........... 331 ............. 332 .............. 333 . . 334 335 337 ........... 339 I follows 336 follows 338 xxabbreviations, conversion factors, and ETHIOPIAN MONETARY AND CALENDAR EQUIVALENTS ^Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority IKJ . Imperial Ethiopian Qovern-ent Convarsion Factors: : Me trio -English Systems 1 ®ter '(■•) - 39.37 inches - 3.2808 feet 1 kilo^ter (km.) - 0.6214 «ile - 3,280.8 feet 1 square nmter (eq. «.) • 1.196 square yards - 10.764 square feet 1 hectare (ha.) - 10,000 square meters ■ 2.471 acres ■ 1/100 square kilometer 1 hectoliter -0.1 cubic meter - 2.838 bushels; 26.417 gallons 1 1 1 1 square kiloiter (sq.<*!k• m.) - 0.3861 square mile ■ 100 hectares ■ 247.1 acres cubic neter (cu. bB. . oror ®3) ■ 1,000 liters - 1.308 cubic yards » 35.31 cubio feet cubic meter • 0.000,810,7 acre-foot acre-foot - 1.233 cubic meters 1 kilogram (kg.) ■ 2.204 pounds 1 kilogram per hectare (kg/ha) - 0.8926 pound per acre 1 nitric ton ■ 2,204 pounds ■ weight of 1 cubic meter of water 1 kilogram per square centimeter (kg./eq. cm.) ■ 14.22 pounds per square inch - 32.8 feet of water 1 cubic meter per second (m3/s.) » 35.31 cubic feet per second (c. f. s.) 1 English horsepower « 550 foot-pounds per second 1 metric horsepower « 75 kilogram-meters per second 1 metric horsepower ■ 0.9863 English horsepower - 735.45 watts 1 cubic meter of water per second under 1 meter head * 9.81 kilowatts at 100 percent efficiency 1 million cubic meters of water under 1 meter bead ■ 2,730 kilowatt-hours at 100 percent efficiency Temperature Conversion: Centigrade: C. » | (F - 32) e Fahrenheit: F. ■ | C* + 32 Ethiopian-United States Monetary Values: Rate of exchange used in this report 1 United States dollar (US$1.00) - 2.50 Ethiopian dollars (Eth$2.5O) Ethiopian Calendar (30-day months, except Pagume): MasVkaram ---------- --- Tekemt Hedar Tahessas Ter Yekatit Megabit Sept. 11 - Oct. 10 -- - Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. 11 - Nov. 9 10 - Dec. 9 10 - Jan. 8 9 - Feb. 7 8 - March 9 Miazia . Apr±1 9 _ yay 8 Guenbot ■ May 9 - June 7 Sene ■ June 8 - July 7 Hamle ■ July 8 - Aug. 6 Nehasse • Aug .• 7 - Sept. 5 Pagume - Sept. 6 - Sept. 10 March 10 - April 8 UNITED STATES OR GREGORIAN CALENDAR ETHIOPIAN CALKOAR
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