Ministry of water resources, basin Development siudx Department Osaden Basin Reconnaissance Phase smch
THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
OGADEN BASIN RECCONNAISANCE PHASE MASTER PLAN
Volume III: Agriculture
A-Agronomy/Crop Produciion B-Livestock Production
C-Range Land Management
D-ApiculturePreface
The dry’ basins reconnaissance phase study has been conducted by the experts pulled out from the basin development study department Data collection and rapid field visit was made for three dry basins simultaneously viz. Ogaden. Aysha and Denakil between June and August 1999. then the report production was almost completed in May 2000.
The report is divided in to VI volumes made up from works conducted during the study' phase. Each volume has sections depending on die details of die sector.
Volume 1            Executive Summan
Volume II
Volume III
Volume IV
Natural Resources Agriculture
W ater Resources
Volume V
Volume VI
Socio-Economs Environment
Li2>t of experts produced diese report arc.
Eyilachew Yitayew Abebe Gulma Solomon Mengistu Amare H. Selassie Fekaluned
Sintay ehu Tilahun Mckonncn Worku Isay as \\ .Mariam thrum Admasu
Belay Tegegr. Wubshct Alemaychu Abnel G.Medhin
< hAMlU IXCUCilC Melaku
Geuchew Beyene Yevesus Work Bekele
Geology and Mineralogy
Soil sun ey and Land evaluation
Land use Cov er
Forestry and Energy
Wildlife and Tourism
Agronomy
Livestock. Range land. Apiculture and fishery Ily drology
Hydrogeology
Dams and Hydropower Irrigation and Drainage Geolechnicis and Infrastructure
Xgl'luU.lul J* .u.UiK?n*lU >
Demography
Soil and Water Consenation Environment and Environmental HealthTABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Background And Introduction
l.l   Background
1.2 Introduction.
Locationi
Climate2 
Vegetation2 
Soils3
Farming System3
2.0 Agriculture
2.1 Cultural Practices
Use Of Legume Inter Crops
2. Use Of Water Harvesting Techniques.....
3. Short Term Crop Varieties
1
I
1
5
7
7
8
2.2 Available Agricultural Support Services-......................................................................................... 9
2.3 Potentials To Improve Crop Production10
Abbreviations........................................................................................................ -'
1. Background and Introduction l
2. 
The Project area
References
agriculture/Crop
Production
In
12Table of Contents
1.       Background and Introduction
1.1       Background 
1.2      Introduction 
2. AGRICULTURE/CROP PRODUCTION IN
THE PROJECT AREA
2.1       Cultural practices
2.2       Available Agricultural Support Services
2.3       Potential to Improve Agricultural/' Crop Production
Annexes
Annex-1-         Somalia Region Map Annex-2-         Jijiga Zone Climatic Data
2.1       Jijiga Woreda
Page
1
1
1 -3
4-6 6-7
7
A-l
2.1 .a Average Monthly Rainfall (1991 -94) A-2
2.1 .b Monthly total pan Evaporation A-3
2.1 .c Monthly Wind Velocity 2.2       Harshin Woreda
A-4
2.2.a Average Monthly Rainfall (1984-94                 A-5 2.3.      Kebir Beyah Woreda
2.3. a Average Monthly Rainfal1 1983-9                    A-6 Annex -3-        Degehabour Zone
3.a-      Average Monthly Rainfall-1984-94                            A-7
Annex-4-         Mean Plot Yield of Vegetable crops at Jijiga Nursery -1993-94
A-8
21 0 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION
1.1     BACKGROUND
The development policy of the country, which is agricultural based industrialization together with  the need  for integrated  food  security  strategy  and  the underutilized irrigation  potential of the region  calls for some son  of agricultural development intervention in the region. In view of this the water resources development ministry envisaged to undertake agricultural development project in the dry basins of the region. And therefore, the report is part of this initiative, which arms at mailing reconnaissance study  on  the existing  crop  production  system and  the potential for agricultural development with emphases to irrigated agriculture is the region.
To  effect the initiation  the department (RBDSD) organized  a team composed  of different experts and  gave assignments based  on  the assignment preparatory  desk “office works were done for the field work. This report, therefore includes works of the crop production made at office and field visit.
The methodology adopted to prepare this study includes
Literature review,  visits and  discussion  to  different governmental and  non governmental organizations, and questsonar’re. Through the use of these methods this report is prepared for the crop production part.
1.2     INTRODUCTION
The project of this report encompasses the area in the dry basins of the Somalia region and the following are some features of the region 5 project.area
LOCATION
The Region 5 is located between 3° 33’ and 11° latitude, 39° 03’ and 48° East longitude bordering Afar region and Djiboutti State in the north, Kenya and Somali States in the south, Oromia region in the west and Somalia State in the East with an area coverage of 271,970.91 km . Most part of the are of the region fall in the altitude range of 500 to 1600 meters above sea level, with annual average rainfall range of 300-500 mm. and
2temperature range of 20-45 °c. Based on these factors, basically the altitude the region 
is divided  into  four parts,  viz “Harur” which  covers 55% of the total area and  los
<500m altitude; “Kola” with  latitudinal range of 500-1500m and  covers 25%;
woinadega with 15% coverage and 1500 to 2500 altitude, where as the remaining part
is Dega; with 2500  m altitude and 5% coverage. The map showing the area where the
+
basin of our interest is annexed (Annex-1).
CLIMATE
The region is located in Arid and Semi-arid Zone with a great climatic influence of winds from water resources and high lands- nearby.
That is, its proslimity to the maritime influence of the Gulf of Aden and the Indian ocean to the north and east and the cool air currents blowing from the high lands of Ethiopia to  the north  west.  Therefore,  in  general the area has a most-dry  climate. Rainfalls wary in intensity and duration; geographical distribution is both localized and also erratic. It is often very local and usually unevenly distributed over the wolo area. The main  dry  season  (locally  Known  as “Jilaal”) occurs between  October and march.climatic data for stations in the specifil woredas,viz Jijiga (Annex 2.) Harshin (Annex-2.2). KebriBeyah (2.3) of Jijiga zone and that for Degeha bur zone (Annex-3) are attached.
Climatic data for stations in the specific woredas, VIZ Jijiga (Annex 2.1), Harshin (Annex-2.2), KebriBeyah (2.3) of Jijiga Zone and that for Degehabur zone (Annex-3) are attached.
VEGETATION
Generally the vegetation type of the region varies from dense to scattered Shrub- land with grass.
The dominant grass species are chrysopogon  aucheri,  Heteropogon  contorties, Cenchrus cilaris chymbopogon  Sp.  Dactylactenum agypticum,  Hyperrhenia Sp. Bolhriachloa radicans. Leptothrium Semegalbnsis, Tetrapogon tenllus and Tragus Sp. The common woody species are Acacia etabica, A.Senegal, A.brevispica.
2A.drepanolobium,  A.mellifera,  Boswellia  Sp.  Balanites  spp,  Dichrostachys  cinerea, Combretum molle, Delonix elata, Ziziphus Spina christ; and Rewia Villosa.
The range resources of the region are over exploited in some areas where there are permanent water and settlement camps, the high potential ranges are located near or on main drainage line and in the valleys. Where precipitation and moisture is bener.
The woody species are also wide spread and highly concentrated in these sites. The grasses common to this area are annuals with few perennials having ephemeral growth after a showers of rain.
SOILS
Studies indicate that limestone dominates the geology of the project area. These line stone rocks are the parent material giving rise to a complex of soil types which are in the major part neutral to Alkaline in ph.the some study indicated that the western pan the project area has extensive areas of vertisol coupled  with  reasonably  assured precipitation are used widely for crop production. Other soil types consists namely of the intensely cropped luvisols and flvisols. Analysis of soils in these areas showed low nitrogen and phosphorus levels.
FARMING SYSTEM
The region can easily be categorized as an agro-pastorial farming system area where pastoralism is more important than crop production through it has large arable and especially for dry land agriculture.
Study report of the south East range lands project indicate that, the project area is essentially a large portion of the total dry-land area of Ethiopia accounting for 46% of the total arable land. Despite this, potential it contributes to less than 10% of the total crop production in the country. However, the problems of dry land agriculture are many  and  varied,  they  relate to  climate,  soils,  crops,  fodder,  fuel wood  and  socio economic aspects.With regard to the main concern of this report, crop production study reports show that- in  the extensive Figgie plains seasonal precipitation  may  be adequate for crop production  but the continuous sweep  of strong  winds results in  evapo- transpiration exceeding precipitation and consequent soil moisture stress.
Crop production is more suited to the better rainfall areas of the north western region of the project area and livestock to the comparatively drier areas. Despite the risks to crop production  in  the semi-arid  areas limited  cropping  does take place and  traditional systems are employed to minimize the risk of crop failure.
Because of the low returns for labor, high value crops with assured cash income such as “chat” or “chat” (catha edulis) are intensively cultivated much of this crop is grown under water harvesting and spreading system with large labors imputs for weeding and associated cultural practice (harvesting pruning). In most cases where ‘’chat” is grown it is intercropped with maizes “chat” occupying the ponds (water line) and maize the funds; In  this experience it is found  that maize produces well under this fanning system.
Despite this tendency  to  focus on  a reliable cash  crops such  as “ chat “ many agropastoralists are committed to growing cereal and legume crops (both fodder and grain) either as solo  crops or intercropped  in  order to  supply  grains for human consumption and stovers and foodder crops for animal feed mainly during the long dry season extending from October to mach. Therefore, these locally adopted techniques can be modified and strengthened to increase crop production in these area. With regard to the land use there is 300-400 thousand hectare area potentially irrigable where as at present only 6 to 7 thousands are under irrigated crop production. There is an estimated area of 6 million hectare potential for rainfed agriculture but farmers cultivated only 390 thousand hactares. There are four big rivers, viz wabi-shebele, Genale, Dawa and Weyib  in  the region  which  could  possibly  used  as source of moisture for crop production. Also there are many choices of crops to be produced in the project area both  under rainfed  and  irrigation  agriculture,  Maize,  Wheat,  Barely,  Sesame and sorghum are crops for irrigated agriculture, where as sorghum, Maize, Barley, Pulses, oilcrops and horticultural crops are suitable for ranifed agriculture.
4Therefore, taking there experiences and resources there is high potential for increasing crop  production  in  the region  of Somalia under irrigated  agricultural development program
2.0 AGRICULTURE
2.1      CULTURAL PRACTICES
Land preparation is practiced by oxen (drought power) and manually is the private holding farm where as in government owend farms it is mechanized, tractor is used .
According to the 1997/98 (1990 E.C) agricultural sample survey of the region ‘CSA’ and other sources of information the total meher cropped area by private holdings is 552,700  hactares,  out of which  530  hactares is undress irrigation  where as the remaining is rainfed. From the total cropped area cereals cover 49.560 ha. (89.6%) maize being the leading crop covering 22150 ha (40%) followed by sorghum (20570ha; (37.2%) ,  barley  and  wheat with  4180  ha (7.56%) and  2,470ha (4.47%) share respectively.
Seeding- planting  as solely  manual insignificant use of improved  seeds,  However, efforts are underway to introduce the use of improved seeds both by the governmental organization  BOA (Bureau  of agriculture) and  Non- governmental organizations ‘No’s’.
With regard to the use of fertilizers in 1990 EC only 800 her of the private holdings use fertilizers with  high  proportion,  460  ha (57.5%),  being  natural fertilizer and  the remaining being artificial fertilizers. On the other hand for the same year the total area irrigated by private holders was 530 ha, out of which cereals particularly Maize taking 43.4% where as the permanent crops share is (47.1%).
Survey  reports also  indicate the amount of improved  and  local seeds utilized. According by the 1990 E.C agricultural sample survey should that 240 quintals and 26450 quintals of improved and local seeds were used in the region, respectively in the meher season.
5Weeding is a manual practices, however information indicate that it is not significant problem in  the production  systems compared  to  other factories hampering  crop production.
The major production  limiting  factors are nomadic nature of the people,  limited capacity  of the agricultural bureau  'AOB' to  provide extension  services,  the climate moisture stress, poor seed varieties, soil fertility problem especially in the high lands and insect pests, Wevils, Bellies, Cutwarms. Shofly, Stal barers, Americal bollwarm, termites and army warm are the major insect pestes attributing to crop damage in the area steam and leaf rusts are found to be the diseases attacking the majors crops in the area.
Under such production condition the people especially in wine woredas of the three zones Jijiga. Shimili, Warder zones produce crops with average yield estimates of 10-
15 quintals of Maize, 8-12 quntaies of Sorghum. 8-12 quntals of Wheat and Barley and 6-8 quntaies of plusses per hactare of crop area. With regard to vegetable crops piot yields  at  Jijiga  centered  Nursery  and  recommendations  of  the  trial  are  annexed (Annex4).
Ingenaral, in reference to crop production, existing experiences and research results obtained from Gode experimental station has shown the distinct possibility of growing crops twice a year in the project area. And also studies indicate that there is a great potansiol of improving  agricultural production  through  refining  the existing  several local practices. Examples of the existing local practies that are basically sound, but need some refinement include.
6,»
■ .L\ &
■■ V
USE OF LEGUME INTER CROPS
Information collected indicate that some areas are fully utilizing this system, especially those on sandy, low fertility sandy soiles synchronization miniatures far planting and cropping duration have already worked out.
improvements based  on  work  done in  other areas,  that would  need  testing  locally include the planting of strips of either crop at optimum spacing far each, so as to avoid competition which is much higher in semi arid areas.
2. USE OF WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES
These are widely used and is some cases very effective so that in areas where land use data claims that annual crops can not be grown, perennial crops like ’chat. Collection of water is sometimes too  efficient and  in  a heavy  reinfall can  not cope with  the additional water resulting in erosion and lass of soil small intensive methods have 'tied' ridges that can allow surplus water to low out of the area with out damage.
Potential interventions in these areas include the use of drop structures that have been recommended for field use and the use of effective lay out measures and contouring .
73.        SHORT TERM CROP VARIETIES
This is one of the main methods to utilize a restricted cropping period. Farmers are currently  using  a very  short duration  maize line-variety  ‘Dhiba- with  early  season production to avoid pest attack. However, production is mainly monocropping, so that under the low input unfertilized system yields are restricted.
Interventions include rotation and intercropping which trials have been shown to be effective.
In  general studies especially  those of the south- East range lands project (SERP) indicate that dry  land  Agronomy  must be assigned  at the needs of the farmers concerned,  most of whom will be livestock  owners.  This involves in  integrated approach between sections and disciplines, such as the joint on-farm feeding play a vital role to bring about increased and improved crop production.
Soil and water are perhaps the most critical factors of dry land agriculture, with out them there is no  production.  Typically  with  arid  and  semi-arid  areas,  erosion  is occurring at an ever increasing rate, and is now a recognized factor of concern in the rural areas, but these problems are beyond the capacity of agropostorasists the selves to handle.
In  conclusion,  development is never possible by  projects acting  alone,  And  only succeeds when benefits to interventions are clearly recognized by the people involved who there adopt and carry them out with out any external input, therefore, only project aiming at improving the cultural poverty under use or to bring in new techniques- practices should coincides such approach.
82.2     AVAILABLE AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT SERVICES
The agricultural support services mainly focus on imput supply and extension services. 
The Zonal Agricultural office under the regional bureau  of agriculture is the main source of external imputs such as seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which are supplied to farmers on credit basis. Farm tools are mostly purchased from the markets, as well as acquired from village crafts man. As the supply of inputs from the ministry of agriculture ‘MOA’ is inadequate, farmers of the study sites also purchase inputs from the open market. However, inputs like chemical fertilizers and pesticides are not sold in adequate amount in the markets or are available. Certain Non Governmental organizations "‘NGO’s’ like save the Children Fund (UK) and oxfam occasionally supply seeds and farm tools occasionally as a relief aid farmers.
The input supply situation, both interms of quantity supplied and the functioning of the distribution net work, was found to be poor. Farmers have to collect imputs from the woreda offices of the ministry of agriculture and transport them to their Villages by camels and donkeys back. These inputs are therefore not easily accessible to all the farmers. Besides, the supply is reported to be inadequate, as well as untimely. Despite the free market policy adopted by the current government, there inputs are still not adequate by sold in the market, The farm tools available in the market are reported to be less efficient as compared to the ones provided by the ministry of Agriculture and NGO’s.
With regard to extension services, transfer of appropriate production techniques, the ministry of agriculture make efforts and NGO’s in the region play their pan to this effect. However studies reponed that the services are not adequate and not coordinated among the different parties, the government and NGO’s, as well as among the NGO’s themselves.
There fore, there is a need to coordinate the effort and increase the service by both parties.
9Information  from the region  indicate that there are many  NGO’s involved  in agricultural development activities directly  and  indirectly.  These include save the children  Fund  (SLF) /UK,  SCF/USA,  LWF,  NCA,  Dawa Relief and  Rehabilitation Welfare Society,  Oxfam,  Guardian  and  LUTA.  These NGO’s are involved  in  their activities in  the three Zones,  which  are the major crop  Production,  VIZ Jijiga and shinile.
2.3     POTENTIALS TO IMPROVE CROP PRODUCTION
As indicated in the introduction part only insignificant amount of the arable land is cropped, Therefore, there is sufficient arable land in the basin to effect crop production program further more, there is an ever enhance dry land agriculture and hence studies, trials, researches and training’s to this effect are under way. This will bring about appropriate personnel, techniques “technologies” and systems to improve the existing one and also to bring in improved production system in the Dry basin area.
Finally, it should be noted that this report is prepared based on office work and visit at regional bureaus level through the methodologies explained above. And therefore, as there was no field observation and interaction with the producers themselves it needs further verification through detail studies.
10ALARC           Alemaya Agricultural Research Center
ARRA              Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs
AUA                Alemaya University of Agriculture
BOA                Bureau of Agriculture
CIAT               Centro International de Agriculture Tropical
CSA                 Central Statistical Authority
DDA                Dist Development Agents
DAP                 Diammonium Phosphate
DPPLSA         Disaster Prevention and Preparedness and Labour and Social Affairs EARO              Ethiopian Agriculture Research Organization
FAO                Food and Agriculture Organization
IAR                  Institute of Agriculture Research
ILR1                International Livestock Research Institute JIRDU             Jijiga Rangelands Development Unit
MASL             Meters above sea level
MOA               Ministry of Agriculture
NGO                Non-Govemmental Organizations
PA                   Peasant Association
RCS/E             Red Cross Society of Ethiopia
RRC                Relief and Rehabilitation Commission
SCF                 Save the Children Fund -UK
SERP               Southeast Rangeland Project
UNDP             Unitednations Development Program
WRDB                        Water Resources Development Bureau WSSA             Water Supply and Sewege Authority
ZAO                Zonal Agricultural OfficeREFERENCES
Agricultural Research Task Force (AFIF) 996, Ethiopian agricultural research and Training project part 1. Review of the Agricultural System and Recommendation future direction, A.A. Ethiopia.
•    Holt, R 1995 managing and developing the southeast range lands of Ethiopia. SERB report jijiga, Ethiopia
•    Holt ,R, KUchar.P. 1994 proposal for a natural resource, environmental and land use survey of the south east range lands of Ethiopia, SERB report Jijiga, Ethiopia
•    preliminary assessment. ILCA\PC\4\ADD\. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
•    Kuchar, B.1995. Range monitoring and evaluation. Range
•     survey methods. SERB Technical report, Jijiga, Ethiopia.
•    Le houerou, HN. and Haywood.m 1979 Ecological survey Jijiga- Fatten area semi- arid prog. Jijiga proj ILCA Addis Abeba Ethiopia.
•    research and development on cereals, pulses, oil crops, horticultural crop sand
•    livestock, final draft Alemaya University of agriculture, Alemaya- Ethiopia.
•    college of Agriculture.
•    Peters, DAW 1952 ‘Khat “ us history, botany chemistry and toxicology Pharmacy fourmal MOWRD- Addis Abeba
Richard viner, South East Range lands project ( SERP) report of Dry land Agronomist they 1994 Jijiga Ethiopia cossing, N.J.Bills, J.C and flattery. K.E 1984 cultivation & pastorialism in the jijiga area Jijiga range land development Jijiga Ethiopia.
IAR                 MELKASSA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 12Fasil,F,F
Aben-a.d
Profile 1997 Nazret MARC, Ethiopia
M.D                  Natural Resource conservation strategy 1991 Diredawa Administration region Diredawa
Ethiopia
C.S.A               Agricultural sample survey 1997/98
Volume III statistical Bulletion 1998 A.A Ethiopia
•    Agricultural Investment opportunity in somali Region - Profile Investment Bero of Jijiga Ethiopia
•    Save the Children fund-UK, Integrated food security project somali National regional state yearly progress report January 1999 Jijiga- Ethiopia.
13Dec 
Nov 
RAINFALL                  MONTHLY                   JIJIGA-AVERAGE 
1981-1994 
Oct Sep Aug Jul 
-2 
A 
JUn May 
Apr Mar Feb 
Jan 
150 
125 
-100 
75 
50 
25 Dec 
Nov 
Oct 
1981-1995 Evaporation 
Pan 
Total 
Jijiga-Monthly 
Sep Aug Jul 
Jun May 
Apr Mar 
Feb 
Jan 
250 
200 
150 
100 
50 
0 
M.M Dec 
Nov 
Oct 
VELOCITY 
WIND 
MONTHLY 
MEAN 
JIJIGA 
1983-1995 
Sep Aug 
Jul 
Jun 
May 
Apr 
Mar 
Feb 
Jan 
16 
14                       12 
8 
6 
2 
Khr Dec 
Nov 
HARSHIN-AVERAGE                                   RAINFALL                  MONTHLY 
1984-1994 
Oct 
Sep 
Aug 
Jul 
May 
Apr 
Mar 
Feb 
Jan 
150 
125 
100 
75 
50 
25 
Milimeters Dec 
Nov 
Oct 
RAINFALL MONTHLY 
1983-1991 -AVERAGE KEBRIBEYAH 
Sep Aug 
Jul 
A-6 
Jun May 
Apr Mar Feb 
Jan 
120 
T00                         30                     80 
40 
20 
0 
MILIMETER Dec 
Nov 
RAINFALL 
MONTHLY                  AVERAGE                  DEGEHABUR 1984-1994 
Oct Sep 
Aug 
Jul 
Jun May 
Apr 
Mar 
Feb 
Jan 
-\griculture r 
Management Production 
D-Apiculture 
Land 
C-Range 
Production          A-Ágronomy/Crop 
B-Livestock 
Agricuiture 
ii: Volume 
BASIN OGADEN 
MINISTRY  OF 
PLAN 
MASTER RECCONNAISANCE  PHASE 
RESOLRCES 
REPUBLIC      OF DEMOCRATIC 
WATER 
ETHIOPLA 
FEDERAL 
THE PRODUCTION 
LIVESTOCK 
ONE 
PART SCRP Raised        by  Vegetations 
Raised       by  Seeding 
Forage & 
2:Type   of 
Types    of 
Annex       : 3 
HFH 
Other 
Annes 
1:Reference 
Annex 
Constraints.   Development 
Related      to 
Strategy 
Livestock 
Development 
Livestock 
and    Policy 
13 
12 
22 22 
21 20 19 
18 
7 16 16 15 12 10 
9 6 
Livestock 
Products 
Rate   Off-take 
Routes 
Livestock & 
Trade Livestock 
Marketing     of 
Main 
11.4 
11.3 
11.2 
Arca. 
Market 
Marketing 
Watcr Feed 
11.1 
Rcquircmcnt. Requirement 
10.2 
11 
Livestock. 
Requirement    of 
Water 
and 
10.1 
Fecd 
nutrition 
Local  Productivity   of 
Health 
Animal 
Animal 
Breeds 
Density. Popuiation Resources. 
Livestock 
and 
Type 
Bureau     Development (BOA). Agriculure 
Systems. Production 
Resource 
Livestock 
Livestock 
Water 
3.9 
3.8 
3.7 
3.6 
10 
9 
8 
7 
6 
5 
4 
(WRDB).. 
University     of 
Bureau    of 
Alemaya 
Regional 
Al-Nejah. 
Oxfam. 
4 4 4 3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
(AUA).. Agriculture (SCF-UK). 
Fund Children 
the    Save 
(HFH). 
3.5 
3.4 
(SERP). 
Project       Development 
Rangeland 
East Southern 
Hom 
For 
-
Hope 
Development 
(OWS) 
Livestock 
Welfare Society 
Involved    in Institutions 
Ogaden 
3.3 
3.2 
3.1 
Study. 
Introduction 
CONTENTS 
Methodology                 The                      of 
3 
2 1 4 
Livestock             Unit Rangeland 
Iropical 
Project      Development 
East 
South 
Ruminants 
Fund Children 
Petit 
Des 
the 
Save 
Society 
Welfare 
Ogaden 
Peste 
Orgarisation  Governmental 
Non 
Resources Agriculture 
Water 
Minimum Energy   Metabolic 
Maximum 
Ministry      of 
Ministry       of 
TLU SERP 
SCF PPR 
OWO NGO 
MÌW 
MOA Min 
ME 
Max 
Science Disease 
Master     of 
Skin   Lympy 
Liter 
Livestock International 
Kilogram 
LSD 
la Lt 
Kg 
Institute 
Africa 
Research 
Research Agricuitural 
For Centre 
Livestock International 
Hom 
Institute     of 
For 
dness Prepare 
Prevention          and 
Disaster 
Hector 
Hope 
ILRI ILCA 
IAR HFH 
Ha 
Commission 
Development                   Agent 
Matter 
Dry 
DPPC 
DM 
DA 
Protein 
Mleter 
Crude 
Cubic 
cumt 
Pneumonia Pneunonia 
Agriculure 
Caprine Contagious Pleuro 
CP 
Agriculture 
Pleuro 
Bovine    Contagious 
University      of 
Bureau      of Average 
Alemava 
CCPP 
CBPP 
BOA 
AUA 
ABREVIATIONS Livestock 
Market 
of  Rate Off-take 
Livestock & 
Annual 
Jijiga Products    at
Livestock 
Livestock 
of  Price 
15: 
14: 
Table 
Table 
Requirement    of 
Water 
13: 
Table 
(1994-1996) 
SERP 
BOA & 
Treated       by 
Vaccinated & 
Animals 
Number     of 
12: 
Table 
Basin 
Ogaden 
the    Livestock     in 
Mortality      of 
11: 
Table 
Brccds 
Local Productivity    of 
10: 
Tablc 
Density Population 
Livestock 
9: 
Table 
Coniext 
Nalivnal 
the 
Basin 
Pupulation               the             of 
in  Basin 
Livestock 
8:  Table 
Population              the               in 
Livestock 
Totai 
7: 
Tabie 
Zone 
Shinile   Population     of 
Livestock 
Zone 
Gode Population     of 
Livestock 
Zone 
Degehabour  Zone 
Jijiga Population  of 
Population    of 
Livestock 
Livestock 
6:  Table 5:  Table 
: Table  4 : Table  3 
Zone     Warder 
Population    of 
Livestock 
2: 
Table 
Zone    Korahe 
Population    of 
Livestock 
1: 
Table 
TABLES 
OF   LIST SERP 
by  Raise Seeding 
HFH 
Raiscd    by  Vogctablcs 
Other 
and   Foragc 
Type      of 
of  Typc 
References 
.Annex  : 3 
2:  Anncx 
1:  Annex 
ANNEXES Apicuirure 
marketing
health 
Fisheries feed  Animal 
Animal 
production 
.Animal 
Animal 
discipines: 
following 
the 
started     on 
has 
reconnaissance             field 
information. 
visit 
secondary 
the   before 
get 
Addis 
Abeba     to 
Addis 
in 
here   prepared 
MOW,       in 
Questionnaires              were 
MOA, 
IAR, 
IILRI, 
such offices 
as 
various 
library      o> 
rom galhered 
information            were 
relevani 
available 
All 
STUDY 
METHODOLOGY                       THE                            OF 
2 
country. 
Ivestock 
and people 
of   good 
the 
for exploit 
could      be 
which  products 
Iivestock 
anmount     of enomous 
are 
there 
basin. 
the faced    constraints 
deteriorated    to development  is 
the 
Despite 
all 
disasters. 
and 
nafural 
manmade          and 
in  area grazing 
the 
production            lo  due 
apparent            that 
question.          is It 
level      of  lowest 
rangeland 
are 
the 
of 
the 
out 
fisheries 
the 
in  river     perennial 
suitable 
no there   is 
Since activities. 
apiculrural 
invoBved    in 
such    conducve         for 
the 
depend      on 
peopies          are 
basin, 
environment  is 
rangelands.              Few 
the where 
of  arca 
vast 
area 
the 
development             the n 
livestock     in 
various 
rearing    of 
evapotranspiration                     and         high              is 
pastoralist.            thus 
directly  livelihood  is 
arc    basin 
thc 
pcoplc      in 
thc 
the  which 
of 
means 
Almost         all 
negliable.           The 
short. 
very 
practice     is  agronomical period    is growing 
the located 
thc 
of  rate 
region      in 
the 
include 
of  part 
arid 
which 
zones 
in 
basin   is cOvers  countrV, 
The Shirile. 
the 
and Korahe 
of  part eastern 
Jijiga, 
the 
hasin      in 
Degehabour,                  Gode, 
dry   three 
the 
Basin ,  Ogaden 
of  one 
five 
The 
land. grazing 
and      water 
shortage    of 
to due 
suffered 
to  April 
animals         are 
time 
this during 
and period, 
ry 
long 
October       to 
the 
months          are 
from 
rest 
The 
June. 
from 
season 
rain 
main 
include 
which  features 
and 
highly communiies, 
climatic 
different 
the   November           and 
characterised  by 
pastoralist 
semi 
is 
area 
nomadic            and 
The camels. 
season 
and are region 
rain  small 
cattle 
dependant       on 
genctical 
and diseases 
prevalence     of 
feed,   shortage    of 
the 
population     of productivity       are 
inheritance.           The 
low 
for reason 
main 
Thc 
poor. 
are     herds 
iocal     productivity    of 
the 
bur 
milk. 
source      of 
altitude,    in 
mainly      as 
animals 
higher 
kept   people 
The 
significant             role. 
playing 
a    Iivestock    is 
agricultural 
both cases 
zoncs million 
dominant 
fíve   wiuch 
Pastoralism   is 
the 
farming    in 
basin. 
mixed 
the 
dry 
the 
followed     by 
belong      to 
region 
weredas            are 
the 
fifteen 
activity    in 
of  weredas,          out 
forty equines,         56 
and    zones 
nine 
has 
State National 
Sonali 
and 
The 
one 
and    poultry 
million 
million 
goats, 7  million 
35   about estimated 
sheep,        18 
million    camel. 
catie.       24 
milion 
include       30 
livestock 
which 
unit     iivestock 
total 
The svstem. 
tropical 
faming 
million 
crucial 
country   is 
has a economy            and 
population  the 
of 
Ethiopia 
the 
important            in role 
production               an   plays 
peasant 
Lvestock 
the 
in  role 
INTRODUCTION 
1 2 
Development, Development, 
Range 
Infrastructure 
and 
Use 
Land 
-
-
Development, project is 
Instinutional 
Health, 
Production         and 
Extension          and components: 
Animal 
-
folowing 
comprised              the                 of 
the outputs   required 
the   achieve 
order      to 
In 
locations      of 
different 
centres        development                   in area.  project remaining 
establishing 
project    is 
offices,          the 
area. 
branch 
the 
main 
two 
the Cnder 
covering         the 
Gode 
the 
and 
area, Harerge 
245,000 
Eastcrn 
head  project 
covcring          thc 
about 
the   where 
of  arca    estimated 
Sijiga is  Ethiopia. 
Jijiga, 
locatcd    at 
rangeland    of 
officcs 
branch 
covers        an 
Project      Development 
-eastern 
two 
Rangeland 
covering          the south 
situatcd         thc 
quartcr  is 
South-East 
km 
(SERP) 
Project     Development 
Rangeland 
South-East 
3.2 
1 
Action 
with 
zone    Warder 
program    at development 
rehabiitation         and 
Faim. 
integrated 
La   Contre 
Welwel, 
and    Wardwr., 
at  well 
water shallow rehabiliation     of 
cistern   rehabilitation                   at         of 
Geladin, Haramava, 
and Warder, 
Boeh, 
borehols   at 
Jijiga,  Shinille, 
Warder, 
pumps at 
pump at 
hand 
rehabilitation  three  of 
hand  rehabilitation  of 
three 
installation   of 
1 
Shilabo, 
borehole   at construction     of 
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
various 
the 
activities,            of  out 
related livestock   following 
people. 
the 
need      of priority 
the 
the response      to 
carried        out 
been 
acivities,      in 
has        OWS 
sanitation          and 
health,     agriculture, 
1992 established  in 
water, through 
region. 
activities development 
prouramrnes              Ihe                  in 
educalion 
involved DEVELOPMENT 
and 
NGO      indigenous 
Society    is  Weifare 
Ogaden 
and 
relief 
(OWS) 
Welfare Society 
Ogaden 
The 
3.1 
LIVESTOCK 
INVOLVED      IN  INSTITUTIONS 
3 
wereda     is 
not 
seems 
which  reference 
each 
number       of 
livestock 
old 
very 
crude 
from estimated 
different 
sources. however,             the 
available report, 
has    animals 
from     calculated 
number      of 
this 
accurate.      in 
The 
level. 
zonal 
wereda      or 
either     at Ivestock 
number      of vegetation 
cover above 
the 
get   possible      to 
not 
total 
was 
assessment 
interest. questionnaires.                  Visual 
of  area 
the 
mentioned 
made 
at 
were 
the   flled 
resources            and 
thev 
also 
Ivestock 
and 
their arca, 
It 
0I 
production   in 
zonal 
and regional 
livestock 
basin     at 
actvities      of 
the 
of  sites  different 
the interviewed              about 
made 
at 
were experts Concerned 
was 
visit 
field 
the 
on.    Later 
level. 3 
on  and    agro-ecological                   zones, 
different 
found        in sub-station 
its 
at  centre      or Alemaya 
farm. 
different 
either     at  on-station, 
the    from 
drawn 
both 
carried        out 
multid1scipl1nary                         is  that teams, 
activities          are 
university. Research 
executed      by 
the 
faculties      of 
university     in 
1964, Agriculture      in Aftcr    cxtcnsion. 
Research 
wereda. 
Alemaya 
Ministry       of 
limited     to 
the mandate  to 
mandatcs: 
university         are 
extension 
the 
programmes         are 
activities  of  extension 
rcscarch           and 
tcaching, 
triplc 
univcrsity          has 
its 
of  most 
Thc         1985. Alemaya 
transfer     of 
status      of curTent 
upgraded            its          to 
Agriculture          was 
University       of 
(AUA) Agriculture 
University    of 
Alemaya 
3.7 
formal 
areas. 
and   health 
Shinile 
public   supply, 
and 
Gode     Warder, kebridehar,   Degehabour, 
water domestic 
involved    in 
are   NGO's Nejah 
Jijiga, education    at 
local 
This 
Al-
3.6 
ponds. 
10 and 
wells 
dug 
hand shallow 
Eastem 
invoved 
cistern,  23 
returnees  in 
including    13 
refugees           and 
points, 
Somali 
water 
4000 
completed        52 
than 
more 
Oxfam 
supply      to 
emergency               water started 
timne, 
Over    Harerghe. 
been 
has 
then   it 
Since 
1988. 
in  zone     Jjjga 
the working    in 
was Oxfam 
in 
Oxfam 
3.5 
restocking,            and 
support veterinary 
traditional 
primarily 
support    to 
-
dovclopmcnt, 
support, cducational Community                 water 
-
-
the   focusing         on  (iashamo, 
and Dembel 
Seged, 
Harshine,             Fik, 
Awbwre, Kebribeyah, 
activities: 
following 
as   crises refugee 
Jijiga, 
working    al curreniy 
the respond   to 
organisalion    is 
1988      in 
since  region 
The 
the working      in 
war. 
ivil   Somalia 
been   LKhas 
the 
resuli      of 
SCF -
a 
UK) 
(SCF -
Fund Children 
The 
Save 
3.4 
see 
Daror ( 
Rabasso            and 
sites     at nursery Daror, Gashamo, 
two 
from   seediings 
72,000 primary 
about 
raised 
2). annex 
HFH 
The Aware. available            and communitics             the                 in 
and Rabasso 
drug  veterinary 
education    at 
has 
affected 
necessary 
drought 
main supporting       the 
the making 
supply, 
organisation             aims      in 
water 
with 
basic      providing 
area project 
(HFH) 
Horn 
the 
For 
Hope 
The 
3.3 
Administration,         and 
Assistance 
Management            and 
Technical 
Marketing, 
Livestock 
-
-
-4 
staving at 
long 
migrated       to 
are 
rest 
the    vhile 
are    famiy 
water, 
the 
of  part 
and grazing 
some 
that  practice 
search      of  livestock    in 
common 
their 
a is  period   it 
with distance 
dry 
livelihood, 
During         the 
family. 
of   means 
the 
Iivestock        a as 
to  food    additional 
raise interested     to 
generate 
primarily 
practice       to  production is 
are people 
crop the 
whle 
Production 
Crop       Supplement   of 
with    Rearing Livestock 
Here, 
4.2 
agricultural 
where 
area 
JiJ1ga  around 
typical 
system  is 
This stress.  nutritional   vear-round 
out.   carricd cxtensively 
practice     is 
cxpericncc 
per 
cattle 
lvcstock 
number     of 
ruminant 
zone, farming 
and 
high 
by-products.                  this           In 
very   prcssurc     is 
Grazing 
are 
meat 
usually small. 
and 
milk      purposes; 
family     is 
traction 
sorghum, 
for 
kept      primarily 
are cattle 
Here, 
are crops 
oil      and 
puises 
wheat. 
millet. 
nalural 
residue 
common      on 
maize, 
altitude 
Depending        on 
even 
valley 
crop 
are 
Crop 
yraing    is 
grown. hillsides. 
bottoms           and 
area 
this 
quile etc. donkey 
activities       in 
goats, 
sheep, 
while 
land-use 
cattle, 
base, resourCe 
main 
technology.            Ihe 
few holding 
Ieed 
combined            with 
the 
of  buik 
and 
seeds     improved 
farming 
pasture, 
provide  the 
absence      of 
area 
and    practices 
cultivation 
poor 
stress,   moisture 
to due      small 
mosty 
is 
such     as  crops,   various 
unit 
per    crops 
yield       of 
purchase     of 
The 
vegetables         etc. 
and 
sale 
the dependant      on 
fruits,  barley, 
wheat, sorghum, 
mainly 
svstem    is 
maize, 
This 
Rearing   Livestock Supplementary    of 
Production          with 
Crop 
41 
1 
production 
ivestock 
supplcmcntary 
based 
pure   production          and 
production          with 
crop supplement     of 
rangcland              orop                   : 
(pastoralism). 
with  rearing livestock 
condition    of 
livestock rearing, 
climatic prevailing 
the 
on 
of 
thc 
basin 
of  part 
cast 
the     system    in production 
south 
the    rangeland     in 
livestock 
of  area 
type      of distinct 
vast occupics   a 
three 
Basin 
are    There country. 
Ogaden 
The 
SYSTEMS PRODUCTION 
LIVESTOCK 
4 
20  wels, shallow       construction         50 of 
139,000. 
about   population    of 
completed          the 
sering a 
dams, surface 
has WRDB 
inception, 
and 2  wells 
its   Since 
deep 
inflration 
sub-surfacc               dams, 
etc.   cisterns 
ponds, 
wclls, 
like source 
water     traditional 
and intakes 
iver    gallaries, 
development    of 
the  involved  in 
(WRDB) 
been 
dccp 
Bureau          has      Development 
and   shallow construction    of 
Resources 
resourccs, 
Water 
watcr 
Bureau  Deveiopment 
Resources 
Water 
specieS, 
forage 
and 
tree    different 
land.     communal 
scedling   of 
200,000    produced 
hectares      of 
80  plant 
beern 
natural 
planned    to 
nursenes. 
animal  apiculture, 
tree 
manages         wo bureau. 
production,               feed, 
BOA   program, management 
resource 
has 
it ycar 
also 
Tlus 
The 
3.9 
and 
Iivestock 
lIivestock             and 
carried         out 
components  the  of 
Livestock 
Agiculture   is 
region. 
main 
throughout        the 
their  marketing        are 
responsible      to 
Bureau      of  regional 
activities 
the   Inder 
and  health 
reiated 
(BOA)    Agriculture 
Bureau   of Regional 
The 
3.8 camel 
for 
1.0 
shoat      && 
for 
0.1    equine, 
for 
5 
04  cattle, 
for 
0.8    livestock     is 
for 
value 
TLU 
*= 
48121 48121 
9909 38212 
Camel 
3317 
8293 
1708 
6585 
111598 
22979 88619 
Goats 
11160 
28565 285652 
58819 226833 
66345 82931 
17076 65855 
Cattle 
Dehar 
TLU  TOTAL 
TOTAL 
Shekoch 
Kebri 
Equines 
Sheep 
Population  of 
Wereda 
7.one  Korahe 
:Jivestock 
Table   1 
ecology. 
lowland camel 
camel, 
dominated       by 
possibly 
couid 
figure      of 
higher 
2.29       6.66, 
The 
is  that 
basin 
8). (Table   respectively 
the 
nature       of 
equines 
the 
correspond       to 
and 
cattle 
sheep, goats, 
total. national 
for 
1.27 
the 
compared   to 
and 
12.79, 
51.72, includes 
species 
basin     as 
the 
Ivestock    in 
number      of significant 
each percentage     of 
are There 
The 
1-7). 
(see   camels tables 
517176 
and    equines         89130 
goats, 1199403 
expected            be to 
sheep, 3070036 
TL¯*, 
1692813 
about 
number      is  livestock 
891301 cattle, 
total 
ruminants     in 
include 
Ilowever,           the 
number      of 
which area. 
the 
agro-ecological                    nature      of 
the 
depend        on 
basin       is 
component    in 
the 
the 
sole 
the 
is while     it 
and 
comnposition production 
complementary                      crop            for 
herd 
The system. production 
pastoral 
serve      as livestock 
system        mixed-farming 
the 
In 
carmings. 
dung, 
exchange 
foreign 
saving,  investment & 
source     of 
and    residues 
generation, 
crop 
land & 
marginal employnent 
utilisation      of 
transport, draught 
income, 
manure & 
production      off 
source         of 
etc.), 
eggs 
meat, 
(milk, 
food 
quality 
high   power, 
as: 
such   purposes 
varous important            and 
for 
use 
are    They society. 
being       of Livestock      in 
well 
the 
resource         for 
required 
critically 
very 
the 
are    basin 
the 
RESOURCES 
LIVESTOCK 
5 
boundaries. 
international 
movement     of 
cross 
Seasonal  producion. 
may 
they 
common,            and 
milk   principaly        for 
is  water 
and 
feed 
cameis 
search      of 
and 
in  cattie 
goats 
sheep, 
and      people 
cattle, 
keep 
occupies 
they transhuman           and 
semi-nomadic    or 
either production     is 
pastoralists         are crop   rain-fed 
pastoralism, 
and 
the 
of  Most 
areas.       insignificant 
high 
very 
family     is 
land-use     is predominant 
livestock         per 
number     of 
absence     or 
The    systems. subsistence.          The 
wo other 
their 
products         for 
the   compare 
Iivestock 
to 
as 
and Iivestock 
dependent       on 
entirely 
household     is 
production          the 
of  mode 
this 
In 
(Pastoralism) 
Production       Livestock 
Puro 
4.3 
throughout         the 
farming 
view. 
crop 
of   point    ecological 
trend      increasing           of 
from advis
able 
an are th
ere Recently, 
not 
which       is 
system. 
area. 
project 
of  that      than 
higher 
family       is 
per   animals 
number    of 
The 
area.      residential 
permanent 
former 
the Zone   Shinile 
population    of 
Livestock 
Table        6: 
13677 
13677 
13677 
Camel 
3172 
TLU         TOTAL 
2357 
943 
31718 
18856 
23570 
TOTAL 
2357 
31718 
8119 
81186 
81186 
23570 
Equines 
Goats 
Sheep 
Cattle 
Ferfer Wereda 
Zone 
Gode 
population      of 
Livestock 
Table       5: 
185357 185357 
28237 65212 91908 
12778 
42987 
110031 
255556 
TLU       TOTAL 
31944              429869 
1100309             319445 
11239 
4866                   65486               167620 
48664 112387 
158394 
Kebribeyah 
TOTAL 
Harshin 
15839             213147                545579 
Equines 
151236               387110 
Jijiga 
Camel 
Goats 
Sheep 
Cattle 
Wereia 
Zone       J
ijiga Population     of
4:Live
stock 
Table 
99862 
99862 
31651 
37985 
30226 
6884 
17210 
5453 6546 5209 
231596 
23160 
S92800 
59280 
137682 
172103 
TLL      TOTAL 
TOTAL 
73404 
187887 
54548 
Gashamo 
Misrak 
88093 
225485 
65463 
52092 
Degehab
our 
Aware 
70099 
179428 
Camel 
Equincs 
Goats 
Degehabuour  Zone 
Sheep 
Cattle 
Wereda 
Populativn     of 
Livestock 
Table       3: 
140825 
9708 
326593 
42818 
32659 
83596 
194158 
140825 
24271 
835960 
242698 
18463 
46529 
3182 
109600 
276202 
35230 
40603 
6998 
8019 
107907 
94165 
209130 
241028 
31819 
80188 
69976 
TLU       TOTAL 
TOTAL 
Danot 
Geladin 
Warder 
6072 
81703 
60715 
Boh 
Camel            Equines 
Cattle 
Zone 
Goats Warder 
Sheep 
Population    of 2:Livestock 
Wereda Table 7 
TLU      in 
(table       9). 
9.16  Shinile, 
Gode 
4.27    in 
and     Warder 
in  8.70 Korahe, 
TLU      in  Degehabour,                8.76 
is km  biomass          per 
highest animal 
The 
in 
TLU 
9.35    followed      by 
Zone 
Jiiga 
TLU in 
56.29 
9). (table Iivestock 
density  of 
same 
the almost 
have 
Zones 
rest pastoralists.  The 
density  of  smallest 
concentration      of 
correspond               less             to 
could 
the much 
other hand, 
the 
and     sheep 
On  km. 
concentration 
cattle, 
per 
density      of  Iivestock 
Zone human 
owned 
Gode 
overall 
mnore 
animal     in 
to 
The 
due 
zone 
Sijiga 
higher      in 
are    goats 
1.27   % 
Furthermore,  the 
and 6.66% 
2.976, 
equines         are 
and    goats 
sheep, 
). respectively  table 8  ( 
cattle,  percentage  of 
suitablc         for 
of  half  almost 
rearing. cnvironmcnt            is  and 
12.79%, 
camel 
appropriate        for 
more 
is  growth,     it 
bush 
has      basin 
thc 
Sincc      population. 
countrv 
and 
shrub 
which      is 
hostilc 51.72     %  found 
camcl 
the 
populations      of 
camel     is  proportion     of 
livestock 
The 
total   basin 
total. national 
the 
of 4.84     o 
about  constitute 
TLU 
1692813 
The 
DENSITY   POPULATION 
LIVESTOCK 
6 
517176 517176 
29334 13677 
185357 99862 
140825 48121 
Camel 
35652 89130 
5055 2357 
31944 17210 
24271 8293 
119940 1199403 
68029 31718 
429869 231596 
326593 111598 
81186 1100309 
592800 
835960 285652 
307004 3070036 
174129 
713041 891301 
50554 23570 
319445 172103 242693 
82931 
TLU       TOTAL 
TOTAL 
Shinile 
Degehabour 
Jijiga 
Gode 
Warder 
Korahe 
Equines 
Goats 
Sheep 
Cattle 
Zone 
Basin 
The 
Population    in 
Livestock 
Total 
7:  Table 
29334 
29334 
6803 
17413 
40443 
68029 
174129 
50554 
29334 
2022 
5055 
5055 
68029 
174129 
50554 
Camel 
Equines 
Goats 
Sheep 
Catle 
TLU  TOTAL 
TOTAL 
Dembel Wereda feed   quality 
poor  utilisation      of 
and   ability, resistance 
scat 
the 
perod     of 
prolonged          dry 
well 
the during 
<lisease 
its 
known      bv 
brccd    is 
catle 
This months, 
include      characteristics               : 
10 length 8 lactating 
productívity 
vears, 
-4 
cahing 3 
first 
at  age        vear, 
1.5 
inicrval        - 1 is 
caving 
Other 
season. 
wet 
in It. 
3 to up  season       to 
dry 
during 
It.    0.5 
from 
varied 
yield 
milk 
The 
difficult 
adapted     to 
dual-purpose 
colour. 
body 
good 
white 
regarded 
a as 
has conditions          and                  environmental 
breed    is 
This 
yield. 
meat 
population      in 
and 
milk 
its 
for 
the 
resemble     to 
which     Bos-Indicus 
the 
belong     to 
basin     is 
the 
well animal 
Boran rype 
cattle 
Breeds /Types 
following 
Cattle 
The 
7.1 
1 
breeds      predominant               / 
the 
far, 
niches.      So 
area. 
project environmental 
the within identified 
are types 
prevailing 
be  expecIed      to 
is 
iivestock 
characteristic      of 
particular 
conditions         a of 
the zones, ecological 
vanious exhibited 
the 
related       to 
area project 
the   Since 
BREEDS 
LOCAL   PRODUCTIVITY      OF 
AND 
TYPE 
7 
1225 1657161 
935 
93993 
2.92 9334 
6.77 
68029 17.22 
174129 
3.03 
50554 10052 
Shinile 
4.27 
43824 
56.29 
593931 
17.57 
km per 
319984 
916 
451238 
70  8 
154191 
76 8 
TLU 
Total 
TI.I 
82 3 
1.33 
2.86 
140825 
2.71 
2.73 
km per Came! 
$17176 
185357 
74 40 
99862 
6.63 
camel 
6.29 
km pcr    Goats 
Total 
goats 
Total 
199403 
8.86 
69 
13677 
3.09 
31718 
7.90 81186 
2.29 
23570 10275 
Gode 
429869 
104.27 
1100309 
231596 
1697 
592800 
326593 
1611 
48121 6.37 
111598 16.23 
285652 
km' 
per Sheep 
3070036 
6.59 
891301 135297 
30.27 
319445 
10552 
Jyiga 
835960 
172103 
34933 
Degehab. 
4.93 
242698 
S1885 
4.68 
Warder 
4.71 82931 17600 
Korahe 
Total sheep 
km per Cattie 
(km) 
cattle 
Area 
Total 
Total 
Tota! 
9:  Table 
1692813 
51.72  517176 
TLU    TOIAL 
Camel 
Equinc 
6.66                                1199403 
12.79  3070036 
2.29  891301 
1.27 
89130 
Densily Popuiaion  Livestock 
35000000 
1,000,000 
7,000,000 
18.000,000 
000    24.000, 
30.000,000 
Goats 
Sheep Catle 
Percenlag
e 
Basu: 
otal 
Basun 
Total  Cowntn 
Spenes
Coniexi 
National 
The 
in  Basin 
Population 
The                      of 
Livestock 
Table        8: Caprine    Contagious 
pox, 
Sheep 
Mouth, 
Pleuropneumonia,                          and                Foot 
Bovine 
Contagious 
which     prouction 
like    diseases 
animal 
constraint      in 
reported           that 
important 
is  production             It  loss. 
most 
second 
and arimals 
the 
diseases     is 
of   death 
cause Animal 
HEALTH 
ANIMAL 
8 
12 
16  14-
lambing 
kidding 
first 
first 
at  Age 
at  Age 
goats 
6  sheep 
day 
per camel 
service     of 
service      of 
first 
first 
at  Age 
at  Age 
lt.    0.4 
It.    2.7 
0.35 -
day 
per goats 
per 
per 
vield 
yield 
Milk 
Milk 
camel 
goats cattle 
18.7 
It.   1.4 
7.8 
1.9 
5.7 
day 
per       cow 
length    of Lactation length  of Lactation 
length     of Lactation Caiving 
interval 
per 
yield 
Milk 
first 
at  Age 
at 
Age 
-39 
48 -45 36 
36 
cow 
bull 
calving service         for 
service         for 
first 
first 
at  Age 
(months) Productivity 
Parameter 
Production 
Breeds 
Local    Productivity    of 
: 10  Table 
parameter : production 
potentiality          to  due 
have 
yield      following 
their  below 
The factors. interaction 
far also 
and 
management      or environmental, 
considering              aries 
recorded 
low 
breeds    is 
local     productivity   of 
genetical, 
The 
exist.   couldn't 
adverse type.      dromedary 
breeds livestock 
the resist 
other    where 
animal      one-hamped                  of 
to helps     it  camel 
area 
Somali 
the 
in 
very 
well 
the 
stay 
population             the                  in 
of  size 
condition             to  and                environmental 
are    basin 
body 
huge 
camel 
and 
leg    long 
the 
of Al 
The 
Types Breeds/ 
Camel 
maniy 
foreign 
has    breed 
of  type Somali 
The     Deghiyer. 
Deghier     or 
refered    as 
colour. 
type     is 
body 
goat 
7.4 
while 
The 
Types 
Breeds / 
Goat 
7.3 
berter base    broad 
a  has 
and    Sheep 
Somali 
Head 
Black 
called 
usualiy 
countries. 
breed    is 
gulf This 
demand       in 
flled 
a  has 
tail 
The 
ype. rumpled 
predominantly           flat              a 
Sheep    is 
Somali 
fat. 
with 
Types 
Breeds / 
Sheep 
The 
7.2 10 
Dermatoplilosis,  ctc. 
Bovine  Pasteurelosis, 
Brucellosis,       Pleuropneumonia, 
Contagious diseases. 
Caprine 
distribution  of 
and 
are diseases 
common 
and   seasonal 
Other 
according     to 
the 
throughout         the 
organised 
suppies        are production 
vaccine 
incidence    is 
disease 
However, 
region. 
reduction     of 
and 
livestock           loss 
cause 
which category 
this   diseases     in 
main 
the 
Blackleg         are 
and   Anthrax 
Diseases  Mycoplasmal 
Bacterial            and 
limited.   distribution    is 
and   sporadic 
incident. 
hertwater      is 
minute 
example, 
8.3 
With 
occur 
also 
Babesiosis     is 
and     Jijiga  Shihile, 
its 
,for  disease 
Zones.   Degchabour 
problem       in 
serious 
discase      a is 
1 
this   indicated           that             organisation 
Other 
same 
Iivestock  important 
the   from 
results Research 
most   Trypanasomiasis     is 
cattle. 
the 
and     camel 
both 
mainly affect 
and 
basin 
the 
disease        in 
Rickettsial 
Protozoal          and 
8.2 
mycuplasmal,               viral, 
the 
in 
common 
endouparasilic           and 
protozoa          and 
ccoparasilic         are 
like    diseases 
office 
SERP 
the    from obtained 
document 
area. project 
and bacleria rickellsial, According     to 
the 
Diseases 
Livestock 
Local      Important further 
8.1 
drugs.   veterinary 
purchase     of 
re-used        for 
be 
income          will 
sales 
sold, 
drug      veterinary 
are 
drug 
adopted 
when    system, 
have 
SERP 
this 
system.      In 
Agriculture           and 
fund    revolving 
Bureau     of 
based      on 
procedure 
suppBy 
activitics survcillancc 
Gode. 
from 
Both 
other 
ficld mobilc 
supportcd      by 
started 
disease undertake 
thc 
and 
Jijiga 
from laboratorics 
onc 
units      production 
also 
has section 
animal 
veterinary 
haematology           and 
two 
SERP 
parasitology, 
The 
capacity. 
bacteriology, 
full 
operation       at 
the 
processing.  It 
has 
milk 
camel 
trypanosomiasis, 
Jijiga       by consirucled    in 
and 
tuberculosis, 
clinic      laboralory 
The 
on 
investigation 
have that    reported 
underlake 
engaged     lo 
constructed 
six 
Agriculture 
clinics. 
has 
additional              four 
Department    of 
construct 
Regional 
SERP   is 
planned  to 
activities. 
The 
has 
and   clinics    veterinary 
use    land 
centres        in development 
and    services extension 
activities, 
veterinary 
carried 
out 
region       to 
the 
of  zones 
constructed       26 
services   veterinary 
seven 
providing 
(SERP)         are 
Project Rangeland 
has 
SERP 
region. 
East 
throughout          the 
South 
Agriculture             and 
Bureau      of 
Regional 
The 
foreign 
markets. 
Lcto-Parasites 
Septicacmia, 
the 
breeds        in 
Ilaemorrhage 
acceptability                 local             of 
the   limited 
Cndo-Parasites 
are 
Tuberculosis, 
and 
Water, 
Heart     Brucellosis, 
Leg, 
Black    Anthrax,          Pleuropneumonia, 11 
SERP 
* 
147108 
41374 
17991 30700 57043 
source = TOTAL 
41374 179910 
307003 71304 
TLU 
in  Loss 
animals 
of  Loss 
number          of 
517176 1199403 3070036 
891301 animals 
15 
10 
Camel Guals Sheep 
Cattle 
Tota! 
Rate* Mortality 
Species 
Basin    Ogaden 
the   Livestock     in 
Mortality      of 
11: 
Table 
camel. 
adult 
for 
kg 20 and 
sheep 
adult 
for 
kg  cattle,   5 
for 
highest 
above 
and 
kg 20   estimated     as 
cartle 
for 
8% and     sheep, 
been 
have   infection     endo-parasites 
for 
10% 
followed       by 
goat, Ogaden 
to  due losses 
for 
Weight 
% 15 is  mortality            rate 
cach. 
camel 
the 
that    revealed 
record 
SERP 
The 
Basin. 
the      diseases       in  mentioned 
the incidence     of 
occurrence            and 
the 
is  death 
animal 
for   reason 
man 
The 
response 
herdsmen. 
resistance       in 
vendor    or  minded 
develop   organisms 
profit 
causing 
the    medicines    by adrinistration    of 
Disease professionals . 
sub-osë 
non 
by  cases 
to 
expire potency, 
camel. 
most 
market        in 
origin, unknown 
open 
the 
in  sold 
are human 
as  well            known    as 
and animais 
of  drugs  veterinary 
non-toxic      to 
of  rade     Ilegal 
or   toxic 
date, 
and 
goats particularly      in 
mange, 
diseases ectoparasite include 
important 
value        of 
sale 
the    affect 
can 
that wounds 
skin 
lameness          and 
cause 
tick 
area 
Other 
dryer 
productivity. 
stock. 
infestation.  in 
reduction     of 
stock  control 
and 
to  order 
loss 
herd causing ectoparastes 
livestock      in 
damage        to 
physical 
known 
cause Herdsmen 
most 
the 
is  Tick 
Diseases Ectoparastic 
dry 
the 
of  end 
common 
at  and season 
is  Zone.   It  Jijijga aredetected    in 
rain 
main 
the during 
antihelmetic              drug 
hydatidosis 
requested 
Cysticercosis            and 
season. pastorialists       arce 
Somalia region. 
the 
that 
8.6 
the 
the 
disease          in widespread 
most 
hcamonchus                 the                  is 
diseases      endoparasitic 
Diseases  Endoparasitic 
Among 
8.5 
these 
men. 
and   liveslock 
diseases        •or 
olher 
and 
rabis 
sourve     of 
main 
(he   predalurs        are 
a are Furthermore,                 there 
assumed            that 
is it  and       region 
basin. 
the 
the 
jackals      in 
in  disease 
and     hyena 
viral  known 
number      of considerable 
most 
the 
is  Rabis 
Kebribeyah          and 
%.   90 to  reached      up 
Harshine, 
throughout 
was 
rate    mortality 
spread 
and      1971 
was 
Sheep 
early 
Nairobi 
weredas       in  neighbouring 
called 
disease 
A 
Diseases 
Viral 
8.4 resulted 
grassland. 
detenoration              the               of 
increased 
in 
practice      in 
have    droughts 
and supplics 
fccd 
not 
recurrent feeding         are supplementary 
and     lands 
conservation            and 
crop Expansion      of 
basin. 
decrease. 
quality 
during because 
ha.vear. shrub 
scason    as 
Hence.  distribution. 
more  favourable  for 
dry 
thc   during 
partialv          lost 
Fodder totalv  or 
seasonality  of 
he of   parts 
most 
make 
gains    production 
rainfall 
marked grazing   Moreover. 
arc scason 
wct 
vear 
tone 
the 
of  half      than 
not    conditions       are 
the 
thc 
of 
than 1 
less 
vield average 
grves 
which 
land barren 
and 
desert scrap 
Study rangelands. 
rainfall          and 
sleep, 
erratic 
urass yTassland, 
and 
savannah 
of  area 
low 
with   known 
are Taing 
is  area 
such 
revealed            that 
of  lype 
deradaion.          The 
vast 
from 
driven 
are supply 
forage 
1996 almost        all 
MOA, 
steppe, sever 
basin 
by   made 
the 
In 
about chemical 
requirement. only supply roughage 
the   than 
less 
much 
the 
Resuits        on 
intake. 
and   forages 
feed 
lower 
dry 
that    indicate  feedstaff 
which   is 
diet 
degradation           and 
Ethiopian 
the 
of  DM. 
wall 
cell reduction       in 
analysis       of 
kg CP g 62 
a to 
leads 
which 
activity  microbial 
reduce 
results      in  amount 
this 
than  protein 
ARC, According    to 
synthesis.             Less 
microbial 
season. 
necessary         for 
dry particularly             the              in 
is  diet 
animals 
a of DM. 
requirement            the             of 
CP/ kg. 
90g 
minimum    of 
crude 
nutritional 
a 
productivity       of 
fulfil 
cannot 
but 
feed 
source      of 
major 
the 
Natural 
Ethiopia. 
Iivestock     in 
under Howeve, 
produce. 
loW contributing      to 
reproduce          and 
factors 
grow, survive, 
pastures  are 
major 
malurition              the           are 
order     to 
animals     in 
nutrition            and 
classes     of 
all 
for   crucial 
are minerals 
protein, 
energy, 
as  such nurients 
low 
the provide 
contributing               the                 for 
that   resources 
that 
vitarmins             and 
Feed  animals. 
factor   limiting 
local 
major 
the production      of 
the 
of one 
productivity           and 
required 
is feed    Ruminant 
Vegetation NUTRITION 
1292948 
18419 
1105529 
1382354 
492071 
TOTAL 
497773 
117402 
290789 
386979 
19764                   478009 S8540                           28862 40841                   249948 
Parasite 
Parasite 
Other 
Ext. 
Int. 
38274 
348705 
354411 
292269 
499691 
236493 
100440 248619 
86455 56557 
890283 
253971 43650 
413236 179936 
Natural ANIMAL 
291492 
45506 5S389 
108235 79362 
9.1 
9 
957505 
666013 
1755521 
1690221 
514387          1241134            2862870                 568363 
716592 
SERP 
1995 
716592 SERP 
200473 200473 
Tryps. Treatment 
TOTAL. 
Other 
65300 TOTAL 
S14387                 1175834             2033870                   568363 
65300 
SERP 
BOA 
829000 TOTAL 
2294507 1465507 
829000 
BOA 
917065 917065 
TOTAL 
BÕA 
1996 
1994 
Rinderpest Vacc1na1on 
Aciivies 
1996)         (1994 -
SERP 
BOA & 
Treated       by  Vaccinated & 
Animals 
Number   of 
12:  Table during 
walk distance 
km. 
few 
after a watered 
13 livestock 
is use    animals 
are 
Usually 
availability 
for 
basin. 
IVater 
the 
altitude     of 
higher 
problem    in 
not 
kept. 
is 
animnal least 
the   wiich 
purpose         for 
serious   relatively a 
the     availabic           and 
ration 
of  vpe 
climnate,            the 
the 
depend       on 
water 
Their survive. 
to  days 
few 
even 
productive,           and 
be 
to  day 
other 
every 
need 
at  order    of 
the 
activities     in  physiological 
routine 
their 
for    water required 
Livestock 
Requírement 
nccds.    production 
considcring 
10.2 survivc, 
animals 
make 
to least 
at 
supplementary              feed 
etc. 
grazingland, 
Water 
without 
natural  residues, 
crop 
should     be 
feed amount 
These 
DM. 
of  tons    3859614 
2.28 = 
1692813 
from obtained 
total Therefore.         the 
x 
required 
TT.U l692813 
livestock      of 
project 
basis 
requirement 
lons      2.28 
would resources 
365 
-
250 
x 
2.5% x 
would       be   consumplion 
(íOA,1996), 
yearly 
DM. 
weigiht        on 
body 
its 
2.5%      of  consume 
TLL 
one 
or kg 
250 
Assuming             that a 
DM. day     cach 
follow: 
crude However, 
presented     as 
dry 
calculation  the 
of 
Iivestock. 
maintenance   is 
of  need 
matter 
basins 
the 
of 
for 
nutrient 
not      does 
study 
this 
status       of 
The process. 
production 
digestion 
microbial 
maintenance           and 
each     calculate 
allowed     to 
for 
used 
digestion    is 
product      of 
end 
The rumen. 
the 
in 
for forage 
mater enough 
minimum           dry 
and minerals 
Vitarin, 
(ME), 
energy 
amount      of 
needs 
growth      of 
animal Ruminant 
animals, 
etc. feed, 
CP),  protein( 
contents  of 
nutrient 
the which 
animals,    productivity    of 
purpose        for 
the climate, 
animals, 
the 
depend        on 
animals  requirenent     of 
type     of 
the   kept, 
animal    is 
feed 
The 
Requirement 
Feed 
10.1 
LIVESTOCK 
REQUIREMENT       OF 
WATER 
AND 
FEED 
10 
tree 
other 
and   forage   incBuded 
aiso 
nurseries. 
have   earlier, mentioned 
The 
their     development      in 
(BOA),  as  Agriculture 
Bureau      of 
and   (HFH) raised seedlings 
Horm 
The 
for     Hope 
activities      of 
presented       in 
3.  annex 
SERP    is 
by 
cnclosurc 
of  type 
hcctarcs  of 
The 
areas      settlement 
. 
refugee   different 
thc 
rctuICc      in 
and   rofugcc 
fenced       in 
cstablishcd 
and 
the 
damage      by vegetation 
wcrc 
influx      of 
selecied  and 
regenerate          the 
arca,     8 projcct 
distributed.         To 
were 
seeds required 
been 
have 
farns  private 
on  trials on-fam distributed      to 
fodder resislance 
Furthemore. 
772 
927,804 
dwellers. 
town 
and farmers individual 
interested 
than 
moTe 
raised,  seedling 
the 
of Oul         piant. 
írom obiained 
droughi 
were seedling 
infomaion 
dllerenl 
sredling       of 
1,060,350 
reafioreste 
raised 
has 
section 
this 
confim          that 
SEPk 
The 
land.   degraded 
rehabiitate           and 
objective       to 
its 
species.      as 
of par 
forage 
and 
STudies        of 
and 
tral  involved    in 
been 
has      SERP 
Secion      of MÍanagement 
Range 
Se  Land   L 
Development 
Forage 
9.2 14 
major 
producis. 
The 
livestock 
and anmals 
ive 
ol sale 
he 
ron 
driven 
cash 
income      is 
cash 
secondary 
almost 
all 
area pastoral 
farmers.      In 
the 
income          for 
Nevertheless,            ive 
source         of importarnt products. 
1 
also 
marketable 
products 
crop commodities 
are 
livestock 
are 
major 
and  Iivestock 
the svstem. production crop-livestock 
and animals 
the 
of one 
basin     is 
mixed 
marketing.       In 
prouct 
Iivestock 
for 
area    potential 
The 
MARKETING 
11 
are 
they  mixed 
are goats 
atnd shèep 
f last.   watered 
is  since      precedence,               it 
camels         are 
wlile 
together. 
goats 
take   cartle together, 
thetn shecp, 
watered 
comë 
are 
they considered            that 
when 
Next 
water 
explained  that 
wait. 
the 
(1979) 
arived    at 
unabie      to 
camels 
and 
goats 
sheep. 
cattle, 
watered,      if 
livestock 
are 
Belete  priority. 
of  order 
other 
are    there 
point, 
same 
the 
watered      in 
different 
species 
When 
day. 
every 
be 
will 
case 
this   watering     in 
Frequency    of 
point. watering 
from 
ruminants        are 
rainfall, 
high 
to  due     occur 
may       which 
season 
to  close pastured 
during     dr 
awa further   pastured 
green 
remain vegetation 
livestock 
the    When 
dry 
the   During 
day. 
every  watered 
are 
area. grazing 
from 
and 
points 
ivers 
season 
of  typc wcathcr, 
Frcqucncy    of 
watering 
or 
wells 
distancc    of 
vcgctation 
and 
on   mainly  depcnds 
watering 
watcring 
Frequency    of 
10.3 
goat 
sheep 
= * 
21876937 
5688936 
392172 
7684990 
8110839 
26.3 
11.0 
1.8 
9.1 
44 
TOTAL Canel 
Equines 
30 
12 *Shoat 
25 
require. 
water 
(CU.mt. lotal 
517176 89130 
4269439 891301 
animals 
nimber         of 
Total 
(cumt.)  requiret. 
Water                   Aninual 
requIret. 
dav) Lihead water 
Av. 
Livcstock 
Rcquircmcnt    of 
Watcr 
13: 
Cartle 
Species Tablc 
basin   requirement          he of 
table      following 
the 
in  1983 
waler 
aclual 
7, report        no. 
research 
ILCA 
based    calculaled 
on 
liveslock      is 
The 
countries.  neighbouring 
forced      to 
border       to 
pastoralist 
the across 
even 
extended,          the 
ivers      or perenial 
place 
the 
animals     to 
their 
with migrate 
period 
dry 
of 
points.   watering 
the 
period.         As 
dry 
during 
means       of 
weeks 
as  places 
months        or 
some 
available      in 
few 
for    served 
are 
facilities 
are 
are 
vells shallow 
those However, 
cisterns, 
made 
tribal  Individual     or 
drought.   recuTent 
evapotranspiration                  and              rate 
and     ponds 
high 
to  duc scason 
dry 
and 
long 
the during 
water 
shortage     of 
known         by 
well 
arca    is  basin 
The 
animal 
high 
forage   is 
content       of 
moisture 
area. grazing 
season 
everywhere             the                in 
wet 
the 
season.       In 
watered 
dry 
the annually. 
Somalia 
I5 
exported  to unofficially 
1990 
Ayele, 
are camels  103,050 
Djibouti. 
and      Kenya 
and 
cattle 
225,450 
Somalia, 
goats 
and 
sheep  758,000 
explained            that 
ivestock         are 
Ogeden 
for market 
external   unofficial 
The 
Market 
-
External 
Danon. 
and    Shilabo 
markets      in terms       of 
Wardcr, 
Kelafo. Kebridehar, 
Gode, 
Jijiga, 
transaction 
are 
livestock 
heads       of 
important 
wereda 
most 
The 
town. 
largest 
found       in 
markets  secondary 
are 
secondary. 
the 
while 
level 
kebele        or 
located     at 
These 
usually 
day. 
markets        is 
sold 
primary 
liveslock 
producis          are 
The 
divided          io in 
throughout         the 
are markels 
where 
Basin 
markets 
every 
internal 
small 
are    There 
Market    -
and primary 
liveslock  and Internal 
external 
and 
market 
internal 
are those 
: 
Basin, 
Ogaden 
identifhed  the 
in 
are 
market. areas   market 
type     of 
terminal 
Two 
purposes. 
domestic 
markets           for 
whereas          the                 pastoralists 
final 
markets           are 
butchers. 
The 
and traders 
bigger 
are buvers 
and    traders 
small 
are sellers 
the where 
centres collecting 
thc markct 
primary 
are market secondary 
thc 
tcminal.     In 
pastoral1sts.            The sccondary          and 
primary, 
mostv 
systems    as 
buvcrs        arc 
three  categorised    in 
and 
sclcrs 
market          are 
linkages   of 
characteristics 
and 
The 
Area  Market 
consumption  sell 
11.1 
suggested           tlhat 
%. only 3 
consumers.        is It 
and 
hom 
final export 
production 
for 
iik 
the 
o pastoralists             97 use of 
and 
hotels 
market       to 
open 
they 
the 
in sold 
are    buter 
and 
milk 
products           ike 
Animal 
countries. 
those  through 
the   bring   merchants 
animals       to 
live 
buy 
side 
out 
turmn 
The 
in 
high. linkage        of 
Ethiopia            and 
Diibouti          are 
to  -
and Kenya    Somalia, 
oil sugar, 
rice, 
salt, 
items 
basic 
the   result   infrastructure,      a as 
as  such 
pastoralsts            with 
market 
marketing 
countries  neighbouring 
of lack 
to 
due 
small 
very 
is rate off-take 
the 
Ogaden Basin 
the 
In 
meat,    deterioration    of 
leading    to 
slaughter  is 
facilities 
wastagc. substantial 
curing 
slaughtering 
and 
as  wcll 
as 
quality 
no there    is 
skins 
where backvard 
and 
hides 
at 
goats 
and sheep 
95% 
of 
some 
and 
excepl        a n 
cattle 
basin, 
75% 
of 
lhroughoul         (he 
that 
pointed 
undertaken              the 
out 
aballoirs 
document it 
has 
shorlage       of hoof 
(1996) 
are There 
MOA 
Transportation    in 
most 
death. 
towns.       In 
even animals, 
big 
few 
on cases      is 
demand. 
the 
of  loss   weight        considerable 
and   suppiy 
importantiy       by 
a to  lead    which 
absence       of 
presence         or 
weighing           the 
the 
and 
water 
and pasture and     condition 
availability   of 
considering               body 
season, 
aiso 
without 
influenced      by 
and   drought 
sale usually 
price    is 
are  Animals 
anumals.            The 
criteria. 
Ive 
sLandard 
traditional. 
country.         are 
good  offered 
anv 
without negotiation 
anywhere              the               in 
of  basis 
like 
area, project 
the 
on  sold 
and bought 
the 
old 
systems       in marketing 
animals           are 
The 
The 
price. 
whern 
and animals   unwanted necessities:                pav                    to 
and 
cull 
drought;       to 
of  fear 
for 
number 
he for 
stock   reduce 
cash 
obtain 
loans:     to 
io products          are 
iveslock 
other 
livestock           and 
clothing's          and 
of sale 
gran. 
the 
purchase    of 
Teasons         for 16 
current 
follows : 
The 
as 
SERP 
form obtained 
ivestock 
products         are 
Ivestock          and 
price    of average 
PRODUCTS 
LIVESTOCK 
LIVESTOCK 
AND 
MARKETING       OF 
----Kenya   ---Moyale 
(1íoyale) 
(Somalia) 
Kismayu 
(Somalia)  -Kismayu 
Doloado 
(Fitu) 
Doloby 
11.3 
Liben 
Liben 
Afder 
(Somalia) 
Bosaso 
Dudab        ---
---
Geladin 
Warder 
Kebridehar,  Gode 
& 
Region 
the 
of   Part  Southern 
South-East  & 
II) 
Berbera 
(Somalla) 
----- Deruks1 
East, 
Gashamo 
(Somalia) --Berbera 
Deruksi 
Debagoryale 
(Somalia) 
---Rabaso 
Danon 
Aware 
(Somalia) 
Berbera 
Berbera 
Farawein Debelwein      ---
Berbera Lankerta       ---
Harshin 
----
Fik 
Degehabour & 
(Somalia) 
(Somalia) 
Berbera 
Debelwein Deredawa 
Degehabour  Fik  & 
Kebribevah 
Harerghe   & 
Fik 
(Somalia) 
Berbera 
Teferiber 
Dembel        ---
Arba &  Gogti. 
(Somalia)   ---oBrbera 
Teferibe 
----Jijiga 
Djibouti 
Dewele 
Ayisha 
Hararghe Shinile 
flow Iivestock 
marketing 
which 
from 
routes 
Region stock 
main fourteen  following 
the   North-Eastern             of  Part destinations : 
and 
North 
from 
place 
market  terminal 
SERP 
transaction.          The 
secondary           and 
each   involved    in middlemen 
primarily, 
invoved 
routes 
identified        the number      of 
ifferent 
I) to 
trade 
large  which 
chain       of 
has team 
The 
Routes 
Trade  Livestock 
Main 
11.2 movement, 
serious 
became    a 
liveslock 
slock, production              the 
complicated             and 
local  breeding      o> 
are 
17 
marketing,  etc. 
use, 
land grazing 
standard, 
to 
precondition    to 
gear 
necessary 
health   livestock 
ike Issues        develvpmenl. 
and 
level      of highest poicy  appropriate 
of  lack production 
is 
ivestock 
problem      in 
the 
main 
which     is strategy 
Production 
Livestock 
the 
of  One 
Related       to 
Strategy 
and      Policy 
12 
148813 
TOTAL 
17067 
32504 
50042 
49200 
17067 
325038 
500416 
61500 
annun 
1199403 3070036 
891301 
517176 
Camel 
Sheep Cattle 
Goats 
annum                 per       TLU 
3.3 
27.1 
16.3 
take 
6.9 
number        of     Total 
in  sell unimals 
per             sell    animuls 
mumber  of  Total 
rater%) 
commercial  off-
Annual 
number
animals 
Total 
of 
animal 
of  Iype 
Livestock 
of  Rate Off-take 
Annual 
15: 
Table 
be   couid 
areas    project 
).  15  table 
(see   camels 
the      from 
17067 
animals   marketable 
and 
goats  325038 
annual 
sheep,  500416 
respectively. 
3.3% 
and 27.1% 
16.3%, 
camel      is 
possible 
61500 
cattle, Therefore.           the 
rate   off-take 
animal 
the Board, 
Meat 
6.9%, 
Livestock  and 
information               from 
and 
goats 
sheep, 
the    According     to 
cattle., 
of 
RATE OFF-TAKE 
11.4 
(lt.) 
MIk 
Camel 
225 
220 
2 
25 
t.) 
(kg) 
Milk 
Butter 
Cow 
Donkey Donkey 
Female 
55 
60 
70 
90 
Goat    Female 
Male 
Sheep Sheep 
Goat 
Female 
Male 
Male 
840 980 
200 
258 325 
330 S40 690 
Camel 
Camel 
Female 
Calf Female 
Male 
Calf 
Male 
Heifer Steer 
Cow 
(birr) Livestock          and 
Price 
Market 
Jijige 
Products     at 
Livestock 
14:Price   of 
Type 
Table 18 
controllcd 
themselves. 
common, 
for 
not 
feed 
control     is 
left    to mainly 
discasc systcimatic 
ruminant        are 
foragc, 
practices,          and 
production     of 
dclibcratc 
not breeding    is 
litle 
There   is 
generaly            low. 
husbandry   is 
animal 
standard     of 
the   areas 
rural 
the 
In 
practices husbandry 
Poor 
condition,          but            environmental 
etc. 
meat 
milk, 
production               traits -
harsh 
under 
important 
ability survival 
potential     in 
good 
genetical 
have    breeds 
poor 
13.5 
have 
local 
The 
breed 
loc
al  p
otential   of 
genetic 
Poor 
13.4 
channel. 
illegal through      country              the through         the infrastructure           marketing 
side 
out traded 
animals          are 
many 
result      so 
country,       a as 
adequate 
efficient          and 
no There    is 
Infrastructure 
Marke
ting 
of  Lack 
13.3 
rate, growth 
poor fertility, 
animals. 
low    mortality, 
domestic 
high 
for cause 
of  etc. output, 
known 
power other 
insufficient              draft 
the 
Diseases           are 
Diseases 
animals. fertility. 
constraining 
production              level     of 
low 
and diseases 
mortality, 
13.2 
high 
poor 
factor 
rate, growth 
major 
the quantity    is 
low 
cause 
usually nutrition Insufticient 
various susceptibility    to 
and quality 
terms     of deficiency      in 
Stress Nutritional LIVESTOCK 
production. 
Nutritional 
animal 
13.1 
CONSTRAINTS 
DEVELOPMENT 
13 
country. 
available 
development 
the 
off 
the utilise 
economic 
and develop 
and 
social 
to sector      is  livestock 
contribution  the 
to 
the 
increase      its objectives       of 
resources            and overall 
The 
OBJECTIVES 
POLICY 
marketing health 
Ivestock 
products 
development. 
livestock           and           improvement, 
breed   livestock development, 
pastoral 
development           and 
Thus       1996. 
to and  problems 
animal 
since available 
nutrition. 
and 
feed    sub-components            like 
document           has 
strategy    development 
focused       on 
been 
lvestock 
document           has 
dratt 
Ihe 
mentioned 
above 
the 
solve 
to  order 
Therefore, 
regulation. 
in  issues    burden 
and 
force impose 
poicy    is livestock  proclamation    of 
formulation          and 
sector. 
this   problem    of 
curTent 
the ATIcultrer 
Management Production 
D-Apiculture 
B-Livestock 
Land    C-Range 
Production        A-Ágronomy/Crop 
Ágricuiture 
ii:  Voiume 
BAS0N OGADEN 
MINISTRY        OF 
PLAN 
MASTER RECCONNAISANCE                        PHASE RESOURCES 
REPUBLIC     OF  DEMOCRATIC 
WATER 
ETHIOPIA 
FEDERAL 
Reconnaissance  Phase 
THE 
study 
Dasin      resources. 
water 
gaden Bas1n 
Deparment 
Dereiopment            Stuay 
ViISu      of 20 
1 
1 
1 
MANAGEMENT 
TWO 
RANGE PART 37 36 
34 33 
31 30 30 
28 
27 
Constraints 
Resources 
Rangeland 
Rangland 
Related       to 
Strategy 
and      Poicy 
Livestock             the 
in 
Biomass     of 
Density          and 
Rate     Stocking 
Rangeland Ethiopia 
Rangeland 
and Capacity   Carrying 
8. 7. 6. 
5. 
Cover   Vegetation 
Feaure 
General 
Ogeden Basin 
4.2 
4.1 The 
in  Areas        Rangeland 
Country 
the Feature     of 
Introduction CONTENTS 
4. 
3. 
2. 
1. 22 
B 
1 
1 
Context 
Nationa! 
the 
Basin       in 
Population     of :Livestock 
the 
Density Population 
Livestock 
Rangeland 
the 
Livestock     in 
Biomass     of 
and   Density 
Carying Rangeland Capacity 
Country 
and Fodder 
Production     of 
the 
:Rangeland              Areas       of 
Table   7 
6:  Table 
5: Table Table      : 4 
Table 3 
Rangeland Ethiopia 
Livestock    in 
the 
Number       of 
Zones  of Ecological 
TABLES 
Main 
Table  : 2 
Table  : 1 
OF   LIST efficiently          for 
the 
in  inmportant              role 
resources 
range 
an   rangelands              play 
the pastoralists          use 
Ethiopian 
Traditionaly,          the 
environment,         the 
economy. hostile 
national 
the   Despite 
counlry. cultivators     in 
the 
parls      ol 
wesl 
and 
wesl 
soulh 
infestaíion             of area 
and 
east, 
south 
Lselse 
and 
malaria 
semi-arid             part     of 
most 
the 
and 
agr0-pastoralists                     arid                         in 
the 
shifted 
sedentary           and 
south; 
pastorialists          and 
mainly 
inhabitants 
goats 
of  66%        sheep, 
are 
north east, 
The 
(Table category 
2). 
this 
found       in 
are camel 
of  12°%     About 
100°o       of 
country. 
and 
of 
2606 
total 
cattle, 
the 
population,               of  28% 
human 
the 
the 
of  70% 
about 
occupy rangeland 
The 
country     is 
mm. 
300-700 
rangeland    of 
between 
range 
the 
the 
Generally,         the 
rainfall   is 
of  area     land 
annual 
The 
masl. 
1500     below 
area 
defined     as 
RANGELAND 
COUNTRY 
THE 
FEATURE       OF 
2 
Sedentary 
Scdentary 
Grang   Extensive 
Mixed 
Nomadism nomadism               Sem                                 & NomadisIm 
Mixcd 
1500   1200- 1200 1000- 1000        700-
700         300- 300    below 
fmni) Ruinfall. 
3500 
3500  2400-
2400  1800-
OVcT 
Worcch 
Woina-Dega 
Dega 
26°c 
Amual 
Average 
12'c 
16c 22c 26c over 
Temp. 
Svstem   Producthion 
Annual 
Average 
1800    1500- 1500      below 
Alitude 
Berelha 
Kolla 
Zone 
Ethiopia production            and 
Zones        of  Ecological 
Main 
1:  Table 
system.   production 
choice rangeland   is 
no of sort 
apparently 
This  ground. 
rearing       a is Iivestock 
bare  remain 
are 
soil 
the 
of 
most 
crop 
unsuitable          for 
and 
time, 
period        of 
short 
for 
the 
only 
grown 
are grasses 
and bushes  unpalatable 
annual 
erratic, 
and 
scare 
result 
rainfall     is 
diversity,  as 
a 
Since   species.  dominant 
are 
scrap 
desert 
natural mismanagcmcnt           and 
lost 
to duc   dcgradcd 
area grazing 
severely 
of  cover  vcgctation 
also 
country,        is 
calamitics.              Thc 
the rangelands       in 
any    Rangeland,           ike 
The 
ecological             nich. 
particular 
evapotranspiration, 
herd 
delermine          the 
characteristics, 
also faclors 
Such 
system  a at  production 
lypes.    vegelalivn 
very rangeland   is 
soil  influenced      by 
and Tegion uiisalion 
be can  production  level 
type      of 
Basin   Ogaden 
composition  the  and 
previous 
environment,   n 
deteriorated 
draught   recurrent  population, 
unstabie 
fragile 
area      is 
vast   situations          this 
over  grazing, 
most production.      In 
Over 
ecologv     of 
iO  due    production             level 
The 
etc. 
fall 
lowest 
which rain eratic 
its 
to 
producion 
area     S country 
different 
the 
with     zones ecological 
of  % 70  about 
occupy distinctive 
which    rangeland 
livestock 
major 
five 
The 
suitable          for 
are    there Ethiopia 
1). (table  systems 
mainly 
In 
million 
camel. 
million 
24   cattle, 
one 
million 
and poultry 
include         30 
million 
which 
TLU.) 
equines,         56 
unites ( livestock 
milion 
goats,   7  million 
tropical 
million 
sheep,       18 
about cruczal 
estimated    at 
population   is 
livestock 
total 
The svstem. 
farming 
peasant 
the 
in  role 
35 
a  has        econony          and 
Ethiopia 
tlhe 
inportnt           in  role 
an   plays       producion 
Livestock 
INTRODUCTION 
1 24 
1994.    Coppock. 
water, 
scarcity    of 
because    of 
cattle accessible     to 
invaded     by 
not 
are range 
and erosion 
affected       by 
wecdy 
is 
season 
shortage    of 
40% 
about 
wet 
rain 
area 
the 
total 
34°% 
of 
pressure. population 
Out 
is  19°% bushes, 
encroachment 
and 
bush 
fal, 
major 
the among 
potential 
are 
area 
ecological 
this 
the 
features     of 
of 
highest 
main 
the 
three 
be  believed     to 
The 
development areas. 
rangeland  is 
range 
southern 
The 
Rangeland 
Southern 
agricultural. 
primarily tsetse 
Mursi-Bodi 
be tends       to 
river 
the 
Iiving       by 
group 
cach 
challenge; 
due 
river 
the 
by kept 
not 
don 
cattle 
Omo 
Lower 
section       of therefore, 
the 
much 
of 
plains.       In 
the 
to 
the 
Mountain             and 
Hamer 
the Plains,       Lower-Omo 
the Valley,     Waito-Segen 
the    arca: 
the 
unique     to 
are which    rangelaned 
units      of 
distinct 
four 
rangeland 
has 
This 
Omo 
South 
pasture.  piedmont 
area. 
seasonal resources: 
distinct 
three 
are there 
Rangeland 
and non-flooded            arca 
plain 
the 
season.     In 
flooded 
Supplies      in 
water 
imposed       by 
grazing limitation 
infestation 
and 
tsetse supply, 
Iivestock. 
feed 
seasonal       of 
dry 
the 
the 
of  result 
difficult 
a as 
resource    is 
county,         the 
The 
provides        an 
Plain Gambella 
this utilisation       of 
the 
of part 
west 
orazing         for 
the 
At 
suppBv       of abundant 
Rangeland 
Gambella folowing 
those country, 
the 
comers    of  different 
areas      rangeland             at 
main 
five 
are there Ethiopia 
the 
are 
ETHIOPIA 
AREAS        RANGELAND 
IN 
In 
3 
100 
1.000.000 
11,880,000 
26 
28 
66 
6,240,000 
8,400,000 
1.000.000 
18.000,000 
24,000,000 
30,000,000 
Rangeland 
Percentage  the  of 
Rangeland 
the Livestock    in 
Total National 
Camel 
Goats 
Sheep Cattle 
Species 
Rangeland 
settlement. 
Livestock    in 
the 
Number      of 
Table       2: 
agriculture           and 
expanded 
scale medium 
potential         for 
southwest 
and 
the 
in is 
to 
large 
offer     ranglands 
agiculrure       a on 
western 
iigation 
and     sheep. 
potential          for 
rangelands. 
The 
the 
Most    market. 
of 
beef animals, 
export 
draught 
highlands 
the 
animals         for 
majority       of 
the suppBy 
and 
goats 
cattle. 
adjacent 
he  supply         to 
they 
needs     subsistence 
their 
Above  production. 
lIivestock carrving capac1t commoniy            less 
the undegraded              sites 
on  esumated             that 
Total potential.   production 
vear.      It  DMMha 
tone 
ion 
one 
have 
than 
production     is 
(D\I) 
matter 
dry 
communities temperaure. 
narural arcas 
grassland sorghum. 
Range plant 
warmest 
mm). 
400 
than 
(Less 
rantall 
lower 
and evaporation            rate 
high 
knoWn       by 
area     1s 
Ihus regons. 
forest 
derived productive 
the above 
areas  grazing 
some 
also 
altitudes           and 
higher 
located    at 
rassiand 
fairlv 
the Vithin 
of 
vast 
there  addition, 
steppe 
the 
savannah           and 
woodland 
thc 
are 
arc arcas   grazing 
remons.  In 
natural 
main 
Thc     plains. 
flood deprcssion    or 
confined      to 
millct       in 
as  such 
crops 
grain tolerant 
drought 
maturing 
subjected         for 
earBy 
often 
cultivation  and 
and 
risky 
verv cultivation    is 
Therefore, 
production. 
livestock 
unsuitable       for 
are areas 
almost       all 
and 
year 
per 
days 
90 is 
growing         day 
this 
In 
Arid 
sludy 
the 
zone 
arid 
semi 
and 
zone 
arid 
the     zone Zone 
Iavme 
based      on 
lypes, 
lwo 
Rangeland    is 
divided          lo in 
are:   Those 
1994. Coppock, 
Dr. 
by 
made 
Ogaden Basin 
General 
The 
4.1 
RANGELAND 
THE 
4 
Country 
the 
of  Part 
West 
South 
Feature BASIN  OGADEN 
Rangeland 
Plain  Gambella 
South & 
Omo 
South 
Plain Plain Somalia 
Plain Borena 
Afar    Rangeland 
Rangeland 
North-East 
South-East 
Garmbella 
Rangeland Rangelarnd 
Southern 
1 
1 
1 
1 
Rangeland 
the 
Place      of Rangeland 
the 
Name 
of 
Country 
the 
:Rangeiand             Areas       of 
performance              only. 
cattle 
Table 3 
estimate      on 
carrying 
this basing 
avcragc 
TL, 
hectares 
per      LMB, 
thc 
survcy      by prcvious 
40  -30 as  worst 
According     to 
as basin      is 
the 
dclta.  Awash 
of   parts 
some 
covered         the                     rangeland 
capacitv       of Ethiopia,           and 
north 
the 
in  Tigray 
and 
Wollo 
range      of lowland 
This 
east 
Rangeland 
North-East 
Rangeland              arca. 
South-East 
witlin 
located 
Basin      is  Qgaden 
The 
use. under 
or 
use proper 
area 
stuies 
the 
range 
16o of 
oniv 
area 
the 
of  84% 
LVB, 
of sign shows 
undertaken  bv 
According     to 
over-use 
and 
scason. 
of sign 
shows 
the 
the  within 
mentioned  that 
area 
an  grazing     of  frequent 
constraints     in 
deterioration  tÕ 
is 
due 
such 
drversity  are 
for cause 
main 
the 
rangeland.        is It 
through degradation 
the 
major 
Land 
the 
species 
encroachment                   of  loss        and 
bush erosion, 
Rangeland 
South-East rainfall 
the    woodland,          but annual 
meatt 
mellifera 
receiv a 
Acacia 
and 1400. 
the 
related      to  vegetation    is 
betWeetn            250 -
altitudes 
occur   counonly 
The 
mm. 
500 
150 -    of 
This 
comiphora             scrub 
mellifera -
Acacia 
vegetation    is rainfal 
liglh. 
exceeding      m 4 
steppe 
months.           The 
not shrubs 
species    of 
2 from       - 0 
spaced 
lasts  period growing 
widely 
scattered            and           characterised 
The 
mm. 
550 
100 -    of 
mean 
receives  a 
and 
1400 m 
between            100 -
occupies 
altitudes 
region 
steppe 
The 
Bosc1a 
dominated     by 
rotund1folia. 
giandulosa 
and 
Vegetation Cadaba   senegalensis, 
mean 
under a  1800m 
250     berween           -
overstory          are 
altirudes 
Cadaba associated 
woodland 
occupies 
The 
mm. 
mell1fera 
600 
400 
icacia 
Steppe 
rainfall  of 
The 
woodiand followed: 
meiiifera 
Acacia 
grasses 
cl1max    climatic 
tree     scattered 
described          the 
irom 
FAO.1984 
ranges 
scrap. 
cover, vegetation 
desert 
range       of 
and ground 
cover      as  vegetation 
wide 
bare 
a has     Basin 
a be  believed  to 
mixture       to 
The 
basin     is 
our    situation      of 
covcr    vegctation 
factors. mentioned 
Thcrcforc,         thc 
above 
landscapc. 
the 
result       of 
influcnccd      bv 
arc 
1 
1 
productions forage 
reflected 
forage 
local 
but 
east  south 
and south 
the decrease     to 
well 
climalic,      as 
regime favourable  increasingty 
and rainfall 
general. 
perennial.       In 
woodv 
correspond          an to 
the 
of  size 
change 
and density 
cdaphic, 
relation      to 
direcl 
has 
paricuiar           area 
a cover       of  vegeiation 
The 
to  producion  tends 
increase     in 
effect. 
biotic 
with 
The 
4.2 
as 
more 
a be  appear      to 
diseases 
livestock 
zone, 
arid 
COVER  VEGETATION 
general. 
the Compared            with 
probiem    in 
sedentary 
households 
semi-nomadic            with 
are      here Peoples 
areas.   bushed 
wooded   or 
more  promotes 
vears. 
serious 
most 
thrive 
can camels 
and     goats browsing 
although 
sheep, 
in 
in 
zone 
grass 
woodlands               with 
arid 
the 
relative     to 
layer 
dry 
savannah            and 
grass 
productivity               the              of 
perennial 
consist      of commonly communuties 
and     cattle grazing and    stability 
greater 
The      cOver. 
Plant mm'year. 
bc  tcmpcrature  tcnds  to 
700 
400- Annual 
about bimodal 
zonc. 
arid 
raintall   is 
the    than variable 
and 
zone 
lcss 
and 
and 
the 
than cooler 
to about         14 
higher 
capacity           are 
carrying 
the    DMha'year           and 
tone 
producion             3 to l is 
TLU K 
28 
community               have 
DM   total     Estimated 
plant 
the 
zone. 
and 
year 
arid 
per 
the 
days growing 
those      of productivity              than 
120 
90   -  has 
potential 
zane 
-and 
higher 
Semi 
Lane 
-¬rId 
Jemt 
veg"iations. 
as  wel households      as 
woody 
movements       of 
from     forage 
frequent  involving 
that 
goat) 
and    (camel 
nomadic. 
species  browsing 
ar: 
les ifesty   anumals            Human 
Iends     to 
but diverse composiion   is 
Livestock 
K\. 
TLL 
16 10 irom 4 
emphasis 
rang-
can 27 
flora, gound 
feeders. 
intermediate 
concentrate 
and 
leaves 
shrub 
and 
mainly trees 
cat 
that    browSers 
Thus diversitv. 
the 
on 
that razers  Ivestock: 
among 
habits  grazing 
three 
feed different 
are   there 
animal different 
with  increase 
carrVing 
have   animals 
Since 
cover. vegetation 
could capacity 
pattern      of 
normal 
the 
need, 
damaging           the 
without capacity     is 
time 
Carrving 
unit 
per 
area, 
unit 
carried 
per 
be can 
that 
Ivestock           unit 
number     of 
the 
STOCKING                  RATE Litonna 
obscura          and 
CAPACITY & CARRYING 
5. 
rain.   heavy 
aler 
with    together funiculata, 
yrow h 
rapid 
make 
caruncul1fera, Arisitida 
geophytes              such    as 
sandy dunes 
Sc1lla 
ike grasses 
rypical.         On 
Annual 
also hemmingii         are 
occur. turgi£um 
Aristida 
Panicum 
hararensis           and grasses          ike                      perennial 
Eragrostis 
Tephrosia 
senni,   Pavonia 
tufted 
Some 
depressions. 
spinosa, 
Woodv        sphaerogyna. consisting    of 
sight 
frequent     in 
Indigofera,    1. 
un1flora          are 
dumosa, 
andT.  pupurea 
ruspoli,  I. 
crassifolia 
Maerua orbicuieris, 
aegyptica,     C.  Crotalaria 
Balanites 
tortilis, 
like shrubs 
Acacia 
story 
scattered            tree 
Àí.     and 
very 
high, 
al-3 m  characterised     by 
vegetation   is 
The 
scrub   tortilis 
Acacia 
fringes 
restricted  to 
normall' 
are 
Trees grasses. 
hardy 
one     about 
height   of 
of  tufts 
small 
courses. 
only 
with 
along water 
areas      widespread 
reach normally 
characterised     by alkaloid 
content 
Between           the 
m. 
and thorns development      of 
developed            and 
is 
poor 
very    normaly 
a 
through          the                   browsing 
vegetation   is 
which 
shrubs 
resistance       to 
semidesert 
low 
patches  are 
patches  of 
adapted 
The 
an 
They have 
leaves. pubescent 
small, 
have 
and growth 
dwarf  developed 
The     month. flora 
have 
trees 
and 
Shrubs adaptation. 
xeromorphic 
advanced 
developed      an 
on 
most 
peiod       at is 
groWing 
the 
and 
mm 
300 
50-
rainfall     of 
of   area lowland 
have 
annual 
mean 
receives  a 
area 
The      600m. 
to altinude        up   occupies 
basin 
the 
extreme Semi-desert 
is  This 
V'egetation 
urtic1folia 
Leucas 
Pennisetum 
giumaceum          and 
Helichrsum 
tereticaulis.   Endostemon 
Eragrostis 
aucheri,    Chrvsopogon 
like 
fobs   mezianm       and 
c1liaris,  Cenc1rus 
adscensions, 
Capitulifera           and dristida 
ike species 
grasS 
consist       of 
cover     is ground 
characteristic. 
The 
drepanolobrum               often 
are   bicolor 
Grewia 
Acacia 
and 
brevispica slopes.icacia 
with swells 
steep drained 
and   vallevs sessiliflora.     In 
well 
on  and  occurs 
drainage 
impeded 
africana,    Comm1phora 
lortilis.   Kraussiana,      4. 
Maerua    melanacantha          and 
Ervirna 
wiih.. associated 
nilotica, 
characterised     bv 
mellifera,    A. 
mubica 
Acucia 
patches     of 
dense occurrence     of 
the 
community   is heterogencous 
The 
sea   from altitudcs 
mm. 
400 
100 -
0ccupics  coIununitv 
from  varving 
rainfall 
annual 
mea 
rcceivcd 
a 
and 
1000   m 
to up   level 
Thus 
commiphora  scrub 
important            role. 
nubica - upobalsmum            an  play 
4cacia 
suGu 
ini afr1cana, 
species      (C.    Commuphora 
the 
and 
dense 
less 
thickets        are 28 
S). (table 
Gode 
in  4.27 
and 
arder 
W  in  8.70  Korahe, 
in  TLU 
Degehabour,                8.76 
in  TL¯ 
pastoralists.            The 
9.16 
animal 
Shinie, 
highest   Furthermore,         the 
in  TLU 
9.35 
followed      by 
Zone 
Jijiga 
TLU in 
is  km' 
biomass         per 
animal 
density        of smallest 
conccntration     of 
density. 
lcss corrclatcd       to 
same 
positivcly 
the almost 
56.29 
owned 
could       be 
have 
the     hand, 
other 
the 
On   km. concentration       per 
Zonc human 
zones 
Godc 
rest 
more 
in 
to  due      zones, 
other   compared    to 
density      as livestock 
higher 
much     contains 
Zone 
Jijiga 
rangeland 
livestock           the                    in 
biomass   of 
and Density 
6. 
(1980),    Kassem 
Rains    & 
Blair 
firom quoted 
(1977) 
SERP,    as Section,  íatketing 
Hoste 
Houe'rou & 
Le 
growth   herbaceous 
ground 
above 
total 
of o 30 D= 
Source : 
kgha           8000 
3600 -produce 
may         which 
plains 
flood Exchuding 
= 
Capacity 
Carrving 
TLU 
S.1 
6.1 
7.6 
10.1 15.2. 
ha 
Fodder   Consumable 
ha maer)      kg 
450 
375 300 225 150 
(dry 
(nm) Rainfall 
Production  of 
600 500 400 
300 200 
100 
Annua! 
Capacity 
Carrying 
Rangeland animal. 
and Fodder 
: Table    4 
is  land 
is  land 
hectares      of 
10.1   SimilarBy, 
liveweight. 
same 
animal       of 
kg 250 
the 
keep Kebridehar     to 
needed      to 
an  keep 
required   at 
1 
1 
1 
1 
hectares        of 
5.1 
average      of 
wereda       an 
Jijiga 
example,       in 
for 
that     conclude 
hectares   at 
to  us  lead 
10.1 
could 
figure 
from 
TLU      as 
This  rainfall. 
capacity          per 
600mm 
carying 
hectares     at 
range      of capacity      of 
estimated          the 
5.1 
rainfall      to 
SERP 
the 600mm. 
mm 300 
Section  Marketing   accordingBy. 
vary 
ground 
holding 
carrying 
of 
than 
lcss    rainfall 
rcccivc a 
which 
zoncs scmi-arid 
and 
arid 
within 
falls 
basin feed 
thc 
Sincc 
dry 
the during 
lost totally 
partialy      or 
decrease. 
are season 
quality 
wet 
the   during 
supplies          and animals 
season    as 
body 
year. 
Hence, 
the 
of  part  during 
year. 
ihe 
of half 
only animals 
than 
more 
lavourable         for 
rangeland. 
production 
basin reduce 
the 
the 
nol Conitions        are 
are 
area project 
the 
the 
capacity       of 
in  land grazing 
carrying 
that showed  observation 
nutrient       to  necessary 
the    about 
studies 
However, 
of gain weight 
Grazing capable       to 
detailed 
the supply 
primary 
no There        is 
and    palatable 
most 
to  therefore             lead 
select 
to  ability 
stocking          rate     is     Increasing 
their 
but 
more, consume 
decreases. 
animal 
animals. nutntious            part 
per 
stocking 
higher 
consideration.                   Under 
the 
economic 
ecological      or 
on   based 
be  optumum          can 
the 
rate 
the 
but 
soil, 
the 
capacity      of 
caring 
the detemined    bv 
should       be 
rate     stocking 
The 29 
the 
the 
Thus, 
avert   cultivation.        To  unsustainable 
needed. 
is  policy     appropriate   deterioration, 
overgrazing           and 
rangeland 
to degraded            due 
trend       of  current 
drier    these 
environments.               of  Most 
fragile   unstable 
located       in generally 
rangeland is 
are regions 
Ihe 
RANGELAND 
RELATED     TO STRATEGY 
DEVELOPMENT 
POLICY & 
7. 
4.84 
1692813 
35000000 
TLU 
TOTAL 
51.72 
1.27 
6.66 
12.79 
2.29 
517176 
89130 
1199403 
3070036 
891301 
7,000,000 
18.000,000 
24,000,000 
30,000,000 
1,000,000 
Camel 
Equine Goats 
Sheep Cattle 
Percentage 
1 
1 
Basin 
Total 
Basin 
Total  Countny 
Species 
1225 1657161 
3.82 517176 
9.35 93093 
2.92 
20334 
86 8 199403 
22.69 3070036 
891301 135297 
Toral 
6.59 
6.77 
68029 17.22 
174!29 
50554 10052 
03 5 
Siinile 
Context 
4.27 43824 
1.33 
13677 3.09 
31718 
7.90 
81186 
2.29 23570 
10275 
Gode 
National 
The 
Basin        in 
The Population      of 
Livestock 
Table        7: 
S6.29 S93931 
17.57 185357 
9.16 
319984 2.86 
99862 
8.70 451238 
2.71 
140825 
429869 104.27 
1100309 30.27 
74 40 
231596 l6.97 
592800 
663 
326593 16.11 
835960 
629 
319445 10552 
Jijiga 
172103 34933 
Degeha. 
4.93 
4.68 
242698 S1885 
Tarder 
8.76 
154191 
2.73 48121 
6.37 
111598 16.23 
285652 
4.71 
82931 17600 
Korane 
| 
km per   Camel 
km' TLU 
per TLU 
Total 
camel 
Total 
km per   GOats 
km per Sheep 
Total sheep 
km per Cattlc 
goats 
Total 
(km) 
cattle 
Area 
Total 
Tolal 
Densily Populaion 
1 
ILivesivck 
Table       6: 
species 
overpopulation,              of  loss 
to  due             cover   vegetation 
husbandar. 
degradation    of 
poor 
rangeland 
Basin  COgaden 
causing 
diversiy           and 
are 
Furthermorc,       the suitable          for 
"%    1.27 
and 6.669% 
rearing. ennironment            is  and 
12.79°%, 
the 
camel 
2.299%, 
reared      in ivestock 
appropriate         for 
equines         are 
these 
and 
more 
goats    sheep, 
all 
that   apparent 
cattle,   percentage      of 
respectively.         is Ii 
the 
of  half almost 
which     is 
hostile 51.72    % found 
has 
basin 
camel     is proportion    of 
the     Since      population. 
is  growth,     it 
bush 
The 
camel   country total. national 
and 
shrub 
the 
of °o  4.84 
about   constitute 
TLU 1692813 
population     of 
ivestock 
total 
basin 
The (GIS)  svstem    information 
geographical 
using 
base 
data    resource  rangelands 
Develop 
to: 
n 
ecology: development     to 
the 
balance  of 
rejuvenalion 
and 
population            and 
for assets 
he being        ol 
of 
build      up 
well 
sedenteraization 
the ensure 
sustainable 
the 
with 
towards pastoralists 
and    rapid   relatively 
nomadic 
transform 
the 
gradualy 
natural 
events      of  possible combating 
mechanisms earty-warning 
for 
Develop a system     to catastrophe; 
Establish      an 
e) 
d) 
balance; 
ccological 
and 
razing   maintaining 
sensitive    to 
which   is 
way 
supply     of adequate 
a in  water 
Develop 
c) 
under-sowing, 
inter-cropping, 
production. 
techniques               as  such 
crop 
forage 
increase 
various 
utilisation       of 
harvesting          etc. 
to 
promoting  the 
developing  the 
water 
and 
-
and 
1 
1 
agro-pastoral                  arcas: 
particularly    in 
residues 
crop utilisation 
of 
proper 
-
systems          for             hay-making 
developing 
as 
well 
points       as 
water availability 
of 
season; 
the 
based        on  banks) 
dry 
the 
(fodder 
reserves 
grazing 
season strengthening        dry 
developing          and 
-
periods: 
during critical 
dry 
animals 
strengthening         the 
physiological                status       of 
the 
fccdstuffs     to 
rich protein 
local utilisation     of 
developing  and 
promoting  the 
meet 
-
fodder 
species; 
and pasture iigated 
development   of 
-
suitabie    to 
species 
forage improved 
expansion    of 
environents: 
development           and 
promoing        the 
arid 
semi-arid            and 
through: 
-
supplementation                      systems physiological 
strategic 
develop 
resources            and 
feed 
supply     of 
Increase         the 
b) 
adjustment               the                 of 
range 
effective 
the 
vegetational               cycle       of 
allow 
will 
that system 
the 
feeding 
to  herds 
Develop 
Strategy 
the 
staus      of 
a) 
systems  production 
rangelands   sustainable 
and effective 
ruminant 
Ensure      an 
-
nutrition 
Improve 
Increase  the 
-
feed 
rangeland. 
quality     of 
and suppBy 
-
improve          the 
MOA        o 
proposed     by 
strategies         are 
objectives              and                       development 
Objectives 
productivity  the  in 
following 
Policy lIivestock 31 
irigaion. 
soil evaporation,              poor 
supported      by 
farming is 
crop 
otherwise            the 
and 
uniess 
production           due 
to 
etc. 
and fertility 
rangeland 
the 
of rate 
degradation.               of  Most 
high 
rainfall, 
ecological 
shortage      of 
and 
stress 
feed 
aggravate          the                  pastorialist 
crop 
suitable          for 
not 
are 
agro 
mainly       by 
area grazing 
season 
traditional 
dry 
the 
farming     in 
Expansion     of 
Cultivation 
Expansion     of 
than 
more 
of  rate 
the 
affected      by 
expected           be to 
phenomena            is  and 
average. 
such exceptional          for 
national 
the 
type     differernt 
not 
is  area projecl 
affected      by 
The erosion. 
country   is 
soil 
the 
surface     of 
lo  due                        946    is 
land 
aboul 
the 
which deradalion,     of 
of  60% 
some 
that  noted 
of 
is It 
Erosion 
and  horrida 
Soil 
sejai,   Acacia          drepanoiobium, 
bush    present 
appear       o 
which 
4cacia örevispica, 
africana,  Commifera 
species 
Acacia 
The   country. 
are:   probiems    encroaciment 
Acacia 
major 
the esewhere       in 
as wel 
basin       as 
the rangeland      of 
the 
problem       in 
serious 
encroachnent       a is 
Bush 
Encroachment 
for factor limiting 
and grasses  perennial 
deficient.   universaliy 
sever 
phosphorus        are 
fertility       a is 
sol    basin, 
Nitrogen            and                       production. 
including         the                 rangelands, 
Bush forage successful 
tropical 
all 
In 
Soil 
the Fertility      of 
growing 
cnvironmcnt.             Thc 
acceptable          for 
hostile 
normally 
and 
reprcscnt          hot 
is it but   crops, is  basin 
for   short 
thc   rangcland    of 
Temperature 
Poor shrubs. 
to period  is 
Thc 
PRODUCTIVITY 
RANGLAND 
CONSTRAINTS       IN 
pastoral areas. 
the    priorities      on  research 
develop 
and Identity 
rehabilitation          and 
developing 
through   productiviy 
rangelands 
proammes;         and 
maintain 
rangelands 
Improve           and and   changes vegetative 
conservation 
degradation. 
factors        on 
abiotic 
and 
biotic practices. 
use 
land 
cffects      of 
evaluate          the planning 
and monitor 
practices;           and scenarios            and                       alternative 
sound   through 
exploitation 
optimum resource 
for 
for   basis 
the provide 
8. h) g) 
-
-32 
activities 
research 
lack     of 
-
loss gradual 
management,             and 
system      of 
institutions           and 
knowledge           and 
traditional 
break-down    of 
traditional 
of 
-
sociery      non-pastoral development. 
context      by  pastoral 
understanding              the               of 
awareness         and 
systems, mnonitoring rangeland 
assessment           and 
impact   warning, 
early 
-Lack     of 
of  lack of  lack 
-
information, 
nutritional 
-
for 
neck 
bottle 
the 
also constraints        are 
following 
The 
man qualified 
highly 
and     junior 
shortage       of 
management. 
critical 
range 
are  a there 
field      of 
observed  that 
the 
power     in 
has 
It 
Personnel 
Trained 
Lack    of 
scare. 
resources 
are 
those 
when 
period 
dry 
the during 
gTazing points 
constant 
and 
watcr 
utilisation 
of 
neighbouring                  a is  tribes 
thc 
to 
between 
duc 
usualhy raiscd 
enemity  traditionai 
disputc     is 
The tcnsion. Somali 
region 
Sourcc  of 
the 
In 
Conflicts 
CLan 
and   Tribal 
project degradat1on. 
without 
the 
parts      of 
result, 
most 
resulted     in 
a As   cover. 
vegetation 
encroachment,                 are               etc. 
capacity      of 
carrying 
bush 
considering         the 
soil,  ground 
areas. bare 
land 
herd 
number        of 
maximise 
ivestocks          are 
a 
tendency      to 
while      communally 
alwavs a 
owned 
CIrCumstance                   there      is 
such 
property.       In 
private 
Rangeland      is 
Land Ownership    of 
Communal Agricultuer 
1 
1 
1 
D-Apiculture 
Management Production 
B-Livestock 
Land   C-Range 
Production      A-Agronomy/Crop Agricuiture 
ii0:    Voiume 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
MASTER RECCONNAISANCE                       PHASE 
BASIN OGADEN 
MÍNISTRY      OF 
PLAN 
ETHIOPIA 
RESOURCES REPUBLIC       OF DEMOCRATIC 
WATER 
Deparunent 
Deveiopment                 Sudy 
FEDERAL 
study   Reconnaissance                  Phase bas1n     resources, 
water 
THE 
Bas1n  Ogaden 
Minisuy    of 37 
APICULTURE THREE 
1 
1 
1 
1 
PART 
1 38 
.52 
.51 
50 50 49 
49 49 48 47 46 46 45 
43 43 
42 40 40 
Constraints.                         15 
Apiculture. 
Program      of 
Strategy          and                    Objectives, 
Policy               14 
Centre.. 
Training 
Research            and 
Bee Holleta 
Diseases 
and   Enemies Race     Ethiopian 
Race Tropical 
Bee 
13 
12 
11.2 
11.1 
Bees 
Races      of 
and Species 
Bees Behaviour     of 
and 
Type Honey 
11 
10 
Beeswax. Beekeeping 
and 
Quality Honey   Production   of 
Forage 
Bee 
Source     of 
Methods      of Improved 
Management 
and   Practice Beekeeping 
Traditional 
Basin 
Ethiopia.  Development     in 
Development            the                  in Apiculture 
Apiculture 
ground    of 
Back 
Beekeeping. 
Value     of 
The 
Introduction CONTENTS 
9 
8 
7 
6 
5 
4 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 1 1 
1 39 
1 
1 
1 
Colony Beeswax 
Per    Yiels 
Honey    Average 
Estimated 
and       Honey 
Export     of  National 
Ethiopia Beekeepers 
Production     in 
Per Owned 
Annual 
Beeswax 
Colonies 
Colony 
Per  Yields 
Honey 
Average      of 
and   Honey 
Number  of General 
TABLES 
Table 5 Table 4 
Table 3 Table  2 
Table 1 
OF  LIST 40 
environment.                  the Thus, 
beekeeping. friendly 
create 
product     of 
to and   income 
main 
identified 
following 
the 
cash  generate 
as 
the activities     in  important 
very Beekeeping     a is 
are value 
food,      to 
energable 
highly   produce 
to  area 
rural 
BEEKEEPING 
VALUE       OF 
THE 
2 
and   piants  producing 
honey 
generating 
scarcity 
income 
of 
bees, 
strains 
of 
poor 
beekeeping            an is 
to 
due 
low 
traditional             hive. 
off-farm 
important 
very 
Eventhough 
honey 
is 
production    of 
(BOA). 
activity, 
approximately             -
hives 
traditional 
development. 
maintained     in 
apiculture 
colonies 
for 
area    potential 
bee honey 
23,000 
most 
the 
18,000 
Zone       is 
Jijiga 
Ogaden Basin 
are There the 
In 
and 
those established      in 
honey. 
well 
source     of beekeeping     is 
also 
Traditional 
beekeeping 
are 
bee 
colonies      of 
Zones. 
Shinile 
abundant             wild 
and 
Liben 
area 
Jijiga, 
Gode, 
Fik,   Afder, 
are    Those 
area. 
from 
beeswax 
expert apicultural 
good     relatively 
experience              the                of amount      of tremendous 
identified   as 
zones        are                    Agriculture,        six 
the 
on   consumption.                   Based 
Bureau      of  Regional 
and      honey 
produce 
altitude 
higher 
pastoralists     at 
local 
for mainly 
development,          the 
apicultural 
poor 
by   known 
is area  project 
Eventhough         the 
for 
is wax pastoralists.          The 
and church, 
the 
in  used 
the 
mostiy 
of  part 
candle traditional 
the awareness        on 
purposes. 
making 
industrial 
of  lack 
for 
to  exploited          due 
,however,              used 
various 
are nectar 
produce  the 
and    pollen  propolis. 
not 
to  medicine             and 
food, 
such    as  products 
as  used mainly 
known 
honey,    is 
Other 
products , 
tej'. 
called ' 
bee 
drink 
main 
local 
The 
using methods  traditional 
based        on production    is 
skill.      apiculture  indigenous 
honey However, 
activities. 
and   hives 
line 
local 
bees  as  keeping 
The annum. 
experience    of 
side 
per tonnes       25000 
standing 
about   estimated    at 
long 
very 
have     a 
honey     is production     of 
also    country 
the 
total 
people    of 
The 
conditions              the            for 
favourable 
create 
which    features ecological 
plants.   flowering 
diverse variabie 
existence     of 
annually.           The 
beeswax 
and      honey 
conditions environmental 
tonnes     of  thousand    of 
production    of 
bee 
million     of 
existing   of 
for 
optimum 
country          has colonies           and 
an  Ethiopia  has 
INTRODUCTION 
1 41 
the 
improve. 
time  flowering 
be  also 
area      at 
will 
the 
fruits 
colonies      in 
the 
quality     of 
bee enough 
the 
and yields 
are there 
higher 
plants.     horticultural                 If 
give 
will 
plant 
agricultural          and 
pollinate 
bees 
that 
fact 
the 
beekeeping               in lies 
The 
water 
attracts 
quality.    It 
fungi. 
attracted      by 
its 
keep 
moisture       to 
when     quickly  deteriorates 
against   protected 
of  value greatest 
Pollination (hygroscopic) 
and 
be must 
Pollen 
therapeutic        and 
characteristics. 
antibiotic 
inside     of 
industry  and 
the   cover 
some 
to it use 
has    increasing        it as 
they 
and    plants 
propolis      is 
from 
collect 
for   trend 
bees 
that  resin 
market 
The 
Propolis       a is 
hive. 
the 
perfume 
the 
to  sold 
Pollen      is 
foods. 
consumption. 
for nowadays          also 
average (CTA,1995). 
protein.   It 
gather    an 
% 35 contain        o up 
Bees 
trap. simple 
can Pollen 
using 
day. 
by  hive        from 
per colony 
other 
or dry     eaten to  added 
pollen 
per pollen 
harvest 
possible    to 
of 200 g  100-
be  can 
of is It 
Propolis 
and Pollen 
from 
and 
used 
down    melted 
Wax beeswax. 
are    frames 
when 
are combs 
year 
per 
the 
hive 
all 
pressed          and 
per 
kg 0.5 
honey      is 
the    when 
kg -2 0.5 
hive      ), 
for 
sheets  foundation               ( 
for market 
stable 
candle, cosmetics, 
very 
and 
good 
manufacture     of 
a There       is 
0.2 -
polishes,          etc. 
from 
varies  production 
the 
medicines, 
in  used 
is Wax 
Wax 
and people 
labour. 
believed            be to 
manual 
heavy perform 
is that,      it (CTA,1995).        So 
who 
those 
body 
the 
absorbed       by 
sick    children, 
readily 
for     food suitable 
are 
that 
sugar 
of %)  (80        mostly 
consists 
Honey 
Honey 
J 42 
CTA,1995 
Source : 
Ethiopia 
39 Oceania 14  America 
4 
8 
8 
Africa 
Asia 
24  America 
S. 
N. 
24 
18 
USSR 
Europe 
(kg) Average       of 
Yield 
Continent 
Colony 
Yields 
per 
Honey 
Annual 
General 
Table       1: 
could     be 
of  yield 
The 
used.   widely 
introduced            the               in 
are 
two former 
hive. 
the 
which 
per 
kg 20 to reach       up 
far 
been      so 
of 
out 
have 
Bar, 
that 
Top Kenyan 
hive  modern 
such hive 
Langstroth 
and 
type     of 
Zander, 
The  level. national 
country         are 
at use 
through 
in  are 
hives  modern 
improved            hive 
20,000 
over 
distribute 
days 
to  made 
Now a NGO's. 
been 
organisations          and 
has   effort 
years 
governmental 
few 
last 
the During 
colony 
wild 
are people 
few 
while 
the 
in 
apiculture 
the 
on   focus of  most       sources : 
in  arca   potential 
main 
two 
from 
harvested 
hive,       traditional 
most 
the Ethiopia        are 
honey    is Normally development. 
rocks. from collected 
jungle     or product     is 
West       of South 
and South 
1 
small    as 
very 
yield    is 
Such 
2. frequency             to 1 of 
apiculture.         The 
1). table 
harvesting 
standards ( 
see 
Africa   compared    to 
as is  year 
per 
hive 
per     yield    honey 
average 
products    of 
with 
major 
kg small      4 as 
two 
the 
not 
are        wax 
has   sector 
and    honey    system, traditional 
this   market, 
foreign 
and 
local 
the potential.     In 
honey       in 
demand     of  growing 
level      of  exploited          its             to 
Despite          the 
been 
experience    of 
Besides annually. 
an  country        has 
the 
people      of environment,        the 
husbandry. 
beekeeping 
natural conducive 
traditional 
beeswax 
and       honey 
tonnes     of thousand 
production    of 
and   colonies 
the 
bee 
Ethiopia.           The 
million    of 
existing    of 
parts      of 
conditions   environmental 
almost         all 
for 
activity     in traditional 
optimum 
important 
Beekeeping   is 
an  has 
country 
DEVELOPMENT     IN 
APICULTURE 
GROUND         OF 
ETHIOPIA 
BACK 
3 43 
compound. 
residence 
the  around 
placed       in  usually 
trees 
shade       of 
under a 
and 
room separated 
a 
inside 
about 
roof, 
the   under backyard 
and shape 
conical     in 
cylindrical    or 
Beehives         are 
are 
animal    bamboo, 
beehives 
are 
length. The      barks. 
up  made of 
are 
and  wOods tree 
meter       in 
1-1.5 
borehole 
mud, 
soil grass, kerkeha, 
dung, 
hives 
Local 
is 
beekeepers 
values. commercial 
Traditional 
activities. agricultural 
no have 
which materials 
available 
among 
locally sector      backwarded 
with 
Beekeeping   in 
Ethiopia      a is 
out carried 
forgotten  and 
country.           a is It 
the 
of  parts 
all 
almost      in  tradition 
known 
MANAGEMENT 
PRACTICES  & BEEKEEPING 
TRADITIONAL 
5 
5.72 
8.57 
20.00 
65.71                     100.00 
Jijiga Kebrebeya 
Above        10 7-10 
66.67 
33 33. 
1-3 
-6    4 
Awbere 
Number 
Beekeeper             (%) 
Per Owned 
Colonies 
Number       of 
greater              honey       is       demand       of 
market 
the 
and 
year, 
per tones 
-210 
supply. 
150 
current 
about   estimated 
2:  Table 
the  than 
is  Jijiga,    it production      in 
honey 
total 
available         for 
data  reliable 
beekeepers               have 
6, have       - 4 
23.18     beekeepers               % 
the 
of 10.14   %  about 
hives,    havel-3 
colonies,          and 
beekeepers 
2).   (table colonies 
10  -have 7 
no there    is Although 10 than      more 
some 1997      BOA, 
8.69     %  few 
the 
of  %  about     58 
while   a 
majority 
colonies 
the 
bee honey 
indicated            that 
number   of 
few 
keep 
State Regional 
by   made 
survey 
National 
the 
Somali 
result     of 
Beekeepers     in 
The   family. 
per 
be  will 
they   services  extension 
hives.   improved 
and    training 
little 
from  colonies  managing 
with 
hence 
and 
bee, 
successful      in 
experience     in 
practical  significant 
also 
have 
They 
hives.   improved 
beekeeping                using 
with working 
interest       in 
is It  fuel. 
expressed              keen 
for 
wood 
cutting 
agro-pastoralists              have 
than    rather resource 
pastoralists / 
natural 
the   utilised 
most 
programme     to 
reported           that 
alternative suitable 
which    is woodland 
the 
of  suggested              one                      as development 
and forest 
with      covered 
apiculture 
areas 
Therefore,   beekeeping. 
number     of 
has a zone 
This 
for 
Zone 
Jijige 
found      in 
beekeeping. 
colonies    is 
bee region 
suitable         for 
the 
are   areas 
% 34  about 
these  suggesting           that 
that    reported 
been 
alone, 
has 
BASIN 
DEVELOPMENT                   THE                         IN 
APICULTURE 
It 
4 44 
colonies. 
absconding    of 
the 
swarming          and 
for   suitable 
very 
are 
hives       Traditional 
-
and 
low 
very 
and  combs 
are     traditional             hives 
from  harvested 
honey 
quantity   of 
and quality 
The 
-
honey, 
and   brood 
quality     of 
the affect 
These 
pollen, 
honey 
old 
some 
with     honey 
the mixing 
not 
are brood 
damaging            the 
and honey 
without 
harvest         the 
difficult     to 
is  hence    it 
separated           and 
The 
-
yield, increase 
applied     to 
be 
not 
techniques          can                             management 
better 
inspection            and 
that 
so  size, limited 
has 
hive 
The 
DISADVANTAGE 
beeswax. 
amount    of 
large harvest 
possible    to 
is It -
management         and 
systems     sophisticated                  of 
bees, 
colony      of 
any   require wild   attract   readily 
not 
do  They 
-
hives 
The 
-
fire, 
and 
theft 
pests,       from   pro
tected 
are 
tree 
the 
located     in 
that   hives 
-
families, 
beekeepers               his        and 
the 
usually       by 
skill 
local 
with 
made 
be can 
hive 
The 
The 
-
cost, 
no little   or 
available   at 
material           are 
local 
The 
-
materials, 
available 
locally 
constricted               from 
could       be 
hive 
The 
-
ADVANTAGE
beekeeping 
traditional 
disadvantages             the             on 
advantages          and 
number    of 
ADVANTAGE & 
practices. 
a  are There 
BEEKEEPING  TRADITIONAL 
DISADVANTAGE       OF 
apply combs 
practice       to  common 
time.      harvesting 
during 
few 
leave      Pastoralists 
evening. December,            in but 
a period.       is It 
honey    at 
dry during 
combs     of 
bees 
collect 
feed 
to  hive 
bees 
calm 
smoke     to 
June. 
in  also 
area 
few 
and October 
starting  this 
between  harvested 
opened      to 
the 
honey     in 
usually 
are Hives 
of 
is 
producers 
Honey 
bees. 
swam of catching 
almost  all 
the     into 
and activity dominated 
husbandry        by 
male 
solely a beekeeping    is 
practice,           and                      traditional 
basin 
the 
use 
In 
storing 
hive, 
enter 
to  bee 
period         for 
waiting 
harvesting. 
followed     by 
finally 
hives, construction    of 
and honey 
surplus 
with starting 
patterm   seasonal 
based       a on 
traditional             is  hive 
Management   of accessories. beekeeping 
45 equipment          and 
shortage     of 
are There 
Skilled 
. 
equipment,          and 
operate relatively 
required    to 
power    is 
man 
expensive, 
equipments 
are 
Beekeeping 
-
METHOD   IMPROVED    DISADVANTAGE     OF 
colony. 
single 
from a colonies 
multiply 
and    queens 
rear colonies,       to 
better 
select convenient     to 
hive    is modern 
and 
place, 
to  place 
from 
hive 
the    move 
convenient     to 
colony, swarming, 
inspect        the 
convenient     to 
prevent 
possible     to 
is It -
is It -
is It -
hive,       traditional 
from   produced 
honey 
the 
than better 
quality    of 
The 
-
hive 
per honey 
pure 
kg. 
15 -10  about 
high, 
very  produced    is 
honey  is 
honey 
amount     of 
year, 
The 
per 
-
METHOD IMPROVED 
launch programme.             Few 
planning     to 
UNHCR         are 
and 
UNDP 
beekeeping. 
Ows, 
BOA, 
ADVANTAGE       OF 
programme  in  development 
SERP,    organisation           like 
activities            the                  in 
beekeeping 
oriented development 
participated     in 
various 
engaged       in  presently 
not 
have 
them 
of  most     However, 
are   NGOs 
basin. 
Many 
integrated existing. 
and    support 
non -almost 
financial 
this  boost   development     to 
approach   of 
area     is project 
work, 
beekeeping              the              in 
sector. extension          net 
improved 
strong 
shortage      of 
experience     of 
are There 
that systems,      so  production 
hive. 
frame 
with   familiar 
are   towns 
big    around 
people 
few 
only 
There   is 
few. 
very 
country          are 
int
ensive 
throughout        the 
introduce 
distributed 
activities      to 
extension 
hives modern 
strong 
number     of 
of  lack 
The 
The 
types. 
a is  used  wi
Bar 
dely 
Top 
Kenya 
country           and 
Langstroth           and 
the introduce     in 
Zander, 
including 
been 
has 
that 
(HBTC.,1995). hive multi-chamber                    frame 
hive  modern 
of  type 
The 
extractor;           wax 
honey excluder, 
queen 
hive, 
frame 
such      as 
input  necessary 
etc. 
bowl  melting 
bee; 
biology       of 
basic      understanding     of 
required 
husbandry    is  beekeeping 
Improved 
the 
of  use 
BEEKEEPING 
METHODS        OF IMPROVED 
6 46 
Source : 
2460 
2340 
2300 
2260 
2200 
2150 
2100 
Beeswax 
Production  in 
MOW,1998 
24600 23400 23000 
22600 22000 21500 21000 
Honey 
1997 
1996 
1995 
1994 
1993 
1992 1991 
Production               Year 
Ethiopia 
Beeswax 
and    Honey 
Table       3: 
Ethiopia respectively,              most 
Greece, 
Japan, 
USA, 
annually     to 
1998). (MOW, 
beeswax 
France 
tones    of million 
Germany             and 
that stated consumption.        is It 
domestic 
for 
used 
is %  90  about 
than 3  more   exports 
Holland,           UK, 
and    24,600 
about 
country      is 
which 
of 
honey 
quality     of 
annual 
the  Since economy. 
3,200 tonnes 
The market. 
world 
national 
the demand    in 
the 
important             in  role 
high 
a  has 
the 
high,     it 
yield       of beeswax 
Ethiopian              is  wax 
and 
Africa 
commodities             the                 in 
producer     in 
export beeswax 
the Among 
and 
honey 
world. 
top 
the ranked 
the producer     in 
Ethiopia    is  (CTA,1995). 
beeswax 
play     beeswax 
fourh 
country 
tropics 
the 
and 
the from 
came 
% which         60 
tonnes,   of 270,000 
totalled 
exports 
honey 
worid 
1984 
In 
BEESWAX 
AND     HONEY PRODUCTION     OF 
8 
production. 
honey 
for plants 
important         bee 
very 
Cynodon adscensionis, 
schimperi,         and 
are   pulses 
Harpachne 
and cereals 
Arisida 
marginatus, 
like 
crops     cultivated 
Sporobolus 
other 
contortus, Heteropogon 
of  Most (BOA). 
indica 
ficus Opuntia 
africana,  Commiphera 
ciliaris, 
Cenchrus 
villosa, 
Grewia 
grandis, 
dactylon, 
Euphobia 
Acacia 
seyal,   Acacia 
nilotica, 
glabar,   Balanites   brevispica, 
Acacia 
Zone are: 
Jijiga 
Acacia 
species   in 
bussei, 
forage 
Acacia 
bee 
senegal, 
main 
The 
duration, 
nectar. 
and   pollen abundance   of 
source      of 
annuals      or 
minor 
and period flowering distribution, attractiveness, 
etc., grasses 
major        or 
grouped       a as 
be can     plant cultivated.    A 
its 
natural      or  perennials, These        performance. 
based     on 
bee 
for 
feed 
survival          and 
their 
for   floras 
natural 
herbs,   shrubs, 
depend      on entiely 
trees, 
could     be  plants 
basin 
the   population     in 
bee 
The 
FORAGE 
BEE 
SOURCE        OF 
7 47 
1.27 
3.50 
4.32 
3.37 
1.20 Kebribeyah 
Jijiga 
1 
1 
2.83 
colony 
per    yield 
Honey 
Colony          per 
beekeeper 
of  No. 
Awbere 
Wereda 
Colony 
Per Yield 
Honey 
Average   Estimated 
Table       : 5 
practices           and 
mismanagement 
forage, producing 
estimated      3 at 
honey 
reason  for 
scarcity    of 
drought. 
believed         be to 
honey 
low 
such 
main 
The Awbere. 
bees,    productivity     of 
4.32     in 
Jijiga      to 
poor 
in  1.27 
from 
varies 
are    yield 
yield     is  honey 
average 
The 
it 
colony,          but 
could    be 
per 
kg 
traditional            hive 
Jijiga,       is it production      in 
from 
honey honey 
of  yield 
total 
available        for 
The 
year. 
year. 
colony 
per 
per tones 
data reliable 
-210 
per 
kg 8 from      - 1 
150     about    estimated 
no there    is Although 
MOW,1998 
available 
Source: 
not 
=  * 
4049884 1328540 689000 1458000 
1483000 2483000 1416000 
939000 1632000 
5260 
na 
229.44 
325 373 210 134 229 756 
(tone) 
130 
103 
215 
24759 14759 
1810 
7365 6289 
45845 4382 
1885 44422 109161 
1440 
0.859 
0.2209 
1 
1 
1 
1 
na 
na* 
1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 
(birr) 
Value 
Beeswa 
Beeswa 
Beeswax 
Value 
Honey 
(birr) 
1200 0.825 3.800 
0.563 0.306 
5900 
18400 
(tones) 
Honey 
year   Trade 
and Honey 
Export       of  National 
4:  Table 
1 
J 1 
48 
enemies. 
natural 
attack     of 
season 
starvation        and 
dry 
the during   happens  frequently 
with      associated 
usually 
is it  and scarce, 
problems             and 
serious 
are 
water 
Absconding               a is It -
and flowers 
when 
business. 
taking 
care 
difficult          and 
most 
the 
beekeeping            of  one 
infurated           and 
make temper 
are colour 
easily 
This altitude. 
aggressive.       is It 
red 
are    area the      while 
land 
higher 
low 
found    in 
the 
found      on 
are 
that     defensive.              Bees 
that 
one 
the     than 
attack 
intend     to 
are 
aggressive  one, 
bees    Ethiopia 
behaviour    of 
most 
the 
overall 
are 
bees    black 
Aggressiveness              The                             - Behaviour 
the 
relatively          less 
believed           that 
based        on 
bees 
types     of 
three   identi
fied 
can 
they 
brown. 
that     reported Beekeepers 
and     black 
red, 
colour : 
their 
To  race. 
important           to one 
bee 
the   identify 
most 
the 
to help 
abdominal              is part 
parameter            that 
the 
bees, 
the 
of one 
colour        of 
observe. determined        the 
is bees 
Colour       of 
1 
1 
1 
Bee 
Colour      of 
based Ethiopia. 
bee     iocal   characterised       the 
to  MOA on done 
by  made 
race. been 
behaviour            and 
have 
effort  limited However, 
colour, 
their 
on 
in bee 
nature       of 
the 
been 
has 
that 
work research 
no  There        is 
BEES BEHAVIOUR        OF 
TYPES & 
10 
product impurities. 
collect 
quality 
to  order 
in  made 
be to has      work    extension 
Region. 
of  Therefore,  lot  a 
Likewise,          the 
the from 
of  free 
not 
are 
area  project 
the produced      in 
honey 
of type 
honey. 
quality    of 
deterioration               the                  of 
for 
used     container 
of  type 
the 
causes        for 
The    quality. 
major 
the lowerness     of 
also 
are    honey     transporting 
and storing 
pollen, 
contents      of 
quantity    of 
higher 
influenced             the               by 
The 
propolic          etc. 
dusts, 
also 
quality   is 
wax, 
bee 
Honey 
correspond             the             to contaminants               such      as 
normal. 
below   considered 
impurity    is presence     of 
moisture 
is  21% 
over quality, 
with 
Honey 
content. 
normal 
moisture 
21% 
quality,         -18 determined           its            by 
high 
is  18% 
quality   is Technically,         the 
than 
less 
content      of 
impurities. 
from    obtained 
honey 
other 
but      good, 
and pollen, 
hives     is  improved 
with     mixes   usually 
from produce 
is it as  poor 
honey 
is  hives       traditional 
quality      of 
The 
QUALITY 
HONEY 
9. 49 
abyssinica. 
and litorea, mellifera jementica,         mellifera 
monticada,  mellifera 
mellifera 
Apis 
Apis 
Apis 
Apis 
adansoni,     mellifera 
Apis 
the                  of  areas      ecological         different representing 
separated distinctively  five  MOA,  bymade 
Ethiopia.                    in bees existing                  nature       of      the 
identified                  are          bees       honey 
study     recent            According              the                 to   Ho
are:    races           bee    These 
Country. 
groups       of 
on  work research         detailed 
wever, 
no is  There 
Races Ethiopian 
11.2 
dwarf 
shrub        a or 
a on  nest 
comb -
single 
small 
builds a 
which 
bee, 
with 
bee, 
the florea, 
rock 
the   dorsata, 
Apis 
tree.    and 
Apis 
tree, 
are 
Asia 
a branch       of 
species     in 
a or  rock 
Apis 
other 
on  built 
species:          Two 
nest 
comb -
single 
bee      Other 
a 
South 
including            Apis 
jasvana    in 
cerana 
bee, 
Asian 
Apis 
this 
and     India 
of  race different 
indica     in 
cerana 
Apis 
also 
are     There 
China, 
hives. 
cerana     in 
Asia. 
East 
in  nests 
mellifera           it as 
Apis 
similar    to 
quite 
is bee     Asian 
This 
cerana : 
as  such     cavities, 
cerana 
Apis 
1 
absconding. 
sculellata, 
defensive  pronounced, 
mellifera 
Apis 
very 
and   Africa, 
have   a 
species 
swarming         and 
West   coastal 
these 
native      to  adasanii ,  mellifera 
of  both 
prone  to 
Africa  : 
are   behaviour           and 
East 
and central 
Africa. adaptable   to 
races,    of native 
of  cost       north 
the 
native    to 
and 
race    black 
mellifera 
Apis 
Apis 
very 
race      is This 
bee. Itaiian 
the 
Asia 
known    as 
a This      is intensiva : 
environments. 
ligustica         is It :  mellifera 
different 
Apis 
important        are : 
most 
is  species.   It economic 
about       25 
are There 
widespread 
Africa. 
and 
most 
the 
of  East   middle 
is bee honey 
and 
This mellifera : 
near 
the    Europe, 
the which 
Apis 
in 
the 
ecological             nich    of 
different 
distributed   at 
species 
are: species 
honey 
tropical 
of  type    varies 
main 
The 
are There 
world. 
1 
1 
1 
BEES 
RACES         OF 
Races Tropical 
SPECIES            AND 
11.1 
11 
swarming 
prevent 
onset 
the 
technique        to 
occurs    at 
it  colonies.          But 
beekeeping                since    it 
any 
use 
not 
problem    to 
usually         do Beekeepers 
serious 
flow 
honey 
that   noted 
of 
should    be regarded    as 
is  aspect    it 
number    of September.               one                      In 
the increase    of 
occurs      in 
usually 
season. swarming            pose a 
an  resulted      in 
Swarming   is 
Swarming -
since    it beneficial 50 
shop unit. 
Work 
-
and management             unit 
Bee 
-
unit,      extension 
Training          and 
unit, botany pathology             unit, 
unit,    biology 
-
Bee 
Bee 
Bee 
-
-
-
chemistry           unit, 
objectives: 
beeswax 
and    Honey 
-
established 
works research 
is one 
each 
which 
units      in 
seven foilowing 
the 
and 
has centre 
aims defined 
Currently,         the 
with 
farmers          and                      demonstrate 
focused      on secondly, techniques; 
beekeeping 
development. 
improved 
apiculture 
technicians      on 
involved Livestock           and 
centre    is 
former 
country,         the 
and 
train 
station       by 
the   elsewhere      in 
engaged     to 
institute 
Firstly, activities. 
training 
Like a Board. 
main 
two 
on to in 
to  way 
the 
Abeba         on 
Addis 
of  west 
bee 
as   1965  established     in 
km. 
45   located   at 
centre     is research 
was      centre 
The Nekemt. 
Meat 
Holleta 
CENTRE   TRAINING 
RESEARCH              AND veterinarian               Mites 
HOLLETTA             BEE 
13 
1 
1 
Amoebiasis          are 
and 
by  made    observation 
area. 
the 
present     in 
But 
area. project 
the diseases      in 
concerning        bee                           information 
detailed 
suspected          be to 
the according  to 
threat   to  causing a 
and 
bee 
kill 
also 
pest    from 
crops   protect 
beekeeping. sprayed      to chemical 
no There      is 
Furthermore, 
are 
one   minor 
toxic 
plants. 
The   spinder. 
and 
and 
rust  moths, 
mice 
wasps, 
capensis),           wax 
louse, 
Mellivora 
bee birds, lizards, 
badger ( 
flies, 
butter 
honey 
ants, include 
enemy 
major      categories: 
two 
to  divided     in 
be   could 
bee 
enemy      of 
The 
DISEASES 
ENEMIES & 
BEE 
12 
mellifera 
1995    ). HBRTC, 
Apis 
assumed           be to 
one. (  Basin 
Basin       is 
Denakil 
Ogaden 
represent          the 
the 
of  that      similar      to 
that 
race 
which    is  jementica 
bee    honey 
The 51 
centre. collection 
and   plants 
packing 
research 
processing            and 
establishment      of 
through    development 
market 
Promotion     of 
-
and   structure  extension 
capacity, institutional 
power, 
man 
Develop trained 
and 
work 
-
rapid 
projects           for 
venture 
sector,  apiculture joint     investors, institutions, 
involvement       of 
bee  honey  existing 
expansion  the 
of 
supplementary                     source, 
develop 
and 
flora 
progress            and Encourage 
-Conserve        the 
technology, 
beekeeping 
traditional 
hive 
frame intermediate           and 
and practices 
promoting 
hunting 
encouraging          and 
honey 
promote 
management      by 
and Improve 
intermediate        and improved 
are   which   concepts development 
cultural 
practices 
according              the               to 
expansion     of 
husbandry 
apiculture   traditional 
are   Those 
sector. 
improve 
this    production     of 
deveiopment  is 
STRATEGIES technology,          and 
boost 
needed     to  critically 
hive 
frame 
general 
two    concentrated      on 
apicultural 
Policy      of 
POLICY 
and training 
provision     of 
facilities, 
marketing 
arrangement     of 
services. equipment, 
extension 
necessary 
through 
the 
provision        of 
systems beekeeping 
techniques, 
management 
existing 
better 
promoting  the 
improved            and 
targeted 
share 
sustainable 
policy 
contribute         its 
The country. 
development                the                  of 
will 
sector 
economical 
industry.  The  apicultural 
and     social 
introduction     of objective 
further 
productive 
significantly             the               to 
deveioped 
other compared  to 
aimed       to 
developed  as  one 
objective    is 
more 
list 
policy  Therefore, 
the country    is 
agricuiture. 
production  the  in 
Apiculture POLICY 
section       of 
and 
OBJECTIVES 
this However,     in 
report. sectorial apiculture      is 
follows:  summarised   as 
Genale-Dawa                 Basin 
are issues 
report    of reconnaissance                phase 
policy 
summery     of 
report 
the 
explained        in 
program        of 
and   strategy 
detailed 
policy, 
PROGRAM      OF   STRATEGIES & OBJECTIVES, 
APICULTURE 
POLICY 
A 
14 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
personnel 
qualified 
highly 
shoriage     of 
are There 
area. 
development               the                    of  agricuirural 
general 
integrated          the                 in 
Beekeeping           not                is 
beckecping     by 
given     to attcntion 
Thc farmers 
low. 
very     researchers    is 
practiscd      by 
widely 
and   agents extension 
Bcckccping               not                      is 
tarmers, 
CONSTRAINTS 
-
-
15 53 
Master       Development Master       Development 
Report. 
Integrated 
Apicuiture,               Draft 
Basin    Genale-Dawa                 River 
Reconnaissance                    Phase, 
1998. 
June  MOW, 
Project, 
Plan 
11 
Integrated 
Report. 
Draft    Livestock, 
Basin  Genale-Dawa                River 
Reconnaissance                    Phase, 
1998. Development. 
June   MOW, 
Project, 
Plan 
Ruminant 
Programme          and 
Development 
Livestock 
National 
1996. 
May 
Livestock 
MOA, 
Development  & 
Beekeeping & 
Research, 
Pastoral 
Synthesis of 
1991 
1994.  Coppock, 
1980 -Change, 
Layne 
10 
9 
8 
Africa 
Brows       in 
Holleta   Upgrading Planning 
Tropics. 
Proposal          For 
Report 
Project 
1980.      ILCA,                                   7 Draft  Centre,   Training 
1995. HBRTC, 
Use 
Land -Assistance     to 
1984. 
FAO, 
Beekeeping                 The                      In 
Netherlands. 
1995. 
CTA, 
Census. Popuiation                1994. 
CSA, 
Project      Development 
Beekeeping Socio-Economic                     the                  in  study 
Modern 
Feasibility   of 
1977.       BOA, 
Ogaden 
Gebremariam,                 1990.     A REFERENCES 
Region.       Authonomous 
Ayele 
6 
5 
4 
3 
2 
1 
ANNEX 1 
1 
1 
1 
1 54 
20.5 
16.6 48.2 
100 
2.3 
0.3 
0.8 
0.9 
1.5 1.6 
3.4 3.9 
36000 
830 120 
300 320 
540 570 
1240 1400 
7380 5960 
17340 
name) 
TOTAL 
Hamam 
Dhamel 
muritania 
mole   Shius 
regia Delonia Ziziphus 
(local 
Lebi 
lecocephalla 
tortiles 
indica Azadficta 
Leucinea 
Acacia 
aculeata Parkinzonia 
juliflora 
Prosopis 
Percentage 
Seedling 
of No. 
Type 
Nursery 
Daror 
II) 
36030 1500 
680 
2500 
TOTAL 
indica      Tamarinda 
muritania lecocephalla 
mole     Shinus 
Ziziphus Leucinea 
19.4 
23.8 
34.4 
100 
4.2 
1.9 
6.9 
0.6 1.4 4.2 
3.2 
1500 1150 7000 8570 12400 
230 
500 
juliflora 
tortiles 
Prosopis 
Guava Papaya 
Hamam 
Acacia 
aculeata Parkinzonia 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
Percentage 
Seedling raised      by  vegetation 
of No. 
Type 
Rabasso Nursery 
I) 
HFH 
other 
and forage 
of   Type 
ANNEX 2 
1 55 
seedling. 
1200 contain 
is  seedling           bed 
One 
NB. 
1.50 spinachristy 
Zizuphus 
0.50 1.00 0.25 2.00 
4.50 1.00 0.75 
giabra aphylla 
indica   Mangifera 
aculeata  Parkinsonia Cuppressus 
Dobera 
Tamarix 
aegyptaca 
Balanitis 
equaserifolia                 6.50   1.50 
Ornamental              trees indica        Themarandus 
5.50 
4.00 
1.00 
1.50 
3.50 
2.50 
1.50 
4.00 
1.50 
1.50 
5.50 
4.00 
2.00 
3.00 
1.75 
guajalla 
Casuarina 
papaye 
Pasidium 
Casia 
Annona sesban  Sesbania 
Eucalyptus            spp. 
abyssinica azadirach 
stenopetala 
sinensis 
Moringa 
Cordia Cordia 
Malia 
Azadiarachta                  indica 
mauritania labbock 
molle 
Zizophus Albizia 
Shinus 
Jacaranda 
Acacia 
prepared 
seedlings         bed 
Number     of 
tortilis 
Plant 
Type   of 
SERP 
Raised      by Seedlings 
of   Type 
ANNEX 3

Summery

Summary of Ogaden Basin Agriculture Report

Ogaden Basin Reconnaissance Phase Study - Agriculture Report Summary

Volume III: Agriculture

1. Introduction

The report covers agricultural aspects of the Ogaden Basin in Ethiopia, including:

Agronomy/Crop Production
Livestock Production
Range Land Management
Apiculture (Beekeeping)

2. Key Findings

2.1 Crop Production

Main crops: Maize, sorghum, wheat, barley, pulses, oil crops
Average yields: 10-15 q/ha maize, 8-12 q/ha sorghum
Major constraints: Moisture stress, poor seed varieties, soil fertility, pests
Potential interventions: Water harvesting, legume intercropping, short-term crop varieties

2.2 Livestock Production

Species	Population	% of National Total
Cattle	891,301	2.29%
Sheep	3,070,036	12.79%
Goats	1,199,403	6.66%
Camels	517,176	51.72%

Key challenges: Feed shortages, diseases, poor marketing infrastructure

2.3 Rangeland Management

70% of Ethiopia's land area is rangeland
Ogaden Basin divided into arid and semi-arid zones
Carrying capacity varies from 5.1-15.2 ha/TLU depending on rainfall
Major issues: Overgrazing, bush encroachment, soil erosion

2.4 Apiculture (Beekeeping)

Traditional methods yield only 3-4 kg honey/hive/year
Potential for improved methods (10-15 kg/hive/year)
Main bee forage species: Acacia, Balanites, Commiphora
Constraints: Poor quality honey, absconding, lack of modern equipment

3. Recommendations

Improve water harvesting techniques
Introduce improved crop varieties and livestock breeds
Develop rangeland management strategies
Promote modern beekeeping methods
Strengthen extension services and market linkages

4. Annexes

The full report includes detailed annexes with:

Climatic data for various zones
Vegetation types and forage species
Livestock population statistics
References and supporting documents