Proposed Programme for agricultural Development in the Gambela Plain ddlo Abnbn May, 19 7HProposed Programme for AffiicyJ Al tur p eve lppmen t_ in the Gambcla Plain Contents INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT IN THE GaMBELA PLAIN STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPMENT THE ^LWERO PROJECT 4.1 The Project Area 4.2 Data Status 4.3 Water Resources 4.4 Topography, Soils & agricultural Potential 4.5 The Possible Development 4.6 access Road 4.7 Human Resources and Settlement Aspects 4.8 Community Services 4.9 Initial Development of Rainfed Agriculture 4.10 The Agricultural Trials ^rea THE EPID PROJECT PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE GAMBELA PLAIN PROPOSED STUDY PROGRAMME FOR RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY IN G^MBELa PLxxIN PROPOSED STUDY PROGR/xMME FOR aLWERO PROJECT TERMS OF REFERENCE AND COST ESTIMATEFOR RECONNAISSANCE STUDY IN THE G.J4BELA PLAIN 9.1 Terms of Reference 9.2 Cost Estimates TERMS OF REFERENCE A COST ESTIiA.TES FOR STUDIES OF THE xXWERO PROJECT 10.1 Preliminary Study 10.2 Feasibility Study 1 2 10.3 Costs of Preliminary and Feasibility Studies 5 5 5 7 8 10 11 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 21 21 22 22 22 25 27Contents Pages 11. TERMS OF REFERENCE ..ND COST ESTIMATE FOR CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION ..ND M..N..GEMENT OF Rx.INFED DEVELOPMENT IN aLWERO 12- ,-PFROXIMxJE COST OF REVISED PROGRAMME OF WORK 13- JUSTIFICATION FOR PROPOSED CHANGE IN PROGRAMME aND E MT E..SIS I..ILES L. x.lwero Project - Time Phasing of Rainfed Development -nd Expenditure 2c Investment Expenditure - EPID Project l« Operating Expenditure - EPID Project U Initial Staffing and Farm Equipment - Tr.iz.1 Earm I. Phasing of Investment During Initial Stages of Revised Programme g ,r es L rroposed Implementation Programme for Agricultural Development on the Gambela Plain L Location of the Proposed Alwero Project -.lwero Project and Location of Reconnaissance Study t ..reas Proposed Study Programme for the Reconnaissance Survey in the Gambela Plain ♦ Proposed Study Programme for the alwero ProjectProposed Programme for agricultural^ Development^in the Gambela Plain INTRODUCTION The TAMS Feasibility Report—on the Gambela Project provided a development plan for a rainfed agricultural project in the Itang area on the left bank of the Baro Rivero The report indicated a favourable economic and financial return on the project and VAD*. therefore sought funds for its implementation., Following an approach to the EEC, it was decided that further study of the TAMS proposal was necessary before the European Development Fund (EDF) would consider funding the project, and V..D.;. invited EUROCONSULT to carry out the study required.. 2/ The EUROCONSULT Report— of October 1977 analysed the existing data on the Itang Agricultural Development Project, and presented a programme of further investigations needed for its implementa tions In addition they identified a pilot project area of 540 hectares (gross) near Pepeo as being representative of the large part of the Itang area® detailed programme of activities for early implementation of this pilot scheme was also presented with estimates of cost and economic justification0 In December 1977 HALCROW-ULG LTD were commissioned by FAO to assitt and advise VzJ) ix on • (i) the potential of the river basins; (ii) development priorities; (iii) an indicative agricultural development programme; (iv) initial formulation of large-scale financial and technical support projects; and (v) organization and administration., — TAMS agricultural Development Groups Feasibility Report - The Gambela Project* November 1976 2/ — EUROCONSULT Gambela Agricultural Development Projecto ..rnhen October 1977»The HaLCROW-ULG assignment started in January. 1978 and in February the consultants first expressed their reservations to VaDmx about the proposed programme for implementation of agricul tural development on the Gambela nl ir- Specifically, they questioned the length of time required to start the Itang Project and whether that was in fact the best project to proceed with initially e H..LCROW-ULG have now completed the ranking of 50 irrigation projects inducing those identified in previous reports and those which they have been able to identify in the time available, and have prepared an indicative development programme for irrigated agriculture in the valleys. r<£.VIr> Or rRCrOSED DEVELOPMENT OF GdibELz- rL.JN In a Discussion Paper presented on 3 May Hj-.LCROW-ULG drew attention to a possible project on the h.-ero river and reported as follows: The dwero Project was identified as a possible project by the Consultants during the current FaO/TC? VJL Project, after aerial reconnaissance, a field visit to Gambela and bobc . and a study of the aerial photography and two pre vious reports on the Gambela Plain* EUROCONSULT, in their report dated October 1977 drew attention to the possibility of more favourable conditions for irrigated agriculture on the dwero-Bero watershed and elsewhere in the dwero Basin, compared with conditions in the proposed Itang Project area* The project identified in the ..lwero basin would comprise 10,000 ha of perennially irrigated land* The irrigation supply would be gravity fed via a main canal from a long low earth embankment darn which would impound a shallow re servoir on the ulwero River- One major advantage of this project when compared with the Itang Project is that pumped drainage would be unnecessary- The topography, micro-relief and degree of bush cover would also make the Alwero project suitable for rainfed development in the short-term, provided there were no soil limitations.3 ** preliminary ranking oi this project would appear to place it in the third position in the overall list of rankingSo This preliminary ranking is based on certain assumptions • hich should be verified by a reconnaissance of the area., ho' ever, the Consultants feel that even if certain of the ranking factors were over-rated, compensation of this would still result in the project being very highly ranked, espe cially when compared with Itang„u H aLCROk-ULG further report: Baro-Gilo---kobo o In view of the very high preliminary rank ing of the Alwero Project compared to the low ranking of the Itang Project, the latter has not been included in the Indi cative Development Programme at this stage.. Instead, a re connaissance study of the Gambela Plain is proposed, with the objective of identifying the priority areas for develop ment. This would be followed by pre-feasibility and feasi bility studies of the first selected project, with implementa tion of the irrigation project shortly after that, possibly commencing in year 4® .Ithough the identification of the Alwero Project is subject to verification of some of the factors considered in the ranking, the Consultants feel that it is certainly a far more promising irrigation project than that proposed in the Itang area® It seems likely therefore that development in the Itang area would be preceded by development in the Alwero and/or other areas, and probably even then only be considered in the very long term. The proposed Pepeo Pilot Project does therefore- not seem to be justified at this stage, in view of its limited relevance to areas outside the Itang area. It has therefore been excluded from the Development Programme, and it is assumed that funds earmarked for Pepeo could be re-allocated to the proposed reconnaissance study and sub sequent activities® 'i>h f I tip I l» i i I <* w I h i 0 | h v ti m h | on r-ipci prepared by It M»w III < h anpp i' * i r I I i »I o p v I or t he agricultural deve I opmert I III’ ' "Hili' •- I 1 I' I * I II V'Hh J | •* < II •« M t»(l AH | (I | I (>W M I I thpi • I dr i I np i»n i li i l I mid p I a t n nt the live should not and . Mill d Um i l-i • * 1 I'llihul M II • I 1 Hl 1 1 M |l at 1 ii | • • I'M hl v HO I hr | Uh 1 1 i1» V 11 • pm ml a 11 d 1 h 1 mt m i i«t Hit M xl d 11 tthoiil inntrolling the ma|or river •image damn on the Haro and i i 0 In lhe HhHome ot demand I Ik •<ll| | | | »i i I \ el he likely 11' delay the w on l he pl Hn <nx’h u i the lh.iso and Vbela Gilo >oul. tor power dev el op l won I d x ullui •’ II | | M | ««| • I »l ► h«l‘li a* AV I I \ I i i i n u Ion utvl xhaitta^e ^x'he^ea to p\o • I I h I I » I Ih I Ml H I I IXVI I 1.1 t e he I i\v< * I udt ed *nd the < e^ae-.e II| •* r I I III I H«|M Mil nn these rivets *hxvxvix< ther*tov< '• <*i K o • i * •I• • h I ghv I pt I ol I I p« eV I ill I t|'H 1i <p i e» n ui at ion nl these sehemiea weld i» in > mt i mu 11 I wx ale ot the svat appxo III f I hud * o I * » ' I I M p««H- Il I de U inn i. t I h the pt ebt e Itkelx to be o* i U ♦’ I ih V ntt m mtwh I-k *> ale on th r Mil 1 • av v * l v X kk t x txl I xtt tl dev > log-ont VW Vxo x * ' bx \ • t • • »• ud tn III I Hu in .k \ awk t na pt 1-notw * * <e* * e 1 1 k > Im rl'1 r t o i rl 1 X X' »' 1 x x 1 t\' * V I x X V • V V - x x x W % x b • I It Uv v V OH • 1 xl x Xvxl ill d • p\ . 1 t K W K V »h, I 4 p\l| t U h UlO • I » < I i« I k* •«* < | I V I A I In I \ X * X pt X OX X X X \ X > I -VX'xXX \xX * K V * OVO'Ox - X \ X' X Os^ v i X * XX At \ V ed OX V * V *> t * * 1 » * I t 1 I » A X1 X x 'XX • X d\- X it Vm\ \ \X V hx \o ■ v x' ' de\ e \ OO 'O t I •h i t I U X1 *kp 1 *■ **v xt I It X \' XX X' X XXX \ a x x e w * \ \ \ \ * \ v ' e x 1 •« I t t x» ph a • t t V* U th V X * • t* X I * I x X x * \b v x x x o ' e »•, x < ' • til «a t u ' X t ' ' > 1 V X X X Im X \b A ^V V V • X • • . X * x ' ' , ' b »i t t u It x I ixivl A X t x xixx A X • • A • V X x \ X x v X 't ' * \ X t > X oidentify other priority projects for development. If the Alwero Project proves to be economically and financially attractive it could be implemented while the long-term major developments on the 3^re were being investigated* -.n outline of the Alwero Project follows* it ^2-‘tA.O FROJECT - - 1 ^he rroject Are The alwero river drains a catchment area of 2,600 km refeen the Baro and the Gilo riverso All three rivers flow into the Gambela Plain where they overflow their banks and form s’amps-. Below the 425 m contour 80% of the plain is subject to flooding* Over 10,000 ha of the proposed Alwero project area to be investigated are above the 425 m contour and are not subject to flooding* It also appears, from a study of the 1/250,000 scale napping, that there are a further 10,000 ha of land below the 425 n contour which are also not subject to flooding* The project area is shown on the location map of the Gambela Plain at Figure 2* It i3 also shown at Figure 3 at a scale of 1/250,000 with contour intervals of 25 m* This figure also shows the areas on the Ubela and Gilo which should be studied during the reconnaissance survey* 42 Data Status The alwero Project was identified after aerial reconnaissance a field visit to Gambela, ..bobo and Itang; and a study of maps, aerial photography and previous reports on the Gambela Plain prepared by T^MS and EUROCONSULT 26 Data on climatic, rainfall, river flows, and evaporation were extracted from these reports and used to estimate probable water availability*. Data on soils in the proposed project area were completely lacking, nevertheless the overall view of VaDA is that the area is certainly worthy of investigation for the early implementation of a medium-sized irrigation project., although EUROCONSULT considered that ’'Lack of basic data makes the southern rivers unsuitable for early development, so that this will only be possible along the Baro”, VaDA feels that development in these areas cannot be delayed for this reason slone This opinion is reinforced in a United Nations c Water Resources Planning paper— which states that ’‘it is self evident that planning and developing water resources cannot, in all instances, be delayed for a long period of observation and record accumulation*. On the other hand the hazards of over development and faulty designs are equally evident”., The same paper also states, on the subject of estimating runoff, ’'Estimates can never be employed as full substitutes for records of stream flow., However, in some instances where there is an immediate need fcr a project, accurate, well founded and reliable esti mates may be acceptable ” o The lack of basic data on the southern rivers is the reason for EUROCONSULT s statement (para 4o2 page 40) that ”it is im possible to accurately indicate how much land can be ultimately irrigated with water from these rivers’h However in their next sentence they state that ''The most likely figure is about 100,000 ha”, thus giving a preliminary estimate of the water resources of the southern rivers.. 1 —Manual of Standards and Criteria for Planning Water Resource Projects", Water Resources Series Paper No 26« UN Economic Commission for .*sia and the Far East, 1964o/ V ,p (nn* idri‘. that by working I thin this estimate and by uMng modern hydtological techniques. reliable estimates of the wM < t resource* «d the southern rfver.i can be made by correlation gv with, and Inference from, the d°ta available for the i\<i and other catchment h-v. t, bt adopted and assumptions sensitivity tested, It . ** u • t < r K < sources .dequate safety margins would .ltlnugh there re no flow data for the alwero river, GILT’S rough estimate of the mean annual runoff based on c v vith data for ‘hi B.aro River was 520 million m per year* cstinrti is given -t Table 4 page 21 of their main report, ,NSULT state that the pattern of flow for the rivers listed In t < 7 • bl c will be similar to that of the Baroo They also con- •leer that the total flow of about 21,000 million m /year entering •in if fully controlled would be sufficient to irrigate at It-st 600.000 ha of land.. Tn the basis of the above, the estimated runoff from the catchment wbuld be sufficient to irrigate about 15,000 ha if the river were fully controlled. . ssun.ing that the pattern of flow in the ..lwero is similar tc t t in the Haro and on the basis of the estimates of mean annual runoff given by EUROCONSULT, the mean monthly flows in 3 3 the .lwero have been estim- i.e. the ary climatic year Project water requirements t c d for the 5% probability dry year> with a 1 in 20 year return period * for an a r e a of 10,000 hectares net have been calculated for a perennial crop, and an approximate forecast of behavior of a shallow reservoir on the ..lwero for the 57. dry climatic year has been prepared- J he indications from this forecast are that a water conser- 2 vancy area of some 80 km with about 3 m of live storage will probably meet all project demands for an area of 10,000 ha in a 5< dry climatic year- Evaporation losses from the water conservancy would he high in the 57O dry year, but the evaporation8 would bo taking place in an area where the water would command irrigable land The conservancy would also provide a measure of flood control for areas downstream which may later be utilised for r-'infed cultivation or grazing.. It is therefore considered that an embankment dam on the rdwero could provide a water conservancy for perennial irrigation 'out 10,000 to 15,000 ha,and a study of this possibility is rec ommendea® -phy Soils & agricultural Potential In considering the future demarcation of the Itang proj ect area EUROCONSULT reported although attention is recent flood plain at that focussed on the development present, it may well nomic to give priority to the higher-lying that have a better topography.. If so, the of the prove more eco- former basin areas almost un vast , interrupted area of this land type of the ^lwero-Baro watershed would derction, particularly for irrigated situated north and south justify serious consi- croppingo “ ..11 the indications are project area is above normal gently sloping to undulating open grass covered savanah with that most of the proposed Alwero flood level, in places and that the relief is that it is mainly scattered trees o Topographi- 7 he land probably falls into what EUROCONSULT classified as the old flood plain- No information is available on the soils in the project area but the indications are that they vary from clay, to sandy clay loams and may Ln some places be sandy- although the climatic conditions in the project area are favourable for the cultivation of many crops, the area is sparsely Inhabited, and there is very little crop production at present- Rainfall (approximately 900 mm) during the six-month9 rainy season is sufficient. to allow rainfed cropping. In addition the topography is favourable for gravity irrigation and gravity drainage. EUROCONSUL1 consider suitable crops for the Gambela area would include maize, sorghum, rice, sugar-cane, cotton, pulses, root crops (cassava and sweet potatoes) tomatoes, and chillies), pasture legumes znd fruit trees like citrus, cashew nuts and bananas® Kenaf, sesame and colPcaccia might reasonably be added to this list® lost profitable crops and crop combinations appear to be there remains the problem of identifying a market for large quantities of rice® The potential of the area for livestock production is at present unexploited because of tse-tse fly? though it is believed , vegetables (onions, and other fodder crops, to be abundant in game® Livestock production might be practised under a mixed cropping system on smallholdings, whereby crop residues of rice, cotton, soya beans and sugar-cane could be usee as feed® The conservation of wildlife is an important matter, and it would be decided at an early stage in the development planning which areas should be allocated for this purpose® Fish production would appear to be attractive in the water conservancy although the developments on the plain cannot be predicted yet, opportunities exist both for settlement and large scale mechanical farming. The following developments are possibiliti Rain-dependent as well as irrigated smallholder a crop production. The smallholders are likely to concentrate on the production of food crops together with some cash cropping such as cotton, and possibly sugar-cane or vegetables.10 Large-scale, mechanized estate-type like sugar-cane or cotton would -cc- this farming system: food crop also be included in the erect-' attractive. ihe cropping intensity under rainfed farming. Commercial crops to be most suitable for fuch as rice or maize might programme, if prices are conditions could be estimated at about For the irrigation cropping intensitie 75/o, because os the unreliable rainfall pattern® areas, where d ruble cropping will be practised ° ranging 1:0 to 180% could be assumed. v would be about 75 nk/aec. n further small supplementary relief discharge would be provided by a gated sluice below dead storage level® Irrigation water would be conveyed to the fields via two main canals on the left bank, where about 20,000 ha of land would be within command (figure 3). It Is not proposed to develop the right bank area at present as water availability may limit *■*- - 5 1 h e Possible 0 e v co o m e n t embankment erm cn me r.lwero, in the proximity of the site indicated on rigurt j, wcu„d store its flood waters for use in providing gravity irrigation® The gross arable area which co-:] d be commanded by the shallow reservoir or water con servancy assuming an unlimited supply of water, is about 30,000 to <0,000 hectares® Mose of this possible area of command is not subject to flooding and could be drained by gravity® The water conservancy of about 80 km would be formed by an earthen dam approximatety 6 kr. long and an average height of about 6 m. The live storage capacity of the conservancy at full supply level wou • d be about 250 million cubic metres® The flood absorption capacity of the conservancy would be 80 million cubic metres foe a flood ruse of one metre® The dam would be provided with o fixed crest overspill weir about 50 m long, and peak discharge o er the weir at high flood level .f/11 such development * Ihe main canals would feed secondary and tertiary canals to provide gravity Irrigation to a gross irrigable area of some 10,000 to 1 5,000 ha., Project water requirements would be based on the demands of the 107- (1 in 10 year return period) dry climatic year.. The Alwere River would serve as a main drain and other natural drainage lines would be developed as required for main drainage., . system of secondary and tertiary drains would provide gravity drainage from the fields to the river and creeks® Excavated materials from the canals and drains would be shaped where necessary to provide farm access roads to the fields® 4 c 6 --cccss road . ny development in the ...,lwero area will require an all- weather road connection between the project site and the national highway system® The road connection between Gambela and Gog will, therefore, be of vital importance to development activities south of Gambela® x.n all-weather access road to the ..Awero Project area will have to be constructed from the Gambela-x-bobo road, and the suggested alignment is shown at Figure 3® The length of this road will be approximately 40 km® The length of the Gambela- <*bobo road is approximately 44 km, and construction of this is due to commence in early 1979® finance for the total of 84 km would be provided entirely by the Ethiopian Government® 4 c 7 Hum an Resources a id Settlement .aspects The project would .accommodate both settlement schemes and state farms in a proportion to be determined after further studies® Full development of the project would require hundreds of families to be settled tn an area that is virtually uninha bit ted at present® Preliminary indications are that the manpower requirements could not be met by the human resources available in the immediate vicinity of the project) but that they could be from elsewhere within the Gambela Plain®12. In devising settlement schemes, preference would be given to the people living nearest the project area, who would be regarded as the first 'claimants' of the lands to be occupied by the project, n. sociological study would be required to assess the probable impact of the project on the local population ith special regjrG for inter—tribal relationso 4e8 Community Services Development of the ...lwero project area would entail rapid population growth due to the influx of settlers and manpower for state farms and project implementation works. Consequently, community services for the population will be necessary.. although services such as health care and education would not be the direct responsibility of the project management, the success of the project - and its attractiveness for prospective settlers - will, to a large extent, depend on the quantity and quality of the public services provided in the area» - fully equipped and staffed health centre would therefore be required for health care in the alwero area© xis the project developed, the population could grow to an extent that would justify upgrading the health centre to a small hospital with qualified staff, operating independently from the Gambela hospital © The main education provision would be to have sufficient elementary and secondary schools for the children of settler families© although required for funding and budgeting purposes, investments and operational expenditure involved in the provision of health and educational facilities should not be included in the project evaluation, as these should be regarded as normal requirements for people anywhere in Ethiopia,13 as Electricity and drinking essential public services; water would need to be provided without a safe drinking water supply no .agricultural development could be contemplatedo Besides the above-mentioned facilities, there would be provision for policy stations, postal services, shops, banks, churches etc. m the project area The provision of all these o services zould call for timely coordination with the ministries concerned, on the initiative of the project management.. Initial Development of Rainfed agriculture In view of the urgent need for food crop production in Ethiopia a scheme for about 5,000 ha of rainfed agricultural production would be implemented on completion of the preliminary study The most suitable area for development on the basis of e topography and the reconnaissance soil survey would be identi fied as a part of the study, on land not subject to flooding., The investments involved would be relatively small and consequently development need not wait until the full feasibility study of the irrigation project has been madeo The proposed programme for development is shown on Figure lo This indicates that the rainfed development could start shortly after the completion of the Gambela-i*.bobo-Gog road and the all- weather access road to the project area, in 1980® Development by settlement and by state farms is envisaged., EUROCONSULT have estimated that settlement on cleared free draining land would cost Birr 2.000 per ha. The annual cost of capital recovery, operation and maintenance would be about Birr 250 per ha per year. With proper extension and credit facilities, a yield of 1500 kg/ha of maize, having a net production value of Birr 500/hn/ycar could be obtained after some years. EUROCONSULT considered that although settlement appears to be economically attractive, the area that could be developed under settlement is limltcc owing to the problems involved in the settlement of individual farmers.State I’arms on cleared free draining land would cost about Birr 3000 per ha. The annual cost would be about Birr 350 per ha per year and the benefits would be Birr 500 per ha per year, which is the same level as those derived from settlement schemes* Net benefit voulo, therefore, be less than those for settlement but still positive on the basis of an 87* discount rate* The rate of development of state farms is much higher than for settlement* Since state farms could contribute most rapidly to an increase in food crop production, the larger part of the developed for Designs, this type of farming* tender documents and lists of equipment for development of selected areas the for 5,000 ha would be agricultural state farms and settlement would be required* This work would be included in the terms of reference fcr the pre-feasibility study on the proposed irrigation project* The farming authorities technical and managerial for the rainfed area will require support during the establishment and early years consultants authorities Ethiopian staff these operations* of the scheme* It is therefore proposed to appoint to in provide a suitable team to assist the farming operation of the rainfed development and to train to eventually take over Table 1 shows the schedule of full responsibility for expenditure for the first years of development of rainfed agriculture in the .xlwero area* 4*10 The agricultural Trials -.rea /.i trials area would be established in the rainfed area as a matter of priority* Its principal objective would be to develop appropriate farming systems, initially for food crops, and later for suitable cash crops* The area would be managed principally for irrigated agriculture although initially it would explore rainfed techniques*1 5 rc^rnt • ul ’ be directed it pr Morn*: both of mechanised c nmrnc t c i ” 1 I "l n>i i bions ~nd of low cost systems for settlers, The rient-'ti n would bo .-rac^ical farm mnnz -ement rather than z purc rc Fearch r -’1 objectives woul ’ be to (a) recommend the most favour- :l nting dates for the r.i<>r>t likely crops, (b) *r the profitable levels of application of fertilizers end f•'' tccti n . and (. c) assess requirements for irrigation water, irrigated area, emphasis vculd be placed on developing full The initial programme would be established by ter c< nsultation *;ith I. a<, in conjunction with the State Settlement authorities. Mod i f ic at ions to the programme be made later according to the need of the farmers and r g ani z at ions de trials area would be established as part of the con- i”uct) n pr gramme for the rainfed development, and I^R in ncti n with the farming authorities would be requested to responsibility for the area on completion of the con i' ucti * rks. The consultants technical and managerial uld '’ssist in the initial establishment of the end train Ethiopian staff who would eventually assume >- - - responsibility for the trials programme^ Initially 50 - 100 ha would be proposed for the unit, with oe/ surface irrigation system pumped from the Mwero- Eater the trials are a would be brought mainly kinder irrigation, ^ul*J Lt expanded as required according to the recommendations of the feasibility study*. Eequirements for initial staffing and farm equipment, are Ei vt n i n Table 4 *.1 6 THE F.'IP PROJECT The development of the Gambol a Plain will, to a large extent, depcn< on the outcome of the rcc< 2. usance studies and investi- pat ions, the results of which may not be forthcoming for a year ?r t’-Oe In the meantime, it is a matter of necessity that modest evelcpmental support be provided to accommodate the short-term needs :f <*nuak agriculturalists and bluer pastoralists* uPU should undertake a programme to provide comprehensive agricultural training in Gamoela —wraja* *ubout 30 .muak students _ve already completed their training at the Holeta Training Centre and are awaiting assignment* Some of the major activities that should be undertaken by the programme are: supply of agricultural inputs (seeds, insecticides, pesticides teals, tractor services); improvement of on-farm grain storage and introduction of fish crying; prevision of veterinary supplies and assignment of vaccinator teams; establishment of an animal health programme aimed at placing at least one trained man in each village; improvement of marketing con(T tons within the area; launching a population arid livestock census in the ».wraja which will form the basis /or further planning* The programme should inttJol1y be undertaken for a period of live years at an estimated cost of Birr 1-9 millions* Details of cost arc. in Tables 2 and 3-I/ PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME FOR IN G..MBEL-X PLoIN -GRICULTUR..L DEVELOPMENT The pc see1 is notes bri programme for development in the Gambela Plain now pro- lnc.icated in the bar chart of Figure 1. The following vily cesci’xbc the activities shown on this bar chart. lhe first step would be to commission and carry out a preliminary stud’* of the of an area for immediate —lwero Project, leading to selection rainfed development and crop trials, .nc xeliminary designsand cost estimates c for the irrigation project* — reconnaissance study of the Gambela Plain should be carried out concurrently with the preliminary study of the Alwero Project, paying particular attention to the Ubela and Gilo rivers with the object of identifying further projects for comparison with the Itang and i.lwero projects. Following the selection of an area for rainfed development on the -lwero Project, the situation would be reviewed by and the financing agency. a. decision would then be taken to proceed and designs and tender documents could be prepared for immediate implementation of the development.. Upon completion of the Preliminary Report on the hlwero Project and the Master Plan. Report resulting from the recon- naissnr.ee study, these would be reviewed by VxaDa and the financing agency., x. decision would then be taken on the long- term evelopment plan for the Gambela Plain. This might commence with " full feasibility study of the *xlwero Project, which would provide for conversion of the rainfed area to irrigated agriculturev The financing agency would, then bo requested to appraise the Feasibility Report with a v w t < financing the irrigation project. Should the project be cons xdore<.. favourably, the selected consultants would be instructed to proceed with the additional surveys and site investigations necessary xc-r the production of designs and tender documents for the irrigation project, x.fter tendering and contract formalities were concluded13 nd foll° ^ S mobilisation wna a similar procedure waul project and so on to the m ?. j r. r and possibly the x.kobce With regard to the rainfed er io.- , construction would commence* ba followed for the second priority projects on the Bare, Upper Gilo •- evelepment in .Jwero, as soon as access could be provided to the project area an airstrip would be built. Buildings and services such as water supply, drainage and electricity would be commenced at the same time as the bush clearing and required for authorities , farm access project agricultural trials roads* management, Buildings and services would be State Farms and Settlement and extension services* Buildings would also be required for community services such as health clinics, schools, post offices, police stations, shops, banks, places of worship etc* and would be constructed in each settlement area or state farm at an early stage in the construction programme* These would later form a major part of the infrastructure required for the irrigation project* The State Farms and Settlement ..uthcrities woul<- move in as scon as construction was advanced sufficiently to allow them to commence effective farming operations* .agricultural trials would start on a site selected within the rainfec area and later when the irrigation scheme was sufficiently advanced trials would be continued under irrigation. Shortly after this, it would be possible to undertake full scale trials on the project area. PROPOSED STUDY PROGRAMME rO^•nu ---------------------I-S--S----.N--C--E---S-URVEY IN THE G..MBEL,. PL..IN The proposed study program^ In the Gambela Plain is inoic - Held activities taking Place L' , for the reconnaissance survey envisages , nt^d at r i g u r e ° ’urine the next ? commencing with that of 1 tion of projects and the prep-t--*-1 c -IQ7R/79 resulting -*-11 season. identifier- outline long-term development plan for the Gambela P 3in'i 'i ri>> I'* •" During the dry neanon commencing November 1978, the con sul twits would carry out a general reconnaissance in the plain, usln;' uncontrolled mosaics prepared from existing aerial photo- s , aphv as base maps. The survey would Include a preliminary soil survey, water resources and agricultural appraisals at reconnaissance level, and the installation of some hydro-meteoro logical equipmento The consultants report would be completed in August 1980 -nJ would include recommendations for priority developments in the Gambela Plain, within the framework of a long-term develop ment plan. PROPOSED STUDY PROGRAMME FOR z.LWERO PROJECT ------- --------- ""------ —' - ">• r ^programme for the x.lwero Project is It envisages maximum field activities □ver the next three dry seasons, commencing with that of 1978/79 □nd ending with that of 1980/81, resulting in complete designs and tender documents for a rainfed scheme in mid-1979 and for the irrigation project in mid-1981o The programme would commence in c ^ O tractors for aerial the mobilisation of consultants, Photography, ground contro , Gambela Plain,which would cove areas. _ i and mapping of T- rhe .alwero this year with i 300 sq» km H Ubela Project During the dry season comme 6u ltant8 would carry out a pre Pr °ject, including a reconnaiesan Q water resources and agricultural appro of the field study period the consultants ' nHniJ November, > i •? i n a r y Q — n y 1978 the con- the ^lwero rvcV together with soil surveyi ian i„ Towards the end identify an area,20 the proposed irrigation project, for the immediate develop- € rainfed agriculture. Designs and tender documents would it o *■ . prepared for the bush-clearing, farm access roads, build- • n e t and other infrastructure required for the rainfed scheme and agri icultural trials area. Preparation of the consultants’ Preliminary Report on the ^ D-»sed irrigation project would be completed by the beginning pr<- f July 1^79, by which time tenders would have been received for the construction of the rainfed development and agricultural trials area. i-fter a review of the Report by VADa and the financ ing agency, a firm decision could be taken on implementation of the rainfed project and also on implementation of the full feasi bility study for the irrigation project. The feasibility study would be carried out in the 1979/1980 dry season and would include a second stage of aerial photography ground control and mapping, at scales required for the production of detailed designs and tender documents. The Feasibility Report would be completed by the beginning of august 1980, and a period of 2 months is then allowed for review by agency. a further period of 2 months is allowed for arranging finance for a detailed site investigation contract, further site surveys, preparation of detailed designs and tender documents. ^ -ic t’ould _be ol lowed - by tender ing and implementation of the project. and the financing r The programme allows very little slack on activity durations w ill require very close liaison between VaIDzx, the financing gen cy and the consultants who should be appointed for the full tUdy P °gramme and should maintain an office in uddis Ababa r f0r this time.21 rhe object of the study is to identify priority developments in the Gambela Plain worthy of early consideration for inclusion in a long-term development plan for the area. The study area is indicated in Figure 3. Suggested terms of reference for the reconnaissance study, for execution by selected consultants, are: - (i) Prepare uncontrolled photo mosaics, from existing 1/60,000 scale photography, at a scale of 1/30,000 to cover the study area. (ii) Collect and study existing data relevant to the land ana water resources of the Alwero, Chiru, Ubela and Gilo river basins, including the mosaics in (i) above. (iii) Carry out a pre-reconnaissance soil survey of the stuay area. The survey should be based on initial interpretation of the 1/60,000 aerial photography and 1/30,000 mosaics to select sample areas in which field observations should provide a key for air-photo interpretation of the entire area. least 12 sample areas of 500 ha should be selected with an observation density of 1 pit or boring per 25 ha, with subsequent soil mapping nt a scale of 1/ Make a preliminary assessment, at reconnaissance the water resources of the Alwero, Ubela and Gilo basins, based on the available data and corre inference and analogy with data for adjacent catchmen <V) Make an assessment at reconnaissance level of the agri cultural potential of the study area. <,1) ’"•tell rein SOUB„ to bo provided b ’ Government, In eultnblo locntlono within th. otu y ««"■ lor onmpllng end tooting ol »ntor enmploe river, 1„ order to determine chemlenl eherneterletlee.Prepare indicative cost est ,-n- >- viii ' - - z: ‘ or tae identify! 2nd. using suitable input/.:utvt dnr. mate benefit/cost ratio 2.._ • „ -cjecta " Projects estimate the approxi Freps re an outline long-term development plan f or the 53Hbelo Plain, recommending priorities for development. x Prepare a Reconnaissance Report on the above activities. Cos t estimates The estimated cost, for -.ogetory purposes only, of the ieconnais sance Study described in 9O1 above, is Birr 1»4 millions, This would include consultants’ staff charges, travel and accom- >□ dot ion costs, local personnel costs, some allowance for heli- cczter charter and the purchase of vehicles and other equipment *bict would become the property 1 7 _D_-. cn completion of the etucy. dl^liminary Study The object of the preliminary study of the i.lwero Project arv - Ubela project arena-23 Collect and study existing dat ,„tcr resources of thc Mwefo (4) above e .) Carry _ ^ui‘e ----------- C Udin8 the moa aIc6 , lond r r«----- o “ scale of 1/10,G covering the . 4 metre contour intervals, of an area of 1300 sq, km, Jwero and Ubela project areas, Horizontal 2 nd vertical control for the orthophoto mapping is to be based on information on the National Datums believed to exist in Itang and Gambela or otherwise tied into the Ethiopian Road ziuthority Datum, The orthophoto mapping is to be complete with title blocks, and village and river acmes, iv; Carry out a reconnaissance soil survey of approximately 20.000 ha in the xilwero project area, based on 1/60,000 scale air-photo interpretation and 1/30,000 scale uncon trolled mosaics. The survey is to include borings or pits at an intensity of at least 1 per 250 hectares, to a deptn of at least 2 m, in order to produce a reconnaissance land classification map at a scale of 1/60,000, v > Make i preliminary assessment of the water resourc the ..lwero catchment, based on existing data and inference and analogy with data for adjacent catchments. '"try out a preliminary study of current , n otice in the area and formulate an ''' :V<;lopmcnt pinn based on the cropfl ely to rlcu ltural be utions- ’ .................................. - • conditionn agriculture Including ,UI nren pf trills progr.immc, of which 2n > irriSAtcd crop trials^ <u '*•’ ohoulfi i. f °r nn c be suitabl , x) Make preliminary recommendations on suitable croppin,-, patter.-, and rotations for rainfed development, and draw up a pro- gramme f<xrthis development.. x) ..sseas the infrastructural requirements for the rainfod project and the agricultural trials area and prepare designs, cost estimates and tender documents for those.. In conjunction v/ith I*iR prepare recommendations on the esta blishment of the crop trials programme.. I ( r h 1 cunwu 1 t an t h .. J. rtlve of the feasibility n b j c rhe eject I?: study ’ ,„t Pr tpehnir*! 1 v pound, and the best of the ava l 1 | p vne’er existing technical and other constraints : n^pini str^tively wo r k a b 1 e ; p C-nnmic^l ly and financially viable -he Fe'"flP1 7 • k<iitv Report should be a comprehensive document . t will C c n ability study, h fellas:- firm the above points to the satisfaction of V..D.. * pnneing agency* Suggested terms of reference for the to be carried out by selected consultants are aerial photography of 20,000 ha (at a contact 1/10,000), ground control C'llect and study any further data available relevant to the land and water resources of the *.lwero Basin, including the 1/10,000 scale orthophoto mapping prepared during the preliminary study. ~erry cut fccele of and orthophoto mapping '-f 10,000 ha (at * 2®, and at hectare). is a scale of 1/10,000 with a contour interval 1/2500 scale of the same area with 2 spot height Plan and height control for the orthophoto to be related to rt or the pho to ° hophoto Villafce and ^‘rry °ut a 5 ’°°0 ha ln th fe ma Pping produced m *Pping is to r iver nameso semi-detailed within the area the same datum used in controlling in the preliminary study- The be complete with title blocks, and a ‘ti Ql Preliminary study, phot u o interpretation and The survey is to include of soil survey of approximately of 20,000 ha previously surveyed based on 1/40,000 contact scale. d 1/10,000 HCnlc ol tlu-pht le overall observation 1 Pinp £i , b v i " to ft ltr ra ti On ° ne boring or pit per 50 ha, compatible with > 6ca lfc of 1/20,000o Particular attention is fc J l licated testing of hydraulic conduct! r «te and available moisture capacity-should be tak e representnt Ive n fnr physic n ^rf)n^ al and chemical analyses. The Roll rurvtv should be correlated ”lth the agronomic surveys r prepuce a land evaluation to suitability subclass level vi thin the context of the ,.0 framework for land evaluatio n-? 1/ tril survey is to include detailed topographic survey cnmple areas to assess land levelling requirements- b <ntinue initiated . nr TV out the programme of hydro meteorological observations in the preliminary study* -an qnc" reservoir area, -li nment s t o detailed topographic surveys at the site of the and along the proposed main canal site of the of the site reliable designs, o Carry out sub-surfnct investigations ligaments, to establish design - ‘- structures o r a programme for further the fci tC8 , ir ‘ ord< the site of the proposed dam along the main canal criteria for canals, drains detailed site investigations and at the major structure to be carried out fcr to provide the subsequent to the feasibility study, detailed information necessary for ^ rfeparation of working designs- x - -rr y° mQr ^eti ut ^urthe nr Li ' 9r* includl etu dies of current agricultural practice finalise the agricultural development ^mrnendations on farming systems, cropping * t%r e 0 niQnQ8em t^onst land preparation and cultural methods, ’ crop protection,and harvesting- ee gns and cost estimates for the main ‘^ne^ring works, on-iarrn outline d an d oth®r • infrastructural aments , ere o 32 e d on rates for similar work in Ethiopia Pdated as necessary- ramework for Land Evaluation’* FaO Rome, 1976(xi) Carry cut an economic >in.l of l.m proponed project, including an assessment i the financial >nd foreign ex change benefits, and a determination of l.m ten Lt/cost ratio, cash flow requirements, and intern J. rate of return for the development * (xii) Carry out a sociological study to assess the pcohreL impact of the proposed project on the rural pop’ 1 atior. , kxiii) Prepare a development plan for the project. (xiv) Make recommendations on the organization and management oz the irrigation project (xv) Prepare a feasibility report on the project covering all th~ above topicso i 10« 3 el im in-ary and Feasibilit y Studies The studies described in paras lOd and 10*2 are expectei t be spread ever a total period of 24 months, incorporating three dry seasons, as indicated on Figure 5* The estimated cost of studies, for budgetary purposes inly, is Birr The estimate includes consultants’ staff charges, travel and accommodation costs, an allowance for small aeroplane and helicopter charter, aerial survey and mapping costs, local per sonnel costs, etCo, and the purchase cost of vehicles and other million* equipment which would become the property of of the studies* % on completion8 11 TERMS C? RE.ERiR.E x ) COST ESTIMATES FOR CONSTR’J0T10N SUPERVISION ..ND N..GE?iLNi 0? R^INi-ED DEVELOPMENT IN -.LKERO It is proposed tlv't the supervision of construction of the by the consultints for the crop trials are?. would be carried out feasibility study. felt that terms ci reference for this work should be prepared picture of the requirements supervieior i is likely to be costs« and an allowance for wo u 1 d b. about 3 this ha 10?; of the construction the rninfed eveiopment given in section 12. 12 Similarly, the preparation of terms of reference for the technical anc managerial support consultancy should await the results of the preliminary study. However the cost of a four year programme is likely to be of the order of birr 2.2 million, atcuming a team comprising the following personnel: senior ..griculturalist/Farm Manager agronomist/Entomologist agricultural Mechanical Supervisor 1CXIM..TE COST OF PROGRAMME OF V70RK Construction of the first irrigation project, assumed to be the ... . era Project, is programmed to commence at about the iddle of year 5. The approximate cost of the first 6 years f the programme is Birr 42.1 million, borken down under the i. ii o Reconnaissance Study _lwero Project Preliminary Study in Gambela Plain and Feasibility Study .--Estimated Cost *000 Birr 11978 prices) 1,370 • . i Detailed Surveys and Site Investigation Final Designs and Tender Documents - ..ccess Road to Project Rainfed Development agricultural Trials .*rea EPID Project Community Services Total for Programme 6 ,900 1 ,800 2 ,000 5 ,000 20 ,658 1 ,912 2 ,056 400 42,09629 13 ’ J^^IFIg^TkQN^R! PROPOSED CHANGE IN PROGRAMME **ND EMPHASIS The flooding of the C»smb<U.a plain is due to the run off from the catchments of the Baro (mainly), the Akobo and the fillo rivers* It will take several years to gather data and tarry out the necessary site investigations and surveys for Comprehensive flood control, irrigation and power projects involving large dams,. The construction of these large dams will be expensive me therefore difficult to justify for flood control and irriga ion onlyi a demand for power is likely to be required in order to justify the cost,and development of irrigated agriculture may therefore have to await the increase in demand for power Large a storage reservoirs will also have implications internationallyo “ - irrigation development of the plain is to proceed in the near future it will have to be carried out on a limited scale without large dams This can be achieved: o <a) by empoldering on the flood plain of the main rivers and pumping for both irrigation and drainage, or Cb) by controlling the smaller rivers such as the Alwero, Ubelr and possibly the Gilo with relatively low embankment damSo This would enable gravity irrigation and drainage of signi ficant areas to proceed while the large rivers were being studied and the demand for power increasedo EUROCONSULT have indicated that only about 5 cumecs could be abstracted for irrigation from the Baro without affecting downstream users. Hence only a limited development of some 5,000 ha is possible without some storage and control of riv:r flows* Fuel for the irrigation and drainage pumps on a polder scheme would have to be transported from Red Sea Ports,some 1650 kms over the mountains to Gambela, to pump a major portion of the irrigation and drainage water while natural resources in the area remained untapped, *• polder scheme on the flood plain would therefore be limited in scale and would not tackle the problem of con- serving Datura! resources, therefore considers polder....... - 30 - schemes to be a last resort, when all other possihi1itinn h — been investigated and rejected, The attention of Hz.LCROW-ULG was drawn to the Alwerc basz'n by paragraph 1*2 page 57 of EUROCONSULT*s Report which when describing areas with a gently sloping to flat topography stated:- •» Topographically, these areas are more suited to irriqeJ^- than sub-unit 1»1, but they are smaller and scattered except in the ^lwero basin where large parcels of th^s 1 land are found, ' Cn further study of the data available on the Alwero basin it appeared that a project for irrigated agriculture could t' carried out which would conserve sufficient water for peremr *' gravity irrigation of at least 10,000 ha of land that could be drained by gravityo It is now felt that it is feasible to control the smaller rivers and provide gravity irrigation and drainage to lata described by EUROCONSULT as the old flood plain amovntirg to about 100,000 to 150,000 hectares mainly above the 425 m con’c- It is considered that such schemes could prove more favour oh'? > than the Itang Project and could be carried out in a shorter time as part of the phased development of the Gambela Plaziio While these smaller flood control, irrigation and dratr.ag? schemes were being undertaken, data could be gathered and sit. investigations carried out for the major flood control and power project on the Baro and experience would be gained of best means of tackling some of the problems of development in the area, The smaller schemes would not be dependent on po ver developments to justify them as might be the case for large on the Baro and on the upper Gilo, They could proceed dently in definitive phases,and the studies, financing and implementation could be timed to meet the development needs of the country. figure 1 gives an indication of how tV.is might be and financial assistance is now required to implement Phase of the programme of agricultural development on |i Plain, - achieves the fire: the Garni ali' r o j c c t Year Tot.l 1 n J /j. 5 6 1 Tctal ..re:. Developed (ha) I Investment Expenditure: Clearing I arm roads » I Buildings .nd construction r erm. machinery & equipment Transport machinery Sub-total Contingencies (10%) Total expenditure (rounded) Total x-rea /armed 1 "4) 1 62 5 1 > L ’ 5 5 . ' > rr f■ r 75 • CC< 400 500 i y 0 8 95 1 i 1/' •>' * / •395 1 i 2,000 ooc- 800 1 .00 ! •:. 24 43 3 424 j . . JJQ L 2,450 245 4,333 433 5,523 552 0,472 640 13 7. 1 1 378 2,695 4,766 6,075 7,122 20,658 500 1,500 3,125 5,250Project Year - Total 1 2 3 Crop Husbandry - Transport vehicles & bicycles Animal Husbandry 68 100 168 - Transport vehicles 66 99 165 Sub-total Contingencies (10%) 134 13 199 20 333 33 Total Investments 14? 219 366■f I < i ■* Table A Initial Staffing and Farm E q uipments for Trial Farm sent Staff, Equipment agronomist 2 x 60 HP Tractors Farm Manager Equipment for land preparation Mechanic cultivation, plant protection Tractor drivers ; Foreman Labourers and harvesting Generating equipment 2 x pick-up (4 WD) Irrigation pumps (initial phase) Casual labour Cther staff requirements would be programmed during the feasibility studyo t-tirr.e Staff agricultural Economist Specialist Staff as required Housing * Standard Uni ts 2 L Standard 6 Labour 10 (Buildings Store and Office Workshop Tractor shed Oil shed Barn with mill Concrete yard or free draining hard core Threshing floori’ll i n ' I )! ( . t I K II t I >• • i I n4 J■1 ' (VI '. 1 1 ' * L1 (Bln ’000) 1 Project Year I Total \ 1. 2 3 5 6 4 & 1 f Reconnaissance r-tvey [ Preliminary study "v«d feasibility stuey L Detailed survey -.nd site investigation ! Final design -nd. tendering h ...ccesc road - licultur al Trials area 5 .1 cro R^infed Development !' EPIj Pro; r :.r.mie : (i - capital expenditure b E - operating costs j Community services 1 Total 700 1,62.5 670 3,275 3,000 147 262 2,000 2,000 945 2,695 7.19 35 7 240 1 1,800 7,000 645 4,766 322 6,075 7,122 357 160 357 357 1,370 J 6,900 1,800 .'.,000 3,000 1,912 20,658 - 366 1,690 400 2,325 7,354 8,456 9,728 6,754 7,479 42,096—Z x..llo•■rance for cost escalation over the investment period - Inflation factor - Cost escalation 1.00 - 1.10 735 1.21 1,776 1.33 3,210 1.46 3,107 1.61 4,562 13,390 - Including custom duties amounting approximately Birr 1,000 on farm and transpott machinery for Trial Farm, ^lwero Rainfed Development and EPID Project.s
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